Skip to main content

Full text of "American forests"

See other formats 


AMERL 


FORESTRY 


.GAZINE  OF 


\  f  r 


J. 


hi 


THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


VOLUME  XXV— JANUARY  TO  DECEMBER,  1919,  INCLUSIVE 


Abbott,  Clinton  G.,  article  by. 
Allen,   A.   A,   articles   by 


793;   877; 

1001;    1228;   1291;    1419; 

Andrews,  Eliza.  F.,  article  by 

Babbitt,  W.   H.,  article  by 

Barnes,   Will   C,   article  by 

Benet,  W.  R.,  poem  by 

Besley,.  F.  W..  article  by 

Brown,    Nelson   Courtlandt,   article   by 

Burris.  M.  M.,  articles  by 859; 

Butler.  O.  ML,  article  by 

Carson,  William,  article  by 

Chapman,  H.  H.,  articles  by 835; 

Cheyney.  E.  G,  articles  by 790;  792;  856;  1006;  1290; 

Clapp,  Earle  H„  article  by 

Clark.  W.  Darrow,  article  by 

Clopper,  H.  S.,  article  by 

Cook,  Alice  Spencer,  article  by 

Craft,   Quincy   R.,  article   by 

Dana,  Samuel   T.,   article  by 

Davis,   R.  O.   E-.  article   by 

DeBoer,    S.    R.,    article    by 

Demorlaine,   J.,    article   by 

Dow,  Joy  Wheeler,  article  by 

Faulkner,  Ralph  H.,  article  by 

Faxon,  R.  IV.  article  by 

Ferguson.  John,  poem  by 

Fraser,    Donald   A.,   poems   by 1328; 

Gaskill,  Alfred,  article  by 

Gates,   Moody   B.,   article   by 

Graves,  Henry  S.,  articles  by 907  ;  1109  ;  1281 ; 

Greeley,  W.  B.,  articles  by 1093 ;  1379 ; 

Guise,  C.  H.,  article  by 

Hammatt,   R.    !•"..   article  by 

Hawes,  Austin   F.,  article  by 

Hill,    Roland,    article   by 

Hulbert,  Henrv  W..  article  by 

Illick,  J.   S„  articles  by 1386; 

Kitts,  Joseph  A.,  article  by 

Lange,  D.,  article  by 

Leopold.  Aldo.  articles  by 1295  ; 


AUTHOR' 


Page 

..  945 

931; 

1526 

.  1476 

.  1265 

.     798 

.  1467 

.    983 

1315 

1217 

1410 

1297 

1075 

1473 

947 

818 

1482 

1329 

1470 

1507 

1350 

1458 

1040 

819 

1155 

864 

1044 

1478 

154? 

1063 

1401 

1451 

1486 

1531 

1479 

1199 

1059 

1538 

1264 

1273 

1479 


1 V,  ,0 

S  INDEX  <//r  it// 

I*  /r 

/i  ^  L 

'  \      Wage 

Lewis,    Lieut.,    article    by 1206 

Lowdermilk,  W.  C,  article  by 1534 

Lyford,  P.  L.,  article  by 1482 

MacDonald,  Austin  F.,  article  by 1361 

Mason,   David  T.,  articles  by 1187;  1469 

Mattoon,  Wilbur  R.,   article  by 1547 

Maxwell,  Hu,  articles  by 807;  845;  923;  973;  1208;  1343 

Mitchell,   Guy   E.,   article  by 1480 

Moore,    Barrington,   article    by 1113 

Owens,  Vilda  Sauvage,  poem  by 1220 

Pack,  Charles  Lathrop,  articles  by 771 ;  918 ;  985;  1053;  1391 

Pearson,   C.   H.,   article  by 782 

Pratt,  M.   B.,  article  by 1443 

Rane,  Frank  W.,  article  by 1546 

Ridsdale,  Percival  Sheldon,  articles  by. 899;  963;  1027;  1137;  1251 

Riley,  Smith,  articles  by 1260;  1465 

Riordan,  M.  J„  poem  by 1450 

Sarett,  Lew  R..  poem  by 1314 

Seaver,  Fred  J.,  article  by 1475 

Sharpies,  Philip  P.,  article  by 1415 

Shattuck,  C.  H.,  article  by 1219 

Shufeldt,  R.  W.,  articles  by. 801;  868;  937;  995;  1069;  1221;  1285; 

1465;   1481;    1531 

Simmons,  J.  R.,  article  by 1205 

Sperry,  Edward  P.,  article  by 1062 

Strayer,  O.  B.,  article  by 1536 

Stuart,    R.    Y.,   article   by 1193 

Swift,  J.  Otis,  articles  by 853;  1009;  1066;  1358 

Taylor,  Arthur  A.,  article  by 1446 

Tillotson,  C.  R.,  article  by 785 

Tourney.    James   W.,    article    by 816 

Treen,   E.   W.,    article   by 1551 

Tucker,  Frank  B.,  article  by 1226 

Walker,  Robert   Sparks,  article  by 1485 

West,    Clara    L.,    article   by 1523 

Wilson,   Ellwood,  articles  by. 825;   889;  953;   1015;   1057;   1078; 
1238;   1241;   1302;   1371;   1428;   1492;   1558 

Wilson,   McLandburgh,   poem   by 789 

Wylie,   Lollie   Belle,  poem  by 1474 

Zimmerman,  H.  E.,  articles  by 823;  1450 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Page 

Air,  Photographing  Forests  From  The 1206 

Aircraft    to    Fight    Forest    Fires,    Army 1081 

Airplane  Forest  Fire  Patrol  in  California— R.  F-  Hammatt.   1531 

Airplanes   Find   Forest  Fires 1371 

Airplane  Patrol   in   National   Forests 1244 

Aliens  with  Appetites  De  Luxe,  Excluding  Enemy— Charles 

Lathrop    Pack •  ••  •  1053 

Allies.    Forest   Casualties   of  Our— Percival   Sheldon   Rids- 
dale         899 

Alphabet  Grown  on  Trees— H.  E.  Zimmerman 823 

American  Army  Got  Its  Wood,  How  the— Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale 1137 

American   Forestry   Forestry   Association,  War   Service  of 

the   i "58 

American  Lumberjack  in   France,  The— W.  B.  Greeley 1093 

Annual    Meeting.   The   Announcement   of  the 1530 


Page 

Appalachian  and  Piedmont,  Regions,  Erosion  in  the — R.  O. 

E.  Davis 1350 

Appalachian    Mountain    Club,    Philip    W.    Ayers    Elected 

President   of , 922 

Appreciation,  An — J.   A.   Woodruff 1092 

Arborists    Meet 1430 

Architecture  in  Our  National  Forests  and  Parks,  Landscape 

S.  R.  DeBoer 1459 

Army,  French  Forests  for  our — Percival  Sheldon  Ridsdale.  963 
Army  and  Training  in  Forestry,  The  National — James  W. 

Tourney     818 

Army  Got  Its  Wood,  How  the  American — Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale 1137 

Artificial  Limbs,  Wooden — Hu  Maxwell 807 

Ax  !  Introduce  Yourself  to  an 787 

Ayres    Elected    President    of    the    Appalachian    Mountain 

Club,   Philip   W '. 922 


( i  ENERAL  INDEX— Continued. 


Bagworm  or  Casket  \V..rni,  The— Fred  J.  Seaver 

Heaver   \\'.>rk 

i.  plant  A- --poem  by  Lolrije  Belle  Wylie 

Belgium.    Forest   Restoration    in 

Belgium's   Foresti  Blighted  by  the  Hun— Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale     . .  .  ., 

"Biddv,"  An  Original  Bird— Clinton  G.  Abbott 

Birds  and  Beasts.  A  Christmas  Walk  With— A.  A.  Allen... 

Bird.  '•Biddy,"  An  Original— Clinton  G.  Abbott 

Bird  Department— By  A.  A.  Allen: 

The    Sandpiper* 

The   Plovers 

The     Waterfowl 

Rails,  Gallinules  and  Coots 

The    Herons 

The  Gulls  and  Terns 

The   Loons  and   Grebes 

A  Christmas  Walk  With  the  Birds  and  Beasts 

Bird  House  Building  Contest,  Trenton's  — M.  M.  Burris.... 
Birds  as  an  Act  of  Patriotism,  Protecting— Moody  B.  Gates. 

Birds  in  Winter,  Care  for  the 

Boats  and  Their  Manufacture,  Wooden— Hu  Maxwell 
Book  Reviews :  Department  of  Magazine — 


Page 

1475 
1472 

1171 

1177 

1251 
945 

125!) 
945 

793 

877 

931 

1001 

1228 

1291 

1419 

1526 

859 

1063 

781 

973 


France,  the  France  I  Love •  •  •     826 

Mrs.    Allen's    Cook    Book 891 

Trees,  Stars  and   Birds 891 

The   Forest   Ranger 1240 

Practical   Tree    Repair 1240 

Identification  of  the  Economic  Woods  of  the  United 

States    1240 

Vacation  Days  in  Colorado's  National  Forests 1241 

Trees   of   Indiana 1240 

The  Book  of  the  National   Parks 1307 

Timber,  Its  Strength,  Seasoning  and  Grading 1307 

Forest    Management 1363 

The  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary 1500 

Forest  Products — Their  Manufacture  and  Use 1500 

The  Hidden  Aerial 1502 

Thrift  and  Conservation 1562 

1919  Forest  Club  Annual 1562 

Borers,    Protect    Locust    Trees 1243 

Bouquets    1016;  1375;  1426 

Brave,  A  Garden  of  the— poem  by  Vilda  Sauvage  Owens. . .   1220 

Brazil  Nut  Tree,  Uses  of  the— C.  H.  Pearson 782 

British    Forests,   War's    Destruction   of — Percival    Sheldon 

Ridsdale     1027 

Broadway,  Guarding  Forests  Near 1552 

"Built-Up"  Wood— O.  M.  Butler 1110 

Burgoy ne  Elm,  The 1480 

Burned  Out,  American  Forestry  Offices 1493 

California,  Airplane  Forest  Fire  Patrol  in— R.  F.  Hammatt.   1531 

California's   Redwood   Park— Arthur  A.   Taylor 1446 

Camp,  Cornell  Foresters  in— C.  H.  Guise 1486 

Campaign,  Tussock  Moth  Caterpillar — M.  M.  Burris 1217 

Canada  to  Help   France — Ellwood   Wilson 1057 

Canadian    Department,    The— Ellwood    Wilson.. 825;    889; 

952;   1015;   1078;  1241;   1302;   1370;   1428;   1492;   1558 
Canadian  Forestry  Corps  Work  in  France — Roland  Hill...   1199 

Canal  Zone.  Uncle  Sam,  Lumberman— W.  H.  Babbitt 1265 

Care  for  the  Birds  in  Winter 781 

Cascara  Stumpage  Advertised  on  Siuslaw 972 

Casualties     of     Our     Allies,      Forest — Percival      Sheldon 

Ridsdale   899 

Caterpillars,  A  Simple  Way  to  Destroy — Edward  P.  Sperry.  1062 
Central   Park  Trees   Starving  to   Death — Charles    Lathrop 

Pack    1391 

Chestnut  Felled  by  Dynamite,  Huge 1484 

China,  Forests  and  Floods  in — H.  H.  Chapman 835 

Christmas  Tree,  Travels  of  an  English — ClaVa  L.  West...   1523 
Christmas  Walk  with  Birds  and  Beasts,  A— A.  A.  Allen...   1526 

Church  Built  from  One  Tree — H.  E.  Zimmerman 1450 

City  Tree  Planting — Aldo  Leopold.  Grating  Solves 858 

Code    and    the    Regime    Forestier,    The     Forest — W.     B. 

Greeley   1451 

College  of  Forestry   Exhibit,   Syracuse 1  iSS 

Community  and  Roads  of  Remembrance,  The 1416 

Conference,  Southwestern  Forest  Supervisors  Hold  Forest.   1005 

Conference,    Tri-State    Forestry 1565 

Congress,  The  Second  Southern   Forestry 1'itifi 

Conservation    of    Paper 1355 


Page 

Conservation.  The   Dry   Kiln  and— E.  W.  Treen 1561 

ular  Service.   DuBois  to   Enter 1172 

est,  Trenton's  Bird-House  Building — M.  M.  Burris....  858 

1  of  Private  Forest  Cutting — \Y.  Darrow  Clark 818 

Control,  Now  for  Forest  hire— Alfred  Gaskill 1642 

Cooperage  Industry,  Wood  Used  in  the— Hu  Maxwell 1208 

Coots,   Kails,  Gallinules  and — A.  A.  Allen 1001 

Cornell   Foresters   in   Camp — C.   H.   Guise 1486 

Course  in  Lumber  Uses.  University  of  Minnesota  Offers...  1207 

Crater  Lake  Shell  Hole !lll 

Cruising   Timber — P.    L.    Lyford 1482 

Current  Literature:  (Department  of  Magazine) 828;  892; 

955:  1019;  1082;   1215;  1309 

Cutting,  Control  of  Private  Forest— W.  Darrow  Clark 818 

Cut-Over  Lands,  Use  of 1296 

Dean  of  Foresters  Retires,  Dr.   Fernow 1289 

Decade  of  Private  Forest  Planting  in  Pennsylvania,  A — J. 

S.   Illick   1588 

Desert   Plants,   Emergency   Feed    from 875 

Destruction    of    British    Forests,    War's — Percival    Sheldon 

Ridsdale     1027 

Destroying   Female   Trees — Aldo    Leopold 1479 

Digest,  Forestry 788;  881;  1008;  1296;  1356;  1408;  1490;  1575 

Disabled   Men,   Forestry   Pursuits   for 883 

Dixie,   Forestry   in 861 

Douglas  Fir,  The — poem  by  Donald  A.  Fraser 1478 

Douglass  "Killed  in  Action,"   Lieut 1289 

Dry  Kiln  and  Conservation,  The — E.  W.  Treen 1551 

DuBois   to   Enter  Consular   Service 1172 

Dynamite,  Huge  Chestnut  Felled  by 1484 

Dynamite.  Nurseryman  Believes  in— O.  B.  Strayer 1536 

Elm,    The    Burgoyne 1480 

Emergency   Feed   from   Desert   Plants 875 

Engineers   Hoboken   Sheet,   Old   Tenth 886 

Engineers.  The  Forest — Henry   S.  Graves 1109 

English   Christmas  Tree,  Travels  of  An — Clara  L.  West..  1523 
Erosion  in  the  Appalachian  and  Piedmont  Regions — R.  O. 

E.    Davis    1350 

Essay,  Prize  Offer  for  Forestry 1562 

Excluding  Enemy  Aliens  with  Appetites  De  Luxe — Charles 

Lathrop    Pack    1053 

Exhibit,  Syracuse  College  of  Forestry 1488 

Extension  Work  in  Forestry — A-   F.  Hawes 1479 

Farm  Forestry,  Terms  Used  in 1342 

Farm   Timber  Adds  to  Cash   Return   From   Land,   Sale  of 

Surplus    817 

Farm  Woodland  Development  under  the  Smith-Lever  Act, 

The   Possibilities   of— C.   R.   Tillotson 785 

February — And  Plant  Life  Still  Sleeps  in  Northern  Climes 

— R.  W.  Shufeldt 868 

Feed  from  Desert  Plants,  Emergency 875 

Female  Trees,  Destroying — Aldo  Leopold 1479 

Fencing  Materials  from  Forests — Hu  Maxwell 923 

hern,  (lathering  the  Spinulose  Shield — Frank  B.  Tucker..  1226 

Fernow,  Dean  of  Foresters.  Retires 1289 

Fire  Control,  Now  for  Forest — Alfred  Gaskill 1512 

Fire  Patrol  in  California.  Airplane  Forest — R.  F.  Hammatt.  1531 

Fire   Losses,  Prevention   of   Forest — Smith   Riley ll'lill 

Fire,    The  Glory   of  the    Redwoods   Threatened   by — M.    B. 

Pratt    Ill:: 

1'ires.  Forest  Destruction  Prevented  by  Control  of  Surface 

—Joseph   A.   Kitts 1264 

Fires  Occur,  Why  and  How  Some  Forest 1354 

hires,   The  Northwest's   Worst 1259 

Fir,  The — poem  by   Donald  A.   Fraser 1328 

Fir,  The  Douglas — poem  by  Donald  A.  Fraser 1 178 

Firm  of  Foresters,  New 1566 

Floors  Made  of  Wood— Hu  Maxwell 1348 

Floods   in  China,  Forests  and — H.  H.  Chapman 835 

Florida,  The  Gopher  Tortoise  of— R.  W.   Shufeldt I486 

Flowers   of   Maryland   and  West  Virginia,   State 1524 

Flowers,     Phytophotography — Or    the    Science    of    Photo- 
graphing— R.   W.    Shufeldt (059 

For  Them  a  Tree  Is  Planted  There 1468 

For    Them   a  Tree  Stands   There 1268 

Foreign   Nursery   Stock   Inspection ]076 

Foreign   Students  of   Forestry   in   America 1525 

Forest      Casualties      of      Our      Allies — Percival      Sheldon 

Ridsdale  899 

Forest  lode  and  the  Regime  Forestier,  The — W.  B.  Greeley.  1451 


GENERAL  INDEX— Continued. 


id 


Page 

Forest    Cutting,    Control    of    Private    Forest — W.    Darrow 

Clark     818 

Forest  Destruction  Prevented  by  Control  of  Surface  Fires — 

Joseph    A.    Kitts 1264 

Foresf  Engineers,  The — Henry  S.   Graves 110!) 

Forest  Fire  Control,  Now  For — Alfred  Gaskill 1542 

Forest  Fire  Patrol  in  California,  Airplane — R.  F.  Hammatt.   1531 

Forest    Investigation 1218 

Forest    Losses    on    the    Italian    Front — Nelson    Courtlandt 

Brown    ." 1315 

Forest   Opportunity    on   Pine    Lands    in   the   South — F.    W. 

Eesley   983 

Forest     Plantation     Upon     Pikes     Peak,     National — Smith 

Riley 1465 

Forest  Policy  of  France — Its  Vindication — W.B.Greeley..   1379 
Forest  Research — In  The  War  and  After — Earle  H.  Clapp.     947 

Forest  Restoration  in  Belgium 1477 

Forest   School    News    (Department    of   Magazine) ...  .1372 ; 

1425;    1496;  1560 

Fprest  Service  Offers  Photographic  Exhibits 1426 

Foresters   and   Lumbermen   Home   from   France — David   T. 

Mason     1187 

Foresters  Edition  of  American  Forestry,  Announcement  of.   1464 

Foresters,  Jobs  for  Returning  Lumbermen  and 1159 

Forestry  and  Horticulture,  Highway — Henry  W.  Hulbert..   1059 

Forestry  and  Patience — Quincy  R.  Craft 1470 

Forestry  as  a  Vocation — H.  H.  Chapman 1075 

Forestry    Congress,    New    England 942 

Forestry  Corps  Work  in  France,  Canadian — Roland  Hill...   1199 
Forestry  Digest. ..  .788 ;  881;  1008;  1296;  1356;  1408;  1490;  1553 

Forestry,   Extension  Work   in — A.   F.  Hawes 1479 

Forestry  For  Boys  and  Girls — By  E.  G.  Cheyney : 

Squeakv    Chipmunk    Learns    Something   About   Pine 

Seeds     790 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Collects  Some  Seed 856 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Makes  a  Discovery 1008 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Finds  Two  More  Vandals 1290 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Sees  a  New  Enemy 1473 

Forestry    in    Dixie 861 

Forestry,  Insects  in  Their  Relation  to— R.  W.  Shufeldt....   1221 

Forestry   Pursuits  for  Disabled   Mem 883 

Forestry — Relation  of  Wood  to  the  Development  of  Civili- 
zation— William    Carson 1297 

Forestry  Situation  in  New  South  Wales,  The 862 

Forestry — The  National  Army  and  Training  in — James  W. 

Tourney     816 

Forestry  Units.  A  Letter  from  Chaplain  Williams  of  the..     885 

Forestry?  Why  Not  a  Secretary  of — Frank  W.  Rane 1546 

Forests  and  Floods  in  China — Herman  H.  Chapman 835 

Forests  and  the  Water  Supply,  National — Samuel  T.  Dana.   1507 
Forests  Blighted  by  the  Hun,  Belgium's — Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale     ....'. 1251 

Forests    in   the   War,    French — Barrington    Moore 1113 

Forests   in   the   War,   Strategic   Importance   of — J.    Demor- 

laine    1040 

Forests,  The  Guardian  of  Our — Alice  Spencer  Cook 1329 

Forests,    Tracts   Added    to 1550 

Forty     Maples — Poem 1356 

Forward  with  Tree  Planting — Charles  Lathrop  Pack 985 

France,  A  Lesson  from— Ralph  H.  Faulkner 1155 

France,  Canada  to  Help— Ell  wood  Wilson 1057 

France,  Canadian  Forestry  Corps  Work  in — Roland  Hill..    1199 
France,  Foresters  and   Lumbermen   Home  from — David  T. 

Mason     1187 

France — Its    Vindication.      The    Forest    Policy    of — W.    B. 

Greeley     1379 

France.  The  American  Lumberjack  in — W.  B.  Greeley 1093 

France.    The    Meeting    of    New    and    Old    World    Logging 

Methods  in  the  Fir  Forests  of — W.  C.  Lowdermilk 1534 

France,  To  Help  Reforest 789 

Freedom.  In  the  F'urrows  of — Charles  Lathrop  Pack 918 

French  Forests  for  our  Army — Percival  Sheldon  Ridsdale..     963 

French   Forests  in  the  War — Barrington  Moore 1113 

Fuel.  Cutting  Wood  for 1536 

Fuel   Wood   by  Weight,   Sell 1012 

Fund.    The    Welfare 1163 

Furrows  of  Freedom.  In  the — Charles  Lathrop  Pack 918 

Garden  of  the  Brave,  A — poem  by  Vilda  Sauvage  Owens..  1220 

Gardens!    Victory — Charles    Lathrop    Pack 771 

Gathering  the  Spinulose  Shield  Fern — Frank  B.  Tucker...   1226 
'ia  Training  Foresters  for  the  War  Department 1080 


Page 

Giant  Redwood,  The— poem  by  M.  J.  Riordan 1450 

Glory   of   the   Redwood   Threatened   by    Fire,   The— M.    B. 

Pratt 1443 

Gopher  Tortoise  of  Florida,  The— R.  W.  Shufeldt 1465 

Grating  Solves  City  Tree  Problem 858 

Great  Tree  Maker",  "The U58 

Grow,  When  Trees— J.  S.  Illick 1386 

Guardian  of  Our  Forests,  The— Alice  Spencer  Cook 1329 

Guarding  Forests   Near   Broadway 1552 

Gulls  and  Terns,  The— A.  A.  Allen 1291 

Harmless  Fire-Bug,  The— poem  by  E.  G.  Cheyney 792 

Harnessing  a   River— Guy   E.   Mitchell.". 1480 

Herons,  The— A.  A.  Allen 1228 

Highway  Forestry  and  Horticulture— Henry  W.  Hulbert..   1059 

Highways,  Trees  and  the— Philip  P.  Sharpies 1415 

Historic  Trees,  Lecture  on 1246 

Hoboken  Sheet,  Old  Tenth  Engineers 886 

Honor  Roll— Memorial  Trees,  National.  .1204 ;  1270;  1333;  1433; 

1494;  1564 
Horticulture,  Highway  Forestry  and — Henry  W.  Hulbert..   1059 

Houston  Urges  Protection  of  the  Forests,  Secretary 822 

How  the  American  Army  Got  its  Wood — Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale   1137 

Huge  Chestnut  Felled  by  Dynamite 1484 

Hun,  Belgium's  Forests  Blighted  by  the — Percival  Sheldon 

Ridsdale 1251 

Idaho  For  More  National   Forests   (Editorial) 944 

In  the  Furrows  of  Freedom — Charles   Lathrop   Pack 918 

Insects  in  Their  Relation  to  Forestry— R.  W.  Shufeldt 1221 

Introduce  Yourself  to  an  Ax  ! 787 

Investigation,     Forest 1218 

Irving   Along   the    Croton    Aqueduct,    With    Washington — 

J.   Otis   Swift 1066 

Italian  Front,  Forest  Losses  on — Nelson  C.  Brown 1315 

Italian   Government   Buys  Timber 844 

Jobs  for  Returning  Lumbermen  and  Foresters 1159 

Kentucky,  Forest  Reserve  for 1220 

Kiln  and  Conservation,  The  Dry — E.  W.  Treen 1551 

Kiln  Drying  Oak  for  Vehicles 911 

Landscape  Architecture  in  Our  National  Forests  and  Parks 

— S.  R.  DeBoer 1459 

Large  Trees,  Transplanting 1198 

Lesson  From  France,  A — Ralph  H.  Faulkner 1155 

Letter  from  Chaplain  Williams  of  the  Forestry  Units....     885 

Let  Trees  Tell  Their  Glory,  Not  Our  Sorrow 1057 

Limbs,   Wooden   Artificial — Hu   Maxwell 807 

Lincoln   Memorial   University 1308 

Locust,  The  Seventeen- Year— R.  W.  Shufeldt 1285 

Locust  Trees   from   Borers,   Protect 1243 

Logging  Methods  in  the  Fir  Forests  of  France,  The  Meet- 
ing of  New  and  Old  World — W.  C.  Lowdermilk 1534 

Losses,  Prevention,  of  Forest  Fire — Smith  Riley 1260 

Louisiana,    Forestry    in 1018 

Lowden  Endorses  Tree  Planting,   Governor 876 

Lumberjack  in  France,  The  American — W.  B.  Greeley 1093 

Lumbermen  and  Foresters,  Jobs  for  Returning 1159 

Lumbermen  Home  From  France,  Foresters  and — David  T. 

Mason 1187 

Loons  and  Grebes,  The — A.  A.  Allen 1419 

Maine  Woods,  Table  of  Native 1308 

Maker"    "The    Great    Tree 1158 

Mandrakes ;  Wild  Lupine  and  Notes  on  the  American  Snap- 
ping  Turtle— R.   W.    Shuefeldt 995 

Maples,   Forty— (Poem) 1356 

Marketing  Woodland  Products,  Ten  Helps  in 817 

Maryland.  Spring  in — poem  by  John  Ferguson 1045 

Meaning,   Monuments   With   A 1045 

Meeting-House,  Renascence  of  The  Modern — Joy  Wheeler 

Dow 819 

Meeting  of  New  and  Old  World  Logging  Methods  in  the 

Fir  Forests  of  FVance,  The — W.  C.  Lowdermilk 1534 

Meeting,    The    Annual 1530 

Memorial  to  Our  Soldiers  and  Sailors,  Roadside  Planting 

as  a— R.   B.   Faxon 864 

Memorial    Tree,    Washington's     First 984 

Memorial    Trees 1201 

Memorial  Trees   in   1920 1537 

Memorial  Trees,  Enthusiasm  for 863 

Memorial   Trees   Planted   for   Soldiers   and   Sailors 913 

Memorial   Trees,    National    Honor   Roll.  1204;    1270;    1333; 

1433;  1494;  1564 


GENERAL   INDIA     Continued. 


Page 

Memorials,    Trees    for 7i9 

Mexi(  -.mrre  of  Timber — Austin  !•'.  MacDonald.  .  . .    1861 

Mighty  Tree,  A  (Frontispiece  poem) 770 

Minnesota  Offers  Course  in  Lumber  Uses,  University  of 1207 

Monument!  with  ■  Meaning 104G 

Mountain,  Thunder — Henry   S.   Graves 907 

Mysteries  and  Revelations  of  the  Plant  World— D.  Lange. .   1273 

■  loon    Willow"    Dving Mil 

Narcissus  Bulbs,  Fall  is  the  Time  to  Plant 1308 

National  Army  and  Training  in  Forestry,  The— James  W. 

Toumey     ,v: ' '  • 

National  Forest  Plantation  Upon  Pikes  Peak— Smith  Riley.    1485 
National  Forest  Policy— The  Proposed  Legislation— Henry 

S.    Graves 1281 

National  Forest  Policy— Discussion  : 

The  Proposed  Legislation,  by  Henry  S.  Graves 1281 

A  Discussion  of  Methods— R.  S.  Kellogg 1282 

Pennsylvania's  Opinion — George  H.  Wirt 1283 

Control  of  Growing  Forests — Alfred  Gaskill 1281 

Forest  Economics :  Some  Thoughts  on  an  old  Sub- 
ject— Wilson   Compton 1337 

Mandatory  Control  Opposed — E.  A.  Sterling 1339 

Publicity  Education  Necessary — R.  S.  Maddox 1340 

A  Lumberman's  Viewpoint — Everitt  G.  Griggs 1340 

Leaseholds  Interfere — G.  L.  Hume 1341 

No  Half-Way   Policies— J.  E.   Barton..: 1341 

A  Forest  Policy  Badly  Needed — Ellwood  Wilson 1342 

A    Policy    of    Forestry    for    the    Nation — Henry    S. 

Graves    1401 

A  Program  for  Private  Forestry — H.  H.  Chapman...   1405 

Let  all  Sides  be  Heard— R.  D.  Forbes 1406 

Forest  Economics — H.  H.  Chapman 1473 

Classification    of    Lands    and    Our    Forest    Policy — 

George  Drolet 1475 

Box  Manufacturers  Resolve 1475 

A   Forest   Policy — Frank   L.    Moore 1476 

National   Lumber   Manufacturers    Resolve 1544 

A  National  Forest  Policy — The  American  Paper  and 

Pulp   Association    1544 

Resolutions    by    the    New    York    Conference    on    a 

National    Forest   Policy 1545 

National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees 1204 

National  Forest  Policy,  Why  and  How.     A 1049 

National  Forests,  Airplane  Patrol  in 1244 

National  Forests  and  Parks,  Landscape  Architecture  in  Our 

— S.    R.    DeBoer 1459 

National  Forests  and  the  Water  Supply — Samuel  T.  Dana..  1507 
National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees..  1204;   1270;   1333; 

1433;  1494;  1564 

National  Lumber  Congress,  A 891 

National   Park  to  Honor  Roosevelt,  A 855 

Natural  History  Department— By  R   W.  Shufeldt 

Plants  that  Occur  in  Both  North  and  South  Atlantic 
States ;    Together    with    Notes    on    the    American 

Sparrow  Hawk 801 

February — And  Plant  Life  Still   Sleeps   in  Northern 

Climes   ' 868 

Various  Parasitic  Plants:  With  an  Owl  Story 937 

Mandrakes;  Wild  Lupine,  and  Notes  on  the  Ameri- 
can Snapping  Turtle 995 

Phytophotography — Or   the   Science  of   Photographic 

Flowers    1069 

Insects  in  their   Relation  to   Forestry 1221 

The    Seventeen-Year    Locust 1285 

The  Gopher  Tortoise  of  Florida 1465 

An  Interesting  Spider   from   Florida 1481 

The  Racoons  of  North  America 1531 

Nature  in  the  Nude 1525 

Nepperhan  Valley  in  Winter  Time.     Walks  in  the  Woods, 

The— J.   Otis   Swift 853 

New  Brunswick  Forest  Service  Staff  Conference— Ellwood 

Wilson    1080 

New  England  Forestry  Congress 942 

New  England  Mills,  Scotch  Lumber  Cut  by 1235 

New  South  Wales.  The  Forestry  Situation  in 862 

New   York   Forestry   and   Reconstruction 880 

North  America,  The  Raccons  of— R.  W.  Shufeldt '.'.  153] 

Northern  Climes— February  and  Plant  Life  Still  Sleens  in 

-R.  W.  Shufeldt ....     ggg 


Page 

Norway,  American  Lumber  for 950 

Nurseryman   Believes   in    Dynamite — O.  B.  Strayer 1536 

Nursery    Stock    Inspection,    Foreign 1076 

Nut  Trees,  Uses  of  the  Brazil — C.  H.  Pearson 7^.' 

Oak"  The  "Wye  Mills— H.  S.  Clopper 1482 

Oddities  in  Tree  Stems — Eliza  F.  Andrews 1476 

Old  Tenth  Engineers  Hoboken  Sheet 'SSt> 

Paid  in  Full— C  II.  Shattuck 1219 

Palisades   in   the   Interstate   Park.     Summer  Walks    in   the 

Woodland.     Along  the— J.  Otis   Swift 13 

Paper,   Conservation    of 1356 

Parasitic    Plants;    With    an    Owl    Story,    Various     R.    W. 

Shufeldt  937 

Park.  California's  Redwood — Arthur  A.  Taylor 1  146 

Patience,   Forestry  and — Quincy   R.  Craft 1470 

Patriotism,    Protecting    Birds    as    an    Act    of — Moody     B. 

Gates   1063 

Paulownia  Tomentosa  Tree,  The — Robert  Sparks  Wake:.,   i. 
Pennsylvania,  A  Decade  of  Private  I'orest  Planting  in — J. 

S.    Illick 1538 

Pennsylvania,  Free  Trees  for  Planting  in 852 

Photographing  Flowers,  Phytophotography — Or  the  Science 

of— R.  W.   Shufeldt 1069 

Pictorial   Memorial  Trees 1537 

Piedmont  Regions,  Erosion  in  the  Appalachian  and — R.  O. 

E.    Davis , 1350 

Pigeons  Aid  Foresters,  Carrier 1504 

Pigeons  to  Protect  Forests 1306 

Pikes  Peak,  National  Forest  Plantation  Upon — Smith  Riley  1165 
Pine  Growth  in  the  South,  Slash — Wilbur  R.  Mattoon....  1545 
Pine   Lands   in  the  South,   Forest   Opportunity   on — F.    \Y. 

Besley   983 

Pines,    The — poem    by    Lew    R.    Sarett 1314 

Planting  as  a  Memorial  To  our  Soldiers  and  Sailors,  Road- 
side—R.  B.   Faxon 864 

Plant  a  Beech — poem  by  Lollie  Belle  Wylie 1474 

Planting,   City   Tree— Aldo  Leopold 1295 

Planting,  Forward  with  Tree — Charles  Lathrop  Pack 985 

Planting  in  Pennsylvania.  A  Decade  of  Private  Forest — J. 

S.    Illick 1538 

Planting  Trees  In  a  New  Way 1018 

Plant-Life  Still  Sleeps  in  Northern  Climes — February  and 

— R.  W.   Shufeldt 868 

Plant  World,  Mysteries  and  Revelations  of  the — D.  Lange.  .   1273 

Planted  There.  For  them  a  Tree  is 1468 

Plants    That    Occur    in    Both    North    and    South    Atlantic 

States  :  Together  with  Notes  on  the  American  Sparrow 

Hawk— R.   W.   Shufeldt 801 

Plants ;    With    an    Owl    Story,    Various    Parasitic — R.    W. 

Shufeldt    937 

Plovers,  The— A.  A.  Allen 877 

Policy  of  Forestry  for  the  Nation,  A — Henry  S.  Graves....   1401 

Policy — Why  and  How,  A  National  Forest 1049 

Porto  Rico  is  Planned,  Reforestation  of 1501 

Possibilities    of   Farm   Woodland    Development    Under   the 

Smith-Lever  Act— C.  R.  Tillotson 785 

Prevention  of  Forest  Fire  Losses — Smith   Riley 1260 

Private  Forest  Planting  in  Pennsylvania,  A  Decade  of — J. 

S.    Illick 1538 

Prize  Offer  for  Forestry   Essay 1562 

Profit.  Pruning  for— Will  C.  Barnes 798 

Protecting  Birds  as  an  Act  of  Patriotism — Moody  B.  Gates.   1063 

Pruning  for  Profit— Will  C.  Barnes 798 

Pyrenees,  Scouting  for  Timber  in  the — R.  Y.  Stuart 1193 

Quebec,  Seaplanes  to  be  used  for  Forest  Fire  Patrol  Work 

in    1238 

Racoons  of  North  America,  The— R.  W.  Shufeldt 1531 

Rails,  Gallinules  and  Coots— A.  A.  Allen 1001 

Redwood  Park,  California's — Arthur  A.  Taylor 1446 

Redwood,  The  Giant — poem  by   M.  J.   Riordon 1450 

Redwoods  Threatened  by  Fire,  The  Glory  of  the — M.   B- 

Pratt    1443 

Reforest   France,  To  Help 789 

Reforestation  of  Porto  Rico  is  Planned 1504 

Regime  Forestier,  The  Forest  Code  and  the — W.  B.  Greeley   1451 

Remembrance,"   "Roads   of 1334 

Remembrance,"  The  Community  and  "Roads  of 1416 

Renascence   of   the    Modern    Meeting-House — Joy    Wheeler 

Dow     819 

Reorganization  in  Massachusetts   (Editorial) 943 


GENERAL  INDEX— Continued. 


Page 
Research— In  the  War  and  After,  Forest— Earle  H.  Clapp.     947 

River,  Harnessing  A — Guy  E.  Mitchell 1480 

"Roads    of    Remembrance" 1334 

"Roads  of  Remembrance,"  The  Community  and 1416 

Roadside   Planting   as   A   Memorial    to   Our    Soldiers    and 

Sailors — R.  B.  Faxon 864 

Roosevelt,  A  National  Park  to  Honor 855 

"Roosevelt" — poem  by  McLandburgh  Wilson 789 

Roosevelt  the  Conservationist 788 

Rothrock.   A    Tribute   to   Dr.   J.   T ,„'.   1458 

Sale  of  Surplus  Farm  Timber  Adds  to  Cash  Returns  from 

Land     817 

Sandpipers,  The — A.  A.  Allen 793 

Saw,  The  New  Spring 844 

Seaplanes    to   be    Used    for    Forest    Fire    Patrol    Work    in 

Quebec    1238 

Secretary  of  Forestry?  Why  Not  A— Frank  W.  Rane 1546 

Sentinels   of  the   Forest 1489 

Service  of  the  Trees,  The — poem  by  W.  R.  Benet 1467 

Seventeen- Year  Locust,  The — R.  W.  Shufeldt 1285 

Scotch   Lumber  Cut  by  New   England   Units 1234 

Scouting    for    Timber    in    the    Eastern     Pyrenees — R.     Y. 

Stuart  1193 

Slash  pine  Growth  in  the  South— Wilbur  R.  Mattoon 1547 

Smith-Lever  Act,  The  Possibilities  of  Woodland  Develop- 
ment Under  the — C.  R.  Tillotson 785 

Soldiers  and  Sailors,  Memorial  Trees   Planted  for 913 

Soldiers  and  Sailors,  Roadside  Planting  as  a  Memorial  to 

Our— R.  B.  Faxon 874 

South,   Forest  Opportunity  on  Pine   Lands   in  the — F.  W. 

Besley    %3 

South.  Slash  Pine  Growth  in  the— Wilbur  R.  Mattoon 1547 

Southern  Forestry  Congress,  The  Second 1566 

Spider  from  Florida,  An  Interesting— R.  W.  Shufeldt 1481 

Spinulose  Shield  Fern,  Gathering  the— Frank  B.  Tucker..  1226 

Spring  in  Maryland — poem  by  John  Ferguson 1044 

Spring   Saw,   The   New 844 

Spruce  Tree  573  Years  Old 1363 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Makes  a  Discovery— E.  G.  Cheyney...   1006 
Squeaky  Chipmunk  Learns  Something  About  Pine  Seeds — 

E.   G.   Cheyney 790 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Collects  Some  Seed— E.  G.  Cheyney..     856 

Squeaky  Finds  Two  More  Vandals— E.  G.  Cheyney 1290 

Squeaky  Chipmunk  Sees  a  New  Enemy 1472 

State  Flowers  of  Maryland  and  West  Virginia 1524 

State    News:    (Department   of    Magazine)  ....1299;    1364 ;  1432 ; 

1495;   1555 
Summer  Walks  Along  the  Palisades  in  the  Interstate  Park 

—J.   Otis    Swift 1358 

Surface  Fires.     Forest  Destruction  Prevented  by  Control  of 

—Joseph  A.  Kitts 1264 

Starving  to   Death,  Central   Park  Trees— Charles   Lathrop 

Pack    1391 

Stems,  Oddities  in  Tree — Eliza  F.  Andrews 1476 

Strategic    Importance   of   Forests    in   the   War — J.    Demor- 

laine    1040 

Students  of  Forestry  in  America,  Foreign 1525 

Syracuse   College   of   Forestry   Exhibit 1488 

Tree  Stands  There,  For  Them  a 1268 

Tree  Stems,  Oddities  in— Eliza  F.  Andrews 1476 

Tree,  The  Wishing — J.  R.  Simmons 1205 

Trees  and  the  Highways — Philip  P.  Sharpies 1415 

Trees  as  Wireless  Towers 1058 

Trees  for  Memorials 779 

Trees  Grow,  When— J.  S.  Illick 1386 

Terms  Used  in  Farm  Forestry 1342 

Terns,  The  Gulls  and— A.  A.  Allen 1291 

The  Federal  Income  Tax  and  the  Forest  Industries — David 

T.    Mason ; 1469 

Thunder    Mountain — Henry    S.   Graves 907 

Timber   Census    in   the   North-Eastern   States,   The — A.    B. 

Recknagel   792 

Timber  Cruising — P.   L.  Lyford 1482 

Timber    in    the    Eastern    Pyrenees,    Scouting    for — R.    Y. 

Stuart    1193 

Timber,  Mexico  As  a  Source  of — Austin  F.  MacDonald...   1361 

Tortoise  of   Florida,  The— R.  W.   Shufeldt 1465 

Towers,  Trees   as   Wireless 1058 

Training  in  Forestry,  The  National  Army  and — James  W. 

Tourney    816 


Transplanting   Large   Trees 

Travels  of  an  English  Christmas  Tree— Clara  L.  West...! 

Tree,  Church  Built  from  one— H-  E.  Zimmerman 

Trees   in   1920,   Memorial   (Pictorial)....*. 

Trees,   Memorial 

Trees  Planted  For  Soldiers  and  Sailors,  Memorial 

Trees,  The  Service  of  the— poem  by  W.  R.  Benet 

Tri-State   Forestry   Conference 

Trenton's  Bird  House  Building  Contest— M.  M.  Burris ! 

Turtle.     Mandrakes,  Wild  Lupine  and  Notes  on  the  Ameri- 
can  Snapping— R.   W.   Shufeldt 

Tussock  Moth  Caterpillar  Campaign— M.  M.  Burris ', 

Twentieth  Engineers  (Forestry) 

Organization  of  

Record  of  Development  and  Production 

Employment    Application    Sheet 

The   Welfare    Fund ,, 

Uncle  Sam,  Lumberman,  Canal  Zone— W.  H.  Babbitt 

Uses  of  the  Brazil-Nut  Tree— C.  H.  Pearson ..." 

Various  Parasitic  Plants ;  With  an  Owl  Story— R.  W   Shu- 
feldt    

Vehicle  Manufacture,  Wood  Used  in— Hu  Maxwell 

Versatility   of  Wood 

Victory  Gardens  !— Charles  Lathrop  Pack 

Vocation,  Forestry  as  a— H.  H.  Chapman 

Wales,  The  Forestry  Situation  in  New  South 

Walks  in  the  Woods— J.  Otis  Swift ., 

The  Nepperhan  Valley  in  Winter  Time 

"Around  Robin  Hood's  Barn,"  to  the  Grassy  Sprain 

Wood 

Along    the    Croton    Aqueduct— With    Washington 

Irving     

Walnuts  for  Planting,  Gather 

War  and  After.     Forest  Research  In  the— Earle  H.  Clapp. '. 

War,   French   Forests  in  the— Barrington   Moore 

War  Service  of  the  American  Forestry  Association 

War's    Destruction    of    British    Forests— Percival    Sheldon 
Ridsdale     


Washington's   First   Memorial   Tree. 


Waterfowl,  The— A.  A.  Allen 

Water  Supply,  National  Forests  and— Samuel  T.  Dana 

Weeks  Law  Policy,  The 

Welfare  Fund,  The 

What  "They  Say" .' .'.  1016 ;   1375 ; 

When  Trees  Grow — J.   S.  Illick 

Why    and    How    Some    Forest    Fires    Occur 

Why-  Not  a  Secretary  of  Forestry? — F.  W.  Rane 

Why  We  Need  More  Forest  Research   (Editorial)... 

Why  Wood  is  Best— Alfred  Gaskill 

Williams  of  the  Forestry  Units,  A  Letter  from  Chaplain 

Winter,  Care  for  the  Birds   in 

Wireless  Phone  in  Forest  Work 

Wireless    Towers,    Trees    as 

Wishing  Tree,  The — J.  R.  Simmons 

Wood  by  Weight,  Sell  Fuel 

Wood,   Floors   Made   of — Hu    Maxwell 

Wood   for   Fuel,   Cutting 

Wood  is  Best,  Why— Alfred  Gaskill ,..., 

Wood  Used  in  Vehicle  Manufacture — Hu  Maxwell 

Wood,  Uses  of — Hu  Maxwell 

Wooden   Artificial    Limbs 

Wood  Used  in  Vehicle  Manufacture 

Fencing  Materials   from   Forests 

Wooden  Boats  and  Their  Manufacture 

Wood  Used  in  the  Cooperage  Industry 

Floors   Made   of   Wood 

Wood,  Versatility  of 

Wooden  Artificial   Limbs — Hu   Maxwell 

Wooden  Boats  and  Their  Manufacture — Hu  Maxwell 

Wooden  Ships    

"Wye  Mills  Oak"  The— H.  S.  Clopper 


Page 

1198 
1523 
1450 
1537 
1201 

913 
1467 
1565 

859 

995 
1217 

1110 
1111 
1160 
1163 
1265 
782 

937 

845 
1567 

771 
1075 

8G2 

853 

1009 

1066 

792 

947 

1113 

1158 

1027 

984 

931 
1507 
1586 
1163 
1426 
1386 
1354 
1546 
1237 

991 

885 

781 
1375 
1058 
1205 
1012 
1343 
1536 

991 

845 

807 

845 

923 

973 
1208 
1343 
1567 

807 

973 

888 
1482 


Woodland  Development  Under  the  Smith-Lever  Act,  The 

Possibilities  of— C.  R.  Tillotson 785 


/I  I 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

THE     MAGAZINE     OF    THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


July  1919    Vol.  25 


CONTENTS 


No.  307 

iiiiiiinin 


JMM 

K  •   ,'-  r*&&  *'  v'  s^™ 

1  i 

^0'    fp<f*~           >^   J*«t'*.*2i 

1^ 

- 

1*    t*' 

A  BEAUTY  SPOT  ON  LAKE  TAHOE 

This    is    a    typical    road,    lake    and    mountain    scene    in    the 
wonderful   Tahoe  country   in   Nevada. 


Foresters  and  Lumbermen  Home  From  France — By  D.  T.  Mason  and 

P.  S.  Ridsdale 1187 

With  nine  illustrations. 

Scouting  for  Timber  in  the  Eastern  Pyrenees — By  R.  Y.  Stuart 1193 

With  five  illustrations. 

Transplanting   Large  Trees 1198 

Canadian  Forestry  Corps  Work  in  France^By  Roland  Hill 1199 

With  two  illustrations. 
Memorial  Trees    1201 

With  three  illustrations. 

National  Honor  Roll — Memorial  Trees 1204 

The  Wishing  Tree— By  J.  R.  Simmons 1205 

With  one  illustration. 

Photographing  Forests  From  the  Air — By  Lieut.  Lewis 1206 

With  two  illustrations. 

University  of  Minnesota  Offers  Course  in  Lumber  Uses 1207 

The  Uses  of  Wood — Wood  Used  in  the  Cooperage  Industry — By  Hu 

Maxwell 1208 

With  nineteen  illustrations. 

Tussock  Moth  Caterpillar  Campaign — By  M.  M.  Burris 1217 

With  three  illustrations. 

Forest  Investigation   1218 

Paid  in  Full— By  C.  H.  Shattuck 1219 

With  one  illustration. 

A  Garden  of  the  Brave — Poem  by  Vilda  Sauvage  Owens 1220 

More  Airplane  Patrols  for  National  Forests 1220 

The   Roosevelt  Redwood 1220 

Insects  in  Their  Relation  to  Forestry— By  R.  W.  Shufeldt 1221 

With  seven  illustrations. 

Gathering  the  Spinulose  Shield  Fern— By  Frank  B.  Tucker 1226 

With  five  illustrations. 

The  Herons— By  A.  A.  Allen 1229 

With  fifteen  illustrations. 

Scotch  Lumber  Cut  by  New  England  Mills 1235 

Editorial:     Why  We  Need  More  Forest  Research 1237 

Seaplanes  to  Be  Used  for  Forest  Fire  Patrol  Work  in  Quebec — By 

Ellwood  Wilson 1238 

Book  Reviews   , 1240 

Canadian  Department — By  Ellwood  Wilson 1241 

Protect  Locust  Trees  From  Borers 1243 

Airplane  Patrol  in  National  Forests 1244 

Current  Literature   1245 

Lecture  on  Historic  Trees 1247 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  December  24,  1909,  at  the  Postoffice  at  Washington, 
under  the  act  of  March  3,  1879.  Copyright,  1919,  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 
Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  nrovided  for  in  Section  1103,  Act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  July  11,  1918. 


A  VIEW  OF  THE  TOWN  OF  QUILLAN,  EASTERN  PYRENEES,  WHICH    MAJOR    STUART    DECLARES    IS    THE    HOME    OF    THE 
A  \lfc\\   ut    int.   iuw»  ^RE«,CH  COqKS  and  of  a  HiGH  grade  of  pate  DES  FOIE  GRAS  (PAGE  1193) 


BEST 


THE   ENTRANCE  OF  THE    RIVICR    A>   HI 


NEAR  QUILLAN,   EASTERN   PYRENEES,  INTO  THE  GORGE  WHICH 
ITSELF  EN  ROUTE  TO  THE  SEA  (PAGE  1193) 


IT  HAS  CARVED   FOR 


pillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllW 

I  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  I 


VOL.  XXV  JULY,  1919 

W,         IlilllllllllllilllM 


NO.  307 

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii 

FORESTERS  AND  LUMRERMEN  HOME 


FROM  FRANCE 


BY  MAJOR  DAVID  T.  MASON,  20th  ENGINEERS  (FORESTRY) 

AND 
PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  EDITOR  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE 


PRACTICALLY  all  of  the  foresters  and  lumbermen 
sent  to  France  as  members  of  the  Twentieth  En- 
gineers (Forestry)  have  returned  home  and  been 
discharged  from  the  service.  They  came  back  with  the 
knowledge  that  they  accomplished  the  job  which  was 
given  them,  that  of  supplying  the  United  States  Army 
with  all  the  lumber  and  fuel  wood  it  required,  in  a  man- 
ner which  won  the  admiration  of  all  who  know  of  the 
unceasing  demands  made  upon  them  and  of  the  difficul- 
ties which  they  had  to  overcome.  They  worked  with  the 
spirit  which  wins  success  and  they  return  with  an  expe- 
rience and  a  training  which  will  greatly  increase  their 
ability  and  render  them  much  more  capable  than  they 
ever  were  before  of  doing  whatever  work  is  assigned  to 
them. 

The  men  who  before  the  war  were  employed  by  the 
Forest  Service  will  return  to  the  Service  in  the  same 


or  better  positions,  those  who  gave  up  jobs  with  lumber 
companies  learn  that  their  jobs  or  better  ones  are  waiting 
for  them,  and  men  of  other  vocations  who  joined  the 
forestry  and  lumber  regiment  will  have  no  difficulty  in 
obtaining  work,  for  their  two  years'  training  in  France 
has  made  them  better  men  in  every  way. 

The  first  of  these  forest  and  lumber  troops  arrived  in 
France  in  October,  1917.  The  units  comprised  approxi- 
mately twelve  hundred  men.  By  the  end  of  the  month 
the  several  detachments  into  which  the  regiment  was 
divided  were  at  work  in  forests  in  eastern,  southwestern, 
northwestern  and  central  France.  During  the  long  wait 
for  the  sawmill  equipment  there  was  much  preliminary 
work  to  be  done,  such  as  establishing  camps,  building 
roads,  cutting  and  decking  logs.  A  number  of  small 
French  mills  were  leased  or  bought  to  start  lumber  pro- 
duction.   The  other  units  began  to  arrive  at  their  stations 


MARITIME  PINE  LOGS  BEING  UNLOADED  FROM  NARROW  GAUGE  CARS  INTO  MILL  POND  IN  PINE  FORESTS  IN  SOUTHWESTERN 

FRANCE.     AMERICAN   20- M    MILL  IN    BACKGROUND 


1187 


1188 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


in  France  in  December,  1918,  and  there  was  a  steady  flow 
of  forest  and  lumber  troops  from  America  to  France 
until  by  midsummer,  1918,  there  were  about  eighteen 
thousand  Americans  at  work  in  the  French  forests. 
From  the  small  amount  of  timber  produced  at  first  the 
output  increased  rapidly  until  for  the  month  of  Septem- 
ber, 1918,  it  consisted  of  forty-two  million  feet  of  sawn 
material,  including  four  hundred  forty  thousand  railway 
ties,  of  thirty-six  hundred  pieces  of  piling  mostly  over 
fifty  feet  long,  of  five  hundred  sixty  thousand  poles  and 
of  thirty-eight  thousand  cords  of  fuel.  By  this  time 
there  were  eighty-one  American  sawmills  at  work.     But 


able  record  in  lumber  production.  At  Pontenx,  a  lumber 
camp  near  Bordeaux,  a  set  of  curves  showed  graphically 
just  what  each  shift  at  each  mill  accomplished  each  day  ; 
each  shift  and  each  mill  was  trying  for  the  high  record, 
and  the  palm  often  changed  hands.  High  monthly  rec- 
ords were  more  prized  than  high  daily  records.  To  keep 
up  the  interest  between  districts  in  which  the  lumber- 
jacks were  working,  the  central  office  of  the  regiment 
at  Tours  sent  out  each  month  the  records  for  each  of 
the  eighty-one  American  mills  finally  operating  in 
France. 

The  best  single  day  record  is  that  of  the  twenty-M 


INTERIOR   OF  AN    AMERICAN    SAW    MILL    IN    FRANCE,    SHOWING  ONE  OF  THE  LOG  CARRIERS  WHICH  THE  FRENCH   CHILDREN 

NEVER  TIRED  OF  WATCHING 


still  the  prospective  timber  demands  of  the  ever  increas- 
ing American  Army  were  not  fully  assured,  and  when 
the  armistice  brought  fighting  to  an  end  in  November 
work  was  well  under  way  in  the  United  States  to  more 
than  double  the  number  of  forestry  troops  in  France,  and 
units  amounting  to  twenty-four  thousand  men  were  being 
organized. 

Americans  never  work  so  happily  and  effectively  as 
when  they  make  a  game  of  the  job  and  compete  with 
some  one  else  or  some  other  group  doing  the  same  sort 
of  work.  This  characteristic  helped  win  the  war  by 
driving  more  rivets  and  building  ships  faster  than  such 
work  had  been  done  before ;  it  helped  in  France  building 
warehouses,  unloading  vessels  and  in  reducing  salients ; 
it  was  a  valuable  asset  in  the  forest  operations  of  the 
Twentieth  Engineers  (Forestry),  which  made  a  remark- 


mill  at  Levier  in  the  Vosges.  This  mill,  which  had  been 
overhauled  and  improved  somewhat,  cut  163,000  feet 
in  twenty-four  hours.  The  many  other  good  records 
made  by  American  mills  in  other  parts  of  France,  as 
well  as  the  many  different  types  of  forest  encountered 
and  the  different  methods  of  operation  will  make  the  his- 
tory of  the  Twentieth  Engineers  an  exceedingly  inter- 
esting one. 

Before  the  work  of  the  lumber  regiment  was  well 
under  way  in  the  Landes  a  few  small  political  clouds 
appeared  momentarily  in  the  sky.  Timber  was  being 
acquired  rapidly,  but  under  the  policy  that  not  more  than 
one  year's  cut  would  be  bought  ahead  of  any  single  mill ; 
the  delay  in  the  arrival  of  equipment  made  it  look  for 
a  time  as  though  the  regiment  would  fall  far  behind  the 
program ;  some  of  the  French  were  skeptical  of  the  abil- 


FORESTERS   AND   LUMBERMEN    HOME    FROM    FRANCE 


1189 


A   LARGE  LOAD  OF  MARITIME  PINE  LOGS  OX  AN  AMERICAN  MOTOR   TRUCK  IN   SOUTHWESTERN   FRANCE 


ity  of  the  mills  to  cut  even  as  much  as  the  rated  capacity. 
Peasants  dependent  upon  the  resin  industry  were  fright- 
ened for  fear  that  the  Americans  would  destroy  their 
means  of  livelihood  by  cutting  too  much  timber.  Timber 
merchants  who  hoped  to  sell  timber  to  the  Americans 
at  fabulous  prices  were  having  their  toes  pinched  by  that 
effective  steam  roller — the  requisition — which  took  the 
timber  required  at  a  reasonable  price  fixed  by  the  French 
forest  officers.  Complaints  were  heard  in  the  French 
Chamber  of  Deputies  (corresponding  to  the  Congress  of 


the  United  States).  The  officers  of  the  regiment  were 
reminded  of  the  early  days  of  the  Forest  Service  in 
America,  when  certain  senators  and  congressmen  were 
accustomed  to  make  the  most  wild  and  ridiculous  state- 
ments in  the  halls  of  Congress  about  the  work  of  the 
Forest  Service.  Among  the  alleged  acts  of  the  Ameri- 
cans were  the  devastating  of  enormous  areas  of  timber 
land  by  unrestricted  cutting,  the  clearing  of  camp  sites 
by  the  use  of  fire  which  escaped  and  ran  for  miles,  and 
other  equally  indefensible  acts.    One  of  the  chief  mourn- 


.  20th  REGIMENT  MEN  TRANSPORTING  LOGS,  BY  MEANS  OF  "BIG  WHEELS,"  TO  THE  BANK  OF  THE  COURANT  RIVER,  AUREILHAN 

OPERATION,  NEAR  PONTENX,  LANDES,  FRANCE 


1190 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


ers  was  a  timber  merchant  from  Landes.  The  Minister 
of  Agriculture  agreed  to  send  his  Inspector  General  of 
Forests  to  look  into  the  troubles. 

The  Inspector  General  and  a  party  of  French  forest 
officers  arrived  at  Pontenx  to  visit  the  American  opera- 
tions. They  went  over  the  ground  carefully,  but  found 
no  evidences  of  ruthless  devastation.  They  found  that 
fire  had  been  carefully  controlled,  that  the  methods  of 
cutting  the  forest  followed  absolutely  those  employd  by 
the  French.  They  were  much  interested  in  the  work  of 
driving  the  Courant  River,  and  especially  in  the  scheme 


camps;  the  kitchen  was  reached  just  in  time  to  see  the 
cook  take  a  big  batch  of  fine  brown  cookies  from  the 
oven;  the  hot  cookies  were  greatly  enjoyed,  for  such 
things  were  then  forbidden  in  French  civil  life.  A  loaf 
of  white  bread,  practically  unknown  in  France  for  three 
years,  was  given  to  the  Inspector  General ;  this  was  a 
most  acceptable  gift  and  was  very  pleasantly  received. 
After  this  visit  no  more  complaints  of  American  methods 
were  heard. 

The  French  sawmills,  several  of  which  were  leased  or 
bought  for  American  use  during  the  first  few  months 


CANAL  AND   CAR   BRINGING   LOGS  UP  TO  THE   HOIST  INTO  TH 
k  LANDES, 

of  drying  out  the  trees  in  advance,  for  apparently  the 
practice  of  driving  loose  logs  was  unknown  in  the 
streams  of  France.  The  larger  mills  were  cutting  at  a 
rate  astonishing  to  the  French,  for  they  were  even 
greatly  exceeding  the  regiment's  own  expectations.  The 
mechanical  ingenuity,  the  power,  and  the  rapidity  with 
which  logs  were  reduced  to  lumber  was  admired  by  the 
French.  They  shrugged  their  shoulders,  however,  at  the 
thick  circular  saws,  for  it  gave  them  real  pain  to  see  so 
much  of  their  precious  wood  going  into  sawdust ;  a  few 
moments,  later,  fortunately,  their  faces  brightened  when 
they  saw  the  sawdust  automatically  fed  into  the  "dutch 
ovens"  as  fuel,  for  the  French  are  accustomed  to  drive 
their  sawmills  by  power  secured  from  the  valuable  slabs 
and  edgings  while  the  sawdust  is  generally  a  total  loss. 
A  little  later  the  party  was  shown  through  one  of  our 


E  AUREILHAN   MILL  OF  THE  20th   ENGINEERS   NEAR   PONTEXX. 
FRANCE 

after  the  regiment  reached  France,  were  objects  of  con- 
siderable curiosity  to  Americans.  Although  a  few  of 
these  mills  are  housed  in  permanent  brick  buildings  in 
connection  with  turpentine  stills,  the  typical  mill  of  the 
region  was  a  very  portable  affair  readily  moved  about 
from  one  small  cutting  area  to  another.  Usually  the 
main  saw,  which  is  frequently  the  only  saw,  is  a  very 
thin,  narrow  band  saw ;  sometimes  a  thin  circular  saw  is 
used  instead.  The  short  logs,  ten  feet  or  less' in  length, 
are  placed  by  hand  on  the  light  saw  carriage ;  a  crank 
turned  by  hand  feeds  the  log  against  the  saw.  The  lum- 
ber is  edged  on  a  very  small,  light  carriage,  which  runs 
past  the  opposite  side  of  the  band  saw  from  that  on 
which  the  log  is  sawn ;  the  board  is  held  down  on  the 
edger  carriage  by  a  hook  at  one  end  and  by  the  hand 
of  the  operator  at  the  other.     Generally  no  trimming  is 


FORESTERS   AND   LUMBERMEN    HOME   FROM    FRANCE 


1101 


done.  One  of  the  mill  hands  carries  the  sawdust  away 
in  a  basket.  The  mill  is  operated  by  a  ten  or  twelve 
horse  power  engine.  Ordinarily  about  four  people  are 
employed  at  such  a  mill,  and  they  produce  from  two  to 
three  thousand  feet  of  lumber  per  day.  Many  of  the 
workers  are  women.  In  the  woods,  the  logs  are  usually 
cut  in  lengths  less  than  ten  feet  long  to  facilitate  handling 
them  at  the  mill  and  loading  them  upon  the  two-wheel 
carts  which  haul  them  to  the  mill.  The  logs  are  peeled 
in  the  woods  and  are  given  a  chance  to  dry  out  to  some 
extent ;  this  lightens  the  logs  for  handling  and  also 
makes  sawing  easier. 

An  American  notes  at  once  the  close  utilization  of  the 
timber  and  the  large  amount  of  human  rather  than  me- 
chanical labor  used  in  French  operations.    The  very  high 


which  can  be  worked  hard  and  forced  to  yield  a  large 
daily  production ;  and  these  were  days  when  a  big  output 
was  wanted,  even  at  the  cost  of  some  raw  material. 

The  first  American  mill  to  operate  in  the  Landes  was 
a  ten-M  mill  which  started  sawing  lumber  at  the  Bellevue 
camp  on  the  last  day  of  1917.  In  addition  to  the  head, 
saw,  this  mill  was  equipped  with  edger  and  trim  saws ; 
there  was  a  blower  to  remove  the  sawdust.  When  this 
mill  caught  its  stride  it  cut  an  average  of  twenty-seven 
thousand  feet  of  lumber  in  the  two  ten-hour  shifts.  Its 
record  cut  was  thirty-nine  thousand  seven  hundred  feet 
in  one  twenty-hour  day.  One  night  an  accident  to  the 
engine  stopped  the  mill ;  fortunately  there  was  available 
a  French  engine  with  just  about  enough  power  to  operate 
the  head  saw ;  this  engine  was  placed  at  the  end  of  the 


MAI 


;e  logs  decked  at  a  m-m  American  mill  in  the  sand  dune  country  of  southwestern  France 


timber  values  and  the  low  labor  costs  account  for  this 
situation.  Just  before  the  war,  the  French  forest  laborer, 
if  a  man,  received  from  sixty  cents  to  a  dollar  twenty 
cents,  depending  upon  his  skill,  for  ten  to  eleven  hours' 
work  per  day;  he  lived  at  home  and  furnished  his  own 
food.  The  rate  of  pay  for  women  was  much  lower.  Dur- 
ing the  war  a  muleteer  was  locally  considered  a  "veri- 
table millionaire;"  he  demanded  three  dollars  and  a  half 
for  a  day's  work  for  himself,  his  team  of  mules  and  cart, 
whereas  before  he  had  received  only  half  as  much. 

The  sawmills  manufactured  in  the  United  States  and 
sent  to  France  for  the  use  of  the  forest  troops  were  in 
three  standard  sizes ;  the  bolter  mill  for  small,  short  logs 
had  a  capacity  of  five  thousand  feet  of  lumber  in  ten 
hours;  the  "ten-M"  mill  had  a  rated  capacity  of  ten 
thousand  feet  in  ten  hours ;  and  the  "twenty-M"  mill  was 
designed  to  cut  twenty  thousand  feet  in  a  ten  hour  shift. 
All  of  these  mills  used  circular  saws,  which  cut  a  far 
heavier  saw  curf  than  the  French  mills;  it  is  charac- 
teristic of  Americans  to  use  strong,  heavy   machinery 


mill,  the  belt  was  run  across  the  log  deck  to  the  driving 
pulley  of  the  head  saw,  and  the  mill  went  merrily  on  for 
several  days,  until  the  regular  engine  was  repaired,  cut- 
ting and  edging  eighteen  thousand  feet  of  lumber  per 
day  on  the  head  saw.  When  this  mill  finally  ran  out  of 
timber,  the  orders  were  to  move  it  to  a  tract  of  timber 
at  Sabres,  a  place  twenty-five  miles  away ;  it  was  con- 
sidered that  five  days  was  a  reasonable  time  within  which 
to  make  the  move ;  but  by  careful  planning  and  organiza- 
tion, this  mill  was  sawing  lumber  once  more  at  Sabres 
forty-seven  hours  after  the  sawdust  stopped  flying  at 
Bellevue. 

The  parts  for  the  twenty-M  mills  arrived  more  slowly 
and  it  took  more  time  to  build  them  than  in  the  case  of 
the  smaller  mills.  The  twenty-M  mill  at  Labroquette, 
near  Pontenx,  was  the  first  in  its  class  to  operate  in 
France.  Two  other  mills  of  this  size  at  Bourricos  and 
Aureilhan  completed  the  Pontenx  group  of  mills.  April 
1,  1918,  was  the  first  day  upon  which  all  four  of  the  mills 
of    the    district    operated    double    shift ;    on    that    day 


1192 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


they  cut  one  hundred  sixty  thousand  feet  of  lumber. 
The  Aureilhan  operation  was,  on  account  of  the 
variety  of  methods  involved,  perhaps  the  most  interest- 
ing of  any  which  Americans  conducted  in  the  Landes. 
The  timber  tributary  to  this  mill  lay  partly  in  the  sand 
dunes  near  the  coast  and  partly  on  flat,  sandy  ground 
further  inland.  After  the  timber  was  felled  and  cut  into 
logs,  much  of  it  was  moved  by  big  wheels,  bummers  or 
trucks  direct  to  the  Courant  River;  the  more  remote 
dune  timber  was  delivered  to  a  narrow  gauge  railway, 
upon  which  horse-drawn  cars  transported  the  logs  to 
the  river.    The  logs  were  then  driven  down  the  river  for 


Aureilhan  Lake  is  a  pretty  little  sheet  of  water  five 
or  six  square  miles  in  area.  It  was  formed  only  a  few 
generations  ago  when  the  sand  dunes  blocked  the  river 
channel.  It  is  said  that  the  ancient  village  of  Aureilhan 
was  buried  in  the  lake.  The  Aureilhan  mill  was  set  near 
the  edge  of  the  lake,  and  a  small  canal  was  dug  to  bring 
the  logs  to  the  mill  during  the  low  water  stage.  The  mill 
was  connected  with  the  French  railway  system  by  a  spur 
about  a  half  mile  long.  Immediately  after  it  was  sawed 
most  of  the  product  of  the  mill  was  placed  in  cars  for 
shipment. 

The  Bourricos  mill,  to  which  the  logs  were  delivered 


A  TIE  MILL  OF  THE  20th   ENGINEERS 


about  four  miles,  caught  in  a  boom  at  the  point  where 
the  river  flows  into  Aureilhan  Lake,  and  towed  across 
the  lake  to  the  mill.  The  maritime  pine  is  so  pitchy, 
sappy  and  heavy  that  there  was  some  doubt  at  first  as  to 
whether  the  logs  would  float;  a  few  logs  tested  showed 
that  they  would  float,  but  they  rode  so  low  in  the  water 
that  special  measures  were  taken  to  reduce  the  weight ; 
several  months  before  the  logs  were  needed  at  the  mill, 
the  trees  were  felled  and  left  for  some  time  with  their 
branches  attached ;  the  leaves  continued  to  function,  and 
so  drew  much  of  the  water  out  of  the  stems  of  the  trees. 
The  stream  driving  had  to  be  very  carefully  handled, 
for  with  the  loose  sand  bottom  and  banks  there  was  con- 
siderable danger  that  if  jams  were  formed  the  water 
running  past  would  scour  out  large  amounts  of  sand 
and  form  shallows  below. 


by  a  narrow  gauge  logging  railway,  was  set  so  near  the 
French  railway  that  only  a  short  loading  spur  was 
needed.  In  the  case  of  the  Bellevue  and  Labroquette 
mills,  however,  it  was  necessary  to  build  about  four  miles 
of  narrow  gauge  railway  to  deliver  their  product  at  the 
Pontenx  shipping  yard,  where  it  was  loaded  upon  the 
broad  gauge  cars  for  final  shipment.  This  narrow  gauge 
line  ran  along  the  main  street  of  Pontenx;  the  villagers 
no  doubt  cursed  it  many  times,  for  it  was  operated  day 
and  night  to  keep  the  mill  yards  clear,  and  the  trainmen 
took  fiendish  delight  in  blowing  the  whistle  of  the 
dinkey  locomotive  when  most  people  wanted  to  sleep. 
At  one  time  for  several  days,  while  the  locomotive  was 
broken  down,  motor  trucks  were  used  to  tow  the  trains 
of  lumber  in  from  the  mills. 

During  the  early   stages  of  the  Pontenx  operations 


SCOUTING   FOR  TIMBER  IN  THE  EASTERN  PYRENEES 


1193 


there  was  such  difficulty  in  getting  cars  in  which  to  ship 
the  product  that  a  considerable  amount  of  storage  space 
seemed  necessary ;  the  Pontenx  shipping  yard  was  there- 
fore laid  out  with  a  capacity  of  about  three  million  feet 
of  lumber.  Although  about  a  million  feet  did  accumu- 
late in  the  yard  soon  after  the  large  mills  began  to 
operate,  a  more  plentiful  supply  of  main  line  cars  soon 
reduced  the  stock.  No  attempt  was  made  to  grade,  dry 
or  surface  the  product ;  the  market  was  all  that  an  Ameri- 
can lumberman  could  imagine  in  his  rosiest  dreams ;  the 
army  wanted  more  than  could  be  supplied.  The  ship- 
ments from  Pontenx  consisted  principally  of  sawn  rail- 
way ties,  road  plank,  lumber,  piling,  and  fuel  wood.  In 
the  Pontenx  yard,  a  loading  crane  was  constructed  which 
did  effective  work  in  lifting  fifteen  hundred  to  two  thou- 
sand feet  of  lumber  or  timber  from  the  narrow  gauge 
direct  into  the  main  line  cars.  The  French  freight  car 
of  standard  size  holds  ten  tons,  or  about  five  thousand 
feet  of  the  green  maritime  pine  lumber;  this  is  only  about 
one-fifth  of  the  amount  of  lumber  ordinarily  loaded  in 
an  American  freight  car. 

At  one  time  while  railway  cars  were  still  scarce,  a 
fleet  of  more  than  one  hundred  motor  trucks  was  as- 
signed to  the  work  of  hauling  lumber  from  the  mills  in 
the  Landes  to  a  point  near  Bordeaux;  a  three-ton  truck 
would  do  the  work  of  a  standard  freight  car,  for  whereas 
the  motor  truck  made  a  one  hundred  or  a  one  hundred 
twenty  mile  round  trip  in  a  day  the  freight  car  would 
take  several  days  to  deliver  its  load  near  Bordeaux  and 
to  return  to  Pontenx. 

The  branch  line  railway  upon  which  the  Pontenx  and 
Mimizan  groups  of  operations  were  located  served  eight 


American  mills  distributed  from  eight  to  thirty  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  main  line  railway  through  the 
Landes.  The  American  traffic  on  the  branch  line,  which 
grew  to  seventy  or  eighty  cars  of  lumber  and  other  forest 
products  per  day,  soon  greatly  exceeded  the  French  use 
of  the  line.  Several  rather  antiquated  locomotives  were 
hired  from  the  French,  and  American  train  crews 
handled  the  American  products  as  far  as  the  main  line 
junction  point. 

One  of  the  serious  problems  of  the  Pontenx  operation 
was  the  disposal  of  the  great  quantities  of  slabs  and 
edgings  which  rapidly  accumulated  at  the  mills.  In 
France  no  one  would  think  of  sending  such  material  to 
be  burned  on  a  refuse  pile,  as  is  so  commonly  done  in 
America.  The  army  needed  enormous  amounts  of  fuel ; 
the  problem  was  not  that  of  finding  a  market,  but  of 
securing  labor  to  handle  the  material  and  cars  in  which 
to  make  shipments.  A  blast  furnace  and  iron  foundry, 
which  had  been  in  operation  for  one  hundred  twenty 
years  at  Pontenx,  was  working  at  capacity  to  produce 
shells  for  the  Allied  armies.  This  plant  needed  a  lot  of 
charcoal  and  wood,  much  of  which  it  was  shipping  in  by 
rail  for  considerable  distances.  A  satisfactory  deal  was 
arranged  with  this  company,  under  the  terms  of  which 
the  Americans  obtained  a  splendid  tract  of  standing  tim- 
ber, and  the  munitions  company  received  all  of  the  fuel 
wood  in  tops  and  branches  remaining  from  the  logging 
operations,  and  all  of  the  slabs  and  edgings  not  needed 
for  local  consumption.  The  company  furnished  all  of 
the  labor  to  handle  the  material,  part  of  which  was  made 
into  charcoal  before  it  was  hauled  to  the  munitions  plant. 


SCOUTING  FOR  TIMBER  IN  THE  EASTERN  PYRENEES 


BY  MAJOR  R.  Y.  STUART,  20th  ENGINEERS  (FORESTRY) 


THE  general  American  impression  of  French  forests 
is  that  they  are  like  American  parks  in  appearance 
and  that  their  products  are  so  readily  accessible  for 
transportation  and  utilization  as  to  give  value  to  the 
smallest  twig.  This  idea  is  not  unfounded  since  in  most 
parts  of  France  these  conditions  are  representative.  One 
is  apt  particularly  to  reach  this  conclusion  if  he  does 
not  leave  the  usual  course  in  rail  and  road  travel.  But 
there  are  parts  of  the  country,  devoted  to  tree  growth, 
which  are  less  accessible  and  sustained  a  greater  shake 
up  in  formation  than  those  more  usually  seen  by  the 
tourist.  Units  of  the  20th  Engineers  operated  in  parts 
of  the  Vosges,  Jura  and  Central  Plateau  that  brought  to 
their  minds  vivid  memories  of  overhead  skidders  and 
donkey  engines  employed  on  their  last  jobs  in  the  States, 
methods  which  permit  ready  handling  of  the  products 
and  large  outputs  but  not  recognized  in  France  as  suit- 
able companions  for  forest  protection. 

As  the  demand  for  timber  among  the  Allies  increased  it 
became  necessary  to  investigate  the  situation  in  every  part 
of  the  country  regardless  of  the  question  of  accessibility, 


which,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  a  relative  factor.  Lack- 
ing boats  and  other  transportation  to  bring  timber  to 
France  every  available  tract  became  a  prospective  operat- 
ing chance.  Tracts  which  previously  had  been  passed 
up  as  too  inaccessible  or  difficult  to  exploit  loomed  large 
as  possibilities  within  which  to  place  a  mill  and  crew. 
Any  job  that  was  practicable  from  an  operating  stand- 
point was  booked  for  a  coming  forestry  engagement. 
Opportunities  of  their  kind  were  not  lacking  in  that  the 
Americans  having  been  late  comers  and  bearing  a  repu- 
tation for  tackling  difficult  industrial  problems  brought 
up  for  consideration  as  logging  chances  tracts  which  were 
accumulating  surplus  growing  stock  on  account  of  their 
relative  inaccessibility. 

It  had  been  determined  by  preliminary  inquiry  and  in- 
vestigation that  there  were  some  excellent  stands  of 
timber  in  the  Pyrenees,  the  Aude  and  Tarn,  and  the  Alps 
regions,  but  their  general  location  in  relation  to  the  points 
of  use  made  them  unattractive  so  long  as  the  mills  and 
men  available  could  be  kept  engaged  in  more  accessible 
operating  centers.     The   rate   at   which   the   Americans 


1194 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


QUILLAN.  AUDE,  IN  THE  EASTERN   PYRENEES.     THIS  IS  A  GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  TOWN  AND  THE  TIMBER  DENUDED  HILLS 
NEAR  IT.     THERE  IS,  HOWEVER,  A  LARGE  SUPPLY  OF  GOOD  TIMBER  A  SHORT  DISTANCE  FROM  THE  T0\V.\ 


landed  and  added  to  the  already  large  demand  for  timber 
in  the  summer  of  191 7  necessitated  further  and  more 
careful  consideration  of  these  and  other  outlying  regions 
as  operating  points.  Accordingly,  arrangements  were 
made  to  scout  for  prospects  throughout  all  of  the  South- 
ern Departments.  To  Captain  P.  A.  Wilson,  an  exper- 
ienced British  Columbia  logger  and  mill  man,  and  the 
writer  was  assigned  the  mission  of  covering  the  Depart- 
ments adjoining  the  Mediterranean  from  Toulouse,  east 
to  the  Italian  line. 

The  most  interesting  prospect  reported  was  on  the 
Espezel  Plateau,  near  Quillan,  Aude.  Captain  R.  C.  Hall 
had  been  in  that  section  in  the  early  spring  on  a  prelimi- 
nary reconnaissance  from  which  it  had  been  determined 
that  the  question  was  not  whether  the  timber  was  there 
but  rather  whether  it  could  be  gotten  out.  Quillan 
is  snugly  situated  on  either  bank  of  the  Aude  River, 
a  short  distance  from  its  entrance  into  the  gorge 
which  it  had  carved  for  itself  en  route  to  the  sea. 
From  the  town,  surrounded  by  massive  ranges,  the 
timber  situation  did  not  look  promising,  but  we  were 
assured  by  the  townsfolk  that  the  prospect  lay  on  the 
plateau  above  Quillan. 

A  climb  of  1,500  feet  in  7  miles  with  an  average  grade 
of  4  per  cent  and  numerous  hairpin  turns  did  not  brighten 
our  hopes  of  making  a  find.  From  the  edge  of  the 
plateau  one  secured  a  general  view  of  the  timber  pos- 
sibilities. Bounding  the  Espezel  Valley  were  extensive 
ranges  well  timbered  and  apparently  directly  accessible 
from  the  valley  floor.  Our  automobile  indicator  regis- 
tered 22  kilometers  (14  miles)  from  Quillan,  the  nearest 
railroad   point,   whej»    we   reached   the   most   accessible 


range.  While  the  climb  to  the  plateau  and  the  distance 
to  the  shipping  point  continued  to  loom  large  in  our 
calculations  they  were  discounted  somewhat  when  we 
gave  attention  to  the  timber  itself.  Others  had  also  been 
impressed  with  the  seriousness  of  the  transportation 
factor  for  in  no  other  way  could  one  account  for  the 
retention  of  such  fine  stands  in  France.  On  the  ranges 
encircling  the  plateau  were  exceptionally  fine  bodies 
of  fir  suitable  in  size  and  quality  for  the  various  war 
demands,  including  large  products  such  as  piling  and 
structural  timbers,  so  difficult  to  secure.  We  learned  from 
the  French  foresters  that  a  cut  of  approximately  194,000 
cubic  meters  (48,500,000  feet  B.  M.)  could  be  secured 
from  the  State  Forests  in  the  group  in  strict  conformance 
with  the  customary  French  cutting  methods.  This  cut 
represents  roughly  the  yield  from  these  forests  for  four 
years.  To  an  American  forester  in  Army  khaki  visiting 
them  after  the  spring  drive  of  the  Boche  it  appeared  that 
a  cut  of  twice  the  amount  estimated  would  leave  the 
forests  well  prepared  to  supply  timber  against  the  needs 
from  future  Boche  onslaughts. 

The  trees  were  well  cleared  and  symmetrical,  ranging 
from  12  to  36  inches  in  diameter,  from  100  to  300  years 
in  age,  and  from  80  to  125  feet  in  height.  We  observed 
some  areas  which  would  cut  60,000  feet  B.  M.  to  the 
acre.  One  veteran  of  at  least  48  inches  in  diameter  and 
135  feet  in  height  was  gaudily  marked  with  a  wide  band 
of  red  paint,  a  mark  of  respect  to  his  age  and  size.  The 
Forest  Brigadier  expected  all  visitors  in  the  region  to  go 
and  see  it.  Some  fungus  and  unutilized  windfall,  which 
are  uncommon  in  French  forests,  were  observed.  Log- 
ging conditions  were  variable,  the  surface  varying  from 


SCOUTING   FOR  TIMBER  IN  THE  EASTERN  PYRENEES 


1195 


gentle  and  rock- free  to  boulder  strewn  and,  in  cases,  pre- 
cipitous slopes.  As  a  whole  it  was,  as  Captain  Wilson 
expressed  it  "Some  logging  chance." 

We  were  convinced  that  the  timber  was  there  but  the 
question  of  how  to  get  it  out  was  unanswered.  That 
this  could  be  done,  and  profitably,  was  evidenced  by  the 
fact  that  Spanish  civilian  contractors  were  hauling  out 
four  cubic  meter  (1,000  feet  B.  M.)  loads  of  logs  per 
trip  to  Quillan,  from  20  to  35  kilometers  (13  to  22  miles) 
distant,  at  from  25  to  35  francs  per  cubic  meter.  An 
average  of  two  trips  in  three  days  was  made,  giving  a 
return  of  approximately  $28  per  M  feet  B.  M.,  or  $19 
a  day.    A  pair  of  stout  oxen,  a  heavy  two-wheeled  French 


the  logs  from  stump  to  mill.  A  railroad  was  dismissed 
because  of  the  heavy  and  expensive  rock  work  entailed  in 
reaching  the  plateau  with  consequent  extended  period  of 
time  for  completion.  The  established  road  bed  was  too 
narrow  and  tortuous  to  permit  a  narrow  gauge  installation. 
There  was  no  favorable  location  for  an  incline,  such  an' 
artificial  arrangement  not  having  been  provided  for  by 
nature  in  forming  the  topography.  A  cable,  well  installed, 
would  work  to  advantage  if  cable  were  available,  but  cable 
was  as  scarce  in  France  as  bon-bons.  So  it  narrowed  down 
to  a  horse  job  for  the  woods  and  motor  trucks  for  the  haul 
to  the  railroad  point,  with  the  oxen  and  two-wheeled 
carts  as  a  reserve.    The  disappointment  of  the  writer  is 


SO    NARROW    IS    THE    GORGE    THROUGH    WHICH    FLOWS    THE     RIVER    AUDE,    NEAR    QUILLAN,    IN    THE    EASTERN    PYRENEES, 

THAT  THE  ROAD  HAD  TO  BE  TUNNELLED  THROUGH  THE  ROCK 


cart  and  plenty  of  "vin  rouge"  in  a  goat  skin  sack  con- 
stituted the  transportation  equipment.  At  first  blush  the 
method  seemed  antiquated  and  inefficient  but  after  observ- 
ing the  manoeuvring  of  animals  and  loads  through  and 
over  almost  impassable  places  for  stock  one  was  forced 
to  the  Ford  conclusion  that  "it  takes  you  there  and  gets 
you  back."  My  belief  was  that,  all  factors,  including  cut- 
ting restrictions,  considered,  a  copious  supply  of  oxen, 
two  wheeled  carts,  "vin  rouge"  and  select  Spanish  woods 
phrases  would  be  the  most  economical  transportation 
method  for  the  operation. 

The  American  mind  naturally  turns  to  machinery  to 
assist  in  meeting  engineering  problems  and  the  examiners 
in  this  instance  were  not  exceptions.  Railroad,  incline 
and  cable  were  all  considered  as  a  means  of  transporting 


that  he  could  not  have  seen  the  competition  which  would 
have  ensued  between  the  Spanish  and  American  con- 
testants for  the  road  and  capacity  loads. 

The  next  prospect  for  investigation  was  some  fir  timber 
on  the  State  Forests  of  Hares  and  Carcanet,  about  20 
miles  above  Axat  on  the  Aude  River.  One  follows  the 
gorge  previously  mentioned  in  reaching  these  forests 
from  Quillan  and  is  more  impressed  with  the  attractive- 
ness of  the  country  to  the  tourist  in  search  of  rushing 
streams  and  precipitous  slopes  than  to  the  timberman  in 
search  of  a  mill  prospect.  Our  earlier  experience,  how- 
ever, had  taught  us  to  reserve  our  decision  until  we  were 
actually  within  the  forest. 

The  Hares  and  Carcanet  were  not  so  desirable  as  the 
forests  in  the  Quillan  group,  but  to  those  in  need  of 


1196 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


timber  they  offered  the  opportunity  of  securing  excellent 
material.  The  French  foresters  estimated  that  under 
their  customary  methods  of  marking  for  the  type  a  cut 
of  86,000  M3  (34,000,000  feet,  B.  M.)  would  be  secured, 
representing  in  this  instance  a  cut  of  90  M3  per  hectare 
(9,000  feet,  B.  M.,  per  acre).  The  average  tree  approxi- 
mated 20  inches  in  diameter  and  70  feet  in  height,  and 
of  lower  quality  than  at  Quillan.  Defect  was  more 
noticeable.  The  surface  was  exceedingly  rough  and  uni- 
formly steep,  which,  with  a  lack  of  substantial  forest 
roads,  made  the  forests  very  questionable  for  operating 
except  under  war  conditions.  Some  patient  and  thrifty 
Frenchmen  were  engaged  in  hauling  logs  from  the  vicin- 


growth.  If  his  offer  was  in  good  faith  he  merits  the 
sympathy  of  his  countrymen ;  if  made  in  bad  faith  he  has 
since  learned  that  the  buying  of  timber  by  the  A.  E.  F. 
was  not  wholly  a  paper  transaction. 

We  learned  of  a  tract  of  mountain  pine  near  Mont 
Louis,  Pyrenees  Orientals,  reported  to  contain  from 
80,000  M3  to  100,000  M3.  Our  trip  to  the  tract  from 
Axat  was  not  without  interest  in  that  we  picked  up  two 
French  gendarmes  en  route  to  the  nearest  telephone,  12 
miles,  to  report  the  escape  of  two  Boche  prisoners,  who, 
presumably  with  a  Spanish  confederate,  were  headed  for 
the  border.  It  may  be  remarked  that  even  under  the 
favorable  chances  for  concealment  in  the  mountains  of 


ANOTHER  VIEW  OF  THE   TERRITORY  AROUND   QUILLAN,   IN   THE    EASTERN    PYRENEES. 

HIGH   PLATEAU  NEAR  THE  CITY 


THE    TIMBER    IS    MOSTLY    ON    THE 


ity  to  Axat  with  oxen,  making  two  trips  a  week.  The 
plan  of  operation  outlined  for  the  A.  E.  F.  was  to  skid 
and  haul  the  logs  by  carts  to  the  main  road  where  the 
logs  would  be  loaded  on  the  tractors  or  trucks  for  the 
haul  down  the  canyon  to  the  proposed  mill  site  at  Axat. 
An  amusing,  yet  provoking,  incident  in  connection  with 
our  timber  examinations  near  Axat  was  an  offer  for  sale 
of  3,000,000  M3  (750,000,000  feet,  B.  M.)  by  an  enter- 
prising American  who  apparently  wanted  to  do  his  coun- 
try a  bit.  His  claim  of  title  covered  a  scope  of  country 
worthy  of  a  favored  nobleman.  Vigorous  mountain 
climbing  and  the  use  of  field  glasses  revealed  the  fact 
that  the  only  merchantable  timber  within  the  area  defined 
was  that  on  the  forest  of  Hares  and  Carcanet,  title  to 
which  had  passed  to  the  State  20  years  ago.  The  remain- 
ing area  was  mountain  tops,  gorges  and  slopes  with  scrub 


that    region   the   odds    are    strongly    against    the    Boche 
having  escaped  the  vigilant  gendarmes. 

The  timber  department  of  the  French  Army  (Centre  de 
Bois),  had  already  secured  a  liberal  cession  of  the  moun- 
tain pine  and  were  engaged  in  operating  it  when  we 
reached  there.  We  were  informed  of  a  controversy  which 
had  arisen  out  of  the  cession,  the  Commune  and  the 
National  Forest  Service  (Department  des  Eaux  et  Forets) 
disagreeing  on  the  extent  to  which  cutting  on  the  forest, 
which  was  Communal,  should  be  permitted.  The  Com- 
mune insisted  that  the  timber  be  clear  cut  so  that  the 
land  could  be  devoted  to  agricultural  use.  The  Forest 
Service  was  equally  insistent  upon  conservative  cutting 
and  the  retention  of  the  land  for  timber  production  on 
the  ground  that  the  balance  between  agricultural  and 
timber  land  in  the  region  should  not  be  disturbed.    The 


SCOUTING   FOR   TIMBER  IN  THE  EASTERN  PYRENEES 


1197 


latter,  supported  by  higher  authority,  won  out. 
Believing  that  the  Quillan,  Hares  and  Carcanet  tracts 
would  afford  a  sufficient  opening  for  Pacific  Coast  log- 
gers to  establish  European  reputations  and  put  them  in 
shape  to  exhaust  the  further  possibilities  of  the  region, 
we  went  in  search  of  hardwoods  to  appease  the  woods 
appetite  of  our  Eastern  and  Southern  logging  contingents. 
An  offer  of  some  beech  and  oak  from  the  State  forests  of 
Cayroulet,  Hautaniboul  and  Ramondens  had  been  received 
which  looked  very  promising  as  tie  prospects.  These 
forests  form  the  greater  part  of  Montagne  Noire  on  the 
boundary  between  the  Departments  of  Aude  and  Tarn. 
The  old  city  of  Carcassonne  with  its  massive  walls  and 
towers  is  the  historic  landmark  of  the  region.    The  "cite" 


was  to  clear  cut  but  the  French  were  unwilling  to  practice 
this  method  further  until  the  results  of  experiments 
under  way  were  known.  About  10  years  ago  clean  cutting 
on  limited  areas  had  been  made  and  fir  planted,  on  the 
ground  that  the  value  of  fir  in  the  region  was  greater  than 
beech  and  oak.  The  plantations  were  thriving,  giving 
every  promise  of  success. 

The  stands  varied  in  size  considerably  under  the  sys- 
tem of  management  followed,  which  provided  for  periodic 
fellings  whereby  succeeding  age  classes  were  thinned  and 
developed  to  maturity  serving  in  turn  as  a  nurse  to  suc- 
ceeding stands.  The  fight  against  the  encroachment  of 
holly  was  waged  by  requiring  each  timber  operator  to 
grub  out  the  holly  on  the  area  from  which  he  purchased 


A  WILD  BOAR   (SAXGLIER)   HUNTING   PARTY  NEAR  QUILLAN,   I  N  THE   EASTERN   PYRENEES.      THE  WRITER  OF  THIS   ARTICLE, 
MAJOR  R.   Y.   STUART,  20th   ENGINEERS   (FORESTRY)   STANDS  ON  THE   EXTREME  LEFT 


and  Montagne  Noire  attract  many  tourists  in  normal 
times ;  the  former  at  the  time  of  our  visit  was  a  con- 
finement camp  for  some  German  officials. 

The  demand  for  ties  on  the  part  of  the  Allies  seemed 
insatiable,  and  for  this  purpose  hardwoods  were  eagerly 
sought.  Normally  one  would  secure  ties,  of  pine  if 
necessary,  from  more  accessible  areas  than  Montagne 
Noire,  but  under  pressure  of  war  demand  the  Montagne 
Noire  prospect  looked  exceedingly  good.  Eliminating 
portions  of  the  forest  which  presented  transportation 
problems  incommensurate  with  the  quantity  of  timber  to 
be  secured  a  cut  of  18,000  M3  (4,500,000  feet,  B.  M.) 
was  assured  under  the  French  system  of  marking.  While 
a  much  heavier  cut  without  injury  to  the  forests  seemed 
possible  it  was  explained  by  the  foresters  that  the  en- 
croachment of  holly  in  the  openings  would  follow  a  more 
severe  cutting.     The  alternative  to  secure  a  heavier  cut 


the  timber.  Had  the  A.  E.  F.  operated  on  these  forests 
it  would  have  been  necessary  for  it  to  expend  the  time 
of  100  men  for  30  days  on  this  work  or  compensate  the 
French  Forest  Service  30,000  francs  for  having  the 
work  done.  With  such  care  it  is  small  wonder  that 
beech  2  feet  in  diameter  with  a  clear  length  of  40  feet 
and  without  defect  was  being  produced. 

It  proved  unnecessary  to  begin  operating  in  any  of 
these  regions,  the  summer  drives  of  the  Boche  having 
developed  into  a  boomerang  by  early  fall,  terminating  in 
the  procurement  of  a  supply  of  timber  to  meet  the  needs 
of  the  Army  of  Occupation  from  German  forests  and  a 
freer  movement  throughout  France  of  material  already 
produced.  By  December  1,  the  stage  was  reached  where 
mills  were  being  dismantled  and  arrangements  made  to 
wind  up  our  timber  affairs.    Many  of  the  men  who,  under 


1198 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE  OLD   CITY  OF  CARCASSONNE,  WITH   ITS  MASSIVE  WALLS    AND  TOWERS.    IS  THE   HISTORIC  LANDMARK  OF  THE   REGION 
NEAR  QUILLAN.     WHEN  THE  WRITER  WAS  THERE  IT  WAS  USED   AS  A   CONFINEMENT  CAMP   FOR  SOME   GERMAN   OFFICIALS 


other  circumstances,  might  be  shouting  at  oxen  yoked  to 
two-wheeled  carts  on  the  Quillan  grade  or  grubbing  holly 
on  the  Montagne  Noire  are  seeing  the  picturesque  Pyre- 


nees and  the  historic  old  city  of  Carcassonne  on  leave  of 
absence.  It  may  be  that  some  of  them  are  in  citizens 
clothes  in  the  States. 


TRANSPLANTING  LARGE  TREES 


[  ARGE  trees  are  always  transplanted  with  consider- 
*-*  able  difficulty  and  expense,  and  are  far  less  likely  to 
survive  the  operation  than  smaller  ones.  If  trees  above 
three  inches  in  diameter  are  to  be  moved,  it  is  best  to 
have  the  work  done  by  some  one  who  has  had  experience 
in  transplanting  large  trees.  The  most  successful  results 
are  accomplished  by  means  of  a  tree-moving  machine. 
Such  machines  are  made  by  at  least  two  firms  in  the 
United  States  viz.,  John  A.  Wilkins,  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana, and  Isaac  Hicks  &  Son,  Westbury,  New  York. 
With  these  machines,  trees  having  a  diameter  as  great  as 
twelve  inches  can  be  safely  moved. 

To  those  who  may  wish  to  attempt  the  transplanting 
of  trees  without  engaging  the  services  of  an  expert,  the 
following  suggestions  are  offered : 

In  the  fall,  before  the  ground  freezes,  a  trench  should 
be  dug  around  the  tree  which  is  to  be  moved,  and  as 
deep  as  the  roots  have  taken  hold  on  the  soil,  usually 
three  to  four  feet,  leaving  a  ball  of  earth  from  three  to 
seven  feet  in  diameter,  depending  on  the  size  of  the  tree 
and  the  development  of  the  root  system.  At  the  same 
time  a  hole  should  be  dug  where  the  tree  is  to  be  planted, 
making  it  deep  enough  so  that  the  tree  when  planted  will 
stand  three  to  four  inches  below  Its  original  level,  and 
large  enough  to  allow  the  filling  in  of  one  to  two  feet  of 
good  rich  soil  about  the  roots  after  the  tree  is  placed  in 
position.  To  prevent  freezing,  both  the  hole  and  the 
earth  dug  from  it  should  be  covered  with  straw. 

When  the  ball  of  earth  has  frozen  the  tree  is  ready 
to  be  moved.  The  smaller  trees  may  be  moved  by  rolling 
the  ball  of  earth  on  a  sledge  or  stone  boat,  the  stem 
being  supported  upright  to  prevent  injury  to  the  limbs, 


in  which  position  it  may  be  drawn  to  the  place  of  plant- 
ing. The  ball  of  earth  on  larger  trees  should  be  raised 
to  the  surface  by  repeatedly  leaning  the  tree  to  one  side 
and  filling. in  under  it  with  earth  on  the  other.  The  crown 
of  the  tree  should  then  be  lowered  to  the  ground  and 
the  ball  rolled  on  a  long  sledge  or  stone  boat  by  the 
aid  of  horses.  The  trunk  should  be  held  free  from  the 
ground  by  means  of  wooden  horses  or  supports  placed  on 
the  rear  of  the  conveyance.  The  limbs  should  be  tied  up 
to  prevent  injury  in  transportation.  In  all  these  opera- 
tions plenty  of  burlap  or  other  material  should  be  used 
to  prevent  damage  to  the  bark.  Horses  may  again  be 
used  to  roll  the  ball  into  final  position  and  raise  the  stem 
upright. 

In  all  cases  the  soil  should  be  firmly  packed  about  the 
roots  of  the  transplanted  tree.  To  prevent  their  being 
thrown  by  the  wind,  the  larger  trees  should  be  supported 
by  three  or  four  guy  ropes,  which  should  not  be  removed 
until  the  tree  has  become  firmly  rooted  in  its  new  site. 

It  is  very  important  that  trees  transplanted  in  this 
way  should  be  watered  during  periods  of  drought  for 
the  first  two  or  three  years,  or  until  the  equilibrium 
between  the  root  and  branch  systems,  disturbed  by 
the  transplanting,  has  been  restored. 

An  experienced  tree-mover  states  that  of  all  our  trees, 
the  elms  are  most  likely  to  survive  when  moved  at  a 
mature  age.  Other  trees  which  may  be  more  or  less  suc- 
cessfully transplanted  are  the  maple,  horse  chestnut, 
catalpa,  ash,  linden,  willow,  poplar,  and  pin  oak.  Trees 
grown  in  the  open  are  much  better  to  move  than  those 
grown  in  the  woods,  and  a  large  young  tree  is  more  likely 
to  succeed  than  an  old  one  of  the  same  size. 


CANADIAN  FORESTRY  CORPS  WORK  IN  FRANCE 


BY  ROLAND  HILL 


(Canadian  War  Correspondent) 


OF  THE  many  experiences  in  quaint  places  in  which 
the  Canadians  found  themselves  doing  war  duty 
those  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Corps  can  claim 
almost  prior  place.  In  1917  Britain,  France  and  Italy 
were  all  appealing  for  lumber — and  more  lumber.  The 
Allied  forces  in  Salonika  were  crying  for  it  in  the  worst 
kind  of  way.  Russia  offered  a  supply  if  cutting  could  be 
organized.  So  into  the  four  corners  of  Allied  Europe 
were  sent  Canadian  timber  cruisers,  men  who  had 
foraged  through  Northern  Quebec,  Ontario  and  British 
Columbia.  Some  of  them  could  speak  no  language  but 
their  own,  but  they  knew  what  they  were  after,  and  they 
could  tell  to  the  thousand  how  many  billion  feet  could 
be  cut  from  a  forest.  At  one  time,  after  three  Ontario 
men  had  cruised  Crete  and  Mudros,  a  Canadian  mill 
outfit  was  started  on  its  way  to  the  picturesque  Mediter- 
ranean. But  the  Royal  Engineers  decided  to  do  the  job 
and  the  Canadians  were  robbed  of  one  of  their  quaint 
experiences.    Parties  were  sent  to  Russia  and  were  about 


to  start  operations  when  the  distant  rumbles  of  the 
revolution  were  heard  and  they  were  withdrawn. 

The  best  record  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Corps,  out- 
side that  done  for  the  British  was  the  supplying  of  every 
class  of  lumber  direct  to  the  French  Armies  from  the 
Vosges  and  Jura  Mountains  on  the  Swiss  border  and 
from  the  Landes  and  the  Gironde,  south  of  Bordeaux, 
in  sight  of  the  Pyrenees.  In  the  north  Canadian  uni- 
forms came  to  be  known  in  the  quaint  mountain  villages, 
and  the  peasants  opened  their  homes  to  the  strange  men 
from  across  the  Atlantic.  Down  in  the  Landes,  where 
reigned  a  "dolce  far  niente"  almost  Spanish,  the  vigor 
and  expedition  of  the  Canadian  wood  choppers  was  an 
unceasing  marvel.  Some  of  the  Canadians  from  Acadia 
found  distant  relations  of  the  same  names  through  Cabot 
and  Cartier  in  the  mountaineers  of  the  Jura. 

One  day  in  the  early  spring  of  191 7,  two  Canadian 
officers  chatting  with  the  engineer  of  the  Paris-Switzer- 


CANADIAN  ROADMEN  KEEP  THE  FOREST  TRAFFIC  WAYS  IN  GOOD  CONDITION 


1199 


1200 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


land  express  told  of  the  big  engines  that  drove  the 
Canadian  Pacific  trains  over  the  big  grades  of  the 
Canadian  Rockies.  They  were  critical  of  the  toy  French 
engines.  They  were  invited  to  take  the  trip  over  the 
border  into  Pontlarlier,  the  sentinel  town  of  the  inter- 
national border.  On  they  climbed,  and  when  the  end 
of  the  run  was  reached,  two  begrimed,  but  happy  beings 
climbed  off  the  engine  honorary  members  of  the  French 
Railw  avmen's  Union.  One  man  worked  the  engine  up  the 
winding  grades  and  the  other  had  stoked.  One 
was  a  professor  of  Mechanics  at  McGill  University, 
and  the  other  was  chief  engineer  for  one  of  the 
biggest  lumber  companies  in  Ontario.  That  was  the 
kind  of  material  of  which  the  Forestry  Corps  was  made. 

When  the  timber  famine 
came  along  the  fighting 
fronts  of  Europe,  the  ex- 
treme east  of  the  French 
lines  and  fortresses  like 
Bel  fort  were  pleading  as 
urgently  as  the  rest.  There 
were  huge  forests  but  no 
material  or  men  to  cut  them 
fast  enough  for  military 
needs.  Heavy  timber 
meant  the  saving  of 
Frenchmen's  lives,  so  a 
bargain  was  struck  that 
treble  the  amount  cut  and 
delivered  by  the  Canadians 
in  the  Vosges  and  Jura,  for 
the  French  armies  would 
be  delivered  in  standing 
timber  near  the  British 
lines.  In  two  weeks  boilers 
and  mills  from  the  far  away 
Dominion  were  installed  in 
the  mountains.  The  rail- 
way officials  were  their 
friends,  and  loading  sidings 
were  blasted  out  of  the 
solid  rock  cuttings  through 
the  mountains.  The  peas- 
ants, who  formerly  cut  the 

big  trees,  used  to  slowly  bring  them  down  the  mountain 
roads  by  ox  teams  into  the  valley  town  where  there  were 
ancient  mills  driven  by  water  wheels.  Ten  trees  a  day 
was  a  good  average  for  the  mill  to  saw. 

Then  the  Canadians  came  on  the  scene.  There  were 
many  engineering  difficulties  to  overcome.  The  supply 
of  water  for  the  big  Nova  Scotia  boilers  was  solved  by 
their  own  men  and  miles  of  piping  were  laid  that  defied 
gravity  by  artful  pumping.  Light  railways  were  built 
through  the  forests  and  mud  roads  were  macadamized 
by  mountain  rock  which  was  crushed  by  our  own  outfits. 
In  the  various  mills  at  the  end  of  the  war  the  output  of 
all  sizes  of  timber  had  reached  400,000  feet  daily,  more 
than  the  whole  Jura  produced  in  the  year  before  hostili- 
ties broke  out.    Fifteen  or  twenty  mills  of  Canadian  type 


• 

.   '  '                  ' 

CABLE    RAILWAYS    BRING    DOWN    AN    UNENDING    SUPPLY    OF 
LOGS  IN  THE  VOSGES 


were  distributed  at  strategic  points — anyone  coming  on 
the  scene  might  have  thought  themselves  to  be  in  Northern 
Ontario,  or  British  Columbia.  The  clever  engineers  of 
the  Forestry  Corps  were  always  willing  to  help  the 
villagers.  They  showed  them  how  to  harness  the  rush- 
ing streams  that  irrigated  the  vine-clad  slopes,  and  turn 
them  into  power  for  electric  light  or  to  run  their  wine 
presses.  One  Canadian  major  who  had  been  in  the 
wooden  pipe  business  on  the  Pacific  Coast  gave  up  his 
trade  secrets  in  the  fraternity  of  war-time,  and  water 
systems  were  started  in  villages  that  for  centuries  had 
dipped  buckets  in  the  communal  stream. 

In  the  south  of  France  the  huge  pine  forests  which 
Napoleon  planted  for  the  peasants  yield  them  fortunes 

in  resin  and  turpentine.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  value 
extracted  from  each  tree 
per  year  is  five  francs.  But 
in  forty  years  the  tree  goes 
sterile,  and  there  were  mil- 
lions of  these  trees  ready  to 
be  cut  into  railway  sleepers, 
and  inch  planks  badly  need- 
ed for  the  war.  The 
French  Government  had 
difficulty  in  buying  them 
from  the  unsophisticated 
peasants.  A  government 
official  went  with  a  Bank  of 
France  cheque  to  close  a 
deal  with  one  old  forester 
near  the  Spanish  border. 
It  was  for  a  quarter  of  a 
million  francs,  and  a  for- 
tune for  the  old  man.  He 
tore  the  cheque  up  as 
worthless;  he  could  only 
think  in  tree  values,  not  in 
coinage.  For  several  weeks 
the  deal  hung  fire,  and  then 
he  exchanged  the  sterile 
forest  for  a  productive  one 
fifty  miles  away,  asking  as 
his  profit  one  hundred  ex- 
tra trees.  The  rapidity  with  which  the  Canadians  cut 
the  forest  amazed  the  Frenchmen,  who  called  them  the 
"madmen  of  Canada."  They  were  all  good  friends, 
though,  and  hundreds  of  the  poor  folks  who  had  never 
had  the  services  of  a  doctor  or  been  in  the  hospital  were 
treated  free  by  the  kindly  surgeons  attached  to  the  corps. 
As  in  the  Vosges  and  Jura,  the  Canadians  who  worked 
in  the  Landes  and  Gironde  also  left  the  mark  of  the  new 
world  when  peace  called  them  back  to  Canada.  The 
hospitals  remain  and  funds  have  been  raised  for  a  French 
staff  to  keep  them  going.  New  railroads  built  by  the 
men  from  overseas  link  up  hamlets  that  never  thought 
to  see  the  ribs  of  steel.  It  was  a  quaint  experience  for 
the  men  from  overseas,  and  it  was  a  strange  temporary 
awakening  for  the  people  of  the  Landes. 


MEMORIAL  TREES 


THE  MEMORIAL  TREE,  "the  tree  that  looks  at 
God  all  day  and  lifts  her  leafy  arms  to  pray,"  has 
become  the  tribute  of  the  people  of  the  nation  to 
those  who  offered  their  lives  to  their  country  in  the 
Great  War  for  civilization.  In  the  tree  planting  the 
people  find  opportunity  to  express  their  love  of  him  for 
whom  the  tree  is  planted.  But  the  planting  is  not  confined 
to  doing  honor  to  war  heroes.  Indeed  the  reports  to  the 
American  Forestry  Association  show  the  people  have 
seized  upon  tree  planting  as  the  finest  way  to  mark  cen- 
tennials, important  events  in  church  history,  the  date  of 
town  foundings  and  similar  events.  The  United  States 
government  has  just  placed  its  approval  on  memorial 
tree  planting  with  the  announcement  that  Memorial 
Trees  will  be  planted  in  West  Potomac  Park  near  the 
famous  Lincoln  Memorial  in  Washington.  The  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Association  made  the  suggestion  for  plant- 
ing of  memorial  trees  the  day  the  armistice  was  signed 
and  since  that  time  tree  planting  has  . 

been  taken  up  all  over  the  country.  ^fl  ^~T3^ 

To  the  Christian  Endeavor  Socie- 
ties of  the  World  the  Rev.  Francis 
E.  Clark  has  sent  a  call  for  memorial 
tree  planting,  not  alone  in  honor  of 
war  heroes,  although  thousands  of 
churches  are  planting  trees  in  honor 
of  members  of  congregations  who 
offered  their  lives  to  their  country 
when  the  call  came,  but  in  honor  of 
famous  pastors,  leaders  in  church 
work  and  to  mark  important  dates 
in  a  congregation's  achievements. 
This  call  has  resulted  in  giving  tree 
planting  a  great  impetus  not  only  all 
over  the  United  States  but  all  over 
the  world.  In  the  schools  and  colleges  of  the  country 
tree  planting  has  been  taken  up  as  the  means  for  keeping 
green  the  memory  of  graduates  in  war  work.  George- 
town University,  at  its  130th  Commencement,  planted  54 
Lombardy  poplars,  one  for  each  of  her  sons  who  gave 
his  life  to  his  country.  These  trees  are  marked  with  the 
bronze  markers  designed  by  the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation. The  National  Farm  School  near  Philadelphia 
has  consecrated  a  "Patriotic  Grove"  in  which  are  planted 
trees  for  her  war  heroes,  friends  of  the  school,  and 
"Festive  Trees"  marking  dates  of  births,  confirmations, 
betrothals  and  wedding  anniversaries.  This  form  of 
tree  planting  will  doubtless  spread  for  it  is  easily  seen 
what  a  tree  will  mean  to  a  man  or  woman  if  it  was  plant- 
ed to  mark  their  birth.  It  is  the  same  idea  that  is  prompt- 
ing many  college  classes  to  plant  memorial  trees  when 
entering  or  leaving  a  school. 

One  of  the  most  pretentious  plans  undertaken  in  tree 

planting  was  at  the  U.S.A. Balloon  School  at  Fort  Omaha, 

irado.   Col.  Jacob  W.  S.  Wuest  has  directed  the  plant- 


WORLD  WAR 

1917^1918     A 

JOHN  A.  DOE      \ 
CO.  M.327    INF. 

REGI5TEREO 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 

WASHIN6TON,D.C. 


This  bronze  marker  for  Memorial  Trees  may  be 
obtained  from  the  American  Forestry  Association. 
It  costs  $1.00.  Send  the  name  and  regiment  of 
the  man  for  whom  the   marker  is  desired. 


ing  of  about  six  thousand  trees.  Of  this  number  nearly 
one  thousand  are  in  memory  of  men  who  passed  through 
that  camp  and  the  one  at  Fort  Crook,  and  died  in  the 
service.  The  unique  feature  about  this  is  that  the  plant- 
ing was  done  with  the  proceeds  of  "The  Gas  Bag,"  the 
official  publication  of  the  balloon  school.  The  next  of 
kin  are  marking  the  trees  with  the  bronze  marker  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  and  registering  the  trees 
on  the  Association's  national  honor  roll.  The  first  chap- 
ter of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  to 
plant  a  memorial  tree  is  the  "Our  Flag"  Chapter  of  the 
District  of  Columbia.  The  tree  was  planted  at  the  home 
of  Mrs.  Laura  C.  O'Hare.  The  League  of  American 
Pen  Women  was  the  first  woman's  organization  to  plant 
a  tree  in  the  District.  This  was  planted  at  the  home  of 
Mrs.  George  Combs. 

In  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco,  a  "Hero  Grove" 
has  been  planted  in  honor  of  the  California  heroes  of  the 
war  and  at  Camp  Kearny,  near  San 
Diego,  the  Coloradoans  of  San  Diego 
are  planning  to  plant  memorial  trees 
in  honor  of  the  Colorado  soldiers 
who  passed  through  that  camp.  In 
the  planting  of  trees  to  mark  an  im- 
portant date,  the  Memorial  Tree  at 
Camden,  New  Jersey,  is  perhaps  the 
most  interesting.  The  tree  was 
planted  to  mark  the  100th  birthday 
anniversary  of  Walt  Whitman,  the 
"good  gray  poet,"  by  the  Whitman 
Park  Improvement  Association.  But 
tree  planting  has  spread  around  the 
world.  The  Ardlethan  public  school 
in  New  South  Wales  has  planted 
memorial  trees  in  memory  of  each 
Ardlethan  soldier  and  in  Queensland  30,000  trees  have 
been  planted  in  Anzac  Park.  Of  this  number  16,000  are 
for  men  who  gave  their  lives  at  the  call  of  the  Mother 
Country. 

Another  phase  of  tree  planting  with  great  possibili- 
ties is  the  planting  of  trees  along  the  motor  high- 
ways of  the  United  States.  Make  these  highways 
"Roads  of  Remembrance,"  says  Charles  Lathrop  Pack, 
president  of  the  American  Forestry  Association; 
who  has  issued  a  call  to  every  county  to  co-operate 
with  the  road  builders.  This  "Roads  of  Remembrance" 
idea  is  being  furthered  in  Great  Britain  by  an  organi- 
zation of  which  Millicent  H.  Morrison  is  the  secre- 
tary. The  United  States  Army  Motor  Transport  Corps 
now  has  a  motor  train  crossing  the  country  from 
Washington  to  San  Francisco.  Millions  of  dollars  have 
been  voted  for  good  roads. 

With  this  in  mind  and  the  Army  demonstration 
underway  thousands  of  people  are  expected  to  urge  beau- 
tifying these  roads  by  the  planting  of  memorial  trees. 


1201 


1202 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


|  ■:.■.  ::i:,i  ..';;, :  i  i  .,:„ ;:,,!      :.r:i;iii:i-.l:!.i.i:r;  i  .'.  .;:...:.     i '....;..    .  lij-iil      1 1  ,  ■.. 

I  *         *         MEMORIAL  TREES   ARE   BEING  PLANTED    in 

uuiiiimiiiin 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1203 


llllllllllllillllllllllllllllimi mmillllimillllllll 


"i "1" "mini iniiiniiiiiii minium milium mum iiimiuu mnnuiuuuiiiimimu mm miu| 

COLLEGES,  MUNICIPALITIES  AND  INDIVIDUALS 

]: "" ' Il,,ll»»»l ' <m "i win urn mmmmmiimm mm mim mm iiuiimi m mil ummmmi iiimiim mi miiiiiumi minimi iiinunmuiiiii miiimil 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL  MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  following  and  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Association,  which 
desires  to  register  each  Memorial  Tree  planted  in  the  United  States.  A  certificate  of  registration  will  be  sent  to 
each  person,  corporation,  club  or  community  reporting  the  planting  of  a  Memorial  Tree. 


Cordele,  Georgia — John  L.  Gunn  and  J.  B.  Ryals,  by 
United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy. 

Washington,  District  of  Columbia — Soldiers  and  Sail- 
ors, by  "Our  Flag"  Chapter,  D.  A.  R. 

Godfrey,  Illinois — Ovid  Radcliffe,  by  Summerfield 
School. 

Sterling,  Illinois — Merrill  Benson,  Harry  Heisman, 
Byron  Lancaster. 

White  Hall,  Illinois — Francis  Grimes,  by  White  Hall 

Senior  High   School John   Moore,  by  Junior   High 

School H.  D.  McCracken,  by  White  Hall  Schools 

James  M.  Lyons,  by  White  Hall  Music  Club. 

Collamer,  Indiana — Boys  of  Collamer,  by  the  school. 

Huntington,  Indiana — Carl  Grossman,  Harry  Satter- 
waite,  Graham  Scott,  Elizie  Erehart,  Earnest  Slocum, 
Alden  L.  Haller,  Charles  Beard,  Charles  Whitelock, 
Robert  Mayne,  Carl  Timmer,  Charles  A.  Smith,  Hugo 
Taylor,  Edward  D.  Hoover,  James  Sheller,  Floyd  Stuart, 
Garland  Robbins,  Elmer  Fyson,  Edward  Hasty,  by  the 
Women's  Civic  Improvement  League. 

Skowhegan,  Maine — Twenty-sixth  Division,  by  Re- 
formatory for  Women. 

New  Bedford,  Massachusetts — Theodore  Roosevelt,  by 
New  Bedford  and  Fairhaven  Council  of  the  Boy  Scouts 
of  America. 

Waltham,  Massachusetts — Charles  C.  Bacon,  by  First 
Parish  Church. 

Detroit,  Michigan — Lieut.  Col.  G.  B.  Walbridge,  Major 
Edwin  Denby,  Major  John  H.  DeVisser,  Capt.  E.  C. 
Barkley,  Major  Geo.  C.  King,  Major  W.  C.  Cole,  Capt. 
Wm.  Lawrence,  Lieut.  C.  F.  Clarke,  Lieut.  A.  A.  Leon- 
ard, Sergt.  Jos.  Durand,  Jr.,  F.  J.  Campbell,  A.  A.  Mac- 
Diarmid,  A.  N.  McFayden,  F.  J.  Robinson,  S.  W.  Wirts, 
Irvin  Long,  T.  G.  Phillips,  and  A.  G.  Pittelow,  by  Detroit 
Rotary  Club. 

Tipton,  Michigan — Paul  Gilbert  and  C.  L.  Bailey,  by 
Spring  Brook  Lodge,  K.  of  P. 

Gorham,  New  Hampshire — E.  J.  Bourasse,  J.  A. 
Guerin,  N.  P.  Castonguay,  Ernest  Dupont,  G.  H.  Went- 
worth,  C.  W.  McGown,  O.  C.  Reid,  and  W.  S.  Holmes, 
by  Gorham  Women's  Club. 

Belleville,  New  Jersey — Michael  A.  Flynn,  Thomas  J. 
Mooney,  Michael  J.  Murry,  Harry  C.  Hoag,  Charles  A. 
Schaffer,  Harry  Blekiski,  Fred  W.  Stockham,  Charles 
McGinty,  by  St.  Peter's  Parochial  School W.  S.  C. 

UM 


Bain.  Jr.,  and  H.  M.  Garside,  by  High  School -Theo- 
dore Roosevelt,  by  School  No.  5 George  Eyre,  George 

S.  Smith,  by  School  No.  1. 

Elizabeth,    New   Jersey — Former    Pupils   of    William 

Penn    School,    by    William    Penn    School Theodore 

Roosevelt,  by  Public  School  No.   12 Michael  Gagli- 

ardo,    Edward    Corris,    Benjamin    Brower,    by    Public 

School    No.    6 Former    Pupils,    by    Philip    Carteret 

School. 

