Full text of "The dictionary of national biography : founded in 1882 by George Smith"

DICTIONARY

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

SECOND SUPPLEMENT
VOL. I

ABBEY EYRE

PEEFATOEY NOTE

THE present Supplement has been undertaken by Mrs. George M.
Smith, now the proprietor of the Dictionary of National Biography,
and has been edited by Sir Sidney Lee. It furnishes biographies of
noteworthy persons who died between 22 Jan. 1901 and 31 Dec. 1911.
The former date was the day of Queen Victoria's death, and the First
Supplement, which was published in the autumn of 1901, brought the
record of national biography down to that limit. The bounds are
now extended by nearly eleven years. The new volumes treat exclu-
sively of those whom death has qualified for admission within the
prescribed period.

When the present Supplement was planned the death of King
Edward VII was not anticipated. Among the great names which
the present volume includes, that of the late King is bound to attract
chief attention. His memoir, like that of Queen Victoria in the First
Supplement, is from the pen of the Editor. 1 It is an attempt made
it is believed for the first time to co-ordinate the manifold activi-
ties of the sovereign in a just historic and biographic spirit. To the
information which is already scattered through numerous published
sketches and books of reminiscence at home and abroad much has been
added, through the courtesy of those associated with the late King, from
unpublished and unwritten sources. It is hoped that the result will be
to remove some widely disseminated misapprehensions and to furnish
some new and authentic elucidations. Although the article is shorter
than that on Queen Victoria, it is on a larger scale than is habitual to
the Dictionary. But the prominent place which the late King filled for
half a century in the nation's public life, both before and after his
accession, seemed, in the absence of a full record elsewhere, to compel
a treatment which should be as exhaustive and authoritative as the
writer's knowledge allowed, with due regard to the recent dates of the
events.

The late King had a personal relation with the Dictionary which,

1 Mr. Lionel Gust, F.S.A., M.V.O., has added to the article an account of the portraits.

vi Prefatory Note

apart from other considerations, calls in its pages for the tribute of an
adequate memoir. On 25 May 1900, on the eve of the publication of
the sixty-third and last volume of the substantive work, the late King,
then Prince of Wales, honoured with his presence a private dinner-
party given to congratulate the late Mr. George M. Smith, the public-
spirited projector, proprietor, and publisher of the undertaking, on its
completion. 1 He then spoke with his customary grace and charm of
his interest in the Dictionary, and he afterwards expressed in a letter to
the Editor the satisfaction which the meeting gave him. On 25 October
1901, the day of the publication of the last volume of the First Supple-
ment, the King furthermore sent a letter of congratulation ' on the final
completion of this great work/ Finality is no attribute of a record of
national biography, but in the late King's lifetime the Dictionary
came to a close with its First Supplement. It will now stand completed
with its Second Supplement.

In February 1902 his late Majesty was pleased to accept from
Mrs. George M. Smith a complete set of the volumes, which he placed
in his private library at Sandringham. In acknowledging the gift the
King's secretary wrote that His Majesty, who regarded the work as
' one of the highest interest and utility/ would ' always value Mrs.
Smith's kind present as a memento ' of the late George Smith,
* who did so much for literature, and whose acquaintance it was a
satisfaction to His Majesty to remember to have made/

The number of names in the present Supplement reaches a total of
1660, of which 500 appear in this volume and the remainder fill two
succeeding volumes. The contributors to this volume number 166.

The principles of selection and treatment are those with which
students of the Dictionary are already familiar. Special care has
been taken to make the genealogical data uniform and precise, and
to give full particulars of memorial foundations, and of portraits whether
painted or in sculpture.

1 Of the twenty-nine persons who were present on the occasion twelve, including
the King and the late Mr. George M. Smith, have since passed away. All are now
commemorated in the Dictionary. Memoirs of Mr. George M. Smith and of Mandell
Oeighton, bishop of London, appeared in the First Supplement. The Second Supplement
supplies notices of the rest, viz. King Edward VII, Lord Acton, Canon Ainger, Dr.
Richard Garnett, Sir Richard Jebb, Mr. Joseph Knight, Mr W. E. H. Lecky, Sir Theodore
Martin, Sir Leslie Stephen, and Sir Spencer Walpole.

Prefatory Note vii

The sources of biographical knowledge in the case of these whose
careers have very recently closed differ from the sources in the case of
those who belonged to more or less remote generations. In the interests
of accuracy and completeness it has been necessary here to test and
supplement previous notices often inaccurate and incomplete in the
press or elsewhere, by application to living representatives and associates.
The thanks of the Editor and contributors are due to the many hundred
persons who have corrected current errors from private knowledge
or have supplied information which has not hitherto been published.
The readiness with which such co-operation has been given calls
for very warm acknowledgment. The service has invariably been
rendered without any conditions which might tend to impair the
essential independence of the Dictionary. Officials of public institu-
tions of every kind have also been most generous in their assistance,
and have offered welcome proof of their anxiety to make the Dictionary
authentic at all points.

In agreement with the principle of the Dictionary the memoirs
embrace comprehensively all branches of the nation's and the empire's
activity. In any endeavour to classify the vocations of the persons
commemorated, allowance must be made for the circumstance that in
a certain proportion of cases the same person has gained distinction
in more fields than one. If the chief single claim to notice be alone
admitted in each instance, the callings of those whose careers are
described in this volume may be broadly catalogued under ten general
headings thus :

NAMES

Administration of Government at home, in India, and the colonies 53
Army and navy ...... . 44

Art (including architecture, music, and the stage)
Commerce and agriculture ....

Law ........

Literature (including journalism, philology, philosophy

printing, and lexicography)
Religion .......

Science (including engineering, medicine, surgery, anc

exploration) .......

Social Reform (including philanthropy and education)
Sport

70
17
19

115
54

86
34

The names of twenty-five women appear in this volume, on account
of services rendered in art, literature, science, and social or educational
reform.

Prefatory Note

Articles bear the initials of their writers save in a very few cases
where material has been furnished to the Editor on an ampler scale
than the purpose of the undertaking permitted him to use. In such
instances the Editor and his staff are solely responsible for the shape
which the article has taken, and no signature is appended.

In preparing this Supplement the Editor has enjoyed the advantage
of the assistance of Mr. W. B. Owen, M.A., formerly scholar of St.
Catharine's College, Cambridge, and of Mr. G. S. Woods, M.A., formerly
exhibitioner of Exeter College, Oxford.

%* In the lists of authors' publications the date of issue is alone appended to the titles of
works which were published in London in 8vo. In other cases the place of issue and the
size are specifically indicated in addition.

Cross references are given thus : to names in the substantive work [q. v.] ; to names
in the First Supplement [q. v. Suppl. I] ; and to names in the Second and present
Supplement [q. v. Suppl. II].

LIST OF WEITEES

IN THE FIRST VOLUME OF THE SECOND SUPPLEMENT

J. P. A. . .
W. R. A. .

W. A

C. A. ...
J. B. A .
R. B. . .
T. B. ...
C. E. A. B.
F. L. B. .
L. B. . . .
W. A. B. .
T. G. B.

G. S. B. .
C. W. B. .
J. C. B. . .

E. M. B. .
A. A. B. .

F. H. B. .
A. R. B. .
J. B. ...
A. C-L. . .
A. C. .

. C. . . .

',-'-. A. J. C.

J. P. ANDERSON.

Sra WILLIAM REYNBLL ANSON,
BABT., M.P., D.C.L.,
WARDEN OF ALL SOULS'
COLLEGE, OXFORD.

SIR WALTER ARMSTRONG.
C. ATCHLBY, C.M.G.
J. B. ATLAY.

THE REV. RONALD BAYNE.
THOMAS BAYNE.
C. E. A. BEDWELL.
FRANCIS L. BICKLEY.
LAURENCE BINYON.
PROFESSOR W. A. BONE, F.R.S.

THE REV. PROFESSOR T. G.
BONNEY, F.R.S.

G. S. BOULQER.

C. W. BOYD, C.M.G.

J. C. BRIDGE, D.Mus.

E. M. BROCKBANK, M.D.
A. A. BRODRIBB.

F. H. BROWN.

, THE REV. A. R. BUCKLAND.
, PROFESSOR JOHN BuRNET,LL.D.

ALGERNON CECIL.

THE REV. ANDREW CLARK.
, SIR ERNEST CLARKE, F.S.A.
. PROFESSOR G. A. J. COLE.

E. T. C. . . SIR EDWARD T. COOK.

J. C THE REV. PROFESSOR JAMES

COOPER, D.D.

PROFESSOR FREDERICK CORDER.
VAUGHAN CORNISH, D.Sc.
J. S. COTTON.

THE RIGHT HON. EARL CURZON
OF KEDLESTON, G.C.S.I.,
F.R.S.

CAMPBELL DODQSON.

THE REV. CANON S. R. DRIVER,
D.D.

J. D. DUFF.

PROFESSOR PELHAM EDGAR.

M. EPSTEIN, PH.D.

W. G. FIELD.

J. N. F. . . THE REV. J. NEVILLE FIGGIS,
Lrrr.D.

W. G. D. F. THE REV. W. G. D. FLETCHER.

W. H. G. F. W. H. GRATTAN FLOOD, Mus.
Doc.

S. E. F. . . . S. E. FRYER.
I F. W. G. . . PROFESSOR F.W.GAMBLE,F.R.S.

F. W. G-N. . FRANK W. GIBSON.

G. A. G. . . G. A. GIBSON, M.D.

P. G PETER GILES, Lrrr.D., MASTER

OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE.

A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON.

E. fi. . . . . EDMUND GOSSE, C.B., LL.D.

F. C

V. C

J. S. C. . . .

C. OF K.

C. D

S. R. D.

J. D. D.

P. E

M. E

! W. G. F. . .

List of Writers in Volume I. Supplement II.

F. G PROFESSOR FRANCIS GOTCH,

F.E.S.

R. E. G. . . R. E. GRAVES.
W. F. G. . . W. FORBES GRAY.

G. A. G-N. . SIR GEORGE GRIBRSON, K.C.I.E.
H. G HENRY GTTPPY.

L. G LEONARD GUTHRIB, M.D.

J. C. H. . . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN.

E. S. H. . . Miss ELIZABETH S. HALDANE.

T. H THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON,

D.D.. PRESIDENT OF BEL-
FAST UNIVERSITY.

M. H MARTIN HARDIE.

C. A. H. . . C. ALEXANDER HARRIS, C.B.,
C.M.G.

F. H FREDERIC HARRISON, LL.D.

P. J. H. . . P. J. HARTOG.

T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON.

A. M. H. . . A. M. HIND.
R. L. H. . . R. L. HOBSON.

B. H. H. . . BERNARD H. HOLLAND, C.B.
H. P. H. . . H. P. HOLLIS.

E. S. H-R. . Miss EDITH S. HOOPER.

W. W. H. . W. W. How.

O J. R. H. 0. J. R. HOWARTH.

W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT,

D.LlTT.

W. H. H. . . THE VEN. W. H. BUTTON, B.D.

E. IM T. . . SIR EVERARD IM THURN,

K.C.M.G.

C. H. L . . . THE REV. C. H. IRWIN.

H. J PROFESSOR HENRY JACKSON,

O.M.

M. R. J. . . MONTAGUE R. JAMES, LITT.D.,
F.S.A., PROVOST OF KING'S
COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE^

T. E. J. . . . T. E. JAMES.

A. H. J. . . THE REV. A. H. JOHNSON.

P. G. K. . . P. G. KONODY.

H. L PROFESSOR HORACE LAMB,

LL.D., F.R.S.

D. C. L. . . D. C. LATHBURY.

J. EL L. . . PROFESSOR SIR JOHN KNOX
LAUGHTON, Lrrr.D.

L. G. C. L. . L. G. CARR LAUGHTON.

W. R. M. L. THE REV. W. R. M. LEAKE.

E. L Miss ELIZABETH LEE.

S. L SIR SIDNEY LEE, LL.D., D.LrrT.

C. H. L. . . PROFESSOR C. H. LEES, F.R.S.
W. L-W. . . SIR WILLIAM LEE- WARNER,

G.C.S.I.
J. H. L. . . MAJOR J. H. LESLIE.

T. M. L. . . PRINCIPAL T. M. LINDSAY,
LL.D., D.D.

E. M. L. . . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, R.E.
J. E. L. . . . PROFESSOR J. E. LLOYD.

B. S. L. . . . B. S. LONG.

J. H. L. . . PROFESSOR J. H. LONGFORD.

C. P. L. . . . SIR CHARLES P. LUCAS, K.C.B.,

K.C.M.G.

R. L REGINALD LUCAS.

J. R. M. . . J. RAMSAY MACDONALD, M.P.

C. D. M. . . C. D. MACLEAN, Mus.Doc.

G. A. M. . . GEORGE A. MACMTT.T.AN, D.LrrT.

A. M ANDREW MACPHAIL, M.D.

B. M BERNARD MALLET, C.B.

J. M THE REV. JAMES MARCHANT.

D. S. M. . . D. S. MELDRUM.

L. M LEWIS MELVILLE.

A. H. M. . . A. H. MILLAR.
H. C. M. . . H. C. MINCHIN.

J. E. G. DE M. J. E. G. DE MONTMORENCY.
W. F. M. . . W. F. MONYPENNY.

E. M EDWARD MOORHOUSE.

G. LE G. N. G. LE GRYS NORGATE.
R. B. O'B. . R. BARRY O'BRIEN.

D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'DONOGHUE.

G. W. T. O. G. W. T. OMOND. j

JOHN OSSORY THE RIGHT REV. J. H. BERNAR: (
D.D., BISHOP OF OSSORY.

List of Writers in Volume I. Supplement II.

D. J. 0.

w. B. o.
j. p. . .
D. P. . .

E. H. P.

p. .

M. H. S.
V. H. S.

R. S. .

C. P. . .
D'A. P. .
G. W. P.

D. P-N. .
A. Q.-C.
W. R. . .
L. R. . .
H. D. R.
T. K. R.
R. J. R.
L. C. S. .

J. S.

T. S.
W. N. S.
C. S. S. .

E. S.

L. P. S. .
A. F. S. .

F. S. S. .
C. F. S. .
W. R. S.

W. F. 8.

. D. J. OWEN.

. W. B. OWEN.

. JOHN PARKER.

. DAVID PATRICK, LL.D.

. THE REV. CANON E. H. PEAROE. J - L - S-D.

. THE RIGHT HON. LORD PENT-

C. W. S. .
S. H. S. . .
H. T-S. . .
H. R. T. ,

LAND.

. THE REV. CHARLES PLUMMER.

. D'ARCY POWER, F.R.C.S.

. G.W. PROTHERO, LITT.D., LL.D.

. COL. SIR DAVID PRAIN, F.R.S.

. SIR ARTHUR QUILLER-COUCH.

. W. ROBERTS.

. LIONEL ROBINSON.

. H. D. ROLLESTON, M.D.

. T. KIRKE ROSE, D.Sc.

. R. J. ROWLETTE, M.D.

. LLOYD C. SANDERS.

. LORD SANDERSON, G.C.B.

. JOHN SARGEATJNT.

. THOMAS SECCOMBE.

. W. N. SHAW, Sc.D., F.R.S.

| T>

. PROFESSOR C. S. SHERRINGTON,

D. L. T.
F. W. T.
B. T.
T. H. T.
J. R. T.
T. F. T.
W. W. T.
R. H. V.

H. M. V.
W. S. W.

M.D., F.R.S.
. Miss EDITH SICHEL.
. L. P. SIDNEY.

. A. FORBES SIEVEKING, F.S.A.
. F. SHEEHY SKEFFINGTON.
. Miss C. FELL SMITH.

C. W. . .
A. B. W.
W. H. W.

. M. H. SPIELMANN, F.S.A.

. THE REV. PROFESSOR V. H.
STANTON, D.D.

. ROBERT STEELE.

. J. L. STRACHAN-DAVIDSON,
LL.D., MASTER OF BALLIOL
COLLEGE, OXFORD.

. C. W. SUTTON.

. S. H. SWINNY.

. H. TAPLEY-SOPER.

. H. R. TEDDER, F.S.A.

. D. LLEUFER THOMAS.

. F. W. THOMAS, PH.D.

. BASIL THOMSON.

. T. H. THORNTON, C.S.I., D.C.L.

. J. R. THURSFIELD.

. PROFESSOR T. F. Tour.

. THE REV. W. W. TULLOCH, D.D.

. COLONEL R. H. VETCH, R.E.,
C.B.

. COLONEL H. M. VIBART.
. W. STEWART WALLACE.
. PAUL WATERHOUSE.
. CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A.
. MRS. BLANCO WHITE.

. SIR WILLIAM H. WHITE, K.C.B.,
F.R.S.

G. S. W.

. PROFESSOR W. R. SORLEY, H. B. W.

LlTT.D., LL.D. yy yr

. W. F. SPEAR.

H. T. W. . . SIR HENRY TRUEMAN WOOD.
. G. S. WOODS.
. H. B. WOODWARD, F.R.S.
. WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A. [Died

26 September 1911.]

The following are some of the chief articles in this volume :

E. A. ABBEY, R.A., by M. H. Spielmann.

LoA ACTON, by the Rev. J. Neville Figgis, D.Litt.

CANTON AINGEB, by Edith Sichel.

ARCHBISHOP ALEXANDEB, by the Bishop of Ossory.

GEOBQE ALLEN (Ruskin's publisher), by E. T. Cook.

LOBD AMHEBST of Hackney, by H. R. Tedder,

F.S.A.

R. D. ABCHEB HIND, by Prof. Henry Jackson, O.M.
PBOFESSOB W. E. AYBTON, by P. J. Hartog.
ALEXANDER BAIN, by Elizabeth S. Haldane.
SIB BENJAMIN BAKEB, by W. F. Spear.
T. G. BABING, 1st Earl of Northbrook, by Bernard

Mallet, C.B.

DR. BABNARDO, by Rev. James Marchant.
MAHY BATESON, by Prof. T. F. Tout.
DOBOTHEA BEALE (of Cheltenham), by Elizabeth

Lee.

ALFRED BEIT, by C. W. Boyd, C.M.G.
C. F. MOBEBLY BELL, by W. F. Monypenny.
SIR LOWTHIAN BELL, by Prof. W. A. Bone, F.R.S.
SIR WALTER BESANT, by W. B. Owen.
MRS. ISABELLA BISHOP (born Bird), by Sir Charles

P. Lucas, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
FREDERICK TEMPLE BLACKWOOD, 1st Marquis of

Dufferin and Ava, by Sir William Lee-Warner,

G.C.S.I.
SIR EDWARD CHARLES BLOUNT, by Charles Welch,

F.S.A.

GEORGE FREDERICK BODLEY, R.A., by Paul Water-
house.
SIR ALGERNON BORTHWICK, 1st Lord Glenesk, by

Reginald Lucas.

GEOIUIL: HENRY BOUGHTON, R.A., by Martin Hardie.
GKOIWE GHANVILLE BRADLEY, Dean of Westminster,

by John Sargeaunt.
SIR FREDERICK BRAMWELL, by Sir Henry Trueman

Wood.
Sn; WILLIAM HENRY BROADBENT, by Dr. E. M.

Brockbank.

HENRY BROADHUBST, by J. Ramsay Macdonald, M.P.
ROBKRT BUCHANAN, by Thomas Bayne.
Siu KKI.VKRS BULLER, by Colonel E. M. Lloyd.

BARONESS BURDETT-COUTTS, by J. P. Anderson.
SIR JOHN BURDON-SANDERSON, by Prof. Francis

Gotch, F.R.S.
PROFESSOR S. H. BUTCHER, M.P., by Dr. G. W.

Prothero.

ABTHUB JOHN BUTLER, by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch.
SAMUEL BUTLER, by Thomas Seccombe.
F. A. V. CAMPBELL, 3rd Earl Cawdor, by Lloyd C.

Sanders.
SIR HENRY CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN, by the Rt. Hon.

Lord Pentland.
SPENCER COMPTON CAVENDISH, Marquis of Harting-

ton and 8th Duke of Devonshire, by Bernard

Holland, C.B.
ROBERT ABTHUB TALBOT GASCOYNE CECIL, 3rd

Marquis of Salisbury, by Algernon Cecil.
LT.-GEN. SIR ANDBEW CLARKE, by Colonel R. H.

Vetch, R.E., C.B.

FRANCES POWER COBBE, by Rev. Alexander Gordon.
JOHN WILLIS CLABK, by the Provost of King's

College, Cambridge.

T. SIDNEY COOPER, R.A., by A. M. Hind.
EDWARD BYLES Co WELL, by F. W. Thomas.
EARLCOWPER, by Earl Curzonof Kedleston, G.C.S.I.
SIR DONALD CURRIE, by President Thomas

Hamilton.

LORD CURRIE, by Lord Sanderson, G.C.B.
WILLIAM HENRY DALLINGER, by Prof. F. W. Gamble,

F.R.S.

SIR DAVID DALE, by L. P. Sidney.
THE DALZIEL BROTHERS, by Campbell Dodgson.
LORD DAVEY, by J. B. Atlay.
ANDREW BRUCE DAVIDSON, by Canon Driver.
JOHN DAVIDSON, by F. L. Bickley.
MICHAEL DAVITT, by F. Sheehy Skeffington.
LOWES DICKINSON, by George A. Macmillan.
SIR CHARLES DILKE, by J. R. Thursfield.
SIR CHABLES GAVAN DUFFY, by R. Barry O'Brien.
ROMESH CHUNDER DUTT, by F. H. Brown.
EDWARD VII., by Sir Sidney Lee.
GOVERNOR EYRE, by Sir Everard im Thurn,

K.C.M.G.

D.N.B. Supp. ii. Vol. i.

435 ii 14 Craigie, Mrs. Pearl Mary Teresa

i "-I i 44 Currie, Sir Donald, for in 1881

C.M.G., in 1881 K.C.M.G.

for baptist read congregational
. . . C.M.G., read in 1877 he was created

SECOND SUPPLEMENT VOLUME I

Page Col. Line

464 i 19 Dalziel, George : for 85 read 58

468 UU.&3)

f.e. > Davenport-Hill : for ROSAMUND read ROSAMOND
648 ii indexj

469 ii 12-9 f.e. Davey, Horace, Lord Davey : omit None the less .... of Commons.

479 i 27-30 Davitt, Michael : for The priests .... became bankrupt, read He was returned
unopposed for north-east Cork at the bye-election of Feb. 1893, but having
been declared bankrupt was unseated in the following June.

486 ii 18-20 Deane, Sir James Parker : for in 1885 .... same year read on 1 Aug. 1885
he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1892 was sworn a member
of the privy council.

491 ii 14 Des VCBUX, Sir (George) William : for in the same year read in 1893,

496 ii 16 Dibbs, Sir George Richard : for Cyra read Agra

497 i 18 for 4 Aug. read 5 Aug.

19 for Anna read Annie

500 ii 25 Dickson, Sir Collingwood: for 1865 read 1855

500 ii L . for He left no issue read He had three sons who predeceased him.

605 ii 19-17/.e. Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, 2nd Baronet : for This amounted .... as just
read Public opinion for the most part took this finding as a verdict against
Dilke and regarded it as just.

508 i 28-29 Dilke, Emilia Francis Strong, Lady Dilke : for the truth of the charges against
him was legally affirmed in July 1886 read the verdict of the second trial
(July 1886) was assumed by a large section of the public to imply his guilt
46 for 1884 read 1888

ii 4 for 1894 read 1904

534 i 43 Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan : for made K.C.M.G. read knighted

50 after next year insert, when he was made K.C.M.G.

541 i 47 East, Sir Cecil James : for lieut.-general read general

ii 29 after 28 May 1896 insert He was made general in 1902 and retired next year

547 ii 13 f.e. Edward VII: for 1845 read 1843

548 i 11 f.e. for St. George's read The Irish
551 i 19 for mountain read pass

43 for Windsor read St. James's Palace

555 i 1 for lake Michigan read the Detroit river

556 i 2/.e. for 10th hussars read 2nd battalion Grenadier guards

575 ii 9 f.e. for Norfolk read Warwickshire

576 ii 12-13 omit he thus became the chief of royal archmasonry
586 ii 15 for G Feb. 1899 read 30 July 1900

588 i 14 for 1885 read 1886

600 i 19 for duke of Ormonde read marquis of Ormonde

602 ii 5 for 1870 read 1869

604 i 14 f.e. for the state banquet read the banquet at the British embassy

636 i 18 Evans, Sir John : for 1889 read 1898
40 for 1890 read 1900

SECOND SUPPLEMENT VOLUME I
ERRATA

N.B. />. stands for from end and U. for last line
Page Col. Line
19 i 84-86 Adderley, Sir Charles Bowyer, 1st Baron Norton : omit In March 1859 ....

reform bill.

52 ii 10-8 /.e. Ardagh, Sir John Charles : for He was the delegate .... to the conference rend
He represented the British army, being one of four delegates of the British
government in June 1906, at the conference.
6-4 /.#. for The new convention .... proposals read The new convention was

signed in the following month.
68 ii 11 Arnold, Arthur : for 1892 read 1886

65 ii 40-41 Asher, Alexander : for Inverness read Inveravon

66 ii 8 f.e, Ashley, Evelyn : for under-secretary read parliamentary secretary
80 ii 43 Bain, Alexander : for two years read a year

175 i l.l. Blackwood, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple, 1st Marquis of Dufferin and

Ava : for 1891 read 1890

176 i 2 for 1901 read 1899

181 i 29 Blennerhassett, Sir Rowland, 4th Baronet : after City insert retaining the seat

until 1874.

83 for 1874 read 1880

42 for Kerry read the Harbour division of Dublin City

189 ii 89-41 Bodley, George Frederick : omit Even Butterfield's .... rood.

205 i 12 /.<?.)

and > Boyle, Sir Courtenay : for EDWARD read EDMUND

646 ii index )

224 ii 25-26 Bright, William : omit in succession to Arthur Penrhyn Stanley [q. v.]

236 i 29 Brown, George Douglas : for Coylton read Colyton

282 i 44-45 Butler, Arthur John : for was buried .... on 6 April read was buried at
Wantage. He married on 6 April

286 i 5-4 f.e. Butler, Samuel : for Paul Gaugain read Charles Gogin

298 i Campbell, Frederick Archibald Vaughan, 3rd Earl Cawdor : throughout tlir

article, for Carnarvon and Carnarvonshire read Carmarthen and Carmar-
thenshire.

808 ii 2 f.e. Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry : omit Sir William Harcourt,

824 i 45-46 Cavendish, Spencer Compton, Marquis of Hartington and 8th Duke of
Devonshire : for Sir Charles Wood . . . . [q. v.] read George Frederick
Samuel Robinson (afterwards first Marquis of Ripon) [q. v. Suppl. II.]

881 i 6/.e. Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-, 3rd Marquis of Salisbury: for 12 July
read 6 July

858 ii 7 Cheadle, Walter Butler : for square read street

878 i 4 Cleworth, Thomas Ebenezer : for Wakefield read Wakeford

875 i 16-18 Clowes, Sir William Laird: omit He had in 1891 .... Society

881 i 14 Cokayne, George Edward : for 1869 read 1859

888 i 81 Coleridge, Mary Elizabeth : for in London read at Harrogate

899 i 19 f.e. Compton, Lord Alwyne Frederick : for on 11 Nov. 1878, read in 1879

400 ii 17 Conder, Charles : for Maria read Maris

486 ii 14 Craigie, Mrs. Pearl Mary Teresa : for baptist read congregational

l .vi i 44 Currie, Sir Donald, for in 1881 .... C.M.G., read in 1877 he was created
C.M.G., in 1881 K.C.M.G.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT VOLUME I

Page Col. Line

464 i 19 Dalziel, George : for 85 read 53

f.e. > Davenport-Hill : for ROSAMUND read ROSAMOND
648 ii indexj

469 ii 12-9 f.e, Davey, Horace, Lord Davey : omit None the loss .... of Commons.
479 i 27-80 Davitt, Michael : for The priests .... became bankrupt, read He was returned

unopposed for north-east Cork at the bye-election of Feb. 1893, but having

been declared bankrupt was unseated in the following June.
486 ii 18-20 Deane, Sir James Parker : for in 1885 .... same year read on 1 Aug. 1885

he received the honour of knighthood, and in 1892 was sworn a member

of the privy council.
491 ii 14 Des Vosux, Sir (George) William: for in the same year read in 1893,

496 ii 16 Dibbs, Sir George Richard : for Cyra read Agra

497 i 18 for 4 Aug. read 5 Aug.

19 for Anna read Annie

500 ii 25 Dickson, Sir Collingwood : for 1865 read 1855

500 ii L . for He left no issue read He had three sons who predeceased him.

05 ii 19-17/.e. Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, 2nd Baronet : for This amounted .... as just
read Public opinion for the most part took this finding as a verdict against
Dilke and regarded it as just.

ii 4 for 1894 read 1904

534 i 43 Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan : for made K.C.M.G-. read knighted

50 after next year insert, when he was made K.C.M.G-.

541 i 47 East, Sir Cecil James : for lieut.-general read general

ii 29 after 28 May 1896 insert He was made general in 1902 and retired next year

547 ii 13 f.e. Edward VII : for 1845 read 1843

548 i 11 f.e. for St. George's read The Irish
551 i 19 for mountain read pass

43 for Windsor read St. James's Palace

555 i 1 for lake Michigan read the Detroit river

556 i % f.e. for 10th hussars read 2nd battalion Grenadier guards

575 ii 9 f.e. for Norfolk read Warwickshire

576 ii 12-13 omit he thus became the chief of royal archmasonry
586 ii 15 for 6 Feb. 1899 read 30 July 1900

588 i 14 for 1885 read 1886

600 i 19 for duke of Ormonde read marquis of Ormonde

602 ii 5 for 1870 read 1869

604 i 14 f.e. for the state banquet read the banquet at the British embassy

636 i 13 Evans, Sir John : for 1889 read 1898
40 for 1890 read 1900

DICTIONARY

NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

SECOND SUPPLEMENT

Abbey

ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852-1911),
painter and black-and-white and decorative
artist, born on 1 April 1852 at 315 Race
Street, Philadelphia, was eldest child in
the family of two sons and a daughter of
William Maxwell Abbey (1827-1897), a mer-
chant of Philadelphia. His mother, Margery
Ann (1825-1880), was daughter of Jacob
Kipel, second son of Jacob Kypel (d. 1797),
a farmer who emigrated to America from
Freiburg, Baden, in 1760.

Abbey received his education in Philadel-
phia at the Randolph school (1862-4) and
Dr. Gregory's school (1864r-8), where he
had drawing lessons from Isaac L. Williams
of the Pennsylvania Academy, a landscape
painter of local repute ; for three months
in 1868 he studied penmanship at Richard
S. Dickson's writing-school. While there
he contributed picture puzzles to Oliver
Optic's ' Our Boys and Girls ' under the
pseudonym of * Yorick.' In 1869 he entered
the employ of Van Ingen and Snyder, wood-
engravers of Philadelphia, who sent him to
work in the antique and life classes at the
Academy of Fine Arts. He was employed
mainly on commercial and news illustra-
tions. Soon afterwards he studied under
Professor Christian Schuessele at the
Pennsylvania Academy and worked on
historical compositions. The experience
developed his power of imagination and
faculty for design, while he applied himself
to research in history and costume. In
1870 he sent drawings to the New York
publishing house of Harper & Brothers for
production in their * Weekly.' In 1871 he

VOL. LXVII. SUP. ii.

went to New York, and after a month's
probation in that firm's art department
received a permanent position on the staff.
He worked for Harpers continuously for
twenty years.

In 1878 he came to England with a
commission from Harpers to illustrate
Herrick's poems. After two years he
returned to New York for three months,
and then settled permanently in England.
He lived much in London, with country
residences, first at Broadway, and then
at Morgan Hall, Fairford, where he had a
private cricket-ground. Latterly he pur-
chased Woodcote Manor, previously
occupied by Sir Francis Seymour Haden
at Alresford, but did not live to occupy
it. In London he acquired Chelsea Lodge,
where he also worked much.

It was with his pen-and-ink illustrations
that Abbey first conquered the English
and American public. These appeared in
editions of (among other works) Dickens's
* Christmas Stories' (1876); Herrick's
poems (' Hesperides ' and * Noble Numbers ')
(1882); 'She Stoops to Conquer' (1887);
' The Good-Natured Man ; Old Songs ' (1889);
'The Comedies of Shakespeare' (1896)
132 illustrations which, by invitation, were
exhibited at the Salon of the Soci6t6
Nationale des Beaux- Arts, Paris, 1896
and ' The Tragedies of Shakespeare.'
In 1885 a sketching tour in Holland with
his friend George Henry Boughton [q. v.
Suppl. II] was commemorated in ' Sketches
and Rambles in Holland,' to which both
artists contributed drawings. His first

Abbey s

contribution to the Royal Academy was ' A
Milkmaid ' (1885), in black and white.

Meanwhile Abbey's power matured in
water-colour, pastel, and oil. Although
his delicate fancy lent itself admirably to
water-colour painting, he executed not much
more than a score of works in that medium ;
but they stand high in the list of his achieve-
ments. His first water-colour was ' Rustics
Dancing in a Barn,' which was shown at
the exhibition of the American Water-
Colour Society of New York before 1876,
and a few others followed in that and
succeeding years. To the Royal Institute
of Painters in Water-Colours he contributed
'The Widower' (1883); 'The Bible
Reading ' (1884) ; ' The Old Song ' (1885) ;
and ' The March Past ' (1887) ; and to the
Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours,
'An Attention' (1893-4-5); and 'Quiet
Conscience' (1896). On occasion Abbey
would use pastel with brilliant effect,
as in 'Good Friday Morning' (1884);
his pastel sketches from Goldsmith's plays,
exhibited in 1896, are masterly; but
the examples of his work in this method
are relatively few.

In 1890 he sent to the Royal Academy
his first oil picture, ' A May-Day Morning,'
which attracted wide attention for its
originality, humour, truth, and joyousness.
This was retouched and somewhat modified
in 1904. He now embarked on a great
commission for Boston, and not until 1894
did he send again to the Royal Academy.
His second work seen there in oils,
' Fiammetta's Song,' created so deep an
impression that he was immediately
elected A.R.A. Many important historical
and poetic compositions were now shown
at the Academy : ' Richard, Duke of
Gloucester and the Lady Anne' (1896),
and ' King Lear, Act 1, Scene 1 ' (both in
the McCulloch-Coutts Michie collection)
and 'Hamlet' (1897). ' The Bridge' was
shown in 1898, when Abbey was elected
full member of the R.A. Subsequently
came ' Who is Sylvia, what is she . . . ? '
and ' O Mistress mine, where are you
roaming ? ' (1899) (now in the Walker
Art Gallery, Liverpool) ; ' A Lute Player '
(diploma work), 'The Trial of Queen
Katherine' (Senator W. A. Clarke's col-
lection), and 'The Penance of Eleanor,
Duchess of Gloucester, &c.' (1900) ; ' Cru-
saders sighting Jerusalem' (1901); ' Pot-
Pourri' (1903 signed * 1899 ') ; 'A
Measure,' and a decoration, a triple
panel reredos for the Holy Trinity
Church, Paris (1904); 'Columbus in the
New World' (1906), which startled the

Abbey

public by its decorative scheme; and in
1910, the last year of his career, an historical
picture, * The Camp of the Army at Valley
Forge, Feb. 1778,' as well as a great upright
decoration, ' Penn's Treaty with the Indians,'
both for the state capitol of Pennsylvania.
Meanwhile Abbey painted a few other
pictures : ' The Poet,' his only contribution
to the New Gallery (afterwards much
altered and almost wholly re-painted) ;
' A Pavane ' (1897) for Mr. Whitelaw Reid ;
* Fair is my Love ' (1906), in the gallery of
the corporation of Preston ; and the official
picture of ' The Coronation of H.M. King
Edward VII,' at Buckingham Palace, a
work fifteen feet by nine feet, containing
120 excellent portraits and occupying the
artist during 1903-4.

Abbey's mural decorations comprise
the most ambitious part of his work. The
great frieze for the delivery room of the
public library of Boston, U.S.A., on which
he was engaged between 1890 and 1901, is
lofty in conception and original in plan and
one of the most elaborate decorations
produced by either American or British
artist. Five of the paintings 90 feet in
aggregate length were shown at the Con-
duit Street Galleries, London, in January
1895, and the completed series at the Guild-
hall, October to November 1901 fifteen
paintings in all. The dramatic presentation
and artistic power of this great effort were
recognised at once. For the Royal Exchange,
London, he executed in 1904 a mural panel
representing the ancient reconciliation of the
two City companies, the Skinners and the
Merchant Taylors, 1484. There followed a
vast commission to decorate the state
capitol of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg. In
April 1908 eight large allegorical paintings,
forming a portion for the dome, were ex-
hibited in London at the Imperial Institute.
At his death he had completed the
immense composition ' The Apotheosis of
Pennsylvania,' in which the whole history of
the state is summarised, and the dome-
ceiling ' The 24 Hours.' Other decorative
work had occupied Abbey, especially the
designs for Sir Henry Irving's contemplated
but abandoned production of ' Richard II '
(1898). At the request of the office of
works Abbey superintended the decoration
of the peers' corridor in the Houses of
Parliament with historical pictures, approxi-
mating in sentiment to the Tudor style of
the architecture, by a group of young artists
working on an harmonious plan. These
were completed in 1910.

Abbey died on 1 Aug. 1911 at Chelsea
Lodge of an affection of the liver. After

Abbey

Abbott

cremation he was buried at the old church-
of Kingsbury, Neasden. On 22 April
L890 he had married Mary Gertrude
jhter of Frederick Mead, merchant,
New York). She survived him without

ur.

Abbey's artistic and intellectual merits,
which his personal charm and sympathetic
and generous temperament enhanced, were
widely acknowledged. He rapidly became
a leading force in the English and American
art of the day and founder of a school.
Steeped in mediaeval and seventeenth and
eighteenth-century art and literature, he
captivated the public by the charm, dignity,
and dramatic ability which he brought to
the rendering of his subjects. At the same
tune his artistic qualities, alike as to colour,
draughtsmanship, composition, and inven-
tion, appealed on technical grounds to his
fellow-artists, whether his medium were oil,
water-colour, pen-and-ink, or pastel.

He was chosen member of many artistic
societies in England and other countries,
including the American Water-Colour
Society of New York (elected 1876) and
the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-
Colours (London) (elected 1883 and resigned
in 1893). In 1895, when he became one of
the original incorporators of the American
Academy at Rome, he was elected associate
of the Royal Water-Colour Society. In 1901
he was made an associate and in 1902 a
member of the (American) Academy of
Design ; and he was an original member
of the American Academy of Arts and
Letters. He was an hon. member of the
American Institute of Architects (1895) ;
hon. member of the Royal Bavarian
Academy and of the Madrid Society of
Artists ; hon. associate of the Royal
Institute of British Architects. After ex-
hibiting his work in Paris in 1896 he was
made chevalier of the legion of honour
and corresponding member of the Institut
de France, as well as of the Societe
Nationale des Beaux- Arts, Paris (1896).
Yale University made him an hon. M.A.
and the University of Pennsylvania an hon.
LL.D. Among the awards won by Abbey
were a second-class gold medal, Munich In-
ternational Exhibition in 1883; a first-class
gold medal, Exposition Universelle, Paris, in
1889 ; two gold medals, Chicago Exhibition,
1893 ; a gold medal of honour, Pennsylvania,
1897 ; and a first-class gold medal, Vienna
Exhibition, 1898. In Jan-March 1912 a
memorial exhibition of Abbey's works, com-
prising 322 items, was included in the
'Old Masters' exhibition of the Royal
Academy at Burlington House.

Abbey remained to the end an American
citizen ; but he deeply appreciated his
reception in England, and he had a full
faith in the beneficial influence and equitable
organisation of the Royal Academy.

Among portraits of Abbey are a crayon
drawing by J. S. Sargent, R.A. ; an oil
portrait by Sir W. Q. Orchardson, R.A.
(1910, Orchardson's last work) ; a bronze
bust by E. Onslow Ford, R.A. (1902); a
sketch portrait by John H. Bacon, A. R.A. ;
drawings by Griyayedoff and Napoleon
Sarony respectively, and a caricature and
portrait by Leslie Ward (' Spy ') in ' Vanity
Fair' (1898).

[Private information and documents in the
possession of Mrs. E. A. Abbey ; Royal
Academy Catalogues.] M. H. S.

ABBOTT, EVELYN ( 1843-1901 ),classical
scholar, born at Epperstone, Nottingham-
shire, on 10 March 1843, was third of the
five sens of Evelyn Abbott, a farmer and
landowner, by his wife Mary Lambe.
Educated first at Lincoln grammar school
and afterwards at the Somerset College,
Bath, Abbott was elected in 1862 to
an open exhibition at Balliol College,
Oxford, and commenced his university
residence in October. He established
a high reputation among his contem-
poraries as a scholar, and was likewise
distinguished in athletic sports. In
1864 he won the Gaisford prize for
Greek verse and a first class in classical
moderations. In the Easter vacation
of 1866, just before he entered for his
final examination, he fell in a hurdle
race and injured his spine. Unhappily,
he was so unaccustomed to illness that
he did not recognise the serious nature
of the accident, and continued his exertions,
both at his books and at cricket, as if
nothing had occurred. In the summer he
obtained a first class in literae humaniores.
In the following autumn, when the mischief
became manifest, it was too late for a cure ;
he became hopelessly paralysed in the
lower limbs, and until his death never put
foot to the ground. The inevitable effect
of these unnatural conditions on his
health and activity was held at bay
for thirty-five years by a very strong
natural constitution and by his admirable
courage and patience. He soon began to
take private pupils, sometimes near his
birthplace in Sherwood Forest, sometimes
at Filey. In 1870 he was appointed by
Dr. Percival sixth form master at Clifton
College. In 1873 Benjamin Jowett, Master
of Balliol, invited him to return to Oxford,
and until 1875 he took work at Corpus a

A Beckett

well as at Balliol. In 1873 he graduated
B.A. and M.A. In 1874 he was elected a
fellow and tutor of Balliol. From that
time till his resignation, only a few days
before his death, ho was a mainstay of the
administration and teaching of his college.
At first he taught mainly Latin and Greek
scholarship; in his later years Greek
history was his principal subject. He won
the affection and confidence of his pupils
by his unceasing efforts for their welfare
and by the cheerfulness with which he
bore his physical disabilities. He became
Jowett lecturer in Greek in 1895, and was
librarian of the college from 1881 to 1897,
and in 1882 served as junior bursar.

Throughout his life Abbott was constantly
engaged in writing in addition to his
college work. He was well versed in
German, and besides Curtius's * Elucidations
of the Students' Greek Grammar' (1870)
he translated Max Duncker's * History of
Antiquity' (6 vols. 1877-81). He also
assisted Miss Sarah Francis Alleyne (d. 1885)
in English versions of Duncker's ' History
of Greece' (2 vols. 1883-6) and Zeller's
' Outlines of Greek Philosophy' (1885). He
was editor of ' Hellenica ' (1880; 2nd
edit. 1898), a collection of essays on
Greek themes, and was general editor of
the 'Heroes of the Nations' series, to
which he contributed a life of Pericles
(1891). Other works were ' Elements of
Greek Accidence ' (1874) and an index to
Jowett's translation of Plato (1875). With
Lewis Campbell [q. v. Suppl. II] he wrote
the biography of his life-long friend,
Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol (1897).
His most important literary work is his
' History of Greece ' in three volumes
(1888-1900), admirable alike for its
learning, sound judgment, and simple
and lucid style. The sceptical view of
the * Iliad' and 'Odyssey,' which regards
them as purely works of poetical
imagination, has nowhere been more
ably presented, and the presentation
well illustrates Abbott's independent
method in treating historical problems.

Abbott, who was made LL.D. of St.
Andrews in 1879, maintained his activities
till a few weeks before his death at
Malvern on 3 Sept. 1901. He was buried
at Redlands cemetery, near Cardiff.

[Personal knowledge ; Foster's Alumni Oxon.]

J. L. S.-B.

A BECKETT, ARTHUR WILLIAM
(1844-1909), humorist, third son of Gilbert
Abbott a Beckett [q. v.], was born at Port-
land House, North End, Fulham, in October
1844. His godfather was William Gilbert

|~q. v.], the father of Sir William Schwenck
Gilbert [q. v. Suppl. II]. Gilbert Arthur &
Beckett [q. v. Suppl. I] was his elder
brother. Arthur was educated first at
Honiton and then at Felsted from January
1858 to December 1859 (BEEVOR, Alumni
Felsled.). While at Felsted he contributed
to the * Braintree Times ' ; and later he was
a favourite chairman of Old Felstedians.
Palmerston nominated him in 1862 to a
clerkship in the war office, but he soon
migrated to the post office, and left the civil
service in 1865 to engage in journalism.
From 1871 to 1874 he was private secretary
of the duke of Norfolk. Subsequently he
became a student of Gray's Inn, 13 June
1877, and was called to the bar 3 May
1882, but he obtained no practice.

His vocation for the press showed itself
early. At twenty he was assisting (Sir)
Francis Burnand on the ' Glow-Worm,' a
penny evening humorous paper, with which
he was associated till 1868. He afterwards
edited a satirical weekly, ' The Tomahawk.'
At twenty-two, with the aid of his brother
Gilbert, he wrote a ' Comic Guide to the
Royal Academy' (1863-4). Good verbal
spirits were the mainspring of his humour.
Later he edited the * Britannia ' magazine
(1868-70) and acted as special correspondent
to the * Standard ' and the ' Globe ' during
the second period of the Franco -Prussian
war in 1870, when he was arrested at Amiens
and astonished a court of French officers by
his jocularity. In 1871, after experience in
the volunteers, he was given a company in
the king's own light infantry militia, and
for a short time in 1896 edited the * Naval
and Military Magazine.' From 1891 to 1895
he was also editor of the ' Sunday Times,'
under the directorship of Sir Augustus
Harris. His best work was done in
connection with ' Punch,' of which he
claimed that his father was part-originator
and founder. Tom Taylor first invited him
to contribute in May 1874; in August 1875
he was called to the table, and for the
following twenty-seven years he was an
ardent devotee. His 'Papers from Pump
Handle Court, by A Briefless Junior'
(in continuation of the jeu ff esprit of his
father) were much quoted. After Burnand's
promotion to the editorship in 1880 he
occasionally acted as locum tenens. His
withdrawal from ' Punch ' under pressure
in June 1902 left some resentment, and
he projected and edited through 1902-3
a rival comic paper, ' John Bull,' which
met with no success. Apart from his

* Punch ' work he wrote ' About Town,'

* . s. d.j and some melodramatic novels,

Abel

one of which, 'Fallen among Thieves'
(1876), he and John Palgrave Simpson [q.v.]
dramatised as ' From Father to Son.'
He was also author of 'Our Holiday in the
Scottish Highlands' in conjunction with
Linley Sambourne in 1876, and in his last
years of several very loosely knit volumes
of recollections, among them ' London at j
the End of the Century' (1900), 'The A

PBecketts of Punch' (1903), and 'Recollec-
tions, of a Humourist' (1907). President
of the Newspaper Society in 1895, of the
Institute of Journalists in 1900, and !
British delegate of the press congress at
Liege in 1905, he was universally liked in
his profession. Irrepressible egotism in A
Beckett lent an additional charm to a
character simple, kindly, and genial to its
foundation. His naivete was well shown in
his relations with Cardinal Manning, to whose I
church he became, like his friend Burnand,
a convert in 1874. An accident necessi-
tated the removal of A Beckett's leg at St.
Thomas's Home on 11 Jan. 1909, and he J
died of collapse on 14 Jan. 1909. After a !
requiem mass at Westminster he was buried
in Mortlake cemetery. He married in
1876 Susanna Francesca, daughter of Dr. j
Forbes Winslow, by whom he left two sons. !
His completion of his father's ' Comic '
History of England ' is still unpublished.

[The Times, 12-15, 19 Jan. 1909 ; Illus- i
trated London News, 18 Jan. 1909 (portrait) ; j
Men and Women of the Time, 1899 ; Foster's
Men at the Bar, 1885 ; Burnand's Records and j
Reminiscences, 1904, ii. 230 ; Recollections of j
& Humourist, 1907 (portrait); Spielmann's
Hist, of Punch (1895) ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; A ,
Beckett's works ; personal recollections.]

T. S.

ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS,
first baronet (1827-1902), chemist, born j
on 17 July 1827 at Woolwich, was son of !
Johann Leopold Abel (1795-1871), a music-
master in Kennington, by his wife Louisa
((/. 1864), daughter of Martin Hopkins
of Walworth. His paternal grandfather,
August Christian Andreas Abel (6. 12 Aug.
1751 ), was court miniature-painter to the
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Abel was attracted to a scientific career by |
a visit at the age of fourteen to an uncle in j
Hamburg, A. J. Abel, a mineralogist and a
pu pil of Berzeli us. After a course of chem is -
try under Dr. Ryan at the Royal Polytechnic
Institution, he entered the Royal College |
of Chemistry, founded in October 1845
under A. W. Hofmann ; he was one of
the twenty-six original students. Next
year he became an assistant, holding the
position for five years. In 1851 he was

appointed demonstrator of chemistry at
St. Bartholomew's Hospital to Dr. John
Stenhouse [q. v.], and in March 1852
lecturer on chemistry at the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich in
succession to Faraday [q. v.] In con-
junction with Charles London Bloxam
(d. 1887), his assistant and successor there,
he published a useful ' Handbook of
Chemistry ; Theoretical, Practical, and
Technical' (1854; 2nd edit. 1858).

Abel became ordnance chemist at Wool-
wich on 24 July 1854, and he was made
chemist to the war department there in
January 1856. From 1854 till 1888, when
he retired from Woolwich, Abel was the chief
official authority on all matters connected
with explosives. He was a member of the
ordnance select committee, was expert for
submarine defence and smokeless powder,
and from 1888 until his death was president
of the explosives committee. The trans-
formation of arms and ammunition which
took place during the thirty -four years of
his service at Woolwich necessarily occupied
the greater part of his scientific career,
though almost every branch of technical
science was enriched by his labours. The
supersession of black by ' smokeless ' powder
was flue to his researches on guncotton,
founded on the attempts of Baron von
Lenk to utilise this explosive in 1862.
He developed the process of reducing gun-
cotton to a fine pulp which enabled it
to be worked and stored without danger.
These results of his work were published
in 1866 in his lectures ' Gun Cotton ' and
in ' The Modern History of Gunpowder.'
Another important research, carried out
in conjunction with Captain (afterwards
Sir) Andrew Noble, aimed at determining
the nature of the chemical changes pro-
duced on firing explosives. This work,
carried out at great personal risk, is of the
highest value and threw new light on
the theory of explosives. The conclusioas
were published in various papers and
lectures from 1871 to 1880 (cf. On
Explosive Agents, a lecture, Edinburgh,
1871 ; Researches on Explosives with Capt.
Noble, 1875 and 1880). The explosion in
Seaham Colliery in 1881 led to the appoint-
ment of a royal commission on accidents
in coal mines on which he served, and to
Abel's researches on dangerous dusts (1882),
in which he investigated the part played
by dust in bringing about an explosion.
In other directions Abel reached equally
important results. As an expert in
petroleum he devised the Abel open -test,
with a flash-point of 100 Fahr., legalised

Abel

Abraham

in 1868, which was superseded in 1879
by the Abel close-test, with a flash-point
of 73. He also carried out many
researches into the composition of alloyed
metals with reference to their physical j
properties. His last piece of work, carried i
out in conjunction with Prof, (afterwards j
Sir) James Dewar, was the invention |
of cordite in 1889. The use of high I
explosives abroad forced the English
government to seek for a better material
than guncotton, and a committee was
appointed in 1888, under Abel's presidency,
to examine all the modern high explosives.
None of them was exactly suitable to
service requirements, and their inventors
refusing to make the necessary modifica-
tions, Abel and Dewar devised and patented
a compound of guncotton and nitroglycerine
and assigned it to the secretary of war
in 1890 (cf. Hansard, 11 Sept. 1893).
Cordite is now the standard explosive of
this country.

Abel's remarkable powers of organisation
and his official position as scientific adviser
to the government gave him a prominent
position in the scientific world. He was
elected F.R.S. in 1860, and received the
royal medal in 1887. He was president
of the Chemical Society (1875-7), df the
Institute of Chemistry (1881-2), of the
Society of Chemical Industry (1883), and
of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
He was also president of the Iron and
Steel Institute in 1891, and was awarded
the Bessemer gold medal in 1897. He acted
as chairman of the Society of Arts (1883-4)
and received the Albert Medal in 1891.
The Telford medal was bestowed on him
by the Institution of Civil Engineers in I
1879.

At Plymouth in 1877 he presided over the j
chemistry section of the British Association, I
and as president of the Association at \
Leeds in 1890 he gave an address on
recent practical applications of science. |
When the foundation of the Imperial |
Institute was decided on in 1887, Abel was
appointed organising secretary, remaining
its honorary secretary and director from
its opening in 1893 till it was handed over
to the board of trade in 1901. He was
made C.B. 1877, was knighted 1883,
became K.C.B. 1891, a baronet 1893,
G.C.V.O., 1901 ; he received the hon.
D.C.L. (Oxford) 1883, and D.Sc. (Cam-
bridge) 1888. In addition to the publications
already cited, he contributed sixty-five
papers to scientific publications and some
important articles to the 9th edition of the
' Encyclopaedia Britannica.'

Abel, who combined with his scientific
capacity high accomplishments as a
musician, died at his residence, 2 Whitehall
Court, S.W., on 6 Sept. 1902, and was
buried at Nunhead cemetery. He married
(1) Sarah Selina (1854-1888), daughter
of James Blanch of Bristol; (2) in 1889,
Giulietta de la Feuillade (d. 1892). He
had no children. His portrait, by Frank
Bramley, was exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1901.

[War Office List ; Burke's Baronetage ;
Nature, Ixvi. 492 ; The Times, 8 Sept. 1902 ;
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute, Jxii. 1902;
Journal, Soc. of Arts, Sept. 1902; Soc. Chem.
Industry, xxi. 1902 ; Trans. Chem. Soc. 1905,
i. 565 ; Oscar Guttmann's Manufacture of Ex-
plosives, 1895, i. 346-8.] R. S.

ABRAHAM, CHARLES JOHN
(1814-1903), first bishop of Wellington,
New Zealand, born on 17 June 1814 at the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst, was
second son of Captain Thomas Abraham
of the 16th regiment, who was on the staff
there. His mother was Louisa Susannah,
daughter of Edward Carter of Portsmouth.
After attending Dr. Arnold's school at
Laleham, he went in 1826 to Eton as
an oppidan, but to save expenses soon
went into college, then half empty. He
reached the sixth form, and played in the
school cricket eleven. In 1833 Abraham
went as a scholar to King's College,
Cambridge. King's at that time had the
privilege of giving its own degrees with-
out university examination in a tripos.
Abraham was a good and accurate scholar,
with a special memory for Horace and
Homer, which he retained through life.
He graduated B.A. in 1837, and succeeded
to a fellowship at Bang's, which he held
until 1850. He proceeded M.A. in 1840
and D.D. in 1859, and took the ad eundem
degree of M.A. at Oxford on 14 June
1849.

After being ordained deacon in 1837
and priest in 1838 and entering on parochial
work as curate of Headley Down, Hamp-
shire, he returned to Eton as a master. For
thirteen years he threw himself heart and
soul into Eton life. There were few masters
and the classes were large and unwieldy ;
Abraham had more than ninety boys
in his division. With George Augustus
Selwyn [q. v.], who was private tutor to
the earl of Powis's sons at Eton and curate
of Windsor, Abraham now began the
friendship which determined his career.
When in 1841 Selwyn became bishop of
New Zealand, Abraham was anxious to
follow him, but for the present the calls of

Abraham

Acton

Eton kept him at home. In 1846, in the
interests of the reform of the school, he
resigned the lucrative post of house-master to
become assistant-master in college, and was
largely responsible for the rapid improve-
ment in the moral tone of the King's
scholars. He helped to modify the system of
fagging, and repressed the old college songs.
As a teacher, Abraham widened the range
of the curriculum, combining the teaching
of history and geography and stimulating
the boys' interest in history and literature.
The collegers regarded him as a kind adviser
and friend, and in 1850 gave a font and
cover to the college chapel as a tribute of
their regard. His pupils included Edward
Henry Stanley, fifteenth earl of Derby
[q. v.], to whom for a time he was private
tutor at Knowsley, and Lord Robert Arthur
Talbot Gascoyne Cecil, afterwards third
marquis of Salisbury [q. v. Suppl. II], who
visited him in New Zealand in 1852. In
1848 Abraham was appointed divinity
lecturer of St. George's Chapel, Windsor,
and next year, when he became B.D. at
Cambridge, published his * Festival and
Lenten Lectures.'

He left Eton at Christmas 1849 to join
Bishop Selwyn in New Zealand, and
arrived in Auckland harbour in July 1850.
Selwyn at once put him in charge, as
chaplain and principal, of St. John's Col-
lege, Auckland, a small training college
for Maori and English youths. In 1853 he
was made archdeacon of Waitemate, with
the oversight of a large district. He took
long tramps with Selwyn for months
together through the native districts, visit-
ing mission stations and schools. He
returned to England in 1857 for surgical
treatment of a broken arm. Whilst in
England the new dioceses of Wellington and
Nelson were constituted ; Abraham was
consecrated bishop of Wellington at Lam-
beth Palace on 29 Sept. 1858, and his
friend, Edmund Hobhouse [q. v. Suppl. II],
bishop of Nelson. For twelve years
Abraham was fully occupied in creating the
machinery of his new diocese, the chief
town in which had just been made
the seat of government. Three or four
months in the year he spent in visiting
outlying stations. During the Maori war
in 1860 he powerfully urged just treatment
of the natives.

In 1868 Abraham returned to England
with Selwyn, who was appointed to the
see of Lichfield, and owing to Selwyn's
temporary failure of health became co-
adjutor bishop. In 1872 he was collated to
the prebendal stall of Bobenhall in Lichfield

Cathedral, and in 1876 was made a canon-
residentiary and precentor. He assisted in
the revision of the mediaeval statutes of the
cathedral, taught in the theological college,
helped in beautifying and strengthening
the fabric of the cathedral, of which he was
the keeper, and although no musician was
unremitting in devotion to the welfare of
the choristers. In 1875-6 Abraham was
also non-resident rector of Tatenhill, in
Needwood Forest. A total abstainer, he
was long a frequent speaker at meetings
of the United Kingdom Alliance.

After Selwyn's death in April 1878,
Abraham, with Bishop Edmund Hobhouse
and Sir William Martin [q. v.], organised,
by way of memorial, Selwyn College,
Cambridge, which was opened in October
1882. He rendered the college much gen-
erous service, and as a chief benefactor he
is mentioned annually in the chapel com-
memoration on 4 Feb. Abraham worked
with William Dalrymple Maclagan [q. v.
Suppl. II], Selwyn's successor at Lichfield,
until 1890, when he resigned his canonry,
thenceforth residing with his only son, the
Rev. Charles Thomas Abraham, first at
Christ Church, Lichfield, until 1897, and
afterwards at Bakewell, Derbyshire. He
died on 4 Feb. 1903 at Bake well vicarage, and
was buried at Over Haddon churchyard. A
memorial service was held the same day in
Eton CollegeChapel, where a marble slab and
effigy have been placed. Abraham married
on 17 Jan. 1850 Caroline Harriet (d. 1877),
daughter of Sir Charles Thomas Palmer,
second baronet, of Wanlip, Leicestershire.
Charles Thomas Abraham, his son, is
now bishop suffragan of Derby.

Besides the work mentioned Abraham
was author of : 1. ' The Unity of History,'
1845; 2nd edit. 1846. 2. 'The Three
Witnesses on Earth,' 1848. 3. * Personal
Religion and Cathedral Membership,' 1858.
4. ' Readings, Meditations, and Prayers on
the Lord's Supper,' 2nd edit., 1858.

[Articles on Charles John Abraham, by
A. L. Brown and C. T. Abraham, in the Selwvn
College Calendar for 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 ;
W. H. Tucker, Bishop Selwyn's Life, 1879 ;
G. H. Curteis, Life of G. A. Selwyn, 1889 ;
Maxwell Lyte's History of Eton, 1875, p. 421 ;
A. D. Coleridge's Eton in the Forties, 1896,
p. 381 ; A. L. Brown's Selwyn College, 1906 ;
The Times, 5, 9, and 13 Feb. 1903 ; Crock-
ford's Clerical Directory; Lichfield Diocesan
Magazine, March 1903 ; Foster's Peerage and
Baronetage ; original letters in the possession
of Mr. Percy Simpson ; private informa-
tion.] W. G. D. F.

ACTON, JOHN ADAMS (1830-1910),
sculptor. [See ADAMS-ACTON, JOHN.]

Acton

ACTON, SIR JOHN EMERICH ED-
WARD DALBERG, first BARON ACTON OF
ALDENHAM and eighth baronet (1834-1902),
historian and moralist, born at Naples on 10
Jan. 1834, was the only child of Sir Ferdinand
Richard Edward Acton, seventh baronet
(1801-1835), by a German wife, Marie
Louise Pellini de Dalberg, only child of
Emeric Joseph Due de Dalberg. After his
father's early death his mother married (2
July 1840) Granville George Leveson-Gower,
second Earl Granville [q. v.], the liberal
statesman ; she died 14 March 1860. The
Acton family had long been settled in
Shropshire, and the first baronet owed his
title (conferred in 1643) to his loyalty to
Charles I. Acton was descended from a
cadet branch of the family. His great-grand-
father; Edward Acton, was the youngest
son of a younger son of the second baronet,
and settled at Besancon as a doctor.
From his marriage with a daughter of
a Burgundian gentleman there issued Sir
John Francis Edward Acton [q. v.], the
friend of Queen Caroline and premier of
the Two Sicilies at the tune of Nelson.
His career was not unstained, and Acton,
it is said, refused to touch monies coming
to him from that source. Acton, who
although a Roman Catholic by race and
training was deeply hostile to the
arbitrary power of the Pope, owed his
existence to a papal dispensation. In
1799 Sir John Acton (who eight years
earlier succeeded to the title owing to the
lapse of the elder branch of the family)
obtained a dispensation to marry his
brother's daughter. From this marriage
issued Acton's father.

Of mingled race and bred amid cosmopoli-
tan surroundings, Acton was never more
than half an Englishman. His education
was as varied as his antecedents. After a
brief time at a school in Paris, he was sent
in 1843 to the Roman Catholic College at
Oscott, then under Dr. Wiseman, for
whom he always retained affection in
spite of later divergence of opinion. Thence
he went for a short time to Edinburgh as a
private pupil under Dr. Logan. There he
found neither the teaching nor the com-
panionship congenial. In 1848 began that
experience which was to mould his mind
more than any other influence. He went
to Munich to study under Professor von
Dollinger, and as his private pupil to
live under the same roof. There he
remained for six years in all, and not only
laid the foundations of his vast erudition
but also acquired his notions of the methods
of historical study and the duty of applying

fearless criticism to the history of the
church. From this time he never wavered
in his unflinching and austere liberalism,
and very little in his dislike of the papal
curia. A passionate sense of the value of
truth, of the rights of the individual con-
science, and of the iniquity of persecution,
and hatred of all forms of absolutism, civil or
ecclesiastical, were henceforth his distinctive
qualities, and coupled with these was that
desire to bring his co-religionists into line
with modern intellectual developments and
more particularly the science of Germany.

In 1855 he accompanied Lord Elles-
mere to the United States ; presence at
the important constitutional debates at
Philadelphia stimulated his interest in
the question of state rights. In 1856
he accompanied his step-father, Lord
Granville, to the coronation of the Czar
Alexander II, and made a great impression
on statesmen and men of intellectual
eminence by a display of knowledge sur-
prising in a youth. In 1857 he journeyed
to Italy with Dollinger, and became
versed in Italian affairs. Minghetti, the
successor of Cavour, was a family con-
nection and a frequent correspondent.
(For evidence of Acton's insight into
Italian matters, see articles in the Chron-
icle, 1867-8, and hitherto unpublished
correspondence with T. F. Wetherell.)

On his return from Italy, Acton settled
at the family seat at Aldenham, Shropshire,
beginning to collect there the great library
which reached a total of some 59,000 volumes.
In 1859 he was elected to the House of
Commons as whig M.P. for Carlow, and he
sat for that constituency till 1865. He
was then elected for Bridgnorth, in his own
county, by a majority of one, and was
unseated on a scrutiny. His parliamentary
career was not successful. He was no
debater ; he only made a single short
speech and put two questions while a
member of the house. What he said of
himself, ' I never had any contemporaries,'
rendered him unfit for the rough and
tumble of political life. The House of
Commons proved a thoroughly uncongenial
atmosphere,but it brought him the acquaint-
ance of Gladstone, who soon inspired
Acton with devotional reverence.

Acton proceeded to win intellectual
and moral eminence at the expense of
immediate practical influence. Even before
he entered parliament he had actively
joined those who were seeking to widen
the horizons of English' Roman Catholics.
In 1858 he acquired an interest in a
liberal catholic monthly periodical, called

Acton

the ' Rambler,' which, having been started
ten years before by an Oxford convert,
John Moore Capes, had won the support of
Newman. Acton's fellow proprietors were
Richard Simpson [q.v.] and Frederick Capes,
and Simpson was serving as editor. In
1859 Newman, whose aid was reckoned of
great moment, succeeded Simpson as editor
(cf. GASQUET, Lord Acton and his Circle, xxi),
but the authorities urged his retirement
within four months. Thereupon Acton
became editor in name, although Simpson
did most of the work. The periodical
in its old shape came to an end in 1862,
being converted into a quarterly, with the
title ' The Home and Foreign Review.'
This review represents the high-water
mark of the liberal catholic movement.
Probably no review of the reign of Queen
Victoria maintained so high a standard of
general excellence. Some of the strongest
articles were written by Acton himself,
though his style had neither the point nor
the difficulty of his later writings. Many
of them have since been republished in the
two volumes entitled * The History of
Freedom ' and * Lectures and Essays on
Modern History.' The amazing variety of
his knowledge is better shown in the
numerous shorter notices of books,
which betrayed an intimate and detailed
knowledge of documents and authorities.
The new quarterly had, however, to run
from the first the gauntlet of ecclesiastical
criticism. Cardinal Wiseman publicly
rebuked the editors in 1862. Acton in
reply claimed for catholics the right to
take ' a place in every movement that
promotes the study of God's works and the
advancement of mankind.'

Acton attended in March 1864 the Con-
gress of Munich, when Dollinger pleaded
on liberal grounds for a reunion of Christen-
dom. Acton reported the proceedings
in the ' Review.' His report awakened
orthodox hostility, and when a papal brief
addressed to the archbishop of Munich
asserted that all Roman Catholic opinions
were under the control of the Roman
congregations, Acton stopped the review
instead of waiting for the threatened veto.
In withdrawing from this unequal contest, |
Acton, in a valedictory article called ' Con- |
flicts with Rome ' (April), which he signed
as proprietor, declared once more in
stately and dignified language his loyalty
at once to the church and to the principles
of freedom and scientific inquiry. At
the end of the year Pope Pius IX
promulgated the encyclical ' Quanta Cura '
with the appended 'Syllabus Errorum,'

which deliberately condemned all such
efforts as those of Acton to make terms
between the church and modern civilisation.
At the time Acton informed his constituents
at Bridgnorth that he belonged rather to
the soul than the body of the catholic church.
This expressed very clearly the distinction
dominant in his mind between member-
ship of the church of Rome and trust in
the court of Rome.

The ' Review ' was replaced to some
extent by a weekly literary and political
journal called the * Chronicle,' which was
started by T. F. Wetherell in 1867 with
some pecuniary aid from Sir Rowland
Blennerhassett [q. v. Suppl. II]. It
ran for the most part on secular lines
merely coloured by a Roman Catholic
liberalism. Acton wrote regularly through
1867 and 1868. In some of his articles,
notably in that on Sarpi and others on the
Roman question, he was seen at his best.
None of these contributions have been re-
printed. On the stoppage of the ' Chronicle '
at the end of 1868 he again interested him-
self in a journalistic venture of an earlier
stamp. He helped Wetherell to launch in a
new form and in the liberal catholic interest
an old-established Scottish quarterly, the
* North British Review.' Acton eagerly
suggested writers and themes, and was
himself a weighty contributor until the
periodical ceased in 1872. For the first
number he wrote a learned article on
' The Massacre of St. Bartholomew,' wherein
he sought to establish the complicity if
not of the papacy, at least of the Popes
in this great auto da fe. Acton sub-
sequently modified his conclusions. The
article, which was afterwards enlarged and
translated into Italian by Signor Tommaso
Gar, was doubtless designed as a piece of
polemics as well as an historical inquiry.

Meanwhile, two lectures which Acton
delivered at the Bridgnorth Literary and
Scientific Institution on the American
Civil War (18 Jan. 1866) and on Mexico
(10 March 1868) illustrated his masterly
insight alike into past history and current
politics. In Nov. 1868 he stood unsuccess-
fully for his old constituency of Bridgnorth.
By that time Acton's intimacy with Glad-
stone, now the liberal prime minister, had
ripened into very close friendship. They
were in Rome together in Dec. 1866, and
Acton had guided Gladstone through the
great library of Monte Cassino. Acton
was Gladstone's junior by twenty-five years,
and to the last he addressed the statesman
with all the distant marks of respect due
to a senior. But Acton influenced Glad-

Acton

stone more deeply than did any other
single man. Gladstone had implicit faith
in his learning and sagacity, and in such
vital matters as home rule and disestablish-
ment Acton's private influence was great
if not decisive. Gladstone submitted to
his criticism nearly everything he wrote.
Acton was no admirer of Gladstone's
biblical criticism, and endeavoured, not
always with success, to widen the scope of
Gladstone's reading. But from 1866 the
fellowship between the two men grew
steadily closer, and the older sought the
guidance and advice of his junior on all
kinds of matters. On 11 Dec. 1869, while
Acton was in Rome, he was on Gladstone's
recommendation raised to the peerage. He
took the title of Baron Acton of Aldenham.
At the time a new general council was
sitting at Rome to complete the work
begun at Trent and to formulate the
dogma of papal infallibility. Acton was in
Rome to aid the small minority of prelates
who were resisting the promulgation of the
dogma. He worked hard to save the
church from a position which in his view
was not so much false as wicked. He urged
the British government, of which Gladstone
was the head, to interfere ; but Arch-
bishop Manning, whose interest was on
the opposite side, neutralised Acton's in-
fluence with the prime minister through his
friendship with Lord Odo Russell, the un-
official British agent at Rome. Acton's
work at Rome was not confined to hearten-
ing the opposition or to sending home
his views to Gladstone. To Dollinger at
Munich, the centre of the German opposition,
he wrote long accounts (with the names in
cypher) of the various movements and
counter-movements. These were combined
with letters from two other persons in the
series published in the ' Allgemeine Zeitung '
from December 1869 under the name
' Quirinus.' They were republished at
Munich in 1870 (4 pts.) and were translated
into English as ' Letters from Rome on the
Council ' (London, 3 ser., 1870). Acton is
only partially responsible for ' Quirinus' s'
deliverances. In some places the sym-
pathies of the writer are strongly Gallican
a point of view which appealed to Dollinger
but never to his pupil. Acton's difficulties
at Rome were great. Many of the prelates
who were opposing the infallibility dogma
regarded it as true, and objected only to
its being defined at that time and in
existing conditions. Acton was an open
assailant of the doctrine itself. Conscious
of inevitable defeat, the opposition eventu-
ally withdrew from Rome, and the dogma

was adopted by the council with unanimity.
On 11 July 1870 Acton had already arrived
at his house at Tegernsee, and there in
August he completed his ' Sendschreiben an
einen deutschen Bischof des vaticanischen
Concils ' (Nordlingen, 1870), in which he
quoted from numerous anti-infallibilists,
living or dead, and asked whether their
words still held good. But the catholic
world, to which Acton appealed, accepted
the new law without demur. Dollinger
refused, and was consequently excom-
municated (1 April 1871), while a small
body of opponents formed themselves at
Munich in Sept. 1871 into the * Old Catholic '
communion, which Dollinger did not join.

Acton for the time stood aside and
was unmolested. But when in 1874
Gladstone issued his pamphlet on ' The
Vatican Decrees,' the publication of which
Acton had not approved, he denied in
letters to * The Times ' any such danger to
the state as Gladstone anticipated from
possible Roman Catholic sedition owing to
their allegiance to a foreign bishop. Yet
Acton, while defending his co-religionists
in England, dealt subtle thrusts at the
papacy. He made it clear that what pre-
served his allegiance and minimised his
hostility to the Vatican Decrees was a sense
that the church was holier than its officials,
and the bonds of the Christian community
were deeper than any dependent on the
hierarchy. Acton was therefore able to
speak of communion in the Roman church
as 'dearer than life itself.' His present
attitude, however, was suspected by the
authorities. Archbishop Manning more
than once invited an explanation. Acton
replied adroitly that he relied on God's
providential government of His church,
and was no more disloyal to the Vatican
council than to any of its predecessors.
After more correspondence Manning said he
must leave the matter to the pope. Acton
made up his mind that he would be ex-
communicated, and wrote to Gladstone that
the only question was, when the blow would
fall. But it did not fall. Perhaps as a
layman, perhaps as a peer, less probably
as a scholar, he was left alone, and died
in full communion with the Holy See.

With the letters to 'The Times' of Nov.
to December 1874 Acton's polemical career
closed. He admitted in a letter to Lady
Blennerhassett that the explanations given
by Newman in the ' Letter to the Duke of
Norfolk' on Gladstone's expostulations
(1875) would enable him to accept the
decrees. But if he thought his fears of the
decrees had been in some respects exagge-

Acton

rated, his hatred of ultramontanism was
never appeased.

Through middle life Acton divided his
time between Aldenham, the Dalberg seat
at Herrnsheim on the Rhine, and a house
at Prince's Gate in London. In 1879
financial difficulties drove him to sell
Herrnsheim and to let Aldenham. He
thenceforth spent the winter at Cannes
and the autumn at the Arco Villa at
Tegernsee, Bavaria, which belonged to
his wife's family, and only parts of the
spring or summer in London. He read
more and wrote less than previously, but
his historical writing lost nothing in depth.
In the spring of 1877 he gave two lectures
at Bridgnorth on the ' History of Freedom
in Antiquity and in Christianity.' Two
articles in the * Quarterly ' on ' Wolsey
and the Divorce of Henry VIII ' (Jan. 1877)
and on Sir Erskine May's * Democracy in
Europe ' (Jan. 1878) and an article on
Cross's ' Life of George Eliot ' in the * Nine-
teenth Century ' (March 1885) are exhaus-
tive treatises. In 1886 he helped to set on
foot the ' English Historical Review '
and contributed to the first number a heavy
but pregnant article on * German Schools
of History' (German transl. 1887). In
London he saw much of Gladstone and
encouraged him in his home rule propa-
ganda. A member of Grillion's and The
Club, he was in intimate relations with
the best English intellectual society.
Honours began to flow in. In 1872 the
University at Munich had given him an
honorary doctorate, and in 1888 he was made
hon. LL.D. of Cambridge, and in 1889 hon.
D.C.L. of Oxford. In 1891, on a hint from
Gladstone, he was elected an honorary
fellow of All Souls. When Gladstone
formed his fourth administration in 1892,
Acton was appointed a lord-in-waiting.
Queen Victoria appreciated his facility
of speech in German and his German
sympathies, but the position was irksome.
In 1895 came the great chance of Acton's
life in his capacity of scholar. On Lord
Rosebery's recommendation he became
regius professor of modern history at
Cambridge in succession to Sir John Seeley.

Acton was at once elected an honorary
fellow of Trinity College, and took up
his residence in Neville's Court. He threw
himself with avidity into professorial work.
His inaugural lecture on the study of
history (11 June 1895) was a striking
success ; it contained a stimulating ac-
count of the development of modern
historical methods and closed with an
expression of that belief in the supremacy

of the moral law in politics which was
the dominant strain in Acton. It was
published with a bulky appendix of illus-
trative quotations, illustrating at once the
erudition and the weakness of the author,
and was translated into German (Berlin,
1897).

Settled at Cambridge, Acton began almost
at once to lecture on the * French Revolu-
tion ' for the historical tripos. His
lectures were largely attended, both by
students and by the general public. They
were read almost verbatim from manu-
script with very rare asides. The dignity
of his delivery, his profound sense of the
greatness of his task and of the paramount
import of moral issues gave them a very
impressive quality. Probably his half a
dozen years at Cambridge were the happiest
time in Acton's life. He loved to think
of himself as a Cambridge man at last,
and was as proud as a freshman of his
rooms in College. He had the pleasure of
finding eager pupils among some of the
junior students. In 1899 and 1900 much
of his energy was absorbed by the project of
the ' Cambridge Modern History.' He
did not originate it, but he warmly for-
warded it, and acted as its first editor, with
disastrous results to his health. On the
business side he was never strong ; and
the effort of securing contributors, of
directing them and of co-ordinating the
work was a greater strain than he could bear.
He regarded his editorial position very
seriously ; and although nothing was pub-
lished while he was still alive, yet nearly
the whole of the first volume and more
than half the second were in type some
two years before his death. The plan of
the whole twelve volumes and the author-
ship of many even of the later chapters
were his decision. Unfortunately Acton
contributed nothing himself. The notes
prepared for what should have been the
first chapter on ' The Legacy of the Middle
Ages ' were not sufficiently advanced for
publication. For all that the history
remains a monument to his memory. In
1901 his final illness overtook him ; suffer-
ing from a paralytic stroke, he withdrew
to Tegernsee, and after lingering some
months he died there on 19 June 1902.
He was buried at Tegernsee.

Acton married on 1 Aug. 1865 the
Countess Marie, daughter of Maximilian,
Count Arco-Valley of Munich, a member of
a distinguished and very ancient Bavarian
house. His widow survived him with a
son, Richard Maximilian, who succeeded him
as second Baron Acton, and three daughters.

Of two pencil drawings done in 1876 by
Henry Tan worth Wells [q.v. Suppl. II] one
is at Grillion's Club, Hotel Cecil, London, and
the other at Aldenham. He had become
F.S.A. in 1876, and was made K.C.V.O. in
1897. Acton's valuable historical library at
Aldenham, containing over 59,000 volumes,
was bought immediately after his death
by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and was presented
by him to John (afterwards Viscount)
Morley. Lord Morley gave it in 1903
to the University of Cambridge. The
whole collection is divided into 54 classes
under the main headings of (1) ecclesiastical
history, (2) political history, and (3) subjects
not falling under these two heads. The first
heading illustrates with rare completeness
the internal and external history of the
papacy; under the second heading works
on Germany, France, and Switzerland are
represented with exceptional fulness (cf.
Camb. Mod. Hist. vol. iv. pp. viii, 802).
Acton's books bear many traces of his
method of reading. He was in the habit of
drawing a fine ink line in the margin
against passages which interested him, and
of transcribing such passages on squares
of paper, which he sorted into boxes or
Solander cases.

Apart from his periodical writings Acton
only published during his lifetime some
separate lectures and letters, most of which
have been already mentioned. The two on
'Liberty' delivered at Bridgnorth in 1877
appeared also in French translations (Paris,
1878). He edited Harpsfield's ' Narrative of
the Divorce' (book ii.) and 'Letters of
James II to the Abbot of La Trappe '
(1872-6) for the Philobibton Society, and
' Les Matinees Royales,' a hitherto unpub-
lished work of Frederick the Great (London
and Edinburgh, 1863). Since his death
there have been issued his ' Lectures on
Modern History,' edited with introduction
by J. N. Figgis and R. V. Lawrence (1906) ;
' The History of Freedom, and other
Essays,' introduction by the editors (1907) ;
* Historical Essays and Studies ' (1907) ; and
' Lectures on the French Revolution ' (1910).
These four volumes, like his inaugural
lecture, are fair evidence of his powers. The
vast erudition, the passion for becoming
intimately acquainted with many different
periods, were a bar to production on a large
scale. This was also hindered by a
certain lack of organising power and a
deficient sense of proportion. He aban-
doned his project for writing a ' History of
Liberty,' which indeed was never more than
a chimera displaying his lack of archi-
tectonic faculty. Nor did the notion of a

history of the ' Council of Trent ' fare ^
better, and of the projected biography of
Dollinger we have nothing but a single
article on * Dollinger' s Historical Works '
from the ' English Historical Review' (1890).
His essays are really monographs, and in
many cases either said the final word on a
topic or advanced the knowledge of it very
definitely. As an historian Acton held
very strongly to the ideal of impartiality,
yet his writings illustrate the impossibility
of attaining it. The ' Lectures on Modern
History' are actually the development of
the modern world as conceived by a con-
vinced whig and except in the actual
investigation of bare facts no historian is
less impartial and more personal in his
judgments than Acton appears in the
volume on the ' French Revolution.' His
writing again has a note as distinctive as
though very different from that of Macaulay.
His style is difficult ; it is epigrammatic,
packed with allusions, dignified, but never
flowing. He has been termed a * Meredith
turned historian ' ; but the most notable
qualities are the passion for political right-
eousness that breathes in all his utterances,
the sense of the supreme worth of the in-
dividual conscience and the inalienable
desire for liberty alike in church and
state.

[Personal knowledge; The Times,20 June 1902;
unpublished correspondence with Dollinger,
Newman, Gladstone, Lady Blennerhassett,
and others ; editorial introductions to Lectures
on Modern History (1906) and the History
of Freedom (1907); Letters of Lord Acton
to Mary Gladstone (with memoir by Herbert
Paul), 1904 ; Gasquet, Lord Acton and his
Circle, 1906 ; Edinburgh Review, April 1903 ;
Independent Review, art. by John Pollock,
October 1904; Bryce's Studies in Contem-
porary Biography, 1903 ; Morley' s Life of
Gladstone, 1904, ii. and iii. ; Grant Duff's
Notes from a Diary ; PurcelTs Life of
Manning, 1896; Wilfrid Ward's Life of
Cardinal Newman, 1912. A bibliography,
edited by Dr. W. A. Shaw for the Royal
Historical Society, 1903, gives most of Acton's
writings whether in books or periodicals.
Various sections of the catalogue of the Acton
collection have been published in the Cam-
bridge University Library Bulletin (extra
series)]. J. N. F.

ADAM, JAMES (1860-1907), classical
scholar and Platonist, born on 7 April 1860
at Kinmuck in the parish of Keithhall near
Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, was second
child and only son of James Adam and
Barbara Anderson. The father owned the
general store and tailor's shop which served
the neighbouring countryside ; he died of

Adam

typhoid fever when his son was only eight.
His mother (still living) by her own energy
carried on the business, and brought up her
six children. After varied scholastic ex-
periences Adam made rapid progress at the
parish school of Keithhall under George
Kemp, M. A., and having spent some months
at the grammar school of Old Aberdeen
won the third bursary at Aberdeen Uni-
versity in Oct. 1876. Though chiefly
interested in Greek, Adam took a good
place in most of the classes of the arts
course. His devotion to Greek was fostered
by the professor, (Sir) William Geddes
[q. v. Suppl. I]. In 1880 he graduated
with first-class honours in classics and
carried off the chief classical prizes and the
Ferguson scholarship. Meanwhile in the
spring of 1880 he had been elected classical
scholar at Caius College, Cambridge.
In the summer of 1882 he was placed
in division i. of the first class in the
classical tripos, part i. In 1883 he just
missed the Craven scholarship, but in 1884
was awarded the first chancellor's medal
and obtained a specially brilliant first
class (only once equalled) in part ii. of the
classical tripos with distinction in classics,
ancient philosophy, and comparative
philology. In Dec. 1884 he was elected a
junior fellow and was soon appointed classi-
cal lecturer of Emmanuel College, where he
settled down at once to his life's work as a
teacher. During his undergraduate career
at Cambridge Adam had devoted himself
with increasing ardour to the study of Plato,
and this author for the rest of his life
generally furnished a subject (most fre-
quently the ' Phaedo ' or some books of the

* Republic') for one of the two courses of
intercollegiate lectures which it was part
of his college duty to deliver annually.
Aristotle's ' Ethics,' Lucretius, Cicero's

* de Finibus,' and above all the Greek lyric
poets were also frequent subjects. His
lectures were full of wit as well as learning,
and however mystical some might consider
his philosophical views, there was no lack of
precision in his scholarship. Throughout
his teaching career Adam took classes with
rare intermissions at Girton College, and was
an ardent supporter of the claims of women
to degrees, when the question came before
the senate of the university in 1897. A
knowledge of Greek he regarded as an
essential part of university education, and
he was a resolute opponent of all attempts
to make Greek an optional subject of study.
At Easter 1890 he visited Greece. In the
same year he was appointed joint tutor
of his college with Mr. W. N. Shaw (now

director of the Meteorological Office), and
in 1900, the number of tutors having been
meantime increased, he succeeded Mr. Shaw
as senior tutor. His relations with pupils
and colleagues were kindly and affectionate,
while his efficiency as a lecturer proved of
great benefit to the college. The changes
in the classical tripos, which came into
force in 1903, emphasised the importance
of ancient philosophy, and the college hall
| was barely able to hold the numbers that
i flocked to Adam's lectures on Plato and
Aristotle. In 1887, inspired probably by
his closest friend, Robert Alexander Neil
[q. v. Suppl. Ill, he published his first
edition of a Platonic dialogue, the ' Apology.'
This was followed by the ' Crito ' in 1888,
the * Euthyphro ' in 1890, and (in conjunc-
| tion with his wife) the * Protagoras ' in 1893.
I In 1890 he had announced an intention of
preparing an edition of the * Republic.'
In 1897 he published a revised text. This,
however, differs in many passages from the
large edition in two volumes which appeared
after many years of labour in 1902, and
immediately took its place as the standard
edition. Adam's notes and excursuses,
| which are very concise considering the
j difficulty of the subject, represent a judge-
ment based upon a thorough knowledge
of the vast work of his many predecessors.
In textual matters as years went on he
became steadily more conservative, believing
that the tradition of the Platonic text was
in the main quite sound. An investigation
preliminary to his edition of the * Republic '
was a discussion of the ' Platonic Num-
i ber' (Cambridge University Press, 1891).
Adam's interpretation has been confirmed
j by Professor Hilprecht's discovery of the
; Babylonian perfect number. At Christmas
1902 he was nominated Gifford lecturer at
Aberdeen. He chose for his subject ' The
Religious Teachers of Greece,' and the
lectures delivered in 1904 and 1905 were
very successful.

In the spring of 1907, Adam, who, amid
his unceasing work, retained his youthful
appearance in middle age, was attacked
by illness. He died in Aberdeen after
an operation on 30 August 1907, and
was buried at Woking. Adam married, on
22 July 1890, a former pupil, Adela Marion,
youngest daughter of Arthur Kensington,
formerly fellow and tutor of Trinity
College, Oxford. His wife survives him
with two sons and a daughter. An en-
larged photograph hangs in the parlour of
Emmanuel College.

The Gifford lectures, which were left
complete, but not finally revised for publica-

tion, were edited with a short memoir by his
widow and published in 1908 (2nd edit. 1909).
A collection of his essays and lectures was
edited by Mrs. Adam in 1911 under the
title of 'The Vitality of Platonism, and
other Essays.' These collected papers best
illustrate the bent of Adam's mind in later
life. For many years he had been deeply
interested in the relationship between
Greek philosophy and the New Testament.
Though he would not have said with
Westcott that * the final cause of Greek was
the New Testament,' he certainly tended
to regard Greek philosophy pre-eminently
as a * Praeparatio Evangelica,' and his
occasional lectures on such semi-religious
topics at summer meetings in Cambridge
found large and appreciative audi-
ences. Witty and paradoxical in conversa-
tion, though with a vein of melancholy in
his nature, Adam found fullest scope for his
abilities as a teacher, and to education in
the highest sense all his work as lecturer
and writer was devoted.

[Information from the family ; the Memoir
by his wife quoted above ; intimate personal
knowledge for over twenty-five years.] P. G.

ADAMS, JAMES WILLIAMS (1839-
1903), army chaplain in India, born on
24 Nov. 1839 in Cork, was only son of three
children of James O'Brien Adams, magis-
trate of Cork (d. 1854), by his wife Elizabeth
Williams. Educated at Hamlin and Porter' s
School, on the South Mall, Cork, he pro-
ceeded to Trinity College, Dublin, where
he graduated B.A. in 1861. He always
excelled in athletics, and was regarded as
the strongest man in Ireland, vying with
his friend Frederick Burnaby [q. v.] in gym-
nastic feats. He was ordained deacon 1863
and priest 1864 and served curacies at
Hyde, Hampshire (1863-5), and at Shottes-
brook, Berkshire (1865-6). In Oct. 1866 he
became a chaplain on the Bengal establish-
ment under Bishop Robert Milman [q. v.]
at Calcutta. Here he had a severe attack
of fever, and after sick leave to Ceylon
was appointed to Peshawar. There he was
indefatigable in visiting the out stations
Naushahra and Kohat; he did much in
restoring and beautifying the church and
the cemetery at Peshawar, and received
the thanks of government for his exertions
in the cholera camps during two outbreaks.
Save for some months at Allahabad (March
to Dec. 1870) he remained at Peshawar
till December 1872. He was then stationed
at the camp of exercise at Hassan Abdul
army headquarters till March 1873, and in
1874 he was sent to Kashmir on special
duty. Here he built, in great part with

his own hands, a church of pine logs,
where services were frequently held for
the numerous visitors to Gulmarg and
Sonamarg ; it was subsequently burnt
down by accident.

In January 1876 Adams was ap-
pointed to Meerut, and in December took
charge of the cavalry and artillery camp
for the Delhi durbar on the visit of
the Prince of Wales (afterwards King
Edward VII).

Subsequently he had experience of much
active warfare. In Nov. 1878 he joined
the Kuram field force under Sir Frederick
(afterwards Earl) Roberts, and was engaged
in all the operations in the advance on
Kabul. At Villa Kazi on 11 Dec. 1879
he risked his life in rescuing several men
of the 9th lancers, who were in danger
of drowning in a watercourse while the
Afghans were near at hand. Lord Roberts
witnessed Adams's exploit and recom-
mended him for the Victoria Cross, which
he received from Queen Victoria on 4 Aug.
1881. He also took part in the march of
Lord Roberts from Kabul to Kandahar
in August 1880, and was present at
battle of Kandahar on 1 Sept. 1880.

On returning to India after furlough in
1881 Adams spent a year at Lucknow.
During three years (1883-5) at Naini Tal
he was instrumental in the erection of an
east window and reredos in memory of the
victims of the great landslip. In 1885 he
accompanied the field force under Lord
Roberts up country in Burma, and he
took part in the operations there. He
had already received the bronze star for
the Kabul - Kandahar march and the
Afghan war medal with four clasps, Kan-
dahar, Kabul, Charasiab, and Peiwar
Kotal ; he was now awarded the Burmah
field force medal.

Through twenty years' service in India
Adams was * the idol of the soldiers.' In
1886 he settled in England, and from 1887
to 1894 he held the rectory of Postwick
near Norwich. After two years' rest in
Jersey he became in 1896 vicar of Stow
Bardolph with Wimbotsham near Down-
ham Market. He was appointed in 1900
honorary chaplain to Queen Victoria, and
King Edward VII made him chaplain in
ordinary in 1901. In 1902 he left Stow for
the small living of Ashwell, near Oak-
ham. There he died on 20 Oct. 1903. On
30 June 1903 Dublin University had con-
ferred on him the honorary degree of M.A.
While in England on furlough he married
on 16 Aug. 1881 Alice Mary, daughter of
General Sir Thomas Wiltshire [q. v.l

Adams

Adams-Acton

She survived him with an only daughter,
Edith Juliet Mary.

Three brass tablets were erected to his
memory one by the patron, Sir Thomas
Hare, in Stow Bardolph church; another
by Lord Roberts in a little church in the
fen district of Stow, built as a memorial ;
and the third in Peshawar Church, put
up in 1910 by friends who had known
' Padre Adams ' in Peshawar or during the
Afghan war.

[Private information from his widow;
Army Lists ; The Times, October 1903 ;
H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War,
1910, iii. 181 ; Lord Roberts, Forty-one
Years in India, pp. 142, 143, and 275;
Burke's Baronetage.] H. M. V.

ADAMS, WILLIAM DAVENPORT
(1851-1904), journalist and compiler, born
at Brixton on 25 Dec. 1851, was elder
son of William Henrv Davenport Adams
(1828-1891) [q. v. Suppl. I] by his wife
Sarah Esther Morgan. Entering Merchant
Taylors' School in January 1863, he went
to Edinburgh University, but ill-health
precluded his securing any academic dis-
tinction. Becoming a journalist, he was
appointed in 1875 leader-writer and literary
and dramatic critic for the 'Glasgow
Daily News,' and later he edited the even-
ing and weekly editions. From 1878 to
1880 he was editor of the 'Greenock
Advertiser'; from 1880 to 1882 acting-
editor of the * Nottingham Guardian ' ;
from 1882 to 1885 editor of the 'Derby
Mercury ' ; and from 1885 till his death
literary editor and dramatic critic of the
London ' Globe.'

Adams's main interest lay in the drama,
and the leisure of twenty years was devoted
to the compilation of ' A Dictionary of the
Drama,' which was to be 'a guide to the
plays, playwrights, players, and play-
houses of the United Kingdom and America,
from the earliest times to the present day.'
Only the first of the two projected volumes
(A-G) was completed at Adams's death at
Putney on 27 July 1904. He was buried at
Putney Vale cemetery. On 19 Oct. 1875
he married Caroline Estelle, daughter of
John Korner, a Polish exile of noble
family.

Besides the comprehensive but unfinished
* Dictionary of the Drama ' (1904), Adams
published : 1. ' A Dictionary of English
Literature, being a comprehensive guide
to English authors and their works,' 1878.
2. ' By-Ways in Book-Land,' 1888. 3. * A
Book of Burlesque,' 1891. 4. ' With Poet
and Player : Essays on Literature and
the Stage,' 1891.

[The Times and Globe, 28 July 1904;
Theatre, 1894 (portrait); Reg. Merchant
Taylors' School ; private information.] L. M.

ADAMS-ACTON, JOHN (1830-1910),
sculptor, born at Acton Hill, Middlesex, on
11 Dec. 1830, was the son of William
Adams, a tailor, of Acton Hill by his wife
Helen Elizabeth Humphreys (Par. Reg.).
Two sons and three daughters survived the
father. The second daughter, Clarissa, en-
gaged in art and exhibited at the Royal
Academy. To avoid confusion with other
artists of the same name, Adams adopted
in 1869 the additional surname of Acton
from his birthplace.

Educated at Lady Byron's school, Baling,
he received his first tuition as a sculptor
under Timothy Butler. He subsequently
worked in the studio of Matthew Noble
[q. v.], and during 1853-8 studied at
the Royal Academy Schools, where his
promise was liberally recognised. He
won first medals in the antique and life
classes, and the gold medal for an original
sculpture group, ' Eve supplicating for-
giveness at the feet of Adam,' in December
1855. As a student he exhibited a me-
dallion of Dr. Chalton in 1854, and other
medallions in 1855 and 1856. In 1858 he
gained the Academy's travelling student-
ship, and was at Rome till 1865. There his
success in portraiture, to which he devoted
his main efforts, excited the admiration
of John Gibson [q. v.], who sent many
visitors to his studio.

After 1865 Acton settled in London, where
he was soon busily employed. He executed
the Wesley memorial in Westminster Abbey,
the Cruikshank memorial in St. Paul's
Cathedral, the statue of Wesley before
the City Road chapel, and the memorial
of Cardinal Manning in the new Roman
Catholic Cathedral at Westminster. He
also executed a colossal statue of Sir
Titus Salt, erected near Bradford Town
Hall in 1874, and statues of Queen
Victoria for Kingston and the Bahamas, of
Mr. Gladstone, a close friend and the
godfather of his fourth son, for Blackburn
and Liverpool, and of Bishop Waldegrave
for Carlisle Cathedral. Edward VII, as
Prince of Wales, sat to him many times,
and the Emperor and Empress Frederick
of Germany showed interest in his art.
He exhibited regularly at the Royal
Academy till 1892, sending there statues
or busts of Gladstone (1865, 1868, 1869,
1873, 1879), Lord Brougham (1867, 1868),
John Bright (1870), Charles Dickens (1871),
Charles Spurgeon (1874), Earl Russell
(1874), Archbishop Manning (1884), the earl

Adamson

of Beaconsfield (1885), and Leo XII
(1888). Others who sat to him wer
Canon Duckworth, Lord Shaftesbury
Dr. Parker, Mr. Fawcett, Lord Napier o
Magdala, Cobden, Lord Roberts, Dea
Farrar, Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Sir Isaa
Holden, Sir Edwin Landseer, and many
leading academicians. Of his ideal work
the best were The First Sacrifice,' ' Th
Lady of the Lake,' * Pharaoh's Daughter,
'Zenobia,' and 'The Millennium.'

Acton's last work, which was left un
finished, was a small figure of * The Ange
of Peace.' He died at his wife's home
Ormidale, Brodick, in the Isle of Arran
which he visited every summer, on 28 Oct
1910.

Acton married on 15 Aug. 1875, at St
Mark's Church, Hamilton Terrace, London
Marion Hamilton of the Isle of Arran, an
authoress writing under the name ' Jeannie
Hering.' He had four sons and three
daughters. Two of his sons, Harold anc
Murray, practised their father's art.

[The Times, 29 Oct. 1910 ; Daily Telegraph
and Morning Post, 1 Nov. 1910 ; Graves's Roy
Acad. Exhibitors; Art Journal, Nov. 1910
Studio, Nov. 1910 ; Hodgson and Eaton, The
Royal Academy and its Members, 1905; in-
formation suppLed by Mrs. Acton and others.

Qj -pi n

ADAMSON, ROBERT (1852-1902),
philosopher, born at Edinburgh on 19 Jan.
1852, was fifth of the six children of Robert
Adamson and Mary Agnes Buist. The
father was a writer (i.e. solicitor) in Dunbar
and afterwards at Coldstream, but had
removed with his family to Edinburgh
before the birth of his son Robert, and
died when the latter was three years old.
The boy passed from Daniel Stewart's
Hospital, Edinburgh, to Edinburgh Uni-
versity in November 1866, and after
obtaining first prizes in metaphysics and
in English literature, graduated, in 1871,
with first-class honours in philosophy and
with a scholarship awarded to the best
graduate in that subject. He spent the
summer of 1871 at Heidelberg, and acted
as assistant in the following winter to Henry
Calderwood [q. v. Suppl. I], professor of
moral philosophy at Edinburgh, and in
1872-4 to A. Campbell Fraser, professor of
logic and metaphysics. During these years he
read omnivorously in the Signet library and
elsewhere, and gained other post-graduate
scholarships or fellowships, including the
Ferguson scholarship and the Shaw fellow-
ship, both open to graduates of any Scottish
university. In 1874 he was appointed addi-
tional examiner in philosophy in the univer-

sity, and joined the editorial staff of the
* Encyclopaedia Britannica ' (9th edition).
To the third and fourth volumes of that
work he contributed a large number of
articles on subjects of general literature,
and in the third volume began a series of im-
portant philosophical articles. The article
on Francis Bacon (which James Spedding
[q. v.] had originally undertaken and had
relinquished) first gave public proof of
Adamson's powers as a philosophical
critic and historian. There followed bio-
graphies of Hume, Kant, Fichte, and
Schelling, and the very learned article on
Logic.

In the summer of 1876 Adamson was
appointed professor of philosophy and
political economy at Owens College,
Manchester, in succession to W. Stanley
Jevona [q. v.] After six years he was
relieved of the work of lecturing in
economics ; but he greatly extended the
philosophical teaching, especially after
1880, when the creation of the Victoria
University gave him freedom to plan the
work in accordance with his own views.
He was made hon. LL.D. of Glasgow in
1883.

In 1893 he was appointed by the crown
to the chair of logic in the university of
Aberdeen. He removed to Glasgow in
1895 on his election to the professorship
of logic and rhetoric there. Between 1885
and 1901 he acted on six occasions as
examiner for the moral science tripos
at Cambridge. For five years (1887-91)
tie was one of the examiners in mental and
moral science in the University of London.
Ee was also the first external examiner in
philosophy to the newly founded Uni-
versity of Wales (1896-9). On 5 Feb. 1902
died of enteric fever at Glasgow; his
3ody was cremated at the Western Necro-
polis. In 1881 he married Margaret,
daughter of David Duncan, a Manchester
merchant, who survived him with two sons
and four daughters.

Adamson took an active part in academic
msiness. At Manchester he supported
warmly the admission of women students
to college and university on equal terms
with men ; he threw himself zealously
nto the movement for an independent
university, and when the Victoria University
was created in 1880 he took a prominent part
in its organisation. He acted as temporary
egistrar, was first secretary and afterwards
hairman of the new board of studies,
nd gave important assistance to the
nstitution of the university department
'or training elementary teachers. At

Adamson

Adderley

Glasgow he served on the court as well as [ In addition to articles in the ' Encyclopae-

on the senatus, and took a leading part in dia Britannica,' the * Dictionary of National

the early stages of the movement which Bipgraphy,' ' Mind,' and elsewhere, Adam-

afterwards resulted in substituting a three- son was author of the following works :

term system for the unbroken session of 1. 'Roger Bacon: the philosophy of

the Scottish universities. He was also a science in the middle ages (an introductory

keen politician, and gave active support address),' Manchester, 1876. 2. ' On the

to the advanced liberal party.

Philosophy of Kant' (Shaw Fellowship

Adamson's literary activity, which was Lectures, 1879), Edinburgh, 1879 (trans-
unusually great in youthful manhood, | lated into German by Professor C. Schaar-
afterwards diminished, largely owing to the i schmidt, * unter Mitwirkung des Verfassers,'
demands of lecturing work and academic Leipzig, 1880). 3. 'Fichte' (Philosophical
business, and partly at any rate to a Classics for English Readers), Edinburgh,
gradual change in his philosophical views. 1881. After his death there appeared: 4.
But his lectures to his students gave the 'The Development of Modern Philosophy,
results of his original thinking. The stand- with other Lectures and Essays,' ed. by
point adopted in his earlier work was j W. R. Sorley, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1903 (with
idealistic, and akin to the prevalent . complete bibliography). 5. ' The Develop-
neo-Hegelianism. But he found increasing I ment of Greek Philosophy,' ed. by W. R.
difficulties in working out a coherent inter- j Sorley and R. P. Hardie, Edinburgh, 1908.
pretation of reality on these . lines, and in 6. * A Short History of Logic,' ed. by

adapting to such an interpretation the
knowledge of nature, mind and history
arrived at by modern science. In his
later tl linking his attitude to idealism
changed, and he aimed at a constructive
philosophy from a point of view which he
did not refuse to describe as naturalism or
realism. By this term, however, he did
not mean that the external mechanism
of things in space and time was equivalent
to the sum-total of reality, but rather
that truth in philosophy is to be reached
by turning from abstract conceptions to
concrete experience. Mind has indeed
come into being, but it is not, on that
account, less essential than, or inferior to,
nature ; each is a partial manifestation
of reality. An outline of a theory of
knowledge on these lines is given in the
concluding part of his posthumously
published lectures on ' Modern Philo-
sophy ' ; but this theory was never worked
out by him in detail, nor subjected to the
same thorough criticism as idealistic
philosophies received at his hands. Both
in his earlier and in his later period his
own views are developed by means of a
critical study of the history of thought.
Following the biological analogy of * re-
capitulation ' he found in the history of

philosophy a treatment, only more elaborate
and leisurely, of the same questions as
those which face the individual inquirer.
In general his work is distinguished by
extensive and exact learning, by keen per-
ception of the essential points in a problem,
by great power of clear and sustained
reasoning, by complete impartiality, and
by rigid exclusion of metaphor and the
imaginative factor.
VOL. LXVII. SUP. n.

W. R. Sorley, Edinburgh, 1911

A medallion of Adamson, executed in
1903 by Mr. Gilbert Bayes, was presented
by old students and other friends to the
University of Glasgow in February 1904.
Later in the same year, a replica of this
medallion was presented by another body
of subscribers to the University of Man-
chester, and the Adamson Lecture there
was founded in his memory ; at the same
time his philosophical books, numbering
about 4387 volumes, were presented to the
Manchester University by Mrs. Adamson
(see Manchester Guardian, 4 June 1904).

[Memorial introduction prefixed to Develop-
ment of Modern Philosophy, 1903 ; Prof. (Sir)
Henry Jones in Mind, July 1902 ; private
information. For an account of his philo-
sophy see Prof. G. Dawes Hicks, in Mind,
January 1904, and Uebenveg-Heinze, Grundriss
der Geschichte der Philosophic, 10th edit. 1909,
part iv. pp. 535-7.] W. R. S.

ADDERLEY,SiRCHARLES BOW YER,
first BARON NORTON (1814-1905), statesman,
born at Knighton House, Leicestershire, on
2 Aug. 1814, was eldest son of Charles Clement
Adderley (1780-1818) by his wife Anna Maria
(d. 1827), daughter of Sir Edmund Burney
Cradock-Hartopp, first baronet, a descen-
dant of Oliver Cromwell. On the death
without issue of his great-uncle, Charles
Bowyer Adderley of Hams Hall, War-
wickshire, on 12 April 1826, Charles suc-
ceeded to the great family estates round
Birmingham, and in Warwickshire and
Staffordshire. Thereupon he was taken
from school at Redland near Bristol, and
placed under a clerical tutor of low church
views, who deepened the evangelical
convictions with which his parents had

Adderley

imbued him. In 1832 ho became a
gentleman-commoner at Christ Church,
Oxford, where his piety suffered no
diminution, while he acquired a knowledge
of music and art and a love of horse
riding and of tobacco. He rode daily till
he was eighty-eight, and hunted for many
years. At Christ Church he began, too, a
life-long friendship with John Robert
Godley [q. v.], who greatly influenced him.
He took a pass degree in 1835.

From 1836 to 1841 Adderley mainly
engaged in travel, study, and the manage-
ment of his estates. He sought to develop
his property on enlightened principles. When
he came of age in 1835 the estate at Saltley
near Birmingham supported a population
of 400, which grew to 27,000 in his lifetime.
Planning the streets of the town in 1837
so as to avoid the possibility of slums, he may
be called the father of town-planning. In
providing, endowing, and supporting places
of worship in Saltley he spent 70,000/.
He gave Adderley Park to Birmingham ;
in 1847 he promoted the foundation of
the Saltley Church Training College (in
which he was interested to the end) and
in 1852 he founded the Saltley Reformatory
on the model of that of Mettray in
France.

The family residence at Hams Hall was
not far from the home of Sir Robert Peel at
Drayton Manor, Tamworth. Peel urged
Adderley to enter Parliament and in June
1841 he was elected as a tory for the
northern division of Staffordshire. He
held the seat through eight elections, retir-
ing in 1878. Adderley opposed Peel's free
trade policy of 1846, although he formally
abandoned protection at the general
election of 1852. He took at first little
part in debate, but wrote occasionally
in 1 848 on general topics in the ' Morning
Chronicle ' and on colonial subjects in the
'Spectator' in 1854.

Gradually colonial questions roused
Adderley's enthusiasm, and he soon
rendered services of the first importance
to colonial development. In 1849 he
joined his friends Godley, Edward
Gibbon Wakefield [q. v.], and Lord
Lyttelton in founding the Church of
England colony of Canterbury in New
Zealand. In the same year he stren-
uously resisted Lord Grey's proposal
to transport convicts to the Cape, and
elaborated his argument in a pamphlet,
'Transportation not necessary' (1851).
To Adderley's advocacy the Cape colonists
assigned the government's abandonment
of its threat to send Irish political convicts

among them, and by way of gratitude
they named Adderley street after him.
Penal colonial settlements were abrogated
in 1852, partly owing to Adderley's
activity.

Meanwhile Adderley helped Wakefield to
found in 1849 the Colonial Reform Society
for promoting colonial self-government,
and of that society he became secretary.
In ' The Australian Colonies Bill Discussed '
(1849) he urged complete delegation of
powers to the colony while throwing on
it the cost of any imperial assistance.
The independent constitution of New
Zealand was drafted at Hams Hall in 1850
and the constitution of the other colonies
followed this precedent. In ' Some Reflec-
tions on the Speech of Lord John Russell on
Colonial Policy ' (1850) Adderley declared
that principles of self-government could
alone yield ' thriving colonies, heartily
and inseparably and usefully attached
to England.' He powerfully developed his
views in ' The Statement of the Present
Cape Case' (1851); in his 'Remarks on
Mr. Godley 's Speech on Self-government
for New Zealand ' (1857) ; in his letter to
Disraeli on ' The Present Relation of England
with her Colonies ' (1861 ; 2nd edit. 1862) ;
and finally in his ' Review of " The Colonial
Policy of Lord John Russell's Administra-
tion," by Earl Grey [1853], and of subsequent
Colonial History ' (1869, 3 pts.), a compre-
hensive survey of the progress of colonial
freedom. At the age of ninety, in his
* Imperial Fellowship of Self -governed
British Colonies' (1903), he enunciated
anew his lifelong conviction that ' colonial
self -administration and imperial fellowship '
are ' co-ordinate elements ' in * true
colonial relationship.'

In Lord Derby's first administration of

1852 Adderley refused the secretaryship
of the board of control, and continued to
advocate as a private member of the
House of Commons social and educational
as well as colonial reforms with an indepen-
dence of party cries which earned him the
epithet of liberal-conservative. In 1852
he introduced a reformatory schools bill,
for bringing refractory children or young
criminals under educational control. In

1853 he opposed with great foresight the
abandonment of the Orange River sove-
reignty. In 1854 he was responsible for
the Young Offenders Act (a part of his
'reformatory' policy), and he introduced
the Manchester and Salford education
bill, in which a local education rate was
first proposed. In ' Punishment is not
Education ' (1856) and in his ' Tract on

Adderley

Tickets of Leave' (1857), he pushed
further his plea that education might cure
crime more effectually than punishment.

On the formation of Lord Derby's
second ministry in Feb. 1858 Adderley
was appointed vice-president of the edu-
cation committee of the privy council, and
was admitted to the privy council. His
office also constituted him president of
the board of health, and a charity com-
missioner. The educational situation was
peculiarly interesting. On 21 June 1858
Adderley in moving the education vote gave
the first official estimate of the cost of a
national system of elementary education :
he put the amount at a million pounds per
annum. At the same time he pointed
out that that was the first day on which the
University of Oxford was conducting its
middle class examinations throughout the
country, and was thereby inaugurating a
new correlation of the universities to
national life. Next day the first royal
commission on elementary education was
gazetted.

During his brief term of office Adderley
consolidated the accumulated minutes of
the council on education, prepared the way
for the revised code, passed a Reformatory
Act amending that of 1854, and (faithful to
the principle of devolution) passed a first
Local Government Act, the term * local
government ' being his own invention.

In March 1859 Adderley, though a minister
of the crown, voted against a second read-
ing of lu's government's reform bill. On the
defeat of Lord Derby's ministry he resigned
office, and Lord Palmerston became prime
minister. The outbreak of the Maori war
in New Zealand in 1860 moved him
deeply, but he advised the colonists to
provide an army of their own, while
urging that all parts of the Empire should
give mutual help in case of need. In the
same year he introduced without success
an education bill which aimed at making
education compulsory. In Lord Derby's
third administration of 1866 Adderley
became under-secretary for the colonies,
and was immediately confronted by the
difficult case of Governor Eyre [see EYRE,
EDWARD JOHN, Suppl. II], whom he
loyally defended from the attacks of John
Stuart Mill (cf. FINLASON'S Hist, of the
Jamaica Case, 1869). In the same session
he carried through the House of Commons
the British North America Act (1867),
which created the Dominion of Canada.
Amid his parliamentary occupations,
Addrrley published ' Europe Incapable of
American Democracy (1867), in which he

sought to reconcile his conservative faith
with advanced ideas of social freedom
and progress.

Adderley continued in office when
Disraeli succeeded Lord Derby as prime
minister. He resigned with his colleagues
in Dec. 1868, and was made K.C.M.G.
next year by Gladstone, the new liberal

Erimo minister, who was a personal
iend. ' I am glad our opponents decorate
our bench,' remarked Disraeli. Adderley
was made chairman of the sanitary com-
mission which reported in 1871 and led to
the passing of the Public Health Acts of
1872 and 1875. He took a prominent
part in opposing Irish disestablishment.

When Disraeli returned to office in
February 1874, Adderley became president
of the board of trade, but owing to his
frank independence, which the prime
minister feared, he was not admitted to
the cabinet. ' Single-heartedness, unfailing
temper, and unwearied zeal ' characterised
his departmental work. The amendment
of the merchant shipping law was his first
official concern in the House of Commons,
and he was brought into painful conflict
with Samuel Plimsoll [q. v. Suppl. I].
Adderley's bill of 1875 was assailed by
Plimsoll and withdrawn. In 1876 another
bill which legalised a ' leadline ' usually
named after Plimsoll, although Adderley
claimed it as his own, was introduced and
passed. On 8 March 1878 Adderley
retired from office with a peerage, assuming
the title of Baron Norton. In the same
year he presided at the Cheltenham meeting
of the Social Science Congress, and he
was a frequent speaker in the House of
Lords on education and colonial and social
questions. In 1880 he refused an offer of
the governorship of Bombay. In his
speech in the upper house on the Educa-
tion Code of May 1882 (reprinted as a
pamphlet) he practically advocated free
education and protested against the com-
plexity of the code with its detailed system
of payment by results. He sat on the re-
formatory and industrial schools commission
(1883) and on the education commissions
of 1883-4 and 1887. In 1884 he promoted
the compromise between the two houses on
the liberal government's reform bill.

Norton had long played an active part in
religious affairs. As early as 1849 he had
published a devotional ' Essay on Human
Happiness ' (rev. edit. 1854). In his ' Re-
flections on the Rev. Dr. Hook's Sermon on
" the Lord's Day " ' (1856) he dwelt on the
need of popular parks, gardens, and reading-
rooms for Sunday recreation and religious

Adderley

Adler

contemplation. A strong churchman, he
yet advocated in 1889 a union between
the Church of England and the Wesleyans,
and he developed an aspiration to heal
protestant schism and stay controversy in
'High and Low Church' (1892, 2nd ed.
1893). His hope of reconciling apparently
opposing social as well as religious forces
found expression in his * Socialism ' (1895),
in which respect for manual labour and zeal
in social service and social reform were
shown to harmonise with conservative and
Christian feeling. In his ' Reflections on
the Course from the Goal' (1898, 2nd ed.
1899) Norton discussed the formation of
character. His religious views kept him
in touch with all classes of thinkers, and
neither doctrinal nor political differences
affected his private friendship. With Mr.
Gladstone especially he was long on cordial
terms. Cobden and Bright were among
his political friends, and he reckoned Arch-
bishop Benson, Cardinal Manning, Dr. Dale,
and Edward King, bishop of Lincoln, among
his intimate acquaintances. To the end
of his life Norton wrote long letters to ' The
Times ' on lu's favourite themes of social
reform, education, and colonial affairs.
He was no brilliant writer nor speaker,
and was reckoned by political colleagues to
be tenacious and outspoken to the verge of
obstinacy and bluntness, but his views were
enlightened, generous, and far-seeing, and
they influenced the progress of public
opinion. A skilled musician and a com-
petent art critic, Norton died at Hams
Hall on 28 March 1905, and was buried in
the family vault in Lea Marston Church.
Adderley on 28 July 1 842 married Julia Anne
Eliza, daughter of Chandos, first Baron Leigh
of Stoneleigh. There were ten children
five sons and five daughters. He was
succeeded as second Baron Norton by
his eldest son, Charles Leigh Adderley.
His youngest son, James Granville, became
vicar of Saltley in 1904. Lady Norton
died on 8 May 1887.

A portrait was painted in 1890 by
Jacomb Hood. George Richmond, R.A.,
made a drawing for Griilion's Club. A
cartoon by ' Spy ' appeared in * Vanity
Fair ' 1892. The Norton Memorial Hall at
Saltley was erected in Norton's memory.

[W. S. C. Pemberton's Life of Lord Norton,
1814^1905, Statesman and Philanthropist,
1909, contains autobiographic notes, with por-
traits ; see also The Times, 29 March 1905 ;
Hansard's Reports ; Burke' s Peerage; J. R.
Godley's Letters edited by Adderley for
private circulation ; Adderley's works.]

J. E. G. DE M.

ADLER, HERMANN (1839-1911), chief
rabbi of the united Hebrew congregations
of the British empire, born at Hanover
on 30 May 1839, was second son of two sons
and three daughters of Nathan Marcus
Adler [q. v.], chief rabbi, by his first wife
Henrietta Worms. Through his mother
Adler was cousin of Henry de Worms, first
Baron Pirbright [q. v. Suppl. II]. His elder
brother, Marcus Nathan (1837-1910), was
vice-president of the Institute of Actuaries
and a founder of the Royal Statistical and
London Mathematical Societies. Brought
to London in June 1845, when his father
became chief rabbi of England, Adler was
sent to University College School and Uni-
versity College, London. After [a brilliant
career there he graduated B.A. at London
University in 1859. He preached his first
sermon at the consecration of the Swansea
synagogue in September 1859. Next year
he went to the University of Prague and
continued his theological studies under Dr.
Rapoport, chief rabbi there ; from him in

1862 he received the rabbinical diploma.
In December 1862 he obtained at Leipzig
the degree of Ph.D. for a thesis on
Druidism.

On his return to England he became in

1863 temporary principal of the Jews'
Theological College, then in Finsbury
Square, and he held that office until 1865 ;
he subsequently acted as theological tutor
until 1879, was chairman of council in 1887,
and was president at his death. He was
appointed in February 1864 first minister
at the Bayswater Synagogue, Chichester
Place, Harrow Road, where till 1891 he
attracted large congregations by his culti-
vated preaching. While at Bayswater he
helped to found Jewish schools there, and
was instrumental in establishing religious
classes for Jewish children at the board
schools in the east of London. His vigorous
replies in the * Nineteenth Century ' for
April and July 1878 to Prof. Gold win
Smith's attack (in the February number)
on the Jews for lack of civic patriotism
brought him praise from Gladstone and
made for him a general reputation as a
Jewish apologist both in Europe and in
America. Next year he became delegate
chief rabbi for his father, then in declining
health ; and on his father's death he was
installed as chief rabbi on 23 June 1891.
Adler, who spared himself no labour in dis-
charging his rabbinical duties, tenaciously
upheld the spiritual authority of his office
over his own community. Rigidly.orthodox
in ceremonial observances, he at the same
time gained much influence in social spheres

Adler 21

Agnew

outside Jewish ranks by virtue of his tact
and wide culture.

Adler's main and invariable endeavour
was to serve the best interests of his co-
religionists at home or abroad, and he
actively identified himself with all move-
ments or institutions, charitable, political,
social, educational, and literary, which
were likely to serve that end. In 1885 he
joined the Mansion House committee for
the relief of persecuted Jews in Russia.
The same year he visited the Holy Land
and inspected many of the colonies estab-
lished there by Russo-Jewish refugees. He
represented the Russo-Jewish community
at the conferences of the Hebrew con-
gregations of Europe and America, held
at Berlin in 1882 and at Paris in 1890.
He was president of the Jewish Historical
Society of England (1897), and vice-presi-
dent of the Anglo-Jewish Association. His
other offices included those of vice-presi-
dent of the Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Children, and of the Mansion
House Association for Improving the
Dwellings of the Poor ; he was a governor
of University College, an administrator
of the 'People's Palace,' Mile End, and an
energetic member of the committees of
the King Edward Hospital Fund and the
Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund. He
gave useful evidence before the select com-
mittee of the House of Lords on sweating
in 1888 ; before the joint committee on
Sunday closing in May 1907 ; and before
the divorce commission in 1910.