Hackensack,  New  Jersey — Albert  A.  Kleiber,  by  First 
Baptist  Church. 

Harrison,  New  Jersey — Charles  E.  Shanaburg,  Donald 
Pegg,  Thos.  Krotik,  Frank  Policastro,  Howard  Quinn, 
Oscar  Grell,  by  Edison  Lamp  Works. 

Cohoes,  New  York — Peter  Charles  Allery,  William  J. 
Burns,  John  J.  Blanchette,  John  R.  Bickley,  Alphonse 
Briere,  Charles  F.  Cunningham,  Eugene  Clements,  An- 
thony Curro,  John  B.  Durocher,  Timothy  F.  Fennen, 
Sebastiano  Guglielmo,  Joseph  Gadoua,  Grover  C.  Jack- 
son, Harold  W.  Jewett,  John  Johnston,  Ernest  A.  Jewett, 
John  Jamieson,  Thomas  A.  Jones,  George  A.  Kelley, 
John  A.  Kilfoyle,  George  B.  Lambert,  James  J.  B.  Light- 
hall,  Patrick  Molesky,  Thomas  F.  Manley,  Frank  E. 
Plumley,  Edward  Pilawski,  Arthur  Palin,  Charles  R. 
Rowan,  Joseph  A.  Ryan,  William  J.  Rafferty,  Edward 
T.  Ruane,  William  J.  Rocheleau,  James  B.  Soden,  Arthur 
V.  Soden,  Thomas  C.  Surprise,  George  Turcotte,  Clar- 
ence Van  Wagner,  Walter  F.  Van  Derker,  Charles  Ed- 
ward White,  Raymond  P.  White,  Dr.  Clarence  H.  White, 
Robert  Manogue,  Edward  Julian,  George  Burke,  Leo  M. 
Karanaugh,  by  Woman's  Municipal  Welfare  League. 

Delhi,  New  York— Eric  S.  Dumbell,  by  H.  M.  Dum- 
bell. 

Reading  Center,  New  York — Foster  F.  Jessop,  Leon  C. 
Smith,  by  Study  Club. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio — Harry  Kochenderfer,  John  Green, 
Homer  Dye,  Casper  Robert  Keeney,  and  Fred  Niles,  by 
Ashtabula  High  School. 

Canton,  Ohio — Earl  Dister  Dobbyn,  by  the  East  Can- 
ton School. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio — General  Foch,  General  Pershing, 
Joffre,  Tim  Willie,  William  Kluber,  Field  Marshall  Haig, 
Edward  Rickenbacher,  Edward  Roseler,  Admiral  Sims, 
E.  McFarland,  "Our  Dead,"  "Heroes  of  Italy,"  King 
Albert,  Woodrow  Wilson,  Ralph  Wilkerson,  Isador 
Dube,  George  Hedge,  John  Jentz,  Quentin  Roosevelt, 
William  H.  Taft,  "Old  Tiger,"  Gen.  Peyton  C.  March, 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL  MEMORIAL  TREES 


1205 


Theodore  Roosevelt,  by  the   Opportunity  Farm   School 

William   Carter  and   Carl   Koblinsky,  by   Mt.   Airy 

School Walter  Hawk,  William  Bailey  Gentry,  by  the 

Alt.  Lookout  Business  Men's  Club Jacob  Waechter, 

Alvin  F.  Zorb,  F.  A.  Benzinger,  W.  H.  Sohn,  and  Herman 

Koenig,  by  Vine  School Albert  Bauer,  Robert  Baum, 

Edward  Sauer,  William  Strietelmeyer,  William  Ritter, 
Chester  Price,  William  Painer,  William  Bierhorst,  Will- 
iam Wagner,  by  Washington  School Walter  Volkert, 

William  Nippert,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  by  Winton  Place 
School. 

Goshen,  Ohio — Louis  Griffith,  Edgar  Cole,  Guy  Felter, 
Lewis  Irwin,  Floyd  Waite,  Clayton  Fox,  by  Goshen  Cen- 
tralized School. 

Marion,  Ohio — Mrs.  Mary  A.  Ruehrmund,  Frederick 
Herman  Harzer,  Miss  Elizabeth  S.  Ruehrmund,  Mrs. 
Renata  Ruehrmund  Hinds,  by  Clara  Ruehrmund. 

Berwyn,  Pennsylvania — Lieut.  Thomas  L.  Bolster,  by 
Mrs.  Thomas  L.  Bolster. 

Boalsburg,   Pennsylvania — Alfred   Calvin  Witmer,  by 

I.  O.  O.  F. William  F.  Taylor,  by  the  Red  Cross 

Guyer  Eugene  Durst,  by  the  Civic  Club. 

Huntington,  Pennsylvania — Corp.  F.  D.  McEwen, 
Oscar  P.  Beck,  Frank  Palmer  Hormmon,  William  Lister, 
William  P.  Spyks,  Robert  Bruce  Houstine,  W.  Preston 
Kurtz,  Howard  Wise,  Clair  L.  Hicks,  Joseph  F.  Robison, 
Clarence  E.  Focht,  Antonio  Mardelli,  by  Ladies'  Civic 
Club. 

Middleburg,  Pennsylvania— Joseph  Covert,  Jackson 
l".  Fessler,  John  H.  Gundrum,  William  D.  Hackenburg, 
John  A.  Hartman,  William  J.  Hartman,  Corp.  E.  H.  Hot- 
tenstein,  Samuel  O.  Lauver,  Erman  E.  Lepley,  Corp. 
John  H.  Miller,  Roy  A.  Musser,  Corp.  George  L.  Mul- 
liner,  Walter  Page,  Lieut.  Wendell  J.  Phillips,  Miles  A. 
Renninger,  Samuel  M.  Rine,  Sherman  I.  Rowe,  Sgt. 
Brewster  C.  Schoch,  Grover  Sholl,  Hiram  C.  Steffen,  Jr., 
Lieut.  John  W  .  Stepp,  Ernest  E.  Stine,  Ralph  C.  Spaid, 
Henry  H.  Sprenkle,  Charles  Treaster,  Boyd  M.  Warner, 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  by  Shambach  and  Wagenseller. 

St.  Davids,  Pennsylvania- — Lieut.  Win.  H.  Sayen 
Schultz.  One  tree  each  by  Emilie  Sayen  Schultz,  Wayne 
Presbyterian  Sunday  School,  Civic  Club  on  Philadelphia 
Parkway. 

Brownsville,  Tennessee — Soldiers  and  Sailors  of  Hay- 
wood County,  by  Brownsville  Civic  League. 

Nashville,  Tennessee — Lieut.  James  Simmons  Tim- 
othy, by  Catholic  Women Lieut.  John  W.  Overton, 

by  Robertson  Academy. 

Cherrydale,  Virginia — Frederick  Wallis  Schutt,  by 
Ellen  S.  Wallis. 

Appleton,  Wisconsin — William  Hageman,  August  Zu- 
leger,  Raymond  Xeuenfeldt,  Raymond  Kluess,  by  Zion 
Lutheran  School. 


THE  WISHING  TREE. 

By  J.  R.  Simmons. 

This  photograph  shows  the  possibilities  of  the  Ameri- 
can or  white  elm  as  a  memorial  tree.   .The  man  who 
"constructed"  this  tree  as  an  entrance  to  his  home  was. 
laughed  at  for  his  pains,  but  time  has  demonstrated  that 


his  faith  was  not  misplaced.  He  took  four  sapling  elms 
and  planted  them  in  a  group,  binding  them  together 
about  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  from  the  ground. 

In  time  the  trunks  grew  together,  giving  the  appear- 
ance of  a  single  tree  "on  stilts."  It  is  known  as  the 
"wishing  tree,"  and  small  boys  and  girls  in  the  locality 
believe  that  by  walking  in  and  out  among  the  four  legs 
of  the  trunk,  a  wish  made  in  the  process  will  come  true. 

The  tree  stands  near  the  state  highway  in  the  town  of 
Bridgewater,  Massachusetts. 


T"i  HE  OLDEST  tree  on  earth,  at  least  as  far  as  anyone 
-*-  knows,  is  the  Boo  tree  in  the  sacred  city  of  Amara- 
poorah,  Burmah.  It  was  planted,  the  record  says,  in  the 
year  288  B.  C,  and  is,  therefore,  about  2200  years  old.  Its 
great  age  is  proved  by  historic  documents,  says  Sir  James 
Emerson,  who  adds:  "To  it  kings  have  dedicated  their 
kingdoms  in  testimony  of  a  belief  that  it  is  a  branch  of 
the  identical  fig  tree  under  which  Buddah  reclined  at  Uoa, 
when  he  was  undergoing  his  apotheosis."  Its  leaves  are 
carried  away  by  pilgrims  as  relics,  but,  as  it  is  too  sacred 
to  be  touched,  even  with  a  knife,  they  can  only  be  gather- 
ed after  they  have  fallen. — New  York  Commercial  Ad- 
vertiser. 


PHOTOGRAPHING  FORESTS  FROM  THE  AIR 

BY  LIEUT.  LEWIS,  R.  A.  F. 


SO  FAR  as  I  know,  air  photographs  have  not  been 
used  up  to  the  present,  for  other  than  war  work,  and 
my  experience  with  them  has  been  entirely  in  that 
sphere.  Such  marvelous  results  were  obtained  from 
them  during  the  course  of  the  war,  particularly  during 
the  latter  part,  when  planes,  cameras  and  operators  were 
more  efficient  and  ground  interpreters  became  more 
familiar  with  their  work,  that  I  think  it  is  the  duty  of 
those  of  us,  who  became  experienced  in  their  use,  to 
pass  that  experience  on  to  those  in  commercial  life,  who 
are  most  likely  to  find  it  of  value.  The  timber  industry 
seems  to  me  to  be  one  in  which  their  use  has  great 
p  o  s  s  i  bilities. 
For  about  a 
year  of  my 
stay  in  France, 
I  was  employ- 
ed in  the  Intel- 
ligence Depart- 
m  e  n  t ,  and 
among  my 
duties  was  the 
i  n  t.erpretation 
of  aerial  pho- 
tographs and 
the  transfer- 
ring of  infor- 
mation thus 
gained,  to  our 
maps.  Of 
course  we  al- 
ready  had 
maps  on  the 
country  as  it 
was  before  the 
war,  but  the 
defensive 
works  con- 
structed on 
both  sides 
would  have  necessitated  elaborate  surveys  which,  of 
course,  it  would  have  been  rather  dangerous  to  attempt 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  front  line  trenches.  By  experience 
we  learned  to  know  the  appearance  on  a  photograph  of 
the  numerous  defensive  works  in  the  enemy  lines,  trench 
systems,  machine  gun  emplacements,  trench  mortar  em- 
placements, gun  pits,  dug  outs,  wire  entanglements,  tele- 
phone lines,  buried  cable  lines,  and  many  other  construc- 
tions became  known  to  us,  and  the  result  was  that  our 
artillery  could  deal  with  these  things,  and  the  Canadian 
artillery  have  a  decidedly  efficient  way  of  dealing  with 
things  that  are  bothering  their  brothers-in-arms,  the 
infantry. 

The  average  height  from  which  these  photographs  were 
taken  was  from  6,000  to  8,000  feet.  Now,  if  such  accurate 
1206 


AN  INDICATION  OF  WHAT  THE  AEROPLANE  CAMERA  MIGHT  DO  IN  MAPPING  THE  FORESTS 

OF   CANADA 

There  is  a  lamentable  lack  of  forest  maps  in  the  Dominion.  Some  aviators  claim  they  can  distinguish 
tree  species  by  examining  stereoscopic  photographs  and  by  other  methods.  This,  of  course,  would  be 
only  of  general  value  and  the  ground  cruise  would  always  be  necessary.  Note  the  remarkable  boldness 
of  outline  at   15,000  feet.     (A  photograph  taken   on   the  French  front.) 


results  could  be  obtained  at  these  heights  how  much  more 
could  be  done  with  photographs  taken,  say  from  1,500 
feet,  with  nothing  to  ruffle  the  nerves  of  the  opera- 
tors ? 

I  understand  that  the  Government  is  to  establish  an 
aeroplane  or  hydroplane  forest  patrol  for  fire  ranging 
purposes.  Why  not  have  these  planes  fitted  with  photo- 
graphic outfits  for  the  purpose  of  mapping  that  part  of 
the  country  of  which  so  little  is  known?  The  importance 
of  it  to  the  lumber  industry  seems  to  me,  although  not 
a  lumberman,  to  be  too  great  to  be  overlooked.  I  have 
found  an  idea  of  how  this  work  might  be  done  for  the 

lumber    c  o  m  - 
panies. 

They  might 
make  arrange- 
ments with  the 
Government  to 
have  their  own 
limits  photo- 
graphed, mere- 
ly paying  rent 
for  the  machine 
while  on  their 
work,  and  the 
cost  of  the 
phot  ographs, 
approximately 
$4.00  per  doz- 
en. This  would 
cut  out  the  nec- 
essity for  hav- 
i  n  g  machines, 
operators,  and 
cameras  of 
their  own. 

First  of  all, 
take  the  tim- 
bered area 
which  carries  a 
variety  of  trees,  it  need  only  be  a  small  area.  Have  it 
accurately  cruised,  or  better  still,  have  a  survey  made  of 
this  one  small  area  and  have  species  of  trees  given  and 
also  condition  of  ground  as  to  rock,  outcropping,  etc. 
Then  have  this  area  photographed  at  two  seasons  of  the 
year,  preferably  in  the  spring,  before  the  leaves  come  out 
on  the  deciduous  trees,  and  then  again  when  they  are 
in  full  leaf.  These  photographs  will  be  taken  from  a 
known  altitude  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  scale.  Have  them 
carefully  analyzed  in  every  detail  and  records  made. 
They  could  then  be  used  as  standards  in  analyzing  pho- 
tographs of  any  tract  of  timber  land,  and  I  am  quite  sure 
that  an  accurate  estimate  could  be  made  of  standing  tim- 
ber, burnt  over  areas,  areas  fit  for  forestation  and  re- 
forestation and  also  the  water  in  the  vicinity.     If  photo- 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA  OFFERS  COURSE  IN  LUMBER  USES 


1207 


HOW  WOODED  AREAS  ARE  DEFINED  BY  CAMERA  FROM  15,000  FEET  IN  THE  AIR 

The  strips  of  white  and  grey  in  blocks  represent  cultivated  land,  the  difference  in  shading  being  accounted 
for  by   various  crops,  hay,   grain,   stooked   and   uncut   fields,   meadow,   etc. 

graphs  were  taken  with  a  stereoscopic  camera  they  could 
be  viewed  through  a  stereoscope  and  undulations  of  the 


ground  which  would  tell  the 
direction  of  the  flow  of  streams 
observed.  I  should  imagine, 
however,  that  the  map  would  be 
sufficient  to  show  this. 

If  a  stated  altitude  is  mairi- 
tained  in  taking  all  the  photo- 
graphs they  will  naturally  be  of 
the  same  scale  and  a  continuous 
photographic  map  of  any  area 
can  be  obtained.  Each  company 
could  have  a  natural  photograph 
of  its  own  limits  hanging  on  the 
wall,  could  see  exactly  where 
logging  is  going  on,  and  if  they 
wish  to  do  so,  could  keep  track 
of  the  progress  of  the  work. 

I  do  not  for  a  moment  sug- 
gest that  photography  would  be 
a  means  of  dispensing  with 
cruising  in  the  woods,  but  I 
think  that  it  would  be  of  great 
assistance  to  cruisers  and  event- 
ually they  will  all  want  to  be- 
come enthusiastic  interpreters  of  air  photographs. — 
(From  the  Canadian  Forestry  Journal  of  March,  1919.) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA  OFFERS  COURSE  IN 

LUMBER  USES 


!  UMBER  dealers,  manufacturers  of  timber  products 
-"-^  contractors  and  carpenters,  who  have  need  of 
specific  instruction  in  the  proper  selection  of  the  material 
used  in  their  industry,  will  find  in  the  course,  "Lumber 
and  Its  Uses,",  offered  by  the  General  Extension  Division 
of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  just  what  they  have  been 
looking  for.  The  course  is  based  upon  R.  S.  Kellogg's 
text  by  the  same  name,  and  uses  as  supplementary  ma- 
terial a  large  number  of  valuable  pamphlets  issued  by 
lumber  associations  on  grades,  sizes,  characteristics,  etc., 
of  the  various  woods.  It  also  furnishes  a  valuable  bibli- 
ography on  such  subjects  as  preservation  and  seasoning, 
Strength  tests,  grading  and  scaling,  as  well  as  in  the  gen- 
eral field. 

The  kind  and  grade  of  wood  selected  for  any  use  should 
be  the  one  best  adapted  to  that  use,  all  things  considered. 
The  timber  dealer  must  know  the  qualities  of  the  material 
he  handles  well  enough  to  select  the  best  for  his  own  use 
or  that  of  his  customers.  If  a  cheaper  timber  properly 
preserved  can  replace  a  more  costly  kind,  he  should  know 


it.  Timber  having  been  in  use  so  long,  it  is  falsely 
assumed  that  dealers  know  the  material  well.  They  do 
know  it  in  a  general  way ;  but  it  is  only  in  recent  years 
that  specific  information  regarding  woods  has  been 
sought  in  laboratory  and  testing  room  and  given  to  the 
public.  The  matters  of  wood  structures,  of  tests  of 
strength,  durability,  preservation  and  other  questions  are 
now  being  settled  in  a  scientific  manner.  Results  of  such 
tests  are  included  in  the  correspondence  course  given  by 
the  University  of  Minnesota. 

Many  persons  are  now  interested  in  the  use  of  wood  in 
the  manufacture  of  airplanes  either  as  a  matter  of  gen- 
eral interest  or  with  the  idea  of  becoming  inspectors  of 
these  woods.  It  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  train  an  in- 
spector in  such  a  short  course  as  this ;  but  much  valuable 
information  along  this  line  can  be  obtained  as  a  sound 
basis  for  future  work.  Only  a  true  understanding  of  the 
qualities  and  peculiarities  of  wood  structure  can  give  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  difficulties  encountered  in  this,  or, 
indeed,  in  any  form  of  wood  manufacture. 


WE  WANT  TO  RECORD  YOUR  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING.    PLEASE  ADVISE 
THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,   WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 

WOOD  USED  IN  THE  COOPERAGE  INDUSTRY 

BY  HU  MAXWELL 


Editor's  Note:— This  is  the  thirteenth  in  a  series  of  important  and  very  valuable  articles  by  Mr.  Maxwell  on  wood  and  its 
uses.  The  series  will  thoroughly  cover  the  various  phases  of  the  subject,  from  the  beginnings  in  the  forest  through  the  processes 
of  logging,  lumbering,  transportation  and   milling,  considering  in    detail  the  whole  field  of  the  utilization  and  manufacture  of  wood. 


THE  cooperage  industry  includes  the  manufacture  of 
barrels,  kegs,  staves,  heading,  hoops,  and  other 
articles  made  of  staves. 
The  growth  or  decline  of  this  industry  from  year  to 
year  cannot  be  conveniently  shown,  because  the  govern- 
ment compiles  statistics  only  every  five  or  ten  years,  and 
the  cooperage 
a  s  s  o  c  i  ations 
have  never 
brought  figures 
together  except 
in  the  most 
superficial  way. 
It  is  known, 
however,  that 
the  cooperage 
industry  is 
fairly  stable 
and  does  not 
vary  much 
from  year  to 
year.  The 
greatest  influ- 
ence  recently 
has  been  the 
p  r  o  h  i  b  i  tion 
movement 
which  has 
t  h  r  eatened  to 
lessen  the  de- 
mand for  bar- 
rels for  spirit- 
uous liquors. 
Such  barrels 
const  itute  a 
rather  small 
part  of  the 
cooperage  in- 
dustry as  a 
whole,  and  the 
diminution  in  the  output  of  whiskey  barrels  will  not 
greatly  lessen  the  cooperage  production  in  the  country. 
Similar  changes  have  taken  place  before  in  the  cooper- 
age business,  as  in  the  substitution  of  bags  for  barrels 
for  cement,  sugar,  and  flour;  and  pipelines  and  tankcars 
in  place  of  barrels  in  the  transportation  of  oil.  In  spite 
of  such  changes  and  fluctuations,  the  cooperage  business 
has  moved  steadily  on.  What  has  been  lost  in  one  direc- 
tion has  been  made  up  in  another. 


A  MODERN  WINE  CELLAR 

This  wine  storage  room  is  underground  at  the  Cresta  Blanca  Winery,  Livermore,  California.  A  peculiar 
and  very  high-class  of  cooperage  is  used,  the  heads  of  the  casks  being  oval  instead  of  circular.  The 
underground  tunnel  assures  an  even  temperature  and  contributes  to  the  perfection  of  the  wine.  Photo- 
graph by  courtesy  of  the  California  Grape  Protective  Association,  San  Francisco. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  cooperage,  commonly  dis- 
tinguished as  "tight"  and  "slack."  Tight  vessels  are 
intended  for  liquids ;  slack  for  dry  articles.  Classes  and 
grades  come  between  the  two  extremes.  The  barrel  that 
carries  alcoholic  liquors  is  considered  the  highest  class  of 
tight  cooperage,  while  the  vegetable  barrel  is  typical  of 

slack  contain- 
ers. The  slack 
barrel  end  of 
the  business  is 
the  larger, 
judged  by 
quantity  of 
wood  required 
in  manufactur- 
ing the  prod- 
uct ;  but  tight 
barrels  demand 
a  much  higher 
grade  of  wood. 
The  value  of 
the  slack  stock 
used  in  the 
country  is 
nearly  fifty 
per  cent  more 
than  the  value 
of  the  tight 
material.  Near- 
ly any  wood  is 
s  u  i  t  a  ble  for 
some  kind  of 
slack  cooper- 
age, but  only  a 
few  are  ser- 
v  i  c  e  able  for 
tight. 

A  1 1  cooper- 
age whet  her 
tight  or  slack 
is  made  up  of  three  parts,  the  staves,  the  heading,  and 
the  hoops.  No  barrel  is  constructed  without  all  three  of 
these,  though  certain  patterns  of  veneer  drums  combine 
the  staves  and  the  hoops  in  the  wooden  sheet  that  forms 
the  body  of  the  vessel.  No  well  defined  line  of  demarka- 
tion  separates  the  barrel  from  the  hamper  or  stave  basket, 
and  sometimes  it  is  not  easy  to  say  which  is  which.  The 
manufacturing  of  the  three  parts  often  constitutes  three 
separate  industries,  a  mill  or  factory  confining  itself  to 


UN 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1209 


A  LABORATORY  BARREL  TEST 

The  pressure  is  applied  within  and  the  amount  of  it  is  recorded  for  future  reference. 
When  the  force  becomes  too  great  for  the  strength  of  the  wood,  the  staves  are  forced 
apart  or  they  break,  or  the  head  gives  way,  or  the  hoops  may  break  and  the  barrel 
go  to  smash,  which  of  course  puts  an  end  to  the  test. 


one  of  them  alone.  The  three  parts  are  often  brought 
together  by  the  user  who  assembles  them  as  the  barrels 
are  needed ;  but  not  infrequently  a  single  factory  turns 
out  finished  barrels  which  are  then  distributed  to  the 
users.  The  woods  for  the  three  parts  are  not  always 
interchangeable.  Heading  woods  may  not  be  satisfactory 
for  staves ;  that  for  staves  may  be  objectionable  for  head- 
ing; while  hoop  woods  are  not  wanted  for  heading  or 
staves.  Steel  is  being  substituted  for  wood  in 
cooperage,  there  being  steel  barrels  without  a  par- 
ticle of  wood ;  but  the  most  common  substitution 
is  wire  or  strap  metal  for  hoops. 

In  the  year  1909  there  were  in  the  United 
States  1,506  establishments  producing  slack  coop- 
erage. They  manufactured  2,029,548,000  staves, 
140,234,000  sets  of  heading,  and  375,793,000 
hoops.  Usually  sixteen  slack  staves,  two  sets  of 
heading,  and  from  four  to  eight  hoops  make  a 
barrel,  but  great  variation  occurs  in  different 
kinds  of  barrels  and  kegs.  The  values  in  the 
United  States  in  1900  were,  staves,  $11,477,399; 
heading,  $6,138,881  ;  hoops,  $2,578,845.  The 
following  list  shows  the  woods  from  which  the 
slack  staves  were  made,  and  the  number  made 
from  each : 

Red  gum,  416,570,000;  pine,  306,621,000; 
beech,  268,237,000;  elm,  245,172,000;  maple, 
1 33.255,ooo;  chestnut,  93,290,000;  birch,  78,897,- 
000;  basswood,  72,537,000;  spruce,  72,219,000; 
ash,  71,705,000;  oak,  66,675,000;  cottonwood, 
66,260,000;  tamarack,  28,832,000;  cypress,  25,- 
673,000;  tupelo,  22,500,000;  sycamore,  17,831,- 
000;  hemlock,  10,376,000;  cedar,  9,410,000;  yel- 


low poplar,  7,851,000;  balsam,  6,037,000;  Doug- 
las fir,  5,165,000;  willow,  3,287,000;  all  other, 
1,128,000;  total,  2,029,548,000. 

Room  exists  for  considerable  choice  of  wood 
for  staves  in  slack  cooperage,  but  not  so  much 
for  containers  of  liquids.  Flour  barrels  were 
once  made  principally  of  cottonwood  staves,  but 
elm  has  proved  to  be  a  good  substitute.  A  white 
wood  that  presents  a  clean  appearance  is  wanted, 
and  it  must  be  tough  enough  and  strong  enough 
to  carry  the  load.  It  must  be  free  from  odor  or 
taste  that  might  injure  the  contents.  The  sugar 
barrel  demands  material  of  the  same  kind. 

Red  gum  leads  all  other  woods  because  it  is 
abundant  and  satisfactory.  The  shippers  of  but- 
ter, lard,  meat,  and  other  food  products  select 
the  most  suitable  woods  for  their  barrels.  Custom 
has  much  to  do  with  it,  but  not  all ;  for  it  is 
easy  to  understand  that  a  pine  barrel  might  taint 
food  with  the  taste  of  turpentine.  The  hard- 
woods are  demanded  in  three  times  the  number 
for  slack  barrels  as  are  the  softwoods ;  yet  many 
commodities  go  to  market  in  softwood  barrels 
and  kegs.  Scrub  pine  is  used  for  nail  kegs  and 
for  containers  of  other  small  hardware.  Timber 
which  is  fit  for  little  else,  and  poles  only  a  few 
inches  in  diameter,  are  sawed  into  staves. 

All  of  the  stave  woods  listed  above  are  likewise  used 
for  heading,  except  cypress ;  but  pine  heading  is  con- 
sumed in  twice  the  amount  of  any  other,  and  beech  stands 
second,  with  red  gum  third.  The  heads  of  various  sizes 
are  cut  with  special  machines.  Slabs  from  sawmills,  are 
cut  in  rather  large  quantities  into  heading,  and  by  com- 
bining  a    slack    cooperage    operation    with    lumber    pro- 


HARD   BUMPS  IN   PROSPECT 


This  test  was  made  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  by  the  Government,  the  purpose  being 
to  determine  how  much  tumbling  and  bumping  a  filled  barrel  will  stand  before  it 
bursts.  Barrels  get  such  treatment  as  this  while  being  loaded  and  unloaded  in  the 
process    of    transportation    by    wagons,    boats,    steam    trains    and    other    methods. 


1210 


AMKRICAN     FORESTRY 


duction,  better  utilization  of  the  wood  is  secured.  The 
coopers  use  the  waste  from  the  sawmill.  Short  and 
defective  logs  can  be  worked  into  staves  and  heading. 
Michigan  leads  all  other  states  in  slack  cooperage  pro- 
duction. 

In  the  production  of  hoops,  Ohio  leads  all  other  states, 
and  is  followed  in  the  order  named  by  Indiana,  Michigan, 
Missouri,  and 
Arkansas. 
Woods  suitable 
for  hoops  are 
not  so  numer- 
ous as  those 
for  staves  and 
heading. 
Toughness  and 
strength  are  es- 
sential in  hoop 
woods,  for  the 
hoop  must 
bend  without 
breaking.  Fol- 
lowing is  a  list 
of  hoop  woods 
and  the  annual 
outputof  hoops 
from  each  in 
the  United 
States : 

Elm,  339,- 
477,000 ;  red 
gum,  9,877,- 
000 ;  pine,  8,- 
321,000;  birch 
6,051,000; 
beech,  3,560,- 
000 ;  ash  2,020,- 
000;  oak  1,160,- 
000 ;  maple, 
731,000 ; 
spruce,  106,- 
000;  bass  wood, 
30,000 ;  cedar, 
5,000. 

Though 
these  figures 
were  published 
under  govern- 
ment authority, 
those  purport- 
ing to  give  the 
production  of 
pine  hoops 
have  been 
questioned  by  manufacturers  who  do  not  believe  that  so 
many  pine  hoops  are  made.  The  unfitness  of  pine  for 
hoops  throws  suspicion  on  the  figures. 

Two  styles  of  wooden  hoops  are  in  use,  the  coiled  and 
the  straight.    The  coiled  hoop  is  manufactured  from  logs, 


WHITE  FIR  KEG  FOR  SHIPPING  GRAPES 

This  product,  both  container  and  contained,  is  of  California  origin.  The  packing  for  the  grapes  is  redwood 
sawdust  instead  of  cork  dust  which  is  used  in  Spain  in  packing  grapes  for  export.  Large  numbers  of 
fir  kegs  are  required  by  the  shippers  of  grapes  from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  the  eastern  states  and  to  foreign 
countries.     Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  California  Barrel  Company. 


the  wood  being  elm  almosl  exclusively;  and  the  straight 
hoop  may  be  so  made,  or  it  may  be  shaved  from  little 
saplings  called  hoop  poles,  each  large  enough  for  one  or 
two  hoops.  If  two  hoops  are  made  from  the  pole,  it  is 
first  split  down  the  center  and  a  hoop  is  shaved  from  each 
half.  The  making  of  hoops  from  hoop  poles  was  one  of 
the  earliest  wood-using  industries  of  America,  and  the 

history  of  the 
business  would 
read  like  a 
romance, 
though  it  deals 
with  no  very 
startling  events. 
Some  of  the 
earliest  hoops 
made  in  this 
country  bound 
fish  casks  in 
New  England, 
tar  barrels  in 
the  Carolinas, 
and  tobacco 
hogs  heads  in 
Virginia  and 
Maryland. .  A 
number  of 
woods  were 
available  for 
this  commodi- 
ty. In  New 
England  the 
long,  pliant 
whips  of  white 
or  old  field  birch 
(Betula  popn- 
U folia)  were 
the  best,  and 
most  of  them 
still  wore  the 
bark  on  one 
side  when  they 
went  on  the 
barrel  or  keg. 
Further  south 
hickory  held 
its  ground 
r.s  a  hoop  pole 
wood  against 
all  rivals;  and 
very  early  in 
Virginia's  his- 
tory a  writer 
sou  nded  the 
warning  that  so  many  choice  young  hickories  were  being 
made  into  hoops  for  tobacco  hogsheads,  that  future 
hickory  forests  would  suffer.  Frequently  thirty  or  forty 
hoops  were  used  on  one  hogshead ;  not  all  at  once,  but  it 
was  the  custom  to  cut  off  the  hoops  and  expose  the  tobacco 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1211 


CARVED  HEAD  OF  AN  OVAL  CASK 

California  wine  makers  take  much  pride  in  their  oval  casks  which  are 
of  large  size  and  great  strength.  The  carving  on  the  one  here  shown  is 
a  work  of  art.  It  is  in  the  cellar  of  the  Beringer  Brothers,  St.  Helena, 
California.  It  was  on  exhibition  at  the  San  Francisco  world's  fair. 
Photograph  by  H.  F.  Stoll,  secretary  of  the  California  Grape  Protective 
Association. 

to  view  whenever  a  prospective  buyer  appeared,  and 
afterwards  replace  the  staves  and  put  on  new  hoops. 

The  hoop  pole  business  was  once  active  in  nearly  all 
the  eastern  and  middle  western  communities,  and  the 
name  "Hooppole"  is  carried  by  more  than  one  county  to 
perpetuate  the  memory  of  an  early  flourishing  business 


A  TYPICAL   MOUNTAIN   STAVE  MILL 

Small  plants  like  the  one  here  featured  are  located  near  the  source  of 
timber  supply,  and  after  working  up  what  is  in  easy  reach,  move  on  to 
another  location  and  there  repeat  the  process.  The  bolts  are  usually  split 
in  the  woods  and  hauled  by  teams,  or  on  cheap  tramways,  to  the  mill 
that  saws   the  staves.     It   is  an   Arkansas  scene. 

in  this  branch  of  cooperage.  A  number  of  woods,  be- 
sides birch  and  hickory,  are  good  for  hoop  poles. 

Extensive  use  is  made  of  barrels  and  kegs  as  shipping 
containers,  and  in  some  places  they  compete  with  boxes 
while  in  others  they  hold  the  field  to  themselves.  The 
life  of  a  barrel  is  put  down  at  one  year  by  the  trade,  but 
that  is  not  enough.  A  majority  of  barrels  are  used  many 
times.  They  begin  as  sugar  or  flour  barrels,  and  are  then 
sold  to  the  farmer  for  shipping  his  produce  to  market.    It 


may  be  said  that  they  are  returned  to  him  several  times, 
carrying  potatoes  to  the  market  on  the  first  trip,  and 
tobacco  or  lettuce  on  the  next,  each  cargo  being  lighter  in 
weight  than  the  previous  one,  owing  to  the  weakened 
condition  of  the  barrel.  Finally  the  barrel  may  serve 
out  its  life  work  as  a  trash  receptacle,  and  in  the  end  can 
be  used  for  fuel.    Thus  it  may  be  said  that  a  barrel  fills* 


HOUSE   MADE  OF  BARRELS 

Empty  barrels  may  serve  purposes  never  meant  by  the  makers.  Above 
is  a  picture  of  a  human  abode  constructed  of  barrels,  near  Evanston, 
Illinois.  It  was  occupied  by  junk  dealers  as  a  home  during  several 
months,  including  winter  weather  when  the  thermometer  fell  to  19  below 
zero.     Tarred  paper  served  as  a  roof  and   a   stove   furnished  heat. 

as  useful  a  career  as  almost  any  other  manufactured 
article,  and  its  life  is  much  longer  than  a  season. 

The  demand  for  barrels  is  constantly  growing,  because 
modern  machinery  has  made  it  possible  to  make  them  for 
the  trade  cheaper  than  almost  any  other  form  of  durable 
package.  That  it  is  the  most  convenient  form  of  pack- 
age'has  long  been  acknowledged. 

The  heaviest  demand  comes  from  the  cement  business, 
and  flour  ranks  next,  closely  followed  by  sugar  and  salt. 


WHY  BARRELS  OF  WHITE  OAK  DO  NOT  LEAK 

Alcoholic  liquors  seep  through  the  staves  of  most  woods  but  not  those  of 
white  oak,  because  its  pores  are  plugged  by  a  growth  called  tylosis. 
The  above  picture  is  from  a  highly  magnified  photograph  of  this  growth 
in  process  of  plugging  white  oak  pores,  preparing  the  wood  for  "tight 
cooperage."  The  illustration  is  by  Miss  Eloise  Gerry  in  the  Journal  of 
Agricultural  Research. 


1212 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


As  containers  for  fence  staples,  bolts,  nuts,  nails,  and 
packages  for  roasted  coffee,  spices,  crockery,  fruits,  and 
vegetables,  they  follow  in  the  order  named.  Glass  manu- 
facturers, baking  powder  companies,  liquor  distillers, 
and  candy,  tobacco,  and  cheese  packers  are  big  users  of 
barrels.  The  demand  for  barrels  for  molasses,  oil,  lard, 
and  pork,  is  also  enormous,  while  dry  paint,  glue,  snuff, 
oatmeal,  screws,  castings,  and  general  hardware  articles 
annually  increase  the  demand  on  the  cooperage  supply. 
Some  woods  are  waterproof,  others  are  not.  Alcoholic 
liquors  and 
some  oils  will 
pass  through 
the  pores  of 
some  woods 
where  water 
will  not  go.  The 
wood  of  which 
a  whiskey  bar- 
rel is  made  may 
absorb  a  gal- 
lon of  whiskey, 
without  any 
passing  through 
the  staves  and 
escaping.  Some 
woods  are  so 
porous  that 
barrels  made 
of  them  will 
not  hold  water 
very  long. 
Coopers  learn- 
ed by  experi- 
ence that  cer- 
tain kinds  of 
wood  made 
better  s  t  a  ves 
than  others, 
when  the  bar- 
rels were  in- 
lended  for 
liquid.  It  was 
wholly  a  mat- 
ter of  experi- 
ence at  first, 
but  later  the 
m  i  c  r  o  s  c  op~e 
helped  to  ex- 
plain why  some 
are  proof 
against  seepage 
and  others  are  not.  All  wood  is  more  or  less  porous. 
It  is  made  up  of  hollow  cells,  connected  one  with  another 
by  small  openings,  all  microscopic  in  size;  but  some  of 
the  hardwoods  have  openings  much  larger  than  cells. 
They  are  tubes  running  through  the  wood,  up  and  down 
the  trunk  of  the  tree,  and  are  called  pores  or  vessels. 
Some  of  them,  as  in  oak  and  ash,  are  large  enough  to  be 
seen  by  the  unaided  eye,  by  inspecting  the  end  of  a 


GAUGING   PRESSURE  ON   THE   BARREL'S  SIDE 

When  barrels  are  carried  in  the  holds  of  ships  and  in  barges  they  are  often  piled  one  upon  another  ten 
feet  high  or  more.  Not  infrequently  the  superincumbent  weight  breaks  the  barrels  in  the  lower  tier. 
This  test  was  made  to  obtain  an  idea  what  barrels  lying  on  their  sides  will  bear. 


freshly  cut  stick.  These  pores  are  responsible  for  the 
fact  that  some  barrels  will  not  hold  liquid.  It  seeps 
into  the  pores  and  flows  along  them  until  it  passes  en- 
tirely through  the  staves  and  escapes.  That  is  why 
wood  with  large  open  pores  is  not  suitable  for  tight 
barrels. 

White  oak  has  always  been  considered  the  best  tight 
cooperage  wood.  Many  years  ago  it  was  thought  that 
no  other  could  or  should  be  used  for  certain  liquid  com- 
modities, but  others  have  lately  come  into  use.    Yet,  white 

oak  has  large 
pores,  and  a 
casual  observer 
noting  that 
c  h  a  racteristic 
wouldconclude 
that  it  is  not 
good  for  tight 
barrels,  but  ex- 
perience shows 
it  to  be  good. 
Though  it  has 
large  pores 
which  may  be 
easily  seen, 
they  are  not 
open.  They  are 
closed  as  a  bot- 
tle is  closed 
with  a  cork, 
and  liquid  can- 
not enter.  The 
plugging  sub- 
stance, which 
is  known  as 
tylosis,  is  of  a 
whitish  color 
and  is  deposit- 
ed in  the  pores 
by  the  wood 
itself,  in  the 
progress  of  the 
tree's  growth 
and  maturity. 
It  occurs  prin- 
cipally after 
the  sapwood 
has  changed 
into  heartwood. 
Red  oak's  pores 
are  not  plugged. 
Therefore,  red 
oak  is  not  suitable  for  the  best  kinds  of  tight  cooperage. 
The  condition  of  the  pores,  whether  they  are  plugged 
or  not,  explains  why  fewer  woods  are  available  for  tight 
than  for  slack  cooperage.  The  following  table  gives  the 
kinds  and  the  number  of  tight  staves  made  from  each 
of  several  woods  annually  in  this  country : 

White  oak,  217,019,000;  red  oak,  30,619,000;  basswood, 
30,589,000 ;  gum,  23,566,000 ;  pine,  20,648,000 ;  ash,  5,568,- 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1213 


SHOOKS  READY  FOR  SHIPMENT 

A  barrel  consists  of  three  parts,  the  staves,  the 
heading  and  the  hoops.  That  is  true  for  all 
wooden  barrels  whether  they  are  for  dry  com- 
modities or  for  liquids.  The  bundled  material 
sufficient  for  one  barrel  is  called  a  shook.  It  is 
much  cheaper  to  ship  a  shook  than  the  barrel 
after  it  has  been  set  up  and  completed  as  a 
barrel. 


ooo;  all  other,  13,250,000;  total,  341,- 
250,000. 

Only  the  best  wood  is  used  as  bar- 
rels for  alcoholic  liquors;  but  some 
other  woods  will  do  for  other  kinds 


A  BUNG  BORING  MACHINE 

Coopers  have  machines  for  nearly  everything 
they  do.  The  boring  of  bungs  is  shown  in  the 
above  picture.  The  machine  is  designed  to  "bore 
and  bush"  in  the  same  operation.  The  boring 
is  a  particular  piece  of  work  and  if  it  is  not 
done  exactly  right  there  will  be  trouble  with 
leaks  later  when  the  barrels  are  filled  with  beer. 
Hand   boring  is  apt  to  be  defective. 


of  liquors,  such  as  brine  for  pork, 
vinegar  for  pickles,  and  for  certain 
oils. 

Tight  barrels  are  of  several  sizes. 
The  strongest,  heaviest  staves  are 
for  beer  barrels  and  kegs.  The 
staves  are  manufactured  by  sev- 
eral different  processes  and  are 
named  accordingly,  as  sawed,  hew- 
ed, and  bucked  and  split.  The  tight 
cooperage  industry  is  well  distribut- 
ed over  the  country  but  is  more  im- 
portant in  some  sections  than  in 
others,  depending  largely  upon  the 
available  supply  of  suitable  timber 
in  the  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  leading  states  in  annual  pro- 
duction of  tight  staves  are  here 
given : 

Arkansas,  87,582,000;  Kentucky, 
45,694,000;  West  Virginia,  40,402,- 
000;  Mississippi,  39,052,000;  Ten- 
nessee, 35,744,000;  Ohio,  26,534,- 
000;  Missouri,  22,420,000. 

The  waste  of  wood  in  the  manu- 
facture of  tight  staves  in  the  past 
has  been  very  great,  but  it  is  not 
now  so  great  as  formerly,  because 
utilization   is   closer,    and   material 
which    would    have    been    thrown 
away    formerly    is    now    converted 
into  other  products.     Much  of  the 
finest  oak  of  the  country  was  cut 
for    staves    in    past    years.      The 
makers    of    this    commodity    went 
ahead  of  lumbermen  in  new  terri- 
tory, and  being  first  in  the  oak  re- 
gion, they  naturally  selected  the  best 
oak  trees,  took  the  choicest  portions 
of  the  trunks,  and  rejected  the  rest. 
They    made    no    attempt    to    use 
wood  which  did  not  split  well,  and 
the     stave    maker's     verdict:      "It 
won't  rive,"  was  final  and  consigned 
the  tree  to  the  waste  heap.  It  meant 
the  abandonment  of  an  oak  trunk 
which  might  contain  3,000  or  even 
5,000  feet  of  lumber.     That  does 
not  often  occur  now,  for  a  sawmill 
is   usually  within   reach   and   what 
cannot  be  split  for  staves  can  be 
sawed  for  lumber,  or  the  logs  may 
be  sent  to  a  mill  equipped  to  saw 
staves  or  heading. 

It  was  once  a  common  situation 
in  forests  where  stave  makers  were 
operating  for  the  ground  to  be  cov- 
ered with  .  refuse  billets  and  bolts 
which  were  left  to  rot  because  they 


EXAMPLE   OF   TIGHT   COOPERAGE 

The  barrel  here  shown  illustrates  the  class  of 
cooperage  known  as  tight.  The  barrels  are  in- 
tended to  hold  liquids.  Not  only  must  the  joints 
be  leak-proof,  but  the  wood  must  not  permit 
seepage  through  the  pores.  This  barrel  is  of 
white  oak,  which  is  the  highest  grade  of  wood 
for  tight   cooperage. 


were  not  just  what  the  operator  want- 
ed. The  workmen  had  no  compunction 
when  they  left  on  the  ground  enough 
oak  to  make  a  thousand  staves.  Good 
trees  were  plentiful,  and  the  stave 
makers  turned  their  backs  upon  heaps 
of  slightly  defective  bolts  and  went  to 
work   with   their   axes   to    fell   other 


A  BARREL  TRUSSER  AT  WORK 

Machines  have  been  devised  and  perfected  for 
doing  most  parts  of  barrel  making.  The  hand 
workman  formerly  did  it  all,  from  felling  the 
tree  to  finishing  the  barrel,  but  appliances  have 
been  invented  which  need  only  to  be  set  in 
motion  and  directed  by  the  brain  of  man,  and 
they    will   do  the  rest. 


1214 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


FIFTY-THOUSAND    GALLON    REDWOOD    TANKS 

RXooTwl™yetbe^  ^    Hercules    Powder.  Company    at    Sa„    Die*,,    Ca.ifornia. 

was  supplied  for  .his  illustration   by  the  CalifonTa   Redwood  Assocfation!  closeness   with   winch    Us  Joint,   may   be   fitted.     The   photograph 


BARRELS   WHICH   HAVE   SEEN    BETTER    DAYS   AND    BETTER   DUTY 

^ig^nZ^&jir&^L™    l,heThte,o^Pn:?,iirun„Okrnoienebur,,,0Cali,y    *.&»*,*?•    «*    ,he    •—-««,    mm    not    be    disturbed 

tne    pnotograpncr    is    unknown,   but  the  camera  told  an  interest.ng  story.     It  needs  no  embellishment. 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1215 


SETTING   UP  THE   SLACK    BARREL 

Shocks  are  often  made  near  the  source  of  the  timber,  but  the  barrel  is  frequently  put  together  and  com- 
pleted near  the  place  where  it  is  to  be  used.  Skilled  hands  can  do  the  work  very  rapidly.  The  illustra- 
tion  shows  apple   barrels  and   is   from   the   catalogue   of  J.    D.   Hollingshead,   Louisville,  Kenutcky. 


he  could  do  all  the  work  with- 
out going  outside  of  his  own 
family  for  assistance.  Some 
stave  making  is  still  done  along 
similar  lines,  but  not  much.  Oak 
stumpage  now  has  value,  and  it 
is  pretty  hard  to  carry  on  the 
smallest  operation  without  the  in- 
vestment of  some  cash  capital. 
Less  dependence  is  placed  on 
hand  labor  than  formerly  and 
more  in  machinery ;  and  ma- 
chines are  expensive. 

Bungs  and  faucets  are  listed 
as  cooperage  though  they  are 
sometimes  considered  as  belong- 
ing to  the  subdivision  of  wood- 
enware  which  is  regarded  as  a 
separate  industry.  The  bung 
closes  the  opening  in  the  barrel ; 
a  spile  or  spiler  is  a  small  plug 
for  closing  a  vent  in  a  barrel 
or  cask ;  while  a  faucet  or  spigot 
is    a    contrivance    for    drawing 


trees.  Even  when  the  operator 
had  no  fault  to  find  with  his  tim- 
ber, he  usually  left  twice  as  much 
on  the  ground  as  waste  as  he  took 
away  as  staves.  Families  living 
near  the  stave  operations  in  the 
forests  often  secure  sufficient 
waste  oak  to  provide  household 
fuel  for  years ;  and  most  of  it 
wa-,  of  such  high  grade  stuff  that 
it  would  have  passed  inspection 
by  any  furniture  factory,  had  it 
been  sawed  into  lumber  instead 
of  being  split  and  slaughtered  in 
the  process  of  stave  making. 

Staves  were  saleable  at  good 
prices  at  a  time  and  in 
regions  where  no  market  for 
lumber  existed,  and  for  that 
reason  the  stave  operator  was 
in  advance  of  the  lumber- 
man in  new  country.  Little  capi- 
tal was  required  in  making  staves 
when  the  farmer  owned  plenty 
of  good  oak  timber,  could  buy  a 
crosscut  saw  for  eight  dollars, 
an  ax  for  a  dollar,  iron  wedges 
for  a  dollar,  a  free  for  the  same, 
and  could  make  his  own  maul, 
mallet,  and  wooden  gluts ;  and 
the  fork  of  a  log  served  him  for 
a  riving  horse.  Thus  equipped, 
he  was  ready  for  business.  He 
had    few   labor  bills  to  pay,   for 


Shows  manner  of  split- 
ting timber  into  stave 
bolts  where  timber  is  of 
small  diameter. 


Stave  bolt  quartered  and 
heart  split  off. 


Shows  manner  of  saw- 
ing pieces  of  heading  from 
Bdlt  by  the'Head  Sawing 
Machine.  They  are  cut  1 
inch  thick  upon  sap,  54 
inch  thick  at  the  heart,  24 
inches  long.  Two  or  three 
pieces  are  required  to 
form  a  complete  head. 


Shows  manner  of  split- 
ting section  for  timber  of 
large  diameter  into  stave 
bolts.  In  making  staves, 
as  well  as  heading  bolts, 
for  oil  and  other  tight 
work,  it  is  ever  and  always 
necessary  to  keep  with  the 
grain  of  wood. 


Shows  manner  of  saw- 
ing staves  upon  a  cylinder 
stave  machine. 


Shows  section  of  log  as 
cut,  3  feet  long,  for  stave 
bolt. 


Bolt  cut  to  uniform 
length  on  Bolt  Equalizer 
ready  for  cylinder  stave 
sawing  machine. 


Shows  heading  prepared 
from  tree  same  as  in  stave 
bolt. 


THE  PROCESS  OF  SPLITTING  STAVES 

Art,  science  and  experience  are  necessary  in  the  production  of  the  best  split  staves.  More  skill  is 
required  to  make  them  with  maul,  mallet  and  froe,  than  with  saws.  The  accompanying  series  of 
diagrams  is  from  the  catalogue  of  the  Oram  Barrel   Machinery   Company,   Cleveland,  Ohio. 


1216 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE   CHINE   TEST   FOR   BARRELS 
The    load    is   not   applied    squarely   on    the   head   or   squarely    on    the    side, 
but  on  the  barrel's  chine.     Hoops  and   staves  are   alike   subjected   to   the 
strain.    This     barrel     stood     about     17,500 
pounds.    The  test  was  made  at  the  govern- 
ment   laboratory    at    Madison,    Wisconsin, 
and   was  ce  of  a   series  on   tight  barrels. 


liquids  from  a  barrel.  The 
manufacture  of  these  small 
wooden  articles  requires  more 
than  21,000,000  feet  of  lumber  a 
year,  ninety  per  cent  of  which 
is  yellow  poplar  which  is  the 
best  bung  wood  known.  It  con- 
tains no  hard  and  soft  streaks, 
therefore,  it  may  be  cut  with  a 
smooth  surface  which  insures  a 
close  fit  without  leakage.  The 
wood  is  dense  enough  to  prevent 
liquids  from  seeping  through, 
but  it  imbibes  sufficient  moisture 
to  swell  the  wood,  insuring  a  still 
closer  fit.  Walnut  and  red  gum 
have  been  used  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent for  bungs  and  are  quite 
satisfactory.     Bungs  are  cut  by 


machinery  from  lumber  an  inch  or  more  in  thickness.  A 
larger  quantity  is  made  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  than  in  all 
the  rest  of  the  United  States  combined. 

The  faucet  is  seldom  sold  along  with  the  barrel  but 
is  a  separate  article.  It  is  made  in  many  patterns  and 
of  many  woods,  among  them  being  white  pine,  spruce, 
maple,,  birch,  beech,  red  gum,  redwood,  chestnut,  cedar, 
walnut,  and  rosewood.  A  superstition  formerly  was  to 
be  met  with  that  the  wood  of  which  a  spigot  was  made 
exercised  an  influence  upon  the  liquid  which  flowed 
through  it;  and  for  that  reason  molasses  should  be  drawn 
through  a  maple  spigot  only,  beer  through  one  of  birch, 
and  cider  through  one  of  applewood.  The  applewood 
spigot  was  strongly  insisted  upon  for  cider,  and  it  has 
been  currently  believed  that  much  applewood  is  still  con- 
sumed in  the  manufacture  of  faucets  for  cider  barrels. 
The  superstition  must  have  lost  its  power  if  it  ever  had 
any,  for  an  examination  of  statistical  reports  of  wood- 
working does  not  show  the  use  of  a  single  foot  of  apple- 
wood  for  faucets  in  the  United  States.  Sailors  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  in  early  years  insisted  upon  equipping  their 
water  casks  with  white  cedar  faucets  because  of  the 
reputed  esoteric  purifying  qualities  of  the  wood.  Fish- 
ermen from  New  England  and  Canada,  who  drank  spruce 
beer  while  on  the  New  Foundland  Banks,  saw  to  it  that 
their  beer  was  drawn  through  no  spigot  but  one  made 
of  spruce  wood. 

Many  small  articles  made  of  staves  are  commonly 
classed  as  woodenware  rather  than  as  cooperage,  among 
such  being  pails,  buckets,  keelers,  measures,  tubs,  tool- 
dishes,  and  piggins.  These  have  bottoms  but  no  heads. 
The  exact  definition  is  not  very  important,  for  cooperage 
is  a  term  broad  enough  to  include  all  of  them.  The 
making  of  cedar  pails  was  once  a  very  important  occupa- 
tion in  and  about  Philadelphia,  the  materials  being  both 
the  white  and  the  red  cedars  of  that  region,  and  the 
makers  were  known  as  "the  cedar  coopers." 


KEG  STAVES  OF  CHESTNUT  WOOD 
This  photograph  represents  a  scene  in  Maryland,  and  is  published  by  the  courtesy  of  F.  W.  Besley,  state 
forester.     The  danger  that  chestnut  forests  would  be   speedily  destroyed  by  blight   induced   many   owners 
of   such   forests   to   work   their   timber   into   merchantable   commodities    as    speedily    as   possible.     ' 
makes  excellent  small  staves. 


Chestnut 


TUSSOCK  MOTH  CATERPILLAR  CAMPAIGN 


BY  M.  M.  BURRIS,  CITY  FORESTER 


DURING  the  past  few  years  the  tussock  moth  cater- 
pillar has  been  doing  very  much  damage  to  the 
shade  trees  of  Trenton.    Conditions  were  becoming 
unbearable.     There  were  not  sufficient  funds  to  do  any 
spraying  on  the  street  trees  and  so  this  pest  continued 
its  ravages  unrelentlessly. 

There  was  but  one  thing  to  do — to  collect  and  destroy 
the  egg-masses  on  the  cocoons.  We  followed  the  same 
procedure  as  in  our  bird  house  building  contest  and 
enlisted  the  services  of  the  school  children  in  a  campaign 

to  pick  egg- 
masses,  with  the 
hearty  co-opera- 
tion of  the  Com- 
missioner  of 
Parks  Burk,  and 
Miss  Ruth  Scott, 
Director  of  Na- 


and  habits  of  this  pest,  the  damage  done  by  it  and  the 
methods  of  eradicating  it.  The  children  were  all  inter- 
ested, and  promised  to  do  their  bit.  The  moving  picture 
houses  were  of  great  assistance  to  the  cause  by  showing 
caterpillar  slides,  which  were  prepared  by  us. 

Through  experience  in  the  past,  we  discovered  that 
prizes  form  a  great  incentive  to  children,  and  to  prove 
to  the  children  that  the  citizens  of  Trenton  were  actively 
interested  in  this  campaign,  it  was  decided  to  have  some 
of  the  merchants  offer  prizes.  The  moving  picture  houses 
were  first  to  of- 
fer prizes.  Eight 
theatres  offered 
three  prizes 
each ;  first  prize, 
free  admission 
for  a  three 
months'   period ; 


THE   VICTOR   AND   SOME  OF  THE   SPOILS 

Kmil    Jantz,    a    pupil    of    the    McClellan    School, 
who  ranked  highest  in  the  number  of  individual 
is    collected. 


ture    Study    in    the    Public    Schools. 

A  meeting  was  called  for  January 
28,  which  was  attended  by  every 
principal  and  teacher  interested  in 
the  preservation  of  our  trees.  Com- 
missioner Burk  and  I  explained  the 
purpose  of  the  meeting  and  spoke  of 
the  destructive  work  of  the  tussock  moth  caterpillar. 
Enthusiasm  prevailed  and  the  teachers  and  principals 
pledged  their  support  to  this  campaign,  which  was  de- 
cided upon  to  start  on  February  .10. 

We  visited  the  various  schools  and  spoke  to  the  chil- 
dren on  the  tussock  moth  caterpillar.  An  excellent 
set    of    lantern    slides    was    procured    showing    the    life 


HARD  AT  WORK 

Pupils  of  the  Harrison  School  busily  engaged  col- 
lecting the  cocoons.  Paper  bags  were  often  used 
as   containers. 


ROOSTING  HIGH 

These  are  some  of  the  boys  who  worked  so  en- 
thusiastically and  successfully  in  Trenton's 
tussock  moth  caterpillar  campaign. 


second  prize,  free  admission  for  a 
period  •  of  two  months,  and  third 
prize,  free  admission  for  a  period  of 
one  month.  In  a  short  time  we  re- 
ceived 50  offers  of  prizes,  ranging 
from  a  ton  of  coal  to  a  pair  of  roller 
skates.  Commissioner  Burk  also 
offered  bronze  and  silver  buttons  to  the  boys  and  girls 
picking  upwards  of  500  cocoons. 

The  campaign  started  on  February  10  and  ended  on 
May  1.  During  this  period  of  less  than  three  months, 
the  total  number  of  cocoons  collected  amounted  to 
2,961,932.  The  number  of  children  having  picked  more 
than  500  cocoons  was  421.    Emil  Jantz,  led  with  243,529; 

1217 


1218 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


Aoner  Robinson  collected  235,464;  Benjamin  Palby, 
213,550;  George  Nelson,  190,315;  Elmer  Manesevitz, 
158,500;  Joseph  Boduar,  126,392;  Alex  Elias,  106,347. 
These  figures  talk  for  themselves.  The  campaign  was 
truly  a  successful  one.  The  children  are  interested,  and 
are  becoming  more  and  more  enthusiastic  about  trees. 


Surely,  these  youngsters,  in  years  to  come,  will  be 
educated  to  the  beauty  and  value  of  shade  trees,  and 
will  see  to  it  that  the  shade  trees  of  this  city  are  not 
neglected.  The  Trenton  Times  gave  lots  of  publicity 
to  the  campaign  and  contributed  in  this  way  very  sub- 
stantially to  its  success. 


FOREST  INVESTIGATION 


FOR  some  time  there  has  been  a  growing  conviction 
on  the  part  of  foresters  in  the  United  States  that 
the  amount  of  silvical  research  conducted  by  all 
agencies,  including  the  Federal  Government,  is  very  in- 
adequate.   The  war  has  emphasized  this  more  than  ever. 

The  southern  pine  region  is  still  our  largest  center  of 
lumber  production,  and  the  naval  stores  industry,  even 
though  it  has  materially  declined  in  the  last  20  years,  is 
still  the  world's  largest  center  of  naval  stores  production. 
The  growing  area  of  cut-over  land  in  the  South  which 
is  not  being  utilized  for  agriculture  and  on  which  for- 
est production,  if  there  is  any,  is  largely  an  accident, 
calls  among  other  things  for  a  much  greater  effort  in 
forest  research  than  has  ever  before  been  possible.  Aside 
from  the  small  amount  of  work  which  has  been  done  by 
the  Forest  Service  on  the  Florida  National  Forest  and 
in  co-operation  with  one  agricultural  station  and  in  gen- 
eral studies,  practically  nothing  has  been  done.  Of  funda- 
mental forest  research  in  the  southern  pineries  there  has 
been  little  Or  none.  The  South  can  be  continued  as  one 
of  our  most  important  timber  producing  regions,  but 
one  basis  for  this  must  be  a  better  knowledge  of  how 
to  practice  forestry. 

Hardwood  production  in  the  United  States  is  cen- 
tered very  largely  in  the  Appalachians  and  neighboring 
States.  This  field  has  been  covered  during  the  past  25 
years  by  a  series  of  investigations  which  have  helped  to 
answer  immediate  questions,  but  fundamental  problems 
at  the  basis  of  the  practice  of  forestry  have  hardly  been 
touched.  A  very  large  acreage  in  this  region,  because 
of  topography  and  soil,  is  most  suitable  for  timber  pro- 
duction including  the  woodlot,  as  well  as  the  larger  areas 
in  which  can  be  grown  timber  for  the  general  market. 
Practically  unlimited  markets  are  immediately  at  hand 
and  close  utilization  is  possible.  The  number  of  species 
is  very  large  and  practically  all  of  them  have  well-estab- 
lished usages.  In  this  diversified  forest  many  problems 
of  silviculture  require  solution  and  some  provision  should 
be  made  for  attacking  them  on  an  adequate  scale. 

Similarly  in  the  Lake  States  comparatively  little  has 
been  done  to  lay  the  foundations  for  the  practice  of  for- 
estry on  the  large  areas  of  potential  timberland  which 
are  now  so  largely  waste.  Continued  timber  production 
of  both  softwoods  and  hardwoods  is  possible  on  a  large 
scale,  but  on  the  basis  of  present  attempts  at  forest 
research  the  foundation  for  proper  silvicultural  methods 
can  not  be  laid  for  many  years  to  come. 

In  New  England  there  is  a  limited  amount  of  forest 
research  under  way  by  a  considerable  number  of  agencies, 


no  one  of  which  is  covering  the  field  adequately.  The 
Federal  Government  is  doing  practically  nothing.  It  is 
probable  that  a  reasonable  effort  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment in  this  region  would  serve  to  round  out  and  stimulate 
and  unify  the  activities  of  other  agencies  so  that  the  for- 
estry problems  of  the  New  England  States  could  be 
solved  within  a  reasonable  time.  In  this  region,  as  we 
all  know,  the  evolution  of  lumbering  and  the  gradual 
drift  towards  forestry  has  gone  further  than  anywhere 
else.  We  now  have  probably  a  better  opportunity  for 
the  practice  of  forestry  on  private  lands  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  United  States,  barring  mandatory  provisions. 

Even  in  the  West,  to  which  the  research  activities  of 
the  Forest  Service  have  had  to  be  mainly  directed  during 
the  last  10  or  15  years  because  of  the  necessity  of  infor- 
mation on  which  to  base  silvicultural  practice  in  the 
National  Forests,  the  extent  of  the  work  has  been  far 
from  satisfactory.  Within  the  last  five  years  in  order 
to  put  the  work  on  a  satisfactory  basis  at  fewer  places  it 
has  been  necessary  to  reduce  the  work  in  California  very 
materially,  this  in  spite  of  the  importance  of  the  prob- 
lems which  are  pressing  for  immediate  solution.  The 
work  in  California  should  again  be  taken  up  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  West  it  should  be  materially  enlarged. 

There  are  also  other  lines  of  forest  investigation  which 
relate  equally  to  all  regions,  as  for  example,  forest 
mathematics,  a  subject  which  received  more  or  less  atten- 
tion in. the  Forest  Service  some  years  ago  but  which  it 
has  been  impossible  -to. -cover  in  any  satisfactory  way 
during  the  last  four  ormve  years.  Here  we  have  such 
problems  as  forest  growth  and  yield,  volume  tables, 
scaling  problems,  and  mathematical  relationships  between 
height,  the  diameter,  volume,  and  form  of  trees,  a  large 
and  important  field  on  which  the  efforts  of  a  number  of 
men  could  be  devoted  for  a  number  of  years  with  results 
of  the  greatest  importance  to  foresters  and  to  the  forest 
industries.  There  is  another  group  of  problems  which 
could  well  be  centered  at  a  forest  research  laboratory, 
such  as  fundamental  seed  studies  and  forest  biological 
studies  in  general. 

The  time  has  now  come  for  much  closer  co-operation 
in  forest  research  between  the  Federal  Government,  the 
States,  the  forest  schools  of  high  standing,  and  the  State 
Experiment  Stations,  with  the  latter  particularly  on  wood- 
lot  problems.  Much  more  can  be  accomplished  by  some 
attempt  at  unification  of  effort  of  reasonable  Federal 
assistance  to  the  States  or  forest  schools  on  lines  of 
work  mutually  agreed  upon,  either  in  the  loan  of  men  or 
the  allotment  of   funds,  or  in  such  other  form  as  may 


PAID   IN  FULL 


1219 


seem  most  advisable.  Such  co-operation  should,  there- 
fore, be  recognized  as  an  essential  part  of  the  general 
program  of  enlarged  forest  research  in  the  United  States. 
It  should  be  recognized  that  the  success  of  the  efforts 
to  secure  adequate  recognition  for  this  work  must  depend 
in  a  very  material  degree  upon  the  demand  for  the 
work  outside  of  the  Federal  Forest  Service.  The  pres- 
ent Federal  appropriations  for  silvical  research  as  ap- 
proved by  the  House  at  the  short  session  of  Congress  is 
about  $78,000.  The  Senate  Committee  added  $25,000  to 
this  amount.  It  is  believed  that  the  general  program 
above  outlined  could  be  carried  out  by  an  increase  of  this 
appropriation  to  $200,000,  and  at  the  next  session  of 
Congress  an  effort  will  be  made  to  have  this  amount 
appropriated  for  the  work. 


PAID  IN  FULL 

THE  following  is  a  brief  sketch  of  Captain  Homer 
A  Smith  Youngs,  forestry  official  and  university  pro- 
fessor, who  gave  his  life  as  the  salient  of  St.  Mihiel 
was  wrested  from  the  grasp  of  the  Hun :  Born  in 
Stillman  Valley,  Illinois,  September  26,  1892.  Gradu- 
ated from  Belvidere,  Illinois,  High  School.  Enrolled 
in  the  University  of  Idaho  School  of  Forestry,  Sep- 
tember, 1 910,  where  he  won  highest  honors  both 
as  a  student  and  a  marksman,  and  specialized  in 
Forest  Engineering  and  in  Grazing.  Accepting  a  position 
with  the  Forest  Service,  District  4,  as  Chief  of  Party 
in  charge  of  primary  triangulation,  he  prepared  the  base 
maps  for  grazing  reconnaissance  on  which  he  was  later 
engaged  for  some  time.  Early  in  1916  he  was  appointed 
Grazing  Examiner  for  District  1,  with  headquarters  at 
Missoula,  resigning  in  September  of  that  year  to  accept 
a  teaching  position  in  forestry  at  his  Alma  Mater. 

On  January  5,  1917,  he  was  married  to  Anne  Geral- 
dine  Parker,  of  Los  Angeles,  and  in  the  same  month  he 
passed  the  examination  for  second  lieutenant,  receiving 
his  Commission  April  1.  On  May  15  he  was  ordered  to 
the  Presidio  at  San  Francisco  and  was  commissioned 
first  lieutenant  on  June  5.  On  August  29  he  sailed  from 
Hoboken  to  join  the  16th  Infantry,  which  had  crossed 
with  General  Pershing  in  July,  and  first  saw  active  ser- 
vice at  the  front  in  November,  1917,  where  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  a  sniper  because  of  his  unusually  accurate 
long-range  marksmanship.  In  December  he  was  sent  to 
a  British  Army  Scouting  School  for  further  training  in 
methods  of  scouting  and  sniping,  this  training  being 
further  supplemented  by  observation  and  patrolling  in 
the  British  trenches  at  the  front.  He  received  his  cap- 
taincy on  January  1,  1918,  and  on  returning  to  his  regi- 
ment was  made  regimental  intelligence  officer,  in  which 
position,  he  had  charge  of  most  of  the  patrols  that  went 
out  from  his  Division — the  famous  First  Division  of  the 
First  Army.  At  Picardy  he  was  seriously  gassed  and 
in  the  hospital  for  six  weeks  but  again  joined  his  regi- 
ment on  the  Champagne  front  where  a  shell,  which  ex- 


ploded in  a  dugout  containing  three  officers,  killed  the 
other  two  and  left  Captain  Youngs  unconscious  and  ser- 
iously injured  from  shell-shock.  After  two  months  in 
Base  Hospital  No.  8  he  again  joined  his  regiment  on 
September  1,  and  on  September  30,  in  the  great  battle  of 
St.  Mihiel,  he  went  over  the  top  for  the  last  time  fighting 
in  the  Argonne  Forest  until  October  4,  when  he  received 
a  severe  wound  in  his  right  shoulder  severing  nerves 
which  necessitated  the  amputation  of  his  right  arm  on 
October  30.     He  was  never  able  to  bear  the  strain  of 


A  FOREST  HERO  OF  THE  WAR 
Capt.    Homer   Smith   Youngs,    Co.    E,    16th   U.    S.    Infantry. 

moving  to  a  base  hospital  and  on  November  23  blood- 
transfusion  was  resorted  to  but  he  died  on  the  morning 
of  November  24,  1918.  He  now  sleeps  in  Brizeaux 
Village,  just  south  of  the  Argonne  Forest. 

He  leaves  a  young  son,  Homer  Smith  Youngs,  Jr., 
whom  he  had  never  seen. 

Without  ostentation,  but  with  dispatch  and  thorough- 
ness, fearlessly  and  dauntlessly,  his  work  was  done. 
Those  who  knew  him  best  loved  and  trusted  him  most. 
He  died  in  the  service  of  his  country  which  he  loved  so 
well,  and  of  whose  splendid  young  manhood  he  was 
such  a  perfect  type  in  every  sense.  His  life ;  his  ex- 
ample; his  supreme  sacrifice,  should  not  be  permitted 


1220 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


to  fade  from  the  memory  of  American  foresters  and 
all  those  who  enjoy  the  blessings  of  liberty  and  justice 
vouchsafed  by  such  as  he. 

His  friend  and  teacher, 

C.  H.  Shattuck, 


A  GARDEN  OF  THE  BRAVE 
By  Vilda  Sauvage  Owens,  in  The  New  York  Times 

I  sometimes  dream  that  in  the  years  to  he, 
When  France  shall  rise  once  more,  resplendent,  free, 
One  lovely  corner  there  shall  be  a  grave — 
A  Garden  of  the  Brave. 

And  in  my  dream  I  see  a  quiet  nook, 
That  nestles  by  a  silver,  running  brook. 
Brave   Belgians   sleep   within  this   lovely   spot, 
'Neath   blue  forget-me-not. 

And  close  beside,  where  all  is  rest  and  peace, 
Acre  on  acre  of  the  fleur  de  lis. 
Here  where  the  very  angels  watch  are  keeping, 
The  sons  of  France  lie  sleeping. 

Great  masses  of  the  wondrous  wattle  here, 
Where  stanch  Australians  rest.     And  very  near, 
A  mighty  avenue  of  maple  trees, 
All  gold  and  crimson,  fling  with  every  breeze 
A  cloud  of  little  winged  seeds,  that  fly 
Where  brave   Canadians  lie. 

Beneath  a  coverlet  of  shamrock  rest 
Old  Ireland's  sons,  her  bravest  and  her  best 
And  hark!  The  music  of  the  pipes!  They  play 
Always  where  buried  Scotchmen  sleep,  they  say. 
And  purple  thistles  whisper  in  the  dells 
To  bonnie  heather  bells. 

Old  England's  roses  here,  the  white  and  red, 
Where    sleep    in    countless    graves    her    gallant    dead. 
Here,  too,  the  tiny  English  daises  grow. 
The  soldiers  loved  them  so! 

And  further  still,  a  little  nook,  yet  dear, 
The  friendly  sunbeams  love  to  linger  here, 
Where  glowing  California  poppies  nod, 
And  yellow  goldenrod. 

I  dream  that  as  the  years  move  on  apace, 
We'll  fare  as  Pilgrims  to  this  hallowed  place, 
And  pause  beside  each  fragrant,  flowering  glade, 
Or  rest  beneath  the  leafy  maples'  shade, 
And  hold  communion  there  in  love  divine, 
And  pray,  as  at  a  shrine! 


FOREST  RESERVE  FOR  KENTUCKY 

rpHROUGH  the  gift  of  the  Kentenia-Catron  Corpora- 
■*■  tion,  which  owns  thousands  of  acres  in  Eastern  Ken- 
tucky, the  State  has  acquired  a  forest  reserve  of  3,400 
acres  on  Pine  Mountain,  Harlan  County.  The  land  is  not 
underlaid  with  coal  and  has  no  agricultural  value.  It  is 
the  first  reserve  the  State  has  acquired  and  J.  E.  Barton, 
commissioner  of  forestry  and  geology,  who  has  been  try- 
ing for  several  years  to  secure  such  a  tract,  said  that  it 
will  afford  an  excellent  opportunity  to  demonstrate  refor- 
estation and  the  proper  method  of  propagating  trees  and 
lumbering. 


MORE  AIRPLANE  PATROLS  FOR  NATIONAL 
FORESTS 

'TUYO  additional  routes  in  the  patrol  of  national  forests 
-1  by  Army  airplanes,  to  give  early  warnings  of  fires 
in  the  forests,  have  been  arranged  by  the  War  Depart- 
ment and  the  Forest  Service,  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture.  The  routes  will  be  operated  from  Mather 
Field,  near  Sacramento,  and  were  placed  in  operation 
June  i,  on  the  same  day  as  two  routes  operated  from 
March  Field,  near  Riverside,  California. 

The  first  route  from  Mather  Field  covers  the  North- 
ern Eldorado  and  Tahoe  Forests  on  the  valley  side  of 
the  Sierras.  It  starts  from  Mather  Field  and  proceeds 
to  Placerville,  Colfax,  Nevada  City,  Strawberry  Valley 
and  Oroville,  where  the  planes  land  at  available  fields. 
This  route  is  to  be  covered  in  the  morning  of  each  day 
and  the  return  trip  made  in  the  afternoon. 

The  second  route  from  Mather  Field  covers  the  South- 
ern Eldorado  and  Stanislaus  Forests.  Starting  from 
Mather  Field,  the  route  goes  to  Placerville,  Grizzly  Flat, 
Rig  Trees  and  to  a  landing  near  Sonora  or  Tuolumne. 
This  route  is  covered  in  the  morning  and  return  trips  made 
in  the  afternoon.  Both  of  the  Mather  Field  routes  have 
a  round-trip  length  of  about  150  miles. 

Forest  Service  reports  tell  of  a  successful  trial  patrol 
undertaken  recently.  No  difficulty  was  experienced  in 
detecting  fires  in  heavy  timber  at  elevations  of  6000  to 
10,000  feet. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES 


THE    ROOSEVELT    REDWOOD— FITTING    TRIBUTE    TO    OUR    LATE 
EX-PRESIDENT 

A  monument  that  has  stood  for  ages  and  will  stand  for  ages  to  come  is  the 
giant  redwood  tree  in  the  Yosemlte  Valley  which  bears  the  name  of 
Roosevelt.  A  more  fitting  tribute  in  memory  of  our  late  ex-president  can 
hardly  be  imagined. 


INSECTS  IN  THEIR  RELATION  TO  FORESTRY 


BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  F.  A.  O.  U.,  ETC., 

MEMBER  BELGIAN  ORDER  OF  ST.  JOHN  OF  JERUSALEM 

(PHOTOGRAPHS  BY  THE   AUTHOR) 


FOR  the  past  half  century  and  more,  the  immense 
host  of  insects  that  are,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree, 
inimical  to  our  forest,  fruit,  and  shade  trees,  have 
been  under  investigation  by  entomologists  in  both  public 
and  private  life.  The  indefatigable  workers  in  the  various 
Federal  departments  at 
Washington  and  elsewhere 
have  contributed  an  enor- 
mous literature  to  this  sub- 
ject, covering  every  line  of 
research  embodied  in  the 
science ;  while  the  results 
they  have  achieved  have 
been  of  the  most  incalcula- 
ble value,  not  only  to  the 
country  at  large,  but  to 
those  interested  in  trees  of 
all  kinds  anywhere.  This 
is  true  irrespective  as  to 
whether  the  latter  be  repre- 
sented by  our  most  exten- 
sive private  or  governmen- 
tal forest  owners,  or  by  one 
having  but  a  few  trees  un- 
der his  care  in  any  part  of 
the  United  States,  or  in 
neighboring  countries, 
whereon  such  insects  occur. 
As  stated  above,  a  large 
part  of  this  literature,  re- 
ferring to  the  various  for- 
est-insect problems,  has 
been  published  by  the 
Government,  and  particu- 
larly by  the  Bureau  of  En- 
tomology of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, of  which  Dr.  L.  O. 
Howard  is  the  Chief. 
While  a  fairly  generous 
supply  of  these  bulletins 
and  other  publications  are 
issued,   they   by  no   means 


Fig.    1.    THE    LARVA    OR    CATERPILLAR    OF    THE    REGAL    MOTH 
{Cilheronia  rcgalis);  NATURAL  SIZE,  FROM  LIFE 


This  elegant   larva  of  the   Regal  or  Royal   Walnut 
green  color,  with  black  and  white  markings. 


are   brilliant   scarlet,   tipped    with  black. 
leaves   of  the   sycamore   tree. 


reach  all  they  should,  nor 
supply  the  demand  for  them  by  those  interested  in  the 
subject  at  large.  This  being  the  case,  any  extension  of 
the  knowledge  of  such  matters,  in  any  of  its  departments, 
should  be  regarded  with  favor;  and  to  this  end  popu- 
larization of  various  phases  of  the  science  will,  from  time 
to  time,  be  the  object  of  this  section  of  American 
Forestry.      In    this    work    the   bulletins    issued   by    the 


Forest  Insect  Investigations  of  the  Bureau  of  Ento- 
mology, of  which  Dr.  A.  D.  Hopkins  is  in  charge,  have 
been  especially  helpful,  while  in  addition  to  such  aid  a 
great  many  actual  observations,  extending  over  many 
years,  have  been  made  by  the  present  contributor  in  the 

fields  and  forests.  The 
observed  phenomena  thus 
studied  will  all  be  incorpo- 
rated as  the  material  is 
worked  up  and  illustrated. 
Almost  without  exception 
the  photographs  of  the 
matter  described  have  been 
made  from  such  material ; 
and  where  certain  insects 
have  not  been  easily  ob- 
tainable, they  have  been 
generously  loaned  the 
writer  from  the  duplicate 
series  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum  collec- 
tions. For  such  courtesies 
thanks  are  especially  due 
to  Drs.  E.  A.  Schwarz  and 
Harrison  Dyar;  to  Messrs. 
Carl  Heinrich,  J.  C.  Craw- 
ford, H.  S.  Barber,  and  to 
others  associated  with  them 
in  the  Bureau. 

From  the  various  sources 
of  information  brought 
down  to  us  from  the  earli- 
est time  to  the  present  day, 
certain  primary  facts  have 
been  established.  In  the 
first  place,  the  list  of  insect 
forms  that  attack  forest 
trees  in  this  country  is  not 
an  especially  long  one, 
when  we  come  to  consider 
the  enormous  array  of 
species  that  are  entirely  in- 
nocent with  respect  to  any 
such  charge.  Many  insects 
attack  trees  that  have  no  claim  to  be  classed  as  forest 
trees;  while  a  formidable  list  of  insects  commit  their 
depredations  upon  certain  shrubs  and  plants,  and  never 
have  anything  whatever  to  do  with  trees.  There  are 
insects  that  feed  only  upon  the  leaves  of  forest  and  shade 
trees,  causing  damage  to  that  extent  alone ;  some  of  the 
bark  beetles  devote  their  attention  to  fully  grown  and 


Moth   is  of  an   intense 

Its  curious  pairs  of  "horns" 

It  is  seen  here   feeding  on   the 


1221 


1222 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


sound  trees,  while  other  species  do  so  wholly  to  dead 
or  dying  ones,  or  to  fallen  trunks  of  them  in  the  forests 
and  elsewhere.  Then  the  roots  of  forest  trees  also  have 
their  special  enemies,  while  others  destroy  the  bark. 

In  so  far  as  forest  trees  are  concerned,  perhaps  the 
most  destructive  insects  are  the  bark  beetles,  of  which 
there  are  quite  a  large  number  of  species.  These  beetles 
have,  in  times  past,  utterly  destroyed  forest  trees  cover- 
ing hundreds  of  square  miles,  and  they  are  committing  the 
same  depredations  at  the  present  time.  They  bore 
through  the  bark  of  pine,  spruce,  hickory,  fir,  and  other 
trees — full-grown,  healthy  trees — and  subsequently  com- 
pletely   girdle    their    main 


trunks,     which 
kills    the    tree 


ultimately 
so    preyed 
upon. 

In  passing  through  the 
vast  pine  forests  of  the 
Southern  States,  as  the 
writer  has  frequently  done, 
one  may  plainly  see  the 
fearful  devastation  wrought 
by  the  various  invasions  of 
the  common  pine  beetle  of 
the  South.  Hundreds  of 
square  miles  of  dead  pine 
and  spruce  trees  may  be 
seen  in  various  stages  of 
decay,  the  death  having 
been  caused  by  this  pest. 
We  may  even  observe  the 
same  class  of  destruction 
in  its  various  stages  in  cer- 
tain areas  within  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Great 
quantities  of  useful  timber 
have  thus  been  lost  to  the 
country  and  the  industries ; 
while  we  may  note  simi- 
lar destructive  work  in 
progress,  and  at  all  stages, 
due  to  the  operations  of 
the  spruce  beetle  in  the 
forests  of  those  trees  in 
northeastern    United    States 


Fig.  4.  ONE  OF  THE  OLDEST  BLACK  WALNUT  TREES  IN  THE 
ENVIRONS  OF  WASHINGTON,  AND  ONE  THAT  HAS  PROBABLY 
SEEN  FIFTY  SUMMERS  COME  AND  GO 

Trees  succumb  from  all  sorts  of  causes.  Old  age  has  overtaken  this  one; 
but  it  has  also  been  struck  by  lightning;  partly  strangled  by  vines;  fur- 
nished food  for  thousands  of  larvae,  and  weathered  the  gales  of  half  a 
century. 


and    southeastern    Canada. 


"This  species,"  says  Doctor  Hopkins,  "caused  the  death 
of  a  very  large  percentage  of  the  mature  spruce  over  an 
area  of  thousands  of  square  miles.  In  the  aggregate 
many  billions  of  feet  of  the  best  timber  were  destroyed. 
The  large  areas  of  this  dead  timber  furnished  fuel  for 
devastating  forest  fires,  with  the  result  that  in  most 
cases  there  was  a  total  loss." 

More  particulars  on  this  vitally  important  subject  will 
be  brought  out  in  future  issues  of  American  Forestry, 
as  well  as  observations  on  the  destruction  now  in  progress 
in  our  North  American  forests  due  to  the  attacks  of  other 
species  of  insects  and  their  larvae  in  still  other  regions. 

Passing  from  these  few  introductory  remarks  on  for- 
est beetles  to  moths,  we  enter  upon  one  of  the  most 


attractive  fields  of  inquiry  and  observation  in  the  entire 
realm  of  biology.  As  in  the  case  of  all  the  biological 
sciences,  it  has  its  large  literature,  illustrated  by  thou- 
sands upon  thousands  of  plain  and  exquisitely  colored 
figures ;  while  upon  the  other  hand  there  is  the  entire 
world  of  nature  ever  standing  open  to  the  investigator 
for  the  verification  of  all  that  is  set  forth  in  that  litera- 
ture, and  offering  at  the  same  time  no  end  of  new 
material  for  study  and  description.  All  this  is  equally 
true  of  the  butterflies — a  group  so  closely  allied  to  the 
moths  that  they  appear  to  almost  run  into  each  other. 
Now,  in  a  great  many  instances,  the  larva?  of  caterpillars 

of  both  moths  and  butter- 
flies feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  trees  of  many  descrip- 
tions, those  of  our  forests 
as  well  as  the  shade  trees 
of  our  towns  and  cities. 
These  insects  may  be 
studied  with  a  great  many 
objects  in  view;  but  this 
field  is  so  extensive  that  to 
enter  upon  it  in  any  satis- 
factory manner  would  re- 
sult in  the  presentation  of 
material  far  exceeding  the 
limitations  of  the  space  at 
our  command  in  the  pres- 
ent connection.  However, 
such  information  will  be 
forthcoming  from  time  to 
time,  while  right  here  it  is 
proposed  to  briefly  intro- 
duce one  of  the  very  hand- 
somest moths  in  our  insect 
fauna.  This  is  the  Regal 
or  Royal  Walnut  moth, 
atheroma  regalis  of  Fab- 
ricius  (Figs.  2  and  3).  Its 
caterpillar  is  a  most  re- 
markable looking  creature, 
and  it  is  here  shown  life- 
size  in  Figure  1.  A  sum- 
mer or  two  ago,  Mrs.  Bert 
S.  Elliott,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  was  good  enough  to 
furnish  me  with  more  than  a  dozen  living  specimens  of 
this  grand  larva  of  our  Regal  moth,  they  being  trans- 
ported on  a  big  limb  of  a  sycamore  tree,  bearing  a  great 
quantity  of  fresh  leaves,  which  latter  constitutes  one 
of  their  foods  in  nature.  In  a  reproduced  photograph, 
this  caterpillar  is  a  rather  tame-looking  affair  as  compared 
with  the  living  animal.  To  appreciate  this,  one  must 
indeed  see  it  in  life,  with  its  shiny,  pea-green  body,  orna- 
mented on  the  sides  by  an  interrupted  series  of  black  and 
white  markings ;  its  red  head  and  tail-plates ;  red  and 
black  feet,  and  its  remarkable,  double  pair  of  curved, 
red  and  black  horns  on  the  segments  just  back  of  the 
head.  Smaller  horns,  too,  are  seen  elsewhere  on  the  body, 
as  shown  in  the  cut.     Country  boys  call  this  catterpillar 


INSECTS   IN   THEIR   RELATION   TO    FORESTRY 


1223 


the  "Hickory  Horn-devil,"  and  generally  destroy  it  upon 
discovery.  It  has  an  average  length  of  some  five  and  a 
half  inches,  and  is  the  largest  caterpillar  in  our  insect 
fauna.  It  does  not  spin  a  cocoon,  as  many  other  large 
caterpillars  do;  on  the  other  hand,  sometime  in  Sep- 
tember,   it    works    its    way    under   ground,    there   to   be 


SPECIMEN    IX    THE   COLLECTION    OF 
THE   DARK  BROWN  PUPA  IS  SHOWN   TO  THE 


Fig.    2.     MALE    REGAL    MOTH.    VIEWED   FROM    ABOVE 
THE    UNITED    STATES   NATIONAL    MUSEUM. 
LEFT.     BOTH    REDUCED   ABOUT  ONE-THIRD. 

Here  is  an  instance  in  the  insect  world  where  the  male  of  the   species   is  conspicuously 

mate  (see  Fig.  3). 


transformed  into  the  pupa  here  shown,  in  Figure  2,  from 
which  it  emerges  during  the  following  July  as  an  elegant 
orange-red  moth,  with  the  dainty  white  and  yellow  mark- 
ings here  seen  in  Figures  2  and  3. 

This  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  the  butternut, 
hickory,  persimmon,  sumach  (Rhus),  sycamore,  and 
walnut  trees.  Of  the  last-named 
we  have  a  victim  in  Figure  4. 
This  moth  is  rare  in  the  North 
and  nowhere  abundant ;  while  in 
the  State  of  Georgia  it  is  said  to 
be  double-brooded.  In  this 
genus  atheroma  we  have  at 
least  two  more  species  of  these 
big  moths,  namely  the  "Pine- 
devil  moth"  (C.  sepulchralis) 
and  the  Mexican  Walnut  moth 
(C.  mcxicana).  Of  the  former 
Doctor  Holland  says :  "It  ranges 
from  the  Carolinas  northward 
to  Massachusetts  along  the  coast. 
It  is  not  common  in  the  valley 
of  the  Potomac ;  and  at  Berkeley 
Springs  I  have  found  it  abund- 
ant in  the  larval  state  in  the 
months    of    July    and    August." 

The  third  species  is  found  in 
Arizona  and  northwestern  Mex- 
ico. To  rear  and  study  this  elegant  moth — indeed,  any 
of  our  large  moths — one  has  but  to  place  the  larvae  or 
caterpillars  in  a  large  and  thoroughly  clean  pine  box  con- 
taining about  a  foot  or  more  of  soft,  dark  soil.  The  top 
should  have  a  fine  wire-mesh  cover  that  can  be  readily 
removed.  Fresh  leaves  of  the  sycamore  or  other  trees 
mentioned  above  should  be  fed  to  them  every  day  and 


the  unconsumed  ones  removed.  After  all  the  larvae  have 
disappeared  under  ground,  the  box  may  be  kept  in  a 
dry  and  moderately  warm  room  until  the  following  sum- 
mer, when  your  moths  will  be  forthcoming — and  what 
superb  creatures  they  are  upon  emergence ! 

Butterfly  larvae,  of  a  great  many  species,  genera,  and 
families,  also  feed  upon  the 
leaves  of  various  trees  of  the 
forest,  and  among  them  we  find 
not  a  few  representatives  of  the 
genus  Papilio,  which  is  a  truly 
gorgeous  assemblage  of  forms ; 
they  may  be  reared  from  their 
chrysalids  in  the  manner  recom- 
mended in  the  last  paragraph  in 
the  case  of  moths. 

A  few  miles  west  of  Washing- 
ton, along  the  old  Georgetown 
Canal,  is  a  great  place  to  meet 
with  the  Ajax  Swallowtail — a 
butterfly  of  extreme  beauty  (Fig- 
ures 5  and  6).  There  is  a  good 
reason  for  finding  the  insect  in 
that  locality,  as  in  the  marshy  area  between  the  tow- 
path  and  the  Potomac  flourish  many  Papaw  trees 
(Asimina  triloba),  and  it  is  upon  the  leaves  of  these 
that  the  caterpillars  of  the  various  forms  of  this  butter- 
fly feed.  On  one  occasion,  in  this  locality,  the  writer 
captured  three  of  these  lovely  butterflies  with  one  sweep 


smaller   than    its 


Fig.  3.    A  PERFECT  SPECIMEN  OF  A  FEMALE  OF  OUR  REGAL  WALNUT  MOTH;  NATURAL  SIZE, 

AND  VIEWED  FROM  ABOVE 

This  well   shows  how  carefully  these  moths  are  mounted  in  our  great  collection  in  the  National  Museum. 
In  coloration,  this  is  a  very  striking  species,  hence  its  name,   "Regal." 

of  the  net,  as  they  rested  on  the  mud  within  a  few  feet  of 
the  Potomac.  Upon  reversing  the  net,  two  were  taken 
and  one  escaped.  Doctor  Holland  gives  us  a  beautiful 
colored  plate  of  these  zebra  butterflies  in  his  "Butterfly 
Book,"  upon  which  five  different  subspecies  of  ajax  are 
shown,  as  well  as  Papilio  eurymeda  of  the  same  group, 
the  one  shown  in  Figure  5  of  the  present  article  being 


1224 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Papilio  ajax  marcellus — male.  Walshi  is  the  winter 
form  of  ajax,  the  "chrysalids  which  have  been  exposed 
to  the  cold  of  the  winter"  produce  it ;  "the  black  bands 
of  the  wings  are  narrower  and  a  trifle  paler  than  in  the 
other  forms,  the  tails  of  the  hind  wings  tipped  with 
white,  and  the  crimson  spot  on  the  inner  margin  near 


Fig.  5.  FEW  BUTTERFLIES  IN  EASTERN  UNITED  STATES  CAN 
RIVAL  IN  BEAUTY  THE  FAMOUS  "SWALLOWTAILS;"  AND  OF 
ALL  THAT  GROUP  THERE  IS  NOT  A  HANDSOMER  SPECIES  THAN 
THE  ONE  HERE  SHOWN,  WHICH  IS  WIDELY  KNOWN  AS  THE 
"ZEBRA  SWALLOWTAIL" 

Butterflies  of  this  zebra  kind  long  puzzled  the  entomologists,  for  the  reason 
that  they_  were  found  to  be  seasonally  polymorphic.  The  one  here  shown 
is  the  Ajax — a  most  remarkable   insect. 

the  anal  angle  forming  a  conspicuous  bent  bar."  In 
flight,  this  butterfly  has  the  appearance  of  being  white, 
banded  with  black  (as  in  the  cut  for  the  under  side),  with 
the  wings  emarginated  with  a  broad  band  of  black ;  the 
red  spot  is  quite  conspicuous.  It  would  seem  that  in 
certain  localities  these  various  types  of  Papilio  ajax 
intergrade,  making  it  a  bit  difficult  sometimes  to  define 
and  name  them  with  absolute  certainty.  In  any  event,  as 
it  does  a  tree  no  good  to  have  its  leaves  eaten  up  by 
caterpillars,  and  as  the  Papaw  is  a  tree  of  some  value 
along  the  streams  that  course  through  our  forests,  the 
caterpillar  of  this  handsome  butterfly  must  be  considered 
in  the  light  of  an  insect  inimical  to  it. 

Speaking  of   the  early  stages  of  the  genus  Papilio, 
Holland  says  that  "the  eggs  are  somewhat  globular,  flat- 


tened at  the  base,  and  smooth.  The  caterpillars  are 
cylindrical,  smooth,  fleshy,  thicker  in  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  body  than  in  the  posterior  portion,  and  are  always 
provided  with  osmateria,  or  protrusive  scent-organs, 
which,  when  the  larva  is  alarmed,  are  thrust  forth,  and 
emit  a  musky  odor,  not  highly  disagreeable  to  the  human 
nostrils,  but  evidently  intended  to  deter  other  creatures 
from  attacking  them.  The  chrysalids  are  always  attached 
by  a  button  of  silk  at  the  anal  extremity,  and  held  in 
place  by  a  girdle  of  silk  about  the  middle.  The  chrysalids 
are,  however,  never  closely  appressed  to  the  surface  upon 
which  pupation  takes  place." 

It  is  surely  very  remarkable  how  the  caterpillar  can 
attach  the  delicate  little  girdle  of  silk  that  goes  about 
its  waist,  or  the  "button"  at  its  abdominal  extremity, 
during  the  transformation  performed  through  pupation. 
It  has  not  been  the  writer's  fortune  to  observe  this  up 


Fig  7.  WE  HAVE  HERE  AN  ENEMY  OF  THE  BLACK  OAK— A 
BEETLE  KNOWN  AS  THE  BROAD-NECKED  PRIONUS  {Prionus  lali- 
collis) 

During  the  first  two  weeks  in  July,  this  big,  black  Prionus  emerges  at 
twilight,  and  may  frequently  be  captured  around  the  street-lights  of 
eastern  cities.  This  is  a  Washington  specimen. 

to  the  present  time,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  many 
papilionian  larvae  have  been  kept  by  him  during  their 
transformation  to  the  pupa  stage,  and,  after  that,  until 
the  butterflies  emerge  from  them.  The  suspending  girdle 
is  invariably  adjusted  with  the  greatest  care,  in  the  same 
place,  with  the  head  of  the  pupa  above,  and  the  very 


INSECTS   IN   THEIR   RELATION   TO    FORESTRY 


1225 


firm  fastening  of  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  below.  This,  it 
will  be  seen,  holds  the  pupa  in  such  a  way  that  the 
median  longitudinal  line  of  its  body  makes  an  acute 
angle  with  the  plane  of  the  surface  to  which  it  is  attached. 

Thus  hangs  the  pupa  of  a  Papilio!  But  why  it  should 
apparently  be  obliged  to  be  suspended  in  that  manner, 
while  the  pupa  of  an  Argynnis — such  as  one  of  our 
Silver-spots  for  example — should  only  be  suspended  by 
the  end  of  the  abdomen,  is  surely  difficult  to  explain. 

As  has  already  been  noted  in  a  previous  paragraph,  the 
larvae  or  cater- 
pillars of  our 
moths  and  but- 
terflies feed 
upon  the  leaves 
of  trees;  but 
the  beetles,  up- 
on the  other 
hand,  are  far 
more  destruc- 
tive, for,  as  a 
rule,  they  at- 
tack the  bark, 
the  true  wood 
within,  and  the 
roots.  An  ex- 
cellent example 
of  such  insects 
is  seen  in  the 
Broad  -  necked 
Prionus  (Prio- 
niis  laticollis) 
of  Drury.  In 
Packard's  re- 
port on  Forest 
Insects  we  find 
a  cut  of  this 
species,  with 
figures  showing 
the  larva  and 
pupa,  after 
Riley.  The 
beetle  is  illus- 
trated in  the 
present  article 
in  Figure  7, 
which  is  from 
life.  General- 
ly, this  insect 
is  discovered  living  in  the  trunks  and  roots  of  the  trees 
known  as  the  Balm-of-Gilead  and  the  poplar;  but  Mr.  F. 
Clarkson  found,  many  years  ago,  specimens  of  this  borer 
infesting  the  Black  oak.  He  reported  in  the  Canadian 
Entomologist  (XVI,  '95)  that  "their  presence  is  quickly 
realized  by  the  odor  of  the  female,  which  is  very  power- 
ful, and  can  readily  be  detected  20  feet  distant.  I  placed 
a  female,  immediately  after  emergence,  in  an  uncovered 
jar ;  and  wherever  I  positioned  it,  on  the  piazza  or 
elsewhere,  the  males  were  attracted  from  every  direction. 


Fig.  6.    ONE  OF  THE  LOCKS  ON  THE  GEORGETOWN   CANAL  IN  THE   EARLY   SPRING   OF    1919. 
A    FEW    MILES   WEST  OF  WASHINGTON,   D.  C,  AND  A  FINE  LOCALITY  FOR  COLLECTING 

Some  of  the   finest  sycamores  anywhere  are  to  be  found    in    this   region;   sometimes   they   are   seen   to   be 

double,  as  in  this  view. 


I  captured  twenty  males  in  a  very  few  minutes.  Oak 
Hill  cannot  boast  of  a  Balm-of-Gilead  or  a  Lombardy 
poplar,  but  it  is  famous  for  its  oaks ;  and  while  it  is 
admitted  that  the  former  trees  as  mentioned  by  Harris, 
serve  as  food  for  the  larvae,  my  observations  indisputably 
prove  that  they  feed  also  upon  the  roots  of  the  oak." 
This  beetle  is  of  a  blackish  brown  color,  shiny,  and 
exhibits  no  markings  whatever.  It  is  a  strong  flyer ;  and 
when  on  the  ground  it  gets  along  with  considerable 
rapidity,  especially  when  not  impeded  by  the  vegetation 

or  the  coarse, 
pebbly  charac- 
ter  of  the 
ground  or  soil. 
F  r  equ  ently 
they  make  their 
appearance  i  n 
the  streets  of 
our  towns  and 
cities  at  night, 
apparently  at- 
tracted by  the 
lights  in  the 
streets  and 
w  i  n  d  o  ws  of 
our  dwellings. 
This  Prionus  is 
s  hard,  strong 
beetle,  requir- 
ing a  pretty 
stiff  blow  to 
crush  it.  Its 
jointed  antennae 
are  of  a  fair 
length  only, 
though  stout 
and  beautifully 
jointed  with 
short  joints. 
When  at  rest, 
each  one  ex- 
hibits a  gentle 
curve  outwards 
and  somewhat 
backwards.  Its 
eyes  are  rather 
large,  while  one 
of  its  most 
striking  char- 
acters is  the  unusual  width  of  its  neck,  which,  upon 
either  outer  margin,  presents  a  pair  of  pointed  processes, 
one  in  the  middle  and  one  occupying  the  supero-external 
angle.  Its  outer  wings  or  elytrae  are  granulated,  and  so 
rather  roughish ;  while  mesially,  the  ultimate  segment  of 
the  abdomen  projects  beyond  them.  Finally,  we  may  say 
that  its  three  pairs  of  legs,  having  the  same  color  as  the 
rest  of  the  insect,  are  rather  stout,  but  otherwise  in  due 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  insect. 


GATHERING  THE  SPINULOSE  SHIELD  FERN 

BY  FRAJNK   B.  TUCKER 


THE  spinulose  shield  fern  unexpectedly  paid  for  my 
vacation  several  years  ago.     I  never  thought  when 
I  left  New  York  late  in  August  for  a  three-week 
vacation  in  the  Green  Mountains  that  I  would  return  to 
the  city  with  about  as  much  money  in  my  pockets  as 
when  I  left.    But  such  was  the  case. 

While  in  no  way  bound  to  hide  the  identity  of  the 
place  in  Vermont  where  this  happy  windfall  befell  me, 
I  do  so,  lest  I  give  the  village — if  such  it  may  be  called — 
too  great  a  prominence.  It  has  but  two  houses  that  take 
vacationists.  The  largest  may  have  accommodations 
for  40  guests ;  the  smaller  for  a  third  this  number.  The 
native  all-the-year-round  population  is  about  fifty. 

The  hamlet,  for  such  it    

really  is,  is  delightfully 
situated  in  a  dilation  of  a 
valley  of  a  branch  of  the 
Deerfield  River,  some  nine- 
teen hundred  feet  above  sea 
level,  with  encircling  sum- 
mits rising  another  ten 
hundred  feet.  Save  for  the 
daily  trip  of  a  quasi  pub- 
lic stage,  that  hires  itself 
out  for  passengers,  mail, 
baggage  and  freight,  and  an 
occasional  automobilist  on 
a  tour  of  exploration,  the  ■ 
place  is  unlinked  to  the 
busy  world.  And  until  the 
advent  of  the  fern  industry 
it  contributed  no  article  of 
commerce  to  the  world. 

About  ten  years  ago  a 
shrewd  eyed  native  of  the 
locality  saw  a  fortune  in  the 
perennial  crop  of  the  spin- 
ulose shield  fern  that  for 
countless  years  had  grown 
prodigally     in     the     moist 

woods  roundabout.  Stories  are  told  of  the  penury  of  his 
circumstances  before  he  conceived  the  idea  of  marketing 
the  ferns,  contrasted  with  his  present  affluence  ;but  one  and 
all  acknowledge  him  as  the  benefactor  of  the  community. 

The  spinulose  shield  fern  I  have  seen  growing  in  lux- 
uriant abundance  in  the  New  England  and  Middle  Atlan- 
tic States.  Books  on  ferns  state  that  it  is  to  be  found 
from  North  Carolina  to  northernmost  Canada.  I  could 
not  find  it,  however,  in  the  mountains  of  western  North 
Carolina,  though  I  searched  for  it  carefully.  The  books 
omit  any  mention  as  to  how  far  west  it  grows — a  question 
of  some  interest  to  me ;  for  I  was  told  that  the  Vermont 
crop  was  sold  mostly  to  the  florists  of  Chicago  and  Den- 
ver. Three  feet  is  about  its  maximum  growth ;  its  width 
will  average  about  one-third  of  its  length.    It  is  an  ever- 


green, very  hardy,  of  a  darker,  richer  green  color  than 
the  other  ferns  that  grow  indigenous  with  it,  and  of  a 
feathery,  lace-like  texture.  Brown  fruit  specks  dot  its 
underside  at  picking  time, and  its  stalk  is  somewhat  scurfy. 
It  is  very  gregarious,  six  to  a  dozen  or  more  stalks 
clustering  about  a  common  center,  the  clusters  grouping 
themselves  often  into  beds  covering  a  considerable  area. 
It  grows  in  moist  woods,  being  especially  thick  near 
water  courses.  It  likes  the  cooling  protection  of  bould- 
ers and  of  fallen,  decaying  trees.  Often  it  takes  root 
in  the  latter's  crumbling,  pulpy  wood,  or  in  some 
crevice  of  the  former  where  a  little  soil  has  found  lodg- 
ment, growing  as  hardy  as  its  fellows  in  the  fertile  soil 

of  the  woods. 

Picking  begins  about  two 
weeks  before  Labor  Day 
and  lasts  about  five  weeks. 
Everyone  is  welcome  to 
pick ;  all  are  treated  alike 
by  the  dealer.  When  the 
picking  is  good  and  the 
pickers  numerous  he  pays 
them  thirty  cents  for  a  thou- 
sand ferns,  bunched.  When 
the  supply  of  ferns  near  his 
agency  has  been  picked, 
and  it  becomes  necessary 
to  go  deep  into  the  woods 
"for  them,  pickers  are  not 
so  numerous,  and  the  price 
rises  to  forty  cents  a  thou- 
sand. While  in  the  spring 
of  years  when  his  sales 
have  been  heavy,  some- 
times before  the  snow  has 
left  the  ground,  he  pays 
them  ninety  cents  for  a 
thousand  ferns,  bunched. 
During  the  height  of  the 
picking  season  some  fami- 
lies earn  as  much  as  ninety  dollars  a  week,  clearing  some 
five  hundred  dollars  during  the  season.  To  do  this 
means  working  from  early  morning  until  late  at  night 
for  every  member  of  the  family.  The  men  folks  start 
out  early  in  the  morning  with  big  hampers,  which  they 
fill  and  deliver  several  times  a  day  to  their  women  for 
bunching,  at  which  task  the  men  also  assist  at  night. 

The  money  the  pickers  receive  is  all  profit,  save  for 
the  cost  of  the  thread  used  to  bind  the  ferns  into  bunches. 
A  few  of  the  heaviest  pickers  do  pay  the  larger  land- 
owners a  nominal  amount  for  the  exclusive  privilege  of 
picking  on  their  land.  This  exclusive  privilege,  however, 
is  of  somewhat  doubtful  value;  for  though  the  land  thus 
allotted  is  posted  against  the  unlawful  picking  of  ferns, 
little  heed  is  taken  thereof  by  pickers. 


READY  TO  START   IN   THE   MORNING 


1224 


GATHERING    THE    SPINULOSE    SHIELD    FERN 


1227 


The  land  upon  which  I  was  privileged  to  pick  as  the 
guest  of  the  owner  was  posted,  but  I  saw  many  poachers. 
Conditions  could  hardly  be  otherwise.     The  country  is 
very  sparsely  settled  and  unpatrolled,  so  that  the  cost  to 
owners  of  enforcing  the  prohi- 
bition against  fern  picking  is  out 
of   proportion   to   the   privilege 
they  grant.     The  notices,  how- 
ever,  have   a   moral   effect,   for 
each    time    I    noticed    poachers 
they  hurriedly  scurried  away. 

Picking  is  not  work — at  least 
for  those  who  do  not  do  it  for  a 
livelihood.  Mornings  are  long 
for  early  risers,  at  many  sum- 
mer resorts,  and  would  have  been 
at  my  Vermont  hamlet  had  it  not 
been  for  the  ferns.  Each  morn- 
ing after  breakfast  we  started 
out  for  ferns.  Our  host  very 
kindly  loaned  us  hampers,  into 
the  largest  of  which,  by  careful 
arrangement,  almost  three  thou- 
sand ferns  could  be  packed.  By 
noontime  our  hampers  would  be 
filled  and  our  stomachs  empty; 
for  walking  and  climbing  over 
the  uneven  ground  of  the  woods, 
bending  to  pick  the  ferns  and 
toting  the  hampers  about  made 
ravenous  appetites. 

The  woods  in  the  year  where- 
of  I  write  were  the  cleanest  I 

have  ever  known  them.  They  were  absolutely  free  of  bugs  and 
insects,  of  creeping  and  flying  things  of  any  nature  whatever.  Pick- 
ing under  these  circumstances  was  ideal,  and  was  thoroughly  en- 
joyed by  all.  Competition  to  be  the  first  to  fill  a  basket  lent  zest  to 
the  picking.  Surprisingly  little  was  said  by  the  pickers,  once  they 
got  started.     Everyone  took  an  absorbing  interest  in  the  work. 

and  labored  as  if 
their  very  subsist- 
ence depended  on 
getting  the  hamp- 
ers filled.  A  squir- 
rel looking  on  could 
not  have  but  re- 
marked that  we 
were  as  provident 
as  he  in  supplying 
the  winter's  larder. 
To  one  picking 
for  the  first  time  a 
little  difficulty  will 
be  e  x  p  erienced 
during  the  first 
half  hour  or  so  of 
surely  distinguish- 
ing the  spinulose 
shield  fern  from  the 
BUSY    BUNDLING    THE    FERNS  brakes    that    grow 


THE  COVETED  SPINULOSE  SHIELD  FERN 


all  about  it,  often  seemingly  from  the  same  root.  This 
difficulty,  however,  is  short  lived.  After  a  day's  picking 
the  question  never  arises  in  one's  mind;  while  after  a 
couple  of  days'  picking,  one  can  separate  the  fern  from  the 
brake  with  the  fingers,  the  sense 
of  touch  serving  to  distinguish 
the  stalk  of  one  from  that  of  the 
other.  And  it  is  this  sense  of 
touch  that  distinguishes  the  ex- 
pert picker  from  the  beginner. 
A  beginner  chooses  the  ferns  he 
picks  solely  by  eye,  and  picks 
them  one  at  a  time.  The  ex- 
pert gauges  the  size  and  quality 
of  the  ferns  almost  by  the  feel- 
ing of  their  stalks ;  and  instead 
of  gathering  them  one  at  a  time 
his  busy  fingers  take,  in  one  op- 
eration, all  those  of  the  cluster 
that  are  of  proper  size.  The 
ferns  are  not  pulled  up  by  the 
roots,  but  are  broken  off  a  few 
inches  below  the  lowest  frond. 

It  is  hard  to  say  which  is  the 
more     interesting — picking     the 
ferns  or  bunching  them.     Per- 
sonally I  prefer  the  picking,  be- 
cause of  the  exercise  it  affords. 
But   as   to   which   is   the   more 
fascinating    I    must    admit    that 
the  palm  goes  to  the  bunching. 
A    few   men   picking   by   them- 
selves  do   their   own   bunching, 
tying  the  bunches  with  thread  from  a  spool 
carried  in  the  pocket  and  run  through  a  but- 
tonhole.    Most  of  the  bunching,  however,  is 
done  at  night.     A  picker  who  does  not  do  his 
own  bunching,  pays  half  what  the  ferns  sell 
for  to  have  them  bunched. 

I  have  seen  a  room  full  of  people  alive  with 
laughter  and  jovialty  before  bunching  began, 
gradually  subside  into  a  seeming  contented 
watching  of  the  silent  bunchers ;  then  as  gradu- 
ally to  take  a  livelier  interest  in  the  work,  and 
finally  to  actively  participate.    Once  the  whole 


AFTER  A   GOOD   MORNING'S  WORK 


1228 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


room  was  bunching  it  became  a  silent  race  to  see  who 
would  finish  first,  and  who  would  have  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  bunches,  for  it  was  always  something  of  a  lottery 
as  to  how  many  ferns  a  basket 
contained. 

The  ferns  are  put  up  in 
bunches  of  twenty-five.  Each 
bunch  must  contain  an  assort- 
ment of  sizes,  varying  from  about 
nine  inches  to  eighteen  inches. 
The  largest  is  laid  on  a  table 
or  other  flat  surface,  and  the 
others  on  top  of  it.  The  stalks 
of  the  twenty-five  ferns  are  then 
bound  together  with  a  piece  of 
thread.  Time  is  not  wasted  to 
tie  the  thread ;  the  end  is  simply 
wedged  between  the  stalks. 

T'ne  bunched  ferns  are  deliv- 
ered to  the  dealer  usually  in  the 
same  hamper  used  in  picking 
them,  with  a  memorandum  of  the 
owner's  name  and  count.  The 
dealer's  agents  verifies  the  count 
and  so  expert  has  he  become  in 
the  handling  of  bunched  ferns 
that  he  is  able  to  tell  pretty  close- 
ly from  the  heft  and  appearance 
of  a  bunch  whether  it  contains 
twenty-five  freshly  picked,  well 
conditioned  ferns.  Saturday  is 
pay  day  for  the  pickers.  A 
record  of  the  number  of  bunches 
delivered  by  each  picker  is  carefully  kept;  and  any  time 
after  the  money  arrives,  a  picker  may  collect  his  ac- 
count. The  certainty  of  the  pickers  receiving  their 
money  when  due,  and  the  acknowledged  fact  that  the 
industry  is  a  boon  to  the  hamlet,  seem  to  have  been 


ON  THE  WAY  TO   DELIVER 


elements  in  the  success  of  this  dealer.  One's  first  thought 
on  seeing  this  industry  is  to  engage  in  it  as  a  dealer 
rather  than  as  a  picker.  But  closer  observation  shows 
this  to  be  easier  thought  of  than 
done.  An  organization  of  quite 
a  size  is  necessary  for  its  con- 
duct. The  ferns  have  to  be  kept 
in  cold  storage.  The  wastage  is 
great,  and  considerable  care  is 
necessary  to  shield  the  fern  from 
injury.  If  kept  too  long  piled 
at  the  receiving  station,  it  will 
begin  to  sweat,  which  is  detri- 
mental to  its  preservation.  It 
seems  also  to  be  subject  to  a 
blight,  which  attacks  it  as  a 
brown  discoloration,  and  pick- 
ers are  warned  to  allow  no  such 
ferns  to  be  found  in  their 
bunches. 

In  the  case  whereof  1  wrue, 
the  dealer  had  to  pack  his  ferns 
in  crates  and  truck  them  thir- 
teen miles  to  the  railroad,  which 
took  them  twenty  miles  farther 
to  his  warehouse.  At  his  ware- 
house he  had  to  reinspect,  reas- 
sort  and  rebunch  the  ferns.  From 
the  locality  where  I  picked  he 
took  ninety  million  ferns  the 
previous  year,  how  many  more 
from  other  localities  I  did  not 
hear.  When  he  started  business  he  must  have  found 
the  nearby  markets  quite  fully  supplied,  and  had  to 
develop  new  ones.  In  no  other  way  can  I  explain 
his  sending  them  to  such  a  distance  as  Chicago  and 
Denver  from  Vermont. 


A  TTENTION  is  being  given  by  the  United  States 
-^*-  Forest  Service  to  the  importance  of  landscape  engi- 
neering in  the  National  Forests.  One  of  the  questions 
continually  arising  involves  the  proper  way  to  lay  out 
a  summer  camp  site  to  make  the  most  of  the  natural 
beauties  of  a  location.  Another  has  to  do  with  the  prin- 
ciple to  be  followed  in  running  a  scenic  trail  to  insure 
the  best  views  for  the  traveler.  Still  another  deals  with 
making  ranger  stations  most  attractive  as  dwelling  places 
and  the  creation  of  designs  which  will  best  harmonize 
with  the  surroundings.  To  meet  these  and  kindred 
questions  Dr.  Frank  A.  Waugh,  an  eminent  landscape 
engineer  of  Amherst,  Massachusetts,  has  visited  a  num- 
ber of  the  Forests  where  recreation  use  is  especially 
important.  His  trip  was  made  at  the  request  of  the 
Forest  Service.  As  a  result  he  has  prepared  a  report 
setting  forth  some  simple  principles  of  landscape  engi- 
neering applicable  to  the  various  questions.  These  are 
intended  to  provide  a  basis  for  correct  landscape  engi- 
neering practice  in  the  National  Forests. 


'T'HE  National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association, 
-*-  with  headquarters  in  Chicago,  has  compiled  a  handy 
reference  of  "Information  on  Wood  and  Where  to  Find 
it."  This  booklet  is  a  directory  of  literature  which  may 
be  had  for  the  asking  from  the  National  Lumber  Manu- 
factures' Association,  California  Redwood  Association, 
North  Carolina  Pine  Association,  Northern  Hemlock 
and  Hardwood  Manufacturers'  Association,  White  Pine 
Bureau  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  Southern  Cypress  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  Southern  Pine  Association,  West 
Coast  Lumbermen's  Association,  Western  Pine  Manu- 
facturers' Association  and  other  sources,  and  is  abso- 
lutely free. 

Some  of  the  subjects  covered  include :  Barns,  bee  hives, 
bird  houses,  boats,  bridges,  bungalows,  cars,  canoes, 
cattle  sheds,  chicken  houses,  corn  cribs,  dairies,  docks, 
factories,  farm  buildings,  fences,  freight  cars,  furniture, 
garages,  incubators,  kitchen  cabinets,  schools,  silos,  toys 
and  warehouses. 


THE  HERONS 


(Family  Ardeidae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.  D. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


WHEN  nature  evolved  the  herons  to  enliven  the 
shore,  she  did  not  take  into  account  the  avarice 
of  man  nor  the  vanity  of  woman.  She  created 
birds  that  should  have  stood  for  all  time  as  the  emblem 
of  grace.  Take  away  life  and  there  remains  an  un- 
gainly mass  of  spindly  legs  and  crooked  neck  worthless 
even  for  food.  Nature  might  have  expected,  therefore, 
that  the  herons  would  be  allowed  to  live  and  delight  the 
eyes  of  man- 
kind forever. 
Unfortunately, 
however,  she 
decorated  cer- 
tain of  them 
during  the 
breeding  sea- 
son with  most 
beautiful  and 
delicate  plumes 
which  retain 
their  beauty 
even  when  rip- 
ped from  the 
backs  of  their 
owners- Shrewd 
milliners,  tak- 
ing advantage 
of  the  vanity 
of  women  and 
the  relentless- 
ness  of  fashion, 
saw  in  these 
plumes  great 
fortunes.  Fash- 
ion and  ignor- 
ance did  the 
rest,  so  that  to- 
day the  most 
beautiful  spe- 
cies, the  egrets, 
are  nearly  ex- 
tinct. Indeed 
they  might 
long  since  have 

been  so  had  it  not  been  for  the  determination  of  a  group 
of  bird  lovers,  who  formed  the  National  Association  of 
Audubon  Societies,  and  for  the  far-sightedness  of  a 
nature-loving  President,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  who  set 
aside  certain  areas  of  waste  land  as  Federal  Bird  Reser- 
vations to  give  the  vanishing  birds  a  last  resort  of  safety. 
There  are  about  ioo  species  of  herons  in  the  world, 
found  mostly  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  but  at 
least  a  dozen  are  found  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 


Photograph  by  O,  E.  Baynard 


WHERE    AIGRETTES   COME    FROM 


They  are  worn  on  the  back  of  the  beautiful  agret  herons  during  the  nesting  season.  Egret  at  nest  at 
Orange  Lake  (Florida)  Rookery,  an  island  bought  and  guarded  by  the  National  Association  of  Audubon 
Societies. 


They  vary  in  size  from  the  least  bittern  whose  body  is 
not  much  larger  than  a  robin's  to  the  great  blue  heron 
that  stands  about  four  feet  in  height.  In  color  they  vary 
from  the  streaked  brown  plumage  of  the  bitterns,  through 
various  shades  of  chestnut,  blue  and  gray,  to  the  snowy 
white  of  the  egrets.  They  are  variously  ornamented  with 
elongate  feathers,  either  on  the  crown,  foreneck,  or  as 
in  the  egrets,  on  the  middle  of  the  back.     In  the  bittern 

there  are  some 
fluffy  white 
f  e  a  t  h  ers  be- 
neath the  wings 
that  are  dis- 
played during 
the  courtship 
performances. 

The  majority 
of  herons  are 
g  r  eg  a  r  i  ous 
birds,  roosting 
and  nesting  in 
colonies.  They 
scatter  when 
fishing,  how- 
ever, and  hunt 
singly,  e  i  t  h  er 
stalking  quiet- 
ly through  the 
shallow  water 
or  resting  mo- 
tionless on  the 
shore  waiting 
for  some  hap- 
less fish  to 
swim  within 
reach  of  their 
j  a  ve  1  i  n-like 
bills.  One  spe- 
cies, however, 
the  reddish 
egret,  is  said  to 
run  rapidly 
through  the 
shallow  water 
in  pursuit  of  small  fish.  Most  herons  nest  in  the  trees 
or  large  bushes  of  extensive  swamps  but  the  bitterns 
nest  on  the  ground  in  treeless  marshes.  Herons'  nests 
are  always  poorly  made  structures  of  sticks,  so  thin  that 
the  pale  bluish  or  greenish  white  eggs  can  usually  be  seen 
from  below. 

Young  herons  are  covered  with  long  shaggy  down 
when  hatched  and  even  before  they  acquire  their  real 
feathers,  they  are  able  to  climb  from  the  nest  and  cling 


1229 


1230 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


young.  The  process  is  rather  difficult  to  describe  in  a 
few  words  but  a  glance  at  the  accompanying  photo- 
graph of  the  least  bittern  feeding  its  young  should  make 
it  clear. 

Three  members  of  the  heron  family  in  North  America 
are  called  bitterns  and  they  inhabit  the  reedy  marshes 


Photograph  by  Verdi  Burtch 

SKY  SCRAPERS 

Great  Blue   Herons  nest   in   the   tallest   trees  of  big  swamps — Single   trees 
sometimes  contain   from   five   to   ten   nests. 

to  the  branches  using  their  wings  and  even  their  necks  to 
assist  them.  If  they  drop  into  the  water  below,  they  are 
able  to  swim,  using  their  wings  as  well  as  their  feet  for 
propulsion,  but  their  heavy  bodies  sink  until  only  the 
head  shows  above  the  surface.  When  alarmed  in  the 
nest  or  on  the  branches,  the  young  herons  stretch  up 
their  long  slender  necks  and  remain  perfectly  quiet  so 
that  they  look  more  like  sticks  than  like  birds.  They 
are  fed  in  an  unusual  way.  The  old  bird,  having  swal- 
lowed the  fish  or  frogs  whiCh  it  has  caught,  returns  to 
the  nest  with  them  in  its  crop.  The  young  bird  then 
seizes,  with  a  scissor-like  action,  the  base  of  the  bill  of 
the  old  bird  which  turns  its  head  on  one  side  and  vigor- 
ously but  deftly  disgorges  the  food  into  the  throat  of  the 


Courtesy  of  National  Association 


Audubon     Societies 
THE  COST  OF  A   PLUME 
Thi»  pathetic  picture  tells  its  own  tale  and  needs  no  enlargement. 


NOT    IN   HIS    ELEMENT 

Young  herons  are  not  meant   to  swim   like  ducks  but  they   get  there   just 
the   same    when    they    fall   from   their   nests    into   the    water. 

rather  than  the  tree  covered  swamps  that  are  the  favorite 
nesting  places  of  the  other  herons.  The  American  bittern 
is  the  larger  of  the  two,  being  about  the  size  of  a  large 
fowl,  but  of  a  very  different  shape,  although  some  people 
call  it  the  "mud  hen."  Its  streaked  brown  coloration 
matches  so  closely  the  dead  vegetation  in  the  marsh  that 
when  quiet  it  is  almost  impossible  to  see. 
This  camouflage  is  furthered  by  a  habit 
which  the  bird  has  when  alarmed,  of 
pointing  its  bill  toward  the  sky  and  pre- 
senting only  its  broadly  streaked  neck 
and  breast  toward  the  intruder.  As  one 
circles  about  the  spot  where  he  knows 
the  bittern  is  hiding,  the  bittern  also  slow- 
ly rotates  so  as  to  present  always  the 
same  color  pattern  which  matches  exact- 
ly the  lights  and  shadows  of  the  reeds, 
and  when  the  wind  blows  over  the  marsh, 
causing  the  reeds  to  sway,  the  bittern 
seems  to  perfect  the  simulation  by  sway- 
ing with  them.  Early  in  April  when  the 
bittern  returns  from  the  south  and  con- 
cealment in  the  marsh  is  scarce,  it  is 
easily  overlooked  because  it  resembles 
some  broken  snag  projecting  from  the 
water.  One  of  the  most  striking  charac- 
teristics of  the  bittern  is  its  call  which  has 
given  rise  to  the  names  "stake  driver" 
and  "plum  puddin."  Though  not  actual- 
ly very  loud   the   sound   is   remarkably 


THE    HERONS 


1231 


penetrating  and  can  be  heard  for  a  distance  of  half  a 
mile  or  more.  The  first  part  of  the  performance  which 
sounds  like  the  tapping  of  a  wooden  stake  with  a  mallet 
is  made  by  the  bird  snapping  its  long  bill.  Then  follow 
some  deep  liquid  notes  that  sound  like  the  "working  of 
an  old  fashioned  wooden  pump  or  "pouring  water  out  of 
a  huge  jug ;"  ooble-oob,  ooble-oob,  ooble-oob.  The  sound 
is  accompanied  by  curious  gulping  contortions  but  the 
bill  is  not  held  in  the  water  nor  is  it  filled  with  water  as 
was  once  supposed. 

The  bittern  nests  on  the  ground,  usually  in  the  sedges 
fringing  the  marsh,  but  occasionally  it  builds  its  nest 
where  the  water  is  deeper.  The  eggs  are  about  the  size 
of  small  hens  eggs  and  look  as  though  they  were  stained 
uniformly  with  coffee. 

The  least  bittern  looks  like  a  fair  sized  bird  when  seen 
on  the  wing  or  when  sneaking  through  the  flags,  but  it  is 


Photograph  by  O.  E.  Baynard 

SCENE  IN  A  PLUME  HUNTER'S  CAMP 

Egret  feathers   mean   the  death  of  hundreds  of  birds   and   the   starving  of 
thousands   of   young. 

mostly  neck  and  legs  and  its  body  is  relatively  small.  It 
has  much  the  same  habits  of  concealment  as  its  larger 
cousin  but  its  notes  are  very  different,  resembling  the 
distant  croaking  of  a  frog  or  the  slow  cooing  of  a  dove. 
Its  nest  is  a  platform  of  rushes  built  above  the  water, 
usually  in  the  cat-tails  or  reeds,  and  its  three  to  seven 
eggs  are  more  like  those  of  other  herons,  being  pale 
blujsh-white. 

The  writer  once  had  the  experience  of  tramping 
through  a  marsh  and  discovering  one  of  the  nests  of 
this  bird  and  actually  counting  the  eggs  before  he  realized 
that  the  bird  itself  was  standing  on  the  back  of  the  nest, 
so  completely  did  it  simulate  the  dead  stubs  of  cat-tails 
all  about  it.  This  particular  bird  seemed  not  to  know 
fear  and  when  it  finally  realized  that  it  had  been  seen,  it 
assumed  an  entirely  different,  threatening  attitude  and 
prepared  to  defend  its  nest  with  vigorous  blows  from  its 
sharp  bill. 

A  third  species,  the  Cory  least  bittern,  is  practically 
identical  with  the  common  least  bittern  except  that  all 


of  the  parts  which  are  buff  in  the  least  bittern  are  a  rich 
chestnut  in  the  Cory  bittern.  It  is  a  very  rare  bird  as 
only  about  thirty  specimens  have  ever  been  found  and 
inasmuch  as  these  have  been  scattered  over  a  large  part 
of  the  range  of  the  common  least  bittern,  from  Florida 
to  Ontario,  many  ornithologists  now  believe  that  it  is 


COFFEE   COLORED    EGGS   OF   THE   AMERICAN    BITTERN 

They   are   laid   on  a  platform  of  reeds,   usually   in   the   dryer  parts  of  the 

marsh. 

merely  a  color  phase  of  the  least  bittern  similar  to  the 
red  phase  of  the  screech  owl.  The  term  erythronism  has 
been  applied  to  this  phenomenon  where  an  excess  of  red 
pigment  is  developed. 

Of  the  true  herons,  the  little  green  heron  is  undoubted- 
ly the  commonest  and  most  widely  distributed.     It  is  a 


'sh 

~~\/~           V'v  x\\ 

\    N 

/T   * 

j\     V                              >^- 

w\ 

x 

^A_ 

\  ^Y^       t 

li  f       Vj^gl 

Mgn 

■ 

BB 

kjK%£ 

/»^^teP^» 

*2^33 

P'^fi'^'^-^rrT^B 

Pvf 

pgi 

fc>^ 

Vm 

-    - fCiy^^tes^Vv  \ -7*SSjf  -■  V 

41/1 

•^T^B^flHb^Si^Bi^^l 

wk& 

"BE   IT  EVER  SO  HUMBLE" 

A  Green  Heron  approaches  its  crude  nest  of  sticks  in  the  willows  fringing 

a    pond. 

bird  about  the  size  of  a  crow  and  indeed  at  a  distance, 
when  on  the  wing,  looks  not  very  different,  for,  like 
other  herons,  it  carries  its  head  back  on  its  shoulders  and 
conceals  its  length  of  neck.    It  furthermore  makes  up  for 


1232 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


its  abbreviated  tail  by  trailing  its  legs  out  behind.  At 
close  range,  however,  it  is  seen  to  be  very  different  for, 
although  it  is  not  very  green,  it  is  certainly  not  black 


A   BITTERN    ROOST 

The  Bittern  pulls  together  the  tops  of  the  reeds  with  his  long  toes,  gives 
them  a  twist  and  makes  a  comfortable  bed  on  which  to  sleep  above  the 
water. 

like  a  crow.  Its  crown  and  wings  are  greenish  but  its 
conspicuous  neck  and  breast  are  largely  chestnut  and  its 
back  is  bluish  gray. 

The  little  green  heron  differs  from  others  of  the  true 
herons  by  leading  a  more  solitary  existence,  seldom  more 
than  a  single  pair  nesting  in  one  clump  of   alders  or 

willows.  When 
f  r  i  g  h  tened  or 
upon  taking 
wing,  the  green 
heron  usually 
utters  a  rather 
harsh  "skeow" 
and  its  vocal 
powers,  even 
during  the  nest- 
ing season,  are 
never  much 
more  musical. 

The  next  best 
known  species  of 
heron  is  the 
great  blue  heron, 
in  some  districts 
m  i  s  named  the 
"crane."      It    is 

PkotoorapH  „y  Verii  BuruU  *"?   mUCh    ^ 

er    than    the 

AN  AMERICAN  BITTERN  "NOT  AT  HOME" 

green    heron, 

When    she    does    not    wish    callers    she    assumes         (        j.  , 

this    position    and    usually    goes    unseen.  Standing       aDOUt 


But 


LOOKS    LIKE    A    BITTERN 

an     immature     Black-Crowned 
Heron. 


Night 


four  feet  high  and  having  a  wing  expanse  of  about  six 
feet,  even  greater  than  that  of  an  eagle.  Its  general  color 
is  grayish,  lighter  on  the  head  and  neck,  with  a  black 
belly  and  a  black 
stripe  t  h  r  ough 
the  head.  It 
nests  in  colonies 
in  the  larger 
swamps,  usually 
in  the  tops  of  the 
tallest  trees,  one 
tree  often  con- 
taining from  five 
to  ten  nests.  The 
tops  of  the  trees 
are  usually  kill- 
ed by  the  excre- 
ment of  the  birds 
but  the  herons 
continue  to  use 
the  same  trees 
as  long  as  they 
will  hold  their 
nests.  In  some 
of  the  treeless  regions  of  the  west,  the  great  blue  herons 
nest  on  the  ground  in  the  marshes  or  in  bushes  on  islands. 
The  herons  are 
powerful  flyers, 
traveling  with 
measured  beats 
of  the  wings  and 
occasionally  sail- 
ing so  that  they 
are  able  to  feed 
many  miles 
from  their  nest- 
ing grounds. 
When  the  young 
are  ready  to  fly 
in  late  July  or 
August,  they 
scatter  to  all 
parts  of  the 
country  wher- 
ever there  is  a 
good  feed  ing 
ground.  At  such 
times  they  are 
unsuspicious  and 
many  are  killed 
by  the  amateur 
marksman  for, 
u  n  f  o  rtunately, 
even  in  such  pro- 
gressive states  as 
New  York,  they 
are  not  given 
protection  by  BIRD  OR  BROKEN  reed? 

law.      This  is  be-  ^',e    *-east    Bittern    assumes    this   position    when 

alarmed    and    usually    escapes   detection. 


THE    HERONS 


1233 


cause  a  few  fishermen  believe  that  they  are  destructive 
to  trout  when,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  trout  form  a  very 
small  part  of  the  diet  of  a  very  few  individuals  and 
these  could  advantageously  be  dealt  with  in  other  ways 
than  by  removing  protection  from  the  entire  species. 
Fortunately  real   sportsmen  are  as   fond  of   the  herons 


A    NOVEL   MARKET  BASKET 

The  Least  Bittern  brings  back  the  fish  and  frogs  to  its  young  in  its  throat 
and    regurgitates    them   as   shown    in    the    next   picture. 

as  they  are  of  the  fish  and  many  an  ardent  disciple  of 
Isaac  Walton  is  willing  to  share  even  his  trout  stream 
with   the   herons    for    the    sake   of    having   them   about. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  the  bitterns  which  are 
likewise  denied  protection.  Occasionally  an  unfortu- 
nate bittern  takes  up  its  residence  in  a  marsh  border- 
ing a  trout  stream  and  in  his  hunt  for  frogs  and 
tadpoles  may  occasionally  catch  a  trout  fingerling.  The 
vast  majority  of  bitterns,  however,  live  in  the  warm 
marshes  where  trout  are  never  found  and  where  they 
fall  easy  victims  to  the  Sunday  sports  in  their  row- 
boats  and  the  small  boys  with  Flobert  rifles  hunting 
for  the  largest  targets  they  can  find. 

The  black-crowned  night  herons  are  about  the  size 
of  the  bittern  and  indeed  the  immature  birds  closely 
resemble  them  though  the  adults  are  entirely  different, 
being  nearly  pure  white  or  pearl  gray  in  color  with 
black  crowns  and  mantles.  They  are  nocturnal  in  their 
habits,  usually  roosting  in  trees  during  the  day  and  com- 


ing out  at  dusk  when  their  loud  "quas"  are  familiar 
sounds  in  parts  of  the  country  where  they  are  found. 
They  nest  in  large  colonies  like  the  great  blue  herons 
but  usually  in  smaller  trees  and  sometimes  in  woods 
even  at  a  distance  from  water. 

The  yellow-crowned  night  heron  is  a  very  different 
looking  bird,  confined  to  the  marshes  of  the  southern 
states  and  thence  southward  into  the  tropics.  It  nests 
in  pairs  along  streams  or  associated  with  colonies  of 
other  herons. 

One  of  the  commonest  herons  of  the  southern  states 
is  the  little  blue  heron  which,  because  of  the  lack  of 
ornamental  plumes,  has  been  allowed  to  survive  even  in 
large  colonies.  It  is  about  the  size  of  the  little  green 
heron  and  like  it  has  a  chestnut  head  and  neck.  The 
crown  is  the  same  color  as  the  rest  of  the  head,  however, 
and  the  entire  upper  parts  are  dark  slaty  blue.  The 
immature  birds  are  pure  white  except  for  the  tips  of 
the  wings  and  look  very  much  like  snowy  egrets  but,  of 
course,  do  not 
have  the  orna- 
mental plumes. 
Mottled  individ- 
uals in  the  proc- 
ess of  changing 
from  white  to 
blue  are  often 
seen. 

A  somewhat 
larger  species 
but  similar  in 
color,  except  for 
the  white  on  its 
under  parts,  is 
the  Louisiana 
heron  which  in 
parts  of  Florida 
still  occurs  in 
rookeries  con- 
taining thou- 
sands of  birds. 
A  still  larger 
species  and 
much  rarer  is 
the  reddish  egret 
w  h  i  c  h  differs 
from  both  the 
little  blue  and 
Louisiana  herons 
"aigrette 


BREAKFAST    A-LA-MODE    (HERON) 

The  old  bird  turns  its  head  on  one  side  and  the 
young  grasps  the  base  of  its  bill.  Breakfast  is 
served  by  vigorous  pumping  of  the  old  bird's 
throat. 


in  having  a  tuft  of  about  thirty 
feathers  growing  from  between  the  shoulders 
during  the  breeding  season.  It  likewise  has  a  white 
immature  phase  which  was  once  thought  to  be  a  distinct 
species  and.  called  "Peak's  heron." 

The  best  "aigrette"  plumes  are  found  on  the  two  white 
egret  herons'  in  which  the  "aigrettes,"  like  the  rest  of  the 
bird  are  snowy  white.  The  larger  egret  approaches  a 
great  blue  heron  in  size  while  the  snowy  egret  is  but 
little  larger  than  the  little  green  heron.  Roth  species 
have    about    fifty    straight    plumes    growing    from    be- 


1234 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


tween  the  shoulders  and  extending  beyond  the  tail. 
Forty  or  fifty  years  ago  both  species  were  common 
all  through  the  south  and  especially  in  Florida  but  today 
they  are  the  rarest  of  the  herons.  Were  it  not  for  the 
bird  reservations  and,  the  non-sale  of  plumage  laws,  it 


ONE   OF   THE    RAREST   OF   NORTH    AMERICAN    BIRDS— THE    CRY 
LEAST    BITTERN 

Many   ornithologists  believe    it   to   be   a   color  phase   of  the   common    least 
Bittern.     Photograph  of  a  wounded  bird. 

is  probable  that  they  would  now  be  practically  extinct. 
Twenty  years  ago  every  woman  of  fashion  wore 
"aigrettes"  in  her  hair  or  on  her  bonnet.  Today,  if  she 
does  so  she  will  be  arrested  as  it  is  against  the  law  to 
have  them  in  one's  possession.  Doubtless  they  will  now 
go  "out-of -style"  though  there  are  still  a  few  foolish 
individuals  who  cling  to  their  once  valuable  plumes  in 
the  hope  that  the  laws  will  be  repealed  and  that  they 
will  once  more  come  into  fashion;  and  this  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  they  know  that  each  set  of  plumes  means 
the  death  of  a  breeding  bird  and  the  starving  of  a  nest 
full  of  young. 

There  is  another  white  heron  found  in  southern  Florida 
called  the  great  white  heron.  It  is  about  the  sizeof  thegreat 
blue  heron  and  has  no  plumes.  There  seems  likewise  to  be 
an  intermediate  form  between  the  Florida  great  blue  or 


Ward's  heron,  as  it  is  called,  and  the  great  white  heron. 
It  resembles  the  Ward's  heron  but  has  a  white  head  and 
neck.  It  has  been  called  Wuerdeman's  heron  but  its 
true  status  is  not  yet  known. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  the  herons  are  incorrectly 
called  cranes,  which,  indeed,  they  resemble,  the  differ- 
ences between  them  being  more  of  anatomy  than  gen- 
eral appearance.  In  flight  the  herons  always  carry  their 
heads   back   on   their   shoulders   while   the   cranes   carry 


PRESENT  BAYONETS 
A  Least  Bittern  defending  its  nest  when  it  knows  it  has  been  discovered. 

their  necks  fully  extended.  The  herons  bills  are  more 
or  less  angled  while  the  cranes  are  rounded  and  the 
herons  have  all  four  toes  well  developed  and  on  the  same 
level  while  the  cranes  have  the  hind  toe  small  and 
elevated.  Cranes,  moreover,  are  now  rare  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  and  have  been  practically  exterminated 
in  the  east. 


/CARRIER  pigeons  will  assist  in  protecting  the  for- 
^  ests  of  Oregon  and  Washington  from  fire,  if  ex- 
periments inaugurated  in  this  district  by  Forest  Examiner 
W.  J.  Sproat  prove  successful.  Mr.  Sproat  has  had 
some  experience  with  the  use  of  pigeons  and  believes 
they  will  be  a  valuable  means  of  communication  in 
emergencies  and  for  carrying  reports  of  fire  and  other 


messages.  The  matter  has  aroused  interest  in  the  district 
office,  and  the  birds  will  be  tried  out  on  several  of  the 
forests  during  the  coming  fire  season.  Mr.  Sproat  will 
take  back  to  Bend  with  him  five  pairs  of  the  birds  for 
use  on  the  Deschutes.  Supervisor  Sietz  also  plans  to 
try  them  out  on  the  Cascade. 


SCOTCH  LUMBER  CUT  BY  NEW  ENGLAND  MILLS 


The  report  of  the  operations  in  Scotland  of  the  New  England  Saw  Mill  Units  has  been  pub- 
lished by  E.  C.  Hirst,  State  Forester  of  New  Hampshire,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  particularly 
interesting  operations. 


ABOUT  a  month  after  the  United  States  entered  the 
war  the  Massachusetts  Committee  on  Public  Safety 
learned  that  Great  Britain  was  in  distress  for  lack 
of  skilled  lumbermen  and  foresters  to  cut  her  timber.  It 
was  at  once  proposed  that  New  England  should  raise, 
equip  and  send  to  England  ten  portable  saw  mill  and 
logging  units.  The  British  gratefully  accepted  the  offer, 
it  was  unofficially  approved  by  Secretary  of  War  Baker 
and  receive  the  enthusiastic  support  of  the  Governors 
of  the  New  England  States. 

To  work  out  the  details  of  the  undertaking  and  to  make 
its  operation  effective  the  Massachusetts  Committee  on 
Public  Safety  appointed  a  committee  of  which  the  chair- 
man was  W.  R.  Brown,  of  Berlin,  New  Hampshire,  a 
director  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lumber  Committee  of  the  Council  of  National 
Defense.  The  other  members  of  the  committee  were : 
James  J.  Phelan,  Vice-Chairman,  Massachusetts  Com- 
mittee on  Public  Safety;  Harold  G.  Philbrook,  Treasurer, 
Vice-President,  Connecticut  Valley  Lumber  Company ; 
F.  W.  Rane,  Secretary,  State  Forester  of  Massachusetts ; 
George  S.  Lewis,  Treasurer,  Connecticut  Valley  Lumber 
Company ;  Philip  T.  Dodge,  International  Paper  Com- 
pany; H.  W.  Blanchard,  H.  W.  Blanchard  Lumber  Com- 
pany ;  Garrett  Schenck,  Great  Northern  Paper  Company ; 
Hon.  Herbert  B.  Moulton,  Parker  and  Young  Company ; 
I.  B.  Hosford,  St.  Croix  Paper  Company ;  Martin  A. 
Brown,  Woodstock  Lumber  Company ;  George  E.  Henry, 
J.  E.  Henry  and  Sons ;  Samuel  H.  Boardman,  President 
Eastern  Shook  and  Wooden  Box  Association;  J.  M. 
Parker,  St.  John  Lumber  Company ;  Marshall  T.  Wood, 
Lande  Manufacturing  Company ;  H.  B.  Stebbins,  H.  B. 
Stebbins  Lumber  Company ;  Chester  C.  Whitney,  Perry 
Whitney  Lumber  Company ;  J.  H.  Hustis,  Receiver,  Bos- 
ton and  Maine  Railroad ;  L.  S.  Tainter,  Conway  Lumber 
Company;  E.  C.  Hirst,  New  Hampshire  State  Forester; 
Forest  H.  Colby,  Maine  State  Forester;  W.  O.  Filley, 
Connecticut  State  Forester;  J.  B.  Mowry,  Rhode  Island 
State  Forester. 

It  is  significant  of  the  scope  and  influence  of  the  Amer- 
ican Forestry  Association  that  of  the  23  members  of  this 
committee  twelve  are  members  of  the  Association.  This 
representation  includes,  in  addition  to  Chairman  Brown. 
-Messrs.  Philbrook,  Rane,  Dodge,  Blanchard,  Martin  A. 
Brown,  Henry,  Tainter,  Hirst,  Colby,  Filley  and  Mowry. 

To  send  ten  units  for  saw  mill  and  logging  operations 
in  England  involved  the  raising  of  a  fund  of  $120,000. 
The  cost  of  each  unit  is  placed  at  $12,000.  This  money 
was  provided  over  night.    Through  its  Governor  and  its 


committee  on  public  safety  each  of  the  New  England 
States  subscribed  the  sum  required  for  a  single  unit. 
With  six  units  thus  provided  for,  there  was  no  difficulty 
in  raising  funds  for  the  four  remaining  units  by  private 
subscription  among  the  paper  manufacturers,  lumbermen 
and  timberland  owners  of  New  England. 

The  following  report  on  the  work  of  the  units  is  made 
by  Manager  Hirst : 

The  commercial  timber  in  Scotland  is  in  plantations 
on  large  estates.  There  is  practically  no  natural  growth. 
The  plantations  were  set  out  partly  to  afford  game  cover 
and  partly  on  account  of  the  land  owners  interest  in 
timber  growing.  For  many  decades  prior  to  the  present 
war  there  was  little  commercial  incentive  for  planting 
anywhere  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Cheap  transporta- 
tion permitted  duty  free  lumber  from  Russia,  Sweden, 
Norway,  Germany  and  even  America  to  be  delivered  to 
consuming  centers  in  England  and  Scotland  at  such  low 
prices  that  investments  in  home  grown  timber  yielded  a 
small  and  uncertain  return.  National  emergencies  have 
from  time  to  time  stimulated  felling  and  planting.  Thus, 
on  a  considerable  part  of  the  woodland  operated  by  the 
New  England  Saw  Mill  Units  the  previous  clear  cutting 
furnished  lumber  for  the  Napoleonic  Wars,  and  the  trees 
planted  soon  after  were  of  splendid  size  to  furnish  high 
grade  dimension  lumber  during  the  last  year. 

The  most  important  commercial  trees  in  Scotland  are 
Scotch  pine,  larch  and  Norway  spruce.  The  first  named 
is  that  planted  in  largest  amount,  the  trade  name  for  the 
lumber  being  "Scots  Fir."  In  quality  the  lumber  is  about 
half  way  between  our  white  pine  and  Norway  pine.  The 
larch  is  a  native  of  the  Austrian  Tyrol  and  although 
planted  for  centuries  in  Britain,  seed  is  still  obtained  from 
the  native  home  of  the  tree  on  the  continent.  The  larch 
furnishes  excellent  structural  timbers,  but  is  springy  and 
more  difficult  to  saw  to  accurate  dimensions  than  the 
others.  The  Norway  spruce  is  a  rapid  grower  and  much 
like  our  white  spruce.    It  is  planted  only  on  moist  ground. 

The  war  found  Great  Britain  in  a  serious  situation  in 
regard  to  timber  for  military  purposes.  Much  greater 
supplies  of  timber  were  needed  for  war  than  had  been 
anticipated  and  enemy  submarine  activities  soon  became 
a  serious  hindrance  to  securing  timber  from  over  seas  on 
which  the  country  had  become  accustomed  to  depend.  It 
was  necessary  for  the  Government  to  organize  a  Timber- 
land  Supplies  Department,  and  then  immediately  to  requi- 
sition and  purchase  timber  from  private  estates  for  the 
war  industries  of  Britain  as  well  as  the  large  amounts 
which  it  became  necessary  to  ship  across  the  Channel  for 

1235 


1236 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


military  purposes  in  France.  Military  contingents  from 
the  Dominions  over  seas  were  required  to  carry  on  lum- 
bering operations  on  a  scale  large  enough  to  supply  the 
war  industries.  It  was  to  help  out  this  serious  situation 
that  the  New  England  Saw  Mill  Units  were  organized. 

The  small  timber  supplies  of  Great  Britain  have  been 
very  heavily  depleted  by  the  war  cuttings  and  these  con- 
ditions have  awakened  the  country  to  the  need  of  larger 
areas  of  forests.  The  Reconstruction  Committee  of  Great 
Britain  have  recommended  the  establishment  of  a  For- 
estry Department  in  the  Government  whose  duty  it  shall 
be  to  support  a  public  policy  of  timber  growing,  adequate 
for  the  country.  This  Department  was  established  prior 
to  the  termination  of  hostilities. 

The  headquarters  of  the  New  England  Saw  Mill  Units 
was  at  Ardgay,  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  a  village  at  Bonar 
Bridge  Station  on  the  Highland  Railway,  about  fifty  miles 
north  of  Invernes.  A  storehouse  was  built  for  the  sup- 
plies needed  for  the  mills  and  camp  kitchens.  Here  the 
headquarters  was  located  and  the  supplies  for  the  men 
and  horses  were  checked  out  to  different  units  each 
week.  All  mills  were  located  within  five  miles  from 
headquarters,  three  operating  on  a  timber  tract  purchased 
by  the  Government  from  Andrew  Carnegie  in  Souther- 
land-shire  and  seven  operating  in  a  tract  bought  from 
Sir  Charles  Ross,  in  Ross-shire.  These  tracts  were  esti- 
mated to  carry  about  6,000,000  and  18,000,000  board  feet 
respectively.  The  saw  mill  equipment  arrived  about  the 
middle  of  July  and  lumber  production  got  under  way 
in  August. 

When  manufacture  first  began  in  August  the  lumber 
produced  was  sent  to  port  for  shipment  to  France.  Later 
in  the  fall  specifications  for  France  were  cancelled  and 
from  then  on  practically  all  shipments  were  made  for 
British  war  industries.  About  60,000  railroad  ties  were 
railed  from  our  loading  bank  at  Bonar  Bridge  and  a  large 
amount  of  3  and  4-inch  dimension  timber  was  made.  A 
considerable  part  of  the  dimension  timber  was  cut  for 
special  requirements.  Very  little  lumber  was  wasted  in 
the  slabs,  as  round  edge  boards  were  taken  off  the  outside 
edge  of  the  logs  when  sawing  dimension  material.  A 
great  deal  of  pitwood  was  produced  in  the  woods  opera- 
tions for  use  by  the  colliery  companies.  These  were  made 
from  the  tops  and  large  limbs.  This  pitwood  was  graded 
into  3,  4,  5,  and  6-inch  diameter  sizes,  the  length  ranging 
from  6  to  14  feet.  In  cost  accounting  it  is  considered 
that  one  lineal  foot  of  pitwood  is  equal  to  one  board  foot 
of  manufactured  lumber.  The  total  production  by  the 
New  England  Saw  Mill  Units  was  19,673,100  board  feet 
of  lumber  and  pitwood.  t» 

Sir  John  Stirling  Maxwell,  under  whose  direction  the 
New  England  Units  worked  in,  said  of  them :  "The 
ten  mills  played  a  notable  part  in  providing  fcr  Great 
Britain's  timber  needs.  Their  output  man  for  man 
through  the  twelve  months  of  your  stay  has  been  the 
highest  that  any  operation  under  the  charge  of  the  De- 
partment can  show.  The  type  of  mill  you  brought  over, 
standing  as  it  does  midway  between  the  large  mills  of  the 
Canadians  and  the  small  mills  of  this  country,  has  proved 


admirably  adapted  to  the  timber  you  had  to  work  and 
most  economical  of  labor.  While  admitting  the  great 
benefit  derived  from  the  larger  type  of  mill  in  providing 
the  armies  in  France  with  quick  supplies  of  trench  timber 
and  railway  ties  when  speed  was  everything,  most  experts 
are  agreed  that  the  smaller  type  is  likely  to  prove  best 
in  normal  times  in  a  country  like  this  where  the  blocks 
to  be  felled  are  small  and  economy  is  the  first  object. 
Your  mills  represented  a  compromise  between  the  two, 
singularly  apt  to  the  moment  of  your  arrival.  It  would 
be  easy  to  expatiate  on  the  international  value  of  your 
timely  aid.  It  is  on  such  acts  that  friendships  are  built. 
A  gush  of  praise  or  gratitude  can  only  spoil  them  and 
there  has  been  nothing  in  the  attitude  of  your  colleagues 
or  yourself  to  invite  it.  New  England  saw  her  help  was 
needed  and  she  gave  it  and  we  welcomed  it.  That  is  all. 
I>ut  you  and  I  know  that  we  have  not  worked  together 
without  losing  some  oid  prejudices  for  which  newspapers, 
tourists  and  the  too  wide  Atlantic  are  responsible,  or 
without  realizing  how  refreshing  and  fruitful  the  inter- 
course of  friendly  nations  can  be  when  they  speak  the 
same  tongue  and  value  the  same  things." 


CTATE  Forester  Alfred  Gaskill,  of  New  Jersey,  has 
^  announced  the  purchase  of  1,400  acres  of  timber  land 
in  Woodland  township,  Burlington  County,  by  the  State 
Department  of  Conservation  and  Development  of  New 
Jersey.  This  land  increases  the  area  of  the  Lebanon 
State  Forest  and  joins  several  detached  state-owned  areas 
into  a  compact  unit  capable  of  more  efficient  management. 
There  are  now  six  state  forests  in  Burlington,  Ocean 
and  Sussex  Counties,  each  under  the  charge  of  a  resi- 
dent forest  ranger.  The  forests  are  being  protected  from 
fire  and  abuse,  the  production  of  timber  is  aided  and  en- 
couraged, technical  forestry  studies  and  experiments  of 
value  are  carried  on,  timber  and  wood  products  are  sold 
when  their  removal  is  beneficial  to  the  forests,  and  mads. 
trails  and  camp  sites  are  developed  for  public  use. 


J  GERRY  CURTIS,  for  some  time  past  Assistant 
*  Forester  of  the  city  of  Pittsburgh,  has  been  ap- 
pointed Forester  and  landscape  engineer  for  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Corporation,  in  charge  of  the  extensive  work  in 
planting,  etc.,  now  under  way  in  connection  with  the 
construction  of  several  hundred  new  homes  for  employees 
of  the  mills.  A  "home  beautification"  policy  has  been 
adopted  and  the  streets  are  to  be  lined  with  shade  trees, 
the  front-yards  dotted  with  flower  beds  and  shrubbery 
masses,  while  fruit  trees  and  berries  are  to  be  used  ex- 
tensively in  the  back-yards.  The  back-yard  fences  in 
the  older  settlements  also  are  to  be  removed  and  hedges 
of  barberry  substituted.  Back-yard  garden  clubs  have 
been  organized  and  prizes  will  be  awarded  each  year  for 
the  best  vegetable  and  flower  gardens.  The  fact  that 
special  stress  is  to  be  laid  on  the  training  of  the  children 
in  the  care  and  protection  of  trees,  shrubs  and  flowers 
plants  promises  well  for  the  success  of  Mr.  Curtis'  plans. 


EDITORIAL 


WHY  WE  NEED  MORE  FOREST  RESEARCH 


ONE  of  the  biggest  economic  problems  before  the 
United  States  is  the  production  of  wood  to  meet 
the  future  needs  of  our  growing  population  and 
industries.  No  one  at  all  familiar  with  present  conditions 
can  doubt  that  a  very  serious  shortage  of  timber,  with 
attendant  high  prices,  hardship  for  consumers,  and 
hindrance  to  the  economic  development  of  the  country, 
will  be  upon  us  within  a  very  few  years  unless  vigorous 
action  is  taken  immediately  to  insure  continuous  forest 
production  on  forest  lands. , 

A  movement,  which  has  already  a  large  measure  of 
popular  support,  is  under  way  to  bring  about  this  con- 
tinuous production,  not  only  from  the  public  forests  but 
also  on  the  much  greater  area  of  privately  owned  forest 
land.  But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  unanimous 
support  of  the  public,  of  the  law-making  bodies,  and  of 
the  forest  owners  themselves,  will  not  suffice  to  insure 
the  production  of  the  right  material  in  quantities  suf- 
ficient to  meet  our  future  needs.  Forest  protection,  con- 
servative cutting,  reforestation,  restriction  of  cut  to  an- 
nual growth,  will  result  in  continuous  crops  of  some 
kind  of  timber,  but  if  undertaken  in  a  haphazard  way 
will  not  result  in  continuous  crops  large  enough  to  meet 
even  our  present  needs,  nor  is  it  at  all  certain  that  we 
shall  have  either  the  sizes,  grades,  or  even  the  species 
of  lumber  which  will  be  needed. 

When  good  land  is  cheap,  production  and  transporta- 
tion costs  low  or  nil,  population  sparse,  there  is  little  need 
for  study  of  methods  to  increase  food  production,  or  of 
selection  of  varieties  to  plant.  The  Indian  in  the  Tropics, 
who  has  only  to  go  out  and  gather  food  which  grew 
without  any  effort  on  his  part,  has  no  need  to  indulge  in 
agricultural  research.  But  with  a  highly  developed 
civilization,  with  its  ever-increasing  population  and  re- 
sultant decrease  in  per  capita  area  of  agricultural  soil, 
with  increasing  costs  of  production,  and  with  the  neces- 
sity of  carrying  the  products  of  the  soil  long  distances 
to  the  consumer,  it  becomes  imperative  to  investigate 
methods  by  which  a  maximum  amount  of  food  can  be 
produced,  at  the  lowest  practicable  cost,  on  soils  best 
adapted  for  each  particular  kind  of  crop.  It  is  also  neces- 
sary that  the  production  of  different  kinds  of  foods  bear 
some  relation  to  the  requirements  of  the  consumers  for 
the  various  products.  It  would  not  do  to  devote  all 
agricultural  land  to  the  raising  of  cereals,' for  instance, 
even  if  it  should  be  found  that  the  maximum  number  of 
calories  of  food  could  be  produced  by  doing  so. 

In  forestry  the  same  rule  holds.  The  "timber-miner," 
who  only  harvests  what  Nature  produced,  and  cares 
nothing  for  the  future,  has  no  use  for  forest  research. 
But  for  a  growing  nation,  whose  forests  under  present 
methods  are  producing  but  a  fraction  of  its  needs,  and 
even  under  the  best  methods  that  can  be  applied  with  our 
present  knowledge  will  produce  little  more  than  enough 
for  merely  present  needs,  such  research  is  of  fundamental 
importance. 

Foresters  have  yet  barely  scratched  the  surface  in  the 
study  of  American  forests.  It  is  not  enough  to  know  that 
certain  methods  of  cutting  in  the  Southern  Appalachians, 
for  instance,  will  be  followed  by  reproduction,  and  that 
such  reproduction  will  grow  rapidly  and  produce  valu- 


able timber.  It  is  necessary  to  know  what  method  will 
produce  the  most  valuable  limber,  or  the  timber  which 
will  best  meet  the  national  needs,  and  at  the  most  reason- 
able cost ;  it  is  necessary  to  know  just  what  species  or 
mixture  of  species  will  succeed  best  under  each  given 
set  of  conditions ;  it  is  necessary  to  be  able  to  say  defi- 
nitely in  advance  just  what  will  be  the  yield  of  a  given 
species  managed  in  a  given  way  on  a  specific  tract  of 
land,  and  what  it  will  cost  to  produce  it. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  private  owner  it  will  not 
be  enough  to  say  that  by  adopting  such  and  such  a 
method  he  will  make  a  profit ;  he  wants  to  know  how  he 
can  get  the  largest  possible  return  from  his  investment 
in  land,  labor,  and  money.  From  the  standpoint  of  the 
nation,  it  is  not  enough  to  know  that  certain  methods 
will  result  in  continuous  forest  production  on  forest 
soils ;  it  is  necessary  to  know  which  of  several  methods 
will  best  accomplish  this  result,  and  what  methods  will 
insure  the  proper  proportion  of  different  sizes  and  of 
different  grades  of  material,  and  of  different  species. 

We  have  reached  a  turning  point  in  the  development 
of  forestry  in  this  country.  There  are  ample  social, 
economic,  production  and  growth  data  to  clearly  show  the 
need  for  a  change  in  our  methods  of  handling  our  timber 
lands.  No  further  data  are  necessary  to  prove  to  any 
intelligent  observer  of  our  forest  conditions  that  unless 
our  cut-over  lands,  unsuited  for  agriculture,  are  turned 
back  into  forest  production,  we  shall  in  the  near  future 
be  at  a  serious  economic  disadvantage. 

Foresters  have  a  sufficiently  well  worked  out  plan  for 
remedial  legislation,  and  enough  of  basic  knowledge  for 
formulating  some  simple  silvicultural  procedure  by  which 
to  maintain  continuous  production  in  each  forest  region. 
But  even  as  it  is,  if  the  forestry  profession  were  con- 
fronted tomorrow  with  the  responsibility  for  drawing  up 
a  plan  of  management  for  all  the  forest  lands  of  the 
United  States,  it  would  be  put  to  a  severe  test,  just  as 
was  the  case  at  that  time  of  the  placing  of  the  National 
Forests  under  forest  management. 

The  Forest  Service  found  it  necessary  to  establish 
eight  or  nine  experiment  stations  to  solve  the  technical 
problems  that  immediately  arose  in  marking  timber,  in 
working  out  methods  of  brush  disposal,  methods  to 
secure  natural  reproduction,  methods  of  artificial  refor- 
estation, and  similar  problems.  If  the  profession,  there- 
fore, is  not  to  be  content  with  merely  securing  some  kind 
of  growth  on  cut-over  land,  no  matter  how  inferior  it  may 
be  as  compared  with  the  original  stand,  but  desires  to  be 
able  to  secure  forest  growth  of  the  highest  economic 
utility,  it  must  set  itself  at  once  to  the  task  of  securing 
more  fundamental  facts  upon  which  to  base  its  practice 
on  the  vast  area  of  privately-owned  timber  land. 

The  only  way  in  which  such  data  can  be  obtained  is 
by  long-continued,  painstaking,  scientific  research.  They 
cannot  be  obtained  in  a  year  or  in  a  few  years  as  in 
the  case  of  agricultural  investigations  which  deal  with 
annual  or  biennial  crops,  but  require  long  periods. 

Is  it  not  time  that  such  research  be  started  on  a  very 
much  larger  scale  than  has  been  undertaken  hitherto,  in 
order  that  when  the  mandate  comes,  we  foresters  shall 
rot  be  found  lacking? 


1237 


1238 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


SEAPLANES  TO   BE   USED  FOR  FOREST  FIRE  PATROL 
WORK  IN  QUEBEC 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON,  EDITOR,  CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 


THE  Province  of  Quebec  has  reason  to  be 
proud  of  itself.  After  many  difficulties, 
which  at  many  times  seemed  insurmount- 
able, two  seaplanes  for  use  in  forest  fire 
patrol  and  mapping  have  been  obtained  and 
the  first  machine  has  been  flown  from 
Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  to  Lac  a  la  Tortue, 
a  little  village  about  two  miles  from  Grand 
Mere,  and  is  in  actual  use  for  patrol  work. 
About  three  years  ago  the  Directors  of  the 
St.  Maurice  Forest  Protective  Association 
discussed  the  practicability  of  using  air- 
planes for  patrolling,  and  a  committee  was 
named  to  look  into  the  feasibility  of  the 
plan.  They  reported  that  it  seemed  prac- 
ticable and  in  nineteen  seventeen  an  effort 
was  made  to  get  a  machine  and  pilot,  with- 
out success.  In  nineteen  eighteen  another 
effort  was  made  to  put  the  scheme  into 
practice.  On  Christmas  Day,  1918,  Mr. 
Allard,  the  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests, 
sent  for  the  writer  and  told  him  that  he  was 
much  interested  in  the  idea  and  would  con- 
tribute $2,000  toward  an  experiment.  At 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  St.  Maurice 
Forest  Protective  Association  a  sum  of  ten 
thousand  dollars  was  voted.  The  writer, 
after  considerable  study,  decided  that  owing 
to  the  difficulty,  amounting  practically  to 
an  impossibility,  of  providing  landing  places 
for  airplanes,  that  seaplanes  were  the  only 
machines  possible.  It  was  learned  that  the 
Department  of  Naval  Affairs  of  the  Domin- 
ion Government  had  in  storage  at  Halifax 
12  seaplanes  turned  over  to  it  by  the 
American  Navy  at  the  signing  of  the 
armistice.  The  Department  was  asked, 
through  the  Acting  Minister,  Hon.  A.  K. 
McLean,  to  loan  two  of  these  machines. 
After  much  consideration  and  discussion 
he  agreed  to  loan  them  and  an  agreement 
was  entered  into  to  take  over  these  ma- 
chines. The  Minister  of  Marine,  the  Hon. 
C.  C.  Ballantyne,  who  had  been  absent  in 
California  on  account  of  serious  illness,  re- 
turned to  Ottawa  and  at  once  decided  that 
he  would  not  loan  the  machines,  and  he  said 
that  proper  safeguards  for  their  return  to 
his  Department  had  not  been  put  in  the 
agreement.  However,  after  a  long  dis- 
cussion of  the  matter,  he  finally  consented 
to  allow  the  machines  to  be  loane.l  on  the 
original  agreement.  Much  credit  is  due 
to  the  two  gentlemen  named  above  for, 
their  action  in  making  possible  this  experi- 
ment. The  Montreal  Branch  of  the  Aerial 
League  of  Canada  also  co-operated  in  help- 
ing to  get  these  machines,  by  sending  a 
deputation  to  Ottawa  to  see  the  Minister, 
and  by  many  helpful  suggestions.  The 
President,  Sir  Charles  Davidson,  gave  much 
needed  legal  advice  and  helped  in  other 
ways. 

The    pilot   engaged    by    the    Association. 
Lieut.    Stuart    Graham,    of    Montreal,    had 


had  experience  with  both  airplanes  and 
seaplanes,  having  served  in  the  Royal 
British  Naval  Air  Service  and  having  been 
decorated  for  sinking  a  German  submarine 
after  his  engine  had  gone  dead.  He  went 
to  Halifax  and  with  his  engineer,  Mr. 
Kehre,  and  with  the  help  of  the  officers  of 
the  Halifax  Station,  assembled  seaplane 
No.  1876.  He  left  Halifax  on  the  afternoon 
of  June  S  and  flew  to  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick,  without  any  trouble  except  a 
fog  which  lifted  just  as  he  reached  St.  John. 
He  remained  there  over  night  and  left  the 
next  day  for  Lac  Temiscouata,  Quebec.  In 
flying  across  the  State  of  Maine,  he  en- 
countered a  heavy  thunderstorm  and  seeing 
a  lake  of  the  same  shape  as  the  one  he  was 
looking  for  made  a  landing,  only  to  find  that 
he  was  on  Eagle  Lake,  Maine.  He  re- 
mained there  over  night  and  flew  to  Lake 
Temiscouata  the  next  morning.  He  had 
ordered  gas  and  oil  sent  there  but  it  had 
not  arrived  so  he  was  forced  to  take  auto- 
mobile gasoline  and  go  on  to  Riviere  du 
Loup  on  the  St.  Maurice.  On  the  morning 
of  the  8th  of  June,  the  sea  water  was  very 
rough  and  a  high  wind  and  strong  tide, 
and  in  trying  to  take  off  the  nose  of  the 
machine  went  entirely  under  water  drench- 
ing Mrs.  Graham,  who  was  in  the  forward 
seat  acting  as  navigator.  He  left  Riviere 
du  Loup  at  1  P.  M.  passed  over  Quebec 
City  at  2.25  and  arrived  at  Three  Rivers  at 
3.10.  Here  he  was  met  by  Messrs.  R.  F. 
Grant,  President,  and  Mr.  Henry  Sorgius, 
Manager,  and  Ellwood  Wilson,  a  Director 
of  the  St.  Maurice  Association.  At  the 
wharf  the  Hon.  J.  A.  Tessier,  Minister  of 
Roads  and  Mayor  of  the  City  of  Three 
Rivers,  formally  welcomed  Lieut,  and  Mrs. 
Graham,  the  Mayoress  presenting  Mrs. 
Graham  with  a  bouquet  of  beautiful  flow- 
ers. After  a  rest  the  party  took  the  air 
at  6.50  and  arrived  at  Lac  la  Tortue  at  7.10. 
The  trip  was  made  without  incident  or  mis- 
hap of  any  kind,  the  four  hundred  horse 
power  Liberty  engine  never  missing  a 
stroke.  The  plane  seems  to  be  ideal  for 
work  over  forests  such  as  those  in  Quebec 
where  lakes  for  landing  abound.  Its  gaso- 
line capacity  is  a  little  low  for  long  flights. 
The  machine  lands  and  takes  off  beauti- 
fully. Mrs.  Graham  has  named  the  first 
machine  "La  Vigilance."  Lieut.  Graham 
leaves  the  nth  of  June  for  Halifax  to 
bring  up  the  second  machine  and  will  then 
commence  his  patrol  and  photographic 
work.  Complete  cost  records  are  being 
kept  and  will  be  published  at  the  end  of  the 
season. 

This  is  the  first  use  of  seaplanes  in 
Canada  for  other  than  war  purposes,  the 
first  flight  of  any  kind  ever  made  from 
Halifax  to  Quebec,  and  I  think  the  first 
for  commercial  purposes  ever  made  in  Can- 


FORESTERS    ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  in  this  column  advertisement!  of  for- 
esters,  lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  st-rvicc,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to   offer   such   foresters,    lumbermen   or   woodsmen. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
to  take  charge  of,  or  as  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field — from 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery — including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American  Forestry. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  Forests  in  timber  sale,  silvicultural 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis 
trict  of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  lines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference 
Address  Box  600,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (1-3) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish  • 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  675.  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington, 
B.   C.  (1-3) 

WANTED:  Young  forester,  preferably  married, 
for  clearing  and  maintaining  woodland  on  small 
estate,  operating  private  nursery,  etc.  Will  pay 
$80  or  better,  depending  on  qualifications  and 
experience.  Six  room  residence  on  state  road 
included  Address  Box  750,  c/o  American  For- 
estry  Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (7-9  19) 

ada.  The  Managers  of  the  various  Com- 
panies which  make  up  the  St.  Maurice 
Forest  Protective  Association  have  signi- 
fied their  intention  to  inspect  their  timber 
limits  from  the  air,  and  photographic  maps 
will  be  made  for  any  timber  holders  in  the 
Association  who  wish  them. 

A  small  station  with  living  quarters  and 
machine  shop  is  to  be  prepared  for  the 
machines  and  the  fullest  possible  use  will 
be  made  of  them. 


VALUE   OF   NUTS 

Nuts  can  and  do  take  the  place  of  meat  in  the 
diet  with  beneficial  results,  and  with  the  grow- 
ing scarcity  of  meat  due  to  the  world  war,  they 
are  bound  to  be  in  great  demand  at  good  prices 
in    the    future. 

The  comparative  food  value  to  the  pound  in 
calories    is    shown    by    the    following    table: 

Round    Steak 950 

Wheat    Flour 1,650 

White    Bread , 1,215 

Dried     Beans_„ 1,605 

Raisins   , 1,605 

English    Walnuts 3,075 

Pecans  3,445 

It  should  be  noted  here  that  the  true  value  of 
any  article  of  food  should  not  be  measured  by 
its  cost,  but  by  what  it  is  worth  to  the  consumer. 


ONE  POPLAR  BRINGS  $11,000 

A  yellow  poplar  tree  of  giant  size,  which  for 
years  had  stood  in  the  hills  of  the  Cumberland 
Mountain,  where  it  was  an  object  of  unusual 
interest,  has  already  brought  approximately 
$11,000  as  a  manufactured  product.  The  tree  was 
cut  down  by  a  local  lumber  concern  and  con- 
signed to  a  firm  in  Cincinnati.  When  sawn,  the 
product  totaled  nearly  7,000  feet  of  first-class  lum- 
ber, with  several  hundred  feet  second-class  lum- 
ber   thrown    in. 

It  is  declared  that  this  was  the  largest  tree 
marketed  from  the  eastern  Kentucky  fields  within 
a  half  century.  It  was  so  large  that  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  the  task  of  marketing  it  was  a 
serious  obstacle,  there  being  few  lumbermen  who 
cared    to    try    to   cut    it   down. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1239 


QUALITY- EFFICIENCY-RELIABILITY 

Upon  this  foundation  was  built  this, 
the  Largest  Saw  Works  in  the  World 

Keystone  Saw,    Tool,  Steel  and  File   Woiks 

HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS,  PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S. 


A. 


HELP     TO     REFOREST     FRANCE 

rpHE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  has  undertaken  the  great  task  of  helping 
-*-  to  reforest  the  shell-torn,  war-shattered  areas  of  France;  and  to  aid  also  Great  Britain,  half 
of  whose  forests  were  felled;  Belgium,  whose  forests  suffered  terribly,  and  Italy. 

The  great  humanitarian  need,  the  prime  economic  importance,  the  broad  constructive  value 
of  this  work — all  place  it  on  a  plane  which  gives  it  striking  pre-eminence.  Therefore,  it  is  felt 
that  every  member  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  will  desire  to  have  a  part,  and  as  big 
a  part  as  possible,  in  carrying  out  this  program. 

B 


Y  those  who  are  competent  to  judge,  it  is  asserted  that  the  forests  of  France  kept  the  Germans 
from  Paris.    How  great  a  debt,  then,  does  the  world  owe  to  them ! 


A  MERICA  can  build  no  nobler  memorial  in  Europe  than  by  replacing  the  devastated  forests  of 
-^*-  France,  Great  Britain,  Belgium  and  Italy.  ^Answer  this  appeal  at  once  by  sending  your 
check  for  whatever  amount  you  can  afford,  to  the  American  Forestry  Association.  It  will  help 
to  purchase  the  seed  needed  to  replant  the  forests  of  our  Allies. 

Checks  Should  Be  Sent  to 
THE    AMERICAN    FORESTRY    ASSOCIATION 

WASHINGTON,    D.    C. 

1 1 . 1 :  L 1 1 L  l  1 1 '  1 1 1 L I  r >  L  L  r 1 1 1 4  •  I  i  1 1 L 1 1 M 1 1 IJ II !  M 1 11 1 1 1 !  I  i .  ^  1 L 1 1 1 1 ;  N I  j  L 1 1 1 1 1 1  ■  I L J .  i  ^ . . : : 1 1 1 E  t J :  ^ .  T 1 1 1 1 1 ;  I !  I T I T  U 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 L I I  j  1 J 1 1 T  h  1 1 1 1 1 N 1 1 :  J 1 C 1 1 1 T J 1 1 1 S  i  i  i  1 1 J  J 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 11 1 [  I  [  I ) J  J  J  J 1 1 1 1  [  1 1 ) : . .  J ; ,'  / 

Please  Mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1240 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
*  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.   C.     Prices  are   by  mail  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     VALUATION— Filibert     Roth 

FOREST   REGULATION— Filibert  Roth   

PRACTICAL    TREE     REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER     INDUSTRY— By     R.     S.     Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur   F.    Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By    H.    H.    Chapman    

CHINESE    FOREST    TREES    AND   TIMBER   SUPPLY— By   Norman    Shaw 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By    John    Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By   Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.    I   and   II,  4    Parts   to   a   Volume— 

Per    Part     

THE    TRAINING  OF  A   FORESTER— Gifford   Pinchot   

LUMBER   AND   ITS   USES— R.   S.    Kellogg 

THE   CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Brltton 

KEY   TO   THE   TREES— Collins  and   Preston 

THE   FARM   WOODLOT— E.   G.   Cheyney  aad  J.   P.  Wentling 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel    J. 


Record 


PLANE     SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Graves 

THE    ECONOMICS   OF   FORESTRY— B.   E.   Fernow 

FIRST   BOOK    OF   FORESTRY— Filibert    Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.   S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF    AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel    B.    Green 

TREES  IN   WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvis 

MANUAL    OF    THE    TREES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive    of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent 

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14    Volumes,    per    Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE   NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY     MOUNTAINS— Romeyn     B.     Hough 

GETTING   ACQUAINTED   WITH   THE   TREES— J.   Horace   McFarland 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD;  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— Chas.  H.  Snow 

HANDBOOK    OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES    OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame    and    Henry    Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND   VINES  OF  THE   NORTHEASTERN   UNITED  STATES— H.  E.   Park- 


hurst 


TREES— H.     Marshall    Ward     

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Mulr    

LOGGING— Ralph    C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY   IN   NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.   Hawes 

THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   HANDLING    WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND   CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman    

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (In  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.   Moon   and   N.   C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES   OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES    OF    TREES— J.    J.    Levlson 

TREE    PRUNING— A.    Des    Cars    

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND   PLANTING  IN   THE   PRACTICE   OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.   Tourney... 

FUTURE   OF   FOREST    TREES— By   Dr.    Harold    Unwin 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

FARM   FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson    

THE   BOOK   OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.   Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud  Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND   WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.   Taylor 

THE   LAND  WE   LIVE   IN— By  Overton  Price 

WOOD   AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes    

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBLNG,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette    

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS— Chas.  H.  Snow 

EXERCISES  IN   FOREST   MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR    NATIONAL   FORESTS— H.    D.    Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 


$1.50 
2.00 

2.00 
1.10 
2.10 
2.00 
2.50 
1.50 

5.00 
1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.30 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 
3  00 
4.00 
1.61 
1.10 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 

6.00 
7.50 

6.00 
1.75 
3.50 
5.(0 
1.50 

1.50 
1.50 
1.91 
3.50 
2.50 
3.50 
1.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
3.00 
3.50 
2.25 
2.00 
1.30 
2.10 
1.50 
2.50 
1.70 
3.00 
3.00 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.50 
2.50 
2.50 


*  This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on  forestry 
or  related  subjects  upon   request. — EDITOR. 


TREES  OF  INDIANA 

A  new  book  of  300  pages  on  "The  Trees 
of  Indiana"  has  just  been  issued  by  the 
Department  of  Conservation  of  the  State 
of  Indiana.  It  contains  a  scientific  de- 
scription and  a  full-page  illustration  of 
each  of  the  native  trees  of  Indiana.  The 
qualities  and  uses  of  the  wood  are 
given  and  the  value  of  each  species  for 
shade  and  for  forest  planting  is  discussed. 
This  is  a  book  that  should  be  in  the  hands 
of  every  wood  lot  owner  and  of  everyone 


who  is  interested  in  our  native  trees.  It  is 
especially  recommended  for  teachers.  It 
will  enable  them  to  teach  their  pupils  to 
know  our  native  trees.  Any  teacher  can 
have  as  many  copies  as  he  can  use  to  ad- 
vantage in  his  school  work.  This  book  is 
free  for  the  asking,  but  since  the  supply 
is  limited,  if  a  copy  is  desired  application 
should  be  made  at  once.  Send  your  order 
to  the  Department  of  Conservation,  office 
of  the  State  Forester.  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

The  Forest  Ranger,  by  John  D.  Guthrie. 
Richard  G.  Badger,  the  Gorham  Press,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.  Price,  $1.50.  This  is  a  book 
of  verses,  collected  and  edited  by  John 
Guthrie,  which  he  has  been  getting  together 
for  the  past  fifteen  years.  Many  of  them 
appeared  originally  in  the  pages  of  forest 
news  letters  issued  on  the  different  Nation- 
al Forests.  Poetical  or  literary  merit  is 
claimed  only  for  a  few  but  they  surely  re- 
flect the  daily  life  and  work  of  the  Forest 
Ranger  in  the  wide  and  beautiful  forest 
lands  of  the  West.  Some  are  frankly 
parodies,  some  rhymes  and  jingles  and  a 
few  are  songs  most  familiar  to  the  ranger 
and  hummed  around  his  lonely  camp  fire 
on  the  trail.  The  desire  of  the  editor  to 
bring  together  and  put  on  record  a  true 
expression  of  the  spirit  of  these  men  who 
have  heard  the  "call  of  the  forest  and  of 
the  distant  places"  is  well  met  by  the  little 
volume.  The  book  is  prefaced  by  a  charac- 
teristic letter  from  Gifford  Pinchot,  in 
which  he  says  to  the  editor:  "In  collecting 
these  verses,  you  have  put  me,  with  every 
other  Forest  Service  man,  deeply  in  your 
debt."  Mr.  Guthrie's  work  was  a  labor 
of  love  and  we  predict  for  it  a  warm  wel- 
come, worthy  of  the  spirit  of  its  prepa- 
ration.   

Practical  Tree  Repair,  by  Elbert  Peets, 
259  pp.,  il-,  $2.00.  Robt.  N.  McBride  & 
Company,  New  York. 

No  science  is  more  firmly  founded  on 
known  facts  and  methods  than  that  of  tree 
repair  and  the  prevention  of  tree  diseases. 
The  author  of  this  intensely  practical  book 
gives  clearly  and  concisely  complete  in- 
struction covering  the  treatment  of  wounds, 
rot-fungi,  boring  insects,  filling  of  cavities, 
bracing,  materials  used  in  filling,  treatment 
of  cavities  without  filling,  etc.  Illustrated 
from  photographs  and  diagrams,  this  book 
is  useful  alike  to  the  owner  of  a  home  and 
to  the  man  who  intends  to  take  up  tree 
repair   work. 


Identification  of  the  Economic  Woods  of 
the  United  States,  by  S.  J.  Record,  $1.75. 
Revised  and  enlarged  second  edition,  John 
Wiley  &  Sons,  Inc.,  New  York. 

The  main  differences  between  this  edition 
and  the  first  (1912)  are  as  follows:  (1) 
The  Key  has  been  entirely  rewritten  and 
rearranged,  several  new  woods  are  in- 
cluded and  more  of  the  common  names  are 
given ;  (2)  the  lists  of  references  and  the 
general  bibliography  have  been  brought  up 
to  date;  (3)  an  Appendix  has  been  added 
which  amplifies  some  of  the  subject  matter 
of  Part  1,  and  also  includes  considerable 
new  data  on  wood  structure. 

In  grouping  the  woods  in  the  Key  more 
attention  has  been  given  to  their  general 
similarity  than  to  special  features,  thus 
bringing  together  for  effective  contrast  the 
kinds  which  are  most  likely  to  be  confused 
in    practice.      Attempt    has    been    made    to 


CANADIAN     DEPARTMENT 


1241 


have  all  of  the  descriptions  comparable 
and.  so  far  as  permissible  to  make  the 
gross  characters  the  basis  for  separation. 
The  microscopic  features  are  printed  in 
smaller  type  than  the  others,  to  avoid  con- 
fusion and  to  simplify  the  use  of  the  Key. 
It  is  comparatively  easy  to  make  a  key 
for  a  given  lot  of  wood  specimens,  but  to 
take  into  account  the  range  of  variation  of 
each  wood  is  an  extremely  difficult  task. 
Such  a  key  must  be  the  result  of  growth,  of 
the  accumulation  of  years  of  investigation 
and  experience,  and  must  always  be  sub- 
ject to  revision  as  new  data  and  new  ma- 
terial become  available.  To  this  end  the 
author  enlists  the  co-operation  of  all  read- 
ers of  this  magazine. 

Vacation  Days  in  Colorado's  National 
Forests.  Issued  by  the  Office  of  the  Dis- 
trict Forester,  District  2,  this  recreation 
booklet  is  guaranteed  to  create  a  longing 
in  the  heart  of  every  reader  for  "the  hills, 
whence  cometh  our  help."  And  nowhere  in 
our  wide  and  beautiful  country  is  this 
desire  more  fully  met  than  in  the  "Switzer- 
land of  America."  The  National  Forests  in 
Colorado  hold  an  opportunity,  and  an  invi- 
tation to  those  to  whom  the  impulse  comes 
to  leave  the  heat  of  the  city  and  business 
cares  behind  and  follow  the  open  road  to 
the  "still  places."  Nowhere  else  in  the 
United  States,  and  seldom  in  any  land, 
may  one  look  upon  more  majestic  vistas 
of  snow-capped  mountain  ranges,  forested 
slopes,  granite  gorges,  tumbling  cascades 
and  rolling  plains  than  in  these  playgrounds 
of  the  people  in  Colorado.  The  climate  is 
wonderful — a  tonic  of  sunshine  and  pure 
air.  filling  one  with  vigor.  Few  places  may 
be  found  which  offer  the  seeker  after  rest, 
recreation  and  outdoor  life  so  many  oppor- 
tunities for  enjoyment.  The  booklet  de- 
scribes briefly  the  National  Forests  within 
the  boundary  of  Colorado,  stressing  par- 
ticularly points  of  interest  and  the  privileges 
extended  to  prospective  visitors  and  con- 
tains as  well  practical  advice  and  informa- 
tion regarding  camping  outfits,  personal 
equipment  necessary,  etc.  Further  informa- 
tion may  be  had  by  addressing  District 
Forester,  District  2,  New  Federal  Building, 
Denver,  Colorado. 

"P  NTOMOLOGISTS  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  who  last  fall 
began  an  examination  of  the  cranberry  bogs 
of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  which  have  received  shipments  of 
cranberry  vines  from  New  England  report 
that  they  find  no  evidence  of  gypsy-moth 
infestations  from  such  shipments.  It  had 
been  feared  that  the  moth  had  been  car- 
ried on  the  vines  to  the  western  bogs.  De- 
termination of  the  fact  was  necessary  in 
order  to  know  what  control  measures 
should  be  undertaken.  In  that  connection 
the  Department  is  making  tests  to  deter- 
mine both  the  resistance  of  cranberry  vines 
to  intensive  fumigation  and  the  strength  of 
fumigation  necessary  to  destroy  the  eggs 
of  the  gypsy  moth. 


CANADIAN    DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,   CANADIAN   SOCIETY    OF 
FOREST  ENGINEERS 


\ 


The  Laurentide  Company,  which  was  the 
pioneer  in  grinding  hardwood  for  pulp  in 
an  experiment  last  fall,  tried  a  further  one 
this  spring  when  seventy  cords  of  mixed 
birch,  beech  and  maple  was  barked  in  the 
drum  barkers  without  any  difficulty  and 
ground  into  pulp.  Owing  to  the  irregu 
larity  of  the  four  foot  sticks  barking  with 
knife  barkers  was  soon  proved  to  be  un- 
successful but  the  drum  barkers  removed 
the  bark,  if  anything,  a  little  more  easily 
from  the  hardwood  than  from  spruce,  the 
only  difficulty  was  the  weight  of  the  wood 
which  is  harder  on  the  conveyors.  Begin- 
ning in  August  the  Company  will  begin  to 
use  hardwood  continuously. 


The  meeting  of  the  Woodlands  Section  of 
the  Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper  Association 
took  place  on  June  25  and  26.  The  first 
day  was  spent  at  the  Berthier  Nursery  of 
the  Provincial  Government  as  the  guests  of 
Mr.  Piche,  Chief  Forester.  The  Minister 
of  Lands  formally  opened  the  air  patrol 
and  the  seaplane  arrived  and  left  from 
Berthier  for  its  first  trip.  The  nursery 
was  inspected  and  also  the  planting  on 
drifting  sands  at  Berthier  and  a  fine  stand 
of  white  pine  which  has  been  thinned  and 
cared  for  for  a  number  of  years.  There 
was  also  a  general  discussion  of  re- 
forestation and  slash  disposal.  The  meet- 
ing on  the  next  day  was  held  at  Grand 
Mere  and  Proulx  where  the  nurseries  and 
experimental  plantations  were  inspected  and 
where  tractors  were,  shown  at  work  and 
a  kerosene  brush  burner  and  gasoline  fire 
pump  demonstrated.  An  out  door  woods- 
man's lunch  was  served.  A  representa- 
tive of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service  was  pres- 
ent and  a  large  number  of  representative 
pulp  and  paper  and  lumbermen  were  pres- 
ent with  a  number  of  Government  and. 
private   Canadian    foresters. 


Two  trees  affected  with  blister  rust 
have  been  found  in  a  plantation  of  Scotch 
pine  planted  by  the  Laurentide  Company 
and  have  been  removed  and  burned.  The 
white  pine  weevil  has  also  attacked  the 
same  plantation  and  a  fungous  disease 
which  has  destroyed  some  of  the  terminal 
buds.  This  latter  is  now  over.  If  Scotch 
pine  is  going  to  suffer  in  this  way  it  will 
hardly  pay  to  plant  it  in  this  section. 


Mr.  H.  G.  Schanche,  for  many  years 
with  the  Forestry  Division  of  the  Lauren- 
tide Company  has  become  forester  for  the 
Abitibi  Pulp  and  Paper  Company,  Ltd.,  of 
Iriquois  Falls.  They  expect  to  start  a 
nursery  at  once  and  begin  reforestation  on 
their  cut-over  lands. 


THE 


1337-1339  F  STREET.N.W. 
WflSHINGTON.P.C. 

PeSI<aN^.RS 

flNP 

ILLUSTRATORS 

3  ^olor  Process  Work 
^lotrotypss 

Superior  Qoality 
SS^ruic^. 

Phone  Main  8Z74 


PLANT  MEMORIAL 

TREES  FOR  OUR 

HEROIC  DEAD 


In  the  St.  Maurice  Valley  two  large  fires 
have  been  extinguished  without  loss  of 
merchantable  timber  but  with  a  large  area 
of  cut-over  land  destroyed.  In  the  earlier 
days  when  the  areas  of  timber  cut  over 
each  year  by  the  various  operators  were 
small  and  widely  separated  the  danger 
from  the  heaped  up  debris  was  not  serious. 
Today,  however,  when  an  area  of  126 
square  miles  is  being  cut  each  year  and 
when  the  operations  of  some  of  the  com- 
panies are  contiguous,  a  dry  spell  of  eight 
or  ten  days  and  a  high  wind  make  such 
areas  almost  impossible  to  control  and  a 
terrible  conflagration  will  be  almost  in- 
evitable. The  large  number  of  men  re- 
quired to  fight  such  fires  makes  them  very 
expensive.  The  time  has  come  when  some 
Province-wide  system  of  burning  slash 
from  lumbering  must  be  inaugurated. 
Even  if  the  cost  should  run  to  a  dollar  a 
cord,  by  being  borne  equally  by  all  no  hard- 
ship would  be  incurred  and  the  cost  would 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1242 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


There's  Glory  in  Flowering  Shrubs 

Almost  any  tree  or  shrub  adds  charm  to  the  landscape. 
Those  with  showy  flowers  add  just  so  much  more 
beauty.  Indeed,  the  most  delightful  landscapes  are 
those  where  flowering  trees  are  represented.  They  appear  like 
the  work  of  a  master  fairy  on  account  of  the  masses  of  colors 
which  vie  with  each  other  so  harmoniously  throughout  the 
season. 

Think  of  all  the  rare  floral  gems  that 
tint  the  landscape  and  keep  the  at- 
mosphere full  of  fragrance;  there  are 

many  that  are  out  of  the  ordinary,  but 
these  six  are  distinctly  unusual  and 
showy.  The  entire  collection  tor  $5.00 
(purchased    singly,   $7.00). 


Japanese  Dogwood 
Japanese  Cornelian 

Cherry 
Japanese  Bellflower 

Tree 


Sliver  Bell  Tree 

Chinese  Christmas 
Berry 

Storax 


These  and  many  others,  equally  delightful, 
arc  described  and  illustrated  in  Hick's 
Monograph  "Flowering  Trees  and  Shrubs." 
Colored  illustrations  leave  in  your  mind  no 
room  for  doubt  concerning  results.  Send 
for   your  copy   today. 

HICKS  NURSERIES 
Box  F  Westbury,  L.  I.,  If.  Y. 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

DEST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  601  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send   for   my   catalogue   containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


Orchids 


We  t  are  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers   SUMMIT,  N.  J. 


be  borne  by  the  consumers  at  large  who 
are  the  real  owners  of  the  forests  and  who 
are  most  interested  in  their  protection.  In- 
dividual timber  holders  can  cut  off  their 
timber,  make  a  profit  and  go  out  of  busi- 
ness, but  the  public  cannot  see  their  for- 
ests vanish.  Wood  we  must  have  and  the 
forests  must  be  handled  so  as  to  perpetuate 
them. 


The  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  has  de- 
cided to  employ  a  Provincial  Forester  and 
thus  complete  the  proper  policy  for  the 
whole  of  the  forested  provinces  of  the 
Dominion. 


The  work  of  the  Dominion  Forestry 
Branch  at  the  Petawawa  Forest  Reserve, 
under  Mr.  H.  C.  Wallin,  in  studying  the 
growth,  increment  and  so  forth  of  the  trees 
there  will  continue  during  the  summer. 
Some  valuable  results  were  obtained  last 
year  and  much  is  hoped  from  the  research 
program  now  under  way. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 

TREE  SEEDS 

SEEDLINGS            Writ*  {..,  price,  on      TRANSPLANTS 

large  quantities 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 

CHESHIRE,    CONN. 

The  Commission  of  Conservation  in  co- 
operation with  the  Laurentide  Company, 
the  Riordon  Company,  the  Abitibi  Com- 
pany, the  Province  of  New  Brunswick  and 
the  Province  of  Quebec,  will  continue  their 
research  work  under  Dr.  Howe  into  the 
growth,  reproduction,  mortality  rate,  etc., 
on  cut-over  pulpwood  lands.  The  work 
will  also  be  extended  to  burnt  over  coun- 
try. Plots  have  been  laid  out  and  treated 
in  various  ways.  For  instance,  one  plot  has 
been  cut  clean  and  the  debris  burned  in 
piles,  another  cut-over  and  the  debris  al- 
lowed to  lie  and  the  hardwood  trees  have 
been  girdled.     On  others  every  seedling  is 


tagged  and  numbered  and  the  growth  will 
be  studied.  An  entomologist  and  an  ex- 
pert in  fungous  diseases  are  with  the  party 
and  will  look  after  their  respective  fields. 
At  the  Laurentide  Company  plantations  of 
various  trees  on  different  soils  and  with 
different  aspects  have  been  made,  also  dif- 
ferent mixtures  of  trees  and  mixtures  of 
dominant  and  suppressed  trees  from  the 
transplant  beds.  These  will  be  measured 
and  studied  from  year  to  year.  Seed  selec- 
tion is  also  being  practiced  and  Scotch  pine 
of  the  second  generation  is  already  growing. 


A    DEPARTMENT   OF    FOREST 

RECREATION  ESTABLISHED 

AT  THE  NEW  YORK  STATE 

COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY 

A  NEW  department,  that  of  forest  recre- 
ation, has  just  been  established  at  the 
New  York  State  College  of  Forestry.  This 
department  will  assist  in  the  development 
of  the  work  of  the  College,  both  along  in- 
vestigational and  instructional  lines,  in  the 
proper  uses  of  forest  areas  for  public  rec- 
reation purposes.  The  establishment  of  this 
department  is  in  line  with  the  endeavor  of 
the  College  to  make  its  work  of  real  service 
to  the  people  of  the  State  and  to  increase 
the  right  use  of  forests  and  forest  lands. 
This  is  the  first  department  of  forest  recrea- 
tion to  be  established  in  a  school  or  college 
in  this  country. 

With  the  great  Adirondack  and  Catskill 
Forest  Preserves,  Palisades  Interstate  Park, 
Letchworth  Park  and  some  thirty  other 
public  forest  reservations,  the  whole  total- 
ing nearly  two  million  acres,  New  York 
State  has  unique  forest  resources,  capable 
of  securing  to  its  millions  of  people  great 
public  good  in  the  way  of  recreational  uses. 
Just  as  playgrounds  are  being  established 
in  villages  and  cities  throughout  the  coun- 
try, where  play  may  be  organized  and 
properly  directed,  so  the  forests  of  this  and 
other  States  must  be  studied  and  developed, 
that  they  may  be  more  effective  playgrounds 
for  the  people  of  the  State. 

This  new  department  of  forest  recreation 
in  the  College  of  Forestry  will  be  in  charge 
of  Prof.  Henry  R.  Francis,  who  has  made 
a  specialty  of  this  line  of  work  and  who 
during  the  past  five  years  has  been  carry- 
ing on  landscape  extension  work  both  in 
New  York  and  Massachusetts.  During  the 
coming  summer  Professor  Francis  will  be- 
gin systematic  studies  of  forest  and  park 
areas  in  New  York  to  prepare  bulletins  for 
recreational  development,  and  late  in  the 
season  will  make  a  trip  through  the  national 
forests  and  national  parks  of  the  West  to 
see  what  has  already  been  done  by  the 
National  Government  and  by  the  Western 
States  in  developing  the  recreational  possi- 
bilities of   forest  lands. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1243 


PROTECTgLOCUST  TREES  FROM 
BORERS 

PLANTATIONS  of  the  locust  tree  can  be 
successfully  protected  from  the  borer 
and  grown  profitably  on  a  commercial  scale 
if  the  trees  are  planted  in  thick  stands  or 
mixed  with  other  trees,  so  as  to  produce  a 
densely  shaded  condition  during  the  first 
ten  to  fifteen  years.  Investigations  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
showed  that  more  trees  were  destroyed  by 
borers  in  tracts  which  had  been  pruned 
occasionally,  or  closely  grazed,  or  in  which 
fire  had  killed  out  the  underbrush,  thus 
destroying  the  natural  shade  produced  by 
weeds  and  shrubbery. 

The  denser  the  underbrush  about  the 
trunks  of  the  trees  the  less  is  the  damage 
done  by  borers.  Trees  growing  from  two 
to  three  feet  apart  were  seldom  injured, 
while  nearby  isolated  trees  were  riddled 
by  borers. 

Condition  Necessary  for  Borer  Attack 
All  trees  and  all  parts  of  the  tree  are  not 
subject  in  the  same  degree  to  attack  by 
the  borer.  Rough  bark  provides  crevices 
in  which  the  borers  deposit  their  eggs. 
Young  trees,  less  than  one  and  one-half  to 
two  inches  at  the  base,  are  not  attacked 
unless  the  bark  is  rough.  On  younger  trees 
the  borers  are  found  at  the  base  and  near 
rough  crotches.  Trees  with  trunks  more 
than  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter  rarely 
contain  the  insects.  On  such  trees  the 
larger  branches  frequently  are  infested,  but. 
such  injury  is  seldom  common  enough  to 
do  much  harm.  Protection  from  borers  is 
necessary  for  only  a  comparatively  short 
period  during  the  tree's  growth.  Under 
good  growing  conditions  this  time  should 
not  exceed  ten  years. 


Treatment ,  of  Shade  Trees 
The  locust  is  widely  planted  for  orna- 
mental and  shade  purposes.  It  is  highly 
desirable,  because  it  grows  readily  in  a 
variety  of  soils  and  situations.  It  grows 
rapidly  and  forms  a  shapely  crown  when 
planted  in  the  open.  But  it  is  frequently 
attacked  by  borers.  This  is  because  shade 
trees  are  planted  singly  and  in  the  open, 
thus  furnishing  favorable  conditions  for 
attack. 

Young  borers  can  be  killed  readily  by  the 
use  of  an  arsenical  spray.  Spraying  will 
be  necessary  only  every  two  or  three  years, 
unless  badly  infested  trees  nearby  are  not 
treated.  As  a  rule,  spraying  will  not  be 
needed  after  trees  reach  six  inches  in  diam- 
eter. Trees  of  that  size  are  usually  im- 
mune from  attack,  but  should  be  watched. 
Locusts  make  such  desirable  shade  trees 
that  they  should  not  be  neglected  and  al- 
lowed to  become  injured  or  destroyed  by 
borers.  The  increasing  value  of  black  or 
yellow  locust  for  many  purposes  makes  it 
a  profitable  tree  to  grow  commercially  and 
emphasizes  the  importance  of  protecting  it 
from  the  borer.  Information  concerning 
the  care  of  both  shade  trees  and  commer- 
cial plantings  of  locust  is  included  in  Bul- 
letin 787,  issued  by  the  United  States  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES 

FOR  OUR 
SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS 

buy  the  right  kind--That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose-- 
Our  little  house  organ  "Etchings"  is 
full  of  valuable  hints-Send  for  it. 

H.  A.  GATCHEU  Prei.  C.  A.  STINSON.  Vict-Prei. 

GATCHEL  &   MANNING 

PHOTO-ENGRA  VERS 

In  one  or  more  colors 
Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


OUR  ADVERTISERS  ARE 


RELIABLE 


m 


ADVISORY  BOARD 

Representing  Organizations  Affiliated  with  the 
American  Forestry  Association 


National  Wholesale  Lumber  Dealers'  Association  Lumbermen's  Exchange  Empire  State  Forest  Products  Association 

JOHN  M.  WOODS,  Boston.  Mass.  J.  RANDALL  WILLIAMS,  JR.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  FERRIS  J.  MEIGS,  New  York  Citj 

W.   CLYDE  SYKES,  Conifer,  N.   Y.  FREDERICK  S.  UNDERBILL,  Philadelphia,  Pa.RUFUS  L.  SISSON,  Potsdam,  N.  Y. 

R.  G.  BROWNELL,  Williamsport,  Pa.  R.  B.   RAYNER,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  W.  L.  SYKES,  Utica,  N.  Y. 


Northern   Pine    Manufacturers'   Association 

C.  A.  SMITH,  Coos  Bay,  Ore. 

WILLIAM  IRVINE,  Chippewa  Falls,  Wia. 

F.  E.  WEYERHAEUSER,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


National   Association   of  Box   Manufacturer! 
B.  W.  PORTER,  Greenfield,  Mass. 
S.  B.  ANDERSON,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
ROBT.  A.  JOHNSON,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


Carriage  Builders'  National  Association 

H.  C.  McLEAR,  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y. 

D.  T.  WILSON,  New  York 

P.  S.  EBRENZ,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 


New  Hampshire  Timberland  Owners' 
W.  H.  BUNDY,  Boston.  Mass. 
EVERETT  E.  AMEY,  Portland,  Me. 
F.  H.  BILLARD,  Berlin,  N.  H. 


Massachusetts  Forestry  Association 
NATHANIEL  T.  KIDDER,  Milton,  Maas. 
FREDERIC  J.  CAULKINS,  Boston,  Mass. 
HARRIS  A.  REYNOLDS,  Cambridge,  Mass. 


California  Forest  Protective  Association 
MILES  STANDISH,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
AeaociatlonGEO    x    WENDLING,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
GEO.  H.  RHODES,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Minnesota  Forestry  Association 
W.  T.  COX,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
PROF.  D.  LANGE,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
MRS.  CARRIE  BACKUS,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


American  Wood  Preservers'  Association 
MR.  CARD,  111  W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
MR.  JOYCE,  332  S.  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 
F.  J.  ANGIER,  Baltimore,  Md. 


Camp  Fire  Club  of  America  Southern  Pine  Association 

Philadelphia   Wholesale   Lumber  Dealers'  Ass'n    wiLLIAM  B.  GREELEY,  Washington,  D.  C.  J.  B.  WHITE,  Kansas  Citj,  Mo. 

J.  RANDALL  WILLIAMS,  JR.,  Philadelphia,  Pa  O.  H.  VAN  NORDEN,  New  York  T.  E.  RHODES,  New  Orleans,  La. 
Phil;  ■ 


FRED'K  S.  UNDERHILL,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  FREDERICK  K.  VREELAND,  New  York 


HENRY  E.  HARDTNER,  Urania,  La. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1244 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger  Course  of 
high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller   courses. 

Correspondence   Course   in 

Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,   School  of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


Forest   Engineering 
Summer  School 

University  of  Georgia 

ATHENS,  GEORGIA 

Eight-weeks  Summer  Camp  on 
large  lumbering  and  milling  oper- 
ation in  North  Georgia.  Field 
training  in  Surveying,  Timber 
Estimating,  Logging  Engineer- 
ing, Lumber  Grading,  Milling. 
Special  vocational  courses 
for  rehabilitated  soldiers. 
Exceptional  opportunity  to  pre- 
pare for  healthful,  pleasant,  lucra- 
tive   employment    in    the    open. 

{Special  announcement  sent  upon 
request.) 


SARGtNT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide   Booh    for   Parents 

A   Standard    Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically      and      discriminately      the      Private 
Schools  of  all   classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,   special    features,   etc. 
Introductory    Chapters   review    interesting   de- 
velopments  of    the    year  in   education— Modern 
Schools,   War   Changes   in    the   Schools.    Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction.    What    the    Schools    Are 
Doing,   Recent    Educational   Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  he  glad 
to  advise    and    write   you  intimately   about   any 
I   or  class  of  schools. 
Fifth    edition.      '910.   revised    and     enlarged. 
788  page*.  $8.00.       Circulars  and  sample   pages. 
POKIER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


AIRPLANE  PATROL  IN  NATIONAL 
FORESTS 

OATROL  of  national  forests  by  Army 
airplanes  to  give  early  warning  of  fires 
developing  in  the  forests  began  June  I, 
according  to  arrangements  completed  with 
the  War  Department  by  the  Forest  Serv- 
ice, United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. On  the  same  day  observations  cov- 
ering a  large  part  of  the  Angeles  National 
Forest  were  begun  from  a  captive  balloon 
stationed  over  the  Army  Balloon  School 
near  Arcadia,  California. 

Two  routes  of  airplane  patrol  work  will 
be  operated  from  March  Field,  twelve  miles 
southeast  of  Riverside,  California.  Two 
planes  will  be  used  on  each  route,  the  routes 
will  each  be  approximately  ioo  miles  long 
and  each  route  will  be  covered  twice  a  day. 
This  is  the  beginning  of  experimental 
work  in  which  the  adaptability  of  aircraft 
to  forest  patrol  work  is  to  be  thoroughly 
tried  out.  If  the  tests  prove  successful  it 
is  expected  that  the  airplane  patrols  will 
be  extended  before  the  end  of  the  1919  sea- 
son, and  that  airplanes  will  become  a  per- 
manent feature  of  the  ceaseless  battle 
against  fires  in  the  national  forests. 

The  airplane  routes  from  March  Field 
will  afford  an  opportunity  to  survey  about 
2,000  square  miles  in  the  Angeles  and  Cleve- 
land National  Forests.  The  airplanes  are 
not  equipped  with  wireless  telephone  ap- 
paratus of  such  a  nature  that  they  can  com- 
municate with  the  ground  without  the  in- 
stallation of  expensive  ground  instruments. 
Warnings  of  fires  will  be  transmitted  by 
means  of  parachute  messages  dropped  over 
a  town,  the  finder  to  telephone  them  to  the 
Forest  Service;  by  special  landings  made 
to  report  by  telephone,  and  by  returning 
to  the  base  and  reporting  from  March 
Field  direct  to  the  forest  supervisor.  Fires 
will  be  located  and  reported  by  squares 
drawn  on  duplicate  maps,  one  to  be  in  the 
possession  of  each  airplane  observer  and 
another  to  be  in  the  office  of  the  forest 
supervisor. 

The  observation  balloon  over  the  Ar- 
cadia Field  is  to  be  maintained  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  3,000  feet  from  7  A.  M.  until 
2.30  P.  M.  each  day.  The  student  detach- 
ment learning  observation  now  stationed  at 
Mount  Wilson  will  also  render  fire  lookout 
service.  Reports  of  fires  from  both  the 
balloon  observer  and  the  Mount  Wilson  de- 
tachment will  be  telephoned  to  the  Army 
Balloon  School  and  transmitted  to  the 
Forest  Service  office  at  Los  Angeles.  A 
fire-fighting  truck,  with  ten  enlisted  men, 
will  be  stationed  at  Arcadia  as  part  of  the 
fire-suppression  forces  and  will  be  subject 
to  the  call  of  the  Forest  Service. 


IN  MANY  sections  of  the  national  forests 
it  has  been  found  impossible,  without 
great  expense,  to  maintain  telephone  wires 
or  cables  because  of  the  havoc  wrought  by 
timber  falling  across  the  wires  and  by 
heavy  snowslides.    Therefore,  wireless  tele- 


phones are  soon  to  be  given  a  trial  in  the 
forests,  and  the  Signal  Corps  of  the  Army 
has  lent  four  combination  sets  of  transmit- 
ting and  receiving  apparatus  to  the  Forest 
Service  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Equipment  is  to  be  installed  on  Mount 
Hood,  at  an  elevation  of  about  13,000  feet, 
and  another  set  is  to  be  at  the  nearest  forest 
ranger  station,  about  twelve  miles  away. 
Two  other  sets  are  to  be  placed  in  the 
Clearwater  forest  region  of  Idaho,  which 
is  heavy  wilderness  country. 

Wireless  telephones  have  never  been 
tried  in  mountainous  country,  and  interest 
centers  in  the  results  of  the  experiments, 
particularly  in  the  effect  on  messages  of 
high  ridges  between  telephone  stations.  The 
Mount  Hood  experiment  will  show  the 
practicability  of  talking  from  a  high  point 
to  a  low  point,  and  the  Clearwater  forest 
experiment  will  demonstrate  whether  mes- 
sages can  be  communicated  from  two  points 
of  about  the  same  elevation  but  separated 
by  mountains. 

All  the  wireless  stations  will  be  estab- 
lished at  lookout  points,  and  will  give  warn- 
ings of  fires  developing  in  the  forests,  sup- 
plementing the  regular  facilities  of  the  For- 
est Service.  

A  CREW  of  treeplanters  at  Albuquerque, 
New  Mexico,  is  now  working  under  the 
direction  of  the  Forest  Service  planting 
Douglas  fir  and  Engelmann  spruce  on  the 
high,  barren  slopes  of  Santa  Fe  Baldy,  in 
the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range,  on  the  Santa 
Fe  National  Forest.  A  large  number  of 
trees  were  planted  last  year,  and  40,000 
more  are  now  being  planted. 

These  seedling  trees  were  grown  from 
the  seed  of  native  forest  trees  at  the  Gal- 
linas  forest  nursery,  where  experiments 
have  been  conducted  for  several  years  by 
the  Forest  Service  in  the  art  of  growing 
forest  trees  from  seeds.  The  problem  is  a 
very  difficult  one,  according  to  forest  of- 
ficials, owing  to  the  many  technical  ques- 
tions involved  in  the  semi-domestication  of 
wild  tree  species.  These  problems  have  now 
been  solved,  and  the  forest  plantation  on 
Santa  Fe  Baldy,  as  well  as  several  other 
plantations  in  the  region,  have  been  sucess- 
ful,  and  conclusively  prove  that  forest  trees 
can  be  artificially  grown  in  the  southwest 
in  spite  of  adverse  climatic  conditions. 

After  getting  a  three  years'  growth  in 
the  Gallinas  nursery,  forty  thousand  of  the 
seedlings  were  transported  on  pack-horses, 
with  great  difficulty,  nearly  to  the  summit 
of  Baldy  early  this  spring,  where  they  were 
buried  in  the  snow  until  weather  conditions 
became  favorable  for  planting.  With  the 
unusually  moist,  cool  season,  forest  officers 
are  very  hopeful  that  a  large  percentage  of 
the  seedlings  will  survive  and  grow  into  a 
heavy  stand  of  valuable  timber  in  the 
course  of  the  next  two  centuries. 

The  work  of  growing  the  seedlings  and 
starting  the  plantation  has  been  carried  out 
by  Forest  Examiner  Herman  Krauch. 


CURRENT     LITERATURE 


1245 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  LIST  FOR  JUNE,  1919 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  library  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service.) 


FORESTRY  AS  A  WHOLE 
Proceedings    and    reports    of    associations,    forest 
officers,  etc. 

Hawaii — Board  of  commissioners  of  agri- 
culture and  forestry.  Report  for  the 
biennial  period  ended  Dec.  31,  1918. 
118  p.     pi.,  maps.     Honolulu,  1919. 

India — Andamans — Forest  dept.  Report 
on  forest  administration  for  the  year 
1917-18.    39  p.     Calcutta.  1919. 

New  York  state  college  of  forestry.  Syra- 
cuse university.  The  Empire  forester, 
vol.  5.  104  p.  il.  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
1919. 

Switzerland — Dept.  de  l'interieur — Inspec- 
tion des  forests,  chasse  et  peche.  Etat 
des  agents  forestiers  de  la  Suisse,  1919. 
25    p.      Berne,    1919. 

FOREST  PROTECTION 

Insects 

Craighead,  F.  C.  Protection  from  the 
locust  borer.  12  p.  pi.  Wash.,  D.  C, 
1919.  (U.  S. — Dept.  of  agriculture. 
Bulletin  787.) 

Diseases 

International  white  pine  blister  rust  con- 
ference for  western  North  America.  A 
brief  report  of  the  proceedings  and 
recommendations.  4  p.  Portland,  Ore., 
1919. 

Fire 

Central  West  Virginia  fire  protective  asso- 
ciation. Fifth  annual  report.  23  p. 
Elkins,   W.   Va.,    1918. 

FOREST    ADMINISTRATION 

United  States — Dept.  of  agriculture — For- 
est service.  Vacation  days  in  Colo- 
rado's national  forests.  60  p.  il.,  map. 
Washington.,  D.  C,  1919. 

FOREST    UTILIZATION 

Lumber  industry 

American  hardwood  manufacturers  asso- 
ciation. Inspection  rules  on  hardwood 
lumber,  and  sales  code,  effective  Feb. 
1,  1919.     134  p.     Memphis,  Tenn.,  1919. 

National  wholesale  lumber  dealers  asso- 
ciation. Report  of  proceedings,  27th 
annual  meeting.     113  p.     N.  Y.,  1919. 

United  States — Federal  board  for  voca 
tional  education.  For  disabled  soldiers, 
sailors  and  marines,  to  aid  them  in 
choosing  a  vocation ;  the  lumber  in- 
dustry, logging,  sawmilling.  15  p. 
Wash..  D.  C,  1919.  (Opportunity 
monograph,  vocational  rehabilitation 
series  No.  19.) 

Wood-using   industries 

Davis,  Charles  G.  The  building  of  a  wood- 
en ship.  127  p.  il.,  diagrs.  Phila.,  Pa., 
U.  S.  Shipping  board  emergency  fleet 
corporation,  1918. 

AUXILIARY    SUBJECTS 
Description   and    travel 

Muir,  John.  Steep  trails.  391  p.  pi. 
Boston,  Houghton   Mifflin  co.,   1918. 


Engineering 

Johnson,  J.  B.  Materials  of  construction 
5th  ed.  840  p.  il.,  diagrs.,  tables 
N.  Y.,  J.  Wiley  &  sons,  inc.,   1918. 

Erosion 

Fisher,  M.  L.  The  washed  lands  of  In- 
diana :  a  preliminary  study.  24  p.  il. 
Lafayette,  Ind.,  1919.  (Indiana — Agri- 
cultural experiment  station.  Circular 
no.  90.) 

PERIODICAL  ARTICLES 

Tifiscellaneous  periodicals 

Aerial  age,  June  9,  1919. — The  properties  of 
balsa  wood,  by  R.  C.  Carpenter,  p. 
640-1. 

Agricultural  gazette  of  Canada,  Mar.,  1919. 
— Balsam  injury  in  Quebec  and  its  con- 
trol, by  J.  M.  Swaine,  p.  227-33. 

American  city,  Apr.,  1919. — Classification 
and  census  of  city  trees,  by  A.  F.  W. 
Vicks,  p.  368-70. 

Aviation,  May  15,  1919. — Veneer  body  con- 
struction, p.  434-6. 

Bellman,  Apr.  19,  1919. — Replanting  the 
war    forests,    by    R.    H.    Moulton,    p. 

434-5- 

Botanical  gazette,  May,  1919. — A  coniferous 
sand  dune  in  Cape  Breton  Island,  by 
L.  H.  Harvey,  p.  417-26. 

Conservation,  May,  1919. — Disposal  of  slash 
is  prime  essential,  by  C.  Leavitt,  p.  19; 
Technically  trained  foresters  in  de- 
mand, by  C.  Leavitt,  p.  20;  Forests  as 
factors  in  reconstruction,  by  C.  Lea- 
vitt, p.  22. 

Contemporary  review,  Apr.,  1919. — Pros- 
pects of  starting  state  forestry,  by  F. 
D.  Acland,  p.  386-95. 

Garden  magazine,  May,  1919. — Fair  treat- 
ment for  trees,  by  E.   L.  D.   Seymour, 

P-   I7I-3- 

Gardeners'  chronicle  of  America,  May, 
1919. — The  appeal  that  trees  make  as 
memorials,  by  F.  B.  Meyer,  p.  166-7. 

Journal  of  the  Franklin  institute,  June, 
1919. — Tree  telephony  and  telegraphy, 
by  G.  O.  Squier,  p.  657-87. 

New  Zealand  journal  of  agriculture,  Apr. 
21,  1919. — The  wood-borer  and  its  con- 
trol, by  A.  H.  Cockayne,  p.  198-9;  The 
ailanthus-tree  for  wood-pulp,  by  W.  H. 
Taylor,  p.  223. 

Progressive  farmer,  Apr.  12,  1919. — Getting 
the  most  out  of  the  farm  woodlands,  by 
H.  B.  Krausz,  p.  598,  619;  Farmers'  ex- 
perience meeting :  getting  more  profit 
from  farm  timber,  p.  600. 

Science,  May  30,  1919. — The  Roosevelt  wild 
life  experiment  station,  by  C.  C.  Adams, 
P-  533-4- 

Scottish  journal  of  agriculture,  Apr.,  1919. 
— Forestry  and  hill  farms,  by  W.  G. 
Smith,    p,    197-203. 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  agriculture.  Weekly  news 
letter,  June  4,  1919. — Want  federal 
leadership    in    meeting    forestry    prob- 


The 

New  York  State 

College  of 

Forestry 

at 

Syracuse  University, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

UNDERGRADUATE  courses  in 
Technical  Forestry,  Paper  and 
Pulp  Making,  Logging  and  Lum- 
bering, City  Forestry,  and  Forest 
Engineering,  all  leading  to  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  Special  oppor- 
tunities offered  for  post-graduate 
work  leading  to  degrees  of  Master  of 
Forestry,  Master  of  City  Forestry, 
and  Doctor  of  Economics. 

A  one-year  course  of  practical 
training  at  the  State  Ranger  School 
on  the  College  Forest  of  1,800  acres 
at  Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 

State  Forest  Camp  of  three  months 
open  to  any  man  over  16,  held  each 
summer  on  Cranberry  Lake.  Men 
may  attend  this  Camp  for  from  two 
weeks  to  the  entire  summer. 

The  State  Forest  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  90  acres  at  Syracuse  and  an 
excellent  forest  library  offer  unusual 
opportunities  for  research  work. 


i 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MAINE 

ORONO,  MAINE 

Maintained  by  State  and  Nation 

rpHE  FORESTRY  DEPART- 
■*■  MENT  offers  a  four  years' 
undergraduate  curriculum,  lead- 
ing to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Forestry. 
****** 

Opportunities  for  full  techni- 
cal training,  and  for  specializing 
in  problems  of  the  Northeastern 
States  and  Canada. 

****** 

John  M.  Briscoe, 

Professor  of  Forestry 

****** 

For  catalog  and  further  infor- 
mation, address 

ROBERT  J.  ALEY,  Pres't, 
Orono,  Maine 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1246 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Yale  School  of 
Forestry 

Established  in  1900 

A  Graduate  Department  of  Yale 
University 

The  two  years  technical  course  pre- 
pares for  the  general  practice  of  for- 
estry   and    leads    to    the    degree    of 

Master  of  Forestry. 
Special  opportunities  in  all  branches 
of    forestry   for 

Advanced   and   Research    Work. 

For  students  planning  to  engage 
in  forestry  or  lumbering  in  the 
Tropics,  particularly  tropical  Amer- 
ica, a  course  is  offered  in 

Tropical  Forestry. 
Lumbermen  and  others  desiring  in- 
struction in  special  subjects  may  be 
enrolled  as 

Special  Students. 

A  field  course  of  eight  weeks  in  the 
summer  is  available  for  those  not 
prepared  for,  or  who  do  not  wish 
to  take  the  technical  courses. 


For  further  information  and  cata 
logue,  address :  The  Director  of  the 
School  of  Forestry,  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, U.  S.  A. 


Forestry  at 

University  of 

Michigan 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

A   FOUR  -  YEAR,    undergraduate 
course    that    prepares    for    the 
practice  of   Forestry   in  all   its 
branches  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 

BACHELOR  OF  SCIENCE 
IN    FORESTRY 

Opportunity  is  offered  for  grad- 
uate work  leading  to  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Science  in  Forestry. 

The  course  is  designed  to  give  a 
broad,  well-balanced  training  in  the 
fundamental   sciences  as   well  as   in 
technical    Forestry,    and    has,    conse- 
quently,   proven    useful   to   men    en- 
gaged  in   a   variety   of   occupations. 
This  school  of  Forestry  was  estab- 
lished in  1903  and  has  a  large  body 
of  alumni  engaged  in  Forestry  work. 
For  announcement  giving 
Complete  information  and  list 
of  alumni,  address 

FILIBERT    ROTH 


lems,  p.  1 ;  More  airplane  patrols  for 
national  forests,  p.  8. 

Trade  journals  and  consular  reports 

American  lumberman,  May  24,  1919. — New 
piers  built  of  redwood,  by  C.  W.  Geiger, 
p.  50-1 ;  First  Port  Orford  cedar  price 
list  issued,  p.  63. 

American  lumberman,  May  31,  1919. — Prac- 
tical accounting  system  for  retail  lum- 
bermen, p.  1,  44-6 ;  Canadian  forestry- 
corps  in  France,  by  R.  Hill,  p.  42-3 ; 
Makes  progress  in  study  of  woods  used, 
p.  50;  Nature  both  destructive  and  con- 
structive, p.  53;  "Boat  ark,"  by  W.  C. 
Barnes,  p.  55 ;  Lumbering  in  the  Philip- 
pines, p.  52-3,  60. 

American  lumberman,  June  7,  1919. — Sell- 
ing homes  complete  instead  of  raw 
material,  p.  1,  50c. ;  Southern  pine 
beetle  timber  menace,  p.  43. 

Barrel  and  box,  May,  1919. — A  scientific 
packing  box,  by  C.  P.  Winslow,  p.  49. 

Canada  lumberman,  June  1,  1919. — Review 
of  conditions  in  England,  by  A.  C. 
Manbert,  p.  33-4 ;  What  vast  spruce 
forests  mean  to  Quebec,  by  E.  Beck,  p. 
41. 

Engineering  news-record,  May  29,  1919. — 
"Fire  finder"  for  lookout  stations  of 
the  Forest  service,  p.  1055. 

Hardwood  record,  May  25,  1919. — Syca- 
more veneers  and  lumber,  p.  24,  26 ; 
How  the  ancients  cut  veneers,  p.  26,  30 ; 
Live  oak  as  source  of  veneers,  p.  30. 

Hardwood  record,  June  10,  1919.— Kiln- 
drying  specifications  for  lumber,  by  H. 
D.  Tiemann,  p.  21-6. 

Hub,  May,  1919. — The  advantages  of  wood, 
by  A.  S.  Van  Haltern,  p.  11. 

Lumber,  May  26,  1919. — How  to  handle  ties, 
by  W.  E.  Hallenbeck,  p.  14;  Various 
uses  of  oak,  p.  16. 

Lumber,  June  2,  1919. — Wood  flooring  holds 
popularity  in  England,  by  J.  Y.  Dun- 
lop,  p.  12;  American  sawmill  builders 
in  France,  by  J.  Woods,  p.  13-15; 
American  lumber  manufacturers  can 
profit  from  Scandinavian  methods,  by 
A.   H.  Oxholm,  p.   15-16. 

Lumber,  June  9,  1919  —  Speed,  the  basis  of 
modern  forest  fire  fighting,  by  A.  L. 
Dahl,  p.  13-14. 

Lumber  world  review,  June  10,  1919. — A 
talk  about  a  national  forest  policy  and 
what  came  of  it,  by  E.  A.  Sterling,  p. 
24-6. 

Mississippi  Valley  lumberman,  May  30, 
1919. — State  foresters  meet,  p.  23. 

'New  York  lumber  trade  journal,  June  1, 
1919. — Lumber  facts  presented  to  In- 
dustrial board  by  National  lumber 
manufacturers    association,   p.    19-20. 

Packages,  June,  1919. — Increasing  the  use 
of  wood  barrels  as  containers,  by  C.  C. 
Berry,  p.  42. 

Paper,  May  14,  1919.— The  chemistry  of 
wood  pulp  production,  by  A.  Klein,  p. 

15-19- 
Paper,     May     28,     1919.— Possibilities     of 
bagasse  for  papermaking,  p.  23-4. 


Paper,  June  4,  1919. — Paper  research  litera- 
ture: a  list  of  contributions  by  mem- 
bers of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  chemistry, 
1904-1918,  by  E.  O.  Reed,  p.  15-16;  The 
use  and  abuse  of  pulp  stones,  by  W.  J. 
Campbell,  p.  17-18;  Pulp  for  the  whole 
world  in  India,  by  W.  Raitt,  p.  19,  36. 

Paper,  June  II,  1919. — The  constitution  of 
cellulose,  by  W.  H.  Gesell  and  J.  E. 
Minor,  p.  15-17;  War  uses  of  pulp  and 
paper,  by  A.  G.  Durgin,  p.  28-9. 

Paper  trade  journal,  June  5,  1919. — Finnish 
pulp  for  the  American  market,  by  J.  de 
Julin,  p.  34,  36. 

Pioneer  western  lumberman,  May  15,  1919. 
— Opportunities  for  free  education  and 
special  training  in  forestry,  forest  en- 
gineering and  the  lumber  business,  p. 
15-16;  The  general  reconstruction  situa- 
tion in  Europe,  by  J.  R.  Walker,  p. 
17-23- 

Pioneer  western  lumberman,  June  1,  1919. 
— Killing  a  billion  dollar  industry,  by 
J.  A.  Kitts,  p.  9,  11;  Development  of 
heavy  timber  construction,  by  C.  E. 
Paul,  p.  14-15. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  May  8,  1919. — 
Patronage  and  the  national  forest 
menace,  by  C.  D.  Howe,  p.  448-9. 

Railway  age,  May  30,  1919—  Recent  de- 
velopments in  railroad  tie  situation,  p. 
1305-8. 

Southern  lumberman,  May  24,  1919. — 
Woods  used  in  airplanes,  by  F.  H.  Rus- 
sell, p.  25. 

Southern  lumberman,  May  31,  1919. — For- 
esters of  7th  district  hold  three-day 
conference  in  Asheville,  p.  30;  Princi- 
ples of  a  program  for  private  forestry, 
by  H.  S.  Graves,  p.  36. 

Southern  lumberman,  June  7,  1919. — Value 
and  durability  of  wooden  ships  clearly 
demonstrated,  p.  22,  24;  Argentine  Re- 
public offers  splendid  market  for  lum- 
ber and  wood  products,  by  R.  S.  Bar- 
rett, p.  26. 

Timber  trades  journal,  May  10,  1919. — The 
Gabriel  raft  at  Ipswick,  p.  734-7 ;  Dan- 
ger of  word  "inexhaustible;"  truth 
about  Canadian  timber,  by  B.  E.  Fer- 
now,  p.  737. 

Timber  trades  journal,  May  24,  1919. — Dis- 
abled soldiers  and  afforestation,  p.  847; 
Tools  for  forestry  work,  p.  876. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  May  20,  1919. — 
Exportation  of  wood  from  Brazil,  by 
A.  I.  Hasskarl,  p.  899;  Development  of 
trade  in  Trinidad  fustic  wood,  by  H.  D. 
Baker,  p.  924-5. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  May  22,  1919. — The 
Belgian  match  industry,  by  C.  R.  Na- 
smith,  p.  958;  Australia  objects  to  boxes 
showing  insect  borings,  by  W.  J.  Mc- 
Cafferty,   p.   958. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  May  26,  1919. — 
Great  forest  fires  in  Victoria,  by  A.  W. 
Ferrin,  p.  1017. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  May  28,  1919. — 
The  pulp  and  paper  industry  in  Cana- 
da, by  J.  G.  Foster,  p.  1059-61 ;  Siamese 


CURRENT     LITERATURE 


1247 


exports  of  teakwood  for  1918,  by  C.  C. 
Hansen,  p.  1061 ;  List  of  firms  and  the 
lumber  industry  in  Archangel,  by  F. 
Cole,  p.   1063. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  June  7,  1919. — Esti- 
mated production  of  quebracho  ex- 
tract for  1919,  p.  1239. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  June  10,  1919. — 
Providing  Italy  with  lumber,  p.  1270-4. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  June  11,  1919. — 
Dyestuff  situation  in  Europe,  p.  1286; 
Market  for  paper  and  office  supplies  in 
Trinidad,  by  H.  D.  Baker,  p.  1298-9. 

U.  S.  commerce  report,  June  13,  1919. — 
British  paper  industry  inquiry,  p. 
1346-8;  Progress  of  American  ship- 
building, p.  1353. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  May  15,  1919. — 
Russia's  7,000,000,000-foot  lumber  in- 
dustry prostrated,  by  R.  E.  Simmons, 
p.  23,  38;  Character  and  distribution 
of  the  1918  lumber  and  shingle  cut  of 
Washington,  Oregon  and  Alaska,  by 
T.  J.   Starker,  p.  26,  30-2. 

West  Coast  lumberman,  June  1,  1919. — 
Xew  forest  policy  necessary,  by  H.  S. 
Graves,  p.  34,  38,  54a;  How  to  make 
factory  roof  timbers  last  longer,  p.  42-3. 

Wood-worker,  May,  1919. — Keep  the  dry- 
ing plant  in  good  repair,  by  E.  U. 
Kettle,  p.  29-30;  Piling  lumber  for 
kilns,  by  E.  X.  Angus,  p.  41. 

Forest  journals 

American  forestry,  June,  1919. — An  appre- 
ciation, by  James  A.  Woodruff,  p.  1092; 
the  American  lumberjack  in  France, 
by  W.  B.  Greeley,  p.  1093  1 108;  the 
forest  engineers,  by  Henry  S.  Graves, 
p.  1 109;  Organization  of  20th  Engineers 
(Forestry)  p.  mo;  20th  Engineers 
(Forestry)  record  of  development  and 
production,  p.  mi;  French  forests  in 
the  war,  by  Barrington  Moore,  p. 
1113-1135;  how  the  American  army 
got  its  wood,  by  Percival  Sheldon 
Ridsdale,  p.  1136-1154;  a  lesson  from 
France,  by  Ralph  H.  Faulkner,  p.  1155- 
1157;  war  service  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  p.  1158;  "The 
Great  Tree  Maker,"  p.  1158;  jobs  for 
returning  lumbermen  and  foresters,  p. 
1 159- 1 162;  the  Welfare  Fund,  p.  1163- 
1 167 ;  donations  to  the  welfare  fund 
for  lumbermen  and  foresters  in  war 
service,  p.   1168. 

Australian  forestry  journal,  Apr.  15,  1919. 
— An  Australian  forestry  school,  p. 
106;  Formation  of  the  New  South 
Wales  league  of  bush  fire  fighters,  p. 
107;  King  of  the  Christmas  tree,  p. 
120-1 ;  Fire  fighting  appliances,  p.  122; 
Replanting  war  forests,  p.  122-3; 
Eucalyptus  in  Ecuador,  p.   123-4. 

Canadian  forestry  journal,  May,  1919. — 
Trees  are  the  best  memorials,  p.  195 ; 
How  to  plant  memorial  trees,  by  F. 
\V.  H.  Jacombe,  p.  196-7;  Suggestions 
for  memorial  planting  of  trees  in  parks 
and  other  places,  by  C.  Dolph,  p.  198; 
A   business   plan    for   western    forests, 


by  H.  S.  Graves,  p.  203-5 ;  A  land  of 
forests  without  forestry,  by  C.  D. 
Howe,  p.  212-16;  A  better  plan  of  sell- 
ing public  timber,  p.  217-18;  Canada 
starts  aerial  forest  patrol,  p.  220-1 ; 
Dangers  of  the  locomotive  spark,  p. 
224;  Beneficient  effects  of  forest  cover, 
by  S.  T.  Dana,  p.  230-1. 

Forest  leaves,  June,  1919. — A  Pennsylvanian 
with  a  vision,  by  I.  C.  Williams,  p. 
36-9;  White  pine  blister  rust,  p.  47-8. 

Indian  forester,  Mar.,  1919. — The  regenera- 
tion of  sal,  by  R.  S.  Hole,  p.  119-32; 
Cause  of  the  spike  disease  of  sandal, 
by  R.  S.  Hole,  p.  133-9;  The  sailing 
vessel  "Armenia,"  by  A.  Rodger,  p. 
154-5;  Buttons  of  wood,  p.  158-9;  The 
present  condition  of  lac  cultivation  in 
the  plains  of  India,  by  C.  S.  Misra,  p. 
160-71. 

Quarterly  journal  of  forestry,  Apr.,  1919. 
— Transport  in  relation  to  afforestation, 
by  W.  B.  Brown,  p.  81-93;  A  destruc- 
tive disease  of  seedling  trees  of  Thuja 
gigantea,  by  G.  H.  Pethybridge,  p. 
93-7 ;  Government  afforestation  pro- 
posal, by  P.  T.  Maw,  p.  97-100;  Plough- 
ing land  before  planting,  by  A.  Walk- 
nigton,  p.  133-6;  Forestry  in  New  Zea- 
land, by  D.  E.  Hutchins,  p.  139-40. 

Zeitschrift  fur  forst-und  jagdwesen,  Jan., 
1919. — Gedanken  uber  zweck  und  ziel 
der  forstfirtschaft,  by  Kordgahr,  p. 
1-6;  Vorschlage  fur  die  harznutzung 
1919  auf  grund  der  beobachtungen  und 
versuche  in  Chorin,  by  M.  Kienitz,  p. 
6-32;  Achtet  der  niederen  pflanzenwelt, 
by  C.  Frombling,  p.  33-7. 


LECTURE  ON  HISTORIC  TREES 

ANNOUNCEMENT  is  hereby  made  of 
an  historical  lecture  now  being  given 
by  J.  R.  Simmons,  secretary  of  the  New 
York  State  Forestry  Association,  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  promotion  of  forestry.  If 
you  are  a  member  of  a  civic  club,  city  club, 
school  board,  historical  society,  Red  Cross, 
fraternal  or  other  organization,  tell  your 
presiding  officer  about  this. 

The  lecture  undertakes  to  show  in  a 
popular  way  how  trees  have  affected  the 
life  of  the  community,  the  State  and  the 
nation.  It  is  illustrated  with  fifty  beautiful 
lantern  slides,  the  only  extensive  photo- 
graphic collection  of  historic  trees  on 
record.        pr£t  0f  the  Lecture 

If  given  for  public  benefit  where  admis- 
sion is  charged,  under  the  auspices  of  clubs 
or  other  organizations,  expenses  plus  20  per 
cent  of  admission  receipts  is  the  regular 
rate;  otherwise  a  charge  of  twenty-five 
dollars  and  traveling  expenses   is   made. 

All  funds  received  by  the  lecturer  above 
his  traveling  expenses  are  to  be  expended 
for  the  cause  of  forestry  in  the  State  of 
New  York. 

A  date  may  be  arranged  by  writing  to 
J.  R.  Simmons,  secretary  of  the  New  York 
State  Forestry  Association,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,    Syracuse,    New    York. 


HARVARD 

UNIVERSITY 

DEPT.     OF     FORESTRY 
BUSSEY   INSTITUTION 

/"VFFERS  specialized  graduate 
training  leading  to  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Forestry  in  the 
following  fields :  —  Silviculture 
and  Management,  Wood  Tech- 
nology, Forest  Entomology 
Dendrology,  and  (in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  Graduate  School 
of  Business  Administration)  the 
Lumber  Business. 

For  further  particulars 
address 

RICHARD    T.    FISHER 

Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts 


DEPARTMENT     OF 
FORESTRY 

The   Pennsylvania 
State  College 


jt\.   Forestry,    covering    four    years 
of  college  work,  leading  to  the 
degree    of    Bachelor    of    Science    in 
Forestry. 

Thorough  and  practical  training  for 
Government,  State,  Municipal  and 
private  forestry. 

Four  months  are  spent  in  camp  in 
the  woods  in  forest  work. 
Graduates  who  wish  to  specialize 
along  particular  lines  are  admitted 
to  the  "graduate  forest  schools"  as 
candidates  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Forestry  on  the  successful  com- 
pletion  of   one  year's   work. 


For    further    information    address 
Department  of  Forestry 

Pennsylvania  State  College 

State  College,  Pa. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1248 


AMERICAN     KOKKSTRY 


THE 
SOUTHERN   PINE  ASSOCIATION 


Is  an  organization  composed  of  230  Southern  Pine  mills  located  in  9  Southern  States, 
producing  6  billion  feet  of  lumber  annually.     The  foundation  of  the  Association  is 

"S-E-R-V-I-C-E" 


Service  to  the  consumer  by  educating  him  to 
the  proper  uses  of  Southern  Pine  and  its  qualities ; 
and  protecting  him  in  his  purchases  by  the  main- 
tenance of  uniform  grades. 


Service  to  the  dealer  by  bringing  to  his  atten- 
tion the  most  improved  methods  of  merchandizing 
and  by  creating  markets  for  his  goods  through 
advertisements  in  national  and  local  publications. 


Service  to   its   subscribers   through   its    Executive,    Advertising,    Inspection,    Traffic, 
Cut-Over  Land,  Safety  First,  Engineering,  Accounting  and  Statistical  Departments. 

Southern  Pine  Association 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES   FOR   OUR   HEROIC  DEAD 


PLANT  TREES 

PROTECT    FORESTS 

USE  FORESTS 


F(D>£*®sttff^f 


This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/   hereby    accept   membership    in    The  American 
Forestry  Association   and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  is  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 

CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 
Subscribing  Membership  ..........$        3.00 

Contributing         "              10.00 

Sustaining               "                   25.00 

Life                           "              100.00 

Patron                     " 1000.00 

Annual  Membership,  without  Magazine          .......  1.00 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name 


Street 


City 
PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


iWl 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

THE     MAGAZINE     OF    THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


August  1919    Vol.  25 


CONTENTS 

niiiiiniiiiiiii 


No.  308 


iraph  by  courtesy  Brown  &  Dawson,  IV.   Y. 


THE  CORYPHA  TREE,  AT  ST.  GEORGES,  GRENADA 

This   tree    is   remarkable   for   the   (act   that   it   lives   ten 
years,  bears  (lowers  and  (ruit,  and  then  dies. 


matter    December  24,    1909,  at   the    Post- 

it  Washington,  under  ihe  Act  of  March  3,  1879.     Copyright, 

■  rican     Forestry    Association.      Acceptance    for 

mailing   at    special    rale    of   postage   provided    for   in    Section    1103. 

October  3.  1917,  authorized  July  11,  1918. 


Belgium's  Forests  Blighted  by  the  Hun — By  Percival  Sheldon  Ridsdale  1251 
With  twelve  illustrations. 


The   Northwest's  Worst  Forest   Fires. 


Prevention  of  Forest  Fire  Losses — By  Smith  Riley. 
With  seven  illustrations. 


1259 
1260 


Forest    Destruction    Prevented    by    Control      of     Surface      Fires — By 
Joseph   A.    Kitts 1264 


Uncle  Sam,  Lumberman,  Canal  Zone — By  W.  H.  Babbitt. 
With  five  illustrations. 


For  Them  a  Tree  Stands  There 

With  five  illustrations. 

National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees. 


Mysteries  and  Revelations  of  the  Plant  World — By  D.  Lange 
With  fourteen  illustrations. 


1265 

1268 

1270 
1273 


A   National   Forest   Policy — The   Proposed    Legislation — By   Henry    S. 