Adler's seventieth birthday in 1909,
which synchronised with the jubilee of his
ministry, was publicly celebrated with
general enthusiasm. A portrait in oils,
executed by Mr. Meyer Klang, was hung
in the council chamber of the United
Synagogue, Aldgate. A replica was pre-
sented by the Jewish congregations to
Mrs. Adler, and on her death passed to his j
elder daughter. He was also made hon.
D.C.L. of Oxford, and he received theC.V.O. |
from King Edward VII. He had already !
been made honorary LL.D. of St. Andrews j
in 1899, and he was elected a member i
of the Athenaeum Club under Rule II on the j
suggestion of Mandell Creighton, bishop of
London, in 1900.

Adler died of heart failure on 18 July
1911 at his residence, 6 Craven Hill, London,
and was buried at the Willesden Jewish
cemetery. He married in September 1867
Rachel, elder daughter of Solomon Joseph,
who survived him till 9 Jan. 1912.
Of his two daughters, the elder, Nettie,
was elected member of the London county

council. His only son, Alfred, a minister,
predeceased him in 1911. By his will he
left the testimonials and addresses which
had been presented to him to the Frederic
David Mocatta [q. v. Suppl. IIJ library and
museum at University College, as well as
various sums to Jewish and other institu-
tions (The Times, 11 Aug. 1911). Of two
portraits in oils, besides that mentioned
above, one painted by Mr. B. S. Marks,
in 1887, belongs to Adler's younger
daughter, Mrs. Ruth Eichholz ; the other,
executed by Mr. Solomon J. Solomon, R.A.,
in 1908, was presented by (Sir) Adolph
Tuck to the Jews' College. A cartoon by
' Spy ' appeared in ' Vanity Fair ' in 1894.

His published works, besides sermons
and pamphlets and reviews, include :
1. ' Ibn Gabirol, the Poet Philosopher, and
his Relation to Scholastic Philosophy ' (in
University Coll. Essays), 1864. 2. ' A Jewish
j Reply to Bishop Colenso's Criticism on the
Pentateuch,' 1865. 3. ' Sermons on the
Biblical Passages adduced by Christian
Theologians in support of the Dogmas of
their Faith,' 1869. 4. ' Anglo -Jewish
Memories, and other Sermons' (jubilee
memorial volume), 1909. He also contri-
buted a chapter to ' Immortality : a Clerical
Symposium ' (1885) ; and a paper on ' The
Chief Rabbis of England ' (in Anglo-Jewish
Historical Exhib. volume, 1887) (1888).

[The Times, 19 July 1911 ; Jewish Chron.
and Jewish World, 21 July (with portraits) ;
Jewish Year Book, 1911 ; Who's Who, 1911 ;
Jewish Encyclopaedia ; Men and Women of
the Time, 1899.] W. B. O.

AGNEW, SIR JAMES WILLSON
(1815-1901), prime minister of Tasmania,
born at Ballyclare, co. Antrim, Ireland,
on 2 Oct. 1815, was son of James William
Agnew and Ellen Stewart of Larne, co.
Antrim. Educated for the medical profes-
sion at University College, London, at
Paris, and Glasgow, he qualified as M.R.C.S.
in 1838 and graduated M.D. at Glas-
gow in 1839. Ho almost immediately
started for Sydney, N.S.W., sailing on
the Wilmot. He spent a few months
practising in Sydney, and then tried for a
time the rough station life of the western
part of Victoria. Subsequently he reached
Hobart, and there he was disappointed of
the post of private secretary to Sir John
Franklin, then governor of Tasmania. On
24 Dec. 1841 he became assistant surgeon
on the agricultural establishment ; in July
1842 he was removed to Saltwater Creek in
the same capacity, and on 28 Feb. 1845 ho
was transferred to be colonial assistant
surgeon at Hobart, with charge of the

Agnew

general hospital. With this work he com-
bined a general practice which laid the
foundation of his influence amongst tho
people of Hobart. Yet ho found time for
studies in science and art ; one of the
founders of the Tasmanian Royal Society,
he joined the council in 1851, and became
honorary secretary in 1860.

In 1877 Agnew gave up his practice
and entered the legislative council as
member for Hobart at the general election
of July 1877. From 9 Aug. 1877 to
5 March 1878 he served with Philip
Oakley Fysh as minister without a
portfolio, and continued in the ministry
as reconstructed under Giblin till 20 Dec.
1878. He was again in office with Giblin
from 29 Oct. 1879 to 5 Feb. 1880, when
he resigned in order to visit the
Melbourne Exhibition, being president of
the Tasmanian Commission ; thence he
proceeded to England (see FENTON'S HisL
Tasm. p. 370, note).

Returning from England in 1881,
Agnew re-entered the legislative council
in 1884. On 8 March 1886 he formed a
ministry in succession to (Sir) Adye Douglas
[q. v. Suppl. II], and was premier till 29
March 1887 ; he was also chief secretary till
1 March. His tenure of office was marked
by educational reform. In 1891 he left
the colony for a long visit to England,
returning to Tasmania in 1894, when he
was made K.C.M.G. In 1899 he was
disabled by illness, and died at Hobart
on 8 Nov. 1901. He was accorded a public
funeral and buried at the Cornelian Bay
cemetery.

' Good doctor Agnew ' left his mark
on Tasmania alike in public life, science,
and art. He was a contributor to the
' Journal ' of the Tasmanian Royal
Society, his chief papers (1843 and 1864)
being on the poison of Tasmanian
snakes. He was a liberal donor to the
museum at Hobart, of which, as well as
of the botanic garden, he was the first chair-
man. In 1888 he bore the cost of the
last shipment of salmon ova to Tasmania.
He was a member of the council of educa-
tion and of the university till 1891, when
he resigned on absence from the colony.
He was also president of the racing
club.

Agnew married : (1) in 1846, Louisa
Mary, daughter of Major J. Fraser of the
78th Highlanders ; she died on 10 March
1868 ; by her he had eight children, of
whom one married daughter survives ;
(2) in 1878, Blanche, daughter of
William Legge, of Tipperary, widow of

Rev. Dr. Parsons of Hobart; she
without issue on 16 Dec. 1891.

A portrait painted by Tennyson Col
is in the Art Gallery in Hobart.

[Tasmanian Mail, 9 and 16 Nov. 1901 (wit
portrait) ; Mennell's Diet. Australas. Biog.
Burke's Colonial Gentry, ii. 592; Taamanian
Blue Books ; private information.]

C. A. H.

AGNEW, Sm WILLIAM, first baronet
(1825-1910), art dealer, was born at
Salf ord on 20 Oct. 1 825. The family derive
from the Sheuhan branch of Agnew of
Lochnaw. William's grandfather, John
Agnew (1751-94) of Culhorn, migrated to
Liverpool. His father, Thomas Agnew
(1794-1871), who in boyhood studied draw-
ing and modelling there, became a partner
in 1816 of Vittore Zanetti, a dealer in
clocks and opticians' wares, of Market
Street Lane, Manchester. The firm soon
took up picture dealing. The elder Agnew
was from 1835 sole proprietor of the concern,
to which he added a print-selling and
print-publishing branch. He served as
mayor of Salford 1850-1. His portrait by
J. P. Knight, R.A., is in the Peel Park
Museum, Salford, to which he gave many
I pictures (cf. The Intellectual Observer, 1871,
! pp. 253-4 ; Art Journal, 1861, p. 319 ; The
i Dawn, 24 April 1884 ; AXON'S Annals of
I Manchester, 1886, p. 327). He was a fervent
j Swedenborgian (BAYLEY'S New Church
I Worthies, 1881). He married, on 17 Feb.
i 1823, Jane, daughter and coheir of William
! Lockett (d. 1856), first mayor of Salford ;
by her he had five sons, of whom William
was the eldest, and four daughters.

Educated at the Rev. J. H. Smithson's
Swedenborgian school, Salford, William
and his younger brother Thomas (1827-
1883), who adhered through life to their
father's Swedenborgian faith, early joined
their father's business, which rapidly
developed under their control. They were
partners from 1850, when the firm took the
style of Thomas Agnew & Sons. Estab-
lishing branches in London (first at
Waterloo Place and from 1876 at Old
Bond Street), as well as in Liverpool, they
had the chief share in the formation during
the middle period of the century of the
great art collections in the north of England
and the Midlands the Mendel, Gillott, and
many others. Among the collections,
chiefly of old masters, which they helped
to form between 1870 and 1890, were those
of Sir Charles Tennant and Lord Iveagh.
From 1860 onwards they purchased largely
at Christie's (see REDFORD'S Art Sales,
ii. passim), where William Agnew usually

Agnew

represented the firm. They dealt in works
oy old masters, or early English and modern
t-rtists, as well as in water-colour drawings.
Agnew bought the collection en bloc of Marl-
borough Gems at 35,000 guineas in June 1875
for Mr. Bromilow of Bitteswell Hall (where
it remained until dispersed at Christie's
26-29 June 1899). On 6 May 1876 he
purchased at the Wynn Ellis sale for
10,100 guineas the Gainsborough portrait
of the Duchess of Devonshire which, on the
night of 26 May, was cut out of its frame
and stolen from Agnew's Old Bond Street
gallery; it was not recovered until March
1901, when it was bought by Mr. J. P.
Morgan (see Catalogue Raisonne of Mr.
J. Pierpont Morgan's Pictures, by T. H.
WARD and W. ROBERTS, 1907, s.v.
'Gainsborough'). From 1867 onwards the
firm held an annual exhibition of drawings
at their London gallery.

Agnew came into business relations
with the leading artists, which often
developed into personal friendships. He
was an early friend of Fred Walker
(MARKS, Life and Letters of Walker, 1896,
passim), with whom he visited Paris
in May 1866 ; from Walker he pur-
chased many pictures, notably ' Spring,'

* Vagrants,' and ' The Harbour of Refuge ' ;
the last he presented to the National
Gallery of British Art in 1893 (Cata-
logue, ed. 1910, p. 378 ; of. The Times,
9 Feb. 1911). He was a promoter of the
fund for making purchases for the nation
at the Fountaine sale in 1884, and of the
Royal Jubilee Exhibition at Manchester,
1887, when he was chairman of the fine art
section. He was on the royal commissions of
the Melbourne Centenary Exhibition, 1888,
and of the Paris Exhibition of 1900 ; and
was long president of the Printsellers' Asso-
ciation. He presented in 1883 Reynolds' s
portrait of Malone, and in 1890 Ballan-
tyne's portrait of Landseer to the National
Portrait Gallery, and in 1903 Reynolds's
Mrs. Hartley and child to the National
Gallery.

In 1870 Agnew undertook new business
responsibilities. His sister Laura was wife
of William Bradbury of the London printing
firm of Bradbury & Evans (the proprietors
of 'Punch'). On F. M. Evans's death in
1870 Agnew and his two brothers, Thomas
and John Henry, joined their brother-in-law,
and the firm became Bradbury & Agnew ;
William Agnew became chairman in 1890,
when the firm was turned into a limited
company. He took a keen interest in

* Punch,' was on terms of intimacy with
members of the staff, and, as long as his

Agnew

health permitted, regularly attended the
weekly dinner.

In politics a strong liberal, and a
faithful follower of Gladstone, whom he
came to know intimately, Agnew was
elected M.P. forS.E. Lancashire, 1880-5, and
for the Stretford division of Lancashire
1885-6. In 1885 he spoke in the House
of Commons in support of the vote of
83,520J. for the purchase of the Ansidei
Madonna by Raphael, and the portrait of
Charles I by Van Dyck from the Duke
of Marlborough for the National Gallery
(The Times, 6 March 1885, report reprinted
in REDFORD'S Art Sales, i. 397 ; and Pall
Mall Gazette, 23 July 1886). He sup-
ported Gladstone's home rule bill in
the spring of 1886 and was defeated at
the general election in the summer ;
he unsuccessfully contested the Prestwich
division in 1892. Deeply identifying him-
self with the organisation of his party, he
was one of the founders of the National
Liberal Club, London, and was president
of the Manchester Reform Club (where
his portrait appears in the gallery of past
presidents), which he also assisted to start.
His interest in philanthropical and other
enterprises, especially at Manchester, was
wide and practical. He was also a patron
of music. At one tune he was fond of
travelling and of yachting, and was a
member of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club.

Agnew, who was created a baronet on 2
Sept. 1895 on the recommendation of Lord
Rosebery, died at his London residence,
Great Stanhope Street, on 31 Oct. 1910.
His body was cremated at Golder's Green.
The gross value of the personal and real
estate was sworn at 1,353,5922. (for will,
see The Times, 18 Feb. 1911). He
married, on 25 March 1851, Mary, eldest
daughter of George Pixton Kenworthy
of Manchester and Peel Hall, Lancashire
(she died in 1892). He had four sons and
two daughters, his eldest son, George,
succeeding him in the baronetcy.

A portrait by Frank Holl (1883) and a
marble bust by E. Onslow Ford (1899).
together with a painting of him in infancy
with his mother by J. W. Reynolds, jr.,
belong to his eldest son. A portrait by
Sir H. von Herkomer is the property of
his second son, Mr. C. Morland Agnew ;
and a chalk drawing by G. F. Watts that
of his fourth son, Mr. Philip Agnew.
Agnew figures in ' A Picture Sale at
Christie's,' in * The Graphic ' 10 Sept. 1887
(reproduced in REDFORD'S Art Sales, ii.,
facing p. xxix), in T. W. Wilson's 'A
Salo at Christie's' (Mag. of Art, May

Aide

1888, p. 229), and in 'The Old Masters
Exhibition, 1888,' by H. Jermyn Brooks
(reproduced in Sphere, 23 Oct. 1909).

[Manchester Guardian, The Times, and
Daily Telegraph 1 Nov. 1910 (with portrait) ;
Punch, 9 Nov. 1910 (with in meraoriam verses
by the Editor and notice by Sir Henry Lucy) ;
Lucy's Sixty Years in the Wilderness, 1909 ;
M. H: Spielmann's Hist, of Punch, 1895 (with
portraits), p. 39 ; Mitchell's Newspaper Press
Directory, 1911 (with portrait) ; Manchester
Faces and Places, 10 July 1890 (with portrait) ;
Hey wood's Authentic Series of Press Bio-
graphies ; information from Sir George W.
Agnew and Mr. C. Morland Agnew.]

W. R.

AIDE, CHARLES HAMILTON (1826-
1906), author and musician, born in rue St.
Honore, Paris, on 4 Nov. 1826, was younger
son of George Aida, son of an Armenian
merchant settled in Constantinople, by his
wife Georgina, second daughter of Admiral
Sir George Collier [q. v.] His father, who
acquired in Vienna a complete knowledge
of languages, travelled widely, was admitted
to good society in the chief capitals of
Europe, came to England during the
regency, and was killed in Paris in a duel
when Aide was four years old. His elder
brother, Frederick (6. July 1823), was
killed by an accident at Boulogne in 1831.
Brought by his mother to England, Charles
was educated privately at East Sheen and
at Greenwich till at the age of sixteen he
was sent to the University of Bonn. Sub-
sequently he obtained a commission in the
British army, serving with the eighty-fifth
light infantry until 1853, when he retired
with the rank of captain. After a spell of
foreign travel he settled in England, living
chiefly at Lyndhurst in the New Forest
with his mother, till her death at Southsea
on 12 Oct. 1875. Subsequently he took
rooms in Queen Anne's Gate, London,
where he entertained largely, his guests
including the chief figures in the social and
artistic world of France as well as England.
Many months each year were spent abroad,
in Egypt and every country in Europe
except Russia. In after-life he shared
with his cousins, Colonel and Mrs. Collier,
Ascot Wood Cottage, Berkshire.

A man of versatile accomplishments and
with abundant social gifts, Aide, who spoke
and wrote French as easily as English, de-
voted himself with equal success to society,
music, art, and literature. From early
youth he composed poetry ; his first
published volume appearing in 1856,
under the title of ' Eleanore, and other
Poems.' * The Romance of the Scarlet Leaf '

followed in 1865, and ' Songs withoi
Music ; Rhymes and Recitations ' (2 edil
1882 ; third enlarged edit. 1889). His
volume of poems, ' Past and Present,'
appeared in 1903. Many of his poems
ballads, * The Pilgrim,' ' Lost and Found'
and * George Lee,' found their way
popular anthologies. Aide was also a
lific musical composer, and set many of
own verses to music. ' The Danube River,'
' The Fisher,' ' The Spanish Boat Song,' and

* Brown Eyes and Blue Eyes ' were among
songs by him which won a general repute.

At the same time Aide made some repu-
tation as an amateur artist, exhibiting at
many of the London galleries sketches
which he made in foreign travel. But
his chief energies were devoted to fiction,
and novels came regularly from his
pen for some fifty years. His first novel,
' Rita,' appeared anonymously in 1856
(French translation, 1862). Some eighteen
others followed, the most popular being
' Confidences ' (1859 ; 2nd edit. 1862, 16mo) ;

* Carr of Carlyon ' (3 vols. 1862 ; new edit.
1869); 'Morals and Mysteries' (1872).
short stories ; and ' Passages in the Life of
a Lady in 1814-1815-1816' (3 vols. 1887).
' The Chivalry of Harold ' was published
posthumously in 1907. Aide's novels
mainly dealt with fashionable society,
and although they lacked originality or

! power, were simply written under French
! influence and enjoyed some vogue.

Meanwhile Aide turned his attention to

, the stage. On 7 Feb. 1874 ' Philip,' a

romantic drama in four acts from his pen,

was produced by (Sir) Henry Irving at the

I Lyceum theatre, Irving taking the title

I role. On 12 June 1875 (Sir) John Hare with

I Mr. and Mrs. Kendal produced at the Court

I theatre ' A Nine Days' Wonder,' a comedy,

i adapted from a simultaneously published

novel (JOSEPH KNIGHT, Theatrical Notes,

1903, pp. 43-7). Aide also published in 1902

seven miniature plays in a volume entitled

| ' We are Seven ; Half Hours on the Stage ;

Grave and Gay ' ; the last, called ' A table

| d'hote,' is in French. Aide died in London,

! unmarried, on 13 Dec. 1906, and was buried

| in the churchyard of All Souls, South Ascot.

A portrait in oils, painted at Rome by

I Duke Sante della Rovera, and exhibited at

the New Gallery in 1907, is in the possession

of the artist.

[The Times, 17 and 21 Dec. 1906 ; Pratt,
I People of the Period, 1897 ; G. Vapereau,
Diet. Univ. dos contemporains, 1893 ; J. D.
! Brown, Biog. Diet, of Musicians, 1886 ; Bio-
graph, March 1880 ; Biog. Mag. August 1887 ;
i Lord Ronald Gower's My Reminiscences,

Aikman

2 5

Ainger

1882, and Old Diaries, 1902; Allingham's
Diary, 1907; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private
information.]

AIKMAN, GEORGE (1830-1905),
painter and engraver, born at the top of
Warriston Close, in the High Street, Edin-
burgh, on 20 Ma}' 1830, was ninth child
of George Aikman of Edinburgh by his
wife Alison McKay. The father, after
employment by William Home Lizars [q.v.]
the engraver in St. James Square, Edin-
burgh, started business for himself about
1825 in Warriston Close, where he carried on
the Lizars' tradition by producing all the
plates and illustrations for the seventh
edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica.'
Many of these were drawn and engraved
by his son George. From a private
school the boy was sent to Edinburgh
High School, where he was for three
sessions in the class of Dr. James Boyd.
He was then apprenticed to his father,
who had removed his business to 29 North
Bridge, and after a journeyman period,
during wliich he worked in Manchester
and London, he was admitted a partner.

While serving his apprenticeship he
had attended the classes of the Trustees'
Academy, then directed by Robert Scott
Lauder [q. v.], and the Royal Scottish
Academy life-class. As early as 1850 he was
exhibiting at the Scottish Academy exhi-
bitions, but it was not until 1870 that he
abandoned business for painting. In 1880
he was elected an A.R.SA. Between 1874
and 1904 he exhibited at nine of the Royal
Academy exhibitions in London. Except
for a few portraits and some canvases de-
picting humours of monastic life, Aikman's
theme as a painter was landscape, chiefly
that of the Perthshire Highlands and
of Warwickshire. It was generally low in
tone ; his skies were sometimes very
luminous, but in oils his colour tended to
heaviness, which was avoided in his water-
colours, in wliich medium, though he
1 rented it lightly, he was more successful.
He practised etching during the greater
part of his life, and towards the end
he engraved several mezzotints. Im-
pressions of some of these were exhibited,
Imt only a few of them were published.
The engraved plates included ' Robert
Burns' (etching), after A. Nasmyth, and
1 Sir Douglas Maclagan ' (etching), after
Sir George Reid ; while among his original
]>lates \\ere ' Carlyle in his Study ' (etching);
' Sir Daniel Macnee, P.R.S.A.' (etching) ;
' Norham Castle ' (etching) ; * Coming
Storm across the Moor ' (mezzotint). An
etching after his picture ' For the Good ,

j of the Church ' (R.A., 1874) was purchased
I by the Association for the Promotion of
the Fine Arts in Scotland. Aikman con-
tributed to the 'Etcher' (1880, 1882),
' English Etchings' (1883-4), and 'Selected
Etchings' (1885), and he illustrated 'A
i Round of the Links : Views of the Golf
| Greens of Scotland' (1893), with etchings
| after the drawings of John Smart, R.S.A.,
1 and * The Midlothian Eska ' (1895).

Aikman acquired through his father and
: through his own study and research an ex-
ceptionally full knowledge of the engravers
and painters of earlier generations, and
some contributions on this topic to the
' Art Journal ' were of considerable value.
j Devotedly attached to Edinburgh, he made
1 drawings of ancient houses doomed to
demolition, and the City Museum possesses
a collection of these memorials.

He died in Edinburgh on 8 Jan. 1905,
and was buried in Warriston cemetery.
On 2 Dec. 1859 Aikman married Eliza-
beth Barnett, who with three daughters
and two sons survived him.

[Private information ; Scotsman, 9 Jan.
1905 ; Graves, Royal Acad. Exhibitors, 1905 ;
Catalogues of the Royal Scottish Academy.]

D. S. M.

AINGER, ALFRED (1837-1904), writer,
humourist and divine, born at 10 Doughty
Street, London, on 9 April 1837, was
youngest of four children of Alfred Ainger
by his first wife, Marianne Jagger, of Liver-
pool. The father, an architect of scientific
tastes, who designed the first University
College Hospital (demolished and rebuilt
1900-6) and the Palm House at Kew, was
of French Huguenot stock and of Unitarian
J belief. The mother, who was musically
j gifted, died two years after her son Alfred's
I birth ; her husband soon married again, and
! had a second family. Alfred, after attending
: as a child University College School, went
| in 1849 to Joseph King's boarding-school
at Carlton Hill, where he fell under the
I two potent influences of Charles Dickens
and of Frederick Denison Maurice (for
| some account of schoolmaster King see
FREDERIC HARRISON'S Memoirs, i. 28 sq.).
His schoolmaster took him to hear Maurice
preach, and he turned from his father's unit-
arianism to the Church of England. Charles
Dickens's sons were Alfred's schoolfellows at
Mr. King's school, and with them he visited
their father. Dickens 'early discovered the
boy's dramatic gift, and for several years
Alfred was his favourite dramatic pupil,
acting with him and Mark Lemon in the
amateur performances which Dickens
organised at Tavistock House. Subsequently

Ainger

for a time he played with a fancy of making
the stage his profession, and he was always
an admirably dramatic reciter. At sixteen,
Ainger passed to King's College, London,
where Maurice was professor both of divinity
and of English literature. Literature now
absorbed Ainger. With Lamb and Crabbe,
he discovered that he had many affinities.
Devotion to Shakespeare manifested itself
early and in 1855 he became first president
of the college Shakespeare Society. A
passionate love of music also developed
into one of his chief resources. In
October 1856 he matriculated at Trinity
Hall, Cambridge, with a view to a
legal career. Henry Latham and Leslie
Stephen were tutors of his college,
while Henry Fawcett soon Ainger's in-
timate friend was elected a fellow in the
year of Ainger's entrance. At Cambridge
Ainger became the leading spirit of a
literary circle which included Hugh Reginald
Haweis [q. v. Suppl. II], Mr. Horace
Smith, and Dr. A. W. Ward. He was a
foremost contributor to a short-lived under-
graduate magazine (3 nos. 1857-8), called
' The Lion,' which Haweis edited. Ainger's
skit there on Macaulay and his criticisms
of Shakespeare bore witness to his literary
gifts and brilliant humour. At Cambridge,
too, he came to know Alexander Macmillan,
then a bookseller in Trinity Street, after-
wards the famous London publisher, and
was admitted to Macmillan' s family circle.

Ainger's health allowed him to do no more
than take the ordinary law examination
(in June 1859). He graduated B. A. in 1860
and M.A. in 1865. His father's death in
November 1859 made a waiting profession
impossible for him and, acting upon
his own inclination and upon the advice
of his friends, Leslie Stephen among
them, he took holy orders. In 1860 he
was ordained deacon, and soon after became
curate to Richard Haslehurst, Vicar of
Alrewas, in Staffordshire. In 1863 he
was ordained priest, and from 1864 to 1866
was assistant master in the Collegiate
School at Sheffield. In the autumn of 1865
he had competed successfully for the reader-
ship at the Temple. That post he held for
twenty-seven years, and in that capacity
won a wide reputation as reader and
preacher.

Both Ainger's sisters married early,
the younger, Marianne, to a German named
Wiss, and the elder, Adeline, to Dr. Roscow
of Sandgate, who died in 1865. Shortly
after his resettlement in London (1867)
he experienced the great sorrow of his
life in the sudden death of his widowed

sister, Mrs. Roscow. The shock aged
prematurely and turned his hair white.
He became the guardian of his sister's
four children two girls and two boys,
and devoted himself to their care. In
1876 Ainger moved to Hampstead, where
his two nieces, Ada and Margaret Roscow,
lived with him, and where he formed
an intimacy with the artist of * Punch,'
George du Maurier [q. v. Suppl. I].
That companionship provided Ainger with
a definite field for his wit. He constantly
suggested the jests which du Maurier
illustrated, .

He had an exceptional power of making
friendships. When he came to the Temple,
Dr. Thomas Robinson (1790-1873) [q. v.] was
master ; in 1869 Robinson was succeeded
by Dr. Charles John Vaughan [q. v.],
with whom Ainger formed close relations.
The poet Tennyson was among his acquaint-
ances (LORD TENNYSON'S Life, i. 117, ii.
327), and he was elected a member of the
Literary Club which was founded by Dr.
Johnson (GRANT DUFF'S Notes from a Diary,
passim). He was a copious correspondent,
and his letters, always spontaneous,
abounded, like his conversation, in sudden
turns and airy quips.

Meanwhile Ainger made a position in
literature. At twenty-two he contributed
his first successful article, ' Books and their
Uses,' to an early number of ' Macmillan's
Magazine' (December 1859, i. 110). He
took the whimsical pseudonym ' Double-
day ' (Doubled A). Eleven other articles
appeared under the same friendly auspices
between 1871 and 1896. In the latest period
of his life, 1900-4, he was a regular con-
tributor to a weekly journal called the
Pilot,' edited by Mr. D. C. Lathbury.

Ainger's chief writings dealt with the life
and work of Charles Lamb, with whose
genius he had native sympathy. His mono-
graph on Lamb was published in 1882, in
the * English Men of Letters ' series (revised
and enlarged 1888). There followed editions
of ' Lamb's Essays ' (1883), ' Lamb's Poems,
Plays, and Miscellaneous Essays ' (1884),
and ' Lamb's Letters ' (1888, new ed. 1904),
the only collection which could lay claim at
the time of publication to completeness.
Ainger's life of Lamb and his edition of
Lamb's writings embody much patient
and original research. But Ainger was
somewhat fastidious in his editorial
method, and occasionally omitted from
the letters characteristic passages which
clashed with his conception of their writer's
character. His labour remains a memorial
of the editor's personal feeling and delicate

Ainger

insight rather than a monument of
scholarship, and it has been largely super-
seded by Mr. E. V. Lucas's fuller biography
and edition of Lamb's works and letters
(1903-5). To this Dictionary Ainger con-
tributed the articles on Charles and Mary
Lamb, on Tennyson, and on George du
Maurier, and wittily summed up its principle
of conciseness in the motto, * No flowers, by
request,' with which he made merry in a
speech at a dinner of the contributors (8 July
1897).

As a lecturer on literary subjects Ainger
was popular with cultivated audiences
throughout the country, and from 1889
onwards he frequently lectured at the Royal
Institution, his subjects including ' True and
False Humour in Literature,' ' Euphuism,
Past and Present,' and the ' Three Stages of
Shakespeare's Art.' In 1885 the University
of Glasgow conferred upon him the honorary
degree of LL.D., and he was made honorary
fellow of his college, Trinity Hall.

During his last twenty years Ainger' s
influence as a preacher grew steadily. In
1887 he became canon of Bristol, where he
formed many new and agreeable ties. He
was appointed select preacher of Oxford in
1893. In the same year bad health com-
pelled him to resign his readership at the
Temple. Thereupon he accepted the living
of St. Edward's at Cambridge. Again illness
speedily forced him to retire, and he spent
two months in travel in Egypt and Greece.
In June 1894 Ainger, on Lord Rosebery's
recommendation, was appointed Master of
the Temple in succession to Dr. Vaughan.
Thenceforth his duties of preacher became !
the main concern of his life. In 1895 he '
was made honorary chaplain, in 1896
chaplain-in-ordinary to Queen Victoria, '
and in 1901 chaplain-in-ordinary to King :
Edward VII. His sermons in the Temple |
were marked by beauty of language, and
by a quiet, practical piety, which was im-
pationt of excess. Neither high church nor |
low church, Ainger professed an unaggres-
sive, moderate evangelicalism.

In 1903 Ainger's health broke after an
attack of influenza, and at the end of the
year he resigned his canonry at Bristol.
He died of pneumonia on 8 Feb. 1904 at
Darley Abbey, near Derby, the home of his
younger niece, Ada Roscow, who, in 1896, had
1 1 1 a rried an old friend, Walter Evans. He was
buried in the churchyard of Darley Abbey.

Apart from the works already mentioned
and articles in periodicals, Ainger was
author of a volume of sermons (1870), a selec-
tion of Tennyson for the young (1891), a
biograpliical preface to an edition of Hood's

i Aird

poems (1893, 1897), an introduction to an
edition of Gait's ' Annals of the Parish '
(1895), and a monograph on Crabbe (1903,
in ' English Men of Letters ' series). After
his death ' The Gospel of Human Life ' (a
volume of sermons, 1904) and ' Lectures
and Essays ' (2 vols. 1905) were edited by
H. C. Beeching, dean of Norwich.

Of two portraits in oils by Hugh Gold win
Riviere, one, which was painted in 1897
and has been reproduced in photogravure,
belongs to Ainger's nephew, the Rev.
Bentley Roscow, at Flint House, Sand-
wich ; the other, which is smaller and
was painted in 1904 after Ainger's death,
is at Trinity Hall. Of two portraits by
George du Maurier, one in water-colour
(about 1882) belongs to the artist's widow,
and the other, in black and white, dated
1882, to Ainger's niece, Miss Roscow. Mrs.
Alexander Macmillan owns a portrait in
pastels by the Norwegian artist, C. M.
Ross ; and a sixth portrait by Sir Arthur
Clay, done in oils in 1893, belongs to the
Rev. Bentley Roscow. A cartoon by ' Spy '
appeared in ' Vanity Fair ' 1892.

[Life and Letters of Alfred Ainger, by Edith
Sichel, 1906 ; Dean Beeching's prefaces to
The Gospel of Human Life and Lectures and
Essays ; Dr. A. W. Ward in Macmillan's Mag.,
April 1904; Quarterly Review, Jan. 1905;
Monthly Review, March 1904 ; The Times
9 Feb. 1904 ; Old and Odd Memories, by Lionel
Tollemache, 1908.] E. S.

AIRD, SIR JOHN, first baronet (1833-
1911), contractor, born in London on
3 Dec. 1833, was the only child of John
Aird (1800-1876), by his wife Agnes (d.
29 July 1869), daughter of Charles Bennett
of Lambeth, Surrey. His father, son of
Robert Aird of Fortrose, Ross-shire,
originally a mason at Bromley by Bow,
was (for twenty years) superintendent
of the Phoenix Gas Company's station at
Greenwich, and started in 1848 a contracting
business for himself, laying down mains for
many gas and water companies in London.

After private education at Greenwich
and Southgate, Aird joined on his
eighteenth birthday his father's business,
! which was soon known as John Aird
& Sons. He was entrusted with the
! removal of the 1851 exhibition buildings
| (erected by his father) and their recon-
! struction as the Crystal Palace at
Sydenham. The firm now engaged
in large enterprises both in this country
and abroad. They constructed reservoirs
at Hampton and Staines, and the
Bockton plant of the Gas Light and
Coke Company. Abroad their works in-

Aird

Aitchison

eluded the first waterworks at Amsterdam,
and others at Copenhagen and Berlin, as
well as gasworks in Copenhagen, Moscow,
and elsewhere in Russia, France, Italy, and
Brazil. They were also associated with
Brassey & Wythes in constructing the
Calcutta waterworks, with Sir John Kirk
in building the Millwall Docks, and with
Peto, Brassey & Betts in civil engineer-
ing works in Sardinia.

In 1860 the firm was renamed Lucas
& Aird. Ten years later the elder Aird
died, and John became a chief partner.
In 1895 the concern changed its designa-
tion to John Aird & Co. Meanwhile it had
carried out much railway and dock work,
including various extensions of the
Metropolitan, District, and St. John's
Wood railways, Royal Albert Docks,
Tilbury Docks, East and West India
Docks extension, and the West Highland
railway. Aird's firm also completed the
Manchester canal.

Aird is best known by his great w r ork
of damming the Nile ; the necessity for
this had long been recognised, but its
execution was prevented by the poverty
of the Egyptian exchequer. In February
1898 Aird offered to construct dams at
Assuan and Assyut, payment being
deferred until the completion of the con-
tract, and then spread over a term of years.
His offer was accepted by the Egyptian
government, and the work, begun in
April 1898, was finished in 1902, a year
before the stipulated time [see BAKER,
SIR BENJAMIN, Suppl. II]. About one
million tons of masonry were employed in
its construction, and at one time 20,000
men (90 per cent, of them natives) were
engaged. Aird received for his services
the grand cordon of the Medjidieh
in 1902. Later undertakings of the j
firm include the Royal Edward Dock
at Avonmouth (1902-8), the Tanjong
Pagar Dock works at Singapore, the
barrage at Esneh (opened in 1909),
and the elevation of the height of the
Assuan dam.

Aird became an associate of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers in 1859 and a
member of the Iron and Steel Institute in
1887. In 1886 he served on the royal
commission on the depression of trade, and
from 1887 to 1905 represented North
Paddington in the conservative interest in
the House of Commons, where he was
well known and respected. He became in
1900 the first mayor of Paddington, and
was re-elected in the following year. Aird
was popular in City circles, and was in 1882

appointed on the commission of lieutei
of the City of London. He was a livery-
man of the Needlemakers' Company, and
served as master in 1890-2 and 1897-8. For
many years he was associated with the
volunteer movement, and was major and
honorary h'eutenant-colonel of the engineer
and railway volunteer staff corps. He
was created a baronet on Lord Salisbury's
recommendation on 5 March 1901.

Aird was an ardent collector of pictures
from 1874, when he removed from Tun-
bridge Wells to his London residence,
14 Hyde Park Terrace. His collection
was confined almost exclusively to modern
British art, of which he was a judicious
patron. His artistic treasures included
some of the finest examples of Calderon,
Dicksee, Fildes, Frith, Leighton, Marks,
Orchardson, Noel Paton, Prinsep, Briton
Riviere, Rossetti, Marcus Stone, Storey,
Tadema, and F. Walker (cf. illustrated
description by J. F. BOYES in Art Journal,
xliii. 135-140 ; and a catalogue of the
collection by HENRY BLACKBURN, privately
printed in June 1884, with miniature
reproductions of each painting, water-
colour drawing, and sculpture). He was
a member of council of the Art Union
of London from 1891 until death. An
enthusiastic mason, Aird was senior grand
deacon for the same period.

He died on 6 Jan. 1911 at his country
residence, Wilton Park, Beaconsfield, Bucks,
and was buried at Littleworth, near
Beaconsfield. His estate under his will
was sworn at 1,101,4892. gross.

Aird married on 6 Sept. 1855 Sarah
(d. 4 April 1909), daughter of Benjamin
Smith of Lewisham, Kent, by whom he
had two sons and seven daughters. His
elder son, John, succeeded to the baronetcy.
Portraits of Aird were painted by (Sir) Luke
Fildes in 1898 and by Sidney Paget in
1902; the latter is in Paddington Town
Hall.

[Engineering (portrait), 13 Jan. 1911; the
Times, 7 and 12 Jan. and 23 March 1911 ;
Cassier's Mag. (portrait and sketch), Aug.
1901, xx. 266, 343-4; Pratt's People of
the Period, p. 18 ; Burke's Peerage, 1910.]

C. W.

AIREDALE, first BARON. [See KIT-
SON, JAMES, 1835-1911.]

AITCHISON, GEORGE (1825-1910),
architect, born in London on 7 Nov.
1825, was son of George Aitchison
by his wife Maria Freeman. After
education at Merchant Taylors' School
(1835-41), he was articled in 1841 to
his father, then architect to the St,

Aitchison

Alderson

Katharine Dock Co. Entering the schools of
the Royal Academy in 1847, he graduated
B.A. at London University in 1851, and
began in 1853 an architectural tour which
If. I to his acquaintance in Rome with George
Homing Mason [q. v."|. Mason introduced
him to Frederic Leigh ton [q. v. Suppl. I],
Concluding the tour with William Burges
[q. v.], he returned to London in 1855 and
four years later was taken into partnership
by his father, to whose practice and appoint-
ment ho succeeded in 1861, becoming
subsequently joint architect to the London
and St. Katharine Docks Co. In 1865
Leigh ton, the friend of his lifetime, gave
him the opportunity of designing his house
and studio in Holland Road, South Ken-
sington (now Leighton House), to which
the Arab Hall was added at a later date.
Aitchison's other principal works were the
hall of the Founders Co. (1877); offices
for the Royal Exchange Insurance Co.,
Pall Mall (1886) ; decorations for the
apartments of the Princess Louise at
Kensington Palace ; and the board room
for the Thames Conservancy (1868), with a
frieze by Leighton. He was examiner in
architecture and the principles of ornament
at the Science and Art Department, South
Kensington, and for many years district
surveyor for East Wandsworth and Tooting.
Aitchison was elected A.R.A. in 1881 and
R.A. in 1898. He had already become pro-
fessor of architecture to the Academy, a
post which he resigned in 1905. From 1896
to 1899 he was president of the Royal
Institute of British Architects, and during
his presidency (1898) was awarded the
royal gold medal. His work as an
architect, always scholarly, is chiefly
marked by his promotion of higher standards
of internal decoration and by his colla-
boration with other artists in such work.
He was a wide reader, a good talker, and
the collector of an interesting library.

His numerous writings were mostly pro-
fessional lectures, presidential addresses, or
communications to architectural journals.
He edited and wrote an introduction to
\\'ard's 'Principles of Ornament' (1892),
and was a contributor of several memoirs
to this Dictionary, including those of Sir
Charles Barry, Francis Hall, and George
Homing Mason.

Aitchison resided and worked at 150
Harley Street, where he died, unmarried,
on 16 May 1910. An excellent portrait by
Sir L. Alma-Tadema, R.A., which was
exhibited at the Academy in 1901, hangs
in the room of the Royal Institute of
British Architects.

[Journal Royal Inst. of Brit. Architects,
xvii., 3rd series (1909-10), 581 ; The
Times, 17 May 1910 ; personal knowledge.]

P.W.

ALDENHAM, first BARON". [See GIBBS,
HENRY HUCKS, 1819-1907.]

ALDERSON, HENRY JAMES (1834-
1909), major-general, born at Quebec,
Canada, on 22 May 1834, was son oi
Lieut. -colonel Ralph Carr Alderson, royal
engineers, by his wife Maria, daughter of
Henry Thorold of Cuxwold, Lincoln-
shire. John Alderson (1757-1829) [q. v.]
physician, of Sculcoates, Yorkshire, was
his grandfather. Educated privately at
Messrs. Stoton & Mayer's school at
Wimbledon (1844-8), he entered the Royal
Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet,
in May 1848. He received a commission
as second lieutenant in the royal artillery
on 23 June 1852, and served in Canada
until 1854, when, on promotion to the rank
of lieutenant, he returned to England.
Serving through the Crimean war, he was
present at the battles of the Alma, Inker-
man, and at the siege and fall of Sebastopol.
He was mentioned in despatches, and
received the medal with three clasps, the
Turkish medal, and the legion d'honneur,
third class. He was promoted to the rank
of second captain on 1 April 1859 and
from Feb. to June 1864 was attached on
special mission to the headquarters of the
federal army under General O. A. Gillmor
during the civil war in the United States
of America, and was present at the bom-
bardment of Charleston.

On his return to England Alderson joined
the experimental department of the
school of gunnery, Shoeburyncss, and
became successively captain on 6 July
1867; major 3 July 1872; lieut. -colonel
1 Oct. J877; colonel (by brevet) 1 Oct.
1881, and major-general 9 July 1892.

From 1871 he held various appointments
in the department of the director of
artillery at the war office, and in 1891 be-
came president of the ordnance committee.
This important office he held until his
retirement from the army on 22 May 1896, on
account of age. From 1897 until his death
he was a director of Sir W. G. Armstrong,
Whitworth & Co., the gunmaking firm at
Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

He was made C.B. on 21 June 1887 ; a
K.C.B. on 30 May 1891 ; and was appointed
colonel commandant in the royal artillery
on 4 Nov. 1905. He died at Durham on 10
Sept. 1909. He married in 1877 his second
cousin, Florence, youngest daughter of Sir
Edward Hall Alderson (1787-1857) [q. v.],

baron of the exchequer, and had one son,
Ralph Edward.

[The Times, 11 Sept. 1909; E.A. Insti-
tution Leaflet, October 1909.] J. H. L-E.

ALEXANDER, MBS. (pseudonym)
(1825-1902), novelist. [See HECTOR, Mrs.
ANNIE FRENCH.]

ALEXANDER, BOYD (1873-1910),
African traveller and ornithologist, born
at Cranbrook, Kent, on 16 Jan. 1873,
was a twin son (with Robert Alexander) of
Colonel Boyd Francis Alexander, of an
Ayrshire family, by his wife Mary Wilson.
Boyd, after education at Radley College
(1887-91), passed into the army in 1893,
joining the 7th battalion rifle brigade.
Devoting himself to travel and ornithology,
he visited the Cape Verde Islands twice in
1897 to study their ornithology, and he
went, in 1898, for the same purpose to the
Zambesi river and its tributary the Kafue.
In 1899 he joined the Gold Coast con-
stabulary, and in 1900 he was present at
the relief of Kumasi. For this service he
received the medal and clasp, and on his
return to England he was offered and
accepted a commission in the rifle brigade.
Keeping up his studies of bird life in West
Africa, he visited Fernando Po hi 1902, and
made there not only ornithological but also
ethnological investigations and a map, and
gathered material for a review of Spanish
missionary work. In 1904 he started on
an expedition which was designed to
survey northern Nigeria and to show that
Africa could be crossed from west to east
by means of its waterways. Accompanied
by his younger brother, Captain Claud
Alexander, Captain G. B. Gosling, Mr. P. A.
Talbot, and his assistant and taxidermist
Jose Lopes, Alexander left Lokoja on the
Niger on 31 March, and travelled to Ibi
on the Benue. There the party separated
for a time. Gosling, a zoologist, went off
to shoot big game. Claud Alexander and
Talbot carried out a valuable survey of the
Murchison mountains in spite of sickness,
scarcity of food, and difficulties with
carriers and hostile natives ; they finally
reached Maifoni, where Claud Alexander
died of fever, after six weeks' illness,
on 13 Nov. 1904, at the age of 26. Boyd
Alexander meanwhile travelled alone by
Loko on the Benue, Keffi, the Kachia and
Panda Hills and Bauchi to Yo (26 Oct.),
some thirty miles from Lake Chad. He
succeeded in visiting his dying brother at
Maifoni, and thence he (now with Talbot.
Gosling and Lopes as companions) reached
Lake Chad by way of Kukawa and Kaddai.
Some months were spent in the difficult

exploration of the lake. Their valuable
surveys of the lake, when compared with
other surveys, enabled geographers to form
an idea of the remarkable periodic variations
of level and other physical conditions to
which the lake is liable in sympathy with
periods of drought or heavy rainfall. On
26 May 1905 Alexander, Gosling and Lopes
(Talbot having returned to the west) started
up the Shari, making a detailed survey
of the Bamingi tributary in September.
They then traversed the watershed to the
Ubangi, and proceeded across the centre
of the continent, following that river and
the Welle. At Niangara on the Welle
Gosling died of blackwater fever. Alex-
ander now travelled to N'Soro, turned
north to the Lado country, and followed
the Yei river and Bahr-el-Jebel down-
ward through the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
He surveyed the Kibali tributary of the
Welle in July and the Yei in October 1906,
besides carrying out important zoological
studies. He reached the Nile in December
1906.

For his journey across the continent
Alexander received the gold medal of the
Geographical Society of Antwerp in 1907,
and the founder's medal of the Royal
Geographical Society of London in 1908,
as well as the thanks of his colonel, the
duke of Connaught, on behalf of his
regiment. At the close of 1908 Alexander,
with Lopes, left England again for West
Africa. He visited the islands of Sao
Thome, Principe, and Annobom, and, in
March 1909, the Kamerun mountain, whence
he proceeded to Lake Chad by way of the
upper Benue, intending thereafter to make
for Egypt through Wadai and Darfur. The
country was known to be in a disturbed
condition, and Alexander, on reaching
Nyeri, seventy miles north of Abeshr, the
capital of Wadai, was murdered by the
natives on 2 April 1910. He was buried
at Maifoni, by the grave of his brother Claud.
Lopes, who had accompanied Mm since his
earliest journey to the Cape Verde Islands,
escaped. There is a memorial to Boyd and
his brother Claud at the parish church of
Cranbrook, Kent, and his portrait as a boy,
by Godbold, is preserved by his family.

Alexander published, an account of his
journey of 1904-7 in ' From the Niger to
the Nile ' (2 vols. 1907). He contributed
a detailed account of Fernando Po to the
'Ibis' (1903), and a paper 'From the
Niger, by Lake Chad, to the Nile,' to the
'Geographical Journal,' xxx. 119.

[Obit, notice, Geographical Journal, xxxvi.
08 ; private information.] 0. J. R. H.

Alexander

ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824r-1911),
archbishop of Armagh, was born in Derry
on 13 April 1824. His father, Robert Alex-
ander, rector of Aghadowey, was nephew of
Nathanael Alexander, bishop of Meath,
and a cousin of James Alexander, first earl
of Caledon. His mother was Dorothea,
daughter of Henry M'Clintock of Bally -
arton, co. Donegal. William was the eldest
son in a family of three sons and five daugh-
ters; of his two brothers, Henry became
a rear admiral, and Robert was killed
at the siege of Delhi. Educated at Ton-
bridge School, Kent, William matriculated
at Exeter College, Oxford, in November
1841, afterwards migrating to Brasenose.
Residence at the university during the last
years of the Oxford movement permanently
affected his life and his attitude towards
religious questions. In later years he used
to recall the spell of Newman's sermons.
He graduated in classical honours (fourth
class) in 1847, but in spite of the low class he
had proved command of poetic and literary
gifts. On 19 Sept. 1847 he was ordained
deacon by Richard Ponsonby [q.v.], bishop
of Derry, accepting the curacy of the cathe-
dral parish. He received priest's orders on
16 June 1848, when the ordination sermon
was preached by William Archer Butler [q.v.]
Subsequently he held in turn the benefices
of Termonamongan (1850), Fahan (1855),
and Camus- juxta-Mourne (1860), and was
appointed dean of Emly (a sinecure office)
in 1864.

Meanwhile in 1850 Alexander won at
Oxford the Denyer theological prize for an
essay on the ' Divinity of Christ ' ; in 1853
he recited in the Sheldonian theatre a con-
gratulatory ode to Lord Derby, then as-
suming the chancellorship of the university,
and in 1860 he obtained the university
prize for his sacred poem * The Waters
of Babylon.' In 1867 he was a candidate
for the university professorship of poetry at
Oxford,when Sir Francis Doyle [q.v. Suppl.I]
was elected by a narrow majority.

In the same year Alexander became
bishop of Derry, being consecrated in
Armagh cathedral on 6 Oct. 1867, and
proceeding D.D. at Oxford. At Derry
he lived for the next twenty-nine years.
The requirements of his episcopal office
were exacting and he diligently dis-
charged his pastoral duties, confirmations,
ordinations, visitations and the like, gaining
in a marked degree the affection of his
clergy. He never cared for the routine
work of committees or for the details of
financial organisation. The disestablish-
ment of the Irish church in 1869 was a

blow to him, and he held that it had done
serious injury to religion in Ireland. By
conviction a high churchman, although
with no leaning to what is called ritualism,
Alexander was not in full sympathy with
the party which became dominant for a
time in the councils of the disestablished
Irish church, and synodal controversy was
distasteful to his spirit. On the death of
Archbishop Robert Bent Knox [q.v. Suppl.
I] in 1893 he was elected by the Irish bishops
to the see of Armagh and the primacy of all
Ireland. It was not until his succession
to the primacy, with the full concurrence of
all ecclesiastical parties, that he became
the recipient of that full measure of honour
and respect in Ireland which had already
been accorded to him in England and in
the colonial churches. ' I have been, per-
haps,' said Alexander of himself in 1893,
with modesty and some justice, * enough of
a writer to prevent me being a very good
speaker. I have been enough of a speaker
to prevent me being a thinker. And I have
been enough of a writer and speaker and
thinker to prevent me being a very good
bishop for these troublous times.'

Poetry and literature were always the
delight of Alexander's leisure, although not
a chief occupation. Through life he wrote
verses, which good critics recognised as
genuine poetry. In 1886 he published
' St. Augustine's Holiday and other Poems '
(with a preface of autobiographical
interest), and in 1900 another edition of
his poems appeared under the title of
' The Finding of the Book.' Many striking
verses of his on occasions of public
interest appeared in ' The Times ' and the
' Spectator ' during later years.

But from the early stages of his clerical
career it was as an eloquent and ac-
complished speaker, preacher, and lecturer
that he made his mark. In America
his power was no less recognised than in
England. Literary themes attracted him
as well as religious or theological ones.
A Dublin lecture on Matthew Arnold's
poetry (1863) was full of suggest! veness and
of nice critical discrimination. Another on
Virgil and St. Augustine was printed in 1869
along with a spirited blank verse transla-
tion of part of the '^Eneid.' To the end of
his days Alexander was under the spell of
St. Augustine, and one of his most charac-
teristic lectures, delivered in 1876 in
St. James's, Piccadilly, dealt with St.
Augustine's Confessions. Not only was
he sensible of the merits of the African
bishop as a theologian and a spiritual
guide, but he was strongly attracted

Alexander

Alger

by his terse and epigrammatic style.
The larger part of Alexander's writings
and lectures, however, was on theological
subjects and much of it was prepared for
English pulpits. Not so powerful as Magee,
he became, probably, the most brilliant
Anglican preacher of his day. No one
approached him as a master of felicitous
and striking phrase. His sermons were
not so closely reasoned as Liddon's, but
their effectiveness was much enhanced by
their delivery without manuscript, by a
splendid and sympathetic voice and a
dignified presence. ' My habit,' he wrote,
* is to prepare carefully and to take into
the pulpit a complete skeleton of the
discourse, and as much argumentative or
illustrative matter as might occupy some
minutes in delivery, trusting for the rest
to the suggestions of the moment founded
upon previous thought.' His sermons on
great occasions were very numerous, two
notable examples being his discourse at
the enthronement of his old friend Magee
as archbishop of York on 17 March 1891,
and that before the Lambeth conference
in Canterbury Cathedral on 4 July 1897.

Steeped in the writings of Pearson and
the great Caroline divines, he wrote and
spoke with a just sense of proportion,
and knew how to distinguish things essential
from things of secondary importance.
His Oxford prize essay on the 'Divinity
of Christ' was reprinted twice in a slightly
modified form, in 1854, and again in one
of his latest books, 'Primary Convictions'
(1893, 2nded. 1898). This work also contains
the substance of lectures delivered in America
in 1892; it deals with the main topics
of the Christian creed, and in picturesque
and impassioned language dwells upon its
beauty, its reasonableness and its response
to the aspirations of the soul. His reasoned
apologetic is reverent, telling, and brilliant ;
but he did not read German, and he took
the critical labours of Germany at second
hand. In 1876 he delivered at Oxford the
Bampton lectures on the ' Witness of the
Psalms to Christ and Christianity' (1876;
3rd edit. 1890). This contains much that is
permanently valuable and suggestive, from
the theological rather than the critical side.
The same may be said of the ' Leading
Ideas of the Gospels' (1872, 3rd edit. 1898),
which grew out of Oxford sermons preached
in 1871. His commentaries on the
Johannine epistles (1881) in the ' Speaker's
Commentary ' and hi the ' Expositor's
Bible ' (1889) abound in devout and beau-
tiful thoughts and in proofs of a refined
taste.

A convinced unionist in politics, Alexander
showed his rhetorical power to advantage
at the Albert Hall, London, in 1893, in his
speech against the second home rule bill;
but he had friends in all political camps.
The most delightful of hosts, his con-
1 versation was full of interest and esprit.

and even in extreme old age a literary
problem or nice point of criticism would be
eagerly taken up by him and discussed
with his old fire. With the manners and
the courtesy of a grand seigneur he com-
bined the fatherly dignity of a prince of
the church. He resigned the archbishopric
on 30 .Jan. 1911, and died in retirement
at Torquay on 12 Sept. 1911. He was
buried in Derry Cathedral cemetery beside
his wife who had died on 15 Oct. 1895.
Alexander was hon. D.C.L. Oxon (1876),
hon. LL.D. Dublin (1892), hon. D.Litt.
Oxon (1907), and he received the G.C.V.O.
in 1911. On 15 Oct. 1850 he married Cecil
Frances (daughter of John Humphreys,
D.L.), well known as a hymn writer [see
ALEXANDER, MRS. CECIL FRANCES, Suppl.
I], by whom he had two sons and two
daughters.

Alexander's portrait was thrice painted :
(1) for his family, by C. N. Kennedy, when
he had been twenty-five years bishop of
Derry ; (2) for the palace of Armagh, by
Walter Osborne ; and (3) by Harris Brown
for presentation to the National Gallery
of Ireland by friends, representing all
religious denominations, on his resignation
of the primacy. A synod hall at Armagh
is being built (1912) in his memory, and in
Derry also his name is to be associated
with a monument. A cartoon by ' Spy '
appeared in 'Vanity Fair' in 1895.

In addition to the works enumerated
he published ' The Great Question and
other Sermons ' (1885 ; 2nd edit. 1887),
and ' Verbum Crucis ' (1892), and he edited
Ephesians, Colossians, Thessalonians, and
Philemon (1880) in the 'Speaker's Com-
mentary.'

[The Times, 13 Sept. 1911, memoir by the
present writer ; Irish Times and Daily
Express of same date ; Sunday Mag. (August
1896), by S. L. Gwynn ; Miles's Sacred
Poets of the Nineteenth Century, 1907,
pp. 59 sq. ; family information ; personal
knowledge.] JOHN OSSOKY.

ALGER, JOHN GOLDWORTH (1836-
1907), journalist and author, born at Diss,
Norfolk, and baptised on 7 Aug. 1836, was
the only son of John Alger, a corn merchant
of that town, by his wife Jemima, daughter
of Salem Goldworth, yeoman, of Morning
Thorpe, Norfolk. Educated at Diss, Alger

Alington

Alison

became a journalist at the age of sixteen.
At first he wrote for the ' Norfolk News,'
and afterwards transferred his services to
the ' Oxford Journal.' In 1866 he joined
the parliamentary reporting staff of 'The
Times,' and after eight years' work in that
capacity was sent to Paris in 1874 to act
as assistant to Henri Opper de Blowitz,
' The Times ' Paris correspondent. There
he remained for twenty-eight years. His
leisure he chiefly devoted to historical
research in the Bibliotheque Nationale and
National Archives. He made himself
thoroughly familiar with the topographical
history of Paris, and threw new light on
byways of the French revolution, in-
vestigating with especial thoroughness the
part which Englishmen played in the great
movement. His chief publications were:
1. ' Englishmen in the French Revolution,'
1889. 2. 'Glimpses of the French Re-
volution,' 1894. 3. 'Paris in 1789-94;
Farewell Letters of Victims of the Guillo-
tine,' 1902. 4 ' Napoleon's British Visitors
and Captives,' 1904. He also published
' The Paris Sketch Book ' (a description of
current Parisian life) (1887); contributed
historical articles to several leading maga-
zines, and was an occasional contributor to
this Dictionary. In 1902 Alger retired from
the service of ' The Times ' on a pension,
and settled in London. He died unmarried
at 7 Holland Park Court, Addison Road,
West Kensington, on 23 May 1907.

[The Times, 25 May 1907; Who's Who,
1907 ; M. de Blowitz, My Memoirs, 1903.]

S. E. F.

ALINGTON, first BARON. [See STURT,
HENRY GERARD, 1825-1904.]

ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD, second
baronet (1826-1907), general, born at
Edinburgh on 21 Jan. 1826, was eldest son of
Sir Archibald Alison, first baronet [q. v.],
the historian, by Elizabeth Glencairn,
daughter of Lieut. -colonel Tytler. In 1835
Possil House, near Glasgow, became the
family home. The father educated his son
privately, till he went to Glasgow University.
There, at the age of fifteen, he gained the
first prize for an English essay on the
character and times of Sulla, and reviewed
Thierry's History of the Gauls ' in Black-
wood's Magazine.' Between Alison and
his father there was always the closest
intimacy. They shared the same tastes,
and the son replied in ' Blackwood ' (May
1850) to the criticisms in the ' Edinburgh
Review ' on the continuation of his father's
history.

On 3 Nov. 1846 Alison was commissioned
as ensign in the 72nd foot (afterwards

VOL. LXVII. SITP. n.

Seaforth highlanders) and joined the
depot at Nenagh. He was promoted
lieutenant on 11 Sept. 1849, and joined the
headquarters of the regiment in Barbados.
Yellow fever was raging there, and his
father had arranged for an exchange, but
Alison refused to leave his regiment at such
a time. He went with it to Nova Scotia
in 1851, and came home with it in October
1854, having been promoted captain on
11 Nov. 1853.

After some months at Malta, the regiment
went to the Crimea in May 1855, and having
taken part in the expedition to Kertch,
was placed in the highland brigade at the
end of June. While serving with the
regiment in the trenches before Sebastopol,
Alison attracted the notice of Sir Colin
Campbell [q. v.], by opportunely producing
a sketch plan of the trenches, which he
had drawn on the inside of an envelope,
as well as by his coolness under fire during
the assault of 8 Sept. He was mentioned
in despatches, was made brevet-major on
6 June 1856, and received the Crimean
medal with clasp and the Turkish medal.
On 19 Dec. 1856 he left the 72nd for an
unattached majority.

When Sir Colin Campbell left England at
twenty-four hours' notice on 12 July 1857
to deal with the Indian Mutiny, he took
Alison with him as his military secretary,
and a younger brother, Frederick, as his
aide-de-camp. In the second relief of
Lucknow both brothers were wounded, the
elder losing his left arm. He returned
to duty early in 1858, but the stump
inflamed, and he was invalided home
(10 March). He had been mentioned in
despatches (Lond. Gaz. 16 Jan. 1858), was
made brevet lieut. -colonel and C.B. (28 Feb.
1861), and received the medal with clasp.
On his arrival in England he dined with
Queen Victoria. When entertained by the
corporation of Glasgow, he explained Sir
Colin Campbell's work, and wrote on ' Lord
Clyde's Campaign in India ' in ' Blackwood '
(Oct. 1858).

Alison was unemployed for the next four
years. From 17 March 1862 to 19 Oct. 1867
he was an assistant adjutant-general, first
with the inspector-general of infantry at
headquarters, and three years afterwards
in the south-western district. He became
brevet-colonel on 17 March 1867. On
1 Oct. 1870 he was placed on the staff at
Aldershot as assistant adjutant-general. At
the end of 1873 he went to the west coast of
Africa in command of the British brigade
sent out for the Ashanti war, with the local
rank of brigadier-general. He took part in

Alison

Allan

the battle of Amoaful, the capture of Bequah,
the action at Ordashu, and the taking of
Coomassie. At Amoaful the fire was very
hot, and the dense growth made direction
difficult, but his staff were struck by his
self-possession and the precision of his
orders. When abscesses in his only hand
made him nearly helpless, he bore his
suffering with' sweet . . .serenity.' He was
repeatedly mentioned in despatches (Lond.
Gaz. 6, 7 and 17 March 1874), received the
thanks of parliament and the medal with
clasp, and was made K.C.B. on 31 March
1874. After a few months at Aldershot,
Alison went to Ireland as deputy adjutant-
general on 17 Oct. 1874. He received a reward
for distinguished service on 6 Oct. 1876, and
was promoted major-general on 1 Oct. 1877.
After four months as commandant of the
Staff College at Camberley, he was deputy
quartermaster-general for intelligence, and
helped at the headquarters staff (1878-82)
to meet the Egyptian crisis of 1882.

On 6 July Alison left England to take
command of a force which was assembled
at Cyprus to secure the Suez Canal. The
bombardment of Alexandria took place
on the llth, and Alison landed there on
the 17th with two battalions which were
soon reinforced. On the 24th he occupied
Ramleh, and receiving instructions to
* keep Arabi constantly alarmed,' he made
repeated demonstrations towards Kafr-
ed-Dauar, especially on 5 Aug. Thus
Arabi was led to expect that the British
advance on Cairo would be from Alex-
andria, and not from Ismailia, as was
intended. In that advance Alison
commanded the highland brigade, con-
sisting of the highland light infantry,
Camerons, Gordons, and black watch.
This was the leading brigade of the second
(Hamley's) division in the storming of
the intrenchments at Tel-el-Kebir ; and
Alison took a personal part, revolver in
hand, in the confused fighting inside.
After the surrender of Cairo he was sent
to occupy Tanta with half a battalion of
the Gordon highlanders (17 Sept.). He
found there an Egyptian force of all arms
disposed to resist ; but by coolness and tact
he induced them to lay down their arms
(MAURICE, p. 103). He was mentioned in
despatches (Lond. Qaz. 29 July, 6 Oct.,
and 2 Nov.), received the thanks of parlia-
ment, and was promoted lieut. -general
for distinguished service on 18 Nov. 1882.
After Lord Wolseley's departure Alison
was in command of the British force in
Egypt till 17 May 1883. On his return to
England a sword of honour was presented

to him by the citizens of Glasgow, with a
tiara for Lady Alison.

Alison held the command of the Aldershot
division from 1 Aug. 1883 till the end of
1888, with the exception of part of 1885,
when he acted as adjutant-general during
Lord Wolseley's absence in Egypt. He
received the G.C.B. on 21 June 1887, and
was placed on the retired list under the
age rules on 12 Jan. 1893. He was given
the colonelcy of the Essex regiment on
24 Nov. 1896, and was transferred to his
old regiment, the Seaforth highlanders, on
30 March 1897. He was also honorary
colonel of the 1st volunteer battalion of the
highland light infantry, 25 July 1883,
and was made honorary LL.D. of Cambridge,
Edinburgh, and Glasgow. In 1889 he was
appointed a member of the Indian council,
and remained on it for ten years. He died
at 93 Eaton Place, London, on 5 Feb. 1907,
and was buried at Edinburgh with military
honours, the Seaforth highlanders taking
part in the ceremony. On 18 Nov. 1858
he married Jane, daughter of James Black
of Dalmonach, a Glasgow merchant. She
died on 15 July 1909. She edited her
father-in-law's autobiography, and was a
woman of many gifts. They had two sons
and four daughters. The eldest son, Archi-
bald (the third baronet), was born on
20 May 1862. At his residence, Possil
House, Copse Hill, Wimbledon, there are
portraits of Alison by S. West (1865) and
by Miss Munro (1900).

* Modest and self-effacing to the very
verge of humility, he never asserted his
individuality until duty summoned him
to the front ' ; but he knew how to combine
courtesy with insistence on duty. Among
contributions to * Blackwood,' besides those
mentioned, were articles on the British
army and its organisation (1869 and 1892)
and on ' Armed Europe ' (1893-4).

[Cornhill Magazine, March 1907; Black-
wood's Magazine, March 1907 ; private
information; The Times, 6 Feb. 1907;
Autobiography of Sir Archibald Alison
(first baronet), 1883 ; Major Brackenbury,
The Ashanti War, 1874; Sir Frederick
Maurice, The Campaign of 1882 in Egypt,
1908 ; Shand, Life of Sir E. Hamley, 1895.] g

E. M. L.

ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1837-1903),
engineer and politician, born at Dundee
on 29 Nov. 1837, was third son of James
Allan (d. 1883), machine maker and pro-
prietor of Seabraes Foundry, Dundee,
by his wife Margaret Dickson (d. 1879).
Allan served his apprenticeship as an
engineer at his father's foundry. As a

Allan

Allen

journeyman he removed to Glasgow, and
shortly afterwards (1856) he went for
a short time to Paterson, New Jersey.
In 1857 he joined the royal navy as en-
gineer, and spent the next three years
mainly at foreign stations. In 1861, when
the civil war broke out in America, Allan's
love of adventure led him to take service as
chief engineer on board a blockade-runner.
He was in Charleston harbour when the
Federals bombarded the city (21 Dec. 1861),
and was captured and carried as a prisoner
to the Capitol, Washington. Being re-
leased on parole, he returned to Dundee,
resuming work at Seabraes Foundry.
His varied experience had made him a
competent workman, and when the
North-Eastern Engineering Company was
formed at Sunderland in 1866 he was
engaged as foreman over one of the depart-
ments. The new venture was not at first
successful. In 1868 the company was
in difficulties and Allan became manager.
Under his control the concern flourished,
and after its removal to Wallsend, on the
Tyne, enjoyed a high position in Tyneside
engineering. In 1886 Allan started with
great success on his own account the
Scotia Engine Works at Sunderland,
and remained active head of the firm till
1900. The business was then amalgamated
with Messrs. Richardson, Westgarth & Co.,
Ltd. Allan became director, and was also
until his death chairman of the Albyn
Line, Ltd., shipowners of Sunderland.

From his youth Allan was an advanced
radical, and showed practical sympathy with
the working-classes. He was the first large
employer to introduce an eight-hours day
in his own works. At a bye -election
at Gateshead on 24 Feb. 1893 Allan was
returned in the liberal interest by a majority
of 868 over his opponent, Mr. Pandeli Ralli.
He represented Gateshead till his death. He
spoke in the house with more force than
elegance, but always with sincerity and
common-sense. His practical knowledge led
Him to oppose strenuously the introduction
of the Belleville type of boilers into the
navy (Hansard, 25 June 1896; LUCY'S
Unionist Parliament, 1895-1900, p. 78).
On the occasion of King Edward VH's
coronation in 1902 Allan was knighted.
He died on 28 Dec. 1903 at Scotland
House, Sunderland, and was buried in
Ryhope Road cemetery, Sunderland. Allan
was married to Jane, daughter of Walter
Beattie of Lockerbie, who survived him.

In addition to his other activities Allan
was a writer of Scottish songs fluent,
patriotic, fervid. From 1871 till his death

he published so many volumes of verse
that he was described as ' the most prolific
poet of our time.' His poetic publications
include : 1. * Rough Castings in Scotch
and English Metal,' 1872. 2. ' Hame-spun
Lilts, or Poems and Songs chiefly Scottish,'
1874. 3. * Heather-bells, or Poems and
Songs,' 1875. 4. ' Ian Vor, a Drama,' 1876.
5. ' Roses and Thistles, Poems and Songs,'
1878. 6. 'A Life's Pursuit,' 1880. 7. 'After
Toil Songs,' 1882. 8. 'Lays of Leisure,'
1883. 9. ' Northern Lights, or Poems and
Songs,' 1889. 10. 'A Book of Songs in
English and Scottish,' Sunderland, 1890, 4to.
11. 'A Book of Poems,' 1890. 12. 'Demo-
cratic Chants,' 1892. 13. ' The Rose of
Methlic,' 1895. 14. ' Sunset Songs,' 1897.
15. 'Songs of Love and Labour,' 1903.
Allan's only technical publication was
' The Shipowners' and Engineers' Guide
to the Marine Engine ' (Sunderland, 1880).

A cartoon portrait by ' Spy ' appeared in
' Vanity Fair ' in 1893.

[Dundee Year Book, 1903 ; Dundee
Advertiser, 29 Dec. 1903; Cat. of Lamb
Collection of Dundee Books, Dundee Refer-
ence Library; Reid's Bards of Angus and
the Mearns ; H. W. Lucy's Balfourian
Parliament, 1906, p. 109 (with sketch portrait
by Phil May) ; private information.]

A. H. M.

ALLEN, GEORGE (1832-1907),
engraver and publisher, son of John and
Rebecca Allen, was born on 26 March
1832 at Newark-on-Trent, and was edu-
cated at a private grammar school there.
His father died in 1849, and in that year
he was apprenticed for four years to an
uncle (his mother's brother), a builder in
Clerkenwell. He became a skilled joiner,
and was employed for three and a half
years in that capacity upon the wood-
work of the interior of Dorchester House,
Park Lane. A reference to this work occurs
in RusMn's ' Munera Pulveris ' ( 151 ). Upon
one door in the house Allen and another
workman were employed for seventy-nine
days, and Ruskin used to show a model
of this door to his friends as a specimen
of English craftsmanship. Upon the
foundation of the Working Men's College
in 1854 he joined the drawing class, and
became one of Ruskin's most promising
pupils there. 'The transference to the
pen and pencil of the fine qualities of
finger that had been acquired by handling
the carpenter's tools,' coupled with an
' innate disposition to art/ enabled Allen,
says Ruskin, to attain rapidly great
precision in drawing. Allen was brought
further into connection with Ruskin by

Allen

marrying (25 Dec. 1856) his mother's
maid, Anne Eliza Hobbes. He was offered
a post in Queen Victoria's household in
connection with the furniture of the royal
palaces; but this he declined in order
to devote himself entirely to Ruskin's
service, in which he remained successively
as general assistant, engraver, and pub-
lisher for fifty years. For a few years
he acted as an assistant drawing-master
under Ruskin at the college. Ruskin
then encouraged him to specialise in the
art of engraving, which he studied under
J. H. Le Keux, the engraver of many
of the finest line plates in ' Modern
Painters.' He also studied mezzotint under
Lupton, who engraved some of the ' Liber '
plates for Turner. Allen's knowledge of
the two methods enabled him to produce
the plates of mixed styles, which were
included in Ruskin's later books. Of the
original illustrations in ' Modern Painters,'
three were from drawings by Allen ; he en-
graved three plates for the edition of 1888 ;
and in all executed ninety other plates
for Ruskin. Some of Allen's drawings
are included among the examples in the
Ruskin school at Oxford ; and he is one
of three or four assistants whose work has
often been mistaken for Ruskin's. In
addition to engraving and copying, Allen
was employed by Ruskin as general
factotum. Many of his reminiscences were
of distinguished visitors to Ruskin's house
at Denmark Hill to whom he was instructed
to show the collection of Turner drawings.
It was he, too, with others, who assisted
Ruskin in sorting and arranging the Turner
drawings and sketches at the National
Gallery. In 1862, when Ruskin thought of
settling in Savoy, Allen with his family
went out to Mornex. He was an excellent
geologist, and Ruskin often trusted to his
observations. Like Ruskin, he was an
enthusiastic mineralogist ; his collection of
minerals was acquired after his death by
the University of Oxford. He was a keen
volunteer, and Ruskin took no offence when
his assistant engaged in rifle-practice among
the mountains. In 1871 Ruskin decided
to set up a publisher of his own. At a
week's notice, and without any previous
experience of the trade, Allen started upon
this enterprise. His publishing establish-
ment was first his cottage at Keston, and
afterwards an out-house in the garden of
his villa at Orpington. Sarcastic reference
was made in the public prints to Ruskin's
idea of publishing *in a field in Kent,*
and the net-system, then a novelty in
the trade, upon which Ruskin insisted,

encountered much opposition. Ruskin,
however, was able to create the demand
for his publications, and the experiment
prospered. The original idea of allowing
no commission to the booksellers, but
leaving them to charge it to the public,
was, however, presently abandoned ; and
the expansion of the business necessitated
the addition of premises in London. In
1890 Allen opened a London publishing
house at 8 Bell Yard, Chancery Lane ;
and in 1894 he moved to larger premises
at 156 Charing Cross Road. There he
engaged in general publishing, though
Ruskin's works remained the principal
part of his business. Allen was one of the
original ' Companions ' of Ruskin's ' Guild
of St. George,' and was a familiar figure
at all Ruskinian gatherings. His unaffected
simplicity and sterling character made him
many friends. At his house at Orpington
he took pleasure in flowers and bees, and he
was a judicious buyer of water-colours
and ' Martin ' ware, as well as of minerals.
Most of his collections including many
Ruskiniana were privately disposed of
after his death. His last enterprise was
the library edition of Ruskin's works
(1903-11), of which, however, he did not
live to see the completion. He died, in
his seventy-sixth year, on 5 Sept. 1907, at
Orpington, and is buried in the parish
churchyard there. His wife had died, in
her eightieth year, eight months before
him. They had four sons and four
daughters. The eldest daughter, Miss
Grace Allen, and the two eldest sons,
William and Hugh, continued the business,
which is now carried on at 44 Rathbone
Place. A portrait of Allen (1890) was
painted in oils by F. Yates ; the chair in
which he is shown as seated came from
Ruskin's study at Denmark Hill, and is
said to have been the one used by Ruskin
when writing ' Modern Painters.'

[Library edition of Ruskin, vol. xxxvii. pp.
Ix-lxiii ; the present writer's Life of Ruskin,
1911 ; private information.] E. T. 0.

ALLEN, JOHN ROMILLY (1847-1907),
archaeologist, born in London on 9 June
1847, was the eldest son of George Baugh
Allen (d. 1898), a special pleader of the
Inner Temple, of Cilrhiw, near Narberth,
by his wife Dorothea Hannah, third
daughter of Roger Eaton of Pare Glas,
Pembrokeshire. John was educated at
King's College school (1857-60), Rugby
school (1860-3), and King's College, London
(1864-6). In 1867 he was articled to
G. F. Lyster, engineer in chief to the
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, with

Allen

Allies

whom he remained until 1870. Ho was
next employed as resident engineer to
the Persian railways of Baron de Reuter
and afterwards in supervising the construc-
tion of docks at Leith and at Boston,
Lincolnshire. Meanwhile he was interested
in archaeology, and to this pursuit, and
particularly to the study of prehistoric
antiquities and of pre-Norman art in Great
Britain, he devoted the rest of his life.
His earliest contribution to ' Archaeologia
Cambrensis ' (* A description of some cairns
on Barry Island ') appeared in April 1873 ;
he joined the Cambrian Archaeological
Association in 1875, was elected a member
of the general committee in 1877, became
one of two editors of the 'Journal' in 1889,
and was sole editor from 1892 until his
death. Having begun with the antiquities
of Wales, Allen from 1880 gave special
attention to those of Scotland also ; in
1883 he was elected fellow of the Scottish
Society of Antiquaries, and in 1885 was
Rhind lecturer in archaeology in the
University of Edinburgh. In England, he
became F.S.A. in 1896, editor of the
' Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist '
in 1893 ; and Yates lecturer in archaeology
in University College, London, for 1898.

Allen had in a high degree the patience,
thoroughness, and insight of the scientific
archaeologist. Possessed of a certain sar-
donic humour, he was skilful in exposition
and fertile in illustration. In knowledge
of early Celtic art and ability to unravel
its history he was without a rival. He
was unmarried, and during his later years
made his home in London, where he died
on 5 July 1907. In addition to his numerous
contributions to archaeological journals,
Allen published : 1. ' Theory and Practice in
the Designs and Construction of Dock
Walls,' 1876. 2. ' Early Christian Symbo-
lism in Great Britain and Ireland ' (Rhind
lectures), 1887. 3. ' The Monumental His-
tory of the Early British Church,' 1889.
4. * The Early Christian Monuments of
Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1903. 5. 'Celtic Art
in Pagan and Christian Times,' 1904.

[Burko's Landed Gentry, llth edit. (1906) ;
Who's Who, 1907 ; The Times, 13 July 1907 ; i
Archaeologia Cambrensis, sixth series, vii.,
Oct. 1907, 441-2.] J. E. L.

ALLEN, ROBERT CALDER (1812-
1903), captain R.N., born on 8 Aug. 1812,
was son of W T illiam Allen, a master in the i
navy and presumably a follower of Admiral
Sir Robert Caldcr [q. v.]. He entered the navy
as a second-class volunteer in July 1827.
In that grade and as second master he
served with credit, principally on the west

coast of Africa and in China. In 1841 he
was advanced to be master, and in 1842-4
was master of the Dido, with (Sir) Henry
Keppel [q. v. Suppl. II], in her celebrated
cruises against the Malay pirates of Borneo.
In 1850-1 he was master of the Resolute in
the Arctic, under Captain Austin, whom
he followed from the Blenheim, and had
charge of the magnetic observations. In
1854-5 he was master of the Hogue block-
ship in the Baltic, and rendered efficient
service by his survey, often under fire,
of the approaches to Bomarsund. In 1863
he was promoted to the then new rank of
staff -commander, and in 1867 to that of
staff-captain. In 1866-7 he was master-
attendant and harbour -master at Malta;
and in 1867 was appointed in the same
capacity to Devonport, whence he was
transferred to Deptford. When that dock-
yard was closed in October 1870, he retired
with the rank of captain. He was a
silent, thoughtful man, singularly modest
and retiring. The subordinate position
in which so much of his service was
passed prevented his name from coming
prominently before the public ; but in
the navy his reputation as a sound and
skilful navigator and pilot stood very
high, and was officially recognised in his
nomination to a C.B. 'in 1877. He died
in London on 28 Jan. 1903.

Allen was twice married. His first wife
brought him a daughter and four sons, who
all entered the public service, navy, army,
or marines. The second wife survived him.

[Royal Navy Lists ; The Times, 31 Jan. 1903 ;
Keppel, Expedition of H.M.S. Dido to
Borneo for the Suppression of Piracy, 1846 ;
Markham, Life of Sir Leopold McClintock,
1909 ; private information.] J. K. L.

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-
1903), theologian, born at Midsomer Norton,
Somerset, on 12 Feb. 1813, was son of
Thomas Allies, then curate of Henbury and
later rector of Wormington, by his wife
Frances Elizabeth Fripp, daughter of a
Bristol merchant. His mother died a week
after his birth, and he was brought up by his
father's second wife, Caroline Hillhouse.
After education at Bristol grammar school
he entered Eton in April 1827 under
Edward Coleridge. There in 1829 he was
the first to win the Newcastle scholarship.
He matriculated at Wadham College,
Oxford, in 1828, where he was exhibitioner
from 1830-3, graduated B. A. with a first class
in classics in 1832, proceeded M.A. in 1837,
was fellow from 1833 till 1841, and humanity
lecturer 1838-9.

Allies early came under the influence of

Allies

Allman

John Henry Newman, and with him and
Pusey was soon in constant intercourse.
His sympathy with the tractarians was
strong, but his loyalty to the Anglican
church was only shaken slowly. After a tour
in France and Italy during 1836 he took holy
orders in 1838, and assisted William Dods-
worth [q. v.] at Christ Church, St. Pancras,
in 1839. From 1840 to 1842 he was
examining chaplain to Dr. Blomfield, bishop
of London, who in June 1842 presented
him to the living of Launton, Bicester,
Oxfordshire. Travels in France in 1845
and 1847 with John Hungerford Pollen
[q. v. Suppl. II] quickened doubt of the
validity of the Anglican position, and
a statement of his views in his ' Journal in
France ' (published February 1848) brought
on him the censure of Samuel Wilberforce,
bishop of Oxford. Study of the Fathers,
and especially of Suarez's work, * De Erro-
ribus Sectse Anglicanae,' combined with the
Gorham decision on baptismal regeneration
in 1850, shattered his faith in the established
church, and in his ' Royal Supremacy ' (1850)
he forcibly presented the Roman point of
view (cf. LIDDON'S Life of E. B. Pusey, iii.
257 seq.). In October 1850 he resigned his
Launton living and joined the Roman
communion. He removed to Golden Square,
London, where he took pupils, and later
for a time to the Priory, 21 North Bank,
St. John's Wood, the house afterwards
inhabited by George Eliot [q. v.]. From
August 1853 until his retirement on a
pension in 1890 he was secretary of the
catholic poor school committee in John
Street, Adelphi (instituted in 1847), and
actively promoted catholic primary educa-
tion. To his energy was due the foundation
of the Training College of Notre Dame,
Liverpool, in 1855, of the Training College
for Women at the Convent of the Sacred
Heart, Wands worth, in 1874, and of the
St. Mary's Training College for Men in
Hammersmith. In March 1855 he became
first professor of modern history at the
new Catholic University of Ireland, Dublin,
under Newman's rectorship. On his lec-
tures there he based his voluminous
* The Formation of Christendom ' (8 vols.
1865-95; popular edit. 1894 and following
years). The work trenchantly expounds
St. Peter's predominance in history.
Among Allies's intimate friends in his
last years were Lord Acton and Aubrey
de Vere, who addressed a sonnet to him on
the publication of his ' Holy See,' the sixth
volume of his ' Formation of Christendom,'
in 1888. In 1885 Pope Leo XIII created
him knight commander of St. Gregory,

and in 1893 he received through Cardinal
Vaughan the pope's gold medal for merit.
In 1897 his health declined, and he died at
St. John's Wood on 17 June 1903, being
buried at Mortlake by the side of his wife.
He married on 1 Oct. 1840, at Marylebone
parish church, Eliza Hall, sister of Thomas
Harding Newman (an Oxford fellow
student), and had issue five sons and two
daughters. His wife, who joined the
Roman catholic church five months before
himself, predeceased him on 24 Jan. 1902.
A portrait, painted by Mrs. Carpenter in
1830, is reproduced in the memoir by his
daughter Mary (1907).

Allies, one of the most learned of the
Oxford converts to Rome, traced the
growth of his opinions in * A Life's Decision '
(1880; 2nd edit. 1894). Other works by
Allies are : 1. ' The Church of England
cleared from the Charge of Schism,' 1846 ;
2nd edit. 1848. 2. 'The Royal Supre-
macy,' 1850. 3. 'The See of St. Peter,'
1850; 4th edit. 1896. 4. 'St. Peter, his
Name and Office,' 1852; 2nd edit. 1871;
new edit. 1895. 5. 'Dr. Pusey and the
Ancient Church,' 1866. The last four were
reprinted with Allies's other controversial
writings in ' Per Crucem ad lucem,' 2 vols.
1879.

[Thomas William Allies, by Mary Allies,
1907 ; art. in Catholic Encyclopaedia, vol. i.
1907, by the same writer ; The Times, 2 July
1903; Tablet, 20 June 1903; Liddon's Life
of E. B. Pusey, 1894, vol. iii. ; Life of J. H.
Pollen, 1912 ; Wilfrid Ward, Life of J. H.
Newman, 1912.] W. B. 0.

ALLMAN, GEORGE JOHNSTON
(1824-1904), mathematician, was born
on 28 Sept. 1824 at Dublin. Ho was a
younger son of William Allman., M.D. [q. v.],
professor of botany in Trinity College,
Dublin (1809-44). He entered Trinity
College, and after a distinguished career
graduated in 1844 as senior moderator and
gold medallist in mathematics with Samuel
Haughton [q. v. uppl. I]. He was also
Bishop Law's mathematical prize-man and
graduated LL.B. in 1853 and LL.D. 1854.

Allman was elected professor of mathe-
matics in Queen's College, Galway, in 1853,
and remained in this post till he retired in
1893, having reached the age-limit fixed by
civil service regulations. He was elected a
member of the senate of Queen's University
in 1877, and in 1880, when the Royal
University of Ireland was founded, he was
nominated by the Crown as a life senator.
He was made F.R.S. in 1884, and lion. D.Sc. of
Dublin in 1 882. He contributed a f e w papers
on mathematical subjects to scientific period-

Almond

icals, besides an account of Prof. McCullagh's
[q. v.] lectures on the ' Attraction of the
Ellipsoid ' which appears in the latter's
collected works. He also wrote a number
of articles in the 9th edition of the Ency-
clopaedia Britannica ' on Greek mathemati-
cians. His chief contribution to science is his
* History of Greek Geometry from Thales to
Euclid' (Dublin 1889), which first appeared
as articles in ' Hermathena.' In this he
traced the rise and progress of geometry and
arithmetic, and threw new light on the
history of the early development of mathe-
matics. With his life-long friend, John
Kells Ingram [q. v. Suppl. II], he was
attracted to positivism, and entered into
correspondence with Comte in 1852 ; in
1854 he went to Paris and made his personal
aquaintance. His position at Galway
prevented his taking any public part in
the positivist movement, but his teaching
was much influenced by Comte's mathe-
matical work, the * Synthese Subjective,'
and his general theory of historical develop-
ment. Allman died of pneumonia on 9 May
1904 at Farnham House, Finglass, Dublin.

He married in 1853 Louisa (d. 1864),
daughter of John Smith Taylor of Dublin
and Corballis, co. Meath. A son and two
daughters survived him.

[Proc. Roy. Soc. 78 A. (1907), p. xii;
Positivist Review, July 1904, p. 149 ; The
Times, 13 May 1904.] R. S.

ALMOND, HELY HUTCHINSON
(1832-1903), headmaster of Loretto school,
born in Glasgow on 12 Aug. 1832, was
second son of George Almond, incum-
bent of St. Mary's Episcopal Chapel,
Glasgow, by his second wife, Christiana
Georgina, eldest daughter of Thomas Smith,
barrister, of London. His paternal great-
grandfather was headmaster of Derby
school, and his maternal great-grand-
father was John Hely-Hutchinson [q. v.],
provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Pre-
cociously clever, he began to learn his letters
at sixteen months, and at three years was
struggling with the multiplication table.
After attending the collegiate school, Glas-
gow, he entered in 1845 the University
of Glasgow. At the end of the session he
gained the Cowan gold medal in the Black-
stone Latin examination, and he also
specially distinguished himself in the Greek,
mathematics and logic classes. Having
been elected in 1850 to a Snell exhibition,
he proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford.
Here, contrary to the expectations of his
tutors, who had the poorest opinions of his
chances, he, in 1853, obtained a first class
both in classical and mathematical modera-

tions (a record for Balliol College) ; but,
owing to ill-health and other causes, only a
second in the final schools. Although he
delighted in boating and won a place in the
BalSol eight, he found little that was con-
genial in undergraduate life. In his later
years he wrote, ' there is hardly a period of
my life (since Oxford, which I hated) I would
not gladly live over again.' He graduated
B.A. in 1855 and M.A. in 1862. In 1855
he left Oxford for Torquay, where his
father was living in retirement ; and
having failed to pass into the Indian
civil service, he was induced by a friend,
who had fallen ill, to assist him in his
tutorial establishment. This led him to
conceive a liking for teaching, and in
1857 he accepted the office of tutor in
Loretto school, Musselburgh, then merely a
preparatory for the English public schools.
In the following year he became second
master at Merchiston school, Edinburgh,
where he took an active part in Rugby
football, and did his utmost to foster a
love of cricket, introducing an English
professional to instruct the boys in the
game. Already he had begun the strenuous
advocacy of systematic physical exercise
in schools, and of the cultivation of hardi-
ness as essential to a thoroughly healthy
boyhood, and of prime importance in the
formation of proper habits of mind. These
and other educational ideas he found
opportunity to put into fuller practice,
when, in 1862, he became proprietor of
Loretto school so called from its contiguity
to the site of the old chapel and hermitage
dedicated to Our Lady of Loretto.

Here he began with only fourteen boys,
supplemented for the first two or three
years with a few university pupils ; and,
as he himself put it, gradually built up a
school out of nothing, though the numbers
never reached 150. His early, almost
insuperable, difficulties he met with perfect
gaiety ; and he was accustomed to refer
to this period of his lif e as ' the happy early
days when I was nearly bankrupt.' He
closely pursued a special educational aim.
The first duty of a headmaster he con-
ceived to be the direction of a school so
as to accomplish the purpose of training
the individual character. It was his leading
maxim to rule by persuasion, not by force,
and to secure what he called ' behind-back
obedience.' * Relations between master
and boys were thus unusually sincere, and
the place had rather the aspect of a family
than of a school ' (MACKENZIE'S Almond of
Loretto, p. 160). So far also as he could
he sought to develop an independent

Amherst

interest in study and to diminish the evils
of cram and competition, although ham-
pering outside influences interfered here
seriously with his ideals. But the main
feature in which he may justly be regarded
as a pioneer was * the application of the
best knowledge to the physical nurture of
the young ; the total elimination from
our practice with regard to this nurture,
of convention, tradition and rule of thumb '
(ib. p. 391). He attached a cardinal import-
ance to fresh air, personal cleanliness, proper
and regular diet with the abolition of
* grubbing,' the regulation of the hours
of sleep and study, physical exercise in all
weathers, and the disuse ' of linen shirts
and collars and suits of close material
for ordinary school wear, in favour of
tweed knickerbocker suits of loose texture
and flannel shirts worn open at the neck
without neckties ' ; with * the practice of
changing into flannels for all forms of
violent exercise.' In regard to the
question of fresh air he anticipated the
methods 'now employed as a preventative
and cure of consumption ; and the coat-
less, flannelled, bare-headed athlete was
also largely his creation. That the stamina
of Loretto boys greatly exceeded the average
was manifested, year by year, by the large
proportion of them who won athletic
distinction at the English universities ;
but the result was attained by a proper
attention to physical health, not an over
attention to physical exercise. Almond did
not a little to revolutionise the school
methods of Scotland.

After showing for a few years signs of fail-
ing health, he died of a bronchial affection
on 7 March 1903. He was buried in Inveresk
churchyard. He married in 1876 Eleanor
Frances, daughter of Canon Tristram of
Durham [q. v. Suppl. II], and had issue
three sons and three daughters.

Besides various contributions to reviews
and magazines, in which he expounded his
educational principles, he was author of:
1. * Health Lectures,' 1884. 2. 'Sermons
by a Lay Head Master,' 2 series, Edinburgh,
1886 and 1892. 3. ' English Prose Extracts,'
Edinburgh, 1895. 4. ' Christ the Protestant,
and other Sermons,' Edinburgh, 1899.

[R. J. Mackenzie's Almond of Loretto, 1905 ;
H. B. Tristram's Loretto School Past and
Present, 1911.] T. F. H.

AMHERST, WILLIAM AMHURST
TYSSEN-, first BARON AMHERST of
HACKNEY (1835-1909), born at Narford
Hall, Norfolk, on 25 April 1835, was eldest
son of William George Daniel-Tyssen (1801-
1855), whose surname was originally

Daniel, by Mary, eldest daughter of
Andrew Fountaine of Narford Hall, Nor-
folk. Together with his father, who
represented a branch of the old Kentish
family of Amherst and had inherited the
Tyssen property in Hackney through his
mother, he took by royal licence, 6 Aug.
1852, the name of Tyssen-Amhurst, for
which he substituted, again by royal licence,
that of Tyssen- Amherst on 16 Aug. 1877.
He was educated at Eton and matriculated
at Christ Church, Oxford, 19 May 1853.
Inheriting large property in Norfolk and in
Hackney, he was high sheriff for Norfolk
in 1866. He was M.P. for West Norfolk
in the conservative interest from 1880 to
1885, afterwards representing south-west
Norfolk from 1885 to 1892. He was created
Baron Amherst of Hackney on 26 Aug.
1892.

For more than fifty years Lord Amherst
collected rare books and MSS., tapestries,
antique furniture, and other works of art.
One object was to illustrate the history of
printing and bookbinding from the earliest
times down to modern days. Another was
to illustrate the history of the Reformation
at home and abroad and of the Church of
England by means of bibles, liturgies, and
controversial tracts. A ' Handlist of the
Books and MSS. belonging to Lord Amherst
of Hackney' was compiled by Seymour
de Ricci (privately printed, 1906). The
compiler had also prepared an exhaustive
catalogue raisonne of Lord Amherst's whole
library. Owing to the dishonesty of a
solicitor entrusted with the administration
of estate and trust funds, Lord Amherst
found himself in 1906 obliged to announce
the sale of the finer portion of the magni-
ficent library at Didlington Hall. A
series of splendid ' Caxtons,' eleven out of
the seventeen being perfect examples,
were sold privately to Mr. J. Pierpont
Morgan, and the other portions of the
library, including many extremely rare
printed books and fine Italian, Flemish,
French, and English illuminated MSS.,
were disposed of by auction by Messrs.
Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge in a sale
which began on 3 Dec. 1908. The
second portion of the library was sold
24 to 27 March 1909, and the total realised
by both sales was 32,592Z., which does not
include the 25,0002. understood to have
been paid for the 'Caxtons.' Messrs. Christie
disposed (11 Dec. 1908) of some fine ex-
amples of old Gobelins and other tapestry,
old French and English furniture, Limoges
enamels and old Italian majolica. The
amount realised was 38,796Z. The pictures

Amherst

Anderson

sold for 1561?. ; the engravings for about
2000/.

Lord Amherst travelled much in the East,
and his collection of Egyptian curiosities
was almost as well known as his books and
china. Some of these were described in
' The Amherst Papyri, being an Account
of the Egyptian Papyri in the Collection of
Lord Amherst,' by P. E. Newberry (1899,
4to), and * The Amherst Papyri, being
an Account of the Greek Papyri in the
Collection of Lord Amherst of Hackney,'
by B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt (1900, 4to).

He died after a few hours' illness at
23 Queen's Gate Gardens, London, S.W.,
on 16 Jan. 1909, in his seventy-fourth year,
and was buried in the family vault in
Didlington churchyard, Norfolk.

His portrait by the Hon. John Collier is
now in the possession of Baroness Amherst
of Hackney. It has been engraved. He
married on 4 June 1856, at Hunmanby,
co. York, Margaret Susan (6. 8 Jan. 1835),
only child of Admiral Robert Mitford
of Mitford Castle, Northumberland, and
Hunmanby, Yorkshire. His widow and
six daughters survived him. The eldest
daughter, Mary Rothes Margaret, who
married in 1885 Lord William Cecil, suc-
ceeded to the peerage by special limitation
in default of male heirs. He bore the
undifferenced arms of the family of
Amherst, quartering Daniel and Tyssen.
He was of middle height and sturdy
appearance, of genial and unassuming
manners, much interested in his literary,
artistic, and antiquarian collections and
the pursuance of the duties of country
life in Norfolk, where he farmed on a
large scale and was known as a breeder
of Norfolk polled cattle. He was an
excellent shot and fond of yachting. He
presented a volume to the Roxburgh Club,
of which he was a member, and one to
the Scottish Text Society. He wrote: 1.
(with Hamon Lestrange) ' History of
Union Lodge, Norwich, No. 52,' privately
printed, Norwich, 1898. 2. (with Basil
Home Thomson) ' The Discovery of the
Solomon Islands, by Alvaro de Men-
dana, in 1568, translated from the original
Spanish MSS., edited with introduction
and notes,' 1901, 2 vols. small 4to, 100 copies
on large paper (the translation was made by
Amherst from the MSS. in his own collec-
tion; it was also issued by Hakluyt Soc.).

[Family information ; Complete Peerage, by
G. E. C., new edit, by Vicary Gibbs, 1910;
The Times, 18 and 21 Jan. 1909; Alfred
Austin's Autobiog. 1911, ii. 269-73.]

H. R. T.

ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (1845-
1909), labour poet writing under the pseudo-
nym of c Surfaceman,' born on 30 April 1845,
in the village of Kirkconnel in Upper
Nithsdale, was sixth and youngest son of
James Anderson, a Dumfriesshire quarry-
man, by his wife Isabella Cowan. When the
boy was three, the household removed to
Crocketford in Kirkcudbright, and at the
village school there Anderson got all his
schooling ; there too he began to make
rhymes. At sixteen he was back in his
native village working in a quarry ; some
two years later (1862), he became a surface-
man or platelayer on the Glasgow and
South-western railway there. While per-
forming his long day's task on the line he
found opportunity of an evening or at meal
times on the embankment to read Shelley,
Wordsworth, and Tennyson ; and by help
of * Cassell's Educator ' and an elementary
grammar, acquired French enough to
puzzle out Racine and Moliere. Later he
managed in like manner to read Goethe,
Schiller, and Heine in German, learnt a
little Italian, and acquired a smattering of
Spanish and Latin. In 1870 he began to
send verses to the 'People's Friend' of
Dundee, whose sub-editor, Mr. A. Stewart,
brought Anderson's work under the notice
of George Gilfillan [q. v.] and advised the
publication of a volume of collected pieces,
' A Song of Labour and other Poems '
(1873). This Gilfillan reviewed very favour-
ably ; and to a second volume, ' The Two
Angels and other Poems' (Dundee, 1875),
the friendly critic prefixed an appreciative
memoir of the * Surfaceman,' whose verse
now appeared from time to time in ' Good
Words,' ' Chambers's Journal,' ' Cassell's
Magazine,' and the 'Contemporary Re-
view.' A wealthy Glasgow citizen, Mr.
Thomas Corbett, sent Anderson to Italy with
his son (Archibald Cameron Corbett, after-
wards Lord Rowallan). But the sonnet
series ' In Rome' does not record the
impressions made by Italian experiences ;
they are the imaginings of the railway
labourer who, when he published them
(1875), had hardly been out of his native
county. Before the surfaceman returned
to his labours on the rail he had made
personal acquaintance with Carlyle, Roden
Noel, Lord Houghton, Miss Mulock (Mrs.
Craik), and Alexander Macmillan. His next
venture, ' Songs of the Rail ' (1878 ; 3rd
edit. 1881), was largely composed of railway
poems from the two earlier collections.
'Ballads and Sonnets' (1879), published
by Macmillan, also contained a selection
from the earlier volumes with new pieces.

Anderson

In 1896 all the volumes were out of
print.

In October 1880 Anderson passed from
the exhausting twelve hours a day with
pick and shovel at 17s. a week to the lighter
appointment of assistant librarian in
Edinburgh University. Learned leisure
failed to stimulate his poetic impulses ;
henceforward he wrote little but occa-
sional verses, mainly when on holiday
amongst old friends at Kirkconnel. For
private circulation he printed some transla-
tions from Heine ; and from time to time
he revised, amended, or extended a long
blank verse poem on the experiences of
Lazarus of Bethany in the world of spirits,
and after restoration to life. In 1883 he
left the university to become secretary to
the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, a
library and lecture society. But in 1886
he returned to the university library, where
at his death on 11 July 1909~ he had for five
years been acting chief librarian. He was
unmarried. In Edinburgh he conciliated
respect and affection, not less by the
native dignity and force of his character
than by his geniality and social gifts,
although in later years ill-health made him
much of a recluse.

Anderson's poetical work shows lyrical
power, generous feeling, and vivid vision,
as well as a command of metre and a
literary equipment that would be note-
worthy in a writer of liberal education
and in a cultured environment. He had
no faculty for prose writing. His most
characteristic achievement was as laureate
of the rail (after the manner of the ' Pike
County Ballads' or Bret Harte) and of
child life in humble Scottish homes. In his
best-known poems the vernacular of the
south-west of Scotland is employed with
verve and discretion. Few anthologies of
Scots poems now lack one or two of Surface-
man's, and several of the railway and child
poems are popular recitations.

In 1912 a modest memorial was erected
in Anderson's native village ; his scattered
and unpublished pieces were collected for
issue ; and the publication of the Lazarus
poem was contemplated.

[Dundee Advertiser, 6 Jan. 1896; Frank
Miller, The Poets of Dumfriesshire, 1910;
private information ; personal knowledge.]

D. P.

ANDERSON, GEORGE (1826-1902),
Yorkshire batsman, was born at Aiskew
near Bedale, Yorkshire, on 20 Jan. 1826;
he early showed athletic aptitude as a high
and long jumper and as a cricketer; his
cricket was greatly improved by the visit

to Bedale of the eminent bowler William
Clarke in 1848. Employed as a clerk in
youth, he made the game his profession in
early manhood. Anderson first appeared
at Lord's in 1851, when he played for the
North v. South, and for the Players v.
Gentlemen in 1855. He was from 1857-64
a member of the All England XI captained
by William Clarke and George Parr [q. v.].
He visited Australia with Parr's team in the
winter of 1863, but met with little success.
His most successful season was that of
1864, when in first-class matches he averaged
42 runs an innings, and scored 99 not out
for Yorkshire v. Notts. He captained the
Yorkshire team for a few seasons ; in May
1869 a match was played for his benefit at
Dewsbury between the All England XI and
the United All England XI.

Anderson was a kindly, handsome man
of fine physique ; he was six feet high,
weighed 14| stone, and was of great strength.
His style as a batsman was described as
' the model of manliness ' ; he had a good
defence, and though he took time to get
set, he was in his day the hardest and
cleanest hitter of the best bowling. In
1862 he made a drive for eight runs at the
Oval when playing for the North of Eng-
land v. Surrey. Another hit by him off
Bennett, the Kent slow bowler, was reputed
to have pitched farther than any previously
recorded at the Oval. On retiring from
professional cricketing, Anderson became
in 1873 actuary of the Bedale Savings
Bank, and held the office until the bank's
failure in 1894. He died at Bedale on 27
Nov. 1902.

[The Times, 28 Nov. 1902 ; Daft's Kings of
Cricket (portrait, p. 61) ; W. Caffyn's 71 not
out (portrait, p. 39) ; Wisden's Cricketers'
Almanack, 1902, p. Ixxx ; Haygarth's
Scores and Biographies, iv. 277, xiv. p. xxxi ;
R. S. Holmes, History of Yorkshire County
Cricket, 1904 ; information from Mr. P. M.
Thornton.] W. B. 0.

ANDERSON, SIR THOMAS McCALL
(1836-1908), professor of practice of medi-
cine in the University of Glasgow, born in
Glasgow on 9 June 1836, was second of three
sons of Alexander Dunlop Anderson, M.D.,
medical practitioner in Glasgow, who in 1852
was president of the faculty of physicians
and surgeons of Glasgow, by his wife Sara,
daughter of Thomas McCall of Craighead,
Lanarkshire. His father's family was de-
scended on the maternal side from William
Dunlop [q. v.], principal of Glasgow
University, 1690-1700; and in the male
line from John Anderson (1668-1721) [q. v.],
the stout defender of presbyterianism, and

Anderson

Andrews

collaterally from John Anderson (1726-1796)
[q. v.], founder of the Andersonian Institute,
Glasgow.

After early education in Edinburgh
Anderson entered Glasgow University to
study medicine. There in April 1858 he
graduated M.D. with honours, and became
a licentiate and fellow of the faculty of
physicians and surgeons of Glasgow. Two
years were spent as resident physician in
the Glasgow Royal Infirmary ; two more in
travel and medical study at Paris, Wiirzburg,
Berlin, Vienna, and Dublin. On returning
home he was speedily appointed lecturer
on practice of medicine in the Andersonian
Institute and, not long after, physician
to the royal infirmary. There the lucidity
and skill of his clinical teaching attracted
large numbers of students.

In 1861 a hospital and dispensary were
founded at Glasgow for diseases of the
skin. Anderson and Dr. Andrew Buchanan
were appointed the first two physicians.
Buchanan died prematurely in 1865. For
forty-seven years Anderson bore the main
share of the duty. In 1909 the institute
was absorbed by the western infirmary, and
the dermatological teaching was provided for
by the foundation of a lectureship at the
university on which Anderson's name was
conferred in recognition of his services.
Meanwhile in 1874 Anderson was appointed
to a newly founded chair of clinical
medicine in Glasgow University. He held
this post till 1900 in conjunction with that
of physician to the western infirmary. His
clear and systematic method of exposition
and demonstration, his strict concentration
on the subject in hand, and his organising
power enabled him to fulfil his functions
with admirable efficiency. From 1897 to
1901 he was examiner in medicine and
pathology for the British and Indian
medical services. In 1900 he succeeded Sir
William Tennant Gairdner [q. v. Suppl. II]
in the chair of practice of medicine, and
removed from his house in Woodside
Terrace to the official residence in the
college square. The practical aspects of
his subject chiefly appealed to him. The
physician's business, he insisted, was to cure
the sick. But he took a high view of the
moral responsibilities of a medical adviser,
and never suffered his pupils to forget that
medicine is a liberal profession as well as a
useful art.

For many years Anderson engaged in

extensive consulting practice. His opinion

, was especially valued, not only in skin

diseases, in which he long specialised and

his eminence in which was recognised in

England and on the Continent, but also in
consumption, in the curability as well as in
he prevention of which he was a believer,
and in certain forms of paralysis.

In 1903 he was appointed university
representative on the general medical
council ; he was knighted in 1905 ; in 1906

was entertained at a public dinner by
representatives of the medical profession in
the west of Scotland, including many former
pupils and assistants ; in 1908 he was made
honorary physician to the king in Scotland.

A conservative in politics, and in religion
a member of the Church of Scotland,
Anderson was genial in society and obliging
in disposition. He died suddenly on 25
Jan. 1908, after speaking at the dinner of
the Glasgow Ayrshire Society. He was
honoured with a public funeral in the
necropolis of Glasgow.

Anderson married on 20 July 1864 Margaret
Richardson, daughter of Alexander Ronald-
son, merchant, Glasgow, and left one son,
Thomas, who is in medical practice at New
York. There is a good portrait of Anderson
in possession of his widow.

Anderson's chief publications were : 1.
'The Parasitic Affections of the Skin,'
1861 ; 2nd edit. 1868. 2. On Psoriasis and
Lepra,' 1865. 3. On Eczema,' 1867, 3rd
edit. 1874. 4. ' Treatment of the Diseases
of the Skin, with an Analysis of 11,000
Consecutive Cases,' 1872. 5. 'Lectures
on Clinical Medicine,' 1877. 6. ' Curability
of Attacks of Tubercular Peritonitis and
Acute Phthisis (Galloping Consumption),'
1877. 7. 'A Treatise on Diseases of the
Skin,' 1887 ; 2nd edit. 1894. 8. ' On Syphi-
lite Affections of the Nervous System,
their Diagnosis and Treatment,' 1889.

[Private information; personal know-
ledge; obit, notices in Lancet, Brit. Med.
Journal, Medical Times, Glasgow Herald, and
The Times, 27 Jan. 1908 ; William Stewart,
Glasgow University, 1891, p. 136 (with por-
trait).] J. C.

ANDREWS, THOMAS (1847-1907),
metallurgical chemist and ironmaster, born
at Sheffield on 16 Feb. 1847, was only son
of Thomas Andrews, proprietor of the old-
established Wortley Iron Works, near that
town, by his wife Mary Bolsover. Educated
at Broombank school, Sheffield, and after-
wards a student of chemistry under Dr.
James Allan of Sheffield, Andrews early
developed a faculty for original scientific
research, which was fostered by the practical
advice and guidance of his father. On
the latter's death in 1871 he became head
at Wortley.

Andrews's researches in metallurgy proved

Angus

of great scientific and industrial value
After prolonged investigation on a large
scale he determined the resistance of metals
to sudden concussion at varying tempera
tures down to zero (0 deg. P.) ; and was
one of the first to study metals by the
aid of the microscope, following up the
pioneer inquiries of Henry Clifton Sorby
[q. v. Suppl. II]. In 1888 he was elected
F.R.S. and was besides a fellow of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh and of the
Chemical Society, and member, respectively,
of the Institution of Civil Engineers and
Society of Engineers. To the publications
of these societies and to technical periodi-
cals he contributed some forty papers
The Society of Engineers awarded him two
premiums for papers in their * Transac-
tions, 1 viz. ' On the Strength of Wrought-
iron Railway Axles * (1879), and * On the
Effect of Strain on Railway Axles ' (1895).
In 1902 ho received the society's gold
medal for the memoir, * Effect of Segrega-
tion on the Strength of Steel Rails.' In
1884 the Institution of Civil Engineers
awarded him a Telford medal. An im-
portant paper on * Wear of Steel Rails on
Bridges * was published in the ' Journal
of the Iron and Steel Institute ' (1895).

From time to time Andrews acted as
consultant to the admiralty and the board
of trade on metallurgical questions. He
paid special attention to the microscopic
examination of metallic materials with a
view to determining the cause of naval
accidents, and he contributed a detailed
series of observations on the subject to
' Engineering * (1904). In a paper on the
microscopic effects of stress on platinum
(Roy. Soc. Proc. 1902) he broke new
ground. At Cambridge University he
delivered lectures to engineering students.
At Sheffield Andrews was a consistent
advocate of technical education directed
to industrial ends ; and he actively assisted
in founding and developing Sheffield Uni-
versity. He died at his home, 'Ravencrag,'
near Sheffield, on 19 June 1907. He
married in 1870 Mary Hannah, daughter
of Charles Stanley of Rotherham, and had
issue three sons (two died in childhood)
and one daughter.

[Roy. Soc. Proc. vol. Jxxxi. A. ; The Times,
20 June 1907 ; Engineering, 28 June 1907 ;
Industries and Iron (with portrait), 24 April
1896 ; private information.] T. E. J.

ANGUS, JOSEPH (1816-1902), baptist
divine and biblical scholar, only son of
John Angus, a farmer and later a leather
merchant, by his wife Elizabeth Wanless,
was born at Bolam, Northumberland, on

16 Jan. 1816. His first schooling was
at Newcastle, under George Ferris Whid-
borne Mortimer [q. v.], who wanted to
send him to Cambridge. As a noncon-
formist and a member of the baptist
church under Thomas Pengilly at New-
castle, he preferred Edinburgh, where he
entered in 1834, after passing a year at
King's College, London. In 1835 he studied
for the baptist ministry at Stepney College
(instituted 1810), under W. H. Murch, D.D.,
a good scholar. Returning to Edinburgh
with a scholarship under Dr, Ward's trust,
he graduated M.A. with distinction on
27 April 1837, and gained the gold medal
in moral philosophy and the university
English essay prize. In 1838 he accepted
a call to New Park Street chapel, South-
wark, where subsequently Charles Haddon
Spurgeon [q.v.] won his fame as a preacher.
In 1840 he was appointed colleague to John
Dyer in the secretaryship of the Baptist
Missionary Society, and became sole secre-
tary in 1841. He had much to do with
the raising of the jubilee fund (32,OOOZ.),
by means of which, among other enter-
prises, the mission house in Moorgate Street
was built. In 1849 he was placed at the
head of Stepney College, which under his
presidency largely increased in efficiency
and importance, was removed to Regent's
Park in 1856, and equipped with special
chairs and scholarships by means of a
'professorial fund' (30,000?.), secured by
his exertions. He held the presidency
till 1893. In connection with his academic
work he brought out some useful hand-
books to the Bible (1853 ; 2nd imp. 1907),
to the English language (1864), and to
English literature (1866) ; and editions of
Butler's 'Analogy and Sermons' (1855;
2nd edit. 1881) and Francis Wayland's
' Elements of Moral Science ' (1858) ; all
these were published by the Religious
Tract Society. The degree of D.D. was
conferred in 1852 by Brown University,
Rhode Island. From 1859 he was for ten
years examiner in English to the London
Jniversity, and in 1865 to the civil service
commissioners. In 1870 he was appointed
on the New Testament company for the
revision of the * authorised ' version of the
Scriptures. He was elected in 1870 for
Marylebone to the first London school
board, held office for ten years, and was
re-elected for the period 1894-7. In the
bibliography of baptist authors of all
classes, ancient and modern, he took
the greatest interest ; his own collection ..
of such works was unsurpassed, and
his privately printed lists of acquire-

Annandale

ments and desiderata were of no small
service to students of the byways of
religious history. His latest summary of
results, ' Baptist Authors and History,
1527-1800,' was printed in the ' Baptist
Handbook/ in 1894, and issued separately
in 1896. 'As a theologian his position
was essentially conservative ; in a contro-
versy of 1870 he upheld the doctrine of
eternal torments ; he was not without
mellowing influences in his later years.
He died at Hampstead on 28 Aug. 1902,
and was buried in Norwood cemetery.

Angus's portrait by Melville is in
Regent's Park College, and has been
engraved. He married on 3 March 1841
Amelia (d. 1893), fourth daughter of William
Brodie Gurney. Of his family of four sons
and six daughters, the second son, John
Mortimer Angus, M.A., is registrar of the
University of Wales.

In addition to the manuals indicated
above and subsidiary pieces Angus pub-
lished 1. ' The Voluntary System * (prize
essay), 1839. 2. ' Four Lectures on the Ad-
vantages of a Classical Education as aux-
iliary to a Commercial,' 1846. 3. * Christian
Churches ' (bicentenary prize essay),
1862 ; 1864. 4. ' Egypt and the Bible,'
1863. 5. ' Apostolic Missions,' &c., 1871 ;
2nd edit. 1892. 6. 'Man, a Witness for
Christianity,' 1872. 7. 'Popular Com-
mentary on the New Testament ' (Hebrews to
Jude), 1883. 8. ' Six Lectures on Regenera-
tion ' (the Angus Lectureship), 1897.

[The Times, 30 Aug. 1902 ; Baptist Hand-
book, 1903, p. 189 (with portrait); Cat. of
Edin. Graduates, 1858, p. 225; information
kindly supplied by Mr. Charles J. Angus.]

A. G.

ANNANDALE, THOMAS (1838-1907),
surgeon, born atNewcastle-on-Tyne on 2 Feb.
1838, was second son of Thomas Annan-
dale, surgeon, by his wife E. Johnstone.
Annandale was educated at Bruce's academy
in Newcastle, and was afterwards appren-
ticed to his father. Continuing his pro-
fessional studies at the Newcastle Infirmary,
he matriculated in 1856 at Edinburgh, and
graduated M.D. in 1860 with the highest
honours, receiving the gold medal for his
thesis ' On the Injuries and Diseases of
the Hip Joint.' He was appointed in 1860
house-surgeon to James Syme [q. v.] at
the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and was
Syme' s private assistant from 1861 to 1870.
In 1863 he was admitted F.R.C.S. Edin-
burgh, and became a junior demonstrator
of anatomy in the university under Prof.
John Goodsir [q. v.]. He was also ap-
pointed in 1863 a lecturer on the principles

of surgery in the extramural school of
medicine, and gave there a course of lectures
yearly until 1871, when he began to lecture
on clinical surgery at the Royal Infirmary.

Annandale was admitted a M.R.C.S.,
England, on 15 July 1859, and F.R.C.S. on
12 April 1888; in 1864 he won the Jack-
sonian prize for his dissertation on ' The
malformations, diseases and injuries of
the fingers and toes, with their surgical
treatment' (Edinburgh 1865). Appointed
assistant surgeon to the Royal Infirmary
at Edinburgh in 1865, and acting surgeon
there in 1871, he became regius professor of
clinical surgery in the university x>f Edin-
burgh in 1877, in succession to (Lord)
Lister, who then migrated to King's College,
London. He was made honorary D.C.L.
of Durham in April 1902, and was surgeon-
general to the Royal Archers, his Majesty's
bodyguard in Scotland, from 27 May 1900
until his death. He joined the corps as
an archer in 1870.

Annandale died suddenly on 20 Dec. 1907,
having operated as usual at the Royal
Infirmary on the previous day. He was
buried in the Dean cemetery, Edinburgh.

He married in 1874 Eveline, the eldest
daughter of William Nelson, the publisher,
of Edinburgh, and had a family of three
sons and three daughters.

A bust, executed by W. G. Stevenson,
R.S.A., is in the lecture theatre of the
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.

Annandale, who began to practise surgery
when it was an art left it a science. He kept
himself abreast of all the incidents of the
change and combined the good points of
each period. He was keenly interested in
university matters and especially in the
welfare of the students. He was prominent
at the Students' Union and in the Athletic
Club. ' The Annandale gold medal in
clinical surgery ' was founded in his memory
at Edinburgh university.

Annandale published (all at Edinburgh),
in addition to the work named and many
separate papers in professional periodicals :
1. 'Surgical Appliances and Minor Oper-
ative Surgery,' 1866. 2. 'Abstracts of
Surgical Principles,' 6 pts. 1868-70 (3rd ed
1878). 3. ' Observations and Cases in
Surgery,' 1875. 4. ' On the Pathology and
Operative Treatment of Hip Disease/ 1876.

[Brit. Med. Journal, 1908, i. 60 (with
portrait) ; Lancet, 1908, i. 70 ; Scottish
Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. xxii. 1903,
p. 68 (with portrait) ; Edinburgh Medical
Journal, vol. xxiii. n.s., 1908, p. 1 ; informa-
tion from Mr. J. W. Dowden, F.R.C.S.
Edin.] D'A. P.

Arbuthnot

4 6

Arbuthnot

ARBUTHNOT, SIR ALEXANDER
JOHN (1822-1907), Anglo-Indian official
and author, third son of Alexander Arbuth-
not, Bishop of Killaloe, by his second wife,
Margaret Phoebe, daughter of George
Bingham, was born at Farmhill, co. Mayo,
on 11 Oct. 1822, a younger brother
(6. 1824) being General Sir Charles George
Arbuthnot [q. v. Suppl. I]. Sir Alexander's
great grand-uncle was Dr. John Arbuthnot
[q. v.j, poet and wit, and his father's brothers
included Charles Arbuthnot [q. v.], General
Sir Robert Arbuthnot [q. v.], and General
Sir Thomas Arbuthnot [q, v.]. His father
died suddenly towards the close of 1828,
leaving his widow ill provided for. She
settled at Rugby in order that her two
boys might be educated under Dr. Arnold.
Alexander entered Rugby as a foundationer
in April 1832, his contemporaries and
friends there including Arthur Stanley,
Tom Hughes, and Matthew Arnold. His
last two years were spent in the sixth form,
and he retained through life the impressions
made upon his mind by the great headmaster.

It was an unsolicited testimonial from
Arnold which secured for him nomination
to a writership for the East India Company.
He accordingly studied at the East India
College, Haileybury, from ,23 Jan. 1840 to
Christmas 1841, winning distinction in
classics and Telugu. Leaving England on
24 May 1842, he sailed round the Cape and
landed at Madras on 21 Sept. In the follow-
ing June he earned the honorary reward of
1000 pagodas for proficiency in Telugu
and Hindustani. After serving as assistant
collector in Chingleput and then in Nellore,
he was appointed early in 1845 head
assistant to the registrar of the Sadr court
and Foujdari Adalat, the forerunners of
the chartered high court. In 1851 he
completed the compilation of a selection
of reports of criminal cases in the Sadr
court between 1826 and 1850, with an
historical preface. He similarly compiled
and summarised the papers relating to
public instruction in the Madras province
from the time that Sir Thomas Munro [q. v.]
took charge in 1822. With his Sadr court
appointment he combined the secretary-
ship of the so-called university board,
which had charge of what later became
the presidency college.