Graves 1281 

A  Discussion  of  Methods — By  R.  S.  Kellogg 1282 

Pennsylvania's  Opinion — By  George  H.  Wirt 1283 

Control  of  Growing  Forests— By  Alfred  Gaskill 1284 


The  Seventeen-Year  Locust — By  R.  W.  Shufeldt. 
With  four  illustrations. 


1285 


Dr.  Fernow,  Dean  of  Foresters,  Retires 1289 

Douglass  "Killed  in  Action" 1289 

Graduates  of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  Granted  Amer- 
ican-Scandinavian  Fellowship 1289 

Forestry  for  Boys  and  Girls — The  Pine  Woods  Folk — By  E.  G.  Cheyney  1290 


The  Gulls  and  Terns— By  A.  A.  Allen. 
With  ten  illustrations. 


1291 


City    Tree    Planting 1295 

Editors  Take  up  Forest  Matters 1296 

Forestry — The  Relation  of  Wood  to  the  Development  of  Civilization — 

By   William    Carson 1297 

With  one  illustration. 


Use  of  Cut-Over   Lands. 


1298 


State    News 1299 

Minnesota  Kentucky 

Maryland  Illinois 

New  Jersey  Georgia 

Canadian  Department — By  Ellwood   Wilson 1302 

Pigeons  Will  Protect  Forests 1306 

Book   Reviews 1307 

Current    Literature 1309 


\  m  M     II 

\ 

N 

N 

ill,..!ALL_,, 

■\ 

* 

tliiiilU' 

J 

i 

•"■3V 

KIHlii  ■■  I'lP'irin 

**»*■ 

p"»iri  » >■  ii  r>p  fi  in  ini'i  ■  »•      ••    i  iiiwf  »  «i 

*** 

*    w    v  ,-tf.  »s 

-V'  =  -i;^*^*8 

f    '                         ' 

1 
(  .    y                    -> 

'  *»>-  -            •  fttffi"^**           -      *-r™- 

PT,; 

.■.•.»*fc«l|  J^l 

'"- 

^v^ 

v-JBr          -G9W!C&.- 

THI|i?rSnr?Br-NSA?r.l0^I?SS,E^?^TL,SI^JM^II5D-iCATES  HOW  THE  GERMANS  USED   VAST  QUANTITIES  OF  BELGIAN   TIMBER   IN- 
BUILDING  ROADS  ON  LOW  GROUND.     THE  TREES  STILL  STANDING  ARE  DEAD,  SHATTERED  BY  SHELL  AND  GUN   FIRE. 


THE   CONDITION   OF  THE    PARK  OF   A    CHATEAU   NEAR   MERCK  EN.    BELGIUM.    AFTER    EXTENSIVE    TIMBER    CUTTING    BY    THE 
GERMANS    AND    SOME    SHELLFIRE.     NOTHING    LIVING    IS    LEFT  STANDING  ,-ulllwl'    B*     !"*• 


Illlllllllllllllll!!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllll!llllllllllllllll!llllll!lll^ 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXV 

l)IIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!l[|||||||||lllllllllllll!ll!li!!»llllllllllllllllllll!lll!llll!lllllllllllllllll!ll!llill!ll 


AUGUST,  1919 


NO.  308 


BELGIUM'S  FORESTS  BLIGHTED  BY  THE  HUN 


BY  PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE 


EDITOR  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE 


Brussels,  Belgium. 

THE  Germans  practically  destroyed  the  forests  of 
Belgium  during  their  four  years'  occupation  of  the 
conquered  territory.  A  few  small  areas  of  wooded 
land  still  remain,  but  the  trees  are  standing  only  because 
the  Germans  in  their  hurried  retreat  followed  by  their 
speedy  acceptance  of  the  armistice  found  insufficient 
time  in  which  to  complete  their  work  of  destruction. 

Several  hundred  million  dollars'  worth  of  trees  were 
destroyed,  and  the  four  provinces  of  Hainaut,  Liege, 
Luxemburg  and  Namur  suffered  most  severely. 

Protests  against  the  wholesale  destruction  of  standing 
timber,  and  the  deliberate  damage  of  young  growth  so 
that  it  could  not  survive  were  made  to  General  Baron 
von  Bissing,  Governor  Gen- 


eral of  Belgium,  by  the 
Belgian  Forest  Adminis- 
tration and  by  the  Central 
Forestry  Society  of  Bel- 
gium, without  avail,  and 
the  systematic  and  scien- 
tific destruction  of  the  for- 
ests and  woodlands  contin- 
ued during  the  entire  period 
of  the  occupation. 

Belgium's  forest  area, 
1,299,450  acres  constitut- 
ed about  17%  of  the  entire 
area  of  the  country,  where- 
as one-fourth  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  and  one-third 

of  Saxony,  Bavaria,  Wurtemberg  and  Baden  is  in  forest. 
As  Belgium  is  without  doubt  one  of  the  heaviest  lumber 
consuming  nations  of  the  world,  in  view  of  the  density 
of  her  population  and  the  needs  of  her  industries,  these 
German  forests  will  undoubtedly  be  compelled  to  restore 
the  lumber  Belgium  has  lost,  but  only  the  long  years  can 
restore  her  forests.  Meanwhile,  the  effect  of  changes 
of  climate  due  to  loss  of  her  forests  may  cause  damage 
impossible  to  estimate,  to  add  to  the  many  injuries  already 
sustained  by  this  unhappy  country. 

The  situation  is  well  expressed  by  a  report  of  the 
<  tntral  Forestry  Association  of  Belgium,  of  which  Count 
Yisart  de  Bocarme,  the  heroic  Mayor  of  Bruges,  is  presi- 
dent, which  says:  "In  1914  the  wind  of  Liberty  still 
blew  in  the  rich  foliage  of  our  forests,  which  were,  alas ! 


Belgium,  eager  for  the  restoration  of  her  de- 
stroyed forests,  has  gratefully  accepted  the  offer 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  to  aid  by 
presenting  American  forest  tree  seed.  Belgium's 
director  of  forests,  N.  I.  Crahay,  has  asked  for 
quantities  of  the  following  seed: 

NOBLE  FIR,  GRAND  FIR,  WHITE  FIR,  SILVER  FIR, 
WESTERN  LARCH,  DOUGLAS  FIR,  PORT  ORFORD 
CEDAR,  BALD  CYPRESS,  TIDELAND  SPRUCE,  PIN  OAK, 
RED  OAK,  SUGAR  MAPLE,  SILVER  MAPLE  AND  TULIP 
POPLAR. 

The  American  Forestry  Association  is  now 
soliciting  contributions  to  a  fund  to  provide  this 
seed  and  also  to  provide  seed  for  the  replanting 
of  the  devastated  forests  of  France. 


soon  to  become  acquainted  with  the  axe  of  the  vandals. 
For,  during  that  dark  period  of  fifty-two  months,  after 
committing  every  manner  of  crime,  they  also  perpetrated 
the  monstrous  felony  of  laying  low  our  forests ;  for  let 
us  remember  that  they  have  cut  down  several  hundred 
millions  worth  of  our  trees. 

"Everything  went — venerable  shade  trees  of  the  road- 
side, the  parks,  and  the  fields,  elms  and  poplars ;  experi- 
mental trees,  exotic  or  curious;  historical  trees;  forest 
trees  such  as  oaks,  ash,  beech,  or  of  the  orchard,  such 
as  walnut  trees ;  massive  growths  of  both  deciduous  and 
indeciduous  varieties;  forests  belonging  to  the  nation,  to 
communes,  to  charitable  institutions,  or  to  private  indi- 
viduals ;  nothing  was  spared,  old  or  young,  tall  timber  or 

coppice  wood,  not  even  the 
bedding. 

"They  had  set  out  to 
leave  nothing  standing 
when  they  were  finally  com- 
pelled to  let  go  under  the 
irresistible  pressure  of  our 
victorious  troops,  and  in 
some  cases  left  their  cut- 
ting unfinished." 

Much  was  done  by  the 
Belgians  during  the  four 
years  in  the  effort  to  save 
some  of  the  forests,  to  have 
the  young  growth  protected 
even  if  the  usable  trees  had 
to  be  sacrificed.  Notes, 
protests,  appeals,  supplications,  were  made  to  the  Ger- 
man officials,  but  all  without  other  result  than  curt 
refusals  to  modify  the  orders  for  steady  and  systematic 
destruction  which  were  being  issued  from  time  to  time. 
To  General  Baron  von  Bissing  was  pointed  out  the 
fact,  so  familiar  to  every  German  officer,  that  a  certain 
area  of  forest  is  absolutely  essential  to  the  prosperity 
and  even  the  vitality  of  a  nation,  a  truth  put  into  applica- 
tion with  jealous  care  in  the  various  states  of  Germany. 
He  was  told  that  in  Belgium  for  the  last  twenty-five  or 
thirty  years,  the  nation,  the  provinces,  the  communes, 
and  numerous  owners  have  united  their  efforts  with  a 
view  to  increasing  the  forested  area,  which  was  obviously 
insufficient,  in  view  of  the  imperative  needs  of  the  nation 
in  the  way  of  timber,  as  well  as  out  of  consideration  for 

1251 


1252 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


the  numerous  and  valuable  indirect  services  which  forests 
render  from  the  standpoint  of  climate,  water  supply,  etc. 

It  was  also  indicated  that  the  forests  were  young  and 
of  recent  creation,  and  their  yield  of  lumber  as  well  as 
their  general  output  comparatively  small,  for  the  area  of 
mere  coppice  wood  and  of  timber  of  small  value  or  utility 
constituted  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole. 

Numerous  plantations  had  been  established,  some  in 
order  to  protect  regions  against  dominating  or  drying 
winds,  others  for  the  sake  of  clothing  hills  and  elevated 
plateaus  with  a  view  to  preventing  disastrous  overflows 
of  water  courses  which  prevailed  prior  to  the  establish- 
ment of  these  plantations.  The  removal  of  these  woods 
which  served  as  a  defense  against  the  elements  would 
cause  not   only   considerable   losses   but   even   a   public 


stipulations  of  the  international  convention  signed  at 
The  Hague  on  October  18,  1907. 

"As  a  matter  of  fact,  as  regards  the  Government  for- 
ests, article  55  of  this  convention  provides  that  the  occu- 
pying Nation  shall  be  considered  only  as  an  administrator 
and  usufructuary  of  this  property  and  shall  be  obliged  to 
administer  it  in  accordance  with  the  rules  on  usufruct. 

"Now,  the  exploitation  of  these  forests  is  regulated 
according  to  the  Belgian  laws  on  the  basis  of  methodical 
arrangements  which  determine  the  areas  and  amounts  to 
be  cut  annually. 

"As  regards  the  forests  of  communes  and  of  private 
parties,  article  52  stipulates  particularly  that  requisitions 
in  kind  shall  be  made  against  communes  and  inhabitants 
only  for  the  needs  of  the  army  of  occupation. 


Sl'CH    SCENES    AS   THIS    IN    BELGIAN    FORESTS    AND    WOODLANDS     ARE    NOT    UNUSUAL.      THERE    ARE    SCORES    AND    SCORES 
LIKE   THIS   AND    WORSE.     THE   DIFFICULTY   OF   THE   PROBLEM  OF   RESTORATION   IS   APPARENT  AT  A   GLANCE. 


danger  as  a  result  of  the  probable  inundations,  not  only 
in  Belgium  but  even  in  Holland,  if,  for  instance,  the  hills 
of  the  basin  of  the  Meuse  and  its  affluents  were  stripped. 
It  would  certainly  provoke  legitimate  protests  on  the  part 
of  the  injured  owners,  who  would  find  their  crops  re- 
duced in  consequence  of  the  absence  of  the  shelters  which 
protected  them,  or  ravaged  by  the  torrents  which  would 
be  sure  to  arise  following  the  denudation  of  the  hillsides. 

The  Forestry  Society  even  pointed  out  that  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  international  convention  signed  at  The 
Hague  protected  the  forests  of  occupied  enemy  territory, 
and  said  in  an  appeal  to  Von  Bissing: 

"We  arc  compelled  to  protest  against  the  seizure  of  our 
forests,  all  the  more  energetically  because  we  consider 
ourselves  protected  in  this  highly  grave  matter  by  the 


"Now,  it  does  not  seem  to  us  possible  that  the  army  of 
occupation  alone  could  use  the  large  quantities  of  wild 
pine,  spruce,  beech,  oak,  and  walnut  that  have  been  cut 
down,  taken  out,  and  seized  by  the  German  military 
authority. 

"The  same  article  also  stipulates  that  these  requisitions 
shall  be  in  proportion  to  the  resources  of  the  country  and 
of  such  a  nature  as  not  to  impose  upon  the  population 
the  obligation  of  taking  part  in  the  operations  of  the 
war  against  their  own  country. 

"Now,  according  to  the  considerations  set  forth  above, 
we  are  convinced  that  the  timber  that  is  now  being  taken 
is  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  extremely  limited  timber 
resources  of  Belgium,  which  are  already  exceeded  by  the 
needs  of  the  natives." 


BELGIUM'S  FORESTS  BLIGHTED   BY  THE  HUN 


1253 


A  WOODLAND  NEAR  MERCKEN  IN  BELGIUM,  SHOWING  THE  REMAINS  OF  WHAT  WAS  ONCE  A  ROAD  RUNNING  THROUGH 
THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  PHOTOGRAPH.  WOODLANDS  IN  THE  DISTANCE  WERE  SAVED  DOUBTLESS  BECAUSE  IT  WAS  TOO 
DIFFICULT  TO   GET  OUT   THE   TIMBER. 


The  effect  of  this  protest  may  readily  be  guessed.  Von 
Biasing,  in  a  brief  note,  replied  that  the  explanations 
could  not  induce  him  to  revoke  or  modify  the  measures 
taken,  and  added  that  the  cuttings  were  on  so  small  an 
area  that  "it  is  impossible  for  any  of  the  injuries  which 
you  fear  to  occur."  The  Forestry  Society  comment 
OH  this  was  : 

"Let  us  merely  say  that  it  is  a  wonder  that  its  author 
did  not  say  that  not  only  have  we  no  injury  to  fear  but 
that  these  cuttings  were  ordered  in  the  interests  of  our 


people  and  of  our  forests."  The  Belgians,  still  brave,  still 
hopeful,  still  deeply  concerned,  endeavored  by  submitting 
forceful  statistics  on  the  situation  to  Von  Bissing  to 
secure  some  modification  of  the  campaign  of  destruc- 
tion.    This  was  sent  him : 

"We  see  there  that  the  total  area  of  indeciduous  forest 
in  the  kingdom  is  424,150  acres,  divided  into  138,685 
acres  under  the  forestry  administration  and  285,465 
acres  belonging  to  private  parties. 

"The  sale  price  of  the  exhaustive  cuttings  in  the  inde- 


Lh    BOIS    DES    LUPINS,    NEAR    BOESINGHE.    BELGIUM,    SHOWING  THE    EFFECT    OF    HEAVY    SHELLFIRE    ON    THE    GROUND    AND 
ON    THE    TREES,      SUCH     DAMAGE    EXISTS    FOR    A    WIDE    AREA    IN   THIS   SECTION. 


1254 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


THE  PARK  OF  A  BELGIAN  ESTATE  OCCUPIED  BY  THE  GERMANS.  HERE  TIMBER  WAS  CUT  AND  PRACTICALLY  ALL  OF 
THE  UNCUT  TREES  WERE  KILLED  BY  FIRE  AND  SHELLS.  MANY  OF  THE  FINE  PARK  LANDS  OF  BELGIUM  ARE  IN  A  SIM- 
ILAR CONDITION. 


ciduous  forests  under  the  forestry  administration  having 
been  577,419  francs  in  1910,  we  can  infer  from  this  that, 
for  the  total  area  of  indeciduous  forests,  the  proceeds  of 
the  exhaustive  cuttings  amounted  in  1910  to  approxi- 
mately 1,765,165  francs,  representing  a  total  volume  of 
126,083  cubic  meters. 

"According  to  the  same  data  we  find  that  in  1910,  in 
regard  to  the  provinces  of  Hainaut,  Liege,  Luxemburg, 
and  Namur,  as  referred  to  in  Your  Excellency's  answer, 
the  area  of  indeciduous  forests  is  204,158  acres,  the 
proceeds  from  exhaustive  cuttings  859,615  francs,  and 
the  volume  exploited  61,401  square  meters. 

"The  revenues  of  the  preceding  years  are  practically 
the  same  as  those  of  1910,  and  may  be  considered  as  nor- 
mal and  as  representing  the  maximum  yield. 

"Now,  Your  Excellency  writes  us  that,  according  to 
anticipations,  the  cuttings  of  indeciduous  timber  will  not 
exceed  an  area  of  4,940  acres  in  these  four  provinces. 

"This  area  will  be  taken  from  the  growths  offering  the 
heaviest  dimensions  and  representing  a  present  value  of 
12,500,000  francs  at  the  least. 

"This  quantity  therefore  considerably  exceeds  not  only 
the  maximum  yield  of  the  four  provinces  contemplated, 
of  which  we  did  not  even  deduct  the  forests  comprised 
in  the  line-of-communications  zone,  but  it  also  exceeds 
that  of  the  whole  country. 

"Under  these  circumstances,  and  inasmuch  as  it  has 
already  been  necessary,  for  the  needs  of  the  Nation  under 
present  conditions,  to  dig  deeply  for  the  last  two  years 
into  our  forest  reserve  by  means  of  extraordinary  cut- 
tings, it  is  to  be  foreseen  that,  through  the  fellings  con- 


templated, the  resinous  lumber  resources  of  Belgium  will 
be  reduced  beyond  all  proportion,  if  indeed  they  are  not 
exhausted  completely  for  the  years  to  follow." 

To  this  Von  Bissing,  evidently  short  of  arguments  and 
without  doubt  somewhat  peeved,  said  he  was  familiar 
with  the  statistics  and  "I  cannot  deduce  therefrom  any 
reason  for  suspending  or  modifying  my  instructions." 

There  was  nothing  further  to  be  done.  The  cutting  of 
usable  trees  and  the  destruction  of  the  young  growth 
continued. 

The  damage  done  to  the  various  forests  is  indicated 
in  the  following  reports  of  the  Forestry  Society  now 
available : 

"The  operations  of  the  occupying  nation  had  begun — 
one  must  break  one's  hand  in  in  all  things — by  cutting 
down  the  resinous  trees.  As  early  as  July  7,  1916,  we 
were  informed  of  the  seizure  of  the  resinous  forests 
belonging  notably  to  the  communes  of  Chimay  and 
Forges,  to  Mr.  F.  Brugmann  in  the  territory  of  Escaillere 
and  of  the  Riezes,  and  to  Mr.  Ch.  Malengreau  in  the 
commune  of  Macquenoise. 

"The  exploitation  of  the  spruces  on  the  Revers  d'Oise 
and  in  Fagne,  the  two  cantons  belonging  to  the  city  of 
Chimay,  and  that  of  the  wild  pines,  in  the  commune  of 
Forges,  was  carried  out  quickly ;  the  case  was  the  same 
with  wild  pines  about  sixty  years  old,  planted  as  tall 
sentinels  at  the  entrance  of  the  oak  groves  of  the  com- 
mune of  Salles  and  in  regard  to  which  they  already  dis- 
pensed with  the  formality  of  sending  a  notice  of  seizure. 
This  latter  cutting  was  exploited  at  the  end  of  September, 
1916;  it  was  the  same  way  with  some  spruces  which  the 


BELGIUM'S  FORESTS  BLIGHTED  BY  THE  HUN 


1255 


communes  of  Seloignes  and  Forges-Philippe  owned  on 
one  of  the  heights  of  their  forests  of  Thierarche. 

"It  took  more  time  to  fell  the  splendid  mass  of  spruces 
of  the  Hauts-Marais.  This  forest  was  assuredly  the  most 
beautiful  of  this  kind  that  existed  in  Belgium,  great 
spruces  planted  about  1862  and  whose  spires  seemed  to 
reach  the  sky  in  the  darkness  which  their  thick  branches 
left  on  the  ground.  This  beautiful  mass  no  longer  exists ; 
all  the  spruces,  and  with  them  large  quantities  of  trees 
which  grew  in  the  forest  proper,  along  walks  and  borders, 
all  have  disappeared  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  needs  of 
the  occupier,  who  never  cared,  of  course,  to  indemnify 
the  owner.  What  is  more,  for  we  can  never  get  done 
telling  the  misdeeds  of  the  Germans  in  Belgium,  groups 
of  exotic  trees  such  as  Japanese  larches,  Douglas  firs, 
etc.,  remarkable  for  their  vigor  and  their  dimensions, 
found  no  more  mercy  before  the  axe  of  the  vandals  than 
did  the  ordinary  spruces. 

"At  the  same  time  there  were  being  exploited  in  Thier- 
arche, on  the  territory  of  Macquenoise,  pine  woods  mixed 
with  birch.  The  Germans  had  constructed  a  Decauville 
railroad  in  order  to  transport  the  timber  to  the  railroad 
station  at  Momignies.  On  this  track  was  a  wheezy  loco- 
motive pulling  a  car  which  contained  at  most  one  and 
one-half  cubic  meters  of  wood;  and  good  people,  good 
Belgians  at  that,  were  nevertheless  admiring  the  spirit  of 
organization  of  the  usurpers ! 

"The  quantity  of  oaks  concentrated  in  the  forests  of 
the  Chimay  region  and  the  situation  of  the  forested  areas 
with  respect  to  the  railroad  stations  adapted  to  the 
German  enterprises,  are  likewise  the  reasons  why  the 


Thierarche  forests  had  to  suffer  worse  than  those  of 
Fagne. 

"In  view  of  the  stoppage  of  business  the  greater  part  of 
the  communes  had  failed  to  sell  the  oaks  of  the  cutting's 
of  191 5  and  following.  On  the  contrary  all  the  white 
wood,  which  is  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  wooden 
shoes — the  only  local  industry  that  kept  up  during  the 
war — all  the  white  wood  had  been  sold  as  soon  as  the 
exploitation  of  the  copse  had  permitted  operations  of 
timber  selection.  This  was  in  fact  all  timber  saved  from 
the  break-up  and  turned  over  to  Belgian  industry  for  the 
consumption  of  the  interior  of  the  country,  but  it  was 
necessary  to  be  disillusioned  soon  on  this  point  also  with 
respect  to  the  honesty  of  our  adversaries. 

"The  high  oak  forests  of  Bourlers  and  Forges  were 
attacked  first ;  while  the  felling  of  communal  forests  took 
place  in  violation  of  all  rights  and  conventions.  We 
must  recognize  that  here  at  least  the  frenzied  desire  to 
injure  and  destroy  the  forest,  to  wipe  out  the  forest 
reserve  and  all  resources  for  the  future,  this  bad  desire, 
we  will  say,  does  not  appear.  Only  the  larger  trees  fell, 
and  enough  others  were  preserved  so  that  the  forest  still 
has  the  appearance  of  high  timber  over  a  thin  copse. 
However,  all  the  big  oaks  are  felled ;  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
they  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  value. 

"While  matters  did  not  transpire  so  badly  for  these 
two  communes,  it  was  different  with  others,  whose  mis- 
fortunes we  shall  recite. 

"The  forest  of  Monceau-Imbrechies,  traversed  from 
south  to  north  by  the  road  from  Monceau  to  Seloignes, 
reached  the  facilities  of  the  Seloignes-Monceau  railroad 


STFRDY   TREES    IX    A    PARK    IN    BELGIUM    WHICH    SUSTAINED  HEAVY    SHELL    AND    MACHINE    GUN    FIRE    AND    STILL    STAND, 

SKELETON  DEAD,  FILLED  WITH  BULLETS  AND  SHRAPNEL  SCRAP. 


1256 


UIKRICAN     FORESTRY 


station.  It  was  one  of  the  richest  forests  in  the  region, 
well  served  by  two  metaled  roads,  and  situated  between 
the  railroad  station  and  the  locality  which  comprises  many 
makers  of  wooden  shoes,  all  being  circumstances  which 
gave  value  to  the  various  classes  of  timber.  Its  big  oaks, 
while  not  all  of  excellent  quality,  were  known  far  and 
wide  and  offered  dimensions  little  known  elsewhere.  One 
of  these  veterans  measured  1334  feet  at  a  height  of  five 
feet,  and  was  53  feet  high ;  it  was  named  the  Big  Benefit 
Oak.  Individuals  from  6  feet  to  8  feet  in  diameter  were 
common  there,  those  measuring  from  8  feet  to  11  feet 
were  not  rare,  and  there  were  several  gauging  11  feet 
and  over.  Groups  of  beeches,  modern  and  ancient,  were 
met  with  and  distinguished  themselves  by  an  exceedingly 


"The  forest  of  Imprechies,  a  section  of  the  same  com- 
mune, was  cut  to  the  groixnd,  or  almost;  it  was  stocked 
with  about  the  same  growth  as  that  of  Monceau,  though 
a  little  less  rich  in  big  trees. 

"The  commune  of  Beauwelz  owned  high  timber  oil 
copse,  less  thickly  planted  than  the  Monceau  forests.  ( )f 
all  the  oaks,  beeches,  birches,  and  maples  nothing  is  left 
over  almost  the  whole  area.  The  "Decauville"  railroad. 
constructed  for  the  transportation  of  the  resinous  timber 
of  the  private  forest,  seems  to  have  helped  to  consummate 
the  ruin  of  the  forest;  the  trees  were  felled  there  in  the 
copses  of  all  ages,  from  six  to  eighteen  years!  The 
birches  and  other  timber  that  could  be  used  in  manufac- 
turing wooden   shoes  and   for  which   the   industry   was 


ALL  THAT  IS  LEFT  OF  A  BELGIAN  WOOD  OCCUPIED  BY  BRITISH  TROOPS  WHEN  THIS  PHOTOGRAPH  WAS  TAKEN  WTEK 
THE  ARMISTICE.  IT  IS  THE  BOIS  TRIANGULAIRE,  NEAR  MERCKEN.  ALL  THE  SKELETON  TREKS  STANDING  ARE  DEAD 
THE   YOUNG   GROWTH    IS   UTTERLY    DESTROYED. 


rapid   growth.      Tall   birches   and   big   sycamore   maples 
completed  this  fine  high-timber  forest. 

"To  this  forest  were  given  the  names  of  Tailles  Andre, 
Benefice,  Richots,  Mauvais  Pas,  and> "Atelier;  the  cuttings 
dated  from  1906  to  1917.  Apart  from  the  high  timber, 
everything  has  disappeared :  Secular  oaks,  groups  of 
imposing  beeches,  tall  birches,  big  maples,  rooted  saplings, 
staddles,  moderns,  ancients,  superancients,  young  cadets, 
tall  timber  of  young  cuttings,  reserves  of  middle  age 
stature  and  old  exploitations,  everything  was  chopped 
down  to  within  20  inches  of  the  ground,  and  dragged 
through  copses  of  all  ages  to  the  roads  by  the  pitiless 
cable  actuated  by  a  tractor.  The  copse  is  broken  up, 
crushed,  distorted,  and  destroyed. 


paying  at  the  time  at  the  rate  of  70  francs  per  actual 
cubic  meter,  were  cut  down  at  the  same  time  as  the  oaks. 
being  cut  up  into  logs  for  use  in  heating  the  fire  boxes  <>i 
the  tractors  and  locomotives. 

"The  Germans  have  ruined  the  commune  of  Beauwelz, 
and  the  indemnities  the  latter  may  be  able  to  collect  will 
not  restore  to  it  its  forest  wealth,  which  has  hitherto 
been  the  uninterrupted  source  of  its  revenues,  of  wages 
for  its  woodsmen,  and  of  raw  materials  for  its  makers 
of  wooden  shoes,  all  of  which  are  factors  of  exchange 
and  benefit  to  the  whole  locality. 

"These  two  communes  have  been  hit  harder  than  the 
others.  Beauwelz  was  able  some  twenty  years  ago  to 
escape  inroads  on  its  timber  supply  such  as  had  been 


BELGIUM'S.  FORESTS  BLIGHTED  BY  THE  HUN 


1257 


CONDITION'    OF    A    WOODLAND    NEAR    MERCKEN,    BELGIUM,    SHOWING    HOW    THE    DESTRUCTION    OF    TIMBER    AND    DAMAGE 
BY    HF-AVY    SHELLFIRE   HAS    TURNED    FINE    WOODLAND    NEAR  A   WATERWAY   INTO   A   SWAMP. 


ANOTHER  VIEW  OF  WOODLAND  DESTRUCTION  NEAR  MERCKEN.  BELGIUM.  NOTE  THE  SHATTERED  TIMBER  LYING  IN 
AND  NEAR  THE  SHELL  HOLES.  RESTORATION  OF  LAND  AS  BADLY  DAMAGED  AS  THIS  IS  WILL  BE  A  TEDIOUS  AND 
COSTLY   WORK 


1258 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE    BOIS   CHARPENTIER    NEAR    BISCHOOTE,    IN    BELGIUM, 
THE    LAND    HAS   GONE   AND   IT   IS   A   WATER-SOAKED, 


IS  A    SCENE    OF    UTTER    DESOLATION.      THE    FOREST    VALUE    OF 
MUD-COVERED    AREA   MARKED   BY   NUMEROUS   SHELL   HOLES. 


caused  elsewhere  by  the  assessment  of  the  "usage  duties" 
of  the  old  principality  of  Chimay;  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
it  bought  all  the  trees  which  were  to  be  sold  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Prince  of  Chimay.  The  commune  of  Mon- 
ceau-Imbrechies  was  also  reputed  to  have  considerable 
savings.  The  Germans  knew  the  smallest  details  of  our 
affairs  and  we  should  not  be  at  all  surprised  if  they  were 
aware  of  the  financial  situation  of  these  two  communes; 
they,  who  were  fighting  for  justice  (  ?),  could  it  have  been 
that  they  wanted  their  operations  to  bring  about  equi- 


librium in  the  forest  wealth  of  our  communes  of  Thier- 
arche  ?"  These  reports  do  not  cover  the  whole  area  of  de- 
stroyed forests,  facts  about  which  are  now  being  gathered 
and  which  will  later  be  printed.  A  brief  examination, 
however,  of  any  of  the  destroyed  forests  indicates  very 
clearly  the  truthfulness  of  the  Belgian  comment  in  sum- 
ming up  their  losses :  "Such  is  the  work  of  the  Germans, 
of  professionals,  for  it  appears  that  it  was  professional 
foresters  who  were  charged  with  designing  and  directing 
these  henceforth  famous  exploitations." 


A   SCENE    IN    THE    BOIS   DES   LUPINS   NEAR    BOESINGHE,   SHOWING    THE    GERMAN    FORTIFICATIONS    AND    THE    DESTRUCTION 

DONE  TO  TREES  AND  FORTIFICATIONS  BY  SHELL  FIRE. 


THE  NORTHWEST'S  WORST  FOREST  FIRES 


AS  this  issue  of  American  Forestry  goes  to  press, 
the  reports  regarding  the  forest  fires  now  raging 
in  the  Northwest  show  a  situation  of  extreme 
gravity.  The  conditions  are  probably  the  worst  ever 
faced  in  that  region.  The  third  and  worst  of  three  suc- 
cessive years  of  severe  drouth  has  parched  the  country. 
High  winds,  heat,  and  electric  storms,  bringing  lightning 
without  rain,  have  heightened  the  peril.  There  are  prob- 
ably more  fires  burning  uncontrolled  at  the  moment  of 
writing  than  have  ever  been  known  since  organized 
protection  of  the  forests  began.  Twenty-five  hundred 
men  are  on  the  fire  lines  in  the  National  Forests,  and  the 
entire  available  surplus  of  labor  in  Northern  Idaho  and 
Western  Montana  has  been  gathered  up  by  the  Forest 
Service,  and  is  not  enough. 

The  worst  fire  year  of  recorded  history,  from  the 
standpoint  of  losses,  in  the  same  region  was  that  of  1910. 
The  great  conflagration  of  that  year  began  after  the 
middle  of  August.  Normally,  conditions  grow  worse 
and  worse  until  early  September  brings  the  beginning 
of  the  fall  rains. 

What  may  come  this  year  no  man  can  tell.  If  an 
appalling  disaster  is  escaped,  it  will  be  due  in  part  to 
good  fortune.  At  the  best,  there  will  be  very  heavy 
losses  of  property.  The  situation  may  any  day  reach  a 
point  at  which  the  organized  forces  which  are  trying  to 
hold  the  fires  in  check  will  be  routed  and  put  to  flight 
before  a  vast  and  resistless,  hurricane-driven  sheet  of 
flame.  The  Forest  Service  admits  that  already,  though 
straining  every  nerve,  it  is  having  to  give  ground  before 
some  of  the  fires,  seeking  not  their  control  but  merely  to 
limit,  in  so  far  as  possible,  their  destructiveness  by  di- 
recting their  course  where  they  will  do  least  harm. 

To  know  accurately  what  is  taking  place  in  a  battle 
is  proverbially  difficult  until  the  smoke  clears  away. 
With  great  forest  fires  a  similar  situation  is  created.  It 
is  unfortunate,  but  inevitable,  that  just  now  when  spec- 
tacular losses  are  again  directing  public  attention  to  the 
great  need  of  better  protection  against  these  fires,  it  is 
impossible  to  make  out  fully  why  the  efforts  to  control 
them  have  not  been  more  successful.  That  can  only  be 
told  when  all  the  details  can  be  studied  and  analyzed. 
Nevertheless,  certain  undeniable  facts  stand  out. 

In  1910  the  same  region  was  swept  by  fires  so  wide- 
spread and  devastating  that  it  was  hoped  their  record 
would  stand  unique  for  all  time.  The  Forest  Service 
met  the  situation  heroically.  Confronted  with  conditions 
the  like  of  which  it  had  never  faced  before,  it  won  uni- 
versal commendation  for  the  fight  which  it  put  up 
against  great  odds.  In  the  light  of  the  experience  then 
gained  it  developed  new  methods  and  improved  its  or- 
ganization. It  also  sought  from  Congress  larger  author- 
ity to  incur  expenses  in  future  emergencies  of  the  same 
nature. 

The  next  year  Congress  provided  an  extraordinary 
emergency  fund  of  $1,000,000.  As  the  immediately 
following  years  happened  to  be  exceptionally  favorable 


this  fund  was  cut,  over  the  protest  of  the  Forest  Service, 
to  $200,000  for  the  fiscal  years  1913  and  1914,  and  to 
$100,000  for  1915,  after  which  it  was  eliminated  entirely. 

Again  and  again  the  Forest  Service  has  been  embar- 
rassed by  delays  in  the  enactment  of  the  agricultural 
appropriation  act  until  after  the  beginning  of  the  fiscal 
year  on  July  1.  In  1912  the  bill  became  law  August  10; 
in  1916,  August  11;  in  1918,  October  1.  In  each  of  these 
years  a  "continuing  resolution"  made  available  in  the 
interim  at  the  rate  of  one-twelfth  the  previous  year's 
appropriation  each  month.  Since  the  heaviest  expendi- 
tures of  the  Forest  Service  and  the  fire  season  fall  in 
the  summer  months,  the  method  is  obviously  inadequate. 
Through  what  shifts  and  devices  the  fire  fighters  have 
been  employed,  transported,  equipped  and  fed  this  year 
because  of  delay  can  only  be  surmised,  but  very  serious 
responsibilities  must  have  been  assumed  and  formidable 
embarrassments  surmounted.  The  remedy  is  simple.  Let 
Congress  re-enact  the  million-dollar  extraordinary  emer- 
gency provision  and  make  the  fund  available  until  the 
next  year's  appropriations  can  be  drawn  on.  What  is  not 
needed  will  not  be  spent,  but  will  revert  to  the  Treasury. 
Public  opinion  should  demand  that  this  appropriation  be 
made. 

It  is  also  plain  that  the  fund  for  co-operation  with 
the  States  in  forest  fire  protection  should  be  largely 
augmented.  The  total  is  now  $100,000,  apportioned 
among  24  States.  Montana's  allotment  from  this  fund 
for  the  current  year  is  $3,000  and  Idaho's  $4,500.  The 
figures  speak  for  themselves. 

Further,  it  is  imperative  that  radical  measures  be 
adopted  to  provide  adequate  salaries  for  Forest  officers 
commensurate  with  the  character  of  their  responsibilities 
and  with  what  private  business  enterprises  are  glad  to 
pay  the  same  men.  The  Forest  Service  is  being  starved 
out.  Many  men  have  left  because  they  could  not  stand 
the  economic  pressure.  In  consequence  green  men  have 
had  to  be  put  in  where  experience  was  of  great  impor- 
tance. Repeated  efforts  of  the  Forester  to  secure  more 
adequate  pay  for  his  field  force  have  been  without  avail. 

Finally,  a  more  vigorous  and  determined  public  de- 
mand that  forest  fires  throughout  the  country  must  be 
done  away  with,  as  nearly  as  this  is  humanly  possible, 
must  arise  and  find  effective  expression.  Forest  fires 
have  become  an  anachronism.  They  belong  to  a  heed- 
less and  unenlightened  age  in  the  matter  of  forest  con- 
servation. They  must  be  fought  on  a  nation-wide  scale 
by  private  owners,  the  States  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment in  co-operation.  Protection  of  forests,  including 
young  growth,  against  fires  must  be  made  compulsory 
in  all  forest  regions.  Efficient  methods  must  be  developed 
under  public  leadership.  Competent  men  must  be  em- 
ployed by  the  States  and  the  nation,  and  politics  must 
not  be  allowed  to  make  their  work  ineffective.  The  time 
for  indifference  and  neglect  is  past.  If  our  lawmakers 
fail  to  recognize  the  fact  they  may  have  cause  to  re- 
gret it. 


1259 


PREVENTION  OF  FOREST  FIRE  LOSSES 


BY  SMITH  RILEY 


IT  is  well  known  the  world  (Tver  that  America  of  all 
nations  is  careless  with  fire  and  although  her  equip- 
ment for  suppression  is  of  the  finest,  our  yearly 
losses  from  lire  are  enormous  when  compared  with  other 
nations.  The  explanation  of  this  would  seem  to  be  a 
lack  of  thoroughness  in  adopting  and  practicing  methods 
of  fire  prevention.  Does  this  failure  come  from  the 
typical  American  haste  in 
doing  all  things?  Is  it 
that  in  our  construction 
work  we  are  in  such  haste 
to  arrive  at  completion  we 
cannot  take  proper  precau- 
tions to  prevent  loss  from 
fire?  Or  is  it  that  the  ease 
with  which  property  is 
gained  and  insured  makes 
one  careless  whether  it  is 
destroyed  by  fire  or  some 
other  way? 

It  is  interesting  to  fol- 
low this  line  of  thought  in 
relation  to  forest  fires  do- 
ing enormous  damage  each 
year.  These  fires  are  from 
two  causes,  namely  :  Those 
started  by  man,  and  those 
started  by  lightning.  A 
campaign  of  prevention 
should  lessen  and  gradu- 
ally eliminate  a  large  part 
of  loss  from  the  first  cause, 
while  a  policy  of  suppres- 
sion must  be  applied  to 
lightning  caused  fires.  Lack 
of  realization  of  the  dam- 
age created  by  fire  is  cer- 
tainly responsible  for  the 
greatest  loss  by  man-made 
fires  and  it  is  quite  inter- 
esting to  note  the  gradual 
decrease  in  forest  loss  in 
those  regions  where  prog- 
ress has  been  made  in  educating  t>fte  public  to  the 
necessity  of  care  with  fire  to  prevent  such  loss.  The 
most  effective  way  of  doing  this  seems  to  be  the  forci- 
ble bringing  home  of  the  realization,  by  drastic  meas- 
ures, of  the  losses  by  fire  and  the  need  for  cautious  use 
of  this  element. 

In  New  York  State  the  action  of  the  Conservation 
Commission  in  forcing  the  railroads  to  burn  oil  in 
engines  running  over  all  forest  roads  during  the  tire 
season  has  been  a  big  step  towards  public  realization 


AX  EFFECTIVE  MEASURE  OF  FIRE  PREVENTION 

This    is    a    form    of    spark    arrester    which    has    been    employed    with    good 
effect   on    locomotives    in    Colorado. 


of  the  necessity  for  fire  prevention.  In  South  Dakota 
the  most  has  been  accomplished  by  a  suit  against  a 
railroad  that  caused  a  big  loss  by  forest  fire. 

Where  the  campaign  for  prevention  has  followed 
the  principle  of  emphasizing  the  necessity  of  extreme 
care  in  any  use  of  fire  and  the  damage  resulting  to  all 
forms  of  forest  growth  by  its  promiscuous  use,  much 

greater  progress  has  been 
made  towards  a  realiza- 
tion of  need  for  public 
care  in  its  use.  In  Min- 
nesota recognition  is  given 
to  the  policy  of  spring 
burning  of  logging  slashes, 
which  amounts  to  nothing 
more  than  setting  out  fire 
in  such  areas  as  soon  as 
it  will  run  in  the  spring 
and  letting  it  burn.  From 
a  vantage  point  in  the  for- 
ested region  one  may  count 
a  dozen  or  more  such  fires 
when  the  season  is  on. 
There  is  no  question  that 
this  promiscuous  use  of 
fire  does  much  to  deaden 
the  realization  of  the  dam- 
age done  by  fires  and  the 
public  realization  of  the 
necessity  of  caution  in  fire 
use  or  the  need  of  prompt 
action  to  stamp  out  fires 
gaining  headway  in  dan- 
gerous seasons  of  the  year. 
A  public,  understanding 
that  fires  are  purposely 
set  which  destroy  forest 
growth,  is  not  going  to  be 
very  keen  in  responding  to 
a  policy  for  putting  out 
fires  that  may  be  burning 
this  same  type  of  forest 
growth.  I  feel  sure  the 
present  losses  and  the  lax  attitude  of  the  public  toward 
this  loss  will  continue  in  Minnesota  wherever  the  pres- 
ent policy  of  spring  burning  is  allowed  to  continue  in 
a  wholesale  way. 

There  is,  therefore,  a  much  keener  realization  of 
need  for  caution  where  fire  is  not  promiscuously  used 
and  I  feel  sure  that  the  problems  of  protection  against 
fire  loss  will  grow  less  and  be  solved  with  much  greater 
promptness  where  the  burning  over  of  forest  land  is 
considered    detrimental    to    the    highest    degree    unless 


UN 


PREVENTION   OF   FOREST    FIRE    LOSSES 


1261 


AND   THIS    DESTRUCTION    MIGHT   HAVE    BEEN    AVOIDED 

This  shows  one  of  the  many  fires  in  the  Black  Hills  Forest  of  South  Dakota  started  by  locomotive  sparks 
before   the   employment  of  oil   burning  engines  on  all   lines  running  through   the   forest. 

complete  control  is  demonstrated  as  necessary  and  put 
into  effect  when  such  burning  is  done. 

While  much  remains  to  be  done,  what  has  so  far 
been  accomplished  in  gaining  public  recognition  of  the 
proper  weight  to  be  given  fire  losses  is  very  gratifying. 
Railroad  companies  are  realizing  the  necessity  of  plac- 
ing a  value  upon  all  trees  from  the  largest  to  the  small- 
est. A  fire  was  recently  reported  near  a  railroad  right 
of  way.  The  railroad  company's  claim  agents  were 
sent  to  the  area  at  once  with  instructions  to  ascertain 
whether  the  company  was  responsible  for  the  fire,  and, 
if  so,  to  appraise  the  damage  and  offer  to  settle.  In  a 
recent  juvenile  court  case,  two  boys  convicted  of  leav- 
ing a  camp  fire  burning  were  sentenced  by  the  judge 
to  take  a  two  weeks'  trip  into  the  forest  to  study  a 
burned  area  and  report  fully  to  the  judge  the  damage 
done. 

The  public  when  brought  to  a  proper  realization  of 
the  losses  caused  by  fires  and  the  need  of  care  and 
prompt  action  for  fire  prevention  and  suppression,  may 
become  a  fighting  machine  of  the  most  effective  kind. 
A  fire  starts;  the  individual  who  first  sees  it  thereby 
acquires  the  responsibility  of  putting  it  out  and,  if  this 
is  not  possible,  of  securing  assistance  promptly.  Every- 
thing should  be  learned  about  the  origin  of  the  fire  which 
is  possible,  so  its  cause  may  be  fully  understood.  The 
man  first  upon  the  ground  is  in  the  best  position  to 
gain  available  information. 

There  is  attractive  excitement  in  answering  the  call 
in  light  fire.  A  man  who  has  answered  this  call  once 
will  always  feel  a  quickening  of  the  pulse  and  a  desire 
to  act  when  the  call  comes  again.  The  need  for  quick 
action  regardless  of  the  hour,  the  necessity  of  matching 
one's  wits  against  existing  difficulties  to  secure  imme- 


diate action  to  control  the  ele- 
ment that  is  steadily  destroy- 
ing values  it  has  taken  years 
to  create,  brings  a  quickening 
of  the  pulse  somewhat  akin 
to  that  caused  by  a  call  for 
war.  There  is  a  big  fire  in  one 
of  the  forests  and  an  extra 
supply  of  equipment  is  needed. 
A  wire  has  been  sent  to  the  dis- 
trict office  for  these  things. 
The  wire  is  received  at  10.30 
P.  M.  The  next  train  upon 
which  these  things  can  be 
shipped  leaves  at  2.30  A.  M. 
The  first  thing  is  to  secure  a 
conveyance  and  assistance,  get 
into  the  supply  room,  pack  the 
needed  supplies,  rush  them  to 
the  station  and  express  them 
out.  Here  is  a  piece  of  work 
that  has  in  it  only  keen  zest 
for  matching  one's  wits  against 
obstacles  and  not  fail  to  ful- 
fill the  work  of  fire  fighting 
for  which  one  has  been  made  responsible  by  the  receipt 
of  the  telegram.     A  man  who  has  been  a  ranger  for 


CATCHING   IT   IN   GOOD   TIM  I. 

This   shows   Mexican   section  bands  putting  out   a   fire   started   by   a   rail- 
road   engine    crossing    the    Pike    National    Forest. 


1262 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


many  years  said  the  one  thing  he  regretted  in  leaving 
his  position  was  losing  the  exhilarating  excitement  of 
going  to  and  participating  in  controlling  forest  fires. 

Efficient  organization  is  important  because  every  man 
who  answers  to  the 
call  for  fire  fighting, 
and  is  well  treated, 
that  is,  well  trans- 
ported, well  fed  and 
bedded,  will  respond 
with  zest  to  the  work. 
Even  a  lazy  man  will 
feel  a  quickening  of 
the  pulse  when  he 
hears  the  call,  like  the 
dog  and  the  child  in 
the  street  when  the  fire 
engine  goes  dashing 
by.  Prompt  pay  and 
good  treatment  are 
important  factors  that 
will  in  time  make 
every  man  within  strik- 
ing distance  a  fire 
fighter  to  be  depended 
upon.  Here  is  a  gar- 
age in  a  small  moun- 
tain town  crowded 
with  people 
mer. 


r  f 

L 

\ 

i 

.  { 

1 

1 

I 

■            1 

JJlj 

J    1 

1     ' 

1  Nvy 

^Ijt*    '^Vr& 

■ ; 

ma    Hi  1 1  in  i  nan , 

W>* 

"^"»                   -  >-TOHH 

bwhii 

BURNED    OVER   AREA— THE    ECHO    RIVER   FIRE 

A  public  understanding  that  fires  are  purposely  set  which  destroy  forest  growth  is 
not  going  to  be  very  keen  in  responding  to  appeals  for  fire  protective  measures  and 
necessary  control   work,  and  must  be'  educated  to  it. 


in  sum- 
Many  men  are  employed  in  this  garage  when 
the  season  is  on  and  a  line  of  cars  is  run,  by  the  com- 
pany owning  it,  through  the  forest  to  the  nearest  rail- 
road point.     The   administration   is   charged  with   the 


work  of  keeping  fires  out  of  the  timber  and  the  beauty 
of  the  forest  growth  along  this  road  is  of  high  value 
to  the  transportation  company,  so  an  agreement  is  en- 
tered into  between  the  transportation  company  and  the 

forest  administration 
providing  that  the 
drivers  of  all  cars  upon 
the  road  will  keep 
their  eyes  open  and 
report  any  fires  no- 
ticed. When  the  re- 
port of  an  existing  fire 
is  received  at  the  gar- 
age, fire  tools  furnished 
by  the  Government  are 
loaded  into  a  car  and 
a  number  of  men  work- 
ing in  the  garage  are 
whirled  away  to  the 
fire.  The  company  is 
paid  for  the  time  of  its 
men  and  cars.  One 
who  has  seen  the  faces 
of  these  men  on  the 
road  when  they  have 
been  suddenly  taken 
away  from  the  me- 
chanical work  of  the 
garage  and  speeded 
into  the  open  to  fight  fire,  will  understand  the  thrill 
of  it.  Efficient  treatment  must  follow,  else  the  men 
who  respond  will  lose  the  zest  of  it.  When  the  National 
Forests  were  first  created  there  was  no  provision  for 


HARD-WON   REST  FOR  THE  CREW 

This  shows   the   fighters  at   the   Camp   Creek   Fire  on   day   "sleep   shift"  near    the    burning    fire    line. 

blankets  and  "tear  it  off." 


Utterly    exhausted,    they    roll    up    in    their 


PREVENTION   OF   FOREST    FIRE   LOSSES 


1263 


paying   except   by   check    from  Washington   and   those 

working  upon  a  fire  would  have  to  wait  a  month  or  six 

weeks  for  their  pay.     It  was  not  uncommon  in  those 

days,  in  calling  a  man  to  fight  fire,  to  be  told  he  would 

not  go  because  it  took 

too  long  to  receive  the 

pay.    Here  is  different 

example :      A     bank 

cashier    staying    with 

some    friends    in    the 

mountains,  was   asked 

by  the  forest  ranger  to 

help  with   a  fire.     He 

did  so  and  worked  at 

it  all  day.     The  check 

he     received     for     his 

work    was    to    him    a 

souvenir  of  a  novel  and 

exciting        experience. 

In  the   future,   should 

this  man  be  in  reach  of 

a  forest  fire  alarm  and 

be    available,    he    will 

respond    just    for    the 

excitement  of  it. 

I  have  been  told  one 
loses  his  enthusiasm  after  fighting  fire  for  a  day  or  so ; 
that  the  forest  rangers  in  sections  where  the  fire  seasons 
are  long  and  intense,  become  so  wearied  they  dread  to 
answer  the  telephone  for  fear  the  message  may  be  of 
a  fire  requiring  mammoth  exertion.    It  is  true  that  when 


WHEN  THE  GHOST  WALKED 
Here  we  see  the  forest  officers  paying  off  fire  fighters  at  the  termination  of  the  work. 


the  body  is  weary,  enthusiasm  lags,  but  where  the  seed 
has  been  effectively  planted,  a  period  of  rest  will  work 
a  complete  change  as  one's  enthusiasm  comes  again  to 
the  front.     Those  rangers  at  the  beginning  of  the  fire" 

season  are  keen  and 
enthusiastic.  When 
they  become  weary  by 
overexertion,  give 
them  a  rest  of  a  week 
or  so  and  see  what  a 
change  for  the  better 
will  take  place.  This 
element  of  thrill  is  a 
real  factor;  it  pays 
well  to  cultivate  it  in 
all  classes  of  men.  The 
response  will  come 
from  those  who  delight 
in  action  and  the  at- 
traction will  be  the 
zest  of  matching  one's 
energies  against  an 
element  of  destruction 
beyond  control.  Effi- 
ciency in  management, 
such  as  good  and  prompt  pay,  transportation,  good 
food  and  bedding,  leaves  the  way  clear  to  develop 
this  enthusiasm,  whereas  poor  management  in  any 
one  of  these  things  would  tend  to  obstruct  or 
lessen    this    enthusiasm. 


FOR  THE  COMFORT  OF  THE   INNER  MAN 

Tiiis    shows    the    thorough    and    methodical    arrangement    of    the    kitchen    and  commissary   established  near  the  fire   line  for  the  service  of  the  men 

who  are  fighting  the  fire. 


FOREST  DESTRUCTION  PREVENTED  BY  CONTROL 

OF  SURFACE  FIRES 

BY  JOSEPH  A.  KITTS 


FOREST  fires  in  the  United  States  destroy,  year  by 
year,  more  than  the  forest  yield.  It  requires  at 
least  250  years  for  a  forest  to  reproduce  itself,  i.  <•., 
the  yield  is  not  greater  than  two-fifths  of  one  per  cent 
per  annum.  The  stand  of  timber  is  being  cut  at  the  rate 
of  3^  per  cent  per  annum.  It  is  evident  that  we  must 
save  the  yield  and  augment  natural  reproduction  by  plant- 
ing, in  order  to  insure  a  future  supply.  The  situation  is 
now  so  critical  that  the  fire  problem  is  one  to  which 
earnest  thought  and  attention  should  be  given  until  a 
solution  has  been  proven,  accepted  and  put  into  practice 
throughout  the  United  States. 

Forest  fires  are  of  three  types  in  effect — surface  fires 
which  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  forest  floor,  fed  by 
the  litter ;  ground  fires  which  smolder  in  the  ground,  con- 
suming the  humus  and  sometimes  the  roots  of  trees ;  and 
crown  fires  which  destroy  the  entire  forest  cover.  Crown 
fires  start  from  the  ground  and  the  litter  must  be  very 
heavy  and  very  dry  and  inflammable  to  cause  and 
sustain  them.  The  humus  must  be  very  dry  to  sustain 
a  ground  fire. 

I  have  practiced  for  the  past  twenty-eight  years,  on 
my  home  lands  in  California,  a  method  of  prevention  of 
crown  fires  learned  from  the  Sierra  Nevada  Indians.  1 
have  found  this  method  successful  in  my  second  growth 
timber  and  also  in  prime  forest  where  the  accumulation 
of  litter  (the  cause  of  destructive  fires)  was  in  consider- 
able proportion.  This  method  has  been  highly  satisfac- 
tory from  every  point  of  view  and  is  here  offered  as  a 
solution  of  the  fire  problem  in  the  coniferous  forests. 

The  method  consists  in  the  burning  of  the  forest 
litter,  by  surface  fire  control  as  described  herein,  during 
and  at  the  end  of  the  wet  season,  burning  over  by  rota- 
tion from  one-fiftieth  to  one-fifth' of  the  forest  area  each 
year,  the  periodical  rotation  depending  upon  the  local 
rate  of  litter  accumulation.  The  litter  is  then  burned 
without  danger  from  crown  or  ground  fires  and,  if 
handled  scientifically,  aids  natural  reproduction,  removes 
the  excess  underbrush,  increases  the  forage,  maintains  the 
forest  in  a  thrifty  and  healthy  condition  and  renders  the 
forest  immune  to  destruction  by  fire  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Indians  practiced  a  periodic 
burning  over  of  the  forests.  Literature  on  the  subject 
has  explained  this  in  many  ways  excepting  the  one  here 
given.  When  the  California  pioneer  asked  the  Indian 
why  he  set  so  many  fires,  he  replied,  "Letum  go  too 
long — get  too  hot — killum  all."  He  used  the  surface 
fire  to  burn  the  litter  in  order  to  prevent  the  crown  fire 
which  destroyed  .everything.  He  may  not  have  been 
very  scientific  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  his  methods 
of  preservation  of  the  forests  were  highly  successful 
when  compared  with  present  day  destruction.     The  first 

ON 


growth  trees  are  fire-marked  throughout  the  northern 
Sierra  Nevada  forests;  the  indications  of  destruction  by 
crown  fires  prior  to  the  coming  of  the  "Americans"  are 
in  small  proportion  and  so  indistinct  as  to  point  to  fires 
very  remotely  in  the  past,  if  at  all;  and,  the  ages  of  the 
prime  trees  precludes  the  occurrence  of  crown  fires  for 
hundreds  and  thousands  of  years  of  aboriginal  treat- 
ment. The  pioneers  found  these  forests  open  and 
clean ;  today  they  are  so  encumbered  with  fallen  trees, 
underbrush  and  other  litter  that  complete  destruction 
is  the  usual  result  of  a  summer  fire. 

Consider  the  fires  in  the  Crater  Lake  National  Forest 
in  1910.  (Forest  Service — Bulletin  100).  This  forest 
has  an.  area  of  1,166,600  acres,  an  estimated  total  stand 
of  10,197,000,006  feet  B.  M.  and  a  rated  annual  yield  of 
90,000,000  feet  B.  M.  60,891  acres,  or  1-19  of  the  total 
area,  was  burned  over,  destroying  250,000,000  feet  B.  M.. 
or  1-40  of  the  stand  of  timber.  One  thousand  men,  em- 
ployed in  fighting  the  fires,  were  found  inadequate  and 
five  companies  of  United  States  troops  were  added.  The 
cost  of  fire  fighting  to  the  Forest  Service  was  $40,000. 
or  70  cents  per  acre  for  the  area  destroyed.  One  thou- 
sand acres  of  the  burned-over  area  was  reseeded  at  a 
cost  of  $3.00  per  acre.  The  loss,  then,  cannot  be  esti- 
mated at  less  than  $3.70  per  acre.  The  timber  destroyed 
was  three  times  the  annual  growth,  and,  although  the  year 
1910  was  an  unusually  dry  one,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  average  annual  destruction,  throughout  the 
United  States,  is  greater  than  the  rate  of  growth. 

I  recently  had  an  opportunity  to  study  the  densely 
planted  forests  of  France.  It  should  be  observed  here 
that  without  these  planted  forests  France  could  not  have 
waged  war  for  four  years.  Crown  fires  are  unknown 
in  these  dense  forests  because  the  people  gather  the 
litter  for  fuel.  It  is  not  possible,  of  course,  for  us  to 
go  fagoting  through  our  forests  and  we  must  dispose  of 
the  litter  in  some  other  manner. 

We  use  the  backfire  to  remove  the  litter  in  order  to 
stop  a  crown  fire,  and  under  most  adverse  circumstances. 
When  the  crown  fire  reaches  the  area  backfired  the  live 
trees  alone  will  not  sustain  it  and  it  is  stopped.  Even  in 
the  drouth  of  summer,  the  backfire  does  little  or  no  harm 
to  the  live  trees.  When  the  backfire  is  used  to  stop  a 
crown  fire,  it  only  limits  the  destruction ;  it  may  be  used 
in  the  spring  to  prevent  it.  The  backfire  is  a  controlled 
surface  fire  working  against  the  wind,  which  prevents  it 
from  becoming  a  crown  fire. 

The  following  rules  for  surface  fire  control  may  be 
safely  used  by  any  engineer  or  forester  experienced  in 
forest  fire  fighting: 

1.  Burn  the  forest  litter,  by  means  of  surface  fires, 
during  and  at  the  end  of  the  wet  season,  in  intervals  of 
(Continued  on  Page  1306) 


UNCLE  SAM,  LUMBERMAN,  CANAL  ZONE 

BY  W.  H.  BABBITT 


I  DO  not  believe  that  it  is  very  generally  known  that 
the  United  States  Government  is  in  the  lumber  busi- 
ness, actually  operates  a  saw-mill,  maintains  lumber 
yards,  sales  department  and  all  of  the  other  establish- 
ments that  go  with  the  business.  This  is,  nevertheless, 
a  fact.  The  operation  is  on  the  Panama  Canal  Zone.  The 
radical  departure  from  the 
general  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment is,  I  believe,  likely 
to  be  of  interest  to  Ameri- 
can timbermen,  and  as  the 
operations  are  being  carried 
on  in  a  new  or  little  known 
field,  the  results  obtained 
should  also  be  of  much  in- 
terest. I  hope  my  effort  to 
impart  these  facts  may  not 
be  too  severely  dealt  with, 
if  I  also  attempt  to  sketch 
in  a  little  of  the  local  color 
and  a  few  of  the  human 
heart  throbs,  to  lighten  the 
otherwise  heavy  duty  of  the 
self-appointed  historian. 

The  business  is  a  child  of 
the  war  and  was  brought 
into  being  to  supplant,  as 
far  as  possible,  by  use  of 
native  species,  lumber  im- 
ported from  the  States,  and 
thereby  release  shipping  for 
war  purposes.  One  ^  may 
wonder,  if  not  conversant 
with  the  facts,  why,  when 
the  canal  is  dug  and  duly 
operating,  any  great  ship- 
ments of  lumber  were  re- 
quired. One  look  at  the 
machine  shops,  dry  docks, 
foundries,  etc.,  necessary  to 
the  maintenance  of  locks, 
dredges,  liters  and  tugs  of 
the  operative  departments 
of  the  canal  where  ships  are 
repaired,  or  even  built  com- 
plete, or  at  the  extensive 
car  shops,  where  the  rolling 
stock  for  the  Alaskan  railroads  is  being  made  up  from 
old  canal  equipment,  together  with  orders  for  foreign 
service  and  for  the  States,  should  be  sufficient  to  convince 
one  that  raw  material  in  quantity  is,  and  will  be,  con- 
stantly required. 

Many   millions   of   feet   of   lumber  had   to  be   cut   to 
entirely  supplant  the  shipments  from  the  States.    Could 


SHOWING    DETAIL   OF   THE    PECULIAR    BARK    OF    THE    LIGNUM 

VIT.E 

The  wood  is  close-grained,  heavy  and  very  hard,  and  the  tree,  with  its 
richly  colored  dark  green  leaves,  its  blue  flowers  and  orange-red  fruits,  is 
in  striking  contrast  to  its  arid   surroundings. 


it  be  done?  Well  possibly,  yes.  There  was  machinery 
and  men  enough,  but  what  about  the  timber?  When 
garnered  together  from  near  and  far,  the  facts  were  by 
no  means  imposing.  It  was  known  that  the  local  forest 
contained  trees  that  could  be  cut  into  sawlogs.  Some  of 
these  trees  had  even  been  sawed"  up  on  a  little  resaw  rig 

prior  to  the  birth  of  the 
new  industry  and  furniture 
woods  such  as  coco  bolo, 
nazareno,  mahogany  and 
Spanish  cedar  of  the  cigar 
box  variety,  had  been  log- 
ged from  the  Zone  since  the 
old  French  days,  and  there 
it  ended,  for  while  saw- 
mills are  plentiful  on  both 
coasts  of  Central  America, 
none  of  them  have  ever 
cut  commercial  lumber,  nor 
been  successful  in  selling 
what  they  have  cut,  and 
from  the  point  of  view  of 
a  practical  lumberman,  the 
field  was,  and  is,  an  entirely 
new  one. 

The  mill  itself  is  not  too 
imposing,  a  thirty-five  foot 
band  saw  intended  original- 
ly for  resaw  work  in  ship 
construction,  on  which  the 
edging  is  also  done,  and  a 
trimming  and  slab  saw. 
The  entire  rig  occupies  a 
corner  of  the  large  planing 
shop,  but  it  is  gradually, 
like  the  camel  of  the  fable, 
pushing  the  original  ma- 
chinery out  into  the  open. 
Roll  ways  were  built  to  re- 
ceive the  logs,  since  most 
of  the  timber  was  expected 
to  be  of  floating  hardwoods 
and  a  pond  would  not  only 
be  nearly  useless,  but 
would  unduly  excite  the 
sanitary  contingent,  a  pow- 
er to  be  reckoned  with  on 
the  Zone.  Please  note  that  the  first  lesson  to  be  learned 
by  a  newcomer,  upon  landing  in  the  Isthmus,  is  to  let 
sleeping  dogs  lie,  for  be  it  known  that  the  ways  of  our 
Uncle  Samuel  are  passing  strange  to  the  uninitiated. 

Dry  kilns  were  also  built  and  so  was  a  burner  to  take 
care  of  the  slabs.  A  logging  camp  was  established  on 
Gatun  Lake  and  those  in  charge  of  it  had  the  double  duty 


1265 


12tki 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


of  choosing  the  species  to  be  cut  from  an  endless  variety 
of  entirely  unknown  trees  and  of  inducing  the  natives  to 
contract  for  the  cutting  of  the  same,  that  having  been 
found  the  most  satisfactory  way  of  handling  the  labor 
question  in  the  tropics.  Gatun  Lake,  along  the  shores  of 
which  the  logging  was  to  be  done,  is  approximately 
twenty-five  miles  long  by  twelve  in  its  greatest  breadth 
and  is  a  lake  of  a  thousand  arms  and  islands.  It  is  an 
artificial  body  of  water  held  by  Gatun  Dam  eighty-five 
feet  above  the  salt  water  level.  It  is  a  reservoir  for 
lockage  water  and  for  hydro-electric  power  and  is  one 
link  of  the  canal  proper,  frequently  giving  the  woodsman 
the  rather  unusual  spectacle  of  one  of  the  world's  largest 
ships  quietly  slipping  along  through  the  tall  uncut  forest. 


AN  AVENUE  OF  WEST  INDIAN  ALMOND  TREES 

The  standing  forest  in  the  lake  bed  was  only  cleared 
from  a  few  areas  such  as  the  canal  channel  and 
the  anchorage  basins,  and  the  rising  water  flooded  valley, 
hill,  forest  and  farm  to  a  depth  of  up  to  fifty  feet,  so  that 
the  lake  is  standing  full  of  the  skeletons  of  the  former 
forest,  or,  what  is  worse  to  the  logger,  the  snags  of 
the  trees  that  have  rotted  off  at  the  water's  edge  and 
fallen,  for  these  snags  just  below  the  water  are  as  hard 
or  a  little  harder  than  they  were  when  green.  The  loggers' 
job  was  to  cut  these  trees,  often  nearly  as  hard  as  iron  and 
as  heavy,  roll  them  into  the  lake,  float  them  through  the 
snags  and  trees  and  load  them  on  the  cars  at  the  railway. 
That  we  are  getting  the  timber  at  all  speaks  well  of  the 
bush  man,  who  is  far  from  the  indolent  person  he  seems  at 
first  sight  and  is  more  the  victim  of  conditions  and  lack  of 
training,  than  a  willing  idler.  He  is  doing  the  heaviest 
work  regardless  of  the  tropical  discomforts  of  fever,  in- 
sects, heat  and  rain.  He  has  not  the  slightest  knowledge 
of  the  American  woodsman's  tool,  the  machete,  or 
brush  knife,  replacing  with  him  all  of  the  other  imple- 
ments of  either  husbandry  or  logging;  and  it  is  only 


possible  to  induce  him  to  give  it  up  after  a  long  season 
of  education,  but  these  men  know  the  ways  of  the  bush 
and  will  in  time,  learning  the  use  of  proper  tools,  be- 
come valuable  workmen. 

Many  were  to  be  the  surprises  and  the  mortifications 
of  the  cruiser  who  selected  the  timber  to  be  cut.  It  was 
not  enough  that  he  must  witness  the  weird  freaks  often 
indulged  in  by  some  innocent  looking  tree  of  apparently 
decent  habits  and  good  timber  form,  but  the  result  of 
his  judgment  came  in  for  most  rigid  inspection.  Criticism 
seemed  to  be  free  to  every  one  and  he  was  generally  held 
personally  responsible  for  the  behavior  of  his  selections. 
A  typical  failure  in  choosing  a  species  was  that  scored  by 
the  espavay,  from  which  tree  the  natives  have  hued  their 
canoes  since  time  began.  It  grows  to  a  large  size,  is 
common  everywhere,  floats  and  seemed  likely  to  be  just 
what  was  wanted  for  a  rough  building  material.  Indeed, 
it  had  been,  so  rumor  said,  successfully  sawed  in  various 
faraway  places.  The  first  difficulty  was  encountered 
when  the  saw  struck  the  log.  One  side  cut  all  right,  but 
the  other  was  like  rope,  such  a  bunch  of  fuzz  I  never 
thought  could  come  out  of  a  tree.  The  sapwood  on  a  large 
log  would  be  a  foot  through,  white  or  yellow,  with  a  woven 
winding  grain;  the  heart  was  red,  gritty,  hard  and  so 


LIGNUM  VIT-E,  OR  GUAYACUM,  IN  ITS  NATIVE  SURROUNDINGS 

brittle  that  a  six  by  six  would  break  from  a  three-foot 
drop.  The  sapwood  was  stronger,  but  was  attacked  by 
millions  of  boring  beetles  that  would  destroy  a  timber  in 
a  single  night.  To  stop  these  ravages  the  lumber  was 
put  into  the  kiln  the  moment  it  left  the  saw  and  by  this 
means  was  rendered  immune  to  further  attack,  but  under 
this  treatment  it  took  to  winding,  twisting  and  splitting 
beyond  expression. 

Experiment  finally  showed  that  this  species,  treated  to 
live  steam  and  then  dried  under  a  shed  with  plenty  of 
ventilation,  while  it  showed  a  tendency  to  decay,  could 
yet  be  used  where  strength  was  not  required.    The  use  of 


UNCLE    SAM,    LUMBERMAN,    CANAL    ZONE 


1267 


NOTE  THE  GROTESQUE  SHAPES  INTO  WHICH  THESE  ALMOND  TREES  (ALMENDRA)  HAVE  BEEN  BENT  BY  THE  TROPICAL  WINDS 


this  species  has  been  discontinued,  the  cost  of  saving  it 
being   disproportionate   to   the   results   obtained. 

Other  trees  were  tried,  some  of  their  lumber  would  split 
open  in  the  sun  and  continue  the  process  down  to  near 
the  excelsior  stage.  Others  that  when  fresh  from  the 
saw,  seemed  strong,  serviceable  lumber,  yet  dried  up  to 
be  as  soft  as  cork,  or  became  as  brittle  as  chalk.  Some 
had  poison  sap,  some  decayed  within  a  few  weeks,  and 
nearly  all  were  attacked  by  borers  and  beetles. 

Those  first  days  were  dark  days  indeed,  but  slowly  one 
and  another  variety  was  found  that  stood  all  of  the  tests 
and  proud  indeed  was  the  hour  when  lumber,  actual  lum- 
ber, fulfilling  all  requirements,  began  to  pile  up  in  the 
yard — lumber  that  one  could  trust  alone  over  night  with- 
out dire  misgivings  for  the  morrow. 

Three  soft  wood  species  have  proven  their  value,  but 
these,  while  very  beautiful  and  useful,  are  not  in  sufficient 
stand  to  be  of  commercial  importance ;  indeed,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  secure  all  that  we  need  for  our  own  uses,  but  the 
hard  wood  is  a  very  different  story.  We  have  large 
stands  of  this  and  they  should  be  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance to  the  trade. 

Lignum  Vitce,  generally  well  known,  is  plentiful  and 
has  been  supplied  to  the  various  navy  yards,  where 
it  has  given  entire  satisfaction.  It  is  a  very  large  tree 
and  is  unbelievably  strong  and  is  heavy  as  well,  about 
seven  pounds  to  the  board  foot.  The  natives  bring  it  in 
slung  under  a  dugout  canoe  in  logs  up  to  forty  inches  in 
diameter  and  fifty  feet  long. 

Nispero,  or  bullet  wood,  is  the  local  rubber  tree  and 
is  the  wood  eternal.  Timbers  in  the  old  Spanish  forts 
along  the  coast  are  still  sound  after  a  century  or  so  of 
exposure  to  the  weather.     This  wood  is  springy  as  well 


as  strong  and  splits  well.  What  wonderful  ties  it  would 
make,  and  this  may  be  the  eventual  use  of  the  timber, 
for  the  gum  hunters  in  their  rush  for  rubber  have  girdled 
every  tree  in  the  forest  and  all  are  dead  or  dying.  These 
trees  will,  of  course,  stand  for  many  years  to  come  and 
may  still  be  utilized. 

Almendra  is  a  larger  tree  even  than  the  Lignum  Vitce 
and  the  most  plentiful  hardwood  in  the  forest.  It  is  unex- 
celled for  fenders  and  heavy  ship  work  requiring  timber 
harder  and  stronger  than  oak.  Some  Almendra  fenders 
were  put  on  a  heavy  dredge  between  sections  of  white  oak 
by  way  of  a  test,  and  within  three  months  were  reported 
as  an  absolute  failure.  This  was  a  heavy  blow  to  the  some- 
what friendless  individual  that  stood  sponsor  for  the  spe- 
cies used  and  great  indeed  was  his  relief  when  examina- 
tion proved  that  the  Almendra  stood  without  a  mark  while 
the  white  oak  chafed  to  pieces.  The  crew,  following  the 
usual  custom,  jumped  to  the  conclusion  that  the  native 
species  was  no  good.  Indeed,  I  have  found  that  the 
native  substitute  has  to  be  far  better  than  the  timber  it 
supplants  in  order  to  pass  the  willing  and  self-appointed 
critics.  The  climate  is  far  from  kind  to  any  wood.  Oak 
goes  to  pieces  in  about  six  months,  sap  pine  in  a  few 
weeks,  but  the  casual  observer  does  not  know  this  and 
judges  native  species  with  the  behavior  of  lumber  in 
the  States.  There  are  many  other  valuable  woods  of 
which  we  are  learning  slowly.  Some  day,  perhaps,  the 
sum  of  our  knowledge  will  enable  private  capital  to  un- 
lock some  of  the  vast  storehouses  of  the  interior  (Gov- 
ernment operations  will  doubtless  be  confined  to  the 
Canal  Zone).  Heretofore  the  maze  of  worthless  timber 
and  lack  of  definite  knowledge  as  to  what  really  was 
merchantable  has  effectually  barred  the  good  timber 
from  a  long  ready  market. 


FOR  THEM  A  TREE  STANDS  THERE 


GEORGES  CUVIER  was  born  in  1769— one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  ago.  This  pupil  of  Linnaeus 
is  rated  one  of  the  greatest  naturalists  the  world 
has  ever  seen.  Perhaps  only  to  the  elect  is  the  name 
Cuvier  known,  but  people  are  noting  the  century  and  a 
half  since  he  was  born,  so  great  has  been  the  interest 
awakened  in  the  planting  of  things.  The  planting  of 
Memorial  Trees  easily  takes  the  lead  in  this  revival.  In 
the  planting  of  the  living,  growing  tree  the  people  of  this 
country  are  erecting  their  own  memorials  not  only  to 
those  who  gave  their  lives  to  their  country  but  to  those 
who  offered  their  lives.  The  planting  takes  many  forms 
and  is  not  confined  to  remembering  war  heroes.  Just 
the  other  day  the  Whitman  Park  Improvement  Associa- 
tion planted  a  tree  in  honor  of  Walt  Whitman  to  mark 
the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  poet's  birth.  In  many 
schools  and  colleges,  graduating  and  incoming  classes  are 
planting  Memorial  Trees  to  come  back  to  at  future  re- 
unions. One  of  the  most  far-reaching  forms  of  co-opera- 
tion with  the  American  Forestry  Association  is  the  call 
to  the  Christian  Endeavor  Societies  of  the  World  to 
plant  Memorial  Trees.  This  call  has  been  sent  out  by 
the  Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark. 

All  Memorial  Tree  planting  should  be  reported  to  the 
American  Forestry  Association  at  once,  so  it  may  keep 
its  honor  roll  of  such  planting  complete. 

Following  the  suggestion  made  by  the  American  For- 
estry Association  that  Memorial  Trees  be  planted  in 
honor  of  Jane  A.  Delano,  of  the  Red  Cross,  the  first 
tree  reported  placed  in  her  memory  was  at  Canton,  Penn- 
sylvania, her  home,  by  the  Village  Improvement  Asso- 
ciation. Thirteen  trees  were  planted  on  the  playground 
maintained  by  that  organization.  One  of  these  was 
planted  in  memory  of  Sidney  R.  Drew,  the  son  of  the 
actor,  whose  home  was  at  Canton.  Twelve  trees  were 
planted  in  a  circle  and  the  tree  for  Miss  Delano  was 
placed  in  the  center.  The  exercises  were  opened  with  the 
singing  of  "America"  and  Mrs.  Emmeline  Leavitt,  the 
oldest  member  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  said  the  prayer.  Mrs. 
Frederick  W.  Taylor,  the  president  of  the  Association, 
gave  the  address.  Mrs.  L.  M.  Marble,  of  the  Canton  Red 
Cross,  a  neighbor  of  Miss  Delano,  told  of  the  Red  Cross 
worker's  love  of  the  hills  about  Canton  and  how  she  had 
expressed  a  hope  to  return  to  them  as  soon  as  the  war 
work  was  ended.  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Derrah  was  in  charge 
of  the  exercises.  The  Canton  honor  roll  will  appear  in 
an  early  number  of  this  magazine. 

Another  impressive  ceremony  was  the  dedication  of  the 
"Patriot's  Grove,"  near  Philadelphia,  by  the  National 
Farm  School.  Here  trees  have  been  planted  in  honor 
of  those  who  gave  their  lives  to  their  country  and  in 
honor  of  those  who  offered  their  lives.  A  flag  pole  was 
dedicated  to  the  memory  of  Henry  F.  Singer  at  the  same 
time.  In  the  list  of  speakers  at  this  ceremony  were  Judge 
John  M.  Patterson,  Edward  Bok,  John  H.  Mason,  Joseph 

12C8 


Pennell,  Harry  W.  Ettelson,  Franklin  Spencer  Edmonds. 
Though  not  as  large,  of  course,  this  grove  is  along  the 
same  idea  as  that  one  planted  at  the  United  States  Army 
Balloon  School  at  Ft.  Omaha  and  Ft.  Crook.  At  these 
places  Col.  Jacob  W.  S.  Wuest  has  directed  the  planting 
of  five  thousand  trees  in  memory  of  those  who  died  and 
in  memory  of  those  who  served  from  that  camp  of  in- 
struction. Two  of  these  trees  are  for  Red  Cross  workers 
who  died  at  the  camp.  These  trees  are  being  marked  by 
the  next  of  kin  with  the  bronze  markers  designed  by  the 
American  Forestry  Association.  This  list  will  appear  on 
the  honor  roll  in  a  forthcoming  number  of  the  American 
Forestry  Magazine,  as  will  that  of  the  National  Farm 
School.  A  "Hero  Grove"  has  been  dedicated  in  Golden 
Gate  Park,  in  San  Francisco.  At  this  dedication  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  demonstrations  was  seen.  Daugh- 
ters of  the  Golden  West  laid  Wreaths  of  Remembrance 
on  an  obelisk  in  the  park.  These  wreaths  came  from 
hundreds  of  towns  and  cities  in  California.  The  citizens 
joined  in  the  biggest  Community  Sing  the  city  had  ever 
heard.  A  great  community  spirit  is  being  born  out  of 
Memorial  Tree  planting.  Coloradoans  in  San  Diego  are 
making  plans  to  plant  a  Memorial  Grove  at  Camp 
Kearny.  Miss  Isabella  Churchill,  the  secretary  of  the 
Quadrangle  Committee,  2170  Fourth  Street,  San  Diego, 
has  sent  out  a  call  to  all  Colorado  people  to  help  in  mark- 
ing the  spot  where  the  camp  is  maintained,  for  it  was 
through  this  camp  many  boys  from  that  state  passed. 

Another  example  of  community  work  is  the  building 
of  a  Memorial  Park  at  Reading,  Massachusetts,  in  one 
day.  Everything  was  planned  weeks  in  advance  and 
everyone  had  a  place  in  the  all  day  work.  A  wilderness 
was  turned  into  a  beauty  spot  and  the  honor  roll  from 
Reading  will  appear  in  American  Forestry  shortly.  At 
Lynchburg,  Virginia,  Honor  Oaks  have  been  planted  at 
a  ceremony  attended  by  a  tremendous  crowd.  E.  F. 
Sheffey,  president  of  the  board  of  aldermen,  presided. 
Rev.  Joseph  B.  Dunn  and  Dr.  James  D.  Paxton  took  part 
in  the  ceremony,  which  was  conducted  by  J.  T.  Yates, 
J.  C.  Woodson,  and  G.  H.  Read,  of  the  Park  Department. 
and  a  committee  from  the  Woman's  Club,  of  which  Airs 
James  R.  Kyle  was  chairman.  In  Cincinnati,  pupils  of 
the  Avondale  School  planted  Memorial  Trees  and  at  the 
ceremony  Leona  G.  Van  Ness,  of  the  third  grade,  dedi- 
cated the  trees.  Miss  Annie  L.  Kinsella  informs  the 
Association  that  the  little  girl  based  her  talk  upon  sugges- 
tions she  found  in  three  copies  of  American  Forestry. 
Another  school  to  plant  Memorial  Trees  is  the  Municipal 
University  of  Akron,  Ohio.  The  planting  of  Memorial 
Trees  by  the  graduating  class  of  Georgetown  University, 
when  fifty-four  trees  were  placed  in  honor  of  her  sons 
who  gave  their  lives  in  the  war,  is  the  most  extensive 
planting  by  a  college  thus  far  reported  to  the  Association. 
The  trees,  Lombardy  poplars,  typical  of  France,  were 
planted  in  "The  Walks,"  which  is  surrounded  by  a  nat- 
ural amphitheater  of  sloping,  wooded  hills.     The  trees 


FOR    THEM    A    TREE    STANDS    THERE  1269 

jpwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i inn niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii i in mm i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiin i iiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii| 

J  LIVING  MEMORIALS  FOR  THOSE  WHO  DIED  I 

iiiiimmitiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiu iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinininiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


1270 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


are  marked  with  the  bronze  marker  designed  by  the 
Association.  Dr.  Ernest  LaPlace,  of  Philadelphia,  deliv- 
ered the  oration  dedicating  the  trees. 

Making  our  motor  highways  "Roads  of  Remembrance" 
is  a  suggestion  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  that 
has  been  taken  up  throughout  the  country.  The  sugges- 
tion was  made  coincident  with  the  start  of  the  Motor 
Transport  Corps'  transcontinental  run  from  Washington 
to  San  Francisco.  Newton  D.  Baker,  the  Secretary  of 
War,  dedicated  the  Zero  Milestone  from  which  the  truck 
train  started.  The  Association  urges  planting  of  Memo- 
rial Trees,  Memorial  Parks  and  Memorial  Groves  with 
the  routes  of  the  motor  highways  in  mind.  Indeed,  the 
erection  of  any  form  of  Memorial  should  keep  the  routes 
in  mind,  the  final  result  being  one  vast  chain  of  Memorial 
Drives  that  will  make  the  country  easy  to  see  and  at  the 
same  time  the  most  famous  touring  country  in  the  world. 
With  France  as  an  object  lesson  and  the  United  States 


facing  a  road  building  era  involving  the  expenditure  of 
half  a  billion  dollars,  there  is  a  fine  opportunity  to  do 
something  big  in  an  educational  way  for  forestry  by 
having  the  people,  by  county  units,  beautify  these  road- 
ways. The  beauties  of  French  roads  are  widely  known. 
A  Roads  of  Remembrance  campaign  has  been  taken  up  in 
Great  Britain.  In  France  road  building  is  going  forward 
that  will  connect  the  cemeteries  and  the  famous  battle- 
fields. We  in  this  country  do  not  have  these  battlefields 
and  cemeteries  to  connect,  but  in  connection  with  the 
erection  of  memorials  of  one  kind  and  another,  why  can- 
not a  definite  plan  be  worked  out  whereby  the  memorial 
can  be  placed  within  easy  access  of  the  motor  highways  ? 
Then,  with  the  proper  planting  of  Memorial  Trees  having 
been  done  in  the  meantime,  we  will  have  a  countrywide 
memorial  which  will  be  worth  while  and  a  fitting  tribute 
to  the  men  who  answered  their  country's  call. 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL,  MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  following  and  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Association,  which 
desires  to  register  each  Memorial  Tree  planted  in  the  United  States.  A  certificate  of  registration  will  be  sent  to 
each  person,  corporation,  club  or  community  reporting  the  planting  of  a  Memorial  Tree. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C— By  Georgetown  University:  John 
B.  Ahearn,  James  C.  Amy,  Melvin  M.  Augenstein,  Joseph 
Baumer,  David  L.  Bawlf,  J.  A.  Beck,  Charles  T.  Buckley, 
Douglas  G.  Cameron,  M.  J.  Carroll,  Thomas  C.  Carver,  John 
Cissel,  Edmund  J.  Crowe,  Walter  P.  Desmond,  Dennis  R.  Dowd, 
Jr.,  Ralph  E.  Donnelly,  Julian  N.  Dowell,  James  P.  Dunn,  Alex- 
ander P.  Finnegan,  Arnulf  Gloetzner,  James  L.  Goggins,  August 
DeY.  Green,  Robert  M.  Hanford,  Harold  Hall,  Maurice  L. 
Harding,  Warren  G.  Harries,  Albert  Holl,  Charles  W.  House, 
Grandville  Jones,  Louis  J.  Joyce,  John  J.  Keady,  Joseph  T. 
Keleher,  William  L.  Kelly,  James  L.  King,  John  Lyon,  Ernest 
P.  Magruder,  John  Mahlum,  John  W.  Marino,  John  A.  Martin, 
Joseph  G.  McDonald,  William  F.  McNierney,  William  F.  Mil- 
tenberger,  T.  J.  Moran,  Leo  Malcolm  Murphy,  Frank  Murray, 
Joseph  A.  Parrott,  Edward  S.  Pou,  Gilbert  Sanchez,  William  A. 
Sheehan,  Francis  M.  Tracy,  A.  G.  Vanderlip,  Julian  Robert 
Worthington. 

CANTON,  PA. — By  Village  Improvement  Association:  Jane 
A.  Delano,  director  general,  nursing  department,  Red  Cross; 
Leroy  G.  Clark,  William  Mandeville,  Gordon  B.  King,  Corp. 
Sidney  R.  Drew,  Mack  M.  Jenkins,  Ernest  Williams,  Sgt.  Ray 
Myron  Crandle,  Paul  Turner,  J.  Howard  Wilcox,  Howard  Soper, 
Leon  C.  Wilcox,  Corp.  J.  Harry  Mason. 

CHAMBERSBURG,  PA.— By  Falling  Spring  Presbyterian 
Church :    Lieut.  James  G.  Nixon. 

CORAOPOLIS,  PA.— By  Coraopolis  High  School:  John 
Arthur  Holmes,  Vance  Hays,  John  Wesoloski,  David  Pugh. 

DEVON,  PA.— By  Mrs.  Emory  McMichael :  Lieut.  William 
Bateman. 

EAST  STROUDSBURG,  PA.— By  White  Oak  Run  School: 
J.  L.  Strockbecker. 

MIDDLEBURGH,  PA.— By  Shambach  and  Wagenseller: 
Charles  F.  Mitchell. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.— By  National  Farm  School:  Louis 
Berkowitz,  Jacob  Bledenthal,  Morrie  A.  Deutsch,  Jerome  L. 
Goldman,  Lieut.  Jesse  Warren  Guise,  Simon  C.  Hellman,  Joyce 
Kilmer,  Roy  Stewart  Marlow,  Dr.  G.  M.  Neuberger,  Sgt. 
Harry  Polinsky,  William  C.  Rees,  Byron  H.  Reis,  Capt.  Eugene 
Rice,  George  Burton  Rosenthal,  Alexander  J.  Roth,  Lester  B. 
Rothschild,  Mortimer  Strauss  Rubel,  Henry  F.  Singer,  Solomon 
Spicker,  Milton  Stern,  Bernard  W.  Traitel,  Eli  Wittstein,  Lieut. 


Ralph  Anspack,  Herman  L.  Artzt,  Nelson  H.  Artzt,  Justin  S. 
Bamberger,  Eli  D.  Bernheim,  Harold  B.  Blumenthal,  Albert 
Coons,  Jerome  Drucker,  Isadore  J.  Faggen,  Samuel  Faggen, 
Leon  Feigenbaum,  Ensign  Milton  Stanley  Getz,  Herbert  F. 
Goldstein,  Jacob  F.  Goldstein,  Ralph  Gutlohn,  Julian  A.  Hill- 
man,  Sgt.  Isaac  L.  Hyman,  Dr.  Leopold  Max  Jacobs,  Reuben 
Jacobs,  Charles  S.  Kaufman,  Corp.  Walter  Kaufman,  Sgt.  Man- 
fred R.  Krauskopf,  August  Manasses,  Dr.  Jacob  L.  Manasses, 
J.  DeRoy  Mark,  Leonard  George  Needles,  Isadore  Oppenheimer, 
G.  Sidney  Reinheimer,  Leon  W.  Reinheimer,  Herbert  D.  Reis, 
Eli  M.  Rohrheimer,  Sgt.  Jerome  H.  Rose,  Sgt.  S.  Ralph 
Schwarzschild,  J.  Leonard  Sessler,  Arthur  Shoenberg,  Arthur 
Silverberg,  Edwin  H.  Silverman,  Leonard  Sostmann,  Capt. 
Camille  Stamm,  Morris  H.  Starr,  Arthur  A.  Strouse,  Frank  L. 
Teller,  Ensign  Jerome  L.  Teller,  Philip  H.  Weinberg,  Gustave 
L.  Winelander,  Stanley  S.  Wohl,  Myron  Albert  Zacks. 

VALLEY  FORGE,  PA.— By  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution :     Lieut.  Warren  T.  Kent. 

HIGHTSTOWN,  N.  J.— By  the  High  School :  Harold  Fones, 
Lewis  Forman,  Samuel  Piatt,  Jr. 

HOBOKEN,  N.  J.— By  the  High  School :    Frank  LaPointe. 

JERSEY  CITY,  N.  J.— By  Schools  Nos.  1  and  1G :  Frank 
Braitsch,  Louis  Cohendet,  Alexander  Brady,  Henry  Johnson, 
George  Devlin,  Joseph  Weinert ;  by  School  No.  4 :  Dr.  Leonard 
M.  Kalaher ;  School  No.  5 :  Boys  of  Neighborhood ;  School  No. 
19:  Michael  Keaveny,  Harry  R.  Holler,  Louis  Halperin,  John 
J.  Doris,  Michael  P.  Smith,  Thomas  O.  Dorward,  Anthony 
Mafarra,  James  T.  Barke,  William  H.  Reuter;  by  School  No.  21: 
Boys  who  had  attended  School  No.  21;  by  School  No.  30:  Roy 
Losey;  by  School  No.  32:  Max  Frank,  Francis  Dillon,  Frank 
Sardoni,  James  Mason;  by  School  No.  33:  Roosevelt,  Victory, 
Peace,  Foch,  Wilson,  Pershing. 

NEWARK,  N.  J.— By  Memorial  Tree  Committee:  Sgt. 
Irving  C.  Olstrum;  by  Boy  Scouts  of  America:  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

PARK  RIDGE,  N.  J.— By  Free  Public  Library:  Edward  B. 
Abrams,  Charles  F.  Stalter,  Fred  H.  Pysner,  Martin  F.  Cas- 
teloni,  Lester  McGinnis. 

PLAINFIELD,  N.  J.— By  Watchung  School:  Holmes  E. 
Marshall,  Russell  Hall,  John  H.  Down,  Benjamin  H.  Giles. 

RAHWAY,  N.  J.— By  Wilfred  Smith:  Lieut.  Henry  W. 
Cleary. 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL,   MEMORIAL  TREES  1271 

gum, miiiimiiiiiiiiiiuiimiiiiiii minimi in imiimiiiiiiiiimii nun in inn imiiiiiini m mini « m mmiiii limn in I iimiiiiiii urn i i mm iiiiiiiiiiimiin iiiimiiiiiiu n i j 

I        TREE  PLANTING  BRINGS  OUT  COMMUNITY  SPIRIT        | 

liiuiiin, unmiiiiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiini immiiiiiiiiii i iiminniiiii iiiiiiiiimimiiiiii minimi imiiiiimu nun mi iiiimiimiiiiiiim minimi nun mm iiiimiih uuiiumim imiiiium iimiimimiiii m. 


Upper— A  community  sing  was  one  of  the  features  of  tree  planting  in  San  Francisco,  and  this  picture  shows  what  interest  can  be 

aroused  when  the  "gods'  first  temples"  are  used. 

Lower — Part  of  the  throng  at  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  when  memorial  trees  were  planted. 


1272 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


RED  BANK,  N.  J.— By  the  High  School:  Lieut.  Herbert  O. 
Tilton. 

SOUTH  ORANGE,  N.  J.— By  St.  Andrew's  Church:  John 
W.  Weir. 

TRENTON,  N.  J.— By  Mrs.  Elizabeth  O.  Hunter:  Lieut.  E. 
Oliphant. 

WEST  ORANGE,  N.  J.— By  West  Orange  High  School: 
James  Sayers,  Miles  Suarez. 

ASHVILLE,  N.  Y  —  By  members  of  Ashville  Grange  694 : 
H.  Vincent  Moore. 

COLLINS  CENTER,  N.  Y— By.  the  High  School:  Dr. 
Herbert  W.  Mackmer. 

DOLGEVILLE,  N.  Y.— By  Boy  Scouts  of  America:  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  N.  Y—  By  Westchester  Woman's  Club: 
William  Wiley  Hayward. 

NEW  YORK  CITY— By  Mrs.  Regina  Rubel :  Lieut.  Solomon 
Rubel. 

OGDENSBURG,  N.  Y—  By  St.  John's  Episcopal  Church: 
Frank  M.  Hanbidge,  George  Ashwood,  Frank  S.  Harper,  Clar- 
ence Merris,  Charles  Holbrook,  Clarence  W.  Streeter. 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.— By  St.  Patrick's  Church:  Sgt.  John  J. 
Hogan,  Raymond  Koagel. 

VALATIE,  N.  Y—  By  Chatham  Union  School:  Miss  Cath- 
erine Smith,  Soldiers  and  Sailors. 

COLUMBIA,  TENN. — By  Business  Women's  Association : 
Lieut.  Clarence  H.  Fry,  Lieut.  J.  C.  Wooton,  Sgt.  Joe  B.  Warren, 
Walter  D.  Goodwin,  Clifford  Earl  Hutchinson,  C.  W.  Hamilton, 
Jr.,  Corp.  James  W.  Wilson,  Horace  Hickman,  Melvin  White, 
Eli  Richard  Haywood,  William  Rufus  Crumley,  Corp.  Eugene 
W.  Huckaby,  Walker  Fitzgerald,  Tom  Workman,  Corp.  Herbert 
L.  Griffin,  Lieut.  Robert  B.  Gilbreath,  John  Thomas  Richardson, 
Corp.  Basil  O.  Blocker,  Wilson  D.  Holman,  Robert  A.  Hays. 
Capt.  Meade  Frierson,  Jr.,  John  Will  Thompson,  Rex  Bernard 
Vestal,  Osey  Jones. 

KNOXVILLE,  TENN.— By  Park  City  Presbyterian  Church: 
Lieut.  William  Hugh  Eckel,  Dick  Dickson. 

NASHVILLE,  TENN.— By  Fall  School :  Guy  R.  Only,  Ray- 
mond F.  Houston,  John  W.  Weber ;  by  Tarbox  School :  Capt. 
Charles  Duncan,  Harold  Goodwin,  Marshall  Goll,  Emmet 
Manier,  Carter  Milan,  Ed  J.  Walsh,  Dan  Wasserman,  Walter 
S.  Yarbrough. 

GREEN  BAY,  WIS.— By  Mrs.  C.  Richard  Murphy:  C.  Rich- 
ard Murphy;  by  Miss  Jessie  DeBoth  :  Lieut.  E.  R.  DeBoth;  by  W. 
D.  Fisk:  Hiram  Fisk,  Arthur  C.  Neville,  Sgt.  William  H.  Livie; 
by  P.  H.  Martin :  Lieut.  John  Martin,  Lieut.  Jerome  Martin, 
Joseph  Martin ;  by  Mrs.  Margaret  Parmentier  :  Capt..  Jules  M. 
Parmentier,  Capt.  Douglas  Parmentier ;  by  Mrs.  Arthur  Mc- 
Carey :  Major  Arthur  McCarey ;  by  Mrs.  M.  E.  McMillan: 
Myron  McMillan;  by  Mrs.  Frank  H.  Hoberg :  Lieut.  Leroy 
Hoberg;  by  Mrs.- J.  P.  Lenfesty ;  James  Nuss;  by  Mrs.  Her- 
bert MacPherson :  Capt.  Leland  Joannes,  Kenneth  Hoeffel ;  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  North :  Reynolds  North,  Ludlow  North ;  by  Mrs. 
Mitchell  Joannes :  Lieut.  Frederick  Kendall ;  by  Mrs.  W.  E. 
Collette:  William  Harold  Collette;  by  Mrs.  R.  C.  Buchanan: 
Frederick  C.  Parish,  Edward  Tyrakoski ;  by  Mrs.  Fred  L.  G. 
Straubel :  Major  Clarence  Welse  Straubel ;  by  Kellogg  Public 
Library :  Patrons  of  the  library ;  by  Mrs.  S.  D.  Hastings : 
Women's  Committee  of  Brown  County  Council  of  Defense ;  by 
Mrs.  A.  C.  Neville:  the  nurses  of  Brown  County;  by  the  Coun- 
try Club:  Lieut.  Harry  Howland  Fisk,  Lieut.  Robert  S.  Cowles, 
John  Parrish,  George  Van  Laanan,  John  Vance  Laanan,  Capt. 
V.  I.  Minahan;  by  Junior  High  School:  Lieut.  Reginald 
Calkins. 

AKRON,  OHIO— By  Students  of  the  Municipal  University: 
Thomas  B.  Welker,  Thomas  J.  Quayle,  John  Laube,  Lee  W. 
Pitzer,  Bernard  Adler,  Ray  A.  Bohl ;  by  The  Boy  Scouts  of  the 
Goodrich  Rubber  Company :  250  trees  for  Theodore  Roosevelt. 
CINCINNATI,  OHIO— By  West  Fork  School:  Roman  J. 
Heis,  Henry  W.  Deucher ;  by  Pleasant  Ridge  School :  Lloyd 
McArthur,  Earl  L.  Parrott;  by  Westwood  School:  John  Henry 
Koenig,  Dr.  Clement  Laws,  Anthony  Schwab,  Jens  Paterson, 
Edwin  Harder;  by  Oakley  School:     Norman  Le  Roy;  by  Bond 


Hill  School :  Hanley  Masters,  Walter  Volkert ;  by  Carson 
School:  John  Rowan,  Walter  Sang;  by  Whittier  School: 
Lovett  Channel,  Clifford  Paddack,  Wesley  McKinney,  Harold 
Van  Matre ;  by  Eighth  Grade  Civic  Club:  The  Heroes,  William 
Heiert,  Our  Fallen  Heroes ;  by  Seventh  Grade  Civic  Club : 
Frank  Wagner,  Ralph  Wagner. 

.ELMWOOD     PLACE,     OHIO— By     Elmwood     Place     High 
School :  Homer  L.  Gilbert,  William  H.  Peters,  Ralph  D.  Breckel. 

TWINSBURG,  OHIO— By  Boy  Scout  Troop  No.  1 :  Orland 
Bishop. 

BAXTER  SPRINGS,  KAN.— By  Baxter  Springs  Women's 
Club :  Nathaniel  Burns,  Harry  E.  Davis,  Albert  McCoy,  Frank 
Morford,  Frederick  Young,  Leonard  Armstrong,  Clarence  Mc- 
Cullough,  Albert  Schroeder,  Grover  C.  Taylor,  Francis  Roland 
Romack,  Clinton  West,  Harry  G.  Smith. 

LAWRENCE,  KAN.— By  Lawrence  Public  Schools:  Mark 
Beach,  Albert  Ellis  Birch,  Max  Brown,  John  Wilfred  Charlton, 
Charles  Luther  Cone,  Everett  Demerritt,  Eli  Ferril  Dorsey, 
Ralph  Ellis,  Herbert  Jones,  Thomas  Kennedy,  Harry  Ziesenis, 
Artemus  McCliire,  Clark  William  McColloch,  Glen  Otis,  Ross 
Rummell,  Oliver  Cromwell  Tucker,  John,  Tupper,  Theodore 
Rocklund. 

DETROIT,  MICH.— By  Juvenile  Detention  Home:  Lieut. 
Clifford  B.  Ballard. 

TIPTON,  MICH— By  the  Red  Cross:    E.  Leroy  German. 

FORT  OMAHA,  NEB.— By  United  States  Army  Balloon 
School :  John  Na^el,  George  Joseph  Pahl,  Maude  Mae  Butler, 
Walter  P.  Peterson,  George  H.  Williams,  Zell  S.  Killingsworth, 
Vernon  G.  Heverly,  Dan  A.  Jacobs,  Albert  A.  Bachand,  John  J. 
Nimmo,  Albert  L.  Mower,  Oscar  K.  Westberg,  Hugh  Scanlan. 

NORFOLK,  NEB— By  the  High  School:  Charles  Hyde, 
Harry  Koenigstein,  Roy  McCaslin. 

SUTTON,  NEB.— By  Mrs.  A.  W.  Clark:  Louis  Case,  Daniel 
Zimmerman,  John  P.  Pauley. 

AURORA,  IND. — By  Aurora  Women's  Research  Club:  Dewey 
H.  Hauck,  Henry  Scharf,  Russell  Winkley,  Bernard  Burke. 
Frederick  S.  Steele,  William  Keith  Ross,  Charles  Bildner,  Jphn 
Bildner. 

EVANSVILLE,  IND.— By  Mrs.  William  fgleheart :  Lieut. 
Douglas  Viele. 

GOSHEN,  IND.— By  Chamberlain  School :  Mayor  Daniel  J. 
Troyer. 

CAIRO,  ILL.— By  Cairo  Women's  Club:  Claude  C.  Robin- 
son, Corp.  Leonard  A.  Clifford,  Paul  Cochran,  Lieut.  Paul  Clen- 
denen,  Hans  Miller,  Joseph  Glynn,  James  Herring,  Corp.  George 
Mills,  Arthur  Lieberman,  Morrin  Langon,  Cecil  M.  Reynolds, 
Dan  Crowley,  Jesse  Lewis,  Eddie  Street,  Edward  Mart!n,  David 
Brice,  James  Johnson,  Charles  F.  Stokes,  Willis  Holland, 
Hunter  Barksdale,  James  Bowden,  Thomas  Scarber,  Lieut.  Al- 
bert Stout,  Sgt.  Frank  Gibson,  Felix  Eakins,  George  Coleman, 
Will  Smith,  Robert  S.  Courtney. 

BELLEVILLE,  ILL.— By  School  No.  2:  William  T.  Smith; 
by  School  No.  4:  Carmine  Carcuccio;  by  School  No.  3:  George 
A.  Younginger,  Charles  E.  Morgan  and  George  J.  Kalvio. 

CARBONDALE,  ILL— By  Capt.  John  Brown:  Donald 
Forsythe,  Curtis  Allison,  William  Watson,  Lieut.  Arthur  R. 
Carter. 

WHITE  HALL,  ILL.— By  White  Hall  Round  Table:  Charles 
Martin;  by  White  Hall  Domestic  Science  Association:  John 
Fisher;  by  White  Hall  Art  League:    Amos  Walker. 

ELGIN,  ILL— By  Mrs.  Edgar  Post:     Helen  Penrose. 

STAFFORD  SPRINGS,  CONN.— By  Anna  Handel:  Madi- 
son Willis. 

NORFOLK,  VA— First  Christian  Church  :     Shirley  Owens. 

DIXIE,  WASH.— By  Dixie  School :  James  Lauritson,  Oliver 
Hastings. 

TACOMA,  WASH.— By  Stadium  High  School:  William 
Campbell,  Malcolm  Johnstone,  Herman  Uddenburg,  Charles 
Huckaba,  Elmer  Anderson,  Wilbur  Cook,  Arthur  Wales,  Clyde 
Moore,  Duane  Shields,  Asa  Purkey,  George  Muir. 

MT.  VERNON,  WASH.— By  Washington  School:  William 
Hilliker. 


MYSTERIES  AND  REVELATIONS  OF  THE  PLANT  WORLD 


BY  D.  LANGE 

(WITH  PHOTOGRAPHS  BY  THE  AUTHOR) 


THE  GREAT  Swedish  naturalist  Linnaeus,  the  father 
of  modern  scientific  nomenclature,  described  about 
10,000  different  plants.  Since  his  time  scientific 
explorers  have  gone  out  to  all  parts  of  the  earth  to  con- 
tinue the  census  of  the  plant  world,  but  to  this  day  the 
census  is  still  so  far  from  complete  that  every  year  a 
hundred  or  more  field  men  can  each  bring  large  collec- 
tions of  new  species  to  the  great  herbariums  of  Europe 
and  America.  So  vast  has  grown  the  number  of  plants 
discovered  and  described  that  if  Linnaeus  could  come 
back  to  his  be- 
loved Upsala, 
he  would  be 
lost  in  his  own 
realm,  for  his 
modest  census 
of  1 0,000  plants 
has  grown  to 
the  bewildering 
total  of  250,000 
and  wiil  very 
likely  pass 
300,000  before 
the  last  returns 
are  in,  if  in 
fact,  there  will 
ever  be  any  last 
returns. 

Of  this  vast 
number  of 
plants  probably 
about  10,000 
are  trees  rang- 
ing in  size  from 
the  dwarfs, 
four  feet  high 
to  the  giants 
that  reach 
nearly  four 
hundred  feet 
toward  the 
clouds.  About 
150,000  species 
would  be  class- 
ed as  flowering 
plants,  includ- 
ing grasses, 
herbs,  trees, 
vines  and  small 
woody  p  1  a  nts 
of  all  kinds. 

The  delicate 
fronded     ferns 


The  great   Mississippi 


THE  BIRTHPLACE  OF  THE 
River   starts 


and  their  allies,  the  highest  of  the  flowerless  plants,  would 
be  represented  by  about  3,000  species  mostly  from  tropi- 
cal regions;  and  the  tiny  mosses,  the  humble  pigmies 
among  leaf-bearing  plants,  would  add  16,000  species  to 
the  list. 

The  remarkable  plants  known  as  algae,  which  float  as 
threads  of  green  scum,  or  live  as  little  green  balls  in 
water  or  moist  places,  or  grow  in  the  sea  like  the  giant 
kelp,  swell  the  census  by  at  least  15,000. 

The  list  would  close  with  about  65,000  of  that  wonder- 
fully d  i  v  erse 
class  of  vege- 
tables forms 
known  as  fun- 
gi. This  class 
inc  1  u  d  e  s  the 
small  one-celled 
yeast  plants, 
the  par  asitic 
blights,  rusts 
and  smuts,  the 
v  a  1  i  ous  um- 
brella -  shaped 
fungi  popularly 
known  as 
mushro  oms 
and  toadstools, 
the  puff  balls 
and  many  oth- 
ers. Each  one 
of  the  300,000 
species  lives 
and  grows  in 
its  own  pecul- 
iar way,  but  of 
very  few  do  we 
know  anything 
that  approaches 
a  complete  life 
history. 

Among  this 
countless  'host 
of  plants  some 
species  like 
certain  orchids 
are  so  rare  that 
several  thous- 
and dollars 
have  been  paid 
for  one  plant, 
while  others 
flourish  in  as- 
sociat  ions  so 


FATHER  OF  WATERS" 
roots   of 


a   small   beaver   stream   under   the 
Itasca  Forest,  Minnesota. 


a   fallen    tamarack    in 


1273 


1274 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


great  that  they  cover  large  sections  of  whole  continents. 
The  best  known  but  not  the  only  examples  of  the  latter 
are  the  grasses  of  the  North  American  prairies,  the  con- 
ifers of  our  evergreen  forests,  and  the  broad-leaved  trees 
of  our  great  deciduous  forest. 

The  heart  of  the  great  deciduous  forest  was  the  Ohio 
Valley.    This  forest  consisted  of  an  association  of  many 


THE   SHOWY  ORCHID 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  flowers  and  readily  identified  as  an  orchid  by 
its  characteristic  odor  and  taste,  differentiating  this  class  from  all 
other   plants. 

species,  and  a  century  ago,  it  stretched  almost  without  a 
break  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  to  Western  Minnesota. 

North  of  this  broad-leaved  forest  extended  a  belt  of 
evergreens  to  the  limit  of  trees  into  sub-arctic  regions  and 
westward  to  the  treeless  plains.  This  vast  forest  con- 
sisted however  of  comparatively  few  species.  In  its 
southern  region  the  white  and  Norway  pines  were  the 
dominant  trees.  They  grew  taller  and  lived  longer  than 
any  other  species,  and  where  fires  or  storms  had  not 
interfered  for  a  century  or  two  they  had  crowded  out, 
or  at  least  suppressed  every  other  kind. 

Farther  north,  especially  on  poorly  drained  lands,  the 
black  spruce  becomes  dominant,  while  vast  swamps,  too 
wet  for  the  spruce,  are  covered  with  tamarack,  which  on 
better  and  higher  land  was  crowded  out  by  pines,  spruces 
and  other  species. 

From  Illinois  to  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
stretched  the  largest  grassy  meadows  of  the  world,  known 
as  the  prairies. 

The  question  why  these  great  fertile  regions  re- 
mained treeless  is  not  easily  answered.  Over  a 
part  of  the  prairies  the  rainfall  is  insufficient  to  meet 
the  great  demands  of  trees  for  water.  For  con- 
trary to  the  popular  idea,   forests  do  not  cause  rain- 


fall,  but  an   abundant   rainfall   makes   forests   possible. 

However,  over  a  large  part  of  the  prairies  other  fac- 
tors have  operated  against  the  spread  of  trees.  The 
grasses  developed  early  in  the  geological  history  of  North 
America,  and  when  the  plains  first  emerged  from  the 
sea,  the  grasses  were  able  to  cover  the  soil  before  the 
trees  could  reach  the  new  land.  The  compact  unbroken 
sod  formed  by  their  roots  made  it  difficult  for  trees  to 
secure  a  footing,  but  wherever  the  soil  was  broken  by 
streams  and  the  waves  and  ice  of  lakes,  trees  and  shrubs 
have  successfully  invaded  the  great  plains  and  now  fringe 
every  lake  and  river. 

Nearly  all  the  prairie  grasses  and  flowers  are  perennials 
well  fitted  to  resist  annual  or  occasional  severe  droughts. 
Nor  could  millions  of  grazing  buffaloes  and  the  fires 
started  by  lightning  or  by  primitive  man  harm  the  under- 
ground rootstock  of  these  plants.  To  seedling  trees, 
however,  a  fire  means  almost  certain  destruction. 

On  the  western  plains  in  the  Bad  Lands  region  and  in 


SKUNK   CABBAGE— FIRST   FLOWER   OF   THE   NORTHERN    STATES 

AND  CANADA 

The   large  seeds  have  most  likely  been   scattered  by   bears. 

the  foothill  country  the  short  grasses  are  rendered  still 
more  drought-resistant  by  having  their  roots  protected 
by  hard  impervious  sheaths.  These  grasses  produce  the 
black-root  sod,  which  western  ranchers  and  pioneers  em- 
ploy as  building  material,  and  the  walls  constructed  of 
black-root  sod  are  almost  as  durable  as  those  built 
of    brick. 

Leaving  out  of  consideration  here  the  rather  complex 
problem  of  plant  distribution  over  the  Black  Hills,  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Great  Basin  we  reach  on  the 


MYSTERIES  AND  REVELATIONS  OF  THE  PLANT  WORLD 


1275 


Sierra,  the  Olympic  and  the  Cascade  Mountains  the 
grandest  and  most  remarkable  forest  of  the  world,  which 
stretches  from  California  northward  to  the  limit  of  trees 
in  Alaska,  through  more  than  two  thousand  miles  of 
latitude. 

From  California  to  Puget  Sound  is  a  forest  of  enor- 
mous redwoods,  yellow  pines,  Douglas  firs,  western 
hemlock  and  other  evergreens,  including  the  remarkable 
isolated  groves  of  giant  sequoias  containing  trees  of 
almost  incredible  size  and  age.  But  not  only  the  great 
sequoias  but  also  the  redwoods  and  firs  are  giants,  often 
reaching  a  height  of  two  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet. 
In  these  forests  the  little  Douglas  squirrel  and  a  number 
of  small  birds  live  permanently  in  the  tree  tops  and,  as 
one  boy  expressed  it  to  me, 


V.Vi 


can  only  be  studied  through 
a  telescope. 

In  extent,  in  density,  in 
the  kinds  and  size  of  their 
trees,  these  forests  have  no 
rival  on  our  planet. 

Besides  the  fascinating 
questions  regarding  the 
size,  the  distributions  and 
survival  of  their  component 
species  they  present  another 
perplexing  problem :  They 
are  the  most  exclusively 
coniferous  forests  in  the 
world.  Broad-leaved  trees 
here  and  there  make  up  six 
per  cent  of  the  whole,  but 
in  many  regions  they  form 
only  a  small  fraction  of  one 
per  cent. 

Very  few  representatives 
of  our  eastern  forest  re- 
gions can  be  found  here. 
There  are  no  elms,  no 
hickories,  no  chestnuts, 
no  catalpas,  persimmons, 
sassafras,  magnolias ;  no 
linden,  no  tulip  trees,  no 
locusts ;  and  many  other 
whole  genera  found  from 
the    Atlantic    coast    to    the    plains    are    entirely    absent. 

Several  oaks,  a  few  maples,  one  birch,  one  ash  and  an 
alder  are  among  the  scant  representatives  of  broad-leaved 
trees,  but  they  seem  to  live  only  by  sufferance  in  a  forest 
which  everywhere  presents  an  unbroken  array  of  the 
somber  spires  of  the  conifers. 

In  preglacial  times  the  coast  region  did  possess  elms 
and  beeches  as  well  as  gum  trees,  magnolias  and  chest- 
nuts. Why  these  and  others  have  disappeared  never  to 
return  is  one  of  the  great  riddles  of  the  plant  world. 

In  some  regions  of  the  earth,  a  rankly  growing  vege- 
tation has  almost  suppressed  human  and  animal  life. 
This  is  true  of  the  great  rain-soaked  beech  forests  of 
temperate  South  America,  which  Darwin  describes  so 


well  in  his  journey  on  the  Beagle,  and  of  the  tropical 
forests  of  Africa.  Another  illustration  of  this  dominance 
of  plant  life  is  furnished  by  the  great  tropical  forests  of 
the  Amazon  Valley  of  which  the  English  naturalist  and 
collector,  Bates,  has  furnished  us  a  classic  account  in 
"The  Naturalist  on  the  River  Amazon."  In  tropical 
Africa  human  dwarfs  have  found  a  refuge  in  the  im- 
penetrable forest,  and  the  monkeys  of  the  Amazon  Val- 
ley are  compelled  to  live  in  the  tree  tops. 

The  greatest  development  of  higher  animal  life  has 
taken  place  in  open  and  comparatively  dry  regions.  Semi- 
arid  South  Africa  is  the  home  of  the  greatest  number  of 
species  of  big  game,  while  the  buffalo  herds  of  the  North 
American  prairies  and  the  caribou  herds  of  the  Arctic 

tundras,    are    equalled    no- 
where else  on  earth. 

The  length  of  life 
among  plants  varies  even 
more  than  among  animals. 
The  edible  inky  mush- 
room produces  its  um- 
brella-shaped column  over 
night.  A  few  days  later 
the  whole  plant  has  de- 
liquesced into  a  patch  of 
black  ink,  and  within  a 
week  not  a  trace  is  left  of 
its  existence. 

The  giant  sequoia,  on  the 
other  hand,  has  outlived 
the  great  empires  of  hu- 
man history,  enjoying  a 
vigorous  growth  for  three 
or  even  four  thousand 
years.  No  fungus  or  in- 
sect pest  is  able  to  harm  it. 
Its  top  reaches  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  toward 
the  sky  and  if  storms, 
lightning  and  resulting  fires 
did  not  at  last  bring  it 
down,  it  seems  that  it 
might  live  and  grow  for- 
ever. And  when,  in  the 
end,  the  giant  trunk  has 
crashed  to  earth  amongst  the  smaller  trees  surrounding 
it,  a  long  depression  in  the  soil  tells  of  the  big  tree  even 
centuries  after  forest  fires  have  consumed  the  enormous 
mass  of  sound  wood,  to  which  fungus,  insects  and  the 
tooth  of  time  could  do  no  harm.  Some  of  the  giants 
still  growing  in  Mariposa  Park  were  already  big  trees, 
as  New  England  and  Minnesota  measure  trees,  when 
Abraham  pastured  his  flocks  in  Palestine. 

Curious  and  innumerable  are  the  methods  of  traveling 
adopted  by  plants.  Most  plants  can,  of  course,  travel 
only  as  seeds,  although  there  are  not  a  few  exceptions 
to  this  rule. 

The  advantage  of  the  first  comer,  the  squatter,  one 
might  say,  plays  an  important  part  in  the  world  of  plant 


?! 


*;  ffe 


WH& 


A   RIVER   BOTTOM   FOREST  OF  YOUNG  ELMS 

The    seeds   of   the    elm,    birch,    maple   and    ash    are    carried    by    both    wind 
and  water. 


1276 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


life.  The  cotton  tufted  seeds  of  willows  and  poplars, 
and  the  little  winged  seeds  of  the  white  birch  are  carried 
by  the  wind  in  every  direction,  and  they  are  produced 
in  such  abundance,  that  every  nook  and  patch  of  bare 
soil  receives  its  supply.  The  result  is  that  these  trees 
generally  reach  vacant  land  sooner  than  any  of  their 
competitors.  The  bare  mud-flat  left  by  a  flood,  the 
railroad  gravel  pit,  the  burnt-over  and  cut-over  pinery 
are  nearly  always  pre-empted  by  willows,  poplars,  or 
birches  because  their  seeds  are  much  more  widely  dis- 
seminated than  the  seeds  of  any  other  northern  trees. 
Poplars  and  birches,  however,  are  short-lived  trees,  and 
within  a  century  the  dominant  pines  will  supplant  them. 

Shrubs  and  trees,  as  well  as  vines  and  herbs,  that  de- 
pend on  birds  for  the  dissemination  of  their  seeds  run 
the  wind-planted  species  a  close  race.  Woodbine  and 
wild  grapes,  elder,  dog- 
wood and  hackberry,  wild 
cherries  and  plums,  straw- 
berries and  raspberries 
spring  up  as  if  by  magic  as 
soon  as  the  lumberman,  fire 
or  storm  have  cleared  the 
ground  for  them. 

Of  many  plants  it  is  not 
very  difficult  to  discover 
their  methods  of  traveling. 

The  seed  of  maple,  pine 
and  dandelion  sail  like  par- 
achutes away  from  the  par- 
ent plant.  The  gold-dotted 
hedges  of  jewel  weed,  or 
touch-me-not,  which  mirror 
their  delicate  flowers  and 
foliage  in  the  dark,  silent 
water  of  northern  beaver 
ponds  are  planted  by  the 
beavers  themselves  as  they 
travel  and  work  on  their 
dams ;  while  birds  in  their 
daily  and  seasonal  flights, 
plant  those  remarkable 
gardens  of  many  kinds  of 
wild  fruit,  whose  presence 
on  widely  separated  islands 
and  mountains  and  in  the 
depth  of  isolated  canyons  delights  both  the  eye  and  the 
palate  of  the  explorer. 

There  are,  however,  numerous  instances  of  plant  dis- 
tribution which  present  most  interesting  puzzles  to 
naturalists  and  foresters. 

The  limber  pine  is  a  fairly  common  tree  at  an  altitude 
of  six  thousand  feet  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is 
not  found  on  the  stretch  of  two  hundred  miles  lying 
between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Black  Hills,  but 
on  the  trail  to  Harney  Peak,  in  the  heart  of  the  Black 
Hills,  at  an  altitude  of  about  six  thousand  feet,  stands 
a  grove  of  about  twenty-five  limber  pines,  the  only  trees 
of  that  kind  thus  far  discovered  in  the  Black  Hills.  How 
they  traveled  over  the  intervening  two  hundred  miles  is  a 


GIANT  COTTONWOOD  GROWING  CLOSE  TO  THE  RIVER 

A  Cottonwood  will   grow  eighteen  feet  high  from  a  seed   in  three  seasons 
Within    sixty    years    it    is    a   giant. 


mystery.  One  of  the  most  puzzling  cases  of  plant  migra- 
tion or  distribution  is  that  of  the  devil's  club.  This  plant  is 
a  common  shrub  in  the  moist  forests  of  the  Pacific  coast 
and  in  certain  localities  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where, 
on  account  of  its  countless  sharp  spines  it  is  the  terror 
of  woodsmen  and  timber  cruisers.  It  is  not  found  in  the 
forests  touching  the  Great  Lakes,  except  in  several  spots 
on  Isle  Royale  in  Lake  Superior.  By  what  means  it 
traversed  the  intervening  thousand  miles  of  plain  and 
forest  and  established  itself  on  an  island  in  Lake  Superior 
seems  an  insolvable  riddle. 

One  possible  solution  must  not  be  overlooked  in  such 
cases  as  that  of  the  devil's  club  and  the  limber  pine. 
They  may  be  cases  of  a  remnant  vegetation,  just  as 
scattered  groves  of  giant  sequoias  are  undoubtedly  only 

the    remnants    of     former 
large  sequoia  forests. 

Such  remnants  are  not 
rare.  On  Sheep  Mountain, 
in  the  Bad  Lands  of  South 
Dakota,  I  found  isolated 
groves  of  yellow  pine  sepa- 
rated by  a  distance  of  fifty 
miles  from  the  yellow  pine 
forests  of  the  Black  Hills. 
I  was  much  surprised  to 
find  that  porcupines  had 
killed  a  large  number  of 
these  trees  that  were  try- 
ing to  maintain  their  hold 
on  life  under  severe  condi- 
tions of  climate  and  soil, 
for  one  naturally  thinks  of 
porcupines  as  inhabitants 
of  moist  northern  forests. 

There  has  just  lately  been 
discovered  a  natural  grove 
of  jackpine  in  the  driftless 
area  of  Minnesota,  in 
Houston  county,  the  most 
southeasterly  county  of  the 
state.  These  trees  are  out- 
posts of  a  former  period 
and  were  left  far  behind, 
as  the  belt  of  evergreens 
retreated  northward  with  the  vanishing  continental  gla- 
cier. On  their  shaded  sandy  hillside  these  northern  trees 
may  keep  a  foothold  for  centuries  to  come,  although  the 
jackpine  forest  has  moved  fully  a  hundred  miles  north. 
The  case  of  the  Kentucky  coffee  tree  has  been  a  mys- 
tery to  me  ever  since  I  first  saw  its  odd,  bluntly  ending 
branches  on  a  winter  ramble  in  a  Minnesota  woods.  The 
tree  bears  large  bean-like  pods  containing  big  hard-shelled 
seeds  resembling  somewhat  in  appearance  roasted  coffee 
beans.  The  great  pods  remain  on  the  trees  through  the 
winter.  Neither  the  pods  nor  the  beans  float  in  water 
and  are,  of  course  much  too  heavy  to  be  carried  by  the 
wind.  The  seeds  are  as  hard  as  pebbles,  and,  as  far  as 
I  have  been  able  to  discover,  no  birds  or  animals  eat 


MYSTERIES  AND  REVELATIONS  OF  THE  PLANT  WORLD 


1277 


them.  I  kept  a  dozen  of  them  in  water  for  a  year  and 
found  by  frequent  weighing  that  they  did  not  absorb 
even  a  grain  of  water;  but  I  also  found  that  if  they  are 
planted  in  fall  they  will  sprout  in  the  first  or  second 
spring  following.  One  seed  I  gave  to  a  tame  gray 
squirrel.  He  drilled  a  small  hole  through  the  shell,  but 
dropped  the  seed  as  soon  as  he  had  reached  the  meat. 

The  tree,  although  one  of  our  rarer  forest  trees,  is 
fairly  well  distributed  from  Tennessee  to  Ontario  and 
from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Indian  Territory,  but  it  grows 
in  small  colonies,  often  miles  apart.  It  is  found  on  rich 
bottom  lands  and  on  islands  in  large  lakes.  It  may  be 
that  grouse  occasionally  swallow  the  seeds  as  they  swal- 
low pebbles,  for  it  seems  impossible  that  the  seeds  could 
reach  islands  without  the 
aid  of  some  bird.  It  is 
likely  that  the  passenger 
pigeons  in  days  gone  by 
distributed  the  seeds  of  the 
coffee  tree. 

A  small  cactus,  the  joint- 
ed opuntia,  is  widely  dis- 
tributed in  arid  regions 
from  New  Mexico  north- 
ward. In  some  mysterious 
way  it  has  reached  many 
dry  rocky  ledges  in  humid 
Minnesota  and  Wisconsin. 
A  few  years  ago  on  a  canoe 
trip  on  Lake  of  the  Woods 
I  found  a  fresh  joint  of 
this  cactus  among  the 
boulders  of  the  Ontario 
shore  in  adensely  wooded  re- 
gion. How  the  plant  reach- 
ed this  spot  has  remained 
a  secret  to  me. 

A  whole  book  of  miracles 
might  be  written  on  the 
mutual  adaptations  between 
flowers  and  insects.  That 
many  flowers  are  adapted 
to  cross-pollination  by  in- 
sects is  a  fact  of  common 
knowledge,  but  that  some 
of  these  adaptations  have 
been  perfected,  one  might  say,  beyond  perfection,  is  not 
so  generally  known. 

All  our  species  of  milkweed':.,  for  instance,  depend  for 
pollination  absolutely  on  insects.  The  peculiar  structure 
of  the  flowers  makes  any  other  method  impossible.  More- 
over the  work  is  restricted  to  wasps  and  to  large  butter- 
flies and  moths.  Small  insects,  even  those  as  large  as 
houseflies  and  honeybees  are  not  strong  enough  to  pull 
the  anthers,  shaped  like  tiny  saddle-bags,  out  of  their 
sheaths.  To  those  insects  the  honey-filled  and  sometimes 
actually  honey-dripping  milkweed  flowers  are  like  so 
many  baited  traps,  as  deadly  and  remorseless  to  the  hun- 
gry insects  as  the  steel  traps  of  the  fur  hunter  are  to 


A    WONDERFULLY    BEAUTIFUL    SPECIMEN 

This  stately   white  pine   was  planted  for  shade  and  ornament  near  a  city 

home. 


bears  and  beavers.  Their  feet  are  caught  on  the  specks 
of  sticky  gum,  which  mark  the  joint  of  the  two  halves 
of  the  saddle-bag  anthers.  Trapped  in  this  manner  they 
are  held  prisoners  until  they  die,  and  their  shrivelled" 
bodies  may  be  found  on  almost  every  patch  of  milkweeds. 
One  might  think  that  the  powerful  bumblebee  and  the 
milkweed  would  make  ideal  partners,  but  such  is  not  the 
case.  These  remarkable  plants,  which  not  only  flow  with 
honey,  but  also  invite  their  insect  guests  by  a  strong 
honey  scent,  are  utterly  ignored  by  the  big  hungry  bum- 
blebee, who  have,  for  some  unknown  reason,  acquired  a 
passion  for  the  purple  of  the  clover  and  the  blue  of  lobe- 
lias and  gentians  ;  although  to  the  human  observer,  getting 
honey  out  of  these  flowers  seems  a  truly  laborious  task. 

The  closed  gentian,  found 
in  bloom  in  this  latitude 
from  the  latter  part  of  Au- 
gust to  the  middle  of  Octob- 
er, furnishes  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  cases  of 
adaptation  of  a  flower  to 
bumblebees.  The  striking 
whirls  of  beautiful  sky-blue 
flowers  are  evidently  a 
kind  of  bill-board  advertise- 
ment to  bumblebees.  But 
these  magnificent  blue  flow- 
ers, often  made  still  more 
conspicuous  by  being  deli- 
cately tipped  with  white 
seldom  open.  Day  and 
night,  in  sunshine  as  well 
as  in  rain  and  fog,  they 
remain  tightly  closed.  Many 
observers  have  been  led  to 
conclude  that  this  fine  au- 
tumn flower  had  abandon- 
ed cross-pollination  and  re- 
sorted to  self-pollination ; 
however,  careful  observa- 
tion has  convinced  me  that 
such  is  not  the  case.  The 
bumblebees  do  get  into 
these  closed  gentians.  In 
fact,  I  do  not  think  they 
miss  a  flower  on  those 
plants  that  grow  in  the  open,  where  the  gentians  are  not 
hidden  by  tall  grasses. 

With  great  care  the  hard  working  bumblebee  selects 
a  flower  that  has  not  been  pumped  dry  by  a  buzzing 
competitor.  Then,  with  his  strong,  and  long  proboscis 
:..he  finds  the  opening  in  the  closely  folded  floral  segments. 
"With  his  head  he  pries  the  five  segments  apart  and  now, 
literally  standing  on  his  head  he  kicks  and  pulls  himself 
with  great  effort  into  the  blue  honey  well,  until  only  his 
defensive  posterior  and  a  pair  of  legs  remain  partly 
visible,  and  if  he  is  not  a  good  sized  bumblebee  he  dis- 
appears altogether.  I  watched  one  on  a  sunny  September 
day,  and   I  thought  he  worked  harder  than   any  other 


1278 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


bee  I  had  ever  observed.  He  examined  flower  after 
flower,  many  he  rejected  without  opening  them,  in  some 
he  remained  only  an  instant,  but  in  one  he  stood  on  his 
head  for  fifteen  seconds.  Why  does  his  tribe  ignore  the 
inviting  flowing  wells  of  the  milkweeds  and  work  labor- 


OPEN  GROVE  OF  BUSHY  RED  CEDAR  ON  SHEEP  MOUNTAIN 
The  seeds  of  the  red  cedar  are  planted  by  the  bi 

iously  on  such  difficult  flowers  as  clovers  and  lobelias 
and  the  refractory  closed  gentians?  And  why  does  not 
this  flower  open  like  other  gentians?  Are  the  perma- 
nently closed  flowers  only  -a  device  to  keep  out  feeble  un- 
bidden guests,  or  do  they  also  serve  to  exclude  dew, 
rain  and  frost,  which  might  injure  the  delicate  floral 
organs  inside? 

We  all  know  trees  and  other  plants  by  their  leaves, 
which  in  shape,  size  and  position  display  endless  variety. 
Is  there  a  meaning  to  all  the  dif- 
ferent shapes  and  positions,  or 
are  some  of  them  just  accidents 
that  have  no  meaning? 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that 
each  plant  has  evolved  or  is  try- 
ing to  evolve  that  shape,  size  or 
position  of  foliage,  which  serves 
best  under  its  special  environ- 
ment to  intercept  the  most  fa- 
vorable amount  of  sunlight  and 
to  regulate  best  the  absorption  of 
carbon  dioxide  from  the  air  and 
the  evaporation  of  water  into  the 
air.  But  why  have  nearly  all  the 
oaks  adopted  the  lobed  pattern  of 
foliage  as  their  own,  while  the 
large  pea  and  bean  family  almost 
unanimously    favor    the   pinnate 


ly  produced  for  protection  against  specific  dangers. 
Cattle  will  not  allow  young  hazel,  oak  and  most  other 
trees  and  shrubs  to  survive  in  a  pasture,  but  the  thorn- 
apple  bushes  will  flourish  because  their  sharp  thorns 
keep  away  the  browsing  cattle. 

There  is  a  certain  tree,  the 
honey  locust,  which  I  venture  to 
say  no  boy  has  ever  climbed,  al- 
though the  tree  is  common  and 
well  known  from  New  York  to 
Illinois  and  from  Texas  to  On- 
tario. Around  the  trunk  most 
formidable,  branched  thorns 
stand  out,  some  reaching  almost 
two  feet  in  length  with  the  thick- 
ness of  a  man's  finger.  The  lo- 
cust trees  and  their  relatives  have 
a  tendency  to  run  to  thorns.  Do 
the  murderous  looking  thorns, 
set  like  bristling  bayonettes 
around  the  trunk,  perform  a 
useful  function,  or  are  they 
merely  a  case  of  a  family  trait 
run  riot?  Perhaps  they  keep 
opossums,  raccoons  and  bears 
from  climbing  the  trees  and  de- 
vouring the  sweet  seed-pods,  but  I  have  had  no  oppor- 
tunity to  prove  this  surmise. 

Each  plant  or  family  of  plants  produces  certain  sud- 
stances  which  possess  a  characteristic  taste  and  odor  and 
other  generic  qualities. 

Practically  all  the  orchids  of  the  world  contain  a  sap 
of  an  odor  and  taste  so  characteristic  that  a  blind  person, 
with  his  hands  tied,  might  distinguish  orchids  from  other 
plants  by  using  only  his  sense  of  smell  and  taste ;  but 


IN  THE  BAD    LANDS 
rds. 


or  divided   form?     The  maples 
all   adhere   to   their    well-known 

family  pattern,  and  no  conifer  departs  from  the  needle- 
shaped  foliage  of  pines  and  spruces. 

Certain  plant  structures  and  substances  are  evident- 


SCRUBBY  WHITE  PINE  ON  ROCKY  ISLAND  OF  LAKE  OF  THE  WOODS 
A    most    attractive    spot,    and    well    patronized    by    vacationists. 

thus    far   no   botanist   has   discovered   the   meaning   of 
the  peculiar  fluid  of  the  orchid  family. 

All  the  conifers  of  the  world  produce  rosin  or  pitch.  A 


MYSTERIES  AND  REVELATIONS  OF  THE  PLANT  WORLD 


1279 


WHITE 


HEARTS,      OR 
BREECHES' 


"DUTCHMAN'S 


How   they   travel   from   woodland    to   woodland 
still   a  mystery. 


very  large  num- 
ber of  compos- 
ites, the  typical 
prairie  flowers, 
also  produce 
small  a  m  o  unts 
of  rosin,  and  the 
foliage  of  nearly 
all  of  them  emits 
the  pungent  odor 
of  rosin. 

Trees  are  al- 
ways exposed  to 
attacks  from  two 
hosts  of  ene- 
mies, fungi  and 
insects.  A  wound 
in  a  conifer  im- 
mediately causes 
a  flow  of  rosin.  The  rosin  embalms,  so  to  speak,  any 
fungus  spores  or  insects  that  might  find  their  way  into 
the  wound.  The  liquid  rosin  soon  hardens  and  seals  up 
the  wound  and,  in  the  course  of  years,  new  wood  grows 
over  the  antiseptic  covering.  The  function  of  rosin 
in  defending  trees  against  insects  was  well  shown  in 
recent  years  after  the  great  devastation  caused  in  the 
yellow  pine  forests  of  the  Black  Hills  by  several  species 
of  bark-boring  beetles.  Fires  and  drought  had  weaken- 
ed the  trees  and  gave  the  beetles  a  great  advantage  for 
several  years,  so  that  they 
destroyed  thousands  of 
acres  of  fine  forest.  Then 
the  government  organized 
its  forest  service  and  pre- 
vented fires.  Rainy  sea- 
sons also  returned,  and  the 
beetles  began  to  be  found 
dead  in  their  tunnels  under 
the  bark  drowned  in  the 
flow  of  rosin  of  the  healthy 
and  vigorous  trees. 

The  meaning  of  the  poi- 
son in  the  loco-weed  of  the 
western  plains  seems  fair- 
ly clear.  It  protected  the 
plants  from  extermination 
by  the  herds  of  wild  buf- 
falo, who  evidently  had 
learned  to  avoid  it,  for  none 
of  the  early  observers  speak 
of  finding  "locoed"  buffa- 
loes. Domestic  cattle,  on 
the  other  hand  have  not  yet 
learned  to  avoid  it  and  are 
often  killed  by  it,  especially 
in  seasons  of  poor  pasture 

But  what   is   the  mean- 
ing of  the  alkaline  poison  bluebells 
in  the  poison  ivy  and  poi-         The  method  of  dl8S(:inination  o{ 


son  sumach?  Would  it  have  the  same  effect  on 
browsing  animals  that  it  has  on  the  skin  of  many 
humans?  The  poison  evidently  has  no  injurious  ef- 
fect on  birds,  because  they  eat  freely  of  the  white, 
berries  and  scatter  the   seeds   far  and   wide. 

Certain  plant 
forms,  although 
they  must  be 
fairly  common 
in  nature,  are 
neverthe  less 
rarely  found  by 
naturalists  and 
botanists. 

The  little 
green  floating 
duckweeds, 
abundant  on 
every  pond  in 
late  summer,  sel- 
dom produce 
their  simple 
flowers  and  al- 
though I  have 
been     familiar 


BLUE    ANISE-FLOWER    OR    GIANT    HYSSOP 

The  method  of  dissemination  of  this  lovely  flower 

is    also    unknown. 


with  the  plants  since  boyhood  schooldays,  I  have  never 

found  the  flowers. 
The  jointed  scouring  rushes,  also  known  as  horsetails 

or  equisetae,  grow  from  small  dust-like  spores.  They  are 

common  plants,  but  it  is  al- 
most impossible  to  find 
them  in  their  first,  or  pro- 
thallium  stage.  Only  once, 
in  the  month  of  July,  did 
1  find  them  as  little  green 
lumps  on  moist  earth  which 
had  been  pushed  up  from  a 
lake  bottom  by  a  railroad 
fill.  Many  ferns  are  very 
common,  but  very  few  bot- 
anists and  lovers  of  flowers 
have  ever  found  the  small 
heart-shaped  fern  babies 
except  in  greenhouses. 

The  beautiful  pink-and- 
white  moccasin  flowers  are 
fairly  common  in  their 
favorite  localities,  moist 
meadows  and  spruce  and 
tamarack  swamps.  But 
something  seems  to  be  mys- 
teriously wrong  with  their 
methods  of  pollination  and 
seeding.  Many  of  the  flow- 
ers remain  unpollinated, 
and,  of  the  millions  of  min- 
ute seeds  produced,  very, 
of  Scotland  very  few  ever  start  a  new 

this  delicate  flower   i,  unknown.  P^t.      One   Could   not   find 


1280 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


ROSIN  WEED 

It  grows  twelve  feet  high  and  is  the  giant  among 
prairie  flowers. 


CLOSED    GENTIANS 

Flaunting    beautiful     sky-blue    flowers     to    tempt 
the   bumble-bee. 


BLUE   LOBELIAS 

The    seeds    of    this    dainty    flower    are    probably 
scattered  by  the  wind. 


a  seedling  to  a  thousand  adult  plants.  By  the  most  care- 
ful search  I  have  not  found  more  than  a  dozen  all  told, 
and  when  a  seed  does  start,  it  produces  a  most  frail 
plantlet.  Its  stem,  during  the  first  season  grows  scarcely 
an  inch  high,  the  leaves  are  mere  specks,  and  its  tiny 
rootlets  do  not  reach  the  soil  through  the  thick  cushion 
of   moss   on    which   the    seedling   nearly    always    starts. 

Every  year,  however,  the  root  approaches  by  a  kind  of 
hook-shaped  growth  a  little  nearer- to  the  soil  below,  but 
I  estimate  that  it  must  take  a  seedling  from  five  to  six 
years  to  establish  itself  as  a  vigorous  plant  whose  future 
is  assured.  If  nature  had  evolved  a  really  successful  plan 
of  pollination  and  seeding  in  the  moccasin  family  those 
beautiful  plants  should  be  a  hundred  times  as  numerous, 
for  the  mature  plants  are  vigorous  and  hardy 
perennials. 

One  of  the  most  widely  distributed  plants  over  the 
whole  northern  hemisphere  is  the  pale-green  peat  moss, 
sphagnum.  It  covers  thousands  of  square  miles  in  Eu- 
rope, North  America  and  Asia ;  but  it  has  almost  aban- 


doned the  sexual  method  of  reproduction,  and  the  little 
spore  capsules  characteristic  of  all  mosses  are  rarely 
found.  I  have  traveled  over  and  camped  near  peat  bogs 
and  marshes  ever  since  my  early  boyhood,  but  only  once 
have  I  found  the  brown  spore  capsules,  and  that  was  in  a 
small  rocky  basin  on  an  island  in  Lake  Superior  at  the 
entrance  to  the  harbor  of  Grand  Marais.  I  took  the 
plants  home  to  my  room  in  the  hotel,  and  in  the  evening 
as  I  was  reading  by  lamplight,  my  attention  was  attract- 
ed by  several  explosions,  just  barely  audible.  I  began  to 
watch  my  moss  plants.  The  warmth  of  the  room  had 
dried  the  capsules  to  the  explosive  stage  and  every  time 
one  of  the  little  shells  burst,  a  tiny  brown  cloud  of 
spores  Was  thrown  into  the  air.  It  was  the  most  inti- 
mate performance  in  the  great  drama  of  the  plant  world 
which  it  has  ever  been  my  good  fortune  to  witness.  The 
scene  was  enacted  on  an  August  evening  more  than  ten 
years  ago,  and  every  summer  since  then,  I  have  looked 
for  the  little  brown  shrapnels  of  sphagnum  but  I  have 
never  found  them  again. 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 

THE  PROPOSED  LEGISLATION 

BY  HENRY  S.  GRAVES 

FORESTER,  U.  S.  FOREST  SERVICE 


THE  NEED  OF  A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY  TO  PROVIDE  FOR  THE  PERPETUATION  OF  OUR  TIMBER  SUPPLY  IS 
APPARENT  TO  FORESTERS,  LUMBERMEN,  TIMBERLAND  OWNERS  AND  EVERYONE.  WHAT  THIS  POLICY  SHALL  BE,  HOW 
IT  SHALL  AFFECT  PRIVATELY  OWNED  TIMBER  LANDS,  NATIONAL,  STATE  OR  MUNICIPAL  HOLDINGS,  AND  HOW  A  POLICY 
MAY  BE   ADOPTED   AND   ENFORCED,   IS   NOW   THE   SUBJECT  FOR  DISCUSSION. 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE  OPENS  ITS  COLUMNS  TO  ARTICLES  ON  ANY  AND  ALL  PHASES  OF  THIS  IMPORTANT 
TOPIC,   AND   OPINIONS  ON   THE   SUBJECT  WILL  BE   WELCOMED.— EDITOR. 


ANY  program  of  forestry  which  is  comprehensive 
enough  to  anything  like  meet  the  needs  of  the 
country  must  involve  the  practice  of  forestry  on 
privately  owned  timberlands.  In  my  judgment  this  will 
not  be  brought  about  merely  by  educational  method?. 
These  have  been  tried  for  twenty  years  practically  with- 
out result.  There  must  be  some  requirement  on  the  part 
of  the  public  as  to  forest  protection  and  as  to  forest 
renewal.  The  requirement  must  be  nearly  as  possible 
equalized  in  all  sections  of  the  country  and  in  all  States 
so  that  no  section  or  State  will  be  placed  at  disadvantage. 

The  Forest  Service  has  given  considerable  thought 
recently  to  the  principles  which  must  underlie  any  efforts 
toward  the  attainment  of  this  desirable  end.  We  have 
reached  the  conclusion  that  a  satisfactory  measure  of 
success  can  be  attained  only  through  some  plan  of  co- 
operation between  the  States  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, with  the  States  the  active  agents  for  carrying 
the  plan  into  effect  and  with  the  Federal  Government 
stimulating  action  and  aiding  the  States. 

We  have  worked  out  some  of  the  principles  which  it 
seems  to  me  should  form  the  foundation  of  the  system  to 
be  built  up  through  the  necessary  legislation  by  the  Fed- 
eral and  State  Governments. 

The  principles  of  legislation  requiring  the  practice  of 
forestry  on  private  lands  are  briefly  as  follows : 

1.  The  first  step  should  be  a  Federal  act  authorizing 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  in  co-operation  with  any 
State,  to  formulate  plans  for  forest  protection  and  for 
the  control  of  timber  cutting  within  that  State.  Such 
plans  should  become  effective  only  after  the  State  legis- 
lature had  passed  appropriate  legislation,  including  ade- 
quate appropriation  to  co-operate  with  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment in  putting  them  into  effect.  The  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  should  also  be  authorized  to  accept  plans  for 
protection  or  cutting  which  have  been  adopted  by  any 
State.  Section  2  of  the  Weeks  Law  dealing  with  co- 
operative fire  protection  would  therefore  be  superseded. 
The  act  should  carry  an  appropriation. 

2.  Farm  woodlands  should  be  specifically  exempted 
from  the  provisions  of  the  act,  for  the  reason  that  pro- 
tection and  conservative  cutting  for  this  class  of  forest 
can  best  be  brought  about  through  the  education  and 
demonstration  work  authorized  by  the  Smith-Lever  Act. 
The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  should  be  authorized,  in 


co-operation  with  the  State,  to  define  farm  woodlands 
and  distinguish  between  them  and  commercial  timber- 
lands. 

3.  All  commercial  timberlands  and  all  cut-over  lands 
on  which  a  commercial  forest  (as  distinguished  from  a 
farm  forest)  could  be  grown  should  be  subject  to  the 
provisions  of  the  act.  But  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture, 
with  the  approval  of  the  State,  should  be  authorized  to 
exempt  any  of  such  lands  where  it  is  demonstrated  that 
the  surface  of  such  lands  is  more  valuable  for  other 
purposes  than  for  the  production  of  timber  and  where 
such  lands  are  immediately  to  be  used  for  the  more 
valuable  purpose. 

4.  Owners  of  timber  should  not  be  compensated 
either  by  the  State  or  by  the  United  States  for  expenses 
incurred  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  act  where 
only  the  renewal  of  the  forest  is  concerned.  But  such 
owners  should  be  compensated  either  by  the  State  or  by 
the  United  States  (if  by  the  latter,  in  the  discretion  of 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture)  in  the  following  instances : 

(a)  Where  for  protection  of  the  watersheds  or  for 
other  protective  purposes  it  is  necessary  that  the  timber 
should  remain  standing. 

(b)  Where  as  a  reserve  of  timber  for  future  supply  it 
is  necessary  that  cutting  should  be  deferred. 

(c)  Where  it  is  necessary  to  remove  the  timber  in 
order  to  prevent  the  spread  of  insect  depredations  or 
injury  from  other  causes. 

5.  Every  State  accepting  the  provisions  of  the  Fed- 
eral act  should  itself  have  enacted  legislation : 

(a)  Which  provides  adequate  fire  laws  with  suitable 
penalties  for  violation  thereof ;  and 

(b)  Which  not  only  prohibits  the  violation  of  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  might  be  prescribed  by  the  State 
and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  respect  to  the  cutting 
of  timber  or  the  removal  of  any  products  thereof,  and 
provides  a  penalty  for  such  violation,  but  prohibits  the 
shipment  and  sale  of  forest  products  manufactured  from 
timber  cut  or  worked  in  violation  of  such  rules  and  regu- 
lations. 

(c)  Which  establishes  an  adequate  administrative  ma- 
chine for  making  the  laws  effective,  and  appropriates 
funds  to  meet  the  conditions  of  co-operation. 

6.  Federal  participation  should  be  based  upon  the 
precedent  of  co-operation  with  the  States  in  policies  of 


128! 


1282 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


education  and  development  and  upon  the  commerce 
clause  of  the  Constitution.  The  Federal  act  should  pro- 
hibit from  interstate  shipment  any  forest  products  cut 
or  removed  in  violation  of  State  law.  (Ref.  Act  prohib- 
iting shipment  of  intoxicants  from  wet  into  dry  states.) 

7.  The  State  Forester,  or  other  official  with  corre- 
sponding authority,  should  be  charged  with  the  respon- 
sibility of  administering  the  law.  He  should  be  ap- 
pointed to  a  position  in  the  Forest  Service  in  order  to 
exercise  the  authority  granted  to  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture. The  police  powers  of  the  State  should  be  ex- 
tended to  the  necessary  Federal  employes.  Administra- 
tive supervision  of  the  work  should  be  exercised  by  the 
Forest  Service. 

8.  The  expenditure  of  Federal  funds  should  be  au- 
thorized on  the  basis  of  the  Federal  Government  paying 
not  to  exceed  one-half  of  the  cost.    The  remaining  half 


would  be  paid  by  the  States  either  from  their  general 
funds  or  from  special  funds  raised  by  tax  levies,  such 
as  the  timberland  tax  in  Maine,  the  severance  tax  in 
Louisiana,  and  the  compulsory  patrol  tax  in  Washington 
and  Oregon. 

Any  Federal  funds  which  might  be  necessary  for  the 
purposes  of  compensation  described  in  paragraph  4 
should  be  carried  in  a  companion  act  having  in  view  pri- 
marily the  acquisition  of  forest  lands  by  the  Federal 
Government. 

9.  In  consideration  of  the  Federal  co-operation  and 
aid  offered  under  the  plan,  any  State  which  accepts  it 
will  be  urged  to  enact  legislation  that  will  relieve  stand- 
ing timber  from  burdensome  taxes  by  placing  a  nominal 
tax  on  the  land  and  deferring  the  tax  on  the  timber 
until  cut. 


A  DISCUSSION  OF  METHODS 

BY  R.  S.  KELLOGG 

SECRETARY,  NEWS  PRINT  SERVICE  BUREAU 


THERE  is  no  doubt  about  the  necessity  for  a  na- 
tional forest  policy  and  that  it  should  be  speedily 
inaugurated  if  we  are  to  have  anywhere  near  ade- 
quate timber  supplies  in  the  not  very  distant  future.  I 
am  heartily  in  accord  with  the  discussion  and  the  inten- 
tion to  keep  the  matter  before  the  public  until  the  way 
is  paved  for  the  beginning  of  the  solution  of  the  prob- 
lem. Anything  that  I  may  say,  therefore,  is  a  criticism 
of  methods  and  details  and  not  as  opposition  to  the 
general  purposes,  with  which  I  am  in  sympathy. 

After  giving  the  matter  very  serious  consideration,  I 
am  unable  to  approve  most  of  the  nine  provisions  set 
forth  in  Forester  Graves'  statement  on  the  principles  of 
legislation  requiring  the  practice  of  forestry  on  private 
lands.  I  don't  believe  that  it  is  either  practical  or  expe- 
dient to  compel  the  practice  of  forestry  upon  private 
lands  through  the  interstate  commerce  provisions  of  the 
Constitution : 

First,  because  as  shown  in  a  matter  upon  which  there 
is  so  much  public  sentiment  as  that  of  child  labor,  the 
attempt  to  accomplish  desirable  reforms  through  indirect 
means  has  twice  fallen  down ;  and 

Second,  because  a  coercive  program  of  this  sort  would 
immediately  alienate  and  render  hostile  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  timberland  owners,  thus  demonstrating  once 
more  the  statement  made  a  long  time  ago  by  high  author- 
ity that  "forestry  is  practiced  everywhere  except  in  the 
woods." 

In  my  judgment  it  is  not  practicable  to  line  up  all  the 
timber  states  in  the  multitude  of  details  that  program 
of  "mandatory  forestry"  requires.  Even  in  the  one 
single  matter  of  forest  taxation — concerning  which  for- 
esters and  timberland  owners  have  been  in  substantial 
agreement — little  progress  has  been  made  after  years  of 
agitation.  How  much  longer  will  it  take  to  make  prog- 
ress in  matters  in  which  foresters  and  timberland  owners 


are  in  opposition?  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  are  now- 
coming  to  see  that  the  States  are  very  loath  to  make  lax 
concessions  to  any  one  enterprise  or  form  of  industry, 
and  while  I  am  in  entire  sympathy  with  the  suggested 
changes  in  forest  taxation,  I  still  carry  in  the  back  of 
my  head  the  idea  that  after  all  if  forestry  is  a  business 
proposition  it  must  pay  dividends  under  business  con- 
ditions. 

Politics  always  plays  havoc  with  forestry.  There 
would  be  no  limit  to  the  trouble  that  would  result  were 
forestry  made  compulsory  upon  the  private  owner 
through  enactment  and  regulation  by  Congress  and 
forty  legislatures. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  time  has  come  when  the  pro- 
fessional foresters  of  the  United  States  should  be  frank 
enough  to  acknowledge  what  those  who  have  had  prac- 
tical experience  saw  long  ago,  namely,  that  the  growing 
of  large  sized  timber  of  the  ordinary  commercial  species 
is  an  operation  too  long  in  time,  too  hazardous  in  risk, 
and  too  low  in  rate  of  return  to  attract  private  capital, 
and  that  an  attempt,  national  or  State,  to  force  private 
capital  by  legal  enactment  to  engage  in  undertakings 
that  are  not  profitable  is  doomed  to  failure.  Forestry 
must  be  economically  sound  or  it  will  not  succeed. 

My  suggestions  of  constructive  nature  are : 

First:  A  timber  census  and  land  classification  to  de- 
termine what  we  have  in  the  way  of  present  supplies  and 
the  areas  which  may  be  properly  classified  as  affording 
opportunity  for  future  and  permanent  supplies. 

Second:  A  great  enlargement  and  extension  to  all 
appropriate  parts  of  the  country  of  the  purchase  of 
cut-over  lands,  for  which  ample  precedent  has  been  estab- 
lished in  the  White  Mountains  and  Southern  Appa- 
lachians. 

Third :  Much  more  vigorous  and  general  extension  of 
Federal  co-operation  in  fire  prevention  along  the  line  of 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST   POLICY 


1283 


the  Weeks  Law,  coupled  with  such  additional  measures 
as  may  seem  best  in  the  different  States  to  reduce  the 
fire  hazard  and  afford  opportunity  for  natural  reproduc- 
tion. The  States  can  go  a  long  way  in  fire  control  and 
the  mandatory  principle  can  be  applied  here  much  more 
successfully  than  it  can  be  applied  to  either  cutting  or 
reforesting  operations  on  private  lands. 

Fourth :  The  acquirement  of  a  reserve  supply  of  mer- 
chantable timber  in  the  West  through  the  outright  pur- 
chase of  timberland  financed  by  the  issuing  of  timber 


bonds  or  perhaps  the  carrying  of  a  reserve  supply  in 
private  ownership  through  some  form  of  co-operation 
with  the  State  and  national  governments. 

I  am  just  as  strongly  in  favor  of  a  great  increase  in 
the  area  of  publicly  owned  timberland  (national,  State 
or  municipal)  and  an  increase  in  the  scope  and  effective- 
ness of  fire  prevention  measures  as  I  am  opposed  to 
either  Government  operation  of  saw  mills  or  the  placing 
of  compulsion  upon  the  private  owner  to  grow  timber 
upon  his  land  in  case  he  is  not  so  disposed. 


PENNSYLVANIA'S  OPINION 

BY  GEORGE  H.  WIRT 

CHIEF  FOREST  FIRE  WARDEN  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


"WE  HAVE    VISED    THIS    REPLY.    APPROVE    IT.  AND   HAVE  DIRECTED    THAT  IT  SHALL  REPRESENT  THE  ATTITUDE  OF  THE 
PENNSYLVANIA  DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY.'— ROBERT  S.   CONKLIN,  COMMISSIONER  OF  FORESTRY. 


rT^HERE  is  no  question  in  my  mind  as  to  the  necessity 

\  for  a  national  forestry  program,  and  I  see  no  reason 
why  such  a  program  should  not  be  worked  out  im- 
mediately. This  program  should  be  preceded  by  a  short 
and  concise  statement,  setting  forth  just  what  is  neces- 
sary to  be  accomplished  in  order  to  provide  the  economic 
factors  which  can  be  obtained  only  by  a  rational  hand- 
ling of  the  forest  areas  of  the  country,  and  reasons  why 
these  things  must  be  provided  for  as  indicated  by  the 
present  demands  for  forest  products  and  the  present 
inability  to  have  these  demands  satisfied. 

Necessarily,  the  methods  by  which  the  end  in  view  may 
be  accomplished  will  differ  in  different  states  and  in 
different  forest  regions.  In  the  first  place  I  believe  that 
the  most  essential  factor  in  the  national  program  must 
continue  to  be  the  educational  work.  I  cannot  endorse 
your  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  education  of  the  last 
twenty  years  is  practically  without  result.  We  have  had 
forestry  education  in  Pennsylvania  since  1870,  and  I  am 
convinced  that  the  results  are  more  than  commensurate 
with  the  efforts  put  forth.  If  any  fault  is  to  be  found  it 
is  with  the  lack  of  method,  organization,  and  persistency 
in  educational  activities  and  with  the  inappropriateness 
and  generality  of  the  material  used  by  national,  state, 
association,  and  private  forces. 

My  first  suggestion,  therefore,  in  the  national  program 
is  for  a  co-operative  scheme  by  reason  of  which  the 
national,  state,  association,  and  private  educational  ac- 
tivities may  be  made  effective  and  kept  continuously  so. 
The  foresters  of  the  country  do  not  need  to  be  persuaded, 
because  of  the  facts  which  they  have  at  hand  and  with 
which  they  are  familiar.  When  the  facts  which  we  have 
are  made  common  knowledge,  there  will  be  little  or  no 
question  as  to  the  outcome. 

Along  with  the  educational  campaign,  the  state  and 
nation  must  collect  exact  information  in  order  to  back 
Up  the  claim  for  a  continued  forestry  activity.  We  must 
have  more  complete  and  definite  information  as  to  the 
actual  amount  of  timber  available  and  the  amount  of 
timber  growing  or  capable  of  being  grown  in  the 
country.      There    must,    also,    be    continued    researches 


which  will  lead  to  the  conservation  of  present  supplies 
and  the  bringing  of  wood  growers  and  wood  users  to- 
gether satisfactorily. 

Both  state  and  nation  may  continue  as  fast  as  their 
educational  campaign  will  produce  means,  to  extend 
public  forests  and  to  manage  them  properly.  They  must 
also  recognize  the  community  interest  in  the  protection 
of  forests  and  work  out  to  the  best  possible  advantage 
necessary  means  for  helping  the  timber  owners  to  protect 
the  forests  from  fire  and  destructive  agencies.  The  tax 
question  also  must  be  solved. 

This  leads  directly  to  the  matter  of  legislation.  There 
must  be  some  law,  and,  while  it  is  possible  in  some  cases 
to  obtain  satisfactory  laws  without  the  support  of  a 
public  understanding  the  necessity  for  the  law,  yet  such 
cases  are  rare  and  where  such  law  is  obtained  its  enforce- 
ment is  very  unsatisfactory.  So  in  each  part  of  a  na- 
tional program  we  are  brought  back  to  the  necessity  for 
an  educational  campaign,  not  for  a  short  period  of  time 
but  continuously. 

I  cannot  say  that  I  endorse  a  program  which  implies 
upon  the  part  of  the  national  government  anything  more 
than  what  may  be  necessary  to  assist  the  states  to  do 
their  work  satisfactorily.  The  present  co-operation  un- 
der the  Weeks  Law  might  be  extended  for  the  protection 
of  forests  from  fire.  I  can  see  no  reason  for  national 
legislation  working  to  the  control  of  timber  cutting 
within  the  states,  nor  do  I  see  any  necessity  for  the 
national  government  spending  money  within  any  of  the 
states  in  connection  with  farm  woodlands,  except  that 
it  might  be  specifically  stated  within  an  amendment  to 
the  Smith-Lever  Act  that  the  state  colleges  which  receive 
national  funds  under  this  act  must  assist  the  farmers  in 
the  management  of  the  same  as  a  part  of  the  general 
farm  education  required. 

With  respect  to  compensation  of  forest  owners  for 
what  are  distinctly  protection  forests,  I  would  say  that 
this  ought  to  come  under  the  forest  purchase  laws  either 
of  state  or  nation  and  such  lands  should  be  bought  out- 
right under  the  right  of  eminent  domain,  if  necessary, 
without  necessitating  the  review  of  private  operations. 


I2S4 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


It  strikes  me  that  the  plan  to  enter  the  various  states 
under  a  co-operative  agreement  upon  a  fifty-fifty  basis 
other  than  for  educational  purposes  and  for  what  may 
be  distinctly  of  national  value  in  the  protection  of 
streams  affecting  several  states,  is  unwise. 

I  also  consider  it  extremely  unwise  to  create  an  or- 
ganization such  as  would  be  created  under  item  No.  7 
of  principles  of  legislation.  Each  state  forestry  asso- 
ciation would  necessarily  be  under  obligations  to  the 
national  officials. 


It  strikes  me  that  the  most  important  service  the  na- 
tional government  can  render  in  the  national  program 
of  forestry  is  to  act  as  a  clearing  house  for  the  various 
activities  of  the  states  and  to  keep  all  of  the  foresters 
informed  as  to  national  and  local  conditions,  so  that  the 
officials  of  each  state  may  have  at  hand  information 
which  may  be  of  value  in  avoiding  errors  and  in  taking 
advantage  of  methods  which  have  proved  to  be  success- 
ful, and  to  continue  such  investigations  as  it  is  impossible 
for  any  state  to  continue  by  itself. 


CONTROL  OF  GROWING  FORESTS 
BY  ALFRED  GASKILL,  STATE  FORESTER  OF  NEW  JERSEY 


BEYOND  all  question  there  is  need  for  serious  con- 
sideration of  the  forest  situation  in  this  country. 
Though  that  situation  is  in  no  essential  way  dif- 
ferent from  what  it  has  been  for  years,  the  necessity 
for  effective  action  is  accentuated  by  the  evidence,  now 
clear  to  every  observer,  that  there  is  an  insufficient  re- 
placement of  the  waning  store  of  timber  in  this  country. 

What  should  be  done  cannot  be  decided  offhand,  or 
by  any  man.  A  full  discussion  of  the  conditions,  oppor- 
tunities, and  needs  in  each  section  of  the  country  must 
precede  the  formulation  of  a  policy. 

A  policy  to  be  truly  national  must  have  in  mind  the 
necessities  of  the  nation  as  a  whole,  yet  with  full  recog- 
nition of  the  facts  that  the  greater  part  of  the  forest 
lands  in  this  country  are  in  private  possession  and  under 
state,  not  federal,  control. 

The  discussion  of  the  problem  thus  far  has  seemed 
to  confuse  the  situation  as  represented  by  the  stumpage 
holders,  chiefly  in  the  West  and  South,  who  are  over- 
loaded, and  as  represented  by  the  public  interest  in  grow- 
ing, as  distinguished  from  mature,  forests.  The  first 
condition  should  be  resolved  by  economic,  chiefly  finan- 
cial, measures ;  the  second  demands  the  best  thought  of 
every  forester,  to  the  end  that  the  next  generation  shall 
have  enough  lumber. 

And  I  cannot  agree  with  some  foresters  that  the  lum- 
bermen have  no  interest  in  the  question.  That  their 
interest  is  largely,  or  solely,  financial  is  a  fact,  but  present 
conditions  must  change  radically  before  lumbering  can 
become  localized  and  permanent.  So  long  as  virgin 
timber  remains  it  will  be  an  attraction  to  exploiters,  and 
I  can  see  no  escape  from  the  conclusion  that  we  must 
suffer  the  exploitation  of  most  of  our  virgin  stands 
before  silviculture  finds  opportunity  to  take  hold.  1 
have  never  believed,  and  do  not  now  believe,  that  for- 


estry can  play  any  large  part  in  lumbering  operations 
dealing  with  virgin  timber. 

The  proposal  lately  made  that  forest  owners  be  com- 
pelled to  handle  their  properties  under  the  advice  of 
foresters  is  of  doubtful  wisdom.  Desirable  as  it  is  to 
make  the  nation's  stock  of  high  grade  lumber  last  longer 
than  it  now  promises  to  last,  there  seems  to  be  no  argu- 
ment to  support  the  proposition  that  property  interests 
in  standing  timber  shall  be  sacrificed  to  a  hope  rather 
than  a  promise,  much  less  a  guarantee,  that  what  is 
spared  now  can  be  realized  on  after  a  while. 

If  this  view  is  radical  it  springs  from  a  conviction 
that  there  must  be  a  greater  assurance  than  there  now 
is  in  any  part  of  the  country  that  an  investment  in  grow- 
ing timber — not  mature  timber,  is  a  safe  investment. 
Before  we  can  approach  the  owners  of  timber  lands  with 
any  chance  of  securing  results,  before  we  can  hope  to 
impress  legislatures  and  publicists  with  the  reasonable- 
ness of  our  program,  three  things  must  be  established ; 
first,  the  fitness  of  a  given  area  for  continued  use 
(through  one  rotation  at  least)  as  forest;  second,  security 
against  destruction ;  and  third,  assurance  of  the  total,  or 
ultimate,  tax  levy. 

The  situation  is  critical  but  not  hopeless  by  any  means ; 
a  constructive  policy  probably  can  be  based  upon  en- 
couragement to  woodland  owners  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment and  by  the  states ;  upon  active  instruction  and 
help  to  the  smaller  woodland  owners — similar  to  that 
furnished  farmers ;  upon  fire  protection;  and  upon  a 
modified  tax  practice ;  all  of  which  will  tend  to  establish 
an  insurable  interest  in  growing  forests. 

I  emphasize  tTie  phrase  "growing  forests."  To  my 
mind  the  key  of  the  situation  is  there — not  in  control 
over  forests  already  mature,  and  which  under  every  sil- 
vicultural  law  should  fall  to  the  ax  as  speedily  as  pos- 
sible. 


rF,0  HELP  in  meeting  war  needs,  the  United  States 
•*■  Forest  Service  in  1918  continued  its  efforts  to  secure 
full  utilization  of  the  forage  resources  of  the  National 
Forests.  In  1917,  because  of  the  war,  23,000  more  cattle 
and  71,000  more  sheep  were  placed  on  the  National  For- 
ests of  California  than  had  ever  been  grazed  on  them 
previously.  In  1918  the  numbers  were  still  further  in- 
creased by  18,000  cattle  and  114,000  sheep. 


'T'HE  tallest  trees  of  the  United  States,  says  the  Canad- 
■*-  ian  Forestry  Journal,  are  the  California  redwoods  or 
the  Douglas  fir.  Both  claim  the  distinction  of  being  the 
tallest,  and  it  is  an  even  match  between  them.  A  maxi- 
mum of  about  350  feet  is  the  greatest,  though  a  little 
more  than  that  has  been  claimed.  There  is  no  question 
that  in  trunk  diameter  the  redwood,  that  species  known 
as  sequoia,  is  the  champion. 


THE  SEVENTEEN-YEAR  LOCUST 


BY  DR.  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  C.  M.  Z.  S. 

(PHOTOGRAPHS  BY  THE   AUTHOR) 


THE  din  created  by  the  droning  hum  of  an  immense 
army    of    seventeen-year    cicadas    (they    are    not 
locusts,  though  generally  called  locusts)   has  been 
heard  coming  from  the  trees  and  bushes  in  many  places 
during  the  past  several  weeks.     The  continuous  hum  of 
millions  of  these  curious  insects  is  heard  throughout  the 
entire     day, 
from  early 
morn  until  sun- 
down. 

From  the 
ninth  to  the 
twelfth  of 
May,  especially 
where  there  are 
mostly  maples 
and  oaks,  there 
appeared  per- 
fect hosts  of 
curious,  dark 
amber  -  colored 
creatures  that 
helplessly 
crawled  about, 
each  making  an 
effort  to  reach 
something  that 
it  could  creep 
up  upon.  Min- 
gled with  these 
were  many 
"locusts"  of  the 
kind  here 
shown  in  Fig- 
ure 2.  Thou- 
sands of  the 
helpless  horde 
were  crushed 
underfoot.  In 
some  cities  and 
towns  the  side- 
walks were  ab- 
solutely s  1  i  ]>- 
pery  with  the 
mashed  bodies 
of  the  victims, 
while  hundreds 
of  thousands 
of  others  had 
escaped  this 
fate    through 

climbing  UP  On        Fie.  1.    DRIED,    EMPTY    "SKINS"    OF    THE    SEVENTEEN  YEAR    CICADA,    ATTACHED    TO    THE 
&      v  LEAVES  AND  FLOWERS  OF  THE  MAPLE  LEAF  VIBURNUM.    THERE  IS  ONE  PERFECT  INSECT 

the   trees,      near  the  middle  of  the  picture,   slightly  reduced. 


fences,  and  other  supports  in  their  neighborhoods. 
These  "bugs"  do  not  bite  or  sting,  and  they  fall  into 
a  very  interesting  family  of  insects  known  as  the 
Cicadidce,  being  popularly  called  locusts,  cicadas,  and 
sometimes  harvest-flies.  However,  they  must  not  be  in 
any  way  confused  with  the  various  species  of  grasshop- 
per-like insects 
that  are  the 
true  locust,  such 
as  our  Ameri- 
can  locust 
(Schisto  c  e  r  a 
americana),  or 
with  those  that 
during  various 
periods  of  his- 
t  o  r  y  formed 
the  great  flights 
in  the  Old 
World.  Such 
phenomena  are 
more  or  less 
fully  described 
in  some  of  the 
very  oldest 
works  we  have, 
as  the  locust 
swarms  of  an- 
c  i  e  n  t  Egypt. 
Many  thought- 
less people  take 
our  seventeen- 
year  cicada  to 
be  identically 
the  same  spe- 
cies ;  and,  too, 
as  a  rare  oc- 
c  u  r  r  ence,  we 
still  meet  with 
some  pious,  old 
dame  who 
shudders  at  the 
sight  and  sound 
of  these  harm- 
less hordes, 
drawing  a  long 
breath  when 
the  "flight"  is 
over  and  the 
people  have  es- 
caped the  pun- 
ishment follow- 
ing upon  some 


128.5 


!  2X6 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


willful  misdemeanors  of  the  nation.  Of  these  cicadas 
there  are  a  number  of  species,  all  looking  very  much 
alike,  some  being  very  large  and  some  very  small,  with 
color  in  general  agreement ;  their  common  appearance  is 
well  shown  in  the  cuts  illustrating  this  article.  Several 
species  are  found  in  Europe  and  several  still  different 
kinds  in  the  Americas.  All  true  cicadas  belong  to  the 
Order  Hemiptera,  and  constitute  the  typical  genus  of 
the  family  Cicadidce.  All  are  of  comparatively  good  size, 
the  males  having  under  their  wings  peculiar  little  "drums" 
wherewith  they  make  the  humming  note  so  familiar  to 
all,  while  the  female  has  a  most  interesting  history.  She 
deposits  her  eggs  from  about  the  end  of  May  through 
the  entire 
month  of  June ; 
these  are  dis- 
covered to  be 
in  pairs  in  the 
twigs  of  many 
kinds  of  oaks 
and  other  trees, 
and  are  very 
small,  spindle- 
shaped  objects. 
In  the  case 
of  this  seven- 
teen-year cica- 
da,   the    larvae 


hatch  out  in 
about  six 
weeks  from  the 
time  the  female 
lays  the  eggs ; 
they  then  im- 
mediately fall 
to  the  ground, 
into  which  they 
burrow,  to 
spend  the  next 
seventeen  years 
of  their  lives, 
remaining  only 
a  few  days  in 
the  pupa  stage. 
During  all  this 
time,  their  only  food  consists  of  the  juices  of  the  roots 
of  certain  trees,  they  being  provided  with  the  means  of 
sucking  the  roots. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  female  is  quite  indifferent 
to  the  kind  of  tree,  shrub,  or  brush  into  the  twigs  of 
which  she  deposits  her  eggs.  Often  much  harm  is  thus 
done  to  fruit  trees,  such  as  the  apple  and  pear;  and 
so  severe  is  the  treatment  sometimes  and  the  number  of 
punctures  sustained,  that  the  death  of  the  tree  fellows. 
Peach  trees  have  been  thus  destroyed,  proving  the  cicada 
to  be,  in  many  instances,  a  harmful  insect.  When  cherry 
trees  are  selected,  the  exuding  gum  usually  seals  in  the 
egg  or  young,  and  they  never  come  to  anything.  Some 
females  show  wonderful  fecundity,  the  line  of  minute 


MENS  OF  1919.  FROM  LIFE  AND  NATURAL  SIZE 
FORE-PAIR  OF  LEGS. 


punctures  for  the  eggs  on  the  twig  often  having  a  length 
of  more  than  two  feet. 

At  the  time  these  cicadas  laid  their  eggs  in  the  grooves 
they  cut  in  certain  trees,  along  towards  the  middle  of 
June,  the  effects  very  soon  became  apparent.  Especially 
was  this  true  in  the  case  of  all  the  species  of  oaks,  chest- 
nut oaks,  and  sassafras  shrubs.  The  big  twigs  thus 
operated  upon  by  the  insect  had  all  the  leaves  beyond  the 
line  of  punctures  die  and  turn  a  deep  tan  color.  Some 
large  oaks  thus  wounded  presented  a  mottled  appearance 
at  a  little  distance,  the  general  body  of  the  tree  retaining 
its  normal  dark  green  foilage,  with  the  dead,  brown 
patches  irregularly  distributed  all  over  it.     In  general, 

the  tree  sus- 
tained no  other 
injury. 

Mr.  S.  S. 
Ra  th  vo  r,  of 
Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania, 
gives  interest- 
ing facts  in  the 
life  history  of 
these  cicadas 
saying,  in  part, 
referring  to 
the  eggs  and 
young  of  the 
seventeen -year 
Cicada;  "many 
people  who  en- 
deavor to  study 
the  insect  fail 
to  produce  the 
young  by  keep- 
i  n  g  branches 
containing  eggs 
in  their  studios. 
I  so  failed  in 
1834  and  1851, 
and  indeed  I 
have  never 
heard  that  any 
one  has  suc- 
ceeded in  that  way  who  has  kept  them  for  any  length  of 
time.  In  the  brood  of  1868  the  first  Cicadas  appeared 
in  a  body,  on  the  evening  of  the  second  day  of  June.  The 
first  pair  in  coitu  I  observed  on  the  21st,  and  the  first 
female  depositing  on  the  26th  of  the  same  month.  The 
first  young  appeared  on  the  5th  of  August.  All  these 
dates  are  some  ten  days  later  than  corresponding  obser- 
vations made  by  myself  and  others  in  former  years. 

"On  the  15th  of  July,  I  cut  off  some  apple,  pear,  and 
chestnut  twigs  containing  eggs,  stuck  the  ends  into  a 
bottle  containing  water,  and  set  it  in  a  broad,  shallow 
dish  also  filled  with  water,  the  whole  remaining  out  of 
doors  exposed  to  the  weather,  whatever  it  might  be.  The 
young  continued  to  drop  out  on  the  water  in  the  dish 


E    EMPTY    SKIN-CASE.      WASHINGTON    SPECI- 
NOTE  THE  DISPOSITION  TO  ADVANCE  THE 


THE    SEVENTEEN-YEAR    LOCUST 


1287 


for  a  full  week.  I  could  breed  no  Cicadas  from  branches 
that  were  dead  and  on  which  the  leaves  were  withered, 
nor  from  those  that  from  any  cause  had  fallen  to  the 
ground ;  this  was  also  the  case  "with  Mr.  Vincent  Bernard, 
of  Kennet  Square,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania.  After 
the  precise  time  was  known,  fresh  branches  were  obtained, 
and  then  the  young  Cicadas  were  seen  coming  forth  in 
great  numbers  by  half  a  dozen  observers  in  this  country. 
As  the  fruitful  eggs  were  at  least  a  third  larger  than 
they  were  when  first  deposited,  I  infer  that  they  require 
the  moisture  contained  in  living  wood  to  preserve  their 
vitality.  When  the  proper  time  arrives  and  the  proper 
conditions  are  preserved,  they  are  easily  bred,  and  indeed 
I  have  seen  them  evolve  on  the  palm  of  my  hand.  The 
eyes  of  the  young  Cicadas  are  seen  through  the  egg-skin 
before  it  is  broken." 

Some  thirty-five  years  ago,  the  late  Professor  Charles 
Valentine  Riley,  an  entomologist  of  great  distinction, 
published  an  excellent  cut,  giving  an  upper  view  of  a 
seventeen-year  cicada,  with  its  wings  spread;  two  views 
of  the  pupa;  a  twig  showing  the  position  of  the  eggs, 
and  a  larva.  They  were  all  the  size  of  nature,  and  the 
illustrations  appeared  later  on  in  many  kinds  of  publi- 
cations ;  but  for  some  reason  the  figure  of  the  larva  was 
omitted — perhaps  for  the  reason  that  it  was  not  quite 
accurate. 

The  writer  believes  it  was  Professor  Riley  who  first 
discovered  that  there  was  in  the  South  a  thirteen-year 
cicada ;  he  always  believed  that  the  seventeen-year  broods 
were  northern  and  the  thirteen-year  ones  southern — the 
dividing  line  being  at  the  thirty-eighth  degree  of  latitude, 
approximately,  overlaps  taking  place  at  certain  points. 
He  predicted  accurately  the  probable  emergences  for 
certain  years,  and  the  insects  did  not  fail  him  but  put 
in  an  appearance  in  millions  on  schedule  time. 

Professor  Riley  pointed  out  that  the  development  of 
the  larva  is  extremely  slow,  being  not  more  than  one- 
fourth  its  full  size  when  six  years  old.  As  it  moults 
more  than  once  a  year,  there  must  be  some  twenty-five 
or  thirty  changes  of  its  skin  when  in  its  subterranean 
abode,  which  is  not  over  two  feet  below  ground  during 
the  first  six  or  seven  years  of  its  existence.  At  this  time 
it  is  in  an  oval  cell  which  Professor  Riley  showed  was 
more  often  away  from  roots  than  near  them.  Packard 
states :  "Yet  it  can  descend  to  great  depths,  one  writer 
stating  that  he  found  it  20  feet  below  the  surface.  As 
the  time  approaches  for  the  issuing  of  the  pupa,  it  grad- 
ually rises  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  surface,  and,  for  a 
year  or  two  before  the  appearance  of  any  given  brood, 
this  pupa  may  be  dug  up  within  one  or  two  feet  of  the 
surface." 

During  the  present  invasion  of  these  insects,  the  round 
holes  where  these  cicadid  nymphs  came  out  were  ex- 
tremely numerous  around  many  trees  and  in  pathways 
through  the  woods.  Upon  several  occasions,  when  turn- 
ing over  fallen  logs,  the  writer  discovered  the  pupa  had 
made  a  chimney  closely  resembling  the  corresponding 
achievement  of  the  common  crayfish ;  this  has  been 
noticed  by  other  observers.     Out  at  Linden,  Maryland, 


the  twigs  of  the  lower  limbs  of  hickories,  oaks,  and 
maple-leaved  viburnums  were  seen  to  be  literally  covered 
with  the  empty  cases  of  the  nymphs  or  pupae  of  this 
cicada  (Fig.  1).  They  also  covered  small  cedars  not 
over  two  feet  in  height,  as  well  as  many  bushes.  This 
was  upon  the  25th  of  May,  1919.  A  few  of  the  perfected 
insects  were  distributed  through  these  interesting  and 
very  striking  groups,  and  the  "music"  of  the  latter  had 


Fig.  3.  DEAD  CICADAS  PINNED  OUT  ON  A  "SPREADING  BOARD" 
FOR  PRESERVATION  IN  A  COLLECTION.  THE  LARGE  UPPER 
ONE  IS  THE  COMMON  FORM  OR  "HARVEST-FLY"  OF  THE  EAST. 
NATURAL  SIZE.  WASHINGTON  SPECIMENS,  COLLECTED  BY  THE 
AUTHOR  (1919). 

just  begun  in  the  trees  and  shrubbery  the  day  before. 

What  strikes  us  first  upon  looking  at  one  of  these 
seventeen-year  cicadas,  when  it  is  alive  and  in  full  health, 
is  its  beautiful  coral-red  eyes,  set  off  by  its  dark  greenish- 
black  body.  All  about  the  base  of  its  wings  and  costal 
margins  of  the  same,  the  color  is  of  a  deep,  rich,  and  very 
brilliant  orange.  The  sexes  are  distinguished  by  the 
presence  of  the  ovipositor  in  the  female,  which  is  quite 
conspicuous. 

While  this  emergence  was  on,  the  writer  collected 
over  an  hundred  of  these  cicadas,  with  as  many  pupae 


1288 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


and  empty  cases.  They  were  carefully  studied  and  also 
used  for  photography,  the  illustrations  accompanying 
this  article  being  made  especially  for  it. 

The  nymphs  dig  out  of  the  ground  through  the  use 
of  their  strong  and  enlarged  fore-feet,  the  matured  insect 
subsequently  emerging  from  a  slit  down  the  back.  All 
of  this  is  seen  in  Figure  i  through  carefully  regarding 
the  several  specimens.  Sometimes  we  meet  with  cases 
where  the  insect  died  when  only  partly  out  of  the  case. 
In  still  others  the  wings  crumple  up,  and  the  helpless 
insects  crawl  about  on  the  ground.  Probably  there  are 
also  other  kinds  of  deformities. 

In  flight,  the  seventeen-year  cicada  is  not  at  all  rapid, 
nor  is  that  flight,  as  a  rule,  long  sustained.  Most  often 
it  is  in  a  straight  line  or  on  a  long  curve,  either  ascending 
or  descending.  They  are  very  loath  to  move  in  a  rain- 
storm, or  when  wet  from 
any  cause.  There  is  no 
trouble  in  catching  the  adult 
insects,  and  when  held  in 
the  fingers  they  commonly 
emit  a  loud,  humming 
noise ;  should  the  wings  be 
free  to  move  at  such  times, 
they  whirl  them  rapidly, 
thus  adding  to  the  fuss  they 
make.  On  even  ground, 
this  cicada  walks  with  great 
deliberation,  bringing  the 
fore-pair  of  legs  to  the 
front  with  marked  cicadian 
dignity  at  regular  intervals. 
Frequently,  when  on  the 
ground,  one  may  get  over 
on  its  back,  when  it  will 
violently  whirl  its  wings  in 
its  efforts  to  right  itself 
again.  In  warm,  dry 
weather  they  are  far  more 
active  than  when  the  air  is 
chilly  and  damp. 

When  observing  children  capture  these  "locusts"  they 
will  call  your  attention  to  the  W  near  the  upper,  outer 
angle  of  each  fore-wing  and  with  a  dubious  shake  of  their 
heads  predict  that  a  war  is  near  at  hand.  This  is  backed 
up  by  inviting  attention  to  the  reddish  color  on  the  wings 
of  our  larger  species  of  cicada,  where  this  ominous  W  is 
also  to  be  seen.  As  the  Cicadidce  have  been  in  existence 
for  a  great  many  thousands  of  yeais,  during  which  time 
millions  of  men  have  been  slain  in  wars,  this  harmless 
superstition  is  hardly  worthy  of  a  smile.  Strange  to 
relate,  however,  we  have  many  "grown-ups"  among  us 
who  are  firm  believers  in  this  and  similar  "signs." 

This  family  of  Cicadidce  contains  many  other  species 
besides  the  thirteen-year  and  seventeen-year  ones ;  a 
larger  one  of  the  eastern  United  States  is  well  known. 
It  comes  along  during  the  "dog  days"  of  summer  or  a 
little  later,  and  its  "song"  is  indicative  of  the  approach 
of  early  autumn.    Rarely  do  we  hear  more  than  one  or 


MAP  SHOWING  THE  "HOSTESS"  STATES— TERRITORY  IN 
THE   PERIODICAL  CICADA  (LOCUST)  APPEARED  IN  1919. 


DOTS      INDICATE 
COLONIES. 


two  of  these  together — in  cities  usually  from  the  shade 
trees  along  the  streets.  The  "song"  has  a  definite  begin- 
ning and  ending,  and  is  not  a  continuous  hum  as  is  the 
case  with  the  seventeen-year  fellow. 

There  are  a  number  of  tropical  species ;  and  out  West 
a  very  cute  little  form,  much  lighter  in  color,  that  the 
writer  has  observed  in  thousands  on  the  sage  brush  on 
the  prairies.  This  probably  is  the  one  that  Dr.  Frank 
E.  Lutz  refers  to  in  his  work,  a  Fieldbook  of  Insects, 
when  he  says:  "Of  the  genus  Cicada  (as  now  limited, 
Tettigia),  the  small  hieroglyphica  (Plate  XXII.),  with  an 
almost  transparent  abdomen,  may  be  found  in  pine  bar- 
rens, and  is  our  only  species."     (P.  84.) 

Kirby,  in  his  Text-Book  of  Entomology,  figures  Thopha 
saccata,  Amyot,  and  says  that  it  is  an  Australian  insect, 
remarkable  for  the  large  drums  of  the  male.     It  is  rusty 

brown ;  the  thorax  is  band- 
ed with  black  and  yellow, 
and  the  abdomen  is  black." 
From  tip  to  tip,  this  giant 
among  the  Cicadidce  meas- 
ures five  and  a  half  inches. 
Three  very  fine  species 
inhabit  China,  and  others 
are  found  in  South  Africa. 
The  big  one  of  the  East 
Indies  (Dundnbia  impera- 
toria  Westw. )  measures 
over  eight  inches  across  the 
spread  wings ! 

Kirby  remarks  that  the 
"Cicadas  are  improperly 
called  "locusts"  both  in 
America  and  Australia.  In 
countries  where  they 
abound,  the  larger  species 
keep  up  a  perpetual  chirp- 
ing, and  they  and  other  in- 
sects make  the  woods  re- 
sound with  their  song  at 
almost  all  hours  of  the  day 
and  night.  Hence,  I  have  been  assured  by  travellers  who 
have  spent  some  years  in  the  Tropics,  that  nothing  struck 
them  so  much  on  their  return  to  England  as  what  seemed 
the  death-like  stillness  of  our  woods,  and  that  it  was 
months,  or  even  years,  before  they  were  able  to  divest 
themselves  of  the  impression  that  it  was  always  winter." 
Were  such  travelers  able  to  hear  the  din  created  by  the 
thousands  of  the  seventeen-year  cicadas  "singing"  in 
concert  in  the  trees,  they  would  most  assuredly  have  but 
slender  grounds  for  such  complaint. 

One  of  the  very  best  accounts  of  our  cicadas  is  given 
us  by  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  in  his  well-known  Insect  Book, 
fully  illustrated  by  many  of  Riley's  excellent  cuts.  These 
last  include  the  "young  Earva"  of  the  seventeen-year 
species,  which  stands  in  evidence  of  Doctor  Howard's 
belief  in  its  accuracy. 

"The  ultimate  fate  of  this  interesting  species,"  says 
this  eminent  authority,  "is  undoubtedly  extinction,  and  its 


WHICH 
LARGE 


DENSE      AND      SMALL      DOTS      SCATTERING 


THE   SEVENTEEN-YEAR    LOCUST 


1289 


numbers  are  rapidly  growing  less.  One  of  the  com- 
paratively few  insects  upon  which  the  English  sparrow 
feeds  with  avidity  is  the  periodical  cicada,  and  many 
thousands  of  them  are  destroyed  by  sparrows  each  time 
they  make  their  appearance  and  before  they  lay  their 
eggs."  One  interested  in  cicadas  should  certainly  read 
this  valuable  account  by  Doctor  Howard.  According  to 
Lutz,  the  adults  live  only  a  week  or  so,  "to  recompense 
them  for  the  long  period  of  preparation." 

Further  on  the  same  author  remarks  that  "there  are  a 
score,  or  more,  of  different  broods,  each  of  which  has  a 
rather  definite — often  restricted— distribution  and  time 
of  emergence.  Suppose  there  are  three  such  broods  in' 
your  neighborhood.  One  of  them  (that  is,  the  adults) 
may  have  appeared  in  191 1;  its  next  appearance  would 
be  1928.  Another  might  be  1916,  1933,  and  so  on.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  these  are  actual  broods,  although  they 
may  not  be  the  ones  of  your  neighborhood.  However,  the 
example  shows  that  we  may  have  seventeen-year  cicadas 
oftener  than  every  seventeen  years,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  possibility  of  laggards  or  extra-spry  individuals,  in 
various  broods,  which  do  not  appear  on  schedule  time." 

It  has  been  pointed  out  that  many  thousands  of  these 
cicadas  came  forth  on  the  streets  in  Washington.     This, 


be  it  noted,  could  only  happen  where  the  ground,  for 
seventeen  years  or  a  little  more,  had  not  been  sealed 
over,  either  by  some  structure  or  other  having  been 
erected  upon  it,  or  by  the  making  of  cemented  sidewalks" 
and  impenetrable  roadways.  As  Washington  very  ex- 
tensively encroached  upon  its  former  environs  during  the 
time  this  brood  of  cicadas  were  enjoying  the  seventeen 
years  of  subterranean  existence,  many  hundreds  of  acres 
being  sealed  over,  it  is  apparent  that  all  the  cicadas  in 
those  areas  perhaps  millions  of  them,  could  not  come  to 
the  surface  at  the  appointed  time,  and  thus  perished  at 
the  points  where  they  arrived  at  such  impassable  bar- 
riers. It  is  claimed  that  this  factor  of  destruction  will, 
in  time,  exterminate  this  interesting  insect — an  idea  that 
surely  is  quite  unbelievable ;  though  to  a  certain  extent 
it  may  keep  their  numbers  down,  as  does  the  extensive 
warfare  waged  upon  them  by  the  "English  Sparrows"  in 
and  about  our  cities. 

Extinction  or  no  extinction ;  war  or  no  war ;  sparrows 
or  no  sparrows — in  the  month  of  May,  1936,  common 
reckoning,  we  shall,  with  absolute  certainty,  see  an  emerg- 
ence of  our  seventeen-year  cicada  where  the  present 
hordes  have  appeared. 


DR.  FERNOW,  DEAN  OF  FORESTERS,  RETIRES 
T\R.  B.  E.  FERNOW,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Forestry, 
U  University  of  Toronto,  retired  on  July  1.  Dr.  Fer- 
now  intends  to  return  to  the  United  States  and,  if  his 
health  permits,  to  continue  his  labors  in  authorship  which 
have  already  won  him  much  distinction.  The  success  of 
the  College  of  Forestry  at  Toronto  mirrors  Dr.  Fernow's 
unsparing  giving  of  himself  for  the  advancement  of  the 
science  of  forestry  in  Canada.  One  cannot  over-empha- 
size the  discouragements  he  met  and  overcame  in  found- 
ing a  new  and  unfamiliar  branch  of  technical  training, 
the  youngest  of  the  engineering  professions.  As  a  Direc- 
tor of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  Dr.  Fernow 
was  a  great  believer  in  educational  propaganda  and  assist- 
ed it  at  every  opportunity. 

He  became  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Forestry,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  1886,  a  position 
which  he  filled  until  1898.  In  addition  to  his  official 
work,  he  was  a  constant  promoter  of  all  biological  investi- 
gations leading  to  a  broader  understanding  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  forestry.  In  1883  he  was  elected  secretary  of 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  and  also  held  the 
position  of  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and 
finally  first  vice-president  of  that  organization.  The 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  conferred  on  Dr.  Fernow 
by  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  1897.  He  took  up  his 
duties  at  Toronto  University  in  1907. 


DOUGLASS  "KILLED  IN  ACTION" 

A  REPORT  from  the  Adjutant  General  practically 
**■  confirming  the  death  of  Lieut.  C.  W.  H.  Douglass 
reads  as  follows : 

"Lieut.  Charles  W.  H.  Douglass,  Signal  Corps,  prev- 
iously reported  missing  in  action  since  June  11,  1918, 
now  reported  killed  in  action,  same  date."  No  further 
details  are  available. 

Lieutenant  Douglass  was  a  graduate  of  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry  and  at  the  time  of  his  enlist- 
ment in  the  Aviation  Service,  was  associated  with  P.  S. 
Ridsdale,  editor  and  secretary  of  the  American  Forestry 
Association.    His  loss  is  keenly  felt. 


HOMES  built  of  wood  were  practically  the  only  struc- 
tures unscathed  in  the  severe  earthquakes  which 
devastated  parts  of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  ac- 
cording to  reports  made  to  the  National  Lumber  Manu- 
facturers' Association — a  high  tribute  to  the  durability  of 
this  forest  product  in  building  work. 


GRADUATES   OF   THE   NEW   YORK   STATE  COL- 
LEGE OF  FORESTRY  GRANTED  AMERICAN- 
SCANDINAVIAN  FELLOWSHIP 

ly/TR.  HENRY  M.  MELONEY,  of  Bordentown,  New 
-L"  Jersey,  who  was  graduated  from  the  New  York  State 
College  of  Forestry,  at  Syracuse  University,  with  the  de- 
gree of  B.  S.,  in  June,  1918,  has  just  accepted  appointment 
to  a  technical  fellowship  for  the  study  of  forestry,  lumber, 
and  paper  and  pulp  manufacture  in  Sweden,  under  the 
American-Scandinavian  Foundation.  Ten  college  and  uni- 
versity men  from  America  will  be  sent  to  the  Scandinavian 
states  under  the  American- Scandinavian  Foundation  for 
study  and  research.  Two  of  these  fellowships  are  in 
forestry  and  the  others  in  mining,  electrical  engineering, 
etc.  The  fellowships  carry  $1,000  and  are  of  one  year's 
duration.  Mr.  Meloney  is  planning  to  leave  for  Sweden 
in  August  and  will  specialize  in  lumbering  and  logging 
engineering. 


1290 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


THE  PINE  WOODS  FOLK 


SQUEAKY  FINDS  TWO  MORE  VANDALS 


QUEAKY  liked  to  gossip  about 
as  well  as  anyone  and  he  did 
a  good  deal  of  it  when  he  had 
a  chance,  but  there  was  nothing 
lazy  about  him.  When  there 
was  any  work  to  do  he  settled 
right  down  to  business  and  fin- 
ished the  job.  So  when  Mrs.  Squeaky  told 
him  that  she  had  located  a  big  supply  of 
acorns  he  was  as  anxious  as  she  to  transfer 
them  to  their  store  room. 

"Where  are  they?"  he  asked  as  they  bobbed 
off  through  the  woods  together. 

"In  the  old  hollow  maple  stub,  right  oh  the 
ground." 

Squeaky  stopped  very  suddenly  and  looked 
at  her  with  doubt  in  his  eye.  "But  Johnny 
Woodmouse  lives  there,"  he  exclaimed. 

"No,  he  doesn't,"  Mrs.  Squeaky  replied, 
proud  of  her  news.  "Porky  told  me  this  morn- 
ing that  Mrs.  Woodmouse  went  out  on  the 
snow  one  night  last  winter  and  the  owl  caught 
her." 

"But  he  did  not  catch  Johnny  and  the  chil- 
dren?" he  asked,  still  hesitating. 

"No,  but  Johnny  left  as  soon  as  the  snow 
melted,  to  look  for  another  wife,  and  he  took 
the  children  with  him.  They  have  been  gone 
six  weeks." 

Squeaky  no  longer  hesitated.  He  raced 
along  with  his  smart  little  wife  to  the  old 
maple  stump.  She  disappeared  between  two 
of  the  big  roots  and  he  found  a  small  hole 
between  them  that  led  into  the  big  hollow 
stump.  There  must  have  been  a  bushel  of 
acorns  on  the  floor  of  the  hollow. 

"I  did  not  even  know  that  there  was  a 
ground  hole  into  this  stump,"  Squeaky  ex- 
claimed admiringly. 

"I  found  a  tiny  little  hole  there  in  the  rotten 
wood,"  Mrs.  Squeaky  explained  proudly,  "and 
dug  it  out.  You  see,  the  adorns  came  from 
up  there." 

Squeaky  looked  up  and  saw  a  small  hole 
leading  into  the  hollow  above  where  Johnny 
Woodmouse  had  lived.  All  the  acorns  had 
run  down  through  this  hole.  They  started  to 
work  at  once.  With  an  acorn  in  each  cheek  and 
another  in  his  teeth,  Squeaky  started  out,  but 


he  could  not  make  it.  He  had  to  take  an  acorn 
out  of  one  cheek  before  he  could  get  through 
the  hole.  He  made  a  great  fuss  about  it,  but 
finally  went  on  with  the  two  acorns.  While 
he  was  gone  Mrs.  Squeaky,  who  was  of  a 
more  practical  turn  of  mind,  cut  the  hole  a 
little  larger  so  that  her  packed  cheeks  would 
go  through. 

Squeaky  was  on  his  second  trip  when  he 
saw  a  junco  hopping  along  apparently  picking 
something  out  of  the  air  every  little  while. 
Squeaky's  curiosity  was  aroused  at  once. 
What  was  the  junco  eating?  He  went  over 
that  way  and  found  that  the  junco  was  pick- 
ing the  seed  caps  off  of  the  tiny  little  pine 
seedlings  and  taking  the  top  off  of  the  seed- 
lings with  them.  Squeaky  was  very  much 
excited,  but  he  could  not  talk  with  his  mouth 
so  full.  As  it  was  against  his  principles  to 
lay  down  a  load,  he  hurried  home  with  it  as 
fast  as  he  could  go  and  tore  back  to  the  junco. 

"Hey,"  he  called  as  soon  as  he  was  within 
earshot,  "do  you  know  that  those  are  pine 
seeds  that  you  are  eating?" 

The  junco  looked  a  little  disgusted.  "I 
thought  they  tasted  like  them,"  he  replied. 

"Well,  that's  what  they  are,"  Squeaky  cried. 
"They  stick  on  top  of  the  seedling  when  it 
comes  out  of  the  ground.  Every  time  you  pull 
off  one  of  those  you  pull  off  the  top  of  the 
seedling  with  it  and  kill  it.  We  shall  never 
have  any  pine  trees  if  you  go  around  every- 
where doing  that." 

The  junco  looked  at  him  curiously.  "You 
eat  the  seed,  don't  you?"  he  asked. 

"Certainly,"  said  Squeaky,  "but — " 

"Well,  then,"  said  the  junco  as  he  flew  away 
to  another  patch  of  seedlings. 

Squeaky  was  almost  stunned.  He  had  al- 
ready scolded  Porky,  Cottontail  and  the  junco 
for  destroying  pine  trees  and  now  he  had  sud- 
denly discovered  that  he  had  probably  kept 
more  pine  trees  from  growing  than  any  of 
them.  Probably  had  destroyed  more  than  any- 
body else,  except  Chatter*  Box. 

It  made  Squeaky  very  thoughtful,  but  it  did 
not  stop  him  from  hurrying  on  to  help  Mrs. 
Squeaky,  and  by  evening  the  whole  bushel  of 
acorns  was  safe  in  their  store  house. 


THE  GULLS  AND  TERNS 


(Family  Laridae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


TO  THOSE  who  go  down  to  the  sea,  there  is  no 
bird  more  familiar  than  the  sea  gull.  It  matters 
not  that  there  are  fifty  different  kinds  of  gulls  in 
the  world  with  as  many  different  names.  All  of  the 
long  winged  graceful  white  birds  that  follow  the  ships 
the  world  over,  or  congregate  in  large  flocks  in  the 
harbors,  are  everywhere  called  sea  gulls  and  always  will 
be.  Absolute  masters  of  the  air  they  are,  for  no  storm 
is  so  severe  that  they  cannot  still  be  seen,  now  circling 


with  scarcely  a  mark  of  any  kind.  Immature  gulls  are 
uniformly  darker  than  the  adults,  being  dusky  or  grayish, 
changing  gradually  during  the  first  two  or  three  years 
to  the  plumage  of  the  old  birds. 

Gulls  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pigeon  to  that  of  an 
eagle  although  they  are  always  more  slender  than  the 
latter.  As  a  group  they  are  larger  than  the  terns  though 
a  few  of  the  terns  are  larger  than  the  smallest  gulls. 
The   majority  of  terns  are   about  the   size  of   slender 


Photograph  by  Herbert  K.  Job 


AN  AVIAN  SNOW  STORM 
Royal  and  Cabot's  terns  nesting.     Breton   Island  Reservation,  Louisiana. 


high  overhead,  now  gliding  close  to  the  waves,  now  sail- 
ing apparently  straight  into  the  wind  without  a  move- 
ment of  the  wings.  Sometimes  they  sail  for  hours  by 
the  stern  of  the  ship  taking  advantage  of  the  air  currents 
and  never  moving  their  wings  except  to  alter  occasionally 
the  angle  at  which  they  are  held.  Again  they  are  seen 
tossing  about  on  the  waves  for  they  have  webbed  feet 
and  can  swim  like  ducks. 

The  majority  of  gulls  are  pure  white  except  for  pearl 
gray  mantles  and  black  tips  to  the  wings,  but  some  have 
the  mantle  darker,  others  have  the  head  black  during  the 
summer,  while  still  others  have  the  entire  plumage  white 


pigeons  but  some  are  not  much  larger  than  the  largest 
swallows.  Indeed  they  are  sometimes  called  "sea  swal- 
lows" because  of  their  long  pointed  wings,  deeply  forked 
tails,  and  light,  airy  flight. 

Terns  do  not  often  sail  like  the  gulls  but  few  birds 
excel  them  for  gracefulness.  With  measured  strokes  of 
the  wings,  almost  suggestive  of  the  motion  of  a  butterfly, 
and  with  their  bills  directed  downward  as  they  watch  the 
water,  they  beat  back  and  forth  along  the  coast  hunting 
for  small  fish.  Once  a  flock  of  terns  locates  a  school  of 
fish,  a  scene  of  intense  animation  follows.  The  buoyant, 
rhythmic  flight  gives  way  to  a  series  of  daring  plunges 


1281 


1292 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


and  they  dart  from  a  considerable  height  into  the  sea,  spearing  the  small 
fish  with  their  pointed  bills.  In  this  method  of  feeding  they  differ  entirely 
from  the  gulls  which  have  hooked  bills  and  feed  upon  dead  fish  that  they 
find  floating  on  the  surface. 

Gulls  and  terns  are  much  alike  in  their  nesting  habits  for  the  majority 
of  species  build  crude  nests  or  lay  their  eggs  in  simple  depressions  in  the 

sand  or  on  the  rocks,  with  little 
or  no  pretense  at  nest  building.  In 
this  respect  and  also  in  their  eggs, 
which  are  olive  or  drab  in  ground 
color,  rather  heavily  marked  and 
sharply    pointed,    they    are    quite 


similar  to  the  sandpipers  and  plov- 
ers. Indeed  they  resemble  the 
shorebirds  in  other  respects  and 
in  many  anatomical  characters  as 
well  so  that  most  ornithologists 
today  put  all  of  them  together  in 
one  major  group  or  order. 

The  commonest  and  best  known 
of  the  twenty-five  species  of  gulls  found  in  North  America  is  the  herring 
gull.  It  is  found  throughout  trie  northern  hemisphere,  nesting  from  northern 
United  States  and  northern  France  northward,  and  wintering  from  the 
southern  part  of  its  breeding  range  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Med- 
iterranean. It  is  common  in  winter 
in  New  York  harbor  and  in  other 


Photograph  by  G.  A.  Bailey 

THE  BLACK  TERN  IN  SUMMER 

In  this  plumage  the  head  and  underparts  are  black 
— an    unusual    plumage    for    this   family    of   birds. 


Photcaraph  by  G.  A.  Bailey 

A  TERN   POST 
A  black  tern  in  full  plumage.     In  this  plumage  it 


harbors,  following  the  ferries  and 
swooping  down  to  pick  up  pieces  of 
bread  or  refuse  thrown  into  the 
water.  It  follows  also  the  garbage 
scows  in  dense  clouds  and  is  every- 
where a  valuable  scavenger.  In 
the  interior  the  herring  gulls  are 
common  on  all  of  the  Great  Lakes 
and  larger  bodies  of  water  that  do  not  freeze  over,  and  whenever  the 
ground  is  not  covered  with  snow,  they  make  sorties  to  the  uplands,  often 
long  distances  from  water,  where  they  find  grasshoppers,  beetles,  and 
grubs.    Gulls  always  roost  on  the  water,  however,  so  toward  night  they  can 

be  seen  return- 
ing to  the  lake 
just  as  they  left 
it  in  the  morn- 
ing. While  on 
the  lake,  in  ad- 
dition to  picking 
up  dead  fish, 
they  occasional- 
ly rob  the  loons 
and  mergansers. 
S  o  m  e  t  imes  a 
dozen  or  more 
gulls  hover  over 
the  spot  where 
these    birds    are 


r holograph  by  G.  A.  Bailey 

A  SIMPLE  HOME 

The  gulls  build  crude  nests  and  the  terns  usually 
none.  This  is  the  nest  of  a  Caspian  tern  on  an 
island  in  Georgian  Bay. 


Photograph'  by  G.  A.  Bailey 

CAMOUFLAGE  IN  NATURE 

Young    gulls    and    terns   are    almost    impossible    to    see    against    the    lichen 
covered  rock.     Here  arc  three  young  herring  gulls. 


fishing  waiting  for  one  of  them  to  make  a  catch,  and 
then  they  will  swoop  down  at  it  before  it  has  time  to 
swallow  its  prey.  Usually  the  gulls  are  so  persistent  that 
the  diver  finally  drops  the  fish,  and  the  gulls  fall  upon  it 
and  begin  fighting  among  themselves.     The  herring  gulls 


THE    GULLS    AND    TERNS 


1293 


rt  K    Job 


"AN  OFF  HOUR  FOR  HOUSEKEEPERS" 
Laughing  gulls,  Breton  Island  Reservation,  Louisiana. 

usually  select  a  rocky  island  for  a  nesting  site  and  pull 
together  small  piles  of  drift  weed  for  nests.  They 
usually  lay  three  eggs  which  vary  from  drab  to  olive 
or  bluish  white  in  ground  color,  irregularly  spotted  with 
lilac  and  shades  of  brown.  The  young  birds  are  covered 
with  down  when  hatched,  and,  like  the  adults,  are  able 
to  swim.  They  are  cared  for  by  their  parents,  however, 
until  they  learn  to  fly.  Their  downy  coat  is  mottled 
with  buff  and  gray  so  that  when  they  crouch  they  are 
almost   invisible  against  the   lichen   covered   rocks. 

A  somewhat  smaller  and  more  migratory  species  is  the 
ring-billed  gull  which  scarcely 
can  be  distinguished  from  the 
herring  gull  at  any  distance.  It 
migrates  as  far  south  as  Mexico 
and  Central  America  and  rarely 
winters  as  far  north  as  New 
York  State.  The  chief  differ- 
ence between  it  and  the  herring 
gull  is  that  in  the  adult  plumage, 
it  has  yellow  legs  instead  of  pink 
and  has  a  black  band  across  its 
bill.  The  immature  birds  can 
be  distinguished  at  greater  dis- 
tances because  the  ring-billed 
gull  has  a  pure  white  tail  marked 
by  a  subterminal  black  band 
while  the  immature  herring  gull 
has  half  or  all  of  the  tail  dark. 

A  somewhat  smaller  and  more 
maritime  species  is  the  kittiwake, 
so  called  from  its  note.  It  has 
nearly  the  same  pattern  of  colo- 
ration as  the  herring  and  ring- 
billed  gulls  with  more  or  less 
black  on  the  flight  quills.  Three 
larger  species,  the  glaucous  gull, 


the  Iceland  gull,  and  the  Kumlien 
gull  are  distinguished  by  the 
absence  of  black  on  the  pri- 
maries. These  are  northern 
species  found  rarely  on  our 
coast  in  winter  and  they  can  be 
distinguished  from  one  another 
only  by  experienced  observers. 
A  more  distinctly  marked  large 
gull,  in  fact  the  largest  of  them 
all,  is  the  great  black-backed 
gull  which  differs  from  all  the 
others  in  having  the  mantle  a 
deep  slaty  black.  It  is  a  martime 
species  and  seldom  visits  inland 
waters. 

The    smallest    of    the    North 

American  gulls  is  the  Bonaparte's 

gull  which  in  its  breeding  dress 

has  the  entire  head  slaty  black. 

It  takes  at  least  two  years   to 

acquire   this   plumage,   however, 

and  it  is  worn  only  during  the  summer  so  that  white 

headed  birds  are  much  more  often  seen.     It  is  more 

migratory  than  the  other  species,  nesting  in  the  far  north 

and  seldom  wintering  north  of  the  Southern  States,  many 

individuals  continuing  their  winter  rovings  to   Mexico 

and  Yucatan. 

A  more  southern  black-headed  gull  is  the  laughing 
gull  which  nests  in  the  salt  marshes  along  the  coast 
from  Massachusetts  south  to  Venezuela,  retiring  in  winter 
to  the  Gulf  coast  and  even  to  Brazil.  This  denizen 
of  the  South  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  ringed-billed 


Photograph  by  Herbert  K.  Job 


Arctic  tern  on  nest. 


THE  GREATEST  OF  ALL  TRAVELERS 
This  bird  is  said  to  migrate  22,000  miles  a  year. 


Matinicus  Rock,  Maine. 


1294 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


in  North  America.  They  are  easily  distinguished  from 
the  gulls  by  the  points  already  mentioned  but  many  of  the 
species  are  distinguished  from  one  another  only  by  the 
closest  observation.  The  commonest  color  pattern  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  gulls  being  largely  white  with  pearl 
gray  mantles,  but  in  the  breeding  season  all  the  typical 
species  have  the  whole  top  of  the  head  black.     Most  of 


Photograph  by  Herbert  K.  Job 

ON  THE  SEA  CLIFFS 
Kittiwakes,  nesting  on  Great  Bird  Rock,   Magdalena  Islands. 

gull    but    considerably    larger    than    the    Bonaparte's. 

In  the  Mississippi  valley  and  west  to  the  Rockies 
there  is  a  very  similar  black  headed  species  called  the 
Franklyn's  gull.  It  is  the  least  maritime  of  all  the  gulls, 
reaching  the  sea  coast  only  during  its  winter  quarters, 
which  stretch  from  Louisiana  to  Peru  and  Chili.  During 
the  summer  it  frequents  the 
prairie  country  feeding  princi- 
pally upon  locusts  and  other  in- 
sects, often  following  the  plow- 
man for  the  grubs  that  are  turn- 
ed up  by  the  plough.  It  is  this 
species  that  the  Mormons  believe 
saved  their  first  settlers  from 
starvation  by  consuming  the 
black  crickets  which  threatened 
to  destroy  all  their  crops.  In- 
deed they  have  recently  erected 
an  elaborate  fountain  and  monu- 
ment in  Salt  Lake  City  dedicat- 
ed "to  the  gulls  which  saved  the 
early   settlers    from   starvation." 

Along  the  Pacific  coast  there 
are  three  common  species,  the 
glaucous-winged,  the  western, 
and  the  California  gulls,  which 
are  not  found  in  the  east.  They 
are  white-headed  species,  not 
strikingly  different  from  the  her- 
ring gull. 

Ten  of  the  fifty  species  of 
terns  known  to  science  are  found 


Photograph  by  Herbert  K.  Job 

AN  UNUSUAL  PERCH  FOR  A  GULL 
Herring  gull  solicitous  for  its  nest,  Matinicus  Island,  Maine. 

them,  likewise,  have  deeply  forked  tails.  They  vary  in 
size  from  the  least  tern  which  is  not  much  larger  than  a 
swallow,  to  the  royal  and  Caspian  terns  which  are  about 


y?-F~$=>t 


Photograph  by  Herbert  K.  Job 


LIKE  A  MANTLE  OF  SNOW 
Royal  and  Cabot's  terns  nesting,  Breton   Island   Reservation,   Louisiana. 


THE    GULLS    AND    TERNS 


1295 


the  size  of  ringed-billed  gulls.  The  Caspian  tern  is  a 
somewhat  larger  species  than  the  royal  and  has  a 
less  deeply  forked  tail.  It  is  likewise  more  northern  in 
its  distribution.  The  common  tern  (or  Wilson's  tern), 
the  Forester's  tern,  the  Arctic  tern,  and  the  roseate  tern 
are  all  much  alike  being  about  fifteen  inches  long  and 
having  the  typical  tern  coloration.  They  are,  however, 
somewhat  different  in  habits  and  distribution,  the  com- 
mon tern  being  the  most  widespread  and  generally  seen. 
Close  observation  will  distinguish  the  Arctic  tern  by  its 
grayer  underparts  and  uniformly  deep  red  bill,  the  com- 
mon tern  by  its  white  throat  and  grayish  breast,  and  bill, 
red  only  at  the  base.  The  Forester's  tern  can  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  pure  white  underparts  and  dull  orange 
bill  and  the  roseate  tern  by  its  delicate  tint  of  pink  on 
the  underparts. 

The  Arctic  tern  is  the  most  maritime  of  them  all  and 
is  said  to  have  the  longest  migration  of  any  bird,  some 
individuals  nesting  well  within  the  Arctic  Circle  and 
some  wintering  well  within  the  Antarctic,  requiring  an 
annual  pilgrimage  of  about  22  thousand  miles.  The 
Forester's  tern  is  more  of  a  western  species  and  is  more 
marsh  loving  than  the  others,  nesting  in  grassy  marshes. 
The  common  and  roseate  often  nest  together  on  some  of 
the  islands  off  the  Atlantic  coast  but  the  roseate  is  more 
southern  of  the  two  extending  its  breeding  range  to  north- 
ern South  America.  The  gull-billed  tern  is  a  nearly 
cosmopolitan  bird  but  is  found  in  North  America  only  as 
far  north  as  Virginia.  It  is  quite  easily  identified  by  its 
short  heavy  bill  and  less  deeply  forked  tail. 

The  least  maritime  of  all  the  terns  is  the  black  tern 
which  frequents  the  marshes  of  the  interior.  It  is  easily 
distinguished  in  its  breeding  dress  by  its  black  head  and 
underparts  but  during  the  winter  these  are  white  and  it  is 
not  so  different  from  the  other  terns  except  that  its  upper- 
parts  are  darker. 

There  are  two  tropical  terns,  the  sooty  tern  and  the 
noddy  tern  which  are  common  on  the  Florida  keys  and 
some  of  the  islands  off  the  Gulf  coast  where  they  nest 
in  colonies  of  thousands.  The  sooty  tern  can  be  dis- 
tinguished from  other  terns  by  its  black  upperparts  and 
the  noddy  tern  by  its  black  underparts,  as  well  as  upper- 
parts,  only  the  top  of  the  head  being  white. 

In  the  days  when  the  feather  trade  was  at  its  height, 
thousands  of  tern  skins  of  all  species  were  shipped  to 
the  New  York  markets  and  the  breeding  colonies  all 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  were  almost  wiped  out.  Indeed 
even  after  some  of  the  nesting  islands  were  set  aside  as 
refuges  and  protected  by  wardens,  hunters  congregated 
in  boats  near  the  islands  and  baited  the  birds  up  to  them. 
In  this  way  they  were  still  able  to  kill  hundreds  of  them 
because  the  terns  have  the  unfortunate  habit  of  hovering 
over  a  wounded  companion  and  returning  again  and 
again,  even  though  shot  at,  as  though  they  would  succor 
him.  It  was  not  until  through  the  efforts  of  the  National 
Association  of  Audubon  Societies  and  a  few  far-sighted 
Senators  and  Congressmen  that  the  non-sale  of  plumage 
laws  were  passed.  These  laws  forbade  the  sale  of  the 
plumage  of  native  birds,  and  made  it  possible  to  save 


the  few  remaining  terns.  Now  the  birds  are  beginning  to 
increase  and  to  nest  where  they  have  not  been  found  for 
years.  The  least  tern  alone,  seems  unable  to  recuperate 
from  the  verge  of  extermination  to  which  it  was  forced 
and  it  is  still  a  rare  bird  all  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
where  once  it  was  extremely  abundant. 


CITY  TREE  PLANTING 

ALDO  LEOPOLD,  secretary  of  the  Chamber '  of 
-*"*-  Commerce  at  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  tells  how 
that  city  conducted  a  tree  planting  campaign  which 
offers  valuable  suggestions  to  other  commercial  organi- 
zations. The  first  step  was  to  appoint  a  committee  of 
private  citizens  experienced  in  tree  planting.  This  com- 
mittee drew  up  a  set  of  specifications  embodying  the 
consensus  of  their  opinions  as  to  the  best  species  of  trees 
to  plant  and  when,  the  best  size  of  stock,  and  the  exact 
methods  of  shipment,  storage,  distribution,  planting,  and 
the  after  care  which  is  necessary  to  produce  the  best 
results  under  the  conditions  existing  in  Albuquerque. 
The  specifications  were  then  published  in  the  local  news- 
papers, and  private  parties  were  asked  to  submit  bids, 
giving  the  cost  per  tree  for  which  they  would  agree  to 
meet  the  specifications.  On  a  given  date  all  bids  were 
reviewed  by  the  committee,  and  those  bidders  whose 
prices  were  reasonable  were  investigated  as  to  their  per- 
sonal reliability  and  experience  and  the  reliability  of  the 
nursery  with  which  they  did  business.  Certificates  of 
recommendation  were  then  issued  to  all  the  bidders  who, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  committee,  were  fully  qualified  to  do 
the  work. 

The  committee  then  appointed  a  trained  forester  as 
inspector.  The  certificates  of  recommendation  stipulated 
that  any  work  not  complying  with  the  specifications  as 
interpreted  by  the  inspector  would  result  in  the  for- 
feiture of  the  certificate  of  recommendation.  All  holders 
of  certificates  were  then  encouraged  to  proceed  to  solicit 
business  in  the  regular  manner  of  private  contractors. 
These  certified  contractors  commanded  the  confidence 
of  the  public  and  were  aided  by  an  extensive  advertising 
campaign.  This  was  conducted  by  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce with  the  full  co-operation  of  the  local  newspapers. 
Large  numbers  of  trees  were  ordered  by  property  owners 
who  had  in  former  years  deferred  tree  planting  because 
they  were  not  satisfied  with  the  service  rendered  by  un- 
regulated contractors.  A  total  of  over  one  thousand  trees 
were  planted,  and  so  far  95  per  cent  of  them  are  growing 
and  doing  well.  Under  the  extremely  difficult  conditions 
obtaining  in  the  Southwest,  this  is  a  very  exceptional 
showing.  The  public  is  well  satisfied.  The  annual  plant- 
ing of  trees  will  be  at  least  trebled,  and  the  contractors 
state  that  they  will  never  work  under  any  other  system. 


A  FOREST  FIRE  IS  A  REAL  ENEMY 
Carelessness  causes  many  fires.  Are  you  care- 
less? Never  leave  your  camp  fire  without  making 
sure  it  is  completely  out.  We  won  the  war  to  defend 
Democracy.  Must  we  now  fight  forest  fires?  Are  you 
careful  with  fire  in  the  forest?  Burning  matches 
cause  fires.  Break  your  match  in  two  before  throw- 
ing it  away.    If  you  discover  a  forest  fire,  put  it  out. 


1296 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


EDITORS  TAKE  UP  FOREST  MATTERS 

NEWSPAPERS  ANSWER   CALL  OF  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 
AND    OPEN    COLUMNS    TO    DISCUSSION    OF    BIG    QUESTIONS 


A  NATIONAL  forest  policy  for  the  United  States, 
"Roads  of   Remembrance,"  plans   for  reforesting 
France,  Belgium  and  Great  Britain,  and  the  plant- 
ing of  Memorial  Trees,  for  all  of  which  the  American 
Forestry  Association  is  campaigning,  have  received  the 
hearty  indorsement  of  the  editors  of  the  country. 

In  an  editorial  on  beautifying  the  roads  of  the  country 
the  Atlanta  Constitution  outlines  the  suggestion  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  and  says,  "This  is  an  ex- 
cellent idea.  The  movement  in  all  its  phases  is  commend- 
able and  it  is  one  to  which  the  public  should  give  hearty 
indorsement."  The  Association  urges  that  County  Units 
plan  memorials  of  various  kinds  with  the  good  roads  in 
mind  so  the  memorials  be  easy  of  access  and  that  the  roads 
for  which  millions  are  to  be  spent  be  marked  with  memo- 
rial trees.  "The  advantages  of  having  highways  set  with 
trees  are  a  great  many,"  says  the  Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, Gazette,  "and  few  undertakings  of  so  small  com- 
parative cost  are  calculated  to  give  as  big  a  return  for 
the  money  invested  as  the 
planting  of  trees  along  the 
highways  wherever  such 
work  is  practicable." 

Fruit  trees  are  advocated 
for  roadside  planting  by 
the  Portland  Oregonian, 
and  so  are  nut  trees.  "This 
is  an  established  custom  in 
Europe,"  the  Oregonian 
points  out,  "and  a  practice 
worth  thinking  about."  The 
Pittsburgh  Post  praises  the 
Boy  Scouts  for  planting 
walnut     trees     and     adds : 

"This  is  particularly  timely  in  view  of  the  warning  just 
issued  by  the  American  Forestry  Association  that  the 
country  faces  a  timber  shortage."  The  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Dispatch  says :  "If  the  people  of  this  country  do  not 
begin  planting  black  walnuts  they  will  make  the  mistake 
of  their  lives."  The  "Haskin  Letter,"  a  feature  used  by 
many  newspapers,  carries  a  column  on  "Roads  of  Re- 
membrance," pointing  to  the  opportunity  to  beautify  the 
country  and  at  the  same  time  impress  the  need  of  a 
national  forest  policy.  The  Washington  Times  and  the 
Washington  Herald  give  generous  space  to  the  article 
and  the  Washington  Star  uses  nearly  a  column  in  telling 
of  the  Association's  suggestion  for  tree  planting  along 
the  drive  to  connect  two  of  Washington's  famous  parks. 
Dr.  Frank  Crane,  in  his  daily  editorial,  used  by  about 


CALL  TO  MEMBERS 

Enlist  for  service  with  YOUR  ASSOCIATION.  The 
need  of  a  national  forest  policy  will  be  doubly  im- 
pressed upon  the  editor  of  your  paper  if  you  point  out 
this  need  to  him.  Write  a  short  statement  of  facts,  sign 
your  name  as  a  "member  of  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation," and  send  the  copy  to  the  editor  of  your  news- 
paper. 

Discuss  local  park  and  tree  situations  with  the  editor 
for  he  wants  to  know  the  public  opinion  and  values  it 
highly.  Where  trees  need  attention  tell  him  and  you 
will  find  ready  response,  for  the  editors  of  the  country 
are  keen  to  help. 


one  hundred   of   the   biggest   newspapers,   indorses   the 
Association's  Memorial  Tree  campaign. 

In  an  editorial,  "Trees  as  Memorials,"  the  Boston  Post 
says:  "The  sentiment  is  one  which  appeals  directly  and 
strongly  to  the  heart  of  our  people.  The  American  For- 
estry Association  is  aiding  the  governments  of  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Belgium  in  their  schemes  for  repair- 
ing the  forest  devastation  wrought  by  the  Hun  and  com- 
pelled by  their  own  military  needs.  To  restore  and  beau- 
tify the  world  for  which  our  boys  fought  and  sacrificed 
so  bravely  is  their  best  and  most  enduring  monument." 
The  London  Mail,  speaking  of  the  ravaged  forests,  says : 
"England  in  one  regard  looks  strangely  like  those  parts 
of  Belgium  where  the  Germans  have  resided.  You  see 
wherever  you  go  acres  of  sawdust  chips  in  place  of  van- 
ished forests."  The  Mail  then  goes  on  to  give  the  plans 
of  Mr.Acland,  of  the  Woods  and  Forest  Department. 
Under  the  heading  "Trees  for  France,"  the  Goshen,  In- 
diana,  Democrat   says :     "It  is   a  practical   suggestion. 

America  can  send  almost 
any  desired  variety  of  tree 
or  shrub."  The  Indianapo- 
lis Star  points  to  "a  recent 
survey  of  the  forests  in 
France  by  the  secretary  of 
the  American  Forestry  As- 
sociation," and  adds  that 
"the  situation  presents  a 
tremendous  problem  not 
only  for  the  nations  in- 
volved but  for  other  coun- 
tries as  well."  "America's 
natural  resources  have 
been  the  salvation  of  Eu- 
rope," is  the  way  the  Boston  Globe  puts  it,  while  the 
Buffalo  Evening  Nezvs  quotes  the  figures  from  the  Amer- 
ican Forestry  Magazine  to  show  the  need  of  increased 
planting.  The  Baltimore  Sun,  Minneapolis  Journal,  New 
York  Times  and  many  other  papers  quote  the  magazine 
for  a  column  on  the  destruction  of  the  forests  in  the  battle 
areas.  The  Dayton  Herald  quotes  the  Association's 
"Dont's"  for  forest  fires  and  points  to  the  need  of  a 
national  forest  policy,  saying,  "Only  the  United  States 
lags."  The  San  Francisco  Examiner  uses  an  eight  col- 
umn box  across  the  top  of  the  first  page  on  a  telegram  of 
congratulation  to  San  Francisco  upon  the  dedication  of 
its  Hero  Grove.  These  are  but  examples  of  the  way 
the  editors  of  the  country  axe.  co-operating  in,  t))£  drive 
for  a  national  forest  policy. 


FORESTRY— THE  RELATION  OF  WOOD  TO 
THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CIVILIZATION 

BY  WILLIAM  CARSON 


VWT  E  HEAR  much  and  read  much  of  the  Coal  Age, 
"  the  Iron  Age,  the  Age  of  Steel — and  their  influ- 
ence on  civilization.  In  our  own  time  we  have  been  im- 
pressed with  the  amazing  changes  brought  about  by 
iron  and  steel.  We  traverse  continents  on  rails  of  steel; 
span  broad  rivers  with  bridges  of  iron  and  steel;  ply 
the  seven  seas  in  ships  of  steel,  and  soar  through  the  air 
in  machines  with  steel  frames.  With  steel  tools  and 
machines  the  luxuries  of  yesterday  are  brought  in  reach 


tributed  to  all  the  ages.  And  though  its  functions  have 
been  in  the  quieter  walks  of  life,  less  glorious  and  spec- 
tacular than  iron  and  steel,  its  contribution  to  man  in 
his  struggle  onward  and  upward  has  been  no  less  bounti- 
ful. 

Even  before  the  dawn  of  history,  man  was  dependent 
on  it  for  his  existence ;  and  on  every  frontier  down  to 
our  own  day  it  has  been  one  of  man's  chief  reliances. 
It  has  been  more  than  an  influence;  it  has  been  essen- 


Courtesy  of  The  White  Pine  Bureau 

THE    "OLD    FAIRBANKS    HOUSE"    AT    DEDHAM,    MASSACHUSETTS 

The  oldest  house  in  America  now  standing  in  practically  its  original  condition,  again  with  the  possible  exception  of  the 
shell  and  adobe  houses  of  Florida  and  California,  is  the  "Old  Fairbanks  House,"  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  the  central  sec- 
tion of  which  was  built  in  1636.  The  picturesqueness  of  this  old,  weather-beaten  house,  nestling  beneath  a  wealth  of  over- 
hanging elms  and  breathing  the  sweetness  and  charm  of  old  New  England,  has  an  appeal  unequalled  by  any  other  of  the 
early  Colonial  houses.  Although  its  unpainted  white  pine  siding  has  stood  exposed  to  the  severe_  New  England  climate  for 
almost   three    centuries,    it    is    still   almost   perfectly    preserved — a   testimonial   to   the   lasting  qualities  of  wood. 


of  all,  adding  immensely  to  the  comforts  and  enjoyment 
of  life;  and  with  other  steel  tools  we  fashion  guns  that 
hurl  masses  of  steel  twenty  miles  through  the  air  and 
kill  myriads  of  men.  Truly  the  influence  of  iron  and 
steel  has  been  stupendous — stupendous  beyond  our  con- 
ception. 

Yet,  though  iron  and  steel  are  mere  tyros  as  com- 
pared to  wood,  no  period  has  been  designated  the  Wood 
Age.     No  particular  period  could  be.     Wood  has  con- 


tial — indispensable.  Man  first  took  refuge  in  the  tree 
and  with  its  branches  built  his  fire  to  cook  his  simple 
meal.  With  his  wooden  club  he  went  forth  to  provide 
food  for  himself  and  his  family.  He  lightened  his  first 
journeys  with  a  staff  of  wood,  and  as  he  became  more 
venturesome  floated  down  the  water-courses  on  a  log. 
When  love  of  home  conquered  his  roving  disposition 
he  scratched  the  ground  with  a  stick  and  sowed  his  seeds, 
and  in  time  made  his  first  plow  of  wood.    As  the  cen- 


1297 


.298 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


turies  wore  away  and  the  great  migrations  came,  wood 
was  once  more  destined  to  play  a  leading  role.  On 
wooden  wheels  and  in  wooden  boats  man  went  forth  to 
the  ends  of  the  earth — from  Asia  westward  to  Europe — 
and  from  Europe  across  the  Atlantic  to  the  New  World. 

As  man  pushed  forward  the  frontier  of  civilization, 
commerce  grew.  We  marvel  at  the  millions  of  tons  of 
freight  transported  annually  on  steel  rails  and  steel 
ships ;  but  centuries  must  pass  before  steel's  tonnage 
can  equal  the  traffic  that  has  gone  up  and  down  the 
highways  of  the  earth  in  wooden  ships  and  on  wooden 
wheels. 

But  wood  has  done  more  than  provide  man  with  his 
necessities  and  comforts.  His  earliest  efforts  in  sculp- 
ture and  carving  were  formed  from  wood.  There  stands 
today  in  the  Gizeh  Museum  in  Egypt  a  wooden  statue, 
the  oldest  record  of  man's  achievement  in  sculpture.  If 
Moses  saw  it,  he  must  have  looked  upon  it  in  wonder, 
for  it  was  2000  years  old  before  he  was  born.  We  think 
of  wood  as  something  perishable,  as  something  that 
soon  decays ;  yet  here  is  a  wooden  statue,  6,000  years 
old — older  than  any  stone  or  marble  statue  in  existence. 
In  passing  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  remark  that  the  oldest 
living  things  on  earth  are  the  giant  Sequoia  trees  of 
California. 

And  in  music — from  the  first  hammerings  on  a  wooden 
tom-tom  to  the  symphony  orchestra — wood  instruments 
have  thrilled  man  in  all  ages.  No  instrument  of  brass 
can  produce  the  range  and  variety  of  tones  or  approach 
the  human  appeal  of  the  wooden  violin.  The  metal 
strings  of  the  piano  get  their  tone  and  quality  from  the 
white  pine  sounding-board. 

Sometimes,  too,  I  surmise  that  wood  has  been  rather 
lavishly  used  in  making  the  heads  of  some  of  our 
statesmen. 

In  this  land  of  ours,  wood — and  especially  white  pine 
— has  been  a  powerful  influence  in  shaping  her  destiny. 
When  the  colonists  came  to  New  England  and  New 
York  they  found  an  abundance  of  white  pine  distributed 
over  the  country.  The  ease  with  which  it  could  be 
worked  made  it  readily  accessible  for  sheltering  the  set- 
tlers and  their  stock.  And  later  it  gave  expression  to 
their  culture  and  love  for  the  beautiful  in  those  stately 
houses  and  those  dignified  churches  which  still  stand 
as  sound  as  when  they  were  built  and  give  inspiration 
for  so  many  of  the  beautiful  architectural  designs  of 
today. 

The  history  of  the  early  Colonies  repeated  itself  in 
the  upbuilding  of  the  great  Middle  West.  The  pioneers 
who  came  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  settled  along  the 
rivers  and  creeks  where  there  was  timber  available  or 
where  it  could  be  transported  by  water.  The  necessity 
for  wood,  with  which  to  build  their  homes  and  barns, 
and  for  fuel,  kept  them  from  the  more  fertile  prairies 
ready  for  the  plow  that  lay  back  from  the  streams.  As 
the  settlers  became  more  numerous  the  great  white  pine 
forests  bordering  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi, 
Chippewa  and  St.  Croix  Rivers  were  tapped,  and  they 
have  ever  since  been  serving  the  needs  of  the  country. 
Fortunate  indeed  were  the  settlers  to  have  such  an  abund- 


ant supply  of  wood  that  was  light,  easily  transported, 
easy  to  work,  durable  and  good  for  practically  all  uses 
to  which  a  soft  wood  can  be  put. 

It  is  impossible  to  conceive  the  development  of  the 
Middle  West  without  the  white  pine  forests  of  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  Certain  it  is  that  the 
fertile  plains  of  this  great  granary  must  have  lain  un- 
productive many  years  longer  had  not  such  an  adaptable 
building  material  been  so  close  at  hand.  And  think  what 
it  means  today  that  this  vast  region  is  producing  food 
for  us  and  for  our  Allies.  The  products  from  "the 
bread-basket  of  the  world" — from  the  country  of  white 
pine  houses  and  white  pine  granaries — may  save  civili- 
zation from  the  deadliest  attack  ever  aimed  at  its  pro- 
gress. 

And  in  this  world  crisis  we  of  America  and  our  Allies 
once  more  turned  to  wooden  ships  to  save  the  day — to 
keep  the  supply  of  food  unbroken  for  those  who  fought 
with  us  that  democracy  might  rule  the  world  and  that  all 
peoples  might  live  together  in  peace  and  justice.  Wood 
has  been  a  powerful  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  civiliza- 
tion— and  we  in  our  day  have  seen  it  one  of  the  deciding 
factors  in  saving  that  which  it  has  through  the  countless 
ages  so  laboriously  helped  to  build. — (White  Pine  Mono- 
graph.) 


USE  OF  CUT-OVER  LANDS 

A  PRELIMINARY  study  of  cut-over  timberlands  in 
-^*-  the  south,  with  a  view  to  determining  their  best 
utilization,  is  being  planned  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Taylor,  chief 
of  the  new  Bureau  of  Farm  Management  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Department,  and  Dr.  L.  C.  Gray,  head  of  the 
new  Division  of  Land  Economics  in  that  Bureau.  Co- 
operation in  this  work  is  expected  from  State  authorities, 
especially  those  connected  with  state  agricultural  colleges 
and  experiment  stations,  and  also  from  the  various  organi- 
zations interested  in  the  development  of  the  south. 

The  work  this  year  will  be  limited  by  the  appropriations 
made  by  Congress  for  the  Bureau  of  Farm  Management, 
which  are  not  as  large  as  requested  by  Secretary  Houston. 
In  considering  the  problem  of  utilizing  southern  cut- 
over  lands  to  the  best  advantage,  it  is  planned  to  first 
mobilize  data  already  in  the  possession  of  various 
branches  of  the  government  that  bear  upon  the  subject. 
If  funds  admit  this  will  be  followed  up  next  year  with 
a  more  extended  investigation  in  a  number  of  localities 
in  the  southern  states.  These  investigations  should  in- 
clude an  intensive  study  of  certain  questions  related  to 
the  colonization  and  development  of  cut-over  lands  and 
this  should  result  in  assembling  a  mass  of  detailed  data 
that  will  be  of  great  use  in  bringing  about  agricultural 
development  in  the  southern  states,  particularly  the 
coastal  plain  area  extending  from  Virginia  to  Texas,  in 
which  is  situated  the  bulk  of  the  pine  stump  lands. 


T>  B.  MILLER  has  been  appointed  State  Forester  of 
-"-*•*  Illinois  and  assumed  his  new  duties  on  July  1.  The 
state  forestry  work  is  under  the  direction  of  the  State 
Natural  History  Survey  Division  and  is  located  at  Ur- 
bana. 


STATE    NEWS 


1299 


MINNESOTA 
'"PHE  Minnesota  Forest  Service  is  just 
closing  a  deal  with  the  Pine  Tree  Lum- 
ber Company  for  the  purchase  of  approxi- 
mately 6,000,000  feet  of  virgin  pine  timber 
within  the  boundary  of  Itasca  State  Park, 
the  consideration,  $13.00  per  thousand  for 
white  and  Norway  pine,  $9.00  for  spruce 
and  $5.00  for  jack  pine;  the  land,  about 
two  thousand  acres,  together  with  the 
miscellaneous  timber  will  constitute  a  gift  to 
the  State.  It  is  valued  at  $25,000  to  $30,000. 
One  of  the  groves  on  this  land,  a  magnifi- 
cent stand  of  Norway  and  white  pine,  has 
been  named  the  "Theodore  Roosevelt 
Grove." 

Itasca  State  Park  and  Forest  was  well 
provided  for  by  the  1919  Legislature.  As 
a  result,  the  summer  hotel  property  at 
Douglas  Lodge  has  been  greatly  improved, 
a  number  of  new  buildings  are  being  erect- 
ed, including  a  large  restaurant,  to  be  known 
as  the  "Forest  Inn."  An  electric  light 
plant  has  been  installed,  thus  reducing  a 
considerable  element  of  fire  danger,  four- 
teen sections  of  land  on  the  west  side  of 
the  forest  will  be  bought,  the  necessary 
money  being  provided  for  the  purpose.  The 
State  Forester  has  just  arranged  for  the 
grazing  of  one  bunch  of  sheep,  twenty-two 
hundred  head,  along  the  west  edge  of 
Itasca  Park  and  Forest.  The  Forester  has 
contended  for  some  time  that  the  grazing  of 
sheep  in  this  kind  of  country,  where  there 
is  so  much  grass,  weeds  and  brush,  would 
afford  the  best  kind  of  fire  protection.  It 
is  believed  also  that  little,  if  any,  harm 
would  be  done  in  the  woods,  since  stock 
will  not  eat  the  little  coniferous  trees  so 
long  as  there  is  an  abundance  of  other 
forage.  There  was  some  question  as  to 
the  advisability  of  permitting  sheep  graz- 
ing because  of  the  possible  effect  on  game 
range,  but  the  location  of  the  grazing  area 
with  respect  to  the  feeding  grounds  of  the 
deer  safeguards  this  feature.  Also,  on  ac- 
count of  the  late  entrance  of  the  sheep, 
there  will  be  no  danger  of  their  trampling 
the  nests  of  ground-nesting  birds.  There 
is  another  feature  worth  watching  in  this 
connection.  It  has  been  difficult  to  obtain 
natural  reproduction  of  pine  in  portions 
of  Itasca  Park  owing  to  the  dense  growth 
of  brush  and  small  vegetation.  There  is  a 
probability  that  sheep  grazing  will  bring 
about  more  favorable  conditions  for  pine 
reproduction  through  a  partial  removal  of 
the  brush  and  trampling  of  the  soil  to 
prepare  it  for  the  seed. 