The memorable education despatch of
the court of directors in 1854 led to Arbuth-
not's appointment in March 1855 as the
first director of public instruction for
Madras, In this capacity he established
the education department on the basis
still maintained, organising an inspecting

staff, opening district schools, and int
ducing the grant-in-aid system. He also
worked out the details of the scheme under
which the university was incorporated
1857, He was one of the original fellows,
and was vice-chancellor in 1871-2, filling
the same position in the Calcutta Uni-
versity in 1878-80. A warm supporter
of the policy of fitting Indians for situations
of trust and emolument in the public
service, he always strongly defended from
attack the government's educational system,
which proved more successful in Madras
than elsewhere in India, owing in part at
any rate to Arbuthnot's wise control of
its early years.

In October 1862 Arbuthnot was ap-
pointed chief secretary to the Madras
government, becoming ex ojficio member
of the local legislature. From October
1867 he was a member of the executive
council, and as senior member he acted
as governor from 19 Feb. to 15 May 1872,
when on the assassination of Lord Mayo
(8 Feb. 1872) Lord Napier of Merchiston
went to Calcutta temporarily to assume
the viceroyalty. He was created C.S.I.,
but with characteristic independence he
declined the decoration, on the ground that
it was an inadequate recognition of his
office and services. Next year (24 May)
he was gazetted K.C.S.I. At the close
of his council term (28 Oct. 1872) he came
home on furlough, and two years later, on
expiry of leave, he resigned the service.

In the spring of 1875 he went back to
India, on the invitation of Lord Salisbury,
the secretary of state, as a member of the
governor-general's council He joined the
council on 6 May, serving first with Lord
Northbrook and then, from April 1876,
with Lord Lytton. In September 1876
Lytton nominated him for the lieutenant-
governorship of Bengal in succession to Sir
Richard Temple [q. v. Suppl. II], but the
law member of the India council, Sir H. S.
Maine [q. v.], advised Lord Salisbury that,
as Arbuthnot had resigned the civil
service, he was statutoilly ineligible, and
to his severe disappointment he was passed
over. Already in 1871 the same office,
in the event of its being declined by Sir
George Campbell [q. v. Suppl. I], had been
destined for Arbuthnot (BUCKLAND'S Ben-
gal under the Lieutenant-Governors^ vol. i.).

As home member of the governor-general's
council Arbuthnot was largely responsible
for the measures dealing with the great
southern India famine in 1877-8. He
took part in the proclamation durbar at
Delhi on 1 Jan, 1877, and his name headed

Arbuthnot

the list of * Counsellors of the Empress,'
a new order intended but never actually
constituted to form an Indian privy council.
A year later Jie was created C.I.E.

Great as was Arbuthnot's attachment
to Lytton, he never hesitated to exercise
his independent judgment. In December
1877 he strongly dissented, in the gloomy
financial circumstances, from the reduc-
tion of the duties on salt in Bengal and
northern India. He was always opposed to
proposals for the reduction of the cotton
duties, proposals which he assigned to poli-
tical pressure from Lancashire. In March
1879, when he voted with the majority of his
colleagues against a reduction, Lord Lytton
exercised the rarely used power of over-
ruling his council. The governor -general's
action was only confirmed by the council of
India in London on the casting-vote of the
secretary of state, Lord Cranbrook (East
India Cotton Duties, white paper, 1879).
Arbuthnot endeavoured to prevent Sir
Louis Cavagnari [q. v.] from going to
Kabul with a small escort, and on 22 Oct.
1879 he minuted against what he regarded
as the unduly aggressive spirit of Lytton's
Afghan policy. Arbuthnot had the unani-
mous support of his colleagues in his
conduct of the Vernacular Press Act,
1878, and he viewed with great disfavour
its repeal, after he had left India, by Lord
Ripon's government (19 Jan. 1882).

Returning to England on the expiry of his
term in May 1880, Arbuthnot settled at
Newtown House, Hampshire, where the rest
of his life was spent. He was a generous
benefactor of the locality, building a
parish room and handing over the owner-
ship of the village school, after enlarge-
ment, to the National Society. A strong
conservative and churchman, he was for
many years a member of the Winchester
diocesan conference and chairman of the
Andover division conservative association.
But India still held the foremost place in his
thoughts. In the spring of 1883 he accepted
the chairmanship of the London committee
to resist the famous ' Ilbert Bill ' of Lord
Ripon's government, and both by speech and
pen he brought the issues to the notice of
the public. On the nomination of Lord Cross
he joined the India council on 1 Nov. 1887,
and there, during his ten years' term, showed
his old strength and independence. In
1894-5 he steadfastly deprecated, as con-
cessions to Lancashire interests, the opposi-
tion to the reimposition of cotton import
duties in India. He was most assiduous
in his attendance at the India office, and
spoke very frequently in the council

discussions. When he retired, on 31 Oct.

1897, his service of the Crown had extended
over fifty-five years, throughout which he
showed unusual administrative powers and
combined tact and courtesy with a spirit
naturally somewhat despotic and impatient
of control. He died in London of heart
failure on 10 June 1907, and was buried
in the churchyard at Newtown,

While at the India office Arbuthnot
largely suspended the journalistic and
literary work in which he had engaged on
leaving India. But he remained a regular
contributor to this Dictionary from the
first volume, published in January 1885,
writing in all fifty-three articles, including
those on Clive, Wellesley, Canning, and Sir
Thomas Munro. In 1881 he compiled a
selection of the minutes of Munro whom
in many points he resembled and wrote
an introductory memoir, which was re-
published separately in 1889. He also
wrote a biography of Clive, published in

1898, for Mr. H. F. Wilson's * Builders of
Greater Britain ' series. The recollections
he was compiling at the time of his death
were completed by his widow, and were
published in 1910 under the title of ' Mem-
ories of Rugby and India.'

Arbuthnot married on 1 Feb. 1844
Frederica Eliza, daughter of General R. B.
Fearon, G.B. She died in 1898, and on
6 June 1899 he married Constance, daughter
of Sir William Milinan, 3rd bart., niece of
Robert Milman, bishop of Calcutta. There
were no children of either union.

[Memories of Rugby and India, 1910 ; Lord
Lytton's Indian Administration, 1899; The
Times, 12 June 1907 ; Winchester Dioc. Chron.,
July 1907 ; Minutes of Dissent ; unpublished
sketches by Sir Charles Lawson, and private
papers kindly lent by Lady Arbuthnot.]

F. H. B.

ARBUTHNOT, FORSTER FITZ-
GERALD (1833-1901), orientalist, born at
Belgaum, Bombay presidency, on 21 May
1833, was second son of Sir Robert
Keith Arbuthnot, second baronet, by his
wife Anne, daughter of Field-marshal Sir
John Forster Fitzgerald [q. v.]. He was
educated privately on the Continent, at
Anhalt and Geneva. Receiving a nomina-
tion to Haileybury in 1851, he went out
to India in the Bombay civil service in
1853, where his father had served before
him, and retired in 1878. His last appoint-
ment was that of collector of Bombay city
and island, in which capacity he fixed the
existing assessment on what are known
as toka lands. He is remembered for
driving^a four-in-hand, and for his seaside

Archer

4 8

Archer

residence at Bandra, outside the island,
where he entertained Sir Richard and
Lady Burton in 1876. He had already
been initiated into Oriental literature by
Edward Rehatsek, an eccentric but learned
Hungarian, who led the life of a faqir at
Bombay. Shortly after his return to
England Arbuthnot associated himself with
Burton in founding the Kama Shastra
Society, for the issue to private subscribers
of unexpurgated translations of Oriental
classics. He was himself active in procuring
the translation of Jami's ' Beharistan' and
of S'adi's 'Gulistan'; and to him Burton
dedicated the fourth volume of his ' Arabian
Nights,' commending his critical apprecia-
tion of Oriental literature, which enabled
him ' to detect the pearl which lurks in the
kitchen-midden.' Arbuthnot's own books
were in the nature of popular compilations,
the two most important being ' Persian
Portraits ' (1887), and ' Arabic Authors '
(1890). A work of more permanent value
was his inauguration, in 1891, of a new
series of the ' Oriental Translation Fund,'
which he started with some translations by
Rehatsek, and which was continued after
his death through his munificence. He
was a member of council and also a trustee
of the Royal Asiatic Society, and he took
a prominent part in organising the reception
of the International Congress of Orientalists
that met in London in 1892. He was given
to hospitality both at his town house in
Park Lane and at his country residence
near Guildford. He took a lively interest
in his village neighbours, and his memory
is preserved by the Arbuthnot Institute,
Shemley Green, under the charge of the
Wonersh parish council. He died in
London on 25 May 1901. In 1879 he
married Ellinor, daughter of Admiral Sir
James Stirling [q. v.] and widow of James
Alexander Guthrie of Craigie, Forfarshire,
who survived him until 9 May 1911.
There were no children of the marriage.

[The Times, 28 May 1901 ; personal
knowledge.] J. S. C.

AIICHER, JAMES (1823-1904), painter,
born in Edinburgh on 10 June 1823, was
eldest child of Andrew Archer, dentist in
Edinburgh, who married Ann Cunningham
Gregory, and by her had two sons and
two daughters. The younger son, Andrew,
was the author of a history of Canada
(1876), while the youngest child, Georgina,
was the founder of the Victoria In-
stitute, Berlin, and tutoress of the German
Emperor William II, Prince Henry, and
Princess Charlotte of Prussia. After
education at Edinburgh High School,

James studied art at the Trustees'
Academy, while Sir William Allan [q. v.]
was at its head, with Thomas Duncan
[q. v.] as his assistant. Archer's genera-
tion thus immediately preceded that
which studied under Scott Lauder [q. v.],
although he outlived and outworked many
of Lauder's pupils. He was elected an
associate of the Royal Scottish Academy
in 1850, and he became a full member
in 1858. The life-class in that year
passed from the Trustees' School to the
control of the Scottish Academy, and (Sir)
Joseph Noel Paton [q. v. Suppl. II], James
Drummond [q. v.], and Archer were
appointed visitors. Their report on the
conduct of the life- class insisted on drawing
as opposed to colour in the training, a
recommendation which Lauder appears to
have regarded as a reflection on his own
methods (cf. HARDIE, Life of Pettie, p. 12).
While resident in Edinburgh, Archer
showed his versatility in the many
pictures which he exhibited at the Scottish
Academy ; these included ' The Child John
in the Wilderness ' (exhibited 1842) ; ' The
Messiah ' (1846) ; c The Condemned Souls
Crossing the River Acheron' and 'The
Last Supper' (1849); 'Douglas Tragedy'
and ' Mary Magdalene at the Sepulchre '
(1850); 'The Mistletoe Bough' and
'Burger's Leonora' (1852); 'Hamlet'
(1853) ; ' Rosalind and Celia,' his diploma
work (1854) ; ' The Last Supper ' (1856), and
the first (1861) of several scenes from
the 'Mort d' Arthur.' In these years he
also painted many portraits in oils, and until
his migration to London had a large
practice in portraiture in chalks ; among
his sitters were Professor Aytoun and
Alexander Smith.

In 1862-3 Archer gave up his Edinburgh
studio, 2 York Place, and removed to
London, He resigned at the time his
lieutenancy in the artists' company of
the city of Edinburgh artillery volunteers,
in which, under the captaincy of Sir Noel
Paton, with John Faed as first lieutenant,
was enrolled every artist of note in Edin-
burgh at that time. He was also a member
of the Smashers Sketching Club, which
he helped to revive in London later under
the name of the Auld Lang Syne Sketching
Club (see Chamber s's Journal, January
1906).

In London, settling first at 21 Phillimore
Gardens, and after 1882 at 7 Cromwell
Place, he diligently contributed to the
Royal Academy, to which he had sent
pictures since 1850, and where he continued
bo exhibit until 1900, missing one year

Archer

Archer-Hind

only during the half-century. He had
some difficulty in disentangling himself
from the Arthurian legend, but was
most successful with costume pictures
and portraits of children, such as ' Playing
at Queen with a Painter's Wardrobe '
(R.A. 1861), * How the Little Lady Stood
to Velasquez' (R.A. 1864), 'Old Maid:
Maggie, you 're cheatin' ' (R.A. 1865),
' In the Time of Charles I : Portraits of the
Children of W. Walkinshaw, Esq.' (R.A.
1867), 'Against Cromwell' (R.A. 1869),
'Colonel Sykes, M.P,' (R.A. 1871). A long
series of portraits included several painted
during prolonged visits between 1884
and 1887 both to the United States
(Mr. James G. Elaine and Mr. Andrew
Carnegie) and to India (Lady Dufferin
and Lord Clandeboye, Lord Dalhousie,
and a posthumous portrait of Sir Charles
Macgregor). Among his chief sitters
at home were Sir George Trevelyan
(R.A. 1872), Professor Blackie, three
times (the portrait of 1873 hangs in
the library of the Scottish Academy), Sir
Henry Irving in ' The Bells ' (R.A. 1872),
Dr. Ellicott (R.A. 1883), and Sir Edwin
Arnold (R.A. 1890). In 1877 he painted
for and presented to the Scottish Academy
a portrait of Sir Daniel Macnee. Archer
continued to the end of his life to produce
large canvases, such as ' King Henry II and
Fair Rosamund,' ' The Worship of Diony-
sus,' ' Peter the Hermit,' ' St. Agnes of
the Early Christian Martyrs,' and ' In the
Second Century " You a Christian ? " '.
He also painted a few landscapes. For the
first number of ' Good Words ' (1860) he
did six drawings illustrating the serial
story 'Lady Somerville's Maidens,' and
he contributed two illustrations to
'Household Song' (1861).

During his last years he lived at Shian,
Haslemere, where he died on 3 Sept. 1904 ;
he was buried at Hasiernere. Archer
married, in 1853, Jane Clark, daughter of
James Lawson, W.S., Edinburgh ; a son
and three daughters survived Him,

Archer's work was always refined, and
iv i looted his interest in literature and a
certain sympathy with the Pre-Raphaelites ;
a lack of force may be attributed to what
his friend Professor Blackie described as
' his thoughtful, evangelico -artistic mild-
ness ' (Letters of John Stuart Blackie to his
Wife). Unluckily for his reputation he con-
tinued to work after his powers failed. He
was at the time of his death the oldest
member of the Royal Scottish Academy,
and had been for ten years on its retired list.

A portrait painted by himself at an

VOL. LXVII. SUP. ii.

early age is in the possession of the
widow of Henry Gregory Smith,
Edinburgh.

[Private information ; The Times, 6 Sept.
1904 ; Scotsman, 8 Sept. 1904 ; Graves's
Royal Academy Exhibitors, 1905 ; Cat.
Ro^al Scot. Academy.] D. S. M.

ARCHER-HIND, formerly HODGSON,
RICHARD DACRE (1849-1910), Greek
scholar and Platonist, born at Morris Hall,
near Norham, on 18 Sept. 1849, came of an
ancient Northumbrian family, being third
and youngest son of Thomas Hodgson
(b. 1814), who, on the death of a brother
in 1869, succeeded to the estates of Stelling
and Ovington and assumed the surname
of Archer-Hind. The father, a learned
horticulturist, graduated B.A. from Trinity
College, Cambridge, in 1837 and M.A. in
1840. His wife was his first cousin, Mary
Ann, second daughter of John Thomas
Huntley, vicar of Kimbolton. Richard
Dacre had from his father his early teach-
ing in Latin and Greek, and even when
he was at Shrewsbury school, whither he
proceeded in 1862, and where he was the
pupil of Dr. B. H. Kennedy and Dr. H. W.
Moss, his father continued to assist his
studies. In 1868 he won an open minor
scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge,
and in the following October he went into
residence at the university, living with his
parents, who now established themselves at
Cambridge, as they had formerly established
themselves at Shrewsbury, that he might
have the comforts of a home life. He was
elected to a college foundation scholarship
in 1869 and to a Craven University scholar-
ship in 1871. In 1872 he was placed third
in the first class of the classical tripos and
won the first chancellor's medal for classical
learning. He was elected to a fellowship
in his college in October 1873 and was
appointed assistant lecturer in April 1877
and assistant tutor in December 1878. At
Easter 1899 he was made a senior lecturer,
and in December 1903 he retired from the
staff. During the last two years of his
life Archer-Hind was an invalid. He
died at Cambridge on 6 April 1910. The
body was cremated at Golder's Green, and
the ashes were buried at Cambridge. He
married on 17 March 1888 Laura, youngest
daughter of Lewis Pocock [q. v.]. He
left one son, Laurence, born in 1895.

Both in Latin and in Greek the excep-
tional quality of Archer-Hind's scholar-
ship was recognised from the beginning of
his Cambridge career. But Greek came
to interest him more than Latin. At a
later time, while his love of Pindar,

Archer-Hind

Ardagh

^Eschylus, and Sophocles never wavered
his admiration for Plato waxed exceed-
ingly. In 1883 he published an admirable
edition of the * Phsedo,' in which he in
vestigated the argument of the dialogue
and traced its relations to the rest ot
Plato's writings. A second edition
appeared in 1894. In 1888 he brought
out his magnum opus, an original and
complete edition of the difficult, important,
and neglected ' Timeeus,' which gave
new impetus to Platonic studies. The
translation is exact and scholarly ; the com-
mentary is helpful, learned, many-sided ;
and in the introduction Archer-Hind sets
out the results of his profound study of
Plato's metaphysic. His aim is to ' show
that in this dialogue we find, as it were, the
focus to which the rays of Plato's thoughts
converge, that in fact the " Timaeus " and
the " Timseus " alone enables us to recognise
Platonism as a complete and consistent
scheme of monistic idealism.'

Archer-Hind's conception of the theory
of ideas as ' a thorough-going idealism ' is
the key at once to Platonic philosophy
and to Platonic science. Papers in the
* Journal of Philology ' (see especially xxiv.
49 ; xxix. 266 ; xxxi. 84) supplemented
the editions of the ' Phaedo ' and the
'Timseus.' In 1905 Archer-Hind pub-
lished a volume of admirable * Translations
into Greek Verse and Prose.'

An industrious teacher and a singularly
efficient examiner, Archer-Hind took no
prominent part in the affairs of the uni-
versity; but his occasional allocutions at
university discussions and college meetings
were incisive and epigrammatic. He was
always an earnest supporter of the move-
ment for the education of women, and gave
much time to the affairs of Newnham
College and the instruction of its students.
His literary interests were by no means
limited to the classical tongues. He
loved his garden, and kept an exact record
of the rare plants which it contained.
He took a passionate interest in music ; his
knowledge of certain favourite composers
was intimate and minute. He had made a
careful study of Greek music. His quiet,
retiring manner covered strong convictions
tenaciously held.

[Information from Mrs. Archer-Hind, Dr.
J. W. L. Glaisher and Mr. R. D. Hicks;
personal knowledge ; school, college, and
university records. See Cambridge University
Review, 28 April 1910 (an article by the
present writer) ; The Times, 8 April 1910
(obit, notice by Dr. S. H. Butcher) ; Burke's
Landed Gentry, s.v. Hind.] H. J.

ARDAGH, SIR JOHN CHARLES (1840-
1907), major-general, royal engineers, born
at Comragh House on 9 Aug. 1840, was
second son of William Johnson Ardagh,
vicar of Rossmire, of Comragh House and
Stradbally, co. Waterford, by his wife
Sarah Cobbold, of Ipswich. After educa-
tion at the endowed school in Water-
ford under Dr. Price, John entered
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1857, with the
intention of taking orders. He gained a
prize in Hebrew and honours in mathe-
matics. But deciding on a military career
he passed first at the entrance examination
to the Royal Military Academy at Wool-
wich in 1858, and was again first at the final
examination, receiving a commission as
lieutenant in the royal engineers on 1 April
1859. After the usual training at Chatham,
Ardagh superintended the construction of
Fort Popton, one of the new works of
defence for Milford Haven, under the
Defence Act of 1860. When a rupture
with the United States, owing to the
Trent affair, threatened in November 1861,
Ardagh embarked at Queenstown in the
transport Victoria (26 Dec. 1861) with the
stores necessary to construct a line of
telegraph through the colony of New
Brunswick to the St. Lawrence river.
The vessel, which was badly found, en-
countered tempestuous weather and was
driven back to Queenstown ; leaving port
again on 13 Feb. 1862, she was only saved
from foundering by Ardagh's and his
sappers' ingenuity and exertions, which
enabled her to reach Plymouth on 12 March.
Ardagh's conduct was highly commended
by the duke of Cambridge, Commander-in-
chief.

Ardagh, who remained at home, was
charged with the construction of the new
fort at Newhaven, and there invented
an equilibrium drawbridge, which was
used at Newhaven fort and elsewhere
(cf. his description of it in Royal Eng.
Prof. Papers, new series, vol. xvii.). After
other employment on southern defences,
he was appointed, in April 1868, secretary
of Sir Frederick Grey's committee to report
on the fortifications in course of construc-
tion under the Defence Act of 1860, and in
September 1869 accompanied Sir William
Jervois [q. v.] on a tour of inspection of
the defence works at Halifax and Bermuda.
Permitted to witness the entry of the
German troops into Paris in February 1871,
Ardagh visited the defences of the city,
and went on to Belfort and Strassburg.
After three months in Malta and a year
at Chatham, he was promoted captain on

. Ardagh

Ardagh

3 Aug. 1872, and joined the Staff College in
February 1873, passing the final examina-
tions in December 1874. In April 1875 he
was attached to the intelligence branch of
the war office, was in Holland on intelligence
duty (10 Jan.-8 Feb. 1876), and became
a deputy assistant quartermaster-general
for intelligence (13 July).

In August 1876 Ardagh began important
services in the Near East. He was then
sent on special service to Nisch, the head-
quarters of the Turkish army operating
against Servia. In October he was sum-
moned to Constantinople to report on
the defence of the city. In fifteen days
he prepared sketch-surveys of nearly 150
square miles, and proved himself an expert in
strategic geography. These surveys included
the position of Buyuk-Chekmedje-Dere,
with projects for the defence of the Dar-
danelles and the Bosphorus, the Bulair lines
and Rodosto. The actual works were subse-
quently constructed by the Turks. Ardagh
also reported for the foreign office on the
operations in Herzegovina and Montenegro,
and in December 1876 went to Tirnovo in
Bulgaria to report on the state of the
country. After an attack of fever, from
which he recuperated in Egypt and Greece,
he resumed his duties at the war office in
April 1877, when he completed a report
and survey begun in the previous year on
the sea defences of the Lewes and Laughton
levels.

From December 1877 to March 1878
Ardagh was in Italy on special foreign
office service, and in the summer attended
the congress of Berlin as technical military
delegate under General Sir Lintorn Simmons
[q. v. Suppl. II]. Ardagh's knowledge of
the Turkish provinces proved of value, and
in July he was created C.B. (civil). Between
September 1878 and September 1879 he was
employed on the international commission
to delimitate the frontiers of the new princi-
pality of Bulgaria. On 30 Nov. 1878 he
was gazetted a brevet-major, and was pro-
moted regimental major on 22 Sept.
1880. On 14 June 1881, after much
negotiation among the great powers, in
which he played some part, he became
British commissioner for the delimitation
of the Turco-Greek frontier. In spite of
obstacles the work was completed by the
end of October.

In February 1882 Ardagh was appointed
instructor in military history, law, and
tactics at the School of Military Engineering
at Chatham, but on 5 July he was sent
suddenly to Egypt, where he was occupied
almost continuously for nearly four years.

His first duty was to place Alexandria in a
state of defence after its bombardment by
the British fleet and to take charge of the
intelligence department there. Becoming
on 21 Aug. deputy assistant adjutant-
general, he was subsequently employed
in the railway administration at Ismailia,
and was present at the actions of Kassassin
and Tel-el-Mahuta, and at the battle of
Tel-el-Kebir. He was mentioned in Lord
Wolseley's despatch at the end of the cam-
paign and was promoted brevet lieutenant-
colonel (18 Nov. 1882). He also received
the British war medal with clasp for Tel-el-
Kebir, the Khedive's bronze star, and the
fourth class of the order of the Osmanieh.

Ardagh remained in Egypt as deputy
assistant adjutant-general to the British
army of occupation, and was largely
employed in making surveys. In July
1883 he went home on leave, but returned
to Egypt almost immediately on an out-
break of cholera, and laboured untiringly
during the epidemic.

In February 1884 Ardagh, as commanding
royal engineer and chief of the intelligence
department, accompanied the British force
under Sir Gerald Graham [q. v. Suppl. I],
which was sent from Cairo to the Eastern
Soudan. He was present at the battle of
El Teb (29 Feb.), and at the relief of Tokar
(1 March) he arranged the removal of 700
Egyptian inhabitants. By 8 March the
change of base from Trinkitat to Suakin
had been made, and on the 12th Ardagh
reconnoitred with the mounted infantry
the ground towards the hills. After the
battle of Tamai (13 March) the road was
open to Berber, and Ardagh shared his
general's opinion that an advance should
then have been made to Berber to
reach out a hand to General Gordon at
Khartoum. He afterwards wrote : ' Ber-
ber was then in the hands of an Egyptian
garrison, and had we gone across, the
subsequent operations for the attempted
relief of General Gordon at Khartoum
would not have been necessary.' Graham's
force returned to Cairo in April, leaving a
battalion to garrison Suakin. Ardagh was
mentioned in despatches and was made C.B.
(military).

In May 1884 he went home on leave.
In the autumn an expedition to relieve
Khartoum was organised. Ardagh
favoured the Suakin-Berber route, but
Lord Wolseley, who commanded, resolved
to ascend the Nile. Ardagh was appointed
commandant at the base (Cairo), with the
grade of assistant adjutant-general. His
energy, devotion, and quiet cheerfulness

Ardagh

helped to expedite the fatal enterprise, and
at the end of the disastrous campaign he
was promoted to a brevet colonelcy (15 June
1885), receiving the third class of the order
of the Medjidieh. On 30 Dec., as chief staff
officer of a combined British and Egyptian
force, he took part in the engagement at
Giniss, when a large army of the Khalifa,
which was endeavouring to invade Egyptian
territory, after the abandonment of the
Soudan, was defeated with great loss. For
his services Ardagh was mentioned in
despatches. On 17 Dec. 1886 he was
promoted to a regimental lieutenant-
colonelcy, and on 26 Jan. 1887 he was
gazetted a colonel on the staff.

In Nov. 1887 Ardagh returned to London
as assistant adjutant-general for defence
and mobilisation at the war office, and he
inaugurated schemes of mobilisation for
over-sea service, and of local home defence.
From April 1888 to 1893 he was aide-de-
camp to the duke of Cambridge, com-
mander-in-chief. In October 1888 he
became, with war office sanction, private
secretary to the marquis of Lansdowne,
viceroy of India. Save for a period of
absence through illness in 1892, he remained
with Lord Lansdowne through his term of
office. He returned to England in May
1894, after a short service with Lord
Lansdowne' s successor, Lord Elgin. He
was made a C.I.E. in 1892, and K.C.I.E. in
1894.

Ardagh had spent less than a year as
commandant of the School of Military
Engineering at Chatham (from 16 April
1895), when he rejoined (27 March 1896)
the war office for five years as director
of military intelligence, with the temporary
rank of major-general. He was promoted
major-general on the establishment, on
14 March 1898. The South African war
broke out in October 1899, and during the
black days at the opening of the campaign
an outcry was made that Ardagh's depart-
ment had not kept the government in-
formed of the number of men the Boers
could put into the field, nor of the prepara-
tions they had made for the war. Yet
Ardagh, in spite of a limited staff and
inadequate funds, had performed his duty
thoroughly. He compiled for the govern-
ment a full statement of the number
and military resources of the Boer forces,
estimating that the defence of the British
colonies alone would require 40,000 men,
while to carry the war into the enemy's
country would require 200,000. Copies of
this paper were eventually laid on the
tables of both houses of parliament at

Ardagh's request. Meanwhile ' Military
Notes on the Dutch Republic,' a secret
work prepared under Ardagh's auspices in
the intelligence branch, fell early in the
campaign into the hands of the Boers after
the action of Talana (20 Oct. 1899), and
was published. These documents, which
were corroborated by evidence before the
royal commission on the war, relieved
Ardagh of all blame.

In addition to his ordinary duties Sir
John was a member of a committee on
submarine telegraph cables, and in 1899
military technical adviser to the British
delegates, Sir Julian (afterwards Lord)
Pauncefote [q. v. Suppl. II] and Sir Henry
Howard, at the first Hague peace con-
ference. There he took a leading part in
drawing up the ' Rules respecting the
Laws and Customs of War on Land.' In

1900 he was awarded the distinguished
service pension.

After leaving the war office in March

1901 he showed to advantage his tact
and knowledge of international law as
British agent before a commission to
investigate the claims of foreign powers
on account of the deportation to Europe of
subjects of theirs domiciled in South Africa
during the war. From December 1901 to
June 1902 he was in South Africa settling
miscellaneous claims in connection with
the war, which was still going on. He
returned to South Africa later in the year
with the temporary rank of lieutenant-
general as member of the royal commission
for the revision of martial law sentences.
In October he was a member of the
British tribunal on the Chili -Argentina
boundary arbitration and helped to draft
the award. On 9 Aug. 1902, when sixty-
two years of age, Ardagh retired from
military service, but was still employed by
the foreign office. He succeeded Lord
Pauncefote on the permanent court of
arbitration at the Hague, and became a
British government director of the Suez
Canal. In December 1902 he was created
K.C.M.G.

Ardagh'was deeply interested in the British
Red Cross Society, of which he became a
member of council in 1905. He repre-
sented the British army, being one of four
delegates of the British government in June
1906, at the conference held by the Swiss
government for the revision of the Geneva
Convention of 1864. The new convention
was signed in the following month. His
last public duty was to act as a delegate
of the central committee of the society at the
eighth international conference in London

Arditi

Armes

in June 1907. On his deathbed he received
from the Empress Marie Feodorovna of
Russia the Red Cross commemoration
medal for his services during the Russo-
Japanese war. Ardagh died on 30 Sept.
1907 at Glynllivon Park, Carnarvon, and
was buried at Broomfield Church, near
Taunton. He married on 18 Feb. 1896
Susan, widow of the third earl of Malmes-
bury and daughter of John Hamilton of
Fyno Court House, Somerset, who sur-
vived him without issue.

Ardagh served on the council of the Royal
Geographical Society, was an associate of
the Institution of Civil Engineers, and was
a member of the Royal Society's geodetic
arc committee in 1900. He was made
hon. LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin,
in 1897. He wrote in the ' Quarterly
Review ' (October 1894) on British rule in
Egypt, and contributed occasionally to
other periodicals. He was a skilful artist.
A collection of 140 water-colour drawings
by him was presented by his widow to the
Royal Engineers Institute at Chatham.

His portrait, painted in oils by Miss
Merrick in 1896, and exhibited at the
Royal Academy that year, was presented
by his widow to the officers of the royal
engineers, and now hangs in their mess
room at Chatham. A replica is in Lady
Malmesbury's possession.

[War Office Records; The Times, 2 Oct.
1907 ; Royal Engineers Journal, Nov. 1907 ;
Life, by Susan, Countess of Malmesbury, 1909.1

R. H. V.

ARDITI, LUIGI (1822-1903), musical
conductor and composer, born at Crescen-
tino, in Piedmont, on 16 July 1822, was son
of Maurizio Arditi by his wife Caterina
Colombo. He was educated as a violinist at
the Milan conservatoire, showing also some
talent for composition. In 1840 an over-
ture of his was produced in Milan, and
during the carnival of the following year
a light opera, ' I Briganti.' He made his
first appearance as an operatic conductor
at Vercelli in 1843, and became an honorary
member of the Accademia Filarmonica
there. From 1846 he frequently visited
America, where he produced and conducted
operas ; he brought out his ' La Spia ' at
New York in 1856. The same year he
toured through eastern Europe to Con-
stantinople, and in 1858 settled in London
as conductor to the opera at Her Majesty's
theatre, retaining tliis appointment through
the management of Lumley, E. T. Smith,
and Mapleson until the destruction of the
theatre by fire in 1867. Upon the resigna-
tion of Costa from Covent Garden, Arditi

was engaged there for the single season of
1869. In the winters of 1871 and 1873 he
conducted the Italian opera at St. Peters-
burg, and from 1870 onwards for several
years did similar work every spring at
Vienna. From 1874-7 he conducted the
promenade concerts at Covent Garden, and
in 1878 visited Madrid for a two months'
season. Arditi was the favourite conductor
of Madame Adelina Patti, and between
1882 and 1887 he went on operatic tours
to America and through the United
Kingdom with Mapleson's company, of
which she was a leading member. He con-
ducted the first performances of the follow-
ing notable works amongst others : Gounod's
'Faust' (Her Majesty's, 11 June 1863);
Wagner's ' Flying Dutchman ' (Drary Lane,

25 July 1870) ; Mascagni's ' Cavalleria
Rusticana ' (Shaftesbury, 19 Oct. 1891) ; and
Humperdinck's ' Hansel and Gretel ' (Daly's,

26 Dec. 1894). He retired shortly after
1894, and died at Hove on 1 May 1903.
He married on 20 June 1856 Virginia,
daughter of William S. Warwick, of Rich-
mond, Virginia, U.S.A., and had issue one
son and one daughter.

Arditi's vocal waltz, ' II Bacio ' (1860),
has long been a favourite with vocalists ;
other songs of similar character and
merit, such as * L'Ardita ' (1862), enjoyed
a temporary vogue. In later life he wrote
nothing of value. He published in 1896
* My Reminiscences ' (ed. Baroness von
Zedlitz). A caricature portrait by ' Ape '
appeared in ' Vanity Fair ' in 1885.

[Arditi's My Reminiscences, 1896 ; Musical
World, May 1903; Grove's Diet, of Musicians;
Benjamin Lumley's Reminiscences, 1864; The
Mapleson Memoirs, 1888, passim ; personal
knowledge.] F. C.

ARDWALL, LORD. [See JAMESON,
ANDREW, 1845-1911.]

ARMES, PHILIP (1836-1908), organist
and musical composer, born at Norwich
on 15 Aug. 1836, was eldest son of Philip
Armes (a bass singer) by Mary his wife.
A chorister in Norwich Cathedral 1846-8,
he joined the choir of Rochester Cathedral
in 1848 on the appointment of his father as
bass lay clerk there. Possessed of a beautiful
voice, he achieved great success as solo boy,
and on retiring from the choir in 1850
received a public testimonial. Determined
to follow the profession of music, he was
articled in 1850 to John Larkin Hopkins
[q. v.], orgariistof Rochester Cathedral, and
up to 1856 acted as his assistant, at the
same time serving as organist of Milton
Church, Gravesend. In 1857 he passed to
St. Andrews, Wells Street, London, then to

Armour

Armstead

Chichester Cathedral in 1861, and finally
to Durham Cathedral in 1862, where he re-
mained till his death. He had graduated
Mus. Bac. Oxon. in 1858, and was admitted
to the same degree ad eundem at Durham
1863. He proceeded Mus. Doc. at Oxford
in 1864 and at Durham ad eundem in
1874. The honorary degree of M.A. was
conferred on him by Durham University
in 1891.

When the chair of music was founded at
Durham University in 1897, Armes was
appointed first professor. In 1890 he drew
up the scheme of examinations for musical
degrees which is still in use.

Armes's compositions comprise : oratorio,
' Hezekiah,' produced at Newcastle-on-
Tyne (1877); cantatas, 'St. John the
Evangelist,' produced at York Minster
(1881); and 'St. Barnabas' produced at
Durham (1891); services, anthems, hymn
tunes, &c. He obtained the Molineux prize
and gold medal offered by the Madrigal
Society in 1897 for his madrigal ' Victoria.'

He died at Durham on 10 Feb. 1908, and
was buried in the cemetery of St. Mary-le-
bow there. He married in 1 864 Emily Jane,
daughter of Sir Henry Davison, chief
justice of the supreme court, Madras, by
whom he had two sons and two daughters.

[Private information ; Grove's Diet, of
Music.] J. C. B.

ARMOUR, JOHN DOUGLAS (1830-
1903), judge of the supreme court of Canada,
born on 4 May 1830, near Peterborough,
Ontario, was youngest son of Samuel
Armour, rector of Cavan, Canada, by his
wife Margaret Douglas. The father, of
Irish origin, graduated M.A. from Glasgow
University in 1806, and emigrating to Canada
about 1821, taught in a school in York (now
Toronto) before taking orders in the Church
of England. The son John, after early
education at the local schools and at Upper
Canada College, where he was head boy,
entered the University of Toronto as a
King's College exhibitioner, and graduated
B.A. in 1850, gaining the gold medal in
classics. He began the study of law under
his brother, Robert Armour, and in the
office of Chancellor Vankoughnet. Called
to the bar in 1853, he practised in Cobourg
in partnership with Sidney Smith, after-
wards postmaster-general of Canada. He
was appointed county crown attorney for
Northumberland and Durham on 26 Mar.
1858, and clerk of the peace on 2 May 1861,
and a queen's counsel by Lord Monck in
1867. He was elected warden of the counties
in 1859-60. In the same year he was
chosen a senator of the University of

Toronto, and in 1871 became a bencher of
the Law Society of Upper Canada. In
1874 he declined the liberal nomination for
West Northumberland in the House of
Commons. He was appointed a puisne
judge of the court of queen's bench in 1877,
and was promoted chief justice of the court
in 1887. He was made commissioner to
revise the Ontario statutes in 1896. In
July 1900 he became chief justice of
Ontario, and president of the court of
appeal. He declined a knighthood more
than once. In June 1902 he received an
honorary LL.D. from his university. In
November 1902 he was nominated a judge
of the supreme court of Canada by Sir
Wilfrid Laurier. In May 1902, as one of
the * distinguished jurists of repute,' he was
chosen by the Canadian government to
represent Canada on the international
tribunal constituted to decide the Alaska
boundary dispute. He died in London on
11 July 1903, whither he had gone to attend
the sittings of the arbitration. A memorial
service was held at the Temple Church.
He was buried in St. Peter's cemetery,
Cobourg, Ontario.

Armour was among the greatest jurists
whom Canada has produced. Absolutely
fearless and outspoken, he not infrequently
aroused hostile prejudice. His alleged
unfriendliness to corporations failed to
affect his judgments, which were based on
a thorough knowledge of the law and a
profound insight into human nature.

He married on 28 April 1855 Eliza,
daughter of Francis Schimerhorn Clench
of Cobourg and Eliza Cory. Of eleven
children of this marriage ten survive (1912).
Several portraits exist. One by E. Wyly
Grier is in the National Gallery, Ottawa,
and three replicas of this are owned by the
family. Another by G. T. Berthon is at
Osgood Hall, Toronto. There is a bust by
Lady Ross (Miss Peel) in the Normal School,
Toronto.

[The Times, 13 July 1903 ; Canada Law
Journal, xxxix. 458 seq. ; Canadian Law
Times, xxiii. 319.] P. E.

ARMSTEAD, HENRY HUGH (1828-
1905), sculptor, born in Bloomsbury on
18 June 1828, was fourth and youngest son
of John Armstead, an heraldic chaser, by
his wife Ann, daughter of Hugh Dyer of
Belfast. A wide reader from youth, he
received little school education. At eleven
he was working in his father's workshop,
and at thirteen was sent to the old School
of Design, Somerset House. While sketch-
ing at the British Museum he began a
lifelong friendship with a fellow student,

Armstead

Armstrong

William Holman-Hunt fq. v. Suppl. II"
Subsequently, at Mr. Leigh's Academ;
in Maddox Street, he came to know J. R
Clayton, designer of stained glass windows
and his future brother-in-law Henry Tan
worth Wells [q. v. Suppl. II]. Later he
was employed at Messrs. Hunt & Roskell'
factory of gold and silver work, enjoyed the
occasional tuition of E. H. Baily, R.A
[q. v.], and at the same time joined the
Royal Academy schools. Finally he became
designer in chief to Hunt & Roskell
and in that capacity did a great deal o:
work hi and for metal : designing
modelling, and chasing in gold, silver, anc
bronze. His style was influenced by that o:
Vechte, the great French silver- chaser, who
was then in England. Among Armstead's
works in metal the most important are a
' Testimonial (the Shakespeare Cup) to
Charles Kean,' the 'St. George's Vase,'
the ' Tennyson Cup ' (for which he was
premiated at the Paris Exhibition ol
1855), the 'Packington Shield,' and the
* Outram Shield,' now in the Victoria
and Albert Museum. Save for a brief
engagement by Hancock's firm of like
character, he remained with Hunt &
Roskell till 1863, when he left to devote
himself exclusively to sculpture. Armstead
had already practised that art in his leisure,
and had won two Art Union prizes (for
'Satan Dismayed' and 'The Temptation
of Eve'), besides designing external mural
decoration for Evelyn Shirley's mansion at
Ettington, Warwickshire. A short visit
to Italy in 1863-4 was followed by an
introduction to Sir Gilbert Scott. Scott
soon employed Armstead on the Albert
Memorial, and thenceforth his position
was assured. From his early tutor,
Bailey, he derived some of that
over-suavity of style which marked the
early Victorian school of modelling, of
which John Gibson was perhaps the most
typical exemplar. To a certain extent,
however, Armstead now rose above the
tradition in which he had been reared, and
his later works show little of the fluid
modelling and superficial elegance which
characterised his master. He was indus-
trious and business-like ; one commission
always led to another, and down nearly
to the end of his life ho was one of the
best employed sculptors of his tune.
Armstead's most important works are the
marble reliefs on the south and east
sides of the podium to the Albert
Memorial and four bronze statues
rhetoric, astronomy, chemistry, and
medicine on the same structure ;

the external sculpture on the colonial
office, Whitehall ; the reredos in West-
minster Abbey ; the fountain in the fore-
court of King's College, Cambridge ; the
memorial to George Edmund Street
[q. v.] in the central hall of the law
courts, and the effigies of Bishop
Wilberforce in Winchester Cathedral
and of Bishop Ollivant in Llandaff
Cathedral. Armstead executed a few
imaginative works such as ' Ariel,'
' Hero and" Leander,' ' The Ever- reigning
Queen ' (his diploma work), and * Remorse.'
The last named was bought by the Chantrey
trustees and is now hi the Tate Gallery.

Armstead was elected A. R.A. on 16 Jan.
1875, and R.A. on 18 Dec. 1879. He was
a loyal and industrious servant of the
Academy and extremely popular as a man.
He taught in the Academy schools from
1875 till near his death. He gave proof
of unusually fine taste as an arranger of
works of art when it became his turn to
place the sculpture in the annual exhibi-
tions. He also arranged the British
sculpture in the Paris Exhibition of 1900.
He died at his house, 52 Circus Road'
St. John's Wood, on 4 Dec. 1905.

Armstead married, on 9 Sept. 1857,
Sarah, daughter of Henry Tanworth Wells,
and sister of Henry Tanworth Wells, R.A.
[q. v. Suppl. II] ; he had issue three
daughters and one son. A portrait, painted
in 1878 by his brother-in-law Wells, is,
with a bust executed by W. R. Colton,
A.R.A., hi 1902, in the possession of his son,
Dr. H. W. Armstead. A second portrait,
painted by Sir Hubert von Herkomer,
R.A., in 1902, belongs to his daughter,
Miss C. W. Armstead.

[Henry Hugh Armstead, R.A., by his
daughter, Miss C. W. Armstead [1906] ; The
Times, 6 Dec. 1905 ; Men and Women of the
Time, 1899 ; private information.] W. A.

ARMSTRONG, SIR GEORGE
CARLYON HUGHES, first baronet (1836-
907), journalist and newspaper proprietor,
r ounger son of Colonel George Craven
Armstrong, of the East India Company's
army, and of Georgianna, daughter of
2apta,in Philip Hughes, was born at
jucknow on 20 July 1836. Ho was
rivately educated and was nominated
/o a military cadetship hi the company's
ervico in the year 1855. During the
ndian Mutiny he was attached to the
i9th Bengal native infantry, and after-
wards to Stokes's Pathan horse, a newly
aised regiment of native irregulars. As
econd in command of the latter he was
angerously wounded in the course of the

Armstrong

operations around Delhi. On the sup-
pression of the mutiny he was appointed
orderly officer at Addiscombe Military
College, a post which he occupied till the
closing of that institution in 1861, when
he retired from the army with the rank
of captain. In 1866 he took up the duties
of secretary and registration agent to the
Westminster Conservative Association, and
his powers of work and organisation were
largely responsible for the defeat of John
Stuart Mill [q. v.] by W. H. Smith [q. v.]
in November 1868. After acting for a
short time as financial manager of Watney's
brewery, he was offered in 1871 the editor-
ship and management of the ' Globe' news-
paper, then in the hands of a small con-
servative syndicate of which Mr. George
Cubitt, afterwards Lord Ashcombe, was
the leading member. The paper had been
run for some years past at a heavy finan-
cial loss, but Captain Armstrong, though
without any previous experience of journal-
ism, was an excellent man of business
with a keen political instinct. He rapidly
raised the paper from the position of a
mere derelict to that of a valuable property,
and he made it one of the most thorough-
going and influential supporters of Disraeli
in the metropolitan press ; down to his
death it remained the typical organ of
the militant conservative school. As an
acknowledgment of his labours and success
the sole property of the ' Globe ' was made
over to him by the owners in 1875, and in
1882 he acquired a large interest in the
' People,' a Sunday conservative paper
with a large circulation among the working
classes. Thanks to these joint ventures
Armstrong acquired a handsome fortune,
but he took no part in public or political
affairs outside the columns of his paper.
Perhaps the best remembered incident in
connection with his editorship of the
' Globe ' was the disclosure in its pages, on
30 May 1878, of the terms of the Salisbury-
Schouvaloff Treaty. A summary of that
document had been brought to the paper by
an occasional contributor, Charles Marvin
[q. v.], to whom the foreign office had given
employment as an emergency ' writer.'
The official denial of its correctness was
followed by the publication in the same
paper on 14 June of the full text, which
completely vindicated Marvin's accuracy.
Proceedings were instituted against the
latter on the part of the government, but
were speedily abandoned. In 1892 Arm-
strong received a baronetcy in recognition
of his services to the unionist party ; he
had relinquished the editorship of the

'Globe' in 1889, and in 1899 the con-
trol of the paper passed to George Elliot,
his second surviving son, who succeeded
to the baronetcy. He died on 20 April 1907,
after a long illness, and was buried atWoking.
He married on 2 Feb. 1865 Alice Fitzroy,
daughter of the Rev. Charles Joseph Furlong,
who survived him. His eldest son, Arthur
Reginald, lieutenant 19th Hussars, died
at Secunderabad 1 Nov. 1898. A portrait
in oils by Herkomer belongs to his widow.
A cartoon portrait by ' Spy ' appeared in
'Vanity Fair' in 1894.

[The Globe, 1 Jan. 1903 and 22 April 1907 ;
personal knowledge.] J. B. A.

ARMSTRONG, THOMAS (1832-1911),
artist, born at Fallowfield, Manchester,
on 19 Oct. 1832, was eldest son of Thomas
Armstrong. Educated at a private school
at Tarvin, near Chester, he was originally
intended for business in Manchester. His
tastes, however, led him to take up drawing
under Mr. Crazier, of the Manchester
Fine Art Academy. Deciding to adopt
painting as a profession, he went to Paris
in 1853, contemporaneously with du
Maurier, Poynter, Lamont, and Whistler.
At first he worked in the Academic of
Suisse, who had been for many years a
prisoner of war at Dartmoor and on his
release had set up an art class in Paris,
which the principal painters of the Restora-
tion period from Ingres onwards had fre-
quented. Armstrong subsequently entered
the atelier of Ary Scheffer, who greatly
influenced his style and method of work.
In the summer he joined Millet, Bodmer,
and Charles Jacque at Barbizon, and from
them learnt much of which he made
profitable use in his work in Algiers (1858-9)
and subsequently on the Riviera (1870-2).
Meanwhile he had studied in the Academic
Royale of Antwerp under Van Lerius
(1855-6), and in 1860 he was joined by du
Maurier at Diisseldorf. There Professor
Eduard Bendemann had recently succeeded
F. W. Schadow, who had brought from
Rome to Germany the traditions of
Renaissance art. On his return to England
Armstrong devoted himself to decorative
painting in houses in the north, and on
more than one occasion associated with his
work that of his friend Randolph Caldecott
[q. v. ], whom he was the means of bringing
into public notice. In 1864 he definitely
fixed himself in London, exhibited regularly
at the Royal Academy from 1865 to 1877,
and subsequently up to 1881 at the
Grosvenor Gallery. His landscape painting
was distinguished by its fidelity and poetic
feeling, but in his figure pieces, to which

Armstrong

Arnold

he devoted much time and conscientious
labour, the conflicting influences of his
early training were often apparent.

In 1881 Armstrong was appointed director
for art at the South Kensington (now
Victoria and Albert) Museum in succession
to Sir Edward J. Poynter, R.A., and he
promptly made his influence felt on the
methods of teaching. He held that so
rarely were the talents of the craftsman and
designer to be found united in the same
pupil, that it was the duty of technical
schools to recognise the independence of
the two capacities, while applying art to
industry in every branch of teaching.
Before his appointment to South Kensing-
ton he had guided and instructed Miss
Jekyll in her efforts to establish at Chelsea
a school for art needlework for the first
time in this country, efforts which were
amply justified by the results. In his
official capacity he continued to work on
the same lines. He warmly supported
the efforts of Walter Copland Perry [q. v.
Suppl. II] to supply art students with an
adequate representation of antique sculp-
ture, and developed and carried out the
plans of his predecessor (Sir) Edward
Poynter, for a museum of casts. To his
initiative also was due the revival of the
art of English enamelling, under Professor
Dalpeyrat in 1886. He was, too, a warm
supporter of the School of Art Wood-carving,
which, though not officially countenanced
or aided by the department, received the
active support of its chief, Sir John
Donnelly [q. v. Suppl. II], to whose place
as chairman of the committee Armstrong
succeeded in 1902. But it was by the
personal interest which he took in the
pupils' work, scattered though it was all
over the country, that Armstrong's services
to art and its application to industry must
be gauged. He made himself acquainted
with the requirements of each district,
the special aptitudes of the students and
the lines on which they needed help and
guidance. It was owing to Armstrong's
insistence that the Victoria and Albert
Museum possesses the reproduction to scale
of the Camerino of Isabelle d'Este, the
Appartamento Borgia in the Vatican, the
dome of the Chapel of St. Peter Martyr
at Milan, and the chief room of the
Palazzio Madama at Rome and other
works works representing the highest
period of the Italian renaissance and in-
valuable to students of decorative art.
With the same object he applied himself
to the acquisition of works of art for the
museum having an educational value or

bearing upon the development of artistic
taste and feeling. His colloquial know-
ledge of foreign languages, combined with
an attractive personality, behind which
lay a shrewd sense of business, enabled
him not only to purchase and acquire for
the museum many important works, but
to establish friendly relations with the
directors and officials of similar museums
on the continent, and to attract them to
this country to compare and explain their
methods. Armstrong retired from South
Kensington in 1898, when he was made
C.B. Thereupon he took up painting again,
and devoted himself especially to the execu-
tion of a mural tablet in plaster and copper
which was placed in the church at Abbots
Langley to the memory of his only child
the subjects of the panels being a Riposo
and Christ and the doctors.

Armstrong died suddenly at Abbots
Langley on 24 April 1911, and was buried
there. On 22 April 1881 he married Mary
Alice, daughter of Colonel Brine of Shaldon,
Devon.

[The Times, 26 April 1911 ; private informa-
tion ; Graves's Royal Academy Exhibitors ;
Art Journal 1891 with portrait.] L. R.

ARNOLD, SIR ARTHUR (1833-1902),
radical politician and writer, born on 28
May 1833, at Gravesend, Kent, was third
son of the three sons and three daughters
of Robert Coles Arnold, J.P., of Whartons,
Framfield, Sussex, by his wife Sarah,
daughter of Daniel Pizzi of Clement's Hall,
Rochford, Essex. Sir Edwin Arnold [q. v.
Suppl. II] was an elder brother. Owing to
delicate health, Arnold, whose full Christian
names were Robert Arthur, was educated
at home, and subsequently adopted the
profession of surveyor and land agent. He
was professionally engaged on proposals
connected with the construction of the
Thames embankment; and in 1861 he
issued a pamphlet, entitled ' The Thames
Embankment and the Wharf Holders,' in
which he supported the adoption of the
scheme of (Sir) Joseph William Bazalgette
[q. v. Suppl. I]. Cherishing literary am-
bitions, he produced in his leisure two
sensational novels, 'Ralph; or, St. Sepul-
chre's and St. Stephen's' (1861) and
' Hever Court ' (1867), the latter appearing
as a serial in ' Once a Week.'

In 1863, under the Public Works (Manu-
facturing Districts) Act, Arnold was ap-
pointed by Charles Pelham Villiers [q. v.],
then president of the poor law board,
assistant commissioner and subsequently
government inspector of public works. For
three years he was engaged on the difficult

Arnold

task of supervising the employment of the
destitute cotton operatives of Lancashire
on the making of roads and other public
works, and he contributed some striking
articles on the subject to the 'Daily
Telegraph.' In 1864 he issued his popular
'History of the Cotton Famine from the
fall of Sumter to the passing of the Public
Works Act,' which reappeared in a cheap
edition next year. In 1867 a tour in the
south and east of Europe first aroused his
philo-Hellenic sympathies, which were con-
spicuous in his descriptive letters ' From
the Levant,' published in 1868, and to
which he was constant through life. In the
same year Arnold became first editor of
the ' Echo,' a new evening paper, and one
of the earliest to be sold for a halfpenny,
which attained great success under his
control. He resigned the post in 1875, soon
after the purchase of the paper by Albert
Grant, known as Baron Grant [q. v. Suppl.
I], and immediately started on a journey
through the East with his wife, riding the
whole length of Persia, a distance of more
than 1000 miles. His 'Through Persia
by Caravan ' (1877), dedicated to Earl and
Countess Granville, gives a spirited account
of his adventures.

Arnold's interests were divided between
politics and journalism. A staunch radical,
he studied with attention current social and
agrarian problems, and contributed fre-
quently to the leading reviews. Articles and
pamphlets by him were collected into a
volume, entitled 'Social Politics ' (1878),
in which he warmly advocated the reform
of the land laws and the political enfran-
chisement of women. He was in sym-
pathy with the movement in favour of the
nationalisation of land, and in 1885 was
elected chairman of the Free Land League.

Meanwhile Arnold's ambition to enter
parliament had been gratified. After
contesting unsuccessfully the borough of
Huntingdon in the liberal interest in 1873,
he was returned in 1880 as radical member
for Salford. While acting with the radical
wing of his party on questions of home
politics, Arnold frequently criticised with
vigour and independence the government's
conduct of foreign affairs. In 1880 he
became chairman of the Greek committee,
in succession to Sir Charles Dilke, and he
was active in urging the claims of the
Hellenic kingdom to an extension of
territory in accordance with the suggestion
of the treaty of Berlin. In 1873 the King
of Greece had conferred on him the golden
cross of the Order of the Saviour. In the
House of Commons he made his mark as an

effective speaker in debates on the franchise.
On 21 March 1882 his proposal of a
uniform franchise and a redistribution of
seats was approved by the house (Hansard,
3 S. cclxvii. 1443, 1532). In 1883 he
moved for an elaborate return of electoral
statistics, which influenced the reform bill
of 1884. At the general election of 1885
Arnold was defeated in the newly formed
division of North Salford. He stood again
there in 1892 as a supporter of home rule,
with the same result, and he was defeated
in 1892 for North Dorset. He did not re-
enter the House of Commons. As a liberal
imperialist Arnold gradually lost sympathy
with the official policy of the liberal party,
and in 1900 he opposed the views of Sir
Henry Campbell-Bannerman [q. v. Suppl.
II] on the conduct of the South African war.

Abandoning party politics, Arnold de-
voted his energies to problems of municipal
government. In 1889, on the formation of
the London county council, he was elected
an alderman for six years ; he was re-
elected in 1895 for three, and again in
1898 for six years. On 12 March 1895
he was chosen chairman, and was re-elected
on 10 March 1896, thus enjoying the unique
distinction of holding the office for more
than one year. On 18 July 1895 he was
knighted, and Cambridge bestowed on him
the hon. degree of LL.D. in 1897. He died
at 45 Kensington Park Gardens on 20 May
1902, and was buried at Gravesend. In
1867 he married Amelia, only daughter of
Captain H. B. Hyde, 96th regiment, of
Castle Hyde, co. Cork, who survived him
without issue. She founded a scholarship
in his memory at Girton College, Cambridge,
and a brass memorial tablet has been
placed there.

[Times and Westminster Gazette, 21 May
1902 ; Tinsley, Random Recollections of an
Old Publisher, 1900, ii. 67 ; T. H. S. Escott,
Masters of English Journalism, 1911 ; Men
and Women of the Time, 1899 ; private in-
formation from Miss Arnold.] G. S. W.

ARNOLD, SIB EDWIN (1832-1904),
poet and journalist, born at Gravesend on
10 June 1832, was second son of Robert
Coles Arnold of Whartons, Framfield, and
elder brother of Sir Arthur Arnold [q. v.
Suppl. II]. Educated at King's School,
Rochester, and at King's College, London,
where he was a friendly rival of F. W.
(Dean) Farrar (1850-1), Edwin obtained a
scholarship at University College, Oxford, in
1851 and graduated B.A. in 1854 and M.A.
in 1856. Although he won only a third
class in the final classical school, he read
Greek poetry with enthusiasm, and in 1852

Arnold

he obtained the Newdigate with an ornate
poem on ' Belshazzar's Feast.' This was pub-
lished separately ( 1852) and was also reissued
to form next year the staple of an elegant
volume, ' Poems Narrative and Lyrical '
(Oxford, 1853). Dedicated to Lady Walde-
grave, Arnold's ' Poems ' obtained the dis-
tinction of a review, on ' The two Arnolds,'
in c Blackwood' (March 1854). In America,
many years later, Matthew Arnold found
himself credited to an embarrassing extent
with the poetical baggage of his namesake.
After a short period as second English
master at King Edward's School, Birming-
ham, Arnold was in 1856 nominated
principal of the government Deccan College
at Poona. On settling there he was elected
a fellow of Bombay University. He soon
studied Eastern languages, and mastered not
only those of India but also Turkish and
Persian. A successful translation of 'The
Book of Good Counsels. From the Sanskrit
of the Hitopadesa,' with pleasing illustra-
tions by Harrison Weir (1861), dedicated
to his first wife, indicates his rapid at-
traction to Oriental study. He also wrote
a pamphlet on education in India (1860),
pleading for a more scientific grafting of
Western knowledge upon the lore of the
East, and a ' History of the Marquis of
Dalhousie's Administration' (2vols. 1862-5).
His demeanour as principal during the trying
times of the mutiny won him commendations
from the Indian government.

During a visit to England in 1861 Arnold
obtained through a chance advertisement the
post of leader-writer on the ' Daily Tele-
graph,' which Joseph Moses Levy [q. v.] was
just setting to work to regenerate. This
appointment finally determined his career.
His colleague George Augustus Sala describes
in his ' Reminiscences ' how in the early days
of 1862 the Eastern aroma first began
to make itself felt in the leading articles of
the ' Daily Telegraph.' Arnold and Sala
were responsible, perhaps, in about equal
measure for the roaring tones in which
the ' Telegraph ' began about this time to
answer back the thunder of * The Times '
newspaper (see MATTHEW ARNOLD'S Friend-
ship's Garland, 1871 ). On Thornton Hunt's
doath in 1873 Arnold became a chief editor
of the ' Daily Telegraph,' and with the
proprietors was responsible for the despatch
of some enterprising and important journal-
istic missions, that of George Smith [q. v.]
to Assyria in 1874, that of H. M. Stanley
(jointly with the 'New York Herald') to
complete the disdbveries of Livingstone in
the same year, and that of Sir H. H. John-
ston to Kilima-Njaro in 1884. Arnold's

Oriental knowledge proved of vital influence

on his editorial work, and as a champion of

Turkey through the Russo-Turkish war and

of Lord Lytton's forward policy in India

he helped to mould public opinion. He

was made C.S.I, when Queen Victoria was

proclaimed Empress of India on 1 Jan. 1877.

j In 1879 he published the epic poem * The

I Light of Asia,' to which he owed most of

| his fame. In blank verse, of Oriental

luxuriance, in which colour and music were

! blended in the Tennysonian manner with

I heightened effects, Arnold here presented

j the picturesque and pathetic elements

of the Buddhist legend and the life of

Gautama. The moral doctrines were those

to which Europeans had been accustomed

all their lives, but the setting was new to

English and American readers. The poem

aroused the animosities of many pulpits,

but there were sixty editions in England

and eighty in America, and translations

were numerous. A sequel appeared in 1891

as ' The Light of the World,' and proved

a signal failure.

After twenty-eight successful years in the
editorial room, where his staff of writers
included Edward Dicey, James Macdonell,
H. D. Traill, and others, Arnold, who was
made K.C.I.E. in 1888, became a travel-
ling commissioner of the paper. In
August 1889 he started with his daughter,
Katharine Lilian, upon a long ramble chiefly
devoted to the Pacific coast and Japan.
As a picturesque tourist in books like
' India Revisited ' (1886), ' Seas and Lands'
(1891), 'Wandering Words' (1894), and
[ ' East and West ' (1896) (studies of Egypt,
I India, and Japan), he has had few rivals. His
' first visit to Japan was often repeated,
and he was fascinated by the artistic and
j social side -of Japanese life. His writings
on Japan helped to spread in England
optimistic views of Japanese progress and
culture. In 1891 he undertook a reading
tour in America, and he received numerous
foreign decorations from Turkey, Persia,
Siam, and Japan.

During the last nine or ten years of

his life his sight gradually failed, but in

i spite of infirmities he maintained a keen

' interest in contemporary affairs. In 1899

; he dedicated to his third wife his inter -

I esting story of the wrongs of an Indian

I cultivator called ' The Queen's Justice,'

and in 1895 he dedicated to the Duchess

of York, afterwards Queen Mary, his

'Tenth Muse and Other Poems, including

many Renderings of Japanese " uta." '

He died at his house in Bolton Gardens,

London, on 24 March 1904 ; he was

Arnold

cremated at Brookwood and his ashe
bestowed in the chapel of his old college
at Oxford. A portrait by James Arche
was exhibited at the Royal Academy in
1890. He married (1) in 1854 Katharin
Elizabeth (d. 1864), daughter of Rev. Theo
Biddulph of Bristol; (2) Fannie Maria
Adelaide (d. 1889), daughter of Rev. W. H
Channing of Boston, U.S.A. ; he issued
' In my Lady's Praise ' in the year of her
death ; (3) Tama KuroKawa of Sendai
Japan, who survives him. He left issue
Mr. Edwin Lester Arnold, the author, and
four other children, two sons and two
daughters.

Arnold was a copious and animatec
writer, and where he is describing actua
events, often vivid and terse. Somewhat
insensitive to the finer kinds of metrical
effect, he is as a poet over-sensuous, and
at times allows his glowing imagery to
vitiate his taste. He confidently expected
the reversion of the laureateship after
Lord Tennyson's death.

Apart from those already enumerated, his
original works include (chiefly in verse) : 1.
'Griselda, a tragedy, and other poems,' 1856.

2. 'The Wreck of the Northern Belle,' 1857.

3. ' The Poets of Greece,' 1869. 4. ' Indian
Poetry,' 1881. 5. ' Pearls of the Faith,'
1883. 6. ' The Secret of Death,' 1885. 7.
' Lotus and Jewel,' 1887. 8. ' With Sa'di
in the Garden,' 1888. 9. ' Japonica '
(papers from * Scribner's Magazine'), 1892.
10. ' Potiphar's Wife,' 1892. 11. ' Adzuma '
(a story of a Japanese marriage), 1893. 12.
'The Voyage of Ithobal,' 1901. Among
his translations are ' Political Poems by
Victor Hugo and Garibaldi ' (under initials
E. A.), 1868 ; ' Hero and Leander,' from
Musseus, 1873 ; 'The Indian Song of
Songs from the Jayadeva,' 1875 ; ' Indian
Idylls from the Mahabharata,' 1883 and
1885; 'The Chaura panchasika,' 1896;
'Sa'di's Gulistan,' parts i.-iv. 1899. He
was also author of ' A Simple Transliteral
Grammar of Turkish,' 1877. A collection
of his poetical works came out in 1888.
Selections appeared in the same year and
' The Edwin Arnold Birthday Book ' in 1885.

[The Times, 26 March 1904 ; Daily Tele-
graph ; Athenaeum ; Illustrated London News
(portrait) ; Alfred Austin's Reminiscences, ii.
175 ; Hatton's Journalistic London ; Arena,
April 1904; Men of the Time; Bookman,
1901, xiii. p. 373 (caricature by Phil May);
Brit. Mus. Cat. ; private information.]

T. S.

ARNOLD, GEORGE BENJAMIN
(1832-1902), organist and musical com-
poser, born on 22 Dec. 1832 at Pet worth,

Sussex, was son of George Frederick
Arnold, organist of the parish church
there, by his wife Mary. He was articled
to George William Chard [q. v.], the
organist of Winchester Cathedral, in 1849,
and on Chard's death the articles were
transferred to his successor, Dr, Samuel
Sebastian Wesley [q. v.]. Arnold was
organist successively at St. Columba's
College, Rathfarnham, near Dublin (1852),
St. Mary's Church, Torquay (1856), and New
College, Oxford (1860). He graduated Mus.
Bac. at Oxford in 1853 and Mus. Doc.
in 1860. In 1865 he succeeded Wesley
at Winchester, retaining the post for the
rest of his life. He was a fellow of the
College of Organists, acting long as an
examiner for that body. He died at
Winchester on 31 Jan. 1902, and was
buried there. He married on 6 June 1867
Mary Lucy Roberts, who survived him with
three sons and a daughter. An alabaster
tablet to his memory, with a quotation
from one of his works, was placed in the
north transept of the cathedral in 1904.

Arnold, whose sympathies were with
Bach and his school, was a composer,
chiefly of church music. His published
compositions include a national song, ' Old
England' (1854); an oratorio, ' Ahab,'
produced by the National Choral Society
at Exeter Hall (1864); 'Sennacherib,'
a sacred cantata, produced at the Gloucester
festival of 1883; 'The Song of the Re-
deemed,' written for and produced at St.
James's Church, New York (1891) ; ' An
orchestral introduction and chorus in praise
of King Alfred,' performed at the inaugu-
ration of the Alfred Memorial at Winchester
in 1901, besides two motets, two psalms,
anthems, part songs, and two sonatas.

[Musical Times, Nov. 1901, March 1902
(with portrait), May 1902 ; Brown and Strat-
ton, Musical Biog., 1897 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ;
private information.] F. C.

ARNOLD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1852-
1904), author and journalist, born at
Hobart, Tasmania, on 18 Sept. 1852, was
eldest son and second child of Thomas
Arnold [q. v. Suppl. I], nephew of Matthew
Arnold [q. v. Suppl. I], and grandson of
Dr. Arnold of Rugby [q. v.]. His mother
was Julia, daughter of William Sorell,
registrar of deeds, Hobart. His elder
sister is the well-known novelist Mrs.
Humphry Ward; On the return of his
parents to England in 1856 Arnold lived
nainly with his father's kindred at Fox
How, Ambleside. From 1862 to 1865 he
was at the Oratory School, Birmingham,
where his father was classical master under

Arnold

Arnold-Forster

John Henry Newman [q. v.]. When
Thomas Arnold left the Roman catholic
church, his son was sent to Rugby, where
he lived for a year with the headmaster,
Frederick Temple [q. v. Suppl. II], and then
in September 1866 entered Charles Arnold's
house. He matriculated on 14 Oct. 1871
at University College, Oxford, then under
the mastership of G. G. Bradley [q. v. Suppl.
II], and was elected to a scholarship in
1872. He took a second class both in
honour moderations (in 1873) and in
lit. hum. (in 1875). After graduating
B.A. in 1876 Arnold settled at Oxford,
combining literary work with private
coaching.

In 1879 ho won the Arnold prize with
an essay on ' The Roman System of
Provincial Administration to the Accession
of Constantino the Great.' The work,
which was published in 1879, was a
thorough digest of the literary and epi-
graphic sources, and is the chief English
authority. A new edition, revised from the
author's notes by E. S. Shuckburgh [q. v.
Suppl. II], appeared posthumously in 1906.

In 1879 Arnold adopted the profession of a
journalist, joining the staff of the ' Manches-
ter Guardian ' and settling at Manchester.
As writer and sub-editor he devoted his ver-
satile energy to the * Manchester Guardian '
for seventeen years. A Gladstonian liberal
in politics, he fought with courage and
consistency through the long home rule
controversy of 1885-95. Subsequently, in
' German Ambitions as they affect Britain
and the United States' (1903), a collection
of letters originally contributed to the
'Spectator' under the signature 'Vigilans
et ^Equus,' Arnold proved his mastery of
foreign contemporary literature and his
ability to draw prudent deductions from
it. But history, literature, and art
continued to compete with politics for
his interest. He helped to develop the
literary section of the * Manchester
Guardian,' and he encouraged local
artists, taking an active part in the
establishment of the Manchester School
of Art. His house at Manchester was the
centre of an interesting political, literary,
and artistic circle.

Arnold never ceased to devote his scanty
leisure to Roman history. In 1886 he
published a critical edition of the section
on the Punic war in his grandfather's
' History of Rome ' ; and contributions
between 1886 and 1895 to the * English
Historical Review ' showed the strength
of his interest in ancient history. As
years went on Arnold grew fastidious

over writing on his chosen subject ; and
though to the last he kept up with the latest
research, eight chapters of an incomplete
history of the early Roman empire, post-
humously edited by E. Fiddes under the
title of ' Studies in Roman Imperialism '
(1906), are all that remain of his accumu-
lated material. They bear witness to his
width of knowledge, maturity of thought,
and cautious temper.

Spinal disease compelled Arnold's retire-
ment from the ' Manchester Guardian *
in 1898, and next year he moved to
London, where he was for a time still
able to see friends and to write a little.
Occasionally he travelled south. On his
return from a visit to St. Jean-de-Luz he
died at Carlyle Square, Chelsea, on 29 May
1904. He was buried at Little Shelf ord,
near Cambridge. In 1877 Arnold married
Henrietta, daughter of Charles Wale, J.P.,
of Little Shelf ord, and granddaughter of
Archbishop Whately [q. v.] ; she survived
him without issue.

In addition to the publications already
mentioned Arnold issued a scholarly
edition of Keats (1884; new edit. 1907). He
was a contributor to T. Humphry Ward's
' English Poets ' (1880-2) ; and some pene-
trating dramatic reviews by him were
published in 'The Manchester Stage,
1880-1900 ' ( 1900). He revised his father's
edition of Dryden's * Essay of Dramatic
Poesy ' in 1903.

[Memoir of William Thomas Arnold
(with portrait) by his sister, Mrs. Humphry
Ward, and his colleague of the Manchester
Guardian, C. E. Montague, 1907 ; The Times,
30 May 1904 ; Manchester Guardian, 30 May
1904 ; Quarterly Review, Oct. 1905 ; Rugby
School Register, 1842-1874, p. 266, 1902;
Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1888.]. G. S. W.

ARNOLD-FORSTER, HUGH OAKE-
LEY (1855-1909), author and politician,
born on 19 Aug. 1855 at Dawlish in
Devonshire, was second son and third child
in the family of two sons and two daughters
of William Delafield Arnold [q. v.], some-
time director of public instruction in the
Punjab. His mother was Frances Anne,
daughter of General John Anthony Hodgson.
Thomas Arnold [q. v.], headmaster of
Rugby, was his grandfather, and Matthew
Arnold [q. v. Suppl. I] his uncle. His
parents took him out to Kangra when he
was four months old. There his mother
died in 1858 ; next year the four children
were sent home to England, and the father,
who followed them, died at Gibraltar on
9 April 1859. The orphaned children were
at once adopted by their father's eldest

Arnold-Forster

sister, Jane Martha, and her husband,
William Edward Forster [q. v.], who had
no children of their own. Perfect confid-
ence and affection marked for life the rela-
tions between foster-parents and adopted
children.

From a private school at Exmouth kept
by his kinsman, John Penrose, Hugh passed
in 1869 to Rugby, then under the head-
mastership of Frederick Temple ; but when
Temple was succeeded by Dr. Hayman
[q. v. Suppl. II] Forster removed the boy
and placed him under a private tutor. On
24 Jan. 1874 he matriculated at University
College, Oxford. There he graduated B.A.
in 1877 with a first class in modern history.
He only proceeded M.A, in 1900. At the
time of leaving Oxford he with his brother
and sisters formally assumed the name of
Arnold-Forster.

Settling in London, Arnold-Forster read
for the bar in the chambers of Mr. R. A.
M'Call (now K.C.) and was called to
Lincoln's Inn on 5 Nov. 1879. There was
early promise of a lucrative practice, but
on Forster's appointment as chief secretary
for Ireland in the second Gladstone
administration in 1880, Arnold-Forster, his
adopted son, became his private secretary,
and he shared Forster's labours, anxieties,
and incessant perils through the next two
years. During this period, too, he gave
first proof of his literary aptitudes. In
1881 he published anonymously ' The
Truth about the Land League,' a damaging
collection of facts, speeches, and documents,
which ran through many editions and
helped to discredit the nationalist cause
in Great Britain. Thenceforth Arnold-
Forster wrote much on political and social
questions in the press or in independent
books.

In 1885 he became a member of
the publishing firm of Cassell & Co.,
and devoted himself with characteristic
thoroughness to its affairs, until he became
absorbed in politics. For Cassell's he
prepared many educational handbooks
designed to propagate a wise patriotism.
These works included ' Citizen Reader '
series (1886 and frequently re-issued), de-
scribing for children the principles and
purposes of English institutions ; ' The '
Laws of Every-day Life' (1889); 'This
World of Ours,' lessons in geography
(1891) ; 'Things New and Old' (1893, Eng-
lish History readers in seven volumes) ;
'History of England ior Children' (1897);
and ' Our Great City ' (1900). He was also
largely concerned as a member of the firm
of Cassell's in the preparation of 'The

Universal Atlas,' which subsequently be
came 'The Times Atlas.'

Meanwhile he was developing his political
interests. In 1884, on the foundation of
the Imperial Federation League with
Forster for its president, he became it
secretary, and thenceforward enthusiasti-
cally advocated a closer union of
empire, actively supporting the efforts
Mr. Joseph Chamberlain in that direction
and ultimately accepting his policy of
tariff reform and colonial preference. From
boyhood he had devoted himself to the
close study of naval affairs and of warships.
His love of the sea was insatiable, and
he spent many a holiday cruising in a
Thames barge, which he fitted out in quite
homely fashion. In 1884 he inspired the
famous articles on ' The Truth about the
Navy ' (published by Mr. Stead in the
'Pall Mall Gazette'), which led to a large
increase in the navy estimates under the
Gladstone government and to endeavours
of later governments to place the navy
on a footing of adequate efficiency. In
a forecast of a modern naval battle entitled
' In a Conning Tower ' (1888, 8th edit. 1898)
he showed a technical knowledge remarkable
in a civilian.

As early as 1881 Arnold-Forster declined
an invitation to stand for parliament as
liberal candidate for Oxford. In 1883 a
similar invitation from Devonport led him
to make several speeches in that consti-
tuency ; but before the election (of 1885) he
followed Forster in dissent from the liberal
policy, especially in Egypt, and he withdrew
his candidature. He joined the newly
formed liberal unionist party in 1886 on
Gladstone's adoption of home rule^ and was
defeated as a unionist candidate in June
1886 for Darlington, and again at a bye-
election in 1888 for Dewsbury. At the
general election of 1892 he was elected
for West Belfast, and retained that seat
until 1906. As a private member of
parliament he addressed himself with some-
what uncompromising independence chiefly
to naval, military j and imperial questions.
Pamphlets on ' Our Home Army ' (1892),
' Army Letters ' (1898); and ' The War Office,
the Army, and the Empire ' (1900) gave him
some reputation as a critic of military affairs.
Interesting himself during the early stages of
the Boer war in land settlement in South
Africa, he pressed the subject on the
attention of Mr. Chamberlain, then colonial
secretary, who in August 1900 sent out a
commission of inquiry with Arnold-Forster
as chairman. Amid many interruptions
and impediments he completed his task

Arnold-Forster

in South Africa by November, when he
received and accepted Lord Salisbury's
offer of the office of secretary of the ad-
miralty. After drafting the report of the
South African land commission he entered
on his new duties. His chief, Lord Sel-
borne, who had just succeeded George
Joachim (afterwards Lord) Goschen [q. v.
Suppl. II] as first lord of the admiralty,
sat in the House of Lords. Arnold-Forster
consequently represented the admiralty in
the House of Commons, and exercised there
more authority than usually belongs to a
subordinate minister. At the admiralty he
actively helped to carry out the drastic
reforms which Lord Selborne initiated,
mainly on the inspiration of Sir John
(afterwards Lord) Fisher. He was pro-
minent in formulating the administrative
measures required by the new scheme of
naval training ; he directed much admini-
strative energy to the standardisation of
dimensions and material in the navy, and
to the higher organisation of defence with
a view to the needful correlation of naval
and military preparations of the kingdom
and empire ; he helped in the reconstruc-
tion of the committee of imperial defence.

In the autumn of 1903 secessions from the
cabinet owing to Mr. Chamberlain's promul-
gation of the policy of tariff reform led to
a reconstruction of Mr. Balfour's ministry
[see CAVENDISH, SPENCER COMPTON,
eighth DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, Suppl. II ;
RITCHIE, CHARLES THOMSON, first BARON
RITCHIE OF DUNDEE; Suppl. II]. Arnold-
Forster, an ardent supporter of tariff re-
fornij now entered the cabinet as secretary
of state for war in succession to Mr. St. John
Brodrick, now Viscount Midleton, who be-
came secretary of state for India. He was
thereupon admitted to the privy council.
During his recent holidays a severe strain
had permanently affected Arnold-Forster's
heart, and he was thenceforth hampered by
increasing debility, but he threw himself
into the task of reorganising the war office
and the military forces of the crown with
indefatigable energy. The royal com-
mission on the South African war had
lately reported, and schemes of reform
were rife. The government had already
decided to appoint a small committee to
advise on the reconstruction of the machin-
ery of the war office. One of Arnold-
Forster's first administrative acts was to
appoint Viscount Esher, Sir John Fisher,
and Sir George Sydenham Clarke as the
sole members of this committee, whose
report resulted in the constitution, on a new
and established footing, of the committee

of imperial defence, and in the recon-
struction of the hierarchy of the war office
more or less on the model of the board of
admiralty. Other reforms were initiated
by Arnold-Forsterj but his definite views
on problems of military organisation did
not always find acceptance with colleagues,
who were distracted by other political
issues, and by the growing weakness of the
government. Stiff in opinion, clear and
incisive in expression, he was perhaps a little
intolerant of the views of others equally
entitled to be heard ; nevertheless he
secured the acceptance of the lines on which
in his judgment the general staff of the
army ought to be organised. But many
of his general schemes were frustrated by
Mr. Balfour's resignation on 4 December
1905, and his measures were not adopted
by his successor.

In 1906, owing to the distance of the
constituency and his decline of physical
strength, he retired from the representation
of West Belfast, and was returned for
Croydon. In the same year he published
'The Army in 1906: a Policy and a
Vindication,' his own estimate of the needs
of the army and an account of his
administration. In opposition he was
energetic in his criticism of the military
policy of Viscount Haldane, liis successor
at the war office. His last literary effort
was ' Military Needs and Military Policy '
(1908), with an introduction by Field-
marshal Earl Roberts, an attempt to
expose the defects which he saw in the
liberal war minister's schemes.

In 1907, after recovering from a grave
attack of illness, he went with his wife and
a son to Jamaica on the invitation of Sir
Alfred Jones [q. v. Suppl. II] in order to
attend a conference of the Imperial Cotton-
Growing Association. During his stay
there a terrible earthquake devastated
Kingston, and destroyed Port Royal.
Thenceforth his health steadily failed,
although he continued his political work with
exemplary fortitude. He died suddenly at
his London residence in South Kensington
on 12 March 1909, and was buried at
Wroughton, Wiltshire, the parish in which
his father-in-law lived. In 1884 Arnold-
Forster married Mary, eldest daughter
of Mervyn Herbert Nevil Story-Maskelyne
[q. v. Suppl. II]. She survived him with
four sons.

With the shadow of death long hanging
over him, no man, as Mr. Balfour remarked
after his death, was * more absolutely
absorbed in a great and unselfish desire
to carry out his own public duty.' His

Arthur

6 4

Ashby

speeches in parliament were models of
lucid exposition. He spoke, as he wrote,
easily, fluently, and with an orderly evo-
lution of his topics. He made no use of
rhetorical ornament, but he seldom wearied
his hearers, and never confused them by
any slovenliness of preparation or obscurity
of expression.

He proved his versatility by publishing,
besides the works mentioned, ' What to do
and how to do it' (1884), a manual of the
laws affecting the housing and sanitation
of London ; * The Coming of the Kilo-
gram ' (1898, 2nd edit. 1900), a defence of
the metric system ; and ' English Socialism
of To-day ' (1908, 3 edits.).

[A memoir by his wife, 1910, with a list of his
more important writings ; Hansard's Debates ;
The Times, 13 March 1909 ; personal know-
ledge; private information.] J. R. T.

ARTHUR, WILLIAM (1819-1901),
Wesleyan divine, born at Glendun, co.
Antrim, on 3 Feb. 1819, was son of James
Arthur, whose ancestors belonged to the
counties of Limerick and Clare, by his
wife Margaret Kennedy, who was of
Scottish and Ulster descent. Shortly
after his birth his father removed to
Westport, co. Mayo. Brought up as an
Episcopalian, he became a Wesleyan
methodist, and began to preach at the age
of sixteen, when, coming to England, he
entered Hoxton academy for the training
of Wesleyan ministers. Resolving to engage
in mission work, he sailed for India on
15 April 1839, under the auspices of the
Wesleyan Missionary Society. In India
he laboured at Gubbi, about eighty miles
north-west of Bangalore; but his health
gave way, and he returned to England in
1841. In 1842 he was stationed at Wesley's
chapel, City Road, London. From 1846
to 1848 he laboured in France, first at
Boulogne and then in Paris. In 1849 and
1850 his ministry was in London, at Hinde
Street and Great Queen Street. From 1851
to 1868 he was one of the secretaries of the
Wesleyan Missionary Society, and he was
an honorary secretary 1888-91. From
1868 to 1871 he was principal of the
Methodist College, Belfast.

Meanwhile he was elected a member of
the legal hundred in 1856, and was
president of the Wesleyan Conference in
1866. In 1888 he settled at Cannes,
where he preached occasionally in the
Presbyterian church. He died at Cannes
on 9 March 1901. He married on 18 June
1850 Elizabeth Ellis Ogle of Leeds, who
bore him six daughters.

Arthur rendered good services to his

church in its foreign mission work, in
its educational enterprise, and in its home
mission. To him was due its Metropolitan
Chapel Building Fund in 1862, and he
sympathised with Hugh Price Hughes
[q. v. Suppl. II] in his ' Forward move-
ment,' especially in modifying the three-
years' system of pastorate. His portrait
by Gooch is in possession of his daughter,
Miss Arthur.

Arthur's chief influence was exercised
through his writings. ' The Tongue of
Fire ' (1856 ; 18th ed. 1859) sets forth in
glowing language and with great wealth
of illustration the importance of spiritual
power in life. Three books treat of
Italy and the Papacy ; ' Italy in Transition '
(1860; 6th ed. 1877) describes a visit in
1859 ; ' The Modern Jove ' (1873) reviews
the collected speeches of Pope Pius IX ;
' The Pope, the Kings and the People '
(1877, 2 vols.) is a history of the papacy
from the issue of the ' Syllabus ' in 1864
to the Vatican Council of 1870; Arthur
consulted the best authorities in Italian
and German, and criticised adversely
Manning's ' True Story of the Vatican
Council' (1877).

Besides the books mentioned and numer-
ous sermons, lectures and pamphlets,
Arthur's works include : 1. 'A Mission
to the Mysore,' 1847. 2. 'The Successful
Merchant ; a Life of Samuel Budgett,'
1852. 3. ' The People's Day,' 1855 ; llth ed.
1856 ; an appeal to Lord Stanley against
the opening of Exhibitions on Sunday.
4. 'Life of Gideon Ouseley, the Irish
Evangelist,' 1876.

[William Arthur : a biography, by Thos. B.
Stephenson, D.D., 1907 ; Crookshank, History
of Methodism in Ireland, 1885 ; private
information.] C. H. I.

ASHBY,HENRY(1846-1908), physician,
born at Carshalton, Surrey, on 8 March 1846,
was the son of John and Charlotte Ashby,
both members of the Society of Friends.
Educated firstly at Ackworth School, near
Pontefract, and from 1864 at the Flounder's
Institute, Ackworth (belonging also to the
Society of Friends), Ashby after some
experience as a teacher entered Guy's
Hospital. Winning the gold medal for
clinical medicine, he was for two years
assistant in the physiological laboratory
and also resident obstetric and house physi-
cian. He was admitted M.R.C.S. in 1873
and graduated M.B. in 1874 and M.D. in
1878 with a gold medal in the University
of London. In 1875 he was appointed
demonstrator of anatomy and physiology
in the Liverpool School of Medicine and

Ashby

assistant physician to the Liverpool Infirm-
ary for Children. In 1878 he removed to
Manchester to become honorary physician
to the Manchester Hospital for Diseases of
Children (known as Pendlebury Hospital).
From 1880 to 1882 he was evening lecturer
on animal physiology in the Owens College,
and from 1880 till death lecturer on diseases
of children, first in the Owens College and
then in the Victoria University. He be-
came a member in 1883 and a fellow in 1890
of the Royal College of Physicians. An
active member of the medical societies of
Manchester, he promoted the transfor-
mation of the microscopical section of the
Medical Society into the Pathological Society
(1885), of which he was the first president
(1885-6). He also was president of the
Medical Society and of the Medico-Ethical
Association. In 1902, when the British
Medical Association visited Manchester, he
was president of the section on children's
diseases.

Ashby, who rapidly acquired a very large
practice as consultant on children's diseases,
zealously devoted himself to the welfare of
poor children. He was honorary consulting
physician of the schools in and near Man-
chester for the crippled and deaf and dumb.
When the Manchester education committee
undertook the education of the feeble-
minded children, he helped and reported
on the work unofficially for two years
(1902), and was special medical adviser to
the committee from 1904. In 1904 he gave
important evidence before the depart-
mental committee on physical deteriora-
tion appointed by the lord president
of the council Of especial value was the
medical advice and guidance which Ashby
gave Miss Mary Dendy, who successfully
founded in 1898 the Lancashire and Cheshire
society for the permanent care of the feeble-
minded ; the object being not only to
educate such persons but to take care of
them throughout their lives, so as to prevent
them transmitting their disability. Schools
were opened, and a colony which was
established at Sandlebridge in Cheshire
(1902) provided in 1911 accommodation for
268 residents. A royal commission on the
care and control of the feeble-minded, before
wlu'ch Ashby gave evidence of importance
in 1905, was largely an outcome of Ashby's
support of Miss Dendy's experiments. In
1905 on Ashby's advice the Manchester
education committee inaugurated a resi-
dential school for cripple children at Swinton,
the only one of its kind under municipal
administration. Ashby enjoyed a world-
wide reputation as an expert on diseases of

VOL. LXVII. sup. ii.

; Asher

children, and his wards at Pendlebury were
visited by physicians from the Conti-
nent and America. In later life he closely
studied the psychology of the child, and
began a book on the subject which he
did not live to complete. In 1905 he
delivered the Wightman lecture on * Some
neuroses of early life.'

He died on 6 July 1908 at his residence,
Didsbury, Manchester, and was cremated at
the Manchester crematorium, his ashes being
buried in St. James, Birch, churchyard. He
married in 1879 Helen, daughter of the Rev.
Francis Edward Tuke of Borden, Kent,
and left two sons, one of whom entered the
medical profession, and one daughter.

A memorial scholarship was founded by
Ashby's friends in the Victoria University of
Manchester, to be awarded triennially for
the encouragement of the study of diseases
of children. A tablet placed by the family
at Pendlebury Hospital commemorates his
services to the institution.

Apart from papers on diseases of children
Ashby wrote with Mr. George Arthur
Wright : ' Diseases of Children, Medical
and Surgical ' (1899 ; 5th ed. 1905), a stand-
ard text-book. His other books were :
' Notes on Physiology ' (1878 ; 8th ed. 1910,
edited by Ashby's son, Hugh) and ' Health
in the Nursery ' (1898 ; 3rd ed. 1908).

[Personal knowledge; information from
Mrs. Ashby, Mr. Hugh Ashby, M.B. (Camb.),
M.R.C.P., and Miss Dendy; Brit. Med.
Journal, 25 July 1908 ; Lancet, 18 July
1908; Manchester Guardian, 7 July 1908
(with portrait).] E. M. B.

ASHER, ALEXANDER (1835-1905),
solicitor-general for Scotland, born at
Inveravon, Banffshire, in 1835, was son of
William Asher, parish minister of Inverness.
After education at Elgin Academy and at
King's College, Aberdeen, he entered Edin-
burgh University, where he was a mem-
ber of the Speculative Society (president
1863-5), but did not graduate. Passing to
the Scottish baron 10 Dec. 1861, he gradu-
ally acquired a large practice, and
became one of the most distinguished
counsel of his day, his only rival being
John Blair Balfour, first Baron Kinross
[q. v. Suppl. II]. He took a leading part
in numerous cases which attracted public
attention, and he represented the United
Free Church in litigation which ended in
1904 with the defeat of that body. A
strong liberal in politics, he was appointed
in 1870, during the Gladstone ministry of
1868-74, advocate-depute. At the general
election of 1880 Asher was unsuccessful as
liberal candidate for the Universities of

Ashley

Glasgow and Aberdeen ; but in' 1881 he was
elected for the Elgin district of boroughs
(in succession to Sir M. E. Grant Duff) and
retained this seat for the rest of his life. He
made no great mark in the House of Com-
mons, where he followed Gladstone in his
support of home rule. Meanwhile in 1881
he became Q.C., and was solicitor-general for
Scotland during Gladstone's later ministries
in the years 1881-5, 1886, and 1892-4. He
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from
the Universities of Aberdeen (1883) and of
Edinburgh (1891). In 1894 he resigned office,
' largely,' it was said, ' owing to the very
inadequate remuneration then paid to the
Scottish solicitor-general ' (The Times, 7 Aug.
1905), and in the following year was elected
dean of the faculty of advocates. Suddenly
taken ill in London on 4 July 1905, he died
at Beechwood, near Edinburgh, on 5 Aug.
following, and was [buried in the church-
yard of Corstorphine. Asher, who married
in 1870 Caroline, daughter of the Rev. C.
H. Gregan Craufurd, left no family. There
is a portrait of him in the Parliament House
at Edinburgh, painted, at the request
of the Scottish bar, by Sir William Quiller
Orchardson, R.A. [q. v. Suppl. II], in 1902.
[Scotsman and The Times, 7 Aug. 1905 ; Roll
of Alumni in Univ. and King's Coll., Aberdeen,
1596-1860, p. 170; Hist. Speculative Soc.
p. 150 ; Rolls of the Faculty of Advocates.]

G. W. T. O.

ASHLEY, EVELYN (1836-1907), bio-
grapher of Lord Palmerston, born in
London on 24 July 1836, was fourth son
of Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh earl of
Shaftesbury [q. v.], by his wife Emily,
daughter of Peter Leopold Cowper, fifth
Earl Cowper ; his maternal grandmother was
sister of Lord Melbourne, and in 1839
married as her second husband Lord
Palmerston.

Ashley, whose baptismal names were
Anthony Evelyn Melbourne, was educated
at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B.A. in 1858. In the
same year he became private secretary to
Lord Palmerston, then prime minister.
The government was on the eve of defeat,
and on its fall (1858) Ashley paid a visit
to America with Lord Frederick Cavendish
[q. v.] and Lord Richard Grosvenor, after-
wards Lord Stalbridge. Next year Lord
Palmerston [returned to office, and Ashley
acted as his private secretary until the
prime minister's death in 1865. Mean-
while he made more than one eventful
excursion abroad. In 1860 he told
Lord Palmerston that he was going to
Italy to see what Garibaldi was doing

and should take full advantage of his
official position. Lord Palmerston replied
that what his secretary did during his
holiday was no business of his. With
this implied permission, Ashley presented
himself to Garibaldi in camp and was
given ample facilities for watching the
progress of the campaig;n. In 1863 he
accompanied Laurence Oliphant [q. v.] on
an expedition into the Russian province
of Volhynia, where they were arrested
on suspicion of being Polish insurgents
(OLIPHANT, Episodes in a Life of Adventure,
p. 333). In 1865 he was attached to the
mission sent to convey the Order of
the Garter to King Christian IX of Den-
mark, and was then created a commander
of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog.

In 1864 Ashley joined Algernon Borth-
wick [q. v. Suppl. II] and others in pro-
ducing ' The Owl,' the forerunner of society
newspapers. The editors were intimately
acquainted with current public and private
affairs, and secured contributions of literary
value. The publication attracted much
attention during the six years of its exist-
ence. Ashley had become a student of
Lincoln's Inn on 22 Nov. 1856, and was
called to the bar in 1863. After Lord
Palmerston's death (1865) he joined the
Oxford circuit; he held the office of
treasurer of county courts from 1863 until
1874. He devoted most of his time to
the completion of ' The Life of Lord
Palmerston,' which had been begun by
Lord Dalling, but was interrupted by his
death in 1872. Lord Dalling published in
1870 two volumes and had written part
of a third. This Ashley finished in 1874,
and he added two concluding volumes
which he published in 1876. Though new
material has since been published, the book
still holds standard rank.

In 1874 Ashley entered parliament as a
member of the liberal party. At the
general election in February he had been
defeated in the Isle of Wight, but he was
returned for Poole, Dorset, at a bye-election
on 26 May 1874. As a private member
he persistently but unsuccessfully en-
deavoured to pass a bill to enable accused
persons to give evidence. The principle
was eventually sanctioned by Lord Hals-
bury's Act of 1898. In 1879 he distin-
guished himself by his defence of Sir Bartle
Frere from an attack by members of
his own party. At the general election
of 1880 he was returned for the Isle of
Wight and was appointed under-secretary
to the board of trade in Gladstone's
second administration. The president,

Ashley

Mr. Chamberlain, was also in the House of
Commons, so that Ashley's parliamentary
duties were light, but he presided over the
railway rates committee (1881-2). In
1882 he was transferred to the colonial
office ; the secretary of state was Lord
Derby, and Ashley represented his depart-
ment in the House of Commons. To him
fell the important task of explaining
the conditions of service in which the
Australian contingents were to proceed
to the Soudan in 1885. From 1880 to
1885 he was one of the ecclesiastical
commissioners.

At the general election of 1885 Ashley
was beaten in the Isle of Wight by Sir
Richard Webster (Lord Alverstone). When
Gladstone announced his adoption of
the principle of home rule, Ashley joined
the liberal unionists. At the general
election of 1886 he stood as a liberal unionist
for North Dorset, and was beaten. Thence-
forward he sustained a series of defeats
at Glasgow, Bridge ton division, in 1887, at
tin! Ayr boroughs in 1888, and at Ports-
mouth in 1892 and 1895. Of statesmanlike
temper, he was brought up in an older
political school, and was untrained in
modern electioneering methods; on the
mass of voters his intellectual ability and
attainments made small impression. Al-
though his active interest in county politics
never declined, he made no further attempt
to renew his parliamentary career.

On the death in 1888 of his uncle,
William Cowper-Temple, Lord Mount-
Temple [q. v. Suppl. I], Ashley succeeded
to the properties bequeathed to Mount-
Temple by Lord Palmerston, his stepfather
Broadlands, Romsey and Classiebawn,
co. Sligo. He was sworn of the privy
council in 1891. He was D.L. Hamp-
shire and J.P. Hampshire, Dorset, and
Sligo, an alderman of the Hampshire
county council, official verderer of the
New Forest, and five times mayor
of Romsey ( 1 898-1902). He was also chair-
man of the Railway Passengers' Assurance
Company. He died at Broadlands on
15 Nov. 1907, and was buried at Romsey.

Ashley married twice: (1) in 1866,
Sybella, daughter of Sir Walter and Lady
Mary Farquhar (d. 1886), by whom he left
MIC son (Wilfrid, M.P. for the Blackpool
division of Lancashire since 1906) and one
daughter ; (2) in 1891, Alice, daughter
of William Willoughby Cole, third earl of
Enmskil leu, by whom he left one son.
A portrait painted by Miss Emmett in
1899 is at Broadlands. A cartoon by
Spy ' apprared in ' Vanity Fair' in 1883.

Aston

[The Timea, 16 Nov. 1907 ; Daily Telagraph,
16 Nov. 1907; Blackpool Herald, 16 Nov.
1907; private sources; cf. Lucy's Disraeli
Parliament, pp. 57 et seq.] R. L.

ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, SIR ELLIS
(1849-1902), politician. [See BARTLETT, SIR

i ELLIS ASHMEAD-].

ASTON, WILLIAM GEORGE (1841-
1911), Japanese scholar, born near
Londonderry on 9 April 1841, was son of
George Robert Aston, minister of the
Unitarian Church of Ireland and school-
master. Receiving early education from
his father, he matriculated at Queen's
College, Belfast, 1859, and after a distin-
guished career as a student, graduated in
the Queen's University of Ireland, B.A. in
1862 and M.A. in 1863, on both occasions
being gold medallist in classics and

| taking honours also in modern languages
and literature. In 1890 he was made by
the Queen's University hon. D.Lit.

In 1864 Aston was appointed student
interpreter in the British Consular Service
in Japan, and in the autumn joined the
staff of the British legation at Yedo
(Tokio), where (Sir) Ernest Satow was
already filling a like position.

Aston's official career extended over
twenty-five highly interesting years in
the history of Japan and Korea. Sir
Harry Parkes [q. v.] became envoy at Yedo
in 1865, and it was largely on the advice

j of Aston and Satow, based on the result of

| their historical researches, that Parkes sup-
ported the revolutionary movement in Japan
in 1868, and unlike the diplomatic representa-
tives of other western powers hastened to

acknowledge the new government of the

i emperor. From 1875 to 1880 Aston was
assistant Japanese secretary of the British
Legation at Tokio, and from 1880 to 1883
consul at Hiogo. He prepared the way for
the first British treaty with Korea, which
was signed on 26 Nov. 1883, and from 1884
to 1886 was British consul-general in Korea.
He was the first European consular officer
to reside in Soul, and he was present
through the early troubles that marked

| Korea's first entry into the world, including
the sanguinary 6meute at the capital in

I 1884. From 1886 to 1889 Aston was
Japanese secretary of the British legation
at Tokio.

From his first arrival in Japan Aston rapidly
turned to advantage his linguistic aptitudes,
which proved of value in his official work
and eventually gave him a high reputation
as a Japanese scholar. When he reached

i Japan, scarcely half a dozen Europeans

I had succeeded in acquiring a practical

Aston

Atkinson

knowledge of the language. There was
hardly a phrase book ; there were no
dictionaries, and no elementary grammar
either for Europeans or for Japanese
students, grammar being ignored in the
Japanese school and college curriculum, I
and left entirely to philologists, whose
works (few in number) were too abstruse
for study by any but the most advanced
students. Not until ten years after
Aston's arrival was the first attempt
at a grammar on European models pub-
lished by the education department of the
imperial government. Aston in the interval
not only acquired a complete, accurate,
and eloquent command of the spoken
language, and a facility of using the
written language, which is different from
the spoken in essential characteristics, but he
compiled grammars (1869 and 1872) of both
the spoken and written Japanese languages
on the European method, and on lines of
scientific philology. Aston's grammars were
superseded by the more comprehensive
works of Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain
on ' Colloquial Japanese ' (1888) and * The
Study of Japanese Writing' (1899), but
Aston led the way in the arduous task.
Later he extended his studies into Chinese
and Korean philology, and was the first
among either European or Asiatic scholars
to show the affinity of the Korean and
Japanese languages.

At the same time Aston was an original
and exhaustive investigator of the history,
religion, political system, and literature of
Japan. He was the first European to
complete a literal translation of the Nihongi,
the ' Ancient Chronicles of Japan ' (1896) ;
this work and Professor Chamberlain's
translation of the Kojiki, the Ancient Re-
cords, form the original authorities for the
mythology and history of ancient Japan.
The original is written in the most abstruse
style, and Aston for the purpose of his
translation, which though literal is grace-
ful and simple, had to consult hundreds
of explanatory volumes by native com-
mentators, as well as the Chinese classics.

His subsequent works on ' Japanese Liter-
ature ' (1899) and on ' Shinto ' (1905), the
indigenous religion of Japan, became recog-
nised text-books ; they have been trans-
lated into Japanese and are used and quoted
by leading native scholars in Japan.
Aston also wrote on historical and philo-
logical subjects in the ' Transactions ' of the
Asiatic Society of Japan, the Japan Society,
and the Royal Asiatic Society of London.
According to Dr. Haga, professor of litera-
ture in Tokio University, Aston's literary

exertions, combined with those of Satow
and Chamberlain, generated that thorough
understanding of the Japanese by the
English which culminated in the Anglo -
Japanese alliance of 1902.

On retiring from Japan on a pension in
1889, Aston was made C.M.G. Thence-
forward he resided at Beer, South Devon,
where he died on 22 Nov. 1911. He had
long suffered from pulmonary trouble, but
ill-health never diminished his geniality.
He married in 1871 Janet, daughter of
R. Smith of Belfast ; she predeceased him,
without issue. His unique collection of
native Japanese books, numbering some
9500 volumes and including many rare
block printed editions, was acquired for
Cambridge University library in January
1912.

[The Times, 23 Nov. 1911, 2 Feb. 1912;
Foreign Office List ; Who's Who, 1911 ;
personal knowledge.] J. H. L.

ATKINSON, ROBERT (1839-1908),
philologist, born at Gateshead on 6 April
1839, was only child of John Atkinson, who
was in business there, by his wife Ann.
After education at the Anchorage grammar
school close to his home from 1849 to 1856,
he matriculated in Trinity College, Dublin,
on 2 July 1856, but he spent the years
1857 and 1858 on the Continent, principally
at Liege. There he laid the foundation of
his knowledge of the Romance languages.
On his return to Ireland he worked as a
schoolmaster in Kilkenny till he won a
Trinity College scholarship in 1862. Thence-
forward his academic progress was rapid.
He graduated B.A. on 16 Dec. 1863, M.A.
in 1866, and LL.D. in 1869. In 1891 he
received the honorary degree of D.Litt.

In 1869 Atkinson became university
professor of the Romance languages, and
from 1871 till near his death he filled at the
same time the chair of Sanskrit and com-
parative philology. His masterly powers
of linguistic analysis made him an admir-
able teacher, notably of composition in
Latin and Romance tongues, while the
immense range of his linguistic faculty
enabled pupils of adequate capacity to
learn in his classroom languages new to
them, with almost magical rapidity and
thoroughness,

Atkinson was both a linguist and a
philologist of exceptional power and range.
With equal facility he taught not only most
of the Romance languages but also Sanskrit,
Tamil,Telugu, and other Indian tongues. He
was a brilliant Hebrew scholar, and Persian,
Arabic, and several languages of Central and
Western Asia were familiar to him. In all

Atkinson

6 9

Atkinson

the many forms of speech that he studied
he acquired a mastery of colloquial idiom
and of pronunciation, as well as of the
literary style. In lu's later years he
devoted his leisure to Chinese, and at his
death he had completed a dictionary of that
tongue. The * Key ' which he intended to
accompany it, and without which it could
not be used, he did not live to complete.
The MS. as it stands has been presented
by his widow to the library of Trinity
College, Dublin.

A scientific philologist, Atkinson was
always intent upon analysis of the structure
of a language rather than on its literature.
His philological teaching impressed on his
pupils the principle of law in language, as
opposed to theories of ' sporadic changes.'
Therein he long anticipated Brugmann
and the new school of philologists.

The most important outcome of
Atkinson's study of Romance languages
was a scholarly edition of a Norman-French
poem attributed to Matthew Paris, and
entitled ' Vie de Seint Auban ' (1876).

In Sanskrit learning Atkinson confined
himself to the language of the Vedas
and to Sanskrit grammar, planning and
partially writing a Vedic dictionary, and
learning by heart, as Pandits have done
for twenty-four centuries, the whole of the
intricate masterpiece of the great gram-
marian Panini.

In addition, Atkinson was both an
expert scholar in Celtic and an advanced
scholar in Coptic, the Christian descendant
of the ancient Egyptian language. In
two communications dealing with the
latter, and made by him to the Royal
Irish Academy (Proc. 3rd series, iii. 24, 225)
in 1 893, he subjected to searching examin-
ation a series of Coptic texts published
during the preceding ten years by Pro-
fessor Rossi and M. Bouriant. It was
not perhaps difficult to show the inferior
character of these publications ; but the
service rendered by Atkinson was to
enter a much-needed protest against a
tendency to ' play hieroglyphics ' with
Coptic texts. In the decipherment of the
ancient Egyptian language there is room,
no doubt, for conjecture and hypothesis :
in Coptic, as Atkinson showed once and for
all, the rules of accidence and syntax are
fully known, and editing and translation
should proceed with the scientific regularity
of any other better known Oriental
language.

On 11 Jan. 1876 Atkinson was elected a
member of the Royal Irish Academy, and
in March became a member of ite council.

In 1876 he was chosen librarian. Secre-
tary of council from 1878 to 1901, he was
then elected president. Meanwhile in
1884 he was Todd professor of the Celtic
languages in the academy, delivering an
inaugural lecture on Irish lexicography
! on 13 April 1885. His connection with the
i Royal Irish Academy drew him to Celtic
studies. His Celtic work was that of a
pioneer, being undertaken before many
1 fundamental principles of old Irish grammar
were recognised. But he edited two docu-
ments which are of the utmost importance
for the student of the history of the Irish
language. Of these the first was ' The
| Passions and Homilies from the Leabhar
I Breac,' with translation and glossary
j (Dublin 1887 ; perhaps the most im-
portant source of information with regard
to Middle Irish), to which he appended the
' Todd Introductory Lecture on Irish Lexi-
cography.' His second Irish publication
of great philological value was Keating's
'Three Shafts of Death ' (Tri Bior-gaoithe
an Bhais, Dublin, 1890), with glossary
and appendices on the linguistic forms.
He also wrote valuable introductions and
analyses of contents for several of the MS.
facsimiles issued by the Royal Irish Acad-
emy, viz. 'The Book of Leinster ' (1880),
'The Book of Ballymote' (1887), and 'The
Yellow Book of Lecan ' (1896). With Dr.
John Bernard, now bishop of Ossory, he
edited for the Henry Bradshaw Society
in 1898 'The Irish Liber Hymnorum'
(2 vols). A ' Glossary to the Ancient Laws
of Ireland' which he prepared for the
' Rolls' series, 1901, was severely criticised
by Whitley Stokes [q. v. Suppl. II]. To
Irish, Atkinson added a knowledge of Welsh.
To Welsh grammatical study he contributed
a paper ' On the use of the Subjunctive
Mood in Welsh ' (Trans. Royal Irish Acad.
1894).

Atkinson's varied energies were by no
means confined to philology, he being an
accomplished botanist and a fine violinist.
In 1907 his health failed. He died on
10 Jan. 1908 at his residence, Clareville,
Rathmines, near Dublin, and was buried at
Waltonwrays cemetery, Skipton, Yorkshire.
On 28 Dec. 1863 he married, at Gates-
head, Hannah Maria, fourth daughter of
Thomas and Elizabeth Whitehouse Harbutt
of that town. The only child, Herbert
Jefcoate Atkinson, became a civil engineer.
[Obituary notices in the Times, 13 Jan.
1908 ; Athenaeum, 18 Jan. 1908 ; Journal of
the Royal Asiatic Society, April 1908, and
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,
July 1908 ; information received from Atkin-

Atthill

son's family, and personal reminiscences
of the writer, who has also to record his
obligations to Professor W. Ridgeway, of
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, for a
note on Atkinson as an authority on the
Romance languages, to Mr. E. 0. Quiggin,
Gonville and Caius College, and to Mr. Stephen
Gaselee, Magdalene College, Cambridge, for
similar notes dealing respectively with his
studies in Celtic and Coptic.] G. A. G-N.

ATTHILL, LOMBE (1827-1910),
obstetrician and gynaecologist, born on
3 Dec. 1827 at Ardess, Magheraculmoney,
co. Fermanagh, was youngest of ten sur-
viving children of William Atthill (1774-
1847). The father, of a Norfolk family,
after graduating in 1795 as second wrangler
and Smith's prizeman, became fellow of
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,
acted as chaplain (1798-1804) to his
relative, Dr. Porter, bishop of Clogher, and
was thenceforth beneficed in Ireland.
Atthill's mother was Henrietta Margaret
Eyre, eldest daughter of George Maunsell,
dean of Leighlin. Atthill's elder brother,
John Henry Grey Atthill, became chief
justice of St. Lucia.

After attending the grammar school,
Maidstone,- Kent (1839-41), he returned
to Ireland to prepare for Trinity College,
Dublin. In June 1844 he was apprenticed
to Maurice Collis, a surgeon to the Meath
Hospital, Dublin, and in July he entered
Trinity. In July 1847, while under twenty,
he obtained the licence of the Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland, and in 1849 he
graduated B.A. and M.B. of Dublin Uni-
versity, and in 1865 M.D.

In 1847 he became honorary surgeon to
a charitable dispensary in Fleet Street,
Dublin, where he gained much experience
of typhus, small-pox, and other infective
fevers, and during the following winter
was assistant demonstrator in the Park
Street School of Medicine. From 1848 to
1850 he was dispensary doctor of the
district of Geashill in King's County. In
1850 he settled in Dublin and was made
assistant physician to the Rotunda
Hospital in 1851. While in the Rotunda
Hospital for the usual period of three
years he endeavoured, without much
success, to build up a private practice.
A period of pecuniary struggle followed.
In 1860 he was elected fellow of the
King's and Queen's College of Physicians
and from that year to 1868 was registrar
of the college. In 1868 there was a turn
of fortune. He joined the staff of the
Adelaide Hospital and was given charg
of a ward for the treatment of diseases

peculiar to women, the first appointment
f the kind in any Dublin hospital. Gynae-
cology was practically a new study, and
thenceforth Atthill, by his teaching and
vritings, did much for its development.
He was one of the first in Ireland success-
ully to perform the operation of ovariotomy,
lis first two cases being successful. In
November 1875 he was elected master of
the Rotunda Hospital, and thus com-
manded the best field in the kingdom
:or obstetric and gynaecological experience,
[n the Rotunda Hospital he gave gynaeco-
.ogy a place almost as important as mid-
wifery. He re-organised the working of
that institution by the introduction of
Listerian principles, and practically drove
puerperal sepsis from the wards (JOHNSTON,
Proc. of the Dublin Obstetrical Society,
1875-6, p. 28; SMYLY, Trans, of the
Royal Acad. of Med. in Ireland, 1891).
From 1874 to 1876 he was president of
the Dublin Obstetrical Society. He was
president of the obstetric section of the
Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland in
1884-5, and again in 1895-7, and was
president of the Academy 1900-3. In 1888
he was elected president of the Irish College
of Physicians, and from 1889 to 1903 repre-
sented the college on the General Medical
Council. In 1898 he retired from practice,
in which he finally achieved great success.
He died suddenly on the platform of
Strood railway station near Rochester on
14 September 1910. He was buried at
Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin. He
married (1) in April 1850 Elizabeth
(d. 1870), daughter of James Dudgeon
of Dublin, by whom he had one son
and nine daughters ; and (2) on 1 June
1872 Mary, daughter of Robert Christie of
Manchester, and widow of John Duffey of
Dublin, mother of Sir George Duffey, a
president of the Royal College of
Physicians of Ireland.

Atthill published at Dublin in 1871 ' Clini-
cal Lectures on Diseases Peculiar to Women '
(7th edit. 1883 ; reprinted in America, 5th
edit. 1882 ; and translated into French
1882, and Spanish 1882). Consisting of
lectures to students in the Adelaide
Hospital, the book embodied the results
of Atthill's own experience, and was for many
years regarded as the best English text-book
on the subject. In 1910 he published in
the ' British Medical Journal ' (1910, vol. i.)
' Recollections of a Long Professional Life,'
afterwards reprinted for private circula-
tion. Posthumously in 1911 there appeared
his 'Recollections of an Irish Doctor,' an
interesting reminiscence of Irish life prior

Aumonier

Austen Leigh

to the famine, and a modest description
of Atthill's early struggles. Atthill con-
tributed much to professional journals.

[AtthilTs Recollections, supra ; Medical Press
and Circular, 21 Sept. 1910 ; Burke's Landed
Gentry ; Todd's Dublin Graduates ; MS. En-
trance Book, Trin. Coll., Dublin ; Proc.
Dublin Obstetrical Soc. ; Trans. Royal Acad.
of Medicine in Ireland ; private sources.]

R, J. R.

AUMONIER, JAMES (1832-1911),
landscape painter, born in Camberwell on
9 April 1832, was son of Henry Collingwood
Aumonier, a jeweller, by his wife, Nancy
Frances, daughter of George Stacy. The
family was of French descent. A younger
brother did excellent work as an engraver,
and a nephew, Stacy Aumonier, became a
landscape painter and decorative designer.
James's childhood was spent at Highgate
and High Barnet, and at fourteen he
\v,-is placed in a business which was
little to his taste. For some time he
attended the evening classes, first at the
Birkbeck Institution, then known as the
Mechanics' Institute, and subsequently at
South Kensington, where he worked with
such application that he soon found em-
ployment as a designer of calicoes in a
London firm.

Meanwhile he used all his spare time
to practise landscape painting out of doors,
working in the early morning hours in the
cloisters of Westminster and in Kensington
Gardens, and later in Epping Forest. He
exhibited for the first time at the Royal
Academy in 1871, but continued his work
in the factory until after 1873, when Sir
Newton Mappin purchased a picture shown
by Aumonier at the Royal Academy, ' An
English Cottage; Home.' The title is
typical of the class of subject that
appealed most forcibly to Aumonier. He
devoted himself almost exclusively to
the painting of the peaceful English
countryside, and showed a special pre-
IV n -nee for the warm golden tints of
autumn and of the late afternoon. A true
lover of nature, he took her facts as he found
(lion, without imposing upon her his own
idi as of pictorial fitness. Aumonier never
left England until 1891, when he visited
Venice and the Venetian Alps, but he always
preferred to find his subjects in his own
country.

He became associate of the Royal In-
stitute of Painters in Water-colours in 1876,
and was one of the original members of the
Institute of Oil Painters. In 1889 he was
awarded a gold medal for water-colour in
Paris, and a bronze medal for oil painting

at Adelaide. He also received a silver
medal at the Brussels exhibition in 1897.
An exhibition of his water-colour drawings
was held at the Leicester Galleries in 1908,
and another of his work in oils as well
at the Goupil Gallery in March 1912.
Among his best pictures are ' When the
Tide is Out,' 'The Silver Lining of the
Cloud ' (both in the Royal Academy of 1895),
'In the Fen Country,' 'The Old Sussex
Farmstead,' ' Sunday Evening,' and, above
all, ' Sheep Washing,' now in the Chantrey
bequest collection at the Tate Gallery,
which also owns his ' Black Mountains.'
He is represented, too, in the municipal
galleries of Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds,
Liverpool, Sheffield, Oldham, Adelaide, and
Perth (Western Australia).

Aumonier died in London on 4 Oct. 1911,
and his remains were cremated at Woking.
He married in 1863 Amelia Wright, and
had two sons and two daughters. A
sketch portrait in oils by James Charles
[q. v. Suppl. II] was executed in 1900.

[Studio, vol. xx. 1900 ; Morning Post, Oct.
1911 ; private information.] P. G. K.

AUSTEN, SIR WILLIAM
CHANDLER ROBERTS- (1843-1902),
metallurgist. [See ROBERTS- AUSTEN.]

AUSTEN LEIGH, AUGUSTUS (1840-
1905), thirty-second provost of King's
College, Cambridge, born at Scarlets,
Berkshire, on 17 July 1840, was sixth son
of J. Edward Austen (after 1836 Austen
Leigh, who died vicar of Bray (Berks) in
1874) and of Emma (d. 1876), daughter
of Charles Smith, M.P., of Suttons in Essex.

Austen Leigh entered Eton as a colleger
in 1852; in 1858-9 he played cricket for
the school. In 1859 ho entered King's
College, Cambridge, as a scholar on the
foundation, gained a Browne medal for Latin
ode, and a members' prize for Latin essay
in 1862, graduated as fourth classic in 1863,
and proceeded M.A. in 1866. Ho became
fellow of his college in 1862, was ordained
deacon by the bishop of Lincoln (visitor of
the college) in 1865, and from 1865 to
1867 was curate of Henley-on-Thames.
He never proceeded to priest's orders.

In 1867 he returned to King's College,
where he passed the rest of his life, taking
an active part in teaching and adminis-
trative work. From 1868 to 1881 he was
tutor, dean in 1871-3 and again in 1882-5,
and from 1877 to 1889 vice-provost. On
the death of Richard Okes [q. v.] he was
elected provost (9 Feb. 1889). In 1876-80
and again in 1886-90 ho was a member of
the council of the senate, and in 1893-5 he
served the office of vice-chancellor.

Ayerst

Austen Leigh's work was that of an
administrator, and his leading character-
istics were fair-mindedness, courtesy, and
unsparing industry. In the year in which
he entered King's College, the old privilege
of the foundation, in virtue of which Kings-
men were admitted to the degree of B.A.
without passing any university examina-
tion, had been surrendered. This was only
the first of a long series of reforms, which
took shape in two successive bodies of
statutes, ratified in 1861 and 1882 respec-
tively. Under these the college, hitherto
a close corporation of Eton collegers, was
thrown open to the world. In the furthering
of these reforms and in guiding their pro-
gress with justice and moderation, lay the
principal achievement of Austen Leigh's
life. As provost, he presided over the
college with striking success during a period
of its history remarkable for intellectual
growth. He was an active member of the
governing body of Eton College from 1889,
and from 1890 did equally good service as a
governor of Winchester College. Others of
his interests are indicated by the fact that
he was president of the Cambridge Uni-
versity Musical Society (from 1883), and of
the university cricket club (from 1886).
On 20 Jan. 1905 he died suddenly
in his house at Cambridge of angina
pectoris, and was buried at Grantchester.
On 9 July 1889 he had married Florence
Emma, eldest daughter of G. B. Austen
Lefroy, but left no issue.

A portrait by the Hon. John Collier is
in possession of his college.

His only published work is a ' History of
King's College ' (in * Cambridge University
College Histories ') 1899.