If  this  experiment  works  out  satisfac- 
torily, it  will  be  the  beginning  of  a  great 
industry  in  that  part  of  the  State  because 
there  is  range  for  several  millions  of  sheep 
during  the  summer  months.     Sheep  might 


be  brought  from  Montana  and  other  Rocky 
Mountain  States  about  the  first  of  July, 
fattened  on  the  abundant  forage  in  the 
timber  country  of  northern  Minnesota  and 
then  sent  to  the  stock  yards  of  South  St. 
Paul  and  Chicago.  The  Forester  is  con- 
vinced that  the  forest  fire  danger  in  Min- 
nesota will  be  greatly  reduced  with  the 
increase  of  stock  grazing  in  the  wooded 
districts.  Fires  in  the  woods  do  not  run 
readily  and  are  easily  controlled  wherever 
the  grass,  weeds  and  under  brush  has  been 
even  moderately  eaten  down  by  stock. 


much  for  summer  cottages  have  been  hit  a 
body  blow  by  free  camp  sites  on  Forest 
Reserves.  The  State's  five  Forest  Re- 
serves are  open  with  few  and  easy  restric- 
tions to  those  feeling  the  summertime  call 
of  the  wild.  Camp  sites  have  been  selected, 
marked,  and  made  ready  by  the  State.  Get- 
ting your  "pick"  is  free  of  red  tape;  all  the 
camper  has  to  do  is  sign  an  application, 
send   it   in,  and  pitch  his  tent. 


MARYLAND 

VK/  ITH  special  war  activities  practically 
concluded,  the  Maryland  State  Board 
of  Forestry  has  well  under  way  numerous 
new  projects  of  prime  importance  to  for- 
est owners  and  timber  users  of  that  State. 
The  summer's  field  work  has  been  arrang- 
ed to  develop  various  brand — new  and  use- 
ful activities,  and  to  push  to  completion 
projects  already  undertaken. 

An  intensive  study  of  willow  culture,  with 
new  opportunities  opened  by  the  war,  will 
shortly  be  finished  and  published.  Volume 
tables  have  been  or  are  being  prepared  for 
every  commercial  tree  species  in  Maryland. 
Thousands  of  taper  measurements  of  hard- 
wood and  softwood  trees  have  been  secured 
in  sections  of  the  State  where  these  varie- 
ties reach  commercial  importance.  Sets 
of  curves  are  built  on  these  at  headquarters, 
and  in  the  very  near  future  Maryland  will 
have  its  own  volume  tables  to  use  and 
enjoy.  These  will  be  published,  and  made 
available  to  all  requiring  accurate,  and 
localized,  information  in  measuring,  buy- 
ing and  selling  forest  products.  They  will 
not  only  include,  as  usual,  lumber  and 
cordwood,  but  will  be  made  applicable  also 
to  all  forest  products  for  which  each  tree 
is  fitted  and  used,  in  board  feet  or  cubic 
contents.  State  co-operation  is  being  ex- 
tended forest  owners  in  the  practical  im- 
provement of  their  timbered  holdings,  for- 
esters from  the  Board  directing  marking 
and  estimating,  and  if  necessary  super- 
vising cutting,  on  tracts  from  a  few  to  sev- 
eral hundred  acres  in  size.  This  work  is 
well  received,  since  it  secures  the  owner 
reproduction  of  the  best,  removal  of  the 
poorest,  and  sale  of  material  for  what  it 
is  worth.  In  connection  with  and  in  exten- 
sion of  this,  experiments  in  cheap  and 
effective  tree-killing  are  under  way,  meth- 
ods employed,  both  old  and  new,  being  by 
mechanical  and  chemical  means.  Proper 
treatment  of  public  trees  is  still  assured 
through  application  of  Maryland's  Roadside 
Tree  Law,  and  active  supervision  of  all 
operations  by  the  Board. 

Profiteering    landlords    who    charge    too 


In  co-operation  with  various  private  com- 
panies and  progressive  individuals,  experi- 
ments in  Loblolly  pine  reproduction  on  the 
Eastern  Shore  are  being  carried  out.  In- 
formation desired  is  on  the  best  methods 
of  securing  N.  S.  R.  in  Loblolly.  Sample 
plots  are  carefully  laid  out,  and  results  will 
be  watched  until  conclusive. 


Ten  years  ago  Maryland's  wood-using 
industries  were  the  subject  of  research  and 
report.  Recently,  knowing  these  results  to 
be  old  and  the  data  no  longer  authentic, 
the  Board  took  up  a  canvass  of  the  sub- 
ject. Much  interest  was  manifested  by  the 
various  industries  approached,  and  prac- 
tically 100  per  cent  co-operation  gain- 
ed in  the  preparation  of  a  new  and  com- 
plete report,  well  illustrated,  on  "The 
Wood-Using  Industries  of  Maryland."  It 
is  now  in  the  hands  of  the  printer,  and 
will  be  issued  shortly.  Both  study  and 
subsequent  report  represent,  exclusively, 
State  work. 


NEW  JERSEY 
"TOR  several  years  State  Forester  Alfred 
Gaskill  has  been  urging  owners  of 
woodland  to  give  their  timber  a  little  care 
and  attention,  in  order  that  its  value  and 
productiveness  might  be  increased.  It  has 
been  the  practice  in  this  State  and  else- 
where to  cut  off  the  woods  without  care 
or  thought  of  the  future,  and  then  allow 
Nature  to  do  the  best  she  can  in  replacing 
the  abused  timber  growth.  The  following 
results  of  a  "thinning"  experiment  in  the 
so-called  "scrub  oaks"  of  Burlington  Coun- 
ty prove  that  such  attention   is  profitable. 

A  portion  of  the  Lebanon  State  Forest 
was  selected  for  the  demonstration.  The 
tract  consisted  of  a  rather  dense  stand  of 
young  oaks  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  tall, 
growing  on  sandy  soil  of  low  fertility. 

Two  similar  plots  of  approximately  one 
acre  each  were  laid  out,  and  the  trees  on 
each  counted  and  measured.  Then  plot 
No.  1  was  "thinned"  to  relieve  its  over- 
crowded condition.  Enough  crowded, 
weakened  and  suppressed  trees  of  the  poor- 
est species  were  removed  to  give  the  re- 
maining trees  the  proper  amount  of  light 
and  growing  space  for  their  best  develop- 


1300 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


125  MILLION  FEET 

NATIONAL  FOREST  TIMBER 
FOR  SALE 

Location  and  Amount. — All  the  mer- 
chantable dead  timber  standing 
and  down,  and  all  the  live  timber 
marked  or  designated  for  cutting 
on  an  area  of  about  6,000  acres  of 
Government  land  in  T.  44  N.,  R. 
4  E. ;  T.  44  N.,  R.  5  E.,  and  T.  43 
N.,  R.  5  E.,  within  the  watershed 
of  Fishhook  Creek,  St.  Joe  Na- 
tional Forest,  Idaho,  estimated  to 
be  33,000  M.  B.  M.  green  white 
pine;  9,000  M.  B.  M.  dead  white 
pine;  30,000  M.  B.  M.  Engelmann 
spruce;  13,000  M.  B.  M.  cedar; 
12,000  M.  B.  M.  white  fir  and  hem- 
lock; 10,000  M.  B.  M.  larch  and 
Douglas  fir;  5,000  M.  B.  M  lodge- 
pole  pine,  balsam  fir  and  yellow 
pine  saw  timber,  60,000  cedar  poles, 
more  or  less ;  and  an  unestimated 
amount  of  cedar  posts,  piling  and 
shingle  bolts.  About  4,000  acres  of 
privately  owned  timber  in  the 
same  watershed  is  also  available 
for  purchase  from  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railway  Company. 

Stumpage  Prices. — Lowest  bid  con- 
sidered $2.50  per  M  for  green 
white  pine;  $1.00  per  M  for  spruce 
and  yellow  pine;  50  cents  per  M 
for  all  other  species  and  dead 
white  pine;  and  special  rates  for 
cedar  products  of  various  dimen- 
sions. 

Prices  will  be  readjusted  at  the 
end  of  the  third,  sixth,  ninth  and 
twelfth  years. 

Period  for  Removal. — A  period  of 
fifteen  years  will  be  allowed  for 
the  removal  of  the  timber,  with  two 
additional  years  within  which  to 
construct   initial   improvements. 

Deposit.— With  bid,  $10,000.00  to  ap- 
ply on  purchase  price  if  bid  is  ac- 
cepted, or  refunded  if  rejected. 
Ten  per  cent  may  be  retained  as 
forfeit  if  the  contract  and  bond 
are  not  executed  within  the  re- 
quired time. 

Final  Date  for  Bids.— Sealed  bids 
will  be  received  by  the  District 
Forester,  Missoula,  Montana,  up 
to  and  including  September  23, 
1919.  The  right  to  reject  any  and 
all  bids  is  reserved.  Before  bids 
are  submitted,  full  information 
concerning  the  character  of  the 
timber,  conditions  of  sale,  deposits 
and  the  submission  of  bids  should 
be  obtained  from  the  District 
Forester,  Missoula,  Montana,  or 
the  Forest  Supervisor,  St.  Maries, 
Idaho. ' 


ment.     Plot  No.  2  to  serve  as  a  check  or 
control,  was  not  thinned. 

Seven  years  later,  in  June,  1919,  neither 
tract  having  had  any  attention  except  pro- 
tection from  fire,  the  plots  were  again 
measured  and  the  following  results  were 
noted:  Plot  No.  1  (thinned  plot)  had  380 
living  trees,  the  volume  of  which  was 
10.03  cords  per  acre,  or  an  increase  of  5.57 
cords,  not  counting  the  one  cord  removed 
by  thinning.  Plot  No.  2  contained  558 
living  trees,  with  a  total  volume  of  8.63 
cords,  or  an  increase  of  less  than  a  cord 
(.91  cords)  for  seven  years'  growth.  In 
other  words  the  thinned  plot  almost  doubled 
its  wood  volume  in  seven  years,  while  the 
adjoining  unthinned  plot  in  the  same  time 
increased  less  than  nine  per  cent.  For- 
estry pays !  The  State  Forester  is  ready 
to  help  anyone  interested  in  such  a  project. 


KENTUCKY 

E.  BARTON,  Commissioner  of  Geology 
and  Forestry,  announces  at  this  time 
that  the  Kentenia-Catron  Corporation  will 
transfer  to  the  State  of  Kentucky  for  use  as 
a  State  Forest  Reservation  approximately 
3,400  acres  of  land  on  Pine  Mountain  in 
Harlan  County.  The  gift  of  this  land  to 
the  State  is  in  fee  simple,  subject  only  to 
existing  contracts  for  the  removal  of  cer- 
tain timber  on  the  area.  The  gift  is  made 
through  Mr.  Charles  H.  Davis,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Company,  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Duf- 
field,  Agent  of  the  Company  for  Kentucky. 
The  gift  of  this  land  to  the  State  for  pur- 
poses of  a  state  forest  is  the  biggest 
stimulus  to  the  management  of  timber 
tracts  under  effective  forestry  principles 
that  the  movement  in  the  State  to  this  end 
has  yet  seen.  The  Kentenia-Catron  Cor- 
poration has  always  had  a  keen  interest  in 
the  forestry  problems  of  the  State  and  the 
concrete  way  which  they  have  now  taken  to 
show  this  interest  is  worthy  of  their  ef- 
forts heretofore  in  the  same  direction.  The 
area  has  a  mixed  stand  of  hardwoods,  com- 
mon to  the  region,  and  includes  some  pines. 
The  management  of  this  tract  on  scientific 
forestry  principles  will  serve  as  an  excellent 
example  of  what  can  be  accomplished  un- 
der these  conditions  in  the  Southern  Ap- 
palachian region.  Active  steps  will  be 
taken  to  put  the  area  under  effective  ad- 
ministration at  an  early  date.  Immediate 
measures  will  be  taken  looking  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  timber  on  the  tract  from  fire 
and   other   destructive   agencies. 


ILLINOIS 

'T'HE  Quincy,  Illinois,  High  School  has 
a  forestry  club,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  to  save  the  trees  we  have  now  and  to 
plant  others.  A  Science  Club,  of  the  same 
city,  composed  of  twelve  or  fifteen  en- 
thusiastic nature  students,  has  secured  a 
small  tract  of  land  and  is  growing  on  it 
such  forest  trees  as  pecan,  persimmon,  wal- 
nut and  chestnut,   which  are  to  be  trans- 


planted   to   suitable    locations   as    the   club 
members  take  their  weekly  hikes. 

The  University  of  Illinois  has  an  ex- 
perimental forest  tree  plantation  begun  in 
the  spring  of  1871  from  which  some  inter- 
esting data  should  now  be  secured.  An 
appropriation  of  $1,000  was  made  in  1869 
by  the  Legislature  for  trees  and  seeds. 
Thirteen  acres  were  planted  on  prairie  soil 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  T.  J.  Burrill, 
horticulturist  and  botanist,  and  G.  W.  Mc- 
Cluer,  M.  S.,  assistant  horticulturist.  It  is 
located  at  the  experimental  farm,  on  Lin- 
coln Avenue.  Forest  records  were  kept 
for  1871,  1872,  1876  and  1886  by  Professor 
Burrill,  in  which  are  stated  the  amounts 
expended  for  plants,  planting,  cultivation, 
etc.,  and  the  receipts  from  thinnings. 
European  larch,  elms,  spruce,  white  pine, 
soft  maple,  basswood,  black  walnut,  Bur 
oak,  red  oak  and  hickory  are  the  species 
which  have  done  best.  The  forest  is 
fencedi  and  is  used  to  some  extent  by  the 
residents  of  Urbana  as  a  park. 


GEORGIA 

"EXTENSION  Forester  Zimm  devoted 
the  month  of  July  to  the  Extension 
Schools,  which  are  held  in  connection  with 
the  District  Agricultural  Schools.  One 
phase  of  the  work  which  Mr.  Zimm  is  em- 
phasizing is  the  preservative  treatment  of 
fence  posts,  shingles,  and  other  farm  tim- 
bers, and  he  has  succeeded  in  establishing 
a  small  treating  plant  for  demonstration 
purposes  at  each  District  School. 

Vocational  work  in  forestry  and  agri- 
culture is  receiving  considerable  attention 
at  the  Georgia  State  College  of  Agriculture. 
Approximately  150  rehabilitated  soldiers 
have  been  sent  to  the  College  for  special 
work  and  the  Vocational  Board  states  that 
preparation  should  be  made  to  accommodate 
a  total  of  between  four  and  five  hundred. 

In  connection  with  the  program  for  High- 
way Construction  and  Improvement,  to  be 
conducted  co-operatively  by  the  State  and 
the  Federal  Government,  the  Georgia  State 
Highway  Commission  has  recommended 
that  the  establishment  of  roadside  trees  be 
given  consideration  at  the  same  time.  The 
Georgia  State  Forest  School,  through  the 
Extension  Forester,  has  agreed  to  co- 
operate with  the  Highway  Commission  in 
this  phase  of  road  improvement. 

A  bill  introduced  in  the  Georgia  General 
Assembly  provides  for  the  placing  of 
all  forestry  matters  in  the  hands  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Georgia  State 
College  of  Agriculture  and  empowering  the 
Board  to  appoint  a  State  Forester.  The 
bill  is  the  result  of  a  conference  of  in- 
terested persons  of  the  State  and  Mr. 
Peters,  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service.  It  is 
believed  that  the  passage  of  this  bill  will 
enable  the  State  to  give  proper  attention 
to  this  most  important  of  all  natural  re- 
sources— the  forest.  The  bill  has  the  en- 
thusiastic support  of  the  lumbermen  of 
the  State. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1301 


Creosoted  Water  Tanks — 
Home  -  Made — 

The  species  and  condition  of  wood  specified  for  the 
creosoted  water  tank,  shown  below,  permit  employment  of 
the  Open  Tank  Process  either  at  the  shops  of  consumers 
or  at  the  mills. 


Loblolly  pine  is  available  at  many  isolated  mills, 
which  because  of  their  location  cannot  economically 
supply  lumber  treated  by  pressure  process.  How- 
ever, they  could  equip  themselves  to  creosote  by  the 
Open  Tank  Process — providing  they  will  meet  the 
necessary  requirements  of  seasoning  and  framing. 

Lumber  and  timber,  as  specified,  can  be  purchased 
from  many  sources  by  consumers,  manufactured  as 
required  and  creosoted  by  the  Open  Tank  Process 
with  Carbosota  Creosote  Oil,  either  at  the  building  site 
or  shops.  The  treating  tanks,  etc.,  required  for 
creosoting  can  be  made  portable  or  stationary. 

The  Open  Tank  Process  is  not  recommended  as  a 
substitute  for  the  empty-cell  pressure  processes,  where 
the  latter  is  practical,  but  as  a  means  of  creosoting  and 


making  this  grade  of  lumber  available  for  the  pur- 
pose, under  conditions  where  the  empty-cell  pressure 
process  cannot  be  employed. 

The  Open  Tank  Process  is  efficient  and  compara- 
tively economical,  but  requires  a  refined,  coal-tar 
creosote  oil.  That  means  Carbosota  Creosote  Oil 
which  conforms  to  U.  S.  Railroad  Administration 
Specification  R-828-A. 

Carbosota  is  merely  a  trade-mark  which  guarantees 
an  absolutely  uniform,  highly  refined,  pure,  coal-tar 
creosote  oil,  physically  fit  for  non-pressure  treatments, 
and  chemically  of  the  highest  preservative  value. 

(Green  wood  cannot  be  effectively  creosoted  by  non:pressure  proc- 
esses. It  should  be  air-dry.  In  regions  of  moist,  warm  climate,  wood 
of  some  species  may  start  to  decay  before  it  can  be  air-dried.  Excep- 
tion should  be  made  in  such  cases,  and  treatment  modified  accordingly.) 


Knowles  Type  Creosoted  Water  Tank  erected  at  Mattoon,  III.,  by  the 
Illinois  Central  R.R.  (Creosoted  by  Empty-Cell-Rucping  Process 
5  lbs    A.R.E.A.  No.   1  Coal-Tar  Creosote  Oil  per  cubic  foot.) 


THE  salient  features  of  this  type  of  tank, 
and  the  several  factors  that  warrant 
recommending  the  Open  Tank  Process,  are 
quoted  from  an  address  by  C.  R.  Knowles, 
Supt.  of  Water  Service,  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, published  by  the  Southern  Pine  Associa- 
tion, in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "Southern  Pine 
Tanks." 

"  The  timber  used  in  Loblolly  Pine,  coming  under  the 
general  specifications  for  tank  timber  except  that  no 
restrictions  are  made  as  to  heart  or  sap.  The  timber 
is  air  seasoned,  and  should  be  permitted  to  season 
for  three  months  in  favorable  weather." 

"  A  very  important  feature  in  the  construction  of  these 
tanks  is  that  all  timber  more  than  1  inch  in  thick- 
ness is  framed  before  treatment  to  secure  the  maxi- 
mum life  from  the  treated  timber.  The  work  of 
framing  the  tank  before  treatment,  is  given  such  care- 
ful attention  that  it  is  rarely  necessary  to  bore  a  hole 
in  the  treated  timber  during  the  field  erection  of 
the  tank." 

"In  water  tanks,  however,  there  is  always  an  inter- 
mediate condition  of  moisture  in  which  the  wood 
is  dry  on  the  outside  and  wet  on  the  inside,  thus 
promoting   rapid   decay." 

"  It  is  difficult  to  point  out  any  portion  of  the  tank 
more  susceptible  to  decay  than  another,  although 
decay  in  the  tops  of  the  staves  is  more  noticeable, 
and  the  timber  probably  decays  more  quickly  here 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  tank." 


New   York 

Chicago 

Philadelphia 

Cleveland 

Cincinnati 

Pittsburgh 

Birmingham 

Kansas  City 

Minneapolis 

Seattle 

Peoria 

Atlanta 

Youngstown 

Lebanon 

Washington 

The 


Company 


Boston 

Detroit 

Salt  Lake  City 

Duluth 

Columbus 


St.  Louis  Johnstown 

New  Orleans  Latrobe 

Nashville  Baltimore 

Milwaukee  Buffalo 
Richmond 


Bethlehem  Elizabeth 

THE    BARRETT    COMPANY,    Limited:         Montreal 


Bangor 
Toronto         Winnipeg 


Dallas 
Vancouver 


Toledo 
St.   John,  N.   B. 


Halifax,   N.  S.        Sydney,   N.  S. 


1302 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAYINGS 

buy  the  right  kind— That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose— 
Our  little  house  organ  "Etchings"  is 
full  of  valuable  hints— Send  for  it. 


B.  A.  CATCHEL,  Pn 


C  A.  ST1HS0N.  Vice-Pra. 


GATCHEL  &   MANNING 

PHOTO-ENGRA  VERS 

In  one  or  more  colors 
Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


SALE  OF  TIMBER,  KLAMATH  INDIAN 

RESERVATION. 

CLIFF    BOUNDARY    UNIT. 

SEALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID, 
Cliff  Boundary  Timber  Unit"  and  addressed 
to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Klamath  Indian 
School,  Klamath  Agency,  Oregon,  will  be  re- 
ceived until  12  o'clock  noon,  Pacific  time,  Tues- 
day, September  23,  1919,  for  the  purchase  of  tim- 
ber upon  about  10,000  acres  within  Townships  33 
and  34  South,  Ranges  7  and  8  East  of  the  Wil- 
liamette  Meridian.  The  sale  embraces  approxi- 
mately 100,000,000  feet  of  yellow  pine  and  sugar 
pine.  Each  bid  must  state  for  each  species  the 
amount  per  1,000  feet  Scribner  decimal  C  log 
scale  that  will  be  paid  for  all  timber  cut  prior 
to  April  1,  1924.  Prices  subsequent  to  that  .date 
are  to  be  fixed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs  by  three- year  periods.  No  bid  of  less 
than  three  dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  ($3.75) 
per  1,000  feet  for  yellow  and  sugar  pine  and  one 
dollar  ($1.00)  per  1,000  feet  for  other  species  of 
timber  during  the  first  period  will  be  considered. 
Each  bid  must  be  submitted  in  duplicate  and  be 
accompanied  by  a  certified  check  on  a  solvent 
national  bank  in  favor  of  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Klamath  Indian  School  in  the  amount  of 
$10,000.  The  deposit  will  be  returned  if  the  bid 
is  rejected  but  retained  if  the  bid  is  accepted 
and  the  required  contract  and  bond  are  not 
executed  and  presented  for  approval  within  sixty 
days  from  such  acceptance.  The  right  to  reject 
any  and  all  bids  is  reserved.  For  copies  of  the 
bid  and  contract  forms  and  for  other  information 
application  should  be  made  to  the  Indian  Super- 
intendent,   Klamath    Agency.    Oregon. 

Washington,     D.     C,     July      14,      1919.       CATO 
SELLS,   Commissioner  of   Indian   Affairs. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL 

TREES  FOR  OUR 

HEROIC  DEAD 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


A  T   the   summer  meeting  of   the   Wood- 
lands   Section    of    the    Canadian    Pulp 
and   Paper  Association,   mentioned   in   our 
last  number,  a  discussion  of  vital  importance 
to   the   forests   took   place.     The  work  of 
fire   prevention    for   the   past   seven    years 
has  shown  conclusively  that  cut-over  areas 
are  the  most  liable  to  have  fires  started  in 
them,  and  once  started  these  fires  are  the 
most    difficult    to    extinguish    and    do    the 
greatest  amount  of  damage.     A  few  years 
ago  when  the  areas  cut  over  each  year  were 
comparatively  small  and  often  widely  sepa- 
rated, a  fire  in  a  lumbered  area  only  de- 
stroyed a  small  section,  but  now  that  the 
yearly  cut  has  so  increased,  over  two  hun- 
dred per  cent,  and  whole  river  valleys  now 
are  practically  cut-over  the  situation  is  be- 
coming very  serious  and  some  steps  must 
be  taken  to  dispose  of  the  debris  from  log- 
ging.   It  is  the  general  opinion  of  foresters 
and    many    lumbermen    that    the    present 
method   of   cutting  to  a  diameter   limit   is 
unwise,    unscientific    and    wasteful.      The 
coniferous  trees,  being  shallow-rooted  blow 
down,  the  remaining  hardwoods  soon  form 
a  dense  cover  and  prevent  the  growth  of 
the  conifers  and  those  trees  which  are  left 
under  the  supposition  that  they  will  form 
a  future  crop,  if  they  do  not  blow  down, 
make  practically  no  growth  as  they  were, 
for  the  most  part,  suppressed.     It  has  also 
been    shown   that   where    clean   cutting   of 
conifers  and  most  of  the  hardwoods  is  prac- 
ticed, a  dense  growth  of  spruce  and  balsam 
appears  at  once.    The  proper  method  to  be 
adopted  should  be  that  of  clean  cutting  of 
both  conifers  and  hardwoods,  brush  burn- 
ing and  then  management  of  the  stand.   By 
management  is  meant  the  proper  thinning 
of    the    natural    regeneration    and    the    re- 
moval from  time  to  time  of  the  undesirable 
species.    The  time  has  certainly  come  when 
we  should  realize  that  to  get  the  most  out 
of  the  forest  we  must  handle  it  according 
to   the  proper  principals.     Forest   farming 
has   its   rules   just   as   agriculture  has   and 
they  must  be  followed  and  must  be  applied 
by  men  who  know  them  and  who  have  the 
necessary   technical   training.     We  can   no 
longer    continue    to    treat    our    forests    as 
mines  and  use  up  our  forest  capital.   Meth- 
ods of  cutting  must  be  revised,  slash  must 
be  disposed  of  and  systems  of  management 
put  into  practice  if  we  are  to  have  forests 
in  the   future. 


Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester  to  the  Commis- 
sion of  Conservation  and  the  Dominion 
Railway  Board,  was  operated  on  in  Ottawa, 


June    25,    and    at    last    reports    was    doing 
very  well. 


Mr.  F.  W.  Reed  represented  the  U.  S. 
Forest  Service  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Woodlands  Section  and  took  part  in  the 
discussion.  Mr.  Sterling,  of  James  D. 
Lacey  and  Company,  and  Mr.  R.  S.  Kellogg, 
of  the  News  Print  Service  Bureau,  were 
also  present.  Mr.  Craig,  of  the  Commission 
of  Conservation;  Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief 
Forester  of  Quebec;  Mr.  Prince,  Chief 
Forester  of  New  Brunswick;  Mr.  R.  H. 
Campbell,  Director  of  Dominion  Forestry 
Branch ;  Mr.  Avery,  of  the  Spanish  River 
Pulp  and  Paper  Company;  Messrs.  Yberg 
and  Jewett,  of  the  Riordon  Pulp  and 
Paper  Company;  Mr.  Galarneau  and 
Mr.  Nix,  of  the  St.  Maurice  Paper  Com- 
pany; Mr.  Cressman,  of  the  Wayagamack 
Pulp  and  Paper  Company ;  Mr.  Sweezy,  of 
the  Royal  Securities  Company;  Mr.  Kiffer, 
of  the  Quebec  Forest  Service ;  Captain 
Tremblay,  of  the  Donnacona  Paper  Com- 
pany; Mr.  Schanche,  of  the  Abitibi  Power 
and  Pulp  Company,  and  Messrs.  Arnold 
Hannsen  and  R.  W.  Lyons,  of  the  Lauren- 
tide  Company,  were  among  the  Canadian 
foresters  present. 


The  new  classification  of  the  Canadian 
Civil  Service  has  just  been  published  and 
the  salaries  for  foresters  are  so  low  that 
no  man  who  has  taken  four  years  at  college 
and  a  technical  two  years'  course  there- 
after can  afford  to  work  for  the  Dominion 
Government.  Foresters  have  been  rated 
lower  than  any  other  professional  men. 
The  result  will  be  that  the  service  will  soon 
lose  all  its  good  men.  Salaries  in  many 
cases  are  far  below  those  that  the  present 
incumbents  are  receiving  and  in  one  case 
a  position  has  been  reclassified  and  will 
hereafter  receive  less  than  its  present  holder 
received  on  commencing  nearly  ten  years 
ago.    The  schedule  is  as  follows : 

Some  comparisons  are  of  interest.  The 
Dominion  Entomologist  is  to  receive 
$3,900  to  $4,800;  the  Dominion  Foresters, 
$3,600  to  $4,500.  A  geologist  is  to  receive 
$3,300  and  UP;  a  forester,  $1,680  to  $2,100. 
The  Director  of  the  Forest  Products  Labo- 
ratory is  to  receive  only  $3,120  to  $3,600. 
In  most  cases  Provincial  Governments  are 
paying  better  salaries,  as  do  also  private 
concerns.  Practically  the  whole  of  techni- 
cal staff  of  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory 
has  been  engaged  by  private  concerns.  As 
inevitably  the  management  of  Government 
Forests  must  come  into  the  hands  of  tech- 
nical  men,   and   as   they   constitute   such   a 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1303 


QUALITY- EFFICIENCY- RELIABILITY 

Upon  this  foundation  was  built  this, 
the  Largest  Saw  Works  in  the  World 

Keystone  Saw,   Tool,  Steel  and  File  Works 

HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS,  PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S. 


•  ICD.I  PAr.O". 


A. 


HELP     TO     REFOREST     FRANCE 

rpHE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  has  undertaken  the  great  task  of  helping 
-*-  to  reforest  the  shell-torn,  war-shattered  areas  of  France;  and  to  aid  also  Great  Britain,  half 
of  whose  forests  were  felled;  Belgium,  whose  forests  suffered  terribly,  and  Italy. 

The  great  humanitarian  need,  the  prime  economic  importance,  the  broad  constructive  value 
of  this  work — all  place  it  on  a  plane  which  gives  it  striking  pre-eminence.  Therefore,  it  is  felt 
that  every  member  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  will  desire  to  have  a  part,  and  as  big 
a  part  as  possible,  in  carrying  out  this  program. 


B 


Y  those  who  are  competent  to  judge,  it  is  asserted  that  the  forests  of  France  kept  the  Germans 
from  Paris.    How  great  a  debt,  then,  does  the  world  owe  to  them! 


A  MERICA  can  build  no  nobler  memorial  in  Europe  than  by  replacing  the  devastated  forests  of 
-^*-  France,  Great  Britain,  Belgium  and  Italy.  ^Answer  this  appeal  at  once  by  sending  your 
check  for  whatever  amount  you  can  afford,  to  the  American  Forestry  Association.  It  will  help 
to  purchase  the  seed  needed  to  replant  the  forests  of  our  Allies. 

Checks  Should  Be  Sent  to 
THE    AMERICAN    FORESTRY    ASSOCIATION 

WASHINGTON,    D.    C. 


1304 


CANADIAN     DEPARTMENT 


Evergreens  for   All  Year   Beauty 

Screens — Hedges— Windbreaks 


Many  places  lose  their  beauty  when  the  leaves 
fall  in  Autumn.  There  is  nothing  in  the  landscape 
to  sustain  interest. 

Other  places  remain  attractive  and  cheerful 
ooking.  They  have  plenty  of  color.  The  cold 
winds  are  tempered.  There  is 
as  much  fascination  in  rambling 
about  the  grounds  in  winter  as 
in  summer. 

^EVERGREENS  make  the 
difference  when  nature  has 
wrought  her  worst  havoc  with 
snow  and  sleet,  their  beauty  is 
only  intensified  as  they  bend 
fantastically  under  their  icy  load 
and  glisten  with  crystal  drapery. 

Plant  In  Augutt  or  September 
if  you  are  ready,  or  later  if  neces- 
sary. Whenever  you  plant  and 
whatever  you  plant,  it  is  guar- 
anteed-IF  YOU  GET  IT  FROM 
HICKS.  Get  our  special  prices  now 
on  several  thousand  evergreens 
2-8  ft.  high.  We  must  clear  from 
leased  land.  Very  highest  quality 
in    root   and    top. 

HICKS  NURSERIES 
Box  F  Westbury,  L.  I.,  K.  Y. 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

"DEST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  601  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send   for   my   catalogue   containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


Orchids 


We  are  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers   SUMMIT,  N.  J. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 

TREE  SEEDS 

SEEDLINGS           ic*  /,„  „„■„,  „„      TRANSPLANTS 

large  quantities 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 

CHESHIRE.    CONN. 

HOW  TO  PRUNE  YOUR  TREE.S 

Always  use  a  pole  saw  and  pole 
shears  on  the  tips  of  the  long  branches. 

Do  not  "head  back"  or  cut  off  the 
top  of  a  tree  except  where  the  tree  is 
old  and  failing,  and  then  under  special 
instructions. 

Be  as  sparing  and  as  judicious  in 
pruning  as  possible,  and  do  not  raise 
the  branches  so  high  as  to  make  the 
tree  look  like  a  telegraph  pole. 

Commence  pruning  the  tree  from  the 
top  and  finish  at  the  bottom. 

Make  every  cut  as  close  and  parallel 
to  the  trunk  as  possible. 

To  make  the  cut  perfectly  smooth  the 
saw  must  be  well  set  and  sharp. 

Leave  no  stubs,  dead  and  dying  wood, 
or  fungus-covered  branches  behind 
you. 

Do  not  fail  to  cover  every  wound  with 
coal  tar,  not  allowing  it  needlessly  to 
run  down  the  trunk. 

Do  not  remove  several  large  branches 
on  one  tree  at  a  time.  They  must  be 
removed  gradually,  the  work  extending 
over  several  seasons. 


large  share  of  the  natural  wealth  of  the 
country  the  effect  of  putting  such  responsi- 
bilities on  the  shoulders  of  second-rate  men 
will  be  disastrous. 


The  patrol  flights  of  the  seaplanes  of  the 
St.  Maurice  Forest  Protective  Association 
have  commenced  and  are  proving  practical. 
It  is  easily  possible  to  locate  forest  fires 
at  forty  to  fifty  miles  and  if  they  are  not 
too  far  from  a  lake  or  a  river  the  plane 
crew  can  descend  and  extinguish  them.  A 
forester  who  made  a  flight  recently  reports 


that  the  various  timber  types  can  easily  be 
distinguished  and  that  photographs  taken 
from  the  air  will  make  most  satisfactory 
maps. 

Forest  fires  of  large  size  are  reported  in 
the  Cochrane  and  Cobalt  districts  and  some 
cut  pulpwood  is  reported  destroyed. 


The  Aftenposten,  a  daily  newspaper  pub- 
lished in  Christianis,  Norway,  has  an  article 
on  Silviculture  and  Social  Conditions  in 
Canada,  which  refers  to  the  work  of  the 
Laurentide  Company  and  gives  photographs 
of  its  nursery  and  reclamation  work.  It 
says  that  labor  conditions  in  Canada  are 
better  than  those  in  Norway  and  that 
Canada  is  getting  ahead  of  Norway  in  for- 
estry matters.  The  article  was  written  by 
Mr.  W.  Rolsted,  who  is  in  charge  of  the 
Royal  Forests. 


The  Province  of  New  Brunswick  has 
issued  a  circular  letter  appealing  to  school 
teachers  and  pupils  to  co-operate  in  pre- 
venting forest  fires  and  to  try  and  tell 
people  how  they  can  aid  this  great  work. 
It  explains  how  to  build  and  extinguish  a 
camp  fire,  how  to  notify  a  fire  ranger  in 
case  a  fire  is  discovered,  and  describes  the 
uses  and  necessity  for  keeping  our  forests. 


In  forestry,  as  in  every  other  movement 
for  better  conditions  education  is  the  most 
important  thing.  Legislation,  especially  if 
repressive,  arouses  antagonism,  and  often 
defeats  its  aim.  Education  of  all,  from  the 
child  to  the  adult,  brings  the  best  and  quick- 
est results.  The  writer  is  reminded  in  this 
connection  of  an  incident  which  he  witness- 
ed while  '.iving  in  Switzerland.  A  bill  was 
brought  before  the  legislature  for  compul- 
sory old  age  insurance.  A  few  months  be- 
fore the  bill  was  to  be  voted  on  the  govern- 
ment sent  around  to  every  city,  village  and 
hamlet,  lecturers  who  discussed  both  sides 
of  the  question  impartially,  giving  figures 
of  the  cost  of  such  a  scheme,  the  results 
attained  in  other  countries  and  all  possi- 
ble information.  When  the  time  came  for 
the  vote,  the  people  knew  just  what  they 
were  doing  and  had  thoroughly  discussed 
the  thing  among  themselves.  It  has  been 
said  that  for  twenty  years  forestry  propa- 
ganda has  been  carried  on  in  the  United 
States  and  is  still  without  appreciable  re- 
sult. The  trouble  has  been  that  the  propa- 
ganda has  not  reached  the  people  and  has 
not  been  sufficiently  intensive.  It  has  been 
too  technical  and  has  not  aimed  at  one  re- 
form at  a  time.  It  has  tried  to  cover  the 
whole  field.  People  who  have  always  been 
interested  in  the  forest  are  reached  but  the 
great  mass  of  the  people  see  the  question 
still  as  one  of  more  or  less  academic  inter- 
est only.  It  must  be  brought  home  to  them 
more  directly. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1305 


DAVEY    TREE    SURGEONS 


Estate  of  Mrs.  A .  M.  Booth,  Great 
Neck,  Long  Island,  New  Yorki 


The  tribute  of  W.  G.  Woodger 
to  Davey  Tree  Surgery 

Broad  Lawns,  Great  Neck,  Long  Island,  New  York. 
The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Co.,  Inc.,  Kent,  Ohio. 

Gentlemen:  I  felt  it  my  ducy  to  write  you  a  few  lines  in  praise  of 
the  work  of  your  representative  and  men  on  several  fine  trees  on  the 
estate  of  Mrs.  A.  M.  Booth,  most  especially  the  very  fine  work  done 
on  a  grand  willow  tree,  not  quite  two  years  ago. 

My  employer  is  most  gratified  with  the  work  and  thinks  there  is  no 
equal  to  The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company.  The  men  are  extremely 
keen  on  their  work  and  know  it  thoroughly.  I  am  very  interested  in 
their  work  and  think  them  worthy  of  great  praise. 

Yours  truly, 

W.  G.  WOODGER, 

Garden  Superintendent. 

The  saving  of  priceless  trees  is  a  matter  of  first  importance  on  every 
estate.  Davey  Tree  Surgery  is  a  fulfillment  of  the  maximum  expecta- 
tions of  those  who  love  and  value  trees.      A  careful  examination  of 
your  trees  will  be  made  by  appointment. 
THE  DAVEY  TREE  EXPERT  CO.,  Inc.,  108  Elm  St.,  Kent,  Ohio 

Branch  Offices  with  telephone  connections:  New  York  City,  225  Fifth 
At*.:  Chicago,  814-816  Westminster  Bid*.;  Philadelphia,  8017  Land 
Title  Bldg.;  Boston,  18  Pearl  Street,  Wakefield.    Write  nearest  office. 


Loss  of  this  magnificent  willow 
would  have  been  irreparable. 
Note  below  how  Davey  methods 
have  bound  the  branches  together 
with  rigid  steel  rods,  and  filled  the 
cavities  sectionally  with  concrete 
to  allow  for  the  swaying  of  the  tree 


Permanent  representatives  avail- 
able in  districts  surrounding  Bos- 
ton, Springfield,  Lenox.  Newport, 
Hartford,  Stamford,  Albany, 
Poughkeepsie,  White  Plains,  Ja- 
m;ii';i.  Montclair,  New  York, 
Philadelphia.  Harrisburg,  Balti- 
more Washington,  Richmond, 
Buffalo, Toronto,  Pi  ttsburgh.Cleve- 


land.  Detroit, Chicago,  Milwaukee. 
Canadian  address:  252  l.augau- 
chitere  West,  Montreal. 

Kvery  real  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  is 
in  the  employ  of  The  Davey  Tree 
Expert  Co.,  Inc.,  and  the  public  is 
cautioned  against  those  falsely 
representing  themselves 


John  Davey,  Father  of  Tree  Surgery 


1306 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


HARVARD 

UNIVERSITY 

^ 

DEFT.     OF     FORESTRY 
BUSSEY    INSTITUTION 

/"OFFERS  specialized  graduate 
training  leading  to  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Forestry  in  the 
following  fields :  —  Silviculture 
and  Management,  Wood  Tech- 
nology, Forest  Entomology 
Dendrology,  and  (in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  Graduate  School 
of  Business  Administration)  the 
Lumber  Business. 

For  further  particulars 
address 

RICHARD    T.    FISHER 

Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger   Course   of 

high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller   courses. 

Correspondence  Course  in 
Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,   School  of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


FOREST    DESTRUCTION    PRE- 
VENTED    BY     CONTROL     OF 
SURFACE   FIRES 
(Continued  from  Page   1264) 
from  five  to  fifty  years,  the  periodical  rota- 
tion depending  upon  the  local  rate  of  litter 
accumulation.    The  litter  is  then  too  wet  to 
cause  crown  or  ground  fires. 

2.  Do  not  light  fires  in  the  forest  litter 
after  the  humus  becomes  dry.  A  wet  humus 
serves  as  an  index  to  the  safe  firing  season 
and  prevents  ground  fires. 

3.  Do  not  light  fires  while  a  high  wind 
is  prevailing. 

4.  Burn  the  snags  in  mid-winter  when 
the  conditions  are  unfavorable  for  fires. 

5.  Fire  the  lodgments  of  litter  while 
conditions  are  still  unfavorable  for  surface 
fires. 

6.  Light  the  first  fires  over  the  areas  of 
least  litter  and  least  density  of  stand. 

7.  Backfire  from  the  barriers.  These 
barriers  may  be  roads,  trails,  canals,  barren 
and  cultivated  areas,  recently  burned-over 
areas,  bodies  of  water,  ice  and  snow,  and 
barriers  scraped  for  the  purpose. 

8.  Burn  over  the  southerly  slopes  while 
the  snow  is  on  the  north  slopes. 

9.  Burn  downward  from  the  tops  of 
the  slopes. 

10.  Fire  the  ridges  before  the  slopes  and 
the  slopes  before  the  ravines. 

11.  In  initiating  fire  control,  the  order 
of  burning  should  be  as  follows  for  a  five 
year  rotation : 

1st  year — Standing  dead  trees. 

2nd  year — Ridges. 
3rd  year — South  slopes. 
4th  year — North  slopes. 

5th  year — Ravines. 
These  rules  will  often  conflict  and  re- 
quire a  logical  interpretation  to  fit  the  local 
conditions.  No  firing  should  be  done  with- 
out a  thorough  investigation  of  the  litter 
conditions,  topography,  barriers,  species  and 
ages  of  trees  and  a  study  of  the  fire  re- 
sistance of  various  species  of  trees.  Stand- 
ing dead  snags,  fallen  trees,  underbrush, 
limbs,  cones,  leaves,  needles,  weeds  and  any 
dead  and  inflammable  material  should  be 
included  as  litter. 

The  importance  of  fire  as  a  silvicultural 
agent  in  the  coniferous  forests  has  been 
recognized  in  that  it  has  become  the  gen- 
eral practice  to  burn  over  cuttings  to  in- 
sure reproduction.  The  fires  must  be  con- 
fined, of  course,  to  moderate  surface  fires 
as  would  be  possible  if  the  foregoing  rules 
are  used.  Fire  is  an  aid  to  reproduction 
as  it  creates  favorable  conditions  for  the 
germination  of  the  seeds,  by  removing  com- 
petition, preparing  the  seed  bed,  opening 
the  closed  cones  and  releasing  the  seeds, 
temporarily  driving  away  seed  eating  ro- 
dents, and  removing  insects  and  fungus. 
Fire  serves  to  keep  a  forest  clean  and 
healthy  by  removing  the  insects  and  fungus 
diseases  which  have  their  origin  in  the 
rotting  litter  on  the  forest  floor.  The  use 
of  fire  is  a  silvicultural  method  particularly 
adaptable  to  the  coniferous  forests  because 


of  their  great  fire  resistance  and  the  fire 
favors  the  more  valuable  species  and  the 
high-limbing  sports.  A  young  conifer  tree 
will  withstand  the  intense  heat  which  kills 
all  but  the  topmost  branches  and  the  ef- 
fect is  similiar  to  that  in  the  pruning  of  a 
fruit  tree — more  vigor  is  put  into  the  trunk 
and  the  new  growth. 

Our  attempt  to  maintain  the  non-fire 
policy  has  shown  that  forest  fires  are  in- 
evitable where  the  forests  contain  a  large 
proportion  of  inflammable  litter.  The  de- 
struction by  fire  increases  as  the  litter  in- 
creases. "Fire  prevention."  so  called,  simply 
delays  the  burning  up  of  the  last  conifer 
tree  where  it  stands. 

The  use  and  control  of  the  surface  fire  is 
the  solution  of  the  fire  problem  in  the 
coniferous  forests. 


PIGEONS  WILL  PROTECT  FORESTS. 

'"PHE  War,  Navy  and  Interior  Depart- 
ments, according  to  information  just  re- 
ceived by  the  Manufacturers  Aircraft  Asso- 
ciation, New  York,  are  co-operating  in  the 
forest  patrol.  The  idea  of  such  a  guard 
against  timber  fires  occurred  simulta- 
neously to  the  Forest  Service  and  to  the 
air  service  of  the  Army.  Now  comes  the 
Navy  Department  with  the  offer  to  estab- 
lish pigeon  lofts  in  the  forest  reserves  and 
to  provide  the  forest  airplane  patrol  with 
carrier  pigeons  whose  duty  it  would  be  to 
carry  messages  direct  to  home  relief  sta- 
tions whenever  a  fire  is  discovered. 

The  pigeon  branch  of  the  Navy  is  ex- 
panding under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant 
McAtee,  and  recruits  are  now  sought  for 
this  service,  which  is  so  closely  akin  to 
aviation  that  it  is  under  the  same  general 
administration. 

During  the  war  there  was  no  opportunity 
to  train  men  for  this  important  duty,  but 
now  a  special  school  has  been  opened  at 
Anacostia  and  twenty  enlisted  men  are  re- 
ceiving daily  instruction  in  the  training 
and  keeping  of  carrier  pigeons.  At  the 
same  time  these  men  have  opportunity  to 
put  their  learning  to  practical  uses. 

The  pigeon  branch  of  the  Navy  has  2,500 
birds.  Plenty  are  available  for  the  forest 
patrol.  Experiments  are  going  on  con- 
stantly in  the  effort  to  increase  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  birds.  Pigeons  took  an  im- 
portant part  in  naval  warfare  overseas.  It 
has  been  proved  that  pigeons  can  fly  at  a 
speed  at  least  equal  to  that  of  a  sea  plane 
or  flying  boat. 


A   REAL   COMPLIMENT. 
"We  have  been  a  member  of  your  Asso- 
ciation   for    some    time    and    receive    from 
month   to  month  your  magazine,   which   is 
certainly  an  up-to-date  periodical  along  the   I 
line    for    which    it    is    intended.     We   con- 
gratulate you  on  the  work  you  are  doing  in 
the    Association    in    educating    the    people 
as  to  the  necessity  of  not  only  conserving 
the   present   standing   timber   but   also   the 
possibility  of  producing  new  growths." 
Haines   Lumber   Company. 


Please  mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1307 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

"The  Book  of  the  National  Parks,"  by 
Robert  Sterling  Yard.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  New  York.  Price,  $3.00.  The  author 
of  this  book  possesses  all  the  attributes 
necessary  to  contribute  to  the  success  of 
such  a  work,  being  an  official  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Interior  and  so  thoroughly  in- 
formed on  his  subject,  as  well  as  a  writer 
of  note  and  an  enthusiastic  lover  of  the 
out  of  doors.  His  book  is  a  valuable  con- 
tribution to  the  slowly  growing  literature 
on  our  national  park  system.  It  will  fill  a 
long-felt  want,  carrying,  as  it  does,  in  in- 
teresting fashion,  an  account  of  the  histori- 
cal, scenic,  geologic  and  recreational  fea- 
tures of  the  parks ;  and  treating  in  a  popu- 
lar way  the  geologic  and  other  scientific 
features.  It  is  well  illustrated  and  has  15 
maps  and  diagrams. 


"Timber :  Its  Strength,  Seasoning  and 
Grading,"  by  Harold  S.  Betts.  McGraw- 
Hill  Book  Company,  New  York.  Price, 
$3.00.  The  preface  states  that  this  book 
is  intended  primarily  for  engineers,  manu- 
facturers and  users  of  lumber  and  of  vari- 
ous special  classes  of  wood  material,  and 
students  of  engineering  and  forestry.  Much 
technical  information  in  readily  accessible 
form  is  available  regarding  almost  every 
class  of  structural  material  with  the  excep- 
tion of  wood,  and  this  book  will  in  large 
measure  supply  this  deficiency. 


THE 


N/fflH 


1337-1339  F  STREET.N.W. 
WASHINGTON,"*. 

eri<oRflL7€RS 
P^SI<3N^RS 

AMP 

ILLUSTRATORS 

3  ^olor  Pro^ss  Work 
^lotrotypss 

Superior  Qoality 


Phone  f\ain  8Z74 


C  Buy  War    W^  Saving  Stamps  ) 


FORESTERS  ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  in  this  column  advertisements  of  for- 
esters, lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  service,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to   offer    such    foresters,    lumbermen   or    woodsmen. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester; college  graduate,  37  years  of  age  and 
married.  Have  had  seven  years'  experience  in 
the  National  Forests  of  Oregon,  California, 
Washington  and  Alaska.  Also  some  European 
training.  At  present  employed  on  timber  sur- 
veys as  chief  of  party  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Desire  to  make  a  change  and  will  be  glad  to 
consider  position  as  Forester  on  private  estate, 
or  as  city  Forester.  Will  also  consider  position 
as  Asst.  Superintendent  of  State  Park  and 
Game  Preserve  in  addition  to  that  of  Forester. 
Can  furnish  the  best  of  references.  Address 
Box  820,  care  American  Forestry  Magazine, 
Washington,   P.   C. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
to  take  charge  of,  or  as  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field— from* 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery— including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American   Forestry. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  Forests  in  timber  sale,  silvicultural 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  lines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference. 
Address  Box  600,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (1-3) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  675,  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington. 
D-    C. (1-3) 

WANTED:  Young  forester,  preferably  married, 
for  clearing  and  maintaining  woodland  on  small 
estate,  operating  private  nursery,  etc.  Will  pay 
$80  or  better,  depending  on  qualifications  and 
experience.  Six  room  residence  on  state  road 
included  Address  Box  750,  c/o  American  For- 
estry  Magazine,  Washington,  D.   C.  (7-9-19) 

WANTED— Position  as  MANAGER  of  WOOD- 
LANDS;  thirty  years*  experience ;  will  care 
for,  replant  and  develop  woodlands.  Roy 
Maguire,  Box  810,  care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,    Washington,    D.    C. 


m 


ADVISORY  BOARD 

Representing  Organizations  Affiliated  with  the 
American  Forestry  Association 


Si 


National  Wholesale   Lumber  Dealers'   Association  Lumbermen'!  Exchange  Empire  State  Forest  Products  Association 

JOHN  M    WOODS.  Boston.  Man  I.  RANDALL  WILLIAMS,  JR.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  FERRIS  J.   MEIGS,  New  York  City 

W.  CLYDE  SYKES,  Conifer,  N.   Y  FREDERICK  S.  UNDERHILL,  Philadelphia.  Pa  RUFUS  L.   SISSON,   Potsdam,  N.   Y. 

R.  G.  BROWNELL,  Williamsport,  Pa.  R.  B.   RAYNER,   Philadelphia,   Pa.  W.  L.  SYKES,  Utica,  N.  Y. 


northern  Plae   Manufacturers'    Association 

C.   A.   SMITH,   Coos  Bay,  Ore. 

WILLIAM  IRVINE,  Chippewa  Falla,  Wia. 

F.  E.  WEYERHAEUSER.  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


Rational  Association   of  Box  Manufacturers 
B.  W    PORTER,  Greenfield,  Maaa. 
S.   B.  ANDERSON,  Memphis,  Tenn. 
ROBT.  A.  JOHNSON,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Carriage  Builders'  national  Association 
H.  C.  McLEAR,  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y. 
D.  T.  WILSON,  New  York 
P.  S.  EBRENZ,  St.  Louis,  Missouri 


New  Hampshire  Tlmberland  Owners'   Association  [!!;J: 
W.  H.  BUNDY,  Boston,  Mass 
EVERETT  E.  AMEY,  Portland,  Me. 
F.  H.  BILLARD,  Berlin,  N.  H. 


California  Forest  Protective  Association 
MILES  STANDISH,  San   Francisco,  Cal. 
GEO.  X.  WENDLING,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
II.  RHODES.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


Massachusetts  Forestry  Association 
NATHANIEL  T.  KIDDER,  Milton,  Mass. 
FREDERIC  J.  CAULKINS,  Boston,  Mass. 
HARRIS  A.  REYNOLDS,  Cambridge,  Maaa. 


„...,   .........  _  Camp  Fire  Cluh  of  America 

Philadelphia   Wholesale   Lumber  Dealers'   Ass  n    W,LLIAM  B.  GREELEY,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Ud^^^iVhIS  feW*"**  F.-Q,H_VAN  NORDEN,  rfew  York 


iladelphia.  Pa. 


FREDERICK  K.  VREELAND,  New  York 


Minnesota  Forestry  Association 
W.  T.  COX,  St.   Paul,  Minn. 
PROF.  D.  LANGE,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
MRS.  CARRIE  BACKUS,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


American  Wood   Preservers'  Association 
MR.  CARD,  111  W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago,  III. 
MR.  JOYCE,  332  S.   Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago,   111. 
F.  J.  ANG1ER,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Southern  Pine  Association 
J.  B.  WHITE,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
T    F    RHODES.  New  Orleans,  La. 
HENRY  E.  HARDTNER,  Urania,  La. 


1308 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


BOOKS  ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  ol  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
a  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.   C.     Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     V  ALU  ATION— Filibert     Roth 

FOREST   REGULATION— Filibert  Roth   

PRACTICAL    TREE    REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER    INDUSTRY— By    R.    S.     Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur   F.   Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By   H.    H.    Chapman    

CHINESE    FOREST    TREES   AND   TIMBER   SUPPLY— By    Norman    Shaw 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By    John    Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By   Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.   I   and   II,  4   Parts   to  a  Volume— 

Per    Part    

THE   TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Gifford   Pinchot   

LUMBER   AND   ITS   USES— R.   S.   Kellogg 

THE   CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Britton 

KEY   TO   THE   TREES— Collins   and   Preston 

THE   FARM   WOODLOT— E.   G.   Cheyney  aad  J.   P.   Wentling 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel   J. 


Record 


PLANE     SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Graves 

THE   ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.  E.  Fernow 

FIRST   BOOK    OF   FORESTRY— Filibert   Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.   S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF    AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel    B.    Green 

TREES  IN  WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvls 

MANUAL   OF    THE    TREES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive    of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent    

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14    Volumes,    per    Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE   NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY     MOUNTAINS— Romeyn     B.     Hough 

GETTING   ACQUAINTED   WITH   THE   TREES— J.   Horace   McFarland 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD;  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— Chas.  H.  Snow 

HANDBOOK   OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES    OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame    and    Henry    Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE   NORTHEASTERN  UNITED   STATES— H.  E.  Park- 


hurst 


TREES— H.    Marshall    Ward    

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Mulr    

LOGGING— Ralph    C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.   Hawes 

THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   HANDLING    WOODLANDS— Henry   Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND    CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman    

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS   OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.   Moon  and   N.   C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES    OF    TREES— J.   J.    Levison 

TREE    PRUNING— A.    Des    Cars    

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.  Tourney... 

FUTURE   OF   FOREST   TREES— By  Dr.   Harold    Unwln 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson    

THE   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.   Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud   Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor 

THE   LAND  WE   LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 

WOOD   AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes    

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBING,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette    

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS— Chas.   H.   Snow 

EXERCISES  IN  FOREST   MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR    NATIONAL   FORESTS— H.    D.    Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS— By  Robert  Sterling  Yard 

THE   STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 


$1.50 
2.M 

2.00 

1.10 
XII 

2.00 
2.50 
1.50 

5.00 
1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.30 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 
3.N 

4.00 
1.61 
1.11 
1.5* 
1.5* 
2.00 

CM 

7.50 

6.00 
1.75 
3.50 

5.00 
1.5* 

1.5* 
1.50 
1.91 
3.5* 

2.50 
3.5* 
1.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
3.00 
3.50 
2.25 
2.00 
1.30 
2.10 
1.50 
2.50 
1.70 
3.00 
3.00 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.50 
2.50 
2.50 
3.10 
.65 


*  This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on  forestry 
or  related   subjects  upon  request.— EDITOR. 


LINCOLN  MEMORIAL  UNIVERSITY 


I  INCOLN  Memorial  University,  situated 
in  the  heart  of  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  is  offering  for  1919  a  one 
year  course  in  its  School  of  Forestry 
which  combines  practical  field  work  on  the 
University's  forest  tract  of  2,000  acres  with 
theoretical  and  practical  studies.  It  does 
not  attempt  to  cover  all  the  technical 
courses  offered  at  many  other  schools  of 
Forestry  but  does  hope  to  combine  enough 


practical  and  technical  training  in  its  short 
intensive  course,  to  develop  a  well  qualified 
forest  workman.  This  is  a  co-educational 
undenominational  institution  with  a  total 
enrollment  last  year  of  493  students.  Its 
policy  is  to  provide  at  a  low  cost  a  practical 
education  for  ambitious  young  people,  par- 
ticularly for  the  white  youth  of  its  own 
section   of   the   country. 


TABLE  OF  NATIVE  MAINE  WOODS 

TVTINETEEN  different  kinds  of  native 
Maine  woods  are  used  to  make  a 
handsome  and  unique  table  for  the  Direc- 
tors' and  General  Conference  Room  in  the 
offices  of  the  Eastern  Forest  Products 
Association  at  Bangor.  The  table  is  eight 
feet  long  and  three  feet  wide  with  five 
legs.  The  top  is  made  of  six  boards  six 
inches  wide,  of  the  following  woods ;  white 
ash,  birdseye  rock  maple,  black  cherry, 
curly  yellow  birch,  beech  and  quartered 
white  oak. 

The  legs  are  of  elm,  hickory,  chestnut, 
butternut  and  mahoganized  yellow  birch. 
The  ledge  boards  are  of  sycamore,  white 
birch,  brown  ash  and  cherry  birch.  Under 
the  margin  of  the  top  is  a  plate  to  give 
a  thick  top  effect  which  is  made  of  white 
pine,  hemlock,  white  cedar  and  red  spruce. 
With  the  exception  of  the  mahoganized 
leg,  each  piece  is  in  natural  finish  and  the 
effect  is  beautiful. 

The  table  was  the  idea  of  H.  G.  Wood, 
Executive  Secretary  of  the  Association, 
and  was  made  by  Morse  &  Company,  at 
Bangor,  a  member  of  the  Association.  The 
boards  of  birdseye  maple  and  curly  birch 
are  exceptionally  choice  and  are  said  by 
many  to  be  the  handsomest  they  have 
ever  seen. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES 


FALL   IS  THE   TIME   TO   PLANT    NAR- 
CISSUS AND  TULIP  BULBS 

'T'ULIP  bulbs  should  be  planted  in  Octo- 
ber, preferably  about  the  middle  of  the 
month,  and  narcissus  bulbs  may  be  plant- 
ed up  to  the  middle  of  October,  but  prefer- 
ably about  the  first  of  the  month,  accord- 
ing to  specialists  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  bulbs  should  be  planted  in  loose, 
rich  soil,  devoid  of  rank,  or  unrotted,  or 
poorly  incorporated  manures.  It  should 
be  dug  to  a  depth  of  from  12  to  15  inches. 
The  tulip  bulbs  should  be  set  5  inches  apart 
and  4  inches  deep  and  the  narcissus  bulbs 
about  10  inches  apart  and  5  inches  deep. 

If  they  are  to  be  grown  in  pots  or  window 
boxes,  light  rich  soil  should  be  used. 
Place  1  to  2  inches  of  cinders  or  broken 
pots  in  the  bottom  of  the  pots  or  boxes 
to  insure  good  drainage.  After  planting, 
place  the  pots  or  boxes  out  of  doors  and 
cover  them  with  about  4  inches  of  ashes 
or  sand ;  or  they  may  be  placed  in  a  dark 
cool  room  or  cellar  for  a  few  weeks,  until 
the  bulbs  have  formed  a  quantity  of  roots. 
They  may  then  be  brought  into  the  light 
and  heat  for  flowering.  Keep  the  soil  well 
moistened  from  time  of  planting,  but  avoid 
overmoistening,  for  if  kept  too  wet  the 
bulbs  will  decay. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magaiine  when  writing  advertisers 


CURRENT     LITERATURE 


1309 


CURRENT  LITERATURE 

MONTHLY  LIST  FOR  JULY,  1919 

(Books  and  periodicals  indexed  in  the  library  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service.) 


FORESTRY   AS   A   WHOLE 

Black,  Robson.  The  child's  book  of  the 
forests.  15  p.  il.  Ottawa,  Canadian 
forestry  assn.,  1919. 

Proceedings    and    reports    of    associations,    forest 
officers,  etc. 

Indiana — State  board  of  forestry  and  State 
park  committee.  Report  for  the  year 
1918.     21  p.     Indianapolis,  1919. 

Michigan  agricultural  college— Forestry 
club.  The  M.  A.  C.  forester,  vol.  4. 
rj  p.     il-     East  Lansing,  Mich.,  1919. 

Oregon— State  board  of  forestry.  Eighth 
annual  report  of  the  State  forester  for 
the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1918.  22  p. 
Salem,  Ore.,  icacj- 

South  Africa— Forest  dept.  Annual  report, 
1917-18.    43  p.    Cape  Town,  1918. 

Sweden  —  Statens  skogsforsoksanstalt. 
Meddelanden,  haft.  16,  nr.  1-3.  66  p. 
maps.     Stockholm,   Sweden,  1919. 

Uganda— Forestry  dept.  Annual  report, 
1917-18.     11  p.     Entebbe,  1918. 

Western     Australia — Woods     and     forests 
dept.     Report   for  the  half-year  ended 
30th  June,   1918.     17  P-     Perth,  1919. 
FOREST  EDUCATION 

Lincoln  memorial  university — School  of 
forestry.  The  story  of  the  need  for 
forest  rangers  and  skilled  lumbermen, 
and  of  the  practical  course  in  forestry 
at  Lincoln  memorial  university.  4  p. 
Harrogate,  Tenn.,  1919. 

Xew  York  state  college  of  forestry,  Syra- 
cuse university.  Announcement  of 
courses.  42  p.  il.  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
1918.     (Circular  no.  25.) 

FOREST    DESCRIPTION 

Whitford,  H.  N.  &  Craig,  R.  D.  Forests 
of  British  Columbia.  409  p.  pi.,  maps. 
Ottawa,   Commission   on   conservation, 

1918. 

FOREST   BOTANY 
Deam,  C.  C.    Trees  of  Indiana.    299  p.    il. 
Indianapolis,     Ind.,    1918.       (Indiana- 
State  board  of   forestry.     Bulletin  no. 

3-) 

SILVICULTURE 

Planting 

Stephen,  J.  W.  Making  best  use  of  idle 
lands  in  New  York.  53  p.  il.  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.,  1918.  (N.  Y.  state  college 
of  forestry,  Syracuse  university.  Cir- 
cular no.  19.) 

FOREST    PROTECTION 

Insects 

Snyder,  T.  E.  "White  ants"  as  pests  in  the 
United  States  and  methods  of  prevent- 
ing their  damage.  16  p.  il.  Wash., 
D.  C,  1919.  (U.  S.— Dept.  of  agricul- 
ture.    Farmers'  bulletin  1037.) 

Fire 

Canadian  forestry  association.  About  camp 
fires.     8  p.     il.     Ottawa,  1919. 

Southern  St.  Lawrence  forest  protective  as- 
sociation. Second  annual  report.  27  p. 
Quebec,  1918. 


FOREST   POLICY 

Great  Britain — Ministry  of  reconstruction. 
Reconstruction   problems.     11:     Com- 
mercial forestry.     16  p.     London,  1919. 
FOREST    ADMINISTRATION 

Roulleau  de  la  Roussiere,  R.  Le  cheptel 
forestier  et  le  fonds  des  forets.  23  p. 
Paris,  Association  nationale  d'expan- 
sion  economique,  191 8. 

National  Forests 

U.    S. — Dept.    of    agriculture.      Mountain 
playgrounds  of  the  Pike  national  for- 
est.     17   p.     il.,   map.     Wash.,    D.   C, 
1919.     (Department  circular  41.) 
FOREST  ENGINEERING 

Barns,  F.  R.  With  the  forest  regiments  in 
France;  10th  and  20th  engineers  (for- 
est). 11  p.  il.  Chicago,  American 
lumberman,  1919. 

FOREST   UTILIZATION 

Lumber  industry 

Graves,  H.  S.,  Lumber  exports  and  our 
forests.  15  p.  Wash.,  D.  C,  1919. 
(U.  S. — Dept.  of  agriculture — Office  of 
the  secretary.     Circular  140.) 

Wood-using  industries 

Canada — Dominion  bureau  of  statistics. 
Census  of  industry,  1917.  Pt.  4,  sec.  4: 
Pulp  and  paper,  1917.  63  p.  Ottawa, 
1919. 

Johnsen,  B.  and  Hovey,  R.  W.,  comp. 
Utilization  of  waste  sulphite  liquor;  a 
review  of  the  literature.  195  p.  Ot- 
tawa, 1919.  (Canada — Dept.  of  the  in- 
terior— Forestry  branch.     Bulletin  66.) 

Lightfoot,  G.  Paper  pulp ;  possibilities  of 
its  manufacture  in  Australia.  39  p. 
Melbourne,  1919.  (Australia — Advis- 
ory council  of  science  and  industry. 
Bulletin   no.   II.) 

Technical  association  of  the  pulp  and  paper 
industry.  Papers  and  addresses  pre- 
sented at  the  annual  meeting,  1918. 
64  p.     N.  Y.,  1918. 

AUXILIARY    SUBJECTS 

Mountaineering 

Associated  mountaineering  clubs  of  North 
America.    Bulletin.    30  p.    N.  Y.,  1919. 
PERIODICAL    ARTICLES 

Miscellaneous  periodicals 

Aerial  age,  June  23,  1919. — -The  general 
uses  and  properties  of  plywood,  by  B. 
C.   Boulton,  p.  724-7. 

Bulletin  of  the  Pan  American  union,  June, 
1919 — Forests  of  Brazil,  p.  695. 

Conservationist,  Jan.,  1919. — Fighting  fires 
on  Long  Island,  by  W.  G.  Howard,  p. 
3-6. 

Johns  Hopkins  alumni  magazine,  June, 
1919. — In  praise  of  forestry,  by  C.  H. 
Shinn,  p.  241-4. 

Journal  of  political  economy,  Apr.,  1919 — 
Reconstruction  and  natural  resources, 
by  R.  Zon,  p.  280-99. 

Munsey's  magazine,  July,  1919. — Replanting 
the  forests,  by  R.  H.  Moulton,  p.  351-3. 


Yale  School  of 
Forestry 

Established  in  1900 

A  Graduate  Department  of  Yale 
University 

The  two  years  technical  course  pre- 
pares for  the  general  practice  of  for- 
estry  and   leads    to    the    degree    of 

Master  of  Forestry. 
Special  opportunities  in  all  branches 
of   forestry  for 

Advanced   and   Research    Work. 

For  students  planning  to  engage 
in  forestry  or  lumbering  in  the 
Tropics,  particularly  tropical  Amer- 
ica, a  course  is  offered  in 

Tropical   Forestry. 
Lumbermen  and  others  desiring  in- 
struction in  special  subjects  may  be 
enrolled  as 

Special  Students. 
A  field  course  of  eight  weeks  in  the 
summer    is    available    for    those   not 
prepared    for,   or   who   do   not   wish 
to  take  the  technical  courses. 


For  further  information  and  cata- 
logue, address :  The  Director  of  the 
School  of  Forestry,  New  Haven,  Con-   j 
necticut,  U.   S.  A. 


Forest   Engineering 
Summer  School 

University  of  Georgia 

ATHENS,  GEORGIA 

Eight-weeks  Summer  Camp  on 
large  lumbering  and  milling  oper- 
ation in  North  Georgia.  Field 
training  in  Surveying,  Timber 
Estimating,  Logging  Engineer- 
ing, Lumber  Grading,  Milling. 
Special  vocational  courses 
for  rehabilitated  soldiers. 
Exceptional  opportunity  to  pre- 
pare for  healthful,  pleasant,  lucra- 
tive   employment    in    the    open. 

(Special  announcement  sent  upon 
request.) 


SARGENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide   Book   for  Parents 

A   Standard   Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically      and     discriminately      the      Private 
Schools  of  all  classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,   special  features,  etc. 
Introductory   Chapters  review   interesting  de- 
velopments of  the   year  in   education — Modern 
Schools,  War  Changes  in  the   Schools,   Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction,   What   the   Schools   Are 
Doing,  Recent  Educational  Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  be  glad 
to  advise  and  write  you  intimately  about  any 
school  or  class  of  schools. 

Fifth    edition,     1919,   revised    and    enlarged, 
786  pages,  $3.00.       Circulars   and   sample    pages. 

PORTER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


1310 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


Forestry  at 

University  of 

Michigan 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

A   FOUR  -  YEAR,    undergraduate 
course    that    prepares    for    the 
practice   of   Forestry   in   all   its 
branches  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 

BACHELOR  OF   SCIENCE 
IN     FORESTRY 

Opportunity  is  offered  for  grad- 
uate work  leading  to  the  decree  of 
Master  of  Science  in  Forestry. 

The  course  is  designed  to  give  a 
broad,   well-balanced  training  in   the 
fundamental   sciences   as   well   as   in 
technical    Forestry,    and    has,   conse- 
quently,   proven    useful    to   men    en- 
gaged   in    a   variety   of    occupations. 
This  school  of  Forestry  was  estab- 
lished in   1003  and  has  a  large  body 
of  alumni  engaged  in  Forestry  work. 
For  announcement  giving 
Complete  information  and  list 
of  alumni,  address 

FILIBERT    ROTH 


DEPARTMENT     OF 
FORESTRY 

The    Pennsylvania 
State  College 


»**«*♦»«* 


A   PROFESSIONAL     course     in 
Forestry,    covering    four    years 
of  college  work,  leading  to  the 
degree    of    Bachelor    of    Science    in 
Forestry. 

Thorough  and  practical  training  for 
Government,  State,  Municipal  and 
private  forestry. 

Four  months  are  spent  in  camp  in 
the  woods  in  forest  work. 
Graduates  who  wish  to  specialize 
along  particular  lines  are  admitted 
to  the  "graduate  forest  schools"  as 
candidates  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Forestry  on  the  successful  com- 
pletion  of   one   year's   work. 


For    further    information    address 
Department  of  Forestry 

Pennsylvania  State  College 

State  College,  Pa. 


Producer,  June,  1919. — The  forest  service 
and  the  stockman,  by  W.  C.  Barnes, 
P-  5-9- 

Rhodora,  May,  1919. — Necessary  changes  in 
botanical  nomenclature,  by  O.  A.  Far- 
well,  p.  101-3. 

Rhodora,  June,  1919. — Tsuga  americana,  a 
final  word,  by  O.  A.  Farwell,  p.  108-9. 

Saturday  evening  post,  May  3,  1919. — What 
we  learned  about  wood,  by  A.  M.  Rud, 
P-  37-8,  93- 

Scientific  American  supplement,  May  10, 
1919 — Prosthesis  of  the  lower  limb,  p. 
290-1,  304;  Keeping  the  propeller  dry, 
by  M.  E.  Dunlap,  p.  292-3 ;  The  cedars 
of  Lebanon,  by  A.  Henry,  p.  295 ;  Some 
things  that  might  be  used,  by  J.  Wad- 
dell,  p.  298-9,  304. 

Scientific  American,  May  17,  1919.— A  log 
house  of  colossal  proportions,  p.  513. 

Scouting,  June  5,  1919. — What  trees  and 
how  to  plant  them,  by  G.  B.  Sudworth, 
p.  12-14. 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  agriculture.  Weekly  news 
letter,  June  25,  1919. — Farming  and  in- 
dustry to  be  helped  by  forest  products 
laboratory,  p.  5-6. 

Trade  Journals  and  consular  reports 

American  lumberman,  June  14,  1919. — Ex- 
periments develop  plywood  for  air- 
craft, p.  44;  To  effect  equitable  cross- 
tie  purchasing,  p.  49-50;  With  Ameri- 
can engineers  in  French  forests,  by  W. 
B.  Greeley  and  C.  S.  Chapman,  p.  54-5. 

American  lumberman,  June  31,  1919. — 
Wood  is  the  cheapest  material  for  resi- 
dence construction,  p.  1,  41 ;  Build  tiny 
town  to  promote  home  owning,  p.  45. 

American  lumberman,  June  28,  1919. — 
Seeks  views  on  plan  for  a  national 
forest  policy,  by  H.  S.  Graves  and  R. 
S.  Kellogg,  p.  43. 

American  lumberman,  July  5,  1919. — A  na- 
tional forest  and  lumber  policy,  by  B. 
A.  Chandler,  p.  1,  52-3 ;  Proposed  Dept. 
of  public  works,  by  A.  T.  North,  p. 
39-40;  Federal  tax  on  timber  stumpage, 
by  I.  Skeels,  p.  42-3 ;  A  discussion  of 
the  effects  of  kiln  drying  on  the 
strength  value  of  Douglas  fir,  by  C.  A. 
Plaskett,  p.  50-1 ;  How  matches  are 
manufactured  by  one  process,  p.  53; 
Seeking  economy  in  pulp  manufacture, 
.    P-  64. 

Engineering  news-record,  June  26,  1919. — 
Results  of  long-time  tests  of  creosote- 
treated  fence  posts,  by  C.  H.  Teesdale, 
P-    1254- 

Hardwood  record,  June  25,  1919. — Russian 
lumber  industry,  by  R.  E.  Simmons,  p. 
34- 

Journal  of  industrial  and  engineering 
chemistry,  July,  1919. — The  tannin  con- 
tent of  redwood,  by  C.  C.  Scalione  and 
D.  R.  Merrill,  p.  643-4. 

Lumber,  June  16,  1919. — Driving  long  leaf 
pine  on  the  Courant,  by  J.  B.  Woods, 
p.  15-16,  18. 

Lumber,  June  23,  1919.— Making  paper 
from  wood,  p.   15-17. 


Lumber,  June  30,  1919. — A  typical  forestry 
lumbering  district,  by  J.  B.  Woods,  p. 
13-14;  Lumber  imported  by  France,  by 
W.  N.  Taylor,  p.  15-18;  Spencer  and 
tie  producers  fail  to  agree,  p.  33-4. 

Lumber,  July  7,  1919. — A  broad  program  of 
forestry  needed,  by  H.  S.  Graves  and 
R.  S.  Kellogg,  p.   13-14,  16-17. 

Lumber  world  review,  June  25,  1919. — The 
lumber  industry  and  what  it  must  do 
to  be  saved,  by  L.  C.  Boyle,  p.  23-9.    - 

Paper,  June  18,  1919. — The  suitability  of 
second  cotton  linters,  by  O.  Kress  and 
S.  D.  Wells,  p.  19-32;  Alcohol  from 
sulphite  liquor,  by  R.  H.  McKee,  p.  34, 
36;  Essentials  of  woodpulp  testing,  by 
F.  M.  Williams,  p.  36,  38;  Baobab  fiber 
ideal  papermaking  material,  p.  38;  War 
time  uses  of  paper,  by  A.  G.  Durgin,  p. 
46-52. 

Pioneer  western  lumberman,  July  1,  1919. — 
Immense  California  pine  forests  sur- 
vive three  and  one-half  centuries  of 
fire,  by  R.  F.  Hammatt,  p.  8-9. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  June  5,  1919. — 
The  balsam  injury  in  Quebec  and  its 
control,  by  J.  M.  Swaine,  p.  527-9. 

Pulp  and  paper  magazine,  June  19,  1919. — 
Splendid  forest  reserve  of  Alberta,  by 
C.  Stewart,  p.  575. 

Railway  review,  June  21,  1919. — Timber 
preservation  in  car  construction,  by  H. 
S.  Sackett,  p.  957-9. 

Southern  lumberman,  June  14,  1919. — 
Twenty-five  business  men  form  unique 
class  at  forest  products  laboratory,  p. 

34- 

Southern  lumberman,  June  28,  1919. — Ade- 
quate forestry  program  should  accom- 
pany expansion  of  foreign  trade,  by 
H.  S.  Graves,  p.  30;  Observations  on 
Finnish  and  Scandinavian  industry,  by 
A.  H.  Oxholm,  p.  31-2. 

Southern  lumberman,  July  5,  1919. — Steps 
for  preservation  of  Appalachian  for- 
ests urged,  p.  36. 

Timber  trades  journal,  June  7,  1919. — 
Wood  drying  kilns,  p.  930-1  ;  Ancient 
trees,  p.  933 ;  The  durability  and  decay 
of  wood ;  by  H.  Stone,  p.  946-8. 

Timber  trades  journal,  June  14,  1919. — 
Trees  for  planting  in  Wales ;  Quercus 
pedunculata,  by  A.  P.,  p.  977 ;  The  pine- 
beetle,  p.  979;  The  elasticity  and  flexi- 
bility of  wood,  by  H.  Stone,  p.  987-8; 
Our  forestry  policy,  p.  1016. 

Timberman,  May,  1919. — Forest  fires  cost 
west  $6,500,000  in  1918,  p.  32;  Dipping 
treatment  for  prevention  of  sap  stain, 
p.  35 ;  Lumber  industry  of  Russia  and 
Siberia,  by  R.  E.  Simmons,  p.  36-7, 
65-6,  68-9;  Effect  of  the  war  on  the 
forests  of  France,  by  C.  S.  Chapman, 
p.  41-2;  Lumber  requirements  of 
France  to  be  twenty  billion,  p.  42 ;  Aus- 
tralia plans  forest  products  laboratory, 
p.  43 ;  Redwood  pipe  proves  its  supe- 
rior qualities,  by  H.  B.  Worden,  p.  48; 
Potash  from  wood  ashes,  p.  70;  Idaho 
timber  sale  laws,  p.  71. 


Please  mention  American  Forestry     Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


CURRENT     LITERATURE 


1311 


Timberman,     June,     1919.— Aerial     logging 
system   for  rough  country,  p.  35;  The 
Wolfe  mechanically  driven  saw,  p.  41 ; 
The  koa,  one  of   Hawaii's   remarkable 
trees,  by  C.  S.  Judd,  p.  47;  U.  K.  has 
eye  on  Russian  timber  supply,  p.  689; 
Sustained  annual  yield  management,  by 
B.  P.  Kirkland,  p.  88,  90;  The  private 
owner     and     conservation,     by     C.     S. 
Smith,  p.  93 ;   Proper  care  of  airplane 
woods,  by  F.  J.  Hallauer,  p.  97,  99,  101. 
U.    S.   commerce   report,   June    14.    I9!9  — 
Shooks  needed  in  the  Canary  Islands, 
by  G.  K.  Stiles,  p.  1366-7. 
U.    S.    commerce    report,    June    23,    1919  — 
Paraguayan  quebracho  extract  produc- 
tion,  by   H.    H.    Balch,   p.    1529;    High 
prices    of    building    materials    in    Eng- 
land, by  A.   Nutting,  p.   1530-1. 
U.  S.  commerce  report,  July  7.  1919-— Rus- 
sian  chemical-pulp   industry,  by   A.  H. 
Oxholm,  p.  89. 
Veneers,    July,    1919.— Control    of    warping 
in  plywood,  p.  17-18;  Veneer  possibili- 
ties  in  phonographs,  by  W.   N.  Y.,  p. 
27-8. 
West   Coast    lumberman,   June    15,    1919. — 
With  the  camera  in  an  all  motor  truck 
camp,  by  H.  Geithmann,  p.  34-5,  42. 
Wood  turning,  July,  1919. — Growing. scarci- 
ty of  timber  is  cause  of  grave  concern, 
by  A.  F.  Hawes,  p.   12-13;  Woods  re- 
sisting insects  and  worms,  p.   18. 
Wood-worker,    June,    1919. — Drying    black 
walnut   gunstocks,    by    W.    P.    Palmer, 
p.  27-8. 
Forest  journals 

American    forestry,    July,    1919. — Foresters 
and  lumbermen  home  from  France,  by 
David  T.  Mason  and  Percival  Sheldon 
Ridsdale,  p.  1187-93;  Scouting  for  tim- 
ber in  the  eastern   Pyrenees,  by  R.  Y. 
Stuart,     1193-98;     Transplanting     large 
trees,    1198;    Canadian    forestry    corps 
work  in  France,  by  Roland  Hill,  1199- 
1200;    Memorial   trees,    1201-1203;    Na- 
tional Honor  Roll  of  Memorial  Trees, 
1204;  The  wishing  tree,  by  J.  R.  Sim- 
mons,     1205;      Photographing     forests 
from  the  air,  by  Lieut.  Lewis,  R.  A.  F., 
p.   1206-1207;   University  of   Minnesota 
offers  course   in   lumber  uses,  p.   1207; 
Wood  used  in  the  cooperage  industry, 
by   Hu   Maxwell,   p.   1208-16;   Tussock 
moth   caterpillar   campaign,   by   M.    M. 
Burris.    p.    1217;    Forest    Investigation, 
[).  1218;  Paid  in  full,  p.  1219;  A  garden 
of  the  brave,  by  Vilda  Sauvage  Owens, 
p.  1220;  Forest  reserve  for  Kentucky,  p. 
1330;  More  airplanes  patrols  for  nation- 
al forests,  p.  1220;  Insects  in  their  rela- 
tion to  forestry,  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  p. 
1221-1225;      Gathering     the      spinulose 
shield    fern,    by    Frank    B.    Tucker,    p. 
1226-1228;  The  herons,  by  A.  A.  Allen, 
p.   1229-34;  Scotch  lumber  cut  by  New 
England   mills,   1235-36;  Why  we  need 
more   forest  research,   1237 ;   Seaplanes 
to  DC  used   for  forest  fire  patrol  work 
in     Quebec,     by     Ellwood     Wilson,     p. 
1238;   Boole  reviews,  p.  1240;  Canadian 
Department,    by    Ellwood    Wilson,    p. 
1241-42;   Department  of   forest  recrea- 


tion   established    at    New    York    State 
College  of   Forestry,   p.   1242;   Protect 
locust  trees  from  borers,  p.  1243;  Air- 
plane   patrol    in    National    Forests,    p. 
1244;  Current  literature,  list  for  June, 
1919,   p.    1245-47;    Lecture    on   historic 
trees,  p.   1247. 
Canadian    forestry    journal,    June,    1919— ' 
The  first  flying  patrol  of  forests,  by  S. 
Graham,  p.  243-4;  Forestry  progress  in 
Newfoundland,   by   J.    D.    Gilmour,   p. 
245-7;  Airship  service  in   forest  areas, 
by  J.  Barron,  p.  249-50;   In  prevention 
of  shade  tree  butchery,  p.  251-2;  Block- 
ing  sand   dunes   with   trees,   by   G.   C. 
Piche,  p.  253-4;  Planning  a  prairie  tree 
plantation,  p.  255-7;  The  great  forests 
of  South  America,  by  P.  F.  Martin,  p. 
264-6;  The  new  definition  of   forestry, 
by  H.  P.  Baker,  p.  267-9;  Machines  to 
fell  trees,  p.  276. 
Indian   forester,  Apr.,   1919. — Forest  policy 
in  Burma,  by  H.  C.  Walker,  p.  173-87; 
Felling,  by  H.  W.  Bicknell,  p.   187-92; 
Analysis  of  some  morphological  char- 
acters of  Bombay  woody  species  from 
an    oecological    standpoint,    by    L.    J. 
Sedgwick,    p.    193-9;    Development    of 
little  used  timbers,  by  R.  S.  Pearson,  p. 
200-4;    Some   experiments    carried    out 
with  treated  and  untreated  timbers,  p. 
205-6;  Pencil  factory  and  tan-stuffs,  p. 
213-21. 
Journal  of  forestry,  May,  1919. — A  plea  for 
assertion,    by   F.    E.    Olmsted,    p.   471 ; 
Present  status  of  forest  taxation  in  the 
United    States,    by    M.    K.    McKay,    p. 
472-89;    How    can    the    private    forest 
lands  be  brought  under  forest  manage- 
ment,  by  W.   N.   Sparhawk,   p.  400-6; 
Public    control    of    private    forests    in 
Norway,  by  S.  T.  Dana,  p.  497-502 ;  A 
forest  policy  for  Louisiana,  by  R.   D. 
Forbes,   p.   503-14;   Aerial   photography 
and    national    forest    mapping,    by    R. 
Thelen,  p.  515-22;  Suggestions  for  in- 
struction in  range  management,  by  A. 
W.     Sampson,     p.    523-45 ;     A     forest 
reconnaissance  of  the  Delaware  penin- 
sula, by  R.  M.  Harper,  p.  546-55;  An 
example  of  private  forestry  in  the  Ad- 
irondacks,  by  H.  L.  Churchill,  p.  601-3; 
Public   control   of    forest   dwellings    in 
Norway,  by  S.  T.  Dana,  p.  603-4 ;  Pub- 
lic control  of  water  power  in  Norway, 
by  S.  T.  Dana,  p.  604-5  >  The  cascara 
bark  industry  on  the   Suislaw  national 
forest,  by  T.  T.  Munger,  p.  605-7;  A 
commercial    and   silvical   tree   study  of 
Sitka  spruce  begun,  by  T.  T.  Munger, 
p.  607-8;  Spruce  gum  in  the  northeast, 
p.  608;   The  lumber   industry  in   Mon- 
tana, p.  609;  Wood  fuel  in  Argentina, 
p.  610. 
Montana  forest  school  news,  May,   1919. — 
Planting   survey   in    Dist.    1,   by   W.    I. 
White,  p.   1,  3;   Mining  timbers,  by  G. 
Phillips,  p.  1,  4. 
New   York    forestry,   July,    1919. — The   job 
ahead,   by   F.    Roth,   p.   5-9;    How    the 
Massachusetts     forestry     dept.     co-op- 
erates  with   the  county    farm   bureaus, 
by  H.  O.  Cook,  p.  9-10;  American  aid 
in   reforesting  France,  by   C.   L.   Pack, 
p.  10-12;  Memorial  trees,  by  J.  R.  Sim- 
mons, p.   12-15;  The  use  of  our  state 
forest  reserves,  by  B.  A.  Chandler,  p. 
19-20. 
North  woods,  Apr.,  1919.— How  to  prevent 
dangerous   forest  fires,  bv   T.  A.   Kitts, 
p.  21-8. 
Yale  forest  school  news,  July  1,  1919. — The 
Yale  school  of  forestry,  by  J.  W.  Tou- 
m?y,    P-    35-7;    War    activities    of    the 
forest   products   laboratory,   by   O.    M. 
Butler,  p.  37-9. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MAINE 

ORONO,  MAINE 

Maintained  by  Stale  and  Nation 

ryHE  FORESTRY  DEPART- 
*■  MENT  offers  a  four  years' 
undergraduate  curriculum,  lead- 
ing to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Forestry. 
****** 

Opportunities  for  full  techni- 
cal training,  and  for  specializing 
in  problems  of  the  Northeastern 
States  and  Canada. 
****** 

John  M.  Briscoe, 

Professor  of  Forestry 

****** 

For  catalog  and  further   infor- 
mation, address 

ROBERT  J.  ALEY,  Pres't, 
Orono,  Maine 


The 

New  York  State 

College  of 

Forestry 

at 

Syracuse  University, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

UNDERGRADUATE  courses  in 
Technical  Forestry,  Paper  and 
Pulp  Making,  Logging  and  Lum- 
bering, City  Forestry,  and  Forest 
Engineering,  all  leading  to  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  Special  oppor- 
tunities offered  for  post-graduate 
work  leading  to  degrees  of  Master  of 
Forestry,  Master  of  City  Forestry, 
and  Doctor  of  Economics. 

A  one-year  course  of  practical 
training  at  the  State  Ranger  School 
on  the  College  Forest  of  1,800  acres 
at  Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 

State  Forest  Camp  of  three  months 
open  to  any  man  over  16,  held  each 
summer  on  Cranberry  Lake.  Men 
may  attend  this  Camp  for  from  two 
weeks  to  the  entire  summer. 

The  State  Forest  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  00  acres  at  Syracuse  and  an 
excellent  forest  library  offer  unusual 
opportunities  for  research  work. 


mimiiiiii  1 


1312 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


"S-E-R-V-I-C-E" 

THAT  SPELLS 

SECURITY! 


SERVICE  is  the  basic  working  principle  of  the  Southern  Pine  Association,  an  organization  of 
the  leading  manufacturers  of  Southern  Pine. 

That  SERVICE  embraces  practically  every  interest  related  to  the  Southern  Pine  industry  and 
practically  every  person  having  to  do  with  Southern  Pine.  For  those  who  take  advantage  of  it,  it  is  a 
guarantee  of  faithful  performance  from  the  sawmill  to  the  consumer.  For  the  Architect  and  Engineer,  it 
is  a  safeguard  against  substitution — the  insurance  on  "getting  what  you  specify." 

Southern  Pine  Association 

Interstate  Bank  Building 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES   FOR  OUR  HEROIC  DEAD 


PLANT  TREES 

PROTECT    FORESTS 

USE  FORESTS 


H  1 

"I 

"" 

nM  Mw  ■*-«  irmrtn  m  ».  ■»  -  I  Mun  IMMa 

This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/  hereby    accept   membership    in    The  American 
Forestry  Association   and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  is  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 

CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 
Subscribing  Membership  ..........$        3.00 

Contributing         "              10.00 

Sustaining               "                   25.00 

Life                         "             100.00 

Patron  " 1000.00 

Annual  Membership,  without  Magazine          .......  1.00 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name ___ 

Street. _ _ 

City 

PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


Please  mention  American  Forestry    Mayatinc  when  writing  advertisers 


no 


I  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  | 

THE    MAGAZINE     OF    THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 

September  1919    Vol.  25  CONTENTS  No.  309 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilDIIIIIIIIIIIIII! 


The  Pines — Poem,  by  Lew.  R.  Sarett Frontispiece 

Forest  Losses  on  the  Italian  Front — By  Nelson  Courtlandt  Brown 1315 

With  twenty-six  illustrations. 

The  Fir— Poem,  by  Donald  A.  Fraser 1328 

The  Guardian  of  Our  Forests — By  Alice    Spencer    Cook 1329 

With  nine  illustrations. 

National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees 1333 

"Roads  of  Remembrance" 1334 

With  five  illustrations. 
A  National  Forest  Policy — Discussion  of  the  Proposed  Legislation: 

Forest  Economics:     Some  Thoughts  on  an  Old  Subject — By  Wilson 

Gompton    1337 

Mandatory    Control    Opposed— By   E.   A.    Sterling 1339 

Publicity  Education  Necessary — By  R.  S.  Maddox 1340 

A  Lumberman's  Viewpoint — By  Everitt  G.  Griggs 1340 

Lease  Holds  Interfere — By  G.  L.  Hume 1341 

No  Half-Way  Policies— By  J.  E.  Barton 1341 

A  Forest  Policy  Badly  Needed— By  Ell  wood  Wilson 1342 

Terms   Used  in   Farm   Forestry 1342 

The  Uses  of  Wood— Floors  Made  of  Wood— By   Hu  Maxwell 1343 

With  ten  illustrations. 

Erosion  in  the  Appalachian  and  Piedmont  Regions 1350 

With  five  illustrations. 

Why  and  How  Some  Forest  Fires  Occur 1354 

With  two  illustrations. 

Conservation    of   Paper 1355 

Tree  Planting  Taken  up  by  Many  Editors i 1356 

Summer  Walks  in  the  Woodland — Along  the  Palisades  in  Interstate  Park 

—By  J.  Otis  Swift 1358 

With  six  illustrations. 

Mexico  as  a  Source  of  Timber — By  Austin  F.  Macdonald 1361 

Spruce  Tree  573  Years  Old 1363 

Book   Reviews    1363 

State  News    1364 

California        Louisiana      North  Carolina      Pennsylvania         Texas 
Colorado  Michigan      Oregon  Virginia  Wisconsin 

Canadian  Department — By   Ellwood  Wilson 1371 

Airplanes  Find  Forest  Fires 1371 

Forest    School    Notes 1372 

Bouquets 1375 


Entered  as  second-clasl  matter   December  21.  1909,  at   the    Postoffice  at  Washington,    under   the    Act  of  March   3,   1879.    Copyright,    1919,   by    the    American 
ion.     Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  oi  pottage  provided  for  in  Section  1103,  Act  of  October  3,  1917,  authorized  July  11,  1918. 


I'l'iii'lillHlllii'i'iriiiiiiir'iiiiii' !i;n;n;;i;;;!iiii!i:i!i .;;■;' -;i 





THE  PINES 

(An   old   legend) 

BY  LEW.  R.  SARETT 

Vv  hen  the  rolling  waters  covered  the  earth, 

The  mountains  learned  to  love  the  waters. 

Vv  hen  the  whispering  ocean  rolled  away, 
The  hills  grew  lonely  for  its  music. 

They  prayed  to  the  Spirit  to  send,  the  sea  hack 

To  sing  again  to  the  mountains. 
Then  the  Father  planted  the  murmuring  pines 

At  the  root  or  the  hills,  in  the  quiet  valleys. 
To  sing  or  the  sea  in  the  winds  of  twilight; 
To  ripple  and  sigh  in  the  hreezes  or  evening. 


..in ;.»...: 


am 


■iiiiiii 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXV  SEPTEMBER,  1919  NO.  309 

liiniiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiUiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiH 


FOREST  LOSSES  ON  THE  ITALIAN  FRONT 


BY  NELSON  COURTLANDT  BROWN 

U.  S.    TRADE  COMMISSIONER 
(Photograph*  by  Courtesy  of  the  Italian  General  Headquarters') 


UNTIL  October,  191 7,  the  fighting  along  the  Italian 
front  had  been  'restricted  almost  exclusively  to 
the  mountainous  regions.  The  line,  until  that 
date,  stretched  from  the  mountains  of  the  Carso  region 
and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Isonzo  along  the  Carnic  and 
Julian  Alps  to 
S  w  i  t  z  erland. 
The  high  di- 
vide along  the 
crest  of  these 
mountains  con- 
s  t  i  t  u  t  e  s  the 
natural  boun- 
dary between 
Italy  and  Aus- 
tria, and  the 
small  region 
about  Trieste 
and  the  upper 
valley  of  the 
Trentino  con- 
s  t  i  t  u  t  e  s  the 
"Italia  Irre- 
denta" for 
which  Italy  has 
largely  been  in 
t  h  e  struggle. 
Before  the  un- 
fortunate re- 
treat from 
Caporetto  the 
Italian  front 
was  longer 
than  the  entire 
Western  front 
in  France  and 
Belgium,  a  fact 
which  is  gen- 
erally not  appreciated  in  this  country.  The  total  length 
formerly  was  about  five  hundred  miles.  For  the  year 
preceding  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  the  length  of  the 
Italian  front  was  about  two  hundred  and  twenty  miles. 
Fighting  in  this  rugged  and  precipitous  Alpine  country 


Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

YOUNG  AND  SCATTERED  FOREST  GROWTH  IMMEDIATELY  BACK  OF  THE  LINES  ON  THE 
HIGH  ASIAGO  PLATEAU— PURPOSELY  LEFT  TO  PROTECT  MEN  AND  SUPPLIES  GOING  TO  AND 
FROM  THE  FRONT  LINE  TRENCHES.  IT  WAS  PRACTICALLY  WINTER  THROUGHOUT  THE 
YEAR  ON  THE  HIGH  ITALIAN  ALPINE  FRONT  WHERE  A  CONSIDERABLE  PART  OF  THE 
LINES   WERE   FROM   6000  TO  OVER   9000  FEET   IN    ELEVATION. 


was  naturally  carried  on  under  the  most  extreme  physical 
hardships.  Correspondents  who  have  been  on  all  of  the 
fronts  have  informed  me  that  the  tremendous  physical 
difficulties  encountered  on  the  Italian  front  have  far 
exceeded  those  of  any  of  the  other  fronts  and  one  can 

easily  under- 
stand this  when 
seeing  how  the 
men  live  and 
fight  and  bring 
up  their  sup- 
plies under 
those  most  un- 
usual condi- 
tions. The  first 
impression  one 
has  is  that  it  is 
difficult  enough 
to  merely  exist 
in  that  precipi- 
tous Alpine  re- 
g  i  o  n  without 
attempt  i  n  g  to 
maintain  a 
fighting  front 
and  to  bring 
up  heavy  guns 
and  enormous 
q  u  a  n  tities  of 
supplies  which 
fighting  in  that 
country  in- 
volves. 

For  the  last 
year  of  the  war 
the  Italian 
front  ran  par- 
tially across  the 
flat  Venetian  plain,  the  Piave  River  forming  the  boundary 
from  the  Adriatic  Sea  to  Valdoppiana,  where  it  crossed 
the  Piave  River  and  rose  sharply  from  the  flat  plain  to 
the  higher  altitudes  of  the  Alps.  There  is  a  most  abrupt 
change  from  steep  mountain  topography  to  the  flat  plains, 

13 15 


1316 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

ITALIAN  INFANTRY  AWAITING  THE  ORDER  TO  ADVANCE  TO  THE  COUNTER  ATTACK 
ALONG  THE  RAILWAY  NEAR  NERVESA  ON  THE  MORNING  OK  JINK.  24,  1918,  JUST  AFTER  THE 
AUSTRIAN'S  HAD  CROSSED  THE  PIAVE  RIVER  IN  THEIR  ATTEMPT  TO  REACH  VENUE. 
PADUA  AND  MILAN.  SOME  OF  THE  BITTEREST  FIGHTING  OF  THE  WAR  TOOK  PLACE  HERE 
AND  AFTER  TWO  WEEKS  OF  CONSTANT  STRUGGLE  THE  ENEMY  WAS  FINALLY  HURLED 
BACK  ACROSS  THE  RIVER  WITH  AN  ESTIMATED  LOSS  OF  250,000  MEN  DURING  THE  LOWEST 
EBB  IN  THE  MORALE  OF  THE  ALLIES,  THE  ITALIANS  MADE  A  GREAT  STAND  AND  FINALLY 
WON  ONE  OF  THE  GREATEST  VICTORIES  OF  THE  WAR. 

somewhat  similar  to  the  sharp  rise  of  our  own  Rocky 
Mountains  from  the  flat  Colorado  prairie.  The  line 
crosses  Monte  Grappa,  Monte  Rossa,  dips  down  across 
the  Val  Brenta,  crosses  the  high  Asiago  Plateau,  dips 
once  more  in  the  double  valley  on  each  side  of  Monte 
Cimone  and  across  Lake  Garda,  then  rises  across  the 
highest  parts  of  the  Alps,  including  the  Posilipo  and  the 
Posubio,  to  the  Swiss  border. 

Through  the  kindness  of  the  Italian  war  officials  and 
the  General  Staff  it  was  my  privilege  to  investigate  the 
conditions  along  practically  the  whole  Italian  front,  in- 
cluding both  the  lines  along  the  flat  Piave  River  plain 
and  the  higher  mountain  country  as  well.  Captain 
Scaravaglio,  of  General  Headquarters,  proved  to  be  not 
only  a  courteous  and  gracious  host  but  a  most  intelligent 
and  well-informed  officer  on  the  conditions  at  the  front. 
He  had  summered  and  tramped  over  a  good  section  of 
this  mountainous  country.  He  said  the  whole  mountain 
front  had  never  been  a  heavily  forested  section.  The 
upper  slopes  contained  scattered  stands  of  silver  fir  and 
Norway,  spruce,  while  the  lower  slopes,  particularly  in 
the  gulches  and  ravines,  contained  open  stands  of  chest- 
nut and  oak.  There  was  a  good  deal  of  young  growth 
and  middle-aged  timber,  and  sporadic  attempts  had  been 
made  at  reforestation  on  the  more  favorable  locations.  In 
some  of  the  upper  valleys,  particularly  on  the  Asiago 
Plateau,  there  were  good  stands  of  silver  fir  and  Norway 
spruce,  running  from  eight  to  twenty  thousand  board 
feet  per  acre  or  more. 

As  a  result  of  continual  fighting  and  heavy  artillery 
bombardment,  the  whole  mountain  front  has  been  practi- 
cally cleared  of  all  evidences  of  timber  growth,  in  many 
cases  the  upper  soil  being  so  dotted  with  shell  holes  that 


not  a  living  plant  is  in  evidence. 
Stumps  of  trees  here  and  there 
give  evidence  of  former  stands 
of  timber  and  shattered  and 
broken  trunks  stand  out  like 
skeletons  against  the  sky,  the 
only  remains  of  former  timber 
growth. 

The  whole  mountain  section 
immediately  appeals  to  one  as  be- 
ing the  most  urgent  subject  for 
reforestation  and  it  will  require 
considerable  effort  and  much 
money  to  bring  back  this  beauti- 
ful mountain  region  to  even  the 
sparsely  forested  condition  which 
it  presented  prior  to  the  war. 

Along  the   Piave  River  front, 

the  country  on  both  sides  is  one 

of   the  most    fertile   agricultural 

regions  of  the  world,  as  the  crop 

statistics    substantiate,    so    that 

generally     speaking,     there    has 

been     little     forest     destruction. 

While  on  the  battlefield  of  Mon- 

tello  a  few  days  after  the  Aus- 

trians    had    been    repulsed    with 

great  losses  from  their  advance  beginning  June  15  across 

the  Piave,  an  excellent  opportunity  was  given  to  study 

the  effects  of  shell  and  gun  fire  in  an  old  chestnut  grove 

back  of  the  little  village  of  Nervesa  which  had  been  used 


Photoural'h    by   eourtesy   of  the   Italian    General    Headquarters 

A  COLUMN  OF  AUSTRIAN  PRISONERS,  GUARDED  BY  ITALIAN 
SOLDIERS,  PASSING  THROUGH  ONE  OF  THE  PICTURESQUE  OLD 
WALLED  TOWNS  HACK  OF  THE  PIAVE  FRONT  EN  ROUTE  TO 
CENTRAL   ITALY    FOR    VARIOUS    KINDS   OF    EMPLOYMENT     THE 

ITALIAN  GUARDS  MAN  BE  DISTINGUISHED  BY  THEIR  STEEL 
HELMETS. 


FOREST    FOSSES    ON    THE    ITALIAN    ERONT 


1317 


as  the  point  of  crossing  on  pontoon  bridges  by  the  Aus- 
trians.  The  trees  had  been  torn  to  pieces  as  if  a  com- 
bined hurricane  and  electrical  storm  which  had  hit  every 
tree,  had  recently  destroyed  the  whole  section.  When  a 
shell  hits  a  tree  the  contact  fuse  causes  an  explosion  and 
the  shattering  of  the  trunk  or  limb  in  both  directions  so 
that  a  severe  splintering  effect  is  the  result.  On  Monte 
Grappa,  which  is  the  keynote  of  the  whole  mountain 
front,  acre  after  acre  has  been  literally  "chewed  up"  by 
successive  bombardments  until  the  whole  surface  was  a 
mass  of  shell  holes.  Near  Monte  Cimone  not  only  the 
picturesque  little  Alpine  villages  but  nearly  every  living 
thing  in  the  form  of  a  tree  of  any  size  has  been  destroyed 
as  well.  West  of  Lake  Garda,  the  front  was  commonly 
above  timber  line  at  elevations  of  from  6,000  to  9,000 
feet  above  sea  level.  Little  damage  to  forest  growth 
consequently  is  evident  in  those  sectors. 

Reforestation  strikes  the  imagination  at  once  as  being 
the  only  salvation  for  this  situation.  The  land  is  too 
rough  and  rugged  to  be  suitable  for  agriculture  and  much 
of  it  is  so  rocky  and  precipitous  that  it  is  not  even  suitable 
for  development  into  a  grazing  proposition.  Before  the 
war  many  parts  of  Italy  were  in  serious  need  of  refor- 
estation but  now  that  the  war  is  over  Italy  should  devote 
a  large  share  of  her  efforts  along  the  lines  of  reforesta- 
tion in  the  devastated  forest  regions  overlooking  the 
fertile  valley  of  the  Veneto. 

Undoubtedly  the  happiest  and  most  contented  in  all 
Italy  during  the  war  were  the  Austrian  prisoners.  Ask- 
ed if  they  wished  to  go  back  to  their  native  land,  the 
invariable  answer  was  that  even  if  they  had  an  oppor- 


fkoiograpk   by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General   Headquarters 


A  MACHINE  GUN  LOCATION  ALONG  THE  FRONT  LINKS  BORDERING  THE  PIAVE  RIVER. 
THIS  IS  A  COMMON  IOK.VI  OF  PROTECTION  FROM  MACHINE  GUN  FIRE  AS  WELL  AS 
ARTILLERY    AM>    ENEMY    AIRPLANES. 


THE  FRONT  LINE  OF  TRENCH  ON  MOXFENERA,  AN  OUT- 
LYING RANGE  FROM  MONTE  GRAPPA,  THE  KEYNOTE  OF  THE 
ITALIAN  MOUNTAIN  FRONT.  THIS  HILL  WAS  FORMERLY 
FAIRLY  WELL  FORESTED.  SCANT  REMAINS  OF  TREES  ARE 
SEEN  IN  THE  RIGHT  BACKGROUND.  IN  THE  DISTANCE  IS  THE 
PIAVE  RIVER,  FLOWING  ACROSS  THE  FLAT  VENETIAN  PLAIN. 
ON  THE  RIGHT  OF  THE  RIVER  IS  THE  MONTELLO,  WHERE  THE 
AUSTRIAN'S   BEGAN   THEIR   BIG   OFFENSIVE   OF  JUNE    15,    1918. 

tunity  to  get  back,  either  by  stealing  away  or  by  ex- 
change of  prisoners  through  Switzerland,  they  would 
only  be  ill-fed,  harshly  treated, 
and  forced  to  fight  at  the  front 
once  more.  This  prospect  held 
out  no  attraction  to  these  prison- 
ers at  all.  Especially  was  this 
so  in  the  case  of  the  Hungarians, 
the  Czechs,  the  Slovaks  and  the 
Slovenes. 

It  had  always  been  a  matter  of 
interest  what  a  country  like  Italy 
actually  did  with  several  hundred 
thousand  of  these  prisoners,  that 
is,  whether  they  were  kept  in 
barbed  wire  stockades  or  em- 
ployed on  some  useful  and  pro- 
ductive work.  They  are  actually 
found  doing  almost  everything 
in  the  way  of  physical  labor 
throughout  Italy.  One  finds 
them  chiefly  on  railroad  work, 
on  construction  of  bridges,  homes 
for  refugees,  clearing  land,  farm 
work,  and  all  sorts  of  forestry 
work,  and  saw  mill  and  woods 
work. 

They  are  always  used  in  small 
squads  of  from  twenty-five  to 
fifty  or  sixty  and  one  is  surprised 
at  the  comparatively  small  mini- 


1318 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


AM  ATTACK  OF  THE  ITALIAN  INFANTRY  ACROSS  NO  MAN'S  LAND  ON  A  HIGH  PLATEAU. 
THE  BARBED  WIRE  ENTANGLEMENTS  HAVE  BEEN  BROKEN  OR  LOWERED  BY  THE 
ARTILLERY  FIRE,  PERMITTING  THE  TROOPS  TO  PASS  THROUGH.  THE  FORMER  VEGETA- 
TION  HAS  BEEN  ENTIRELY  SWEPT  AWAY  BY  GUN  AND  SHELL  FIRE  OR  CUT  OFF  AND 
UTILIZED  FOR  FUELWOOD,  SHELTER,  TRENCH  TIMBERS  AND  OTHER  PURPOSES,  BY  THE 
TROOPS. 

ber  of  armed  guards  that  go  with  them.    It  was  quite  a 
customary  sight  to  see  only  one  armed   Italian   soldier 
guarding  a  bunch  of  prisoners.    Asked  about  the  danger 
of  escape,  almost  always  the  invariable  answer  was  that 
the  men  were  so  happy  and  contented  that  there  was  no 
danger  whatever  of  their  attempting  to  get  away.   Their 
only  fear  was  a  possible  exchange  of  prisoners,  in  which 
case,   there   was   anything  but   a   pleasant   prospect   in 
store    for    them.      The    casual    traveler    in    Italy    was 
struck    at    once    with   the    seri- 
ous need  of  reforestation  that  is 
apparent  almost  everywhere.  The 
ever-present    rugged     mountain 
topography    in    the    Swiss    and 
Savoy   Alps   of   the   north,   the 
Apennines    running    almost    the 
entire   length   of    the   peninsula, 
the  Calabrian  range  in  the  south, 
and  the  mountains  of  Sicily  pre- 
sent many  glaring  needs  of  re- 
forestation.   Added  to  this  situa- 
tion, the  Italian  forestry  officials 
have  been  forced  to  cut  many  of 
their    splendid    forests   to   meet 
the  great  war  emergency.     Aus- 
trian   prisoners    have,    in    many 
cases,  been  used  to  reforest  these 
cut-over  areas.     Many  of  them 
have  already  had  experience  in 
reforestation   activities   in   Aus- 
tria and  so  are  proficient  in  the 
work.     The  Italian  forestry  of- 
ficials have  adopted  an  excellent 
plan,  that  of  replanting  immedi- 
ately all  areas  cut  over,  and  every 
effort  is  made  to  bring  back  the 
denuded  areas  to  a  well-timbered 
state  once  more.     Many  experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  refor- 
estation at  the  Royal  Experiment 


Station  at  Vallambrosa,  where 
there  are  seven  nurseries,  total- 
ing about  eighteen  acres,  and 
which  have  a  capacity  of  about 
one  million  plants  a  year.  As  a 
result  of  these  experiments,  they 
have  found  that  Abies  Pectinata 
(Silver  Fir)  will  produce  the 
best  results.  For  the  past  three 
years,  before  the  war  ended,  Aus- 
trian prisoners  had  been  prepar- 
ing the  seed  beds  at  some  of  the 
State  forestry  stations  in  the 
Apennines,  as  well  as  doing  the 
actual  work  of  transplanting  and 
field  planting.  In  the  seasons  of 
the  year  when  there  is  no  plant- 
ing or  nursery  weeding,  or  other 
work  associated  with  reforesta- 
tion to  be  done,  the  men  are 
employed  about  saw  mills  and  in  woods  work,  cutting 
down  the  mature  timber,  and  on  the  work  of  transporting 
the  logs  to  the  mill,  and  in  road  and  construction 
work  associated  with  the  general  improvement  of  the 
forests. 

Aside  from  silver  fir,  in  some  locations  Norway  spruce 
and  Scotch  pine  are  used  for  reforestation  and  to  a 
limited  extent  some  chestnut  is  planted.  There  is  con- 
siderable beech  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Central  Italy 


Photograph   by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

ITALIAN  INFANTRY  IN  ACTION  ALONG  THE  PIAVE  RIVER  FRONT  BELOW  NERVESA  WHERE 
THE  AUSTRIANS  MADE  ONE  OF  THEIR  THREE  CROSSINGS  IN  THE  BIG  OFFENSIVE  OF 
JUNE  15.  1918.  NOTE  THE  CROOKED  CHARACTER  OF  THE  TRENCHES  IN  ORDER  TO  RENDER 
AS  INEFFECTIVE  AS  POSSIBLE  ARTILLERY  FIRE  DIRECTED  AGAINST  THEM.  THE  BRUSH 
IS  AISO  PILED  TO  DISGUISE  THE  EXACT  LOCATION  OF  THE  TRENCHES.  THE  RIVER 
VARIES  FROM  ONE  QUARTER  TO  OVER  A  MILE  IN  WIDTH  BELOW  THIS  POINT. 


FOREST    LOSSES    ON    THE    ITALIAN    FRONT 


1319 


but  this  is  al- 
ways left  to  re- 
forest itself 
naturally.  For 
reforesta  t  i  o  n 
work,  silver  fir, 
spruce  and  pine 
seedlings  are 
kept  in  the  seed 
bed  for  two 
years  and  for 
three  years  in 
the  transplant 
beds.  Before 
the  war  it  cost 
about  six  lire, 
or  about  $1.20 
per  1,000  to 
produce  these 
five  -  year  -  old 
plants.  At  that 
time,  labor  cost 
from  75  cents 
to  $1.25  per 
man  per  day. 
The    planting 


Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  Italian  General  Headquarters 

AN  INTERESTING  PHOTOGRAPH  SHOWING  THE  METHOD  EMPLOYED  IN  CAMOUFLAGING  A 
HIGHWAY  ALONG  THE  ITALIAN  FRONT  WITH  BRUSH  AND  BRANCHES.  PLAITED  STRAW. 
WICKER  WORK,  MATTINGS,  AND  CLOTH  WERE  ALSO  COMMONLY  USED.  GREAT  QUANTITIES 
OF  LUMBER,  POLES  AND  TIMBERS  WERE  USED  IN  THE  WORK  OF  CAMOUFLAGING  THE 
HIGHWAYS,    MUNITION    DUMPS,   ARTILLERY    LOCATIONS,    ETC. 


cost  has  been 
materially  low- 
ered  where 
Austrian  pris- 
oners  were 
used,  because 
the  wages  paid 
were  compara- 
tively lower 
and  the  cost  of 
feeding  the 
men  was  only 
about  20  cents 
to  35  cents  a 
day  per  person. 
In  setting  the 
plants  out  in 
the  field  on 
areas  recently 
clear-  cut  of 
mature  timber, 
the  silver  fir 
plants  are  plac- 
ed one  and  one- 
h  a  1  f  meters 
apart   in  every 


alone,  before  the  war,  cost  about  20  to  24  lire  per  1,000  direction,  that  is,  the  spacing  is  not  prepared  in  rectangu- 

plants,  or  from  $4.00  to  $4.80.    The  total  cost,  therefore,  lar  shape  as  is  customary  in  this  country.     The  pine  and 

of  the  plants  placed  in  the  ground  would  be  from  $5.20  chestnut  transplants  are  placed  only  two  meters  apart, 

to  $6.00  per  1,000  plants.    For  the  past  three  years  this  It  has  been  found  that  planting  can  be  successful  in  both 


Underwood  and   Underwood 


TRULY  A  "NO  MAN'S"  LAND. 


THIS  IS  THE  SHELL-TORN  FOREST  ON  THE  PEAK  OF  MONTE  GRAPPA  OVER  WHICH  THE  ITALIANS  DID  THEIR  FIGHTING  TO 
STOP  THE  AUSTRIAN  OFFENSIVE  OF  JUNE  17,  1918.  STUMPS  OF  TREES  AND  SHATTERED  AND  BROKEN  TRUNKS  STAND  OUT 
LIKE  SKELETONS  AGAINST  THE  SKY,  THE  ONLY   REMAINS  OF  FORMER  TIMBER  GROWTH. 


1320 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Italian    Official  Photograph 

A  HEAVILY  SHELLED  PORTION  OF  THE  AUSTRIAN  TRENCHES  AFTER  THEIR  CAPTURE 
BY  THE  ITALIANS.  NOTE  THE  "CHURNED"  APPEARANCE  OF  THE  GROUND  AND  EFFECT 
ON   THE  TREE  GROWTH   OF  THE  VICINITY. 

the  spring  and  fall,  but  particularly  in  the  Apennine 
Mountains  of  Central  Italy  centering  about  Tuscany. 
Planting  usually  begins  in  March  on  the  lower  slopes, 
while  at  the  higher  elevations,  running  up  to  three  and 
four  thousand  feet,  planting  is  done  as  late  as  the  middle 
of  April  and  even  as  late  as  early  in  May.  The  plan  of 
reforestation  calls  for  improvement  cuttings  every  ten 
years  and  at  maturity  the  whole  areas  are  clear-cut 
and  replanted  at  once. 

Silver  fir  is  usually  cut  when  mature  at  ninety  years  of 
age.  Beech  is  cut  at  from  ninety 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty,  un- 
less desired  at  an  earlier  age  for 
charcoal  purposes,  and  the 
Scotch  pine  and  spruce  are  cut 
at  from  one  hundred  to  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  years.  The  of- 
ficials have  decided  to  plant  pure 
forests,  that  is,  an  area  is  planted 
with  pure  fir  or  pure  pine,  as  it 
has  been  determined  that  the 
quality  is  inferior  when  these 
trees  are  grown  in  mixed  forests 
in  that  region. 

While  at  Boscolunga,  one  of 
the  most  important  State  forests 
along  the  crest  of  the  Apennine 
Range  between  Florence  and 
Bologna,  there  was  an  oppor- 
tunity afforded  to  see  just  how 
the  Austrian  prisoners  worked 
and  lived  and  felt  about  their 
life  as  captive  prisoners  in  a 
foreign    land.      In   talking    with 


them    they    all    seemed    satisfied 
with  what  they  were  doing,  all 
certainly    looked    well-fed,    and 
none  of  them  expressed  a  desire 
to  get  back  before  the  war  was 
over.      One    bright    and    husky 
young  Hungarian  had  had  two 
ringers  cut  off  in  an  accident  in 
the  saw  mill,  but  in  reply  to  a 
question   about    whether   or   not 
lie  wished  to  return,  he  said  that 
he  wanted  to  remain  there  after 
the  war  and  get  employment  in 
the  saw  mill  if  they  would  take 
him.     The  manager  said  he  was 
one  of  the  best  workers  about 
the  place  and  he  hoped  that  he 
would  remain  after  the  war,  as 
he  found  him  one  of  the  most 
faithful  and  efficient  among  those 
in   his  employ.     The   men   slept 
in  clean  and  commodious  bunk- 
houses   which   reminded   one   so 
much  of  some  of  those  attached 
to   the    Ranger    stations    in    our 
national   forests  in  the   west.     Each  man   had   a  clean, 
separate  bed  and  the  food  was  the  same  as  that  given 
to  the  Italian  soldiers.     A  typical  daily  menu  would  be 
about  as  follows :     For  breakfast,  war  bread  and  coffee 
(practically  the  same  as  is  served  in  all  the  hotels,  that  is, 
without   butter,    sugar,    marmalade    or    preserves,    etc.). 
For  dinner  at  noon  they  received  a  thick  vegetable  soup 
or  stew,  and  macaroni,  with  bread  and  a  little  wine.    For 
supper,  they  received  usually  "Risotto"  or  rice,   served 
up  in  one  of  the  many  styles  for  which  the  Italian  chefs 


AN  OBSERVER'S  LOOK-OUT  CAMP  IX  THE  HIGH  MOUNTAINS  OF  THE  ALPINE  FRONT.  PRO- 
TECTED FROM  DETECTION  MY  THE  ENEMY  BY  THE  SURROUNDING  FORESTS.  THIS  WAS 
TAKEN  IN  THE  HIGH  MOUNTAIN  FRONT  BETWEEN  THE  BKF.NTA  AND  PIAVE  RIVER 
VALLEYS.  IN  THE  DISTANCE  IS  SHOWN  ONE  OF  THE  DEEP  INTERIOR  VALLEYS  OF  THE 
MOUNTAIN  FRONT. 


FOREST    LOSSES    ON   THE    ITALIAN    FRONT 


1321 


V 

~-  jfttjp 

jfc. 

v 

1 

*&>< 

- 

: 

t 

"■■  £%be-  'A 

*     >.     ■ 

«     ; 

^ffyrw 

f : 

'* 

J> 

•  i 

\ 

, 

• 
f 

<   . 

x              o 
•    1 

!               * 

1 

r. 

' 

Photograph   by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

A  COMMUNICATION  TRENCH  IN  A  HEAVILY  SHELLED  PORTION  OF  THE  ITALIAN  FRONT. 
THERE  WAS  FORMERLY  A  GOOD  FOREST  GROWTH  IN  THIS  SECTION  BEFORE  THE  WAR. 
ALL  TREE  GROWTH  NOT  DESTROYED  BY  THE  TERRIFIC  SHELL  FIRE  WAS  USED  BY  THE 
SOLDIERS  FOR  FUEL  PURPOSES.  FOR  TRENCH   FACING,  DUG-OUTS,   DUCK-BOARDS,   ETC. 

are  famous,  bread,  coffee  and  tea,  and  a  dish  of  vege- 
tables, such  as  beans,  potatoes,  or  meat  hash.  One  might 
ordinarily  ask  if  there  were  no  desserts  served.  How- 
ever, no  sweets,  such  as  cake,  pudding,  pie,  etc.,  were 
served  anywhere  in  Italy  during  the  war.  The  only 
dessert  offered  at  the  hotels 
was  fruit  and  occasionally  some 
cheese. 

By  way  of  contrast  with  these 
well-fed,  happy  and  contented 
prisoners,  an  opportunity  was  af- 
forded at  Genoa  to  see  how  some 
of  the  repatriated  Italian  pris- 
oners returning  from  Austria  ap- 
peared. We  helped  to  feed  a 
whole  trainload  as  they  came 
from  Switzerland,  and  the  poor 
soldiers  were  the  most  emaci- 
ated men  that  can  possibly  be 
imagined.  They  fairly  fought 
for  the  food  which  was  rushed 
to  them  at  the  car  windows. 
Another  trainload  of  returned 
prisoners  from  Austria  stopped 
a  short  while  later  and  the  food 
could  not  be  served  because  the 
men  were  in  such  serious  condi- 
tion that  they  could  not  be  fed 
the  coffee,  chocolate,  eggs, 
sweet  chocolate,  fruit,  etc.,  which 
the  Red  Cross  organizations  had 
prepared    for    them.      The    men 


were  too  weak  to  rise  from  their 
bunks  on  the  train,  and  the  glar- 
ing eyes,  sunken  cheeks,  and 
pallid  complexions  bore  silent 
witness  of  their  terrible  treat- 
ment in  Austria.  We  were  in- 
formed that  many  of  the  poor 
boys  died  before  they  reached 
their  destination  at  the  hospitals 
along  the  Italian  Riviera. 

Many  acres  of  land  have  been 
reforested    in    Italy    during    the 
war,  not  only  by  Austrian  pris- 
oners but  by  women,  men  past 
the  military  age,  and  by  young 
boys  and  girls,  but  after  the  war 
throughout  Italy  there  will  be  a 
great  need   for  reforestation  of 
these   devastated   acres   and   the 
denuded     and     bare     mountain 
slopes.    No  one  appreciates  these 
needs  better  than  do  the  Italian 
forestry  officials  themselves  and 
there    are    plans    already    under 
way   to   provide   funds   whereby 
most  rapid  progress  can  be  made. 
By    way   of    comparison    with 
forestry  in  this  country,  the  situation  in   Italy  is  most 
interesting.      The    first    impression    in    visiting    Italy    is 
the  vast  resources  in  timber  growth  in  this  country,  the 
great  variety  and  individual  size  of  the  tree  species,  a 
well  defined  and  supported  national  forest  policy  and  the 


Italian    Official  Photograph 

IN  ONE  OF  THE  BEST  SPRUCE  FORESTS  NEAR  THE  LINES  ON  THE  ASIAGO  PLATEAU  NEAR 
THE  VAL  PREVIA  SO  OFTEN  MENTIONED  IN  THE  COMMUNIQUES  FROM  THE  ITALIAN 
GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS.  VERY  LITTLE  OF  THE  FOREST  ON  THE  HIGH  ALPINE  FRONT 
WAS  AS  FORTUNATE  AS  THIS  IN  ESCAPING  THE  ARTILLERY  FIRE  OF  THE  ENEMY.  EVEN 
THIS  FOREST  HAD  BEEN  HEAVILY  CUT  OVER  TO  PROVIDE  MUCH  NEEDED  TRENCH  TIM- 
BERS,  CAMOUFLAGE    POLES   AND    FUELWOOD    FOR    THE    TROOPS. 


1322 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


BARRACKS  OF  THE  ITALIAN  TROOPS  ON  A  PROTECTED  SLOPE 
IMMEDIATELY  BACK  OF  THE  FRONT  "SOMEWHERE"  IN  THE 
ITALIAN  ALPS.  NOTE  THE  TELIFERRICO  USED  TO  BRING  UP 
SUPPLIES  AND  TAKE  DOWN   THE  WOUNDED. 

most  highly  developed  lumber  manufacturing  industry,  as 
compared  with  similar  features  in  Italy. 

Forestry  in  Italy  may  be  described  as  a  direct  reflec- 
tion of  her  political  and  economic  history.  It  must  be 
remembered  that  Italy,  although  old  historically,  is  young 
politically,  and  that  until  comparatively  recent  times, 
she  has  passed  through  a  rapid  succession  of  political 
changes  which  have  wrought  great  havoc  not  only  with 
her  forests,  but  her  industrial  and  economic  development 
as  well.  Italy  is  often  regarded  in  this  country  as  a  land 
of  old  historical  associations,  of  interesting  old  Roman 
ruins,  the  land  of  poetry,  painting  and  the  opera — a  sort 
of  "dream  land"  which  annually  attracts  its  large  quota 
of  tourist  travel.  This  impression  is  quite  a  natural 
one,  but  Italy  is  much  more  than  is  most  often  associated 
with  it.  The  war  has  greatly  unified  and  strengthened 
the  nation,  and  with  the  development  of  her  important 
water  power  properties  and  the  conversion  of  her  great 
munition  plants  to  peace-time  activities,  her  industrial 
future  is  well  assured  in  spite  of  the  lack  of  such  import- 


ant   fundamentals    for   development   as   coal    and    iron 
resources. 

For  many  centuries  and  until  the  year  1870,  Italy  was 
under  Austrian  and  Spanish  rule  or  was  largely  made  of 
small  individual  kingdoms,  principalities  and  papal  states, 
which  were  highly  jealous  of  each  other.  As  a  result 
of  these  long  continued  and  seriously  disturbed  condi- 
tions, forestry  has  suffered  severely.  Early  Roman 
records  show  that  the  practice  of  forestry  was  considered, 
and  even  adopted  in  some  of  its  primitive  forms,  in  the 
days  of  the  old  Roman  Republic  as  written  records  of 
Pliny  and  Horace  give  evidence  to  posterity.  Although 
one  is  impressed  with  the  small  size  of  trees,  and  the 
unsatisfactory  condition  of  a  large  portion  of  the  Italian 
forests,  there  are  many  evidences  still  extant  which  bear 
witness  to  the  fact  that  the  country  was,  at  one  time,  well 
forested.  The  Italian  peninsula  is  essentially  a  mountain- 
ous section,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  entire  Apennine 
Range  was  once  well  covered  with  beautiful  forests. 
For  example,  in  such  splendid  old  structures  as  the 
Palazzo  Vecchia  in  Florence,  there  are  many  large  beams 
up  to  16  x  16  inches  in  cross-section,  and  some  even  as 
large  as  20  x  24  inches,  and  from  50  to  70  feet  in  length, 
which  have  been  in  constant  service  for  practically  a 
thousand  years. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  present  unified  Italian 
Kingdom  in  1870,  forestry  in  Italy  received  considerable 
attention  from  the  government  authorities,  but  there  were 
many  difficulties  and  drawbacks  in  the  way  of  govern- 
mental control,  and  the  better  handling  of  the  forest  re- 
sources. In  the  first  place,  the  government  was  embar- 
rassed with  the  lack  of  sufficient  available  funds,  and 
most  of  the  forests  had  been  so  heavily  cut  over  and 
burned  that  there  was  a  scant  remnant  of  the  original 
forest  cover.  Then  too,  the  old  practice  of  cutting  the 
young   and   growing    forests    for   charcoal    had    a   most 


Photograph   by   Nelson    C.   Brown 

THE  HEADQUARTERS  OF  THE  ITALIAN  GOVERNMENT  IN- 
SPECTOR AT  ABETONE  IN  THE  FOREST  OF  BOSCULUNGO.  THE 
FOREST  INSPECTOR  HAS  HIS  HOME  HERE,  AS  WELL  AS  OFFICE. 
THIS  IS  A  FAVORITE  RESORT  OF  THE  ITALIANS  DURING  THE 
HOT  DRY  SUMMERS. 


FOREST    LOSSES    ON    THE    ITALIAN    FRONT 


1323 


deteriorating    effect    on    the    condition    of    the    forests. 

Just  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  great  war,  however, 
forestry  in  Italy  received  a  new  impetus  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  much  larger  and  better  organized  technical 
force  and  provision  by  the  government  for  a  greatly 
increased  appropriation  for  operation  and  maintenance. 

The  total  area  of  Italy,  including  the  islands  of  Sicily 
and  Sardinia,  consists  of  about  71,500,000  acres,  which 
is  equivalent  to  the  combined  area  of  the  states  of  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut  and 
New  Jersey.  Within  this  comparatively  small  area,  a 
population  of  36,000,000,  more  than  equivalent  to  one- 
third  of  this  country  is  congested. 

Of  the  total  area  of  Italy,  only  17.64  per  cent  is  now 
covered  with  forests.     Italian  forestry  officials  estimate 


Photograph   by   Nelson    C.   Brown 

A  VIEW  IN  THE  LUMBER  YARD  OF  A  SAW  MILL  OPERATED  EX- 
CLUSIVELY ON  WAR  ORDERS  IN  CENTRAL  ITALY.  WOMEN 
WERE  COMMONLY  EMPLOYED  IN  YARD  WORK  OF  THIS  KIND, 
AS  SHOWN  IN  THIS  PICTURE,  OWING  TO  THE  SCARCITY  OF  MEN 
THE  LUMBER  SHOWN  IN  THIS  VIEW  IS  BEECH.  THE  BEST 
BOARDS  WERE  SELECTED  AND  USED  FOR  AIRPLANE  PRO- 
PELLERS, THE  REMAINDER  BEING  USED  FOR  TRENCH  TIMBER, 
BARRACKS.  ARTILLERY  WORK,  AND  FOR  MISCELLANEOUS 
NAVAL   PURPOSES. 

that  at  least  32  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  the  country 
should  be  covered  with  forests.  The  production  of 
wood  is  only  one  of  the  several  important  factors  enter- 
ing into  the  necessity  for  better  forestry  in  Italy.  The 
maintenance  of  a  continuous  water  flow  for  her  water 
power  properties,  for  example,  is  one  of  the  very  most 
important  features.  The  prevention  of  erosion  on  the 
steep  mountain  sides,  is  also  an  important  feature  of 
forestry  and  its  function  in  Italy.  Moreover,  the  aesthetic 
side  of  forestry  in  Italy  has  not  been  neglected  any  more 
than  in  this  country.  In  fact,  aestheticism  plays  such  an 
important  part  in  the  national  life  of  the  people  that  the 
development  of  her  forests  along  this  line,  combined 
with  its  recreational  features,  are  destined  to  play  a  very 
important  part  in  the  future  of  Italian  forestry.  Already 
certain  state  forests  have  been  set  aside  and  designated 
as  summer  resort  forests,  where  cutting  is  only  to  be 
permitted  to  maintain  the  forests  in  best  condition,  and 


Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

A  HIGH  LOOK-OUT  FROM  THE  TOP  OF  A  LOMBARDY  POPLAR 
ALONG  THE  ITALIAN  FRONT.  VANTAGE  POINTS  SUCH  AS  THIS 
MADE  EXCELLENT  OBSERVATION  POSTS  TO  DETECT  ENEMY 
MOVEMENTS. 

they  are  not  to  be  regulated  along  the  usual  forestry 
principles. 

Of  the  12,565,000  acres  of  forest  in  Italy,  which  is 
equal  to  about  the  total  forest  area  of  New  York  in  this 
country,  a  large  share  is  located  in  the  mountains.  About 
6,700,000  acres  are  classified  as  being  located  in  the 
mountains,  and  about  3,800,000  acres  in  the  lower  hills, 
the  remainder  being  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  plains. 
Only  3.8  per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  forests  in  Italy  are 
owned  and  controlled  by  the  Central  Government.     This 


• 

SCSI 

v^fk*  ^^Jm~M 

■B                      1  i    ■   -  V    •  * *?"»t^^^^ 

Photograph   by   Nelson   C.  Brown 

LUNCH  TIME  ON  THE  RESERVE  LINE  AT  LOSSON  ABOUT  A 
MILE  FROM  THE  FRONT  LINES  ON  THE  LOWER  PIAVE  RIVER 
FRONT.  JUST  BEFORE  THIS  PHOTOGRAPH  WAS  TAKEN  THIRTY- 
FIVE  AUSTRIAN  SHELLS  WERE  DROPPED  IN  THIS  VILLAGE 
DOING  CONSIDERABLE  DAMAGE  TO  THE  CAMPANILE  TOWER 
SHOWN   IN   THE  BACKGROUND. 


1324 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


i»  equivalent  to  only  270,000  acres  as  compared  to  the 
vast  area  contained  in  onr  national  forests,  which  em- 
braces a  total  of  about  160,000,000  acres. 

The  municipalities  and  communes  in  Italy  are  very 
important  owners  of  forest  property,  the  total  per  cent 
being  43.2,  while  the  private  owners,  lumber  companies, 
etc.,  own  53  per  cent  of  the  total  area.  Large  areas  of 
forests  are  still  retained  by  many  old  ancestral  estates 
which  have  been  handed  down  through  the  same  family, 
for  the  past  several  centuries.    On  some  of  these  estates 


Photograph   by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

DURING  A  LULL  IN  THE  FIGHTING  AT  ONE  OF  THE  ITALIAN- 
BATTERIES  BELOW  CAPO  SILE  IN  ADRIATIC  TIDEWATER.  ON 
THE  LEFT  ARE  SOME  LARGE  NAVAL  GUNS  PROTECTED  WITH 
SAND  BAGS,  ETC.  THE  ITALIAN  OFFICER  ON  THE  RIGHT  IS 
PROFESSOR  DINO  BIGONGIARI  OF  THE  ROMANCE  LANGUAGE 
DEPARTMENT  OF  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  WHO  WENT  BACK  TO 
ASSIST  HIS  NATIVE  LAND  ON  THE  OUTBREAK  OF  WAR.  BACK 
OF  HIM  IS  AN  OUTDOOR  DINING  ROOM  PROTECTED  WITH  CAM- 
OUFLAGE AND  THE  WRITER  STANDS   NEXT  TO  HIM. 

the  forests  are  being  handled  on  scientific  principles  of 
forestry,  but  most  of  them  present  an  exceedingly  poor 
appearance. 

The  number  of  tree  species  in  Italy  is  probably  greater 
than  in  any  other  country  in  Europe.  All  of  the  trees 
found  in  the  Mediterranean  section  are  to  be  seen  in 
Italy,  whereas  on  the  higher  elevations,  tree  species 
which  are  commonly  found  in  Northern  Europe,  in  such 
countries  as  Norway,  Sweden  and  Finland  are  frequently 
found.  The  greatest  variety  is  among  the  hardwoods. 
Bnt  the  total  variety  of  species  does  not  compare  with 
those  found  in  this  country.  For  example :  It  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  at  least  500  separate  and  distinct 
tree  species  found  in  this  country,  whereas  in  Italy,  there 
are  only  about  sixty.  As  against  about  fifty  important 
commercial  species,  in  this  country,  there  are  only  about 
eight  in  Italy.  The  hardwoods,  broadly  speaking,  occupy 
89  per  cent  of  the  total  forest  area  of  Italy.  A  good 
share  of  this  is  oak  and  chestnut  forest,  the  size  and 
general  appearance  of  which  is  very  disappointing  to  one 
familiar  with  the  splendid  virgin  hardwood  forests  found 


in  the  Appalachian  and  lower  Mississippi  Valley  sections 
in  this  country. 

The  conifers  or  soft  woods  occupy  only  6.9  per  cent  of 
the  total  forest  area.  On  this  very  small  area,  however, 
the  very  best  part  of  the  commercial  lumber  is  con- 
tained. In  fact,  some  of  the  soft  woods  are  the  only 
trees  which  grow  to  a  size  comparable  in  diameter  and 
height  to  some  of  our  better  soft  wood  stands  in  this 
country.  These  are  limited  to  the  higher  elevations  of 
the  Apennine  Mountains  and  the  Alps  of  Northern  Italy. 
In  these  limited  sections,  silver  fir  and  Norway  spruce 
are  often  found  up  to  140  feet  in  total  height,  and  some- 
times, from  40  to  50  inches  in  diameter.  Stands  of  silver 
fir  planted  100  years  ago  produce  75,000  to  100,000  board 
feet  per  acre  as  a  maximum.  Some  limbwood  and  tops 
for  fuelwood  and  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  are  also 
yielded  from  these  heavy  stands.  The  remainder  of  the 
forest  area  of  4.1  per  cent  is  made  up  of  mixed  hard- 
woods and  soft  woods.  It  is  very  evident,  therefore,  that 
the  two  seldom  grow  together. 

The  oaks  are  the  principal  hardwoods  found  in  Italy 
and  there  are  four  species,  namely,  two  white  oaks,  one 


"^^ 

^■M^_ 

« 

*981^ ^     ^ 

s 

BE— ■JArJLp^V^^C^^fTia^HT"^^'  '"" 

Photograph    by    Sclson    c  .    BtottM 

THOUSANDS  OK  SILVER  FIB  LOGS  CUT  CLEAN  ON  ONE  OF  THE 
ITALIAN  NATIONAL  FORESTS,  ALONG  THE  CREST  OF  THE 
APENNINE  MOUNTAINS.  BEFORE  THE  WAR  THIS  FOREST  WAS 
CONSIDERED  SO  REMOTE  AM)  INACCESSIBLE  THAT  THE  LUM- 
BER COULD  NOT  BE  MARKETED  AT  A  PROFIT.  WITH  THE  USE 
OF  HUNDREDS  OF  MOTOR  TRUCKS  AND  AN  OVERHEAD  CABLE 
SYSTEM,  THESE  LOGS  WERE  BROUGHT  DOWN  AND  UTILIZED 
FOR  THE  WAR  PROGRAM.  BEYOND  THE  FALLEN  LOGS  AND  BE- 
FORE THE  YOUNG  STANDING  TIMBER  MAY  BE  SEEN  ROWS  OF 
YOUNG  TREES  PLANTED  IN  THE  STRING  OF  1»«  AFTER  A  "WAR 
CUTTING-'    HAD    BEEN    MADE. 

red  oak  and  one  live  oak.  Cork  oak  and  a  few  other  oaks 
of  little  importance,  are  also  found,  but,  aside  from  the 
cork  oak,  are  of  negligible  value.  The  two  white  oaks 
are  the  Quercus  sessiliflora  and  Q.  pedunculate.  The 
red  oak  is  the  Q.  cerrus,  and  the  live  oak  is  the  Q.  ilex. 
.Most  of  these  oaks  seldom  attain  a  diameter  of  20 
inches  or  a  total  height  of  70  feet.  Probably  40  to  60 
per  cent  of  the  total  area  of  oak  forests  are  periodically 


FOREST    LOSSES    ON    THE    ITALIAN    FRONT 


1325 


cut  off  at  an  early  age,  for  the  making  of  charcoal  which 
is  in  heavy  demand  in  Italy. 

The  demand  for  charcoal  is  probably  the  greatest 
single  factor  preventing  better  forestry  in  Italy.  Sprout 
forests  of  only  from  fifteen  to  thirty  years  of  age  are 
frequently  cut  off  for  charcoal,  and  the  trees  are  seldom 
permitted  to  grow  large  enough  to  yield  lumber. 

Silver  fir  and  Norway  spruce  are,  next  to  oak,  the 
most  important  producers  of  lumber  and  forest  products 
in  Italy.  There  are  a  few  fir  forests  in  Calabria,  in  the 
toe  of  Southern  Italy,  which  have  been  so  remote  from 
transportation  facilities  that  the  cost  of  cutting  and 
transporting  them  to  market  was  greater  than  the  cost 
of  importing  lumber  from  foreign  sources.  The  silver 
fir  and  spruce  forests  are  restricted  to  the  higher  eleva- 
tions of  the  Apennine  Mountains  and  the  Alps,  bordering 
Switzerland  and  Austria.  Although  restricted  in  area, 
these  forests  grow  to  such  splendid  height  and  size,  and 
so  densely,  that  they  are  the  most  important  forests  from 
the  viewpoint  of  lumber  production  in  all  Italy.  Some 
of  the  most  dense  and  heavily   timbered   forests  in   all 


iraph   by   Xvlson    C,   Brown 

A  HAPPY,  SATISFIED,  WELL-FED  HUNGARIAN  PRISONER  WORK- 
IN!;  ON  ONE  OF  THE  ITALIAN  STATE  FORESTS  HIGH  IT  IN  THE 
ALPINE    MOUNTAINS   OF   TUSCANY. 

Europe  may  be  found  at  an  elevation  of  about  2,000  feet 
at  Boscolungo,  Valombrosa  and  Mandrioli.  The  spruce 
is  the  same  tree  (Picea  excelsa)  which  is  so  important 
in  lumber  production  in  Sweden,  Finland  and  Northern 
Russia,  and  which  is  widely  sold  in  the  English  lumber 
market  under  the  name  of  white  wood.  In  general 
characteristics  and  properties,  it  very  closely  resembles 
the  Adirondack  or  Canada  spruce.  It  has  been  widely 
planted  in  this  country  for  both  commercial  planting  and 
for  decorative  purposes.  The  silver  fir  is  very  similar 
to  the  balsam  fir  in  the  Northeast,  but  it  grows  to  a  very 
much  larger  size.  Its  scientific  name  is  Abies  pectinata. 
All   of  the  trees  found  growing   in    Italy  which  have 


similar  names  to  those  used  in  this  country,  are  of  the 
same  botanical  family,  but  they  all  differ  somewhat  in 
the  character  of  the  wood,  nature  of  the  leaves,  fruit 
and  bark. 

There  are  five  varieties  of  the  pine  family  in  Italy. 
They  are  found  growing  chiefly  along  the  shore  lines  of 
the  peninsula.  They  are  a  particular  feature  of  the 
Italian  Riviera  where  they  lend  a  most  pleasing  aspect  to 
the  already  attractive  landscape.  All  of  these  pines  are 
very  similar  in  general  appearance,  and  seldom  attain  a 
height    of    over    sixty    feet    or    twenty-two    inches    in 


Photograph    by   Nelson    C.   Brown 

FROM  LEFT  TO  RIGHT,  THE  ITALIAN  GOVERNMENT  INSPECTOR 
OF  THE  FOREST  OF  BOSCOLUNGO.  MR  MARTI  NETTI  OF  FLOR- 
ENCE, MR.  CAMILLO  PAR1SINI.  CHIEF  ENGINEER  OF  FOREST 
CUTTINGS  FOR  THE  ITALIAN  ARMY,  AND  l'ROF.  GIUSEPPE  Dl 
TELLA  OF  THE   ROYAL  FORESTRY  COLLEGE  AT  FLORENCE. 

diameter.  They  yield  a  soft,  light  and  workable  wood 
which  is  rather  inferior  on  account  of  large  knots  and 
other  defects.  They  are  commonly  referred  to  as  "um- 
brella" or  stone  pines.  Oftentimes  the  lower  branches  are 
trimmed  up  leaving  a  short  but  broad  crown  which 
gives  the  effect  of  an  umbrella.  One  of  these  pines  is 
the  same  Scotch  pine,  or  redwood  as  it  is  called  in  the 
English  lumber  market  (Pinus  sylvestris)  which  is  one 
of  the  most  important  lumber  producing  trees  of  Europe, 
and  is  exported  in  large  quantities  from  Norway,  Sweden, 
Finland  and  Russia:  Another  is  the  well-known  Cembran 
pine  which  is  held  in  very  high  esteem  for  wood  carvings 
of  all  kinds,  and  more  especially  for  the  world  famous 
Florentine  frames  and  woodwork  so  much  of  which  is 
made  and  exported  from  Tuscany  in  Central  Italy. 

Next  to  the  pines,  the  Italian  beech  (Fagus  sylvatica) 
is  the  most  important  wood  produced  in  Italy.  It  is  a 
favorite  wood  used  for  making  charcoal.  It  is  also  used 
for  boxing  and  crating  stock,  flooring  and  for  fuel  wood. 
In  general  appearance,  it  resembles  very  closely  the  beech 
found  in  this  country,  but  it  grows  much  smaller  and  is 
more  defective  than  the  beech  found  in  our  native  for- 
ests of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

The  Italian  poplar  is  regarded  very  highly,  especially 
for  the  purposes  of  making  interior  frames  of  airplanes 


1326 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


and  for  miscellaneous  wood  work  purposes.  It  is  much 
stronger  and  heavier  than  the  native  poplar  and  cotton- 
wood  found  in  this  country.  There  are  two  species  of 
Italian  poplar. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  over  1,000,000  acres  of 
chestnut  forests  alone,  in  Italy.  It  is  composed  entirely 
of  one  species  which,  in  external  appearance,  resembles 
the  American  chestnut,  but  which  seldom  grows  to  such 
large  size.  Its  greatest  utility  is  in  the  production  of 
sweet  chestnuts  of  which  around  800,000  tons  were  pro- 
duced in  Italy  during  the  year  1918,  and  furnished  an 


Photograph   by   Nelson    C.   Brown 

A  LOG  YARD  IN  ONE  OF  THE  FOREST  OPERATIONS  FOR  THE 
WAR  PROGRAM.  THIS  VIEW  WAS  TAKEN  IN  THE  UPPER 
CASF.NTINE  VALLEY  IN  TUSCANY,  IN  CENTRAL  ITALY.  NOTH- 
ING WAS  ALLOWED  TO  WASTE  ON  THESE  CUTTINGS,  THE  LUM- 
BER BEING  USED  FOR  BARRACKS,  ETC.,  AND  THE  SMALL  PIECES 
BEING  USED  FOR  FUELWOOD  AND  CHARCOAL.  EVEN  THE 
LIMBS  AND  BRANCHES  WERE  USED  FOR  TRENCH  FACING  AND 
CAMOUFLAGE    PURPOSES    AT   THE    FRONT. 

important  part  of  the  Italian  food  supply.  In  fact,  it 
may  be  truthfully  said  that  most  of  the  Italian  chestnut 
is  protected  and  cultivated  more  for  the  production  of 
the  nuts  than  for  the  production  of  wood. 

The  larger  size  chestnut  trees  are  used  for  poles, 
piling,  vineyard  stakes,  barrel  staves  and  miscellaneous 
lumber  purposes.  Most  of  the  chestnut  forests,  however, 
grow  on  poor,  rocky  soil  above  the  vineyards  and  olive 
groves,  and  the  individual  trees  are  exceedingly  crooked, 
small  and  mis-shapen.  They  are  not  the  kind  of  tree 
which  lends  itself  readily  to  production  of  good  lumber 
for  this  reason. 

Italian  larch  (Larix  Europea)  is  found  only  in  the 
Alps  of  the  north,  at  a  very  high  elevation.  It  is  only 
found  as  a  scattered  tree  in  the  coniferous  forests  of  the 
Alps  and  has  never  played  an  important  part  in  the 
lumber  markets  owing  to  its  scarcity.  Its  wood  is  very 
highly  valued,  however,  on  account  of  its  strong,  durable 
qualities. 

There  is  a  variety  of  other  woods  found  in  the  Italian 
forests,  and  only  one  is  of  any  commercial  importance, 
namely,  walnut  (Juglans  regia).  This  tree  is  found 
growing  here  and  there  with  other  kinds  of  hardwoods. 


It  is  very  highly  prized  as  it  is  a  wood  of  excellent  quali- 
ties for  use  in  cabinet,  high-grade  furniture  and  flooring 
work.  It  is  even  exported  to  South  America  where  it  is 
held  in  great  demand.  It  is  also  used  for  wood  carving, 
inlaid  work,  paneling  and  interior  finish. 

Other  woods  are  alder,  cypress,  elm,  mulberry,  maple, 
birch,  ash  and  eucalyptus. 

Italy  is  one  of  the  most  important  lumber  importing 
nations  in  Europe.  It  annually  brings  in  about  1,000,000,- 
000  board  feet,  valued  at  over  $35,000,000  to  make  up  the 
deficiency  of  its  local  supply.  During  the  war  this  normal 
importation  was  practically  shut  off,  and  the  native  for- 
ests were  depended  upon  to  supply  a  large  share  of  not 
only  the  normal  demand,  but  for  the  requirements  of 
the  war  program,  which  were  exceedingly  large  in  Italy. 
As  a  result  of  this  situation,  the  Italian  forests  have 
been  very  heavily  depleted,  and  whereas  they  supplied 
nearly  half  of  the  total  amount  of  lumber  and  forest 


Photograph  by  courtesy  of  the  Italian   General  Headquarters 

AN  OLD  ROMAN  MOSAIC  UNCOVERED  IN  DIGGING  TRENCHES 
ALONG  THE  ITALIAN  FRONT  IN  THE  JULIAN  ALPS.  IT  WAS 
PROBABLY  PLACED  HERE  ABOUT  2000  YEARS  AGO  TO  MARK  THE 
BOUNDARIES  OF  ONE  OF  THE  ROMAN  PROVINCES  OF  THAI- 
TIME.  ROMAN  COINS  HAVE  ALSO  BEEN  FOUND  IN  PREPARING 
TRENCHES   ALONG   THE   FRONT   LINES 

products  required  in  the  country  before  the  war,  it  is 
estimated  that  the  local  production  will  play  only  an 
insignificant  part  in  the  future. 

First,  the  spruce  and  silver  fir  adjoining  the  battle- 
front  were  cut  off,  and  then  the  oak,  beech  and  chestnut 
forests  of  the  northern  provinces  of  Lombardy,  Venetia 
and  Piedmont.  This  was  done  chiefly  to  save  trans- 
portation to  the  front  because  the  Italian  railways  were 
very  heavily  loaded  by  the  necessities  of  the  war  pro- 
gram. They  were  called  upon  not  only  to  send  troops, 
ammunition  and  other  supplies  to  the  men  at  the  front, 
but  they  were  also  used  for  the  transporting  of  English 


FOREST    LOSSES    ON   THE    ITALIAN    FRONT 


1327 


and  French  troops  to  ports  on  the  southern  coast  where 
they  were  embarked  for  points  in  Macedonia,  Mesopo- 
tamia and  Palestine.  At  first,  only  the  largest  and  best 
trees  were  cut,  but  as  these  became  depleted,  the  sec- 
ondary and  more  inferior  trees  were  cut  and  the  work 
progressed  to  the  central,  and  even  the  southern  provinces 
of  Italy.  Finally  even  the  forests  which  had  been  classi- 
fied as  summer  resort  forests  belonging  to  the  state,  had 
to  be  cut.  The  sacrifice  of  these  beautiful  forests  such 
as  Valombrosa,  Camaldoli,  Boscolunga,  and  others, 
severely  hurt  the  Italian  pride  in  their  native  forests.   But 


Photograph   by   Nelson    C.   Brown 

A  LARGE  STATE  NURSERY  AT  BOSCOLUNGA  IN  THE  MOUN 
TAINS  NEAR  FLORENCE.  THE  SEED  BEDS  CONTAIN  SILVER  FIR 
WHICH  AFTER  TWO  YEARS  ARE  TAKEN  TO  THE  TRANSPLANT 
AREAS  AND  AT  THE  AGE  OF  FIVE  YEARS  ARE  SET  OUT  IN  THE 
FORESTS  ON  THE  RIGHT  IS  AN  AUSTRIAN  PRISONER  EM- 
PLOYED IN  WEEDING  THE  SEED  BEDS.  ON  THE  EXTREME  LEFT 
IS  PROFESSOR  GIUSEPPE  DI  TELI.A  OF  THE  ITALIAN  ROYAL 
FORESTRY  COLLEGE  SPEAKING  TO  THE  FOREST  INSPECTOR  OF 
THE  DISTRICT  TO  THE  LEFT  OF  THE  AUSTRIAN  PRISONER  IS 
MR  CAMILLO  PARISINI.  GENERAL  MANAGER  OF  ONE  OF  THE 
LARGEST  LIMBER  COMPANIES  CUTTING  STATE  TIMBER  FOR 
WAR   EMERGENCY   PURPOSES. 

the  sacrifice  was  necessary  for  the  winning  of  the  Great 
War.  The  splendid  state  forests  in  Tuscany,  Abruzzi 
and  even  in  Calabria,  were  cut  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
big  army  of  5,000,000  men  at  the  front. 

The  effect  on  the  Italian  forests,  therefore,  must  be 
very  apparent.  Italian  forestry  which  was  assuming 
considerable  importance  prior  to  the  war,  has  received  a 
serious  set  back,  and  damage  has  been  done  which  will 
require  a  century  or  more  to  replace. 

The  personnel  of  the  Italian  forestry  service,  which  is 
known  as  the  "Servizio  Forestale,"  is  exceedingly  high. 
It  has  a  number  of  excellent,  trained  specialists  on  various 
phases  of  forestry,  and  it  compares  very  favorably  with 
the  service  of  any  of  the  other  European  nations.  Prior 
to  1910,  the  Service  received  only  meager  support  from 
the  government  as  the  annual  appropriations  only 
amounted  to  $150,000.  However,  since  that  year,  the 
annual  appropriations  were  raised  to  5,000,000  lire  which 
is  equal  to  about  $1,000,000.  By  way  of  comparison  with 
our  forest  service  in  this  country,  which  has,  roughly, 


about  five  and  a  half  million  dollars  for  an  area*  of 
160,000,000  acres,  this  is  exceedingly  good.  Since  the 
entrance  of  Italy  in  the  war,  however,  in  191 5,  the 
annual  appropriation  was  cut  to  3,000,000  lire,  which  is 
equal  to  about  $600,000.  These  amounts  include  the 
support  of  the  Royal  Forestry  College  at  Florence,  and 
two  ranger  schools.  The  schools  had  no  students  on 
their  rolls,  during  the  war.  The  Forestry  College  re- 
ceived an  equivalent  of  about  $40,000  annually  both  be- 
fore and  during  the  war.  It  was  founded  as  early  as 
1869  at  Valombrosa,  and  it  continued  there  at  the  old 
monastery  until  191 1  when  it  was  moved  to  Florence. 
The  two  ranger  schools  are  located  at  Valombrosa  and 
at  Citta  Ducali  in  the  province  of  Abruzzi.  The  former 
had  150  students  before  the  war,  and  the  latter,  300. 
The  organization  of  the  Italian  Forestry  Service  con- 
sists of  the  director  general  in  charge,  who  has  his  head- 
quarters in  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  at  Rome.  Under 
him  there  are  13  chief  inspectors,  47  inspectors,  28  assist- 
ant inspectors,  16  head  rangers,  175  rangers,  425  briga- 
diers   and    2,400    guards.      The    Forestry    Service    has 


ON  THE  ASIAGO  PLATEAU  A  SHORT  DISTANCE  FROM  THE 
FRONT  LINES  WHERE  SMALL  PATCHES  OF  SILVER  FIR  AND 
NORWAY  SPRUCE.  PROTECTED  BY  THE  TOPOGRAPHY.  HAVE 
SURVIVED  THE  SHELL  FIRE  AND  CUTTING  FOR  WAR  PURPOSES. 
NOTE  THE  GREAT  MASS  OF  BARBED  WIRE  ENTANGLEMENTS 
READY  TO  BE  THROWN  ACROSS  THE  ROAD  IN  CASE  THE  FRONT 
LINE  IS  BROKEN  THROUGH   BY  AN  AUSTRIAN  ATTACK. 

recently  announced  that  wounded  soldiers  will  receive 
preference  for  all  of  these  positions  in  so  far  as  they 
are  physically  able  to  perform  them. 

During  the  year  1914,  the  total  receipts  from  the  state 
forests  was  1,309,427  lire,  whereas  the  expenses  were 
only  1,148,371  lire,  leaving  a  net  profit  of  161,056  lire, 
which  is,  roughly,  equivalent  to  about  $32,000. 


1328 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


In  the  management  of  the  Italian  State  Forests,  silver 
fir  has  been  demonstrated  to  be  the  most  successful  tree. 
Its  chief  advantages  are  that  it  is  easily  regenerated;  it 
grows  rapidly ;  it  is  comparatively  free  from  insect  and 
other  attack,  and  it  yields  a  wood  of  excellent  quality  for 
the  lumber  market.  It  is  usually  cut  at  from  90  to  100 
years  of  age,  and  the  areas  are  replanted  immediately 
with  five-year  old  trees.  The  latter  are  kept  two  years 
in  a  seed  bed,  and  three  years  in  transplant  beds.  They 
are  spaced  one  meter  apart  each  way,  and  it  costs  from 
aDout  26  to  30  lire,  or  roughly,  from  $5.00  to  $6.00  per 
thousand  trees  for  reforestation.  An  improvement  cut- 
ting is  made  every  ten  years.  Since  the  forestry  policy 
was  instituted  in  Italy  in  1867,  and  down  to  June  30, 
1912,  39,932  hectares  or  about  100,000  acres  of  forest 
land  has  been  reforested  at  an  expense  of  15,085  lire, 
which  is  equivalent  to  about  $3,000,000  according  to  the 
official  Italian  statistics.  The  forestry  officials  have  ap- 
proved a  reforestation  policy  of  81,764  hectares  or  about 
200,000  acres,  which  only  awaits  funds  for  rapid 
execution.  It  is  estimated  that  over  1,000,000  acres  of 
forest  have  been  completely  destroyed  and  devastated 
along  the  Italian  front  during  the  war,  and  it  is  believed 
that  the  only  solution  to  the  difficult  problem  is  refores- 
tation. 

To  supply  her  enormous  lumber  needs  Italy  can  now 
look  to  only  Switzerland,  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
Before  the  war  she  imported  about  75  per  cent  of  her  lum- 
ber from  Austria  and  about  7/9  of  her  wood  pulp  from 
Germany  and  Austria.  Switzerland  is  normally  an  im- 
porter of  lumber  and  can  not  long  keep  up  its  export,  so 
that  Italy  will  probably  have  to  depend  upon  this  country 
and  Canada  for  all  we  can  possibly  send  her. 

Before  the  war  Italy's  home  production  of  lumber 
was  far  short  of  her  needs  and  great  quantities  of  soft 
wood  especially  were  imported.  Since  the  war  the 
situation  has  become  more  serious,  all  the  more  so  be- 
cause the  war  was  fought  in  the  precise  region  of  Italy 
that  is  richest  in  soft  wood.  Not  only  the  damages  of 
war  but  the  uneconomical  use  caused  by  the  urgency  of 
the  demands  for  lumber  for  war  needs  caused  the  dis- 
astrous depletion.  Soft  woods  and  poplar  in  the  war  zone 
are  said  to  have  been  forced  to  yield  two  or  three  times 
their  normal  production. 

The  new  provinces  to  be  added  to  Italy  as  a  result  of 
the  war  will  give  her  new  forestal  riches,  especially  as 
most  of  the  wood  in  the  added  territories  is  of  the  kind 
not  common  in  Italy.  But  it  is  hardly  sufficient  to  de- 
crease even  slightly  the  gravity  of  the  situation  and  Italy 
must  import  large  quantities  of  lumber  in  the  coming 
years  because  of  the  increased  demand  of  her  industries 
and  the  necessity  of  rigorously  sparing  the  forests  situated 
within  her  old  confines  to  allow  them  time  for  regrowth. 


"IVr  L.  CAREY,  forest  assistant  in  the  Olympic  Na- 
-L  '•  tional  Forest,  has  discovered  what  he  believes  to 
be  the  largest  spruce  tree  in  the  world.  It  measures  16 
feet  in  diameter  4J/£  feet  above  the  ground.  It  is  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Solduck  River.  The  top  was  broken 
off  150  feet  above  the  ground. 


THE  FIR 

By   Donald  A.    Fraser 

O  Forest  Fir! 

Standing  so  straight  and  so  slender. 

Gigantic,  yet  slender; 

Spreading  thine  arms  so  benignly 

In  benison  over  thy  kindred. 

Why  dost  thou  shiver  and  groan. 

And  moan  like  a  spirit  in  anguish? 

Dost  hear  the  far  axe  being  sharpened. 

The  blades  that  shall  sever  thy  heart-strings, 

And  lay  thee  a-low  in  thy  glory? 

Moan  not;  for  to  all  comes  a  season 

When  Earth  calleth  back  what  -was 

borrowed; 
So  he  who  shall  shatter  thy  life-dream. 
In  turn  shall  his  life-dream  be  shattered. 
Then  moan  not,  O  Forest  Fir  slender, 
And  groan  not  in  anguish  and  sorrow; 
But  stretch  forth  thine  evergreen  fingers 
And  touch  on  the  strings  of  the  wind-harp 
A  melody  sweet  and  caressing, 
A  pean  of  love  and  forgiveness; 
And  breathe   o  er  the  world  so   ungrateful 
Thy  resinous  odors  of  healing. 
Right  on  till  the  axe  shall  incise  thee. 
Perchance  when  thy  last  groan   is  uttered. 
And  the    thunderous    crash    of  thy  death- 
plunge 
Shall  melt  in  the  aisles  of  the  forest. 
That  God  will  begin  a  new  era 
For  thee,  a  new  lease  of  achievement; 
And  thus  thy  proud  death  shall  accomplish 
Far  more  than  thy  bourgeoning  life-span, 
O   Forest  Fir, 
Standing  so  stately  and  slender! 


THE  GUARDIAN  OF  OUR  FORESTS 

BY  ALICE  SPENCER  COOK 


~ 


UNCLE  Sam's  handy  man"  is  what  we  call  the 
forest  ranger,  the  man  who  guards  our  National 
Forests,  for  his  duties  are  probably  more  varied 
than  any  other  officer  in  the  Government  Service.  His 
life  and  activities  are  much  of  a  mystery  to  the  average 
citizen.  Even  in  the  western  States  where  the  National 
Forests  are 
largely  lo- 
cated, little  is 
known  of  the 
men  who  pro- 
tect the  timber 
resources  o  f 
the  State, 
watch  over  t he- 
water  courses 
and  the  game 
and  stock,  and 
patrol  in  gen- 
eral the  great 
mountain 
reaches. 

When  t  h  e 
Service  was 
pew,  the  only 
qua  lifications 
demanded  of 
him  were  those 
of  a  woods- 
man or  a  cow- 
boy. "Book 
learning"  was 
unessential,  so 
long  as  he 
could  swing  an 
ax  and  ride  a 
horse.  He 
blazed  the  trail 
through  untrod 
forests  and 
over  unnamed 
peaks,  but  he 
was  not  up  on 
the  "technical" 
stuff  and,  with 
the  buffalo  and 
bison,  the  pio- 
neer and  his 
prairie  schooner,  he  had  to  go.  The  advancing  strides  of 
civilization  demanded  a  scientific  knowledge  of  the 
woods  and  engineering  ability  and  forest  schools  soon 
turned  out  the  requisite  number  of  these  college  trained 
nxii,  whose  education  in  the  theory  of  the  management 
of  the   forest,   supplemented  by  practical  experience  in 


Photograph  by  H.  T.  Cowling 


IIKKK    IS    FOUND    REALIZATION 


Easy  of  access,  what  could  be  more  soul-satisfying  to 
at   evening?     Lake   Chelan    is    in    the    Chelan 


various  lines  of  woods  work,  made  them  capable  of  per- 
forming their  varied  duties. 

So  the  ranger  has  gradually  developed  from  the  un- 
educated, though  faithful,  frontiersman,  to  the  clear- 
eyed,  weather-bronzed  young  fellow  with  a  vast  amount 
of  initiative  and  tact,  a  combination  of  cattleman,  sur- 
veyor, timber 
cruiser,  fire  ex- 
pert, telephone 
linesman,  and, 
most  of  all,  a 
first-class 
woodsman. 

The  little 
o  1  d.  weather 
beaten  shack 
has  given  way 
to  a  substan- 
tial cabin,  fur- 
nished by  the 
Gove  rnment, 
and  costing 
about  $1,000, 
which  is  situ- 
ated near  the 
largest  town  in 
h  i  s  district. 
These  cabins, 
which  are  in- 
variably paint- 
ed green  and 
have  "Old 
Glory"  floating 
above  them, 
are  very  at- 
tractive look- 
ing. In  addi- 
tion to  a  rent- 
free  cabin,  the 
ranger  is  fur- 
nished with  all 
the  fuel  he  re- 
quires, so  he 
is  never  har- 
assed with  the 
coal  bills 
which  bring 
furrows  of  care 
He  must,  how- 
a  ranger 


the  lover  of  beauty  than   this  view  of  Lake   Chelan 
National   Forest,   guarded   by   our   rangers. 


to  the  brow  of  many  a  city  dweller, 
ever,  furnish  his  own  horse,  and  a  horse  to 
is  as  necessary  as  a  ship  to  a  sailor;  but  pasture  is  fur- 
nished by  the  Government. 

Each  ranger  has  charge  of  about  200,000  acres,  and 
is   assisted   by   guards,   who   belong   to   the   old   school 


1329 


1330 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


which  demands  brawn  in  addition  to  brain.  One  of  his 
duties  is  to  lay  out  the  mountain  trails,  which  he  does 
with  great  engineering  precision,  oftentimes,  of  neces- 
sity, through  thick  underbrush  and  up  steep  mountain 
sides. 

He  puts  in  the  telephone  lines,  which,  as  will  be  seen 
later,  are  ab- 
solutely essen- 
tial in  the  safe 
guarding  o  f 
the  forests,  and 
on  the  forests 
where  there  is 
grazing,  he  has 
supervision  of 
the  Govern- 
ment grazing 
permits,  which 
means  that  he 
must  assist  in 
p  r o t  e  c t  i  ng 
the  sheep 
from  wolf 
attack,  make 
proper  water- 
ing places  for  the  stock,  and  see  that  the  herders  move 
their  stock  on  other  grazing  lands  before  the  grass  is 
eaten  so  short  that  it  will  not  come  up  again.  He  must 
also  count  the  sheep,  checking  them  for  loss  and  for 
pasturage  charge.  He  supervises  in  part  the  timber 
sales,  cruising 
or  making  an 
estimate  of  the 
timber,  and, 
after  it  is  cut, 
scaling  it  so 
that  the  Gov- 
ernment will 
derive  the 
proper  income 
from  it. 

He  welcomes 
the  campers 
who  enter  his 
domain,  ad- 
vises them  of 
the  safest 
trails,  the  best 
fishing 
streams,  and 
the  happy 
hunting 
grounds,  which 
in  this  case 
does  not  mean  the  Indian's  paradise,  at  the.  same  time 
warning  them,  very  politely  of  course,  as  becomes  a 
model  host,  not  to  leave  their  camp  fires  burning. 

Near  Portland  and   Seattle,  there  are  two  immense 
national  playgrounds,  which  are  open  to  the  public  for 


IN  THE  DARK  WATCHES  OF  THE   NIGHT 
A  wonderful  cloud  effect  in  the  forest. 


READY   TO  MAKE   CAMP   FOR   THE   NIGHT 

The  many  visitors  to  the  National  Forests  appreciate  the  value   and  necessity   of  the   work  done  by  the 
forest  rangers,  ever  alertly  on   guard,  day  and   night. 


camping  purposes.  The  public  is  invited  by  folders, 
advertisements,  etc.,  and  is  more  than  welcome  to 
camp  there  for  any  length  of  time.  For  their  conven- 
ience, the  rangers  erect,  here  and  there,  stone  fire  places 
for  cooking  purposes,  and  sees  that  the  campers  are 
supplied  with  quantities  of  wood   for  fuel.     It  is  the 

boast  of  the 
ranger  that 
the  water  in 
the  mountain 
streams  is  pure 
and  fresh,  and 
he  makes  good 
his  boast  by 
keeping  the 
streams  free  of 
refuse  of  all 
kinds. 

One  play- 
ground,  47 
miles  from 
Portland,  Ore- 
gon, on  the 
highway  which 
extends  along 
the  Columbia  River,  is  visited  every  pleasant  Sunday 
by  from  2,500  to  3,000  people,  some  to  spend  the  day, 
and  some  the  week-end  or  longer.  They  fish,  hunt,  or 
wander  along  the  trails  back  into  the  mountains,  whose 
wild  and  rugged  beauty  is  balm  to  the  heart  of  the  city 

dweller.  Fre- 
q  u  e  n  t  signs 
tell  where  the 
trails  lead 
and  rude  but 
s  t  o  r  m-proof 
cabins,  sup- 
plied with  fuel, 
are  erected  at 
frequent  inter- 
vals, as  a  re- 
fuge  when 
lost. 

The  Govern- 
ment also  is- 
sues free  use 
or  nominal 
charge  permits 
to  anyone  who 
desires  to  put 
up  a  hunting 
lodge,  and  is 
given  a  piece 
of  land,  com- 
prising about  an  acre,  for  this  purpose.  Timber  for 
the  cabin  is  furnished  free  of  charge  and  is  never 
missed,  for  in  the  Northwest  there  are  from  50,000  to 
200,000  feet  of  timber  to  the  acre,  and  5,000  will  build 
the  average  house ;  there   is  enough   timber  on  every 


THE  GUARDIAN  OF  OUR  FORESTS 


1331 


lated  districts.  The  teacher  lives  with  the  family  for 
the  nine  months  of  the  school  year,  in  their  little  wick- 
i-up,  18  miles  from  the  nearest  railroad.  This  may 
sound    very    romantic    until    one    remembers    that    the 


acre  to  build  from  10  to  40  houses.  These  permits  are 
usually  taken  up  by  people  in  Washington  and  Oregon 
who  wish  to  spend  a  few  weeks  or  months  in  hunting 
and  fishing.  The  tourists  from  the  East  usually  take 
the  main  traveled  roads,  instead 
of  the  untried  trail  dear  to  the 
heart  of  the  true  Westerner. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  ap- 
proximately 75  per  cent  of  the 
rangers  are  married  to  school 
teachers.  You  will  wonder 
where  all  the  school  teachers 
come  from  in  this  sparsely  set- 
tled region.  This  is  partly  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  every 
district  has  at  least  one  teacher, 
regardless  of  the  number  of 
pupils.  Since  25  per  cent  of  all 
receipts  from  the  National  For- 
ests go  to  the  counties  in  which 
they  lie,  to  be  used  for  schools 
and  roads,  they  can  well  afford 
to  employ  a  teacher  at  an  at- 
tractive salary.  An  additional 
10  per  cent  is  expended  by  the  secretary  of  agri-  Indians  in  that  part  of  the  country  are  not  the  "six-foot  in  their 
culture  upon  the  roads  and  trails  constructed    stockings"  type,  which  romance  and  the  movies  love  to  picture. 

primarily    for    the    benefit    of      | : 1    They    are    short    and    heavy    set,    and    many    of    them     are 

settlers  within  the  forests.     In 
one    district    in    Washington, 


HOME  OF  A  RANGER 
Typical  ranger  cabin  in  the  less  mountainous  districts,  Washakie  National  Forest,  Wyoming. 


there  are  but  two  "children," 
one  a  boy  of  22  years  of  age, 
the  other  a  girl  of  nine.  These 
children  are  half  breeds,  their 
mother  a  full-blooded  Indian, 
the    father    a    white    man, 


blind,  owing  to  their  unsanitary  mode  of  living.  They  are 
neither  energetic  nor  industrious,  and  are  quite  content  to  live 
in  rude  little  huts,  made  by  bracing  a  few  logs  against  each 
other,  and  in  these  huts  they  live  all  winter  long,  with  only  an 
open  fire  to  keep  out  the  bitter  cold.  They  live  on  fish,  mostly 
salmon,  which  come  up  the  mountain  streams  in  the  spring,  mid- 
summer and  fall,  to  spawn,  but  never  get  back  to  the  ocean,  as 
those  which  are  not  caught  are  dashed  against  the  rocks  and 
killed,  or,  having  accomplished  their  purpose  in  life,  die 


AN    UNUSUAL    BIT    OF    SCENF,RY    IN    A    NATIONAL    FOREST 

Spruce  trees,   with  crowns   whipped   into  peculiar,   fantastic  shape  by  the 

winds. 

"squaw  man,"  as  he  is  scornfully  called  in  that  section 
of  the  country.  But  these  youngsters  receive  individual 
attention  seldom  accorded  to  children  in  the  more  popu- 


RANGERS  PLANTING  FISH 

The  rangers  co-operate  with  the  State  fish  and  game  commissions  and  are 
instrumental  in  planting,  in  the  mountain  streams,  billions  of  fish  fry, 
which  play  no  unimportant  part  in  the  food  supply  of  the  country  as  well 
as  furnish  a  means  of  recreation  for  city  sportsmen. 

a  natural  death.  The  Indians  dry  the  fish  which  they 
catch  by  hanging  them  on  the  sides  of  their  cabins. 


1332 


AM  KRICAN     FORESTRY 


These  mountain  streams  are  also  well  stocked  with 
trout  planted  there  by  the  rangers.     The  minnows  are 


BUILDING  A  TRAIL  UNDER  DIFFICULTIES 

Frequently,  in  order  to  maintain  the  proper  grade  of  a  trail,  it  is  necessary 
to  remote  obstructions  of  various  kinds,  such  as  trees,  rocks,  and  even 
immense  boulders,  sometimes  larger  than  the  ordinary  dwelling  house. 
In    the    last    case,    this    is    accomplished    only    by    the    use    of    dynamite. 

furnished  by  the  state  fish  hatcheries  and  are  sent  out 
in  10-gallon  milk  cans,  which  the  ranger  takes  up  the 
streams  on  eight  or  ten  pack  horses.  And  thus,  the 
supply  of  trout  is  renewed  each  year  and  is  ever  abun- 
dant for  the  campers. 

In  some  of  the  National  Forests,  the  rangers  have 
attempted  to  secure  the  utilization  of  wild  fruits  in  their 
communities  by  organizing  picnics  for  the  purpose  of 
gathering  these  fruits.  In  the  mountains  of  the  South- 
west, there  are  large  quantities  of  wild  grapes  and 
cherries  which  make  excellent  jellies,  while  in  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  wild  strawberries  and  huckleberries 
are  found  in  great  abundance. 

But  the  chief  duty  of  the  ranger  is  to  guard  the  for- 
ests from  fires  and  fight  them  when  they  occur.  During 
the  course  of  the  fire  season,  there  are  sometimes  as 
many  as  500 
fires  in  a  dis- 
trict, ranging 
in  size  from  a 
few  square  feet 
to  hundreds  of 
acres.  Owing 
to  the  unusu- 
ally dry  sea- 
son and  the 
many  logging 
operations  now 
located  adjoin- 
i  n  g  national 
forest  timber, 
the  number  of 
forest  fires,  and 
danger   from 


them  has  greatly  increased.  You  will  wonder  how  so 
many  fires  could  be  started  in  the  forests,  far  from  human 
habitation.  These  are  the  three  chief  causes :  railroads, 
campers  and  lightning. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  properly  guard  the  forest 
were  it  not  for  that  modern  miracle,  the  telephone. 
There  are  from  40  to  100  miles  of  telephone  line  in  each 
National    Forest,   extending   along   the   principal    tracks 


RANGER  COUNTING  SHEEP 
A   band   of   sheep   at    Dutch   Joe    Corral,    Bridger    National    Forest,   Wyoming, 


READING    SNOW    SCALE 

This  is  important  since  the  amount  of  snow  fall  determines  to  a  great 
extent  the  fire  hazard  for  the  following  summer,  as  well  as  the  supply 
of   water  available   for   irrigation   purposes. 

used  by  miners,  campers,  etc.,  and  on  up  to  the  lookout 
stations  on  the  mountain  tops.  Three  of  these  lookout 
stations  are  situated  on  mountains  over  10,000  feet  high, 
which  for  2,000  feet  from  the  top  are  perpetually  covered 

with  ice  and 
snow  and  re- 
semble huge  ice 
cream  cones. 
And  there, 
t  h  o  usands  of 
feet  beyond  the 
timber  line,  in 
little  cabins,  or 
lookout  sta- 
tions, car  ried 
piece  by  piece 
up  the  steep 
mountain 
trail,  men  are 
stationed  a  1  1 
through  the 
fire    season    to 


NATIONAL    HONOR    ROLL,    MEMORIAL    TREES 


1333 


watch  for  the  thin  spires  of  smoke  which  mean  the  begin- 
ning of  a  forest  fire. 

When  a  fire  is  lighted,  sometimes  25  to  30  miles 
away,  he  estimates  its  exact  location  by  means  of  in- 
struments for  that  purpose,  and  then  calls  up  the  ranger, 
who  immediately  rushes  to  the  scene  of  the  fire  all  the 
men  at  his  disposal.  If  the  fire  promises  to  be  more 
than  a  small  one,  he  telephones  or  telegraphs  to  the 
nearest  city  for  help.  In  case  of  a  very  bad  fire,  several 
hundred  men  are  hurriedly  gotten  together  and  hastened 
to  the  fire.  Fire  fighting  instruments  and  cooking  equip- 
ment are  already  on  hand  and  every  one  works  day  and 
night  till  the  fire  is  under  control.  Not  long  ago,  a  fire 
was  started  by  lightning  way  back  in  the  mountains,  15 
miles  from  the  nearest  habitation.  In  the  course  of  an 
hour  and  a  half  after  the  fire  had  started,  or  at  least  after 
the  smoke  had  risen  through  the  trees,  the  ranger  had 


five  telephone  calls  informing  him,  not  only  of  the  fire 
but  also  of  its  exact  location.  This  shows  how  closely 
the  forests  are  guarded  and  explains  why  most  fires  are 
not  more  serious,  than  they  are.  But  even  with  the  great- 
est precautions,  a  smouldering  fire  left  by  careless 
campers,  sparks  from  the  smoke-stack  and  live  coals 
from  the  fire  of  a  passing  train,  or  a  lighted  match 
thrown  in  some  inflammable  material  in  the  forest,  com- 
bined with  an  east  wind,  will  often  wipe  out  in  an  hour 
what  nature  has  taken  hundreds  of  years  to  create.  And 
not  one  in  a  hundred  upon  reading  the  startling  headlines 
in  his  favorite  daily,  "Millions  in  Lives  and  Timber 
Lost,"  realizes  the  brave  fight  that  is  made  to  keep  this 
loss  down.  But  what  of  the  khaki-clad  ranger,  who  with 
eyes  quick  and  keen,  dices  with  death  in  a  losing  game? 
He  is  "among  the  missing,"  and  it's  all  in  the  day's 
work. 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL,  MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  following  and  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Association. 


BERKELEY,  CAL  —  By  Luther  Burbank  Intermediate  School: 
Edward  Werner,  John  Gazanago,  James  Gimbel,  Rollie  Ramos, 
Martin  Dall,  Cladius  Vinther. 

MIDDLETOWN,  CONN.— By  Dr.  Kate  C.  Mead:  Arthur 
Leonard  Johnson. 

NORWICH,  CONN.— By  W.  I,  T.'s  First  Congregational 
Church:  William  Morgan  Durr;  by  Mrs.  James  L.  Case:  Wil- 
liam E.  Perry. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C— By  Mrs.  George  Combs:  The  Pa- 
triots of  the  War. 

COMMERCE,  GA.— By  First  Baptist  Church:    Ellis  Luthi. 

TIFTON,  GA.— By  Harding  Methodist  Church  :  Joe  J.  Mon- 
crief,  Richmond   Lovett. 

KASBEER,  ILL.— By  Public  Schools:  Claus  Larson,  Walter 
Paden. 

MURPHYSBORO,  ILL— By  Public  Schools:  Will  Connelly, 
Will  Richards,  Peter  Weber,  Ernest  H.  Rowald,  Thaddeus  Lee. 

ROCKFORD,  ILL.— By  Memorial  Tree  Committee:  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  Soldiers  and  Sailors  of  Rockford. 

SPRINGFIELD,  ILL.— By  Enos  School:  Miss  Alice  K. 
Flower. 

WHITE  HALL,  ILL.— By  White  Hall  Senior  High  School: 
Francis  Grimes;  by  White  Hall  Round  Table:    Charles  Martin. 

CLAY  CITY,  IND.— By  Betsy  Ross  Club:  Robert  Andrew, 
Edwin  Shonk,  Samuel  Knipe,  Jacob  Miller,  Russell  McGriff, 
Albert  Werremeyer. 

EBENEZER,  IND— By  Miss  Cora  Grapy :    Elmer  Andrews. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  IND— By  Women's  Welfare  Club: 
Kent  Voyles. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.— By  Country  Club:  Lieut.  H.  C. 
Colburn,  McCrea  Stephenson,  Reginald  Wallace  Hughes ;  by 
Arsenal  Technical  High  School:  Alfred  Sloan,  Franklin  Burns, 
Ralph  Burns,  Ralph  Gullett. 

MUNCIE,  IND.— By  St.  John's  Universalist  Church:  J.  R. 
Hummel. 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  IOWA.— By  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  :  Lieut.  Richard  E.  Cook,  The  Honor  Roll. 

HARTFORD,  KY— By  Mrs.  S.  O.  Keown :  Boys  from  Ohio 
County,  Kentucky. 

PADUCAH,  KY.— By  Robert  E.  Lee  School:  Norman  E. 
Lovell,  Harry  Cornwell. 

HARWICK,  MASS.— By  Park  Commissioner:  Leslie  M. 
Clark,  Valmer  H.  Bassett,  Earle  M.  Chase,  Clarence  L.  Berry, 
Josiah   D.  Nickerson. 

MARBLEHEAD,  MASS.— By  Tree  Warden  Stevens:  Lieut. 
Charles  H.  Evans,  Irving  E.  Brown,  John  A.  Rouiily,  William 
I'     larry.  ) 


RANDOLPH,  MASS.— By  Stetson  High  School:  Lieut.  John 
B.  Crawford,  Thomas  D.  McEnelly,  Daniel  J.  McNeill,  Lieut. 
Thomas  W.  Desmond,  Charles  G.  Devine. 

READING,  MASS.— By  Reading  Park  Commission:  Ernest 
H.  Leach,  Clarence  S.  Eaton,  Lieut.  Edward  J.  Haines,  Stan- 
wood  E.  Hill,  Thomas  E.  Meuse,  Timothy  E.  Cummings,  Wil- 
liam A.  Riley,  Corp.  Edward  Walsh,  Ralph  E.  Morey,  William 

A.  White,  Sgt. -Major  William  G.  Britain,  Jr.,  Carl  L.  Coombs, 
Sgt.  Chester  G.  Hartshorne. 

EAST  LANSING,  MICH— By  Michigan  Agricultural  Col- 
lege: R.  S.  Welsh,  I.  D.  MacLachlan,  F.  E.  Leonard,  W.  R. 
Johnson,  L.  Crone,  A.  F.  Edwardsen,  W.  T.  McNeil,  H.  J. 
Sheldon,  T.  W.  Churchill,  E.  E.  Ewing,  N.  F.  Hood,  D.  Mc- 
Millan, E.  E.  Peterson,  F.  I.  Lankey,  D.  A.  Miller,  L.  P.  Harris, 
S.  D.  Harvey,  H.  R.  Siggins,  L.  J.  Bauer,  G.  W.  Cooper,  F.  H. 
Esselstyn,  L.  K.  Hice,  C.  M.  Leveaux,  G.  S.  Monroe,  J.  S. 
Palmer,  W.  H-  Rust,  O.  N.  Hinkle,  O.  C.  Luther,  L.  T.  Perrottet, 

B.  F.   Smith,  G.  J.  Williams,  H.   B.  Wylie,   E.   Halbert,   S.   R. 
McNair,  W.  B.  Lutz,  O.  W.  Wissmann. 

LANSING,  MICH.— By  Eclectic  Society  of  M.  A.  C. :  George 
Monroe,  Hugh  Wiley,  Samuel  McNair. 

MOUND,  MINN.— By  Public  Schools  :  George  Kohler,  Mar- 
tin  Shabert. 

LAUREL,  MISS.— By  Dr.  W.  P.  Davis:  Lieut.  Marvin 
Stainton,  D.  S.  C. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  MO.— By  Reading  Club:   Erritt  Sidwell. 

FORT  OMAHA,  NEB.— By  United  States  Army  Balloon 
School :  Maurice  A.  Reed,  Oscar  F.  Lindh,  Frank  A.  Kaczkow- 
ski,  Frederick  T.  Kaulitz. 

CAMDEN,  N.  J. — By  Whitman  Improvement  Association : 
Walt  Whitman. 

ELIZABETH,  N.  J.— By  School  No.  15:  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
Vincent  Carroll. 

RAHWAY,  N.  J.— By  Mrs.  Leillie  Burt:   John  Franklin  Burt. 

BROOKLYN,  N.  Y—  By  American  Association  for  Planting 
and  Preservation  of  Trees  :    Louis  Goldberg. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  N.  Y.— By  Jefferson  School:  Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y— By  Oakhurst  Grammar  School:  How- 
ard Levy. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO— By  Cummins  School:  Robert  Schro- 
der; by  Linwood  School:  Albert  Mider,  Grant  Long;  by  Gen- 
eral Protestant  Orphan  Asylum :  Charles  Banger,  Charles 
Stratmeyer. 

COLUMBUS,  OHIO— By  the  Altrurian  Club:  Sgt.  W.  E. 
Wolfersberger. 

NEW  LEXINGTON,  OHIO— By  Mr.  A.  D.  Fowler,  Scout 
Master :    Theodore  Roosevelt. 


"ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE 


•n 


IN  THE  days  when  all  Gaul  was  divided  into  three 
parts  the  wise  men  knew  the  value  of  good  roads. 
The  Appian  Way,  built  in  312  B.  C,  is  still  an  ex- 
cellent highway  and  France  today  has  good  roads,  for 
she  began  building  them  in  1556.  In  1820  Macadam,  the 
English  highway  engineer,  introduced  his  methods  into 
France.  In  this  country,  however,  the  good  roads  idea 
had  to  pass  through  the  "crank"  stage  and  then  the  "en- 
thusiast" stage  until  now  the  country  has  a  road  building 
program  under  way  that  will  cost  about  a  half  billion 
dollars,  counting  state  and  federal  activities.  Good  roads 
have  suddenly  become  a  business  proposition  and  they 
should  also  become  a  basis  for  the  beautification  of  the 
country  and  something  more  than  a  strip  of  concrete 
baking  in  the  sun  in  summer  and  smothering  in  the  snow 


bridges  and  libraries,  all  to  be  included  in  one  country- 
wide plan  or  unit. 

Here  in  our  own  country  Minneapolis  has  the  greatest 
plans  for  a  memorial  drive  under  way,  for  the  Board  of 
Park  Commissioners  there  is  planning  for  fifty  years 
from  now.  Theodore  Wirth,  the  superintendent,  is  go- 
ing ahead  with  plans  by  which  he  claims  Minneapolis 
will  have  one  of  the  show  places  of  the  American  conti- 
nent in  1950.  Improvement  of  the  Glenwood-Camden 
Parkway  has  been  begun  and  C.  M.  Loring,  "the  father 
of  the  park  system  of  Minneapolis,"  has  set  aside 
$50,000  for  the  care  of  the  trees.  The  vase  type  of  elm 
is  to  be  used  and  these  trees  are  now  being  shaped  in 
the  nurseries  in  order  to  be  ready  for  planting  in  the 
spring  of   1921.     There  will  be  six  rows  of  trees  for 


DEDICATION  CEREMONIES 

Thirty-six  trees  were  planted  at  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  in  honor  of  the   graduates  who  gave   their   lives   in   the   war.   A   memorial    tablet 

imbedded   in  a  big  boulder  was  unveiled. 


drifts  in  the  winter.  To  avoid  this  the  American  For- 
estry Association  has  pointed,  as  a  solution,  to  "Roads 
of  Remembrance" — the  planting  of  memorial  trees, 
memorial  groves  and  even  memorial  forests  at  such  places 
as  are  deemed  best.  We  hear  much  of  memorials  but 
why  not  let  memorial  of  stone  wait  until  the  proper  set- 
ting along  a  "Road  of  Remembrance"  can  be  found? 
Memorial  tree  planting  on  a  big  scale  is  planned  accord- 
ing to  William  Carroll  Hill,  secretary  of  the  Pilgrim 
Tercentenary  Commission,  in  connection  with  the  three 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims' 
in  1920.  Daniel  Boone  died  in  1820  and  as  there 
is  now  a  Boone  Memorial  Highway  the  American 
Forestry  Association  has  suggested  that  memorial  trees 
be  planted  along  the  road  to  mark  the  centenary.  There 
are  several  proposed  highways  in  honor  of  Colonel 
Roosevelt,  the  leading  apostle  of  the  great  outdoors.  In 
Great  Britain  memorial  plans  are  of  the  widest  scope, 
for  they   include   housing,   "Roads   of    Remembrance," 


nearly  two  miles  and  four  rows  of  trees  for  one  mile. 
The  trees  will  be  planted  60  feet  apart  in  both  directions. 
Cincinnati,  too,  has  under  consideration  a  wonderful 
plan  for  a  memorial  drive  that  includes  the  widening  of 
Fifth  Street  in  the  down-town  section,  and  connecting 
up  with  a  boulevard  now  in  existence.  James  P.  Orr, 
who,  with  F.  W.  Garber,  the  architect,  was  first  to  sug- 
gest the  plan  is  enthusiastic  for  memorial  tree  planting. 
In  Canada,  the  Ontario  Highway  Association  has  plans 
up  for  a  highway  from  Ottawa  to  Sarnia,  across  the 
river  from  Port  Huron,  where  the  Victory  Highway 
cuts  across  Michigan.  This  in  turn  connects  with  the 
Lincoln  Highway  which  crosses  the  Jefferson  Highway 
near  Ames,  Iowa.  The  Jefferson  Highway  runs  from 
New  Orleans  to  Winnepeg.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  there 
are  great  possibilities  for  memorial  tree  planting  along 
an  international  drive.  The  tree  planting  in  Michigan 
is  assured  and  the  stretch  of  the  Jefferson  Highway  in 


1334 


"ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE" 


1335 


Louisiana  has  been  planted  with  Victory  Oaks.  Governor 
Pleasant  of  Louisiana,  and  a  party  of  motor  enthusiasts, 
have  just  completed  a  run  from  New  Orleans  to  Winnepeg. 
Memorial  tree  planting  this  fall  will  be  done  on  a  bigger 
scale  than  ever  before.  Inquiries  have  been  coming  into 
the  Association  for  three  months  in  regard  to  proper  plant- 
ing and  the  registration  of  the  trees  on  the  national  honor 
roll.  From  every  section  of  the  country  requests  are  coming 
for  the  bronze  marker  to  identify  the  individual  tree.  East 
St.  Louis  has  big  plans  under  way  for  tree  planting,  and 
plans  are  going  forward  to  interest  the  entire  city  by  plant- 
ing memorial  trees  and  thus  allowing  the  citizens  themselves 
to  have  a  big  part  in  beautifying  the  city.  Mayor  Henry  B. 
Chase  of  Huntsville,  Alabama,  has  just  informed  the  Asso- 
ciation that  the 
Grace  Club,  of 
which  Mrs. 
Owen  Graham 
is  president, 
plans  a  memori- 
al avenue  for 
fifty-four  boys 
from  that  coun- 
ty who  lost  their 
lives.  The  town 
of  South  west 
LaGrange,  Geor- 
gia, has  memori- 
al tree  planting 


plans  under  way,  so  Mayor  C.  O.  Coleman  ad- 
vises. The  Bingham,  Mexico  Chapter  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  of  which 
Mrs.  S.  J.  Whitney  is  the  regent,  has  planted  a 
large  number  of  memorial  trees.  The  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  has  dedicated  36  trees  in 
honor  of  men  from  that  school  and  Prof.  A.  K. 
Chittenden  has  sent  in  the  names  for  enrollment. 
The  city  of   Dallas  will  take  up  memorial  tree 


Tbe  picture  In  the  center  is  of  the  famous  elm  at  Huntington,  Indiana,  which  was  saved  by  changing  the  plans  of  the  Christian  Science  Church 
there.  The  picture  in  the  oval  and  the  one  below,  by  the  Times-Star,  show  the  possibilities  of  a  "Road  of  Remembrance"  planted  with  Memorial 
Trees,  similar  to  the  plan  Cincinnati  now  has  under  consideration. 


1336 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


planting  on  a  big  scale,  Alfred  MacDonald  reports,  and 
the  Evening  Post,  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  has  taken 
up  the  campaign  there  for  a  memorial  grove.    Prof.  F.  A. 
Boggess,  of  the  University  Hall  School,  of  Boulder,  Colo- 
rado, reports  a  very  interesting  program  in  connection 
with  the  dedication  of  a  memorial  tree  in  honor  of  four 
former  students  who  gave  their  lives  to  their  country. 
An  avenue  of  flags  leading  to  the  tree  was  a  unique  fea- 
ture  of   the   program   in   which   the   pupils   took   part. 
Schools  and  colleges  are  taking  up  memorial  tree  plant- 
ing extensively  not  only  in  honor  of  students  and  gradu- 
ates but  to  mark  their  own  graduation.    Thus  it  will  be 
seen  these  classes  will  have  trees  of  their  own  to  come 
back  to  at  the  reunions  held  ten  and  twenty  years  later. 
Lester  Park,  the  most  beautiful  and  best  known  park 
in  Ogden,  Utah,  was,  in  April,  the  scene  of  a  very  un- 
usual ceremony  in  the  annals  of  the  Forest  Service.  The 
members  of  the  office  of  the  District  Forester,  located  in 
that   city   con- 
gregated in  the 
park     for     the 
purpose  of  ob- 
serving   Arbor 
Day     and     to 
pay  respect  to 
the  memory  of 
three  co-work- 
ers in  Forestry 
who    sacrificed 
their    lives     in 
the  world  con- 
flict. Forest  of- 
ficers are  par- 
ticularly inter- 
ested    in     the 
planting  of  and 
caring  for  liv- 
ing trees,   and 
a  fitting  meth- 
od of  honoring 
them  was  believed  to  be  in  planting  trees,  since  two  of 
the  men  had  especially  fitted  themselves  for  this  particu- 
lar line  of  work  and  the  other  was  an  active  member 
of  the  Forest  Service  at  the  time  of  his  death.     These 
three  men  were  Captain  Homer  S.  Youngs,  Lieutenant 
Hubert  C.  Williams  and  Forest  Ranger  Rudolf  E.  Mel- 
lenthin.    The  first  two  died  in  France  and  the  last  was 
killed  while  arresting  a  draft  evader. 

District  Forester  L.  F.  Kneipp,  who  made  the  principal 
address,  said  in  part: 

"There  are  few  things  that  man  can  do  to  show  his 
faith,  his  gratitude  and  his  ideals  which  are  more  simple 
than  the  planting  of  a  tree — and  yet,  there  are  few  things 
that  are  more  effective.  A  tree  is  a  living  memorial,  often 
more  enduring  than  marble  or  bronze.  A  tree  is  a  thing 
of  beauty  and  of  inspiration ;  a  living  token  of  the  wonder 
and  glory  of  nature;  a  symbol  of  service. 

"For  the  life  of  a  tree  is  a  life  of  service.  It  gives  a 
touch  of  beauty  to  a  barren  waste ;  it  enriches  the  ground 
upon  which  it  stands  and  protects  it  from  the  destructive 
elements ;  it  affords  the  birds  of  the  air  a  nesting  place  and 


MEMORIAL  TREES  PLANTED  FOR  FORESTRY  BOYS 


kneipp,    Assistant    District    Foresters    Fenn,    Morse,    Metcalf    and    Woods    and    other 
members  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service  observing  Arbor  Day   and  commemorating  fallen   heroes   by 


K, 


District    Forester 

members  of  the  United  States  Forest  Servici 

planting  black  walnut  trees  in  Lester  Park,  Ogden,  Utah. 


shelter  from  the  storms;  it  tempers  the  keen  edge  of  the 
blizzard  and  the  blasting  touch  of  the  drouth ;  its  buds  and 
its  leaves  are  marvels  of  decorative  beauty,  and  its  fruits  a 
source  of  sustenance  and  life.  Even  the  end  of  life  is  not 
the  end  of  a  tree's  service ;  to  the  contrary,  the  end  of  life 
opens  new  fields  of  service  and  utility  which  add  immeasur- 
ably to  our  civilization  and  our  culture  and  our  happiness. 
"Because  this  is  true,  it  follows  naturally  that  one  who 
loves  trees  must  love  beauty  and  unselfishness ;  must  cherish 
high  ideals  and  lofty  traditions.  The  mere  planting  of  a 
tree  is  an  example  of  unselfish  service,  for  few  men  can 
live  to  enjoy  the  full  fruit  of  their  labor  and  none  can  help 
but  share  the  reward  with  their  fellowmen. 

"It  is  not  surprising  that  when  the  call  came  to  save  the 
world  from  the  threat  of  barbarism  the  men  who  loved 
trees,  who  worked  among  trees,  were  quick  to  respond.  It 
is  not  surprising  that  men  like  Youngs  and  Williams  and 
Mellenthin  gladly  sacrificed  themselves  that  their  ideals 
might  endure,  ideals  that  to  them  meant  more  than  life  itself. 
'"Nothing  that  we  can  do  to  honor  their  memory;  to 
display  our  gratitude  and  appreciation,  could  be  more  fitting 

than  that  which 
we  are  doing  to- 
day. May  we 
not  hope  that 
these  trees  we 
are  planting  here 
will  stand  for 
generations,  liv- 
ing m  e  m  o  r  ials. 
not  only  to  these 
men  who  made 
the  supreme  sac- 
rifice, but  also  to 
the  ideals  which 
they  cherished 
and  for  which 
they  gave  their 
lives?" 

At  the  con- 
clusion of  Mr. 
Kneipp's  ad- 
dress, a  black 
walnut  tree 
was-  planted  in 
memory  of 
each  of  the  three  men  and  a  short  history  of  the  life  of 
each  was  given  by  a  member  of  the  Service. 

The  people  of  the  country  are  all  interested  in  trees  as 
never  before.  Through  tree  planting  they  will  see  the 
value  of  groves,  through  groves  they  will  see  the  value  of 
forests,  through  forests  they  will  quickly  see  the  value  of 
a  national  forest  policy.  The  ground  work  for  big  things 
is  being  put  in  place  by  the  Association.  Every  member 
can  have  an  important  part  in  this  work  by  co-operating. 
Tell  your  friends  of  the  work  of  your  association.  Keep 
your  editors  informed.  Take  the  lead  in  tree  planting 
in  your  own  community.  The  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation has  ready  an  ideal  program  for  a  tree  planting 
day  and  wherever  you  see  such  activities  planned,  inform 
those  in  charge  that  your  association  will  be  glad  to  help 
in  every  possible  way.  Each  member  will  get  out  of  the 
association  just  what  she  or  he  puts  in  it.  The  oppor- 
tunity for  returns  in  satisfaction,  in  the  promotion  of  the 
community  spirit  which  bloomed  during  the  war,  and  in 
the  betterment  of  your  country,  were  never  greater  than 
in  co-operation  at  this  time  in  the  work  the  American 
Forestry  Association  has  before  it.  Let  there  be  many 
trees  as  a  memorial  to  your  endeavors. 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE  HEREWITH  PUBLISHES  SOME  MORE  OPINIONS  REGARDING  THE  NEED  OF  A  NATIONAL 
FOREST  POLICY  AND  THE  KIND  OF  A  FOREST  POLICY  PROPOSED  BY  UNITED  STATES  FORESTER,  HENRY  S.  GRAVES.  COL. 
GRAVES'  OUTLINE  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  SUCH  A  POLICY  WAS  PRINTED  IN  THE  AUGUST  ISSUE  OF  THE  MAGAZINE. 
FORESTERS,  LUMBERMEN  AND  TIMBERLAND  OWNERS  THROUGHOUT  THE  COUNTRY  HAVE  BEEN  INVITED  BY  THE  AMERICAN 
FORESTRY   ASSOCIATION   TO   EXPRESS   THEIR   VIEWS   ON    THIS  VITALLY    IMPORTANT    SUBJECT.— Editor. 


FOREST  ECONOMICS :  SOME  THOUGHTS  ON  AN  OLD  SUBJECT 

BY  WILSON  COMPTON 
SECRETARY-MANAGER,  NATIONAL  LUMBER  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION 


NO  well-informed  American  denies  the  need  for  a 
national  plan  for  efficient  forest  utilization  and 
adequate  replacement  of  timber.  But  this  is  only 
the  statement  of  a  problem,  not  of  its  solution.  Although 
there  may  be  general  agreement  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
problem,  a  veritable  encyclopedia  of  argument  and  dis- 
cussion might  not  suffice  to  secure  agreement  as  to  the 
answer. 

Most  of  the  public  discussion  of  Forest  Policy  has 
heretofore  originated  among  the  foresters.  Some  of  the 
policies  publicly  advocated  may  represent  the  general 
opinion  of  the  profession.  "Public  opinion,"  however,  we 
have  learned,  is  not  the  opinion  of  the  most  people  but  the 
opinion  of  those  who  talk  the  most,  or  the  loudest.  It  is 
therefore  of  doubtful  propriety  to  attribute  to  the  pro- 
fession as  a  whole  the  sensationalism  and  faddism  of  a 
few  men  having  apparently  no  permanent  attachment  to 
a  substantial  forestry  enterprise,  whose  concepts  of  forest 
economics  are  apparently  quite  unsoiled  by  contact  with 
the  facts  of  industry,  and  whose  self-constituted  inter- 
pretation of  the  public  interest  is  vague  and  mocking. 

As  a  plain  citizen,  interested  in  whatever  will  promote 
national  welfare,  I  am  glad  to  contribute  what  I  can  to 
clearing  away  the  haze  which,  it  seems  to  me,  has  for 
years  enveloped  the  discussion  of  future  forests  and 
timber  supplies,  in  relation  to  the  industrial  life  of 
America.  In  the  discussions  of  this  in  recent  years,  it 
seems  to  me,  a  number  of  points  have  frequently  been 
overlooked  and  other  points  of  doubtful  validity  have 
been  sometimes  taken  for  granted. 

A  mere  enumeration  of  these  with  a  brief  and  rather 
abrupt  explanation  is  all  that  a  short  space  will  permit. 
The  future  permanent  supply  of  standing  timber  as  a 
raw  material  for  industry  is  a  problem  of  economics. 
How  much  timber,  what  kinds  of  timber,  where  it  should 
be  located,  what  lands  should  be  timbered,  and  how  the 
timber  should  be  used,  cannot  be  determined  by  applying 
principles  of  forestry.  These  questions  will  be  cor- 
rectly answered  only  by  appeal  to  the  experience  of 
business  and  industry,  in  the  light  of  all  the  complex 
economic  needs  of  the  nation  and  in  consideration  of  the 
experiences  of  other  countries  under  similar  circum- 
stances. When  the  nation's  timber  needs  have  been 
determined — then  the  principles  of  forestry  correctly 
applied  may  show  how  these  needs  can  best  be  met. 


Whether  or  not  it  is  good  forestry  to  have  forests  for 
the  sake  of  having  trees,  it  is  not  good  economics. 
Forestry  cannot  safely  construct  its  own  kind  of  eco- 
nomics without  considering  the  nation's  needs  for  the 
products  of  all  other  industries,  which  are  taken  from 
the  same  land  which  might  otherwise  grow  trees,  and 
which  are  made  by  the  same  labor  which  might  other- 
wise make  wood  products — and  then  assert  that  a  pro- 
gram of  forest  renewal  based  thereon  is  a  correct  inter- 
pretation of  the  public  interest. 

Fourteen  Points  to  Consider. 

To  anticipate  the  probable  denial  by  some  reader  that 
the  points  here  commented  upon  have  ever  been  advocated 
by  any  conservationist  or  by  any  forester,  I  wish  to  say 
that  each  one  has  been  advocated  to  me  either  in  personal 
conversation  or  in  correspondence.  I  have  never  had, 
however,  the  impression  that  the  views  held  by  some 
"conservationists"  and  some  foresters  actually  represent- 
ed the  views  of  their  respective  professions  as  a  body. 

1.  Possession  of  cheap  and  plentiful  timber  is  not 
necessarily  a  symptom  of  national  wealth. 

The  great  forests  of  original  timber  did  and  do  add  greatly  to 
national  wealth.  But  a  permanent  policy  that  would  perpetuate 
the  original  quality  of  merchantable  timber  or  any  large  propor- 
tion of  it  might,  and  probably  would,  involve  a  national  waste 
through  employing  soil,  capital  and  labor  for  a  less  profitable 
use  when  a  more  profitable  use  was  available.  Low  prices  for 
forest  products  at  the  expense  of  relative  scarcity  and  high 
prices  for  other  commodities  is  not  safe  public  economy. 

2.  Removal  of  original  forests  from  the  soil  of  the 
United  States  without  provision  for  forest  renewal  on 
most  of  the  land  thus  cleared  is  not  necessarily  a  national 
misfortune. 

Classification  of  land  in  the  light  of  all  the  complex  agri- 
cultural and  industrial  needs  of  the  nation  is  basic  in  any  ra- 
tional plan.  The  scarcity  that  is  most  impressive  nowadays  is 
not  the  scarcity  of  trees,  but  the  scarcity  of  trees  near  to  the 
centers  of  lumber  consumption.  But  although  impressive  it  is 
not  conclusive.  It  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  a  compre- 
hensive survey  of  the  needs  of  forest  industries  in  the  light  of 
all  other  industrial  needs  would  show  that  the  public  interest 
will  best  be  served  if  the  permanent  commercial  stands  of  timber 
are  confined  to  the  mountainous  country  of  the  Far  West,  the 
Appalachian  and  White  Mountain  region,  and  rough  country 
elsewhere.  It  might  be  exceedingly  wasteful,  for  example,  to 
maintain  under  forest  more  than  a  small  proportion  of  the  cut- 
over  Southern  pine  lands.  Certainly  the  ambitious  South  would 
resent  an  effort  to  maintain  the  South  permanently  as  an  in- 


1338 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


dustrial  frontier,  such  as  has  been  its  substantial  status  here- 
tofore. 

There  is  neither  reason  nor  truth  in  the  slogan  that:  Where 
a  tree  is  cut  another  tree  should  be  grown.  Such  a  policy,  pur- 
sued throughout  this  land,  would  entail  great  waste  in  the  use 
of  the  nation's  resources.  It  is  the  thoughtless  cry  of  those  who 
believe  that  nature  left  unaided  and  undisturbed  should  be  the 
universal  regulator  of  the  economic  life  of  mankind. 

3.  The  fact  that  old  trees  are  being  cut  down  faster 
than  new  trees  are  growing  up  does  not  of  itself  signify 

public  loss. 

It  may  mean  the  diverting  of  some  of  the  productive  energies 
of  the  nation  into  more  profitable  channels  than  would  be  offered 
by  the  forest  industries.  The  United  States  is  passing  through 
the  same  evolution  of  changing  lumber  requirements  experienced 
by  many  other  countries.  During  the  past  15  years  the  per 
capita  annual  consumption  of  lumber  has  declined  from  more 
than  500  board  feet  to  approximately  300  board  feet,  as  against 
150  feet  in  Germany  immediately  before  the  war,  102  feet  in 
England  and  90  feet  in  France. 

4.  The  virtual  disappearance  of  certain  species  of 
timber  is  not  necessarily  detrimental  to  public  welfare. 

For  commercial  purposes  many  species  are  readily  inter- 
changeable. Practically  the  same  things  which  are  now  made 
from  a  hundred  commercial  species  could  be  made  and  the  same 
uses  and  comforts  derived  therefrom — from  a  dozen  different 
species  well  selected  for  permanent  growth.  The  elimination 
from  commerce  of  certain  species,  provided  adequate  substi- 
tutes are  preserved,  would  involve  no  necessary  impairment  of 
public  wealth. 

5.  Not  only  is  it  not  necessarily,  but  it  is  not  even 
probably  true,  that  all  the  lands  in  the  United  States 
better  suited  for  growing  trees  than  for  growing  any- 
thing else,  should  be  used  for  growing  trees. 

To  use  an  extreme  contrast:  If  95  per  cent  of  the  land  of 
the  United  States  were  better  suited  for  pasture  land  than  for 
any  other  purpose  would  95  per  cent  be  used  for  that  purpose 
and  we  become  a  nation  of  herdsmen?  Or,  if  60  per  cent  of  the 
area  of  this  country  were  better  suited  for  growing  trees  than  for 
agriculture  or  stockraising,  would  60  per  cent  be  so  used  and 
the  United  States  then  have  lumber  enough  to  house  five  times 
the  number  of  people  it  could  feed? 

But  this  doctrine  is  being  publicly  preached  as  ideal ! 

6.  The  disappearance  of  forest  industries  in  certain 
regions  because  of  exhaustion  of  nearby  timber  supplies 
is  not  necessarily  either  a  local  or  national  misfortune. 

Clearing  of  the  land  has  frequently  paved  the  way  for  in- 
dustrial and  agricultural  expansion  which  has  produced  greater 
wealth  than  did  the  forest  industries  in  their  prime.  It  would 
be  a  waste  of  labor,  as  well  as  of  capital,  to  attempt  to  continue 
an  industrial  enterprise  under  conditions  which  would  have  re- 
turned, as  the  result  of  a  day's  labor,  a  product  worth  only 
$1,000,  when  the  same  labor,  and  the  same  amount  of  capital, 
under  more  favorable  available  conditions  of  employment  would 
have  returned  a  product  worth,  say  $2,000. 

Surely  there  is  no  public  economy  in  making  a  wasteful  use 
of  capital  and  of  human  effort.  Yet  this  doctrine  is  being  pub- 
licly advocated. 

7.  Economically  the  original  timber  in  the  United 
States  is  in  large  part  a  "mine"  and  not  a  "crop." 

The  business  of  lumber  manufacture  is  no  more  the  business 
of  growing  trees  than  the  business  of  flour  milling  is  the  busi- 
ness of  growing  wheat.  Men  who  buy  timber  and  operate  saw. 
mills  are  not  foresters  any  more  than  persons  who  buy  coal 
lands  and  operate  mines  are  geologists.  The  business  of  the 
lumber  manufacturer  is  to  make  boards  out  of  trees  and  if  he 


does  that  well  he  is  performing  the  best  public  service  that  his 
industry  can  render. 

It  is  not  his  business  to  make  more  trees  out  of  which  some 
one  else  some  day  may  make  more  boards.  By  fortuitous  cir- 
cumstance the  lumber  manufacturer  is  likewise  usually  an 
owner  of  land,  some  or  all  of  which  may  have  greatest  ulti- 
mate usefulness  in  reforestation.  But  this  ownership  of  po- 
tential forest  land  does  not  put  the  owner  under  obligation — 
moral,  social  or  legal — to  undertake  the  growing  of  trees  when 
to  do  so  would  be  unprofitable,  any  more  than  the  ownership  of 
potential  farm  land  obliges  the  owner  to  raise  farm  crops  when 
he  could  do  so  only  at  a  loss. 

If  the  growing  of  timber  is  an  appropriate  private  enterprise, 
which  I  doubt,  the  interest  of  the  public  (provided  it  is  well 
informed)  in  the  maintenance  of  permanent  timber  supplies  will 
find  expression  in  some  form  which  will  result  in  economic 
conditions  making  profitable  private  enterprise  in  growing 
timber.  If  it  is  not  an  appropriate  private  enterprise  the  sooner 
adequate  provision  is  made  for  doing  it  as  a  public  enterprise 
the  better.  Public  agencies  would  under  such  conditions  ex- 
perience no  difficulty  in  acquiring  from  present  owners  the 
lands  appropriate  for  use  in  reforestation. 

Public  indifference  and  inactivity  cannot,  however,  encumber 
the  private  owner  of  timber  lands  with  the  responsibility  for,  or 
expense  of,  doing  something  the  public  should  do,  but  does  not. 

8.  Local  shrinkage  of  employment  for  labor,  caused 
by  vanishing  forest  industries  in  certain  regions,  has 
been  by  no  means  an  unmixed  evil  for  labor. 

Employment  at  higher  wages  has  usually  been  secured  by  re- 
moval to  similar  industries  in  other  regions,  or  to  other  in- 
dustries in  the  same  region,  the  higher  prices  for  the  products 
resulting  from  increasing  scarcity  of  raw  material,  making  the 
payment  of  higher  wages  possible.  Temporary  dislocation  of 
labor  has  always  accompanied  at  some  stage  the  industrial  use 
of  exhaustible  natural  resources. 

9.  The  idleness  of  some  of  the  cut-over  timber  lands 
is  the  inevitable  temporary  result  of  clearing  the  forests 
from  lands  upon  which  maintenance  of  permanent  forest 
growth  would  be  poor  public  economy.  Agriculture, 
stockraising  or  other  purposes  will  eventually  absorb 
these  lands. 

10.  The  idleness  of  other  of  the  cut-over  timber  lands 
is  the  inevitable  result  of  clearing  the  forest  from  lands 
upon  which  regrowing  of  a  new  forest  would  be  poor 
private  economy. 

If  the  public  needs  these  lands  to  be  reforested  before  the 
time  when  enlightened  self-interest — which  is  the  essential 
driving  force  of  all  business  and  industry — induces  the  private 
owner  to  engage  in  timber  growing,  the  public  should  itself 
engage  in  reforestation  of  lands  appropriate  therefor. 

11.  The  owner  of  private  property  in  timber  lands 
legally  acquired  is  under  no  different  or  greater  obliga- 
tion to  use  his  land  permanently  to  grow  timber  than  the 
owner  of  agricultural  land  is  to  use  the  land  to  grow 
crops  if  the  growing  of  crops  is  unprofitable.  The  public 
need  for  food  is  at  least  no  less  than  the  need  for  lumber. 
Lands  on  stony  hillsides  in  remote  New  England  are 
scratched  into  agricultural  productivity  which  would  not 
be  even  sniffed  at  in  the  more  fertile  country  of  the 
Middle  West. 

12.  The  legal  obligation  upon  the  owner  of  property, 
an  obligation  that  is  universal  and  should  be  enforced, 
so  to  use  it  as  to  do  no  damage  to  another's  property  and 
to  do  no  public  injury,  does  not  include  an  additional 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 


1339 


obligation  to  make  a  specific  positive  use  of  it  such  as 
may  benefit  the  public  at  large  although  at  individual 
loss  to  himself. 

Failure  to  reforest  cut-over  lands  is  not  to  do  a  public  injury. 
On  the  contrary,  private  reforestation  enterprises  today  on  most 
of  the  cut-over  land  would,  on  the  whole,  be  a  public  loss  because 
it  would  involve  a  relative  wasteful  use  of  the  nation's  resources 
of  labor  and  capital. 

13.  If  the  public  is  interested  in  any  use  of  timber 
lands  or  of  cut-over  lands  different  from  that  which  the 
enlightened  self-interest  of  the  owner  may  dictate,  the 
public  which  is  the  beneficiary  should  pay  the  additional 
cost. 

A  single  class  of  private  property  may  not  be  singled  out  to 
sustain  a  burden,  in  behalf  of  the  public  as  a  whole,  which  is  not 
imposed  upon  other  classes  of  private  property. 

14.  The  maintenance  in  idleness  of  cut-over  land  is 
declared  to  be  wasteful. 

The  larger  truth  would  seem  to  be  that  it  is  wasteful  to  main- 
tain cut-over  land  in  such  state  of  idleness  as  does  not  furnish 
safeguard  against  fire  and  ravage  which  destroys  the  natural 
reproduction  of  desirable  species. 

The  idleness  itself  is  not  always  wasteful.  In  many  instances 
the  expenditure  of  labor  upon  such  land  to  return  it  to  produc- 
tive uses  is  still  more  wasteful  because  it  withdraws  the  labor 


thus  expended  from  other  fields  to  which  it  could  have  been 
more  profitably  devoted. 

Timber  and  forest  economics  cannot  be  dissociated  from 
the  intricate  and  everchanging  economic  relations  of  all  in- 
dustry. But  it  would  seem  safe  to  assume  that  protection 
against  fire  and  ravage  made  universal  and  uniform  among  all 
timber  properties,  so  as  to  involve  no  unequal  burden  upon  any 
competitor,  will  be  adequate  to  guarantee,  by  natural  replace- 
ment, the  future  of  the  timber  supply  at  least  till  such  time  as 
the  permanent  forest  needs  of  the  United  States,  and  the  most 
economical  way  of  supplying  those  needs,  can  be  made  more 
apparent. 

A  uniform  national  policy  of  forest  protection  and  of  public 
acquisition  of  cut-over  lands  appropriate  for  permanent  foresta- 
tion  should  be  adequate  and  practicable.  But  the  duty  of  the 
public  should  be  not  confused  with  the  public  obligation  of  pri- 
vate industry.  The  specific  public  obligation  of  the  lumber  in- 
dustry is  to  do  well  its  task  of  making  and  selling  boards. 
Along  with  all  others  in  the  nation  it  shares  in  the  obligation 
to  provide  adequate  forests  for  future  industry.  But  this  is  an 
obligation  common  to  all  and  not  exclusive  upon  the  lumber 
industry  or  upon  present  owners  of  its  raw  material.  Being  so, 
the  burden  of  provision  for  the  future  should  be  borne  by  the 
public  which  will  profit  therefrom,  and  not  by  a  single  industry; 
lest  thereby  it  undermine  the  very  industry  whose  future  it  seeks 
to  safeguard.  Economic  forces  which  rule  all  productive  activ- 
ities will  overwhelm  a  forest  policy  set  up  in  defiance  of  them. 


MANDATORY  CONTROL  OPPOSED 
BY  E.  A.  STERLING,  FOREST  ENGINEER 


|"T  seems  to  me  that  a  discussion  of  Col.  Henry  S. 
*■  Graves'  "Principles  of  Legislation"  necessary  for  the 
enforcement  of  a  national  forest  policy  is  premature  and 
that  the  fundamentals  of  the  situation  should  first  be 
clearly    established. 

In  taking  this  attitude  I  want  to  emphasize  that  the 
desirability  of  a  sound,  national  forest  policy  is  fully 
appreciated,  and  that  whatever  is  said  is  in  keeping  with 
the  request  for  frank  comments  and  with  a  sincere  desire 
to  assist  in  developing  the  subject.  The  complexity  of 
the  problem  is  also  realized,  and  it  is  largely  for  this 
reason  that  I  believe-  the  first  step  should  be  the  estab- 
lishment of  basic  principles,  which  are  sufficiently  sane 
and  obvious  to  be  generally  accepted,  rather  than  the 
creation  of  arbitrary  provisions  based  on  proposed 
legislative  action,  which  it  would  be  extremely  difficult 
to  attain  unless  it  was  accepted  and  approved  by  all 
concerned. 

While  this  is  in  no  sense  an  attempt  to  outline  the 
fundamentals,  I  will  attempt  to  summarize  below  a  few 
of  the  points  which  seem  pertinent. 

1.  It  is  frequently  stated,  without  explanation  or  figures,  that 
private  forest  lands  must  be  put  under  long-time  management  if 
an  adequate  timber  supply  is  to  be  assured.  To  carry  convic- 
tion, and  show  how  much  and  why  this  private  land  is  needed, 
would  it  not  be  helpful  to  develop  the  following: 

(a).  The  probable  lumber  consumption  at  the  end  of,  say 
30  and  40  years  and  thereafter,  based  on  the  curve  of  past  con- 
sumption in  relation  to  the  normal  increase  in  population,  and 
the  replacement  of  wood  by  substitutes. 

(b).  The  sustained  annual  output  from  national  forests,  be- 
ginning, say  30  years  hence,  when  the  supply  will  be  much  more 
needed  than  now. 


(c).  The  prospective  future  output  from  state  forest  lands 
and  from  the  private  lands  being  operated  under  definite  long- 
time management. 

(d).  The  forest-producing  land  needed  in  addition  to  the 
above,  to  give  an  adequate  sustained  output. 

The  object  of  working  out  the  points  under  No.  1  and 
its  subheadings  would  be  to  ascertain  as  definitely  as 
possible  the  amount  of  forest-producing  private  land 
needed  to  supplement  the  ultimate  supply  from  sources 
now  assured.  It  is  a  major  premise  in  any  proposition 
to  know  what  is  to  be  accomplished.  Having  estab- 
lished this,  the  next  step  is  to  find  means  for  its  consum- 
mation, which  it  would  seem  could  be  worked  out  pro- 
gressively as  follows : 

A.  The  acquirement  by  states,  as  far  as  they  can  be  per- 
suaded to  do  so  by  publicity  and  legislation,  of  the  cut-over  and 
otherwise  unproductive  lands,  which  can  be  acquired  at  a  rea- 
sonable price  and  reforested  with  promise  of  success. 

B.  The  much  more  limited  possibilities  in  the  encouragement 
of  municipal  forests  by  acquirement,  reforestation  and  otherwise. 

C.  The  encouragement  of  private,  long-time  forest  practice 
by  reasonable  tax  legislation  and  co-operative  fire  protection, 
wherever  feasible.  This  development  has  been  very  slow  in  the 
past  because  of  the  economic  factors  which  prevent  the  profit- 
able use  of  capital  in  such  enterprises,  but  it  is  reasonable  to 
expect  that  market  and  general  economic  conditions  in  this  re- 
gard will  change  materially  in  the  next  30  years,  and  that  long- 
lived  corporations,  and  particularly  wood-consuming  organiza- 
tions, will  take  steps  to  grow  successive  forest  crops  to  exactly 
the  extent  that  it  can  be  made  profitable. 

D.  A  continuation  and  extension  of  the  federal  purchase  of 
forest  lands,  both  forested  and  cut-over,  and  their  inclusion 
under  an  established  technical  and  administrative  policy. 

It  is  my  personal  opinion  that  under  the  existing 
political  and  economic  situation  a  policy  aimed  at  the 


1340 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


mandatory  acquirement  of  private  lands  will  fail ;  (  1  ) 
because  the  public  has  not  been  convinced  that  it  is 
necessary;  and  (2)  for  the  reason  that  sufficiently  strong 
opposition  would  immediately  develop  to  not  only  defeat 
such  a  policy,  but  to  jeopardize  any  forest  policy. 

One  hears  a  great  deal  about  the  enormous  areas  of 
cut-over  land  more  suitable  for  forest  growth  than  agri- 
culture. If  this  is  the  case,  is  it  not  a  logical  step  to  as- 
certain the  amount  and  condition  of  such  land  and  re- 
deem it  before  taking  over  the  commercial  timber,  which 
is  to  supply  the  demand  for  lumber?  If  the  private 
forest  lands  are  to  be  reduced  to  a  cut-over  condition 
before  the  government,  by  mandatory  action  or  other- 
wise, steps  in  and  imposes  methods  and  systems  which 
will  reproduce  such  forests,  why  should  we  not  start 
with  the  lands  which  are  in  a  cut-over  condition  today  ? 
To  be  sure,  the  expense  of  regeneration  would  be  less  if 
the  timber  was  cut  more  carefully  to  start  with,  but  if 
we  have  some  200,000,000  acres  which  are  practically 
unproductive  at  present,  is  it  not  the  truest  kind  of  con- 
servation to  put  this  into  productivity  first?  At  the 
same  time,  every  possible  effort  might  be  made  in  the 
way  of  tax  and  fire  legislation  to  prevent  existing  forests 
from  becoming  waste  when  cut  over,  this  probability 
being  helped  by  increasing  lumber  and  stumpage  values. 

A  suggestion,  which  I  certainly  hope  will  not  be  mis- 
understood, concerns  the  co-operative  basis  necessary  in 


developing  an  acceptable  and  practical  policy.  Since 
private  timberland  owners  are  primarily  interested  in  the 
policy  which  has  been  outlined  in  your  "Principles  of 
Legislation,"  would  not  the  whole  matter  be  better  re- 
ceived, and  get  a  fairer  hearing  if  these  private  owners 
were  consulted  and  their  opinions  and  co-operation  asked, 
both  as  timberland  owners  and  as  citizens,  who  have  the 
best  interests  of  the  country  at  heart? 

The  gulf  which  has  always  existed  between  business 
interests  and  the  government,  it  seems  to  me,  could  be 
narrowed  in  this  case  if  the  timber  owners  were  made 
more  fully  cognizant  of  the  situation  as  regards  a  na- 
tional timber  supply,  and  the  federal  and  state  officials  in 
turn  learn  of  the  responsibilities  pertaining  to  the  use 
and  returns  on  capital  invested  in  timber.  The  govern- 
ment official  can  whole-heartedly  consider  the  best  good 
of  the  people  as  a  whole  because  his  check  comes  regu- 
larly from  the  United  States  Treasury  out  of  funds  sup- 
plied by  these  same  people.  The  business  man,  on  the 
other  hand,  may  be  equally  interested  in  public  welfare, 
but  in  order  to  live  and  to  conserve  the  capital  entrusted 
to  his  care,  must  assume  responsibilities  and  follow 
policies  which  are  often  criticized  because  the  critics 
have  an  entirely  different  point  of  view. 

This  expression  of  my  personal  views  is  in  the  spirit 
of  helpfulness  and  in  keeping  with  the  request  for  a 
frank  discussion. 


PUBLICITY  EDUCATION  NECESSARY 
BY  R.  S.  MADDOX,  STATE  FORESTER  OF  TENNESSEE 


T  UNQUALIFIEDLY  concur  with  Colonel  Graves' 
■*■  opinion  that  there  must  be  a  strong  national  policy  in 
order  to  control  adequately  the  great  issues  confronting 
us  today. 

Colonel  Graves  has  covered  the  main  problems  in  a 
very  clear  and  thorough  manner.  In  connection  with 
this  big  plan  I  would  suggest  that  in  Tennessee  and  the 
entire  south,  publicity  education  direct  from  the  seat 
of  the  Federal  Government,  co-operating  with  the  States, 
is  necessary  in  this  scheme.  Tennessee  is  not  different 
from  many  other  States  in  permitting  the  neglect  of  her 
forested  lands  and  timber  problems  through  lack  of  knowl- 
edge. A  sure  sentiment  is  growing  but  it  needs  co-opera- 
tion which  culminates  in  action.  This  result,  I  believe, 
will  be  achieved  most  rapidly  through  a  systematic  co- 
operative campaign  between  Federal  and  State  Govern- 
ments. 

Reclamation  of  waste  lands  in  Tennessee  is  one  of  the 


big  issues  in  forestry.  It  is  most  vital  to  the  State  and 
in  addition  the  results  from  reclamation  projects  are 
more  or  less  rapid  and  wholly  successful.  These  ex- 
periments being  carried  on  in  different  sections  with 
individual  landowners  help  to  make  a  substantial  senti- 
ment for  forestry  and  thus  help  other  forestry  problems 
which  we  all  recognize  as  of  paramount  importance.  This 
phase  of  forestry  should  be  included  as  a  specialty  wher- 
ever possible  in  any  national  policy. 

Stimulation  of  forestry  on  lands  under  private  owner- 
ship as  stressed  by  Colonel  Graves  cannot  be  too  much 
emphasized  as  applied  to  Tennessee.  Here,  with  the 
exception  of  State  and  Federal  owned  lands  compara- 
tively small  in  acreage,  the  holdings  are  in  the  hands  of 
individuals  and  companies.  These  privately  owned  lands 
thus  embrace  the  great  bulk  of  the  natural  resources  and 
should  secure,  therefore,  direct  effective  co-operative 
assistance  from  the  Federal  Government. 


A  LUMBERMAN'S  VIEWPOINT 
BY  EVERITT  G.  GRIGGS 
PRESIDENT,  ST.  PAUL  &  TACOMA  LUMBER  COMPANY 


I  BELIEVE  that  a  national  forest  policy  should  be 
established  by  the  co-operation  of  the  Forestry  De- 
partment and  practical  operators  who  are  continually 
facing    taxation    problems    and    operating    costs.      So 


much  theory  is  advanced  in  matters  of  this  kind  that 
men  who  are  engaged  in  the  business  become  disgusted 
with  the  plans  advanced.  It  certainly  would  seem  that 
the  history  of  the  lumber  business,  as  it  has  spread  across 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 


1341 


the  continent,  should  develop  a  plan  which  would  protect 
the  future  supply  of  our  lumber.  It  is  apparent  that  very 
little  will  be  done  in  conserving  a  product  that  has  no 
ultimate  value,  and  the  tendency  in  the  past  has  been  to 
criticise  lumbermen  and  operators  for  organized  efforts 
to  control  the  product  or  secure  a  price  for  a  commodity 
which  is  so  essential. 

Forestry  is  practiced  in  foreign  countries,  where  the 
value  of  stumpage  has  reached  a  point  that  reproduction 
can  be  carried  out.  Where  stumpage  is  so  cheap  that 
the  private  operator  cannot  see  any  investment  value, 
and  where  the  cupidity  of  the  tax  gatherer  forces  sacri- 
ficing the  timber  in  order  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  com- 
munity, timber  is  going  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  detriment 
to  the  land  rather  than  a  benefit. 

The  State  of  Washington  eliminates  speculative  values 
in  timber,  but  sells  its  lands  from  time  to  time  to  oper- 
ators who  must  remove  the  timber  within  a  definite 
period,  say,  one  or  two  years.  While  this  eliminates 
speculative  value  in  purchasing  for  future  rise,  yet  it 
forces  on  the  market  the  entire  tract  after  it  is  purchased. 

In  my  judgment,  the  chief  problem  confronting  the 
timber  owner  today  is  the  matter  of  taxation,  and  if  this 


could  be  properly  solved  and  a  man  who  could  afford  to 
hold  timber  was  enabled  to  retain  it  until  the  demand 
warrants  its  cutting,  a  good  many  of  our  problems  would 
be  disposed  of.  As  it  is  now  the  timber  pays  a  tax  every 
year,  and  an  increasing  tax,  until  it  is  cut  off.  No  more 
destructive  method  of  timber  holdings  could  be  imagined 
than  this  system. 

It  would  seem,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  is  such  a 
wide  divergence  of  opinion  as  to  the  actual  standing 
timber  of  the  country,  that  the  Government,  through  its 
Forestry  Department,  might  employ  the  Aeroplane  Serv- 
ice to  take  views  from  above  of  every  representative 
stand  of  timber  in  the  country,  and  in  this  way  formulate 
a  policy  and  an  actual  determination  as  to  the  value  of 
the  timber  stands  throughout  the  country.  There  are  a 
good  many  things  that  require  the  backing  of  Uncle 
Sam  to  finance,  and  I  believe  the  lumbermen  generally, 
at  least  the  progressive  ones,  will  co-operate  in  every 
way  with  the  agencies  of  the  Government  if  the  problems 
that  confront  them  are  approached  from  a  practical 
viewpoint,  and  not  altogether  from  theoretical  or  aca- 
demic stands. 


LEASE  HOLDS  INTERFERE 

BY  G.  L.  HUME 

VICE-PRESIDENT  MONTGOMERY  LUMBER  COMPANY,  SUFFOLK,  VIRGINIA 


T  DO  not  believe  that  under  the  present  existing  laws 
■*■  and  conditions  in  this  section  that  the  proposition  for 
such  a  National  Forest  Policy  as  outlined  by  U.  S. 
Forester  Graves  would  be  practical,  especially  in  the 
North  Carolina  pine  belt.    This  is  principally  due  to  the 


fact  that  the  majority  of  the  timber  is  held  on  lease  holds, 
that  is,  the  lumbermen  own  the  timber  but  not  the 
land.  In  fact,  in  only  a  very  small  per  cent  of  the 
cases  do  the  same  parties  own  both  the  timber  and 
the  land  in  fee. 


NO  HALF-WAY  POLICIES 
BY  J.  E.  BARTON,  COMMISSIONER  OF  FORESTRY  FOR  KENTUCKY 


T  HAVE  read  with  the  keenest  interest  the  address  by 
-*-  Colonel  H.  S.  Graves  on  "The  National  Lumber  and 
Forest  Policy,"  delivered  before  the  American  Lumber 
Congress  at  Chicago  in  April,  1919,  and  am  heartily  in 
support  of  the  remedial  measures  advocated  there.  No 
half-way  policies  in  connection  with  the  establishment  of 
a  broad  and  adequate  national  and  state  forest  policy 
will  meet  the  situation.  It  is  necessary  to  formulate  a 
stiff  program  and  adhere  rigidly  to  it  before  any  progress 
can  be  made  in  legislation  which  will  adequately  'provide 
for  the  perpetuation  of  our  forest  resources  as  a  part  of 
the  national  life  of  the  nation.  As  has  been  repeatedly 
stated,  the  recent  war  has  certainly  demonstrated  the 
weakness  and  the  incompleteness  of  the  policies  and  pro- 
grams already  in  operation.  These  merely  scratch  the 
surface  and  the  broad  problem  of  privately  owned  timber 
lands  is  not  touched.  There  is  no  reason,  with  the  amount 
of  waste  lands  at  the  present  time  in  the  individual  states 
and  in  the  United  States,  that  sufficient  forest  reserves 
cannot  be  provided  adequately  to  assure  a  sufficient  sup- 
ply of  timber  for  the  country  for  an  indefinite  period, 
but  this  is  going  to  be  possible  only  through  clear-cut,  well 

\ 


defined  and  vigorous  legislation  on  the  part  of  the  states 
and  the  Federal  Government,  and  adequate  co-operation 
among  all  agencies  concerned,  in  seeing  that  the  details 
of  such  legislation  are  conscientiously  carried  out.  So 
far  as  Kentucky  itself  is  concerned,  there  is  already 
plainly  evident  that  the  definite  change  from  large  perma- 
nently located  saw  mills,  backed  by  large  bodies  of  timber 
of  sufficient  size  to  warrant  the  expenditure  for  large 
plants  to  small  minor  operations,  cutting  isolated  bodies 
of  timber  or  returning  to  cut  inferior  varieties  left  during 
the  initial  operations.  The  interpretation  of  this  situation 
means  that  the  virgin  stands  of  timber  have  disappeared 
or  will  be  gone  in  the  immediate  future.  Any  program 
looking  to  the  establishment  of  a  policy  which  will 
assure  the  timber  resources  of  the  country  indefinitely 
would  involve  these  features : 

(1)  A  complete  and  accurate  inventory  of  the  re- 
maining timber  resources  of  the  individual  states  and  of 
the  nation. 

(2)  Extensive  investigations  in  the  matters  of  yield 
and  growth,  upon  which,  at  the  present  time,  there  is, 
over  large  regions,  little  or  not  satisfactory  data. 


1342 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


(3)  A  thorough  study  of  the  tax  situation,  which  in 
large  numbers  of  the  states  makes  not  only  undesirable, 
but  in  most  places  impossible,  the  holding  of  the  timber 
land  by  private  individuals  with  the  view  to  maintain 
such  lands  in  forest  crops.  Forest  taxation  laws,  so  far 
as  feasible,  should  be  uniform  throughout  the  states,  and 
certainly  throughout  definite  timber  regions,  so  the  same 
advantages  may  accrue  to  all  individuals  throughout 
the  region,  and  certainly  throughout  the  individual  states. 

(4)  A  very  definite  plan  for  the  purchase  of  lands 
by  the  states  to  be  retained  as  a  nucleus  for  extensive 
state  forests  in  the  future,  such  purchases  to  be  backed 
by  adequate  appropriations. 

(5)  Increase  in  appropriations  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  Government  for  co-operation  with  the  states 
under  the  Weeks  Law,  looking  to  adequate  fire  protec- 
tion to  the  forests  within  the  state  boundaries. 


(6)  Increased  purchases  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ment in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States  particularly 
of  lands  for  national  forests. 

(7)  Rigid  legislation  in  regard  to  the  cutting  of 
timber,  brush  disposal,  replanting  areas  suitable  for  tim- 
ber crops  and  other  measures  necessary  to  the  perpetua- 
tion of  the  forests  of  the  nation. 

(8)  Regulation  of  the  disposal  of  timber  more  in 
accordance  with  the  law  of  supply  and  demand,  and  less 
in  accordance  with  the  exigencies  of  local  conditions  in- 
duced by  taxation  and  other  features. 

The  question  of  freight  rates  and  transportation  loom 
large  in  the  present  problem.  And  such  matters  as 
organization  within  the  trade  to  avoid  waste,  effective 
marketing  both  at  home  and  abroad  and  to  avoid  over- 
cutting  of  present  available  supplies  demand  nation-wide 
study  and  concerted  effort  of  all  interest  involved. 


A  FOREST  POLICY  BADLY  NEEDED 
BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON,  PRESIDENT  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


A  DISCUSSION  of  the  proposals  of  U.  S.  Forester 
-^*-  Henry  S.  Graves  for  a  national  forest  policy  is 
most  appropriate. 

The  time  has  certainly  arrived  when  the  exploitation 
of  forest  lands  must  cease  and  they  must  be  managed  for 
sustained  yield.  The  cutting  over  of  timber  lands,  leav- 
ing them  in  an  unproductive  state,  cannot  be  allowed  to 
continue.  The  theory  that  a  man  can  do  what  he  likes 
with  his  own  property,  unless  his  use  of  it  damages  his 
neighbor  or  the  public  welfare  must  be  applied  to  private 
owners  of  timber.  The  speculative  purchase  of  virgin 
timber  lands,  the  rush  to  cut  and  market  the  cut,  denuding 
the  lands  and  overstocking  the  markets,  may  have  made  a 
few  timber  "barons"  but  has  in  no  sense  been  a  benefit 
to  the  country  at  large.  The  time  has  now  come  when 
we  must  imitate  the  countries  of  Europe  which  have 
passed  through  the  same  crisis. 

Whether  Colonel  Graves'  program  is  just  the  right 
one  or  not  is  not  certain,  but  the  idea  of  regulation  is 
absolutely  right.  The  timber  lands  of  the  country  must 
be  kept  productive  and  those  lands  which  are  suitable 
only  for  tree  growth  must  be  made  productive.     It  is  a 


question  whether  the  mere  regulation  of  cutting  will 
make  such  lands  productive,  probably  in  many  cases 
artificial  regeneration  must  be  resorted  to,  but  in  any  case 
the  country  at  large  must  take  the  question  up  and  find 
a  solution  for  it.  The  most  satisfactory  plan  would  be 
for  the  holders  of  timber  to  realize  the  situation  and  by 
consultation  with  foresters  initiate  steps  to  perpetuate 
their  timber,  thus  acting  not  only  in  their  own  interest 
but  in  that  of  the  country  at  large. 