[Personal knowledge ; Augustus Austen
Leigh : a Record of College Reform, by W.
Austen Leigh, 1906.] M. R. J.

AYERST, WILLIAM (1830-1904),
divine, bora at Dantzig on 16 March 1830,
was eldest son of William Ayerst, vicar of
Egerton, Kent. Educated at King's College,
London (1847-9), he became in 1849
scholar and Lyon exhibitioner of Caius
College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. with
a third class in the classical tripos and
junior optimc in 1853, and M.A. in 1856.
Ordained deacon in 1853 and priest in
1854, he served the curacies successively
of All Saints, Gordon Square (1853-5),
St. Paul's, Lisson Grove (1855-7), and St.
Giles'-in-the-Fields (1857-9). Whilst work-
ing as a curate he won the Hulsean prize
at Cambridge in 1855 and the Norrisian
prize in 1858. In 1859 Ayerst went out
to India as rector of St. Paul's School

Ayrton

Calcutta. In 1861 he was appointed to
a chaplaincy on the Bengal ecclesiastical
establishment ; served as senior chaplain
with the Khyber field force from 1879
to 1881, and received the Afghan medal.
Returning to London, he was appointed
by the London Society for Promoting
Christianity amongst the Jews principal of
its missionary college and minister of the
Jews' Episcopal Chapel, Cambridge Heath,
but accepted in 1882 the vicarage of
Hungarton with Twyford and Thorpe
Satchville, Leicestershire. In 1884 he
opened at Cambridge a hostel, Ayerst Hall,
designed to aid men of modest means in
obtaining a university degree and theo-
logical training. He resigned his living
in 1886, but served as curate of Newton,
Cambridgeshire, from 1888 to 1890, and
continued his work at Ayerst Hall until 1897.

In 1885 the church party in Natal, which
had stood by Bishop Colenso after his
deposition from the see of Natal, and
continued after his death an independent
ecclesiastical existence, formally applied
to the English archbishops through the
church council of Natal for the consecration
of a successor to Colenso. The request
was refused. After some delay, Ayerst
accepted the offer of the bishopric, and
again attempts were made to obtain con-
secration. This, in spite of Ayerst's
persistency, was definitely refused by Arch-
bishop Benson on 21 Oct. 1891. During
his later years Ayerst lived quietly in
London, where he died on 6 April 1904.

Ayerst married (1) in 1859 Helen Sarah
Hough Drawbridge, by whom he had ten
children, of whom three sons and a daughter
survived him ; and (2) in 1893 Annie
Young Davidson. He published ' The
Influence of Christianity on the Language
of Modern Europe ' (1856) and ' The Penta-
teuch its Own Witness ' (1858).

[Guardian, 13 April 1904 ; A. C. Benson's
Life of Edward White Benson, 1899, ii. 484-
511 ; C. F. Pascoe. Two Hundred Years of the
S.P.G., 1901, p. 334 ; Cambridge University
Calendar ; private information.] A. R. B.

AYRTON, WILLIAMEDWARD(1847-
1908), electrical engineer and physicist,
born in London on 14 Sept. 1847, was son
of an able barrister, Edward Nugent Ayrton
(1815-1873), and nephew of Acton Smee
Ayrton [q. v.] [see for earlier relatives
EDMUND AYRTON and WILLIAM AYRTON].
Ayrton's father, a distinguished linguist, had
severe ideas of education, and tried, without
much success, to enforce on his son the
practice of speaking different languages
(including Hebrew) on each day of the

Ayrton

week. After attending University Col-
lege school from 1859 to 1864, he entered
University College 1 London in 1864-5,
and in July 1865 and July 1866 took the
Andrews mathematical scholarships for
first and second year students respectively.
In 1867 he passed the first B.A. exami-
nation of the University of London, with
second-class honours in mathematics, and
entered the Indian telegraph service, being
sent by government on passing the entrance
examination to Glasgow to study electricity
under (Sir) William Thomson, afterwards
Lord Kelvin [q. v. Suppl. II]. Of his work
in Kelvin's laboratory he gave a vivid
account in 'The Times,' 8 Jan. 1908.
After some practical study at the works
of the Telegraph Construction and Main-
tenance Company he went out to Bombay in
1868, his appointment as assistant-superin-
tendent of the fourth grade dating from
1 Sept. 1868. With Mr. C. L. Schwendler,
electrician on special duty, he soon worked
out methods of detecting faults which
revolutionised the Indian overland system
of telegraphs. In 1871 Ayrton was moved
to Alipur ; returning on short leave, he
married in London, on 21 Dec. 1871, his
cousin, Matilda Chaplin [see AYRTON,
MATILDA CHAPLIN]. In 1872-3 he again
returned to England for special investi-
gations ; and was also placed in charge of
the testing for the Great Western Rail-
way telegraph factory under (Sir) William
Thomson and Fleeming Jenkin [q. v.]. In
1873 the Japanese government founded
the Imperial Engineering College at ToWo,
which became for a time the largest
technical university in the world. Ayrton
accepted the chair of physics and telegraphy,
and proceeding to Japan created a labora-
tory for teaching applied electricity. The
first of its kind, this laboratory served as a
model for those which Ayrton himself orga-
nised in England later, and through them
for numerous other laboratories elsewhere.
During the five years in Japan Ayrton with
his colleague, Professor John Perry, carried
out an extraordinarily large amount of
experimental work ; their joint researches
include the first determinations of the dielec-
tric constant of gases and an important
memoir on the significance of this constant
in the definition of the electrostatic unit of
quantity ; memoirs on the viscosity of
dielectrics, the theory of terrestrial mag- !
netism, on electrolytic polarisation, con-
tact electricity, telegraphic tests, the
thermal conductivity of stone, a remarkably
ingenious solution of the mystery of
Japanese * magic ' mirrors, and a paper

interesting to the philosophy of aesthetics
on ' The Music of Colour and Visible
Motion.' In 1878 Ayrton returned, home
and acted as scientific adviser to Messrs.
( Josiah) Latimer Clark [q. v.] and Muirhead.
In 1879 Ayrton became a professor of the
City and Guilds of London Institute for the
Advancement of Technical Education, an
institution founded by certain City com-
panies. He delivered the inaugural address
on 1 Nov., and began the institute's work
in the basement of the Middle Class Schools,
Cowper Street. He and Professor Henry
Edward Armstrong, F.R.S., the chemist,
were at first the sole professors, and his
first class consisted of an old man and a boy
of fourteen. Perry soon joined the small
staff and the movement spread rapidly. In
1881 the governors of the institute laid the
foundation of two colleges, the Finsbury
Technical College and the Central Technical
(now the City and Guilds) College,
South Kensington. Ayrton acted as
professor of applied physics at Finsbury
from 1881 till 1884, and then became
first professor of physics and electrical
engineering in the Central Technical
College, a post which he held till his
death.

Ayrton and Perry continued till about
1891 their scientific partnership ; in 1881
they invented the surface-contact system
for electric railways with its truly absolute
block system, which in 1882 they applied
together with Fleeming Jenkin to ' telpher-
age,' a system of overhead transport used
little in England, but to a greater extent in
America.

In 1882 Ayrton and Perry brought out
the first electric tricycle ; they next in-
vented in rapid succession a whole series
of portable electrical measuring instruments,
an ammeter (so named by the inventors),
an electric power meter, various forms of
voltmeter, and an instrument for measuring
self and mutual induction. Great use is
made in these instruments of an ingeniously
devised flat spiral spring which yields a
relatively great rotation for a small axial
elongation. The instruments have served
as prototypes for the measuring instruments
which have come into use in all countries,
as electric power has become generally
employed for domestic and commercial
purposes. Ayrton and Perry also invented
a clock meter and motor meter which served
as models for the meters now used, and
would have brought them an immense
fortune, had they not abandoned their
patents at too early a date. Of the in-
struments other than electric invented by

Ayrton

them about this time may be mentioned
transmission and absorption dynamometers,
and a dispersion photometer. Apart from
specific inventions of apparatus and
instruments the two men carried out in-
vestigations into almost every branch of
electric engineering and the branches of
mechanical engineering specially useful to
the electrical engineer.

In 1891 Ayrton and Perry published their
last joint paper, in which, together with one
of Ayrton's pupils, Dr. W. E. Sumpner,
they showed that the theoretical law pre-
viously worked out for quadrant electro-
meters was not valid. From 1891 onwards
Ayrton worked mainly in collaboration with
Mr. Thomas Mather, F.R.S. (first his
assistant and later his successor), with
Dr. Sumpner, and with others of his pupils,
past and present. Among his later researches
of importance are those on accumulators, on
Clark cells, on galvanometer construction, on
glow lamps, on non-inductive resistances,
on the three voltmeter method of deter-
mining the power supplied to a circuit
(devised jointly with Dr. Sumpner), on the
very ingenious 'universal shunt box' and
electrostatic voltmeters, invented jointly
with Mr. Mather, work on alternate-current
dynamos, on ampere-balances and on
transformers, an elaborate determination
of the ohm in conjunction with Principal
John Viriamu Jones [q. v. Suppl. II], and
an investigation of the phenomena of smell,
dealt with in Ayrton's presidential address
to the mathematical and physical section of
the British Association in 1898.

An address on 'Electricity as a Motive
Power ' delivered to working men at the
Sheffield meeting of the British Association,
23 Aug. 1879, put forward for the first
time the important suggestion that power
could be distributed at once most econo-
mically and safely by means of high
tension currents of relatively small quantity
' transformed down ' at the distant end of
the transmission system. In the lecture
delivered at the Johannesburg meeting of the
British Association on 29 Aug. 1905, Ayrton
pointed to the fulfilment of his prophecies ;
and at the same time discouraged the project
for utilising the Victoria Falls on the Zam-
besi as a generating station, on the ground
that the plan proposed was inefficient and
that their beauty would be spoilt to no
purpose.

Research work was only one side of
Ayrton's many activities ; he was employed
as a consulting electrical engineer by
government departments and by many
private firms, and took part as an expert in

many important patent cases. He invariably
declined to act in legal cases unless a
preliminary investigation had convinced
him of the soundness of the cause for
which he was to appear.

Ayrton was elected fellow of the Royal
Society in 1881, and was awarded a royal
medal in 1901. In the Institution of
Electrical Engineers (founded in 1871 as
the Society of Telegraph Engineers and
Electricians) Ayrton took a special interest,
and the development of the institution,
which he joined in 1872, was largely due
to his energetic support. From 1878 to
1885 he acted as chairman of the editorial
committee and as honorary editor of the
' Journal.' In 1892 he was elected presi-
dent and from 1897 to 1902 acted as
honorary treasurer of the institution. He
was president of the Physical Society from
1890 to 1892.

For the admiralty Ayrton carried out
important investigations on the heating of
cables used in the wiring of warships, on
searchlights (in conjunction with his second
wife), on sparking pressures, and other
matters, and he was a member of the com-
mittee appointed in 1901 to consider and
report upon ' the electrical equipment of His
Majesty's ships.' He served on the com-
mittee appointed in 1889 to advise the
board of trade on electrical standards, of
which the report led to the formation of the
present board of trade testing laboratory;
and he also served on the general board of
the national physical laboratory and on
juries of several international exhibitions,
including that of Chicago in 1893 and of
Paris in 1900. He acted in 1903 as a
member of the educational commission
organised by Mr. Alfred Mosely, C.M.G., to
visit the United States and report on
American education.

Above all Ayrton threw himself heart
and soul into his teaching. The labora-
tories, which he created at Finsbury and
South Kensington, turned out hundreds
of electrical engineers, and by his stirring
addresses on technical education, he played
an important part in the technical develop-
ment of the country. His public lectures
were elaborately prepared, abounded in
striking illustration, and were delivered with
the skill and fire of an accomplished ad-
vocate. In the laboratory he taught each
student to carry out every experiment ' as
if he were the first who had ever investigated
the matter,' and criticised the work that
came to his notice in the most minute detail,
and on any indication of want of energy or
thoroughness he was mercilessly severe.

Bacon

He treated himself with the same severity ;
for years together he took no rest from work,
and towards 1901 he developed weakness of
the arterial system, from which he ultimately
died on 8 Nov. 1908, at his house, 41 Nor-
folk Square, Hyde Park. He was buried at
the Brompton cemetery without religious
rites, but with a choral service of sacred
music. His son-in-law, Mr. Israel Zang-
will, and Professor Perry delivered addresses
over the grave.

By his first marriage Ayrton had one
daughter, Edith Chaplin Ayrton, who
inarriccl the writer, Israel Zangwill, and is
herself the author of several novels. On
6 May 1885 he married Miss Sarah (Hertha)
Marks, a distinguished Girton student, who
was in 1906 awarded the Hughes medal of
the Royal Society for her researches on the
electric arc and on sand ripples ; by his
second marriage he had one daughter,
Barbara Bodichon, now married to Mr.
Gerald Gould.

The list of Ayrton' s papers, 151 in all,
includes eleven published before 1876,
independently ; seventy published between
1876 and 1891 with Prof. Perry (of which
two were in collaboration with other
workers) ; and twelve in collaboration with
Professor Mather. Ayrton published in 1 887
a work on ' Practical Electricity,' which went
through eleven editions in his lifetime and
has since been reissued as a joint work with
Professor Mather.

It is as a pioneer in electrical engineering
and a great teacher and organiser of tech-
nical education that Ayrton will be re-

membered. He was a man of restless
energy and of the most varied capacities,
scientific, dramatic, and musical, and alive
to problems of philosophy and religion to
which he refrained from devoting his
time only because he saw no possibility
of immediate solutions. Like other
members of his family he was an
active and generous supporter of women's
rights.

Ayrton was somewhat above the medium
height, fair, with brown hair and blue eyes.
A medallion in plaster by Miss Margaret
Giles (Mrs. Bernard Jenkin) is in the
possession of Mrs. Ayrton.

[A short account of the Families of Chaplin
and Skinner and connected Families, privately
printed, 1902, for Nugent Chaplin; Univ.
Coll. School Register for 1831-1891 ; Univ.
Coll. London, Calendars for 1865-6, pp. 55,
118; ib. for 1866-7, pp. 67, 116; ib. for
1867-8, pp. 109, 130; University of London
Calendar ; Government of India Telegraph
Department, Classified Lists . . . and Distri-
bution Returns for years ending 31 March
1869 (pp. 3, 50) and 1870-1873 ; article by
P. J. Hartog in Cassier's Magazine, xxii. 541
(1902) ; obituary notice in The Central (Journal
of the City and Guilds of London Central
j Technical College), vol. vii. (1910) (with por-
| trait from photograph) by Maurice Solomon
j and Professor Thomas Mather, F.R.S., with a
bibliography containing a ' fairly complete ' list
of papers, by F. E. Meade, as well as in Nature,
19 Nov. 1908, and in Proc. Roy. Soc. 85 A, p.i.,
by Professor John Perry ; information from
Mrs. Ayrton and personal knowledge. 1

P. J. H.

BACON, JOHN MACKENZIE (1846-
1904), scientific lecturer and aeronaut,
born at Lam bourn Woodlands, Berkshire, on
19 June 1846, was fourth son of John Bacon,
vicar of Lambourn Woodlands, a friend
and neighbour of Charles Kingslcy and
Tom Hughes, by his wife Mary Lousada,
of Spanish ancestry. His great-grandfather
was John Bacon, R.A. [q. v.], and his
grandfather John Bacon (1777-1859), sculp-
tor [q.v.]. After education at home and at
a coaching establishment at Old Charlton,
with a view to the army, he matriculated
from Trinity College, Cambridge, in October
1865, gaining a foundation scholarship in
1869. Eye trouble compelled an ' aegrotat '
degree in the mathematical tripos of
1869. His intimate friends at Cambridge
included William Kingdon Clifford [q. v.],

Francis Maitland Balfour [q. v.], and
Edward Henry Palmer, the orientalist
[q. v.l-

From 1869 to 1875 he worked with a
brother at Cambridge as a pass 'coach.'
Taking holy orders in 1870, he was unpaid
curate of Harston, Cambridge, until 1 875,
when he settled at Cold ash, Berkshire. There
he assisted in parochial work, was a poor
law guardian, initiated cottage shows, and
encouraged hand-bell ringing and agricul-
ture. He acted as curate of Shaw, four
miles from Coldash, from 1882 until 1889,
when his * The Curse of Conventionalism :
a Remonstrance by a Priest of the Church
of England,' boldly challenged the con-
ventional clerical attitude to scientific
questions, and brought on him. the censure
of the orthodox. Thereupon he abandoned

Bacon

Badcock

clerical work, and devoted himself to
scientific study.

Astronomy and aeronautics had interested
him from boyhood, and much of his life
was devoted to stimulating public interest
in these subjects. On 10 Feb. 1888 he
became a fellow of the Royal Astrono-
mical Society, before which he read in 1898
a paper on 'Actinic qualities of light as
affected by different conditions of atmo-
sphere.' With the British Astronomical
Association, which he joined in 1895, sub-
sequently becoming a member of council
and of the eclipse committees, he witnessed
at Vadso, in Norwegian Lapland, the
total eclipse of the sun (9 Aug. 1896). In
Dec. 1897 he led a party to Buxar in
India for the solar eclipse of January
1898, and took the first animated photo-
graphs of the eclipse, but the films mys-
teriously disappeared on the voyage home.
Of this eclipse Bacon gave an account in
the ' Journal ' of the association (viii. 264).
Bacon, as special correspondent to ' The
Times,' observed the solar eclipse of 28 May
1900 at Wadesborough, North Carolina,
and made further experiments with the
cinematograph.

From kite-flying Bacon early turned to
ballooning and to the acoustic and meteoro-
logical researches for which it gave oppor-
tunity. His first balloon ascent was made
from the Crystal Palace on 20 Aug. 1888
with Captain Dale. Experiments in 1899
proved that sound travelled through the
air less rapidly upwards than downwards.
In August of that year he successfully
experimented from his balloon with
wireless telegraphy. On 15 Nov. 1899
he and his daughter narrowly escaped a
fatal accident when descending at Neath,
South Wales, after a balloon journey of
ten hours to examine the Leonid meteors
(for account see Journal Brit. Astr. Assoc.
x. 48). In November 1902 Bacon crossed
the Irish Channel in a balloon, a feat
accomplished only once before in 1817.
On the voyage he proved the theory that
the sea bottom was visible and could be
photographed from a great height. Bacon
photographed from his balloon, at a height
of 600 feet, the beds of sand and rock ten
fathoms deep in the bottom of the Irish
Channel. Bacon's photographs were exhi-
bited at the Royal Society's soiree at
Burlington House in the spring of 1903.
With Mr. J. Nevil Maskelyne Bacon began
experiments in the inflation of balloons with
hot air by the vaporisation of petroleum,
in place of coal gas, thereby greatly quicken-
ing the process and the better adapting

balloons to military uses. Bacon also
prosecuted inquiries into the causes and
cure of London fog, insisting on the need of
stronger currents of air through the streets,
by widening thoroughfares and increasing
the number of open spaces.

Bacon's investigations exhausted his
slender resources, and from the winter
of 1898 he was active and successful as a
popular lecturer on his work and experiences
and as a popular scientific writer in the
press. On 15 Feb. 1899 and 22 Jan.
1902 he read before the Society of Arts
papers on * The Balloon as an Instrument
of Scientific Research ' (cf. Journal Soc.
of Arts, 17 Feb. 1899), and 'Scientific
Observations at High Altitudes' (tfc. 24
Jan. 1902). In a paper at the Cambridge
meeting of the British Association on
* Upper Air Currents and their Relation
to the Far Travel of Sound' (1904) he
summarised his more recent acoustic experi-
ments in balloons. He died of pleurisy at
Coldash on 26 Dec. 1904, and was buried in
Swallowfield churchyard, near Reading.

Bacon married twice : (1) on 11 April
1871 Gertrude (d. 19 Jan. 1894), youngest
daughter of Charles John Myers, fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, and vicar of
Flintham, Nottingham, and had issue two
sons and one daughter, Gertrude ; (2) on
7 Oct. 1903 Stella, youngest daughter of
Captain T. B. H. Valintine of Goodwood,
by whom he had one daughter. His elder
daughter, Gertrude, who was his bio-
grapher, often accompanied him in his
ascents and eclipse expeditions (see her
accounts in Journal Brit. Astron. Assoc.
x. 18, 288; xi. 149) and wrote on
ballooning.

Bacon's separately published works were :

1. 'By Land and Sky,' 1900, a lucid
account of the fascination of ballooning.

2. 'The Dominion of the Air,' 1902, a
popular history of aeronautics.

[The Record of an Aeronaut, being the life
of John M. Bacon, by Gertrude Bacon (with
photogravure portrait), 1907 ; The Times,
27 and 28 Dec. 1904 ; Journal Brit. Astron.
Assoc. 19 Jan. 1905; Roy. Astron. Soc.'s
Monthly Notices, Feb. 1905 ; E. W. Maunder,
The Indian Eclipse, 1898 (1899), and The
Total Solar Eclipse, 1900 (1901).] W. B. 0.

BADCOCK, SIB ALEXANDER
ROBERT (1844-1907), general, Indian
staff corps, born at Wheatleigh, Taunton,
on 11 Jan. 1844, was third son of Henry
Badcock, J.P., of Wheatleigh, by Georgina
Jeffries. His father's family had long
been connected with a bank in Taunton,
now a branch of Parr's bank. Educated

Badcoek

Baddeley

at Elstree and at Harrow School, he passed
to Addiscombe, and obtaining his first
commission as ensign on 1 Oct. 1861, was
promoted lieutenant on 1 Oct. 1862 and
captain on 1 Oct. 1873, brevet-colonel on
2 March 1885, major-general on 1 April 1897,
lieutenant-general on 3 April 1900.

After a brief period of regimental duty
with the 38th foot and then with the 29th
Bengal native infantry, he entered in 1864
the commissariat department, in which he
remained till 1895, achieving a remarkable
success and rising to the highest post of
commissary general-in-chief, December 1890.
In his three earliest campaigns, Bhootan
(1864-5), the Black Mountain expedition
(1868), and Perak (1875-6) he attracted
notice for his foresight and power of organisa-
tion, winning the thanks of government.
His next service was rendered as principal
commissariat officer under Sir Frederick
(afterwards Earl) Roberts in the Kuram
field force (1878-9), taking part in the
forcing of the Peiwar Kotal and other
actions. Returning from furlough when
operations were resumed, he joined the
Kabul field force, and owing to his
admirable preparations Lord Roberts
found in Sherpur when it was invested
' supplies for men stored for nearly four
months and for animals for six weeks.'
Badcoek also assisted in recovering the
guns abandoned near Bhagwana, and
finally when the Kabul-Kandahar field
force, consisting of 9986 men and eighteen
guns with 8000 followers and 2300 horses
and mules, started on 9 Aug. 1880 he
relieved Roberts's ' greatest anxiety,' and
the force reached Kandahar, 313 miles from
Kabul, on 31 Aug., with a safe margin of
supplies. For these services he received
the medal and three clasps, the bronze
star, brevets of major and lieutenant-
colonel, and the C.B. Roberts reported to
government that he knew of ' no officer so
well qualified as Major Badcoek to be
placed at the head of the commissariat
in the field.' In 1885 he collected trans-
port for the Sudan, and in 1895 received
the C.S.I, and the thanks of government
for his services in connection with the
Chitral relief force. He was appointed
quartermaster-general in India on 7 Nov.
1895. Besides these appointments he acted
as secretary in the military department
1890-1 and was president of a committee
to consider the grant of compensation for
dearness of provisions, October 1894. On
Ms retirement at the expiration of his term
of office as quartermaster-general in 1900,
he took an active part in the organisation

of the imperial yeomanry, and was appointed
member of the council of India, receiving
on 26 June 1902 the K.C.B. He died in
London on 23 March 1907, while still holding
that office, and was buried at Taunton.

He married in 1865 Theophila Lowther,
daughter of John Shore Dumergue, I.C.S.,
judge of Aligarh, by whom he had four
sons and a daughter. All his sons entered
the army. Sir Alexander appears in the
picture of officers who took part in the
Kabul - Kandahar march published by
Major Whitelock of Birmingham in 1911.

[The Times, 25 March 1907 ; Watford's
County Families ; Hart's and Official Army
Lists ; Roberts's Forty-one Years in India,
1898 ; H. B. Hanna's Second Afghan War,
3 vols. 1899-1910.]

BADDELEY, MOUNTFORD JOHN
BYRDE (1843-1906), compiler of guide-
books, born at Uttoxeter on 6 March 1843,
was the second son of three children of
Whieldon Baddeley, solicitor, of Rocester,
Staffordshire, by his wife Frances Blurton
Webb. His elder brother, Richard Whiel-
don Baddeley (1840-76), was the author
of several novels and a volume of poems
'The Golden Lute.' (1876), which was
published posthumously. After education
at King Edward's grammar school, Bir-
mingham, Baddeley obtained a classical
scholarship at Clare College, Cambridge,
and matriculating in October 1864,
graduated B.A. with a second class in the
classical tripos in 1868. In 1869 he was ap-
pointed assistant master, and subsequently
house master, at Somersetshire College,
Bath. From 1880 to 1884 he was assistant
master at Sheffield grammar school.
Retiring from school work, Baddeley then
settled at The Hollies, Windermere, and later
removed to Lake View Villas, Bownese.
Intimately acquainted with the Lake
district and keenly interested in local
affairs, he was chairman of the Bowness
local board until its dissolution in 1894,
and identified himself with movements for
preserving footpaths and for popularising
the Lake district as a pleasure resort. On
his initiative sign posts were placed by the
Lakes District Association on mountain
paths, and a flying squadron of young
members was organised to report periodi-
cally on the condition of the passes. The
new road from Skelwith bridge to Langdale,
and the drive along the west side of Thirl-
mere, which was completed by the Man-
chester corporation in 1894, were largely
due to Baddeley's active intervention.
He was opposed to the multiplication of
railways or of local industries.

Bailey

From 1884 to 1906 Baddeley, who was
an untiring walker through most parts
of England and a close observer of nature,
mainly occupied himself with preparing the
' Thorough Guide ' series of guide-books
for Great Britain and Ireland. The series
opened with the ' English Lake District '
(1880 ; llth ed. 1909). In ' South Wales '
(1886; 4th ed. 1908), 'North Wales,'
2 parts (1895 ; 8th ed. 1909), and * South
Devon and South Cornwall ' (1902 ; 3rd ed.
1908) he collaborated with the Rev. C. S.
Ward. Remaining volumes include :
* Glasgow ' (1888 ; 3rd ed. 1900) ; ' York-
shire,' 2 parts (1893 ; 5th ed. 1909) ;
' Scotland,' 3 parts (1894) : part i. ' The
Highlands ' (llth ed. 1908) ; part ii. ' The
Northern Highlands ' (7th ed. 1906) ; part
iii. ' The Lowlands ' (5th ed. 1908) ;
'The Isle of Man' (1896; 2nd ed.
1898) ; ' Ireland,' part i. (1897 ; 6th ed.
1909); 'The Peak District' (1899; 9th
ed. 1908) ; ' Orkney and Shetland ' (1900 ;
6th ed. 1908); 'Liverpool' (1900);
' Bath, Bristol and forty miles around '
(1902 ; 2nd ed. 1908). Baddeley' s guides
were accurate, concise and practical. He
had the gift not only of describing natural
scenery but of forming a comparative
estimate of its beauty. He paid special
attention to the needs of the pedestrian.
Though an enthusiastic mountaineer he
deprecated hazardous adventure.

Baddeley died on 19 Nov. 1906, at his
house at Bowness, of pneumonia, which he
contracted on a visit to Selby while revising
one of his Yorkshire volumes; he was
buried at Bowness. In 1891 he married
Millicent Satterthwaite, daughter of Robert
Henry MachelT Michaelson- Yeates of Olive
Mount, Windermere. who survived him
without issue. In 1907 a clock tower was
erected at Bowness in his memory by
public subscription from friends and ad-
mirers in all parts of the British Isles.

[The Lakes Chronicle, 28 Nov. 1906;
Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 24 Nov. 1906;
Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Concerning Guide Books, by
Claude E. Benson, art. in Cornhill Mag.,
September 1910 ; private information.]

G. S. W.

BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (181&-1902),
author of ' Festus,' only son of Thomas
Bailey of Nottingham [q. v.], by his first
wife, Mary Taylor, was born on 22 April 1816,
at Nottingham, in a house, now demolished,
on the Middle Pavement facing the town
hall. He showed an early interest in his
father's poetical tastes, which his father
stimulated by taking him to see Byron's
lying-in-state at the Old Blackamoor's

Head in Nottingham High Street, and by
encouraging him to learn by heart the whole
of ' Childe Harold.' Educated in Notting-
ham, he was tutored in classics by Ben-
jamin Carpenter, a Unitarian minister.
In his sixteenth year he matriculated at
Glasgow University with a view to the
presbyterian ministry; but quickly
renouncing this ambition, he began in
1833 to study law in a solicitor's office in
London. On 26 April 1834 he was entered
a member of Lincoln's Inn, and was
called to the bar on 7 May 1840, but
never practised. Meanwhile his interest
in legal studies had been interrupted by the
reading of Goethe's ' Faust.' The German
poem took possession of his whole mind
and energy, but it failed to satisfy his moral
ideals, especially in its treatment of the
problem of evil. He felt under compulsion
to produce his own version of the legend,
and retired for that purpose in 1836 to
the seclusion of his father's house at Old
Basford, near Nottingham, where in three
years' time the original version of his poem
' Festus ' was written. It was printed in
Manchester by W. H. Jones, and published
without the author's name in London by
William Pickering in 1839.

On the whole the reception of ' Festus '
was enthusiastic. If the 'Athenaeum'
(21 Dec. 1839) pronounced the idea of the
poem to be 'a mere plagiarism from the
" Faust " of Goethe, with all its impiety
and scarcely any of its poetry,' Bulwer
Lytton, James Montgomery, Ebenezer
Elliott, J. W. Marston, R. H. Home,
and Mary Howitt joined with other leading
reviews in a chorus of praise (see press
notices in 2nd edit.). Tennyson wrote
to FitzGerald in 1846 that he had just
bought the poem, and advised his friend :
' order it and read : you will most likely
find it a great bore, but there are really very
grand things in "Festus."' The Pre-
Raphaelites discussed the work with' much
admiration, although Patmore complained
that Bailey was ' painting on clouds '
(Pre-Raphaelite Diaries, ed. W. M. ROSSETTI,
229, 262, 265).

In the second edition of 1845 Bailey made
large additions, and processes of addition
and recasting went on in later editions until,
in the eleventh or jubilee edition of 1889,
the work reached more than 40,000 lines.
In that volume was incorporated the greater
part of three volumes of poetry, which
Bailey had meanwhile published separately.
These were ' The Angel World, and other
Poems ' (1850), which attracted the attention
of the Pre-Raphaelites, and was eagerly

Bailey

noted by W. M. Rossetti for review in ' The
Germ ' ; ' The Mystic, and other Poems '
(1855) ; and ' The Universal Hymn ' (1867).
Although the popularity of ' Festus ' fluctu-
ated, it was alive at the end of the nine-
teenth century. The ' Festus Birthday
Book ' appeared in 1882, and the ' Beauties
of Festus ' in 1884. A ' Festus Treasury '
was edited by Albert Broadbent in 1901.
In the United States thirty unauthorised
editions of * Festus ' appeared before
1889.

Bailey's poetic power was never so fresh
and concentrated as in the first edition of
' Festus.' His later additions turned the
poem into a theological and metaphysical
treatise, for which some critics claimed
liigh philosophical merits, but beneath
which the poetry was smothered. In 1876
W. M. Rossetti spoke of ' Festus ' as ' but
little read,' but by way of remonstrance
Mr. Theodore Watts claimed that the
poem contained ' lovely oases of poetry,'
among ' wide tracts of ratiocinative writing '
(Athenceum, 1 April 1876). Bailey prefixed
to the jubilee edition an elaborate account
of the aims of the poem in its final form
and of the general principles of its arrange-
ment. He was often regarded as the
father of the ' spasmodic ' school of poetry,
and satirised as such along with Alexander
Smith [q. v.] and Sydney Dobell [q. v.] by
W. E. Aytoun [q. v.] in Firmilian ' (1854) ;
but in his last year he denied the imputation
in a long letter in which he restated, with
a self-satisfied seriousness, the intention
of his work. He there claimed Browning
as well as Tennyson among his admirers
(see ROBERTSON NICOLL and T. J. WISE,
Lit. Anecdotes Nineteenth Century, ii. 413-8).
Bailey wrote a play on the subject
of Aurungzebe, which Talfourd admired.
Talfourd introduced the author to
Macready, but the play was not produced
and was finally destroyed by Bailey in a
fit of despondency. Besides the volumes
afterwards incorporated in ' Festus,' he
published in 1858 ' The Age,' a colloquial
satire ; in 1861 a prose essay, ' The
International Policy of the Great Powers ' ;
in 1878 Nottingham Castle, an Ode ' ; and
in 1883 (undated, published at Ilfracombe)
' Causa Britannica, a Poem in Latin
Hexameters with English Paraphrase.'

In 1856 Bailey received a civil list pension
of 100/. in recognition of his literary work.
In 1864 he settled in Jersey, whence he paid
frequent visits to the continent. Ho
witnessed the eruption of Vesuvius in 1872,
impairing his health by exposure to heat.
In 1876 he returned to England, settling

Bain

first at Lee near Ilfracombe, and in 1885
at Blackheath. Finally he retired to a
louse in the Rope walk of his native
Nottingham, where he died after an
attack of influenza on 6 September 1902.
Ie was buried in Nottingham cemetery.
:Io married twice. His first marriage was
unhappy, and he was compelled to divorce
lis wife, by whom he had a son and daughter.
His second wife was Anne Sophia, daughter
of Alderman George Carey of Nottingham,
whom he married in 1863. She devotedly
watched over his later years, but died before
him in 1896. In 1901 Glasgow University
conferred upon him an hon. LL.D. degree
in his absence. A bronze bust of Bailey
executed by Albert Toft in 1901 is in
;he Nottingham Art Gallery. A marble
aust by John Alexander MacBride,
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1848,
s in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery,
Edinburgh. A plaster cast of it, dated
1846, is in the Nottingham Art Gallery.

[Recollections of Philip James Bailey, by
James Ward, Nottingham, 1905 (with por-
trait) ; Men and Women of the Time, 1899 ;
Miles 's Poets and Poetry of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury, iv. 517 seq. ; The Times, Daily Chronicle,
and Daily News, 8 Sept. 1902 ; Athenaeum,
13 Sept. 1902; Notes and Queries, 9th ser.
x. 242, 1902. See also Eclectic Review, vi. 654 ;
Academy, 1901, p. 447; 1902, pp. 248, 250;
Sunday Mag., Jan. 1898 ; Session of Poets, by
Caliban [i.e. Robert Buchanan] ; Spectator,
18 Sept. 1866; and Fortnightly Rev., Nov.
1902 (art. by Mr. Edmund Gosse, giving
careful account of the gradual growth of
Bailey's Festus, with an excellent estimate
of his worth and significance as a poet).]

T^. "R

BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903),
psychologist, logician, and writer on edu-
cation, born on 11 June 1818 in Aberdeen,
was one of the eight children of George Bain,
a man of energy and a strict Calvinist.
Son of a small farmer, the father served as
a soldier, and finally settled in Aberdeen as
a weaver. Alexander's mother, Margaret
Paul, active and industrious, but delicate
in health, died young. Bain himself
preserved his health by a carefully planned
system of simple living. At eleven he left
school to work for his living. Although
occupied in weaving, he found time to study
mathematics by himself, and at sixteen
he attended first of all an evening school
and afterwards a mutual instruction class
connected with the Mechanics' Institution.
John Murray, a minister in Aberdeen, helped
him in acquiring Latin, and introduced
him to Professor John Ouikshank, who
assisted him greatly in his studies. After

Bain

spending three months at the grammar
school, Bain obtained a bursary at Maris-
chal College at the ago of eighteen ; in 1 840
he graduated at the head of the honours list,
and in the same year he began to con-
tribute to the ' Westminster Review,' while
he also attended classes in chemistry and
anatomy. In 1841 he became assistant to
the professor of moral philosophy, Dr.
Glennie, and in 1842 he visited London and
made the acquaintance of John Stuart Mill,
George Grote, George Henry Lewes, Edwin
Chadwick, Thomas Carlyle, and other men
of note. At Mill's request Bain revised the
manuscript of his ' Logic ' and later on he
reviewed it in the ' Westminster Review ' ;
he was likewise led by Mill to make a
special study of the philosophy of George
Combe [q. v.], and in 1861 he wrote ' The
Study of Character, including an Estimate of
Phrenology.' In 1844 Bain lost his post of
assistant to Dr. Glennie owing to his having
made some innovation in the teaching, but
he was asked temporarily to take the
place of the professor of natural philosophy,
William Knight (1786-1844) [q. v.], though
doubts of his religious orthodoxy prevented
his becoming his successor. A like dis-
appointment was experienced in regard to
the logic chair at St. Andrews University ^
for which he was a candidate, and several
further applications for vacant chairs
proved futile, largely from the same
cause. In 1845-6 Bain lectured in Glasgow
in connection with the Andersonian Uni-
versity, and continued to write for maga-
zines, besides publishing educational works
on science for Messrs. Chambers. Through
Edwin Chadwick's influence he came to
London in 1848 to fill the post of assistant
secretary to the metropolitan sanitary
commission, and he was occupied in public
health work in London until 1850. Subse-
quently he lectured at the Bedford College
for Women while carrying on his literary
labours. In 1852 he edited Paley's
* Moral Philosophy.' On his first marriage
in 1855 he resigned his appointment at
Bedford College and resided at Richmond
for five years. During this period he held
examinerships for the University of London
and Indian civil service and occupied
himself with writing ; in 1855 he published
' The Senses and the Intellect ' (4th edit.
1894), and in 1859 ' The Emotions and the
Will' (4th edit. 1899).

Bain was again defeated in his application
for the logic chair at St. Andrews in 1860,
but despite much opposition from the
orthodox party, he was in the same year
appointed by the crown to the newly created ,

professorship of logic and English in the
United University of Aberdeen on the
recommendation of Sir George Cornewall
Lewis, then home secretary. Bain set
himself to improve the teaching of logic
and English in Aberdeen University. For
his English class he wrote an English
grammar in 1863, which was followed
three years later by a manual on ' English
Composition and Rhetoric ' (new edit. 1887)
and then by * English Extracts.' In 1872
and 1874 he issued two other English
grammars. In 1868 he published his
important work, * Mental and Moral Science,
a Compendium of Psychology and Ethics '
(3rd edit. 1872), and in the following year
he edited along with J. S. Mill, George
Grote, and Andrew Findlater, James Mill's
' Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human
Mind.' In 1870 appeared his ' Logic ' and
in 1872 there was published (in the ' Inter-
national Scientific ' series) his ' Mind and
Body' (3rd edit. 1874; German trans.
1874; Spanish trans. 1881). He was
accorded the degree of LL.D. by the
University of Edinburgh in 1869.

Bain assisted his pupil and close friend,
George Groom Robertson [q. v.] in editing
' Grote's Aristotle ' (1872), and he also edited
Grote's minor works in 1873. In 1876 there
was issued on Bain's initiative and at his
expense the first number of ' Mind,' the
philosophical journal for which he frequently
wrote. He appointed Groom Robertson
editor, and was financially responsible for
the periodical until 1891, when Groom
Robertson resigned his editorship. Bain
published another educational work, ' Edu-
cation as a Science ' also in the ' Inter-
national Scientific' series, in 1879 (German
trans. 1879). His health began at this time
to flag, and in 1880 he resigned his chair ;
two years later he was elected Lord Rector
of the Aberdeen University, an honour which
was accorded him for two separate terms
of three years each. His later works were
'James Mill: a biography* and 'John
Stuart Mill: a Criticism with Personal
Recollections' (1882); 'Practical Essays,'
a collection of addresses and papers (1884);
an edition of G. Groom Robertson's philo-
sophical remains (1894) ; ' Dissertations on
Leading Philosophical Topics ' (1903), and
finally his ' Autobiography,' published
posthumously in 1904. In addition, he
continued to write largely in periodicals.
All through life he was keenly interested
in public affairs, educational and other,
and in university matters he led the pro-
gressive party. He received a civil list
pension of 100Z. on 18 June 1895. He

Bain

died at Aberdeen on 18 Sept. 1903, and
was buried there.

Bain was married twice: (1) in 1855 to
Frances A. Wilkinson, who died in 1892 ;
and (2) in 1893 to Barbara Forbes. He had
no issue. His portrait by (Sir) George Reid
was presented to him in 1883 and hangs in
Marischal College. In 1892 his bust by
Mr. Bain Smith was presented to the public
library of Aberdeen.

Bain was an ardent promoter of educa-
tion, advocating reform in methods of
teaching natural science and the claims of
modern languages to a larger place in the
curriculum. But his chief claim to notice
rests on his work as a psychologist and as an
advocate of the application of ' physiology
to the elucidation of mental states.' One
of the first in this country to apply to
psychology the results of physiological
investigations, he greatly advanced and
popularised the science as it is usually
understood.

Bain was a conspicuous exponent of
what is sometimes termed the a posteriori
school of psychology, whose foundation was
laid by Hobbes and Locke while its tenets
were carried to their extreme consequences
by David Hume. The so-called Scottish
philosophy of Reid and Dugald Stewart
(which was carried on alongside the ideal-
istic system of the German philosophers
whose origin may be traced to Descartes)
represented a reaction against this school,
and James Mill by way of a counter-
reaction stoutly maintained that a return
must be once more made to Locke.
In this conviction he was supported by
Bain, who developed more fully the ideas
which Mill propounded. He felt that the
old psychology which regarded the mind
as though it were divided up into separate
compartments must be discarded, and,
like Mill, he argued that the laws of
the human intellect necessarily correspond
with the objective laws of nature from which
they may bo inferred.

Bain and his followers admit that
there are certain notions such as extension,
solidity, time, and space, which are con-
structed by the mind itself, the material
alone being supplied to it, but they
make it their work to trace the process by
which the mind constructs its ideas, and
believe that the laws by which it operates
will be found not to be anything remote
or inexplicable, but simply the actual work-
ing out of well-known principles. Thus
Bain's conclusion is (1) that the pheno-
mena of the mind which seem the more
complicated are formed out of the simple

VOL. Lxvn. SUP. ii.

and elementary ; and (2) that the mental
laws by means of which the formation
takes place are the laws of association.
Bain considers that these laws extend to
everything, and ho proceeds to inquire
how much of the apparent variety of the
mental phenomena they are capable of
explaining. Then he endeavours to deter-
mine the ultimate elements that remain in
the mind when everything that can be
accounted for by the law or laws of associa-
tion is deducted, and he proceeds by means
of these elements to determine how the
remainder of the mental phenomena can
bo built up with the aid of these same laws.
It must not be forgotten, however, that in
his later years he laid considerable stress
on the part played by heredity in accounting
for the facility with which the individual
acquires knowledge.

Bain's system of philosophy has been
termed materialistic because it endeavours
to ascertain the material condition of our
mental operations and the connection that
exists between mind and body, and also to
follow out the development of the higher
mental states from the lower. He expounded
the association psychology with which his
name is connected with lucidity and in great
detail, for he possessed an exceptional
gift of methodical exposition. He applied
natural history methods of classification to
psychical phenomena in a manner which
gave scientific value to his work, and a
knowledge of the physical sciences unusual
to a philosopher of his day, conjoined with
remarkable analytic powers, enabled him
to present his system with effect.

In ethics Bain was a utilitarian, and for
the confirmation of his views his appeal was
made frankly to experience. He claimed
indeed in his psychology to have purged
himself of metaphysics, of which, especially
in its idealistic development, he had the
greatest distrust, regarding metaphysics as
having separated itself from the experimental
test which he regarded as all-important.

[Autobiography, ed. W. L. Davidson, with
bibliography by P. J. Anderson, 1904;
Dissertations and Discussions, by John Stuart
Mill, 1867; Th. Ribot, La Psychologie anglaise
contemporaine, 1870 ; Blackwood's Mag., July
1904; Mind, April 1904, vol. xiii (new series)
by W. L. Davidson ; Encyclopaedia Britannica,
llth edit. ; and Hastings' Encyc. Religion and
Ethics, ii.] E. S. H.

BAIN, ROBERT NISBET (1854-1909),
historical writer and linguist, born in
London on 18 November 1854, was eldest
son of David Bain, Cape and India mer-
chant (still living in 1912), by his wife

Bain

Baines

Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Cowan of
Liverpool.

After education at private schools, he
was for some years a shorthand writer
in the office of Messrs. Henry Kimber
& Co., solicitors, of 79 Lombard Street.
From boyhood Bain showed an aptitude
for languages, with a preference for those of
northern Europe, and although he was only
out of England for four brief periods
in Denmark and Sweden in 1884, in Salies
do Beam and Pau in 1886, in Paris for
a short time a few years later, and in
Germany and Switzerland for some weeks
in 1908 for health he acquired, unaided, a
high degree of proficiency in no less than
twenty foreign tongues, including Russian,
Swedish, Hungarian, Finnish, Polish and
Ruthenian. In 1883 he entered the printed
books department of the British Museum
as a second-class assistant, easily heading
the list of candidates in the examination.
He became in due course a first-class
assistant.

Bain did much besides his official work,
where his linguistic talent proved of great
service. After his visit to Denmark and
Sweden in Aug.- Sept. 1884, he began writing
on Scandinavian and Russian history.
' Gustavus III and his Contemporaries,
1746-92 ; an Overlooked Chapter of 18th
Century History ' (2 vols. 1894) was based
on the best Swedish authorities. There
soon followed four monographs on Russian
history : The Pupils of Peter the Great '
(1897), based largely on the collec-
tions of the Russian Imperial Historical
Society; * The Daughter of Peter the Great :
a History of Russian Diplomacy and of the
Russian Court under the Empress Eliza-
beth Petrovna, 1741-62' (1899), a capable
survey of an obscure and difficult period ;

* Peter III, Emperor of Russia : the Story
of a Crisis and a Crime' (1902), in which
Keith's dispatches and the Mitchell papers
were utilised for the first time ; and * The
First Romanovs, 1613-1725 ' (1905). ' The
Last King of Poland and his Contem-
poraries,' presenting a new view of its subject,
appeared in 1909.

Of equal value were two volumes in the

* Cambridge Historical' series (ed. G. W.
Prothero), 'Scandinavia, 1513-1900' (1905),
and 'Slavonic Europe' (1908), and a life
of Charles XII (1895) for the ' Heroes of the
Nations ' series. He contributed to the
' Cambridge Modern History' seven chapters
on the history and literature of eastern
Europe (vols. iii. v. vi. and xi.) ; and histor-
ical and biographical articles relating to
Hungary, Poland, Russia and Sweden to

the llth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia
Britannica.'

Bain's interests extended to literature as
well as to history. In 1893 he issued a
version of Andersen's ' The Little Mermaid
and Other Stories,' and in 1895 a
sympathetic ' Life of Hans Christian
Andersen,' founded on Andersen's letters
and itineraries. He was chiefly instru-
mental in introducing the Hungarian
I novelist, Maurus Jokai, to the English
public, rendering into English ten of his
stories, as well as a collection of ' Tales
| from Jokai ' (1904). From the Russian he
| translated the Skazki of Polevoi as
'Russian Fairy Tales' (1893), as well as
' Tales ' from Tolstoi (1901 and 1902) and
Gorky (1902). From the Finnish he
rendered Juhani Aho's ' Squire Hellmann
and Other Stories ' (1893). His ' Cossack
I Fairy Tales and Folk Tales' (1894; illus-
| trated by E. W. Mitchell) was the first
English translation from the Ruthenian.
He also translated from the Danish J. L. I.
Lie's 'Weird Tales from Northern Seas'
(1893), and from the Hungarian Dr. Ignacz
Kunos's 'Turkish Fairy Tales and Folk
j Tales' (1896).

Bain, who was in early life a fairly good
gymnast and light-weight boxer, injured
his health by excessive hours of work.
A zealous high-churchman, he was for'
some years a sidesman and a constant
attendant at St. Alban's, Holborn. He
died prematurely, at 7 Overstrand Man-
sions, Battersea Park, on 5 May 1909, and
was buried in Brookwood cemetery.
He married in 1896 his cousin, Caroline
Margaret Boswell, daughter of Charles
Cowan of Park Lodge, Teddington; she
survived him only two months, dying on
10 July 1909.

[Private information ; Mr. G. K. Fortescue
and E. P. R., in St. Alban's, Holborn, Monthly,
Juns 1909 ; The Times, 11 May 1909 ; Athen-
seum, 15 May, 1909 ; Who's Who, 1909 ; Brit.
Mus. Cat.] G. LE G N.

BAINES, FREDERICK EBENEZER
(1832-1911), promoter of the post-office
telegraph system, born on 10 Nov. 1832
and baptised at Chipping Barnet, Hertford-
shire, on' 19 Jan. 1834, was younger son of
Edward May Baines, surgeon, of Hendon
and Chipping Barnet, by Fanny, his wife.

Educated at private schools Baines early
showed interest in practical applications of
electricity, and helped by his uncle, Edward
Cowper [q. v.], and an elder brother, G. L.
Baines, mastered, when fourteen, the
principles of telegraphy, constructing and
manipulating telegraphic apparatus. Two

Baines

Baird

years later, through the influence of
Frederick Hill, an uncle by marriage, and
Rowland, afterwards Sir Rowland Hill
[q. v.]i he obtained an appointment under
the Electric Telegraph Company, in
whoso service he remained seven years,
having charge for the first three years of a
small office established by the company in
1848, within the buildings of the general
post-office.

hi April 1855, on the nomination of
Rouland Hill, Baines was made a clerk in
the general correspondence branch of the
_:<! K>ral post-office, being transferred after
a few months, on account of his knowledge
of railways, to the home mails branch. His
leisure was devoted to schemes for
trlt 'graphic extension. He planned the
laying of a cable to the Canary Islands,
across the South Atlantic to Barbados,
and along the chain of West India
Islands; and ho also proposed a cable
to connect England with Australia by
\\ay of the Canary Islands, Ascension
Islands, St. Helena, and the Cape of Good
Hope. In a letter to ' The Times ' (14 Sept.
1858) he further advocated the connection
of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by a
line across Canada. His most important
scheme, which he drew up in 1856, was for
the government acquisition of existing
tele.Lcr;mh systems. This proposal, with
the permission of the duke of Argyll, then
postmaster-general, he forwarded to the
lords of the treasury. After a long interval,
in 1865 Frank Ives Scudamore [q. v.], a
post-office official, was instructed by Lord
Stanley, then postmaster-general, to report
on the advisability of post-office control of
1 1 1 e telegraphic systems. In his report Scud-
amore acknowledged Baines's responsibility
for the first practical suggestion. In the
result, control of existing telegraph systems
was transferred to the post-office on 5 Feb.
1870. Baines's knowledge of telegraphy
\\as helpful in bringing the new public
service into operation, and all the main
i res of his original scheme free delivery
within a mile, the creation of a legal mono-
poly, a uniform sixpenny rate irrespective
of distance are now in operation.

In 1875 Baines was made surveyor-

'-ral for telegraph business, and in 1878,
\\ith a view to decreasing the danger of

usion and increasing the efficiency of the
coastguard service, he proposed the estab-
lishment of telegraphic communication

ind the sea-coast of the British Isles,

to he worked by the coastguard under the

iol and supervision of the post-office.

proposal, renewed in 1881 and again in

1888, was adopted by the government in
1892.

In 1882 Baines was made inspector-
general of mails and assistant secretary in
the post-office under Sir Arthur Blackwood.
He organised the parcel post service,
introduced by Mr. Fawcett in 1883, extend-

\ ing the system subsequently to all British

I colonies and most European countries.
Different views and systems of postal
administration on the continent made his
task difficult. He became C.B. in 1885 and
retired through ill-health on 1 Aug. 1893.

Baines lived for the greater part of his
life at Hampstead, where he took an active
interest in parochial work. He assisted
in the acquisition of Parliament Hill Fields
for the public use, was a member of the
Hampstead select vestry, and in 1890
edited * Records of Hampstead.' He was
also an enthusiastic volunteer, serving both
as a non-commissioned and commissioned
officer. His latter years he devoted to
literature. His main work, 'Forty Years
at the Post Office ' (2 vols. 1895), remin-
iscences written in an agreeable style,
contains valuable details of reforms at the
post-office both before and during Baines's
connection with it. He also published ' On

| the Track of the Mail Coach' (1896), and
contributed an article on the post-office to
J. Samuelson's * The Civilisation of Our
Day' (1896).

Baines died on 4 July 1911 at Hampstead,
and was cremated at Golder's Green.
He married in 1887 Laura, eldest daughter
of Walter Baily, M.A., of Hampstead.

[The Times, 7 July 1911 ; Forty Years at
the Post Office, 1895 ; Athenaeum, 20 Jan.
1896, and 4 Feb. 1895 ; Frank Ivcs Scuda-
more, Reports on the Proposed Government
Acquisition of Telegraphs, 1866 and 1868;
Kelly's Handbook; St. Martin's-le-Grand,

i vols. iii. and xxi.] S. E. F.

BAIRD, ANDREW WILSON (1842-

! 1908), colonel, royal engineers, eldest son
in a family of five sons and four daughters
of Thomas Baird, of Woodlands, Cults,
Aberdeen, and of Catherine Imray, his wife,
was born at Aberdeen on 26 April 1842.
Educated at the grammar school and at
Marischal College, Aberdeen, Andrew en-
tered the Military College of the East
India Company at Addiscombe in Juno

1860, and was transferred to the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich in January

1861, owing to the amalgamation of the
Indian with the royal army. He received
a commission as lieutenant in the royal
engineers on 18 Dec. 1861, and after
instruction at Chatham sailed for India on

Baird

8 4

Baird

1 March 1864. Baird was employed as
special assistant engineer of the Bombay
harbour defence works, and had charge of
the construction of the batteries at Oyster
Rock and Middle Ground until the end
of 1865. He was then appointed special
assistant engineer in the government
reclamations of the harbour foreshore.
During 1868 he served as assistant field
engineer in the Abyssinian expedition under
Sir Robert Napier, afterwards Lord Napier
of Magdala [q. v.]. For his work as traffic
manager of the railway from the base he
was mentioned in despatches (Lond. Gaz.
30 June 1868), and received the war
medal.

In December 1869 Baird became
assistant superintendent of the great
trigonometrical survey of India. He
was employed successively on the triangu-
lation in Kathiawar and Gujarat. His
health suffered from the extreme heat in
this arid country, and he went on furlough
to England in the spring of 1870. While
he was at home, Colonel (afterwards General)
James Thomas Walker [q. v.], the
surveyor-general of India, chose him to
study the practical details of tidal obser-
vations and their reduction by harmonic
analysis as carried on under the super-
vision of Sir William Thomson, afterwards
Lord Kelvin [q. v. Suppl. II], for the
British Association.

Tidal observations were only undertaken
by the survey of India, in the first instance,
with the object of determining the mean sea
level as a datum for the trigonometrical
survey. But Baird, widening his aim,
determined ' to investigate the relations
between the levels of land and sea on the
coasts of the gulf of Cutch, which were
believed by geologists to be gradually
changing. This necessitated a more exact
determination of the mean sea level than
had hitherto sufficed for the operations
of the survey' (BAIRD, Manual of Tidal
Observations, and their Reduction by the
Method of Harmonic Analysis, 1886, pref.).
It was decided to carry out observations
at stations in the gulf of Cutch, in accord-
ance with the recommendations of the
tidal committee of the British Associa-
tion, by self -registering gauges, set up for
at least a year at a time. Having
returned to India in December 1872,
Baird selected three stations on the
gulf of Cutch for his tidal observatories,
one at the mouth, another at the head and
as far into the ' Runn ' as possible, and the
third about the middle of the gulf. These
observatories were inspected periodically

by Baird and his assistant in turn, in
circumstances involving severe privation.

Baird was promoted captain on 4 April
1874. In 1876 the governor-general in
council commended Baird's labours, and
in July 1877 instructions were issued for
systematic tidal observations at all the
principal Indian ports, and at other ports
on the coast lines where the results would
be of general scientific interest, apart from
their usefulness for purpose of navigation.
To Baird, who had become deputy superin-
tendent in the great trigonometrical survey
department, was entrusted the general
superintendence.

Meanwhile, in 1876, Baird was at home,
working out with assistance the results
of his observations in the gulf of Cutch.
In the autumn he read a paper on
' Tidal Operations in the Gulf of Cutch '
before the British Association at Glasgow.
On his return to India in June 1877 he
organised a new department of the survey
along the coast lines from Aden to Rangoon,
with its centre at Poona, Bombay.

In July 1881 Baird was at Venice as one
of the commissioners from India to the third
international congress of geography, and
there he exhibited a complete set of
tidal and levelling apparatus in practical
use in an adjoining canal. Baird was
awarded the gold medal of the first class.

After some eighteen months on furlough
in England, Baird, who had been promoted
major on 18 Dec. 1881, resumed his tidal
duties in India in March 1883, his field of
operations including India, Burma, Ceylon,
and the Andaman Islands. On 27 Aug.
the great volcanic eruption of Krakatoa,
in Java, caused a wave which was distinctly
traceable in all the tidal diagrams, and
Baird sent a paper on the subject to the
Royal Society, of which he was elected a
fellow in the following May (Proc. Roy.
Soc. No. 229, 1884).

Between July 1885 and August 1889
Baird was temporarily employed as
master of the mint at both Calcutta and
Bombay, and also as both assistant and
deputy surveyor-general of India. He was
promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel on
18 Dec. 1888, and on 12 Aug. 1889 became
permanent mint master at Calcutta. In
that office he re-organised the manufacturing
department. In 1895-6, in accordance with
his proposals, the government withdrew from
circulation worn and dirt-encrusted coinage.

Promoted regimental lieutenant-colonel
on 9 April 1891, brevet colonel on 29 Sept.
1893, and substantive colonel on 9 April
1896, he retired from the mint owing to the

Baker

age-limit on 20 April 1897, and received
the special thanks of the governor-general
for his varied services. He was created
C.S.I, in June 1897. On his return home,
he bought a small property at Palmers
Cross, near Elgin. He died suddenly of
heart failure in London, on 2 April 1908,
and was buried at Highgate.

Sir George Darwin, who first made
Baird's personal acquaintance at Lord
Kelvin's house in 1882, wrote of Baird's tidal
work on his death, ' In science he has left a
permanent mark as the successful organiser
of the first extensive operations in tidal
observations by new methods. The treat-
ment of tidal observations is now made by
harmonic analysis in every part of the world,
and this extensive international develop-
ment is largely due to the ability with which
he carried out the pioneer work in India.'

Baird married at Aberdeen, on 14 March
1872, Margaret Elizabeth, only daughter
of Charles Davidson, of Forrester Hill,
Aberdeen, and of Jane Ross. She survived
him with a family of two sons and five
daughters.

Besides the works cited, Baird was
author of articles on the Gulf of Cutch,
Little Runn, and Gulf of Cam bay in the
* Bombay Gazetteer ' ; ' Notes on the
Harmonic Analysis of Tidal Observations,'
published by order of the secretary of state
(1872) ; * Auxiliary Tables to facilitate the
Calculations of Harmonic Analysis of Tidal
Observations' (1897); 'Account of the
Spirit-Levelling Operations of the Great
Trigonometrical Survey of India' (British
ciation, 1885). He was also joint
author with Sir George Darwin of a report
on the results of the ' Harmonic Analysis
of Tidal Observations' (Proc. Roy. Soc.
-March 1885) ; and with Mr. Roberts of the
Nautical Almanac Office of 'Annual Tidal
Tables of Indian Ports.'

I War Office Records ; India Office Records ;
Thr Times, 10 April 1908; Men and Women of
the Time, 1899; Proc. Roy. Soc., 1908, Obit,
by Prof. G. H. Darwin ; Proc. Institution of
Civil Engineers, vol. 172, part ii. 1908 ; Journal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 47,
part ii. 1878, account of the tidal observations
in tho Gulf of Cutch, compiled by Captain
J. Waterhouse.] R. H. V.

BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907),
eivil engineer, born at Keyford, Frome,
Somerset, on 31 March 1840, was son of
I'xnjamin Baker and Sarah Hollis. His
father, a native of county Carlow, became
1'iin. ipal assistant at ironworks at Tondu,
Glamorgan. After being educated at
Cheltenham grammar school, Baker was for

four years (1856-60) apprentice to H. H.
Price, of the Neath Abbey ironworks.
Coming to London in 1860, he served as
assistant to W. Wilson on the construction
of the Grosvenor Road railway bridge and
Victoria station. In 1861 he joined
the permanent staff of (Sir) John Fowler
[q. v. Suppl. I], became his partner in
1875, and was associated with him until
Fowler's death in 1898. As a consulting engi-
neer he rapidly gained the highest reputa-
tion for skill and sagacity, and was consulted
by the home and Egyptian governments,
by the colonies, and by municipal and
other corporations. The credit of the
design and execution of the great con-
structional engineering achievements with
which Baker's name is associated was
^necessarily shared by him with Fowler
and many other colleagues, but Baker's
judgment and resource were highly im-
portant factors in the success of these
undertakings.

Baker early engaged on the underground
communications of London. As assistant
to Fowler, he was at the outset from 1861
employed on the construction of the Metro-
politan (Inner Circle) railway and the St.
John's Wood extension. In 1869 he became
Fowler's chief assistant in the construction
of the District railway from Westminster
to the City. In a paper on ' The Actual
Lateral Pressure of Earthwork,' for which he
received in 1881 the George Stephenson
medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
he discussed some fruits of this experience
(Proc. Inst. C. E. Ixv. 140), and described
the work itself in 1885 (ib. Ixxxi. 1).
Subsequently Fowler and Baker acted as
consulting engineers for the first ' tube '
railway (the City and South London line,
opened in 1890), and with J. H. Greathead
were the joint engineers for the Central
London (tube) railway, opened in 1900.
In the construction of this line Baker
carried out the plan suggested by him five-
and-twenty years earlier, of making the
line dip down between the stations in order
to reduce the required tractive effort (see
his articles on urban railways in Engin-
eering, xvii. 1 et seq.). After Greathead's
death in 1896 Baker also acted as joint
engineer with Mr. W. R. Galbraith for
the Baker Street and Waterloo (tube)
railway.

From the early years of his career Baker
studied deeply the theory of construction
and the resistance of materials. For
' Engineering ' he wrote a series of articles
on * Long Span Bridges ' in 1867, and
another, * On the Strength of Beams,

Baker

Columns, and Arches,' in 1868. Both
series were published in book form, the
first in 1867 (2nd edit. 1873) and the
second in 1870. A third series, ' On
the Strength of Brickwork,' was written
in 1872. In the work on long span
bridges he reached the conclusion that
the maximum possible span would
necessitate the adoption of cantilevers
supporting an independent girder the
system adopted later for the Forth bridge.
To his early training in the Neath Abbey
ironworks he owed the foundation of his
thorough knowledge of the properties and
strength of metals, on which he wrote
many masterly papers (cf . * Railway
Springs,' Proc. hist. Civ. Eng. Ixvi. 238 ;
' Steel for Tires and Axles,' ibid. Ixvii.
353, and ' The Working Stress of Iron and
Steel,' Trans. Am. Soc. Mecli. Eng. viii. 157).
Baker's special equipment thus enabled
him to play a foremost part in association
with Fowler in the designing of the Forth
bridge on cantilever principles. This great
work, begun in 1883, was completed in 1890,
and Baker's services were rewarded by
the honour of K.C.M.G. (17 April 1890)
and the Prix Poncelet of the Institute of
France.

From 1869 Baker was also associated
with Fowler in investigating and advising
upon engineering projects in Egypt. One
of these was for a railway between Wady
Haifa and Shendy and a ship incline at
Assuan, and another (about 1875) was a
project for a sweet-water canal between
Alexandria and Cairo, which was intended
to be used for both irrigation and navigation
but was not carried out. Thenceforward
Baker played a prominent part in the
engineering work which has promoted the \
material development of the country. He
was consulted by the Egyptian government
on various occasions as to the repair of the
Delta barrage (see Sir HANBURY BROWN'S
paper in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. clviii. 1);
and when, after several years' investigation,
schemes were prepared by Sir William
Willcocks (Report on Perennial Irrigation
and Flood Protection for Egypt, Cairo, 1894)
for the storage of the waters of the Nile for
irrigation purposes, a commission appointed
by Lord Cromer, of which Baker was a
member, approved the project for a reser-
voir at Assuan and chose a site for the .dam.
To meet the objection of one of the com-
missioners, Mr. Boule, to the partial sub-
mergence by this plan of the temples at
Philae, the height of the proposed dam was
reduced from 85 to 65 feet. The work,
for which Baker was consulting engineer.

was commenced in 1898 and was completed
in 1902, when Baker was made K.C.B.
and received the order of the Medjidieh.
The dam is 6400 feet in length, 1800 feet
of it being solid and the other 4600 feet
pierced by 180 sluice-openings at different
levels, which can be closed by means of iron
sluices working on free rollers on the Stoney
principle (cf. MAURICE FITZMAURICE'S de-
scription in Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. clii. 71).
For a subsidiary dam which was built at
the same time at Assyut, below Assuan,
Baker was also consulting engineer. When
the contractors, Messrs. Aird, had this work
well in hand, with a large part of their
contract time to run, Baker, realising the
advantages of early completion of the dam,
advised the Egyptian government to cancel
the contract and to instruct the contractors
to finish the work at the earliest possible
moment, regardless of cost, leaving the
question of contractors' profit to be settled
by him. His advice was followed, the
work was completed a year before the
contract time, and the gain to the country
from the extra year's supply of water was
estimated to be 600,OOOZ. (G. H. STEPHENS,
* The Barrage across the Nile at Assyut,'
Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. clviii. 26). The
vast benefits conferred upon Egypt by
the Assuan reservoir rendered further
schemes for storage inevitable, and as no
suitable site could be found for another
reservoir above Assuan, it was decided to
raise the dam there to about the height ori-
ginally proposed by Sir William Willcocks.
Baker solved the difficult problem of
uniting new to old masonry so as to form a
solid structure, in the conditions obtaining
in the Assuan dam, by building the upper
portion of the dam as an independent struc-
ture which could be united to the lower by
grouting with cement when it had ceased
to settle and contract. Just before his
death Baker went to Egypt to settle the
plans and contract for this work (since
completed), as well as preliminary plans
for a bridge across the Nile at Boulac.

Smaller but important works which
Baker also undertook include the vessel
which he designed with Mr. John Dixon in
1877 for the conveyance of Cleopatra's
Needle from Egypt to England (see his
' Cleopatra's Needle,' Min. Proc. Inst.
Civ. Eng. Ixi. 233, for which, and for a
paper on 'The River Nile,' he received a
Telford medal from Inst. Civil Eng.) ; the
Chignecto ship railway, for which Fowler
and Baker were consulting engineers, and
which was commenced in 1888 and aban-
doned in 1891 owing to financial difficulties ;

Baker

the Avonmouth docks (in association with
Sir John Wolfe Barry, 1902-8) ; the Rosslare
and Waterford railway ; the widening of
the Buccleuch dock entrance at Barrow,
and the construction of the bascule bridges
at Walney (Barrow-in-Furness) and across
the Swale near Queenborough.

Baker gave much professional advice in
regard to important structures at home
and abroad. When the roof of Charing
Cross railway station collapsed on 5 Dec.
1905 he at once examined it, at some
personal danger, and gave serviceable
counsel. He was also consulted by Captain
J. B. Eads in connection with the design of
the St. Louis bridge across the Mississippi,
and in regard to the first Hudson river
tunnel. When the latter undertaking
threatened failure, he designed a pneumatic
shield which enabled the work to be
extended 2000 ft., about three-fourths of
the way across the river (1888-91). No-
where were his abilities appreciated more
highly than in Canada and the United
States. He was an honorary member of
both the Canadian and the American Society
of Civil Engineers and of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Baker served from 1888 until his death
on the ordnance committee, of which he
became the senior civil member on the death
of Sir Frederick Bramwell [q. v. Suppl. II]
in 1903. He was active in many govern-
ment inquiries. He was a member of a
committee on light railways in 1895, and
of the committee appointed by the board
of trade in 1900 to inquire into the loss
of strength in steel rails. To the London
county council he reported in 1891, with
(Sir) Alexander Binnie, on the main
drainage of London, and in 1897, with
George Frederick Deacon [q. v. Suppl. II],
on the water-supply of London from Wales.

Baker was elected an associate of the
Institution of Civil Engineers in 1867, a
member in 1877, a member of council in
1882, and president in 1895, remaining on
the council till his death. His services to
the institution were very valuable. During
his presidency the governing body was
enlarged with a view to giving the chief
colonies and the principal industrial
districts at home representation on the
council, and the system of election of the
council was modified.

Baker became a fellow of the Royal
icty in 1890 and a member of its
council in 1892-3, and was one of its vice-
i'lmts from 1896 until his death.

Of the British Association, Baker was
1'ivHilrnt >t tin mechanical science section

at Aberdeen in 1885. He was also actively
interested in the Royal Institution, in the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (on the
council of which he sat from 1899 until
death), in the (Royal) Society of Arts, and
in the Iron and Steel Institute. He was
an associate of the Institution of Naval
Architects and an honorary associate of
the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Honorary degrees were conferred upon him
by the Universities of Cambridge (D.Sc.
1900), Edinburgh (LL.D. 1890), and Dublin
(M.Eng. 1892).

Baker died suddenly from syncope at
his residence, Bowden Green, Pangbourne,
on 19 May 1907, and was buried at Idbury,
near Chipping Norton. He was unmarried.

His portrait in oils, by J. C. Michie, is
in the possession of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, and an excellent photo-
graph forms the frontispiece of vol. clviii.
of that society's ' Proceedings.'

A memorial window, designed by Mr.
J. N. Comper, was unveiled by Earl Cromer
on 3 Dec. 1909 in the north aisle of the
nave of Westminster Abbey.

[Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. Ixxxiv. ; Min. Proc.
Inst. Civ. Eng., clxx. 377; The Times, 20
May 1907 ; Engineering, Ixxiii. 685, Ixxviii.
791 ; the Engineer, ciii. 524 ; see art. FOWLER,
Sir JOHN, Suppl. I.] W. F. S.

BAKER, SHIRLEY WALDEMAR
(1835-1903), Wesleyan missionary and
premier of Tonga, born at Brimscombe
near Stroud, Gloucestershire, in 1835, was
son of George Baker by his wife Jano
Woolmer. He emigrated to Australia about
1853, where, after acquiring a knowledge
of pharmacy, he studied for the Wesleyan
ministry. In 1860 he was sent as a mission-
ary to the island of Tonga in the South
Pacific. In consequence of the cession of
Fiji to England in 1874 the Tongans became
seriously alarmed for their independence,
and Baker, at the request of King George
of Tonga, negotiated a treaty with
Germany recognising Tonga as an indepen-
dent kingdom in return for the perpetual
lease of a coak'ng-station in Vavau. In
reward for his good offices Baker received a
German decoration. In 1879 the Wesleyan
conference in Sydney, at the request of
Sir Arthur Gordon (afterwards Lord Stan-
more), British high commissioner of the
Western Pacific, appointed a commission
to inquire into various charges preferred
against Baker by the British vice-consul in
connection with his method of collecting
money from the natives, and Baker was
recalled to a circuit in Australia. But
he did not obey the order. In January

Balfour

1881 he severed his connection with the
Wesleyan mission, and was immediately
appointed premier by King George. Under
his guidance the constitution was revised,
and the little kingdom of 20,000 people was
loaded with a cabinet, privy council, and
two houses of Parliament. In 1885 a
Wesleyan Free Church was set up by
Baker in opposition to the conference in
Sydney. Unfortunately Baker's govern-
ment attempted to coerce members of
the old church by persecution, and in
January 1887 the discontent culminated
in a determined attempt on Baker's
life, in which his son and daughter were
injured. Four natives were executed and
others sentenced to imprisonment for this
attempt. Secure in the confidence of the
king, Baker was now all-powerful ; he
had taught the people to acquire many of
the externals of prosperity and civilisa-
tion. But he had failed to conciliate the
powerful chiefs, whose position as the
king's advisers he had usurped. In 1890
they appealed against him to Sir John
Thurston, the British high commissioner,
who removed him from the islands for
two years. When he returned in 1893
King George was dead, and his political
influence was at an end. Disappointed in
his hope of preferment among Wesleyan
adherents, he proceeded to set up
a branch of the Church of England,
which gained a good many followers. He
died at Haapai on 30 Nov. 1903. He was
married, and had one son and four daughters.

[The present writer's Diversions of a Prime
Minister, 1894, and his Savage Island, 1902 ;
which embody personal observation of
Baker's career in Tonga ; Resume of Inquiry,
Tonga Mission Affairs, Auckland, 1879 ; Re-
ports, by Sir Charles Mitchell, Bluebook,
1887, and by Rev. G. Brown, Sydney, 1890;
The Times, 29 and 30 Dec. 1903, 2 Jan.
1904 ; Blackwood's Mag., Feb. 1904.]

B. H. T.

BALFOUR, GEORGE WILLIAM
(1823-1903), physician, born at the Manse
of Sorn, Ayrshire, on 2 June 1823, was sixth
son and eighth of the thirteen children
of Lewis Balfour, D.D., by his wife
Henrietta Scott, third daughter of
George Smith, D.D., minister of Gal-
ston, who is satirised by Burns in * The
Holy Fair.' The father was grandson,
on his father's side, of James Balfour
(1705-1795) [q. v.] of Pilrig, professor of
moral philosophy and of public law at
Edinburgh, and on his mother's side of
Robert Whytt [q. v.], professor of medicine
at Edinburgh. Of George William's brothers

the eldest, John Balfour (d. 1887), surgeon
to the East India Company, served through-
out the second Burmese war and the
Mutiny, and finally practised his profession
at Leven, in Fife. Another brother,
Mackintosh, who spent his life in India,
became manager of the Agra bank. A
sister, Margaret Isabella, married Thomas
Stevenson [q. v.], the lighthouse engineer,
and was mother of Robert Louis Steven-
son [q. v.].

George William, after education at Colin-
ton, to which parish his father was trans-
ferred in the boy's infancy, began the study
of veterinary science with a view to settling
in Australia ; but soon resolving to join
the medical profession, he entered the
Medical School of Edinburgh. In 1845 he
graduated M.D. at St. Andrews, and became
L.R.C.S. Edinburgh. After acting as house
surgeon to the Maternity Hospital of
Edinburgh, he in 1846 proceeded to
Vienna, where he studied the clinical
methods of Skoda, the pathological
researches of Sigmund, and the homceo-
pathic treatment of Fleischmann. On
his return from Austria, in 1846, he pub-
lished papers on ' The Treatment of Pneu-
monia as practised by Skoda * (Northern
Journal of Medicine, Jan. 1846, p. 55) ;
on ' Necrosis of the Jaw induced by Phos-
phorus as taught by Sigmund ' (ibid.
May 1846, p. 284) ; and on ' The Homoeo-
pathic Treatment of Acute Diseases by
Fleischmann ' (British and Foreign Medico-
Chirurgical Review, Oct. 1846, p. 567),
which at once placed him in the front
rank of the younger medical inquirers.
Thenceforth Balfour contributed largely to
medical literature.

Balfour was a general practitioner in the
county of Midlothian from 1846 till 1857,
when he removed to Edinburgh, and prac-
tised as a physician on becoming F.R.C.P.
Edinburgh in 1861. In 1866 he was
appointed physician to the Royal Hospital
for Sick Children, and from 1867 he was
physician to the Royal Infirmary, being
appointed consulting physician in 1882, on
the expiry of his term of office. At the
infirmary Balfour won general recognition
as a clinical teacher of the first eminence,
alike in the lecture theatre, at the bedside,
and through his writings. For the
New Sydenham Society he translated
(1861-5) the ' Hand-book of the Practice
of Forensic Medicine,' by Johann
Ludwig Casper. In 1865 he published
' An Introduction to the Study of
Medicine ' a work which well illustrated
his philosophic temper, independent judge-

Balfour

8 9

Balfour

ment, and historical sense, as well as the
literary grace which was a family heritage.

In 1868, following out a suggestion of
his father-in-law, Dr. James Craig of
Ratho, he wrote two able papers on
* The Treatment of Aneurysm by Iodide
of Potassium,' and thenceforth mainly
concentrated his attention on diseases of
the heart. ' Clinical Lectures on Diseases
of the Heart and Aorta,' which appeared
in 1876, greatly enhanced his reputation,
and ' The Senile Heart,' which was issued
in 1894, at once took rank as a classic.
With Sir William Tennant Gairdner [q. v.
Suppl. II] in Glasgow, and Charles Hilton
Fagge [q. v.] in London, Balfour shared
the credit of making the most important
contributions of his generation to the
clinical study of affections of the circula-
tion.

Balfour, who was interested in biblio-
graphy, was librarian to the College of
Physicians of Edinburgh from 1873 to 1882
and from 1887 to 1899. He was president of
the college 1882-4, and was a member of the
University Court of St. Andrews for many
years. He received the honorary degree
of LL.D. at Edinburgh in 1884, and at
St. Andrews in 1896. He was appointed
physician in ordinary to Queen Victoria in
1900 and honorary physician to King
Edward VII in 1901.

In 1899 Balfour retired from Edinburgh
to Colinton, the home of his youth, where
he died on 9 Aug. 1903. Of impassive de-
meanour, he charmed his friends by his
quaint humour and culture. Although
probably the best auscultator of his time,
he lacked all appreciation of music. A
portrait, by R. H. Campbell, hangs in the
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

Balfour was thrice married : (1) in 1848
to Agnes (d. 1851), daughter of George
Thomson, by whom he had one son, Lewis ;
(2) in 1854 to Margaret Bethune (d. 1879),
eldest daughter of Dr. James Craig, of Ratho,
by whom he had eight sons and three
daughters; and (3) in 1881 to Henrietta,
daughter of John Usher, who survived him.

[Lancet, 22 Aug. 1903 ; Brit. Med. Journal,
22 Aug. 1903 ; Edinb. Med. Journal, Septem-
ber I'.KCi; Scottish Med. and Surg. Journal,
September 1903; The Balfours of Pilrig,
by Miss Balfour Melville of Pilrig, 1907 ;
1C. L. Stevenson, Memories and Portraits, 1887;
te information.] G. A. G.

BALFOUR, JOHN BLAIR, first BARON

SB OP GLASCLUNB (1837-1905), lord

tit of the court of session in Scotland,

born at Clackmannan on 11 July 1837, was

second son (in a family of two sons and a

daughter) of Peter Balfour (1794-1862),
parish minister of that place, by his wife
Jane Ramsay (d. 1871), daughter of Peter
Blair of Perth. Educated at Edinburgh
Academy, of which he was * dux,' or head
boy, he passed to the University of Edin-
burgh, where he had a distinguished career,
but did not graduate. Passing to the
Scottish bar on 26 Nov. 1861, he rose with
almost unexampled rapidity to be the fore-
most advocate in Scotland, his only rival
being Alexander Asher [q. v. Suppl. II].
He first engaged prominently in politics at
the general election of April 1880, when he
contested North Ayrshire, as a liberal,
against Robert William Cochran-Patrick
[q. v. Suppl. I], afterwards permanent under-
secretary for Scotland. Balfour was de-
feated by fifty -five votes, but was returned
unopposed on 1 Dec. 1880 for Clackmannan
and Kinross when William Patrick Adam
[q. v.], the sitting member, was appointed
governor of Madras. Appointed immediately
solicitor-general for Scotland in Gladstone's
second ministry, he in 1881 succeeded John
(afterwards Lord) McLaren [q. v. Suppl. H]
as lord advocate. He was made honorary
LL.D. of Edinburgh University in 1882,
and became a privy councillor in 1883.
He remained in office till the liberals
went out in 1885. For nearly 150 years
prior to 1885 the lord advocates were
practically ministers for Scotland ; but
during Lord Salisbury's short-lived ad-
ministration of 1885-6 the ancient office of
secretary of state for Scotland, which had
been abolished at the close of the rebellion
of 1745-6, was revived. Balfour was thus
the last of the old line of lord advocates,
and though he was always stronger as a
lawyer than as a politician, managed the
affairs of Scotland with ability in the face
of considerable difficulties caused by the
crofter question and the movement in
favour of * home rule ' for Scotland. In
1886 he was again lord advocate, but went
out when the Gladstone government was
defeated on the Irish question. In 1885-6
he was dean of the faculty of advocates,
and again in 1889-92. From 1892 to
1895 he was once more lord advocate
under Gladstone and Lord Rosebery, and,
during that period, took a prominent part
in carrying through the House of Commons
the Local Government Act for Scotland
(1894), by which parish councils, framed
on the model of the English Act, were
established. The defeat of the Rosebery
government in June 1895 was the end of
Balfour's official career ; but at the ensuing
general election he was again returned by

Banks

his old constituency, and remained in
parliament till 1899. In that year the lord
president of the court of session, James
Patrick Bannerrnan (afterwards Lord)
Robertson [q. v. Suppl. II], became a lord
of appeal, on the death of William Watson
(Lord Watson) [q. v. Suppl. I], and so high
was the estimation in which Balfour was
held that the conservative government
bestowed on him the vacant office. ' I
have never in my life known an appointment
which gave such universal pleasure,' Lord
Rosebery said at a banquet given by the
Scottish Liberal Club in honour of Balfour's
appointment. In 1902 Balfour was raised
to the peerage as Baron Kinross of
Glasclune. His health, which had begun
to fail before he left the bar, broke down
rapidly after he became a judge. On 22 Jan.
1905 he died at Rothsay Terrace, Edinburgh,
and was buried in the Dean cemetery there.

Balfour married twice : (1) in 1869,
Lilias, daughter of the Hon. Lord Mac-
kenzie (Scottish judge) by whom he had
one son, Patrick Balfour, second Baron
Kinross (b. 23 April 1870) ; (2) in 1877,
Marianne Elizabeth, daughter of the first
Baron Moncreiff [q. v.], by whom he had
four sons and one daughter.

There are two portraits of Balfour : one,
painted by John Callcott Horsley, R.A., was
presented to him by his supporters in
Ayrshire ; the other, by Sir George Reid,
president of the Royal Scottish Academy,
was presented to him by the counties of
Clackmannan and Kinross on the occasion
of his becoming lord president. Both
paintings are in the possession of his widow.
A cartoon portrait by ' Spy ' appeared in
' Vanity Fair ' 1887.

[Scotsman, 23 Jan. 1905 ; The Times, 23 Jan.
1905; Roll of Faculty of Advocates; Records
of Juridical Society 1859-63 ; History of
Speculative Society, p. 152 ; personal know-
lodge.] G. W. T. 0.

BANKS, SIB JOHN THOMAS (1815?-
1908), physician, was grandson of Percival
Banks, surgeon in good practice in Ennis,
co. Clare, who came of an English family
settled in Ardee, co. Louth, in comfortable
circumstances, from the middle of the
seventeenth century. His father, also
Percival Banks (d. 1848), the youngest of
twenty-four children, after much foreign
travel, and both naval and military service,
succeeded to his father's practice at Enm's,
and was later surgeon to the co. Clare
Infirmary. John was the second son.
His mother, Mary, was sister of Capt.
Thomas Ramsay of the 89th regiment.
The elder son, Percival Weldon Banks

(d. 1850), a graduate of Trinity College,
Dublin, and a barrister of Gray's Inn, took
to literature in London, writing as ' Morgan
Rattler ' in ' Fraser's Magazine ' and
elsewhere.

John was born in London on 14 Oct.,
probably in 1815. The year is doubtful,
but on entering Trinity College on 6 Feb.
1833 he gave his age as seventeen (MS.
Entrance Boole, Trinity College, Dublin).
According to his insurance policy, however,
he was ninety-five at the time of his death ;
if this be correct, he was born in 1812.
After attending the grammar school of
Ennis he began his medical studies in the
school of the Royal College of Surgeons in
Ireland as a pupil of (Sir) Henry Marsh
[q. v.], professor of the practice of medicine
there. Banks obtained the licence of the
college in 1836.

Meanwhile he had in 1833 entered Trinity
College, where in 1837 he graduated B.A.
and M.B., and in 1843 proceeded M.D.
In 1841 he became a licentiate, and in 1844
a fellow, of the King's and Queen's (now
Royal) College of Physicians in Ireland.
Professional promotion was rapid. In 1842
he was appointed lecturer in medicine in
the Carmichael School of Medicine in
Dublin, and in 1843 physician to the House
of Industry Hospital ; this position he held
till his death. In 1847 and 1848 he was
censor of the College of Physicians in
Ireland. In 1849 he was elected king's
professor of the practice of medicine in the
school of physic, Trinity College, a post
which carried with it duties as physician to
Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. He resigned
both these appointments in 1868, but he
was afterwards consulting physician to the
hospital. In 1851 he became assistant
physician, and in 1854 physician, to the
Richmond Lunatic Asylum. Among the
many Dublin charities at which Banks
filled the position of consulting physician
in his later years was the Royal City of
Dublin Hospital.

Banks was president of the College of
Physicians 1869-71. From 1880 to 1898
he was regius professor of physio in the
University of Dublin, and from 1880 to his
death physician in Ireland successively to
Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII.

In 1861 Banks became president of the
Dublin Pathological Society, and in 1882,
when the Royal Academy of Medicine in
Ireland was formed, Banks was chosen its
first president. In 1887 the British Medical
Association met in Dublin, with Banks in
the office of president.

For many years Banks enjoyed a largo

Banks

practice, and his professional and social
position alike made him the virtual head
of the medical profession of Dublin and
Ireland. Papers which he wrote in his
younger days gave a promise of valuable
scientific work, which he failed to fulfil.
But Ms article on ' Typhus Fever ' in
Quain's 'Dictionary of Medicine' (1882)
was long regarded as an authority. He
was recognised as an expert in mental
disease, and he so effectually urged the
importance of psychological study for medi-
cal students and physicians, that to his
influence may be partly assigned the
inclusion of mental disease in the medical
curriculum. In 1868 he published (Dublin
Journal of Medical Science, vol. xxxi.) a
note on the writ * De Lunatico Inquirendo '
in the case of Dean Swift, which had fallen
into his hands.

Banks was always interested in medical
education. He represented from 1880 to
1898 at first the Queen's University and
then the new Royal University (of both of
which he was a senator) on the General
Medical Council, where he pleaded for a high
standard of general preliminary education.
He urged the lengthening of the medical
curriculum from four to five years, and he
added a medal and a second prize to the
medical travelling prize in the school of
physic, Trinity College. Banks' s culture,
old-fashioned courtesy, and handsome per-
son gave him a high place in social life, and
Ms social engagements probably impaired
his devotion to scientific research. He
numbered among his friends the leading
professional men of Dublin. He was a
polished and convincing speaker, an admir-
able talker, and a writer of clear, scholarly
Knulish. In 1883 Banks declined the offer
of a knighthood (cf. comment in Punch,
28 July 1883), but in 1889 he accepted
the honour of K.C.B. He was made hon.
D.Sc. of the Royal University (1882) and
hon. LL.D. of Glasgow (1888). Connected
by marriage and property with the co.
Monaghan, he was a magistrate and deputy-
lieutenant of that county, and served as
hiirh sheriff in 1891. Banks, whose eye-
sight tailed in later life without impairing
his social activity, died on 16 July 1908 at
his residence, 45 Merrion Square, Dublin,
and was buried in Mount Jerome cemetery,
Dublin.

Banks married in 1848 Alice (d. 1899),
youngest daughter of Captain Wood
Wright of Golagh, co. Monaghan. Their
i nly child, Mary, in 1873 married the Hon.
Wilkraghby Burrell, son of the fourth
Baron Gwydyr, and died in 1898, leaving

an only surviving child, Catharine Mary
Sermonda, wife of John Henniker Heaton
the younger.

A portrait by Miss Sara Purser, Hon.
R.H. A., painted in 1888, hangs in the Royal
College of Physicians, having been presented
to the college by the Dublin branch of the
British Medical Association. A portrait
medal was engraved by Mr. Oliver Sheppard,
R.H. A., in 1906 for award to the winner of
the travelling medical prize at Trinity, and
a medallion from the same design is in the
medical school of Trinity College.

[Irish Times, 17 July 1908 ; Medical Press
and Circular (notice by Sir F. R. Cruise),
29 July 1908; Cameron's Hist, of Royal
Coll. of Surgeons in Ireland ; Todd's Cat/ of
Graduates in Dublin University; private
sources.] R. J. R.

BANKS, Sm WILLIAM MITCHELL
(1842-1904), surgeon, born at Edinburgh
on 1 Nov. 1842, was son of Peter S. Banks,
writer to the signet. He received his
early education at the Edinburgh Academy,
whence he passed to the university. After
a brilliant career in medicine he graduated
M.D. with honours and the gold medal for
his thesis on the Wolffian bodies (1864).
During his university career he acted as
prosector to Professor John Goodsir [q. v.].
Whilst at the Infirmary he acted as dresser
and as house surgeon to James Syme [q. v.].
After graduating he was demonstrator of
anatomy for a short time to Professor Allen
Thomson [q. v.] at the University of
Glasgow. Afterwards he went to Paraguay,
where he acted as surgeon to the Republican
government He settled at Liverpool in
1868 as assistant to Mr. E. R. Bickersteth
in succession to Reginald Harrison [q. v.
Suppl. II], and joined the staff of the In-
firmary school of medicine, first as demon-
strator and afterwards as lecturer on
anatomy. This post he retained, with
the title of professor, when the Infirmary
school was merged in University College.
He resigned the chair in 1894, when he
became emeritus professor of anatomy.

Meanwhile, having served the offices of
pathologist and curator of the museum,
he succeeded Reginald Harrison as assistant
surgeon to the Royal Infirmary at Liver-
pool in 1875, and was full surgeon from
1877 till November 1902, when, on being
appointed consulting surgeon, the com-
mittee paid him the unique compliment of
assigning him ten beds in his former wards.

Banks was admitted F.R.C.S. England
on 9 Dec. 1869 without having taken the
examinations for the diploma of member.
He served as a member of the council

Banks

Bardsley

from 1890 to 1896. He was the first repre-
sentative of the Victoria University on the
General Medical Council. In 1885 he was
one of the founders of the Liverpool
Biological Association and was elected the
first president; in 1890 he was president
of the Medical Institution. In 1892 he
was made J.P. of Liverpool, and in 1899
was knighted and was made hon. LL.D.
of Edinburgh.

He died suddenly at Aix-la-Chapelle
on 9 Aug. 1904 whilst on his way home
from Homburg, and was buried in the Smith-
down Road cemetery, Liverpool.

He married in 1874 Elizabeth Rathbone,
daughter of John Elliott, a merchant of
Liverpool; by her he had two sons, one
of whom survived him.

Mitchell Banks deserves recognition as
a surgeon and as a great organiser. To his
advocacy is largely due the modern operation
for removal of cancer of the breast. He
practised and recommended in the face
of strenuous opposition an extensive
operation with removal of the axillary
glands when most surgeons were contented
with the older method of partial removal.
He made this subject the topic of his
Lettsomian lectures at the Medical Society
of London in 1900. As an organiser he
formed one of the band who built up the
fortunes of the medical school at Liverpool,
landing it a provincial school and at a very
low ebb Banks and his associates raised it
by dint of hard work first to the rank of
a medical college and finally to that of a
well-equipped medical faculty of a modern
university. The plan involved the re-
building of the infirmary, and Banks
was a member of the medical deputation
which, with characteristic thoroughness,
visited many continental hospitals for the
purpose of studying their design and
equipment before the foundation stone of
the Liverpool building was laid in 1887.

Mitchell Banks had a good knowledge of
the history of medicine. His collection
of early medical works was sold in seventy-
eight lots by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson
& Hodge in June 1906. He was a frequent
contributor to the scientific journals. ' The
Gentle Doctor,' a scholarly address to the
students of the Yorkshire College at Leeds
in October 1892, and ' Physic and Letters,'
the annual oration delivered before the
Medical Society of London in May 1893,
are good examples of his style and methods.
These two addresses were reprinted at
Liverpool in 1893.

His portrait by the Hon. John Collier
was presented to him on his retirement

from active duties at University College,
Liverpool, by his colleagues and students.

The William Mitchell Banks lectureship
in the Liverpool University was founded
and endowed by his fellow-citizens in his
memory in 1905.

[Lancet, 1904, ii. 566 (with portrait) ; Brit.
Med. Journal, 1906, ii. 409 ; Liverpool Medico-
Chirurgical Journal, Jan. 1906, p. 2; infor-
mation kindly given by R. A. Bickersteth,
Esq., F.R.C.S. Eng. ; personal knowledge.]

D'A. P.

BANNERMAN, SIR HENRY CAMP-
BELL- (1836-1908), prime minister. [See
CAMPBELL- BAN NEBM AN.]

BARDSLEY, JOHN WAREING (1835-
1904), bishop of Carlisle, born at Keighley
on 29 March 1835, was eldest son of James
Bardsley, hon. canon of Manchester, and
Sarah, daughter of John Wareing of
Oldham. He had six brothers, all in holy
orders. Educated at Burnley and after-
wards at Manchester grammar school, he
entered Trinity College, Dublin, where he
graduated B.A. on 8 March 1859, proceed-
ing M. A. in 1865, and receiving the Lambeth
degree of D.D. in 1887. He was ordained
deacon in 1859, becoming priest in 1860.
Bardsley's sympathies were with the
evangelical party, and he shared the views
of the Islington Protestant Association, of
which he was secretary (1861-4). He served
curacies at Sale, Cheshire (1859-60), at St.
Luke's, Liverpool (1860-4) and at St. John's,
Bootle (186^-71). In 1871 he accepted the
perpetual curacy of St. Saviour's, Liverpool,
where he acquired the reputation of an
industrious organiser and a fluent preacher.
On the formation of the new see of Liver-
pool in 1880, bishop John Charles Ryle
[q. v. Suppl. I] appointed Bardsley one of
his chaplains and archdeacon of Warrington.
In 1886 he was transferred to the arch-
deaconry of Liverpool. Although a party
man, Bardsley was no bigot. He per-
formed his archidiaconal visitations with
tact and vigour ; and in more than one
instance he enforced clerical discipline by
coercive measures.

In 1887 Bardsley was nominated by Lord
Salisbury to the bishopric of Sodor and Man
in succession to Dr. Rowley Hill [q. v.]
and was consecrated in York Minster on
24 Aug. 1887. His evangelical views were
in accordance with the traditions of the
Manx church ; and the main feature of his
episcopate was the development of the
Bishop Wilson Theological College. On the
death of Harvey Goodwin [q. v. Suppl. I]
Bardsley was translated to the see of
Carlisle, and at his enthronement on 22 April

Baring

1892 he publicly declared his intention of
being the bishop not of a party, but of the
whole church. He was helpful and sym-
pathetic to all his clergy, who trusted him
implicitly, and by prudent administration
he left little scope for extreme propaganda
on either side. He was especially active
in supporting the Diocesan Society and in
organising in his diocese a systematised clergy
sustentation fund. He died at Rose Castle,
Carlisle, on 14 Sept. 1904, and was buried at
Raughton Head.

In 1862 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of Rev. Benjamin Powell of Bellingham
Lodge, Wigan, and sister of Sir Francis
Sharp Powell, first baronet. Ho left two
sons and three daughters.

Although no profound nor exact scholar,
Bardsley was a thorough and capable
administrator. Ho travelled much in the
East, especially in Palestine.

Besides sermons Bardsley published : 1.
* Counsels to Candidates for Confirmation,'
1882. 2. ' Apostolic Succession,' 1883.

[The Times, 15 and 19 Sept. 1904 ; Guardian,
21 Sept. 1904 ; Dublin University Calendar,
1860 ; Crockford, Clerical Directory, 1902.]

G. S. W.

BARING, THOMAS GEORGE, first
EARL OF NORTHBROOK (1826-1904), states-
man, born at 16 Cumberland Street,
London, on 22 Jan. 1826, was eldest son of
Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, first Baron
Northbrook [q. v.], and great-grandson of
Sir Francis Baring, first baronet [q. v.].
His mother was Jane, daughter of Sir
George Grey, first baronet, and sister of
Sir George Grey, second baronet [q. v.], the
whig statesman, to whose character that of
his nephew bore much resemblance.

Thomas George Baring was educated
privately and went at the age of seventeen
to Oxford, where he entered as a gentle-
man commoner at Christ Church in 1843,
graduating B.A. in 1846 with a second
class in the final classical school. Nurtured
in an atmosphere of whig politics and
high official position, he was early drawn
to public life. On leaving Oxford he
served a political apprenticeship in a
variety of private secretarysliips to Henry
Labouchere (afterwards Lord Taunton)
[q. v.] at Dublin and the board of trade,
to his uncle, Sir George Grey [q. v.] at the
home office, and to Sir Charles Wood
(afterwards Viscount Halifax) [q. v.] at
the board of control. In 1848, the year
of his marriage, his father succeeded to
the family baronetcy and estates, including
Stratton in Hampshire, a place destined to
be his own home for forty years. In 1857

Baring entered the House of Commons as
whig member for Penryn and Falmouth.
The liberal party had long been in power,
and Baring served the government in a
succession of subordinate posts. In 1857,
in Lord Palmerston's government, ho
became civil lord of the admiralty, and on
Lord Palmerston's return to power in 1859
was under secretary in the newly constituted
India office under Sir Charles Wood until
1864, with a brief interlude in 1861 as
under-socretary at the war office. In
1864 he wont in the same capacity to the
home office under his uncle, Sir George
Grey, and in April 1866 he was appointed
secretary to the admiralty, going out of
office with Lord Russell's administration
in June of the same year. In Sept.
1866 he succeeded his father as second
Lord Northbrook, and leaving the House
of Commons devoted himself to the busi-
ness of his estate and local affairs in
Hampshire.

In 1868 Northbrook was again recalled
to office as under- secretary of state for
war in Gladstone's first administration,
and he took a leading share, under
Edward (afterwards Viscount) Cardwell,
in the reform and reorganisation of the
army. In this capacity it fell to his
lot to pilot the regulation of the forces
bill through the House of Lords and to be
an interested witness of the exciting struggle
which ended in the abolition of the purchase
system by royal warrant.

Lord Northbrook was now marked out
for high office, and in February 1872, on
the assassination of Lord Mayo [q. v.],
he accepted the governor-generalship of
India, a country with which he had some
hereditary connection, his great-grand-
father, Sir Francis Baring, first baronet,
having been chairman of the court of
directors of the East India Company, while
his own service at the India office had
familiarised him with Indian problems.
Lord Northbrook's term of office
gained for him the reputation of one of
the best and most successful of modern
viceroys. He found in India a situation
of considerable unrest, caused principally
by the energy with which necessary re-
forms both in legislation and in finance and
administration had been carried out since
the mutiny, and notably by his prede-
cessor, Lord Mayo. It was fortunate for
India that Lord Northbrook at once realised
the necessity of what he called ' steady
government,' in respect of both foreign
and home policy. His first acts were in-
tended to remove the discontent which

Baring

had boon aroused by the increase of im-
perial and local taxation; and it was in
the teeth of much expert opinion 'that he
decided on the non -renewal of the income-
tax, the disallowance of the Bengal munici-
palities bill, and the modification of certain
local imposts. Finance indeed he took
under his special charge, and exercised a
rigid and effective control over expenditure
on public works, civil and military, with
the result that during his four years'
administration there was a surplus of
ordinary revenue over expenditure of not
less than a million sterling without the
imposition of new taxation, notwithstand-
ing an expenditure of 6,306,673J. for famine,
which had been charged against revenue.

The Bengal famine was the most note-
worthy occurrence of Northbrook's vice-
royalty, for not only was it the worst famine
which had arisen in India for at least a
hundred years, but it was the first in which
the state was able, by vast but well-designed
measures of relief, to save the lives of the
population. These measures, taken under
the direct supervision of the viceroy, who
for eighteen months hardly left Calcutta,
were (wrote Sir Evelyn Baring, afterwards
Lord Cromer, then private secretary to
Northbrook, his second cousin) ' fully suc-
cessful ' ; and ' The Times ' gave expression
to the general feeling, when it stated that
to Lord Northbrook belonged the high
honour of commanding one of the greatest
and noblest campaigns ever fought in
India. As in his financial measures, so on
this occasion he showed his strength of
character by resisting the universal outcry
for regulating prices, stopping the operations
of private traders, and preventing the
export of rice.

The only other incident which aroused
much excitement or controversy was the
deposition in 1875 of the Gaekwar of Baroda
following upon the rare procedure of a
commission of investigation, partly British
and partly native, in connection with his
alleged attempt to poison the resident,
Colonel (afterwards Sir Robert) Phayre
[q. v.] and the subsequent restoration of
the native administration of the state in
pursuance of the non-annexation policy
always cordially adhered to by Lord North-
brook.

The close of Lord Northbrook's term
was marked by a certain amount of friction
between the government of India and Lord
Salisbury [q. v. Suppl. II], who had taken
the place of the duke of Argyll as secretary
of state for India upon the fall of Glad-
stone's administration in 1874. Lord

Salisbury, contrary to Northbrook's views
and wishes, was inclined to exercise a
more vigilant control from home than his
predecessor. The increasing use of the
telegraph was in fact beginning to revo-
lutionise the relations between the two
governments. On the question of Afghan-
istan, Lord Salisbury, influenced by the
Russophobist views of Sir Bartle Frere
[q. v.] and Sir Henry Rawlinson [q. v.],
put forward a proposal in his despatch
of 22 Jan. 1875 for placing British agents
at Herat and possibly at Kandahar, for
the purpose of supplying the British
government with information. Lord
Northbrook, who deprecated the alarmist
views put forward from home, and was
firmly opposed to anything like external
aggression, more especially in the direction
of Afghanistan, remained as usual open-
minded as to this suggestion until he had
satisfied himself by careful inquiries from
the best qualified sources ; he finally came
to the conclusion that the proposed action
would be impolitic except with the full
consent of the Ameer, which he had reason
to believe would not be given. No further
steps were taken in this direction, until
Lord Lytton [q. v.] succeeded Lord North-
brook as viceroy. Meanwhile another
question, that connected with the tariff and
the cotton duties, led to a more serious col-
lision of opinion, in which Lord Northbrook,
though a convinced freetrader in principle,
stood out as a champion of Indian interests
against the pressure from Lord Salisbury
and the home government in favour of a
remission of the duties against Lancashire
goods. By this time Lord Northbrook
had decided on private grounds to resign
his office, and he only remained in India
until the conclusion of the visit of King
Edward VII, then Prince of Wales, in the
winter of 1875-6, a fitting . climax to his
viceroyalty. He left India on 15 April
1876.

The distinguishing mark of Lord North-
brook's rule was, apart from his administra-
tive capacity, his determination to guide
himself by the wishes of the population at
large so far as he could ascertain them.
His genuine feeling for the natives, to whom
his strict impartiality and the sympathy
which underlay his reserve strongly ap-
pealed, procured him the title of ' The just
Northbrook.'

An earldom was conferred on him in
recognition of his work in India on 10 June
1876. On his return home, Lord North-
brook's first care, having inherited a large
fortune, a house in Hamilton Place, and

Baring

a great collection of pictures from his
onde, Thomas 'Baring (1799-1873), M.P.
for Huntingdon, was to reorganise his
private lifo both in London and at Strat-
ton. While his own party remained in
opposition, he was again able to attend to
the duties and occupation of a country
gentleman. Much as ho deprecated party
conflict on Indian questions, the develop-
ment of the Afghan imbroglio under his suc-
cessor, Lord Lytton, forced him by degrees
to take a prominent part in the controversy ;
and even if it be admitted that the Lawrence
policy of complete non-interference had
practically broken down before Lord North-
brook left India, the disastrous results of
the counter-policy as actually pursued
completely vindicated Northbrook's fore-
sight and courage in the line he took on this
question.

On the accession to office of Gladstone
in 1880, Lord Northbrook was appointed
first lord of the admiralty. At the
same time he became the principal adviser
of the cabinet on Indian questions, and
later on, when Sir Evelyn Baring, his
cousin, was consul-general at Cairo, on
Egyptian policy also. He was one of the
four ministers Lord Granville, Lord
Kimberley, and Sir Charles Dilke were the
other three who were directly responsible
for the despatch of General Gordon [q. v.]
to the Soudan, a step which he after-
wards admitted to have been a ' terrible
mistake.' In Sept. 1884 he went to Cairo as a
special commissioner to advise the govern-
ment on the ' present situation in Egypt,'
and especially on the 'present exigencies
of Egyptian finance,' and in the reports
brought homo by him in the following
November he definitely ranged himself on
the side of single British control, with all
wliich that conclusion implied. His col-
lea'.Mies, however, did not accept his plan of

lisa I ion, and though he remained a
niemhor of the government for the short
remainder of its term, his relations with

me became from that time
markedly less cordial. He had returned
liom Egypt to find himself the object of
.serious attack on account of the agitation
started in the ' Pall Mall Gazette ' by Mr.
Stead's articles on ' The Truth about the
Navy,' which resulted in the decision of the
p'\ eminent, in Lord Northbrook's absence,
to introduce a programme of expenditure
on ship-building. As a matter of fact the

. headed by Lord Northbrook and
advised by Sir Cooper Key [q. v.], had,

MI' ml Colomb, the biographer of the
r, wrote, taken more decided steps in

reorganising the navy * than perhaps any
board which preceded it,' and technical
opinion has long since vindicated Lord
Northbrook from any suspicion of neglect
or supineness. The fall of Gladstone's
administration in June 1885 marked the
close of Lord Northbrook's official career,
although he refused high office in the
cabinet on two subsequent occasions. In
February 1886 Gladstone offered him
the choice of the lord-lieutenancy of
Ireland or the lord-presidentship of the
council, but his Egyptian experience had
decided him never again to servo under
Gladstone, and though he retained an open
mind on the Irish question longer than
many of his old colleagues, he was already
moving towards the liberal unionist position
of strong hostility to the home rule solution,
which he adopted on the production of
Gladstone's bill in 1886. In December
1886, upon Lord Randolph Churchill's
resignation, he declined a suggestion that
he should join Lord Salisbury's cabinet
with George Joachim (afterwards Viscount)
Goschen [q. v. Suppl. II], preferring with
the rest of his old colleagues to support the
government from without. When the time
arrived, in 1895, for a unionist coalition, it
was too late for him to re-enter the political
arena and take office with the leader
with whom throughout his political career
he was much in sympathy, the Duke of
Devonshire [q. v. Suppl. II]. He retained,
moreover, strong liberal sympathies, which
he showed at the close of his life by with-
drawing his support from the unionist
party in 1903 at the commencement of the
agitation in favour of tariff reform.

After the break-up of the liberal party
in 1886, Lord Northbrook, living much at
Stratton, found himself increasingly in-
volved in the business of local administra-
tion. As a member of the committee of
quarter sessions ho took a leading part in
the arrangements for the transfer of
authority to the new Hampshire county
council under the Local Government Act of
1888 ; ho became chairman of the finance
committee of the county council, and in
1894, on Lord Basing's death, ho yielded,
though with reluctance, to the unanimous
wish of liis colleagues that he should accept
the chairmanship of the council which ho
held until his death. In 1889 he had been
elected to the ancient office of high steward
of Winchester, and in the following year he
succeeded Lord Carnarvon as lord-lieutenant
of Hampshire. In these various capacities,
his courteous dignity, his force of character,
his known impartiality, his complete

Baring

9 6

Barker

mastery of detail, and his financial ability
enabled him to render conspicuous service.
Lord Northbrook died after a short illness
at Stratton on 16 Nov. 1904, and was
buried at Micheldever church.

Lord Northbrook belonged to the best
typo of whig statesmanship. Trained
from boyhood to political life he had, like
other men of position and fortune in his
generation, a high ideal of citizenship and
public spirit, and both as a statesman and
country gentleman left an example of
energy and capacity expended in the
service of his fellow-men. He had a re-
markable aptitude for official business and
especially for finance. His judgment was
sound, and though naturally quick and
vivacious in temperament he was eminently
fairminded and impartial, and took the
utmost pains to inform himself by ex-
haustive study and inquiry on the merits
of any political or administrative question
with which he had to deal. He had
little power of speaking and was shy and
reserved in manner, but he had great
self-reliance, wide sympathies, and much
natural dignity, travelling, sketching,
fishing, and in earlier life hunting, were his
favourite recreations ; he was a lover of
books and reading and of art and
pictures, of which he was a highly com-
petent judge.

Lord Northbrook married in September
1848 Elizabeth Harriet, daughter of Henry
Charles Sturt of Oichel, who died on 3 June
1867. There were three children of the
marriage, two sons, of whom the elder
succeeded as second Earl of Northbrook in
1904, and the second, Arthur, was drowned
when serving as a midshipman on board
H.M.S. Captain in 1870, and one daughter,
Lady Jane Emma, who from her thirteenth
year was her father's constant companion.
She accompanied him to India, where at
a very early age she acted as hostess for the
viceroy with tact and success, and her
marriage in 1890 to Col. the Hon. Henry
George Lewis, third son of John Crichton,
third earl of Erne, caused little interruption
to their lifelong intercourse.

The principal portraits are a water-colour
drawing of Lord Northbrook as a young
man, by George Richmond, R. A., at Netley
Castle, Hampshire, a drawing by H. T.
Wells, R.A., for Grillion's Club, a portrait
in peer's robes by W. W. Oulesa, R.A., at
Government House, Calcutta (a copy at
Stratton), and a portrait painted in 1903
by A. S. Cope, R.A., in the County Hall
at Winchester (copy at Stratton). There
is also at Calcutta a bronze statue of .

1 Lord Northbrook in the robes of a G.C.S.I.,
by Sir Edgar Boehm. Cartoon portraits
are in ' Vanity Fair ' 1876 and 1882.

[Memoir by the present writer with the aid

! of Lord Northbrook's family, and based on

| private papers and official documents, 1908;

| see also Sir Henry Cotton, Indian and Home

Memories, 1911.] B. M.

BARKER, THOMAS (1838-1907), pro-
fessor of mathematics, born on 9 Sept. 1838,
I was son of Thomas Barker, farmer, of
! Murcar, Balgonie, near Aberdeen, and of
his wife Margaret. Three other children
| died in infancy. He was educated at the
grammar school, Aberdeen, and at King's
College in the same town, where he
graduated in 1857 with great distinction in
mathematics. He entered Trinity College,
Cambridge, as minor scholar and subsizar
in 1858, became foundation scholar in
1860, Sheepshanks astronomical exhibi-
tioner in 1861, and came out in the mathe-
matical tripos of 1862 as senior wrangler ;
he was also first Smith's prizeman. He
was elected to a fellowship in the autumn
of 1862, and was assistant tutor of Trinity
till 1865, when he was appointed professor
of pure mathematics in the Owens College,
Manchester. He held this post for twenty
years, during which the college advanced
greatly both in resources and in public
estimation. To this progress Barker's high
repute as a teacher greatly contributed.

Barker's ideals as a mathematician
differed much from those that were current
in most colleges and universities of the
country at the time. He was a follower of
De Morgan and Boole ; like them he was
interested in the logical basis rather than
in the applications of mathematics, and he
endeavoured to set forth the processes of
mathematical reasoning as a connected
system from their foundation. His pre-
sentment of the subject was consequently
not attractive to ordinary students, but
on the more gifted minds which came
under his influence it made a deep im-
pression. His severely critical habit made
him diffident of publication, but his success
as a teacher is attested by the number of
distinguished pupils on whom he exercised
a great and possibly a determining in-
fluence. These include John Hopkinson,
[q. v. Suppl. I], J. H. Poynting, A.
Schuster, and Sir Joseph John Thomson.

After resignation of his chair in 1885 he
lived in tranquil retirement, first at Whaley
Bridge and afterwards at Buxton. His
mathematical interests were varied by
an almost passionate study of cryptogamic
botany. He died unmarried at Buxton

Barlow

on 20 Nov. 1907, and was buried in the
Manchester southern cemetery. By his
will he provided for the foundation in the
University of Manchester of a professorship
of cryptogamic botany, and for the endow-
ment of bursaries for poor students in
mathematics and botany.

[Tho Times, 22 Nov. 1907, 7 Dec. (will) ;
Manchester Guardian, 23 Nov. 1907; Man-
chester Univ. Mag., Doc. 1907.] H. L-B.

BARLOW, WILLIAM HAGGER
(1833-1908), dean of Peterborough, born
at Matlock on 5 May 1833, was younger son
(of five children) of Henry Barlow, curate in
charge of Dethick, near Matlock, and after-
wards vicar of Pittsmoor, Sheffield, by his
wife Elizabeth, only daughter of John
Hagger, of Sheffield. William, sent first
to the grammar school and then to the
collegiate school at Sheffield, won a school
exhibition and a scholarship in classics at
St. John's College, Cambridge, where he
matriculated in October 1853. He took
honours in four triposes a rare achievement
(16th junior optime and third in second class,
classical tripos, 1857 ; second in first class,
moral sciences tripos, and second class in
theological examinations, 1858). He also
won the Carus Greek Testament (bachelors')
prize, 1858. He proceeded M.A. 1860, and
B.D. 1875. Incorporated M.A. of Oxford
through Christ Church (1874), he proceeded
B.D. and D.D. there in 1895.

Barlow was ordained deacon on 30 May
1858 and priest on 10 June 1859, serving the
curacy of St. James, Bristol. When the new
ecclesiastical district of St. Bartholomew
was formed out of this poor parish and
a church built in 1861, he was the first
vicar (1861-73). After a brief incumbency
of St. Ebbe's, Oxford (1873-5), he was
appointed in 1875 by the committee of the
Church Missionary Society principal of their
college, in Upper Street, Islington, for the
training o f missionaries. Barlow quickly
succeeded in improving the numbers and
course of training. In 1883 he helped
to collect 18.000/. for the enlargement
of the society's headquarters in Salisbury
Square.

In 1882 Barlow was appointed vicar of
St. James, Clapham, and in 1887 was
promoted by the trustees at the wish of
the evangelical leaders to the vicarage of
fllington, the ' blue ribbon ' of their
patronage. Barlow's tenure of this im-
portant benefice greatly strengthened his
influence as an evangelical leader. He was
made trustee of the Peache, the Aston, and
the Sellwood Church Patronage Trusts,
which governed about 200 English and

VOL. LXVII, SUP. II.

Welsh benefices. The annual Islington
Clerical Meeting, founded in a small way
at the vicarage by Bishop Daniel Wilson
[q. v.] in 1827, greatly expanded after
Barlow took the management of it in 1888,
and it became the rallying-point of the
evangelicals. From 1887 to 1894 he was
official chairman of the Islington Vestry,
and when the local government act, 1894,
took away the right of the vicar, the vestry
continued to elect him to the chair 1895-
1899, entitling him to be J.P. for London.
Barlow, who was made a prebendary
in St. Paul's cathedral by Bishop Creighton
in 1898, accepted in May 1901 Lord Salis-
bury's offer of the deanery of Peterborough.
Though a convinced evangelical, he
attempted no changes in the manner of
service at the cathedral, contenting himself
with taking the 'north-end' position at
Holy Communion. He raised money for
further repairs in the north transept and
the clerestory of the choir.

While actively engaged in the manage-
ment of the chief evangelical, missionary,
and educational institutions, he was a
member of Bishop Creighton's round-table
conference at Fulham Palace on the Holy
Communion (1900) ; served on the prayer-
book revision committee of the lower
house of Canterbury convocation which
was appointed on 15 February 1907 ; was
examining chaplain (1883-1900) to Dr. J. C.
Ryle [q. v. Suppl. I], bishop of Liverpool,
and select preacher both at Oxford and
Cambridge. He mainly owed his wide in-
fluence to his shrewdness in counsel, his
knowledge of men, and his ability to draw
out opinions from others without parading
his own. He died at Peterborough on
10 May 1908, and was buried beside his
wife on the south side of the cathedral.
A portrait in oils is at the deanery.

Barlow married on 15 Aug. 1861 Eliza
Mary, eldest daughter of Edward Pote
Williams, of Upton Park, Slough. She
died at Peterborough on 4 Oct. 1905. They
had three sons and three daughters. Tho
eldest son, Henry Theodore Edward
Barlow (1862-1906), was honorary canon of
Carlisle, and rector of Lawford, Essex. The
second son, Clement Anderson Montagu,
LL.D., was elected unionist M.P. for
South Salford in December 1910.

[Life of W. H. Barlow, by Margaret Barlow
(with portraits), 1910 ; E. Stock, History of
Church Missionary Society, 1899, voL iii. ;
E. Stock, My Recollections, 1909, pp. 75-6,
&c. ; The Times, 11 May 1908; The Times
Literary Supplement, 17 November 1910,
p. 447; Record, 15 May 1908; Crockford,
1908 ; private information.] E. H. P.

Barlow

9 8

Barlow

BARLOW, WILLIAM HENRY (1812-
1902), civil engineer, born at Woolwich
on 10 May 1812, was younger son of Peter
Barlow [q. v.] and brother of Peter William
Barlow [q. v. Suppl. I]. After educa-
tion at home by his father he received
three years' practical training, at first
in the machinery department of Woolwich
dockyard, and then at the London Docks
under Henry Robinson Palmer, the en-
gineer-in-chief. At twenty he was sent
by Messrs. Maudslay and Field to Constan
tinople, where he spent six years on the
erection of machinery and buildings for
the manufacture of ordnance for the Turkish
government. For the Porte he also
reported on the lighthouses at the mouth
of the Bosporus in the Black Sea, and the
work suggested a paper, which he com-
municated to the Royal Society, on the
adaptation of different modes of illumin-
ating lighthouses (Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 211).
For his services in Turkey he was decorated
with the order of the Nischan-el-Iftikar.
On returning to England in 1838 he
became assistant engineer on the con-
struction of the Manchester and Bir-
mingham railway, in 1842 resident
engineer on the Midland Counties railway,
and in 1844 resident engineer to the
North Midland and the other lines which
were amalgamated during that year to
form the Midland railway. Of the Mid-
land railway he became principal engineer-
in-charge, and in 1857 he removed as the
company's consulting engineer from Derby
to London. The saddleback form of
rail which bears his name was invented by
him during this period (of. his patent
No. 12438 of 1849); and between 1844
and 1886 he took out, either alone or in
conjunction with others, several other
patents relating to permanent way. In
1862-9 Barlow, who carried out many
improvements of the Midland railway, laid
out and constructed the southern portion
of the London and Bedford line, including
St. Pancras Station with its fine roof
(opened 1 Oct. 1868; cf. Proc. Inst. Civ.
Eng. xxx a 78). Meanwhile in 1860 he
designed, with Sir John Hawkshaw [q. v.
Suppl. I], the completion of the Clifton
suspension bridge (cf. ib. xxvi. 243).

Concurrently with his constructional
work Barlow carried on many scientific
researches. In 1847 he observed certain
spontaneous diurnal deflections of the
needles of railway telegraph-instruments,
as well as spasmodic movements correspon-
ding with magnetic storms. These he
attributed to electric currents on the

earth's surface (cf . his paper in Phil. Trans.
1849, p. 61). Another communication to
the Royal Society in 1874 (Proc. xxii.
277) describes the ' logograph,' an instru-
ment which he devised for recording graphi-
cally the sound waves caused by the human
voice, and which was a forerunner of the
telephone and phonograph. But his chief
scientific inquiries concerned the theory of
structures. In 1846 he presented to the
Institution of Civil Engineers (Proc. v*
162) a paper * On the Existence (practi-
cally) of the Line of Equal Horizontal
Thrust in Arches, and the Mode of deter-
mining it by Geometrical Construction.'
Later he investigated practically the
strength of beams (cf. three papers in
Phil. Trans. 1855, p. 225 ; ib. 1857, p. 463 ;
and Proc. E.S. xviii. 345). In 1859 he
made experiments on continuous beams,
which indicated the advantages of increas-
ing the depth of such beams over the points
of support (cf. his patent No. 908 of 1859).
Barlow was often consulted on engineer-
ing principles, as well as on large structural
designs. He was a member of a com-
mittee of engineers formed in 1868 to
investigate the applicability of steel to
structures, and after he had urged the
advantages of steel in his address to the
mechanical science section of the British
Association in 1873, the board of trade
appointed a committee of inquiry (on which
he served) which recommended (1877) the
6J tons limit of working-stress for steel.
Barlow was a member of the court of
inquiry into the Tay bridge disaster (1879)
which counselled a precise calculation of
the stresses due to wind-pressure, and he
served on the board of trade committee
which defined an allowance of 56 Ibs. per
square foot for such pressure.

Consulted by the directors of the North
British railway in regard to reconstruction
of the Tay bridge, he recommended an
independent viaduct, which was commenced
in 1882 and opened for traffic 20 June 1887
(for a description by Barlow's son, Crawford,
see Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. 1888, xciv. 87).

Barlow was one of three consulting
engineers to whom the railway companies
concerned referred the question of bridging
the Forth after the collapse of the Tay
bridge [cf . art. FOWLEB, Sir JOHN", Suppl. I],
and he submitted two designs (suspension
bridges with braced chains) ; but the type
of bridge proposed by (Sir) Benjamin Baker
[q. v. Suppl. II] was adopted, with certain
modifications in the piers to meet objections
taken by Barlow.
Barlow attained a chief place in his

Barnardo

profession. Of the Institution of Civil
Engineers he became a member on 1 April
1845 ; he was elected to the council in 1863,
and was president in 1879-80 (Address in
Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ix. 2). He received
in 1849 a Telford medal for a paper
' On the Construction of the Permanent
Way of Railways, &c.' (Proc. Inst. Civ.
Eng. ix. 387). He was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society on 6 June 1850, and
was a vice-president in 1880-1. In 1889
he was elected an honorary member of
the Societe des Ingenieurs civils de France.
In 1881 he and Sir Frederick Bramwell
[q. v. Suppl. II] were appointed the first
civil members of the ordnance committee.
He was one of the judges of the centennial
exhibition at Philadelphia in 1875; was
elected a member of the Athenaeum club
honoris causa in 1881 ; and was a lieut.-
colonel in the engineer and railway volun-
teer staff corps.

Barlow practised from 1857 to 1866
at 19 Great George Street, Westminster,
and from 1866 onwards at 2 Old Palace
Yard. In 1874 he took into partnership
his second son, Crawford, and his assistant,
Mr. C. B. Baker.

He died on 12 Nov. 1902 at his residence,
High Combe, Old Charlton. He married
SeSna Crawford, daughter of W. Caffin, of
the Royal Arsenal, by whom he had four
sons and two daughters. His portrait in
oils, by the Hon. John Collier, is at the
Institution of Civil Engineers.

[Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. cli. ; Men and
Women of the Time, 1899.] W. F. S.

BARNARDO, THOMAS JOHN (1845-
1905), philanthropist, born in Dublin on
4 July 1845, was younger son of John
Michaelis Barnardo, who, born at Hamburg
in 1800, had settled in Dublin as a whole-
sale furrier and had become a naturalised
British subject. The Barnardo family, of
Spanish origin, left Spain for Germany in
the eighteenth century on account ol
religious persecution by the catholic church.
Thomas John's mother was the daughter
of Andrew Drinkwater, who belonged
1" an old quaker family, long settled in
Ireland. She was a woman of strong
religious convictions and exercised abiding
influence upon her family. The son, after
attending private schools in Dublin kepi
by the Rev. A. Andrews and the Rev. J
liundas, became at fourteen a clerk in a
wine merchant's office in his native city
Iwt he subsequently gave up the employ
n lent on growing convinced of the evils o:
intemperance. During the protestant re
ligious revival in Dublin of 1862 he wa<

converted,' the date of conversion being,
iccording to an entry in his Bible, 26 May
862. Soon after, he devoted his spare
ime to preaching and evangelising work
n Dublin slums, until the call came to him
/o go as a missionary to China.

With a view to that work, he came to
London in April 1866 and settled in Coburn
Street, Stepney, under the guidance of the

v. Hudson Taylor, the founder of the
3hina Inland Mission, and of Henry Grattan
Guinness [q. v. Suppl. II]. In Oct. 1866
ic entered the London Hospital as a
missionary medical student, becoming a
icentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons
Edinburgh on 31 March 1876 and a fellow
on 1 6 April 1 879. Whilst pursuing his studies
in East London he joined the Ernest Street
ragged school and became superinten-
dent. He preached in the open air, visited
common lodging-houses and slums, and
volunteered for service in the district
during the cholera epidemic of 1866-7.
Whilst thus engaged he was impressed by
the number of homeless and necessitous
children in the East End, and he gave up
his intention of going to China in order
to devote himself to their interests. On
15 July 1867 he founded the East End
Juvenile Mission for the care of friendless
and destitute children. The work rapidly
developed, and in December 1870, under
the patronage of Lord Shaftesbury, ho
opened a boys' home at 18 Stepney Cause-
way to provide for destitute lads. This
institution developed into the immense
organisation known as * Dr. Barnardo's
Homes.' His next step was to purchase,
in 1873, a notorious public-house known aa
' Edinburgh Castle,' Limehouse, and to
convert it into a mission church and coffee
palace for working-men, which became
the centre of his evangelistic work. The
' Dublin Castle,' Mile End, was similarly
treated in 1876. In 1874 Barnardo opened
a receiving house for girls, and on 9 July
1876 he started the Girls' Village Home,
Barkingside, Essex, with church and schools.
On 20 Aug. 1882 he sent for the first time
a party of boys, and a year later a party
of girls, to Canada for training and settle-
ment there. In 1887 he established offices
in Toronto, Canada, with distributing homes
and an industrial farm. In 1886 he adopted
in England the boarding-out system as an
integral part of his scheme. In the same
year he opened the Babies' Castle at Hawk-
hurst, Kent, for 100 infants (9 Aug.).

Barnardo's work grew with amazing
rapidity, both at home and in Canada, until
the waif and destitute children in his daily

H 2

Barnardo

100

Barnes

charge numbered about 8000. Before his
death in 1905 he had rescued and trained
59,384 destitute children and had other-
wise assisted as many as 250,000 children
in want. Over ninety homes and agencies
were founded and maintained by him.
The Young Helpers' League which he
formed in 1891, under the patronage of
Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck,
who became the first president, and later of
Queen Alexandra, aimed at banding together
the children of the rich in the service of
the sick and suffering poor. The income
of the homes was wholly drawn from
voluntary sources, and rose from 214J. 155.
in 1866 to 196,2862. 11s. in 1905, making
a total of nearly 3,500,0002.

In 1877 charges reflecting on Barnardo's
disinterestedness and good management
were submitted to arbitration and fully
refuted. He then conveyed the pro-
perty to trustees. On 20 April 1899 the
homes were incorporated under the Com-
panies Act, and became known as ' The
National Incorporated Association for the
Reclamation of Destitute Waif Children,
otherwise known as " Dr. Barnardo's
Homes." ' In 1903 Queen Alexandra
accepted the office of patron. The cardinal
principle of Barnardo's homes, * No destitute
child ever refused admission,' was never
forsaken even when his financial resources
were temporarily exhausted. The religious
teaching of the homes was stated in the
title-deeds to be protestant, and every child
admitted into the homes was to be brought
up in the protestant faith. Barnardo fre-
quently came into conflict in the law courts
with Roman catholic authorities, who
claimed to recover from the homes children
of catholic parentage. Between 1889 and
1891 Barnardo was involved in much
litigation on such grounds. Ultimately an
equitable agreement was reached without
prejudice to the protestant character of
the homes.

Barnardo died at Surbiton on 19 Sept.
1905 from heart failure. In a message of
condolence from King Edward VII and
Queen Alexandra he was called * that
great philanthropist.' A public funeral
was accorded him at his Girls' Village
Home, Barkingside. There a memorial
room was opened on 30 June 1906, and
on Founder's Day, 1908, a beautiful monu-
ment fashioned by Sir George Frampton,
R.A., who gave his services gratuitously,
was erected over his tomb. A national
memorial was organised to free his homes
from debt, and their prosperity is now
firmly established.

On 17 June 1873 he married Syrie
Louise, only daughter of William Elmslie
of Lloyds and Richmond, Surrey, who
survives him with two sons and two
daughters. Three sons predeceased him.

[Memoirs of the late Dr. Barnardo, by Mrs.
Barnardo and Rev. James Marchant, secretary
of the National Memorial Council, 1907 ;
original books and documents in Dr. Barnardo's
Homes ; private sources.] J. M-T.

BARNES, ROBERT (1817-1907),
obstetric physician, born at Norwich on
4 Sept. 1817, was second son and second
child of the six children of Philip Barnes,
an architect and one of the founders of
the Royal Botanic Society of London, by
his wife Harriet Futter, daughter of a
Norfolk squire. The father, also of an
old Norfolk family, claimed descent from
Robert Barnes [q. v.], the Marian martyr.
Educated at Bruges from 1826 to 1830 and at
home, where one of his tutors was George
Borrow, author of ' The Bible in Spain,'
Barnes began his medical career in 1832
as an apprentice in Norwich to Dr. Richard
Griffin, founder of an association of poor-
law medical men. When his family
moved to London he continued his medical
work at University College, the Windmill
Street school, and at St. George's Hospital.
After becoming M.R.C.S. in 1842 he spent
a year in Paris, where he paid much atten-
tion to mental diseases ; on his return to
London after unsuccessfully competing for
the post of resident physician at Bethlehem
Royal Hospital, he settled in general
practice in Netting Hill and engaged in
literary work on the ' Lancet.' His ambition
i was to become a medical teacher. He
soon lectured at the Hunterian School of
Medicine and on forensic medicine at
Dermott's School, and was obstetric surgeon
to the Western general dispensary. He
graduated M.D. London in 1848, and in
1853 became L.R.C.P. and in 1859 F.R.C.P.

On 1 April 1859 Barnes was elected
assistant obstetric physician, and on 14 July
1863 obstetric physician, to the London
Hospital. From the London Hospital he
passed on 24 April J1865 to a like post
at St. Thomas's Hospital, where he had
lectured on midwifery since April 1862.
In 1875 he left St. Thomas's Hospital,
where he was dean of the medical school,
to become obstetric physician at St. George's
Hospital; there he was elected consulting
obstetric physician in 1885. He thus had
the rare distinction of lecturing on mid-
wifery at three great medical schools in
London. He had also acted as physician
to the Seamen's Hospital, the East London

Barnes

101

Barrett

Hospital for Children, and tho Royal
Maternity Hospital.

Barnes took a prominent part in found-
ing the Obstetrical Society of London in
1858 and was president in 1865-6. But
a dispute with tho council of this society
led him in 1884 to establish the British
Gynecological Society, of which he was
honorary president until his death. The
justification of the schism was the
antagonism of the old society to the per-
formance of ovariotomy and other im-
portant operations by obstetricians. Barnes
was one of the pioneers of operative
gynaecology, and the cause he advocated
gained the day. The two societies were
united in the obstetrical and gynaecological
section of the Royal Society of Medicine
in 1907.

At the College of Physicians Barnes
delivered the Lumleian lectures ' On Con-
vulsive Diseases in Women ' in 1873 and
was censor (1877-8). He was elected
honorary fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons in 1883 ; of the Medical Society
of London in 1893 (ho had given the Lett-
somian lectures in 1858), and of the Royal
Medical and Chirurgical Society at the
centenary meeting of 1905.

A leading teacher and gynaecologist
in London. Barnes was a rival of James
Matthews Duncan [q. v. Suppl. I] both in
debates at the Obstetrical Society and in
practice. One of the first to work at the
minute pathology of obstetrics, he influenced
the progress of obstetric medicine. His
name has been attached to an obstetric in-
strument and to a curve of the pelvis. He
expressed with decision his very definite
opinions, and his mental and physical
vigour was shown by his learning Spanish
when over eighty-five and by rowing out
to sea and bathing from the boat until he
was eighty-nine. He was a director of the
Prudential Assurance Company (1848-9 ;
18841907), amassed a considerable fortune,
and gave liberally to medical institutions,
among others to the medical school of
St. George's Hospital, where the pathological
laboratory is called after him. He died
at Eastbourne on 12 May 1907, and was
buried there. A portrait by Horsburgh
is in possession of his family.

Barnes married: (1) Eliza Fawkener,
daughter of a London solicitor ; (2) Alice
Maria, daughter of Captain W. G. Hughes,
of Carmarthenshire, D.L. and J.P. for
that county. By his first wife he had one
son, Dr. R. S. Fancourt Barnes, and two
daughters, and by his second wife one son
and one daughter.

Besides thirty-two papers in the ' Trans-
actions of the Obstetrical Society,' and an
official report on scurvy at the Seamen's
Hospital, 1864, Barnes was author of :
1. * Obstetrical Operations,' 1870 ; 3rd ed.
1876; translated into French. 2. 'Medical
and Surgical Diseases of Women,' 1873;
translated into French. 3. ' Obstetric
Medicine and Surgery,' 2 vols. (with his
son, Fancourt Barnes), 1884. 4. ' Causes
of Puerperal Fever,' 1887.

[Brit. Med. Journ., 1907, ii. 1221 ; informa-
tion from his son-in-law, H. Robinson, M.D.]

II. D. R.

BARRETT, WILSON [originally
WILLIAM HENRY] (1846-1904), actor
and dramatist, born at the Manor
House Farm, near Chelmsford, Essex,
on 18 Feb. 1846, was eldest son of
George Barrett, a farmer, by his wife and
cousin Charlotte Mary Wood. The family
was of old Hertfordshire descent. Two
brothers, George Edward (1848-1894), an
excellent low comedian, and Robert
Reville (d. 1893), with a sister, Mary
Brunell, were also on the stage, and the
three were in 1872 members of Barrett's
travelling company.

Owing to family reverses, Barrett began
life as a printer in London, but in 1864 made
his first appearance on the stage at the
Theatre Royal, Halifax, where he was
engaged for ' general utility.' He was
seen three months later at the Adelplii
theatre, Liverpool, and shortly afterwards,
purchasing a ' fit-up ' theatre, he started
management at Burnley in Lancashire
with disastrous results. Returning to
stock work, he played ' the heavy business '
at Nottingham, under Mrs. Saville. At
Aberdeen he met on a starring visit
Caroline Heath (1835-1887), actress and
reader to the Queen, and after a short
wooing he married her at Brechin on 31
July 1866. For many years he lent support
to his wife's leading roles, and her reputation
overshadowed his.

On 26 June 1867, at the Surrey theatre,
London, Barrett played at very short
notice Tom Robinson in * It's never too late
to mend,' in place of Richard Shepherd,
the actor-manager, who had lost his voice.
On 29 June he performed Archibald
Carlyle to Miss Heath's Lady Isabelle in
' East Lynne.' In this role he was
welcomed by the press as a painstaking
newcomer to the London stage. For the
autumn season of 1867 he joined F. B.
Chatterton's company at Drury Lane, and
subsequently travelled in the provinces
with Miss Heath and a company of his own.

Barrett

102

Barrett

He was at the Queen's, Dublin, in May 1869,
and for the rest of the year at the Princess's,
Edinburgh, playing Mephistopheles in
'Faust' on 9 Oct., Master Ford in 'The
Merry Wives of Windsor,' and Triplet to
Miss Heath's Peg Woffington on 10 Dec.

In 1874 Barrett became lessee and
manager of the Amphitheatre, Leeds, and
on 8 March 1875 first produced there
W. G. Wills's drama ' Jane Shore,' with
himself as Henry Shore and Miss Heath in
the title character. Husband and wife
toured in these characters with great
success. The Amphitheatre, Leeds, was soon
burnt down, to Barrett's loss, but in 1878
the Grand Theatre was built at Leeds by a
syndicate, and Barrett becoming lessee
opened the new house on 18 Nov. as
Benedick in ' Much Ado.' Meanwhile in
1877 he had assumed control of the Theatre
Royal, Hull, and both the theatres remained
under his control during his career in
London.

Barrett first became manager in London
on 20 Sept. 1879, when he opened the Court
Theatre, with his wife as chief actress.
On 13 Oct. he created there the part of the
Rev. Richard Capel in ' A Clerical Error,'
the earliest play by Mr. Henry Arthur Jones
to be produced in London. Barrett's wife
soon withdrew from the stage owing to
failing health (she died in retirement on
26 July 1887). Under Barrett's auspices
at the Court, Madame Modjeska made her
first appearance in London, playing Con-
stance in ' Heartsease ' on 1 May 1880, and
speedily winning popularity. Barrett was
Mercutio to her Juliet at the Court (26
March 1881) and Friar John to her Juana
Esteban in Wills's tragedy * Juana ' (7 May).
He had appeared as Romeo to her Juliet
at the Alexandra, Liverpool (1 Sept. 1880).
On 4 June 1881 Barrett began his notable
management of the Princess's Theatre with
Madame Modjeska still in his company.
His first conspicuous successes were achieved
with Mr. G. R. Sims' s melodramas ' The
Lights o' London' (10 Sept.) and 'The
Romany Rye' (10 June 1882). In both
Barrett played the leading part with good
effect, the first piece running for 286 nights.
On 16 November Messrs. H. A. Jones and
Henry Herman's excellent melodrama
' The Silver King ' was first produced, and
Barrett scored a triumph as Wilfred
Denver, the piece running for 300 nights.
W. G. Wills and Henry Herman's poetic
drama ' Claudian,' with Barrett in the
title-character, followed on 6 Dec. 1883
and maintained the tradition of success.
The mounting of this play, with a sensational

earthquake scene, was applauded by Ruskin,
who wrote : ' With scene-painting like
that, this Princess's Theatre might do more
for art-teaching than all the galleries and
professors of Christendom.' Barrett gave
a striking impersonation of the boy-
poet in Messrs. Jones and Herman's new
one-act drama ' Chatterton' (22 May 1884).
He revived ' Hamlet ' (16 Oct.), and by his
new readings and his youthful interpretation
of the Prince provoked controversy ; but he
failed to satisfy rigorous critical standards.
The production was repeated for 117 nights,
by way of forcing a rivalry with (Sir)
Henry Irving at the Lyceum (for analyses of
Barrett's Hamlet see CLEMENT SCOTT'S Some
Notable Hamlets and WILLIAM WINTER'S
Shadows of the Stage, second series (1893),
chap, xxvii. ). With the revival of ' Hamlet '
Barrett's fortunes at the Princess's declined,
and although his tenancy lasted another
eighteen months, he thenceforth enjoyed
few successes.

From an early period in his career he had
essayed playwriting in addition to acting,
and during his later sojourn at the Princess's
and throughout his subsequent career he
relied largely on Ms own pen for his plays,
either in collaboration or alone. In 1885
he wrote, with Mr. H. A. Jones, ' Hoodman
Blind,' a melodrama which ran for 171
nights (produced 18 August 1885), and
also a romantic drama, ' The Lord Harry,'
which he produced without success 18 Feb.
1886. With Mr. Sydney Grundy he wrote
a blank verse tragedy, * Clito,' which,
though splendidly mounted, again failed
to attract (produced 1 May 1886).

In the summer of 1886 Barrett left the
Princess's heavily in debt, and went to
America with his entire company and
accessories. After producing ' Claudian '
with success at the Star Theatre, New York,
on 11 Oct. 1886, he made a profitable
six months' tour. He revisited America
five times: in 1890, 1893, 1894, 1895,
and 1897, often for only a month or two,
and producing there some new pieces from
his own pen.

On 22 December 1887 Barrett began a
brief management of the Globe Theatre
in London. The venture began well with
' The Golden Ladder,' a drama by himself
and Mr. George R. Sims. Morning perform-
ances of old plays were given early in 1888,
and on 22 Feb. Barrett played Claude
Melnotte for the first time in London. On
17 May he w r ent back to the Princess's,
opening there with ' Ben-my-Chree,' an
adaptation of Mr. T. Hall Caine's novel
' The Deemster ' by himself and the novelist.

Barrett

103

Barry

This was the beginning of a somewhat
extended collaboration. Small success
attended the production at the Princess's
of ' The Good Old Times,' a play from
the same pens (12 Feb. 1889), or of
Barrett's own drama, ' Now-a-days : a
Tale of the Turf ' (28 Feb.).

On 4 December 1890, after his second
American tour, he opened the new Olympic
Theatre, London, with 'The People's
Idol,' by himself and Victor Widnell.
An impersonation of the Stranger in
Thompson's old play of that title was
followed on 21 April 1891 by * The Acrobat,'
Barrett's version of Dennery and Fournier's
'Le Paillasse' (1850). During a provin-
cial tour he first played Othello at the
Court Theatre, Liverpool, on 22 Oct.
1891. Barrett still retained control of
the Grand Theatre, Leeds, and there he
now brought out three new pieces of his
own, 'Pharaoh '(29 Sept. 1892); his first,
and best, version of Hall Caine's novel
'The Manxman' (22 August 1894), in
which his Pete was probably the best of his
later characterisations ; and for the first
time in England ' The Sign of the Cross,'
an adroit amalgam of popular religion and
crude melodrama (26 Aug. 1895). which had
been originally produced at the Grand
Opera House, St. Louis, on 27 March 1895.

On 4 January 1896 Barrett opened
management of the Ljnic Theatre, London,
with ' The Sign of the Cross,' which ran
prosperously for a year and restored
his long precarious fortunes. There
followed at the Lyric ' The Daughters of
Babylon,' by himself (6 Feb. 1897). In
May he was seen there as Virginius and
Othello. After a last visit to America, and a
first visit in 1898 to Australia, Barrett in
1899 succeeded Irving as manager of the
Lyceum, but the experiment was a failure.
A new drama by himself and Mr. L. N.
Parker, ' Man and His Makers ' (produced
7 Oct.), was unfavourably received, and re-
vivals of ' The Sign of the Cross,' ' Hamlet,'
and ' Othello ' attracted small audiences.

Meanwhile he continued to bring out new
pieces by himself at provincial houses.
During 1902 he also paid a second visit
to Australia, and on his return he brought
out at the Adelphi in London (on 18 Dec.)
' The Christian King,' a piece of his
own which was first seen at the Prince's,
Bristol, 6 Nov. In this he played Alfred of
Engleland. Next year he toured in ' In
the Middle of June,' yet another of his
dramas, first produced at Middlesbrough
(11 June 1903). On 9 June 1904 he paid
a three weeks' visit to the Shakespeare

theatre, Liverpool, and after producing
his last now play, ' Lucky Durham,' made
his final appearance on the stage as Wilfred
Denver. He died in a private hospital
in London on 22 July after an operation
for cancer, and was buried in Hampstead
cemetery. He was survived by two sons,
Frank and Alfred, and by a daughter,
Dollie.

Barrett's features were cast in a classic
mould and his presence was manly and
graceful. Hence his predilection for clas-
sical impersonations. But his articulation
suffered either from a defect in his utterance
or from an affectation of delivery, and his
method of acting was usually stilted. In
melodrama he presented heroic fortitude
with effect. His dramas made no pretence
to literature. They aimed at stage effect
and boldly picturesque characterisation
without logical sequence or psychological
consistency. His portrait as Hamlet was
painted by Frank Holl, R.A.

Besides the pieces by himself already
mentioned he wrote (among many others)
' Sister Mary,' with Clement Scott
(produced at Brighton 8 March 1886) ; and
a dramatic version of Mr. Hall Caine's
novel ' The Bondman ' (produced at the
Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia,
Dec. 1893). He also published one or
two novels, based on his own plays.

[Arthur Gocldard's Players of the Period,
1891; Boyle Lawrence's Celebrities of the
Stage, 1899; J. C. Dibdin's Annals of the
Edinburgh Stage, 1888; Notes and Queries,
llth ser. iii. 225 and 276; Broadbent's
Annals of the Liverpool Stage ; Dramatic
Notes, 1881-1885; Theatre Magazine, Dec.
1891 ; Dramatic Year Book for 1892 ;
Col. T. Allston Brown's History of the
New York Stage, 1903; William" Archer's
Theatrical World for 1895 ; Daily Telegraph,
23 July 1904 ; New York Dramatic Mirror,
30 July 1904 ; private information.]

BARRY, ALFRED (1826-1910), primate
of Australia and canon of Windsor, born
at Ely Place, Holborn, on 15 Jan. 1826,
was second son of Sir Charles Barry
[q. v.], architect, whose ' Life and Works '
he published (1867 ; 2nd ed. 1870), and
elder brother of Edward Middleton Barry
[q. v.], whose Royal Academy lectures on
architecture he edited with a memoir in
1881. His mother was Sarah, daughter of
Samuel Rowsell. His youngest brother is
Sir John Wolfe Wolfe Barry, K.C.B., the
civil engineer. Educated at King's College,
London, from 1841 to 1844, Barry proceeded
in 1844 to Trinity College, Cambridge ;
in 1848 he was placed fourth among the

Barry

104

Barry

wranglers, Isaac Todhunter [q. v.] being
senior, and seventh in the first class of
classical tripos, C. B. Scott and Brooke
Foss Westcott [q. v. Suppl. II] being
bracketed senior. He also won the second
Smith's prize, the first going to Todhunter.
Barry was elected a fellow of Trinity the
same year. He graduated B.A. in 1848,
proceeding M.A. in 1851, B.D. in 1860, and
D.D. in 1866.

Ordained deacon in 1850 on the title
of his fellowship, and priest in 1853, Barry
became in 1849 vice-principal of Trinity
College, Glenalmond, the seminary of the
Scottish Episcopal church. In 1854 he
became headmaster of Leeds grammar
school. From 1862 to 1868 he was
principal of Cheltenham College, and
during his tenure of office there were
built the gymnasium (1864), the junior
school (1865), and five of the boarding
houses. He was made a life member of
the college council in 1893 (Cheltonian,
May 1910).

In 1868 Barry was appointed, in succession
to Richard William Jelf [q. v.], principal
of King's College, London, of which he
had been a fellow since 1849. Here
Barry arranged that students for the
theological associateship could attend even-
ing classes for two years, without sacrificing
their employment by day, devoting their
whole time to their college course only
in their third year. He encouraged the
establishment of a ladies' branch of the
college at Kensington, a scheme carried
out in 1881.

In 1871 Gladstone made him a residen-
tiary canon at Worcester, and in 1881
transferred him to a similar office- in
Westminster Abbey. Appointed honorary
chaplain to Queen Victoria in 1875 and
chaplain in ordinary 1879, he also held the
Boyle lectureship 1876-8. He published
the first series as 'What is Natural
Theology?' (1877) and the second series
as 'The Manifold Witness for Christ'
(1880). He was made D.C.L. of Oxford in
1870 arid of Durham in 1888.

After refusing the see of Calcutta in 1876,
Barry in 1883 accepted the see of Sydney,
Australia. With the office went the metro-
politanate of New South Wales and the
primacy of Australia and Tasmania. He was
thus head of * a general synod embracing
all the dioceses of Australia and Tasmania '
(BARRY, Ecclesiastical Expansion, 1895,
p. 255; Digest of S.P.G. Records, 1895,
pp. 761, 766). He was consecrated in
Westminster Abbey on 1 Jan. 1884, West-
cott preaching the sermon (Life and

Letters of B. F. Westcott, 1903, ii. 1, 2;
E. STOCK, History of C.M.S., 1899, iii.
311-312). Misfortune attended his departure,
He sent on his entire library, lectures, and
manuscripts in a vessel which was lost by
shipwreck. Queen Victoria and others
showed their sympathy by endeavouring
to replace the books.

Barry's vigour of intellect adapted itself,
to the unfamiliar conditions and conceptions
of colonial life, and his good judgment and
clearness of utterance stood him in goocZ
stead, when he presided over the provincial
or the general synod. He successfully
urged the Australian church to accept in 1886
missionary responsibility for New Guinea.
Barry's residence in Sydney was not
prolonged enough to give his abilities their
full opportunity there. For private reasons
he constantly revisited England during the
five years of his Australian episcopate. He
vacated his office in 1889.

Having been vainly recommended for
various English sees, e.g. Chester in 1884
(J. C. MACDONNELL, Life and Correspond-
ence of W. C. Magee, 1896, ii. 255),
Barry devoted himself to helping bishops
at home. From 1889 to 1891 he was
assistant to A. W. Thorold [q. v.],
bishop of Rochester, and in 1891 he
took charge of the diocese of Exeter
during the absence in Japan of Bishop
Edward Henry Bickersteth [q. v. Suppl.
II]. From 1891 till his death he was
canon of St. George's Chapel, Windsor.
In 1892 he was chosen Bampton lecturer
at Oxford, taking as his subject ' Some
Lights of Science on Faith.' He was
Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge for 1894,
and gave a masterly review of the * Eccle-
siastical Expansion of England in the
Growth of the Anglican Communion.' From
1895 to 1900 he held the rectory of St.
James, Piccadilly, rendering episcopal assist-
ance in central London to Frederick Temple
[q. v. Suppl. II], bishop of London. After
1900 he confined himself to his canonry at
Windsor. He represented the chapter in
the lower house of convocation from 1893
until 1908. He died in his sleep at his
residence in the cloisters, Windsor Castle, on
1 April 1910, and was buried in the cloisters
at Worcester Cathedral, beside his only
daughter, Mary Louisa (d. 1880). He
married, on 13 Aug. 1851, Louisa Victoria,
daughter of T. S. Hughes (d. 1847), canon of
Peterborough. She survived him with two
sons. A portrait painted by Sir Edward
Poynter, P.R.A., was presented to Mrs.
Barry by his King's College friends in 1883.

Of fine presence and with a sonorous

Bartlett

voice, Barry was an effective speaker and
preacher. A broad churchman, he avoided
enthusiasm, and his manner seemed
distant and unsympathetic save to his
intimates. His chief works, apart from
separate sermons and the lectures already
mentioned, were : 1. ' Introduction to
the Study of the Old Testament,' 1856
(incomplete). 2. ' Sermons preached in
the Chapel of Cheltenham College,' 1865.
3. * Sermons for Boys or Memorials of
Cheltenham Sundays,' 1869. 4. 'The
Architect of the New Palace at West-
minster,' a reply to a pamphlet by
E. W. Pugin, 2 edits. 1868. 5. 'The
Atonement of Christ,' 1871. 6. 'Sermons
preached at Westminster Abbey,' 1884.
7. 'First Words in Australia,' 1884. 8.
' Lectures on Christianity and Socialism,'
1890. 9. 'The Teacher's Prayer-Book,'
1884; 16th edit. 1898, a popular handbook.
10. 'England's Mission to India,' 1895. 11.
' The Position of the Laity in the Church,'
1895, 12. 'The Christian Sunday; its
Sacredness and its Blessing,' 1905. 13.
' Do we Believe ? The Law of Faith
perfected in Christ,' 1908*

[The Times, 2 April 1910; Guardian, 8 April
1910; Crockford, Clerical Directory, 1909;
Burko's Family Records ; private information.]

BARTLETT, SIB ELLIS ASHMEAD
(1849-1902), politician, born in Brooklyn,
New York, on 24 August 1849, was
eldest son of Ellis Bartlett of Plymouth,
Massachusetts, a graduate of Amherst,
and a good classical scholar, who died in
1852. His mother was Sophia, daughter of
John King Ashmead of Philadelphia. On
the father's side he was directly descended
from Robert Bartlett or Bartelot, of
Sussex, who landed on Plymouth Rock
from the ship Ann in 1623 and married
in 1028 Mary, daughter of Richard Warren,
\vlu> had sailed in the Mayflower in 1620.
On his mother's side he derived through
her father from John Ashmead of Chelten-
ham, who settled in Philadelphia in 1682,
and through her mother from Theodore
Lehman, secretary to William Penn, first
governor of Pennsylvania.

Ellis and his younger brother, William

Lehman Ashmead, now Mr. Burdett-Coutts,

uere brought to England in early boyhood

by their widowed mother, and were edu-

<1 at a private school, The Braddons,

at Torquay. Ellis showed precocity in

classics ; but illness interrupted his studies,

i't in history, of which aided by

an admirable memory ho early gained

a wide knowledge. On 16 Feb. 1867 he

matriculated from St. Mary Hall, Oxford,
but soon migrated to Christ Church. A
taste for politics asserted itself at Oxford.
Becoming the recognised leader of the
conservative party in the Union, and an
ardent champion of Disraeli, he was elected
president in Easter term 1873, defeating
Mr. Asquith by a large majority. He was
also prominent in athletics. He graduated
B.A. at Christ Church in 1872 with first-
class honours in law and history, and pro-
ceeded M.A. 1874. After leaving Oxford
he became an inspector of schools 1874-7,
and an examiner in the privy council office
(education department) 1877-80. On 13
June 1877 he was called to the bar from
the Inner Temple.

With a view to ascertaining the truth
regarding the reported ' Bulgarian atroci-
ties ' of 1876, Ashmead Bartlett visited
Servia, Bulgaria, and Roumelia in 1877-8,
and was a witness of barbarous outrages
committed by Bulgarians and Russians
on the Turkish inhabitants in Roumelia.
He conceived the strongest distrust of
Russia, and returning to England began
a vigorous campaign against that power
by speech and pen. In 1880 Lord Beacons-
field assigned to him what was practically
the ' pocket borough ' of Eye, in Suffolk. He
held the seat until it was disfranchised
under the redistribution bill of 1884. In
1885 he was elected for the more popular
constituency of the Ecclesall division of
Sheffield, for which he sat until his death, v/
Energetic in his loyalty to the conserva-
tive party, he chiefly devoted himself both
inside and outside the House of Commons
to advocacy of British imperialism. In
the House he was untiring in attack on
liberal foreign policy and, notably in his
first parliament, proved a constant tor-
ment to Gladstone. But a tendency to
grandiloquence excited in parliament
the impatient ridicule of his opponents.
Outside the House he quickly gained an
exceptional reputation as a platform speaker
which he maintained throughout his public
life. He was probably in greater demand
among conservative organisers of great
popular meetings than any other speaker,
and invariably roused the enthusiasm
of his audiences to the highest pitch.
His organising capacity was also of much
service to his party. He was chairman of
the National Union of Conservative Associa-
tions for three years, 1886-7-6, and he
carried on a ceaseless propaganda on
behalf of his principles and his party by
pamphlets, articles, and letters to the press.
In March 1880, too, he started ' England,'

Bartley

1 06

Bartley

the first conservative penny weekly news-
paper. Tliis venture, which rendered great
service to the conservative cause, he con-
ducted in its original form until June 1886.
Continued in a somewhat different shape
until 28 May 1898, it was a constant drain
on his resources, and helped to involve him
in financial embarrassments which clouded
the closing years of his life.

On the accession of conservatives to power
in June 1885 Ashmead Bartlett became
civil lord of the admiralty, and he returned
to the office in July 1886 on the formation
of Lord Salisbury's second administration.
He showed himself an industrious official,
retired on the fall of the government
in Aug. 1892, when he was knighted. On
the outbreak of war between Turkey and
Greece in 1897 Sir Ellis proceeded to
Constantinople, where the Sultan conferred
on him the grand cordon of the Medjidieh,
and he joined the Turkish army in the field.
He was present at the defeat of the Greeks
at Mati and was among the first non-
combatants to enter Tyrnavo and Larissa.
He was afterwards taken prisoner by the
commander of a Greek warship and carried
to Athens, but was soon released.
When the Boer war broke out in South
Africa in Oct. 1899 Sir Ellis went to the
front and witnessed some early stages of the
campaign, in which two of his sons took part.
He died in London, after an operation for
appendicitis, on 18 Jan. 1902, and was buried
at Tunbridge Wells.

He married in 1874 Frances Christina,
daughter of Henry Edward Walsh, and had
issue five sons and three daughters. His
eldest son, Ellis Ashmead Bartlett, is well
known as a war correspondent.

Ashmead Bartlett' s published works in-
cluded ' Shall England keep India ? ' (1886) ;
* Union or Separation ' (1893) ; ' British,
Natives and Boers in the Transvaal; the
Appeal of the Swazi People ' (1894) ; ' The
Transvaal Crisis ; the Case for the Uitlander
Residents' (1896); ' The Battlefields of
Thessaly' (1897).

A portrait by Ernest Moore of Sheffield,
painted in 1895, belongs to the family. A
cartoon by ' Spy ' appeared in * Vanity Fair '
in 1882.

[The Times, 20 Jan. 1902 ; Foster's Alumni
Oxon., and Men at the Bar ; private infor-
mation ; cf. Lucy's Gladstone Parliament,
1880-5, pp. 150 seq. ; and Unionist Parlia-
ment, 1895-1900, pp. 145 seq.] J. P. A.

BARTLEY, SIB GEORGE CHRIS-
TOPHER TROUT (1842-1910), founder
of the National Penny Bank, born at
Rectory Place, Hackney, on 22 Nov. 1842,

was son by his second wife, Julia Anna
Lucas, of Robert Bartley of Hackney, of
the war office. After early education at
Blackheath, at Clapton, and at University
College school, ho entered in 1860, as
science examiner, the science and art
department at South Kensington, of the
education branch of which Sir Henry Cole
[q. v.], father of his chief school friend, was
the head. In 1866 he was made official
examiner, and remained there until 1880 as
assistant director of the science division,
which was responsible for the establishment
of science schools through the country.

Since 1870 Bartley had written several
pamphlets on social questions, especially
on thrift and poor law and on education.
His first published work, ' The Educational
Condition and Requirements of One Square
Mile in the East End of London' (1870;
2nd edit. 1870), was quoted by William
Edward Forster during the discussion of
the education bill of 1870. In 1871 followed
' Schools for the People,' which treated
of the historical development and methods
of schools for the working classes in England.
From 1873 to 1882 he edited with Miss
Emily Shirreff [q. v.] the journal of the
Women's Educational Union, which aimed
at the general improvement of women's
education.

Poverty and its remedy also claimed his
attention. In 1872 he read a paper before
the Society of Arts on old age pensions,
urging that help should be given in old age
to those who had made some provision for
themselves. Twenty-one years later he
laid before the House of Commons a bill
for old age pensions, which embodied his
earlier principles ( BOOTH, Pauperism and
the Endowment of Old Age, 1892, p. 350).
For the encouragement of thrift among
the masses he published in 1872 twelve
penny ' Provident Knowledge Papers,'
which he supplemented in 1878 with his
' Domestic Economy : Thrift in Everyday
j Life.' In 1872 he started the instalment
club at 77 Church Street, Edgware Road,
which enabled workmen to buy tools or
clothes by regular weekly payments. The
foundation of the Middlesex Penny Bank
at the same address followed the same
year. In 1875, in conjunction with Sir
Henry Cole (whose daughter he had married
in 1864) and others, Bartley established the
National Penny Bank; its main object
was to encourage thrift among the work-
ing classes on a purely business basis.
The scheme met with rapid success, and
since its foundation over 2,900,000
accounts have been opened, and more

Bartley

107

Barton

than 22,000,000 deposits have been
made ; 180,000 depositors hold over 3
million pounds, and 26 million pounds
have passed through the bank, while
fourteen district branches have been
established in London. Meanwhile Bartley
had devoted himself to the question of
poor law reform. In * The Poor Law in
its Effects on Thrift ' (1873) he urged im-
provement of the system of out-door relief.
Other works, 'The Village Net' (1874)
and ' The Seven Ages of a Village Pauper '
(1875), give dark pictures of the existing
poor law system ; in 1876 appeared his
* Handy Book for Guardians of the Poor.'

In 1880 Bartley resigned his post at
South Kensington to stand for parliament
in the conservative interest. He unsuccess-
fully opposed Henry Fawcett [q. v.] at
Hackney in March of that year. From
1883 to 1885 he was chief agent to the
conservative party. In 1885 he was re-
turned for North Islington, and retained
that seat till 1906. He was narrowly
defeated in November 1907 at a by-election
in West Hull. In the House of Com-
mons Bartley, although a fluent speaker,
strenuously advocated the curtailment of
parliamentary speeches ; in 1891 he voted
against his party in opposition to the
free education bill brought in by the
Salisbury government and played a
prominent part in obstructing the chief
measures of the liberal government (1892-5).
Bartley was created K.C.B. in November
1902, and was long J.P. for London and
Middlesex.

He died in London on 13 Sept. 1910 after
an operation, and was buried in Holtye
Churchyard, near Shovelstrode Manor,
East Grinstead, his country house. He
married in 1864 Mary Charlotte, third
daughter of Sir Henry Cole, K.C.B., and had
issue four sons and one daughter, who with
his widow survived him. His second
son, Douglas Cole Bartley (6. 2 Oct. 1870),
barrister, succeeded him as managing
director of the National Penny Bank. A
bust of Bartley by Mr. Basil Gotto is in
possession of Lady Bartley at Shovelstrode
Manor, East Grinstead ; a replica was
placed in 1911 at the head office of the
National Penny Bank, 59 Victoria Street,
Westminster.

Bartley published, besides the works
already mentioned : 1. ' A Catalogue of
Modern Works on Science and Technology,'
1872. 2. ' Toys ' (' British Manufacturing
Industries '), 1876 ; 2nd edit. 1877. 3. ' The
Rhine from its Source to the Sea,' translated
from the German, 1877.

[Information supplied by Douglas C.
Bartley, Esq. ; The Times, 15 Sept. 1910 ;
H. W. Lucy, Diary of the Salisbury Parlia-
ment, 1886-1892, pp. 288-9 ; Diary of Home
Rule Parliament, 1892-5, pp. 259-201.
Charity Organisation Review, Sept. 1892.]

W. B. 0.

BARTON, JOHN (1836-1908), mission-
ary, born at Eastleigh, Hampshire, on 31
Dec. 1836, was sixth child of John Barton
(1798-1852) by his wife Fanny, daughter
of James Rickman. His ancestors were
Cumberland quakers. Bernard Barton
[q. v.] was his uncle. His mother died in
1841, and her only sister, Josephina, brought
up her family.

After education at schools at Bishop
Waltham and Highgate, John matriculated
from Christ's College, Cambridge, at
Michaelmas 1855. He soon decided to
enter the mission field, and founded
the Cambridge University Church Mis-
sionary Union. Graduating B.A. in Jan.
1859 (M.A. in 1863), he was ordained in
September 1860 and sailed in October for
Calcutta. After receiving priest's orders,
he proceeded to Agra. There he helped
in superintending the missionary college
with an attendance of 260 students, and
the orphanage at Secundra (five miles away)
with 300 children. He was transferred to
Amritsar in May 1863, and was appointed in
1865 principal of a new cathedral missionary
college at Calcutta. From 1871 to 1875 he
was secretary of the Madras mission, twice
visiting the missions in South India. During
1870-1 and again during 1876-7 he did
secretarial work at the Church Missionary
House in London. From 1877 to 1893 he
was vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Cam-
bridge, but was absent in Ceylon for four
months in 1884, and during 1889, after
refusing offers of the bishoprics of both
Travancore and Tinnevelly, was in charge
of the latter district. In 1 893 he refused t he
call to a bishopric in Japan, and left Cam-
bridge for London to become chief secretary
of the Church Pastoral-Aid Society, whose
' forward movement ' he organised with
immense vigour. Of massive build, Barton
was a born organiser, and 'a giant for
work ' ; he was a keen botanist, geologist,
and mountaineer. He died at Weybridge
on 26 Nov. 1908, and was there buried,
a tablet and memorial window being placed
in Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge.

He married twice: (1) in May 1859,
Catherine Wigram (d. 1860) ; and (2) in
October 1863, Emily Eugenia, daughter of
Charles Boileau Elliott. His second wife,
six sons, and two daughters survived him.

Bass

1 08

Bass

A son, Cecil Edward Barton (d. 1909),
missionary in the Punjab, was rector of
Rousdon, Devonshire, and joint author of
' A Handy Atlas of Church and Empire
. . . showing British Possessions' (1908).

Barton published ' Remarks on the Ortho-
graphy of Indian Geographical Names,'
reprinted from 'Friend of India '(1871);
'Missionary Conference Report' (1873), and
' Memorial Sketch of Major-General Edward
Lake, Commissioner of Jalundhur' (2nd
edit. 1878). A map of India, made largely
by him while in Calcutta, was published in
1873, and is still in use.

[Life, by his son, Cecil Edward Barton (1911);
The Times, 1 Dec. 1908 ; private information.]

O ~fi^ ^J

BASS, SIR MICHAEL ARTHUR^ first
BARON BURTON (1837-1909), brewer and
benefactor, born in Burton-on-Trent on
12 Nov. 1837, was elder son of Michael
Thomas Bass, brewer [q. v.], by his wife
Eliza Jane, daughter of Major Samuel
Arden of Longcroft Hall, Staffordshire.
Educated at Harrow and Trinity College,
Cambridge, he graduated B.A. in 1859,
M.A. in 1863. Bass on leaving the
university at once entered his father's
brewing business, and was soon well
versed in all branches of the industry.
By his energy he did much to extend
its operations, became head of the firm
on the death of his father in 1884, and
to the end of his life never relaxed his
interest in the active management. The
firm, which was reconstructed in 1888
under the style of Bass, Ratcliff & Gret-
ton, Ltd., has buildings covering over
160 acres of land, employs over 3000 men,
pays over 300,OOOJ. a year in duty, and has
a revenue of over 5,000,OOOZ. per annum.

Bass entered parliament in 1865 as liberal
member for Stafford, represented East
Staffordshire 1868-85, and the Burton
division of Staffordshire 1885-6. He proved
a popular member of the house, and
was a personal friend of Gladstone. His
father having refused both a baronetcy
and a peerage, Bass was made a baronet
in vita patris in 1882, with remainder to his
brother, Hamar Alfred Bass, and his heirs
male ; Hamar Bass died in 1898, leaving
his son, William Arthur Hamar Bass, heir
to the baronetcy. Bass was opposed to
Gladstone's home rule policy in 1886,
but on other great questions he remained
for the time a consistent liberal, and
presided on 9 March 1887 when Francis
Schnadhorst, the liberal party organiser,
was presented with a testimonial of
10,000 guineas. He was raised to the

peerage on Gladstone's recommendation
on 13 Aug. 1886 as Baron Burton of
Rangemore and Burton-on-Trent, both in
co. Stafford.

The growing hostility of the liberal
party to the brewing interest as shown in
their licensing policy and the widening of
the breach on the Irish question led Burton
to a final secession from the liberals, and
he became a liberal unionist under Lord
Hartington and Mr. Chamberlain. After
1903 he warmly supported the latter's policy
of tariff reform, and he led the opposi-
tion to Mr. Asquith's licensing bill in 1908,
which was rejected by the House of Lords.

Always genial, outspoken, and good-
humoured, Burton was a personal friend of
King Edward VII, both before and after his
accession. The king frequently visited
him at his London house, Chesterfield House,
Mayfair, at his Scottish seat, Glen Quoich,
and at Rangemore, his stately home on the
borders of Needwood Forest, near Burton.
The king conferred upon him the decoration
of K.C.V.O. when he visited Balmoral
in 1904.

He was a deputy-lieutenant and a
J.P. for Staffordshire, and a director
of the South Eastern Railway Company.
An excellent shot, he was long in com-
mand of the 2nd volunteer battalion of the
North Staffordshire regiment, retiring in
August 1881 with the rank of hon. colonel.
He built and presented to the regiment the
spacious drill-hall at Burton, and gave
for competition at Bisley the Bass charity
vase and a cup for ambulance work.

Burton's gifts and benefactions to the
town of Burton were, like those of his
father, munificent ; together they presented
the town hall, which cost over 65,OOOZ.
He gave club buildings to both the
liberal and the conservative parties in
succession ; he constructed, at a cost of
about 20,OOOZ., the ferry" bridge which spans
the valley at the south end of Burton,
and afterwards freed the bridge from
toll at a cost of 12,950Z. and added an
approach to it over the marshy ground
known as the Fleet Green Viaduct
in 1890. As an acknowledgment he
accepted a piece of silver plate, but he
declined the proposed erection of a public
statue. As a loyal churchman he gener-
ously contributed towards all diocesan
funds, but will chiefly be remembered
as a builder of churches. St. Paul's
Church at Burton, built by him and
his father, is a miniature cathedral ; its
cost in first outlay was 120,0002., a sum of
40,OOOJ. was provided for its endowment,

Bass

109

Bates

and large sums in addition for improve-
ments and embellishments. Another fine
church, St. Margaret's, Burton, was also built
by father and son, and they erected St. Paul's
Church Institute at a cost of over 30,000/.

Burton had a cultivated taste as an art
collector, and Chesterfield House, his
residence in Mayfair, which he bought of
Mr. Magniac, was furnished in the style
of the eighteenth century and contained a
choice collection of pictures by English
artists of that period, which became widely
known owing to his generosity in lend-
ing them to public exhibitions ; Gains-
borough, Reynolds, and Romney were
represented both numerously and by
masterpieces. His more modern pictures
were at Rangemore, and included some of
the best works of Stanfield, Creswick, and
their contemporaries.

Burton died after an operation on 1 Feb.
1909, and was buried at Rangemore church.
He married on 28 Oct. 1869 Harriet
Georgiana, daughter of Edward Thornewill
of Dove Cliff, Staffordshire, by whom he
had issue an only child, Nellie Lisa, born
on 27 Dec. 1873, who married in 1894
James Evan Bruce Baillie, formerly M.P. for
Inverness-shire. In default of male issue,
the peerage, by a second patent of 29 Nov.
1897, descended to his daughter.

By his will he strictly entailed the bulk
of his property to his wife for life, then
to his daughter, then to her descendants.
The gross value exceeded 1,000,OOOZ. He
requested that every person and the
husband of every person in the entail
should assume the surname and arms
of Bass, and reside at Rangemore for at
least four months in every year.

A portrait by Herkomer, painted in
1883, is at Rangemore. Another (also by
Herkomer), painted in 1896, and presented
by Lord Burton to the Corporation, is in
Burton Town Hall, a replica being at
Rangemore.

A memorial statue of Lord Burton in
King Edward Place, by Mr. F. W. Pomeroy,
A.R.A., was unveiled on 13 May 1911
(Burton, Chronicle, 18 May 1911). At
Rangemore there is a bust, by the same
artist, presented by public subscription
to Lady Burton.

[G.E.C., Complete Peerage, 1889; Burton
Evening Gaz., 2 Feb. 1909; The Times, 2, 6,
and 8 Feb., 16, 18 March 1909; Fortunes
made in Business, 1887, ii. 409 seq. ;
Who's Who, 1907; Debrett's Peerage and
Baronetage ; Sir Wilfred Lawson and F. C.
Mould's Cartoons in Rhyme and Line, 1905,
p. 31 (caricature portrait).] C. W.

BATES, CADWALLADER JOHN (1853-
1902), antiquary, born on 14 Jan. 1853 at
Kensington Gate, London, was eldest son of
Thomas Bates, barrister and fellow of Jesus
College, Cambridge (1834-49), by his first
wife, Emily, daughter of John Batten of
Thorn Falcon, Somerset. The Bates family
had been established in Northumberland
since the fourteenth century, but their con-
nection with the Blayneys of Gregynog,Mont-
gomeryshire, introduced a strain of Celtic
blood, and Cadwallader himself was named
after a cousin, the twelfth and last Lord
Blayney (d. 1874). His great-uncle was
Thomas Bates [q. v. Suppl. I], stockbreeder,
whom he commemorated in an elaborate
biography, entitled ' Thomas Bates and the
Kirklevington Shorthorns ' (Newcastle-upon
Tyne, 1897). Entering Eton in 1866, he
left two years later owing to serious weak-
ness of eyesight. In 1869 he proceeded to
Jesus College, Cambridge; but the same
cause compelled him to take an aegrotat
degree in the moral science tripos of 1871.
He proceeded M.A. in 1875. After leaving
Cambridge, Bates, who was an accomplished
linguist, travelled much in Poland and the
Carpathians, paying frequent visits to his
uncle, Edward Bates, who resided at Schloss
Cloden, Brandenburg, Prussia. In 1882 he
succeeded on his father's death to the family
estates of Aydon White House, Heddon,
Kirklevington, having already inherited his
uncle's Prussian property. Although his in-
terests were mainly antiquarian, he had prac-
tical knowledge of farming, and was partially
successful in building up again the famous
herd of Kirklevington shorthorns, which had
been dispersed in 1850 [see BATES, THOMAS,
Suppl. I]. In 1882 he purchased from the
Greenwich Hospital commissioners Langley
Castle near Haydoa Bridge, and spent large
sums on its restoration. As a magistrate
and deputy-lieutenant Bates took his full
share of county business, and in 1890 served
the office of high sheriff of Northumberland.
In later years he developed a taste for
hagiography, and in 1893, while on a visit
to Austrian Poland, he was received into the
Roman catholic church. His indefatigable
historical labours told on his health. He
died of heart failure at Langley Castle on 18
March 1902, and was buried in the castle
grounds. On 3 Sept. 1895 he married
Josephine, daughter of Francois d'Echar-
vine, of Talloires, Savoy, who survived him
without issue. The representation of the
family devolved on his eldest half-brother,
Edward H. Bates, now Bates Harbin.

Bates was a recognised authority on the
medieval history of Northuinbria. In

Bateson

' Border Holds ' (1891), a minute study of
Northumbrian castles, he showed thorough-
ness of research and sedulous accuracy.
His design of completing the work in a
second volume was unfulfilled. His popular
'History of Northumberland' (1895)
suffered somewhat from compression, but
remains a standard work. Bates also
assisted both as critic and contributor in the
compilation of the first six volumes of a
' History of Northumberland ' (Newcastle-
on-Tyne, 1893-1902), designed to complete
the work of John Hodgson [q. v.]. He was
a vice-president of the Newcastle Society of
Antiquaries, and from 1880 a frequent con-
tributor to ' Archseologia ^liana.' He
left some unfinished studies on the lives of
St. Patrick and St. Gildas, 'The Three
Pentecosts of St. Colomb and Kille,'
and 'The Early Paschal Cycle.' A col-
lection of his letters, chiefly on anti-
quarian subjects, was published in 1906.

[The Times, 20 March 1902 ; Ushaw Mag.,
July 1902 ; Letters of C. J. Bates ed. Rev.
Matthew Culley, Kendal, 1906 ; Archaeologia
yEliana, 1903, xxiv. 178 seq., memoir by Dr.
Thomas Hodgkin ; private information from
the family.] G. S. W.

BATESON, MARY (1865-1906), his-
torian, born at Ings House, Robin Hood's
Bay, near Whitby,on 12 Sept. 1865, was the
daughter of William Henry Bateson [q. v.],
Master of St. John's College, Cambridge,
by his wife Anna, daughter of James
Aikin. She spent practically all her life
at Cambridge. Educated first privately,
then at the Misses Thornton's school,
Bateman Street, Cambridge, afterwards at
the Institut Friedlander, Karlsruhe, Baden,
1880-1, and finally at the Perse school
for girls, Cambridge, she became in
October 1884 a student of Newnham
College, of which her parents had been
among the first promoters. She won a
first class in the Cambridge historical
tripos in 1887, being placed second in
' an exceptionally good year.' Next year
she began to teach at her own college,
of which she was an associate, and was
long a member of the council and a
liberal contributor to its funds. With
occasional interruptions she continued to
lecture there for the rest of her life. She
furthered the interests of Newnham in
every way in her power, and was popular
among students and teachers, although her
zeal for historical investigation made
routine teaching or educational discipline
secondary interests with her. She dis-
liked and sought to amend the system
of historical study prescribed by the

Cambridge tripos, and was at her best in
helping post-graduate students. She took
a prominent part in procuring the estab-
lishment of research fellowships at Newn-
ham. In 1903 she accepted one of these
recently founded fellowships, and when
it lapsed three years later resumed her
teaching. Her historical work often re-
quired her to travel to libraries and archives,
and when she was at home she lived, sur-
rounded by her books, in her own house
in the Huntingdon Road. She left her
library and all her property to Newnham
at her death. Her memory has been
appropriately commemorated there by the
foundation of a fellowship which bears
her name.

Mandell Creighton [q. v. Suppl. I], when
professor of ecclesiastical history at Cam-
bridge, first awoke in Miss Bateson a zeal
for historical scholarship. At his sugges-
tion she wrote as a student a dissertation
on 'Monastic Civilisation in the Fens,'
which gained the college historical essay
prize. By aphorisms of good counsel,
Creighton checked a tendency to dissipate
her energy in public agitation on the plat-
form or in the press in the cause of political
liberalism and women's enfranchisement,
of which she was always a thorough-going
advocate (see CREIGHTON, Life and Letters,
i. 108-9). He persuaded her that her main
business in life was to ' write true history '
and pursue a scholar's career.

She proved an indefatigable worker,
and made herself a fully trained
medievalist. Continuing her study of
monastic history, she published in 1889
her first work, ' The Register of Crabhouse
Nunnery,' for the Norfolk and Norwich
Archaeological Society. In 1890 she first
contributed to the ' English Historical
Review' (v. 330-352, and 550-573), of
which Creighton was then editor; she
wrote on the ' Pilgrimage of Grace.' The
most solid result of her monastic studies
was her article on the ' Origin and Early
History of Double Monasteries,' published
in ' Transactions of the Royal Historical
Society ' (new series, xiii. 137-198, 1899).

Miss Bateson in 1899 turned to muni-
cipal history. The corporation of Leicester,
the chief town of Creighton's diocese,
entrusted to her the editing of extracts
from its archives. In her municipal
research she received much help from the
writings and advice of Frederic William
Maitland [q. v. Suppl. II], whose whole-
hearted disciple she soon became. Her
work at Leicester resulted in the three
stout volumes called ' Records of the

Bateson

Borough of Leicester,' vol. i. 1103-1327
(1899) ; vol. ii. 1327-1509 (1901) ; vol. iii.
1509-1603 (1905). It was not only a
scholarly edition of an important series of
texts, but the elaborate introductions ;
showed real insight and grasp of her stub- j
born material. She pursued her study of j
local history in editing ' The Charters of |
the Borough of Cambridge' with Prof, j
Maitland (1901) and 'The Cambridge Gild
Records' (Cambridge Antiquarian Society,
1903). For the same society she issued,
in 1903 and 1905, two volumes of ' Grace
Book B,' containing proctors' accounts,
148&-1511 (' Luard Memorial ' series, vols. ii.
and iii.). This was her chief contribution
to Cambridge University history. Cam-
bridge libraries, especially the manuscript
collections at Corpus, often provided her
with material. From them came the texts
for an edition of the hitherto unprinted
poems of George Ashby [q. v.], a fifteenth-
century poet (Early English Text Society,
extra series, pt. Ixxvi. 1899), and ' The
Scottish King's Household and other
Fragments ' (Scottish History Soc. Mis-
cellany, ii. 1-43, 1904). Her interest in
mediaeval bibliography, a fruit of her
monastic studies, she illustrated in her
edition of a sixteenth-century ' Catalogue
of the Library of Syon Monastery, Isle-
worth, 1898 ' and in her collaboration with
Mr. R. L. Poole in editing from a Bodleian
manuscript the note-book which contains
the materials collected by Bishop Bale
for his second edition of his ' Catalogue of
British Writers ' (Index Britannia Scrip-
torum quos ex variis bibliothecis non parvo
labore collegit loannes Baleus. Anecdota
Oxoniensia, 1902 ; for her share see preface,
pp. xxv-xxvi). She contributed the biblio-
graphy of British and Irish mediaeval his-
tory to the ' Jahresberichte der Geschichts-
wissenschaf t ' for 1904 and 1905 (xxvii.
iii. 186-234, in German, 1906; and in ib.
xxviii. iii. 79-107, in English, 1907). Her
conjoint interest in municipal and monastic
history is well brought out in one of her
latest articles on the topography and anti-
quities of the borough and abbey of Peter-
borough in ' Victoria County Hist., North-
amptonshire,' ii. 424-60 (1906). Yet she
seriously studied periods of history besides
the Middle Ages. She published a ' Narra-
tive of the changes of the Ministry, 1765-7,'
told by unpublished letters of the Duke of
Newcastle (Royal Historical Society, ' Cam-
den' series, 1898), and in 1893 she edited
* A Collection of Original Letters from
the Bishops to the Privy Council,' 1564
(pp. 6-S4)(Camden M isceUany, 1893, vol. ix.).

Unduly modest in postponing continuous
literary composition, Miss Bateson spent
many years in editing, calendaring, and
compiling. But gradually the full ex-
tent of her powers was revealed. Her
papers on the * Laws of Breteuil,' in the
' English Historical Review ' (vols. xv. and
xvi. 1900-1), showed that she was a scholar
of the first rank, able to grapple with the
hardest problems, and possessed of rare
clearness and excellent method. Here she
gave the death-blow to the ancient error
that a large number of English towns base
their institutions on the laws of Bristol,
whereas the little town of Broteuil in
Normandy is the true origin. Her last
and in some ways her most masterly
contribution to early municipal history
was her two volumes of ' Borough Customs,'
edited by her for the Selden Society,
with very elaborate introductions (vol. i.
1904 ; vol. ii. 1906). Her method of arrang-
ing extracts of the custumals according to
their subject-matter was only possible to
one who had complete command of her
extensive material. Maitland anticipated
that the book would fill a permanent place
'on the same shelf with the "History
of the Exchequer," and the " History of
Tithes." Neither Thomas Madox nor
yet John Selden will resent the presence
of Mary Bateson' (Collected Papers, iii.
542-3).

The freshness and individuality of Mary
Bateson's work showed to advantage in
her occasional efforts at popularising know-
ledge. Her 'Mediaeval England, 1066-
1350 ' (' Story of the Nations,' 1903), is an
original and brightly written survey of
mediaeval social life. She contributed
much social history of modern times to
Social England' (1895-7), and gave a
striking instance of her versatility by writ-
ing on ' The French in America ( 160&-1744) '
in the ' Cambridge Modern History,' vii.
70-113. To this Dictionary she contributed
109 articles between 1893 and 1900, chiefly
on minor mediaeval personages, but show-
ing thoroughness of research and sedulous
accuracy.

In 1905 Miss Bateson was Warburton
lecturer in the University of Manchester.
In 1906 she accepted the appointment
as one of the three editors of the projected
' Cambridge Mediaeval History,' of which
vol. i. appeared in 1911. In spite of her
fine physique and vigour, she died on
30 Nov. 1906, after a brief illness, and after
a funeral service in St. John's College chapel
was buried at the Cambridge cemetery,
Histou Road.

Bauerman

112

Bauerman

Miss Bateson had an immense variety ol
interests. High-spirited, good-humoured,
and frank, she was innocent of academic
stiffness, provincialism, or pedantry. She
delighted in society, in exercise, in travel,
in the theatre, in music, and in making
friends with men and women of very
different types. Outside her work, what
interested her most was the emancipation
of women and the abolition of imposed
restrictions which cripple the development
of their powers.

[Personal knowledge and private informa-
tion ; article by her Newnham colleague, Miss
Alice Gardner, in Newnham College Letter,
1906, pp. 32-39, reprinted for private circula-
tion ; notice by Miss E. A. Me Arthur of
Girton College in the Queen, 8 Dec. ; The
Times, 1 Dec. 1906; Manchester Guardian,
3 Dec., by the present writer; Athenaeum,
by Prof. F. W. Maitland, reprinted in his
Collected Papers, iii. 541-3, 1911, a masterly
appreciation.] T. F. T.

BAUERMAN, HILARY (1835-1909)..
metallurgist, mineralogist and geologist, born
in London on 16 March 1835, was younger
son, in the family of two sons and one
daughter, of Hilary John Bauerman by
his wife Anna Hudina Rosetta, daughter of
Dr. Wychers. His parents migrated from
Emden, in Hesse Cassel, to London in
August 1829. On 6 Nov. 1851 Hilary was
entered as one of the seven original students
of the Government School of Mines at
Jermyn Street. This school became in 1862
the ' Royal School of Mines,' and the degree
of associate of the Royal School of Mines
was then conferred on Bauerman. In 1853
he went to the Bergakademie at Freiburg in
Saxony to complete his studies, and on his
return to England in 1855 he was appointed
an assistant geologist to the Geological Sur-
vey of the United Kingdom. In 1858 he went
to Canada as geologist to the North American
boundary commission, and after the com-
pletion of its labours in 1863 he was inter-
mittently engaged for many years in
searching for mineral deposits and survey-
ing mining properties in various parts
of the world, chiefly by private persons
or by companies, but also by the Indian
and Egyptian governments (1867-9). This
exploratory work carried him to the
following countries : Sweden and Lapland
in 1864, Michigan in 1865, Labrador in
1866, Arabia, the shores of the Red
Sea and the Gulf of Aden in 1867-9,
Savoy in 1870, Missouri in 1871, Bengal,
Borar and Kumaon in 1872-3, Northern
Peru in 1874, Murcia and Granada in 1876,
Asia Minor in 1878, N. and S. Carolina,
Colorado and Mexico in 1881, Brazil in

1883, Arizona in 1884, Cyprus and Portugal
in 1888.

Meanwhile he was also engaged in
making his chief contributions to technical
and scientific literature. His well-known
work on the 'Metallurgy of Iron' was
published in 1868, and reached its sixth
and last edition in 1890. Of his two
text-books on mineralogy, ' Systematic
Mineralogy' came out in 1881 and
' Descriptive Mineralogy ' in 1884. Lastly,
in 1887 he collaborated with J. A. Phillips
in revising and enlarging the latter's
' Elements of Metallurgy,' which was
originally published in 1874 (3rd edit.
1891). '

In his later years Bauerman devoted
himself mainly to teaching. In 1874 he
first acted as an examiner of the science
and art department. In 1883 he was
lecturer in metallurgy at Firth College,
Sheffield. In 1888 he succeeded Dr. John
Percy [q. v.J as professor of metallurgy
at the Ordnance College, Woolwich. He
retired from the post in 1906, keenly
interesting himself until his death in the
developments of metallurgy and mining.
Despite partial deafness, which increased
with his years, his prodigious memory
and his genial manner made him a highly
successful teacher. He was an indefatig-
able and versatile worker, his favourite
hobbies in later years being crystallography
and geometry. He died, unmarried, at
Balham on 5 Dec. 1909, and was cre-
mated at Brookwood. By his will, after
payment of bequests and subject to the
lapse of two lives, the income from the
residue of his property of 12,OOOZ. was
devoted to the encouragement of the study
of mineralogical science in connection with
the Royal School of Mines.

Bauerman wrote much for the technical
journals, and occasionally contributed
papers to the transactions of the Geologi-
cal Society, the Iron and Steel Institute,
and other learned societies. He was a
fellow, and for some time a vice-president,
of the Geological Society; an associate
member of the Institute of Civil Engineers,
by which he was awarded the Howard
prize in 1897 ; an honorary member of
the Iron and Steel Institute, and also of
the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy,
which awarded him its gold medal in 1906
in recognition of his many services in the
advancement of metallurgical science.

[Engineer, 10 Dec. 1909, p. 604; Mining
Journal, 18 Dec. 1909 ; Journ. Iron and Steel
Inst. 1909, pt. ii. p. 305; Nature, 16 Dec.
1909; Geol. Mag., Jan. 1910; The Times,

Baxter i

10 Dec. 1909 ; Register of Associates of the
Royal School of Mines, London, 1897 ;
Who's Who in Mining and Metallurgy, 1908 ;
private information supplied by Bedford
McNeill, one of the executors.] T. K. R.

BAXTER, LUCY (1837-1902), writer on
art, chiefly under the pseudonym of LEADER
SCOTT, born at Dorchester on 21 Jan. 1837,
was third daughter of William Barnes [q. v.],
the Dorsetshire poet, by his wife Julia Miles.
Lucy Barnes began writing at eighteen,
and from the small profits of stories and
ma^a/ine articles saved enough to visit
Italy, a cherished ambition. There she
met and in 1867 married Samuel Thomas
Baxter, a member of a family long settled
in Florence, which then became her home.
For thirty-five years she was a well-known
figure in the literary and artistic life of the
city, and in 1882 was elected an honorary
member of the Accademia clelle Belle Arti.
For thirteen years her residence was the
Villa Bianca, outside Florence, in the
direction of Vincigliata and Settignano.
Among those, with whom she was associated
in literary research was John Temple Leader
[q. v. Suppl. II], a wealthy English resident
at Florence, who owned the castle of
Vincigliata. Her literary pseudonym of
'Leader Scott' combined the maiden
surnames of her two grandmothers, Isabel
Leader being her mother's mother and
Grace Scott the mother of her father.

Leader Scott's principal publication was
* The Cathedral Builders ' (1899 and 1900),
an important examination of the whole
field of Romanesque architecture in relation
to the Comacine masons. Though neces-
sarily based on Merzario's 'I Maestri
Comacini,' * The Cathedral Builders ' shows
much original observation and research and,
if its arguments are not always conclusive,
the international scope of the work and its
wealth of illustration render it a storehouse
of information and a useful introduction to
an unfrequented field of speculation. The
intention of the work is to attribute the
entire genesis of mediaeval architecture to
masonic guilds derived, so it is supposed,
from the Roman Collegia.

Apart from this work and numerous
magazine articles, Leader Scott published :

1. 'A Nook in the Apennines,' 1879.

2. * Fra Bartolommeo and Andrea del
Sarto,' 1881. 3. 'Ghiberti and Donatello,'

1882. 4. ' Luca della Robbia,' 1883 (these
three volumes in the 'Great Artists*
series). 5. ' Messer Agnolo's Household,'

1883. 6. c Renaissance of Art in Italy,'
1883. 7. 'A Bunch of Berries,' Bun-
gay, 1885. 8. * Sculpture, Renaissance

VOL. LXVII. SITP. ii.

Baylis

and Modern,' 1886. 9. 'Life of William
Barnes,' 1887. 10. 'Tuscan Studies and
Sketches,' 1887. 11. 'Vincigliata and
Maiano,' Florence and London, 1891. 12.
' The Orti Oricellari,' Florence, 1893. 13.
' Echoes of Old Florence,' Florence and
London, 1894. 14. ' The Renunciation of
Helen,' 1898. 15. ' Filippo di Ser Brunel-
lesco ' (' Great Masters ' series), 1901. 16.
'Correggio' (Bell's 'Miniature Series of
Painters'), 1902. She translated from the
Italian ' Sir John Hawkwood,' by John
Temple Leader and G. Marcotti (1889).

Lucy Baxter died at the Villa Bianca
near Florence on 10 Nov. 1902; she was
survived by her husband, a son, and two
daughters.

[Athenaeum, 22 Nov. 1902 ; information
from Miss Grace Baxter.] P. W.

BAYLIS, THOMAS HENRY (1817-
1908), lawyer and author, born in London
on 22 June 1817, was second son of Edward
Baylis, D.L. and J.P. for Middlesex. Sent
to Harrow school, near which his father was
then living, in 1825, at the early age of seven,
he spent nine years there, leaving as a
monitor in 1834. In 1835 he matriculated
as a scholar at Brasenose College, Oxford,
graduating B.A. in 1838 and proceeding
M.A. in 1841. In 1834 he had already
entered as a student of the Inner Temple ;
but he practised for some time as a special
pleader before being called to the bar in
1856, when he joined the northern circuit.
He became Q.C. in 1875, and two years
later a* bencher of his inn. From 1876 to
1903 he was judge of the court of passage
at Liverpool, an ancient court of record
with local jurisdiction wider than that of a
county court. He was an active volunteer,
retiring in 1882 with the V.D. as lieutenant-
colonel of the 18th Middlesex rifles. Re-
taining his health and vigour almost to the
last, he died at Bournemouth on 4 Oct.
1908, and was buried in the cemetery there.
He married on 14 Aug. 1841 Louisa Lord,
youngest daughter of John Ingle, D.L.
and J.P. for Devon. His third son, Thomas
Erskine, was called to the bar in 1874.

Baylis published in 1893 ' The Temple
Church and Chapel of St. Anne,' an
historical record and guide, which reached
a third edition in 1900, and is still in
use as a standard guide-book. A man
of wide interests and great mental acti-
i vity, Baylis was a vice-president of the
Royal United Service Institution, to the
museum of which he presented an autograph
letter from the signal officer on board the
Victory at Trafalgar, explaining the sub-
stitution of ' expects ' for ' confides ' in

Bayliss

114

Bayly

Nelson's famous signal. In his pamphlet
on the subject, 'The True Account of
Nelson's Famous Signal' (1905), he dealt
with the question whether Nelson per-
manently lost the sight of one eye. He
was one of the founders of the Egypt
Exploration Fund, drafting the original
articles of association, and attending the
committee meetings with regularity.

As a lawyer, Baylis is chiefly known for
a treatise on domestic servants, ' The
Rights, Duties, and Relations of Domestic
Servants and their Masters and Mistresses '
(1857 ; 6th edit. 1906). Other works were :
' Fire Hints ' (1884) ; * Introductory Ad-
dress on the Office of Reader or Lector
and Lecture on Treasure Trove, delivered
in the Inner Temple Hall, Michaelmas 1898 '
( 1901), and * Workmen's Compensation Act '
(1902; 7th edit. 1907).

[Personal knowledge ; Brit. Mus. Cat.]

J. S. C.

BAYLISS, SIR WYKE (1835-1906),
painter and writer, born at Madeley, Shrop-
shire, on 21 Oct. 1835, was second son of
John Cox Bayliss of Prior's Leigh and Anne
Wyke. His maternal grandfather was
Dr. Wyke of Shrewsbury, to whom Darwin
was articled as a pupil. His father was a
railway engineer and a successful teacher
of military and mathematical drawing.
At an early age Bayliss showed an aptitude
for drawing, and studied under his father,
from whom he obtained the sound know-
ledge of perspective and architecture
which influenced his later career, as a
painter. He worked also in the Royal
Academy schools and at the School of
Design, Somerset House. From the first
his interest lay entirely with architecture,
and his whole life as an artist was spent
in painting, in oil and water-colour, all
the beauties of the Gothic style in the
interior of cathedrals and churches. In an
exceptionally narrow range of subjects he
was a sincere and accomplished executant,
painting with sound draughtsmanship and
strong colour ' not merely architecture but
the poetry of architecture.' At the Royal
Academy he exhibited twice, sending * La
Sainte Chapelle ' in 1865, ' Treves Cathedral '
and ' Strasbourg Cathedral ' in 1879. His
best work was given to the Royal Society
of British Artists, of which he was elected
a member in 1865. In 1888 he became
president of the society in succession to
James McNeill Whistler [q. v. Suppl. II],
and till the close of his life held this
office, for which his geniality, wide
artistic sympathies, and energy were well
adapted. Among the pictures which he

himself selected as his most important
works are : ' La Sainte Chapelle ' (R.A.
1865), ' St. Laurence, Nuremberg ' (Liver-
pool, 1889), 'St. Mark's, Venice'
(Nottingham, 1880), 'St. Peter's, Rome'
(R.B.A. 1888), and * The Cathedral,
Amiens ' (R.B.A. 1900).

Bayliss also won reputation as an
author. The best known of his books is
' Rex Regum' (1898 ; library edit, revised,
1902), an elaborate study of the traditional
likenesses of Christ. In his ' Seven Angels
of the Renascence ' (1905), a blending of
fact and sentiment, he gives his views
upon seven selected great masters and
their influence upon the art of the
Middle Ages. Among his other publica-
tions were ' The Elements of Aerial
Perspective' (1885) ; * The Witness of Art '
(1876 ; 2nd edit. 1878); The Higher Life
in Art' (1879; 2nd edit. 1888); 'The
Enchanted Island' (1888); and 'Five Great
Painters of the Victorian Era' (1902;
2nd edit. 1904). Bayliss also published
a short volume of poems, entitled ' Ssecula
Tria, an Allegory of Life' (1857), and
contributed to ' Literature ' in 1889 (v. 387,
414), ' Shakespeare in Relation to Ms
Contemporaries in the Fine Arts.' Before
his death he completed ' Olives, the
Reminiscences of a President,' which was
edited by his wife and published, with
a preface by Frederick Wedmore, in 1906.

Bayliss, who was elected F.S.A. in 1870,
was blighted by Queen Victoria in 1 897. He
died at his residence, 7 North Road, Clapham
Park, on 5 April 1906, and was buried at
Streatham cemetery. A memorial is hi the
church of Madeley, Shropshire, his birth-
place. He married in 1858 Elise, daughter
of the Rev. J. Broade of Longton, Stafford-
shire, but left no issue. Two portraits of
him, by John Burr and by T. F. M. Sheard,
R.B.A., belong to Lady Bayliss.

[The Times, 7 April 1906; Who's Who,
1906; Contemp. Review, Aug. 1898; Graves's
Royal Acad. Exhibitors ; ' Olives,' his own
reminiscences ; private information.] M. H.

BAYLY, ADA ELLEN (1857-1903),
novelist under the pseudonym of EDN"A
LYALL, born at 5 Montpelier Villas,
Brighton, on 25 March 1857, was youngest
of the three daughters and son of Robert
Bayly, barrister of the Inner Temple, by
his wife, Mary Winter. Her father died
when she was eleven and her mother three
years later. A delicate child, she was
first educated at home, then in the house
of her uncle and guardian, T. B. Winter
of Caterham, and finally at private
schools at Brighton (cf. The Surges Letters,

Bayly

1902, a record of her youthful days).
After leaving school she lived successively
with her two married sisters. Until
1880 she resided at Lincoln with her elder
sister, who had married John Henchman
Crowfoot, canon of the cathedral. From
1880 till death her home was with her
younger sister, wife of the Rev. Humphrey
Gurney Jameson in London until 1881, in
Lincoln 1881-^t, and after 1884 at East-
bourne, where she devoted much time and
money to charitable and religious causes.
With strong religious feeling she combined
through life an earnest faith in political
and social liberalism. She was a secretary
of the Eastbourne branch of the Women's
Liberal Association, and a warm supporter
of women's suffrage.

Under the appellation of EDNA LYALL,
which she formed by transposing nine letters
of her three names and made her permanent
pseudonym, Miss Bayly published in 1879
bee first book, ' Won by Waiting,' a juvenile
story of a girl's life, which attracted at
the time no attention, but was reissued,
to her annoyance, in 1886, after she
b<vamo known, and by 1894 was in a
13th edition. There followed in 1882 her
second novel, ' Donovan ' (3 vols.), which
dealt with her religious beliefs and spiritual
ex perienccs. Although only 320 copies were
sold, the book won the admiration of
Gladstone, who wrote to Miss Bayly
in 1883 of its first volume as ' a very
delicate and refined work of art.' An
intelligent review in the ' National Re-
former ' led to a correspondence with
Charles Bradlaugh [q. v.], many of whose
political convictions she shared. In spite
of her dissent from his religious views, her
liberal sentiments resented his exclusion
<>u religious grounds from the House of
Commons (1880-5). She thrice subscribed
to the fund for defraying his electoral
expenses. After his death on 30 Jan. 1891,
si m wrote for the press (in June) the appeal
for a memorial fund, and subscribed to it
her royalties for the half-year, amounting
to 200J. With Bradlaugh's daughter, Mrs.
Bradlaugh Bonner, she formed a lasting
friendship. Meanwhile, on some notes
supplied by Bradlaugh Miss Bayly based
iu-r novel 'We Two' (1884, 3 vols.),
j'icl to 'Donovan.' The career of
the secularist hero, Luke Raeburn, vaguely
bs that of Bradlaugh, although the
main theme is the conversion of Erica
Uai.-lmrn, the secularist's daughter, to
Christianity. ' We Two ' established the
author's reputation, and drew ' Donovan *
from its threatened oblivion. For the

copyright of these two books she received
no more than 50. But with the publica-
tion in 1885 of * In the Golden Days,' an
able historical novel of the seventeenth
century, her profits grew substantial. * In
the Golden Days ' was the last book read
to Ruskin on his deathbed (COLLINGWOOD,
Life of John Ruskin, 1900, p. 403). It was
dramatised later by Edwin Gilbert, but
had no success on the stage. * Donovan,'
' We Two,' and ' In the Golden Days '
are Miss Bayly's best books.

Miss Bayly's popularity was thenceforth
secure. In 1886 a stranger falsely claimed
in public to be * Edna Lyall,' and a report
also circulated that the authoress was in a
lunatic asylum. Miss Bayly met the false-
hood by announcing her identity, and the
experience suggested her ' Autobiography of
a Slander ' (1887), a brief study of the evil
wrought by false gossip, which enjoyed an
immense vogue and was translated into
French, German, and Norwegian.

Two of her succeeding works expounded
anew her political convictions. An ardent
home ruler, she in ' Doreen,' an Irish novel
(1894) which was first published in the
* Christian World,' presented the Irish revo-
lutionary leader, Michael Davitt [q. v.
Suppl. II], in the guise of her hero, Donal
Moore. Gladstone, writing to her 25 Nov.
1894, commended ' the singular courage with
which you stake your wide public reputa-
tion upon the Irish cause.' In 1896 she
championed the Armenians against their
Turkish oppressors in her comparatively
unimpressive 'The Autobiography of a
Truth ' (1896), the profits of which she gave
to the Armenian Relief Fund. Strongly
opposed to the South African war, she
spoke out with customary frankness in her
last novel, ' The Hinderers ' (1902).

An attack of pericarditis in 1889 had
left permanent ill effects. Miss Bayly died
on 8 Feb. 1903 at 6 College Road, East-
bourne. The body was cremated and the
ashes buried at the foot of the old cross in
Bosbury churchyard, near Bosbury Hill,
Herefordshire, a place which figures in her
novel 'In Spite of All' (1901), and of which
her brother, the Rev. R. Burges Bayly, was
vicar.

Slight in build and of medium height,
with dark brown hair and dark grey-blue
eyes, Miss Bayly was fond of music and
of travelling, and described her tours in
vivacious letters. Her style is always
clear and pleasant. She developed a genuine
faculty of constructing a plot, and she was
especially happy in the characterisation
of young girls. But her earnest political

i 2

Beale

116

Beale

purpose, which came of her native horror
of oppression and injustice, militated against
her mastery of the whole art of fiction.

In 1906 a memorial window by Kempe
was placed in St. Peter's Church, East-
bourne (built 1896), where Miss Bayly had
worshipped and to which she had presented
the seats. She had given in 1887 a peal of
throe bells to St. Saviour's Church, named
Donovan, Erica, and Hugo, after leading
characters in her three chief books.

Other works by Miss Bayly are :
1. 'Their Happiest Christmas,' 1886. 2.
' Knight Errant,' 1887 (a story of the life
of a public singer, suggested by her acquaint-
ance with Miss Mary Davies, formed
while travelling in Norway). 3. ' Derrick
Vaughan, Novelist,' 1889, dedicated to
Miss Mary Davies, an embodiment of Miss
Bayly's literary experiences, first pub-
lished periodically in ' Murray's Magazine.'
4. ' A Hardy Norseman,' 1889. 5. ' Max
Hereford's Dream,' 1891 (new edit. 1900).
6. ' To Right the Wrong,' 1892, an historical
seventeenth-century novel, first published
in * Good Words.' 7. ' How the Children
raised the Wind,' 1895. 8. 'Wayfaring
Men,' 1897, a story of the stage. 9. ' Hope
the Hermit,' 1898, a Cumberland tale of
the days of William and Mary, which had
run through the 'Christian World,' of
which 9000 copies were sold on the day of
separate publication. 10. ' In Spite of All,'
1901, an historical tale of the seventeenth
century, originally written as a drama and
produced without success at Eastbourne by
the Ben Greet company, 4 Jan. 1900, then
at Cambridge, and finally at the Comedy
Theatre, London, 5 Feb. 1900. She also
wrote a preface to ' The Story of an African
Chief by Mr, Wyndham Knight - Bruce,
1893, and on Mrs. Gaskell in ' Women
Novelists of Queen Victoria's Reign,' 1897.

[J. M. Escreet, Life of Edna Lyall, 1904 ;
The Times, 10 Feb. 1903; Athenaeum, 14 Feb.
1903; G. A. Payne, Edna Lyall, 1903;
H. C. Black, Notable Women Authors of the
Day, 1893, with portrait ; private informa-
tion.] E. L.

BEALE, DOROTHEA (1831-1906),
principal of Cheltenham Ladies' College,
born on 21 March 1831 at 41 Bishopsgate
Street Within, London, was fourth child
and third daughter of the eleven children
of Miles Beale, a surgeon, of a Gloucester-
shire family, who took an active interest
in educational and social questions. His
wife, Dorothea Margaret Complin, of
Huguenot extraction, was first cousin to
Caroline Frances Cornwallis [q. v.], to early
intercourse with whom Dorothea owed

much. Educated till the age of thirteen
partly at home and partly at a school at
Stratford, Essex, Dorothea then attended
lectures at Gresham College and at the
Crosby Hall Literary Institution, and
developed an aptitude for mathematics.
In 1847 she went with two older sisters to
Mrs. Bray's fashionable school for English
girls in Paris, where she remained till the
revolution of 1848 brought the school to
an end. In 1848 Dorothea and her sisters
were among the earliest students at the
newly opened Queen's College, Harley
Street. Their companions included Miss
Buss and Adelaide Procter [q. v.]. In
1849 Miss Beale was appointed mathema-
tical tutor at Queen's College, and in 1854
she became head teacher in the school
attached to the college, under Miss Parry.
During her holidays she visited schools in
Switzerland and Germany. At the end of
1856 she left Queen's College owing to dis-
satisfaction with its administration, and in
January 1857 became head teacher of the
Clergy Daughters' School, Casterton, West-
morland (founded in 1823 by Carus Wilson
at Cowan Bridge, the Lowood of Char-
lotte Bronte's ' Jane Eyre ' ; cf . DOROTHEA
BEALE, Girls' Schools Past and Present, in
Nineteenth Century, xxiii.). At Casterton
Miss Beale' s insistence on the need of reforms
led to her resignation in December follow-
ing ; many changes in the management
of the school were made next year. In
1906 Miss Beale established a scholarship
from Casterton School to Cheltenham.

While seeking fresh work Miss Beale
taught mathematics and Latin at Miss
Elwall's school at Barnes, and compiled
her ' Students' Text-Book of English and
General History from B.C. 100 to the Present
Time,' for the use of teachers (published
Aug. 1858 ; 5th edit. 1862).

On 16 June 1858 Miss Beale was chosen
out of fifty candidates principal of the
Ladies' College, Cheltenham, the earliest pro-
prietary girls' school in England, which had
been opened on 13 Feb. 1854 with eighty-
two pupils on a capital of 2000/. With
Cheltenham the rest of Miss Beale's career
was identified. When she entered on her
duties there were sixty-nine pupils and
only 400Z. of the original capital remained.
For the next two years the college had a
hard struggle. In 1860 the financial arrange-
ments were reorganised, and by 1863 the
numbers had risen to 126. Thenceforward
the success of the college was assured.
In 1873 it was first installed in buildings
of its own, which were enlarged three years
later, when there were 310 names on the

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117

Beale

books. In 1880 the college was incor-
porated as a company. The numbers then
had reached 500. Numerous additions were
made to the buildings between 1882 and
1905. In the present year (1912) there are
over 1000 pupils and 120 teachers, fourteen
boarding houses, a secondary and a kinder-
garten teachers' training department, a
library of over 7000 volumes, and fifteen
acres of playing-fields.

As early as 1864 Miss Beale's success
as a head-mistress was acknowledged, and
in 1865 she gave evidence before the
endowed schools inquiry commission, the
seven other lady witnesses including Miss
Buss and Miss Emily Davies. The evi-
dence, published in 1868, gave an immense
impetus to the education of girls in Eng-
land [see GREY, MARIA, Suppl. II, and
SHIRREFF, EMILY, Suppl. I]. In 1869 Miss
Beale published, with a preface by herself,
the commissioners' ' Reports on the Edu-
cation of Girls. With Extracts from the
Evidence.' It is a remarkable exposure
of the low average standard of the teaching
in girls' secondary schools before 1870.

Miss Beale perceived that the absence
of all means of training teachers was a
main obstacle to improvement. A modest
endeavour to meet the need was made by
a friend at Cheltenham in 1876. Next year,
on her friend's death, Miss^ Beale undertook
to carry on the work. The progress was
rapid ; a residential training college for
secondary women teachers, the first in this
country, called St. Hilda's College, was
built in Cheltenham, and opened in 1885.
It was enlarged in 1890, and incorporated
under the Companies Act in 1895. In
order to give teachers in training the
benefit of a year at Oxford, Miss Beale
purchased in 1892 for 5000/. Cowley House,
Oxford, which was opened as St. Hilda's
hall of residence for women in 1893, and
was in 1901 incorporated with the Chelten-
ham training college as 'St. Hilda's Incor-
porated College.' The students at St.
Hilda's Hall, Oxford, are mainly but not
exclusively old Cheltonians. A kinder-
garten class was also started by Miss Beale
iieltenham in 1876, and a department
lor the training of kindergarten teachers
i followed, and became an integral
part of the college work.

In 1880, mainly with a view to supplying
a link l.-ct \\ ccn past and present pupils, Miss
I'x.ilc i'.miMled 'The Cheltenham Ladies'
College Magazine,' and remained its editor
until her death. With the same aim,
she established in 1884 'The Guild of
the Ladies' Cheltenham College,' which

now (1912) numbers 2500 members. On
26 Oct. 1889 the guild started in Bethnal
Green the Cheltenham settlement, which is
now carried on as St. Hilda's East, a house
built by past and present pupils and opened
on 26 April 1898. An earnest church-
woman of high church principles, Miss
Beale, who was guided through life by deep
religious feeling, instituted at Cheltenham
in 1884 Quiet Days devotional meetings
for teachers generally at the end of the
summer term, when addresses were given
by distinguished churchmen.

Outside her college work Miss Beale
associated herself with nearly every effort
for educational progress, and with local
philanthropic institutions. She was presi-
dent of the Headmistresses' Association
from 1895 to 1897, and was a member of
numerous educational societies. In 1894 she
gave evidence before the royal commission
on secondary education, of which Mr. James
Bryce was chairman. In collaboration
with Miss Soulsby and Miss Dove she
embodied her matured views on girls'
education in ' Work and Play in Girls'
Schools' (1898). She identified herself
with the movement for women's suffrage,
being a vice-president of the central
society.

Miss Beale's activities remained unim-
paired in her later years, despite deafness and
signs of cancer, which became apparent
in 1900. On 21 Oct. 1901 the freedom of
the borough of Cheltenham was conferred
on her. On 11 April 1902 the university of
Edinburgh awarded her the honorary
degree of LL.D., in recognition of her
services to education. Eleanor Anne
Ormerod [q. v. Suppl. II], the entomologist,
was the only woman on whom the degree
had been previously conferred. The staff
at Cheltenham presented her with the
academic robes.

Miss Beale died after an operation for
cancer in a nursing home in Cheltenham,
9 Nov. 1906. The body was cremated at
Perry Barr, Birmingham, and the ashes
buried in a small vault on the south side
of the Lady chapel of Gloucester Cathedral.

From the time of her appointment to
Cheltenham until her death Miss Beale
devoted her life to the welfare of the college
and to the improvement of girls' educa-
tion. Living frugally, she spent large sums
of her own money on the college, and at
her death made it her residuary legatee,
her residuary estate amounting to 55,000/.
As a teacher Miss Beale's main object
was to kindle a thirst for knowledge rather
than merely to impart information (cf. for

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118

Beale

her method in teaching English literature
her Literary Studies of Poems New and
Old, 1902). She herself taught literature
and the exact sciences equally well, and she
attached chief importance to the teacher's
personality and character and mental out-
look (cf. Addresses to Teachers, 1909). The
most original features of her organisation
of the college were the rule of silence among
the pupils, the absence of prizes, the weekly
hearing of marks in every class by the
principal herself, whereby she gained
knowledge of the progress of every girl in
the college, and the placing of the boarding-
houses there are now fourteen under the
direct supervision of the college authorities.
A benevolent despot in her government of
the college, she allowed large liberty of
procedure to those members of her staff
who showed capability. Open-minded and
willing to experiment in new methods,
she combined business ability with the
enthusiasm of a reformer and shrewdness
with a mystical idealism.

Miss Beale was of short stature, with an
expressive face and a beautiful voice. Her
bearing was somewhat cold, shy, and
reserved, but to her intimate friends she
was tender and sympathetic. A portrait
in academic robes by J. J. Shannon, R.A.,
presented to her by old pupils on her
jubilee, 8 Nov. 1904, hangs in the college
library. Another portrait, also in the
college, was painted in 1893 by Mrs. Lea
Merritt at the request of the council. A
miniature painted by Florence Meyer was
bequeathed to the college by Miss Mary
Holmes Gore in February 1907, and a
marble bust by J. E. Hyett was presented
to the college in May 1905. Another bust
in white plaster a better likeness than Mr.
Hyett's modelled by Miss Evangeline
Stirling in 1893, was presented loy the artist
to St. Hilda's Hall, Oxford, in May 1905.
A bronze tablet to her memory, with
medallion portrait by Alfred Drury, A.R.A.,
is in the Lady chapel of Gloucester Cathe-
dral ; a stone tablet by L. Macdonald
Gill, with an inscription, is in the college,
and a memorial fund has been formed for
the benefit of the staff past and present,
and of old pupils who may be in special
need.

[Raikes, Dorothea Beale of Cheltenham
(with reproduction of Shannon's portrait),
1908 ; History of the Cheltenham Ladies' Col-
lege, 1904; The Times, 10, 17, 19 Nov., 4 Dec.
1.906 ; Journal of Education, Dec. 1906, Jan.
1907 ; Cheltenham Ladies' College Magazine,
Memorial Number, 1906; private information.]

E. L.

BEALE, LIONEL SMITH (1828-1906),
physician and microscopist, born at Bed-
ford Street, Covent Garden, London, on
5 Feb. 1828, was son of Lionel John Beale
(1796-1 871), surgeon, who wrote on physical
deformities (1830-1) and on the laws of
health (1857) and was the first medical officer
of health for St. Martin's in the Fields. His
mother was Frances Smith (1800-1849),
third daughter of James Frost Sheppard. Of
his three sisters, Ellen Brooker (1831-1900)
married William Watkiss Lloyd [q. v.
Suppl. I], author of ' Essays on Shake-
speare,' and Miss Sophia Beale is a painter
and author.

Educated first at a private school and
then at King's College School, Lionel be-
came a medical student at King's College,
London, and at King's College Hospital. In
1841 he was apprenticed to an apothecary
and surgeon at Islington. In 1847, after
matriculating at the University of London
with honours in chemistry and zoologv,
he went to Oxford as anatomical assistant
to 'Sir Henry Wentworth Acland (1815-
1900) [q. v. Suppl. I], then Lee's reader
in anatomy at Christ Church. In 1849
he obtained the licence of the Society
of Apothecaries, and at the request of
the government board of health made
a house to house visitation at Windsor
during the cholera epidemic. In 1850-1 he
was resident physician at King's College
Hospital and graduated M.B. Lond. (1851).
He never proceeded to the degree of M.D.
In 1852 he taught the use of the microscope
in normal and morbid histology and phy-
siological chemistry in a private laboratory
at 27 Carey Street, and next year at the
early age of twenty-five he succeeded
Robert Bentley Todd [q. v.], to whose
teaching he always acknowledged a deep
debt, in the professorship of physiology
and general and morbid anatomy in King's
College ; Thomas Henry Huxley was an un-
successful candidate. Beale shared the duties
for two years with (Sir) William Bowman
(1816-1892) [q. v. Suppl. I], who had been
Todd's assistant. In 1869 he gave up
the chair to become professor of patholo-
gical anatomy, and was made at the same
time honorary physician to the hospital.
Although an energetic lecturer and teacher,
he continued to pursue enthusiastically
histological and physiological research
by aid of the microscope.

In 1876 he was promoted to the pro-
fessorship of medicine. A slight attack of
cerebral thrombosis which scarcely im-
paired his vigour led to his retirement from
the professorship as well as from the

Beale

119

Beale

acting staff of the hospital in 1896. He
was thereupon nominated emeritus pro-
fessor and honorary consulting physician.
His lectures on medicine, although they
included a useful series ' On Slight Ail-
ments, their Nature and Treatment '
(1880; new edit. 1887), did not as a rule
supply teaching for examination purposes ;
but if the audience was small, it was
stimulated by Beale's scientific insight.

At the Royal College of Physicians Beale
became a member in 1856 and a fellow in
1859. In 1871 he was awarded the bien-
nial Baly gold medal for his physiological
work in relation to medicine. He delivered
the Lumleian lectures in 1875 on * Life and
Vital Action in Health and Disease.' He
was frequently examiner to the college,
a member of the council in 1877-8, censor
1881-2, and curator of the museum
1876-88.

From early life Beale was a voluminous
writer, reading over 100 papers on
medical subjects between 1851 and 1858
before scientific and medical societies. Of
his many separately published books, the
earliest, * The Microscope and its Applica-
tion to Clinical Medicine ' (1854), came out
when he was twenty -nine and foretold his
ultimate position as one of the most brilliant
of English microscopists, who not only intro-
duced new methods of microscopic research
but also showed the value of the microscope
to diagnosis in clinical medicine. The
word ' practical ' replaced ' clinical ' in
subsequent editions of this work, the
fourth and last of which appeared in
1870. There followed in 1857 ' The Use of
the Microscope in Clinical Medicine'; in
later editions, the fifth and last of which
appeared in 1880, the title was changed to
' How to Work with the Microscope.'

In 1858 he published a small book,
' Illustrations of the Constituents of the
Urine, Urinary Deposits and Calculi '
(2nd edit. 1869), and in 1861 a larger
work * On Urine, Urinary Deposits, and
Calculi, their Microscopical and Chemical
Examination' (12mo; 2nd edit. 1864,
with ' and Treatment, &c.' added to
the title; American edit. 1885). Other
important early works were 'On the
Structure of the Simple Tissues of the
Human Body ' (1861 ; German trans.
1862) and 'The Structure and Growth of
the Tissues, and on Life ' (1865).

Beale's scientific promise was acknow-
ledged in 1865 by his election as fellow of
the Royal Society, where he delivered the
Croonian lectures in the same year on ' The
Ultimate Nerve Fibres distributed to the

Muscles and to some other Tissues.' In
1868-9 he lectured at Oxford for the
Radcliffe trustees on ' Disease Germs.'
He embodied his conclusions in two books :
' Disease Germs, their Supposed Nature '
(1870), and 'Disease Germs, their Real
Nature, an Original Investigation' (1870).
Both were reissued in ' Disease Germs,
their Nature and Origin' (1872). In 1870
there appeared his 'Protoplasm, or Life
and Matter' (4th edit. 1892), and in 1872
his ' Bioplasm, an Introduction to the
Study of Physiology and Medicine.' In
his works on germs Beale foreshadowed
by virtue of ms microscopic methods of
investigation some of the most modern
conceptions of bacterial disease, antici-
pating by fully five years the microbic
theory of disease and also Pasteur's doctrine
of ' immunisation.'

Beale was the first physiological in-
vestigator to practise the method of
fixing tissues by injections and so prevent
the alterations which result in them from
uncontrolled post-mortem changes. He
also treated tissues with dilute acetic acid,
which enabled him to see delicate nerve
fibres almost as well as they are seen by
modern intra vitam staining methods, and
he introduced carmine in ammoniacal
solution as a stain for differentiating be-
tween the component parts of the tissues.
By means of the staining effects of carmine
he was able, after a close study of tissues
in various conditions, to draw a distinction
between the 'germinal ' matter or ' bioplasm,'
as he called it, and the ' formed ' matter of
the tissues. Beale's discoveries also in-
cluded the pyriform nerve ganglion cells,
called 'Beale's cells,' and he showed the
peculiar arrangement of the two fibres
which he thought (incorrectly, as later
inquiry shows) were prolonged from them.
An unusually good draughtsman, Beale
illustrated his books profusely with graphic
drawings by himself, many of which were
coloured, and all were drawn strictly to
scale. He made the drawings direct upon
the boxwood blocks, and even engraved
many with his own hand. Beale's drawings
of Beale's cells are still reproduced in
standard works on histology. All his
microscopic specimens are in the possession
of his son and are still improving in clearness.

In later life Beale was president of the
Microscopical Society (187&-1880) and
fellow or member of numerous European
and American medical or scientific societies.
He also acted from 1891 to 1904 as
physician to the pensions commutation
board and as government medical referee for

Beale

120

Beattie-Brown

England. To the close of his life he specu-
lated much on philosophical and religious
themes. His mental attitude is disclosed
in his 'Life Theories' (1870); * Life
Theories ; their Influence on Religious
Thought' (1871), and ' Our Morality, and
the Moral Question, chiefly from the
Medical Side' (1887). In discussing * vitality
and vital action' (cf. Lancet, 1898) he
pronounced strongly against 'atheism,'
* materialism,' ' agnosticism,' ' monism,'
and ' free thought.' His religious point
of view was that of a broad churchman.
He treated the f differences between man
and animals as absolute, but he failed to
defend his scientific position quite clearly,
or to draw into controversy as he hoped
fellow men of science.

Beale's intimate friends included Edward
Thring (1821-1887) [q. v.], headmaster of
Uppingham, Sir Henry Acland, Victor
Carus of Leipzig, Sir William Bowman, and
Henry Wace, dean of Canterbury. An in-
defatigable worker, he took no real holiday
after 1858. He eschewed alcohol and ate
little meat. An enthusiastic and skilful
gardener, he made his country home at
Weybridge known amongst horticulturists,
chiefly by his culture of palms and
Japanese plants, and in a small green-
house at 61 Grosvenor Street, where he
lived for forty-five years, he successfully
grew orchids and other hothouse plants.
In 1900 he suffered from a second attack of
cerebral haemorrhage. In 1904 he left Wey-
bridge, where he had been living since 1885,
for Bentinck Street, the house of his only
surviving child, Peyton Todd Bowman
Beale, F.R.C.S. He died there from
pontine haemorrhage on 28 March 1906.
He was buried in Weybridge cemetery.
He married in 1859 Frances, only daughter
of the Rev. Peyton Blakiston, M.D., F.R.S.,
of St. Leonards, formerly of Birmingham ;
she died in 1892.

Beale was of moderate height and of
sturdy build, with remarkably abundant
hair, which retained its brown colour up to
the age of seventy. A portrait by H. T.
Wells, R.A., exhibited in the Royal
Academy (1876) and the Paris exhibition
(1878), belongs to his son, and a memorial
tablet in bronze, designed, worked and
erected by his son, is in King's College
Hospital.

Besides the works cited and contributions
to periodicals Beale's publications include :
1. ' On Some Points in the Anatomy of the
Liver of Man and Vertebrate Animals,'
1856. 2. 'Tables for the Chemical and
Microscopical Examination of Urine in

Health and Disease,' 1856. 3. ' On De-
ficiency of Vital Power in Disease,'
1863. 4. ' New Observations upon the
Structure and Formation of Certain
Nervous Centres,' 1864. 5. 'The Liver,'
1889.

[Information from Mr. Peyton Todd
Bowman Beale, F.R.C.S., and Miss Sophia
Beale ; Lancet, 7 April 1906 (with portrait
from photograph) and 16 Oct. 1909; Brit.
Med. Journal, 7 April 1900 ; Index Catalogue,
Surgeon General's Office, Washington ; Beale's
own books ; Proc. Roy. Soc., 1907, 77 B.]

E. M. B.

BEATTIE-BROWN, WILLIAM (1831-
1909), Scottish landscape painter, born in
the parish of Haddington in 1831, was son
of Adam Brown, farmer, and Ann Beattie.
He removed at an early age to Edinburgh
and was educated at Leith High School.
Having early shown a taste for art, he was
apprenticed as a glass -stainer to the well-
known firm of Messrs. Ballantine, and
here his artistic tastes were so rapidly
developed that before his apprenticeship
was completed he entered the Trustees'
Art Academy, then under the charge of
Robert Scott Lauder [q. v.]. Among his
fellow-students of this period and com-
panions of a later time were William Bell
Scott [q. v.], Horatio MacCulloch, Sam
Bough, and George Paul Chalmers [q. v.].
In 1848, when seventeen years of age, he
exhibited a picture, ' On the Forth,' at the
Royal Scottish Academy, and from that time
till his death he was always represented
at the annual exhibitions. His skill and
accuracy as a draughtsman led to his
being employed to make illustrations for
several medical works ; and his care and
discretion as an artist brought him much
employment in restoring pictures for
Henry Doig, art-dealer, Edinburgh, whose
daughter he married in 1858. To extend
his experience he studied for a long time in
Belgium, there using water-colour as his
principal medium, though his chief
work was done in oil-colour. He found
English subjects for his pictures in
Surrey, Kent, and Yorkshire, but his main
themes were Scottish highland landscapes.
He was a pioneer among the Scottish
' out-of-door ' artists, frequently complet-
ing his pictures directly from nature
a practice which explains his vigour and
realism. In 1871 he was elected an
associate of the Royal Scottish Academy,
and in 1884 an academician. His diploma
picture, dated 1883, is a characteristic
highland landscape, ' Coire-na-Faireamh,'
now in the Scottish National Gallery,

Beckett

121

Beckett

Edinburgh. Representative works by
him are in the public galleries at
Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, and
Bolton. He was a frequent exhibitor
at the Royal Academy, London, and also
at Glasgow and other Scottish exhibitions.
In his later years he adopted a more glow-
ing scheme of colour than in his earlier
work ; but his pictures were always notice-
able for their realistic line and tone, and
for their technical excellence. Beattie-
Brown died at Edinburgh on 31 March 1909.

By his wif% Esther Love Doig, he had
three sons and six daughters. The eldest
son, H. W. Jennings Brown (1862-1898),
showed promise as a portrait and figure-
painter.

[Cat. Nat. Gall, of Scotland (42nd edit.);
Scotsman, 1 April 1909 ; Graves's Royal Acad.
Exhibitors ; private information.] A. H. M.

BECKETT, SIR EDMUND, first
BARON GRIMTHORPE (1816-1905), lawyer,
mechanician and controversialist, born
at Carlton Hall, near Newark, on 12 May
1816, was eldest son of Sir Edmund
Beckett, fourth baronet (1787-1874), who
assumed the additional surname of Denison
by royal letters patent in 1816 and re-
sumed his original surname by the same
process on succeeding to the baronetcy in
1872. The elder Sir Edmund was con-
servative M.P. for the West Riding in 1841
and again from 1848 to 1859. Beckett's
mother, who died on 27 March 1874, was
Maria, daughter of William Beverley of
Beverley, and great-niece and heiress of
Anne, daughter of Roundell Smithson of
Millfield, near Harewood, and widow of Sir
Thomas Denison, judge of the king's bench.

Educated at Doncaster grammar school,
Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge,
Beckett Denison graduated B.A. as thirtieth
unmgler in 1838 (M.A. 1841, LL.D. 1863).
He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn
in 1841, became a Q.C. in 1854, a bencher of
lu's inn in the same year, and its treasurer
in 1876. He soon acquired a large practice,
chiefly in connection with railway bills,
becoming famous for his severe cross-
examination and retentive memory. Ad-
vancing rapidly in his profession, Beckett
Denison had by 1860 become recognised
as the leader of the parliamentary bar,
though his powers of sarcasm and assertive
manner stood him in better stead with
committees and rival counsel than his
knowledge of law. He was very tenacious
of the rights of the inns of court, and
strongly resented any attempt to interfere
\\itli them. Keeping a keen eye on his
fees, he accumulated a large fortune.

He ceased to practise regularly after 1880,
though he still accepted an occasional
brief. Succeeding his father in the baronetcy
on 24 May 1874, Beckett Denison followed
his example by discarding the second sur-
name. As Sir Edmund Beckett he was
appointed chancellor and vicar-general
of the province of York in 1877, an office
which he held until 1900. Beckett was
created a peer by the title of Baron Grim-
thorpe of Grimthorpe, Yorkshire, on 17 Feb.
1886, with remainder to the issue male of
his father.

Meanwhile Grimthorpe showed an excep-
tional versatility of interest in matters
outside the law, and conducted numerous
controversies on ecclesiastical, architec-
tural, scientific, and other topics with
vigour and acrimony. His earliest energies
were engaged in theological warfare. In
1848 he published 'Six Letters on Dr.
Todd's Discourses on the Prophecies
relating to the Apocalypse,' a strenuous
polemic. The controversy on marriage
with a deceased wife's sister then engaged
his attention, and between 1849 and 1851
he produced four pamphlets in favour of
that cause, the most important of which
was * A Short Letter on the Bishop of
Exeter's [Dr. Phillpotts'] Speech on the
Marriage Bill.' To the end of his life he
supported a measure of relief.

As chancellor of York he became the
attached friend of the archbishop, William
Thomson [q. v.], but did not hesitate to
criticise episcopal proceedings with freedom,
when he disagreed with them. A strong
advocate of reform in church discipline, he
gave evidence before the royal commission
of 1883, and drafted a disciplinary bill of
his own with racy notes, which he sent to
the commissioners. There followed an out-
spoken * Letter to the Archbishop of York
on the Report of the Commission on
Ecclesiastical Courts.' Together with Dean
Burgon [q. v. Suppl. I], he took exception to
the revised version of the New Testament,
publishing in 1882 'Should the Revised
New Testament be Authorised ? ' and a
rejoinder to Dr. Farrar's answer to that
criticism [see FARRAR, FREDERICK WILLIAM,
Suppl. II]. Much alarmed by the spread
of ritualism in the Church of England,
he became president of the Protestant
Churchmen's Alliance, which held its in-
augural meeting in Exeter Hall in 1889.
The Lincoln judgment of 1890 [see KING,
EDWARD, Suppl. II] stirred him to write
what Archbishop Benson called a ' furious
letter,' entitled ' A Review of the Lambeth
Judgment in Read v. the Bishop of

Beckett

122

Beckett

Lincoln' (A. C. BENSON'S Edward White
Benson, ii. 373). Benson acknowledged
Grimthorpe's assistance on the church
patronage bill of 1893, when he produced
' a set of amendments really helpful.' The
measure was reintroduced and passed its
second reading two years afterwards with
Grimthorpe's approval. When, later, in
1895, Lord Halifax moved the second
reading of a divorce bill, amending the
Act by which the clergy were compelled
to lend their churches for the remarriage
of those guiltily divorced, Grimthorpe
* treated this relief as an attempt to secure
the "supremacy of the clergy," and vitu-
perated the archbishop of York as a Solon
and Janus.' 'I never,' wrote Benson, 'saw
spite so open in the house before ' (ibid. ii.
641). Not long before his death, Grim-
thorpe eagerly supported Sir William
Harcourt [q. v. Suppl. II], who was
denouncing ritualistic practices in a series
of letters to * The Times.' His standpoint
through all his disputes was strongly
erastian and orthodox, as he understood
orthodoxy.

Architecture, especially on its ecclesiastical
side, also long occupied Grimthorpe's mind.
In 1855 he published ' Lectures on Gothic
Architecture, chiefly in relation to St.
George's Church at Doncaster. ' This parish
church, having been burnt down, was
rebuilt by Sir George Gilbert Scott [q. v.],
with suggestions from Grimthorpe, who
contributed liberally to the funds. Grim-
thorpe, while expressing admiration of
Scott's work, was mercilessly sarcastic at
the expense of Scott's rivals ; Scott on his
side admitted Grimthorpe's generosity and
strenuous support of sound architecture,
but ungraciously added that ' he has an
unpleasant way of doing -.things, which
makes one hate one's best work' (SCOTT'S
Personal and Professional Recollections,
173). Grimthorpe next published 'A Book
on Building, Civil and Ecclesiastical, with
the Theory of Domes and of the Great
Pyramid' (1876; 2nd edit., enlarged,
1880), which again contained many shrewd
hits at the architectural .profession. In
it are enumerated the buildings which he
himself had 'substantially designed,' in-
cluding the Church of St. James, Doncaster,
in which Scott had a hand (ib.) ; St. Chad's
Church, Headingley; Cliffe parish church
in the East Riding; St. Paul's, Burton-
on-Trent; the tower-top of Worcester
Cathedral; Doncaster grammar school,
and the extension of Lincoln's Inn library.
His influence is also to be traced in the
injudicious restoration of Lincoln's Inn

chapel in 1882, but his contemplated
demolition of Sir Thomas Lovell's gate-
house in Chancery Lane was happily
frustrated.

The architectural enterprise with which
his name is inseparably connected came
later. Living in a house at Batch Wood,
St. Albans, designed by himself, ' the only
architect with whom I have never quarrelled,'
he was much interested in the unsound
condition of St. Albans Abbey, and the
endeavour of the St. Albans reparation
committee to fit it for cathedral and
parochial service. He subscribed gener-
ously to the funds, contributing, from first
to last, some 130,000/., and interfered freely
with Scott the architect. ' The leader,'
wrote Scott in 1877, ' among those who
wish me to do what I ought not to do is
Sir Edmund Beckett ' (ib. 357). In 1880,
various parts of the building being in
danger of falling down, and the committee
having exhausted its funds and being
3000Z. in debt, Grimthorpe obtained a
faculty to 'restore, repair and refit' the
church at his own expense. He set to
work with characteristic zeal, and by 1885
the nave was finished. But his arbitrary
treatment of the roof and new west front
and his insertion of windows in the termi-
nations of the transepts excited the fiercest
criticism, and he returned blow for blow.
In favouring a high-pitched roof, instead of
the existing flat roof, he found himself at
sharp issue with George Edmund Street
[q. v. Suppl. I], but nothing could divert him
from his purpose (A. E. STREET'S Memoir
of George Edmund Street, 242-7). Meanwhile
Henry Hucks Gibbs, afterwards Lord
Aldenham [q. v. Suppl. II], had obtained
a concurrent faculty to restore the high altar
screen, and a conflict of authorities ensued.
In 1889 the case came before Sir Francis
Jeune [q. v. Suppl. II], chancellor of the
diocese, the point really at issue being
Gibbs' s right to fill up the central place on
the high altar with a crucifix. Grimthorpe
conducted his own case against Sir Walter
Phillimore and Mr. C. A. Cripps, Q.C.
Neither side was completely successful, but
Gibbs was eventually allowed to erect the
crucifix. Grimthorpe described his part in
the St. Albans controversies in ' St. Albans
Cathedral and its Restoration' (1885; 2nd
edit., revised and enlarged, 1890), which,
though purporting to be a guide-book, is
also a somewhat vehement review of old
I arguments with 'Street and Co.,' 'sham
critics of shams,' and others.

Through his long life Grimthorpe was
further busy over mechanical inventions,

Beckett

123

Beckett

working at them with his own hands. In
1850 he published a clearly written and
instructive work, ' A Rudimentary Treatise
on Clock and Watchmaldng.' It passed
through eight editions, with some changes
of title, becoming in 1903 'A Rudimentary
Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells,
with a new preface and a new list of great
bells and an appendix on weathercocks.'
His articles on clocks, watches and bells in
the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica,' which were
reprinted separately, were based on this
work. He designed the great clock for the
International Exhibition of 1851, made by
Kihvard John Dent [q. v.] ; it is now at
King's Cross railway station. In the same
year he undertook, in conjunction with
(Sir) George Biddell Airy [q. v. Suppl. I]
and Dent, the construction of the great
clock for the clock-tower in the Houses of
Parliament, Westminster. The design was
Ms, as an inscription records, and it in-
cluded his new gravity escapement, in
which a pendulum weighing 6 cwt. is kept
going by a scape wheel weighing little
more than a quarter of an ounce ; this is
known as the ' double three-legged gravity
escapement,' and was inserted in 1859.
Grimthorpe also prepared the specifications
for the bell commonly called * Big Ben,'
after Sir Benjamin Hall, commissioner of
public works. The clock and * Big Ben,'
like most of Grimthorpe's undertakings,
involved him in fierce controversies, and
he waged battle for sixteen years with the
office of public works, with Sir Charles Barry
[q. v.] the architect, with Sir George Airy,
who withdrew from the undertaking, and
others. In the libel action, Stainbank v.
Beckett, turning on the soundness of the
lx-11, he was cast in 200Z. damages (1859).
(For an excellent, if disputatious account
of the Westminster clock, see BECKETT'S
Rudimentary Treatise, 8th edit. ; also the
Journal of the Soc. of Arts, 13 Jan.
1854, and the Horological Journal, xv.).
(irimthorpe was elected president of the
Horological Institute in 1868, on condition
that he should not attend dinners, and
was annually re-elected, though not always
without opposition. In the preface to
the eighth edition of the 'Rudimentary
ii -atise' he stated that he had 'either
directly or indirectly ' designed over forty
clocks, ' including those at Westminster and
St. Paul's (with the great peal of bells), and
in many other cathedrals and churches,
as well as town-halls, railways stations
and others in several of our colonies.' The
new clock at St. Paul's Cathedral, which
was constructed after his specifications, was

finished in 1 893 ; ho said of its makers,
Messrs. John Smith of Derby, that they
* would clock you in the best way and as
near eternity as possible ' (SINCLAIR'S
Memorials of St. Pants Cathedral, 430-4).
Grimthorpe's services and advice were
always gratuitously given, and no municipal
council or country clergyman, who ap-
proached him with due deference on the
subject of clocks or bells, ever appealed to
him in vain.

In 1852 Grimthorpe invented an in-
genious lock, but it proved to be too
elaborate for commercial success ; it does
not appear to have been patented. The
wide scope of his scientific knowledge was
further proved by a clever little handbook,
' Astronomy without Mathematics ' (1865).
He died at Batch Wood, St. Albans,
on 29 April 1905, after a short ill-
ness, aggravated by a fall. He was
interred by his wife's side in the north-west
side of the burial-ground of St. Albans
Cathedral. His personal estate was valued
at 1 ,562,5002., and he left a complicated
will with many codicils which was the
cause of prolonged litigation. He had
married on 7 Oct. 1845 Fanny Catherine
(d. 1901), daughter of Dr. John Lonsdale
[q. v.], bishop of Lichfield. Leaving no
issue, he was succeeded in the baronetcy
and in the peerage (by special remainder) by
his nephew, Ernest William Beckett, born
25 Nov. 1856, who had been M.P. for the
Whitby division of Yorkshire since 1885.

Lord Grimthorpe, who owed his peerage
to his activity in ecclesiastical matters,
I combined with his architectural skill and
I mechanical genius, possessed a manly in-
tellect and varied talents. If he won his
position at the bar by his self-assertive
personality rather than by learning, his
knowledge of horology was unquestioned,
and he had a genuine grasp of architectural
principles, though he was inclined to be
ruthless in carrying them out. His mind,
unfortunately, was given to cavil, and,
troubled by no doubts on any subject, he
rushed into print, often without provoca-
tion. In his ecclesiastical controversies he
at times appeared in an unamiable light.
I His faults were, however, outweighed by
! the strength of Ms friendships, the large-
ness of his generosity, and his kindness
i towards those who stood in need of help.
j He was tall and stern of aspect and was
! always faithful to early Victorian costume.
Besides the works cited Grimthorpe wrote
his father-in-law's biography, ' The Life
: of John Lonsdale, Bishop of Lichfield,
I with some of his Writings' (1868); and

Beddoe

124

Beddoe

'A Review of Hume and Huxley on
Miracles' (S.P.C.K. 1883), which Bishop
Harold Browne considered one of the
best books in defence of the Christian
faith. Of kindred purpose was his volume
* On the Origin of the Laws of Nature '
(1879). His masculine common sense
appeared in 'Trade Unionism and its Re-
sults' (1878), a hostile criticism which he
originally wrote as letters in ' The Times.'
A cartoon portrait by 'Spy' appeared in
'Vanity Fair' in 1889.

[The Times, 1 May 1905 ; Guardian, 3 May
1905 ; Law Times, 6 May 1905 ; Horological
Journal, June 1905, art. by F. J. Britten
(with portraits).] L. C. S.

BEDDOE, JOHN (1826-1911), physician
and anthropologist, born at Bewdley, Wor-
cestershire, on 21 Sept. 182G, was son of John
Beddoe by his wife Emma, only daughter
of Henry Barrer Child of Bewdley.

Educated at Bridgnorth School, he read
for the law, but soon entered University
College,London, where he began the study of
medicine. After graduating B.A. at London
in 1851, he pursued his medical studies at
Edinburgh University, qualifying M.D. in
1853. For some time he was house phy-
sician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
During the Crimean war Beddoe served at
Renkioi on the medical staff of a civil
hospital, afterwards proceeding to Vienna
to complete his medical training. He sub-
sequently made an extended continental
tour, and then in 1857 began practice as
a physician at Clifton. He was physician
to the Bristol Royal Infirmary (1862-73),
and consulting physician to the Children's
Hospital there (1866-1911). He was elected
F.R.C.P. in 1873. Retiring from practice in
Bristol (1891), he settled at Bradford-on-
Avon, Wiltshire.

Beddoe began active researches in
ethnology during his early wanderings in
Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, and other
countries, and ultimately he became an
authority on the physical characteristics
of living European races. Much of his
work was pioneer, and was carried on
when researches of the kind were little
valued. But Beddoe's unflagging industry
and stimulating zeal influenced profoundly
the development of anthropological science
at home and abroad.

In 1846, when twenty years old, he began
observations on hair and eye colours in the
West of England, continuing these in
Orkney (1852), with amended methods.
There followed a long series of kindred
observations, as time and areas served.
In 1853 he published 'Contributions to

Scottish Ethnology,' and fifty-five years
afterwards, in 'A Last Contribution to
Scottish Ethnology,' a paper before the
Royal Anthropological Institute, he sur-
veyed the intervening progress (Journ.
Roy. Anthrop. InsL xxxviii.). In 1867
he received from the Welsh National
Eisteddfod a prize of 100 guineas for the
best essay on the origin of the English
nation, subsequently embodied in ' The
Races of Britain' (1885). His racial
data on ' Stature and Bulk of Man in the
British Isles ' appeared with critical obser-
vations and deductions in 1870 (Memoirs
Anthrop. Soc. Lond. iii.). A paper, ' De
1'Evaluation et de la Signification de
la Capacite cranienne,' which he com-
municated in 1903 to ' L'Anthropologie '
(vol. xiv.), met with hostile criticism from
Mr. M. A. Lewenz and Prof. Karl Pearson,
F.R.S., in a joint paper in ' Biometrika '
(vol. iii. 1904). Beddoe replied in the
' Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute ' (vol. xxxiv. 1904) at the same time
as he published there ' The Somatology of
Eight Hundred Boys in Training for the
Royal Navy,' a series of detailed colour-
observations and head-measurements. Later
(ibid, xxxvii. 1907) he sent a paper ' On
a Series of Skulls collected by John E.
Pritchard from a Carmelite Burying -ground
in Bristol.'

Beddoe was a foundation member (1857)
of the Ethnological Society, president of
the Anthropological Society, 1869-70, and
of the (Royal) Anthropological Institute,
1889-91. In 1905 he delivered the Huxley
lecture of the institute on ' Colour and Race '
(Journ. Roy. Anthrop. InsL xxxv.), and re-
ceived on that occasion the Huxley memorial
medal. He served on the council of the
British Association 1870-5, and as chairman
of the anthropological department of Sec-
tion D, at the Bradford meeting in 1873, de-
livered an address on the ' Anthropology of
Yorkshire.' He was joint author of the
association's ' Anthropological Instructions
for Travellers.'

He was elected F.R.S. on 12 June 1873.
In 1891 the University of Edinburgh
conferred the honorary degree of LL.D.,
and he delivered there the Rhind lectures
in archaeology, on ' The Anthropological
History of Europe,' of which the substance
appeared in the ' Scottish Review ' in 1892.
Shortly before his death Beddoe expanded
the MS. of the lectures for issue in volume
form. Beddoe was made Officier (Ire classe)
de I'lnstruction Publique, France, in 1890,
and he was a member of the chief continental
anthropological societies. In 1908 the

Bedford

125

Beecham

University of Bristol elected him honorary
professor of anthropology.

One of the founders in 1875 of the Bristol
and Gloucestershire Archgeological Society,
he was president in 1890 ; in 1909 president
of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural
History Society, and at the time of his death
president of the British Kyrle Society.

Beddoe's 'Memories of Eighty Years'
appeared in 1910. He died at Bradford-
on-Avon on 19 July 1911. In 1858 he
married Agnes Montgomerie Cameron,
daughter of Rev. A. Christison and niece
of Sir Robert Christison, first baronet
[q. v.], and had issue one son, who pre-
deceased him, and one daughter.

A portrait of Beddoe, painted by Miss
E. B. Warne, and purchased by private
subscription in 1907, was presented to the
Municipal Art Gallery, Bristol.

[Beddoe's Memories of Eighty Years, 1910;
Proc. Roy. Soc., Anniv. Address, 30 Nov.
1911 ; Nature, 27 July 1911 ; The Times,
20 July 1911 ; Man (with portrait), Oct.
1911; Brit. Mod. Journal (with portrait),
5 Aug. 1911 ; Lancet, 29 July 1911 ; Men and
Women of the Time, 1899; Trans. Bristol
and Gloucestershire Archseol. Soc. xxxiii. ;
llept. Bristol Kyrlo Soc. (with portrait), Oct.
1911.] T. E. J.

BEDFORD, WILLIAM KIRKPAT-
RICK RILAND (1826-1905), antiquary
and genealogist, born at Sutton Coldfield
rectory on 12 July 1826, was eldest of
five sons of William Riland Bedford,
rector of Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire
(d. 1843), by Ms wife Grace Campbell,
daughter of Charles Sharpe of Hoddam,
Dumfriesshire. Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe
[q. v.] was his mother's brother. After
education at Sutton Coldfield grammar
school, Bedford won a Queen's scholarship
at Westminster school in 1840, and passing
head of the list qualified for a studentship
at Christ Church, Oxford. An attack of
scarlet fever denied him the advantage of
his success, and on 6 June 1844 he matricu-
lated as a commoner at Brasenose College.
In 1847 he was secretary of the Union
Society when Lord Dufferin [q. v. Suppl.
II] was president. He graduated B.A.
in 1848 and proceeded M.A. in 1852. In
1849 ho was ordained to the curacy of
Southwell, Nottinghamshire, and in 1850
he succeeded his uncle, Dr. Williamson,
as rector of Sutton Coldfield. He held the
post for forty-two years, and was rural dean
for twenty-five.

Bedford was an acknowledged authority
on the antiquities of Sutton Coldfield,
which he described in 'Three Hundred

Years of a Family Living, being a History
of the Rilands of Sutton Coldfield ' (1889),
and ' The Manor of Sutton, Feudal and
Municipal ' (1901). He was well versed
in heraldry and genealogies, and was a
frequent contributor to ' Notes and Queries.'
From 1878 to 1902 he was chaplain of
the order of St. John of Jerusalem, and
in his capacity of official genealogist he
compiled many works dealing with the
history and regulations of the knights
hospitallers, including * Malta and the
Knights' (1870; 2nd edit. 1894), 'Notes
on the Old Hospitals of the Order of St. John
of Jerusalem ' (1881), and a history of the
English Hospitallers (1902) in collaboration
with R. Holbeche.

Bedford was a keen cricketer in the early
days of the game. On 20 July 1856 he
founded ' The Free Foresters,' an amateur
wandering club with headquarters at
Sutton Coldfield, and he recorded the
fortunes of the club in his ' Annals of the
Free Foresters from 1856' (1895). He
was also an expert archer and frequently
attended the meetings of the Woodmen of
Arden at Meriden, Warwickshire, winning
the Arden medal on 16 July 1857. In
1885 he published ' Records of the Wood-
men of Arden from 1785,' and contributed
to the volume on ' Archery ' in the Bad-
minton series (1894). In addition to the
works already mentioned his chief publica-
tions were a * Memoir of C. K. Sharpe,'
his uncle, written from family papers (1888),
'The Blazon of Episcopacy' (1858; 2nd
edit. 1897), and ' Outcomes of Old Oxford '
(1899).

Bedford died at Cricklewood on 23 Jan.
1905 ; his ashes were buried after cremation
at Golder's Green. He married: (1) on
18 Sept. 1851, Maria Amy, youngest
daughter of Joseph Houson (d. 1890) of
Southwell, Nottinghamshire ; (2) in 1900,
Margaret, daughter of Denis Browne. He
had by his first wife seven sons and three
daughters.

f Westminster School Register, 1764-1883,
p. 19 ; The Times, 25 January 1905 ; Wisden's
Cricketer's Almanack, 1906 ; Annals of the
Free Foresters, 1895 (with portrait) ; Memories
of Dean Hole, p. 7 ; Notes and Queries, 10th s.
iii. 120 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Brasenose College
Register, 1509-1909, i. 532.] G. S. W.

BEECHAM, THOMAS (1820-1907),
patent medicine vendor, was born at
Witney, Oxfordshire, on 3 Dec. 1820, being
the son of Joseph and Mary Beecham.
About 1845 he opened a chemist's shop
in Wigan, South Lancashire, and there
invented a formula for pills, his first patent-

Beevor

126

Beevor

medicine licence being dated Liverpool,
8 July 1847. In 1846 he married. In 1859
he removed his business, still quite small,
to the then new township of St. Helens,
half-way between Wigan and Liverpool.
At St. Helens he picked up, from the
chance remark of a lady who purchased his
pills, the phrase ' worth a guinea a box,'
which he made the advertising motto of his
concern. In 1866 his elder son, Joseph,
joined the business, and infused into it
a highly enterprising spirit. In 1885 the
present head-factory and office-buildings
in Westfield Street, St. Helens, were built
at an initial cost of 30,OOOZ. Joseph
Beecham then visited the United States,
and established a factory in New York,
since followed by factories and agencies
in several other countries. In 1887 the
father bought an estate, Mursley Hall,
near Winslow, Buckinghamshire, where he
farmed till 1893. In 1895 he retired from
active work in favour of his son Joseph.
After an extended tour in the United States
he built a house, Wychwood, Northwood
Avenue, Southport, Lancashire, where he
died on 6 April 1907, leaving a large personal
fortune, and his share in an immense busi-
ness. In South Lancashire he was well
known as an eccentric public benefactor.
By religion he was a congregationalist.
Besides his son Joseph (6. 1848), mayor of
St. Helens in 1889-99 and 1910-12, who
was knighted in 1912, he had a second
son, William Eardley Beecham (&. 1855),
a doctor practising in London.

[The Times, 8 April and 5 June (will), 1907 ;
Chemist and Druggist, 13 April 1907 ; private
information.] C. M-N.

BEEVOR, CHARLES EDWARD (1854-
1908), neurologist, born in London on
12 June 1854, was eldest son of Charles
Beevor, F.R.C.S., and Elizabeth, daughter
of Thomas Burrell. He received his early
education at Blackheath proprietary school
and at University College, London. Pursu-
ing medical study at University College
Hospital, he proceeded M.R.C.S. in 1878,
M.B. London in 1879, M.D. London in
1881. In 1882 he became M.R.C. P. London,
and in 1888 F.R.C.P. After holding the
appointments of house physician at Uni-
versity College Hospital, and resident
medical officer at the National Hospital
for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen
Square, W.C., he went abroad in 1882-3,
and studied under the great teachers,
including Obersteiner, Weigert, Cohnheim,
and Erb, at Vienna, Leipzig, Berlin, and
Paris. On his return in 1883 he was
appointed assistant physician to Queen

Square Hospital, and to the Great
Northern Hospital in 1885. In course of
time he became full physician to both
institutions, offices which he held until
his death.

From 1883 to 1887 Beevor was engaged
with (Sir) Victor Horsley in experimental
research on the localisation of cerebral
functions, especially with regard to the
course and origin of the motor tracts.
This work crystallised the truth of the
results obtained by previous investigators,
j and established the reputation of the
authors (Phil. Trans, clxxxi. 1890; also
1887-9). In 1903 Beevor delivered the
Croonian lectures before the Royal
College of Physicians, on ' Muscular Move-
ments and their Representation in the
Central Nervous System ' (published in
1904), a classical piece of work entail-
ing prodigious labour and painstaking
observation. In 1907 he delivered before
the Medical Society of London the
Lettsomian lectures on ' The Diagnosis
and Localisation of Cerebral Tumours.'
He contributed many papers on subjects
connected with neurology to ' Brain '
and other medical journals, and in 1898
he published a ' Handbook on Diseases
of the Nervous System,' which became
a leading text-book. His most important
work, however, was embodied in a
paper on ' The Distribution of the Different
Arteries supplying the Brain,' which was
published in the ' Philosophical Transac-
tions of the Royal Society ' in 1908. After
many attempts, he succeeded in injecting
simultaneously the five arteries of the
brain with different coloured substances
held in solution in gelatin. By this means
he determined exactly the blood supply
to different parts of the brain, and showed
that the distribution of blood is purely
anatomical, and does not vary according
to the physiological action of the parts.
Until this work was published, no book
contained an accurate description of the
cerebral arterial circulation. The import-
ance of Beevor's discovery was not only
from the anatomical side but also from
the pathological, for it enables the physician
to know the exact portions of the brain
which are liable to undergo softening
when any particular artery is blocked by
a clot of blood.

In May 1908 he went by invitation to
America. There his lectures on his own
subjects were received with enthusiasm at
Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, and
Boston by the members of the American
Neurological Society, and by those of the

Beit

127

Beit

American Medical Association at their
fifty- ninth annual session. In 1907-8 he
was president of the Neurological Society,
and on its amalgamation with the Royal
Society of Medicine he became the first
president of the corresponding section, and
died in office. For ten years he was hon.
secretary to the Association for the
Advancement of Medicine by Research.

He died from sudden cardiac failure,
on 5 Dec. 1908, at his residence in Wimpole
Street. He married on 7 Feb. 1882 Blanche
Adii u\ daughter of Dr. Thomas Robinson
Loulain, who with a son and daughter
survive him. He was buried at Hampstead
cemetery.

An enlarged photograph hangs in the
committee -room of the medical board
of the National Hospital, Queen Square,
Bloomsbury.

Becvor ranks amongst the great authori-
ties on the anatomy and diseases of the
nervous system. He possessed great intel-
lectual power, energy and industry, and
was unsurpassed in accuracy of observa-
tion. As a recorder of facts he was con-
scientious and precise. Yet he was so
imbued with scientific caution, that he
often hesitated to publish his own observa-
tions when they seemed at variance with
tradition and accepted teaching.

[Lancet, 19 Dec. 1908 ; Brit. Med. Journal,
12 Dec. 1908 ; Presidential Address, Royal
College of Physicians, 1909.] L. G.

BEIT, ALFRED (1853-1906), financier
and benefactor, born at Hamburg on
15 Feb. 1853, was eldest son of Siegfried
and Laura Beit. The father was a merchant
belonging to a well-known Hamburg
family, Jewish by race, Lutheran by religion.
' I was one of the poor Beits of Hamburg,'
the son once said, implying that another
branch was better off than his own. Beit
was educated privately, and at seventeen
rntrrr.d the Hamburg office of a firm of
South African merchants, D. Lippert &
Co., his kinsmen. With a view to qualifying
to act as a representative of the branch of
this firm, just extended from Port Eliza-
Ix-th to Kimberley at the diamond mining
(rut ic in Griqualand West, Cape Colony,
pent 1874 at Amsterdam, where ho
obtained a knowledge of the diamond
trade at first hand. Early in September
1875 he sailed for Cape Town, and pro-
oeeding to Kimberley by waggon was one
of Lippert's representatives there until
1878, when he revisited Hamburg. His
Amsterdam training enabled liim to see
that Cape diamonds, so far from deserving
their current repute of being an inferior

product, were generally as good as any in
the world, and were being sold in Africa
at a price far below their worth in Europe.
Accordingly borrowing 20002. from his
father by way of capital, he returned to
Kimberley in the same year, and set up
under his own name as a diamond merchant.
Foreseeing the growth of Kimberley, he is
said to have invested most of his capital
in purchasing ground on which he put up
a number of corrugated iron offices. For
twelve of these the rent ultimately received
by him was estimated at 18002. a month,
and later he is believed to have sold the
ground for 260,0002.

In 1882 he became associated in the
diamond business at Kimberley with J.
Porges and Julius Wernher. The latter,
who was created a baronet in 1905, was a
young Hessian who, having fought in the
Franco-German war, had come out to South
Africa as a qualified architect and surveyor.
In 1884 Porges and Wernher returned to
England and constituted the London firm of
J. Porges & Co. dealing in diamonds and
diamond shares, and after 1888 in gold
mines as well. Beit was sole representa-
tive of this firm at Kimberley until
July 1888, when he made London his
headquarters, although his subsequent
visits to Africa were frequent. On 1 Jan.
1890 the firm of Wernher, Beit & Co. re-
placed J. Porges & Co., in the same line of
business.

When settled at Kimberley, Beit made
the acquaintance of Cecil John Rhodes [q. v.
Suppl. II], and while close business relations
followed he felt the full force of Rhodes's
personality. Yielding to its fascination,
he became Ms intimate friend, accepting
his ideas and aspirations with enthusiasm.
He soon joined Rhodes on the board of
the original De Beers Diamond Company
(founded in 1880) and played an important
part in Rhodes's great scheme of the
amalgamation of the chief diamond mines
of Kimberley as De Beers Consolidated
Mines. The scheme took effect in 1888
after Beit had advanced to Rhodes without
security a sum of 250,0002. Under Rhodes's
influence, Beit, who had become a naturalised
British subject, thoroughly assimilated, de-
spite his foreign birth, the patriotic spirit of
British imperialism, and was in politics as all
else a strenuous supporter of Rhodes. His
association with Rhodes became the chief
in! crest of his life. The two men rendered
each other the best kind of mutual assist-
ance. Without Beit, Rhodes was puzzled,
or at least wearied, with the details of
business. Without Rhodes, Beit might have

Beit

128

Beit

been a mere successful gold and diamond
merchant.

Meanwhile the gold-mining activity in
the Transvaal Republic, which first began
at Barberton in 1884, had spread to the
conglomerate formation of Witwatersrand,
familiarly known as the Rand, where
Johannesburg now stands. The Rand was
declared a public gold-field on 20 September
1886. Early in 1888 Beit paid it a
visit, and before leaving Kimberley he
arranged provisionally that Hermann
Eckstein should establish a branch of his
firm on the Rand, trading as H. Eckstein
later H. Eckstein & Co. To the development
of the Transvaal gold-mines Beit signally
contributed. Perceiving the possibilities of
the Witwatersrand, he acquired a large in-
terest in the best of the outcrop mines, which
soon became valuable properties. But his
chief stroke was made in 1891, when he
revisited South Africa and illustrated his
characteristic perception of possibilities.
Adopting the suggestion, in face of much
expert scepticism, that it might be possible
not only to work the outcrop but to strike
the slanting reef by deep level shafts, at
some distance away from the outcrop, he
evolved, and devoted capital to testing,
the Great Deep Level scheme. Beit was
the first to recognise the importance of
employing first-class mining engineers.
With their aid he proved the scheme to
be practicable, and to its success the
subsequent prosperity of the Rand is
chiefly due. In the whole deep level
system Beit's firm were forerunners and
creators ; other firms followed later in
their footsteps.

Beit was deeply interested in the scheme
of northern expansion which Rhodes
had formed early in his South African
career. On the formation (24 Oct. 1889) of
the British South Africa Company for the
administration of the extensive territory
afterwards known as Rhodesia, Beit became
an original director. He first visited the
country in 1891, entering the country by
the old Tuli route, and travelling by
Victoria to Hartley. He joined later the
boards of the various Rhodesian railway
companies. His loyal support of Rhodes
had its penalties. Like all who had
a great stake in the Transvaal, he sym-
pathised with the reform movement in
Johannesburg of 1895 and shared the
general impatience with the rule of
President Kruger. Beit was concerned with
Rhodes in placing Dr. (later Sir) Starr
Jameson with an armed force on the Trans-
vaal border (Dec. 1895). After nebulous

intrigue with Johannesburg there followed
the raid into the Transvaal. Beit's share in
this blunder cost him 200,0002. Censured
for his part in the transaction by the
British South Africa committee of the
House of Commons in 1897, he re-
signed his directorship of the Chartered
Company, although the committee re-
lieved him of any suspicion that he
acted from an unworthy financial motive.
During the South African war of 1899-
1902 he spent immense sums on the
imperial light horse and on the equipment
of the imperial yeomanry, and before and
after the war he poured money into land
settlement, immigration, and kindred
schemes for the development of South
Africa.

Meanwhile Beit pursued other interests
than politics or commerce. With a genuine
love of beautiful things he formed from
1888 onwards, under the guidance of
Dr. Bode, director of the Berlin Museum,
a fine collection of pictures and works of
art, including Italian Renaissance bronzes.
He finally housed these treasures in a
mansion in Park Lane, which Eustace
Balfour built for him in 1895. Of painting
he had a thorough knowledge, and among
his pictures were the ' Prodigal Son '
series of Murillo, six pictures acquired
from Lord Dudley's Gallery, and many
of the finest examples of the Dutch and
English schools.

On Rhodes's death in March 1902 Beit
succeeded to much of his friend's position.
He became the chief figure on the boards
of the De Beers Company and of the
Chartered Company, which he rejoined in
that year. He was also one of Rhodes's
trustees under his will. In all these
capacities he faithfully endeavoured to
do what Rhodes would have done. His
health had long been feeble, and in the
autumn of 1902, when he visited South
Africa for the purpose of examining with
admirable results in the future the
organisation of Rhodesia, he had a stroke
of paralysis at Johannesburg. Through
Dr. Jameson's skill he rallied, but never
recovered. But his interests were un-
slackened. He identified himself with the
movements for a better understanding with
Germany and for tariff reform. He bore
witness to his enlightened colonial interests
by founding at Oxford in 1905 the Beit
professorship of colonial history and the
Beit assistant lectureship in colonial
history, besides giving a sum of money
to the Bodleian Library for additions to
its collections of books on colonial history,.

Beit

129

Bell

In the early spring of 1906 he was sent
to Wiesbaden on account of heart trouble.
By his own wish he was brought home to
England, a dying man, and passed away
at his country residence, Tewin Water in
Hertfordshire, on 16 July. He was buried
in the churchyard there.

Beit, who was unmarried, was survived
by his mother, two sisters, and his younger
brother Otto, and while providing liberally
for various relatives and friends he left the
residue of his fortune to his brother. At
the same time his public benefactions,
amounting in value to 2,000,0002., were
impressive alike by their generosity to
England and Germany, and by their
breadth of view. To the Imperial College
of Technology, London, was allotted 50,0002.
in cash and De Beers shares, valued at
the testator's death at 84,8432. 15s. To
Rhodesia, for purposes of education and
charity, 200,0002. was bequeathed to be
administered by trustees. King Edward's
Hospital Fund and the trustees of Guy's
Hospital were left 20,0002. each. Rhodes
University at Grahamstown received
25,0002., Rhodes Memorial Fund 10,0002.,
and the Union Jack Club, London, 10,0002.
Funds for benefactions in the Transvaal, in
Kimberley, and the Cape Colony were also
established. Two sums of 20,0002. were
left to his executors for distribution to the
charities of London and Hamburg re-
spectively. Finally 1,200,0002. passed to
trustees for the extension of railway and
telegraph communication in South Africa,
with a view to forwarding the enterprise
known as the Cape to Cairo railway. With
admirable sagacity Beit made his public
bequests elastic. Thus, while bequeathing
an estate at Hamburg as a pleasure-ground
to the people of that city, he provided
that twenty years later Hamburg might
realise the estate and apply the proceeds
to such other public objects as might
seem desirable. Two of the bequests
200,0002. for a university at Johannesburg
and 50,0002. destined for an Institute of
Medical Sciences lapsed into the residuary
estate owing to the schemes in question
being abandoned, but Mr. Otto Beit in-
timated Ms intention of devoting the
200,0002. to university education in South
Africa, and the 50,0002. was made by him
the nucleus of a fund of 215,0002., with j
which he founded in 1909 thirty Alfred
fellowships for medical research in
memory of the testator. Beit also left j
t the National Gallery the picture known
as 'Lady Cockburn and her Children,'
by Sir Joshua Reynolds ; and to the

VOL. LXVII. SUP. n.

Kaiserliche Museum in Berlin another by
Sir Joshua, * Mrs. Boone and her Daughter,'
together with his bronze statue ' Hercules '
by Pollaiuolo. His large Majolica plate
from the service of Isabella d'Este was
bequeathed to the Hamburg Museum.

A wealthy financier of abnormal intuition
and power of memory, combined with
German thoroughness of method, Beit had
nothing in common with the financial
magnate. He was no speculator in any
ordinary sense, acquiring property whether
on the Rand or elsewhere solely with the
object of seriously developing it. He did
not gamble, and advice on speculative in-
vestments which he always gave reluctantly
was far from infallible. Shy and retiring
to excess, he was devoid of social ambition,
and was little known beyond a small circle
of intimates who included men in the high
position of Lord Rosebery and Lord Hal-
dane. An active sympathy with every
form of suffering and an ardent belief in
great causes led him to distribute vast
sums of money, but his benefactions were
always made privately with rare self-
effacement. He was the target through
life for much undeserved abuse. The
terms of the will give the true measure of
his character.

A statue was unveiled at Salisbury,
Rhodesia, on 11 May 1911.

[Personal knowledge ; private information
from, among others, Mr. Otto Beit, Sir Julius
Wernher, Bart., and Sir Starr Jameson ; Sir
Lewis Michell, Life of Cecil Rhodes ; Tho
Times, 17 July and 21 July 1906 (account of
will).] C. W. B.

BELL, CHARLES FREDERIC
MOBERLY (1847-1911), manager of 'The
Times,' born in Alexandria on 2 April
1847, was youngest child of Thomas Bell,
of a firm of Egyptian merchants, who was
on his mother's side first cousin of George
Moberly [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury.
Moberly Bell's mother was Hester Louisa,
daughter of one David, by a sister of the
Miss Williams who accompanied Lady
Hester Stanhope [q. v.] on her sojourn in
the East. The two Misses Williams were,
it is said, wards of William Pitt. Lady
Hester was Mrs. Bell's godmother. An
accomplished musician and above the
average of her tune and sex in general
cultivation, Mrs. Bell first married a naval
chaplain named Dodd, and by him had a
son who became a general in the Indian
army. By her second marriage with
Thomas Bell she had four children who
grew to maturity, but only the youngest
displayed striking ability.

Bell

130

Bell

Both Bell's parents died when he was
a child, and he was sent to England to be
brought up by an aunt who lived in Clapham.
He attended for a time a little day school
in Stockwell, and afterwards went to a
school kept by the Rev. William Clayton
Greene at Wallasey in Cheshire, where he
was chiefly distinguished by his aptitude
for mathematics. He was engaged in
preparation for the Indian civil service
when he developed a tendency to con-
sumption and was sent back to Egypt
in 1865. There he entered the service
of his father's old firm, Peel & Co., in
Alexandria, and in 1873 he was admitted
as a partner.

But his heart was never in business, and
a taste and aptitude for journalism had
already asserted themselves. Even in his
schooldays he had been in the habit, it is
said, of writing to the newspapers ; and
having succeeded immediately after his
arrival in Egypt in 1865 in establishing
an informal connection with ' The Times,'
he lost no opportunity of practising his
pen as an occasional correspondent. He
left the firm of Peel & Co. in 1875, and
thenceforth devoted his main energies to
journalism. Always an omnivorous reader,
he had continued his education during the
years he spent in business and with practice
had acquired a fluent and vivacious style.
With the opening of the Suez Canal and the
adventurous finance of Ismail, the Khedive,
Egypt was now becoming a subject of
international interest, and Bell's ready and
incisive pen and access to 'The Times,'
coupled with his political insight and his
knowledge of all the actors on the stage
of Egyptian politics, soon made him a
power. In company with two friends he
founded the 'Egyptian Gazette' (1880),
long the only successful English newspaper
in Egypt. His great opportunity came with
the Arabi revolt of 1882 and the subse-
quent British occupation. He had now been
recognised by ' The Times ' as * Our own
correspondent, 1 and one of his greatest
achievements in that capacity was his
telegraphic description of the bombard-
ment of Alexandria, at which he was present
on board the Condor with Lord Charles
Beresford. In 1884, when he was about
to start with the Gordon relief expedition,
he met with a serious accident, which
detained him in hospital to his intense
chagrin '' and left him slightly lamed for
life. He continued, however, at Cairo
to play a prominent part in the events by
which the Egyptian question was gradually
unravelled. 'He was an ideal corre-

spondent,' ' The Times ' wrote of him after
his death, ' alert in observation, quick and
sagacious in judgment, prompt in execution,
rapid and yet never slovenly in composition,
never sparing himself and never letting
an opportunity slip. He knew everyone
worth knowing in Egypt, and enjoyed the
confidence of all who knew him. It is no
secret that Lord Cromer had a warm
personal regard for him and always enter-
tained a high opinion of his sagacity,
regarding his judgment on Egyptian affairs
as pre-eminently sound and exceptionally
well informed.' His interest in Egyptian
politics embraced the welfare of the Egyptian
people as well as the international relation.
He published in these years ' Khedives
and Pashas,' an appreciation of the leading
Egyptian personalities of the time, in 1884 ;
a pamphlet on ' Egyptian Finance * in
1887 ; and ' From Pharaoh to Fellah,' a
series of historical and descriptive sketches,
in 1888.

In 1890 he was summoned to England
by the chief proprietor of ' The Times ' to
take up the post of manager in succession
to John Cameron MacDonald, who had
recently died. The moment was critical
in the history of the paper, for it had suffered
a heavy loss of money and a serious blow to
its prestige during the proceedings, then
just concluded, of the Parnell commission.
Bell threw himself into the task of repairing
the damage, financial and other, with the
energy of a giant. Devotion to the interests
of ' The Times ' soon grew with him to be
a religion. He was proud of its power and
influence and of its long record of public
service, and he had a deep conviction of
the importance of upholding its best tradi-
tions and so maintaining its efficiency as a
regulating force in English public life. He
brought to his new task, at which he toiled
with little rest for the remainder of his life,
an acute and ingenious mind, great quickness
of apprehension, insight into character,
unfailing resource, and executive ability of
a high order. He laboured incessantly
to improve its business organisation.
During his management an independent
literary organ, ' Literature,' ran in associa-
tion with the newspaper from 1897 to 1901,
when it was replaced by a weekly ' Literary
Supplement ' to ' The Times ' ; other
supplements, ' Financial and Commercial '
and ' Engineering,' were subsequently
added. Bell was the first to establish a
system of wireless press messages across
the Atlantic. His interest in foreign
affairs was always especially keen, and he
was able to effect many notable improve-

Bell

ments in the organisation of ' The Times '
service in that field. He was an ardent
imperialist, and by his creation or
improvement of news services as well as
by his personal influence he did no little
to further that cause.

Bell's overflowing energies prompted him
to utilise the resources of ' The Times ' for
many enterprises that were strictly beyond
the bounds of journalism. He acquired for
the newspaper in 1895 the MS. and copy-
right of Dr. Moritz Busch's ' Bismarck :
Some Secret Pages of his History ' which
he published through Macmillans in 1898
(3 vols.)- But ' The Times ' itself under-
took an ambitious series of publications,
including ' The Times Atlas ' (1895), a reprint
of the ninth edition of the * Encyclopaedia
Britannica* (1898) with supplementary
volumes (1902-3), and the well-known
' History of the South African War.' (7 vols.,
1900-9). Another of Bell's enterprises
was c The Times ' Book Club, established in
September 1905, which provided a circulat-
ing library gratuitously for subscribers to
the newspaper, frankly with a view to
increasing its circulation. A furious con-
flict followed with publishers and book-
sellers, who deemed their interests injured
by the club's practice of selling off second-
hand copies soon after publication. Bell
defended the club's position unflinchingly,
and gave way only after two years' stubborn
resistance. In the course of the struggle he
attacked many publishing methods, and one
result of his strenuous polemic was a general
reduction in the selling price of books.

Down to 1908 * The Times ' was owned
by a large number of proprietors without
definite liability, but legal proceedings
arising out of conflicting rights compelled
in that year a reconstitution on the prin-
ciple of limited liability, and it was mainly
owing to Bell's diplomacy and exertions
that the transition was smoothly effected.
When * The Times ' publishing company
was formed in 1908 he became managing
director.

Of a commanding personality Bell was
for many years a well-known figure in
London life and society. In person he was
tall and massive of frame and of a con-
stitution that seemed never to know ill-
ness or fatigue. But unsparing labour
eventually weakened his heart, and he
died suddenly in ' The Times ' office,
while writing a letter on some question of
newspaper copyright on 5 April 1911. He
was buried in Brompton cemetery.

He married in 1875 Ethel, eldest daughter
of Rev. James Chataway, by whom he had

two sons and four daughters ; the eldest
daughter died before him.

A portrait painted by Mr. Emile Fuchs hi
1904 is in the possession of Bell's widow.

[The Times, 6 April 1911 ; Encycl. Brit.,
llth edit., s.v. Newspapers and Publishing ;
family information and personal knowledge.]

W. F. M.

BELL, HORACE (1839-1903), civil
engineer, born in London on 17 June
1839, was son of George Bell, merchant, of
Harley Street, London, by his wife Frances
Dade, of Norfolk. Educated in France
and at Louth, Lincolnshire, he began
engineering at fifteen, under Mr. John
Wilson, in Westminster, served as appren-
tice to Messrs. D. Cook & Company of
Glasgow, and spent some time later in
the workshops of the Caledonian rail-
way. After employment on the London,
Chatham and Dover railway he entered
the Indian public works department as a
probationary assistant engineer on 1 July
1862. At first he was employed on the
Grand Trunk road in the Central Provinces
(1862-70). On 1 April 1866 he became an
executive engineer, and in that capacity,
after a few months on the Chanda railway
survey, served on the Indore (1870), the
Punjab Northern (1874), the Rajputana
(1875), and Neemuch (1878) state railways.
On the opening of the Punjab Northern
in 1883 he was mentioned in the list of
officers employed, and was congratulated by
the viceroy. Promoted a superintending
engineer on 1 Jan. 1880 and a chief engi-
neer, third class, on 22 Oct. 1890, and
first class on 31 Jan. 1892, he was suc-
cessively (1881-4) chief engineer of the
Dacca-Mymensingh railway surveys, and
(1884-7) chief engineer to the Tirhoot state
railway, of which for a time he was also
manager. He received in 1887 the thanks
of the government of India for services
in connection with the completion of the
Gunduck bridge on that railway. His next
employment was as engineer-in-chief on the
surveys for the Great Western of India
and the Mogal-Serai rail ways. From 8 Aug.
1892 until his retirement in June 1894 he
was consulting engineer to the government
of India for state railways, acting for a
short time as director-general of railways.

Bell published ' Railway Policy in India *
(1894), which dealt with constructional,
financial, and administrative matters. A
paper by him, ' Recent Railway Policy in
India' (1900), was reprinted from the
4 Journal ' of the Society of Arts. For natives
of India he published at Calcutta a * Primer
on the Government of India ' (3rd edit. 1893)

Bell

132

Bell

and ' Laws of Wealth ' (1883) ; both were
adopted in government schools.

On leaving India he established himself
as a consulting engineer in London, and
under his guidance were carried out the
Southern Punjab railway (5 feet 6 inches
gauge), 1897, and the Nilgiri mountain
railway, a rack railway of metre gauge
opened in 1899 (Minutes of Proceedings
Inst. Civ. Eng. cxlv. 1). He was elected an
associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers
5 March 1867, and a member 30 Jan. 1892.
In 1897 he was elected to the council, on
which he served until his death. He died
at 114 Lexham Gardens, W., on 10 April
1903, and was buried in Brompton cemetery.
By his wife Marcia Napier Ogilvy he had
issue four sons and five daughters. One
son and three daughters survived him.

[Min. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. cliii. 3.19 ;
The Times, 11 April 1903 ; History of Services
of the Indian Public Works Department.]

W. F. S.

BELL, SIR ISAAC LOWTHIAN, first
baronet (1816-1904), metallurgical chemist
and pioneer in industrial enterprise, born
at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 15 Feb. 1816,
was eldest son (in a family of four sons
and three daughters) of Thomas Bell
(1774-1845), a native of Lowhurst, Cum-
berland, by his wife Catherine (d. 1875),
daughter of Isaac Lowthian of Newbiggin
near Carlisle. Of his brothers, Thomas
(1817-1894), who followed him in the
management of the Walker works, took an
active part in the early development of
the Cleveland salt deposits, whilst John
(1818-1888), a practical geologist, gave
valuable advice to Lowthian in con-
nection with mining properties. His sister
Mary Grace (d. 1898) married George
Routledge [q. v.], the publisher, and
Katherine (d. 1905) married William Henry
Porter (d. 1895), to whom the original idea
of the patent anchor is due.

His father removed to Newcastle in
1808 to enter the service of Messrs. Losh &
Co., merchants, who were then launching
out into the manufacture of both alkali
and iron. In after years he joined the
.firm, which became known as Messrs. Losh,
Wilson & Bell, of the Walker Ironworks,
Tyneside. The family of Bell's mother
had long been tenants of the Loshes of
Woodside, near Carlisle. To his parents'
association with the Losh family (one of
whose members in conjunction with Lord
Dundonald had pioneered the Leblanc soda
process in this country) Lowthian Bell owed
his early introduction to chemical and
metallurgical technology, then on the eve

of a period of remarkable development and
advance. His father, who early discerned
the important bearing of physical science
upon industrial problems, gave his son
an adequate training in physics and
chemistry. After completing his school
education at Bruce's Academy, Newcastle,
Bell spent some time in Germany, in Den-
mark, at Edinburgh University, and at the
Sorbonne in Paris ; finally he went to
Marseilles to study a new process for the
manufacture of alkali.

In 1835, at the age of nineteen, Lowthian
Bell entered, under his father, the office of
Messrs. Losh, Wilson & Bell, in Newcastle,
and a year later joined his father at the
firm's ironworks at Walker. In 1827
there had been erected at these works
what was considered then to be a very
powerful rolling mill capable of turning out
100 tons per week of bar iron ; the puddling
process was installed in 1833, and five
years later there was added a second mill
for rolling rails. John Vaughan, the super-
intendent of this mill, by virtue of his char-
acter and practical knowledge about iron,
exercised on the young man a powerful direct-
ing influence. In 1842, owing to a shortage
of pig iron, the firm decided to put down
a blast furnace plant, the erection of which
was carried out under Bell's superintendence.
The first furnace was designed for smelting
mill cinder, but on the addition of a second
furnace in 1844 experiments were made,
extending over twelve months, with Cleve-
land ironstone from the neighbourhood of
Grosmont. The use of Cleveland ore was
for the tune abandoned, but these initial
experiments at Walker prepared the way
for the opening-up of the Cleveland iron
industry some six years later.

In 1842 Bell married Margaret, second
daughter of Hugh Lee Pattinson [q. v.], the
chemical manufacturer. In 1850, in part-
nership with his father-in-law, he started
chemical works at Washington near Gates-
head, where he built a house and resided
for nearly twenty years.

About 1866 a single blast furnace adjoin-
ing the chemical works was built by Bell in
partnership with others, and the exhaust
steam from the blowing engines was
utilised for heating water to be used in
Pattinson's white lead process. The furnace
was blown out in 1875. There was also
established about 1860, at Washington, a
manufactory of aluminium under a very
ingenious process discovered by the dis-
tinguished French chemist St. Claire
Deville. This was the earliest and for many
years the only source of aluminium in

Bell

'33

Bell

this country. Improvements in manu-
facture rendered Deville's process obsolete,
and the works were abandoned before 1880.
In 1874 Bell sold his interest in the
Washington business to his partners, who
included Robert Stirling Newall [q. v.],
husband of his wife's sister.

Meanwhile Bell's main energies were
occupied elsewhere. On 1 Aug. 1844 he
and his two brothers, Thomas and John,
leased a blast furnace at Wylam-on-Tyne
from Christopher Blackett, thus inaugu-
rating the firm of Bell Brothers, and next
year, on the death of his father, Lowthian
Bell also assumed the chief direction of the
Walker works. The furnace at Wylam
had been built in 1836 on lines typical of its
epoch, and it continued in working until
1863, when it was finally blown out.

At Wylam the trials of Cleveland ore
which Bell had begun at Walker continued
under his direction. Before long Messrs.
Bolckow & Vaughan, at their Witton Park
furnaces (county Durham), commenced
to smelt Cleveland ore with such success
that they decided to erect three blast
furnaces near Middlesbrough in close
proximity to the new ore supplies. Bell
was not slow to profit by this example.
In 1852 his firm acquired a lease, from the
Ward-Jackson family, of important ore
supplies at Normanby, and ultimately,
in 1854, they started their Clarence works,
with three blast furnaces, on the north
bank of the Tees opposite Middlesbrough,
then a very small and newly incorporated
borough. The only rival works in the
district were those of Messrs. Bolckow,
Vaughan & Company and of Messrs. Coch-
rane & Company. These three firms were
the pioneers of the Cleveland industry.

Early difficulties arose over the carriage
of the ore. Messrs. Bolckow & Vaughan
supported the endeavour of the Stockton
and Darlington Railway Company, an
undertaking in which Messrs. Joseph and
Hmry Pease had a very large interest
[see PEASE, EDWARD], to monopolise
the carriage of the whole of the Cleve-
land ironstone. In becoming lessees of
the Normanby royalty and in building
the works at Clarence the Bells had asso-
ciated themselves with Ralph Ward Jack-
son, the younger brother of the tenant for
life of the Normanby estate. Jackson had
11 an active part in the development
of the West Hartlepool Harbour and
Railway Company, which had acquired
collieries in the county of Durham. In
the result Messrs. Bell joined Jackson in
promoting the construction of another

railway, the Cleveland Railway, to bring
the ironstone to the banks of the Tees.
The first portion of this railway, seven
miles in length, ran from Normanby
through the Jackson estate to the Nor-
manby jetty on the river Tees, where
the ironstone was shipped in barges to a
wharf at Clarence on the Durham side.
Parliamentary sanction was only obtained
after repeated severe and expensive contests.
It is said that the seven miles of railway
cost the builders 35,000/. in Parliamentary
expenses alone. A proposed extension of
the railway from Normanby to Skelton
and then to Lof tus with a view to developing
other property was again the subject of
very severe Parliamentary contests. The
result, however, was commensurate with
the expenditure, for the great field of iron-
stone lying to the south and east of Guis-
borough was thereby opened. The Skelton
extension of the railway enabled Bell
Brothers to obtain in 1858 an important
tract of ironstone on the Skelton estate.
There the little-known bed of ironstone,
ten feet thick, had been reckoned so far from
any railway that it would ruin anyone who
undertook to work it. Limestone quarries
were also acquired in Weardale, until
ultimately the firm owned all the supplies
of raw material required for their Clarence
works.

A great depression of trade followed
the Cleveland developments. Jackson's
speculative enterprises were ruined, and
the West Hartlepool Harbour and Rail-
way Company went into liquidation. Bell
Brothers acquired certain of the company's
colliery properties and these the firm
subsequently developed largely and added
others to them. The North Eastern
Railway Company took over the railway
and harbour, and also purchased by nego-
tiation the Cleveland railway. As a part
of the transaction Lowtliian Bell became
a director of the North Eastern in 1865, and
held the office till death.

Subsequently Bell's firm turned its
attention to the manufacture of steel.
As a result of experiments on a large scale
for the utilisation of Cleveland pig iron in
the manufacture of steel, open hearth
furnaces were erected at Clarence, and steel
was first made there in Jan. 1889. After
carrying on the manufacture for two years,
Bell and his partners satisfied themselves
of the feasibility of their plan, and entering
nto negotiation with Messrs. Dorman, Long
& Co., a leading firm of manufacturers who
were among the first to manufacture rolled
steel girders in this country, they formed in

Bell

'34

Bell

1899 an amalgamation, and important steel
works were built at Clarence. The Clarence
works are now producing about 1000 tons
of pig iron daily, and 4000 tons of ingots
and 2400 tons of finished steel weekly.

Yet another industry was added later
to the wide range of the firm's activities.
The discovery (during boring operations
for water) of rock salt at a depth of 1200
feet below the surface on the south side
of the river Tees by Messrs. Bolckow &
Vaughan in 1862 induced Messrs. Bell Bros.,
in 1874, to sink a bore-hole near their
Clarence works. The result was that salt
was encountered at a depth of 1127 feet
below the surface ; the salt bed at this
point being about eighty feet thick and
estimated to contain about 200,000 tons to
the acre. It was not, however, until 1881,
when Thomas Bell suggested (after inde-
pendent thought) the adoption of a special
mode of winning the salt, which (as he sub-
sequently found) had been long practised
near Nancy, that the firm proceeded to
realise this new asset. Two years later
they were making 320 tons of salt per week.
The firm of Bell Brothers in all its branches
became in Lowthian Bell's lifetime a
gigantic concern employing in its mines,
collieries, and ironworks some 6000 work-
people. Bell was always active in numerous
directions beyond the immediate and varied
calls of business. He constantly travelled
abroad, and closely studied the conditions
of iron manufacture in foreign countries,
especially in America. His work in applied
science almost excelled in importance his
labours as an industrial pioneer. In both
capacities his eminence was soon universally
acknowledged. Taking an active part in
the establishment of the Iron and Steel
Institute in 1869, he filled the office of
president during 1873-5, and was the first
recipient of the Bessemer gold medal in
1874. He helped to found in 1888 the
Institution of Mining Engineers, of which
he was president in 1904. He was also
president of the Institution of Mechanica]
Engineers (1884), of the British Iron Trade
Association in 1886 and of the Society of
Chemical Industry (1889). In 1895 he was
awarded the Albert medal of the Society
of Arts, and in 1900 the George Stephen-
son medal from the Institution of Civil
Engineers, as well as a Telford premium
for a paper on rails in Great Britain.

Bell's scientific attainments rank very
high. ' For the last fifty years of his life
he had few superiors in general knowledge
of chemical metallurgy and he was an
unrivalled authority on the blast furnace

and the scientific processes of its operation *
cf. Roy. Soc. Proc. 1907, p. xvii). Between
.869 and 1894 he embodied in papers in
<he Iron and Steel Institute's * Journal '
)he results of exhaustive experimental re-
searches. Among the most important
vere : * The Development of Heat and
ts Appropriation in Blast Furnaces of
Different Dimensions ' (1869) ; ' Chemical
Phenomena of Iron Smelting ' (1871 and
1872) ; ' The Sum of Heat utilised in
smelting Cleveland Ironstone ' (1875) ;
' The Separation of Carbon, Silicon, Sulphur,
and Phosphorus, in the Refining and
Puddling Furnace, and in the Bessemer
Converter ' (1877) ; ' The Separation of
Phosphorus from Pig Iron' (1878); and
' On the Value of Excessive Addition to the
Temperature of the Air used in Smelting
Iron' (1883).

The outcome of Bell's experimental
researches upon blast furnace practice, in
which he was assisted by Dr. C. R. A.
Wright, was published in 1872 in his
classical * Chemical Phenomena of Iron
Smelting ; an experimental and practical
examination of the circumstances which
determine the capacity of the blast furnace,
the temperature of the air and the proper
condition of the materials to be operated
upon ' (translated into French, German and
Swedish). In his research on the blast fur-
nace he had taken full advantage of contem-
porary research and invention and advanced
beyond them. He explained the economy
of hot blast which James Beaumont Neilson
[q. v.] demonstrated in 1828, and indicated
the limits beyond which it could not be
pushed in practice ; Bunsen and Playfair,
by the analysis of the gases at various
levels of the furnace, had proved the main
source of avoidable loss in current blast
practice, and had elucidated the chemistry
of the process ; Bell amplified and com-
pleted their work both by establishing a
true basis for estimating the ' heat balance '
of the furnace, and by determining once and
for all the main sequence of the chemical
changes as the descending charge of ore,
fuel, and flux met the ascending furnace
gases ; finally he supplemented the inven-
tions of regenerative stoves made during
1860-5 by Edward Alfred Cowper (d. 1895)
and Thomas Whitwell, which rendered
high blast temperatures possible and led to
the construction of much larger furnaces ;
Bell demonstrated on scientific grounds how
far the furnace dimension could be increased
in the interest of fuel economy, apart
from any purely mechanical difficulties.
In his book he fully expounded the various

Bell

135

Bell

lavs which regulate the process of iron-
smelting. He showed that no advantage
can possibly accrue from an increase in
height or capacity of the furnace beyond the
limits which would permit of the gases
leaving the throat at a temperature of
about 300 centigrade. The accumulated
experience of the forty years since Bell wrote
has abundantly confirmed the general
validity of his conclusions.

Beil's next separate publications were
the fruit of his study of the American iron
industry. Their titles were * Notes of a
Visit to Coal and Iron Mines and Works in
the United States' (1875), and ' Report on
the Iron Manufacture of the United States
of America, and a Comparison of it with that
of Great Britain' (1877). To a volume on
the American industry, published by the
Iron and Steel Institute in 1890, he con-
tributed a paper, ' On the American Iron
Trade and its Progress during Sixteen Years.'
In 1884 was published, in London and
New York, Bell's second great scientific
treatise, * The Principles of the Manu-
facture of Iron and Steel,' for which he
received in 1892 the Howard quinquennial
prize of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
He had acted as a juror at the Paris Exhibi-
tion of 1878, when he received the legion of
honour, and this work was his report made
at the request of the board of management
of the British Iron Trade Association, on
the condition of the manufacture of iron
and steel, as illustrated by the Paris ex-
hibits. The book reviewed the economic
condition of the industry as well as the
scientific aspects of the actual manufactur-
ing processes. At the close he made an
authoritative comparison of the economic
conditions of the principal iron- producing
countries, a favourite subject of his study,
while a suggestive review of the problems
connected with the elimination of im
purities from pig iron included an account
of his own experiments on the phosphorus
elimination in the manufacture of steel
in the Bessemer converter [see THOMAS,
SIDNEY GILCHBIST]. Bell evolved a method
of elimination which was for a time used
at Woolwich, at Krupp's works in Essen
(where, however, it had been independently
invented), and also in the United States
But it was superseded by the final develop
ment of the basic Bessemer process patentee
by Messrs. Thomas & Gilchrist in 1879.

Bell also found time for many offices
in public life. He was twice mayor o:
Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1854-5 and again in
1862-3, and deputy lieutenant and high
sheriff for the county of Durham in

884. In 1868 he contested in the liberal
interest without success the constituency
f North Durham, but was returned with
Sir) Charles Mark Palmer [q. v. Suppl. II]
n 14 Feb. 1874. This election was
declared void on petition, and Bell was
defeated at the following bye-election.
On 29 July 1875 he was, however, returned
!or the Hartlepools, and he sat in parlia-
ment for that constituency till the dissolu-
tion of 1880, but took little part in its
proceedings. In recognition of his many
services to science and industry, he was
lectedF.R.S. in 1875, and on 21 July 1885,
on the nomination of Gladstone, he re-
ceived a baronetcy. He was made an hon.
D.C.L. of Durham (1882), LL.D. of Edin-
rargh (1893) and Dublin, and D.Sc. of Leeds
University (1904). He was an active
promoter and supporter of the Armstrong
College at Newcastle, and a tower which he
*ave to the building is called by his name.

His intellectual vigour was unimpaired to
the end of his long life ; he died on 20 Dec.
1904 at his residence, Rounton Grange,
Nbrthallerton, and was buried at Rounton.

Bell's wife died in 1886, and in her memory
ae dedicated to public uses his house,
Washington Hall, and its grounds ; it is now
used as a home for waifs and strays of that
city under the name of Dame Margaret's
Home. Of his two sons and three daughters
biis eldest son, Hugh Bell, succeeded him
both in the baronetcy and in the direction
of the firm. His second son, Charles
Lowthian, 6. 24 March 1853, died on 8 Feb.
1906. His second daughter married the
Hon. Edward Lyulph Stanley, now Lord
Sheffield.

Bell's portrait was twice painted by
Henry Tanworth Wells in 1865 and in
1894; the earlier picture now belongs to
Lord Sheffield, and the later picture was
presented by * friends in Great Britain,
Europe and America ' to the corporation of
Middlesbrough. Sir Hugh Bell possesses
a replica of the second portrait, together
with a painting by Sir William Richmond,
R.A., which was presented to Bell by the
electors of the Hartlepools. A fifth portrait,
by Frank Bramley, A.R.A., was painted
for the North Eastern Railway Company,
and is in the company's offices at York.

[Proc. Roy. Soc., 1907, A. xv; Journ.
Iron and Steel Inst., 1904, ii. 426 ; Trans.
Inst. Min. Eng., 1905 ; Engineering, 23 Dec.
1904 ; also Mr. Greville Jones's papers, Messrs.
Bell Bros. Blast Furnaces from 1844 to 1908
in Journ. Iron and Steel Inst., 1908, iii. 59 ;
Burke's Baronetage ; private information.]

W. A. B.

Bell

136

Bell

BELL, JAMES (1824-1908), chemist
born in co. Armagh in 1824, was educated
privately and at University College
London, where he studied mathematic
and chemistry, the latter under Dr. Alex
ander William Williamson [q. v. Suppl. II"
In 1846 he became an assistant in th
Inland Revenue Laboratory at Somerse
House, which had been established to carrj
out the provisions of the Tobacco Act o
1842, and was successively deputy princi
pal from 1867 to 1874, and principal fron
1874 till his resignation in 1894. The worl
of the laboratory was not long restrictec
to the examination of tobacco, but wa.
extended to the value of brewing materials
the denaturing of alcohol for use in manu
facture, and other matters affecting the
excise. When the Food and Drugs Act o
1872 was amended in 1875, Bell was made
chemical referee when disputed analyses o:
food were brought before the magistrates
In this capacity he elaborated method:
for analysing chemically such articles o
food as came within the operation of the
Act, and in this work he made a high
scientific reputation. Bell was also con-
sulting chemist to the Indian government
186994. His researches into the grape
and malt ferments were published in the
'Excise Officers' Manual' (1865) and in the
'Journal of the Chemical Society' in 1870.
Many of his general results were embodied
in his work on ' The Analysis and Adulter-
ation of Foods' (3 pts. 1881-3; German
transl., Berlin, 1882-5). His ' Chemistry
of Tobacco' (1887) is another valuable scien-
tific study. Bell's work was recognised
in 1884 by his election as F.R.S., and he
obtained the degree of Ph.D. from Er-
langen in 1882 and received the hon. D.Sc.
from the Royal University of Ireland
(1886). He was made C.B. in 1889. He
was a member of the Playfair committee
on British and foreign spirits, and served
as president of the Institute of Chemistry
188&-91. Bell died at Hove on 31 March
1908, and was buried at Ewell. He
married in 1858 Ellen (d. 1900), daughter
of W. Reece of Chester, and left issue one
son, Sir William James Bell, alderman of
the London county council (1903-7), who
possesses a portrait in oils of his father,
painted by W. V. Herbert in 1886.

[Proc. Roy. Soc., 82A 1909, p. v ; Analyst,
xxxui. 157 ; Nature, Ixxvii. 539 ; The Times,
2 April 1908.] R. s

BELL, VALENTINE GRAEME (1839-
1908), civil engineer, born in London on
27 June 1839, was youngest son of William
Bell, merchant, of Aldersgate Street,

London, who was subsequently official
assignee in bankruptcy. Educated at
private schools, and apprenticed in 1855
to Messrs. Wren & Hopkinson, engineers,
of Manchester, he became in 1859 a pupil
of (Sir) James Brunlees [q. v. Suppl. I].
For Brunlees he was resident engineer in
1863-5 on the Cleveland railway in York-
shire, and in 1866-8 on the Mont Cenis
railway (on the Fell system), for which he
superintended the construction of special
locomotives in Paris in 1869-70. While
in charge of the Mont Cenis line he rebuilt
for the French government the route
imperiale between St. Jean de Maurienne
and Lanslebourg after its destruction by
flood. He was elected a member of the
Institution of Civil Engineers on 4 May
1869. In 1871 he set up in private practice
in London. In 1872-5 he carried out
waterworks at Cadiz for a company which
failed and involved him pecuniarily. With
Sir George Barclay Bruce [q. v. Suppl. II]
he constructed, during the same period, a
railway for the Compagnie du chemin de
fer du vieux port de Marseille.

In 1880 Bell took service under the
colonial office in Jamaica, where his chief
professional work was done. Until 1883
he was engaged in reconstructing the
government railway in Jamaica between
Kingston and Spanish Town, extending the
line to Ewarton and Porus, and later to
Montego Bay and Port Antonio. The
governor, Sir Henry Norman, who re-
cognised Bell's capacity and energy, ap-
pointed him in 1886 a member of the
legislative council. Next year he became
director of public works and held the office
'or nearly twenty-one years with admirable
results. Under his direction the mileage
of good roads was extended from 800 to
near 2000 ; 110 bridges and most of the
modern public buildings were built, and
works for water-supply, drainage, and
ighting were carried out. He unsuccessfully
>pposed with characteristic frankness the
transfer, in 1889, of the government railways
;o an American syndicate, which proved a
ailure, the government resuming possession
n 1900. He was made C.M.G in 1903.
Bell resigned his appointment in March
.908, and returned to England in failing
tealth. He died in London on 29 May 1908.
He married (1) in 1864 Rebecca (d.
868), daughter of Alexander Bell Filson,
ID. ; and (2) in 1882 Emilie Georgina,
laughter of Frances Robertson Lynch,
lerk of the legislative council of Jamaica.
3y his first marriage he had a daughter
nd a son, Archibald Graeme, now director

Bellamy

137

Bellamy

of public works in Trinidad, and by his
second marriage he had two daughters
and a son.

[Min. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. clxxii. ; The
Times, 1 June 1908.] \V. F. S.

BELLAMY, JAMES (1819-1909),
President of St. John's College, Oxford,
born on 31 Jan. 1819 in the school house of
Merchant Taylors' School, then in Suffolk
Lane, was elder son in the family of two
sons and three daughters of James William
Bellamy, B.D. The father (of an old
Huguenot family settled in Norfolk and
Lincolnshire) was headmaster of Merchant
Taylors' School from 1819 to 1845. His
mother was Mary, daughter of Thomas
Cherry, B.D., headmaster of Merchant
Taylors' School, London, from 1795
to 1819. In 1822 the father, while
still headmaster, became vicar of Sellinge,
Kent, a living which he held till his
death in 1874. The son James entered
Merchant Taylors' School in June 1826.
' The Merchant Taylors' Magazine ' 1833^
contains three poems by him. On 11 June
1836 he was elected scholar (leading
to a fellowship) at St. John's College,
Oxford, matriculating on 27 June. In
1841 Bellamy graduated B.A., with a
second class in classics and a first class in
mathematics. He proceeded M.A. in 1845,
B.D. in 1850, andD.D.in 1872 ; was ordained
deacon in 1842 and priest in 1843, and
settled down to the ordinary life of a college
' don.' He held the college offices in turn,
made a very efficient bursar in his year
of office, was a successful tutor (but had
no belief in supplying his pupils with
knowledge ready made), and until 1871
was precentor, with charge of the choristers,
the college having a foundation for
choral service [see PADDY, SIB WILLIAM].
He was a keen and capable musician, a
devoted admirer of Handel, and a friend
of John Hullah [q. v.] and other musicians.
His fine collection of music was given in
trust, after his death, by his sister, Mrs.
Tylden, to form the nucleus of an historical
library of music in Oxford.

Bellamy took a prominent part from the
first in the general life of Oxford. He was
librarian of the Union Society in 1841,
and became an important member of the
conservative party in the university.
Without professing full sympathy with the
tractarians, he was an admirer of J. H.
Newman, whose sermons at St. Mary's
he attended, and was intimate with Charles
Marriott, Dr. Pusey, and their friends,
and he supported them by his vote in
congregation. He was in later years

regarded as Dr. Pusey's adviser in academic
matters. He examined for the university,
and occasionally took private pupils. One
of these was Robert Gascoyne Cecil,
afterwards Marquis of Salisbury [q. v.
Suppl. II], with whom he remained on
cordial terms till his death. During the
vacations he occasionally visited Germany,
where he studied music, but his home was
with his father in Kent.

Shortly before the death, on 4 Nov. 1871,
of Dr. Wynter, the President of St. John's,
he accepted the college living of Crick,
Northamptonshire ; but he never entered
upon the duties, being elected President
of his college on 7 Dec. 1871. In that
capacity he actively controlled its business
for over thirty years. Serious financial em-
barrassments from time to time threatened
its prosperity, but his coolness helped to
surmount the difficulties. When in 1888 it
was necessary to reduce the emoluments of
all members of the foundation by 22 per
cent., Bellamy made good the deficiency,
out of his own purse, to all the open
scholars of the college, and, in conjunction
with the Merchant Taylors' Company, to
those from Merchant Taylors' School.
This benefaction was continued until the
need ceased.

With the Merchant Taylors' Company
the old-standing relations of the college
were especially cordial during Bellamy's
presidentship. He delighted in his annual
visit to the school on * Election Day '
(11 June), and at the dinner with the
company in the evening he always
spoke both thoughtfully and wittily. On
25 June 1894 the court bestowed on him
the honorary freedom of the company.
He was admitted on 14 July.

Meanwhile at Oxford Bellamy won an
influential position, mainly due to his
determined and straightforward character,
his capacity for business, and his entire
absence of self-assertion and self-seeking.
He was a member of the university
commission 1877-9, and a constant
attendant at its sessions, criticising
the proposed reforms with acuteness,
and presenting a bold front to any change
which he regarded as revolutionary in the
statutes either of his own college or of
the university. A scheme presented by
the college in December 1877, which pro-
posed to retain the clerical restriction for
the presidentship and for one-tliird of the
fellowships, was rejected, but the connec-
tion made by Sir Thomas White [q. v.],
1555, with certain schools, was retained.
From 1874 till 1907 Bellamy was a

Bellew

138

Bellew

member of the hebdomadal council.
From 1886 to 1890 he was vice-
chancellor in succession to Benjamin
Jowett, whom he had known from child-
hood but with whom he disagreed on almost
every subject. In both positions he
exercised sound judgment, clearly and
trenchantly expressed. From 1895 to 1907
he held the sinecure rectory of Leckford,
Hampshire, paying the income into the
college funds. For many years he was
leader of the conservative political party
in Oxford, and meetings at the times of
contested elections were held in his house.
Till extreme old age, Bellamy retained his
powers. An admirable raconteur, with a
great fund of reminiscence, he was a
genial host, and a pointed speaker at college
gatherings, whose sharp criticism and wit
were never tinged with ill-nature. Up to
his ninetieth year he sang the service in the
college chapel on stated days, in perfect
tune and with remarkable power of voice.
Failing health led him to resign the presi-
dentship on 24 June 1909. Retiring to
Ingoldisthorpe Manor, the Norfolk property
which he had inherited from an uncle, and
where he had proved himself an admirable
landlord, he died there on 25 Aug. 1909.
He was buried in the churchyard adjoining
his garden. His estate was sworn at over
300,OOOZ. His portrait, painted by Frank
Holl, R.A., presented in 1887, is in the hall
of St. John's College, Oxford, and a drawing
by W. Strang, A.R.A., executed in 1907,
is in the common room. A mural tablet
is in the college chapel.

[W. H. Hutton, History of St. John Baptist
College; The Times, 28 'August 1909; Court
Minutes of the Merchant Taylors' Company ;
Register of St. John's College, Oxford ; private
information.] W. H. H.

BELLEW, HAROLD KYRLE (1855-
1911), actor, was youngest son of John
Chippendall Montesquieu Bellew [q. v.].
Born at Prescot, Lancashire, on 28 March
1855, he was educated at the Royal Grammar
School, Lancaster, and though originally
intended for the army, he drifted into the
navy, and for some time served on the
training ship Conway under Sir Digby
Murray, leaving it for the merchant service,
in which he remained intermittently for
several years. Subsequently he went to
Australia, and during a four years' sojourn
amid very varied employment made his
first appearance as an actor, appearing at
Solferino, New South Wales, in 1874, as
Eglinton Roseleaf in T. J. Williams's old
farce ' Turn Him Out.' He returned to
England in August 1875, and almost

immediately secured an engagement with
Helen Barry, making his first appear-
ance on the English stage at the Theatre
Royal, Brighton, on 30 Aug. 1875, as Lord
Woodstock in Tom Taylor's ' Lady Clan-
carty,' performing under the name of
Harold Kyrle, by which he was known
until the end of 1878. Coming to London,
he made his London debut at the old Park
Theatre, Camden Town, on 16 Oct. 1875, as
Roseleaf in * Turn Him Out,' and was
next engaged at the Haymarket Theatre,
where he first appeared on 17 Jan. 1876 as
Paris in * Romeo and Juliet,' with Adelaide
Neilson [q. v.]. He was then engaged
by the Bancrofts for the old Prince of
Wales's theatre in Tottenham Street.
Returning to the Haymarket, he made
his first notable success there on 3 Feb.
1877, when he played Belvawney in
Gilbert's comedy ' Engaged.' The follow-
ing year he supported Adelaide Neilson
as leading man in ' Measure for Measure,'
' Twelfth Night,' and other plays.

In Dec. 1878 he was engaged by (Sir)
Henry Irving for the opening of his Lyceum
management, and there he played Osric in
' Hamlet,' Glavis in ' The Lady of Lyons,'
and De Beringhen in ' Richelieu.' In Sept.
1879 he joined Marie Litton's company
at the old Imperial Theatre, achieving
success as Frederick in George Colman's
comedy ' The Poor Gentleman ' and Jack
Absolute in ' The Rivals,' while his
Orlando in ' As You Like It ' was univer-
sally regarded as one of his best efforts.
Subsequently he was seen to advantage in
London as Charles Surface in * The School
for Scandal ' and in less important parts,
while in the provinces he achieved success
with his own company as Fabien and
Louis in ' The Corsican Brothers ' and
as Romeo. Leaving for New York in
1885, he played at Wallack's Theatre there,
chiefly in old comedy parts.

After his return to London in 1887 he
commenced at the Gaiety Theatre, on
27 June, a long artistic association with
Mrs. Brown-Potter. Forming a company
in the autumn, they toured for ten years
through England, Australia, America,
South Africa, and the Far East, their
repertory including such plays as
' Antony and Cleopatra,' * Romeo and
Juliet,' * Camille,' * She Stoops to Conquer,'
' As You Like It,' ' La Tosca,' and ' David
Garrick.' Brief appearances in London
during this period were made in three
plays of his own composition : ' Hero and
Leancbr,' at the Shaftesbury, June 1902;
' Francillon,' at the Duke of York's, Sept.

Bellows

139

Bellows

1897; and Marat in 'Charlotte Corday,'
as well as in Sims and Buchanan's * The
Lights of Home,' at the Adelphi, July 1892,
and Claude Melnotte in ' The Lady of
Lyons,' at the Adelphi, Jan.-Feb. 1898.

At the termination of his partnership
with Mrs. Brown-Potter he appeared at the
Criterion, Nov. 1898, with (Sir) Charles
Wyndham, in ' The Jest,' but soon rejoined
Irving at the Lyceum (April 1899), where he
appeared as Olivier in Sardou's ' Robes-
pierre.' Later in the year he returned
to Australia, and interested himself in
mining ventures, which proved profitable.
From Jan. 1902, when he reappeared at
Wallack's Theatre, New York, until his
death he was entirely associated with the
American stage. His new parts, which
were few, included Raffles, in the play of
that name (1903), Brigadier Gerard (1906),
and Richard Voysin in 'The Thief (1907).

Belle w was an actor of ease and distinc-
tion, with a beautiful voice, handsome, clear-
cut features, and a courtly bearing. He died
of pneumonia while on tour at Salt Lake
City, Utah, on 2 Nov. 1911, and was buried
in a cemetery on the Boston Post Road,
New York. He was unmarried.

[Personal recollections ; private corre-
spondence ; The Theatre, Nov. 1882 and Dec.
1897 (with photographs) ; M.A.P., 13 Sept.
1902 ; The Green Room Book, 1909 ; The
Bancrofts' Recollections, 1909; New York
Dramatic Mirror, 8 Nov. 1911 (with portrait);
The Stage, 9 Nov. 1911 ; New York
Dramatic News, 18 Nov. 1911 (with portrait).]

J. P.

BELLOWS, JOHN (1831-1902), printer
and lexicographer, born at Liskeard, Corn-
wall, on 18 Jan. 1831, was elder son of
William Lamb Bellows by his wife Hannah,
daughter of John Stickland, a Wesleyan
preacher. The father, of nonconformist
stock, joined the Society of Friends soon
after his marriage, and started a school in
1841 at Cam borne, Cornwall, from which
he retired in 1858 ; removing to Gloucester,
he died there in December 1877 ; he
published a memoir of his father-in-law
(1838 ; 3rd edit. 1855), educational treatises,
and pamphlets on quaker principles.

After education by his father, John was
apprenticed to a printer at Camborne at
fourteen. In 1851 he became foreman of
a small printing business in Gloucester,
and in 1858 started for himself, intro-
ducing the first steam engine in the town.
His business prospered and grew to
large dimensions. Meanwhile he studied
philology, mastered French, soon made
the acquaintance of Max Muller [q. v.],

and opened a correspondence with Oliver
Wendell Holmes, which lasted twenty-five
years, and with Prince Lucien Bonaparte,
rtie philologist. A rapid journey abroad
n 1863 impressed Bellows with the need
of extending the supply of dictionaries in a
portable form. In 1867 he compiled and
printed on strong thin paper, made by a
Scots firm for Confederate banknotes
which had failed to run the Charleston
blockade, his ' Outline Dictionary for
Missionaries, Explorers, and Students of
Language.' Max Muller compiled a key
alphabet and an introduction. There
followed an * English Outline Vocabulary
of Chinese, Japanese and other Languages '
(1868), and ' Tous les Verbes, French and
English ' (5th thousand 1869).

In 1870 he helped to distribute in France
a fund raised by the Friends for non-
combatant sufferers at the seat of the
Franco-German war, and described his ex-
perience in letters to his wife published as
' The Track of the War round Metz' (1871).
He was already (since 1861) working hard
with the aid of French friends on a pocket
' French-English Dictionary.' The first
edition of 6000, printed entirely by hand in
12mo, mostly in diamond type, appeared
in 1872. It was dedicated to Prince Lucien
Bonaparte. French-English and English-
French vocabularies were both printed on
the same page. The title ran * The Bona
Fide Pocket Dictionary, Le Vrai Diction-
naire de Poche, on an entirely new System,
revised and corrected by Auguste Beljame,
B.A., Alexandre Beljame, M.A., and John
Sibree, M.A., 1872.' The issue was ex-
hausted in twelve months ; a second edition
with many new features was published in
1876, and an enlarged edition was issued
by Bellows's son, William Bellows, with the
assistance of MM. Marrot and Friteau, in
1911.

Bellows studied archaeology as well as
philology, interesting himself in Palestine
exploration as well as in that of Roman
Britain. When making excavations for
building new business premises at East-
gate House, Gloucester, in 1873, he dis-
covered traces of the Roman city wall (see
his papers in Proc. Cotteswold Naturalists'
Field Club 1875, and Trans. Bristol and
Gloucester Archceol. Soc. 1876, i. 153-6).
In 1892 he and a Friend, J. J. Neave, went
on a mission to the persecuted dissenters,
the Dukhobortsi (spirit- wrestlers), in Russia,
who had refused to bear arms. Bellows
travelled through the Caucasus nearly to
the Persian frontier, and paid two visits to
Count Tolstoi, with whom he corresponded

Bemrose

140

Bemrose

to the end of his life. Four years later he
again visited Tolstoi while making plans
on behalf of a committee of Friends for
the transportation to Cyprus and Canada
of the Dukhobortsi. In May 1901 he
visited New England, where his friends
were numerous, and he received from
Harvard University in June the honorary
degree of M.A.

He died at his house on the Cotteswold
Hills on 5 May 1902, and was buried at
Painswick. Bellows wore to the end the
quaker dress, and used the simple language
in vogue in his youth. He was a teetotaller,
and a vegetarian from 1890. He married
in January 1869, at Clitheroe, Lancashire,
Elizabeth, daughter of Mark Earnshaw,
surgeon, of that place. His wife, four sons,
and five daughters survived him.

Besides works already mentioned and
papers in antiquarian periodicals, Bellows
published : 1. ' A Winter Journey fron
Gloucester to Norway in 1863,' 1867

2. ' Two Days' Excursion to Llanthony
Abbey and the Black Mountains,' 1868

3. ' Ritualism or Quakerism ? and Who
sent thee to baptise ? ' 1870. 4. ' A
Week's Holiday in the Forest of Dean,
1881, many times reprinted. 5. * Chapters
of Irish History,' 1886. 6. ' William Lucy
and his Friends of the Cotteswold Club
Thirty-five Years Ago,' 1894. 7. ' Evolu
tion in the Monastic Orders, and Survivals
of Roman Architecture in Britain ' (' Proc
Ootteswold Naturalists' Field Club'), 1898
8. 'The Truth about the Transvaal War
and the Truth about War,' 1900, translated
into French and German,

He was the inventor of a cylindrical
calculator for rapid and accurate reckoning
of workmen's wages, and compiled a series
of concentric calculators for converting
the metric system into English equivalents
and vice versa.

[Life and Letters, by his wife, 1904 ; Morse's
Life of 0. W. Holmes, 1896; Life of Max
Miiller, 1902, vol. i. ; Hoar's Autobiography,
ii. 449; Nature, 1902, Ixvi. 113; Elkinton's
Doukhobors in Russia, 1903 ; The Times,
6 May 1902 ; Boase and Courtney, Biblio-
theca Cornubiensis, i. 20 ; Smith's Catalogue
of Friends' Books.] C. F. S.

BEMROSE, WILLIAM (1831-1908),
writer on wood-carving, born at Derby on
30 Dec. 1831, was second son in a family
of three sons and one daughter of William
Bemrose of Derby, founder in 1827 of the
printing and publishing firm of William
Bemrose & Sons of Derby and London.
His mother was Elizabeth Ride of Lich-
field. His elder brother, Henry Howe

Bemrose (1827-1912), was conservative
member of parliament for Derby from 1895
to 1900 and was knighted in 1897.

After education at King William's
College in the Isle of Man, Bemrose, like
his ^ brother Henry, joined his father's
business. The business, which .passed to
the management of the two brothers on
their father's retirement in 1857, grew
rapidly in all directions. A publishing
house was established in London, with
branch offices at Leeds and Manchester, and
the printing works were repeatedly extended,
Bemrose, although always active in the
printing business, pursued many other
interests. In middle life he became a
director of the Royal Crown Derby Porce-
lain Works, and thus helped to revive an
important local industry.

Bemrose chiefly devoted his leisure to
travel and to a study of varied forms of
art, on which he wrote with much success.
Practising in early life artistic pastimes like
wood-carving, fret-cutting, and modelling in
clay, he compiled useful manuals concerning
them for the instruction of amateurs which
were well illustrated and circulated widely.
The chief of these was his 'Manual of
Wood-carving' (1862), the first work of
its kind in England, which attained standard
rank, reaching a twenty-second edition in
1906. There followed 'Fret-cutting and
Perforated Carving ' (Derby, 1868) ; ' Buhl
Work and Marquetry' (1872); 'Paper
Rosette Work and how to Make it ' (1873) ;
' Instructions in Fret-cutting with Designs '
(1875) ; and ' Mosaicon : or Paper Mosaic
and how to Make it ' (1875).

Meanwhile Bemrose's association with
the local pottery led him to publish three
authoritative works on china. The first,
' The Pottery and Porcelain of Derbyshire '
(1870), he wrote in collaboration with
A. Wallis. But ' Bow, Chelsea and Derby
Porcelain' (1898) and ' Longton Hall
Porcelain ' (1906) were solely his own.

Bemrose was also a clever amateur
painter in oils and water-colours and
collected pictures, china, and articles of
' vertu,' especially rare specimens of
Egyptian art, which he acquired on visits
to the East. In 1885 he published a
sumptuously illustrated and finely printed
' Life and Work of Joseph Wright, A.R.A.,
commonly called Wright of Derby.' He
also wrote on technical education and
archaeological and ceramic subjects.

Bemrose, who was elected a F.S.A.
n 1905, played an active part in local
affairs of Derby. He was chairman of the
Derby Art Gallery Committee, a member of

Bendall

141

Bendall

the Derbyshire Archaeological Society, and
vice-president of the Derby Sketching Club.
A member of the Derby school board from
1879, he was its chairman from 1886 to 1902,
and was a founder and for many years
chairman of the Railway Servants' Orphan-
age. A pioneer of the volunteer move-
ment, he retired as lieutenant in the 1st
Derby volunteers in 1874 after seventeen
years' service. He died at Bridlington,
while on a short holiday, on 6 Aug. 1908,
and was buried at the new cemetery, Derby.

Bemrose married (1) in 1858 Margaret
Romana (d. 1901), only daughter of Edward
Lloyd Simpson of Spondon, by whom he
had five sons and one daughter ; (2) in
1903 Lilian, daughter of William John
Gumming, M.R.C.S., of Matlock, and widow
of Alderman William Hobson of Derby,
proprietor of the ' Derbyshire Advertiser.'
His second wife survived him.

[The Times, 8 Aug. 1908; the Derby
Express, 8 Aug. 1908 ; private information.]

S "F 1 T* 1

BENDALL, CECIL (1856-1906)^ pro-
fessor of Sanskrit at Cambridge, born at
Islington on 1 July 1856, was youngest son
in a family of six sons and three daughters
of Robert Smith Bendall, a tradesman in
London, by Ms wife Elizabeth Kay, daughter
of William Holmes. A precocious child, he
attended the City of London School from
1869 to 1875, under Dr. Edwin Abbott
Abbott. There he gained a Carpenter
scholarship in 1871. As a boy he developed
a keen taste, which he retained through life,
for ecclesiastical architecture and monumen-
tal brasses, as well as for music, especially
the work of Bach and Palestrina. From 1873
onwards he was taught Sanskrit at school,
his teacher being Mr. George Frederick
Nicholl, afterwards professor of Arabic
at Oxford, who offered to instruct a few
of the more promising classical scholars.
Bendall made rapid strides in the language.
In October 1875 he went to Cambridge as
minor scholar in classics and Sanskrit
exhibitioner of Trinity College. During
seven years' residence in the university he
read Sanskrit with Prof. Edward Byles
Cowell [q. v. Suppl. II], whose influence
decided the direction of his career. In
October 1877 he migrated as a scholar to
Caius College, graduating B.A. as fifth
in the first class in the classical tripos in
1879. He was fellow of Caius from 1879 to
1886. Meanwhile in the summer of 1879
he attended Prof. Benfey's lectures at
Gottingen on the Veda and on Zend, and in
1881 gained a first class in the Indian
languages tripos at Cambridge. He had

already in 1880 contributed an annotated
abridgment of 'The Megha-Sutra,' with
translation, to the 'Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society' (n.s. xii. 286 seq.).
In the October term of 1881 he gave
lectures in Sanskrit to classical students
and to Indian civil service candidates
studying at the university, and he com-
pleted in 1883 at Mr. Henry Bradshaw's
suggestion a still indispensable ' Catalogue
of the Buddhist Sanskrit MSS. in the
University Library of Cambridge,' which
had been initiated by Prof. (Swell. In
the introduction, Bendall for the first time
showed systematically how palseograph .*
determined the age of Sanskrit MSS. In
1882 he left Cambridge to become senior
assistant in the department of Oriental
MSS. and printed books in the British
Museum, and he held the post till his
retirement, through ill-health, in 1898.
While at the museum he published for
the trustees catalogues of the Sanskrit and
Pali books (1893) and of the Sanskrit
manuscripts (1902).

He also engaged in professorial work,
holding the chair of Sanskrit at University
College, London, from 1885 to 1903.

With the aid of grants from the Worts
fund at Cambridge he twice visited Nepal
and Northern India for the acquisition of
MSS. for the Cambridge University library.
On his first visit (1884-5) he obtained
some 500 Sanskrit MSS. and nine inscribed
tablets (cf. J. F. FLEET, Inscriptions of the
Gupta Dynasty, p. 184). Of this visit he
gave an account in his ' Journey of
Literary and Archaeological Research in
Nepal and Northern India' (1886). To
the Royal Asiatic Society's ' Journal '
(1888, pp. 465-501) he contributed extracts
from the Sanskrit text, with translation
and notes, of ' The Tantrakhyana,' a
collection of Indian folklore, which he had
discovered in a unique palm-leaf MS.
during this visit to Nepal. A second
visit followed his withdrawal from the
British Museum (1898-9) and resulted in
the acquisition of some ninety MSS. (see
Roy. Asiat. Soc. Journal, 1900, p. 162).
Elected in 1883 a member of the Royal
Asiatic Society, he was from 1884 a member
of its council. He frequently read papers
at the meetings of the International Congress
of Orientalists, and was delegate for his
university in 1899 and 1902.

In 1901 he succeeded Robert Alexander
Neil [q.v. Suppl. II] as university lecturer
and lecturer to the Indian civil service
board at Cambridge. In 1902 he became
curator of Oriental literature in the univer-

Bendall

142

Benham

sity library. Next year, on the death of
his old teacher, Prof. Cowell, he was elected
professor of Sanskrit in the university,
delivering on 24 Oct. his inaugural address
on ' Some of the aims and methods of
recent Indian research.' He was made
honorary fellow of his college in 1905.

Bendall, who combined a lifelong devo-
tion to music with many other social gifts,
died on 14 March 1906 at Liverpool after
a long illness, and was buried at the Hunt-
ingdon Road cemetery, Cambridge. He
married at Esher on 19 July 1898 a French
lady, Georgette, daughter of Georges Joseph
Ignace Jung, and widow of G. Mosse of
Cowley Hall, Middlesex, but had no issue.
She became a member of the Royal
Asiatic Society in 1901, was author of
'Practical Lessons in Cookery for Small
Households ' (1905), and died on 24 Dec. 1910
at her sister's residence in Paris.

Bendall was a sound textual critic,
an expert in Indian palaeography and
epigraphy, and an inspiring teacher. The
Tibetan language was within his range
of knowledge. His most important pub-
lished works dealt with the Sanskrit Bud-
dhist literature of the Mahayana, which
he made his special study. They were :
1. * Qiksasamuccaya ' (an important com-
pendium of Buddhist doctrine), Sanskrit
text with critical notes published in ' Biblio-
theca Buddhica ' by the Imperial Academy
of Sciences at St. Petersburg, 1897-1902.
Bendall, who had discovered the work in
Nepal, was engaged with Dr. W. H. D.
Rouse on its translation at his death. 2.
' Subhasita-samgraha,' text with notes,
Louvain, 1903'. 3. (with Louis de la Vallee
Poussin) ' Bodhisattvabhumi,' Louvain,
1905.

By his will he left his Oriental palm -leaf
MSS. and printed books to Cambridge
University (for description see Journal
Royal Asiatic Soc. 1900, p. 345, and April
1907). His residuary estate after Mrs.
Bendall's death was assigned to the
foundation of a prize for Sanskrit at
Caius College, a small sum being allotted
to the formation there of an Oriental
library for junior students (The Times,
18 June 1906). Part of his valuable
musical collection was acquired by the
Fitzwilliam Museum.

[The Times, 15 March 1906 ; will, 18 June
1906; Who's Who, 1906; Journal, Roy.
Asiat. Soc. n.s. 1906, xx. 527 seq. (notice
by Prof. E. J. Rapson) ; In Memoriam Cecil
Bendall, by H. T. Francis (privately printed),
1906; Cambridge Review, 26 April 1906;
private information.] W. B. O.

BENHAM, WILLIAM (1831-1910),
hon. canon of Canterbury and author, was
born on 15 Jan. 1831 at West Meon near
Petersfield, Hampshire, where his grand-
father and his father, James Benham, suc-
cessively held the position of village post-
master. He was educated at the village
school, built by the rector, Henry Vincent
Bayley [q. v.], who made him his secretary,
and taught him Greek and Latin. At his
death Bayley left instructions that the boy's
education should be continued, and he was
sent in 1844 to St. Mark's College, Chelsea,
recently established under the headmaster-
ship of Derwent Coleridge [q.v.], to be trained
as a schoolmaster. On completing his course
he taught in a rural school, and was tutor to
Sir John Sebright between 1849 and 1852.
Then by his own exertions and the help of
Archdeacon Bayley's family he was enabled
to attend the theological department of
King's College, London, where the influence
of F. D. Maurice permanently affected
his religious position. In 1857 he was
ordained deacon and priest in 1858.
Appointed divinity tutor and lecturer in
English literature at St. Mark's, Chelsea,
still under Derwent Coleridge, he then
first exhibited his gift as a teacher and
his power of stimulating character. He
remained at Chelsea until in 1865 he became
editorial secretary to the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge. At the
same time he engaged in Sunday ministerial
work as curate of St. Lawrence Jewry,
under Benjamin Morgan Cowie [q. v.
Suppl. I]. From 1866 to 1871 he was also
professor of modern history at Queen's
College, Harley Street, in succession to
F. D. Maurice.

Meanwhile his preaching attracted the
attention of Archbishop Longley, who
made him in 1867 first vicar of the newly
formed parish of Addington, where the
archbishop resided. The health of the
primate was giving way. Benham assisted
him as his private secretary during
the anxious period of the first Lambeth
Conference in 1867, and was with him
at his death in 1868. Comparative leisure
at Addington enabled Benham to increase
his literary work. He produced an edition
of Cowper's poetry in 1870, worked on
a commentary on the New Testament, and
published in 1873 his well-known * Com-
panion to the Lectionary ' (new edit. 1884).
With Tait, Longley's successor in the
Archbishopric, Benham 's relations at Ad-
dington grew very intimate. Tait gave
him the Lambeth degree of B.D., made
him one of the six preachers of Canterbury,

Benham

143

Bennett

and in 1872 bestowed on him the import-
ant vicarage of Margate. Here Benham
"restored the parish church, was chair-
man of the first school board of the
town, and made the Church Institute a
centre of intellectual and spiritual life. But
he found time to edit the memoirs of
Catherine and Craufurd Tait, the wife and
son of the archbishop (1879 ; abridged edit.
1882). In 1880 Tait made him vicar of
Harden, and in 1882 he was appointed
rector of St. Edmund the King with St.
Nicholas Aeons, Lombard Street. That
benefice he held for life.

He made St. Edmund's Church a preach-
ing centre of exceptional intellectual force
and impartiality ; ' Lombard Street in Lent '
(1894), the title of a course of addresses
by various preachers, presented the kind
of sermon which he thought a City church
should supply, in order to attract the
business man in the luncheon hour. In 1 888
Archbishop Benson made Mm hon. canon of
Canterbury, and in 1898 Hartford University,
U.S.A., granted him the degree of D.D, He
was Boyle lecturer in 1897, and rural dean
of East City from 1903 till his death.

Benham's literary activity was always
great. His collaboration with Dr. Davidson
in the writing of the ' Life of Archbishop
Tait' (1891) was the most important of his
later works. His editorship of the long
series of cheap reprints entitled the ' Ancient
and Modern Library of Theological Litera-
ture ' was a laborious and laudable effort
to popularise good literature. But the
characteristic work of the last twenty years
of his life was the lightly written series of
miscellaneous paragraphs which he contri-
buted to the ' Church Times ' week by week
under the heading 'Varia' and with the
signature of ' Peter Lombard.' He died of
heart failure on 30 July 1910, and was buried
at Addington. Benham was twice married :
(1) to Louisa, daughter of Lewis Engelbach,
by whom he had three daughters ; (2)
to Caroline, daughter of Joseph Sandell of
Old Basing, Hampshire, who survived him.

Besides the works mentioned, and a trans-
lation of * The Imitatio ' (1874 ; new ed. 1905),
Benham's chief works were : 1. ' The Gospel
according to St. Matthew . . . with Notes,'
1862. 2. 'The Epistles for the Christian
Year with Notes,' 1865. 3. 'The Church
of the Patriarchs,' 1867. 4. 'A short
History of the Episcopal Church in the
United States,' 1884. 5. 'Winchester' (in
'Diocesan Histories'), 1884. 6. 'Sermons
for the Church's Year, original and
selected,' 2 vols. 1883-^. 7. 'The
Dictionary of Religion; an Encyclo-

paedia of Christian and other Religious
Doctrines, . . . Terms, History, Biography,'
1887; reissued 1891, begun by J. H.
Blunt. 8. 'Winchester Cathedral,' 1893;
illustrated, 1897. 9. ' Rochester Cathedral,'
1900 (both in ' English Cathedrals'). 10.
'Mediaeval London,' 1901 and 1911, with
Charles Welch. 11.' Old St. Paul's Cathedral,'
1902. 12. 'The Tower of London,' 1906
(all three in the 'Portfolio Monographs').
13. ' St. John and his Work ' (' Temple '
series of Bible handbooks), 1904. 14. ' Old
London Churches,' 1908. 15 'Letters of
Peter Lombard,' 1911, posthumous, with a
preface by Archbishop Davidson.

[Memoir by his daughter, Mrs. Dudley
Baxter, prefixed to the Letters of Peter Lom-
bard, 1911 ; The Times, lAug. 1910 ; Treasury,
Oct. 1902; Men and Women of the Time,
1899 ; Crockford's Clerical Directory.]

R. B.

BENNETT, ALFRED WILLIAM (1833-
1902), botanist, born at Clapham, Surrey,
on 24 June 1833, was second son of William
Bennett (d. 1873), a tea-dealer. Like his
parents, he was a member of the Society of
Friends. The father, a good field botanist,
was intimate with the naturalists Edward
Newman [q. v.] and Edward and Henry
Doubleday [q. v.] ; he published ' A Narra-
tive of a Journey in Ireland in 1847 * and
' Joint-stock Companies ' in 1861, and in
1851 retired to Brockham Lodge, Betch-
worth, Surrey, where it is said that he
bred emus to the third generation. His
mother, Elizabeth (d. 1891), wrote some
religious books (JOSEPH SMITH, Friends 1
Books, supplement, p. 56). Bennett's elder
brother, Edward Trusted (1831-1908),
at one time edited the ' Crusade,' a tem-
perance magazina Save for some months
in 1841-2 at the Pestalozzian School at
Appenzell, Bennett was educated at home.
Long walking tours in Wales, the west of
England, and the lake district, undertaken
by Bennett with his father and brother,
were reported by them in the ' Phytologist '
(iv. (1851), 312, 439 and (1852), 757-8).
On the last occasion they called upon
Wordsworth at Rydal Mount, and he
accompanied them up Fairfield to show
them Silene acaulis.

Bennett attended classes at University
College, London, and graduated B.A. from
the University of London in 1853, with
honours in chemistry and botany, pro-
ceeding M.A. in 1855 and B.Sc. in 1868.
After leaving college he acted for a short
time as tutor in the family of Gurney
Barclay, the banker. In 1858 he started
business as a bookseller and publisher at

Bennett

144

Bennett

5 Bishopsgate Street Within, London.
Besides works by his father and mother
he issued the early poems of the Hon. John
Leicester Warren, afterwards third Baron
de Tabley [q. v.], a fellow botanist. In 1868
Bennett gave up business, was elected a
fellow of the Linnean Society, and became
lecturer on botany at Bedford College and
at St. Thomas's Hospital. From 1870 to
1874 he was biological assistant to Dr. (now
Sir) Norman Lockyer, while editing the
newly established paper 'Nature.' After
writing on pollination and the Order
Polygalacece for Sir Joseph Hooker's
' Flora of British India ' (vol. i. 1872),
and for Martius's ' Flora Brasiliensis '
(1874), Bennett, who knew German well,
performed what was, perhaps, his greatest
service to British botanical students, by
translating and editing, with the assistance
of Mr. (now Sir William) Thiselton-Dyer,
the third edition of Julius Sachs's * Lehr-
buch der Botanik' (1875). He also trans-
lated and edited Professor Otto Thome's
'Lehrbuch,' as 'Text-book of Structural
and Physiological Botany,' in 1877.

On Alpine plants Bennett published
three works : ' Alpine Plants,' translated
from the { Alpenpflanzen ' of J. Seboth,
in four volumes, with 100 plates in each
(1879-84); 'The Tourist's Guide to the
Flora of the Austrian Alps,' from the
German of K. W. von Dalla Torre (1882),
with better illustrations ; and ' The Flora of
the Alps . . . descriptive of all the species of
flowering plants indigenous to Switzerland
and of the Alpine species of the adjacent
mountain districts . . . including the Pyre-
nees' (2 vols. 1896-7), with 120 coloured
plates from David Wooster's 'Alpine Plants.'

In 1879 Bennett became a fellow of the
Royal Microscopical Society, and thence-
forth mainly confined his researches to
cryptogamic plants, especially the fresh-
water algae. He re- wrote the section on
cryptogams for Henf rev's ' Elementary
Botany ' (4th edit., by Maxwell Masters,
1884) ; and in the ' Handbook of Crypto-
gamic Botany,' an original work, which
he undertook with George Robert Milne
Murray [q. v. Suppl. II] in 1889, he wrote
of all groups containing chlorophyll. From
1897 he edited the ' Journal of the Royal
Microscopical Society.' He died suddenly
from heart disease, on his way home from
the Savile Club, on 23 Jan. 1902, and was
buried in the Friends' burial-ground at
Isleworth. He married in 1858 Katherine,
daughter of William Richardson of Sunder-
land, who predeceased him, leaving no
children.

Described by Professor Vines, in
presidential address to the Linnean Society
for 1902, as ' a laborious student and a
conscientious teacher of botany,' Bennett
was a contributor to the ' Journal of
Botany,' ' The Popular Science Review,'
the ' Reports ' of the British Association,
and other scientific periodicals. Among
his minor publications were : ].. ' Myco-
logical Illustrations,' with W. Wilson
Saunders and Worthington G. Smith, 1871.
2. ; Introduction to the Study of Flowerless
Plants,' 1891. 3. ' Pre-Foxite Quakerism,'
reprinted, with additions, from the ' Friends'
Quarterly Examiner,' 1894.

[Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society,
1902, 155-7 (with photographic portrait) ;
Journal of Botany, 1902, 113; Proceedings
of the Linnean Society, 1901-2, 26 ; Nature,
Ixv. 34 ; Gardeners' Chronicle, 1902, i. 85.]

G. S. B.

BENNETT, EDWARD HALLARAN
(1837-1907), surgeon, born at Charlotte
Quay, Cork, on 9 April 1837, was youngest
child in the family of five sons of Robert
Bennett, recorder of Cork, by his wife Jane,
daughter of William Saunders Hallaran,
M.D., of Cork, who made some reputa-
tion as a writer on insanity (Cork, 1810 and
1818). His grandfather, James Bennett,
was also a physician in Cork. A kinsman,
James Richard Bennett, was a distinguished
teacher of anatomy in Paris about 1825.
An elder brother, Robert Bennett, served
all through the Crimean war, and retired
in 1886 with the rank of major-general.
After education at Hamblin's school in
Cork, and at the Academical Institute,
Harcourt Street, Dublin, he entered Trinity
College, Dublin, in 1854, and in 1859
graduated B.A. and M.B., also receiving
the new degree of M.Ch., which was then
conferred for the first time. He pursued
his professional studies in the school of
physic, Trinity College, and in Dr. Steevens',
the Meath, the Richmond, and Sir Patrick
Dun's Hospitals. In 1863 he became a
fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in
Ireland, without having become a licentiate.
In 1864 he proceeded M.D., and was
appointed university anatomist in Dublin
University, the post carrying with it the
office of surgeon to Sir Patrick Dun's
Hospital. In 1873 he became professor of
surgery in Trinity College, and curator of
the pathological museum. These posts,
with the surgeoncy to Sir Patrick Dun's,
he held till 1906. In 1880 he was
president of the Pathological Society
of Dublin. From 1884 to 1886 he was
president of the Royal College of Surgeons

Bennett

145

Bent

in Ireland; from 1894 to 1897 he was presi-
dent of the Royal Academy of Medicine
in Ireland; and from 1897 to 1906 he
represented the University of Dublin on
the General Medical Council. During the
viceroyalty of the Earl of Dudley (1902-5)
he was surgeon to the lord-lieutenant,
and in 1900 he was made honorary fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Bennett was an authority on fractures of
bones. His best work is the collection of
fractures and dislocations in the patho-
logical museum of Trinity College. This
was begun by R. W. Smith, whom he
succeeded as curator in 1873, and was
formed by Bennett into one of the most
important collections of the kind in the
kingdom. He spent years in compiling
a catalogue furnished with notes and
clinical histories, but it remained
unfinished. He frequently published
communications and reports dealing
with the surgery and pathology of
bones. In 1881 he described before the
Dublin Pathological Society a form of
fracture of the base of the metacarpal bone
of the thumb previously unrecognised
(Dublin Journal of Medical Science, Ixxiii.).
It closely simulates dislocation and is
now universally known as * Bennett's
fracture ' ( MILES and STBUTHERS, Edin.
Medical Journal, April 1904). As an
operating surgeon he was one of the
earliest in Ireland to apply Listerian
methods. As a teacher, he was forcible
and practical, and he enlightened the
driest subject with touches of humour.

Bennett died on 21 June 1907 at his
residence, 26 Lower FitzWilliam Street,
Dublin, and was buried at Mount Jerome
cemetery, Dublin. On 20 Dec. 1870 he
married Frances, daughter of Conolly
Norman of Fahan, co. Donegal, and first
cousin of Conolly Norman [q. v. Suppl. II].
He had two daughters, of whom one,
Norah Mary, survived him. Two bronze
portrait medallions by Mr. Oliver Shep-
pard, R.H.A., were placed respectively
in the school of physic, Trinity College,
and in Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital by
subscription of his pupils. A bronze
medal, to be awarded biennially to
the winner of the surgical travelling
prize in the school of physic, also bears
on one side Mr. Sheppard's portrait of
Bennett, and on the other a metacarpal
bone showing * Bennett's fracture.'

[Obituary notice in Dublin Journal of
Medical Science (by Sir J. W. Moore), July
1907 ; Cameron's History of the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland; Todd's

VOL. LXVII. SUP. n.

Catalogue of Graduates in Dublin University ;
Dublin University Calendars ; MS. Entrance
Book, Trinity College, Dublin ; private
sources and personal knowledge.] R. J. R.

BENT, SIB THOMAS (1838-1909),
prime minister of Victoria, born at Penrith
in New South Wales on 7 Dec. 1838, was
the eldest son in a family of four sons
and two daughters. His father, having lost
money in Sydney, came to Victoria in 1849
and began Hfe again, first as a contractor in
a small way of business, then as a market
gardener, near McKinnon in the Brighton
suburb of Melbourne ; here he soon
managed to build and run an inn called
the Gardeners' Arms. From the age of
eleven Bent worked with his father, and
for education depended on his own efforts.
Characterised from youth by cheery ' push '
and enterprise, he started a small market
garden in 1859, taking his own produce
weekly to market in a rough cart. In 1861
he became rate-collector for Brighton.

In 1862 Bent made his entry into public
life by becoming a member of the Moorabbin
shire council, of which he was afterwards
president on twelve occasions. In 1871
he entered the Victoria parliament for
Brighton, defeating, to general surprise,
George Higinbotham [q. v. Suppl. I], one of
the greatest public figures in Australia.
He represented the constituency with one
short interval throughout his career. In
1874 he resigned his position as rate-
collector on being also elected to the
Brighton borough council, to the business of
which he devoted himself despite political
calls. Gradually he made his way in
parliament and became the life and soul of
the attack on (Sir) Graham Berry [q. v.
Suppl. II], and a leader of the ' party of
combat.' As whip for the opposition in
1877 Bent prevented the Berry govern-
ment from getting a majority for their
reform bill, and eventually in January 1880
brought about the fall of that ministry.

In March 1880 Bent joined the ministry
of James Service as vice-president of the
board of public works, but went out with
his colleagues in August of the same year.
In July 1881 he resumed the same position
under the title of commissioner of rail-
ways and president of the board of land
and works in the ministry of Sir Bryan
O'Loghlen. In this capacity he was
connected with the * octopus ' railway bill ;
and he was to some extent discredited by
his tendency to over-sanguine advertise-
ment. O'Loghlen's government lasted till
March 1883, when for a time Bent led the
opposition, but his temperament was little

Bent

146

Bentley

suited to such a task and he was displaced
by a more conciliatory leader. In October
1887 he was defeated by one vote as
candidate for the office of speaker of the
assembly. Almost immediately afterwards
he was elected chairman of the first railways
standing committee, and in that capacity
for two years did much solid work. In

1892 he was elected speaker, and held the
office, for which he had few qualifications,
for nearly two years. During these years
1887-94 he with six others was engaged
in the ' land boom,' which at first seemed
likely to give him a huge fortune and in

1893 left him practically a ruined man.
Thrown out of the assembly in 1894, Bent
retired to Port Fairy, and devoted himself
for the next six years to dairy farming.
During that period he was defeated
ignominiously at South Melbourne. But
in 1900 he was elected for his old con-
stituency, Brighton. On 10 June 1902 he
joined William Hill Irvine's ministry as
minister for railways and works, and
though on 6 Feb. 1903 he parted with the
railway work to another minister he bore
the brunt of the great railway strike of
May 1903. On Irvine's retirement Bent
became prime minister (16 Feb. 1904).
His ministry lasted over four years, and
in that period passed many measures
aimed at improving the conditions of
life amongst manual workers and their
economic position.

In 1907, after a serious illness, Bent paid
a long visit to England, where he completed
the arrangements for the new Victoria
agency building, Melbourne House, Strand.
Returning in August 1907, he still held
the reins for over a year ; but on 1 Dec.
1908 was defeated on a vote of want of
confidence. At his request the governor,
Sir T. G. Carmichael, dissolved parliament.
Bent was defeated at the polls, and a com-
mission was appointed by the new govern-
ment to investigate charges made against
him on the hustings. Out of this ordeal
he emerged with general credit. But the
strain of work proved fatal. He died on
17 Sept. 1909. A state funeral was
accorded him ; he was buried at Brighton
cemetery.

Bent was made a K.C.M.G. in 1908.
Rough and uncultivated, shrewd and
strong, Bent was ' one of the most interest-
ing and remarkable figures in the public
life of Australia.' At his public meet-
ings he would break off an argument to
sing or recite, indulging in ' execrable
songs, purely Bentian jokes, extraordinary
reminiscences ' all prepared to serve as

' impromptus.' In parliament he displayed
unusual power in gauging the temper and
feelings of members. The keynote of
his policy as premier was opposition to the
labour party. Unorthodox and even un-
principled in his methods, and apt to take
the shortest road to his end, he always
boldly accepted the responsibility for his
actions. He showed courage in all concerns
of life.

Bent married twice. His first wife (born
Hall) died childless. His second wife
(born Huntley) died in 1893, leaving one
daughter.

Bent Street in Sydney appears to have
been named after the father as owner of
a corner lot (Melbourne Argus, 18 Sept.
1909).

[Melbourne Age, Melbourne Argus, 18 Sept.
1909 (both of these papers have a rough
portrait) ; The Times, 18 Sept. 1909 ; Mennell's
Diet, of Australasian Biog. ; John's Notable
Australians.] C. A. H.

BENTLEY, JOHN FRANCIS (1839-
1902), architect, born at Doncaster on
30 Jan. 1839, was third surviving son of
Charles Bentley by his wife Ann, daughter
of John Bachus of that town, and received
his education at a private school there.
In boyhood he made a model of St. George's
Church, Doncaster, from notes and measure-
ments taken before its destruction by fire
in 1853, and when Sir George Gilbert Scott
[q. v.] began the rebuilding in 1854, Bentley
frequented the fabric and rendered some ser-
vices to the clerk of works. In 1855 he acted
as voluntary superintendent in the restora-
tion of Loversall Church, and there tried his
hand at carving. Meanwhile his father, who
deprecated an artistic career, placed him for
a short tune with Sharp, Stewart & Co., a firm
of mechanical engineers at Manchester ; but
in August 1855 Bentley entered on a five
years' indenture with the building estab-
lishment of Winsland & Holland in Lon-
don. Next year his father died, and
Richard Holland, a partner of this firm,
recognising his promise, placed him (1858)
in the office of Henry Glutton, an architect
in extensive domestic and ecclesiastical
practice, who had joined the Church of
Rome. Bentley took the same step in
1862, and in the same year, though invited
by Glutton to join him in partnership, pre-
ferred the risks of independence and took
chambers at 14 Southampton Street, Covent
Garden.

While waiting for commissions Bentley
continued the sketching and modelling
which had already occupied his evening
eisure, and often made for other architects

Bentley

147

Bentley

designs for work in metal, stained glass,
and embroidery. He submitted designs at
the exhibitions of London (1862) and Paris
(1867). For St. Francis's Church, Netting
Hill (the scene of his own baptism by Car-
dinal Wiseman), he designed the stone
groined baptistery, font, and porch, as well
as the altars of St. John and the Blessed
Virgin (with paintings by his friend, N. H.
J. Westlake), a jewelled monstrance, and
at a later date the high altar. In 1866
he undertook for the poet Coventry Pat-
more [q. v.] the adaptation of an old Sussex
House, Heron's Ghyll, near Uckfield. His
work betrayed from the first conscientious
anxiety for perfection in detail and sound-
ness of construction. He regarded archi-
tectural competitions as inimical to art.

In 1868 he transferred his office to 13
John Street, Adelphi, began the Seminary
of St. Thomas at Hammersmith (now the
Convent of the Sacred Heart), at the time
his best work, and designed the altar and
reredos of the Church of St. Charles, Ogle
Street, Marylebone. In 1884 Bentley built
in the style of the Renaissance the large pre-
paratory school (St. John's) in connection
with Beaumont College at Old Windsor.
For some years (beginning in 1874) he spent
much thought and labour on the internal
decoration and furniture of Carlton Towers,
Selby, for Lord Beaumont.

For thirty years he was engaged at intervals
on the Church of St. Mary of the Angels,
Westmorland Road, Bayswater, where he
designed additional aisles, a baptistery,
and various chapels. The Church and
Presbytery of Our Lady at Cadogan Street
(1875) and the Church of St. Mary and the
Holy Souls at Bosworth Road, Kensal New
Town (1881) are simple examples of Bentley's
brick construction. In 1885 he built the
unfinished portion of Corpus Christi Church,
Brixton, in Early Decorated style.

For the Redemptorist Fathers he did
varied work at Bishop Eton, Liverpool, and
Clapham. To the Church of Our Lady of
Victories at Clapham he added a fine Lady
chapel (1883), a transept, stained glass win-
dows, and a monastery completed in 1894.
For the Church of St. James, Spanish Place,
London, he designed several altars and some
s. His fine Church of the Holy Rood at
Watford was with its schools and presbytery
in hand from 1887 to 1892. Other works
M fre a house (Glenmuire) for E. Maxwell-
Steuart at Ascot and a private chapel in the
neighbourhood for C. J. Stonor (1885-90).
In 1897 he built with stone and red-brick
in the early fifteenth-century style the
Convent of the Immaculate Conception for

Franciscan nuns at Booking Bridge, near
Braintree. The screen and organ case of
St. Etheldreda's, Ely Place, Holborn, are
from his designs.

Bentley also had commissions from the
Church of England. In 1893-4 the two
City churches of St. Botolph came under
his care. For St. Botolph, Bishopsgate,
he provided external repair as well as
internal decoration, and for that at Aldgate
he designed numerous interior embellish-
ments, notably the fine cornice of angels
bearing the shields of the City companies.
Similar works were done at Holy Trinity,
Minories, and St. Mark's, North Audley
Street. For St. John's Church, Hammer-
smith (designed by William Butterfield
[q. v. Suppl. I]) he schemed a morning
chapel, organ case, sacristy, and general
decorations. In 1899 he built a new church
at Chiddington, Penshurst.

In 1894 came the great opportunity of
his life. Cardinal Vaughan [q. v. Suppl. II]
called upon him to design the Roman
catholic cathedral of Westminster. The
conditions laid upon the architect were
that the church should have a nave of
vast extent giving an uninterrupted view
of the high altar, and that the methods
of construction should not be such as to
involve undue initial expenditure of either
time or money. On this account a strong
preference was expressed in favour of
Byzantine style.

Bentley perceived that his design should
be preceded by special foreign study, and
though not in robust health set out in
November of the same year for a tour of
Italy. Visiting Milan (especially for Sant'
Ambrogio), Pavia, and Florence, Rome
(where the work of the Renaissance dis-
appointed him), Perugia (which with Assist
delighted him), and Ravenna, he came at
last to Venice, where cold and fatigue com-
pelled him to rest before he could study
St. Mark's.

His natural wish to proceed to Constanti-
nople was frustrated by the prevalence there
of cholera, and returning to London in
March 1895 he was ready by St. Peter's and
St. Paul's Day (29 June) for the laying of
the foundation stone.

The cathedral is outwardly remarkable
for its tall campanile and its bold use of
brick and stone (for description see Archi-
tectural Review, xi. 3, by W. R. LETHABY,
and Builder, 6 July 1895, 25 Feb. 1899,
23 June 1900). The design is throughout
marked by the greatest simplicity, largeness
of scale and avoidance of trivial ornament.
Internally the vast nave consists of three

Bergne

148

Bergne

bays measuring 60 feet square and each
surmounted by a concrete dome. A fourth
bay nearest the nominal east forms the
sanctuary and beyond it is an apse. The
nave is flanked on each side by an aisle ;
outside the aisles are the many chapels.
When first opened for worship, and before
any progress had been made with the
marble decorations, the interior effect was
a triumph of pure form. The construction
was remarkable, Bentley having set himself
to avoid any structural materials but brick-
work, masonry, and concrete. ' I have
broken,' he said, ' the back of that terrible
superstition that iron is necessary to large
spans ' (Memoir by CHARLES HADFIELD in
Architectural Review, xi. 115).

In 1898 Bentley was summoned to the
United States to advise on the design
and construction of the Roman catholic
cathedral at Brooklyn, for which he pre-
pared a scheme.

Seized in November 1898 with paralytic
symptoms, which in June 1900 affected
his speech, he died on 2 March 1902 at his
residence, The Sweep, Old Town, Clapham
Common, the day before his name was to
be submitted to the Royal Institute of
British Architects for the royal gold medal
(R.I.B.A. Journal, ix. 219). He was buried
at Mortlake.

Bentley had married in 1874 Margaret
Annie, daughter of Henry J. Fleuss, a
painter, of Diisseldorf, and had four sons
and seven daughters, of whom one son and
one daughter died in infancy, and the
remainder survived him. His third son,
Osmond, succeeds, in partnership with Mr.
J. A. Marshall, to the architectural practice,
and his eldest daughter, Mrs. Winifred Mary
de 1'Hopital, is engaged on her father's bio-
graphy. There is in the possession of the
family a portrait in oils by W. Christian
Symons.

[R.I.B.A. Journ., 3rd series, 1901-2, ix.
437 (memoir by T. J. Willson) ; Architec-
tural Review, 1902, xi. 155, and xxi. 18
(art. by Halsey Ricardo) ; Builder, 1902,
Ixxxii. 243 ; Building News, 1902, Ixxxii. 339 ;
information from Mr. Osmond Bentley.]

P. W.

BERGNE, SIB JOHN HENRY GIBBS
(1842-1908), diplomatist, born in London on
12 Aug. 1842, and descended from a French
family originally resident in Auvergne,
which settled in England after the French
revolution, was elder son of John Brodribb
Bergne, a valued member of the foreign
office for fifty-six years (1817-1873), who
acquired a high reputation both at home
and abroad as an authority on matters

connected with treaties and diplomatic
precedent. Educated at schools at
Brighton and Enfield and at London
University, where he passed the first B.A.
examination, John Henry entered the
foreign office as a clerk on the diplomatic
establishment after passing a competitive
examination in 1861, was appointed an
assistant clerk in 1880, and promoted to be
superintendent of the treaty department
in 1881. He held that office until 1894,
when he became superintendent of the
commercial department and examiner of
treaties. This position he held for eight
years, doing much valuable work in the
development of the commercial depart-
ment and particularly in the arrangement
of its relations with the board of trade,
and in introducing a more regular and
complete system of reports on commercial
and industrial subjects from diplomatic
and consular officers hi foreign countries.
He was occasionally employed abroad on
business which came within the sphere of
his permanent work, and on which he was
possessed of special knowledge. In 1875
he assisted the British agent before the
international commission, which sat under
Article XXII of the treaty of Washington,
to assess the amount to be paid by the
United States to Great Britain in return
for the fishery privileges accorded to the
citizens of the United States under
Article XVIII of that treaty, and on the
meeting of the commission at Halifax in
1877 he acted as secretary and protocolist
to it. In September 1887 he was appointed
secretary to Mr. Joseph Chamberlain's
special mission to Washington to adjust
certain questions relating to the North
American fisheries. For his services he
received the K.C.M.G. in 1888, having
been made C.M.G. in 1886. In 1885 he
had been second British delegate at the
international copyright conference held at
Berne, and signed the convention which was
there agreed upon (9 Sept. 1886). While
at Washington in 1887 he was deputed to
discuss the copyright question with the
United States department of state. In May
1896 he signed at Paris as British delegate
the additional act to the international copy-
right convention of 1886. He was appointed
a member of the departmental committee
on trade marks in 1888, and was sent as
British delegate to the conference on in-
dustrial property held at Rome in 1888,
at Madrid in 1890, and at 'Brussels in
November 1897 and again hi 1900. From
1898 onwards he was constantly employed
in the negotiations for the abolition of

Berkeley

149

Bernard

bounties on the export of sugar, was one of
the British delegates at the conferences held
in Brussels on this question in 1899 and
1901, and signed the convention concluded
on the latter occasion 5 March 1902. In
1903 he was appointed the British delegate
on the permanent commission established
under Article VII. of that convention, and
attended the various meetings of the com-
mission, furnishing reports which were laid
before parliament and which were marked
by his usual power of terse, lucid explana-
tion. He served as a member on the royal
commission for the Paris exhibition of
1900. He retired from the foreign office
on a pension on 1 Oct. 1902, but his em-
ployment on the special subjects of which
he had an intimate acquaintance continued.
He received the C.B. hi 1902 and the
K.C.B. hi the following year. In Novem-
ber 1908 he served as British delegate at
the international copyright conference at
Berlin, and died there of a chill on 15 Nov.

Though scarcely an author in the ordinary
sense of the term, Bergne rendered im-
portant services to the Authors' Society,
of which he became a member in 1890, and
after his retirement from the foreign office
served on the committee of management,
and copyright sub-committee, acting as
chairman of the general committee (1905-7).
He contributed to the ' Quarterly Review,'
' Blackwood's Magazine,' ' The Spectator,'
and other periodicals articles on subjects
with which he was professionally well
acquainted (including the * Halifax Fishery
Commission,' the 'Law of Extradition,'
' Anglo-American Copyright,' and ' Queen's
Messengers ' ). He was also an accomplished
mountaineer and well-known member of
the Alpine Club from 1878 to death. His
father had been known as an expert
numismatist; he was himself a collector of
Oriental china.

He married in 1878 Mary a Court,
daughter of Rev. S. B. Bergne, and had
two sons, the elder of whom was killed in
an accident near Saas Fee in Switzerland
in January 1908 ; the younger, Evelyn,
survives.

[The Times, 16 Nov. 1908 ; Author, 1 Dec.
1908 ; Alpine Journal, xxiv. 499-501 ; Foreign
Office List, 1909, p. 397.] S.

BERKELEY, SIB GEORGE (1819-
1905), colonial governor, born in the Island
of Barbados, West Indies, on 2 Nov. 1819,
was eldest son of General Sackville Hamilton
Berkeley, colonel of the 16th regiment of
foot. The father, who descended from a
branch of the family of the earls of Berkeley,
served at the capture of Surinam in 1804,

of the Danish Islands of St. Thomas, St.
John and St. Croix in 1807, and of Martinique
in 1809. Sir George's mother was Elizabeth
Pilgrim, daughter of William Murray of
Bruce Vale Estate, Barbados. Educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, which he entered
on 3 July 1837, he graduated B.A. in 1842,
and soon returned to the West Indies, where
his active life was almost wholly passed.
On 11 Feb. 1845 he was appointed colonial
secretary and controller of customs of
British Honduras and ex-officio member
of the executive and legislative councils.
While still serving in that colony he was
chosen in 1860-1 to administer temporarily
the government of Dominica, and on 8 July
1864 was appointed lieutenant-governor
of the Island of St. Vincent. During his
tenure of office in 1867 an Act to amend and
simplify the legislature substituted a single
legislative chamber for the two houses
which had been in existence since 1763.
He was acting administrator of Lagos
from December 1872 to October 1873,
when he was appointed governor hi chief of
the West Africa settlements (Sierra Leone,
Gambia, Gold Coast, and Lagos). The
Gold Coast and Lagos were soon erected
into a separate colony (24 July 1874),
and Berkeley was recalled, so as to allow
of a new governor (of Sierra Leone and
Gambia) being appointed at a reduced
salary. While on his way home in June
1874 he was offered, and accepted, the
government of Western Australia, but did
not take up the appointment, being sent
instead to the Leeward Islands as governor
in chief. There he remained until 27 June
1881, when he retired on a pension. He
was created C.M.G. on 20 Feb. 1874, and
K.C.M.G. 24 May 1881.

Berkeley died unmarried in London
on 29 Sept. 1905, and was buried in Kensal
Green cemetery.

[Colonial Office List, 1905; The Times,
2 Oct. 1905 : Oliver's Hist, of the Island of
Antigua, 1899, iii. 319 ; Hart's Army List,
1863 ; Dublin Univ. Matric. Book, 1837 ;
Colonial Office Records.] C. A.

BERNARD, SIR CHARLES EDWARD
(1837-1901), Anglo-Indian administrator,
born at Bristol on 21 Dec. 1837, was
son of James Fogo Bernard, M.D., of
16 The Crescent, Clifton, by his wife
Marianne Amelia, sister of John, first Lord
Lawrence [q. v.]. He was educated at
Rugby, which he entered in 1851, in com-
pany with his cousin, Alexander Hutchin-
son, eldest son of Sir Henry Montgomery
Lawrence [q. v.], and C. H. Tawney, whose
sister he afterwards married. In 1855 he

Bernard

accepted a cadetsliip at Addiscombe ;
but in the following year he received a
nomination to Haileybury in the last batch
of students at that college. After gain-
ing prizes in mathematics, Persian, Hindu-
stani, and Hindi, he passed out in 1857 at
the head of the list for Bengal. His early
service was in the Punjab, and afterwards
in the Central Provinces, where he was
secretary under two chief commissioners,
Sir Richard Temple [q. v. Suppl. II] and
Sir George Campbell [q. v. Suppl. I].
The latter appointed him his secretary
in 1871, when he became lieutenant-
governor of Bengal ; and he accompanied
the former as secretary in his famine tour
through Madras and Bombay in 1877.
In the following year he became secre-
tary to the government of India in the
home department. In 1880 he officiated
as chief commissioner of British Burma,
being confirmed in 1882. Except for a
short interval, he held that office until
his retirement in 1887. This long period
included anxious negotiations with Thi-
baw, king of independent Burma, the
brief war that ended in Thibaw's de-
position, the annexation of the upper
province, and the tedious process of paci-
fication. Sir Charles Bernard came back
to England in 1887, in order to take
up the appointment of secretary at the
India office in the department of revenue,
statistics, and commerce. He finally
retired in 1901, after a continuous service
of forty-three years. He died on a visit
to Chamonix, on 19 Sept. 1901, and there
he was buried. He was created C.S.I, in
1875, and K.C.S.I. in 1886. He married
at Calcutta, on 23 Oct. 1862, Susan
Capel, daughter of Richard Tawney,
rector of Willoughby, Warwickshire.
His eight children survived him. The
eldest son, James Henry, after following
his father into the Indian civil service,
died of cholera, together with his wife
and other members of his household, at
Chinsura, Bengal, in November 1907.

Bernard was possessed of inexhaustible
energy in both body and mind. At
Rugby he was prominent in the football
field, and at Calcutta he won a cup for
single rackets. In India he had the
reputation of being the hardest worker in
a hardworking secretariat ; and at the
India office it was said of him that he under-
took the duties of every subordinate in
his department, including those of the
messenger. In 1887 he delivered an address
before the Royal Scottish Geographical
Society at Edinburgh on * Burma: the

New British Province.' In 1889 he
compiled a valuable report on Indian
administration during the past thirty years
of British rule, which was laid before
Parliament. In 1891 he wrote a confiden-
tial minute on opium, in view of a debate
in the House of Commons in April of that
year. In 1893 he saw through the press
the posthumous memoirs of his friend,
Sir George Campbell. In politics he was
a liberal. The Bernard Free Library was
built as a memorial to him at Rangoon.

[Personal knowledge ; Sir Richard Temple,
Men and Events of my Time in India, 1882 ;
J. H. Rivett-Carnac, Many Memories, 1910 ;
Sir Henry Cotton, Indian and Home Memories,
1911; Sir Charles Crosthwaite, The Pacifica-
tion of Burma, 1912.] J. S. C.

BERNARD,THOMAS DEHANY(1815-
1904), divine, second son of Charles Ber-
nard of Eden Estate, Jamaica, the descen-
dant of a Huguenot family, by Margaret,
daughter of John Baker of Waresley
House, Worcestershire, was born at Clif-
ton on 11 Nov. 1815. Mountague Bernard
[q. v.] was his brother. After private
education he matriculated in December
1833 from Exeter College, Oxford, and in
1837 was placed in the second class of
the final classical school. He graduated
B.A. in 1838, when he won the Ellerton
theological prize with an essay * On the
Conduct and Character of St. Peter.' In
1839 he was awarded the chancellor's
prize for an English essay on * The Classical
Taste and Character compared with the
Romantic.' In 1840 he was ordained
deacon and licensed to the curacy of Great
Baddow, Essex. Ordained priest in 1841,
he succeeded to the vicarage of Great
Baddow, where he remained until 1846.
After working for a short time as curate
of Harrow-on-the-Hill, he became in 1848
vicar of Terling, Essex. He showed a
keener interest in the cause of foreign
missions than was usual at that time.
He was thrice select preacher at Oxford
in 1858, 1862, and 1882. In 1864 he
delivered the Bampton lectures on * The
Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament '
(5th edit. 1900).

Of strong evangelical sympathies, Ber-
nard was appointed by Simeon's trustees
to the rectory of Walcot, Bath, in 1864.
There Bernard's gifts of organisation were
called into play. He increased the church
accommodation and built St. Andrew's
church and schools. In 1867 the bishop
of Bath and Wells collated him to a pre-
bendal stall in Wells Cathedral ; and next
year the dean and chapter elected him

Berry

to a residentiary canonry. He succeeded
to the chancellorship of the cathedral in
1879, and from 1880 to 1895 represented
the chapter in convocation.

Bernard was as zealous a cathedral
dignitary as he was an energetic town
rector. He revived the cathedral gram-
mar school, at his own cost provided build-
ings for it, established a high school for
girls, and interested himself in the general
parochial life of Wells. An evangelical
whom all trusted, though unfettered by
party conventions, Bernard was a frequent
speaker at the Islington clerical meeting,
He resigned Walcot in 1886, and went to
live at Wimborne. In 1901 he retired
from his canonry, retaining only the unpaid
office of chancellor. He died at High Hall,
Wimborne, on 7 Dec. 1904. Bernard com-
bined the qualities of the student and the
man of affairs, of the wise counsellor in
private and the clear, cogent teacher in
public. He married in 1841 Caroline,
daughter of Benjamin Linthorne, of High
Hall, Wimborne ; she died in 1881, leaving
two sons and seven daughters.

Besides the works noticed, Bernard
published: 1. ' Before His Presence with a
Song,' 1885 ; 2nd edit. 1887. 2. 'The Central
Teaching of Jesus Christ,' 1892. 3. ' Songs
of the Holy Nativity,' 1895. 4. 'The
Word and Sacraments,' 1904.

[Guardian, 14 Dec. 1904 ; Record, 9 Dec.
1904; The Times, 8 Dec. 1904; Foster's Alumni
Oxon. ; E. Stock, History of the C.M.S., 1899,
ii. 359, 387 and iii. 10 ; private information.]

A. R. B.

BERRY, SIR GRAHAM (1822-1904),
prime minister of Victoria, born at Twicken-
ham, England, on 28 Aug. 1822, was son of
Benjamin Berry, a retired tradesman, by
his wife Clara Graham. After education
at Chelsea he was apprenticed to a draper
and silk mercer there, and subsequently
in 1848 or 1849 opened a small shop
in the King's Road. Emigrating to
Victoria in 1852, he went into business as
a general storekeeper and wine and spirit
merchant at South Yarra, Prahran. In
1856 he revisited England on business con-
nected with his father's will.

In 1860 he purchased in Victoria a
newspaper called the ' Collingwood
Observer,' and in the next year entered
the legislative assembly of Victoria as
member for East Melbourne. At the
general election in August 1861 he was re-
turned for Collingwood as an advanced
liberal protectionist. He supported the
ministry of Sir James McCulloch [q. v.] in
its struggle with the legislative council,

which refused to sanction the assembly's
imposition of protectionist duties (1863-6).
But when McCulloch failed in his plan of
' tacking ' the customs bill to the appro-
priation bill, and sought to borrow from a
bank in order to meet the public expen-
diture, Berry withdrew his support. In
the ensuing election (1865) McCulloch
routed all opponents, and Berry, losing his
seat, was out of parliament for three years.

In 1866 Berry purchased the ' Geelong
Register,' amalgamated it with the]' Geelong
Advertiser,' and settled in Geelong to edit
his new venture. He shortly stood for
South Grant and was beaten ; in 1868 he
became member for Geelong West. On
12 Jan. 1870 he became treasurer in the
government of John Alexander Macpherson,
but the ministry fell almost immediately
after his first budget speech. On 19 June
1871 he entered the ministry of Sir Charles
Gavan Duffy [q.v. Suppl. II] as treasurer, but
resigned on 21 May 1872: a private member
attacked him in the house for having ap-
pointed his father-in-law to a local post of
some emolument, and to avoid embarrassing
the government he resumed the status of a
private member. The charge was investi-
gated by a select committee which never
reported (see Victorian Parl. Deb. 1872,
xiv.). Six months later the ministry went
out of office.

In August 1875 Berry for the first time
became prime minister and chief secretary.
Introducing a land tax bill which was
intended to strike at the undue accumula-
tions of large holders, he was defeated, and
on the refusal of his application for a dis-
solution Sir James McCulloch (20 Oct.
1875) returned to power. A great fight
in the assembly followed ; the ' stonewallers,'
as Berry's followers were called, were met
by what was known as McCulloch's 'iron
hand.' In the intervals of parliamentary
attendance Berry stumped the country,
denouncing McCulloch's government and
making a good impression. At the general
election in May 1877 Berry obtained an over-
whelming majority. He failed to form a
coalition with James Service and the
prominent opponents of McCulloch, and
with a less representative cabinet set to
work on a series of highly controversial
measures. He revived the main features
of his old land bill, and endeavoured to
carry the payment of members, first by
tacking a resolution to the appropriation
bill and then by framing a separate bill to
authorise the payment. A stern fight with
the upper house produced an administra-
tive deadlock, which lasted from May 1877

Berry ij

to April 1878. On 'Black Wednesday,'
8 Jan. 1878, money to pay the services
failed, and Berry, consistent with his pre-
vious views, preferred the dismissal of public
servants to borrowing. This strong measure,
though generally condemned, had the
effect of weeding the overcrowded depart-
ments. In April 1878 a compromise was
effected, and Berry sought anew to
strengthen the power of the lower house.
But the other chamber offered uncom-
promising resistance. At the very end of
the year he came to England with Charles
Henry Pearson [q. v.] in the hope of
inducing the central government to pass
an Act for amending the Constitution of
Victoria. His mission is locally known
as * the embassy.' He was recommended
to try other methods. On his return in
June 1879 he introduced a reform bill,
and early in 1880 appealed to the
constituencies. He incurred defeat, and
on 5 March 1880 Mr. Service took office
for less than six months. On 3 August
1880 Berry was once more prime minister
and reached a working compromise with the
upper chamber, whereby the franchise
qualifications for the upper chamber were
reduced. On 9 July 1881 he was defeated
in parliament and resigned.

The political passion roused by Berry's
policy had paralysed administration and
became known as the ' Berry blight.'
Rest was sorely needed and a sort of
sufferance government carried on the
administration till 1883. Then at a
general election Berry and Service found
themselves at the head of equal numbers
in the house. On 8 March 1883 a coalition
government was formed with great benefit to
the colony ; a new Public Service Act and
a Railways Management Act, both aimed
at the evils of patronage, were amongst its
achievements. In May 1883 Berry repre-
sented the colony at the general postal
conference at Sydney, and won golden
opinions.

In February 1886 Berry resigned office
and proceeded to London as agent general
for the colony. In June 1886 he was
made K.C.M.G. He represented Victoria
at the colonial conference of 1887.

Returning to Melbourne in 1891, Berry
represented Victoria at the federal con-
vention of that year ; he re-entered parlia-
ment in April of 1892 as member for East
Bourke Boroughs, and joined William Shiel's
ministry as treasurer. In 1894 he was elected
speaker in succession to (Sir) Thomas Bent
[q. v. Suppl. II], and held that office with
success till 1897, when he lost his seat.

2 Besant

An annuity of 500Z. a year was voted by
the new house of assembly.

Save that in 1897 and 1898 he repre-
sented his colony at federal conventions at
Sydney and Adelaide, Berry thenceforth
lived in retirement until his death at
Balaclava on 25 Jan. 1904 ; a public
funeral at Boroondara cemetery was
accorded him.

A self-made man, without education, a
democratic leader with a fervent belief in
democratic principles, and a fluent speaker,
he was no violent demagogue. According
to Mr. Alfred Deakin, afterwards prime
minister of the Australian commonwealth,
* he had the pronounced gift of general-
ship both in the house and in the country ;
was a resolute and far-seeing premier and
a fighting chieftain, conspicuously able,
earnest, and consistent' (JOHN'S Notable
Australians; cf. Victorian Parliamentary
Debates, Ixxxvii. 763).

Among his other honours was the cross
of the legion of honour, which he received
as commissioner of Victoria at the Paris
Exhibition of 1889.

Berry was twice married : (1) in 1846,
to Harriet Anne Blencowe, who died in
1866, leaving eight children; (2) in 1869,
to Rebecca Madge, daughter of J. B. Evans
of Victoria, who survived him ; by her he
left seven- children.

[Heaton's Australian Diet, "of Dates ;
Mennell's Diet, of Australasian Biog. ; Blair's
Cyclopaedia of Australasia; Melbourne Age,
26 Jan. 1904, and Argus of same date ;
Leader 30 Jan. 1904 ; The Times, 26 Jan.
1904 ; Who's Who, 1901 ; private informa-
tion.] C. A. H.

BESANT, SIR WALTER (1836-1901),
novelist, born on 14 Aug. 1836 at 3 St.
George's Square, Portsea, was fifth child
and third son in a family of six sons and
four daughters of William Besant (d. 1879),
merchant, of Portsmouth, by his wife Sarah
Ediss (d. 1890), daughter of a builder and
architect, of Dibden near Hythe. His
eldest brother, William Henry Besant,
F.R.S. (6. 1828), senior wrangler (1850)
and fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge
(1853), became a mathematician of repute.
Mrs. Annie Besant (b. 1847), theosophical
lecturer and author, was wife of his brother
Frank, vicar of Sibsey, Lincolnshire, from
1871. Much of Walter's boyhood is described
by him in his novel * By Celia's Arbour.'
As a boy he devoured his father's small
but representative library of the English
classics. After education at home, he was
sent in 1848 to St. Paul's grammar school,
Portsea (now a Wesleyan chapel), where

Besant

153

Besant

his eldest brother had been captain. After
the closing of the school, Besant was at
home again for eighteen months, and
in 1851 went to Stockwell grammar school,
which was affiliated to King's College,
London. While there he made, on half-
holidays, short excursions into the City,
studying its streets and buildings and
developing a love of London archaeology
and history which absorbed him in later
life. Having spent three terms at King's
College, London (1854-5), where Dean
Wace and Canon Ainger [q. v. Suppl. II]
were among his contemporaries, he matri-
culated at Christ's College, Cambridge,
in 1856. At Christ's his undergraduate
friends included his seniors, Charles Stuart
Calverley, W. W. Skeat, (Sir) Walter
Joseph Sendall [q. v. Suppl. II], and (Sir)
John Robert Seeley, as well as John Peile
[q. v. Suppl. II], who was of his own
age. He was bracketed with Calverley
for the gold medal for English essay at
Christ's in 1856, and won the prize offered
by Calverley for an examination in the
* Pickwick Papers ' at Christmas 1857,
Skeat being second. After graduating B.A.
as 18th wrangler in 1859, Besant gained the
special bachelor's theological prize, made
some unsuccessful attempts at journalism in
London, and then was appointed a mathe-
matical master of Leamington College,
with the intention of taking holy orders
and becoming chaplain there. In 1860 he
enjoyed a first experience of continental
travel, on a walking tour in Tyrol with
Calverley, Peile, and Samuel Walton. Re-
jecting thoughts of holy orders, he ac-
cepted in 1861 the senior professorship at
the Royal College, Mauritius. Among his
colleagues was Frederick Guthrie, F.R.S.,
with whom he was on very intimate terms
until Guthrie' s death in 1886. Friends on
the island also numbered Charles Meldrum
[q. v. Suppl. II], whom he succeeded
at the college, and James Dykes Campbell
[q. v. Suppl. I]. He proceeded M.A. at
Cambridge in 1863. His vacations were
devoted to the study of French, both old
and modern, and to essay writing. At the
end of six and a half years he was offered
the rectorship of the college, but he refused
it on the ground of ill-health. He finally
left Mauritius for England in June 1867,
visiting Cape Town and St. Helena on his
way home.

Thereupon Besant settled in London
with a view to a literary career. Next year
he was engaged to write leading articles
on social topics in the ' Daily News,' and
published ' Early French Poetry,' his first

book, the fruit of recreations in Mauritius.
Though loosely constructed, the work
presents much valuable information in a
readable style. Encouraged by the book's
reception, he contributed articles on French
literature to the * British Quarterly Review '
and the ' Daily News,' besides a paper on
' Rabelais ' to ' Macmillan's Magazine '
(1871). These were collected in ' The
French Humourists from the Twelfth
to the Nineteenth Century ' (1873). Later
French studies were ' Montaigne ' (1875) ;

* Rabelais ' (in Blackwood's foreign classics,
1879 ; new edit. 1885) ; ' Gaspard de Coligny '
(1879 ; new edit. 1894, in the ' New Plutarch '
series of biographies, of which Besant was
general editor 1879-81) ; and * Readings in
Rabelais' (1883). He was author also of

* A Book of French : Grammatical Exercises,
History of the Language' (12mo, 1877).
Besant especially helped to popularise Rabe-
lais in England. Joining the Savile Club in
1873, he formed in 1879, chiefly among its
members, a Rabelais Club for the discussion
of Rabelais's work. The club lasted ten
years, and to its three volumes of * Re-
creations ' (3 vols. 1881-8) Besant was a
frequent contributor.

Meanwhile Besant identified himself
with other interests. In June 1868 he
became secretary of the Palestine Ex-
ploration Fund, a society founded in
1864 for the systematic exploration of
Palestine. The salary was 200/. a year,
afterwards raised to 300Z. Besant held the
office till 1886, when pressure of literary
work compelled his retirement; but he
remained honorary secretary till his death.
He devoted his pen to the interests of the
fund with characteristic energy. In colla-
boration with E. H. Palmer [q. v.], professor
of Arabic at Cambridge, with whom in his
secretarial capacity he grew intimate, he
wrote in 1871 ' Jerusalem : the City of
Herod and Saladin ' (4th edit. 1899; fine
paper edit. 1908), and he edited the ' Survey
of Western Palestine' (1881). On Palmer's
death in 1882 Besant wrote a sympathetic
but uncritical * Life ' of him. He also gave
an account of the society's activities in
' Twenty-one Years' Work, 1865-86' (1886),
which was revised in ' Thirty Years' Work,
1865-95 ' (1895). Of the subsidiary Palestine
Pilgrims Text Society for the translation
of narratives of ancient pilgrimages in
Palestine, which was founded in 1884 with
Sir Charles Wilson as director, Besant was
likewise secretary.

An accident diverted Besant's energy
to novel writing. He sent early in 1869
an article on the Island of Reunion, which

Besant

154

Besant

he had visited from Mauritius, to * Once a I
Week.' No acknowledgment was received. |
By chance Besant discovered at the end of
the year that the paper was published with
many misprints in the issues of 16 and
23 Oct. Besant expostulated in a letter
to the editor, who proved to be James
Rice [q. v.]. Rice offered a satisfactory
explanation, and courteously requested
further contributions. Besant wrote a short
Christmas story, * Titania's Farewell,' for
the Christmas number of the journal
(1870). Friendly relations with the editor
followed, and in 1871 Rice asked Besant
to collaborate in a novel, the plot of which
he had already drafted. The result was
' Ready Money Mortiboy,' which first
appeared as a serial in ' Once a Week '
and was published in three volumes in 1872.
The book was welcomed by the public with
enthusiasm. The partnership was pursued
till Rice's disablement through illness in
1881. The fruits were 'My Little Girl'
(1874), 'With Harp and Crown' (1874),
'This Son of Vulcan' (1875), 'The Golden
Butterfly,' a triumphant success (1876),
' The Monks of Thelema ' (1877), ' By Celia's
Arbour' (1878), 'The Chaplain of the
Fleet' (1879), and 'The Seamy Side'
(1881). Besant and Rice also wrote jointly
the Christmas number for ' All the Year
Round ' from 1872 till 1882. The division of
labour made Rice mainly responsible for
the plot and its development, and Besant
mainly responsible for the literary form (see
RICE, JAMES, preface to Library edit, of
Ready Money Mortiboy, 1887, and Idler,
1892). With Rice Besant further wrote
an historical biography, ' Sir Richard
Whittington ' (1879 ; new edit. 1894), and
made his first attempt as a playwright,
composing jointly ' Such a Good Man,' a
comedy, produced by John Hollingshead
at the Olympic Theatre in Dec. 1879
(HOLL:ENGSHEAD, My Lifetime, i. 38-9).
Besant made a few other dramatic
experiments in collaboration with Mr.
Walter Herries Pollock. In 1887 they
adapted for an amateur theatrical company
which played at Lord Monkswell's house at
Chelsea, De Banville's drama ' Gringoire '
under the title of ' The Balladmonger.'
It was subsequently performed by (Sir)
H. Beerbohm Tree at the Haymarket
Theatre (Sept. 1887) and at His Majesty's
Theatre (June 1903). With Pollock, too,
Besant published ' The Charm, and other
Drawing-room Plays ' in 1896.

While Rice lived, Besant made only one
independent effort in fiction, producing in
1872 an historical novel, ' When George the

Third was Bang.' On Rice's death, he
continued novel-writing single-handed, pro-
ducing a work of fiction of the regulation
length each year for twenty years, besides
writing the Christmas number for ' All the
Year Round' between 1882 and 1887 and
many other short stories. The plots of
Besant' s sole invention are far looser in
texture than those of the partnership, and
he relied to a larger extent than before on
historical incident. In ' Dorothy Forster '
(3 vols. 1884), which Besant considered his
best work, he showed ingenuity in placing
a graceful love story in an historical setting.
' The World went very well then ' (1887),
'For Faith and Freedom' (1888), 'The
Holy Rose ' (1890), and ' St. Katharine's
by the Tower' (1891) deal effectively
with English life in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. Besant's treatment
of current society is for the most part
less satisfactory. But two of his pieces
of modern fiction, ' All Sorts and Condi-
tions of Men' (1882) and 'Children of
Gibeon ' (1886), achieved a popularity in
excess of anything else from his pen, but
on other than purely literary grounds.

Besant, in whom philanthropic interest
was always strong, had made personal
inquiry into the problems of poverty in
East London, and in these two novels he
enforced definite proposals for their solu-
tion. The second book dwelt on the evils
of sweating, and helped forward the move-
ment for the trades-organisation of working
women. The first book, 'All Sorts and
Conditions of Men,' which was mainly a
strenuous plea for the social regeneration
of East London, greatly stimulated the
personal sympathy of the well-to-do with
the East End poor. In this novel Besant
depicted a fictitious ' Palace of Delight,'
which should cure the joyless monotony of
East End life. Besant helped moreover to
give his fancy material shape. A bequest
of 13,OOOZ. left in 1841 by John Thomas
Barber Beaumont [q. v.], with the object of
providing ' intellectual improvement and
rational recreation and amusement for
people living at the East End of London,'
was made the nucleus of a large public
fund amounting to 75,OOOZ, which was
collected under the direction of Sir Edmund
Hay Currie, with Besant's active co-opera-
tion, for the foundation of an institution
on the lines which Besant had laid down.
The Drapers' Company added 20,000/. for
technical schools. Ultimately, Besant's
' People's Palace ' was erected in Mile End
Road, and was opened by Queen Victoria
on 14 May 1887. The Palace contained

Besant

'55

Besant

a hall the Queen's hall capable of hold-
ing 4000 people for cheap concerts and
lectures. There were soon added a swim-
ming-bath, library, technical schools, winter
garden, gymnasium, art schools, lecture
rooms, and rooms for social recreation.
Besant actively engaged in the manage-
ment, was leader of the literary circle, and
edited a ' Palace Journal.' But the effort
failed, to Besant' s regret, to realise his chief
hope. Under the increased patronage and
control of the Drapers' Company, the educa-
tional side encroached on the social and
recreative side until the scheme developed
into the East London Technical College,
and finally into the East London College,
which was in 1908 recognised as a branch
of London University. A portion of the
People's Palace was maintained under that
title for social and recreative purposes, but
it became a subsidiary feature of the in-
stitution (see article by SIR EDMUND HAY
CURBIE in Nineteenth Century, Feb. 1890;
cf. Century Magazine, June 1890, and
Guide to the People's Palace, 1900).

At C. G. Leland's suggestion Besant
took, in 1884, another step in promoting
beneficial recreation. He initiated ' The
Home Arts and Industries Association,'
which established evening schools through
the country for the voluntary teaching
and practice of the minor arts, such
as wood-carving, leather-work, fretwork,
weaving, and embroidery. There are now
some 500 schools, and annual exhibitions
of work are held. Besant also suggested
in 1897 the Women's Central Bureau for
the employment of women, hi connection
with the National Union of Women
Workers.

At the same time much of Besant' s
public spirit was absorbed by an effort to
improve the financial status of his own
profession of author. In 1884 he and some
dozen other authors formed the Society of
Authors, with Lord Tennyson as president
and leaders in all branches of literature as
vice-presidents. The society's object was
threefold, viz. the maintenance, definition,
and defence of literary property ; the con-
solidation and amendment of laws of
domestic copyright; and the promotion of
international copyright. Besant, who
organised the first committee of manage
ment and was chairman of committee
from 1889 till 1892, was the life and sou]
of the movement throughout its initial
stages. On 15 May 1890 he started, with
himself as editor, ' The Author,' a monthly
organ of propaganda. He represented the
society at an authors' congress at Chicago

with Mr. S. Squire Sprigge) in 1893 and
jave an account of its early struggles and
growth. In his lifetime the original
Membership of sixty-eight grew to nearly
2000. The society's endeavour to secure
copyright reform under his direction proved
substantially successful and influenced new
copyright legislation in America in 1891, in
Canada in 1900 and in Great Britain in 1911.
But Besant' s chief aim was to strengthen
the author's right in his literary property
and to relieve him of traditional financial
disabilities, which Besant ascribed in part
to veteran customs of the publishing trade,
n part to publishing devices which savoured
of dishonesty, and in part to the unbusi-
nesslike habits of authors. His agitation
brought, him into conflict with publishers
of high standing, who justly resented some
of his sweeping generalisations concerning
the character of publishing operations.
Like other earnest controversialists Besant
tended to exaggerate his case, which in
the main was sound. The leading results
of his propaganda were advantageous
to authors. He practically established
through the country the principle that
author's accounts with publishers should
be subject to audit. He exposed many
fraudulent practices on the part of dis-
reputable publishers, both here and in
America, and gave injured authors a ready
means of redressing their grievances. At
Besant's instigation the society's pension
fund for impoverished authors was started
in 1901. In 1892 he established an Authors'
Club in connection with the society, and in
1899, in his ' The Pen and the Book,' he

tave his final estimate of the authors'
nancial and legal position. In George
Meredith's words, Besant was ' a valorous,
alert, persistent advocate ' of the authors'
cause and sought ' to establish a system
of fair dealing between the sagacious
publishers of books and the inexperienced,
often heedless, producers ' (Author, July
1901). In 1895 Besant, who had already
advocated the more frequent bestowal on
authors of titles of honour, was knighted
on Lord Rosebery's recommendation. He
had been elected in 1887 a member of the
Athenaeum under Rule II.

In Oct. 1894 Besant entered on what he
considered his greatest work, which was
inspired conjointly by his literary and public
interests. He resolved to prepare a survey
of modern London on the lines on which
Stow had dealt with Tudor London. With
the aid of experts, he arranged to describe
the changing aspects of London from the
earliest times till the end of the nineteenth

Besant

156

Besant

century. Preliminary studies of general
London history he embodied in * London "
(1892 ; new edit. 1894), * Westminster
(1895), 'South London' (1899), 'East
London ' (1901), and ' The Thames ' (1902).
He was also general editor from 1897 of
' The Fascination of London,' a series of
handbooks to London topography. But the
great survey was not completed at his death,
and, finished by other hands, it appeared
in ten comprehensively illustrated volumes
after his death, viz. : ' Early London '
(1908), 'Medieval London' (2 vols. 1906),
' London in the Time of the Tudors ' (1904),
' London in the Time of the Stuarts ' (1903),
' London in the Eighteenth Century ' (1902),
' London in the Nineteenth Century '
(1909), 'London City' (1910), 'London
North ' (1911) and 'London South' (1912).
He also originated in 1900, with (Sir) A.
Conan Doyle, Lord Coleridge, and others,
the ' Atlantic Union,' a society for enter-
taining in England American and British
colonial visitors. Becoming a Freemason
in 1862, he was hon. sec. of the small
society, the Masonic Archaeological In-
stitute. Some eighteen years later he
was member of a small Archaeological
Lodge, which, originally consisting of nine
members, now has 2000 corresponding
members scattered over the globe. He
long resided at Hampstead, where he was
president of the Antiquarian Historical
Society, and vice-president of the Art
Society. He was elected F.S.A. in 1894.

Besant died at his residence, Frognal End,
Hampstead, on 9 June 1901, and was buried
in the burial ground in Church Row
attached to Hampstead parish church.
He married in Oct. 1874 Mary Garrett
(d. 1904), daughter of Eustace Forster
Barham of Bridgwater, and left issue two
sons and two daughters. His library was
sold at Sotheby's on 24 March 1902.
Bronze busts by (Sir) George Frampton,
R.A., were set up in the crypt of St. Paul's
Cathedral in 1901 and on the Victoria
Embankment, near Waterloo Bridge, in
1902. A portrait, painted by John
Pettie, R.A., and exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1887, now belongs to his
elder son. A portrait was also painted by
Emslie.

Besant was of a thick-set figure, with
bushy beard, somewhat brusque in manner,
but genial among intimate friends, generous
in help to struggling literary aspirants,
and imbued with a high sense of public
duty. His methodical habits of mind and
work, which were due in part to his mathe-
matical training, rendered his incessant

labour effective in very varied fields. In
his own business of authorship his practice
did not always cohere with his principle ;
by selling outright the copyrights of his
novels he contradicted the settled maxim
of the Authors' Society that authors should
never part with their copyrights. He had
no love of priests and religious dogma,
and tended to depreciate the religious
work of the church in the East End of
London (see Nineteenth Century, 1887), but
he admired and energetically supported the
social work of the Salvation Army.

Of Besant' s novels written alone after
Rice's death fifteen appeared in the three-
volume form (at 31s. 6d.), and were soon
reissued in cheap single volumes. These
works were: 1. 'All Sorts and Conditions
of Men,' 1882. 2. ' The Revolt of Man,'
1882. 3. 'All in a Garden Fair,' 1883.
4. 'The Captain's Room,' 1883. 5.
' Dorothy Forster,' 1884. 6. ' Uncle Jack,'
1885. 7. 'Children of Gibeon,' 1886.

8. ' The World went very well then,' 1887.

9. 'Herr Paulus,' 1888. 10. 'For Faith
and Freedom,' 1888. 11. 'The Bell
of St. Paul's,' 1889. 12. ' Armorel of
Lyonesse,' 1890. 13. 'St. Katharine's by
the Tower,' 1891. 14. ' The Ivory Gate,'
1892. 15. ' The Rebel Queen,' 1893 ; Dutch
trans. 1895. There followed, with two ex-
ceptions, in single volumes at six shillings,
16. ' Beyond the Dreams of Avarice,'
1895. 17. 'In Deacon's Orders,' 1895.

18. ' The Master Craftsman,' 2 vols. 1896.

19. 'The City of Refuge,' 3 vols. 1896.

20. ' A Fountain Sealed,' 1897. 21. ' The
Changeling,' 1898. 22. ' The Orange Girl,'
1899. 23. ' The Fourth Generation,' 1900.
24. ' The Lady of Lynn,' 1901. 25. ' No
Other Way,' 1902. ' The Holy Rose,' 1890,
and * A Five Years' Tryst,' 1902, were
collections of short stories in single
volumes. ' Katharine Regina ' (1887 ;
Russian trans. 1888) and 'The Inner
House' (1888) appeared in Arrowsmith's
Shilling Library.

He was also author of ' The Eulogy of
Richard Jefferies' (1888), 'Captain Cook'
1889), 'The Rise of the Empire' (1897),
and 'The Story of King Alfred' (1901).
[n 1879 he wrote 'Constantinople,' with
William Jackson Brodribb [q. v. Suppl. II].
There appeared posthumously ' Essays and
Historiettes ' and ' As we are and as we
may be ' in 1903, and his ' Autobiography,'
edited by S. Squire Sprigge, in 1902.

[Autobiography of Sir Walter Besant, ed.
by S. Squire Sprigge, 1902; The Author,
1901, and passim; The Times, 11, 13, and
17 June 1901 ; Athenseum, 15 June 1901 ;

Bevan

157

Bewley

Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly State-
ment, 1901, pp. 207-9; Forum, July 1902;
Review of Reviews, Sept. 1893 (art. by John
Underbill) ; Nineteenth Cent., Sept. 1887 ;
private information.] W. B. 0.

BEVAN, WILLIAM LATHAM (1821-
1908), archdeacon of Brecon, born on 1 May
1821 at Beaufort, Breconshire, was eldest
of three sons of William Hibbs Bevan
(1788-1846), then of Beaufort, but later
of Glannant, Crickhowell (high sheriff for
Breconshire 1841), by Margaret, daughter
of Joseph Latham, also of Beaufort, but
originally from Boughton-in-Furness. With
a stepbrother, Edward Kendall, the father
carried on the Beaufort Iron Works,
trading as Kendall & Bevan, until 1833
(J. LLOYD, Old S. Wales Iran Works,
178-189). The youngest brother, George
Phillips Bevan (1829-1889), wrote popular
tourists' guides for Hampshire, Surrey,
Kent, the three Ridings of Yorkshire, War-
wickshire, the Wye Valley, and the Channel
Islands (between 1877 and 1887, and re-
peatedly reprinted) ; industrial geographies
of Great Britain and Ireland, France, and
the United States (London 1880) ; and in
conjunction with Sir John Stainer a hand-
book to St. Paul's Cathedral (1882) (see
The Times, 10 August 1889).

After Bevan's education at Rugby under
Dr. Arnold, he matriculated from Balliol
College, Oxford, on 14 Dec. 1838 ; but he
almost immediately removed to Magdalen
Hall (now Hertford College) on being elected
Lusby scholar there. He graduated B.A.
in 1842, with a second class in the final
classical school, and M.A. in 1845. In 1844
he was ordained deacon, and in 1845, after
a short curacy at Stepney, he was admitted
priest and presented to the living i of
Hay, Breconshire, by Sir Joseph Bailey,
who was married to his mother's sister.
This living, though a very poor one
without a parsonage, he held for fifty-six
years, his private means enabling him to
contribute largely to the restoration of
the church, the erection of British schools
and of a town clock and tower, besides build-
ing a parish hall at his own expense. He
was also prebendary of Llanddewi-Aberarth
in St. David's Cathedral, 1876-9; canon
residentiary of St. David's, 1879-93; arch-
deacon of Brecon from 1895 till 1907 (when
at his resignation his son Edward Latham
was appointed in his place); proctor for
the diocese of St. David's, 1880-95; ex-
amining chaplain to the bishop, 1881-97;
and chaplain of Hay Union, 1850-95. He
was offered, but declined, the deaneries
of Llandaff (in 1897), St. David's (in 1903),

and St. Asaph. On resigning the living
of Hay in Nov. 1901 Bevan retired to Ely
Tower, Brecon, where he died on 24 Aug.
1908; he was buried at Hay, where his
widow, who died on 23 Oct. 1909, was
also buried. He is commemorated in Hay
Church by carved oak choir stalls and a
marble chancel pavement, given by his
family in August 1910. The St. David's
diocesan conference in 1908 resolved on
founding a diocesan memorial to him.

Bevan married on 19 June 1849, at
Whitney Church, Herefordshire, Louisa,
fourth daughter of Tomkyns Dew of
Whitney Court, by whom he had three
sons and four daughters.

Bevan was a moderate churchman, who
believed in enlarging the powers of the
laity. He was a great linguist, and had a
literary knowledge of Welsh, though he
never preached in it. His general attitude
to Welsh questions was that of a critical,
scholarly anglican. He is best known for
various pamphlets or printed essays and ser-
mons in defence of the Welsh Church, which
include : ' The Church Defence Handy
Volume' (1892) and ' Notes on the Church
in Wales ' (1905). During the last twenty
years of his life he was regarded as an
authority on the history of the Welsh
Church, but probably his only work of
permanent value on the subject is his
History of St. David's' in the S.P.C.K.
series of diocesan histories (1888).

Besides contributing numerous articles
to Smith's ' Dictionary of the Bible,' Bevan
was also author of three works on ancient
geography ' A Manual ' (1852) ; ' A
Student's Manual,' based on [Dr. Smith's]
' Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography '
(1861, 12mo); and' A Smaller Manual' (1872,
12mo) as well as of ' A Student's Manual of
Modern Geography, Mathematical, Physical
and Descriptive ' (2 vols. 1868, 12mo ;
7th edit. 1884), .which was translated into
Italian and Japanese.

[Western Mail, 25 and 28 Aug. 1908;
Guardian, 26 Aug. 1908 ; Church Times, 28
Aug. 1908 ; an excellent Welsh notice in
Ceninen Gwyl Dewi, 1909 ; private information
from his eldest daughter, Mrs. Dawson of
Hartlington Hall, Yorkshire.] D. LL. T.

BEWLEY, SIB EDMUND THOMAS
(1837-1908), Irish lawyer and genealogist,
born in Dublin on 11 Jan. 1837, was son
of Edward Bewley (1806-1876), licentiate
of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and
Physicians, Ireland, by his wife Mary,
daughter of Thomas Mulock of Kilnagarna,
King's County (1791-1857). Entering
Trinity College, Dublin, in 1855, he obtained

Bickersteth

158

Bickersteth

a classical scholarship in 1857, and a
first senior moderatorship and gold medal
in experimental science in 1859. In 1860
he graduated B.A. and in 1863 M.A.
Subsequently (1885) he proceeded LL.D.
In 1861 he obtained the degree of B.A.,
ad eundem, and also that of M.A., with
honours and first gold medal in experimental
science, in the Queen's (afterwards Royal)
University of Ireland. Called to the
Irish bar in 1862, he practised successfully
for some years, and in 1882 took silk.
From 1884 to 1890 he was regius professor
of feudal and English law in Dublin Uni-
versity, and in 1890 became a judge of the
supreme court of judicature of Ireland, and
judicial commissioner of the Irish Land
Commission. Owing to declining health he
retired in 1898, when he was knighted. He
was elected F.S.A. 10 Jan. 1908, and died
at Dublin on 27 June following.

Bewley married in 1866 Anna Sophie
Stewart, daughter of Henry Colles, a
member of the Irish bar, and by her had
two sons and one daughter.

Bewley spent his leisure in genealogical
pursuits. He was a frequent contributor
to the * Genealogist,' ' Ancestor,' and other
genealogical periodicals. His most im-
portant researches were privately printed.
His three books, 'The Bewleys of
Cumberland ' (1902) ; ' The Family of
Mulock' (1905); and 'The Family of
Poe' (1906), are sound and patient in-
vestigations into family history ; in the
monograph on the Poe family he proved
that Edgar Allan Poe was descended
from a family of Powell, for generations
tenant-farmers in co. Cavan. Bewley
was also author of ' The Law and Practice
of Taxation of Costs ' (1867) ; ' A Treatise
on the Common Law Procedure Acts '
(1871) ; and joint-author of ' A Treatise
on the Chancery (Ireland) Act, 1867 ' (1868).

[The Bewleys of Cumberland, 1902; The
Times, 29 June 1908 ; Dublin Nat, Libr. Cat. ;
Irish Times, 28 June 1908.] D. J. O'D.

BICKERSTETH, EDWARD HENRY
(1825-1906), bishop of Exeter, only son of
the Rev. Edward Bickersteth (1786-1850)
[q. v.] by his wife Sarah, eldest daughter
of Thomas Bignold of Norwich, was born
at Barnsbury Park, Islington, on 25 Jan.
1825, when his father was assistant secretary
to the Church Missionary Society. Edward
Bickersteth (1814-1892) [q. v.], dean of Lich-
field, and Robert Bickersteth [q. v.], bishop
of Ripon, were his cousins. Brought up
at the rectory of Watton, Hertfordshire,
which his father accepted in 1830, Edward
remained faithful through life to the

earnest evangelical piety of his family. At
fourteen he determined to take holy orders.
Educated entirely at home, his tutor was
Thomas Rawson Birks [q. v.], his father's
curate, and subsequently his son-in-law.
In 1843 he matriculated from Trinity
College, Cambridge. In 1847 he graduated
B.A. as a senior optime and third classman
in classics. He proceeded M.A. in 1850, and
hon. D.D. in 1885. His comparatively low
place in the class lists was atoned for by his
unique success in winning the chancellor's
medal for English verse in three successive
years, 1844^-5-6 (a volume of ' Poems '
collected these and other verses in 1849).
Later, in 1854, he won the Seatonian prize
for an English sacred poem on ' Ezekiel,'
which was also published. Ordained deacon
in 1848 and priest in 1849 by Bishop Stanley,
Bickersteth was licensed as curate-in-charge
of Banningham near Aylsham. On a failure
of health in 1851 he became curate to Christ
Church, Tunbridge Wells. In 1853 he was
appointed by Lord Ashley, afterwards earl
of Shaftesbury, to the rectory of Hinton
Martell near Wimborne, Dorset, and in 1855
he accepted the important vicarage of Christ
Church, Hampstead.

Bickersteth remained vicar of Christ
Church, Hampstead, for thirty years. His
incumbency furnishes a typical example
of the pastoral ideals of current evangelical
piety. He insisted on the value of retreats
and quiet days. In 1879 he established
daily services in his parish and recommended
the open church. His devotion to the
Church Missionary Society was hereditary.
Throughout : his Hampstead incumbency
he was a member of the committee, and
the yearly contribution of his congregation
ultimately reached 1000Z. He paid two
long visits to the East, mainly to encourage
missionary work, in 1880-1, when he
visited India and Palestine, and in 1891,
when he went to Japan. When he was
a deacon he composed for the jubilee of
the Church Missionary Society the well-
known hymn ' O Brothers, lift your
voices,' and fifty years later he composed
another for use when he presided over
the centenary of the society. He also
impartially supported many church and
diocesan societies which lacked earlier
evangelical sanction.

While at Hampstead Bickersteth won
a wide recognition as a religious writer in
both verse and prose. In 1866 he published
' Yesterday, To-day, and For Ever ; a
poem in twelve books,' which achieved re-
markable popularity among religious people.
It was estimated that 27,000 copies were

Bickersteth

159

Biddulph

sold in England and 50,000 in America;
the seventeenth English edition appeared
in 1885. The poem embodied in copious
flowing blank verse the account of heaven
and the last things given in the Apo-
calypse. It supplied evangelicals with
poetry that did not offend their piety, and
took for them the place held by Keble's
' Christian Year ' among another school
of churchmen. As literature it has the
\\rakness of nearly all imitations of Milton.
Bickersteth was a voluminous writer of
hymns. In 1858 he brought out * Psalms
and Hymns,' based on his father's ' Christian
Psalmody' (new edit. 1860). A second
effort, to which he gave the title ' The
Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common
Prayer,' soon superseded in evangelical
parishes all other compilations ; there were
two editions, one with and one without
annotation (1870; revised and enlarged
1876, and 1880). About thirty of Bicker-
steth' s own hymns are in common use, the
best-known being * Peace, perfect peace,'
which appeared in ' From Year to Year '
(1883 ; 3rd edit. 1896), his best collection
of scattered verse (JULIAN, Dictionary of
Hymnology, pp. 141, 342). Bickersteth's
religious writing in prose includes a
' Practical and Expository Commentary on
the New Testament' (1864), intended
especially for family use, of which more
than 40,000 copies were sold. Of his
devotional works * The Master's Home
Call, or, Brief Memorials of [his daughter]
Alice Frances Bickersteth, by her Father'
(1872; 3rd edit, in the same year)
circulated most widely.

In January 1885 Bickersteth was ap-
pointed dean of Gloucester, but immedi-
ately after his institution the prime minister,
Gladstone, pressed upon him the bishopric
of Exeter, in succession to Frederick Temple
[q. v. Suppl. II], who was translated to
London. Bickersteth's appointment was
probably intended as a counterpoise to the
nomination of Edward King [q. v. Suppl. II]
to the see of Lincoln. Both bishops were
consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral on
St. Mark's Day, 25 April 1885, when
Canon Liddon preached on the episcopal
office. Bickersteth carried forward many
reforms in the diocese which Temple had
initiated, notably the employment of the
canons of the cathedral in diocesan work.
Despite his gentleness, Bickersteth's
spiritual gifts as a pastor made him a
potent influence. His hospitality was
comprehensive. For five months in 1891
In 1 was in Japan and Bishop Barry officiated
in his absence. In 1894 he presided over the

Church Congress at Exeter, and in an open-
ing address advocated compulsory retire-
ment from clerical work at seventy unless
a medical certificate of efficiency could be
produced. The death of his son Edward, the
bishop of South Tokyo [q. v.], in 1897, was
a heavy blow, and after a serious attack of
influenza in the spring of 1900 he resigned
his see. After five years of illness, he died
on 16 May 1906, at his residence in West-
bourne Terrace, London, and was buried
at Watton.

In 1898 his portrait, a three-quarter
length in oils, was painted by A. S. Cope,
and given to the bishop to be kept in the
Palace, with a replica for Mrs. Bickersteth.
A memorial monument was placed in
Exeter cathedral.

Bickersteth married twice : ( 1 ) in February
1848 his cousin Rosa, daughter of Sir
Samuel Bignold of Norwich; she died in
1873, having borne him six sons and
ten daughters ; (2) in 1876 his cousin
Ellen Susanna, daughter of Robert Bicker-
steth of Liverpool, who was the devoted
companion of his later life and survived
him without issue.

Besides the poetical works already men-
tioned Bickersteth published ' Nineveh, a
poem ' (1851), and ' The Two Brothers and
other Poems ' (1871 ; 2nd edit. 1872).

His prose work included, besides
charges, sermons and the works cited,
1. ' Water from the Well-Spring . . . being
Meditations for every Sunday,' 1852 ;
revised and reissued 1885. 2. ' The Rock
of Ages ; or Scripture Testimony to the one
Eternal Godhead of the Father and of the
Son and of the Holy Ghost,' 1859, 1860;
new edit. 1888. 3. ' The Blessed Dead :
what does Scripture reveal of their State
before the Resurrection?' 2nd edit. 1863.

4. ' The Second Death ; or the Certainty
of Everlasting Punishment, &c.' 1869.

5. 'The Reef and other Parables,' 1874;
2nd edit. 1885. 6. 'The Lord's Table,'
1884; reissued as 'The Feast of Divine
Love; or The Lord's Table,' 1896. 7.
'Thoughts in Past Years,' 1901, a volume
of 18 selected sermons.

[F. K. Aglionby, Life of E. H. Bickersteth,
1907 ; The Times, 17 May 1906 ; information
from son, Dr. Samuel Bickersteth, vicar of
Leeds.] R. B.

BIDDULPH, SIB MICHAEL ANTHONY
SHRAPNEL (1823-1904), general and
colonel commandant royal artillery, born
on 30 July 1823 at Cleeve Court,
Somerset, was eldest surviving son of
Thomas Shrapnel Biddulph of Amroth
Castle, Pembrokeshire, prebendary of

Biddulph

1 60

Biddulph

Brecon, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of
James StiUingfleet, prebendary of Worcester
and great-grandson of Edward Stillingfleet
[q. v.], bishop of Worcester. His paternal
grandmother was Rachel, sister of Lieut. -
general Henry Shrapnel fq. v.], whose
surname he added to his Christian names
in 1843.

Destined for the church and with expec-
tation of a considerable fortune, Biddulph
was being educated under a private tutor,
when speculations in South Wales coal
mines brought about such serious reverses
that the family seat was sold and his career
was changed. He entered the Royal Mili-
tary Academy at Woolwich on 19 Nov.
1840, and while a gentleman cadet was
awarded the Royal Humane Society's
silver medal for saving a comrade from
drowning in the canal at the Royal Arsenal on
25 Aug. 1842. Becoming second lieutenant
in the royal artillery on 17 June 1843, and
first lieutenant on 26 April 1844, Bid-
dulph served for three years in Bermuda,
and then at various home stations until
1853, being promoted second captain on
4 Oct. 1850. When war was declared
with Russia in the spring of 1854 he was
ordered to Turkey with the British army
as adjutant of the royal artillery.

From Varna, in September, Biddulph
accompanied the army to the Crimea,
where he took part in the battles of the
Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, and the Tcher-
naya. He served in the trenches during
the siege of Qebastopol as assistant engineer,
and was present at the repulse of the Rus-
sian sortie on 26 Oct. 1854, and in the three
bombardments. After the final assault of
the Malakoff by the French, he was sent
by Lord Raglan to ascertain from the French
commander whether he could retain the
position, and received the laconic and
well-known answer 'J'y suis, j'y reste.'
Biddulph was afterwards attached to the
quartermaster-general's staff, and became
director of submarine telegraphs in the
Black Sea. As a sportsman in the Crimea
he won the grand point-to-point race of the
allied army in front of Sebastopol. For
his services Biddulph was mentioned in
despatches, given a brevet majority on 12
Dec. 1854 and a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy
on 6 June 1856, and received the British
war medal with four clasps, the Turkish
medal, the French legion of honour, and
the Turkish medjidie, fifth class.

When the war was over he was employed
on special telegraph construction service
in Asia Minor until 1859, and on his return
to England was on the committee of the

first Atlantic cable. After serving in Corfu
until 1861 he went to India on the amal-
gamation of the royal and Indian armies,
was promoted brevet colonel on 14 Aug.
1863 and regimental lieutenant- colonel on
10 Aug. 1864. On 20 Feb. 1868 he was
appointed deputy adjutant-general for
royal artillery in India, on 30 March 1869
was promoted major-general, and on relin-
quishing his staff appointment at the end
of five years was created a C.B., military
division, on 24 May 1873. After a visit
home on furlough, Biddulph returned
to India in Sept. 1875 to take up
the command of the Rohilkhand district.
Two years later he was given the com-
mand of the Quetta field force in the
Afghan war, 1878-9, and he held
successively the command of the second
I division of the Kandahar field force, and
! of the Thai Chotiali field force. He was
present at the occupation of Kandahar
j and the action of Khusk-i-Nakhud. His
' march with the Thai Chotiali field force
| on his return to India in 1879 was made
! through a country which had never been
visited by British troops, or even by any
i European traveller. In spite of preliminary
negotiations the force was not allowed to
make a peaceful progress, although Bid-
dulph carefully observed his orders to avoid
| irritating the tribes on the route. Repeated
' acts of hostility were threatened by the
i natives, and at Baghao the first column was
j seriously assailed by 2000 Kakars under
; Shah Jehan of Zhob and other chiefs. But
I Biddulph surmounted all difficulties, and
took farewell of the force in a general order
dated Mian Mir, 16 May 1879. For his
services in this war he was mentioned in
despatches, received the thanks of both
houses of parliament and the medal, and
was promoted to be K.C.B. on 25 July 1879.
In 1880 Biddulph was given the command
of the Rawal Pindi district in India, and
during his command entertained the Amir
of Afghanistan at the grand durbar of
1884 and the Duke of Connaught on
his tour of inspection in 1885. Biddulph
was promoted lieut. -general on 13 Feb.
1881, colonel commandant of royal artillery
on 14 July 1885, and general on 1 Nov. 1886,
when he left India for good. On his
return to England he was for three years
president of the ordnance committee.

Biddulph retired from the service under
the age regulation on 30 July 1890. He was
offered but refused a colonial governor-
ship. From 1879 to 1895 he had been
groom-in-waiting to Queen Victoria and
from 1895 an extra groom -in- waiting

Bidwell

161

Bidwell

successively to Queen Victoria and King
Edward VII. From 1891 to 1896 he
was keeper of the regalia at the Tower
of London. On 25 May 1895 he was
made G.C.B., and in the following year was
appointed gentleman usher of the black
rod. That office he held until his death.
An all-round and enthusiastic sportsman,
he was also an accomplished painter of
landscape in water-colour.

Biddulph died at his residence, 2 White-
hall Court, on 23 July 1904, and was buried
at Kensal Green cemetery. He married in
1857 Katherine Stepan, daughter and co-
heiress of Captain Stepan Stamati of
Karani, Balaklava, commandant of Bala-
klava, by Helen, daughter and heiress of
Paul Mavromichalis of Greece. Lady
Biddulph died on 27 Sept. 1908, and was
buried beside her husband at Kensal
Green. Biddulph's five sons, all of the
military service, survived him, together
with two of his five daughters.

An oil portrait by Sylvester was painted
in 1887, and another by A. Fletcher, which
was exhibited at the Royal Academy in
1904, attracted the attention of King
Edward VII, who caused a copy to be
made for Buckingham Palace. Both origi-
nals are in possession of Sir Michael's
daughter, Miss Biddulph, at 15 Hanover
Square, London.

[The Times, 25 July 1904 ; Men and Women
of the Time, 1891 ; Royal Artillery Record ;
Royal Artillery Institution leaflet, August
1904 ; H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War,
3 vols. 1899-1910; private information.]

R. H. V.

BIDWELL, SHELFORD (1848-1909),
pioneer of telephotography, born at Thet-
ford, Norfolk, on 6 March 1848, was eldest
son of Shelf ord Clarke Bidwell, brewer, of
Thetford, who married his first cousin,
Georgina, daughter of George Bidwell,
rector of Stanton, Norfolk. Educated pri-
vately at a preparatory school in Norfolk,
and then at a private school at Winchester,
Bidwell entered Caius College, Cambridge,
where he graduated B. A. (as a junior optime
in the mathematical tripos) in 1870, LL.B.
(with a second class in the law and history
tripos) and M.A. in 1873. Called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn on 27 Jan. 1873, he joined
the south-eastern circuit, and practised for
some years, but finally devoted himself to
scientific study, specialising with success in
electricity and magnetism and physiological
optics. To friendships formed among mem-
bers of the Physical Society of London,
which he joined in 1877, he traced the
beginning of his scientific interests (see

VOL. LXVII. SUP. n.

his Presidential Address, 1898). Obscure
and apparently paradoxical phenomena
fascinated him, and he showed exceptional
subtlety and ingenuity in endeavours to
account for them. About 1880 he began
investigations into the photo-electric pro-
perties of the substance selenium, which led
to an important practical application. On
11 March 1881 he lectured at the Royal
Institution on * Selenium and its Appli-
cations to the Photophone and Tele-
photography,' and described an instrument
which he had devised for electrically trans-
mitting pictures of natural objects to a
distance along a wire. ' It is so far success-
ful ' (he said) ' that although the pictures
hitherto transmitted are of a very rudi-
mentary character, I think there can be no
doubt that further elaboration of the in-
strument would render it far more effective.
Should there ever be a demand for tele-
photography, it may in time turn out to
be useful ' (see also Nature, 10 Feb. 1881).
A paper ' On Telegraphic Photography,'
read at the York meeting of the British
Association in 1881, further described
the invention. The character of other of
Bidwell's scientific inquiries is indicated
by the titles of the following papers :
'The Influence of Friction upon the
Generation of a Voltaic Current' (Proc.
Phys. Soc. iv.) ; 'On the Electrical Re-
sistance of Carbon Contacts ' (Proc. Roy.
Soc. xxxv.) ; 'The Electrical Resistance
of Selenium Cells ' (Proc. Phys. Soc. v.) ;
' On a Method of Measuring Electrical Re-
sistances with a Constant Current' (Proc.
Phys. Soc. v.) ; ' On the Sensitiveness of
Selenium to Light, and the Development
of a Similar Property in Sulphur' (Proc.
Phys. Soc. vi.) ; ' On an Effect of Light upon
Magnetism ' (Proc. Roy. Soc. xlv.) ; ' On
the Changes produced by Magnetisation
in the Dimensions of Rings and Rods
of Iron and of some other Metals ' (Phil.
Trans, clxxix. A.) ; and ' On the Forma-
tion of Multiple Images in the Normal Eye '
(Proc. Roy. Soc. Ixiv.).

Bidwell's interests extended to meteoro-
logy, and in 1893 he lectured at the Royal
Institution on ' Fogs, Clouds, and Light-
ning,' and before the Royal Meteorological
Society, of which he was a fellow, on ' Some
Meteorological Problems.'

Another of his Royal Institution dis-
courses, ' Some Curiosities of Vision' (1897),
appeared in an enlarged shape as ' Curiosi-
ties of Light and Vision ' (1899). Bidwell,
who was a skilful lecturer, was also a clear
and sound writer. Many papers on physics
appeared in ' Nature * and the chief

Bigg

162

Bigg

scientific periodicals, and for the * Encyclo-
paedia Britannica' (tenth and eleventh
editions) he wrote the article * Magnetism.'

Elected F.R.S. on 4 June 1886, he served
on the council 1904-6. He was president
of the Physical Society 1897-9, and a member
of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
In 1900 the University of Cambridge
conferred on him the honorary degree of
Sc.D.

He died at his house, Beechmead,
Oatlands Chase, Wey bridge, on 18 Dec.
1909, and was buried at Walton cemetery.
He married in 1874 Wilhelmina Evelyn,
daughter of Edward Firmstone, rector of
Wyke, near Winchester, and had issue one
son and two daughters.

[Proc. Phys. Soc. xxii. ; Journ. Inst.
Elect. Eng. xlv. ; Quart. Journ. Roy.
Meteorol. Soc. xxxvi. ; Roy. Soc. Catal.
Sci. Papers ; Nature, 30 Dec. 1909 ; Foster's
Men at the Bar; The Times, 25 Dec. 1909:
will, 3 Feb. 1910 ; Electrical Review, 31 Dec.
1909 ; Engineering, 24 Dec. 1909 ; Men of the
Time, 1899.] T. E. J.

BIGG, CHARLES (1840-1908), classical
scholar and theologian, born on 12 Sept.
1840, at Higher Broughton, near Man-
chester, was second son of Thomas Bigg,
a Manchester merchant, by his wife Sarah,
daughter of Charles Elden. Educated at
Manchester grammar school, Bigg was
elected to a scholarship at Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, 26 March 1858. He had a
brilliant academical career, obtaining first-
class honours in classics in moderations in
Michaelmas term, 1859, and in the final
schools in Easter term, 1862, and carrying
off the Hertford scholarship for Latin in
1860, the Gaisford prize for Greek prose
composition, with a Platonic dialogue, in
1861 (printed in that year), and the Ellerton
theological essay in 1864. The appointed
subject for this essay, ' The Life and
Character of St. Chrysostom,' directed
him to the field of study which he was
to make his own. He graduated B.A. in
1862, M.A. in 1864, and D.D. in 1876,
being ordained deacon in 1863 and priest
in 1864. Becoming a senior student ,and
classical tutor of Christ Church, Oxford,
in 1863, he acted as one of the classical
moderators from 1862 to 1865. In 1866
he left Oxford to become second classical
master at Cheltenham College, whence he
passed in 1871 to the headmastership of
Brighton College. To this period of his
life belong school editions of portions of
Thucydides, books i. and ii. (1868), and of
Xenophon's'Cyropsedeia' (1884, 1888).

Resigning his post at Brighton in 1881, he

returned to Oxford to serve as chaplain to
his old college, Corpus Christi, and to devote
himself to severe study of the early history
of the Christian church, and its relations
to pagan writers and especially to pagan
philosophers. The fruit of these researches
appeared in his Bampton lectures on ' The
Christian Platonists of Alexandria,' de-
livered and published in 1 886. These at once
won him recognition as an exact scholar
and an acute philosopher and theologian.

In 1887, on the presentation of Corpus
Christi College, he became rector of Fenny
Compton, in Warwickshire. His diocesan,
Henry Philpott, bishop of Worcester,
made him his examining chaplain in 1889,
and honorary canon of Worcester, 1889-
1901. In 1891 he became examining chap-
lain to Mandell Creighton [q. v. Suppl. I],
bishop of Peterborough. At Oxford he was a
select preacher in 1891, and again in 1900,
and a theological examiner in 1891-3 and
again in 1897-9. When Dr. Creighton was
translated to London in 1897, he asked Dr.
Bigg to continue acting as his examining
chaplain, and assigned to him, in October
1900, a leading part in the Fulham Palace
conference. To this period of his lif e belong
editions, with thoughtful introductions, of
various standard devotional works, such as
' The Confessions of St. Augustine' (1898),
' The Imitation of Christ ' (1898; new edit.
1905), and William Law's 'Serious Call'
(1899 ; new edit. 1906), and a strongly con-
servative edition of, and commentary on,
* The Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude '
(1901).

Bigg found his true sphere of work in 1901,
when he succeeded Dr. William Bright
[q. v. Suppl. II] in the regius professor-
ship of ecclesiastical history at Oxford,
with which was associated a canonry of
Christ Church. His professorial lectures
were exhaustive expositions of historical
biography. A frequent preacher in the
University church and in the cathedral, he
enlisted the attention of widely different
classes of hearers (Dr. FRANCIS PAGET,
bishop of Oxford, in his preface to The Spirit
of Christ in Common Life, p. vi). Both as
lecturer and preacher he was distinguished
by quaint simplicity of thought, originality
of expression, and dry humour. He was also
proctor for the chapter of Christ Church in
the lower house of convocation. He was
taken ill suddenly at Christ Church on
13 July 1908, having just sent to press the
most important of his works, ' The Origins
of Christianity.' He died on 15 July, and
was buried in the Christ Church portion of
Osney cemetery, near Oxford, Bigg married

Birch

163

Bird

on 2 Jan. 1867, at Kersal Moor, Manchester,
Millicent, daughter of William Sale, a Man-
chester solicitor, and had issue three sons
and a daughter.

Besides the works already noticed, Bigg's
chief publications were : 1. ' Neoplatonism,'
1895, in the popular series of ' Ancient
Philosophies.' 2. 'The Doctrine of the
Twelve Apostles ' (Early Church Classics),
1898. 3. 'Wayside Sketches in Ecclesiasti-
cal History,' 1906, nine lectures on Latin
writers of the fourth and fifth centuries.
4. * The Spirit of Christ in Common Life,'
1909, a collection of addresses and sermons.
6. 'The Origins of Christianity,' 1909, a
summary of the history and thought of the
church in the first three centuries.

[Foster, Oxford Men ; Crockford, Clerical
Directory; The Times, 16 July 1908; Oxford
Mag. xxvii. 7 ; Guardian, 1908, p. 1230 ;
Oxford Times, 18 and 25 July 1908 ; apprecia-
tion by W. R. Inge, since Dean of St. Paul's,
in Journal of Theological Studies, Oct. 1908 ;
Life of Mandell Creighton, 1904, vol. ii.] A. C.

BIRCH, GEORGE HENRY (1842-
1904), architect and archaeologist, fourth
son of Charles Birch by his wife Emma Eliza
Cope, was born at Canonbury on 2 Jan.
1842, and educated at Darnell's private
school, Islington. At the age of sixteen
he was articled to Charles Gray, architect,
and was afterwards (about 1859-60) with
an architect in Worcester, and then with Sir
M. Digby Wyatt and Mr. Ewan Christian.
For a tune in active practice as an archi-
tect (in Chancery Lane and in Devereux
Court, Temple), he designed amongst other
works the interior of Acton Reynald Hall,
Shrewsbury, for Sir Walter Corbet, baronet, !
and in 1884 the scheme of redecoration |
for the church of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, j
London. For several years he devoted |
much of his leisure to the re-arrangement
of J. E. Gardner's well-known collection
illustrating the topographical history of
London (now the property of Major
Coates). In 1884 he designed for the Health
Exhibition at South Kensington the pic-
turesque and accurate Old London street,
the first attempt ever made to reproduce
old London on such a scale. His original
water-colour drawing of the street was
exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1886.
The street itself, with its church tower,
gates, wall, &c., cost nearly 14,OOOZ., and
contained shops of the Elizabethan period
fitted up at the expense of the City Livery
Companies (WELCH, Mod. Hist, of the
City of London, p. 367). It formed a
highly popular exhibit, and was afterwards
shown in America.

Elected an associate of the Royal
Institute of British Architects in 1875,
Birch served as vice-president of the
Architectural Association from 1871 to 1873,
and as president in 1874^5 ; was hon.
secretary of the London and Middlesex
Archaeological Society from 1877 to 1883,
and Cantor lecturer to the Society of Arts
in 1883. He became F.S.A. in 1885, and
in 1894 was appointed curator of Sir John
Soane's Museum. For many years he
took a leading part in the affairs of the
St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, many
papers by him being printed in its ' Trans-
actions.' He was one of the original mem-
bers of the Architectural Company, formed
in 1869, of the Artists' Volunteer Corps.

Birch is best known as an author by his
' London Churches of the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries,' a splendid folio
published in 1896. He also published :

1. * Illustrations of an Old House in Lime
Street ' (with R. Phene Spiers), folio, 1875.

2. ' London on Thames in bygone Days,'
1903.

Birch died unmarried on 10 May 1904,
at Soane's Museum, and was buried in
Islington cemetery, Finchley.

[Builder, 17 May 1884, 21 May 1904;
Journal of Royal Inst. of Brit. Arch., ser. 3,
xi. 396-7 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq., series 2, xx.
296-7 ; private information.] C. W.

BIRD, HENRY EDWARD (1830-1908),
chess player, born at Portsea, Hampshire,
on 14 July 1830, was son of Henry Bird, of
a Somerset family, by his wife Mary. His
father afterwards kept a shop in south
London. Bird's schooling was scanty,
but he educated himself and as a boy
developed notable powers of memory. In
1846 he became clerk to an accountant in
London, and was afterwards partner in the
firm of Coleman, Turquand, Young & Co.
During the financial crises of 1847, 1857, and
1867 Bird was greatly occupied in pro-
fessional business, and between 1860 and
1870 he paid four visits to Canada and
America. To railway finance and manage-
ment he devoted his special attention, giving
evidence before the parliamentary com-
mittee on amalgamations of home rail-
ways in 1868 and framing the statistical
tables which still govern the Great Eastern
railway. He wrote pamphlets on railway
accounts, a comprehensive * Analysis of Rail-
ways in the United Kingdom' (1868 fol.)
and 'A Caution to Investors' (1873).

But Bird's serious interest through life lay
in chess. He learned the moves by watch-
ing the games at Raymond's coffee house
near the City Road Gate in 1844, moved

M 2

Bird

164

Birdwood

thence to Goode's, Ludgate Hill, and so to
Simpson's, in the Strand, where the pro-
fessionals at first gave him the odds of
queen. Buckle, the historian, who was con-
sidered the first amateur in England and
who did not mind hard work, soon found
Bird too much for him at the odds of
pawn and move. In 1851 in the great
international tournament he played
eighteen games with the great Anderssen
with an even result, and later played
Boden, Harrwitz, Lowenthal, Falkbeer,
Wisker, Mason and others. With the
dignified Howard Staunton [q. v.] he only
played two games on even terms and won
both, but this at a date when Staunton's
best days were over. In 1866 he played a
match of twenty games against Steinitz and
was only beaten by seven to six (seven
being drawn). He was a friend of Steinitz's
rival, John Hermann Zukertort [q. v.], who
lived near him in Heygate Street, Wai-
worth Road. In 1879 he won first prize in
the Lowenthal tourney against Blackburne,
Mason, and McDonnell, and in the same
year took the first prize at Gouda, winning
nine and a half out of ten games and
first prize in the B.C. A. tournament (1889),
not losing a single game. At Venice in
1873, Paris in 1878, Nuremberg in 1883,
Hereford in 1885, and Manchester 1890 he
was among the prizewinners. His last
appearance as a public player was at the
London tournament in 1899, where, how-
ever, he took a low place.

Bird had long since retired from pro-
fessional work and his resources failed.
Members of the St. George's Chess Club
purchased an annuity for him, which
enabled him to spend his last days in
comfort. He died at Tooting on 11 April
1908. He married young and was left a
widower in 1869.

Well known for his rapidity (R. J.
Buckley says he once played three games
in ten minutes at Simpson's, scoring
one and a half), dash, and eccentric
openings (KBP2 is often called Bird's
opening), Bird was the most popular
referee of his time and answered more
questions about chess than any man living.
In chivalry and enthusiasm for chess as a
pastime, in pluck, and in readiness to play at
a moment's notice for stakes or no stakes,
Bird had no equal. After Staunton,
Blackburne, and Burn he probably ranks
next among English masters of the last
sixty years. Unfortunately his patience
and judgment were very inferior to his power
of combination. As a problem composer
he was not great. His books, discursive

compilations of mediocre value, include :
1. ' Chess Masterpieces,' 1875. 2. ' Chess
Openings,' 1878 (reviewed by Steinitz in
'Field,' Dec. 1879). 3. 'Chess Practice,'
1882. 4. ' Modern Chess,' 1887 and 1889.

5. ' Chess History and Reminiscences,' 1893.

6. ' Chess Novelties,' 1895. These last two
were dedicated to his favourite opponent
and patron, W. J. Evelyn of Wotton.
Among his opponents at the chess clubs and
divans were Buckle, Bradlaugh, Isaac Butt,
Lord Randolph Churchill, Ruskin, and
Prince Leopold. For a time he was chess
correspondent of ' The Times.'

[Who's Who, 1908 ; The Times, 16 April
1908 ; Chess Mag., 1908, 211, 248, 303 ; Chess
Monthly, March 1889 (portrait) ; McDonnell's
Knights and Kings of Chess ; Lee and Gossip's
Chess Player's Mentor; Fortnightly Rev.,
Dec. 1886 ; Bird's Chess History (portrait),
and Chess Novelties, 1895 ; Sketch, 21 Aug.
1895.] T. S.

BIRD, ISABELLA LUCY (1831-1904),
traveller. [See BISHOP.]

BIRDWOOD, HERBERTMILLS (1837-
1907), Anglo-Indian judge, born at Belgaum,
Western India, on 29 May 1837, was third son
of fourteen children of General Christopher
Birdwood, deputy commissary general of
the Bombay army (of an old Devonshire
family), by his wife Lydia, eldest daughter
of the Rev. Joseph Taylor, agent of the
London Missionary Society in the southern
Mahratta country. His great-grandfather,
Richard Birdwood, mayor of Plymouth in
1796, and his grandfather, Peter Birdwood,
were both agents at Plymouth of the East
India Company. His eldest brother is
Sir George Birdwood (b. 1832).

Educated successively at the Plymouth
new grammar school and at Mount Radford
school, Exeter, he matriculated at Edin-
burgh University in 1851, and distinguished
himself in mathematics. In October 1854
he entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, and
graduated B.A. in 1858 as twenty-third
wrangler in the mathematical tripos and
with a second class in the natural science
tripos. At once elected to a fellowship at
his college, he took eighteenth place in the
Indian civil service examination. He pro-
ceeded M.A. in 1861, LL.M. in 1878, and
LL.D. in 1889, when he was called to the
bar at Lincoln's Inn. In Oct. 1901 he
was elected an honorary fellow of Peter-
house.

Arriving in Bombay on 26 Jan. 1859,
he served successively in Thana, Broach,
Surat and Ahmedabad as assistant col-
lector. In 1863 he became under-secretary
in the judicial, political and educational

Birdwood

165

Birrell

departments and secretary to the Bombay
legislative council. In June 1866 he went
to Kathiawar as first political assistant, but
in 1867 returned to Bombay as acting
registrar of the high court. In Dec.
1871 he was appointed judge of the Ratna-
giri district, being subsequently transferred
to Thana and then to Surat. In Ratnagiri
he won a reputation for independence,
by deciding against the government
cases challenging the legality of the oper-
ations of the revenue survey department.

In February 1881 Birdwood went to
Karachi as judicial commissioner and judge
of the Sadr court in Sind. He effected
steady improvement in the work of the
subordinate courts in the province. Ho
also laid out on a new design the Karachi
public gardens, some forty acres in extent,
establishing there a fine zoological collec-
tion. He stimulated the volunteer movement
by serving in the local corps. From Jan. 1885
to April 1892 he was judge of the Bombay-
high court, and from April 1892 to April
1897 was judicial and political member of
the Bombay council. His term of office
coincided with the outbreak of the plague
epidemic, the great famine of 1897, and the
political unrest leading to murderous
outrage at Poona. In June 1893 he was
created a C.S.I. He was acting governor
of the presidency in the brief interval
between Lord Harris's departure and Lord
Sandhurst's arrival (16 to 18 Feb. 1895).
While efficiently performing his judicial
and political duties he actively interested
himself in educational and scientific move-
ments. He had been a fellow of the Bom-
bay University since 1863 and dean in arts
in 1868, 1880, and 1888. He was vice-
chancellor in 1891-2. He was president
of the botanical section of the Bombay
Natural History Society, and compiled for
its 'Journal' (1886, vols. i. and ii.) a
comprehensive catalogue of the flora of the
Matheran and Mahabaleshwar hill-stations
(reprinted separately, Bombay, 1897). He
A\;IS for many years president of the Agri-
Horticultural Society of Western India.'
Between 1871 and 1890 Birdwood ably
edited, either solely or in collaboration
N\ith Mr. Justice Henry J. Parsons, vols.
iv. to xi. of the Acts and Regulations in
force in the Bombay presidency, commonly
known as West's code.

After his return to England in April
1897 he collaborated with Mr. Justice
Wood Renton and E. G. Phillimore in a
revised edition of Burge's 'Comment-
aries on Colonial and Foreign Laws '
(1907 ; vol. i.), editing the Indian portion.

He practised before the privy council on
Indian appeals, and in the important case
of the Taluka of Kota Sangani v. the State
of Gondal (No. 58 of 1904) he, with Sir
Edward Clarke as his leader, obtained a
judgment upholding the sovereignty of
the Kathiawar chiefs, and sustained the
contention that their courts are outside
the appellate jurisdiction of the British
courts. To the ' Journal of the Royal
Society of Arts ' he contributed (1898)
valuable sketches of the history of plague
in western India. At Twickenham, where
he finally settled, he was active in local
affairs and did much philanthropic work.

He died of pneumonia at his residence,
Dalkeith House, Twickenham, on 21 Feb.
1907, and was buried at Twickenham
cemetery. He married on 29 Jan. 1861
Edith Marion Sidonie, eldest daughter of
Surgeon-major Elijah G. H. Impey of the
Bombay horse artillery and postmaster-
General of the Bombay presidency ; by
her he had a daughter, wife of General
R. C. O. Stuart, inspector-general of
ordnance in India, and five sons, all of
whom served in the army in India ; the
eldest son, Capt. H. C. T. Birdwood, R.E.,
died at Umballa in 1894 and the second son,
Brigadier-general William Riddel Bird-
wood (6. 1865), was military secretary
to Lord Kitchener while commander-in-
chief in India (1905-10). An engraved
portrait by Walton & Co. is in Mrs.
Birdwood's possession.

[Representative Men of India, Bombay,
1889 ; India List ; The Times, 23 Feb. 1907 ;
personal knowledge ; information kindly
supplied by Sir George Birdwood.]

F. H. B.

BIRRELL, JOHN, D.D. (1836-1901),
orientalist, elder of two sons of Hugh Birrell,
architect, by his wife Margaret Smith,
was born at Drumeldrie, Newburn parish,
Fife, on 21 Oct. 1836. His only brother,
George, an architect, died in 1876 at the age
of thirty-seven. After attending the parish
school and Madras College, St. Andrews,
Birrell entered St. Andrews University as
first bursar in 1851, and after a brilliant
course graduated M.A. in 1855. The next
two years, with thoughts of the Indian
civil service, he passed at Halle, sojourning
with the orientalist, Prof. Roediger. The
Indian Mutiny altered his plans, and,
returning to St. Andrews, he completed
in 1861 at St. Mary's College the training
for the ministry of the Church of Scotland.

Licensed as a preacher in 1861 by St.
Andrews Presbytery, Birrell for two years
held the post of tutor at the College Hall,

Bishop

166

Bishop

St. Andrews. In 1863 he became assistant
to Dr. Robertson at Glasgow Cathedral, and
in 1864 he was presented by the senatus
of St. Andrews, then patrons of the
living, to the parish of Dunino adjoining
that of St. Andrews. He was there able
to maintain his hold on academic life.
He was examiner in classics in the United
College, St. Andrews, in 1862-6, for some
years assisted Dr. John Cook, professor
of church history, and was clerk to the
Senatus Academicus. In 1871 he was
appointed by the crown to the chair of
Hebrew and Oriental languages in St.
Mary's College, St. Andrews, and proved
himself a painstaking, broad-minded, and
lucid teacher. His abilities were widely
recognised. He received the degree of
D.D. from Edinburgh University in 1878,
and he was a member of the Old Testament
revision committee. 1874-84. He was the
first chairman of the St. Andrews school
board, and held the position for sixteen
years. Examiner of secondary schools in
Scotland from 1876 to 1888, he originated
and carried out with great success the
scheme (afterwards superseded by the
system of leaving certificates) of university
local examinations at St. Andrews.

Birrell died at St. John's, St. Andrews,
on 31 December 1901, and was buried in the
cathedral burying -ground of the city. On
3 June 1874 he married Elizabeth, daughter
of James Wallace of The Brake, Dunino,
and had by her three sons and two
daughters.

[Private information ; personal knowledge ;
St. Andrews Citizen, 4 and 11 Jan. 1902:]

T. B.

BISHOP, MRS. ISABELLA LUCY (born
BIRD) (1831-1904), traveller and authoress,
born on 15 Oct. 1831 at Boroughbridge
Hall, Yorkshire, the home of her maternal
grandmother, was eldest child of the Rev.
Edward Bird (d. 1858). The Bird family
was long settled at Barton-on-the-Heath,
Warwickshire, and William Wilberforce
[q. v.] and John Bird Sumner [q. v.],
archbishop of Canterbury, were kinsmen.
Miss Bird's mother, Dora, second daughter
of the Rev. Marmaduke Lawson of Borough-
bridge, was her father's second wife. Both
parents were strongly religious, and
Isabella inherited pronounced evangelical
views. Her childhood was passed in her
father's successive benefices, Tattenhall in
Cheshire from 1834 to 1842, St. Thomas's,
Birmingham, from 1842 to 1848, and from
1848 onwards at Wyton, Huntingdonshire.
At Tattenhall, Isabella, who suffered
through life from a spinal complaint,

lived much in the open air, learnt riding,
becoming in after years an expert and
fearless horsewoman, and was trained to
observe objects of country life. At Birm-
ingham she began to help in Sunday school
work, and started her literary career by
writing in 1847 an essay in favour of fiscal
protection which was printed for private
circulation at Huntingdon. At Wyton
she learnt rowing on the Ouse. In 1850
she underwent an operation for spinal
trouble ; and in the summer of 1854, when
she was twenty-two, being recommended a
sea voyage for her health, she visited a
cousin in Prince Edward Island. Seven
months were spent on this trip, which
extended to Canada and the United States.
It was the first of her travels, and she
recorded her experience in ' The English-
woman in America,' published in January
1856 by John Murray the third (1808-1892)
[q. v.], who became at once her publisher
and her personal friend for life.

In 1857-8 she revisited America for the
sake of health. At the suggestion of her
father she studied the current religious
revival in the United States, and described
it in serial articles in ' The Patriot,'
which were collected in 1859 as ' The
Aspects of Religion in the United States of
America.'

Meanwhile Miss Bird paid, with her
family, constant visits to Scotland, and on
her father's death in 1858 she, her mother,
and only sister, Henrietta, made their home
in Edinburgh. For her sister she cherished
the closest affection, and after her mother
died they continued to live together, when
Isabella was resting from travel, and letters
to her sister from distant parts formed
material for many of her books. Her sister
had a cottage, too, at Tobermory, in the
Island of Mull. Miss Bird grew to be
especially interested in the social and
spiritual welfare of the people in the West
Highlands ; she co-operated with Lady
Gordon Cathcart in crofter emigration to
Canada (1862-6), and in 1866 personally
visited the settlers in Canada. She also
wrote much for magazines, including papers
on hymns in the ' Sunday Magazine '
(1865-7), and in the 'Leisure Hour' she
described in 1867 a tour to the Outer
Hebrides in 1860. In 1869 she attacked
the slums and povertv of Edinburgh in
' Notes on Old Edinburgh.'

Miss Bird's health was still bad ; much
of her writing was done while she lay on
her back, and she failed to benefit by a
trip to New York and the Mediterranean
in 1871. In July 1872 she started for

Bishop

167

Bishop

Australia and New Zealand, and recovering
her health went on in 1873 to the Sandwich
Islands. There she stayed for six to seven
months, and then spent the autumn and
early winter of 1873 in America, mainly in
the Rocky Mountains, where her riding
powers came into play. This tour lasted
in all eighteen months, and the outcome
of it was two notable volumes ' The
Hawaiian Archipelago. Six Months among
the Palm Groves, Coral Reefs and Vol-
canoes of the Sandwich Islands' (1875),
a book of interest to men of science as
well as to the general reader, and 'A
Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains '
(1879), a collection of letters originally
published in 1878 in the * Leisure Hour,'
which was subsequently translated into
French.

While at home at Edinburgh in 1876-7
she closely studied the microscope, and
engaged in the promotion of the national
Livingstone memorial, to take the form of a
college for the training of medical mission-
aries. These interests brought her the
acquaintance of her future husband, Dr.
John Bishop, who was her sister's medical
adviser. In April 1878 she set out for
Japan, where she spent seven months
travelling through the interior and visiting
the country of the hairy Ainos in the island
of Yezo. After five weeks in the Malay
Peninsula (January and February 1879),
she reached England in May 1879 by way
of Cairo and the Sinai Peninsula, where
she contracted typhoid fever. This tour
supplied material for * Unbeaten Tracks in
Japan' (1880) and 'The Golden Cherson-
nese and the Way thither' (1883). In
June 1880 her sister died, and on 8 March
1881 she married Dr. Bishop, ten years her
junior, at St. Lawrence's Church at Barton-
on-the-Heath, the Warwickshire home of
her father's family. Her husband died
after a long illness at Cannes in March 1886.

Thenceforth Mrs. Bishop largely devoted
herself to the cause of medical missions,
which she considered ' the most effective
pioneers of Christianity' (STODDART,
p. 325). In 1887 she studied medicine at
St. Mary's hospital, London, and in 1888
was baptised by Spurgeon by way of conse-
cration to the missionary cause, not as
joining the baptist denomination. At the,
end of 1887 she was in Ireland while the
' Plan of Campaign ' was in operation, and
described the episode in ' Murray's Magazine '
in the summer of 1888. She left for India
in February 1889. Proceeding to Cash-
mere, where she came into close touch with
the Church Missionary Society, she went

on to Lesser Tibet, and described it in
' Among the Tibetans,' published by the
Religious Tract Society in 1894. She
was back at Simla in October, and soon
travelled from Karachi to Bushire, thence
to Bagdad and Teheran, an ' awful jour-
ney ' ; and through the Bakhtiari country,
Western Persia, Kurdistan, and Armenia to
Trebizond on the Black Sea. She reached
London again in December 1890. An
intention to establish a hospital at Naza-
reth was frustrated by the opposition of
the Turkish government. Instead, she
founded in the early stages of this long
and adventurous journey the John Bishop
Memorial Hospital in Cashmere, and the
Henrietta Bird Hospital for Women near
Amritsar in the Punjab. In 1891 she
published ' Journeys in Persia and Kur-
distan,' as well as two articles in the
' Contemporary Review ' on the persecu-
tion of the Christians in Asiatic Turkey,
entitled ' The Shadow of the Kurd.' Her
meetings with the Nestorian Christians on
her difficult tour added to her zeal for
mission work. In a missionary address
given by her in 1893 on * Heathen Claims
and Christian Duty' (published in 1905
by the Church Missionary Society as ' A
Traveller's Testimony ') she said that she
had ' been made a convert to missions,
not by missionary successes, but by seeing
in four and a half years of Asiatic travelling
the desperate needs of the un-Christianised
world.'

By 1890 Mrs. Bishop's fame was fully
established as a traveller and a missionary
advocate. She addressed the British Asso-
ciation in 1891, 1892, and 1898, was made in
1891 a fellow of the Royal Scottish Geo-
graphical Society, and in 1892 a fellow of
the Royal Geographical Society, to which
no lady had previously been admitted.

In January 1894 she left England once
more, and was absent for three years and
two months, till March 1897. Through
Canada she passed to Japan, Corea and
China. Four visits were paid to Corea ;
on the first she explored the Han river and
crossed the Diamond Mountains to the east
coast of the peninsula. After a visit to
Chinese Manchuria, she went up the Yangtze
and into the interior of China, through the
province of Szechuan to the borders of
Tibet, thus spending fifteen months and
travelling 8000 miles in China alone. On
her way she founded three hospitals as
memorials to her husband, parents, and
sister, one in Corea and two in China, as well
as an orphanage in Japan. On her return
to England she published * Korea and

Blackburn

168

Blackburn

her Neighbours' (Jan. 1898) and 'The
Yangtze Valley and Beyond ' (November
1899) dedicated to Lord Salisbury.

Mrs. Bishop was a keen photographer,
and in 1900 published a collection of
' Chinese Pictures,' notes on photographs
made in China. In December 1900, though
nearly seventy years of age, she went to
Morocco for six months, but illness pre-
vented her from writing more than an
article in the * Monthly Review ' on her
experiences. Another visit to China was
contemplated, but her health entirely
gave way, and after many months of illness
she died at Edinburgh on 7 Oct. 1904 ;
she was buried at the Dean cemetery.
In 1905 a memorial clock to her sister's
memory, the * Henrietta Amelia Bird '
memorial clock, was erected at Tobermory
from funds bequeathed by her for the
purpose.

Mrs. Bishop was small in stature, quiet
in speech and manner, and was a traveller
of extraordinary courage. Fearless on
horseback, she explored alone the most
dangerous and barbarous countries. A
keen observer with a retentive memory,
she was a fluent speaker and had great
power of vivid narrative. A restless
disposition led her, even when not travel-
ling, constantly to change her home in
England and Scotland. Her love of travel
was stimulated by chronic ill-health, the
repeated losses in her family, which pro-
duced a sense of loneliness, and above all
by her missionary enthusiasm. ' A critical
but warm supporter of missions, especially
of medical missions,' she held that Christ-
ianity should be presented to natives
as far as possible through native teach-
ing. She combined with a sympathetic
interest in native races love of adventure
and zeal for scientific study. Her valuable
records of travel and the extent of her
wanderings give her a place among the
most accomplished travellers of her time
(Geographical Journal, July to December,
1904, p. 596).

[Life of Isabella Bird (Mrs. Bishop), by
Anna M. Stoddart, 1906 ; Women of Worth,
by Jennie Campbell, 1908 the Adventures of
a Lady TraveUer ; The Story of Isabella Bird
Bishop, by Constance Williams, Sunday
School Union, 1909 ; Annual Register, 1904*;
The Times, 10 Oct. 1904 ; Geographical Jour-
nal (Roy. Geog. Soc.), July to Dec. 1904.]

C. P. L.

BLACKBURN, HELEN (1842-1903),
pioneer of woman's suffrage, born at
Knightstown, Valencia Island, co. Kerry,
on 25 May 1842, was only surviving

daughter of Bewicke Blackburn, civil
engineer, manager of the Knight of Kerry's
slate quarries on Valencia from 1837. Her
mother was Isabella, youngest daughter
of Humble Lamb of Ryton Hall, co.
Durham.

The father (1811-1897), who left Ireland
for London about 1859, was an ingenious
inventor (cf. Indexes, 1854-63, Patent Office
Library). The Blackburn steam car which
he patented 1877 was an early anticipa-
tion of the motor-car (see Field, 23 Nov.
1878, p. 660 ; W. W. BEAUMONT'S Cantor
Lectures, 1896, p. 29 ; his Motor Vehicles,
1900, i. 41, 320; and RHYS JENKINS'S
Motor Cars, 1902, p. 116). Blackburn
also patented improvements in velocipedes ;
his death at the age of eighty-five resulted
from an accident while riding near Tun-
bridge Wells, on 13 Jan. 1897. Some
relics of Charles I which he inherited were
sold subsequently to King Edward VII.
Miss Blackburn, who early developed
literary and artistic tastes, soon interested
herself in the woman's suffrage movement.
From 1874 to 1895 she acted in London
as secretary to the central committee of
the National Society, which was founded in
1867. But she frequently visited Bristol,
and from 1880 to 1895 was also secretary of
the Bristol and West of England Suffrage
Society. A series of historical portraits of
notable women which she formed for the
International Exhibition at Chicago of 1893
she presented to the women's hall of
University College, Bristol. She was sole
editor of the ' Englishwoman's Review '
from 1881 to 1890 ; from that year Miss
Ann Mackenzie was joint editor with her.
In 1895 Miss Blackburn gave up most of her
public work to look after her father. She
was well versed in the history of the suffrage
movement, and her ' Women's Suffrage :
a Record of the Movement in the British
Isles ' (1902) remains the standard work.

She died at Greycoat Gardens, West-
minster, on 11 Jan. 1903, and was buried
at Brompton cemetery. A crayon portrait
by Miss Guinness, on her retirement from
the Bristol secretaryship, was presented to
University College there, and hangs in the
women students' room. By her will she
bequeathed her excellent library of books
upon women's interests to Girton College,
Cambridge. A loan fund for training
young women, established in her memory
in 1905, is administered by the Society for
Promoting the Employment of Gentle-
women.

Besides the books cited, Miss Blackburn
wrote : 1. ' A Handbook for Women engaged

Blackley

169

Blackley

in Social and Political Work,' Bristol, 1881 ;
new edit, enlarged, with two charts, 1895.
2. * Because : Reasons why Parliamentary
Franchise should be no longer denied to
Women,' 1888. 3. (with E. J. Boucherett
[q.v. Suppl. II]) ' The Condition of Working
Women,' 1896. 4. * Words of a Leader,'
1897. 5. (with N. Vynne) 'Women under
the Factory Acts,' 1903.

[The Times, 12 Jan. 1903 ; Englishwoman's
Review, xxxiv. 1, 73; information from Miss
FitzGorald, Valencia Island ; personal know-
lodge.] C. F. S.

BLACKLEY, WILLIAM LEWERY
(1830-1902), divine and social reformer,
born at Dundalk on 30 Dec. 1830, was second
son of Travers Robert Blackley, of Ashtown
Lodge, co. Dublin, and Bohogh, co. Ros-
comnion. His maternal grandfather was
Travers Hartley, M.P. for Dublin city
1776-1790, and governor of the Bank of
Ireland. Blackley's mother was Eliza,
daughter of Colonel Lewery, who was taken
prisoner by the French at Verdun. In boy-
hood (1843-5) Blackley was sent with his
brother John to a school at Brussels kept by
Dr. Carl Martin Friedlander, a Polish political
refugee, whose daughter he subsequently
married. There he acquired proficiency in
French, German, and other foreign languages.
In 1847 he returned to Ireland, entered
Trinity College, Dublin, graduated B.A. in
1850, M.A. in 1854, and took holy orders.
In 1854 he became curate of St. Peter's,
Southwark ; but an attack of cholera
compelled his retirement from London.
From 1855 to 1867 he had charge of two
churches at Frensham, near Farnham,
Surrey. He was rector of North Waltham,
Hampshire (1867-83), and from 1883
to 1889 of King's Somborne with Little
Somborne (to which was added Upper Eldon
in 1885). In 1883 he was made honorary
canon of Winchester.

Meanwhile Blackley, who was an energetic
parish priest and was Igeenly interested
in social questions, carefully elaborated
a scheme for the cure of pauperism by a
statutory enforcement of thrift which had
far-reaching results at homo and abroad.
In November 1878 he contributed to the
' Nineteenth Century ' an essay entitled
' National Insurance a Cheap, Practical, and
Popular Way of Preventing Pauperism,'
and thenceforth strenuously advocated a
scheme of compulsory insurance, which the
National Providence League, with the earl
of Shaftesbury as president, was formed in
1880 to carry into effect. Blackley at the
same time recommended temperance as a
means of social regeneration. His views

reached a wide public through Ms writings,
which included ' How to teach Domestic
Economy ' (1879), ' Collected Essays on the
Prevention of Pauperism ' (1880), * Social
Economy Reading Book, adapted to the
New Code' (1881), 'Thrift and Indepen-
dence ; a Word for Working-men ' (1884).

Blackley's scheme provided that all
persons between eighteen and twenty should
subscribe 10Z. to a national fund, and
should receive in return 8s. a week in
time of sickness, and 45. a week after
the age of seventy. The plan was urged
on the House of Lords by the earl of
Carnarvon in 1880 (Hansard, cclii. 1180),
and was the subject of inquiry by a select
committee of the House of Commons
from 1885 to 1887. The majority of the
boards of guardians in England and Wales
supported the proposals ; but the commons'
committee, while acknowledging Blackley's
ingenuity and knowledge, reported ad-
versely on administrative and actuarial
grounds (2 Aug. 1887). At the same time
the friendly societies, which Blackley had
censured in his ' Thrift and Independence '
(pp. 75 and 80), regarded the principle of
compulsion as a menace to their own
growth, and their historian and champion,
the Rev. John Frome Wilkinson, sharply
criticised Blackley's plan in * The Blackley
National Providence Insurance Scheme ;
a Protest and Appeal ' (1887). Blackley's
plan, although rejected for the time,
stimulated kindred movements in the
colonies and in foreign countries, and led
directly to the adoption of old age pensions
in England by legislation in 1908, while
the national insurance scheme which
received parliamentary sanction in 1911
bears some trace of Blackley's persistent
agitation (Quarterly Review, July 1908 ;
HERBERT PAUL, Modern England, iv. 372).

In 1887 Blackley, who was director of
the Clergy Mutual Insurance Company,
made proposals to the church congress which
led to the formation of the ' Clergy Pension
Scheme ' and of a society for ' ecclesias-
tical fire insurance.' In" the autumn of
1889 Blackley, whose active propagandism
brought him constantly to London, became
vicar of St. James the Less, Vauxhall
Bridge Road. There he enlarged the
schools, and built a parish hafl. and a
vicarage. He died after a brief illness
at 79 St. George's Square, on 25 July 1902.
He married on 24 July 1855 Amelia Jeanne
Josephine, second daughter of his Brussels
tutor, Dr. Carl Martin Friedlander, by
whom he had issue one son, who died in
infancy, and two daughters, who with his

Blackwell

170

Blackwell

widow survived him. Brasses were put
up in Blackley's memory in the churches of
St. James the Less, North Waltham, and
Frensham.

Blackley, whose Irish humour and
eloquence made him an attractive platform
speaker, was an accomplished linguist and
a capable parochial organiser. His published
writings, besides sermons, review articles,
short stories, and the works mentioned
in the text, are: 1. 'The Frithiof Saga,
or Lay of Frithiof,' a translation in original
metre from the Swedish of Esaias Tegner,
bp. of Wexio, Dublin, 1857 ; American
edit. New York, 1867; iUustr. edit. 1880.

2. (with Dr. Friedlander) 'A practical
dictionary of the German and English
languages,' 1866 (pocket edition, 1876).

3. ' Word Gossip,' 1869, a series of fam-
iliar essays on words and their peculi-
arities. He was also editor (with [James
Hawes) of the ' Critical English [New]
Testament,' an adaptation of Bengel's
* Gnomon,' 1866, 3 vols. His ' Collected
Essays' (1880) was re-issued in 1906,
under the title of 'Thrift and National
Insurance as a Security against Pauperism,'
with a prefatory memoir by his widow, who
zealously aided in propagating his views
of social reform.

[Memoir by widow prefixed to re-issue of
Collected Essays, 1906 ; The Times, 26 July
1902; Charles Booth, Pauperism and the
Endowment of Old Age, 1892, pp. 182-7 ;
Charity Organization Review, Sept. 1892;
Journal of Institute of Actuaries, Oct. 1887,
xxvi. 480-8 ; Frank W. Lewis, State Insur-
ance, a Social and Industrial Need, 1909;
private information.] W. B. 0.

BLACKWELL, ELIZABETH (1821-
1910), the first woman doctor of .medicine,
born at Counterslip, Bristol, on 3 Feb. 1821,
was third daughter of Samuel Blackwell,
a Bristol sugar refiner. The father, a well-
to-do Independent, emigrated with seven
children in August 1832 to New York.
Here Elizabeth and her sisters continued
their education and became intimate with
William Lloyd Garrison and other anti-
slavery friends. When Elizabeth was
seventeen they removed to Cincinnati,
where her father died suddenly, leaving his
family of nine unprovided for. In order
to support their mother and younger
brothers, Elizabeth and her two sisters
started a day and boarding school. They
joined the Church of England, and became
enthusiastic politicians and keen sup-
porters of the movement for a wider educa-
tion of women. They were intimate with
Dr. Charming and studied the writings of

Emerson, Fourier, and Carlyle. In 1842
the school was relinquished. Elizabeth
became head of a girls' school in
Western Kentucky, which she left after
a term owing to her dislike of slavery.
Resolving to become a doctor in spite
of the discouragement of friends, she
studied medicine privately while con-
tinuing to teach in North Carolina and in
Charleston. After three years she vainly
applied for admission to medical schools
at Philadelphia and in New York. In
October 1847 she formally applied for
entry to the medical class at a small
university town, Geneva, in Western New
York State. The entire class, on the in-
vitation of the faculty, unanimously
resolved that * every branch of scientific
education should be open to all.' Outside
her class she was regarded as ' either mad
or bad.' She refused to assent, save by
the wish of the class, to the professor's
request to absent herself from a particular
dissection or demonstration. No further
obstacle was offered to her pursuit of the
medical course. She graduated M.D. (as
'Domina' at Geneva, N.Y.) in January
1849, the first woman to be admitted to
the degree (cf. gratulatory verses to
'Doctrix Blackwell,' 'An M.D. in a
Gown,' in Punch (1849), xvi. 226).

In the following April she came to
England, was courteously received by the
profession on the whole, and shown over
hospitals in Birmingham and London. In
May, with * a very slender purse and few
introductions of value,' she reached Paris,
and on 30 June entered La Maternite, a
school for midwives, determined to become
an obstetrician. After six months' hard
work she contracted purulent ophthalmia
from a patient and lost the sight of one
eye. Thus obliged to abandon her hope
of becoming a surgeon, she, on returning
to London, obtained (through her cousin,
Kenyon Blackwell) from James (after-
wards Sir James) Paget, dean of St. Bar-
tholomew's Hospital, permission to study
there. She was admitted to every depart-
ment except that of women's and children's
diseases, and received the congratulations
of Mrs. Jameson, Lady (Noel) Byron,
Miss Rayner (Mdme. Belloc), Miss Leigh
Smith (Madame Bodichon), the Herschells,

in 1854 acted as assistant to Sir James
Simpson [q. v.] in Edinburgh, but declined
an urgent request to go to the Crimea.
Elizabeth went back to America in 1850,

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and was refused the post of physician to
the women's department of a dispensary
in New York. She spent her leisure in
preparing some excellent lectures on the
physical education of girls ( ' Laws of Life,'
New York, 1852). In 1853 she opened
a dispensary of her own, which was incor-
porated in 1854 as an institution of women
physicians for the poor, and developed
into the New York Infirmary and Col-
lege for Women. Joined in 1856 by her
sister Emily, who had now also qualified
at Cleveland, and by Marie Zackrzewska
(a Cleveland student in whose educa-
tion she had taken much interest and the
third woman to qualify), she opened in
New York in May 1857 a hospital entirely
conducted by women. Opposition was
great, but the quakers of New York gave
valuable support from the first. In 1858
Elizabeth revisited England and gave
lectures at the Marylebone Literary In-
stitution on the value of physiological and
medical knowledge to women and on the
medical work already done in America.
Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham
welcomed her, and she issued an English
edition of ' Laws of Life ' (1859 ; 3rd edit.
1871). A proposal was made to establish
a hospital for women's diseases, to which
the Comtesse de Noailles, the Hon. Russell
Gurney, and others contributed hand-
somely. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell's name
was placed upon the British medical
register on 1 Jan. 1859, ten years after she
had qualified.

Again in America, Elizabeth joined her
sister in a rapidly growing hospital practice.
Students came to them from Philadelphia.
At the outbreak of the American civil war
they established the Ladies Sanitary Aid
Institute and the National Sanitary Aid
Association, and organised a plan for
selecting, and training for the field, nurses
whose services did much to win sympathy for
the entire movement. In 1865 the trustees
of the infirmary obtained a charter. The
Blackwells would have preferred to secure
the benefits of joint medical instruction,
but, failing this, they organised a full course
of college instruction, with hygiene as one
of the principal chairs, an independent
examination board, and a four years
course of study. Elizabeth delivered the
opening address on 2 Nov. 1868, and helc
the first professorship of hygiene. Dr
Sophia Jex-Blake (d. 1912) was among
her first students. In twenty years free
and equal entrance of women into the
profession of medicine was secured in
America.

Elizabeth returned to England with a
view to the same end. She settled in
Jurwood Place, Marylebone, where in 1871,
-t a drawing-room meeting, the National
lealth Society was formed. She lectured
) the Working Women's College on ' How
o keep a Household in Health ' (published
870), and on 'The Religion of Health'
3rd edit. 1889) to the Sunday Lecture
Society, but in 1873 her health gave way
and she travelled abroad. At the London
School of Medicine for Women, opened in
875, she accepted the chair of gynaecology,
he took an active part in the agitation
against the Contagious Diseases Act.
During a winter at Bordighera she
wrote ' The Moral Education of the Young
considered under Medical and Social
Aspects,' which under its original title,
Counsel to Parents on the Moral Educa-
ion of their Children,' was refused by
welve publishers, and at last appeared
through the intervention of Jane Ellice
Sopkins [q. v. Suppl. II] (2nd edit. 1879).
She also contributed an article on * Medicine
and Morality ' to the * Modern Review '
'1881). Miss Blackwell delivered the
opening address at the London School of
Medicine for Women in October 1889, and
revisited America in 1906; but an acci-
dent in Scotland enfeebled her in 1907,
and she died at her home, Rock House,
Hastings, on 31 May 1910, in her ninetieth
year. She was buried at Kilmun, Argyll.
A portrait from a sketch by the Comtesse
de Charnacee, Paris, 1859, hangs at the
London School of Medicine for Women.

Her other writings are : 1. ' The Human
Element in Sex,' 1884; new edit. 1894.
2. * Purchase of Women ; a Great Economic
Blunder,' 1887. 3. 'Decay of Municipal
Representative Government,' 1888. 4. ' In-
fluence of Women in Medicine,' 1889. 5.
' Erroneous Method in Medical Education,'
1891. 6. 'Christian Duty in Regard to
Vice,' 1891. 7. ' Christianity in Medicine,'
1891. 8. 'Why Hygienic Congresses
Fail,' 1892. 9. 'Pioneer Work. Auto-
biographical Sketches,' 1895. 10. ' Scientific
Method in Biology,' 1898. Many of these
were republished with additions in ' Essays
in Medical Sociology ' (2 vols. 1902).

[The Times, 2 June 1910 ; Medical Times,
May and June 1849, pp. 560, 613, 633
(' Domina Blackwell'); Mesnard, Miss E.
Blackwell et les femmes medecins, 1889;
Miss Blackwell's works; Hays, Women of
the Day, 1885.] C. F. S.

BLACKWOOD, FREDERICK TEMPLE
HAMILTON-TEMPLE, first MARQUIS OF
DUFFERIN AND AVA (1826-1902), diplomatist

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and administrator, was born at Florence
on 21 June 1826. Vice-admiral Sir Henry
Blackwood [q. v.] was his uncle. His father,
Price Blackwood, fourth Baron Dufferin and
Clandeboye in the Irish peerage, at one time
captain R.N., married Helen Selina, one
of the three famous daughters of Thomas
(Tom) Sheridan [q. v.], her sisters being
Jane Georgina, wife of Edward Adolphus
Seymour, twelfth duke of Somerset, and
Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton, the Hon.
Mrs. Norton [q. v.]. Dying ; on 21 July 1841,
he entrusted his son, then at Eton, to the
guardianship of Sir James Graham. The
boy's mother {see SHERIDAN, HELEN SELINA]
exercised a potent influence on him. After
leaving Eton in April 1843 he spent eighteen
months with her at home before he went
up to Christ Church, Oxford, 1844-6. On
finishing his residence at Oxford he spent
the next ten years in managing his Irish
estates, widening his circle of friends, and
acquiring by travel a first-hand acquaintance
with the near East. At the same time he
identified himself with the liberal party,
and being advanced to the English peer-
age took his seat as Baron Clandeboye,
31 Jan. 1850, in the House of Lords. He
became lord-in-waiting to Queen Victoria
during the ministry of Lord John Russell,
26 June 1849 to 1852, and again under Lord
Aberdeen, 28 November 1854 to 1858. He
also established his reputation as a speaker,
supporting (18 April 1853) Lord Aberdeen's
motion for an inquiry into the management
of Maynooth College, and speaking to an
attentive house at considerable length
(28 Feb. 1854) on landlord and tenant right
in Ireland. His favourite recreation was
yachting, and the Foam, which carried
him to the Baltic in August 1854, gave
him an opportunity of proving not only
his seamanship but his presence of mind
and courage. He got on board H.M.S.
Penelope and the Hecla during the siege of
Bomarsund; and not satisfied with his
experiences of a naval action he advanced
on foot into the French trenches, where
he displayed notable strength of nerve.
In February 1855 he made his first start
in the field of diplomacy as attache to
Lord John Russell's mission at the con-
ference convoked at Vienna for the purpose
of bringing the Crimean war to an end.
The conference proved abortive. At the
end of seven weeks Lord Dufferin returned
to his yacht and achieved reputation as a
brilliant writer by his account in ' Letters
from High Latitudes ' of his voyage in 1856 to
Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Spitzbergen. His
only other publication was ' Mr. Mill's Plan

for the Pacification of Ireland examined'
(published in 1868). He otherwise reserved
his marked literary powers for official use.
Tours which followed to Egypt, Constanti-
nople, and Syria added fresh knowledge
and experience and prepared him for his
official career.

On 30 July 1860, at the age of thirty -four,
he was appointed British commissioner to
assist Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer, Lord Dalling
[q. v.], the British ambassador at the
Porte, in inquiring into the massacres in the
Levant and other districts of Syria with
a view to preventing their recurrence.
Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and
Russia named representatives to assist the
Sultan in establishing order. But when
it came to devising practical measures,
French ambitions, the Sultan's insistence
on his sovereign powers, popular feeling
in Russia, the implacable blood feuds be-
tween Christian Maronites and Mussalman
Druses, and the attempts of guilty Turkish
officials to make scapegoats of the Druses
interposed difficulties which seemed inter-
minable. Lord Dufferin by his tact,
firmness, and political sagacity found a
way out of the labyrinth. His proposal to
appoint an independent governor selected
by the Porte and approved by the Powers
was finally adopted the Syrian population
being brought under a Christian governor
nominated by the Porte with administrative
councils appointed by the several communi-
ties. French hopes were disappointed to
an extent which Lord Dufferin had occasion
to realise during the concluding part of his
diplomatic career, but his government
(May 1861) conveyed to him ' the Queen's
gracious approval of all his conduct,' and
other Powers warmly recognised his ability,
judgment, and temper. He was made a
civil K.C.B. on 18 June 1861.

For the next few years Lord Dufferin
engaged in political work at home. On
6 Feb. 1862 he moved in the House of
Lords the address in answer to the
Queen's speech and referred to the death of
the Prince Consort in terms which touched
Queen Victoria's heart. He received the
riband of St. Patrick on 17 June 1863, and in
the following year was made lord-lieutenant
of co. Down. On 16 Nov. 1864 he obtained
in Lord Palmerston's administration his
first ministerial appointment as under-
secretary for India, and in 1866 was trans-
ferred to the war office in a like capacity.
In 1868 Gladstone became prime minister,
and Dufferin was included in the new
liberal ministry as chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster without a seat in the cabinet.

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On the other hand he was advanced in the
peerage to an earldom on 13 Nov. 1871, and
he rendered useful service as chairman of a
royal commission on military education. In
1872, on the retirement of Sir John Young,
Lord Lisgar [q. v.], the second governor-
general of confederated Canada, Lord
Dufferin was nominated his successor, and
entered on duties calculated to give full play
to his talents.

Lord Dufferin was installed in office
on 25 June 1872. It was a critical period
of Canadian history. The federal union
which was inaugurated in 1867 was com-
pleted after the arrival of Lord Dufferin
by the admission to the dominion of
Prince Edward Island on 1 July 1873.
What was needed was to kindle the
imagination of the population thus
brought together, and inspire the several
provinces with the true spirit of con-
federation, familiarising both them and
the United Kingdom with the conception of
a great nation within the empire. Some
angry controversies had fanned into flame
passions which tended to disunion rather
than consolidation. The rebellion in Mani-
toba of Louis Riel [q. v.] against the new
constitution had been quelled in 1870,
but Riel and his lieutenant, Lepine, had
escaped. Under Lord Dufferin's rule Riel
was returned to parliament in Oct. 1873 as
member for a constituency in Manitoba and
evaded arrest, while fanning fresh resistance.
Lepine, however, was captured and sen-
tenced to be hanged in 1875, a sentence
which Lord Dufferin commuted to one of
short imprisonment. Another source of
disturbance of a different character was
the delay in completing the Canadian
Pacific railway. After the opening of the
second parliament of the united dominion
at Ottawa in March 1873, a storm was raised
over alleged fraudulent practices of Sir
Hugh Allan, to whom the contract had
been granted. The ' great Pacific scandal '
led to the prorogation of parliament, a
commission of inquiry, and the retirement
of the conservative premier, Sir John
Alexander Macdonald [q. v.], in favour
of his liberal rival, Alexander Mackenzie
[q. v.], who remained premier from Novem-
ber 1873 to October 1878. Yet, despite
the angry turmoil, Lord Dufferin, by his
personal influence and stirring speeches,
pacified the agitators, filled the minds of
Canadians with pride in their dominion,
and impressed his own countrymen at
home with a new conception of a Greater
Britain. A speech of his at Toronto was
described by the 'Spectator' (26 Sept.

1874) as restoring to politics their ' glow
and spring.' On 26 May 1876 he was
made G.C.M.G. In his farewell address to
Canada in Sept. 1878 he boasted with truth
that he left Canadians ' the truest-hearted
subjects of her Majesty's dominions.' He
infected them with his own visions of a
glorious future, and at the time no greater
service could have been rendered to the
dominion and the Empire. In June 1879
he received the hon. degree of D.C.L.
from Oxford.

Meanwhile in Feb. 1879 Dufferin became
the British ambassador at St. Petersburg.
The appointment was made by Lord Beacons-
field, the conservative prime minister, but
it involved no severance from the liberal
party. To maintain friendly relations with
Russia while insisting upon unwelcome
restrictions imposed by the Treaty of
Berlin, and upon the complete observance
of engagements undertaken in regard to
central Asia and Afghanistan, was no easy
task. The political situation was over-
shadowed by the prevalence of nihilism,
which was already manifesting itself in
attempts on the Emperor's life. It must
therefore have been a relief to Lord
Dufferin when in June 1881 his own party,
which had returned to office, transferred him
as Ambassador to the Porte. Dufferin's
first important task at Constantinople was
connected with the demarcation of the
frontier of Greece, and the introduction of
reforms into Armenia.

In September 1881 the revolt at Cairo
of Ahmed Arabi Bey against the Khedive
Tewfik Pasha laid on Dufferin difficult
and delicate responsibilities. The Sultan
professed readiness to despatch his troops
to restore order and Turkish control,
but neither England nor France was
prepared to agree to that course without
imposing strict conditions and limitations.
Recourse was had to a conference which
was willing to accept the Sultan's inter-
vention with a proviso which he deprecated.
The long negotiations led to little result.
In the summer of 1882 England took
forcible action single-handed, after France
declined co-operation. Arabi Bey was
defeated at Tel-el-Kebir on 16 Sept. 1882,
and the process of reorganising the Khe-
dive's administration under British auspices
was commenced. Throughout the negotia-
tions at Constantinople Lord Dufferin by
his tact and quiet resolution secured for his
country liberty of action without unneces-
sarily provoking the susceptibilities of
foreign governments, and prevented any
attempt on the part of the Porte to ignore

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its engagements to the protecting Powers.
He became consequently the central figure
in the transactions at the Turkish capital.
In October 1882 Gladstone's government
sent him to Cairo to complete the work he
had begun. He was directed to reconstruct
the Egyptian administration ' on a basis
which will afford satisfactory guarantees
for the maintenance of peace, order, and
prosperity in Egypt, for the stability of
the Khedive's authority, for the judicious
development of self-government, and the
fulfilment of obligations towards foreign
powers.' His notable Report of February
1883 was the outcome of these instructions.
At the same time he recognised the
possibility that Turkish authority would
be restored, and it was in order
to provide ' a barrier ' against that
intolerable tyranny that he advocated a
generous policy ' of representative institu-
tions, of municipal and communal self-
government, and of a political existence
untrammelled by external importunity.'
He called into being the legislative council
and the assembly. Experience has since
suggested that Egypt was not ripe for
representative institutions even of the
limited character which Dufferin devised,
but Lord Dufferin's aims and motives were
in the circumstances quite intelligible.
He received on 15 May 1883 the cordial
thanks of the British government, and
on 15 June promotion to the G.C.B. Dis-
appointment followed. As Dufferin ad-
mitted, the Hicks disaster in the Soudan
in Nov. 1883, and Gordon's fateful mission
to Khartoum next year, which he was not
in a position to foresee, ' let in the deluge.'
On the retirement of George Frederick
Samuel Robinson, Lord Ripon [q. v.
Suppl. II], from the governor-generalship of
India on 13 Dec. 1884 Dufferin was nomin-
ated to succeed him. The post was far more
responsible and onerous than any he had
previously held. But his special gifts of
tact and conciliation and his interest in
land questions were the precise qualities
that were needed at the outset. When
Lord Ripon left India it was distracted
by angry controversy over the Ilbert bill,
and by Ripon's unfinished schemes of self-
government. The Indian press and congress
party were agitating for constitutional
changes, while in Bengal, Oudh, and the
Punjab the relations of landlord and tenant
were strained, and beyond the frontiers the
Amir of Afghanistan was uncertain regarding
British intentions and the position of his
boundaries on the side of Russia. In this
condition of unrest Lord Dufferin's personal

magnetism and tact were at once called
into play. By natural disposition and politi-
cal profession favourable to reform and
self-government, he had not forgotten his
experiences in Egypt. In his speeches
and published * Resolutions ' he enjoined
on all sections of the population ' the
need of unity, concord, and fellowship,'
and ' the community of their interests.'
Inviting the co-operation of educated
Indians, and promising them a larger share
in provincial affairs, he condemned incen-
diary speechifying, and refused to relax
his grasp on the supreme administration.
The ' parliamentary system ' he put on one
side as impossible. But he sanctioned a
legislative council and a university at
Allahabad for the North-west Provinces,
and advocated the enlargement of the legis-
lative councils elsewhere, with powers of
interpellation and the right of discussing
the provincial budget of each year. His
dealing with the land question was equally
reasonable, and he held the balance true
between landlord and tenant. By Act VIII. ,

1885, which Lord Ripon had advanced
to its penultimate stage, the Bengal land-
owners were obliged to concede occupancy
rights to their tenants who had cultivated
their lands in a village for twelve years, and
to accept certain limitations on their right
of enhancing the rent. On the other hand
the landowner's right to a fair share in
the increased value of land was affirmed,
facilities were created for settling disputes,
and provision made for a survey and record
of rights. In Oudh, by the Rent Act XXII. of

1886, tenants at will secured compensation
for improvements, and were guaranteed
possession for seven years in conditions
which placed the landlords' rights on a
just basis. By the Punjab Act XVI. of 1 887,
the rights of occupancy and profits of agri-
culture were judiciously divided without
undue opposition.

At the same time the Amir of Afghani-
stan was charmed with his reception by
Dufferin at Rawal Pindi in April 1885, and
was so completely reassured as to the nature
of the assistance he would receive if an un-
provoked attack were made on him, that
neither the Panjdeh conflict (1885) with
Russia, nor in 1888 the rebellion of his
cousin Ishak Khan, shook his confidence.
Sindhia, the leading Mahratta sovereign in
India, was gratified by the restoration of
the Gwalior fortress in 1886, and cordial
relations were established with all the
native princes. While Lord Dufferin suc-
cessfully pursued his work as conciliator
Lady Dufferin in August 1885 instituted

I
I

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the ' National Association for Supplying
Female Medical Aid to the Women of India.'
The scheme touched the heart of the people,
and its value was recognised by Queen
Victoria, who bestowed on Lady Dufferin
the royal order of Victoria and Albert as
well as the imperial order of the Crown of
India.

Lord Dufferin's policy included measures
for strengthening British rule. He im-
proved railway communications with
Quetta and the Afghan border ; he increased
the army by 10,600 British and 20,000
Indian soldiers, introduced the linked
battalion and reserve system into the
native army, and constituted a new force
of Burma military police. By the annexa-
tion of Upper Burma he completed the
work of consolidation begun by Lord
Dalhousie. King Thibaw having murdered
most of his father's house, and refused to
redress the wrongs inflicted on a British
trading company, assumed a defiant
attitude. Recourse to war became impera-
tive. Mandalay was occupied on 28 Nov.
1885 by General Prendergast, and after
his kingdom was annexed on 1 Jan. 1886
Sir Charles Bernard [q. v. Suppl. II] estab-
lished a British administration. Other
military operations during Dufferin's rule
were in 1888 the expulsion of the Tibetans
from a position which, taking advantage of
the British policy of non-interference, they
had seized at Lingtu within the protectorate
of Sikkim, and expeditions against various
clans of the Black Mountain on the North-
west frontier.

Lord Dufferin retired from India in
December 1888. For his Indian services
he received advancement to a marquisate hi
1888, and on 29 May 1889 the city of London
made him an honorary freeman. Early
in 1889 he resumed his diplomatic career as
ambassador at Rome. Italy, encouraged
by her position as a member of the triple
alliance, and stimulated by her past tradi-
tions, was then seeking compensation for
her exclusion from Tunis in a policy of
adventure in East Africa, thus dissipating
her economic energies and courting disaster.
On 24 March 1891 Dufferin concluded with
the Marchese di Rudini the protocol which
defined the respective spheres of British
and Italian influence in East Africa. Apart
from the work of the embassy his leisure
time was passed pleasantly in visiting the
scenes of his father's closing years and
places of family interest. Proof of his
high reputation at home was given by his
election as lord rector of St. Andrews Uni-
versity in April 1891, when he delivered an

address to the students full of admirable
and practical advice. On the death of Lord
Lytton, British ambassador in Paris, in

1891, he was transferred in December to
the British embassy in Paris, where he re-
mained until 13 Oct. 1896. Lord Dufferin's
earlier exploits in the Lebanon, Egypt, and
Burma, in which he was deemed to have
ignored French interests, led a party in
France to assail the new British ambassador
with criticism and quite unmerited sus-
picion. The French nation was passing
at the time through a disturbing series of
events the Panama canal scandals in

1892, the funeral of Marshal MacMahon in

1893, the assassination of President Carnot
in June 1894, and the abdication of his
successor, M. Casimir Perier, in the following
year. The British ambassador defended
himself with vigour against the imputation
of hostile designs which were entirely
foreign to his character, and though
perhaps he never attained in Paris the full
amount of popularity which he commanded
elsewhere, he succeeded in gaining the confi-
dence and regard of the French government.
By the part which he took in the discussion
of the Siamese question he contributed to
the satisfactory settlement of a possible
cause of conflict with France. Siam was
a near neighbour of Burma and of the
Malay states, and a line of British Indian
frontier as far as the Mekong had been
traced. On the east, however, the kingdom
was exposed to peaceful penetration and
even hostile attack from the possessions
of France in Cochin China. The agree-
ment signed by Lord Salisbury and the
French ambassador on 15 Jan. 1896 secured
the independence of the central part of
Siam, fixed the ' Thalweg ' of the Mekong as
the limit of the possessions and spheres of
influence of the two powers, and included
a provision for delimitation in Nigeria.
Other differences with France in the Congo
and elsewhere were adjusted, and when Lord
Dufferin, having completed his seventieth
year, retired from official life he left Paris
in 1896 with every public assurance that he
had rendered excellent service towards the
improvement of relations between the two
countries.

Lord Dufferin had become warden of the
Cinque Ports in 1891, but he resigned the
office in 1895 in order that he might spend
the rest of his days at Clandeboye in quiet
attention to his own affairs. Civic and
academic honours still flowed upon him in
a constant stream. He was made hon.
LL.D. of Cambridge in 1891, was given
the freedom of Edinburgh in 1898, and

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was elected lord rector of its university in
1901. But misfortune put the finishing
touch to a career of previously unbroken
success. Through an error of judgment he
was induced in 1897 to accept the chair-
manship of the London and Globe Finance
Corporation, a financial company connected
with the mining markets, of whose affairs
no one except the managing director,
Whitaker Wright [q. v. Suppl. II], had
any knowledge. In Dec. 1900 he resigned
his position in order to attend the bedside
of his youngest son, Frederic, of the 9th
lancers, who was severely wounded in South
Africa but recovered. Dufferin, however,
soon learned that the corporation was in
difficulties, and at once resumed his position,
courageously facing the storm. The mischief
was widespread. On 9 Jan. 1901 (see The
Times, 10 Jan.) Lord Dufferin explained his
position to a meeting of shareholders in a
' manly and touching address,' and his own
honour and spirit were unimpeached. But
he had associated himself with a specula-
tive business which he could not control,
and thus ruined others, while bringing
heavy losses upon his own family.

This disaster, together with the death of
his eldest son, Lord Ava, who had been
wounded in the South African war on
Waggon Hill in Jan. 1900, clouded the close
of a brilliant life. He delivered his rectorial
address to the Edinburgh students on 14
Nov. 1901, and soon after his return to Clan-
deboye broke down in health. He died there
on 12 Feb. 1902, and there he was buried.

Dufferin married on 23 Oct. 1862 Harriot,
daughter of Archibald Rowan Hamilton,
at Killyleagh Castle, co. Down. His wife
survived him with three sons and three
daughters. He was succeeded in the title
by his son Terence Temple, a clerk in the
foreign office.

A statue of him by Sir Edgar Boehm,
R.A., was erected by public subscription in
Calcutta, and another by F. W. Pomeroy,
A.R.A., in Belfast. Several portraits of
him by Swinton and Ary Scheffer as a
young man, and by Frank Holl, Benjamin
Constant, and Henrietta Rae in later life,
are at Clandeboye, in addition to a bust
by Marochetti. A painting by G. F.
Watts is in the National Portrait Gallery

[Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava,
by Sir Alfred Lyall, 2 vols. 1905 ; The Mar-
quess of Dufferin and Ava, by 0. E. D. Black,
1903 ; Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols.
1908; Lord Milner, England in Egypt, llth
edit. 1904; Speeches in India by Lord
Dufferin, 1890; L. Eraser, India under
Cur/on and after, ! 1911; Hansard's Parlia-

mentary Debates ; Parliamentary Blue Books
on India and Egypt; The Times, 13 Feb.
1902 ; Annual Register, 1902.] W L-W

BLANDFORD, GEORGE FIELDING
(1829-1911), physician, born at Hindon,
Wiltshire, on 7 March 1829, was only son of
George Blandford, a medical practitioner
who practised successively at Hindon,
Hadlow in Kent, and Rugby. After edu-
cation at Tonbridge school (1840-1) and
at Rugby under Dr. Arnold (1841-8)
Blandford matriculated at Oxford from
Wadham College on 10 May 1848 ; he gradu-
ated B.A. in 1852, M.A. and M.B. in 1857,
and M.D. in 1867. He began his medical
studies at St. George's Hospital, London,
in October 1852, was admitted a licentiate
of the Society of Apothecaries in 1857,
and M.R.C.S. England in 1858. In 1865 he
delivered his first course of lectures on
insanity at St. George's Hospital, and
remained lecturer on psychological medi-
cine until May 1902. At the Royal
College of Physicians of London he became
a member in 1860 and was elected a
fellow in 1869 ; he acted as a councillor
in 1897-9, and delivered the Lumleian
lectures in 1895, taking as the subject
'The Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prophy-
laxis of Insanity.'

Early in Blandford's career he became
acquainted with Dr. A. J. Sutherland, like
himself an Oxford medical graduate, who
was physician to St. Luke's Hospital.
Blandford often visited the hospital with
Sutherland and took the holiday duty of
the medical superintendent, Henry Stevens
(cf. Minute of Committee, October 1857).
From 1859 to 1863 he was resident medical
officer at Blacklands House, a private asylum
for gentlemen, owned by Dr. Sutherland.
In 1863 he began to practise in lunacy
privately, first in Clarges Street, then in
Grosvenor Street, and finally in Wim-
pole Street, and acquired rapidly a large
connection. He was appointed visiting
physician to Blacklands House and its
successor, Newlands House, Tooting, as
well as to Otto House, posts which he
retained until he retired from London in
1909. He was also for many years visiting
physician to Featherstone Hall, Southail,
and to Clarence Lodge, Clapham Park,
both private asylums for ladies. From 1 874
to 1895 he was the principal proprietor of
the asylum at Minister House, Fulham,
and when the premises became unsuitable,
owing to the growth of London, Blandford
pulled them down and converted the
property into a building estate.

For forty-four years from 1857, when he

Blandford

177

Blaney

became a member, he identified himself
prominently with the Medico-Psychological
Association of Great Britain and Ireland.
A member of the council and of the educa-
tional and parliamentary committees, he
gave as president in 1877 an important
address on lunacy legislation, in which he
described the evolution of the lunacy laws
in tlu's country down to the Acts of 1845,
1853, and 1862 which were then in force.
In 1894, as president of the psychological
section of the British Medical Association,
he delivered an address on the prevention
of insanity, in wlu'ch he made an important
pronouncement on the development of
neurotic affections attributable to the
increased demands of modern life on the
IHTVOUS system ; he was of opinion that
no man or woman should marry who has
had an attack of insanity. From 1898 until
his death he took an active part in the
' After Care Association ' established to
help poor patients who have been dis-
charged from asylums for the insane. At
the time of his death he was president of
the Society for the Relief of the Widows
and Orphans of Medical Men.

After his retirement from London he
settled at Tunbridge Wells, where he died
on 18 Aug. 1911 and was buried. In
1864 he married Louisa, only daughter of
the Rev. George Holloway, by whom he
had two sons and two daughters. Bland-
ford was athletic in early life, and belonged
for several years to the 2nd (South) Middle-
sex volunteers. He was also interested in
art, literature, and music, showing skill
in water-colour sketching and collecting
from an early period Whistler's etchings,
besides contributing a few unsigned articles
to the ' Cornhill Magazine.'

Blandford's chief work was an admirably
practical and comprehensive text-book,
' Insanity and its Treatment ; Lectures on
the Treatment, Medical and Legal, of In-
sane Patients ' (Edinburgh 1871 ; 4th edit.
1 892). The book was reissued in America,
n itli a summary of the laws in force in the
United States on the confinement of the
insane, by Isaac Ray (Philadelphia 1871 ;
3rd edit, with the Types of Insanity,
an illustrated guide in the physical diag-
nosis of mental disease, by Allan McLane
Hamilton, New York 1886). A German
translation by Dr. H. Kornfeld appeared
at Berlin in 1878. Blandford also wrote
valuable articles on ' Insanity ' in the
second (1894) and third (1902) editions of
* Quain's Dictionary of Medicine ' ; * Pre-
vention of Insanity ' and ' Prognosis
of Insanity ' in * Tuke's Dictionary of

VOL. J.XVII. SUP. II.

Psychological Medicine' (1892); and 'In-
sanity ' in the ' Twentieth Century Practice
of Medicine ' (1897). He was a frequent
contributor to the 'Journal of Mental
Science,' to the first twenty-four volumes
of which he prepared an index.

[Journal of Mental Science, 1911, Ivii. 753 ;
Lancet, 19.11, ii. 733; Brit. Med. Journal, 1911,
ii. 524; private information.] D'A. P.

BLANEY, THOMAS (1823-1903),
physician and philanthropist, of Bombay,
was born at Caherconlish, Pallas-green, co.
Limerick, on 24 May 1823. Of humble
origin, he went out to Bombay with his
parents when only three. Ten years later
(1836) he was apprenticed to the subordi-
nate medical department of the East India
Company. He served ' up-country ' for
eight years, but returning to Bombay in
1847 entered the Grant medical college
as a government student in 1851, and
attended classes there for four years.
After reaching the post of apothecary at the
European general hospital on Rs. 100 per
mensem, he was invalided from the service
in 1860. He rapidly founded a largo
private practice among all classes and /aces
in the city. In 1867 he published a pam-
phlet on ' Fevers as connected with the
Sanitation of Bombay ' ; during the pre-
valence of famine in southern Indian in
1878 he identified relapsing fever. When
plague betrayed its presence in 1896, he
was foremost in detecting its true nature,
and realised the gravity of the situation,
which was much under-estimated by the
health department of the municipality.
Known as ' the jury-wallah doctor,' because
he served as coroner from 1876 to 1893,
he was held in great local repute profession-
ally, and grateful native patients often
remembered him in their wills. All his
large earnings, save the small amount
needed for Ms simple style of life, were
given to the poor and to causes which
won his sympathy. He made it a rule to
take no professional fee from a widow.
For many months he provided in his
own home free tuition and a midday
meal for. children of ' poor whites.' More
than seventy children were thus cared
for, and ultimately, under the name of the
Blaney school, the institution was taken
over and maintained for a time by a repre-
sentative committee.

In civic affairs Blaney first came into
notice by the vigour with which he condemned
in the local press, under the pseudonym
of ' Q in the Corner,' the wild speculation
of the period (1861-5). In 1868 he was
appointed to the bench of justices, which

Blanford

178

Blanford

had restricted powers of municipal adminis-
tration, and when a municipal corporation
at Bombay was established in 1872 he
was one of the original members, retaining
office until his retirement from public life.
He was elected to the chair on four occasions
between 1877 and 1893. A member of the
municipality's statutory standing com-
mittee responsible for the civic expenditure
for nine years, and its chairman from 1890
to 1894, he refused the fees payable for
attendance, and thus saved the rates about
1000/. An eloquent speaker and an
ardent but always fair fighter, he exercised
a wise and salutary influence on civic
polity. He successfully resisted the efforts
of a powerful English syndicate to obtain
control of the water supply, the adequacy
and efficiency of which under municipal
management were his special care. He
was chairman of the joint schools committee,
a member of the city improvement trust,
and a fellow of the university. The
government of India appointed him sheriff
of Bombay in 1875 and 1888. He was
created a C.I.E. in May 1894, and on
2 June of the same year a statue of him
in Carrara marble, by Signor Valla of Genoa,
for which upwards of Rs. 22,000 (1460Z.)
were subscribed by his fellow-citizens, was
unveiled, opposite the Bombay municipal
buildings, by Mr. H. A. Acworth, I.C.S.,
then municipal commissioner. Four years
later the infirmities of age compelled
Blaney's relinquishment of both civic
and professional work. His liberality
had deprived him of means of support,
but a few fellow-townsmen provided for
his simple needs. He died unmarried on
1 April 1903, and was buried at Sewri
cemetery next day.

[Times of India, 3 June 1894 and 2 April
1903 ; Bombay Gazette, 2 April 1903 ; Mac-
lean's Guide to Bombay ; personal know-
ledge.] F. H. B.

BLANFORD, WILLIAM THOMAS
(1832-1905), geologist and zoologist, born on
7 Oct. 1832 at 27 Bouverie Street, London,
was eldest of four sons of William Blanford
by his wife, Elizabeth Simpson; Henry
Francis Blanford [q. v. Suppl. I] was a
younger brother. At fourteen he left a
private school at Brighton for Paris, where
he remained till March 1848. After a serious
illness he spent two years in a mercantile
house at Civita Vecchia, returning to Eng-
land in 1851, when he joined his father's
business of carver and guilder, studying
at the school of design, Somerset House.
Next year he followed his brother Henry
to the Royal School of Mines, gaining

at the end of the two years' course the
duke of Cornwall's and the council's
scholarships. In 1854 he studied at the
mining school of Freiberg in Saxony, and
late in the autumn both brothers left Eng-
land for India with appointments on its
geological survey.

Their first work was to examine a coal-
field near Talchir, about 60 miles N.W. of
Cuttack in Orissa. The chief results were
the separation of the coal measures into an
upper and lower division and the discovery
of boulders in the fine silt of the Talchir
strata which Blanford rightly concluded
bore marks of ice action. At the out-
break of the mutiny he was busy sur-
veying, and had a narrow escape, in
returning to Calcutta where he joined the
volunteer guards. The danger ended, he
resumed work in the field, and was engaged
in 18589 on the Rariganj coalfield. After
November 1860 he spent two years in
investigating the geology of Burma, dis-
covering an extinct volcano near Pagan,
and making extensive zoological collections.

In November 1862, on returning from
leave in England, he was raised to the post
of deputy superintendent, and employed
during the next four years in the survey
of the Bombay presidency, determining
among other things the age of the Deccan
traps. Late in 1867 he was attached
to the Abyssinian expedition and accom-
panied the troops to Magdala, making
large collections, both geological and zoo-
logical. Work on these occupied much time
after his return to India in October 1868,
and brought him to England on six months'
service leave ; the outcome was his valuable
book, ' Observations on the Geology and the
Zoology of Abyssinia ' (1870).

He resumed field work in India, and by
the end of the season of 1871 had traversed
nearly the whole peninsula on foot or horse-
back. Attached to the Persian Boundary
commission, he went to Teheran, visited
the Elburz Mountains, and returned to
England from the Caspian by Moscow,
arriving home in September 1872. The
hardships of this expedition affected his
health, and during two years' enforced
leave he prepared a volume for the
report of the boundary commission (pub-
lished in 1876). Some important work on
the geology of Sind was done after his
return to India in 1874, but his time was
chiefly occupied by office duties in Calcutta.
Here he joined with his chief, Henry
Benedict Medlicott [q. v. Suppl. II], in
writing a ' Manual of the Geology of India '
(1879), fully one-half of which was Blan-

Blaydes

179

Blaydes

ford's work. Ho was again home on
furlough from 1879 to 1881, during which
he attended the geological congress at
Bologna. After ho returned to India in
October 1881, field work brought on an
attack of fever which rendered retirement
from the service prudent. Settling in
London he recovered liis health and took
an active part in scientific societies, writing
numerous papers, and editing for the govern-
ment of India a series of books on the
fauna of British India. To this series ho
contributed two volumes on the mammals
(1888 and 1891) and two on birds (vols. iii.
and iv., 1895 and 1898) ; he was engaged
at his death on a volume on the land and
fresh-water molluscs, which was completed
by Lieut. -colonel H. H. God win- Austen,
and published in 1908. At the Montreal
meeting of the British Association in 1884
he was president of the geological section ;
he also took part in the Toronto meeting
and visited Vancouver Island in 1897. He
was secretary, member of council, vice-
president, and treasurer, as well as presi-
dent, of the Geological Society (1888-90),
delivering addresses on the nomenclature
and classification of geological formations
and on the permanence of ocean basins, to
which he gave a guarded adherence. The
society awarded him the Wollaston medal
in 1882. He was elected F.R.S. in 1874,
receiving a royal medal in 1901. The
degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him
by Montreal University in 1884, the Italian
order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus in
1881 ; and he was made C.I.E. in 1904.
His published papers are nearly 170 in
number, and embrace a great variety of
subjects. ' His many-sided accomplish-
ments gave him a notable place among geo-
logists, geographers, palaeontologists, and
zoologists.' He was master of the Cord-
wainers' Company 1 900-1 . He shot well, and
on the whole enjoyed good health till near
the end. He died in London on 23 June
]905. He married in February 1883 Ida
Gertrude, daughter of Mr. R. T. Bellhouse,
an artist. His widow survived him with
two sons and a daughter.

[Nature, Ixxii. ; Geol. Mag. (with por-
trait), 1906 ; Quarterly Journal of Geological
Soc., 1906 ; Proc. Roy. Soc. Ixxix. B, 1907 ;
information from T. Blanford, Esq. (brother) ;
personal knowledge.] T. G. B.

BLAYDES, FREDERICK HENRY
MARVELL (1818-1908), classical scholar,
born at Hampton Court Green on 29 Sept.
1818, was third son of Hugh Blaydes
(1777-1829) of High Paull, Yorkshire, and
of Ranby Hall, Nottinghamshire, J.P.

and high sheriff for the latter county;
his mother was Delia Maria, second daughter
of Colonel Richard Wood of Hollin Hall,
Yorkshire. James Blaides of Hull, who
married on 25 March 1615 Anne, sister of the
poet Andrew Marvell, was a direct ancestor.

After his father's death in 1829, Blaydes
was sent to a private school at Boulogne,
and thence, on 14 Sept. 1831, to St.
Peter's School, York, where he became
a free scholar in June 1832 and gained
an exhibition before matriculating at
Oxford, 20 Oct. 1836, as a commoner of
Christ Church. John Ruskin, about five
months his junior, was already a gentleman
commoner there, and Thomas Gaisford
[q. v.] was dean (of. RUSKIN, Prceterita,
1900, i. 371). In 1838 A Blaydes was elected
Hertford scholar and v a student of Christ
Church, and in Easter term 1840 4 was placed
in the second class in literee humaniores
along with (Sir) George Webbe Dasent
[q. v. Suppl. I] and James Anthony
Froude [q. v. Suppl. I], He graduated
B.A. in 1840, proceeding M.A. in 1843.

After a long tour (which he described
in family letters) through France and
Italy in 1840-1, finally spending a week
in Athens, he returned to Oxford in Aug.
1841. and issued an edition of Aristo-
phanes' * Birds ' (1842), with short Latin
notes. Ordained deacon in 1842 and priest
in 1843, he accepted the college living of
Harringworth, Northamptonshire. Harring-
worth was Blaydes' home for forty-three
years (1843-86). A staunch ' protestant,' he
joined on 10 Dec. 1850 the deputation from
his university which, headed by the Chan-
cellor, the Duke of Wellington, presented an
address to Queen Victoria against the ' papal
aggression' (The Times, 11 Dec. 1850).

But Blaydes' interest and ample leisure
were mainly absorbed by classical study.
In 1845 he published an edition of a second
play of Aristophanes the ' Acharnians.'
In 1859 he published in the ' Bibliotheca
classica ' three plays of Sophocles. The
reception of the book was not altogether
favourable, and a difference with the pub-
lishers (Bell & Daldy) led him to issue
separately the four remaining plays with
Williams & Norgate. He reckoned that
he gave more than twenty years to Sopho-
cles, and, with intervals, more than fifty to
Aristophanes.

Blaydes resigned his benefice in 1884, and
from 1886 lived at Brighton. In 1907 he
moved to Southsea, where he died, retaining
his vigour till near the end, on 7 Sept.
1908 ; he was buried in Brighton cemetery.

Scholarship meant for Blaydes what it

N 2

Blaydes

1 80

Blennerhassett

had meant for Elmsley at Oxford, for
Person and Dobree at Cambridge. With
the later and more literary school of Sir
Richard Jebb in England and von Wilamo-
witz-Moellendorff in Germany he had small
sympathy. Verbal criticism and the dis-
covery of corrupt passages mainly occupied
him, and his fertile and venturesome habit
of emendation exposed his work to dis-
paragement (N. WECKLErtf in Berliner
philologische Wochenschrift, 28 Jahrgang,
1908, No. 20). Yet not a few of his emenda-
tions have been approved by later editors
(S. G. OWEN in BURSIAN'S Jahresbericht uber
die Fortschritte der classischen Altertumswis-
senschaft, 1909 ; Biographisches Jb. pp. 37 ff .)
His own views on the editing of classical
texts will be found in the introduction to
his * Sophocles,' vol. i., and in the preface
to 'The Philoctetes of Sophocles,' 1870.
The University of Dublin made him hon.
LL.D. on 6 July 1892 ; he was also a Ph.D.
of Budapest, and a fellow of the Royal
Society of Letters at Athens.

Blaydes made a hobby of homoeopathy
and delighted in music, being an accom-
plished singer and naming his third son,
George Frederick Handel, after the com-
poser. To St. Paul's school, where his eldest
son was a pupil, he was a munificent bene-
factor. In 1901 he presented to it the
greater part of his classical library, amount-
ing to 1300 volumes, with many framed
engravings, principally of Italian scenery,
now hung in the dining hall. In following
years he gave many specimens of marble
from the Mediterranean basin, together with
more pictures, books, and a large collection
of curios. The ample fortune which his first
wife brought him he spent to the amount of
30 ; 000/. on his studies, collections, and
the printing of his books.

Blaydes married firstly, in 1843, Fanny
Maria, eldest daughter and eventually (on
the death in 1874 of her only brother, Sir
Edward Henry Page-Turner, 6th baronet)
one of the co -heiresses of Sir Edward
George Thomas Page-Turner, of Ambrosden,
Oxfordshire, and Battlesden, Bedfordshire ;
she was killed in a carriage accident,
21 Aug. 1884, leaving issue three sons and
four daughters. Blaydes' second wife was
Emma, daughter of Mr. H. R. Nichols.

Blaydes' principal publications were : 1.
* Aristophanis Aves,' 1842. 2. ' Aristo-
phanis Acharnenses,' 1845. 3. ' Sophocles,'
1859 (vol. i. of the ' Bibliotheca classica '
edition). 4. The 'Philoctetes,' ' Trachi-
niae,' ' Electra,' and ' Ajax ' of Sophocles,
1870-5. 5. ' Aristophanis quatuor fabulse,'
a collection subdated 1873-8. 6. ' Aristo-

phanis comici quse supersunt opera,' 1886.
7. ' Aristophanis coriioedisc ' his best work ;
in 12 pts. dated 1882-1893. 8. Nine sets
of ' Adversaria ' on various authors, 1890-
1903. 9. '^Bschyli Agamemnon,' 1898;
' Choephoroi,' 1899; ' Eumenides,' 1900.
10. ' Spicilegium Aristophaneum,' 1902 ;
' Spicilegium Tragicum,' 1902 ; ' Spici-
legium Sophocleum,' 1903. 11. ' Sophoclis
(Edipus Rex,' 1904 ; ' CEdipus Coloneus,'
1904 ; ' Antigone,' 1905 ; ' Electra,' 1906 ;
'Ajax,' 1908; 'Philoctetes,' 1908. 12.
' Analecta Comica Grasca,' 1905 ; ' Analecta
Tragica Grseca,' 1906. 13. 'Miscellanea
Critica,' 1907.

[The Pauline, No. 170, pp. 172 ff. (with por-
trait) ; Oxford Magazine, 29 Oct. 1908 ; pri-
vate information ; Foster's Alumni Oxon.l

W. G. F.

BLENNERHASSETT, SIB ROW-
LAND, fourth baronet (1839-1909),
political writer, born at Blennerville,
co. Kerry, on 5 Sept. 1839, was only
son of Sir Arthur Blennerhassett, third
baronet (1794-1849), whose ancestors had
settled in Kerry under Queen Elizabeth,
by his wife Sarah, daughter of John Mahony .
An only sister, Rosanna (d. 1907), became
a sister of the Red Cross, and described
her arduous labours in South Africa in
* Adventures in Mashonaland ' (with
L. Gleeman, 1893). Both parents were
Roman catholics. Rowland succeeded to
the baronetcy on the death of his father
in 1849. After being educated first at
Downside, under the Benedictines, and
then at Stonyhurst, under the Jesuits, he
matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford,
but left without a degree for the Univer-
sity of Louvain. There he took a doctor's
degree in political and administrative
science, ' with special distinction.' He
afterwards, in 1864, studied at Munich,
where he formed a lifelong friendship
with Dollinger. Finally he proceeded to
Berlin, where he became acquainted with
many leading politicians, including Prince
Bismarck. A frequent visitor to France in
later years, he came to know the chief men
of all parties under the second empire.

About 1862 Blennerhassett became inti-
mate with Sir John Dalberg (afterwards
Lord) Acton [q. v. Suppl. II], with whose
stand against later developments of ultra-
montanism he had a strong sympathy.
The discontinuance by Acton in December
1863 of the ' Home and Foreign Review,'
a Roman catholic organ of liberal tendencies,
suggested the possibility of establishing a
journal the main objects of which should be
political and literary ; and Blennerhassett

Blennerhassett

181

Blind

found the money for starting the ' Chronicle,'
a political and literary organ of liberal
Catholicism, under the direction of Mr.
T. F. Wetherell. Blennerhassett and Acton
were of great service in searching for com-
petent foreign correspondents. The first
number appeared on 23 March 1867, and
the last on 13 Feb. 1868. As Gladstone
predicted, it proved too Roman catholic for
liberals, and too liberal for Roman catholics,
and its early support of home rule for
Ireland iuil her prejudiced its chances of
success. Save on ecclesiastical questions,
the paper seldom expressed Blennerhassett's
opinions. The ' Chronicle ' lacked sympathy
with the reasoned imperialism which de-
veloped out of Blennerhassett's early
admiration of Bismarck and engendered
a faith in the superiority of German to
English methods of progress. His early
desire that England should learn from
Germany passed into a strong desire that
she should prepare herself for the rivalry
which the new German ambitions were
making inevitable. Thus with him foreign
policy grew to be an absorbing interest.

Meanwhile Blennerhassett took an active
part in Irish politics. In 1865 he entered
parliament as liberal M.P. for Gal way City.
But he lost the confidence of the priest-
hood owing to his association with Dollinger
and Acton, although he declined to join the
new community of Old Catholics. In 1874
he stood for Kerry, his native county,
and represented it till 1885. In that
interval his attitude on the home rule
controversy completely changed. From a
lukewarm supporter of home rule as a
parliamentary movement under Butt and
Shaw, he became an active opponent of
it as a national movement under Parnell.
Defeated in Kerry at the general election
of Nov. 1885, he did not re-enter the House
of Commons.

During his parliamentary career Blen-
nerhassett was mainly concerned with
Irish university education and the Irish
land question. His speeches on Fawcett's
Irish university bill in 1871, and on Glad-
stone's Irish university bill of 1873, which
he supported, showed an intimate know-
e of continental universities. He re-
gretted Gladstone's exclusion of modern
history and moral philosophy from the
curriculum, and pressed the system
borrowed from Germany of duplicate
faculties in the same university. In 1872
he moved the second reading of a bill for
the purchase of Irish railways. In regard
to the land question he anticipated the
legislation of 1903 in a confidential rncmo-

I randum, dated April 1884 (afterwards
[ printed), suggesting the appointment
of a commission to convert large tracts of
Irish land into peasant properties, by
buying the estates of landlords willing to
sell, at twenty-two years' purchase of the
judicial rent.

After his retirement from the House of
Commons he continued to play a part in
Irish public life. He was a commissioner
of national education and a member of the
senate of the Royal University. From
1890 to 1897 he was an inspector of reforma-
tory and industrial schools ; from 1897 to
1904 he was president of Queen's College,
Cork ; and in 1905 he was made a member
of the Irish privy council. During these
years he constantly wrote with fulness of
knowledge on political subjects in 'The
Times,' the ' Daily Telegraph,' the ' Nine-
teenth Century,' the * Fortnightly Review,'
the ' Deutsche Rundschau,' and, especially
at the end of his life, in the ' National
Review.' He deeply regretted the change
in the papal policy on the election of
Pius X, and the retirement of Cardinal
Rampolla, though he admitted the provoca-
tion given by the French government, and
the difference between the modernism of
the Abbe Loisy and the liberal Catholicism
of his youth. A ready talker as well as writer,
he died on 22 March 1909, at 54 Rutland
Gate, the house of his daughter, and was
buried at Downside. On 9 June 1870
he married the Countess Charlotte
von Leyden, only daughter of Count von
Leyden, of an old Bavarian family, whom
he first met in Rome four months earlier ;
she survived him. He left two sons, of
whom Arthur Charles Francis Bernard suc-
ceeded to the baronetcy ; an only daughter,
Marie Carola Franciska Roselyne, married
Baron Raphael d'Erlanger (d. 1897).

Blennerhassefct published several of his
speeches in parliament and his inaugural
address on 'University Education' at
Queen's College, Cork, 1898. He edited
Ringhoffer's * Bernstorff Memoirs ' in 1908.
[The Times, 24 March 1909; the Home and
Foreign Review; Acton and his Circle, by
Abbot Gasquet, 1907. The publication of
some of Blenncrhasset's scattered papers,
nnclor the editorship of Lady Blennerhassott,
is in contemplation.] D. C. L.

BLIND, KARL (1826-1907), political
refugee and author, was born of middle-
class parents in Mannheim, in the grand
duchy of Baden, Germany, on 4 Sept. 1826.
Educated at the Lyceum, Mannheim, and
then at Karlsruhe, where he won gold and
silver medals, he proceeded in 1845 with a

Blind

182

Blind

scholarship to Heidelberg University, and
there studied jurisprudence, literature,
archaeology, and philosophy. At Mann-
heim, the centre of the German radical
movement, he had imbibed revolutionary
principles, attaching himself to the
extreme party which aimed at a united
Germany under a republican government.
At Heidelberg he actively engaged in
political agitation, helping to form
democratic "clubs among undergraduates,
soldiers, and citizens, and contributing
to the advanced nationalist press of
Baden, Bavaria, and Prussia. For writing
an article in 1846 in which he hotly
denounced the punishment of a free-
thinking soldier, Blind was arrested on
a charge of treason. He was acquitted
on trial through the eloquence of his
advocate, Friedrich Hecker, leader of the
advanced liberal group in the Baden
Reichstag, but he was dismissed from
Heidelberg University shortly afterwards,
and lost his scholarship. He continued his
studies at Bonn, and pursued his violent
propaganda there. He repeatedly revisited
Heidelberg in disguise to take part in
political meetings of the students. For
the secret distribution at Diirkheim, near
Neustadt, in 1847 of a treasonable
pamphlet entitled ' Deutscher Hunger und
Deutsche Fiirsten ' he was arrested for
the third time, and with the lady who
became his wife was condemned to im-
prisonment.

In March 1848 the year of revolution
throughout Europe Blind took part in
the democratic risings in Karlsruhe and
other towns in Baden. He was present
at Frankfort during the meetings of the
Vorparlament, the gathering of advanced
liberals, and with Hecker, Gustav von
Struve, and other leaders of the republican
party, agitated for the body's continuance
as a permanent national assembly. He
was wounded slightly in a street riot in
a conflict with the police, and in April
joined Hecker in the republican rising near
Lake Constance. Proscribed by the Baden
government, he took refuge in Alsace, but
was there accused of complicity in the
June rising in Paris. Imprisoned at Strass-
burg by order of General Cavaignac, who was
trying to repress the revolutionary move-
ment in France, he was taken in chains to
the Swiss frontier. Re-entering Baden, he
was prominent in the rising under Struve
at Staufen (24 Sept. 1848), and was with
Struve taken prisoner at Wehr by some
members of the ' city guard ' soon afterwards.
Sentenced to eight years' imprisonment,

he was placed in the underground case-
mates at Rostatt, and ultimately, in May
1849, removed to Bruchsal. The revolu-
tionary movement spread thither, and
Blind was released by a party of armed
citizens. The revolutionists soon established
at Offenburg under Brentano, on 1 June
1849, a provisional government for Baden
and Rhenish Bavaria, and Blind was
sent as its representative on a political
mission to Paris. Implicated there in
Ledru-Rollin's movement against Louis
Napoleon, the president of the new French
republic, he was arrested on 13 June,
sentenced to perpetual exile from France,
and, after arbitrary imprisonment for
two months in La Force, was conducted
to the Belgian frontier. He was there
joined by his wife and children. In 1852
he was in turn exiled from Belgium,
owing to pressure from Louis Napoleon's
government, and coming to England, settled
with his family at Hampstead.

Blind, though never naturalised, thence-
forth made England his permanent home,
and for more than half a century devoted
himself without intermission to literary
support of ' nationalism ' and democratic
progress in Germany and elsewhere. His
house at Hampstead became a rendezvous
for political refugees from Europe, and
filled a prominent place in the history
of all advanced political movements.
He welcomed to England Mazzini, who
became an intimate friend, and whom he
introduced to Swinburne. At Garibaldi's
reception in London in 1864 he spoke
on behalf of the German community. He
entertained Ledru-Rollin, Louis Blanc,
Karl Marx, Kinkel, and Freiligrath. It
was his especial aim to enlist and educate
English public opinion on behalf of the
German revolutionary cause. In 1863-4, as
head of a London committee to promote
the independence of Schleswig-Holstein,
he acted as intermediary between the
leaders of the Schleswig Diet and the
English foreign office. An ardent champion
of Polish freedom, he was in com-
munication with the revolutionary
government at Warsaw during 1863, and
in lectures which he delivered throughout
England and Scotland denounced Russia's
oppression of the Poles. His pen was
active in support of the North during
the American civil war, of Germany
during the Franco-German war, 1870-1, of
Greece in her various disputes with Turkey,
and of Japan in her war with Russia in
1904. For his 'services to Greece he was
decorated by King George of Greece with

Bloomfield

183

Blouet

the order of St. Andrew. He also
strenuously advocated the claims to
independence of the Egyptian nationalists
from 1882 onwards, and of the Transvaal
Boers from 1878 till his death.

Apart from current politics, Blind wrote
much on history and on German and Indian
mythology, contributing to leading reviews
in England, Germany, America, and
Italy. Among his better known articles
were biographical studies of Freiligrath,
Ledru-Rollin, and the Hungarian states-
man, Francis Deak, ' Zur Geschichte
der republikanischen Partei in England '
(Berlin, 1873), and ' Fire-Burial among
our Germanic Forefathers ' (1875), which
were reprinted in pamphlet form. To his
advocacy was due the foundation of a
memorial to Feuerbach the philosopher
at Landshut, and the erection of monu-
ments to Hans Sachs, the cobbler bard of
Nuremberg, and to Walther von der
Vogelweide at Bozen in 1877.

Blind died at Hampstead on 31 May
1907, and was cremated at Golder's
Green. He married about 1849 Friederike
Ettlinger, the widow of a merchant
named Cohen, by whom he had one
son, Rudolf Blind, an artist, and one
daughter. Mathilde Blind [q. v. Suppl. I]
was his step-daughter; Ferdinand Cohen
Blind, who attempted Bismarck's life in
Unter den Linden on 7 May 1866, and
then committed suicide in prison, was his
step-son.

A bust of Karl Blind is in the possession
of his daughter, Mrs. Ottilie Hancock.

[The Times, 1 June 1907; Illustrierte
Zcitung, 6 Sept. 1906 (with portrait);
Vapereau, Dictionnaire des Contemporains ;
Men and Women of the Time, 1899 ; Eugene
Oswald, Reminiscences of a Busy Life, 1911 ;
Hans Blum, Die Deutsche Revolution ;
Brockhaus, Conversations-Lexicon ; autobio-
graphical articles on the years 1848-9 by
Blind in the Cornhill Magazine, 1898-9.]

S. E. F.

BLOOMFIELD, GEORGIANA, LADY
(1822-1905), author, born on 13 April 1822
at 51 Portland Place, London, was sixteenth
and youngest child of Thomas Henry
Liddell, first Baron Ravensworth, by his
wife Marion Susannah, daughter of John
Simpson of Bradley Hall, co. Durham. She
was educated at home, and in December
1841 became maid of honour to Queen
Victoria, resigning in July 1845. On
4 Sept. 1845, at Lanesley church, co.
Durham, she married John Arthur Douglas,
second Baron Bloomfield [q. v.], and ac-
companied her husband on his diplomatic

missions, going at first to St. Petersburg,
thence to Berlin (1851-60), and to Vienna
(1861-71). There were no children of
the marriage, and after her husband's
death at his residence, Newport, co.
Tipperary, in 1879, Lady Bloomfield settled
at Shrivenham, in Berkshire, to be near her
sister, Jane Elizabeth, widow of the sixth
Viscount Barrington. When Lady Barring-
ton died on 22 March 1883, Lady Bloomfield
removed to Bramfield House, about two
miles from Hertford. Here she exercised
much hospitality and interested herself in
the affairs of the village.

In 1883 she published ' Reminiscences of
Court and Diplomatic Life' (2 vols.), 'a
constant ripple of interesting anecdote,' as
Augustus J. C. Hare described Lady Bloom -
field's conversation (cf. Story of My Life,
1900, vol. vi.). She edited in 1884 a
' Memoir of Benjamin, Lord Bloomfield *
[q. v.], her father-in-law, in 2 volumes.
Her last work, * Gleanings of a Long Life '
( 1902), collected extracts from her favourite
books.

Lady Bloomfield, a ' grand dame ' of an
old school, kept up her friendship with
Queen Victoria and her family, and de-
lighted in social intercourse with all classes.
While deeply religious on old, low church
lines, she was tolerant and charitable.
She founded in 1874 the Trained Nurses'
Annuity Fund, and built and endowed alms-
houses on her husband's estate near New-
port, co. Tipperary. She sketched well in
water-colours, and her sketches formed a
sort of diary of her journeys. She was
an accomplished musician, playing the
organ ; was a good billiard player, and an
excellent gardener.

She died, after a long illness, at Bramfield
House on 21 May 1905, and was buried in
the family mausoleum beside her husband
in the churchyard of Borrisnafarney, King's
County, Ireland.

[Lady Bloomfield's Reminiscences of Court
and Diplomatic Life, 1883 ; The Times, 23 May
1905 ; Allibone, Diet, of Eng. Ldt., Suppl. 1 ;
Burke's Peerage, 1907 ; private information.]

E. L.

BLOUET, LfiON PAUL ('MAX
O'RELL') (1848-1903), humorous writer,
born in Brittany on 2 March 1848 and
educated in Paris, served as a cavalry
officer in the Franco-German war, was
captured at Sedan, set at liberty early in
1871, and severely wounded in the second
siege of Paris. In 1 872 ( having been retired
on account of his wound) he came to Eng-
land as correspondent to several French
papers, and four years later became French

Blount

184

Blount

master at St. Paul's school, wrote several
manuals and edited texts. In 1887, under
the pseudonym of * Max O'Rell,' which he
permanently adopted, he dedicated to John
Bull his ' John Bull et son lie,' a vivacious
picture of English eccentricities and racial
characteristics. It was translated by his
English wife (born Bartlett) and achieved
a success so rapid as to determine the
writer to abandon his teaching career,
successful as it had hitherto proved, for
one of popular writing and lecturing. There
flowed from his pen in rapid succession
'John Bull's Womankind' (1884), 'The
Dear Neighbours' (1885), 'Friend Mac-
donald ' (1887), ' Drat the Boys ' (1886), in
collaboration with Georges Petilleau, ' John
Bull, Junior' (1889), 'Jonathan and his
Continent' (1889), 'A Frenchman in
America ' (1891), ' John Bull and Co.' (1894),
' Woman and Artist ' (dedicated to his wife,
1900), 'Her Royal Highness Woman ' (dedi-
cated ' to the nicest little woman in the
world,' 1901), 'Between Ourselves' (1902),
and 'Rambles in Womanland' (1903). All
of these were written originally in French
and were produced almost simultaneously in
English. Many were translated into other
languages. In 1887 and 1890 he lectured
in America; in 1893 with his wife and
daughter he made a round of the English
colonies, his readiness as a speaker and
lecturer ensuring him a welcome every-
where from people who like to see their
foibles presented in a humorous light. In
1902 he settled in the Champs Elysees
quarter of Paris as correspondent of the
' New York Journal ' and wrote in the
French 'Figaro' in support of the entente
cordiale between England and France. He
died of cancer in the stomach at 9 Rue
Freycinet on 25 May 1903, and was buried
in the church of St. Pierre de Chaillot. A
tolerant, shrewd, and on the whole impartial
observer, on lines inherited from Voltaire,
About, Taine, and Jules Verne, Blouet mixed
a good deal of flattery with his smart and
witty banter, and with the leverage thus
gained was able now and again to tell an
unpalatable truth, not entirely without
effect.

[The Times, 26 May 1903 ; Illustr. Lond.
News, 30 May 1903 (portrait) ; Nouveau
Larousse ; Men and Women of the Time ;
Blouet's works.] T. S.

BLOUNT, SIR EDWARD CHARLES,
K.C.B. (1809-1905), Paris banker and
promoter of French railways, born on
16 March 1809 at the family seat, Bellamour,
near Rugeley, Staffordshire, was second
son of Edward Blount (1769-1843) by his

wife Frances (d. 1859), daughter of Francis
Wright of Fitzwalters, Essex. The Blount
family, the head of which was settled at
Sodington, Worcestershire, and at Mawley,
Shropshire, was a staunchly catholic
house of ancient lineage. The father, who
was second son of Sir Edward Blount,
sixth baronet, of Mawley Hall, was active
in the agitation for catholic emancipation,
was secretary of the Catholic Association,
joined with Daniel O'Connell in founding
the Provincial Bank of Ireland, and was
whig M.P. for Steyning, Sussex, in tho
unreformed parliaments of 1830 and 1831.

Of Edward Blount' s four brothers, none
of whom married, Walter Aston, the eldest
(1807-1894), was Clarenceux king of arms.

In spite of the catholic fervour of the
family, Blount was sent as a child to the
neighbouring grammar school of Rugeley,
of which the vicar was master. At home
at Bellamour he gained a useful knowledge
of French from Father Malvoisin, an
emigre priest. In 1819 he went to St.
Mary's College at Oscott near Birmingham.
There he stayed until 1827

After a short experience of commercial
life in the London office of the Provincial
Bank of Ireland, he entered the home office.
Through his father's influence he went
much in youth into whig society, and occa-
sionally attended the breakfast parties
at Holland House. In the autumn of
1829, the first Lord Granville, British
ambassador in Paris, appointed him an
attache to the Paris embassy. Next
year he was transferred to the consulate at
Rome. At Rome he made the acquaint-
ance of Cardinals Weld and Wiseman ;
and at the palace of Queen Hortense
he first met her son, the future
Napoleon III. In 1831 he left Rome to
join the Paris banking firm of Callaghan
& Co. With his father's help, he soon
started the bank of Edward Blount, Pere et
Fils, at No. 7 Rue Laffitte. The business
proved successful, and he afterwards joined
Charles Laffitte (nephew of the financier
and statesman, Jacques Laffitte) in forming
the new firm of Charles Lamtte, Blount
& Co., Rue Basse du Rempart.

Meanwhile Blount mainly devoted his
energies to the promotion of railway enter-
prise in France. In 1836 France had
only one short line between Strassburg
and Bale. In 1838 the French govern-
ment's bill for the construction of seven
great trunk-lines under the control of the
state was defeated, and the way thrown
open to private enterprise. Blount
offered M. Dufaure, then minister of

Blount

185

Blount

public works, to construct a line from
Paris to Rouen, proposing to raise 600,OOOZ.
in England and the same amount in
France, on the minister's undertaking to
give a guarantee for the third 600,000/. The
proposal was accepted, and a company
(the Chemin de fer de 1' Quest) was formed
by Blount, who became chairman. The
.directors were half French and half Eng-
lish ; capitalists who aided the venture
included Baron James Rothschild and
Lord Overstone. The law authorising
Blount's firm to construct the railway
from Paris to Rouen was signed by King
Louis Philippe on 15 July 1840. The
line, which was designed by Joseph
Locke [q. v.], with Thomas Brassey as
contractor, was opened on 9 May 1843.
To gain a thorough knowledge of railway
management, Blount learned engine-driving,
spending four months on the London and
North Western railway. Mr. Buddicom,
the locomotive manager of the L. and
N.W.R. at Liverpool, brought over fifty
English drivers for the French railway,
which prospered from the first. Blount
remained chairman for thirty years, With
his partner, Laffitte, Blount next con-
structed in 1845 the line from Amiens to
Boulogne by way of Abbeville and Neuf-
chatel, and subsequently (1852-3) he was
administrator of the lines from Lyons to
Avignon, and between Lyons, Macon and
Geneva.

To King Louis Philippe, who gave
Blount every encouragement, he professed
deep attachment, and on the outbreak of
the revolution of 1848, ho helped members
of the royal family to escape to England.
The revolution caused the failure of his
bank, and, though the creditors were event-
ually paid in full, he had to retire to St.
Germains to economise. With the aid of
Brassey and other wealthy friends he
started in the autumn of 1852 a third
banking business under the style of Edward
Blount & Company at No. 7 Rue de la
Paix. The venture prospered. Blount
acted as banker to the Papal government.
After the war of Italian independence
of 1859, and the annexation of the Papal
States to the new kingdom of Italy, he had
the delicate task of arranging the transfer
of the financial labilities of the Papal
States to the new. Italian government, and
the conversion of the papal debt.

On the outbreak of the revolution in Paris
on 4 Sept. 1870, he wound up the affairs
of his bank and transferred the business
to the Societe G6nerale of Paris, of which
he became president. When the Prussians

threatened to besiege Paris, he sent his
wife and family to England, but remained
in the capital with his son Aston through
the siege. His letters to his wife give a
vivid picture of its horrors. Lord Lyons,
the British ambassador, left for Tours on
17 Nov. and in the absence of all the officials
of the English embassy Blount took
charge of British interests, being on 24 Jan.
1871 formally appointed British consul.
During the siege, and especially at its
close, he with (Sir) Richard Wallace and
Dr. Alan Herbert distributed the money
and food contributed in England to relievo
the besieged. He dined with Bismarck at
Versailles after the fall of the city, and left for
London at the end of March 1871. He was
convinced that England should have come
to the rescue of France, and he expressed
his views with frankness, when on his
arrival in England he breakfasted with
Gladstone, the prime minister, Lord
Granville, the foreign minister, being a
fellow guest (of. The Times, 16 March 1905).
For his services he was made C.B. on
13 March 1871, becoming K.C.B. (civil) on
2 June 1878. He was also a commander
of the legion of honour.

In 1894 Blount resigned the chairman-
ship of the Chemin de fer de 1' Quest.
A popular agitation condemned as a mili-
tary peril the control by a foreigner of
the railways of the country. The French
government handsomely acknowledged
Blount's services, and his fellow directors
elected him honorary president. He long
maintained his position in English and
French society in Paris, and was for many
years president of the British chamber of
commerce there. His financial interests
extended beyond France. He was a
director among other ventures of the
General Credit and Finance Company
(afterwards the Union Discount Company
of London) and of the London Joint
Stock Bank. Devoted to the turf, be was
largely interested in the stable of the
Comte de Lagrange, on whose death in
1883 he kept a small stable of his own.
He was a member of the French Jockey
Club, and was reputed a good whip.

In June 1901, owing to his advanced age,
he retired from the presidency of his bank-
ing concern, the Societe Generate of Paris,
and leaving France, was made honorary
president. He then settled at his Sussex
home, Imbrrhorne, East Grinstead. He
dictated his interesting recollections to
a neighbour, Dr. Stuart J. Reid, who
published them in 1902.

He died at East Grinstead on 15 March

Blumenthal

186

Bodda Pyne

1905, aged ninety-six, and was buried in
the family vault at the cemetery of St.
Francis, Crawley, Sussex. He was a
staunch adherent of the Roman catholic
church, for which community he built a
school near Birmingham, and a church
at East Grinstead.

On 18 Nov. 1834 he married Gertrude
Frances, third daughter of William Charles
Jerningham. She died on 9 Nov. 1907. Of
his two sons and three daughters, he was
survived only by his younger son, Henry
Edmund Blount.

Two paintings of Blount, one by Ricart
of Paris (circ. 1850-60), and the other by
J. A. Vinter (1866), are at Imberhorne.

[Recollections of Sir Edward Blount, ed.
Dr. Stuart J. Reid, 1902 (portrait) ; Debrett's
Peerage ; The Times, 16 and 20 March 1905 ;
Men of Note in Finance and Commerce,
1900-1 ; Athenaeum, 4 Oct. 1902.] C. W.

BLUMENTHAL, JACQUES [JACOB]
(1829-1908), composer of songs, born at
Hamburg on 4 Oct. 1829, was son of
Abraham Lucas Blumenthal. Destined
from youth for the musical profession, he
studied under F. W. Grand in Hamburg and
under C. M. von Booklet and Sechter in
Vienna. He entered the Paris Conserva-
toire in 1846, studying the piano under Herz,
and also under Halevy. In 1848 he settled
in London, becoming pianist to Queen Vic-
toria and a fashionable teacher, and was
naturalised as a British subject. He pub-
lished numerous fugitive piano pieces and a
very large number of songs, some of which,
such as * The Message ' and ' The Requital '
(1864) and 'We Two' (1879), achieved a
lasting popularity. His more ambitious
attempts at composition attracted no
attention. A pianoforte trio and a * Mor-
ceau de Concert for Piano,' both early
works, were printed ; but his published
' Albums of Songs ' alone represented his
characteristic work.

He died on 17 May 1908 in Cheyne Walk,
Chelsea. He married in 1868 Leonie Sou-
voroff Gore, leaving no issue. In accord-
ance with his wish, his widow assigned
the valuable copyrights of his songs to
the Royal Society of Musicians. His
portrait, painted in 1878 by G. F. Watts,
R.A., was presented by his widow to the
Royal College of Music.

[Grove's Diet.; Musical World, June 1908;
Musical Times, June 1908 ; personal inquiry.]

F O

BLYTHSWOOD, first BARON. [See
CAMPBELL, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835-1908).]

BODDA PYNE, MRS. LOUISA FANNY
(1832-1904), soprano vocalist, born in

London on 27 Aug. 1832, was youngest
daughter of George Pyne, alto singer (1790-
1877), and niece of James Kendrick Pyne,
tenor singer (d. 1857). She studied singing
from a very early age under (Sir) George
Smart, and in 1842, at the age of ten, made
a successful appearance in public with her
elder sister Susan at the Queen's Concert
Rooms, Hanover Square. In 1847 the
sisters performed in Paris, and in August
1849 Louisa made her debut on the stage
at Boulogne as Amina in ' La Sonnambula.'
Lablache offered to take her to St. Peters-
burg and Moscow, but she declined because
the engagement would have involved her
singing on Sunday, to which she had a
strong objection. Some years later Auber
made her an advantageous offer to appear
at the Opera Comique in Paris, which she
refused on the same grounds. Her first
original part was Fanny in Macfarren's
' Charles II,' produced at the Princess's
Theatre on 27 Oct. 1849. On 14 Aug. 1851
she performed the Queen of Night in Mozart's
' II Flauto magico ' at Covent Garden, and
during the season fulfilled many important
oratorio and concert engagements. In
August 1854 she went to America with
William Harrison (1813-1868) [q .v.], and
was received there with great enthusiasm,
staying through three seasons. On her
return to England in 1857 she went into
partnership with Harrison, lessee of the
Lyceum and Drury Lane Theatres, for the
performance of English opera. The Harri-
son -Pyne enterprise was inaugurated with
success at the Lyceum on 21 Sept. 1857,
and was transferred to Covent Garden next
year, where the performances continued
each winter till 19 March 1862. No other
undertaking of the kind lasted so long.
Nearly a dozen new operas, by Balfe,
Benedict, Glover, Mellon and Wallace were
produced, but the success of the venture
was not maintained. Pungent, not to say
derisive, notices in ' The Musical World '
finally assisted to kill the enterprise.
Subsequently Miss Pyne transferred her
services to Her Majesty's Opera House
and the Haymarket. In 1868 she married
Frank Bodda, the baritone singer. She
then retired from public life and success-
fully engaged in teaching in London.
Her husband died on 14 March 1892, aged
sixty-nine. She received a civil list pension
of 70Z. in 1896, and died without issue
in London on 24 March 1904. Her sister
Susan, who married Frank H. Standing,
a baritone vocalist known as F. H. Celli,
died in 1886.

[Grove's Diet, of Music; Brown and Stratton's

Bodington

187

Bodley

Diet, of Musicians ; Musical World, 1857 ;
Athenseura, 26 March 1904; Musical Times,
April 1904 ; Kuhe's Reminiscences ; H. Saxe-
Wyndham, Annals of Covent Garden ; Hays'
Women of the Day, 1885.] F. C.

BODINGTON, SIR NATHAN (1848-
1911), vice-chancellor of Leeds University,
born at Aston, Birmingham, on 29 May
1848, was only son in a family of one
son and one daughter of Jonathan Boding-
ton (1794-1875), miller, by his wife Anne
Redfern (1818-1894). He entered King
Edward's School, Birmingham, in 1860,
and thence proceeded to Oxford as a scholar
of Wadham College in 1867. He won the
Hody exhibition for Greek in 1870, and in
the following year a first class in the final
classical school. Graduating B.A. in 1872,
he proceeded M.A. in 1874. After hold-
ing successively assistant masterships at
Manchester grammar school and West-
minster school, Bodington was elected in
1875 fellow and tutor of Lincoln College,
Oxford, and lecturer at Oriel College. His
fellowship was of the old kind which lapsed
unless its holder took holy orders within a
fixed period. Bodington, who remained a
layman, ceased to be a fellow of Lincoln
in 1885 ; the college elected him to an
honorary fellowship in 1898.

Meanwhile he had left Oxford in 1881
to become the first professor of Greek at
Mason College, Birmingham. He only
retained the chair for one session, being
appointed in 1882 professor of Greek and
principal of the Yorkshire College, Leeds.
With the steady growth of the Yorkshire
College Bodington's life was thenceforth
identified. Founded in 1874, the college
was exclusively concerned with science till
1878, when an arts course was added to
the curriculum and the college became a
place of education in all branches. In 1884
it was united with the Leeds school of
medicine, and in 1887 was admitted as a con-
stituent member of the Victoria University,
a federation of Owens College, Manchester,
and University College, Liverpool, which
had been established in 1880. From 1896
to 1900 Bodington served as vice-chancellor
of the Victoria University, and when in
1903 Manchester and Liverpool obtained
charters for separate universities, he actively
promoted the foundation of an independent
University of Leeds. With the help of Lord
Ripon [q. v. Suppl. II], afterwards first
chancellor of the university, he was success-
ful in raising a fund of over 100,000/.,
which it was stipulated should be subscribed
before the royal charter was granted. On
the inauguration of the newly constituted

university (18 Aug. 1904) Bodington
resigned his chair of Greek, and was nomi-
nated vice-chancellor. In this capacity he
did much to bring the university into touch
with the typical industries of Leeds, by
providing the appropriate scientific and
technical instruction. At the same time
be always strove hard to secure a wider
appreciation of art and literature as an
integral part of the university course
of study. His administrative ability was
generally recognised in the county, and he
took an active interest in the educational
development of the West Riding and
in archaeological discovery. He was a
zealous member of the territorial association,
a magistrate of the West Riding from 1906,
and president of the Leeds literary and
Philosophical Society (1898-1900). Victoria
University conferred on him the hon. degree
of Litt.D. in 1895, and Aberdeen that of
LL.D. in 1906. Bang Edward VII opened
the new university buildings at Leeds in
June 1908, and in the following November
conferred the honour of knighthood on
Bodington. He died after a short illness
at Headingley, Leeds, on 12 May 1911,
and was buried there. He married on
8 Aug. 1907 Eliza, daughter of Sir John
Barran, first baronet, of Chapel Allerton
Hall, Leeds. She survived him without
issue.

[The Times, and Yorkshire Post, 13 May
1911 ; the Gryphon, the Journal of the
University of Leeds, May 1911 ; private in-
formation from Lady Bodington.] G. S. W.

BODLEY, GEORGE FREDERICK
(1827-1907), architect, born at Hull on 14
March 1827, was youngest son of William
Hulme Bodley, M.D. of Edinburgh, who
practised as a physician at Hull, by his wife
Mary Anne Hamilton. The father, who
traced his descent to the family of Sir
Thomas Bodley [q. v.], and derived the
surname from Budleigh (Bodley) Salterton
in Devon, removed his practice from
Hull to Brighton in his son's youth. At
Brighton young Bodley met] as a boy
George Gilbert Scott [q. v.], then a rising
architect. One of Bodley's sisters married
Scott's brother. Astudyof Bloxam's 'Gothic
Architecture' roused Bodley's interest in
the subject, and with his father's per-
mission he became Scott's first pupil and
went (1845-6) to reside with his master
in Avenue Road, Regent's Park. The
pupilage lasted five years and later brought
him into association with Thomas Garner
[q. v. Suppl. II], afterwards his partner.
But Garner only joined Scott's office in 1856,
when Bodley was twenty-nine years of age,

Bodley

188

Bodley

and they were not, as is sometimes supposed,
contemporary fellow pupils.

Bodley, who first exhibited at the Royal
Academy in 1854, had little opportunity of
independent practice before 1 860. He lived
in Harley Street with his mother, and con-
ducted his work, which he carried out almost
single-handed, at home. His first work was
the addition of an aisle to a church at
Bussage in Gloucestershire for Thomas
Keble [q. v.], brother of John Keble [q. v.].
This was rapidly followed by other com-
missions, of which the chief were the
churches of St. Michael and All Angels,
Brighton ; of Stanley End, Gloucestershire ;
of France Lynch ; St. Martin on the Hill,
Scarborough (consecrated 1863) ; All Saints'
in the same town ; All Saints', Cambridge ;
St. Michael, Folkestone, and St. John the
Baptist, Tue Brook, Liverpool (1869).
Bodley also designed in 1869 a number of
villas at Malvern and many parsonages.

The representative ecclesiastical buildings
which Bodley produced in the decade
1860-70 may be classed as his first
period, though in certain points of style
and development they differ vastly
from one another. The Brighton church
(St. Michael) shows the first revolt of a
strong genius against its teacher. ' Tired
of mouldings ' in his pupilage, he here sets
himself to avoid their use and obtains an
effect with flat bands and unchamfered
arches which is surprising in its vigour. The
church has since been altered by another
hand. St. Michael's, Scarborough, comes
nearer to the method of other English Gothic
designers. It shows the influence of the
French examples of the thirteenth century,
but its details are original and by no means
simple copies.

In 1869 Bodley and Garner formed a
partnership which lasted until 1898. The
offices of the partnership were in Gray's
Inn, first in South Square, later in Gray's
Inn Square, but both Bodley and Garner
for many years personally worked out their
own detail drawings each in his own house at
Church Row, Hampstead. Between 1869
and 1884 the collaboration was as a rule so
complete that it is impossible to differentiate
the authorship of individual works. But
in the later years of the union the two
architects adopted methods of divided
labour and gave individual control to
separate works. On joining Garner, Bodley,
by a spontaneous impulse and not by the
prompting of his partner, developed in his
work a freer and richer style which was later
in its mediaeval prototypes. The two
churches most typical of their style at

this epoch are those of the Holy Angels,
Hoar Cross, and of St. Augustine,
Pendlebury. Outwardly the latter church
(1874) owes its effect to its giant simplicity.
It is constructed on the principle of
internal buttresses, the narrow aisles
being simply formed by piercings or arch-
ways in stout walls which connect the
nave piers with the outer wall. The tracery
of the rich east window is an original
development of fourteenth- century models.
The church at Hoar Cross is an example of
generous profusion in a small compass. It
was built for the Hon. Mrs. Meynell Ingram,
a patron who left the architects an unstinted
field for the display of genius. Other
churches of this period were St. Salvador's
at Dundee, All Saints', Cambridge
(opposite Jesus College), which is said to be
the first fruits of the combination with
Garner, and St. Michael's, Camden Town,
a church which returns once more to earlier
Gothic inspirations.

To Bodley's personal activity belonged
subsequently the churches at Clumber and
Eccleston, built respectively for the dukes
of Newcastle and Westminster on the same
munificent conditions as those prevailing
at Hoar Cross. These churches Bodley
claimed as his favourite works. To the
same category belong the Community
Church and other buildings for the Society
of St. John the Evangelist, Cowley, Oxford ;
the church of the Eton Mission at Hackney
Wick ; Chapel Allerton, Holbeck near Leeds ;
St. Aidan's, Bristol ; St. Faith's, Brentford ;
churches at Homington and Warrington,
and that of the Holy Trinity in Prince
Consort Road, South Kensington.

Bodley rarely submitted designs in com-
petition. In 1878, to his great disappoint-
ment, he failed to secure the building of
Truro Cathedral, which fell to John Lough-
borough Pearson [q. v. Suppl. I]. Similarly
he competed in the practically abortive
(first) competition for the cathedral at
Liverpool. An award was indeed made,
the design of (Sir) William Emerson being
premiated ; but the site and scheme were
abandoned till 1903, when a new competition
was instituted and Bodley was appointed
one of the assessors. He had the satisfac-
tion of joining in the selection of Mr. G.
Gilbert Scott (grandson of his former
master), with whom he was subsequently
associated as consulting architect.

On both Oxford and Cambridge Bodley
left his mark. He competed in vain for the
Oxford ' Schools,' which were entrusted to
Mr. T. G. Jackson, but the successful work
done by Bodley & Garner (chiefly the latter)

Bodley

189

Bodley

at Magdalen College, Oxford, was also the
outcome of a limited competition, George
Edmund Street [q.v.], Mr. Basil Champneys,
and Wilkinson of Oxford being the rivals.
With his partner, too, he built the tower
at the S.E. angle of ' Tom quad ' at Christ
Church, and the master's lodge at Univer-
sity College, designing also the reredos at
Christ Church. At Cambridge ho had the
rare distinction of adding to Bang's College
a group of buildings to which his name has
been attached, and he built the chapel
at Queens' College. Bodley & Garner's
ecclesiastical building and decoration also
included the cathedral of Hobart Town,
Tasmania ; the churches of St. Germain and
St. Saviour at Cardiff ; All Saints', Danehill ;
All Saints', Leicester ; the Wayside Chapel
at Woodlands, Dorset, and churches at
Eckenswell, Horbury, Skelmanthorpe.
Norwood, Branksome, and Epping. The
firm engaged at the same time in some
domestic and official work, which included
River House, Tite Street, Chelsea (1879),
and the school board offices on the Thames
Embankment (since added to).

The dissolution of partnership in 1898 was
a perfectly friendly separation not perhaps
unconnected with Garner's reception into
the Roman church. Subsequently in 1906
Bodley, who held several advisory appoint-
ments to cathedral chapters at York
from 1882, Peterborough from 1898, as well
as at Exeter and Manchester and was also
diocesan architect for Leicestershire, was
invited to prepare in conjunction with Mr.
Henry Vaughan of Boston (Mass.) plans
for the episcopal cathedral of SS. Peter
and Paul, Washington, a monster church to
seat 27,000 persons and to cost from ten to
fifteen million dollars. Bodley was already
well advanced in his scheme when his death
took place.

In 1882 Bodley became A.R.A., and R.A.
in 1902. For many years he held aloof from
the Royal Institute of British Architects, but
in 1899 he received the royal gold medal,
was elected a fellow, and served for two
years on its council. In the same year he
was appointed British representative on a
jury to adjudicate on designs for the Francis
Joseph Jubilee Memorial Church at Vienna.

Bodley, who in early life was energetic,
even athletic, a good walker, a keen angler,
and a passable cricketer, was struck down
in middle age by a serious illness, due to
blood poisoning contracted in the pro-
fessional examination of some infected
vaults, with the result that through later
life he was troubled with lameness. This
disability had little effect on his energy.

From Hampstead he moved in 1885 to
Park Crescent, thence (about 1890) to 41
Gloucester Place ; about five years later he
took as a country home Bridgefoot House,
Ivor, Bucks, which he forsook in 1906 for
the Manor House of Water Eaton on the
banks of the Upper Thames, where on
21 Oct. 1907 he died. In 1872 Bodley
married Minna Frances, daughter of
Thomas Reaveley of Kinnersley Castle,
Herefordshire, and had one son, George
Hamilton Bodley, who survived him.

Bodley fills an important position in the
history of English ecclesiastical architecture.
If Pugin, Scott and Street were the pioneers
whose work went hand in hand with the
Oxford movement in its early days, Bodley
is their counterpart in the last quarter of
the nineteenth century. Between 1870 and
1880 he and his partner stood alone as
experts in the propriety of internal church
decoration, and thence to the end of his life
Bodley was justly looked upon as combin-
ing ecclesiological knowledge with sound
taste (especially in colour decoration) to a
degree which few rivals could approach.
A friend of William Morris, Burne Jones,
Madox Brown and Dante Gabriel Rossetti,
he secured their collaboration (as at St.
Martin's, Scarborough) and imbibed their
spirit. C. E. Kempe was started by
Bodley in his career of glass staining, and
the depot for the sale of fabrics and deco-
rative materials opened in Baker Street
under the name of ' Watts ' was in great
measure Bodley's own enterprise. Many a
church designed by other architects gained
its decorative completion from Bodley's
taste. Even Butterfield's noble church,
St. Alban's, Holborn, owes to him its font-
cover and rood.

Among his pupils were Henry Skip worth,
Prof. Frederick M. Simpson, and Messrs.
Edward Warren, J. N. Comper, C. R.
Ashbee, F. Inigo Thomas, and Walter
Tapper. Sir Robert Lorimer was also for a
tune in the office.

Impatient of ceremonies, avoiding when
possible even the stone-layings of his own
buildings, he was yet a gracious prime war-
den (1901-2) of the Fishmongers Company.
Singularly deficient in ordinary business
habits, he nevertheless contrived to com-
plete in the most intricate detail a large
number of important buildings, and though
he observed his engagements punctually, he
never kept a written list of appointments.
Stories, mostly true, are told of sketches
pencilled on cheques, and even of architec-
tural drawings in a bank pass-book. Some of
his apparent negligences in correspondence

Body

190

Bompas

were intentional. Bodley would always have
his own way in architecture, and if a client's
letters were importunate, they would receive
no answer. His drawings, excellent in
their results, were not very beautiful in
themselves, and he was no great sketcher ;
but he had an unrivalled power of absorbing
and retaining in memory the features and
details of any building he admired. Bodley
published in 1899 a volume of verse, largely
sonnets, neat in diction but of small poetic
power. He was elected F.S.A. in 1885, and
received the honorary degree of D.C.L. at
Oxford at Lord Curzon's installation as
chancellor in 1907.

[R.I.B.A. Journal, xv. 3rd series, 13, 145,
and xvii. 305; Builder, xciii. (1907) 447-8
(with full list of buildings) ; Graves's Royal
Academy Exhibitors ; private information
from Mr. Edward Wan-en, F.S.A.] P. W.

BODY, GEORGE (1840-1911), canon
of Durham, born at Cheriton Fitzpaine,
Devonshire, on 7 Jan. 1840, was son of
Josiah Body, surgeon, by his wife Mary
Snell. He was educated at Blundell's
school, Tiverton, from 1849 to 1857, and
subsequently entered St. Augustine's
Missionary College, Canterbury. But his
intention of undertaking missionary work
abroad had to be abandoned owing to ill-
health. In 1859 he matriculated from St.
John's College, Cambridge, and graduated
B.A. in 1862, proceeding M.A. in 1876.
Subsequently he received from Durham
University the degree of M.A. ad eundem
(1884) and that of hon. D.D. (1885).
Ordained deacon in 1863 and priest the
following year, he served successively the
curacies of St. James, Wednesbury (1863-5),
of Sedgeley (1865-7), and of Christ Church,
Wolverhampton (1867-70). In these places
he sought to bring the teaching of the
tractarian movement home to the working
classes and rapidly made a reputation as
a mission preacher. Nominated rector of
Kirby Misperton, Yorkshire, in 1870, he
took an active part in the parochial mission
movement. In 1883 he was appointed
' canon-missioner ' of Durham by Bishop
Lightfoot, and for twenty-eight years
carried on fruitful mission work among the
Durham miners.

Body's varied activities covered a wide
area. He was proctor in convocation for
Cleveland from 1880 to 1885, and for
Durham in 1906, vice-president of the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel
(1890), and warden of the Community of
the Epiphany, Truro (1891-1905). His
sermons were remarkable for the directness
and sincerity of their appeal, and he col-

lected large sums for mission work. He was
select preacher at Cambridge (1892-4-6
and 1900-4-6), and lecturer in pastoral
theology at King's College, London, in
1909. He also acted as examining chaplain
to the bishop of St. Andrews from 1893 to
1908. He died at the College, Durham,
on 5 June 1911. He married on 25 Sept.
1864 Louisa, daughter of William Lewis,
vicar of Sedgeley, who survived him
with three sons and four daughters.
A miniature painted by Mrs. Boyd is in
the possession of Mrs. Hutchings, 11
Filey Road, Scarborough, and a black-
and-white drawing by Lady Jane
Lindsey belongs to his son, Mr. L. A.
Body, of the CoUege, Durham. In 1911 a
memorial fund was raised for the mainten-
ance of the diocesan mission house and of
a home of rest for mission workers among
Durham miners.

Body combined evangelical fervour with
tractarian principles. Although he was a
member of the English Church Union, his
sympathies were broad, and his conciliatory
attitude during the church crisis concerning
ritualism in 1898-9 exercised a moderating
influence on the militant section of the
high church party. In addition to many
separate sermons his published works,
which were mainly devotional, included :
1. ' The Life of Justification,' 1871 ; 6th
edit. 1884. 2. ' The Life of Temptation,'
1873; 6th edit. 1885. 3. 'The Present
State of the Departed,' 1873; 9th edit.
1888. 4. 'The Appearances of the Risen
Lord,' 1889. 5. ' The School of Calvary,'
1891. 6. 'The Guided Life,' 1893; new
edit. 1899. 7. ' The Life of Love,' 1893.

8. ' The Work of Grace in Paradise,' 1896.

9. 'The Soul's Pilgrimage,' 1901. 10. 'The
Good Shepherd,' 1910.

[The Times, 6 June 1911 ; Guardian, 9 June
1911 ; Blundellian, June 1911 ; Eagle, Dec.
1911 ; private information.] G. S. W.

BOMPAS, WILLIAM CARPENTER
(1834-1906), bishop of Selkirk, born
on 20 Jan. 1834, at No. 11 Park Road,
Regent's Park, N.W., was fourth son of
Charles Carpenter Born pas by his wife
Mary Steele Tomkins of Broughton, Hamp-
shire. The father, whose family was of
French origin, was serjeant-at-law and leader
of the western circuit, and is said to have
been the original of Dickens's ' Mr. Serjeant
Buzfuz.' He died suddenly on 29 Feb.
1844, leaving his widow with five sons and
three daughters poorly provided for.

Educated privately, William received
strong religious impressions, his parents
being strict though not narrow Baptists.

Bompas

191

Bompas

On 7 July 1850 he was publicly baptised
by immersion at John Street chapel by
Baptist Wriothesley Noel [q. v.]. Having
been articled in 1852 to the solicitors'
firm of his brother, George Cox Bompas,
and being employed during 1857 by Messrs.
Ashurst, Morris & Co., he studied in his
leisure for orders in the church of England.
He was confirmed in 1858, ordained deacon
in 1859, and licensed to curacies at Sutton-
in-the-Marsh, 1859-1862, New Radford,
Nottingham, 1862-3, Holy Trinity, Louth,
Lincolnshire, 1863-4, and Alford, 1864-5.

Bompas was accepted by the Church Mis-
sionary Society on 1 May 1865, to relieve
Robert (afterwards archdeacon) McDonald,
who had broken down at Fort Yukon on
the Arctic circle (of. STOCK, Hist. Church
Missionary Society, 1899, ii. 394). He was
ordained priest in St. Paul's, Covent Garden,
on 25 June 1865, by Robert Machray
[q. v. Suppl. II], who was consecrated
bishop of Rupert's Land the day before.

After a journey of 177 days he reached
Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie river on
Christmas morning 1865. In due time he
arrived at Fort Yukon in July 1869.
Thenceforth his life was a ceaseless round
of journeys from station to station Forts
Norman, Rae, Vermilion, Chipewyan, Simp-
son, and Yukon teaching the Indian and
Esquimaux children, systematising various
Indian dialects, and sometimes acting as
' public vaccinator ' (CODY, p. 131).

In 1872 Bishop Machray created
three new sees out of Rupert's Land.
Bompas was consecrated bishop of one
of them, Athabasca, in Lambeth parish
church on 3 May 1874, by Archbishop Tait.
On 4 Sept. 1876 he held a synod of his
new diocese, consisting of one archdeacon,
two other clergymen, two catechists, and a
servant of the Hudson Bay Company. In
1884 there was a further subdivision of
Bompas's diocese into ' Athabasca,' i.e.
the southern part, with the Peace river
district, and ' Mackenzie River,' i.e. the
northern and less civilised portion, stretch-
ing from the sixtieth parallel to the Arctic
circle. Bompas chose the latter. In
August 1886 he held the first synod of
his new diocese at Fort Simpson. Once
more, in 1890, there was a division of
Bompas's diocese. The eastern portion,
stretching to Hudson Bay eastward and
to the Arctic regions northward, became
' Mackenzie River,' while to the western
portion, which as the more remote he again
chose for himself, Bompas gave the name
of ' Selkirk,' subsequently altered to
< Yukon.'

The discovery of gold on the Klondyke
and the creation of Dawson City in 1897
changed the character of his see. Bompas,
who preferred itinerating among Indians,
passed his closing years at Caribou Crossing,
an important railroad centre, whose name
was changed to * Carcross.' There he carried
on a school for Indian children and built
a church which he consecrated on 8 Aug.
1904. In 1905 he resigned his bishopric
and welcomed his successor (I. O. Stringer).
Declining a pension, he desired to start a
mission on Little Salmon river, but died
suddenly at Carcross on 9 June 1906. With
the exception of his visit to England for
consecration in 1874 he remained continu-
ously in Canada for over forty years.

On 7 May 1874 he married his first
cousin, Charlotte Selina, daughter of Joseph
Cox, M.D., of Fishponds, Bristol, for many
years in practice at Naples. They had no
children.

Bompas was author of 'The Diocese of
Mackenzie River' (1888) and 'Northern
Lights on the Bible ' (1892), both embodying
his experiences and observations of travel.
More important publications were his
primers and translations of portions of the
Bible, the Prayer Book, hymns, prayers,
&c., in Slavi (for Indians on Mackenzie
river), in Chipewyan, in Beaver (for Indians
on the Peace river), and in Tukudh (for
the Loucheux Indians). These were pub-
lished by the S.P.C.K. and the Bible
Society.

HENRY MASON BOMPAS (1836-1909),
county court judge, the bishop's youngest
brother, born on 6 April 1836, studied at
University College, London (B.A. London
University, 1855; M.A. 1857, mathematical
gold medal ; LL.B. 1862), proceeded to St.
John's College, Cambridge (5th wrangler,
1858), and was called to the Bar by the
Inner Temple, 1863 (bencher, 1881 ; trea-
surer, 1905). Like his father he joined
the western circuit, becoming recorder of
Poole in 1882 and of Plymouth and Devon-
port in 1884. In 1891 he was appointed
commissioner of assize for South Wales,
and in 1896 county court judge (circuit
No. 11), with his centre at Bradford. He
resigned shortly before his death, which took
place in London on 5 March 1909. Judge
Bompas, who was for many years an active
volunteer, remained through life a Baptist,
and took a keen part in denominational
affairs. He married, at Westminster chapel,
Rachel Henrietta, eldest daughter of Rev.
Edward White, on 20 Sept. 1867, and left
three sons and four daughters (The Times,
6 March 1909).

Bond

192

Bonwick

[H. A. Cody, An Apostle of the North,
Memoirs of W. C. Bompas, 1908 ; Robert
Machray, Life of Robert Machray, D.D., 1909 ;
E. Stock, History of Church Missionary
Society, vols. ii. iii., 1899 ; private informa-
tion.] E. H. P.

BOND, WILLIAM BENNETT (1815-
1906), primate of all Canada, born at Truro
on 15 Sept. 1815, was son of John Bond,
grocer, of that town, by his wife Nanny
Bennett. He received his early education
at Truro and in London. Subsequently
emigrating to Newfoundland, he became
a lay reader there, and after studying at
Bishop's College, Lennoxville, was ordained
deacon at Quebec in 1840 and priest in
1841 . For two years he acted as a travelling
missionary in the region between the
southern shores of the St. Lawrence and
the American frontier, his headquarters
being at Russeltown Flats and Napierville.
Under instructions from George Mountain
[q. v.], bishop of Quebec, he organised
missions in the district, and founded
schools in connection with the New-
foundland school society. In 1842 he
settled as a missionary at Lachine and in
1848 was appointed curate of St. George's,
Montreal.

Bond's connection with this church
remained unbroken for thirty years. He
succeeded to the rectory in 1860, and during
his incumbency the church buildings in
Dominion Square were erected together
with the school house and rectory. In the
inauguration of Christ Church cathedral
chapter and the diocesan synod he played
a prominent part. In 1863 he was nomin-
ated rural dean and in 1866 canon of Christ
Church. During the campaigns of 1866
and 1870 against the Fenian raiders Bond
served as chaplain to the 1st Prince of
Wales' s rifles. He became archdeacon of
Hochelaga in 1870, and dean of Montreal
in 1872. In 1878 the synod, recognising
his organising capacity, elected him bishop
of Montreal in succession to Ashton Oxen-
den [q. v.]. Bond waived his claim to the
title of metropolitan of Canada, which
had previously been associated with the
bishopric. The higher rank passed with
his assent to the senior bishop, John
Medley [q. v.] of Fredericton. In 1901
Bond's bishopric was raised to the dignity
of an archbishopric, and he then assumed
the title of metropolitan of Canada. In
1904, on the death of Robert Machray
[q. v. Suppl. II], archbishop of Rupertsland,
he succeeded to his dignity of primate of
all Canada.

Bond lived to see a rapid expansion of

the Anglican church in Canada, and during
his long episcopate seven new bishoprics
were created. In his dealings with his
clergy he showed broad sympathies and
sound business qualities. Without learning
or eloquence, he rose to eminence through
sheer force of character. A pronounced
low churchman, he actively co-operated
with nonconformists, but his conscientious
devotion to evangelical principles did not
prevent his living on cordial terms with the
Roman catholic population. Good relations
with other denominations were fostered
by his strenuous advocacy of temperance.
In Montreal he strongly supported the
cause of municipal reform and helped to
found the Citizens' League. He served as
secretary of the Colonial and Continental
Church Society Schools in Ontario (1848-
1872) and was active in promoting the
welfare of the Montreal Diocesan College.
He was also president of Bishop's
College, Lennoxville, which conferred
upon him the honorary degree of M.A.
in 1854 and subsequently that of D.D.
and D.C.L. He was made LL.D. of McGill
University in 1870. He retained his vigour
till the end, and died at Bishop's Court,
Montreal, on 9 Oct. 1906. He was buried
there in the Mount Royal cemetery. In
1841 he married Eliza Langley (d. 1879)
of St. John's, Newfoundland. He left one
son, Col. Frank Bond, and a daughter ;
two sons and one daughter predeceased
him. In his memory the Archbishop Bond
chair of New Testament literature was
endowed at Montreal Diocesan College,
where there is a portrait in oils by R.
Harris, C.M.G. (1890). Another painting by
E. Dyonnet (1892) is in Verdun protestant
hospital.

[The Times, and Montreal Gazette, 10 Oct.
1906; Montreal Daily Witness, 9 Oct. 1906;
Guardian, 17 Oct. 1906; Dent, Canadian
Portrait Gallery, iii. 454; F. S. Lowndes,
Bishops of the Day, 1897 ; R. Machray, Life
of Robert Machray, 1909.] G. S. W.

BONWICK, JAMES (1817-1906), Aus-
tralian author and archivist, born in London
on 8 July 1817, was eldest son of James and
Mary Ann Bonwick. His grandfather was
a farmer and maltster at Lingfield, Surrey.
Educated at the Borough Road school,
Southwark (cf. BONWICK'S account in An
Octogenarian's Reminiscences, 1902), he
was appointed master of the British
School at Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire,
in June 1834, when not quite 17, and showed
efficiency as a teacher. During 1836 he
was master in a large boarding-school at
Bexley. In June 1837 he was appointed

Bonwick

193

Boothby

to the British School at Liverpool. In
1840 he and bis wife he married in this
year were chosen by the Borough Road
school committee, acting on behalf of the
government of Van Diemen's Land (now
Tasmania), to conduct the Model Schoo
of Hobart Town, where they arrived on
10 October 1841.

Bonwick, resigning this appointment in
1843, opened a school on his own account,
After eight years in Van Diemen's Land,
he removed to Adelaide in 1849 and started
a school at North Adelaide. From Adelaide
he joined in the rush to the Victorian
goldfields in February 1852, and returning
to Melbourne published the * Life of
Gold Digger,' and started in October 1852
the ' Gold Diggers' Magazine,' which proved
a failure. For a time he was an unsuccessful
land agent.

From July 1856 to the end of 1860 he
was an efficient inspector of denomina-
tional schools in the colony of Victoria.
Partial paralysis due to a coach accident
on one of his tours of inspection led to
his resignation. He then took up lecturing,
and opened a school at St. Kilda, near
Melbourne, which he carried on until his
permanent return to England in 1884. Then
he was soon appointed archivist to the
government of New South Wales, and
until midsummer 1902 he was actively
employed in collecting material for the
official history of the colony. Two volumes
were completed and issued (1889-94).
After 1894 a change of plan was effected
and the documents were printed in extenso
under the title of ' Historical Records
of New South Wales.' Seven volumes
appeared between 1893 and 1901, bringing
the record down to the opening years of
Governor Macquarie's term of office.

Bonwick died at Norwood on 6 February
1906, and was buried in the Crystal Palace
district cemetery, Beckenham, Kent. He
married on 17 April 1840 Esther, daughter
of Barnabas Beddow, a baptist minister
of Exeter, and had three sons and two
daughters.

Bonwick was a voluminous writer on
many subjects, but his contributions to
early Australian history are alone of per-
manent value. The most noteworthy of
these are * The Last of the Tasmanians '
(1870); 'Daily Life of the Tasmanians'
(1870); 'Curious Facts of Old Colonial
Days' (1870); 'First Twenty Years of
Australia' (1882); 'Port Phillip Settle-
:t ' (1883); 'Romance of the Wool
'"rade' (1887); and 'Early Struggles of
.he Australian Press' (1890). 'An Octo-

VOL. Lxvn. SUP, n.

genarian's Reminiscences ' (1902) gives a
complete list of his works.

[The Times, 8 Feb. 1906; Geographical
Journal, xxvii. 1906 ; Mennell's Diet, of
Australasian Biog., 1892 ; An Octogenarian's
Reminiscences, 1902 ; personal knowledge.]

C. A.

BOOTHBY, GUY NEWELL (1867-
1905), novelist, born at Glenosmond,
Adelaide, South Australia, on 13 Oct. 1867,
was eldest of three sons of Thomas Wilde
Boothby, member of the South Australian
house of assembly, by his wife Mary
Agnes, daughter of Edward Hodding of
Odstock, Salisbury, Wiltshire. His grand-
father, Benjamin Boothby (1803-1868), a
native of Doncaster, emigrated with his
family to South Australia in 1853 on
being appointed second judge of the
supreme court of South Australia, and was
removed from office in 1867 by the South
Australian parliament owing to his objec-
tions to the Real Property (Torrens) Act.
His uncle, Josiah Boothby, C.M.G., born
at Nottingham, was permanent under
secretary for the government of South
Australia from 1868 to 1880.

About 1874 Boothby was sent to England,
and received his education at Salisbury.
In 1883 he returned to South Australia,
and in 1890 became private secretary to
the mayor of Adelaide. During this period
he devoted himself to writing plays without
success. In October 1888 he produced a
melodrama at the Albert Hall, Adelaide,
entitled ' Falsely Accused,' and in August
1891 at the Theatre Royal ' The Jonquille,'
a piece founded upon incidents connected
with the French revolution. Of a roving
disposition, he made in 1891-2 a journey
across Australia from north to south ;
and in 1894 published ' On the Wallaby,'
in which he described in a lively style
bis travelling experiences. In the same
year he settled in England, first at Cham-
pion Hill and afterwards near Bourne-
mouth, where he devoted himself to
novel-writing and occupied his leisure
in collecting live fish and breeding horses,
cattle, and prize dogs. He died unex-
Dectedly of influenza at his house in
Boscombe on 26 Feb. 1905, and was buried
n Bournemouth cemetery.

The many stories which Boothby wrote
at an exceptionally rapid rate during his
ast ten years were crowded with sensation,
howed an eye for a dramatic situation, and
mjoyed a wide vogue, but he had small
acuity for characterisation or literary
tyle. He produced in all fifty-five
volumes. He was at his best in his earlier

Borthwick

194

Borthwick

studies of Australian life in ' A Lost
Endeavour' (1895), ' Bushigrams ' (1897),
and * Billy Binks, Hero, and other Stories '
(1898). His best known novel, *A Bid
for Fortune, or Dr. Nikola's Vendetta'
(1895 ; 2nd edit. 1900), first appeared as
a serial in the ' Windsor Magazine,' Its
success led Boothby to prolong his hero's
mysterious adventures through many sub-
sequent volumes, including * Dr. Nikola '
(1896), ' Dr. Nikola's Experiment * (1899),
and 'Farewell Nikola' (1901).

On 8 Oct. 1895 Boothby married Rose
Alice, third daughter of William Bristowe of
Champion Hill. She survived him with
two daughters and one son.

[The Times, 28 Feb. 1905 ; Athenaeum, 4 March
1905; Adelaide Chronicle, 4 March 1905;
Adelaide Advertiser, 28 March 1905 ; Bourne-
mouth Guardian, 4 March 1905 ; Brit. Mus.
Cat. ; private information.] G. S. W.

BORTHWICK, SIB ALGERNON, first
BARON GLENESK (1830-1908), proprietor
of the 'Morning Post,' born at Cambridge
on 27 Dec. 1830, was elder son in the family
of two sons and a daughter of Peter
Borthwick [q. v.], editor of the ' Morning
Post,' who belonged to a Midlothian branch
of the ancient Borthwick family of Sel-
kirkshire. His mother was Margaret
(d. 1864), daughter of John Colville of
Ewart, Northumberland. After education
at a school in Paris and at King's College
School, London, Algernon in Sept. 1850,
before he was twenty, was sent to Paris
as foreign correspondent of the * Morning
Post.' The finances of the paper were at
a low ebb and compelled the utmost eco-
nomy. Algernon's work was controlled by
his father, but he quickly proved himself
a journalist of ability and resource. He
witnessed the coup d'itat of 1851, and gained
access to the Emperor Napoleon III
and the leading public men in Paris.
His later letters were warmly praised
by Lord Palmerston, whose intimate
connection with the 'Morning Post' was
a matter of common knowledge and
who, after reading one of Algernon's
letters, declared that the young corre-
spondent was the only man besides him-
self fit to be foreign secretary. On the
death of Algernon's father on 18 Dec. 1852
the proprietor, Mr. Crompton, appointed
Algernon, then twenty-two, his father's
successor as editor. The ensuing years
were full of labour and anxiety. Great
efforts were needed to render the paper
secure and profitable : and upon Algernon
devolved the care of his mother and her
younger children. In 1858, on Oompton's

death, the ownership of the paper passed
to Mr. Rideout, Crompton's nephew.
Borthwick made an offer of purchase, which
was not accepted, and he remained editor,
I with a share in the profits and the promise
of first offer in the event of a sale at
Rideout's death. Borthwick quickly
acquired full control of the paper.
Foreign affairs specially interested Mm.
He kept in close communication with
ministers and diplomatists whose acquaint-
ance he had made in Paris, and he main-
tained the intimacy with Palmerston which
his father had begun. In 1864 Borthwick
varied his serious editorial work by joining
Evelyn Ashley [q. v. Suppl. II], Lord
Wharncliffe, and James Stuart Wortley
in producing a periodical called the ' Owl.'
The experiment, which ran on somewhat
frivolous lines, was a forerunner of 'society '
journalism. The writers dealt freely and
anonymously with private and personal
matters. Amongst the many regular or
occasional contributors were Lord Hough-
ton, Bernal Osborne, Sir Henry Drummond
Wolff, Sir George Trevelyan, and Mr. Gib-
son Bowles. The paper only appeared when
the editors found it convenient usually
once a fortnight during the summer, and
the profits were spent mainly on dinners.
In an early number an imaginary letter from
M. Mocquard, secretary to Napoleon III,
drew from him an official repudiation.
The comments on foreign politics usually
mingled gravity with caricature. The
' Owl,' which proved unexpectedly success-
ful, lived for six years, and only died in
1870, when Borthwick was deprived of
the leisure necessary to its conduct.

In 1872 Borthwick, while retaining full
direction of the ' Morning Post ' and main-
taining and extending in the paper's
interest his interviews with leading men
at home and abroad, installed Sir William
Hardman (d. 1890) in his place of
working editor of the 'Morning Post.'
In 1876, on the death of Rideout the
proprietor, with the aid of a loan which
he was able in a few years to repay, he
became the owner. Although the paper
was producing a good income, he in 1881,
against the advice of his friends and with
personal misgivings, reduced the price from
3d. to Id. In the event he was amply
justified. At the end of seven years the
revenue had been multiplied tenfold.

Meanwhile Borthwick was playing a
prominent part in public life. With the
family of Napoleon III, Borthwick con-
tinued intimate relations after the fall
of the Empire, and he was a very active

Borthwick

195

Borthwick

promoter in 1879 of the scheme to erect
a statue in Westminster Abbey as a
memorial to the Prince Imperial. Owing
to opposition in Parliament the statue
was eventually placed in St. George's
Chapel, Windsor. At the general election
of 1880 he stood unsuccessfully as a con-
servative for his father's former constitu-
ency at Evesham. He was knighted on the
resignation of Lord Beaconsfield's govern-
ment in April 1880.

On 19 April 1883, on the occasion of
unveiling Lord Beaconsfield's statue at
Westminster on the second anniversary of
his death, an article in the ' Morning Post '
inaugurated the devotion of that day to an
annual national celebration of the states-
man's memory. Borthwick also claimed
that the Primrose League, the details of
which Sir Henry Drummond Wolff [q. v.
Suppl. II.] devised, owed its first suggestion
to the 'Morning Post.' Borthwick never
ceased to take a prominent part in the con-
duct of the league. When the constituencies
were rearranged after the Redistribution
Act (1885), Borthwick, who had paid
special attention to conservative organisa-
tion in Chelsea, became conservative
candidate for South Kensington, and was
returned by a majority of over 2000 in
November. His majority was increased
next year, and he was unopposed in 1892.
In the House of Commons he played
no conspicuous part. His most success-
ful achievement was in 1888, when he
carried a measure amending the law of
libel in the interest of newspaper
editors. The political question to which
he attached most importance was that of
tariff reform^ which was known while
he was in the House of Commons as
'fair trade.' The 'Morning Post' had
always opposed free trade from the days
when it supported Lord George Bentinck
in 1846, and Borthwick never wavered
in his ccjivictions. He attached himself
closely to Lord Randolph Churchill, whose
fortunes he never forsook, and whose fall
he always deplored. But he had entered
Parliament at a time of life (fifty-five) when
it was hardly possible to succeed. In 1887
he was created a baronet on the occasion
of Queen Victoria's Jubilee, and in 1895
he retired from the House of Commons
on being raised to the peerage as Baron
Glenesk. At the same time he made
over the control of the ' Morning Post ' to
his only son, Oliver.

Glenesk's social position grew with the
prosperity of his paper. In 1870 he
had married Alice, younger daughter of

Thomas Henry Lister [q. v.] of Armitage
Park, Staffordshire. Her mother, Lady
Maria Theresa, was daughter of George
Villiers and sister of George William
Villicrs, fourth earl of Clarendon [q. v.] ;
she married after Lister's death Sir George
Cornewall Lewis [q. v.] [see LEWIS, LADY
MABIA THERESA]. Her two daughters were
brought up among prominent and interest-
ing people, and the elder, Maria Theresa,
was first wife of Sir William Harcourt
[q. v. Suppl. II], who was thus Borthwick's
brother-in-law and became a close friend.
Borthwick's wife proved, in spite of bad
health, a celebrated hostess. Their first
house was in Eaton Place (1871-84). In
1884 they moved to 139 Piccadilly (rebuilt
on the site of what was once Lord Byron's
house). Two years later they bought a
house on Hampstead Heath ; and they
long rented Invercauld and Glen Muick
in Scotland, where in the autumn they
came into close relations with Queen
Victoria at Balmoral and exchanged visits
with her and other members of the royal
family. Finally they bought the Chateau
St. Michel at Cannes. In 1898 Lady
Glenesk died at Cannes, and Lord Glenesk's
activity was afterwards much diminished.
A further calamity befell him in the death
on 23 March 1905 of his son Oliver
(1873-1905), who had controlled the
' Morning Post ' since 1895, had tem-
porarily edited it Jan.-June 1895, and had
exhibited remarkable ability as a journalist
and great powers of initiative and organisa-
tion. On his son's death Lord Glenesk, then
in his seventy-fifth year, went back to work
in the office for his few remaining years. He
died in his house in Piccadilly on 24 Nov.
1908, and was buried near his wife at Hamp-
stead. His only other child, Lilias Margaret
Frances, married in 1893 Seymour Henry
Bathurst, seventh Earl Bathurst, and to her
was bequeathed, with his other property,
the possession of the 'Morning Post.' A
portrait in oils of Borthwick before his ele-
vation to the peerage was painted by Carlo
Pellegrini [q. v.], 'Ape' of 'Vanity Fair.'
Glenesk was always keenly interested
in theatrical matters, and had a wide
acquaintance amongst actors and actresses
(cf. The Bancroft*, 1909, pp. 312 sq.). He
was a prominent member of the Garrick
Club. He was closely associated, too, with
many public and charitable institutions.
In 1885 he succeeded Lord Houghton as
president of the Newspaper Press Fund,
to which he was a generous benefactor.
He was also a liberal supporter of the
Newspaper Benevolent Association, the

Boswell

196

Boucherett

Press Club, the Institute of Journalists,
and the Gallery Lodge of Freemasons,
He raised the Chelsea Hospital for Women
out of difficulty and debt, and became presi-
dent of the institution in 1905, after serving
on the board for twenty-two years, during
half of which he was chairman. His son
Oliver founded in 1897, with the help of
readers of the ' Morning Post,' the ' Morning
Post ' Embankment Home in Milbank Street
for the relief of destitute men willing to
work but out of employment. In 1903 the
institution was moved to new premises in
New Kent Road. Glenesk gave much aid to
the charity, which after its founder's death
was continued as a memorial of him and
was named the Oliver Borthwick Memorial
* Morning Post ' Embankment Home.

[Lord Glenesk and the Morning Post, by the
present writer, 1910.] R. L.

BOSWELL, JOHN JAMES (1835-1908),
major-general, son of Dr. John James
Boswell of the East India Company's
Bengal medical service by his wife Anna
Mary, daughter of Andrew Moffat Wellwood,
was born at Edinburgh on 27 Sept. 1835.
He was educated at the West Academy,
Jedburgh, and at the Academy, Edinburgh.
Boswell entered the Bengal army as
ensign on 10 Aug. 1852, and becoming
lieutenant on 23 Nov. 1856, joined the 3rd
Punjab infantry on field service in the
Meeranzai Valley in Dec. 1856. In June
1857, on the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny,
he proceeded in command of a detachment
of the 3rd and 6th Punjab infantry to
join the movable column under John
Nicholson [q. v.] at Amritsar. Accom-
panying the column on its forced march
of forty-four miles to Gurdaspore, he
commanded the native infantry in the
actions with Sialkot mutineers on 12
and 16 July at Trimmu Ghat, and for
his service there he received the medal.
With his regiment he joined General Sir
Sydney John Cotton's field force in 1858
in the expedition to Sittana over the
Eusofzai border in the north-west to root
out a colony of fanatics and rebel sepoys,
Promoted captain on 10 Aug. 1864, he took
part in the Hazara campaign of 1868, and
was engaged with Colonel Keyes's force
against the Bezotis in Feb. 1869, receiving
the North- West frontier medal with clasp.
He became major on 10 Aug. 1872, and
lieut. -colonel on 10 Aug. 1878. Boswell
attended the Delhi durbar (1 Jan. 1877),
when Queen Victoria was proclaimed
Empress of India, and received the
Kaiser-i-Hind medal. Throughout the
Afghan war of 1878-80 he commanded

the 2nd Sikh infantry, and was present
in the battle of Ahmed Khel (19 April
1880), being mentioned in despatches.
He was also at the engagement at Ursu
near Ghazni (23 April) under Sir Donald
Stewart [q. v. Suppl. I]. Subsequently he
accompanied Sir Frederick (afterwards
Lord) Roberts on the march to Kandahar
and was present at the battle of Kandahar,
being mentioned in despatches and receiving
the medal with two clasps and bronze
decoration. He was made C.B. on 28 Feb.
1881, and colonel on 10 Aug. 1882. He re-
tired as honorary major-general, 1 May 1885,
and was appointed J.P. for Roxburghshire.
He died at Darnlee, Melrose, on 9 Oct. 1908,
and was buried at Greyfriars, Edinburgh.
He married in 1860 Esther, daughter
of John Elliot, solicitor, Jedburgh. She
survived him without issue.

[The Times, 19 Oct. 1908 ; Hart's Army List ;
H. B. Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 1910,
vol. iii. ; Sydney John Cotton's Nine Years
on the North- West Frontier, 1868 ; private
information.] H. M. V.

BOSWORTH SMITH, REGINALD
(1839-1908), biographer and schoolmaster.
[See SMITH, REGINALD BOSWOETH.]

BOUCHERETT, EMILIA JESSIE
(1825-1905), advocate of women's progress,
born in November 1825 at Willingham, near
Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, was youngest
child of Ayscoghe Boucherett (1791-1857)
(third of the name) by his wife Louisa,
daughter of Frederick John Pigou of
Dartford, Kent. The father, who was
high sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1820, and
published ' A Few Observations on Corn,
Currency, &c., with a Plan for promoting
the Interests of Agriculture' (1840), de-
scended from Mathew Boucheret, a French-
man who was naturalised in this country
in 1644 and became lord of the manor at
Willingham. That property remained in
the possession of his issue until its extinc-
tion. An elder sister, Louisa (1821-1895),
a pioneer of the movement for boarding out
pauper children, succeeded to the family
estates on the death unmarried in 1877 of
her only surviving brother, Henry Robert,
high sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1866. On
Louisa's death in 1895 the property passed
to Emilia Jessie, the last of the family.

Jessie was educated at the school of
the four Miss Byerleys (daughters of Josiah
Wedgwood's relative and partner, Thomas
Byerley) at Avonbank, Stratford-on-Avon,
where Mrs. Gaskell had been a pupil. A
lover of the country and a bold rider to
hounds, Miss Boucherett at the same time

Boughton

197

Boughton

read widely. An early study of the ' English-
woman's Journal ' (founded March 1858)
led her to consider means of providing
profitable employment for educated women.
Coming to London in June 1859, she, in

Ejrship with Adelaide Ann Procter
| and Barbara Leigh Smith (Madame
hon) [q. v. Suppl. I], founded in 1860
the Society for the Promotion of Employ-
ment of Women. When John Stuart Mill
entered parliament in 1865, and urged the
extension of the franchise to women, Jessie
Boucherett organised a committee of which
Harriet Martineau, Frances Power Cobbe,
Mary Somerville, and others were members,
to present the first petition on the subject
to parliament in 1866. The same year she
founded and edited the * Englishwoman's
Review ' (with which the earlier 'Journal'
was amalgamated). She retired from the
editorship in January 1871, but continued
to support it until her death.

A strong conservative, and one of the
founders of the Freedom of Labour Defence
League, she urged the return of the people
to the land, and advocated poultry and pig
farming as occupations for educated women.
She also started a middle-class school in
London for training young women as book-
keepers, clerks, and cashiers. She died on
18 Oct. 1905 at North Willingham, and was
buried there.

Besides contributions on manorial history
and on women's work and culture to the

* Englishwoman's Review,' she wrote articles
on industrial women for the * Edinburgh
Review ' (1859) ; on the condition of women
in France for the * Contemporary Review '
(May 1867; republished 1868); and on

* Provision for Superfluous Women ' for
Josephine Butler's 'Essays' (1868).

[The Times, 21 Oct. 1905 ; Burke's Landed
Gentry ; Englishwoman's Review, passim ;
Helen Blackburn's Woman's Suffrage (with
portrait) ; Madame Belloc's Essays on Woman's
Work, 1805 ; Hays, Women of the Day, 1885.]

C. F. S.

BOUGHTON, GEORGEHENRY(1833-
1905), painter and illustrator, was born on
4 Dec. 1833, at a village near Norwich where
his father, William Boughton, was occupied
in farming. Taken by his parents to
America in 1834, he was educated at the
High School, Albany, New York. At an
early age he began painting without any
regular teacher, and won success by the
exhibition of his picture * The Wayfarer '
at the American Art Union Exhibition in
New York. In 1856 he spent some months
in travelling, sketching, and studying art
in the British Isles ; and returning to New

York made his next success with ' Winter
Twilight,' exhibited in 1858 at the New
York Academy of Design. In 1860 he went
to Paris, not entering on any regular course
of study, but receiving much help from
Edward May, a pupil of Couture, and
afterwards from Edouard Frdre. After
working for two years in France, he started
on his homeward journey, but made a halt
in London, and finally settled there for
the rest of his career. In 1862 and 1863
he exhibited two pictures each year at the
British Institution. To the Royal Academy
in 1863 he contributed ' Through the Fields '
and ' Hop-pickers returning ' ; and from
this year till his death never failed to
exhibit annually, sending eighty-seven
pictures in all. He became an associate
of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a full
member in 1896. In 1879 he was elected
a member of the Royal Institute of Painters
in Water-colour. Never attempting any-
thing beyond his range, Boughton brought
his freshness of imagination to bear on
a variety of themes, noteworthy always
for their delicate poetry and touch of
sentiment. Whether grave or gay, imagina-
tive or seriously didactic, he stamped his
work with a personal and original touch.
Two classes of subject he made peculiarly
his own : the one, scenes of peasant life
and quaint costume in Brittany and
Holland ; the other, New England history
and romance in the puritan days of Evange-
line and Hester Prynne. His ' Weeding the
Pavement' (1882) is in the Tate Gallery ;
'The Road to Camelot ' (1898) in the
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool ; and ' A
Dutch Ferry' (1883) in the Whitworth
Institute, Manchester. Other of his more
important works are 'The Waning of the
Honeymoon ' (1878) ; ' Hester Prynne '
(1881); * Muiden, N. Holland '; ' An Exchange
of Greetings' (1882); 'Milton visited by
Andrew Marvell ' (1885); 'Golden After-
noon, the Isle of Wight ' (1888, now in the
Metropolitan Museum, New York) ; ' After
Midnight Mass, 15th Century ' (1897) ; and
'When the Dead Leaves Fall ' (1898,
Municipal Gallery, Rome).

Boughton also made a name as an
illustrator ; and his water-colours, pastels,
and black-and-white drawings were remark-
able for their fine quality. Among books
which he illustrated were ' Rip Van Winkle '
(1893), and, for the Grolier Club of New York,
Irving's 'Knickerbocker History 1 (1886)
and Hawthorne's 'Scarlet Letter.' His
' Sketching Rambles in Holland ' (1885) is
noteworthy not only for its illustrations,
by Boughton and his fellow-traveller,

Bourinot

198

Bourinot

Edwin Austin Abbey [q. v. Suppl. II], but
for the vividness and charm of its narra-
tive. Boughton also contributed short
stories, from time to time, to 'Harper's
Magazine ' and the ' Pall Mall Magazine,'
and for the ' Studio ' (xxx. 1904) he wrote
an interesting article on his friend Whist-
ler, under the title of * A Few of the
Various Whistlers I have known.'

Boughton died on 19 Jan. 1905, from
heart disease, at his residence, West House,
Campden Hill, which had been built for
him by his friend, Mr. Norman Shaw.
He was cremated at Golder's Green, where
his ashes are deposited. An exhibition of
his remaining works was held at the
Leicester Galleries in 1905 (Catalogue with
prefatory note by A. L. Baldry).

On 9 Feb. 1865 he married Katherine
Louisa, daughter of Thomas Cullen, M.D.
A portrait of him by John Pettie [q. v.]
is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York.

[The Portfolio, 1871, art. by Sir Sidney
Colvin; G. H. Boughton, R.A., his Life and
Work, by A. L. Baldry (Art Journal, Christmas
Art Annual, 1904) ; The Times, 21 Jan. 1905 ;
Who's Who, 1905; Graves' British Institu-
tion and Royal Acad. Exhibitors ; private
information.] M. H.

BOURINOT, SIR JOHN GEORGE
(1837-1902), writer on Canadian con-
stitutional history, born at Sydney, Cape
Breton, on 24 Oct. 1837, was eldest son
in the family of five sons and two daugh-
ters of John Bourinot, a member of the
Canadian senate, by his wife Mary Jane,
daughter of Judge John Marshall, well
known as a temperance advocate of Nova
Scotia. The father, of Huguenot extrac-
tion, came to America from Jersey. After
private education, Bourinot entered in
1854 Trinity College, Toronto, where he
graduated B.A. with distinction in 1857.
Next year he joined the staff of the
'Toronto Leader.' In 1860 he founded
the ' Halifax Herald,' and for several
years he was its editor-in-chief. He was
long a voluminous contributor to the
English and American, as well as to the
Canadian press. In 1861 he was appointed
chief reporter of the Nova Scotia Assembly,
and thus commenced his long career as a
parliamentary official. In 1868, after Con-
federation, he joined the Hansard staff
in the Canadian Senate. He became in
1873 second assistant clerk of the Canadian
House of Commons ; in 1879 first assistant
clerk ; and in 1880 chief clerk, a position
which he held until his death. In that
capacity he devoted himself to a study
of the constitutional law and history of

Canada, and acquired a liigh reputation
by his writings on those subjects.

His useful ' Parliamentary Procedure
and Practice in Canada ' (1884 ; new edit.
1892) was the fruit of sound learning and
long experience. His ' Manual of the
Constitutional History of Canada' (1888;
new and revised edit. 1901) became a
standard text-book, although the con-
stitutional lawyer's point of view is unduly
obtruded. As an historian, Bourinot,
although accurate and painstaking, seldom
penetrated the surface of events, and his
method was formal and unimaginative.
His ' Canada under British Rule ' (1900)
and 'Story of Canada' ('Story of the
Nations' series, 1897) show his characteristic
defects, but these are less apparent in ' Lord
Elgin ' (published posthumously in 1903
in the * Makers of Canada ' series). Other
works are : ' The InteUectual Development
of the Canadian People' (1881); 'Local
Government in Canada ' (1887); 'Federal
Government in Canada' (1889); 'How
Canada is Governed' (1895); and 'Builders
of Nova Scotia' (1900).

In his later life Bourinot was also much
occupied with the Royal Society of Canada,
of which he became the first secretary in

1882 ; was president in 1892 ; and from
1893 to 1902 honorary secretary. To his
efforts the society largely owed its success,
and to its ' Transactions ' he contributed
many important papers.

Bourinot received numerous honours. In

1883 he was elected an honorary member
of the American Antiquarian Society. He
was made hon. LL.D. of Queen's University,
Kingston (1887), and of Trinity College,
Toronto (1889); hon. D.C.L. of King's
College, New Brunswick (1890), and
Bishop's College, Lennoxville (1895) ;
and, although a protestant English-
Canadian, hon. docteur-es-lettres of the
Roman catholic French - Canadian Uni-
versity of Laval (1893). In 1890 he was
created a C.M.G., and in 1898 K.C.M.G.

He died at Ottawa on 13 Oct. 1902, and
was buried in Beech wood cemetery, Ottawa.

Bourinot married three times : (1) in
1858 Delia, daughter of John Hawke ;
(2) in 1865 Emily Alden, daughter of Albert
Pilsbury, the American consul in Halifax ;
and (3) in 1889 Isabelle, daughter of John
Cameron of Toronto. He had one daughter
and four sons.

[Obituary notices in the Globe and the
Mail and Empire, Toronto ; Rose, Cyclopaedia
of Representative Canadians ; Trans. Royal
Soc. of Canada, 1894 (bibliography) and
1903.] W. S. W.

Bourke

199

Bourke

BOURKE, ROBERT, BARON CONNE-
MARA (1827-1902), governor of Madras,
bom at HayQS, co. Meath, on 11 June
1827, was third son of Robert Bourke,
fifth earl of Mayo, by his wife Annie
Charlotte, only child of John Jocelyn,
fourth son of the first earl of Roden.
RicLard Southwell Bourke, sixth earl of
Mayo [q. v.], governor-general of India, to
whom he bore striking physical resemblance,
was his elder brother. Educated at Ennis-
killen Royal School, at Hall Place, Kent,
and at Trinity College, Dublin, he settled in
Londor., being called to the bar at the Inner
Temple on 17 Nov. 1852. Besides joining
the South Wales circuit and attending the
Knutsfoid sessions for twelve years, he
acquired a large practice at the parlia-
mentary bar, and he embodied the deci-
sions of Speaker Shaw-Lefevre, afterwards
Viscount Eversley [q. v.], in a volume
of ' Parliamentary Precedents ' (London,
1857).

Returned as conservative member for
King's Lynn at the general election of
December 1868, he retained the seat
for eighteen years. Known as ' Bobby '
Bourke (cf. H. W. LUCY'S Diary of the
Salisbury Parliament, 1886-1892, p. 17), he
won popularity in the house by his modest
and unassuming manner, and without
shining in debate held his own in argu-
ment. On Disraeli's accession to power
in February 1874 Bourke was appointed
under-secretary for foreign affairs. Bourke's
successive chiefs, Lords Derby and Salis-
bury, were peers, and the task of repre-
senting them in the Commons was no light
one at a time when the Eastern question in
most of its phases was acute, and when
Gladstone was rousing the country over
the Bulgarian atrocities and the Afghan
war. The drudgery of question-time and
debate was not altogether agreeable to
Bourke's easy good-nature, but he com-
bined urbanity with discretion, to his
chiefs' satisfaction. He was a member
of the royal commission on copyright
laws appointed in October 1875, and
was one of the unsuccessful candidates
when Sir William Thomas Charley [q. v.
Suppl. II] became common serjeant of the
City in 1878. On the retirement of the
ministry in April 1880 he was admitted to
the privy council. He was a severe critic of
the foreign policy of the Gladstone govern-
ment of 1880-5, and in Lord Salisbury's
brief ' stop-gap ' administration (June
1885-February 1886) he again held the
foreign under-secretaryship.

When the conservatives returned to

power after the elections of July 1886,
Lord Salisbury, the prime minister, nomin-
ated him in September to the governorship
of Madras in succession to Sir M. E. Grant-
Duff [q. v. Suppl. II]. He assumed the office
on 8 Dec. 1886. On 12 May 1887 he was
created a baron in recognition of his foreign
office service, and chose the title of Conne-
mara, in memory of descent from ancestors
who once resided there. On 21 June he
was made a G.C.I.E.

Bourke was the brother of one former
governor-general of India (Lord Mayo), and
the son-in-law of another (Lord Dalhousie),
for he had married, on 21 Nov. 1863, Lady
Susan Georgiana Broun Ramsay of Coal-
stoun, eldest daughter and co-heir of James
Andrew, first and last marquis of Dalhousie
[q. v.] (cf. Sir W. LEE-WARNER'S Life
of her father, 1904). He thus carried to
Madras a reflected prestige. Just before
his arrival there had been unpleasant
revelations and parliamentary discussions
of administrative irregularities in the
presidency (cf. Annual Register, 1886,
pp. 431-4), and ' blunder had followed
blunder' (Madras Weekly Mail, 4 Dec.
1890). He soon improved the situation,
and his tenure of office was untroubled,
largely owing to his tact and kindliness,
his industry and caution. Frequent and
strenuous tours made him familiar with
the presidency and its peoples. His ver-
satile private secretary (Sir) J. D. Rees,
afterwards well known in English political
life, compiled full records of these journeys,
and they were published after the governor's
retirement, under the title of ' Narrative
of Tours in India made by Lord Conne-
mara ' (Madras, 1891). In the midsummer
of 1889 he travelled to Ganjam, a then
famine-stricken district on the extreme
north of the presidency, which was
extremely difficult of access, and he
ordered relief measures which were of
great advantage to the people; but the
malarious region had prejudicial effect upon
his health, and was fatal to the medical
member of the staff (Dr. MacNally).
Connemara improved the sanitation of
the presidency city, and strengthened and
reorganised the sanitary department of
government. He pressed forward railway
communications, particularly the impor-
tant east coast line linking Madras with
Calcutta. A volume of his ' Minutes,'
mostly written during his tours (Madras,
1890), and another of his 'Speeches'
(Madras, 1891), both edited by Sir J. D.
Rees, show terseness and penetration,
and his administration was held to form

Bourne

200

Bourne

' a bright epoch in the annals of Madras *
(Madras Weekly Mail, 4 Dec. 1890).

But the governorship ended abruptly a
year before its normal term under a dark
cloud, which closed Connemara's public
life. It was announced from India on
8 Nov. 1890 that he had tendered his
resignation, to take effect from the follow-
ing March. Soon afterwards (27 Nov.) the
divorce court in London heard the petition
of his wife for dissolution of marriage on
charges of cruelty and adultery going back
to 1875. Though Bourke's pleadings denied
the charge and made a counter-charge of
adultery against his wife and Dr. Briggs,
a former member of his staff, he was not
represented at the hearing. A decree nisi
was pronounced, and was made absolute
on 9 June 1891. Lady Connemara and
Dr. Briggs denied the counter-charge in
court ; they were subsequently married,
and she died on 22 Jan. 1898.

Connemara handed over acting charge of
the governorship to a civilian colleague on
1 Dec. 1890, and embarked for England
on the 7th. He married a second wife
on 22 Oct. 1894, Gertrude, widow of
Edward Coleman of Stoke Park, a lady
of considerable wealth ; she died on 23 Nov.
1898. He died at his London residence,
Grosvenor Street, after long illness, on
3 Sept. 1902, and was buried at Kensal
Green cemetery. There being no issue by
either marriage, the barony became extinct
with his death. There is a portrait at
Government House, Madras, and the chief
hotel there is named after him. A carica-
ture by ' Spy ' is in " Vanity Fair " Album '
(1877, plate 250).

[Bailee's Peerage, 1902 ; Men and Women
of the Time, 1899 ; J. D. Rees's Narrative of
Tours in India, Madras, 1891 ; India List,
1902; The Times, 10, 25 and 28 Nov. 1890,
10 June 1891, 4 and 6 Sept. 1902 ; Madras
Weekly Mail, 13 Nov. and 4 Dec. 1890.]

F. H. B.

BOURNE, HENRY RICHARD FOX
(1837-1909), social reformer and author,
born at Grecian Regale, Blue Mountains,
Jamaica, on 24 Dec. 1837, was one of eight
children of Stephen Bourne, magistrate
and advocate of the abolition of slavery,
and of Elizabeth Quirk. His father had
founded in Dec. 1826 the 'World,' the first
nonconformist and exclusively religious
journal in England. His parents left
Jamaica in 1841 for British Guiana, and
moved to London in 1848, where, after
attending a private school, Henry entered
London University in 1856, and joined classes
at King's College and the City of London

College. He also attended, at University
College, lectures on English literature anil
history by Henry Morley [q. v.], whose
intimate friend and assistant he after-
wards became. In 1855 he entered the
war office as a clerk, devoting his leisure
to literary and journalistic work. He
regularly contributed to the ' Examiner,'
an organ of advanced radical thought, of
which Henry Morley was editor, and wrote
for Charles Dickens in ' Household Words.'

In 1862 Fox Bourne made some reputa-
tion by his first independently published
work, * A Memoir of Sir Philip Siolney,' which
showed painstaking research and critical
insight, and remains a standard biography.
There followed ' English Merchants ' (1866) ;
' Famous London Merchants ' (1869), written
for younger readers; 'The Romance of
Trade' (1871); 'English Seamen under
the Tudors' (1868), and 'The Story of
Our Colonies' (1869). In these books Fox
Bourne traced in a popular style the rise of
England's commerce and colonial expansion.

In 1870 Fox Bourne retired from the
war office, and with the money granted him
in lieu of a pension purchased the copyright
and control of the ' Examiner.' Although
John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, and
Frederic Harrison were still among the
contributors, the paper proved in Bourne's
hands a financial failure, and he disposed of
it in 1873 (see F. HARRISON'S Reminiscences,
1911).

The next two years he mainly spent on a
' Life of John Locke,' which he published
in 1876. From 1876 to 1887 he was editor
of the ' Weekly Dispatch,' which under his
auspices well maintained its radical in-
dependence. Fox Bourne freely criticised
the Gladstonian administration of 1880-5,
and his hostility to Gladstone's home rule
bill of 1886 led to his retirement from the
editorship.

Thenceforth Fox Bourne devoted almost
all his energies to the work of the Aborigines
Protection Society, of which he became
secretary on 4 Jan. 1889. He edited its
journal, the ' Aborigines' Friend,' and
pressed on public attention the need of
protecting native races, especially in Africa.
One of the first to denounce publicly the
cruel treatment of natives in the Congo
Free State in 1890, he used all efforts to
secure the enforcement of the provisions of
the Brussels convention of 1889-90 for
the protection of the natives in Central
Africa. He forcibly stated his views in
' The Other Side of the Emin Pasha Ex-
pedition ' (1891) and in ' Civilisation in
Congo Land' (1893). To his advocacy

Bousfield

2OT

Bowen

was largely due the ultimate improvement
in native conditions in the Belgian Congo.

Although he failed in his attempts
to secure the franchise for natives in the
Transvaal and Orange River colonies in
1906, his strong protests against the slave
traffic in Angola and the cocoa-growing
islands of San Thome and Principe
compelled the Portuguese government to
admit the necessity of reform. In a series
of six pamphlets (1906-8) on Egyptian
affairs he denounced alleged abuses of
the English military occupation, and ad-
vocated Egyptian self-government. Fox
Bourne's pertinacious patience in inves-
tigation and his clearness of exposition
gave his views on native questions wide
influence.

Fox Bourne died suddenly at Torquay,
from bronchitis contracted on his holiday, on
2 Feb. 1909, and was cremated at Woking.
A memorial service was held at Araromi
chapel, Lagos. He married on 1 May 1862
Emma Deane, daughter of Henry Bleckly,
a Warrington ironmaster. His widow, with
two sons and a daughter, survived him.

Besides the works mentioned, Fox Bourne
published : 1. (with the Earl of Dun-
donald) ' Life of Thomas, Lord Cochrane,'
1869. 2. * Foreign Rivalries in Industrial
Products,' 1877. 3. ' English Newspapers,'
2 vols. 1887, a serviceable chronicle of
journalistic history. 4. ' The Aborigines
Protection Society ; Chapters in its History,'
1899.

[The Times, 5, 6, 8, 11 Feb. 1909; The
Aborigines' Friend, May 1909 ; Lagos Weekly
Record, 13 Feb. 1909; Memorial Discourse
by J. M. Robertson, M.P., 28 Feb. 1909.]

W. B. 0.

BOUSFIELD, HENRY BROUGHAM
(1832-1902), first bishop of Pretoria, born
on 27 March 1832, was son of William
Cheele Bousfield, barrister-at-law. Enter-
ing Merchant Taylors' School in 1840, he
passed to Caius College, Cambridge, where
he was exhibitioner, and graduated B.A.
as junior optime in 1855 and M.A. in
1858. Ordained deacon in 1855 and priest
in 1856, he was licensed to the curacy of
All Saints', Braishfield, Hampshire, and
became incumbent of the parish in 1856.
From 1861 to 1870 he was rector of
St. Maurice with St. Mary Kalendre and
St. Peter Colebrook, Winchester, and
in 187