It  would  seem  that  the  whole  matter  was  one  of 
education  and  that  an  intensive  propaganda  should  be 
commenced  and  carried  on.  One  very  good  way  of 
bringing  home  to  lumbermen  the  necessity  for  better 
methods  is  through  the  banks  which  advance  them  money 
and  who  hold  their  bonds  and  other  securities.  Boards 
of  trade  are  also  interested,  also  rotary  clubs.  News- 
papers of  course  should  be  reached,  especially  in  locali- 
ties where  timber  lands  are  situated.  School  children 
should  be  reached  not  only  because  they  are  future 
citizens,  but  because  they  often  educate  their  parents. 
Other  methods  will  readily  suggest  themselves  to  those 
with  experience  in  such  work. 


TERMS  USED  IN  FARM  FORESTRY 


T^HE  increased  interest  in  the  subject  of  private  for- 
-*-  estry,  particularly  with  reference  to  farm  forestry, 
has  brought  about  the  general  acceptance  of  the  term 
"woodland"  or  "woods"  instead  of  the  original  one  of 
"woodlot." 

A  large  proportion  of  the  woodland  in  the  eastern 
United  States  is  in  irregularly  shaped  tracts,  spreading 
out  over  ridges,  ravines,  slopes,  swamps  and  poor  lands, 
whereas  "woodlot"  carries  the  idea  of  a  small  sized,  regu- 
larly shaped,  and,  in  a  large  section  of  the  country, 
fenced  tract.  When  applied  to  the  large  or  irregularly 
shaped  tracts,  it  is  obvious  that  the  word  inadequately 
describes  the  conditions.  "Woodlot"  probably  originated 
in  New  England  and  seems  fairly  well  established  there. 


So  long.as  only  conditions  like  those  in  New  England  were 
considered,  "woodlot"  was  accepted  as  adequate,  but  in 
the  last  few  years  farm  forestry  has  been  developing 
rapidly  throughout  the  country.  The  private  forestry 
movement  is  of  tremendous  importance  not  only  to  the 
owner  of  woodland,  but  to  the  whole  community  in  which 
he  lives  or  in  which  the  timber  occurs.  It  is  extremely 
desirable  that  the  success  of  the  movement  should  not  be 
hindered  by  the  use  in  forestry  literature  of  a  term  which 
does  not  fit  the  conditions. 

"Woodland"  and  "woods"  are  more  satisfactory,  more 
expressive,  and  avoid  the  possibility  of  creating  confusion 
in  the  minds  of  the  people  over  mostsections  of  the  country 
where  the  word  "woodlot"  has  never  been  in  local  use. 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 

FLOORS  MADE  OF  WOOD 

BY  HU  MAXWELL 


Editor's  Note:— This  is  the  fourteenth  story  in  a  series  oi  important  and  very  valuable  articles  by  Mr.  Maxwell  on  wood  and  its 
uses.  The  series  will  thoroughly  cover  the  various  phases  of  the  subject,  from  the  beginnings  in  the  forest  through  the  processes 
of  logging,  lumbering,  transportation  and  milling,  considering  in  detail  the  whole  field  of  the  utilization  and  manufacture  of  wood. 


IN  some  respects  and  for  some 
has  no  equal.  It  is  attractive 
able  to  the  touch,  contains  low 
erties,  is  nearly 
impervious  to 
water,  and  the 
degree  of  hard- 
ness or  soft- 
n  e  s  s  desired 
may  be  secured 
in  a  measure 
by  careful  se- 
lection of  the 
wood.  Wide 
choice  of  color 
is  possible.  The 
material  is  easy 
to  cut  and 
work,  is  fairly 
light,  strong 
enough  to  meet 
most  of  the  de- 
mands likely  to 
be  made  upon 
it,  sufficiently 
hard  to  offer 
necessary  re- 
sistance, and 
i  t  s  cheapness 
places  it  with- 
in the  means 
of  those  who 
need  floors. 

The  range  of 
choice  as  to 
cost,  figure, 
hardness,  col- 
or, and  dura- 
bility is  exten- 
sive. When  all 
of  these  fac- 
tors are  con- 
sidered, wood 
is  found  to 
head  the  list  of 
floor  materials 
in  this  country. 
If  it  does  not 
occupy  that 
position  in 


The  most  important  fl 
floes  not  measure  with 
is  so  abundant  that  it 
to  eastern  states. 


kinds  of  floors  wood  some  other  countries,  it  is  due  to  scarcity  there.  Wher- 
in  appearance,  agree-  ever  wood  can  be  had  at  a  reasonable  cost,  and  in 
heat-conducting  prop-      adequate  quantity,  and  of  suitable  kinds,   it  holds  first 

place  as  stock 
of  which  floors 
are  made.  The 
principal  argu- 
ment against  it 
is  its  tendency 
to  burn  readi- 
ly. Its  use  is 
somewhat  lim- 
i  t  e  d  by  fire 
laws  in  towns 
and  cities. 

It  has  been 
many  times 
demonstrated 
that  properly 
laid  wooden 
block  floors  re- 
sist fire  in  a  re- 
markable man- 
ner. In  t  h  e 
Baltimore  fire, 
pavement  of 
such  blocks, 
exactly  similar 
to  those  laid  in 
floors,  passed 
with  little  in- 
j  u  r  y  through 
the  conflagra- 
tion. It  h  a  s 
been  noted, 
likewise,  that 
the  overturn- 
i  n  g  of  caul- 
drons of  molt- 
en metal  in 
foundries, 
where  floors 
of  such  blocks 
are  in  use,  do 
less  injury  to 
the  floors  than 
would  be  ex- 
pected. The 
blocks,  under 
such    circum- 


DOUGLAS  FIR  FOR  FLOORING 

ooring  material  in  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  Douglas  fir.  It 
some  of  the  eastern  flooring  woods  in  hardness,  but  it  is  moderately  hard  and  it 
has  no  rival   in   the   western  part  of  the  United   States,   and   it  also   finds   its  way 


1343 


1344 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


stances,  burn  with  such  extreme  slowness  that  the  floor 
is  not  usually  put  out  of  use. 

Wooden  floors  formed  parts  of  some  very  ancient 
buildings.  Occasionally  the  floors  and  roofs  were  of 
wood  while 
other  material 
formed  the 
walls.  Traces 
of  wooden 
floors  are 
found  in  some 
of  the  prehis- 
toric stone 
buildings 
which  are  sup- 
posed to  have 
been  erected 
by  ancestors  of 
Indian  tribes 
of  New  Mex- 
ico and  Ari- 
zona. Such 
floors  may 
have  been  only 
poles  and  small 
logs  closely  fit- 
t  e  d  together, 
or  two  or  more 
layers  crossing 
at  right  angles ; 
but  the  floor 
was  an  essen- 
tial part  of  the 
architect's  plan 
and  of  the 
builder's  work. 

The  evolu- 
t  i  o  n  of  the 
wooden  floor 
has  been  inter- 
esting and  its 
history  long. 
The  neolithic 
man  may  have 
floored  his  camp  with  brush  cut  with  a  stone  knife  and 
spread  over  the  snow  or  the  wet  sand  to  keep  his  feet 
out  of  the  water  or  off  of  the  ice.  No  records  of  such 
have  come  down  from  the  stone  age,  but  they  doubtless 
existed.  Be  that  as  it  may,  miners  in  Alaska  make  brush 
floors  yet  to  hold  their  feet  above  the  snow,  water,  and 
slush  when  they  pitch  their  tents  for  the  night's  camp 
during  their  cross-country  expeditions.  After  packing 
a  heavy  load  on  his  shoulders  all  day,  or  driving  a  team 
of  huskies,  the  traveler  in  the  far  northern  country 
selects  his  night's  camping  place,  and  one  of  the  first 
things  he  does  to  make  his  camp  ready  is  to  cut  spruce 
brush,  spread  the  branches  for  a  floor,  start  a  fire  in  his 
sheetiron  stove,  and  then  remove  his  boots  to  give  his 
tired  feet  a  rest.    The  branches  keep  his  feet  dry  though 


PACIFIC   COAST    MAPLE 

Most  maple  flooring  is  cut  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river  and  north  of  the  Ohio.  It  comes  from 
the  common  sugar  tree,  generally  known  as  hard 
maple.  Some  maple  flooring  is  cut  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  from  the  Oregon  maple.  It  is  not  abundant 
but  the  flooring  is  generally  satisfactory.  It  is 
not   quite   so  hard   as  the   eastern   maple. 


snow  or  water  may  cover  the  ground  beneath.  Thus, 
what  was  probably  the  oldest  pattern  of  wooden  floor  in 
the  world  is  still  in  use,  having  undergone  no  change 
since  the  days  of  pleistocene  men  who  hunted  the  saber 
toothed  tiger  in  California  and  the  hairy  elephant  in 
Siberia. 

The  American  pioneers  floored  their  cabins  with  wood 
before  they  had  sawmills  for  cutting  lumber.  Most  of 
the  earliest  huts  in  the  forest  had  puncheon  floors,  if 
they  had  any  except  the  ground,  for  dirt  floors  were  not 

then  uncom- 
mon and  they 
were  used 
when  wood 
was  abundant. 
The  surface  of 
the  ground 
was  smoothed, 
tramped  hard, 
and  it  was  fre- 
q  u  e  n  1 1  y  the 
only  floor  the 
cabin  knew. 
Rural  politi- 
cians of  early 
days  some- 
times liked  to 
parade  the  in- 
formation that 
they  were 
"raised  in  a 
cabin  with  a 
dirt  floor." 
They  seemed 
to  imagine  that 
it  was  a  credit 
to  them,  while, 
as  a  matter  of 
fact,  it  was  an 
admission  and 
confession  of 
ordinary  lazi- 
ness, because 
no  man  had 
any  excuse  for 
living  very 
long  in  a  cabin 
with  a  dirt 
floor  in  those 
times  and 
places  of 
abundant  tim- 
ber. 

Punch  eon 
floors  were 
common.  They  were  made  of  split  logs,  flat  sides  up, 
and  smoothed  with  ax  or  adz,  and  fitted  edge  to  edge. 
In  the  California  redwood  country,  houses  somewhat 
pretentious  in  dimensions  were  often  floored  with  split 


RKD  OAK  FLOORING   MATF.RIAL 

Manufacturers  of  flooring  find  much  excellent 
material  for  their  output  in  the  mature  trunks 
of  northern  red  oaks.  This  wood  is  not  usually 
as  highly  figured  as  the  white  oak,  but  it  is 
naturally  higher  in  color  and  that  may  offset 
any  deficiency  in  the  figures  of  the  quartered 
wood.     It    is  frequently   well   figured. 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1345 


puncheons,  not  only  the 
first  stories,  but  the  second 
as  well.  Redwood  splits  so 
perfectly  that  puncheons  a 
foot  or  more  wide  and  two 
or  three  inches  thick  can  be 
rived  in  shape  nearly  as 
perfect  as  sawed  lumber. 
Jn  eastern  hardwood  re- 
gions, during  the  years 
when  split  floors  were  be- 
ing made,  the  finest  floor- 
ing puncheons  were  of  ash, 
because  of  the  facility  with 
which  that  wood  splits. 
Chestnut  and  oak  were  also 
favorite  puncheon  timber. 
Split  boards  suitable  for 
floors  were  often  made  into 
doors  for  the  cabins,  when 
sawed  stock  was  not  con- 
venient. Those  who  want- 
ed something  a  little  better 
than  split  puncheons  for 
floors,  and  could  not  pro- 
cure lumber  from  a  saw- 
mill, had  recourse  to  the  output  of  the  whipsaw  operated 
by  hand  power.  Floors  and  doors  were  the  first  places 
in  cabin  building  to  be  filled  by  sawed  lumber.  When  it 
became  more  plentiful,  the  entire  cabin  was  built  of  it, 
but  that  was  not  the  case  at  first. 

It  remains  true,  however,  that  floors  conforming  to 
civilized  standards  were  not  common  till  sawed  lumber 
became  available.  The  older  and  ruder  wooden  floors 
were  really  makeshifts.  Nevertheless,  even  when  after 
sawed  lumber  was  to  be  had,  some  preferred  to  adhere  to 
the  old  punch- 
eon size  in 
providing 
flooring  lum- 
ber, that  is, 
they  wanted 
planks  as  large 
as  could  be 
had,  and  some- 
times they 
were  much 
thicker  than 
necessary. 
Floors  strong 
enough  for 
factories  were 
put  in  resi- 
dences.  At  the 
present  time, 
flooring  lum- 
ber is  pre- 
ferred in  strips 
from  two  to 
four    inches 


METHODS  OF  SAWING  FLOORING 

Flat  grain,  edge  grain  and  quarter-sawed  stuff  all  come  from  the  same 
log.  The  name  given  the  stock  depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  the 
boards  are  cut.  Any  wood  may  be  quarter-sawed,  but  better  results  are 
obtained  from  oak  than  from  most  others,  because  the  quartered  grain 
in  oak  is  more  easily  seen. 


FLOORING  ON  SEA  AS  WELL  AS  ON   LAND 

A  large  bill  of  lumber  is  required  annually  to  floor  the  better  class  of  boats,  for  all  flooring  is  not 
destined  to  remain  on  land.(  Some  of  the  handsomest  floors  to  be  seen  anywhere  are  put  in  vessels, 
and  wood  gives  as  good  service  there  as  in   any  other  situation. 


wide  and  an  inch  or  less  in 
thickness ;  but  there  was  a 
time  when  the  house 
builder  imagined  that  the 
wider  the  flooring  lumber, 
the  better.  Modern  prac- 
tice prefers  the  narrow 
strips.  They  give  less 
trouble  on  account  of 
shrinking  and  swelling. 
The  openings  where  the 
strips  are  joined  edge  to 
edge  take  up  the  swelling 
of  the  wood  in  damp 
weather ;  and  the  shrinkage 
in  dry  weather  is  distribut- 
ed among  the  many  cracks 
and  is  not  much  noticed. 
But  the  wide  flooring 
boards  of  many  years  ago 
might  shrink  or  swell  half 
an  inch  per  plank,  causing 
unsightly  cracks  to  open 
and  close  with  the  changes 
of  the  seasons,  or  the  alter- 
nating wet  and  dry  spells 
of  weather.  Such  behavior  did  not  seem  to  be  regarded 
as  a  very  serious  matter  then.  An  old  house  in  Pike 
County,  Pennsylvania,  was  torn  down  after  the  pitch 
pine  floors  had  served  160  years  and  were  still  service- 
able, and  the  size  of  the  flooring  planks  amazed  the 
modern  mill-men  who  saw  them.  The  planks  were  two 
feet  wide  and  an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick.  Such  a  floor 
would  be  out  of  fashion  now,  though  when  the  old  Pike 
County  house  was  built,  the  wide  pine  flooring  planks 
doubtless  excited  the  admiration  of  all  who  saw  them. 

The  length  of 
service  to  their 
credit  is  proof 
of  the  excel- 
1  e  n  t  wearing 
qualities  of  the 
northern  pitch 
pine,  a  w  o  o  d 
which  deserves 
a  better  repu- 
tation than  has 
been  accord- 
ed it. 

Most  mod- 
ern floors  are 
made  of  woods 
modera  tely 
hard.  No  such 
custom  was 
strictly  ad- 
h  e  r  e  d  to  in 
former  times. 
In    the    white 


1346 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


pine  country  many  floors  were  made  of  that  extremely 
soft  material.  It  was  a  favorite  wherever  it  was 
known.  It  was  convenient,  cheap,  and  it  worked  easily. 
A  similar  custom  prevailed  in  far  western  regions  in 
regard    to    redwood    and    sugar    pine.      Convenience,    in 


ROUGH   FLOORING   STOCK 

Seasoning  is  one  of  the  first  and  most  important  processes  through  which  flooring  is  passed  in  its 
preparation  for  the  planing  mill.  It  may  be  dried  in  kilns  in  a  few  days,  or  it  may  receive  its  season- 
ing in   the  air.     That  process  takes  longer  but  the  seasoning  by   air  is   always  popular. 

many  instances,  counted  for  more  than  the  length  of 
service  that  might  be  expected  when  the  wood  was  laid 
in  floors.  Even  a  floor  of  white  pine  would  last  several 
years,  and  builders  seldom  looked  farther  ahead  than  that. 

Clear  white  pine  is  quite  soft  and  as  floors  it  wears 
rapidly  if  subjected  to  much  use;  but  the  knots  are  hard 
and  wear  slowly.     Consequently,   white   pine  floors  be- 
come  very  uneven  after  a   few 
years.     Every   knot   becomes   a 
high  place  and  the  clear  wood  be- 
tween wears  away,  leaving  va\- 
leys  between  the  knots.     Hard- 
wood   floors    wear    more    regu- 
larly.   With  them  less  difference 
in  hardness  exists  between  the 
knots  and  the  clear  wood. 

The  usual  kind  of  modern 
floor  is  known  as  tongued  and 
grooved,  or  it  may  be  known  as 
matched.  Such  has  been  in  use 
hundreds  of  years,  but  there  are 
different  sorts  of  tongues  and 
grooves.  Generally  the  tongue  is 
cut  in  one  edge  of  the  flooring 
piece,  the  groove  in  the  other, 
and  these  pieces  fit  edge  to  edge. 
Sometimes  both  edges  are 
grooved  and  a  flat  dowel,  made 

as  a  separate  piece,  fits  in  both  and  serves  as  a  tongue 
for  both.  The  Egyptians  seem  to  have  been  acquainted 
with  that  method  of  joinery,  so  it  dates  back  a  long  time. 
Carpenters  and  planing  mill  operators  have  exercised 
their  ingenuity  in  devising  and  laying  new  kinds  of  floor- 


ing. The  chief  purpose  of  all  is  to  provide  a  floor  that 
is  practically  waterproof,  dust  proof,  airtight,  and  which 
will  remain  solid  and  presentable  under  heavy  wear  and 
for  a  long  time. 

Some  floors  are  laid  double,  the  lower  being  known  as 
the    sub-floor,    while    the    upper 
layer    forms    the    visible    finish. 
The    sub-floor    is    not    seen    un- 
der ordinary  circumstances,  and 
the    lumber    in    its    construction 
need    not    be    selected     with    a 
view    to   its    appearance.      It    is 
not     subject     to     direct     wear 
and    for   that   reason    the    wood 
is    not     required    to    be    hard, 
though  it  must  be  strong  enough 
to    safely    carry    all    the    load 
placed    on    it.      Such    is    really 
a  two-ply  floor,  and  the  boards 
of  the  two  plies  generally  cross 
each    other    at    right    angles,    or 
obliquely.     The  top  layer  is  for 
show  as  well  as  for  service,  and 
in   most   instances   a   fine   hard- 
wood is  selected,  one  that  looks 
well  and  wears  long.     This  floor 
may  consist  of  narrow  strips  matched  side  by  side  and 
end  to  end,  and  perhaps  of   less  than  half  an   inch   in 
thickness.     It  is  not  necessary  to  use  thick  lumber  for 
this  top  floor  because  it  is  supported  by  the  sub-floor, 
which  carries  the  load.    The  principal  advantage  in  using 
thin  lumber  for  the  upper  floor  is  that  it  effects  a  saving 
of  valuable  wood.    The  thin  shell  is  sufficient. 


Oti^. 


■\ 


BLOCK  FLOOR  IN*  LARGE  FACTORY 

The  floor  shown  in  the  above  illustration  is  made  of  redwood  blocks  of  4x6  inches  surface  and  a  depth 
of  two  and  a  half  inches.  It  is  doing  service  in  a  shipbuilding  plant  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Such 
blocks  have  become  popular  in  certain  kinds  of  plants  where  wear  is  heavy  and  the  elements  of  decay 
are  active. 


Manufacturers  and  users  of  flooring  lumber  make 
much  use  of  the  term  "grain."  That  word  is  common 
with  most  people  who  deal  with  dressed  and  finished 
lumber.  The  term  is  not  understood  in  the  same  way 
by  all  people  who  employ  it,  but  the  flooring  people  give 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1347 


it  a  precise  and  definite  meaning.  Flat  grain  and  edge  grain  are  the 
most  common  terms.  The  former  is  applied  to  lumber  sawed  tan- 
gentially,  that  is,  off  the  side  of  the  log  in  the  same  way  that  the  slab 
is  taken  off.  Edge  grain  flooring  is  cut  radially ;  that  means,  the  saw 
is  set  to  cut  from  the  sap  to  the  heart.  The  same  method  is  known 
as  "quarter-sawing."  When  the  sawing  is  done  from  the  sap  to  the 
heart,  the  edges  of  the  annual  growth  rings  are  exposed  to  view  in 
the  flat  surface  of  the  flooring  strips,  hence  the  name,  edge  grain.  In 
this  instance,  "grain"  is  synonymous  with  annual  ring.  When  an  edge 
grain  floor  has  been  laid  and  is  ready  for  use,  the  exposed  surface, 
that  which  takes  the  wear,  shows  the  edges  and  not  the  flat  sides  of  the 

growth  rings.  These  rings 
may  be  visible  in  the  floor 
as  one  walks  across  it. 
At  any  rate,  they  may 
usually  be  seen  if  a  care- 
ful examination  is  made. 
Such  is  not  the  case  if  the 
floor  is  laid  of  flat  grain 
lumber.  It  presents  a 
different  appearance. 

One  kind  may  be  pre- 
ferred in  one  situation, 
another  in  another.  It  is 
partly  a  matter  of  taste, 
partly  a  matter  of  utility. 
Edge  grain  flooring  is 
stronger,  harder.  and 
wears  better,  according  to 
claims  of  some ;  but  this 
claim  is  at  times  open  to 
question.  The  kind  of 
wood  and  the  rate  of 
growth  have  something  to 
do  with  the  appearance  of 
the  floor.  The  question  as 
to  which  is  the  best  is  still 
unsettled,  but  if  one  kind 
were  unquestionably  bet- 
ter than  the  other,  the  pub- 
lic would  long  ago  have 
found  it  out,  and  the  best 
kind  would  be  in  use  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other. 


(Courtesy    Maple    Flooring    Manufacturers    Ass'n) 

A  BEAUTIFUL  BEECH 
In 


{Courtesy    Maple    Flooring    Manufacturers    Ass'n) 
THE   GROWTH    OF   CENTURIES 

A   long,   large   trunk,  clear  of  brandies,   is  a  guarantee 

tad    maturity    in    maple,    and    it    is    from    such 

trunks     that     the     highest     class     of     flooring     stock     is 

ed.  Trees  which  will  cut  a  thousand  feet  of 
good    maple   flooring  arc   ahove   the   average,   though   an 

onal    tree    overruns    that    figure. 


ii    the    forest    this   tree   often    attains   a    height    of    120 
floors  01   parquetry  are       to     140    feet,     with     smoothly     rounded     bole     as     sym- 
,      -,         r  l  i       i  •  i        nietrical    as    the    pillar    of    a    cathedral.      The    bark    is 

DUlIt  Ot  nlOCKS,  Strips,  and  light  gray.  The  wood  is  close-grained,  hard  and 
i         ,  ™,  ,         .  ,        strong  and   excellent   for   use   as   flooring. 

borders.         They      should 

not  be  confused  with  the  block  floors  which  are  popular  in  factories. 
'1  hose  of  parquetry  are  in  the  best  class  and  may  be  quite  expensive. 
It  would  not  be  wholly  inappropriate  to  call  them  "wooden  tile"  floors, 
because  in  pattern  they  resemble  tile.  Woods  of  different  and  con- 
trasting colors  are  selected,  because  beauty  is  the  object  sought  in  such 
a  floor,  and  it  is  produced  by  contrasts  and  harmony.  Nothing  would 
be  gained  if  all  component  parts  of  such  a  floor  were  alike  in  color. 

The  woods  may  have  colors  imparted  to  them  by  artificial  means, 
by  employing  stains  and  dyes.  As  white  a  wood  as  holly  may  become 
a  substitute  for  as  black  a  wood  as  ebony;  birch  may  take  the  place 
of  red  mahogany;  and  yellow  poplar  may  answer  for  woods  of  deep 


1348 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


colors ;  but  it  is  better  to  use  woods  which  naturally  have 
the  desired  colors,  because  stains  and  dyes  may  not  pene- 
trate much  beneath  the  surface  and  after  a  little  wearing 
down  by  use,  the  real  tones  of  the  woods  may  appear  and 
betray  the  counterfeit. 

Floors  of  parquetry  may  be  built  in  place,  block  by 
block,  strip  by  strip,  and  border  by  border;  or  they  may 
be  made  in  factories,  the  pieces  all  matched  ready  for 
laying  in  sections.  One  style  of  such  flooring  is  called 
wood  carpet, 
though  it  is 
more  properly 
a  floor -cover- 
ing than  the 
floor  itself,  and 
that  is  what  is 
implied  when 
the  name  car- 
pet is  used. 

Some  floors 
are  not  meant 
to  resist  much 
wear.  Quite 
soft  woods  an- 
swer for  such. 
Floors  of  that 
sort  are  often- 
est  seen  in 
large  store 
windows  in- 
tended for 
show,  and  in 
alcoves  and 
on  balconies 
where  mer- 
chandise is  dis- 
played and  few 
persons  ever 
walk,  except 
window  trim- 
mers, decora- 
tors and  jani- 
tors. Very  soft 
woods  like 
white  pine  and 
basswcod  will 
stand  all  the 
wear  to  which 
they  are  com- 
monly liable  in 
such  situations. 

Factory  and 

warehouse  floors  are  of  a  wholly  different  kind.  They 
must  stand  rough  usage,  and  the  wear  is  often  excessive. 
Heavy  trucks  and  barrows  trundle  over  them,  and  the 
surface  of  the  boards,  if  the  floors  are  of  lumber,  are 
apt  to  be  splintered  by  the  grinding  and  crushing  action 
of  wheels,  or  splintered  or  dented  by  the  fall  of  heavy 
bodies.    This  holds  true  of  warehouses  in  particular,  the 


SOUTHERN  TIMBER   FOR   FLOORING 

Flooring  is  made  in  the  South  as  well  as  in  the  North,  and  each  kind  has  a  field  to  fill.  The  ahove 
picture  represents  a  forest  scene  in  Georgia  where  trees  of  different  kinds  grow  intermingled,  and  among 
them  are  some  possessing  great  value  as  flooring  stuff.     Softwoods  and  hardwoods  grow   side  by   side. 


floors  of  which  must  be  strong.  To  secure  this  condition, 
sometimes  the  sub-floor  is  made  of  planks  several  inches 
thick,  and  over  this  is  laid  a  thinner  floor  of  hardwood 
to  receive  the  immediate  wear.  By  that  arrangement,  the 
surface  is  kept  fairly  smooth.  In  many  instances,  the 
flooring  in  a  factory  or  a  warehouse  is  of  edge  grain 
lumber,  such  being  less  liable  than  plain  planks  to  split 
and  splinter  under  rough  usage. 

Another  kind  of  flooring  common  in  factories,  mills, 

breweries,  tan- 
neries, and  sta- 
bles, is  made 
of  blocks,  set 
in  a  way  to  ex- 
pose the  end 
grain  to  wear. 
These  blocks 
are  similar  to 
those  used  in 
paving  streets. 
It  is  customary 
to  set  such 
blocks  on  a 
plank  floor  as 
a  foundation, 
and  after  the 
blocks  are  in 
place,  they  are 
treated  with  a 
dressing  of  tar, 
pitch,  sand,  as- 
phalt, or  some 
similar  mate- 
rial. This  fills 
the  interspaces 
between  the 
blocks  and 
makes  the  floor 
solid  and  tight. 
The  end- 
grain  of  the 
blocks  forms 
the  surface  of 
the  floor.  It 
wears  better 
than  the  side 
of  the  block, 
because  the 
ends  of  the 
wood  fibers 
bruise  slightly, 
forming  a  com- 
pact, felt-like  mass,  resembling  a  cushion,  and  this  resists 
wear  in  a  remarkable  manner,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is 
sufficiently  soft  to  deaden  and  neutralize  the  jolts  and 
jars  caused  by  passing  trucks  or  by  the  dropping  of 
heavy  objects.  It  is  a  yielding  and  semi-noiseless  floor, 
and  for  that  reason  it  is  popular  for  certain  kinds  of 
buildings.    The  employment  of  wooden  blocks  as  flooring 


THE  USES  OF  WOOD 


1349 


material  is  rapidly  extending.  Many  factory  floors  are 
constantly  damp,  which  condition  is  due  to  the  nature  of 
the  business  carried  on.  Under  such  circumstances,  de- 
cay is  liable  to  attack  wood. 

The  usual  combination  of  warmth  and  dampness  con- 
duces to  speedy  decay,  unless  measures  are  taken  to 
counteract  it.  Such  measures  are  well  understood  and 
are  within  easy  reach.  They  consist  of  preservative  treat- 
ment with  certain  chemicals,  creosote  among  others, 
which  retard  the  development  of  decay  and  prolong  the 
floor's  period  of  usefulness.  This  treatment  is  possible 
with  all  wooden  floors,  but  is  oftenest  met  with  in  those 
made  of  blocks  set  on  end.  The  preservative  treatment 
is  applied  to  the  wood  before  it  is  laid  in  the  floor. 
Wood  kept  always  dry  has  no  occasion  to  be  given  treat- 
ment to  hinder  decay,  since  dry  wood  does  not  rot. 
Some  woods  in  their  natural  state  resist  decay  much 
better  than  others,  when  they  are  employed  as  flooring 
blocks,  and  with  some  of  them  the  application  of  pre- 
servatives may  be  dispensed  with.  Usually  woods  of 
deep  color  in  their  natural  state  are  less  subject  to  decay 
than  are  those  of  light  color,  but  this  is  not  a  universal 
rule.  Among  woods  which  in  their  natural  state  resist 
decay  well  are  walnut,  locust,  redwood,  osage  orange, 
cypress,  heart  yellow  pine,  catalpa,  mulberry,  mesquite, 
and  red  cedar.  These  are  suitable  for  flooring  blocks 
for  warehouses  and  factories  where  the  causes  of  decay 
are  active.  Other  woods  may  last  a  long  time  if  given 
the  proper  preservative  treatment. 

All  kinds  of  commercial  woods  are  occasionally  em- 
ployed as  flooring.  None  is  so  soft  that  it  cannot  fill 
certain  places;  none  so  hard  that  it  is  universally  re- 
jected. Those  as  white  as  balm  of  gilead  and  holly  fill 
certain  places  in  this  industry,  as  also  do  those  as  dark 
as  ebony  and  dialamban.  Those  light  of  weight,  like 
arborvitae  and  white  pine,  are  acceptable  as  floor  material, 
and  no  less  so  are  the  heavy  woods  like  lignum-vitae  and 
salmon  gum. 

It  is  not  possible  to  quote  precise  statistics  to  show  the 
kinds  of  wood  made  into  flooring  and  the  annual  output 
of  each.  Statistics  have  not  been  kept  in  a  way  to  show 
this.  Figures  relating  to  flooring  production,  compiled 
by  the  government,  include  certain  other  products,  and 
the  totals  only  are  given,  the  separate  items  not  being 
presented.  Tables  which  contain  figures  on  flooring, 
contain  also  such  items  as  siding,  ceiling,  doors,  sash, 
blinds,  and  frames  for  windows  and  doors,  all  thoroughly 
mixed  in  the  totals,  and  it  is  now  impracticable  to  sepa- 
rate them. 

It  is  safe  to  conclude  that  the  leading  floor  woods  are 
yellow  pine,  Douglas  fir,  oak,  hard  maple,  and  hemlock. 
Probably  half  of  all  the  flooring  cut  in  America  is  made 
from  the  five  here  named.    But  the  list  of  flooring  woods 


does  not  end  there.  Birch,  yellow  poplar,  beech,  chest- 
nut, cypress,  gum,  and  many  more  meet  a  large  demand. 
Each  possesses  qualities  which  give  it  value. 

Maple  is  very  hard,  takes  a  smooth  finish,  has  no  figure 
except  the  birdseye  of  an  occasional  tree.  It  is  among 
the  whitest  of  our  woods.  Its  strength  rates  very  high, 
and  its  stiffness  is  excelled  by  few  woods  of  this  country. 
Eight  species  of  maple  occur  in  the  United  States,  and 
probably  every  one  is  made  into  flooring  except  the  vine 
maple,  which  is  too  small;  but  only  one  of  the  maples  is 
prominent  as  flooring  material.  It  is  the  hard  maple  of 
commerce.  The  silver  maple  (often  called  soft  maple) 
is  probably  second  among  the  maples  as  wood  for  floors. 

Most  of  the  fifty-odd  oaks  in  the  United  States  might 
be  made  into  flooring  and  many  of  them  are  so  utilized ; 
but  most  oak  flooring  is  of  white  oak,  of  which  there  are 
several  important  species.  Oak  falls  below  maple  in 
hardness,  stiffness,  and  strength ;  but  it  ranks  high  in 
these  three  qualities,  and  in  addition,  it  is  always  more 
or  less  figured,  and  many  persons  use  it  because  of  the 
figure,  particularly  when  quarter  sawed.  The  red  oaks 
.are  good  stuff,  but  their  color  is  not  quite  so  satisfactory 
as  that  of  white  oaks. 

Birch  flooring  is  in  a  class  with  sugar  maple  in  hard- 
ness, stiffness,  and  strength,  and  two  species,  yellow  and 
sweet  birch,  supply  most  that  goes  to  market.  Beech 
floors  have  never  been  quite  so  popular  as  maple  and 
birch,  but  beech  is  an  excellent  wood,  very  hard,  stiff, 
and  strong,  and  its  tendency  to  wear  smooth  makes  it 
popular,  for  dancing  floors.  In  damp  situations  it  stands 
more  wear  than  other  woods,  and  this  makes  it  desirable 
for  factory  floors. 

The  leading  pine  flooring  is  manufactured  from  south- 
ern long-leaf  pine,  which  is  hard,  strong,  and  it  is  often 
figured  by  growth  rings.  Douglas  fir,  from  the  region 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  now  much  used  for 
flooring,  and  it  measures  about  with  long-leaf  pine. 

Red,  black,  and  cotton  gums  are  employed  in  ware- 
houses and  factory  floors  where  heavy  planks  are  used. 
These  woods  are  tough  and  last  well  under  truck  wheels 
and  in  other  situations  where  rough  usage  is  met. 

Block  floors  are  of  pine,  fir,  and  redwood  principally, 
but  many  other  woods  contribute. 

Perhaps  six  billion  feet  of  wood  are  yearly  worked 
into  floors  of  various  kinds  in  this  country.  This  total 
is  based  on  estimates  and  does  not  represent  exact  figures ; 
nor  does  the  total  include  the  sills,  joists,  and  other  sup- 
porting and  supplementary  timbers  which  sustain  the 
floors.  The  relative  amounts  of  hardwoods  and  soft- 
woods are  difficult  to  estimate;  but  probably  softwoods 
are  more  than  half,  the  leading  softwoods  being  yellow 
pine,  fir,  and  hemlock,  and  the  principal  hardwoods  oak, 
maple,  beech,  and  birch. 


EROSION   IN   THE  APPALACHIAN  AND  PIEDMONT  REGIONS 


BY  R.  O.  E.  DAVIS 


THROUGHOUT  the  South  Atlantic  States  the  exces- 
sive erosion  of  the  soil  is  probably  more  marked 
than  in  any  other  section  of  the  country.  The  re- 
sults of  this  excessive  erosion  are  worst  in  the  Piedmont 
section  of  the  coast  states.  There  are  many  factors  in- 
fluencing the  rate  of  erosion,  but  the  character  of  the  soil 
causes  a  marked  difference  in  the  rates  of  erosion  under 
the  same  conditions. 

The  heavy  clay  soil  of  the  region  erode  fairly  rapidly 
developing  the  shoestring  type  of  gully  with  rounded 
edges.  Where 
soils  somewhat 
lighter  with  a 
higher  percent- 
age of  sand 
parti  cles  in 
them  are  en- 
countered, the 
type  of  erosion 
is  that  of  the 
gully  with  ver- 
tical sides,  or 
the  caving  gul- 
ly type.  Differ- 
ences in  the 
soil  and  subsoil 
influence  pro- 
foundly  the 
c  h  a  r  a  cter  of 
erosion.  Silty 
soils  or  clayey 
soils  with  sub- 
soils of  a  sandy 
c  h  a  racter  ex- 
hibit the  most 
rapid  and  most 
difficult  c  o  n  - 
trolled  erosions. 

The  regions  of  the  South  subject  to  excessive  erosion 
are  in  a  number  of  soil  provinces,  but  the  greatest  amount 
of  eroded  soil  occurs  within  the  Appalachian  and  Pied- 
mont regions.  It  is  in  the  Piedmont  Plateau,  near  the 
"Fall  line,"  that  the  greatest  difficulty  is  experienced  in 
dealing  with  erosion.  The  Fall  line  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  Appalachian  and  Piedmont  provinces  and  it 
is  here  that  the  rapids  occur  in  the  various  streams  in 
their  course  from  the  mountains  to  sea. 

The  soils  of  the  entire  section  are  mainly  residual,  i.  e., 
derived  from  the  underlying  rock  and  in  general  the 
topography  of  the  region  conforms  to  the  structural  char- 
acter of  the  underlying  layers.  While  erosion  has  affect- 
ed the  relation  between  the  surface  form  and  rock  con- 
figuration locally,  especially  in  the  southern  portion  of 


CLEAR  AND  STRIKING   EVIDENCE  OF  WHAT    EROSION   WILL   DO 


A  gully  in  the  lowlands  has  gradually  eaten  its  wa 
rain  adds  to  the  length 


the  region,  the  main  ridges  correspond  with  the  position 
and  the  prevailing  northeast  and  southwest  direction  of 
the  more  resistant  rocks. 

In  localities  where  the  surface  is  smooth  the  soils  lie 
directly  over  the  rock  from  which  they  are  derived,  but 
on  slopes  a  considerable  movement  to  lower  levels  has 
taken  place  mainly  through  the  action  of  water.  Outcrop 
of  rock  is  frequent,  but  by  far  the  larger  part  of  the  area 
is  covered  with  a  soil  mantle  of  sufficient  depth  for  the 
support  of  forests.    Much  of  it  is  so  steep  that  it  is  not 

s  u  i  table  for 
cultivation,  and 
is  best  adapted 
to  forests,  graz- 
ing or  small 
fruit  pro  duc- 
tion.  The  prin- 
cipal soils  are 
the  loams,  clay 
loams,  silt 
loams,  sandy 
loams,  clays, 
fine  sandy 
loams  and  stony 
loams. 

In  the  south- 
ern Appalach- 
ian region  the 
forests  on  the 
hill  and  moun- 
tain sides  have 
maintained  an 
open  and  por- 
ous soil;  kept  in 
this  c  o  ndition 
by  the  cover- 
Each  ;ng  0£  leaves 
and  debris  of 
the  forest.  The  rains  falling  on  the  forest  floor  never 
reach  the  soil  with  unbroken  force,  so  that  the  finer  soil 
particles  are  not  pounded  and  stirred  and  carried  off  in 
the  water  which  flows  over  the  surface.  The  velocity 
of  the  moving  water  is  so  reduced  that  where  the  forest 
covering  is  intact  erosion  is  almost  a  negligible  quantity. 
Where  this  rate  of  erosion  is  slow  there  has  been  estab- 
lished gradually  a  state  of  equilibrium  between  the  slopes 
and  rainfall.  This  slope  remains  practically  constant  for 
very  long  periods  if  the  conditions  are  not  changed. 
There  is  a  slow  movement  of  material,  but  this  is  not 
sufficient  to  disturb  the  general  contour  or  to  injure  the 
vegetal  covering.  Only  occasional  cloud-bursts  or  ex- 
ceedingly heavy  rains  produce  a  visible  effect  on  the 
soil    surface    conditions. 


y  back  into  the  hill  of  this  Georgia  pine  forest, 
and  breadth  of  the  gulch. 


1350 


EROSION  IN  THE  APPALACHIAN  AND  PIEDMONT  REGIONS 


1351 


It  is  true  throughout  the 
Appalachian  region  that  the 

streams  which  flow  from 
the  wooded  mountains  car- 
ry very  little  sediment. 
Even  the  cases  in  which 
such  streams  appear  turbid, 
much  of  the  suspended  mat- 
ter is  of  organic  origin.  It 
is  also  characteristic  of 
such  streams  that  they  rise 
more  slowly  after  a  storm, 
remain  in  flood  for  a  longer 
period  of  time,  and  fall 
more  slowly  than  similar 
streams  in  non-wooded 
areas.  The  Geological  Sur- 
vey has  pointed  out  the 
characte  ristics  of  such 
streams  in  the  Appalachian 
region  of  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee.  Cane  River 
from  Mount  Mitchel  and 
streams  in  the  Lake  Toxa- 
way  section  never  become 
muddy,  although  often 
greatly  swollen  from  con- 
tinued rains.  These  streams 
are  in  equilibrium  with  the  land  through  which  they 
flow.  This  equilibrium  will  be  disturbed  only  by  clear- 
ing the  land,  which  causes  a  change  in  the  relation  of 
surface  slope  to  stream  gradient. 

It  is  not  un- 
common to  find 
the  contrast  to 
this  condition 
in  loca  1  i  t  i  e  s 
where  the  for- 
est has  been  de- 
pleted eit  h  e  r 
partly  or  com- 
pletely by  lum- 
bermen. Often 
in  the  snagging 
of  logs  the 
trenches  form- 
e  d  f  u  r  n  i  s  h 
drains  down 
which  the  ac- 
cumulated 
water  rushes 
With  great  ve- 
locity. It  is  the 
work  of  a  very 
short  time  to 
cut  these 
trenches  into 
g  u  Hies  which 
often  devastate 


A 

Ti 

k 

THE  SACRIFICE  OF  THE  TREES 

A  small  wash  too  long  neglected  in  a  soil  especially,  susceptible  to  erosion 
has  resulted  in  a  gulch  which  even  the  fine  forest  of  Georgia  pine  cannot 
stop.  _  With  every  storm  some  mighty  tree  becomes  a  sacrifice  to  the 
appetite   of  this   voracious  monster. 


THE  GULCH   APPROACHES-THREATENING  DESTRUCTION 

The  removal  of  the  forest  covering  has  resulted   in  the  formation  of  a  gulch  which  has  already  forced   its 
way  across  the  road  and   is  threatening  to  swallow  up  this  farmhouse. 


great  areas.  Frequently  in 
the  Piedmont  region  the 
erosion  begins  near  the  low- 
lands and,  in  certain  types 
of  soil,  gullies  are  develop- 
ed that  extend  for  great  dis- 
tances even  into  the  forests. 
In  some  sections  of  the 
Appalachian  region  where 
the  forest  has  been  remov- 
ed from  the  mountains  or 
steeper  hillsides,  denudation 
has  taken  place  until  good 
sized  areas  of  the  under- 
lying, bare  rock  are  expos- 
ed. Much  of  the  mountain- 
ous land  is  too  steep  for 
cultivation.  The  removal 
of  the  forest  is  due  mainly 
to  lumbering  operations.  It 
is  this  type  of  activity  that 
is  most  destructive.  The 
trees  are  cut  without  much 
regard  to  size  or  position 
and  as  soon  as  the  lumber 
has  been  obtained  the  lum- 
bermen move  on  to  fresh 
fields,  with  ruthless  disre- 
gard to  the  later  effects  on  the  land  recently  divested  of 
its  forest  covering. 

In  the  Piedmont  section  the  more  devastating  effects 
from  erosion  occur  because  this  land  is  not  too  steep  for 

cultivation  and 
there  has  been 
extensive  clear- 
ing of  the  land. 
The  soils  are  of 
the  same  origin 
and  very  simi- 
lar to  the  soils 
of  the  Appala- 
chian region 
proper,  so  that 
from  the  re- 
sults apparent 
in  one  region 
can  be  determ- 
ined largely 
what  will  he  the 
outcome  of  ex- 
tensive clearing 
in  the  other. 

The  type  of 
soil  has  a  great 
influence  on  the 
rapidity  with 
which  bad  ef- 
fects from  ero- 
s  i  o  n    become 


1352 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


evident.  It  is  possible  on  some  types  of  soil,  most  notably 
the  heavier  clays,  to  cultivate  on  rather  steep  hillsides 
without  serious  damage  from  erosion.  But  even  here 
continual  vigilance  is  necessary  to  avoid  the  ultimate  ruin 
of  the  land.  On  soils  of  a  lighter  character,  or  loamy 
condition,  erosion  is  very  destructive  if  once  the  land  be- 
comes gullied.  On  the  other  hand,  soil  of  an  open,  porous 
nature  is  easily  dealt  with  if  the  proper  precautions  are 
maintained  to  stop  any  indication  of  surface  washing. 
The  fact  that  stream  flow  is  greatly  influenced  by  the 
presence  of  forests  is  so  well  known  that  it  is  almost 
trite  to  refer  to  it.  However,  when  we  consider  the 
enormous  damages  each  year  from  floods,  as  well  as  the 
cost  of  continual  dredging  of  streams  to  maintain  open 
channels  for  navigation,  it  becomes  imperative  that  the 
forests'  influence  be  emphasized.  As  already  pointed  out, 
many  of  the  Appalachian  streams  rising  in  the  mountain 


show  that  floods  are  increasing  in  frequency  and  height. 
The  evidence  collected  in  this  region  shows  that  the 
Kiskimmitas  and  Youghiogheny  rivers  are  the  most  im- 
portant rivers  in  producing  floods  at  Pittsburgh.  The 
two  streams  drain  extensively  deforested  areas  of  about 
the  same  size,  with  heavy  precipitation  and  a  high  rate  of 
run-off.  In  consequence  of  this  deforestation  both  rivers 
collect  and  move  their  floodwaters  to  Pittsburgh  in  about 
the  same  time.  This  is  but  one  of  the  worst  instances 
where  removal  of  the  forest  covering  results  in  disaster 
to  the  low  lying  country. 

Much  of  the  erosion  in  forest  is  started  by  careless 
handling  of  logs.  Under  conditions  where  excessive 
erosion  would  not  take  place  if  care  were  exercised  in 
handling  cut  timbers,  the  "snaking"  and  dragging  of  logs 
result  in  the  formation  of  smooth  depressions  into  which 
water   gathers   and   drains   from   the   steep   hills.     The 


THE    DEVASTATING    RESULT    OF    EROSION 

A  one-time  fertile  valley  in  Tennessee  ruined  by   a  covering  of  sand  brought  down  from  the  nearby  hills,  deprived  of  thin  forests  and  subjected 

to   erosion. 


forests  are  clear  and  free  from  sediment ;  but  many,  and 
they  are  fed  invariably  from  watersheds,  in  part,  at 
least,  cleared  of  their  forests,  carry  a  heavy  burden  of 
sediment. 

The  Flood  Commission  of  Pittsburgh  appointed  to 
investigate  the  cause  of  floods  at  Pittsburgh  and  to  recom- 
mend means  of  removing  the  danger,  reported  that  ex- 
tensive deforestation  of  the  drainage  areas  of  the  Alle- 
gheny and  Monongahela  Rivers  by  giving  a  higher  rate 
of  run-off,  has  been  the  cause,  in  part,  of  the  increase  in 
frequency  and  height  of  floods  along  these  and  the  Ohio 
rivers.  It  is  furthermore  well  known  that  the  carrying 
capacity  of  the  river  channels  at  Pittsburgh  has  been 
considerably  reduced  in  the  last  fifty  years.    The  records 


rapid  cutting  of  these  depressions  quickly  results  in  the 
formation  of  gullies  which  advance  into  sections  other- 
wise not  susceptible  to  erosion. 

The  peculiar  climatic  and  soil  conditions  of  the  South- 
ern Appalachian  region,  especially,  are  conducive  to  the 
development  of  gullies.  In  some  localities  erosion  start- 
ed in  the  manner  described  continues  to  work  its  way 
back  into  the  hills,  constantly  increasing  in  depth  and 
width  the  eroded  section  with  numerous  gullies  starting 
from  the  sides,  until  immense  areas  are  devastated  and 
the  gullies  formed  almost  defy  the  ingenuity  of  man  to 
check  their  progress. 

The  removal  of  vegetable  covering  from  the  hills  has 
resulted  in  a  largely  increased  burden  of  solid  material 


EROSION  IN  THE  APPALACHIAN  AND  PIEDMONT  REGIONS 


1353 


in  the  rivers.  This  sediment  is  carried  to  the  lower  lying 
regions  and  much  of  it  is  deposited  in  the  stream  beds. 
The  river  channels  become  so  filled  that  navigation  is 
greatly  hindered,  or  constant  dredging  must  be  resorted 
to.  In  addition,  where  storage  reservoirs  have  been  built 
by  constructing  dams,  the  sediment  is  deposited  in  the 
reservoirs  and  reduces  their  capacities.  In  fact,  in  some 
places  it  has  been  found  inadvisable  to  try  to  maintain 
storage  reservoirs,  and  the  practice  has  been  adopted 
simply  of  keeping  open  a  channel.  This  results,  of 
course,  in  the  loss  of  much  power.  One  of  the  power  ex- 
perts employed  in  developing  the  power  from  some  of  the 
streams  in  the  South,  testified  before  the  Agricultural 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  a  few  years 
ago  that  the  capacity  of  certain  reservoirs  was  so  much 
reduced  that  in  a  few  years  only  the  flow  of  the  rivers 


being  farmed  began  to  erode.  But  with  increased  value 
of  lands  the  necessity  of  utilizing  that  already  cleared 
becomes  constantly  more  and  more  impelling. 

Reclamation  is  of  two  classes;  lands  reclaimed  for 
cultivation  and  those  for  forests.  The  same  methods 
that  are  used  in  prevention  must  be  used  in  reclamation. 
Where  lands  are  reclaimed  for  purposes  of  cultivation, 
methods  are  adopted  to  increase  the  porosity  of  the  soil, 
thereby  assuring  the  ready  absorption  of  water,  and  to 
retard  the  velocity  of  water  not  absorbed  and  flowing 
over  the  surface  of  the  soil.  The  incorporation  of  or- 
ganic matters  in  the  soil,  the  growth  of  deep  rooted 
crops,  green  manuring,  sodding  to  pasture,  deep  plowing, 
the  use  of  various  forms  of  terraces  and  hillside  ditches 
are  some  of  the  more  common  methods  employed  to  pre- 
vent erosion  and  to  reclaim  eroded  soils. 


w—sar 


LAND    RUINED    FOR    AGRICULTURE    BY    GULLYING 

A  deforested   area  near  the  Tennessee-Mississippi   line   which  has  resulted     in    the    formation    of    numerous    gullies    and    has    ruined     the     land    for 

agricultural    purposes. 


would  be  available  for  power.  A  report  from  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  on  the  amount  of  silt  carried  by  some  of 
these  rivers,  states  that  the  Susquehanna  carries  to  the 
sea,  annually,  240,000  tons,  the  Roanoke,  3,000,000  tons, 
the  Alabama,  3,039,000  tons,  the  Savannah,  1,000,000  and 
the  Tennessee,  11,000,00  tons.  It  is  but  reasonable  to 
assume  that  at  least  half  of  this  wastage  of  soil  material 
is  preventable. 

In  discussing  reclamation  it  is  well  to  remark  that  it  is 
infinitely  better  to  practice  prevention  than  to  apply 
reclamation.  However,  there  is  no  denying  the  fact  that 
the  damage  has  been  wrought  in  many  places,  and  meth- 
ods of  reclaiming  the  devastated  areas  must  be  consid- 
ered. In  the  past,  with  cheap  land,  it  has  been  easier 
and  less  expensive  to  move  to  new  lands,  when  those 


The  forests  have  been  removed  from  some  soils  that 
should  never  have  been  deprived  of  their  natural  growth. 
In  such  sections  the  devastation  has  been  almost  unbe- 
lievable and  the  only  feasible  method  of  utilizing  in  any 
way  these  lands  is  by  reforesting.  The  type  and  kind  of 
trees  best  suited,  for  the  work  must  be  determined  for 
the  individual  localities. 

From  inquiry  and  personal  inspection  of  the  worst 
eroded  sections  of  the  Appalachian  region,  it  has  been 
found  that  practically  all  of  the  lands  now  useless  can 
be  utilized  by  reforesting.  The  benefits  of  such  a  course 
can  hardly  be  exaggerated.  The  losses  entailed  in  manu- 
factures, power  development,  navigation,  and  flood  con- 
ditions now  amounting  to  millions  yearly,  will  be  greatly 
reduced  if  not  largely  eliminated. 


WHY  AND  HOW  SOME  FOREST  FIRES  OCCUR 


Til II  tremendous  forest  fires  which  swept  the  forests 
of  the  northwest  during  July  and  August,  costing 
millions  of  dollars  to  fight  and  causing  damages 
amounting  to  many  millions  of  dollars  more  were  due 
to  what? 

This  interesting  question  is  well  answered  in  a  letter 
dated  August  2,  to  American  Forestry,  by  R.  H.  Rut- 
ledge,  acting  district  forester  of  District  No.  I,  which 
includes  the  national  forest  area  of  northern  Idaho  and 
.Montana.  The  fires  were  due  to  a  dry  year,  the  third  in 
succession.  Lightning,  railroads,  campers  and  brush  burn- 
ing started  most  of  the  909  discovered  on  this  forest 
area  in  July.  Almost  one-fourth  were  due  to  unknown 
causes,  and  twenty-seven  were  incendiary. 

A  terrific  thunderstorm  on  July  31  resulted  in  fifty 
fires  being  started  by  lightning. 

"This  is  the  third  dry  year  in  succession  for  District 


I,"  says  Forester  Rutledge.  "The  snowfall  last  winter 
was  far  below  normal  and  in  many  localities  spring  pre- 
cipitation was  insufficient,  many  places  having  been  with- 
out rain  for  over  three  months.  High  winds  have  pre- 
vailed quite  generally  for  some  sixty  days  and  the  atmos- 
phere has  been  charged  with  electricity  to  such  an  extent 
that  dry  electrical  storms  have  been  constantly  occurring. 
As  a  result  the  forest  floor  is  as  dry  as  a  powder-house 
and  because  of  excessive  transpiration  the  leaves  of  conif- 
erous trees  have  become  so  combustible  as  to  be  almost 
explosive  when  subject  to  ignition. 

"While  human  agencies  have  been  responsible  for 
some  of  the  fires  this  season,  lightning  has  been  by  far 
the  most  prolific  source  of  trouble.  Dry  electrical  storms 
have  started  a  great  many  fires  in  the  most  inaccessible 
parts  of  the  forests  where  it  has  been  impossible  to  get 
men  and  equipment  on  the  ground  quickly.     In  numerous 


"Ml 

w^^C  * 

...  «H   ►.  *?T. 

■ft 

^ Jfr" 

f;1|kjl 

Iff* 

*   Id  K 

• 

TWO   UNUSUAL   FIRE    PICTURES   SHOWING   TREE   STRUCK    BY    LIGHTNING    AND    ITS    SPEEDY    DESTRUCTION. 


Live  yellow  pine  tree,  125  feet  high  in  the  Selway  National  forest,  struck 
by  lightning  about  2.30  in  the  afternoon.  Bolt  struck  at  point  indi- 
cated, followed  down  tree  to  a  large  limb  on  right  hand  side  of  tree  at 
upper  edge  of  flame  showing  in  picture.  At  that  point  it  entered  body  of 
tree,  followed  down  inside,  splitting  it  through  and  through  but  did  not 
break  it  off.  15  or  16  feet  below  bolt  emerged,  and  continued  down  on  out- 
side of  tree  to  ground  in  3  distinct  paths.  Smoke  was  seen  coming  out 
of  the   split  portion  of  tree   shortly   after  bolt  struck. 

1364 


The  second  picture  shows  the  split  portion  of  the  tree  more  throughly 
burned,  and  at  one  point  will  be  observed  a  hole  burned  through  the  tree. 
The  tree  fell,  completely  destroyed  by  fire,  twenty -four  hours  after  it 
was  struck.  There  now  remains  only  a  blackened  fire  scarred  trunk  20 
feet  high.  Picture  presented  by  Supervisor  Fenn,  of  the  Selway  National 
Forest,  Montana. 


WHY  AND  HOW  SOME  FOREST   FIRES  OCCUR 


1355 


cases  it  has  required  from  three  to  six  days  for  fire 
fighters  to  reach  a  fire  from  the  nearest  railway  point. 
And  when  it  is  remembered  that  equipment  and  supplies 
for  the  men  must  be  transported  on  pack  horses  over 
rough  mountain  trails  and  kept  on  the  line  at  all  times, 
the  difficulties  of  the  situation  will  be  appreciated.  Under 
these  conditions  it  can  be  understood  readily  how  light- 
ning-set fires  in  these  remote  places  become  raging  con- 
flagrations before  the  fight  against  them  can  be  begun. 

"In  spite  of  the  difficulties  handicapping  the  fire  organi- 
zation, District  i  has  made  a  remarkable  record  for 
efficiency,  even  though  a  very  large  acreage  in  the  aggre- 
gate has  been  burned  over  and  many  bad  fires  are  still 
burning. 

"Commonly  fires  due  to  preventable  causes  are  near 
lines  of  transportation  and  communication  and  can  be 
discovered  and  suppressed  before  they  assume  serious 
proportions,  but  the  reverse  is  true  where  lightning  fires 
occur.  Not  infrequently  in  the  most  inaccessible  moun- 
tainous regions  ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  fires  are  started 
within  a  few  minutes  by  a  single  electrical  disturbance. 
Sometimes  these  blazes  are  scattered  over  quite  a  large 
extent  of  territory,  often  they  are  close  together  and 
before  it  is  possible  to  start  the  fight  against  them  they 
coalesce  and  form  one  big  fire  which,  if  the  wind  is 
blowing  freshly,  soon  reaches  the  tops  of  the  trees  and 
develops  into  a  crown  fire  that  defies  human  efforts  to 
combat  it  so  long  as  the  wind  continues." 

The  area  of  fires  was  as  follows:  One-quarter  acre 
or  less,  427;  one-quarter  to  10  acres,  295;  over  10  acres, 
187,  a  total  of  909,  while  the  total  acreage  burned  was 
201,014  acres. 

The  causes  of  fires  were  as  follows:  Railroads,  179; 
campers,  131  ;  brush  burning,  96;  lumbering,  9;  lightning, 
240;  incendiary,  27;  miscellaneous,  8;  unknown,  219. 

"The  great  majority  of  these  fires  have  been  put  out 
or  are  now  definitely  under  control  and  no  longer  dan- 
gerous although  still  being  watched.  At  the  close  of 
July  30,  there  were  not  more  than  25  fires  running  un- 
controlled, mostly  in  the  mountains  of  Idaho.  On  that 
date  approximately  3,500  fire  fighters  were  on  the  line, 
this,  of  course,  not  including  the  force  of  rangers,  guards, 
lookout  men,  smoke  chasers,  and  other  regularly  em- 
ployed forest  officers,  numbering  about   1,500  men. 

"Detailed  reports  on  file  from  the  several  national 
forests  of  the  district  cover  the  situation  only  up  to  the 
dose  of  July  30.  During  the  night  of  July  31,  over 
fifty  fires  were  started  by  one  severe  electrical  storm 
that  ran  along  the  westerly  slopes  of  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains  in  Idaho  forests.  These  fires  have  been  mere- 
ly reported  by  wire,  their  extent  or  precise  locations  not 
yet  having  been  determined  by  the  field  officers.  They 
were  scattered  over  a  territory  embracing  roughly  4,000 
square  miles.  Does  this  single  night's  experience  convey 
an  idea  of  what  the  forest  Service  fire  organization  in 
Districl  1  is  contending  with?" 

I'.  C,  Wilfong  and  his  crew  met  with  a  most  trying 
experience  during  the  Selway  fire  on  Crooked  Creek  on 
July  24.  They  were  trapped  at  a  point  where  three 
fires  met.  and  their  camp  with  provisions,  clothes,  etc., 


was  burned.  The  party  saved  themselves  only  by  lying 
in  the  Selway  River  for  35  minutes  with  wet  blankets 
over  their  heads.  Their  train  of  thirteen  pack  horses 
was  caught  in  the  track  of  the  fire,  but  they  had  been 
taken  to  a  bunch  grass  hill,  and  only  one  horse  was  lost. 
The  pack  saddles  were  burned  from  the  backs  of  the 
other  horses. 

Mr.  Wilfong  says  of  his  experience:  "There  was  no 
way  out  of  it,  we  were  cornered  and  we  plunged  into  the 
water,  keeping  our  faces  above  the  surface.  We  put 
wet  blankets  over  our  heads  for  the  heat  was  so  intense 
that  our  flesh  would  have  been  burned  if  we  had  not 
taken  that  precaution.  The  roar  of  the  flames  was 
tremendous  but  we  were  comparatively  safe. 

"Once  I  raised  the  blanket  a  little  to  peek  and  see  how 
the  fire  was  going  and  what  do  you  think  I  saw  ?  There 
was  a  big  bear  perched  on  a  rock  right  at  my  feet  and 
looking  over  at  me  like  he  was  ready  to  jump.  I  guess 
he  thought  I  was  a  rock.  We  exchanged  glances  for  a 
while  and  I  am  willing  to  bet  that  he  wasn't  any  more 
scared  than  I  was,  but  as  soon  as  he  recovered  from  the 
surprise,  he  turned  tail  and  away  he  went.  It  was  the 
last  I  saw  of  him." 


CONSERVATION  OF  PAPER 

T^  CONOMY  in  the  use  of  paper  will  release  vast  quan- 
-Li      tities  of  chemicals  which  are  urgently  needed. 

A  pound  of  paper  wasted  means  from  1  to  3  pounds  of 
coal  wasted. 

Cutting  down  the  use  of  paper  25  per  cent  would  mean 
6,000,000  tons  less  freight  for  the  railroads  to  haul  and 
would  at  the  same  time  save  2,500,000  tons'  of  coal. 

Old  magazines,  books,  stationery,  etc.,  are  used  in 
making  books,  writing,  and  other  forms  of  paper. 

Paper  that  comes  around  purchases  at  the  store  is 
made  over  again  into  new  paper,  cardboard,  cartons, 
paper  boxes,  paper  bags,  etc. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  soft  white  paper  shavings  will 
make  90  pounds  of  new  paper. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  old  magazine  paper  will  make 
80  pounds  of  new  paper. 

One  and  one-half  million  tons  of  book  and  writing 
paper  were  made  last  year  from  old  paper. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  old  folded  newspapers  will 
make  85  pounds  of  new  paper  box  board. 

Two  and  one-half  million  tons  of  various  kinds  of 
paper  box  board  were  made  last  year  from  old  papers. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  old  cotton  rags  will  make  from 
65  to  75  pounds  of  paper  pulp ;  this  pulp  will  make  only 
2  per  cent   less  than  an  equal  amount  of  paper. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  new  cotton  rags  will  make  80 
pounds  of  paper  pulp. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  old  collars,  cuffs,  pillowcases, 
or  sheets  will  make  80  pounds  of  new  paper. 

Woolen  rags  are  converted  into  shoddy  and  shoddy 
converted  into  wool.  The  shrinkage  from  shoddy  to 
wool  is  the  same  as  from  raw  wool  to  finished  wool, 
namely,  about  3  per  cent. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  wool  saved  or  reclaimed  pro- 
vides sufficient  material  for  25  suits  of  clothes. 


1356 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


TREE  PLANTING  TAKEN  UP  BY  MANY  EDITORS 

NEWSPAPERS  OPEN  COLUMNS  TO  DISCUSSION  OF  LIVING  MEMORIALS  AND 

"ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE"  IDEA 


T>  EADERS  of  the  New  York  Times  find 
•^  the  columns  of  that  paper  have  been 
opened  to  a  discussion  of  the  merits  of 
roadside  tree  planting.  The  New  York 
Times  had  a  fine  editorial  on  the  American 
Forestry  Association's  campaign  for  "Roads 
of  Remembrance"  in  which  it  said:  "The 
American  Forestry  Association  is  doing 
good  service  in  linking  the  causes  of  roads 
and  forestation.  The  Road  of  Remem- 
brance and  the  shaded  highway  have  a  more 
intimate  connection  with  the  general  prob- 
lem of  reforestation  than  may  at  first  ap- 
pear. Very  soon  they  will  become  bases 
for  the  advance,  of  veritable  armies  of 
trees.  Nature  unaided  may  be  sure,  but 
she  is  slow.  The  industrious  squirrel  car- 
ries acorns,  hickorynuts,  walnuts  and  chest- 
nuts a  rod  or  so  before  he  buries  them— 
and  fortunately  often  forgets  his  cache. 
The  winds  carry  the  seeds  of  maple,  pine, 
and  linden  a  little  further.  But  for  reasons 
at  which  the  forester  can  only  guess  there 
are  vast  prairies  and  waste  lands  without  a 
useful  tree.  The  shaded  highway  will  cross 
them  and  the  shade  trees  will  scatter  their 
seeds  and  nuts   in  the  nearby  country. 

"He  who  plants  a  tree  is  building  the 
world  of  the  future.  In  twenty  years  a 
maple  will  grow  to  a  sturdy  tree,  with 
dense  if  not  widespread  shade.  And  in 
that  time,  when  wind  and  soil  are  favorable, 
it  is  already  parent  to  groves  of  young 
maples  marching  from  the  highway  across 
lands  that  have  hitherto  been  waste." 

This  brought  out  many  letters  from  read- 
ers who  advocated  fruit  and  nut  tree  plant- 
ing. The  Times  has  devoted  several  edi- 
torials since  the  first  one  answering  some 
of  the  letters  and  sticking  mainly  to  the 
planting  of  shade  trees.  The  first  letter 
printed  was  from  Alida  (Countess)  von 
Krockow  who  pictured  the  roadside  fruit 
trees  of  Europe.  George  J.  Horowitz, 
formerly  of  the  Ambulance  Service  with 
the  French  Army,  wrote  about  the  virtues 
of  the  French  roads.  Dr.  Robert  T.  Morris 
contributed  a  letter,  as  did  Henry  Wood- 
ward Hulbert  on  the  planting  of  trees.  The 
Times  gives  the  members  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  a  first  hand  lesson  on 
what  can  be  done  if  the  members  will  take 
up  these  subjects  with  their  newspapers. 
The  editors  are  keen  for  just  such  dis- 
cussions and  while  they  may  not  always 
agree  with  the  writer  they  are  glad  to  give 
space  to  constructive  thought.  Every  mem- 
ber of  the  association  should  discuss  the 
need  of  a  national  forest  policy  with  the 
editor  of  his  paper  and  tell  him  what  the 
American  Forestry  Association  is  doing. 


Forty  Maples. 
A  Yankee  farmer  fourscore  years  ago 

Set  forty  maples  by  the  highwayside; 
Twenty    tall    saplings    stood    in    either 
row; 
The  farmer  viewed  them  with  a  silent 
pride. 

They  grew  apace;  there  children  school- 
ward  bound 
Loitered  in  spring  to  pick  the  blood- 
root  flowers; 
There    many    a    bird    found    sanctuary 
ground, 
And  laborers  refuge  from  the  sudden 
showers. 

They  waxed  in  size  and  beauty  when  the 
beams 
Of   our   mid-summer   sun's   unpitying 
beat; 
Here  dusty  drivers  paused  to  rest  their 
teams, 
And  cattle  sought  a  shelter  from  the 
heat. 

They   statelier   spread;    when   autumn's 
pageant  came, 
And  all  our  valley  donned  its  festal 
dress, 
Rose  forty  pillars  lit  with  crimson  flame, 
To  stir  man's  spirit  by  their  loveli- 
ness. 

But  years  passed,  and  the  farm  fell  to  a 
hind — 
A     prosperous,    pushing     hind     from 
overseas, 
Who,  with  the  full  contempt  that  marks 
his  kind, 
Felled   in  his   blasphemy   those   forty 
trees. 

At  times  like  that  one's  peaceful  spirit 
longs 
For  the  fierce  justice  of  an  elder  day, 
For  the  stern  sense  that  trifled  not  with 
wrongs, 
And  did  not  deem  that  punishment  is 
play. 

Who,  save  for  need,  destroys  a  goodly 
tree, 
Does    mischief;    and    who    wantonly 
may  kill 
Forty    such    trees    does    murder,    and 
should  be 
Hanged  forty  fathom  high  on  Gallows 
Hill. 
— G.  S.  B.  in  the  New  York  Tribune. 


In  the  Review  of  Reviews,  Elbert  Francis 
Baldwin  details  the  devastation  in  France 
and  Belgium  and  tells  of  the  plans  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  for  helping 
in  the  restoration  of  these  forests.  Dr. 
Frank  Crane,  who  writes  for  a  syndicate 
of  newspapers,  has  devoted  another  edi- 
torial to  forestry,  this  time  to  the  "Roads 
of  Remembrance"  idea  and  also  urges  co- 
operation with  the  Association  in  its  work 
abroad.  This  editorial  appears  in  such 
papers  as  the  Chicago  Daily  News,  the  New 
York  Globe,  the  Washington  Star,  Phila- 
delphia Bulletin,  Atlanta  Journal,  Kansas 
City  Star,  Cincinnati  Times-Star,  Buffalo 
News,  Pittsburgh  Chronicle-Telegraph,  St. 
Louis  Star,  St.  Paul  Dispatch,  Des  Moines 
Capital,  Milwaukee  Journal,  Sacramento 
Bee,  Dallas  Times-Herald,  Omaha  World- 
Herald,  Binghamton  Press,  Houston  Post, 
Richmond  News  Leader,  Oakland  Post, 
Boise  Statesman,  Baltimore  Star  and  many 
others.  Here  is  where  the  members  should 
co-operate  with  the  Association  by  writ- 
ing an  appreciation  to  the  editor  of  the 
paper  in  which  such  features  are  used. 
Leslie's  Weekly  has  a  generous  editorial  on 
the  value  of  tree  planting  and  the  New 
York  Herald  takes  up  the  question  of  better 
fire  protection  for  forests  by  saying  "with 
summer  fires  of  unusual  severity  sweeping 
the  extensive  timber  lands  of  Montana, 
Idaho  and  Washington,  the  American  For- 
estry Association  is  urging  the  lumbermen 
to  forward  their  views  as  to  the  steps  to 
be  taken  for  the  better  protection  of  the 
woods."  The  Herald  then  goes  on  to 
point  to  the  losses. 

The  Trenton  Times-Advertiser  devotes  a 
long  editorial  to  roadside  tree  planting  and 
points  to  the  fact  that  "if  this  work  is 
properly  carried  out  it  would  mean  in  time 
a  memorial  highway  across  the  United 
States.  No  finer  memorial  can  be  built 
than  a  tree  bordered  highway  and  aside 
from  tender  sentiment  connected  with  such 
an  undertaking  there  can  be  no  better  in- 
vestment for  any  community."  The  Denver 
News  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
"president  of  the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation has  issued  a  call  to  the  people  to 
beautify  their  highways  as  memorials  to 
the  men  who  fought  for  world  freedom. 
Good  roads  and  tree  planting  go  hand  in 
hand.  Federal  and  local  authorities  are 
attending  to  the  road  building  but  it  will 
require  voluntary  citizen  effort  to  get  trees 
planted."  The  Washington  Times  points 
to  the  famous  Potomac  Drive  made  famous 
by  its  trees  and  adds  "here  is  a  logical 
proposition.     The  roads  are  to  be  built.   A 


TREE   PLANTING  TAKEN  UP   BY   MANY   EDITORS 


1357 


road  is  more  than  a  way  to  get  some  place." 
The  subject  of  permanent  Christmas 
trees  that  has  been  urged  by  the  Associa- 
tion is  taken  up  by  the  Milwaukee  Journal 
under  the  heading  "Waste  of  Good  Tim- 
ber," the  Hoboken  Observer  and  the  South 
Bend  News.  The  Milwaukee  Journal  says 
on  this  point : 

"Trees  adapted  to  Christmas  use  have 
survived  the  ills  and  perils  of  infant  life. 
Barring  accidents,  they  are  sure  to  live 
grow,  and  flourish.  It  is  savagery,  if  one 
views  it  rightly,  to  destroy  them.  Yet  men 
who  would  not  harm  a  full-grown  tree 
hack  down  treelings  without  pity  or  re- 
morse. But  if  we  are  to  have  trees  for  all 
time,  young  trees  must  be  saved." 

"The  idea  of  planting  trees  as  memorials 
for  our  soldier  boys  who  will  not  return  is 
a  beautiful  one,"  says  the  Ohio  Farmer  as 
we  find  it  quoted  in  the  Freder'icktown, 
Ohio,*  Press.  "The  Christian  Endeavor 
Societies  have  been  making  a  concerted 
movement  toward  planting  memorial  trees 
at  the  original  suggestion  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association"  the  Times  Journal  of 
Bowling  Green, 
Kentucky,  points 
out.  The  Kansas 
City  Star  wants 
to  know  "why  a 
billion  dollar 
town  is  content 
to  look  like  thirty 
cents  ? "  And 
points  to  the 
city's  shabbiness 
in  the  way  of 
vacant  lots. 
Prompt  action  is 
urged  by  the 
Hamilton     News 


has  had  two  editorials  on  forestry  and  re- 
prints the  editorial  from  the  New  York 
Times  in  full,  with  a  two-column  head  and 
the  Western  Newspaper  Union  has  sent 
out  a  special  feature  on  "Roads  of  Remem- 
brance" illustrated  with  several  pictures. 
"Grit"  uses  a  half-page  feature  on  memorial 
tree  planting  and  the  International  Syndi- 
cate of  Baltimore  has  used  half-page  arti- 
cles on  forestry  in  general  and  memorial 
tree  planting  several  times.  The  news 
services,  the  Associated  Press,  the  United 
Press,  the  International  News  Service  and 
the  Universal  Service  are  all  using  news 
stories  of  activities  in  forestry.  The  Chris- 
tian Science  Monitor  used  a  half  column 
on  the  need  of  a  national  forest  policy,  and 
followed  it  with  an  editorial  on  the  "World 
Call  for  Wood,"  which  concludes  that  the 
"need  of  the  hour  is  to  overcome  the  inertia 
that  has  always  operated  to  keep  the  ade- 
quate handling  of  the  forest  situation  in 
this  country  behind  the  actual  require- 
ments." In  opening  the  editorial  the  Moni- 
tor points  out  that  "what  the  people  of  the 
United    States    could   accomplish    if    every 


FAMOUS   ELM   SAVED   IN   HUNTINGTON,  INDIANA. 

The  famous  Elm  Tree  at  Huntington,  Indiana,  has  been  saved  by  the  entire 
change  of  architect's  plans  for  a  church  which  is  to  be  erected  by  the  Christian 
Science  Congregation  of  that  city.  In  a  report  to  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion Daniel  Shaeff,  who  led  the  movement  to  save  the  tree,  announces  that  the  arch- 
itect, Samuel  A.  Craig,  will  so  redraw  his  plans  that  the  tree  will  be  left  with 
plenty  of  root  space,  and  that  he  will  leave  out  the  organist's  room  and  the  Sun- 
day School  classroom  in  order  that  the  branches  may  have  plenty  of  space.  This 
movement,  in  which  the  congregation  is  glad  to  join,  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most 
unique  ever  adopted  in  order  to  save  a  tree.  The  picture  of  this  tree  appears  on 
another  page  of  the  magazine. 


or  we  will  find  "this  country  will  have 
committed  economic  suicide,"  says  that 
paper  in  urging  a  national  forest  policy  and 
fire  protection  for  our  forests.  The 
Journal  of  Portland,  Oregon,  reprints  the 
editorial  from  the  New  York  Times  on  the 
work  of  the  Association  with  a  letter  from 
I.  X.  Lipman,  an  enthusiastic  Oregonian, 
who  points  out  the  advertising  Oregon  is 
getting  because  of  its  good  roads.  "Re- 
plenish the  forests,"  says  the  New  Orleans 
Item,  and  points  to  what  Kansas  and  Illi- 
nois, known  as  prairie  states,  are  doing  in 
foresting  the  land.  "It  is  a  melancholy 
fact,"  says  the  Item,  "that  few  persons  are 
willing  to  take  steps  in  time  to  keep  a 
natural  resource  from  becoming  exhausted." 
The  Burlington,   New  Jersey,  Enterprise 


person  having  an  interest  in  land  would 
intelligently  and  persistently  raise  the  trees 
which  his  land  could  conveniently  allow 
space  for,  has  never  been  measured,  unless, 
negatively,  through  the  obvious  waste  of 
tree  opportunities  every  where."  It  would 
seem  the  editor  had  every  member  of  the 
Association  in  mind  when  he  wrote  that 
sentence  and  a  more  urgent  call  for  co- 
operation could  scarcely  be  phrased. 

In  Montreal  the  Daily  Star  deplores  the 
fact  that  trees  are  fast  disappearing  from 
the  streets  of  that  city  and  calls  for  action. 
In  the  Atlanta  Constitution  we  find  con- 
tinued co-operation  with  the  Association  in 
an  editorial  on  the  terrors  of  a  forest  fire. 
The  San  Diego  Sun  urges  that  a  tree  be 
planted  every  time  one  is  cut  down  and  the 


Concord  Monitor  says,  "had  the  forest  poli- 
cy of  this  country  been  what  it  should 
have  been  we  would  have  timber  for  our- 
selves and  for  Europe  and  to  spare."  The 
Houston  Post  is  of  the  opinion  that  "what 
the  country  needs  is  a  strong  movement  to 
induce  the  planting  of  trees  similar  to  the 
movements  that  have  resulted  in  such  in- 
creased production  of  food  for  war  pur- 
poses." The  San  Francisco  Chronicle 
takes  up  the  "Hero  Grove"  in  Golden  Gate 
Park  at  length.  The  Boise  Capital  News, 
in  an  editorial  on  the  planting  of  memorial 
trees  by  the  war  mothers,  says :  "Though 
the  final  dedication  may  be  a  great  public 
affair,  there  is  something  singularly  appro- 
priate in  this  private  planting  of  trees  by 
the  people  who,  when  all  is  said  and  done, 
care  more  than  anybody  else." 

The  Manufacturers'  Record  of  Baltimore 
seldom  has  an  issue  in  which  the  subject  of 
forestry  is  omitted.  The  Chicago  Tribune 
has  taken  up  the  question  of  the  Forest 
Preserve  near  Chicago  and  calls  upon  the 
people  to  help  preserve  it  by  keeping  their 
hands  off  the  beautiful  things  in  the  pre- 
serve. To  quote 
the  Tribune: 
"W  h  y  worry 
about  the  ex- 
tinction of  the 
bison  and  elk 
and  not  care  a 
continen  t  a  1 
whether  the 
things  which  are 
native  hereabouts 
live  or  die?"  The 
lack  of  shade 
trees  along  Har- 
risburg's  streets 
is  the  subject  of 
a  stirring  editorial  in  the  Evening  News  of 
that  city.  The  Bethlehem  Times  is  devoting 
as  much  as  a  column  a  day  to  features  from 
the  American  Forestry  Association.  The 
Worcester  Post  is  urging  the  planting  of 
memorial  trees  in  that  city  and  has  asked 
the  Association  for  all  data  on  the  subject 
of  tree  planting.  To  print  a  list  of 
the  newspapers  using  news  from  the  Asso- 
ciation would  be  to  print  the  directory  of 
such  publications.  The  greatest  of  oppor- 
tunities for  members  of  the  Association  is 
at  hand.  Their  co-operation  will  bring 
forestry  to  the  front  in  each  locality.  Now 
is  the  time  to  act  by  writing  to  your 
editor  and  sending  to  the  Association 
anything  you  see  dealing  with  the  for- 
estry problem. 


TO  SAVE  CALIFORNIA  REDWOODS  FOR  AUTO  ROADS. 

A  movement  has  been  started  to  save  the  California  redwoods  along  the  roads.  "The  plan  is  for  the  purchase  by  the 
State  of  a  strip  on  either  side  of  state  roads  in  the  redwood  country,  along  which  the  giant  trees  shall  be  left  untouched," 
says  the  San  Francisco  Chronicle,  "as  a  memorial  of  the  great  groves  of  the  past  and  a  keen  delight  to  the  traveler 
through  that  region."  Edward  E.  Ayer,  of  Chicago,  who  motors  through  the  region  every  year,  has  reported  to  M.  H. 
de  Young  of  San  Francisco  that  in  some  sections  "a  battlefield  could  not  look  worse  than  where  the  lumbermen  have 
been  cutting  down  these  giants  of  the  forest." 


SUMMER  WALKS  IN  THE  WOODLAND 


ALONG  THE  PALISADES  IN  THE  INTERSTATE  PARK 
BY  J.  OTIS  SWIFT,  AUTHOR  OF  WOODLAND  MAGIC 


(PHOTOGRAPHS  BY   THE   AUTHOR) 


THERE  is  an  order  of  holy  men  who  go  about  the 
world  doing  good  to  inanimate  things.  You  will 
know  them  by  the  far-away,  detached  look  in  their 
deep  eyes  when  you  meet  them  in  the  crowded  streets, 
and  by  the  way  they  have  of  looking  away  over  the 
roof-tops  as  if  used  to  great  spaces  and  lofty  mountains. 
You  will  come  upon  them  in  the  waste  places,  in  the 
shade  of  the  deep  woods, 
on  the  margin  of  the  brook, 
the  pitcher  plant-haunted, 
quaking  peat  of  the  bog, 
and  walking  lonely  hill 
paths  in  the  cool  of  the 
evening.  Then  you  will  dis- 
cover that  the  far-away 
look  in  their  eyes  has  gone. 
In  its  place  is  quick  flash- 
ing attention  to  every 
drooping  leaf,  bent  twig, 
lichened  ledge,  rabbit  path 
and  flitting  thrush.  These 
men  are  priests  of  the  Order 
of  Nature.  Sometimes  they 
are  old  and  bent,  with  palms 
calloused  by  the  plough 
handles  and  the  pruning 
hook.  Again  they  are 
youths  with  soft  treading 
feet  and  poet's  mouths.  But 
all  are  holy,  for  they  have 
received  their  initiation  as 
children  in  the  secret  places 
of  the  deep  forests  and 
their  lives,  among  other 
things,  are  consecrated  to 
loving,  appreciating  and 
caring  for  inanimate  trees, 
shrubs,  plants  and  mosses 
that  animate  nature — in- 
sects, birds,  animals  and 
men,  may  be  happier.  This 
is  the  ancient  order  to  which 
Pliny,  Linneas,  Asa  Gray, 
Donald  Mitchell  and  Thoreau  belonged,  and  to  which 
you  and  I  are  initiates.  Its  members  are  the  sort  of 
men  of  whom  women,  children,  dogs  and  wild  creatures 
are  never  afraid  and  are  usually  trustful  and  fond. 
There  is  a  secret  bond  of  fellowship  between  them  and 
every  living  thing  in  the  wilderness  and  waste  places.  So 
come,  this  September  morning,  and  we  will  make  a  pil- 
grimage from  Hastings-on-Hudson, across  the  river  to  the 


ONE  OF   THE    NEW    AUTOMOBILE 
MAJESTIC  CLIFFS  OF 


great  Palisades  Interstate  Park,  the  most  weirdly  beau- 
tiful spot  about  the  American  metropolis. 

This  park  is  being  developed  by  the  Palisades  Inter- 
state Park  Commission  representing  both  States  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  with  jurisdiction  along  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  from  Fort  Lee,  New  Jersey,  to 
Newburg,   New  York.     The   Commission  has  acquired 

all  of  the  Palisades  section 
extending  up  to  the  tops  of 
the  cliffs  from  Fort  Lee  to 
the  State  line  opposite 
Hastings,  and  it  is  a  little 
out  of  this  wonderland  we 
will  visit  today,  for  we  can- 
not hope  to  explore  the 
summer  camp  for  the  mili- 
tary training  of  youths 
south  of  Nyack,  rugged 
Hook  mountain  at  the  top 
of  the  Tappan  Zee,  the  big 
Bear  Mountain  tract  a  few 
miles  south  of  West  Point, 
or  the  Harriman  Park  sec- 
tion of  30,000  acres  run- 
ning west  from  the  Hudson 
towards  Tuxedo,  all  in  one 
day.  This  great  park,  as 
wild  and  romantic  in  places 
as  a  bit  out  of  the  heart  of 
the  Rockies,  has  been  made 
possible  through  money  and 
land  appropriated  by  New 
York  and  New  Jersey, 
through  the  gift  of  10.000 
acres  of  land  and  $1,000,- 
000  by  Mrs.  Mary  W.  Har- 
riman, and  gifts  by  other 
individuals  of  various  par- 
cels of  land,  an  aggregate 
of  nearly  $2,000,000.  It 
all  lies  at  the  doorway  of 
New  York  City  so  that  a 
scrub-woman  -may  spend 
her  day-off  in  forest  depths  under  the  shadows  of  the 
frowning  palisades  for  a  few  pennies  and  a  few  minutes' 
time  in  getting  there  on  the  ferry. 

We  go  down  to  the  wide  blue  river  at  Hastings,  and 
row  over  to  the  shadow  of  the  cliffs,  dropping  down 
with  the  tide  to  Alpine,  opposite  Yonkers.  We  are  seek- 
ing solitude,  and  find  it  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  thousands 
of  people  landed  here  at  Alpine  last  Sunday  and  were 


ROADS  WINDING    ROUND  THE 
THE  PALISADES. 


13S8 


SUMMER    WALKS    IN    THE  WOODLAND 


1359 


swallowed  up  by  the  precipitous  paths,  jungles  jand 
hillside  forests  in  a  few  minutes.  We  have  certain  things 
to  say  to  Mother  Nature,  and  must  sit  in  front  of  stone 
altars  in  inner  recesses  of  the  vast  rock -heaps  at  the  foot 
of  the  purple  crags,  jumbles  of  broken  trap  from  the 
size  of  a  man's  head  to  a  house,  hurled  down  by  frosts 


hinterland,   cover  stretches  of   the   rock   heap.     In   this 
grow  all — I  am  sure — of  the  trees  and  shrubs  indigenous 
to  the  locality.     Then,  rising  majestically  in  sheer  wall, 
fissured    battlement,    detached    pinnacles    and    weather- 
scarred,  time-colored  precipices,  to  a  height  of  between 
300  and  500  feet,  begin  the  Palisades.     They  are  of  a 
lava  rock  called  trap  which   was 
penetrated    as    a    sheet    into    the 
Triassic     sandstones.       Next     to 
Niagara  Falls  they   form  one  of 
the   most    widely    known    natural 
phenomena  in  America,  probably 
because  of  their  nearness  to  one 
of  the  world's  great  cities.     The 
awesomeness  of  their  dizzy  height 
as  we  look  up,  contrasted  with  the 
simple   sweet  beauty   of   beds   of 
wild  spikenard  or  False  Solomon's 
Seal,  tall  meadow  rue,  bloodroot, 
wild     ginger,     white     baneberry, 
black     cohosh,     wild     bergamot, 
pipsissewa,  and  clumps  of  moun- 
tain laurel,  pink  azalea,  bayberry, 
blueberry,      black-cap      raspberry 
and      blackberry,      growing      all 

THE  ENTRANCE  INTO  ONE  OF  THE  HUNDREDS  OF  BEAUTIFUL  WOOD  PATHS  IN  THE  PARK.    arouncl,   appals  US.      The  beautiful 

twelve-mile  fringe  of  sloping  land 


of  untold  ages,  and  make  our  confession.  We  must 
ponder  upon  the  persistence  of  this  thing  we  call  Life 
and  which  is  all  around  us  from  the  crawling  partridge 
berry  vine,  woodbine  and  honeysuckle,  binding  the 
rocks  together,  to  the  earth  cur- 
rents palpitating  in  the  solid 
ledges  and  rising  with  the  sap  in 
giant  old  oaks,  tulips,  black 
birches,  and  sycamores,  towering 
above.  Leaving  the  little  white 
house  that  was  Cornwallis'  head- 
quarters in  the  Revolution,  and 
nestles  now  at  one  of  the  nine 
docks  for  steamers  at  the  foot  of 
the  Palisades,  we  plunge  up  a 
tiny  hidden  foot  path  toward  the 
bottom  of  the  crags.  A  scarlet 
tanager  flutters  along  ahead  to 
lead  us  away  from  her  nest,  dis- 
covered at  the  end  of  a  black 
birch's  limb.  A  chipmunk  sits  on 
a  mossy  log  and  stares,  and  a  gray 
squirrel  scolds  from  a  black  oak. 
At  once  we  are  as  far  from  civili- 
zation as  if  we  were  lost  in  the 

Adirondacks.  From  the  shore  of  the  river  the  fallen 
rock  debris  rises  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees  or 
everal  hundred  feet  in  places.  Ages  of  erosion  that 
started,  perhaps,  with  the  deluge,  leaf-mould  from  cen- 
turies of  vegetation,  earth  deposited  when  the  Hudson 
was  an  unthinkably  big  stream,  draining  the  Laurentian 


under  the  Palisades  is  a  paradise  for  artist,  naturalist 
and  geologist.  Although  the  State  Commission  of  Con- 
servation, headed  by  George  W.  Perkins,  has  spent  much 
money  and  done  an  incredible  amount  of  work  building 


AT  THE  FOOT  OF  THE  CLIFFS  STILL  STANDS  THE  QUAINT  LITTLE  WHITE-WASHFD  HOUSE 
WHERE  CORNWALLIS.  IN  LONG  GONE  DAYS,  MADE  HIS  HEADQUARTERS. 

bathing  beaches,  lawns,  boat  lagoons,  winding  paths, 
automobile  roads,  log  comfort  stations,  bridges,  piers, 
masonry  walls,  causeways,  and  monster  rustic  pavilions 
that  would  have  decked  a  Roman  emperor's  gardens,  the 
vast  wilderness  of  the  park  remains  untamed  and  is  its 
greatest  asset.     "The  Commission  is  doing  its  best  to 


1360 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


ON  THE  LIP  OF  THE  CHASM— FAINTLY 
VISIBLE  IS  THE  OPPOSITE  SHORE  LINE 
AND  A  STEAMER  WENDING  ITS  WAY  UP 
THE   BEAUTIFUL  HUDSON. 


preserve  the  great  natural  beauties  and  advantages  which 
God  in  His  wisdom  conferred  upon  the  land  over  which 
it  has  supervision."  Here  and  there,  lost  in  the  tangles 
of  sumac,  wild  cherry,  black  haw,  alspice,  sassafras  and 
elderberry  are 
deserted,  tum- 
bled-in  cellars 
of  colonial 
houses  that 
were  places  of 
i  m  p  o  r  t  a  nee 
when  the  Red 
Coats  were 
chased  across 
the  river  by 
Wa  shington's 
troopers,  but 
now  overgrown 
by  woodbine 
and  wild 
grapes.  The 
pink  and  white 
roses  of  the 
colonial  wom- 
en, planted  to 
celebrate    the 

love  of  happy  homes,  have  gone  wild  and  bloom  lux- 
uriantly, running  back  to  Nature.  An  hundred  old 
fashioned  herbs  and  flowers  that  in  the  course  of  almost 
three  centuries  have  escaped  from  the  gardens  up  over 
the  cliff  tops  have  dropped  their  seeds  over  the  dizzy  edge 
and  taken  root  below.  It  is  a  bird,  animal  and  tree 
sanctuary,  we  find  as  we  leave  the  path  two  hundred 
feet  up  and  turn  along  one  of  the  new  automobile  roads 
the  Commission  is  cutting  under  the  lower  edge  of  the 
cliffs.  We 
climb  up  over 
the  slides  of 
broken  trap  to 
the  top  of  the 
age-old  crags 
at  one  of  the 
places  where 
ascent  is  pos- 
sible and  creep- 
ing tremblingly 
to  the  lip  of 
the  chasm  look 
away  south  to 
the  great  city 
sweltering  in 
its  heat  and 
noise,  to  the 
ships  dotting 
the  harbor  and 
river,  down  to  the  dock  half  a  thousand  feet  below  us ; 
to  Yonkers  across  the  stream,  to  Graystone  once  the 
home  of  Samuel  Tilden,  just  above;  to  Hastings  where 
Farragut  lived ;  Dobbs  Ferry  where  nestles  on  the  hill- 
side the  home  of  the  late  Robert  G.  Ingersoll ;  Irvington, 


••f  •.»■.-  i 

vrajfij!;  KFi  *jVr 

Bbri"9Hi^ 

LOOKING   DOWN   ON   THE   DOCKS.   HALF   A   THOUSAND   FEET   BELOW.     THIS   SPOT  AT   THE 
TOP  OF  THE  PALISADES  AFFORDS  A  MAGNIFICENT  VIEW  OF  THE  SURROUNDING  COUNTRY. 


the  home  of  Washington  Irving,  and  Mystic  Sleepy 
Hollow  lost  in  the  blue  haze  beyond  Tarrytown.  Five 
miles  above  us  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  glancing 
along  the  Palisades,  rises  Indian  Head,  the  highest  shelf 
of  the  cliffs,  the  profile  of  the  old  savage,  tossed  there, 
it  is  said,  from  a  blanket  in  the  hands  of  Hendrick  Hud- 
son's sailortnen,  looking  out  of  the  crags  in  surprise  at 
the  changes  since  his  descendants  sold  their  heritage  to 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company  for  a  mess  of  pottage, 

or  a  blanket,  or 
something. 

It  is  all  over- 
p  o  w  e  r  i  n  gly 
beautiful  and 
inspiring,  and 
we  know  we 
can  never  ade- 
quately describe 
it,  but  as  we 
look  there 
comes  up  from 
a  treetop  grow- 
ing out  of  the 
rocks  below  us 
the  clear  sweet 
music  of  a 
song  -  sparrow 
saying,  "tweet, 
tweet  -  flitter," 
which  is  non- 
sense, but  heav- 
enly music  nevertheless,  and  far  more  indescribable  than 
a  marvelous  landscape.  Descending  the  crags  to  where 
in  a  deep  cool  nook,  among  broken  rocks  as  big  as 
hayracks,  a  spring  pours  out,  cold  and  crystal,  for  our 

blessing.  We 
drink,  and  lying 
on  the  mosses, 
staring  up  at 
the  cliffs  and 
blue  sky  be- 
yond, feel  our 
littleness.  Here 
in  the  silence 
the  spirit  of  the 
place  comes  to 
us  like  a  quiet 
caress. 

As  the  sun 
sinks  behind  us 
we  go  down 
winding  road- 
ways and  paths, 
among  deep 
forests  with 
occasional  glimpses  of  the  river  below  caught  through 
openings  in  the  dense  mat  of  treetops  where  the 
thrushes  chant,  to  the  landing— drifting  home  in 
our  boat  on  the  broad  silver  river  in  the  moon- 
light. 


THE  PATH  WINDING  ROUND  THE  CLIFFS, 
FROM  WHICH  DELIGHTFUL  GLIMPSES  OF 
THE  RIVER  FAR  BELOW  MAY  BE  HAD. 


MEXICO  AS  A  SOURCE  OF  TIMBER 

BY  AUSTIN  F.  MACDONALD 


A  FEW  years  will  often  work  startling  transforma- 
tions in  the  motives  and  desires  of  a  people ;  and 
not  the  least  wonderful  is  the  change  which  was 
wrought  in  the  lives  of  the  American  people  by  our  par- 
ticipation in  the  great  world  conflict.  In  1916  we  were 
busily  engaged  in  the  absorbing  task  of  making  money, 
we  were  looking  for  profitable  opportunities  to  invest 
that  money.  In  1918  our  sole  aim  was  to  win  the  war, 
and  foreign  investments,  no  matter  how  alluring,  did 
not  appeal  to  us.  But  now  America  has  emerged  tri- 
umphant from  the  struggle,  and  the  present  time  marks 
the  dawning  of  a  new  era  of  prosperity.  Once  more 
American   capital   is   seeking   satisfactory   opportunities 

v — 


valued  at  $495,257.  While  these  figures  are  not  large 
when  considered  by  themselves,  relatively  they  are  very 
important,  for  the  forest  products  during  the  year  1913 
formed  approximately  one-eighth  of  the  total  exports 
of  the  country.  We  must  not  conclude,  however,  that  a 
comparatively  small  export  of  lumber  means  a  lack  of 
forests  in  Mexico.  On  the  contrary,  it  merely  signifies 
that  the  great  forest  areas  have  not  yet  been  developed 
and  are  still  awaiting  exploitation.  The  Republic  has 
been  estimated  to  contain  479  square  leagues  of  thick 
forests  and  18,134  square  leagues  of  wooded  land.  Its 
forests  are  rich  in  every  variety  of  the  precious  woods, 
besides  great  areas  of  commercial  timbers.     Because  of 


6» 


"«* 


Exp 


lanatlon: 

I  Temperate  Zone  Forest  Area. 
■■  Tropical  Forest  Area. 


^> 


«£> 


*  9o   Or 

"1 


for  investment,  and  intelligent  information  on  this  sub- 
ject is  rapidly  becoming  an  urgent  need. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  bit  of  advice  which  the  American 
business  man  has  heard  more  frequently  in  the  past  than 
the  suggestion  to  invest  in  Mexican  timber.  Just  what 
kind  of  timber,  and  in  just  what  part  of  Mexico,  seems 
to  have  been  entirely  immaterial.  Strangely  enough,  en- 
thusiasm about  this  timber  seems  to  have  been  in  inverse 
ratio  to  the  actual  amount  of  knowledge  concerning  it. 
The  purpose  of  this  article  is  to  state  concisely  the  ex- 
tent of  Mexico's  timber  resources,  and  the  location  of 
these  forested  areas. 

In   the   year   1913   the    Republic  of  Mexico  exported 
mercial  timber  valued  at  $3,365,131,  and  dye  woods 


the  lack  of  laborers  and  the  difficulty  of  transportation, 
and  because  of  the  presence  of  precious  metals,  exploita- 
tion went  on  very  slowly  for  over  two  centuries.  Now, 
however,  the  people  are  beginning  to  realize  the  vast 
wealth  of  their  forested  areas  and  are  developing  them 
'  at  a  rapid  rate.  Wasteful  methods  of  hauling  and  cut- 
ting which  are  at  present  being  employed  will  if  con- 
tinued lead  to  deforestation.  More  scientific  exploitation 
is  needed,  and  it  must  come  quickly. 

One  must  not  conclude  from  these  introductory  re- 
marks that  all  Mexico  is  one  vast  forest.  There  are 
great  stretches  of  waving  grain  and  of  the  crops  of  a 
more  tropical  agriculture,  and  there  are  vast  areas  that 
are  uninhabited  deserts.    For  the  purposes  of  this  paper 


1361 


1362 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


the  country  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  three  dis- 
tricts. The  first  of  these  is'  the  great  tropical  forest 
belt.  This  covers  almost  the  entire  peninsula  of  Yuca- 
tan, as  well  as  the  small  states  of  the  southeast  which 
border  on  the  Gulf  of  Campeche.  Some  tropical  woods 
are  also  found  along  the  Pacific  littoral  in  the  far  south- 
west. 

The  second  area  is  the  Temperate  Zone  Forest  Belt. 
This  is  located  in  the  northwestern  section  of  the  Re- 
public, extending  northward  almost  to  the  American 
border.  It  begins  from  100  to  150  miles  west  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  extends  eastward  over  a  large  strip  of 
territory.  Between  these  two  districts  is  the  Treeless 
Belt,  some  of  which  is  cultivated,  but  much  of  which  is 
arid. 

It  is  from  the  Tropical  Forest  Belt  that  logwood  and 
the  other  dye  woods  come.  Logwood  is  found  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  of  Yucatan,  which  is  in  the 
extreme  north  of  the  peninsula  of  that  name  along  the 
Gulf  of  Campeche,  and  over  the  entire  eastern  section  of 
the  peninsula.  Its  exploitation  has  been  neglected  for 
several  years.  Since  the  demand  for  the  product  was 
revived,  however,  several  ineffective  attempts  have  been 
made  to  resurrect  the  industry  in  the  Peninsula  of  Yuca- 
tan. These  in  many  instances  have  not  survived  the 
effort  to  obtain  sufficient  labor.  In  the  forests  of  Quin- 
tana  Roo  there  are  piles  of  cut  logwood  which  are  not 
available  because  laborers  cannot  be  obtained  to  haul 
them.  This  difficulty,  coupled  with  the  inaccessibility  of 
the  product,  makes  exploitation  very  difficult,  and  to  a 
large  extent  impracticable  at  the  present  market  price. 
A  lack  of  vessels  is  another  difficulty  which  must  be  met 
when  the  product  finally  reaches  the  town  of  export. 
This  logwood  is  used  for  dyeing  materials  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  ink.  The  largest  exportation  of  the 
product  at  present  is  from  the  State  of  Tabasco,  which 
borders  on  the  Gulf  of  Campeche.  This  is  practically 
the  only  export  of  the  state.  During  two  months  in 
1916,  4,371  tons  were  exported,  valued  at  $327,127.  All 
of  it  was  shipped  to  the  United  States. 

In  the  Tropical  Forest  Belt  are  also  found  mahogany, 
ebony  and  other  precious  woods.  Along  the  Gulf  of 
Campeche,  particularly  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
Peninsula  of  Yucatan,  are  great  forests  of  mahogany 
and  Spanish  cedar.  These  are  chiefly  in  the  hands  of 
American  and  native  companies,  who  export  considerable 
quantities.  From  July,  1911,  to  June,  1912,  mahogany 
and  Spanish  cedar,  valued  at  $1,236,000,  were  shipped 
from  the  small  town  of  Carmen  alone.  Large  areas  of 
the  cedar  are  also  found  in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula, 
but  a  lack  of  transportation  facilities  has  made  their  ex- 
ploitation almost  impossible  up  to  the  present  time.  All 
along  the  eastern  coast  of  the  Republic,  particularly  in 
the  southeast,  although  to  a  lesser  extent  further  north 
as  well,  are  found  tracts  of  mahogany  in  paying  quanti- 
ties. The  State  of  Nuevo  Leon,  which  is  situated  in  the 
extreme  northeast  some  distance  from  the  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  the  chief  area  of  ebony,  which  is 
being  exploited  rapidly.    To  the  east  of  Nuevo  Leon,  di- 


rectly on  the  coast,  are  large  forests  of  mahogany  which 
have  not  yet  been  developed. 

By  far  the  largest  part  of  the  forest  products  already 
exported  have  come  from  the  Tropical  Forest  Belt.  The 
Temperate  Zone  Forest  Belt  has  until  very  recently  been 
practically  undeveloped,  and  it  is  from  this  region  that  a 
great  increase  in  the  lumber  industry  may  be  expected. 
This  area  is  a  broad  belt  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Republic,  with  its  western  edge  about  150  miles  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  Sierras  which  traverse  Mexico  from 
north  to  south  are  well  wooded  on  both  their  eastern  and 
western  slopes.  Pine  is  the  commercially  important  tim- 
ber, the  principal  varieties  of  which,  in  the  order  of 
importance,  are  yellow  short  leaf,  yellow  long  leaf  and 
Weymouth.  Some  oaks,  cedars  (the  kind  generally 
known  as  cedars  in  temperate  zones)  and  other  hard- 
woods occur.  Thirty-six  separate  and  distinct  varieties 
of  hardwoods  have  been  found  in  the  region.  In  the 
short  leaf  pine,  trees  are  quite  common  measuring  from 
four  to  four  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter  and  running 
60  feet  without  a  limb.  Spruce  and  fir  are  also  found  in 
quantity,  although  pine  constitutes  approximately  three- 
fourths  of  the  Temperate  Zone  Forest  Belt.  The  rich 
timber  resources  have  scarcely  been  touched,  mainly  be- 
cause of  inadequate  transportation  facilities.  In  the 
whole  region,  covering  approximately  75,000  square 
miles,  there  are  less  than  1,000  miles  of  railroads.  When 
new  roads  which  are  contemplated  or  in  course  of  con- 
struction have  been  completed  vast  tracts  of  virgin  forest 
land  will  be  ready  for  exploitation. 

One  must  not  imagine,  however,  that  there  is  at 
present  no  development  of  this  belt.  Some  exportation 
is  now  taking  place,  the  timber  being  mostly  white  pine 
of  an  excellent  quality.  Turpentine  and  rosin  of  a  high 
grade  are  secured  as  by-products.  In  the  State  of  Chi- 
huahua, for  example,  which  is  one  of  the  leading  lumber 
states  of  the  Temperate  Zone  area,  the  forest  products 
of  the  State  for  1909  amounted  to  $1,214,784,  consisting 
principally  of  pine,  $574,236;  oak,  $548,766,  and  mes- 
quite,  $43,991. 

From  all  of  this  it  may  be  seen  that  Mexico  has  large 
areas  of  timber,  both  of  the  cabinet  and  of  the  com- 
mercial woods.  Here  are  splendid  opportunities  for  the 
investment  of  American  capital,  if  the  problems  raised 
by  a  lack  of  labor  and  of  transportation  facilities  can  be 
successfully  overcome.  The  woods  of  the  Temperate 
Zone  Forest  Belt  are  said  to  rival  in  quality  those  of  the 
United  States,  and  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time  when  both 
forest  belts  will  be  exploited  on  a  large  scale.  Is  this 
development  to  be  carried  on  by  American  interests, 
or  by  the  European  capitalists  who  already  domi- 
nate Mexico  financially?  American  business  men  must 
decide. 


CONSIDER  THE  WOODLOT  TO  KEEP 
IT  PRODUCTIVE 


BOOK     REVIEWS 


1363 


BOOKS  ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
a  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.  C.     Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     VALUATION— Filibert     Roth 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth   

PRACTICAL    TREE    REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER    INDUSTRY— By    R.    S.     Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur   F.   Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By   H.   H.    Chapman   

CHINESE    FOREST    TREES   AND   TIMBER   SUPPLY— By    Norman   Shaw 

TREES,   SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERE  .1NIALS— By   John   Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By   Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.   I   and   II,  4   Parts  to  a  Volume— 

Per    Part    

THE   TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Gifford   Pinchot   

LUMBER   AND   ITS   USES— R.   S.   Kellogg 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Britton 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston 

THE   FARM   WOODLOT— E.  G.   Cheyney  and  J.  P.   Wentling 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel   J. 


Record 


PLANE     SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Gra  -es 

THE   ECONOMICS   OF   FORESTRY— B.   E.   Fernow 

FIRST    BOOK   OF   FORESTRY— Filibert   Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.   S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF    AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel   B.    Green 

TREES  IN  WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvis 

MANUAL   OF    THE    TREES   OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive    of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent    

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14   Volumes,    per   Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY     MOUNTAINS— Romeyn     B.     Hough 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED   WITH  THE   TREES— J.  Horace  McFarland 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD;  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— Chas.  H.  Snow 

HANDBOOK    OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES    OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame    and    Henry    Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES— H.  E.  Park- 


hurst 


TREES— H.     Marshall    Ward     

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Muir    

LOGGING— Ralph    C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.   Hawes 

THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   HANDLING    WOODLANDS— Henry   Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND   CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman    

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.   Moon  and   N.   C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES    OF    TREES— J.    J.    Levison 

TREE    PRUNING— A.   Des   Cars   

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE   PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.   Tourney... 

FUTURE   OF   FOREST   TREES— By   Dr.    Harold   Unwin 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John   Arden  Ferguson    

THE   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.   Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud   Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS   AND   WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor 

THE   LAND  WE   LIVE   IN— By  Overton  Price 

WOOD    AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes 


THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBING,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette     

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS— Chas.  H.   Snow 

EXERCISES  IN   FOREST  MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR    NATIONAL   FORESTS— H.    D.    Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS— By  Robert  Sterling  Yard 

THE   STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT— By  A.  B.  Recknagel  and  John  Bentley,  Jr 

THE  FOREST  RANGER   AND  OTHER   VERSE— By  John  Guthrie 


$1.50 
2.00 
2.00 
1.10 
2.10 
2.00 
2.50 
1.50 

5.00 
1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.30 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 
3.00 
4.00 
1.61 
1.10 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 

6.00 
7.50 

6.00 
1.75 
3.50 
5.00 
1.50 

1.50 
1.50 
1.91 
3.50 

2.50 
3.50 
1.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
3.00 
3.50 
2.25 
2.00 
1.30 
2.10 
1.50 
2.50 
1.70 
3.00 
3.00 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.50 
2.50 
2.50 
3.10 
.65 
2.60 
1.60 


*  This,  of  course,  Is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on  forestry 
or  related    subjects   upon   request.— EDITOR. 


SPRUCE  TREE 

T.\  making  a  survey  of  the  spruce  forests, 
where  the  airplane  cutting  was  carried 
on  during  the  war  in  the  Grays  Habor 
spruce  district,  the  Forest  Service  found 
a  tree  573  years  old,  according  to  its  rings. 
The  tree  was  felled  in  clearing  to  make 
the  military  camps  safe  after  a  limb  had 
fallen  and  menaced  the  roof  of  the  officers' 
quarters.  The  tree  is  close  to  the  Olym- 
lighway,  eleven  miles  north  of  Hump- 
tstips. 


573  YEARS  OLD 

The  stump  was  11.6  feet  from  the  ground 
level.  The  tree  was  a  sapling  some  two 
inches  in  diameter  when  Columbus  was 
discovering  America.  Though  not  the 
oldest  spruce  on  record,  it  is  premier  in 
age  during  the  present  survey. 

An  effort  is  being  made  by  the  depart- 
ment to  get  the  age  of  the  largest  type  of 
Sitka  spruce  in  each  of  the  various  air- 
plane enterprises.  More  than  500  trees 
have  been  listed  to  date. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

JPOREST  MANAGEMENT,  by  A.  B. 
Recknagel  and  John  Bentley,  Jr.,  John 
Wiley  &  Sons,  New  York,  price  $2.60.  The 
book  contains  a  condensed  and  simple 
treatment  of  the  following  subjects :  Forest 
mensuration,  Forest  organization,  Forest 
finance,  and  Forest  administration  and  it 
is  written  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  read- 
ily understood  and  used  by  the  layman, 
timber  owner  and  manager.  Non-profes- 
sional students  of  forestry  in  colleges  and 
universities  and  in  professional  courses  not 
post-graduate  grade,  will  also  find  it  of 
value  as  a  text. 

Forest  Management  occupies  the  middle 
ground  between  the  highly  technical  and 
the  very  elementary  textbooks  and  intelli- 
gent study  of  the  principles  advocated  in 
this  book  will  stimulate  the  practice  of 
forest  management  by  owners  of  timber 
land — large  and  small,  public  and  private — 
to  the  end  that  this  important  natural  re- 
source may  be  systematically  maintained 
and  developed. 


RED  GUM  TREE  YIELDS  BALSAM 

OF  TRADE  VALUE 

XpEW  people  in  the  South,  where  the  red 
gum  tree  (Liquidambar  styraciflua) 
grows,  apparently  are  aware  that  the  gum 
which  exudes  from  this  tree  when  its  sap- 
wood  is  wounded  has  commercial  value. 
This  "sweet  gum,"  as  it  is  commonly  called, 
is  similar  in  properties  and  composition 
to  the  commercial  product  obtained  from 
a  tree  (Liquidambar  orientals)  indigenous 
to  Asia  Minor  and  known  in  commerce  as 
"Oriental  storax." 

According  to  the  United  States  Forest 
Products  Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wiscon- 
sin, small  amounts  of  the  dried  gum  have 
been  used  for  some  time  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  chewing  gum,  but  since  the  war 
curtailed  the  supply  of  oriental  storax 
considerable  quantities  of  the  fresh  "sweet 
gum"  or  "American  storax"  have  been  put 
on  the  market  to  replace  the  imported 
product. 

As  much  as  $2  a  pound  has  been  paid  to 
collectors  of  the  gum  and  second  hands 
have  sold  it  for  from  $2.50  to  $3  a  pound. 
These  prices,  however,  are  inflated  and  it 
is  probable  that  in  normal  times  the  gum 
would  not  bring  more  than  50  cents  to  $1 
a  pound. 

Storax  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
perfumes,  tobacco,  adhesives  and  phar- 
maceutical preparations,  and  contains  cin- 
namic  acid  and  cinnamic  alcohol,  both  of 
which  are  in  demand. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES 


13(54 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


STATE   NEWS 


CALIFORNIA 

'T'HAT  public  sentiment  in  California  in 
favor  of  forestry  is  steadily  growing 
is  shown  by  the  measures  which  passed 
the  last  Legislature  and  received  executive 
sanction.  Besides  the  general  appropria- 
tion bill  which  carries  items  of  salaries, 
support  and  printing  of  the  State  Board  of 
Forestry,  ten  other  measures  which  have 
to  do  with  forestry  in  California  were 
passed. 

A  new  board  of  forestry  was  created  to 
consist  of  five  persons,  the  State  Forester 
and  four  persons  appointed  by  the  Gover- 
nor, one  of  whom  shall  be  familiar  with 
the  timber  industry,  one  with  the  livestock 
industry,  one  with  the  grain  and  hay  in- 
dustry, and  one  at  large.  Another  measure 
provided  for  the  prevention  and  suppres- 
sion of  forest  fires  which  are  defined  as  any 
fires  burning  uncontrolled  on  any  lands 
covered  wholly  or  in  part  by  timber,  grass, 
grain  or  other  inflammable  vegetation. 
The  State  Board  of  Forestry  was  author- 
ized to  divide  the  state  into  districts,  em- 
ploy district  fire  rangers  and  pay  fire- 
fighting  expenses  under  specified  condi- 
tions. It  was  provided  that  co-operative 
agreements  for  the  prevention  and  sup- 
pression of  forest  fires  or  for  reforestation 
and  afforestation  purposes  might  be  en- 
tered into  with  federal,  county,  municipal 
and  private  agencies.  An  appropriation  of 
$25,000  for  the  biennial  period  was  made 
to  put  this  measure  into  effect. 

In  addition,  a  number  of  forested  and 
brush-covered  regions  in  the  state  were 
given  protection  through  the  following  ap- 
propriations for  the  biennial  period: 

Fighting  forest  fires,  etc.,  in  the  San 
Dimas  Canyon  in  the  San  Gabriel  Moun- 
tains, $1,600;  fighting  forest  fires  in  the 
San  Gabriel  Canyon  in  the  San  Gabriel 
Mountains,  $3,000;  prevention  of  forest 
fires  in  the  San  Antonio  Canyon  in  the 
San  Gabriel  Mountains,  $5,000;  for  refor- 
estation, construction  and  maintenance  of 
fire  lines  and  trails,  Angeles  National 
Forest,  $5,000;  prevention  and  extinguish- 
ment of  fires  in  Tamalpais  forest  fire  dis- 
trict, $5,000. 

The  above  appropriations  were  made  on 
the  condition  that  the  various  agencies  re- 
ceiving direct  benefit  from  this  protection, 
such  as  the  San  Dimas  Fruit  Exchange, 
Azusa  Irrigation  Company,  San  Antonio 
Water  Company  and  Tamalpais  forest  fire 
district  contribute  an  equal  amount. 

Law  enforcement  measures  were  strength- 
ened through  an  amendment  to  the  Penal 
Code  that  requires  an  effective  spark  ar- 
resting device  to  be  installed  on  any  gas 
tractor,  oil-burning  engine,  gas-propelled 
harvesting  machine  or  auto  truck  harvest- 


ing or  moving  grain  or  hay,  and  the 
carrying  of  two  suitable  chemical  fire  ex- 
tinguishers by  harvesters  and  hay  presses. 
The  section  regarding  the  leaving  of  camp 
fires  unextinguished  was  strengthened  by 
the  substitution  of  the  words,  "Without 
some  person  in  attendance"  for  "upon  de- 
parture." 

A  chapter  in  the  Civil  Code  was  revised 
and  now  gives  the  United  States  the  right, 
heretofore  limited  to  the  state  and  counties, 
of  recovering  in  a  civil  action  of  double 
the  damages  sustained  from  fires  through 
wilfulness,  malice  or  negligence,  as  well 
as  the  actual  damages  if  the  fires  occurred 
accidentally,  and  the  full  costs  incurred  in 
fighting  any  such  fires. 


COLORADO 

A  CTING  upon  the  advice  of  the  State 
Forester,  the  State  Board  of  Land 
Commissioners  has  definitely  committed 
itself  in  favor  of  effecting  an  exchange  of 
school  lands,  chiefly  sections  16  and  36, 
lying  within  the  National  Forests  of  the 
State,  for  an  equal  acreage  and  value  of 
lands  to  be  chosen  in  one  or  two  bodies 
within  some  National  Forest,  in  order  that 
a  State  Forest  may  be  created  and  handled 
under  forestry  principles. 

The  State  Forester,  together  with  Crosby 
Hoar,  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service, 
has  examined  within  the  Rout,  White 
River  and  Arapaho  National  Forests  areas 
which  might  serve  the  purpose  of  the  State. 
During  the  summer  a  crew  of  National 
Forest  men  are  examining  State  lands 
which  have  not  been  examined  by  the 
State  Forester,  and  the  Forest  Supervisors 
are  assisting  on  other  National  Forests. 

Preliminary  to  this  exchange  the  State 
Forester  has  reported  on  nearly  28,000 
acres  of  State  land  within  National  For- 
ests, but  the  total  area  of  such  lands  is 
approximately  115,000  acres. 

The  timbered  school  lands  in  the  past 
have  been  administered  with  great  handi- 
caps due  to  the  small  areas  in  single 
bodies,  scattered  all  over  the  mountainous 
portion  of  the  State,  and  under  laws  and 
regulations  which  were  not  conducive  to 
good  forestry  practice. 

It  is  believed  that  the  proposed  exchange, 
which  is  in  a  preliminary  stage  at  present, 
will  result,  if  effected,  in  marked  advan- 
tage to  the  State  and  in  considerable  ad- 
vantage to  the  United  States  Forest  Serv- 
ice, which  will  not  have  to  contend  with 
the  administrative  disadvantages  of  hold- 
ing within  the  boundaries  of  National  For- 
ests certain  alienated  areas. 


LOUISIANA 
'"PHE  Commissioner  of  Conservation,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Forestry  Advisory 
Board,  has  formally  promulgated  the  spark 
arrester  regulations  called  for  by  the 
Louisiana  law  passed  in  1918.  Louisiana, 
which  has  so  many  excellent  forestry  laws, 
feels  proud  to  join  those  few  states  in  the 
Union  which  have  laws  requiring  the  use 
of  proper  spark  arresters  and  ash  pans  on 
the  trunk  lines  and  tram  roads  of  the  state. 
So  far  as  we  know  the  regulations  for 
wood-burning  locomotives  and  skidders 
are  the  first  passed  by  any  state ;  wood  as 
a  fuel  is  not  used  to  any  extent  today  in 
logging  operations  except  in  the  South, 
where  our  splendid  fat  pine  knots  make  a 
mighty  fine  substitute  for  coal.  The  regu- 
lations as  issued  require  coal  burning  loco- 
motives to  be  equipped  with  "cabbage- 
head"  stacks  and  solid  ash  pans.  The  coal- 
burning  regulations  require  no  more  than 
what  is  already  the  standard  equipment  on 
the  great  majority  of  railroads  in  the 
United  States  and  are  modeled  along  the 
lines  of  the  British  Columbia  and  New 
York  regulations.  There  will  be,  however, 
a  tightening  up  of  the  inspection  under  our 
regulations.  Skidders  and  loaders  or  other 
portable  engines  used  in  the  woods  must  be 
equipped  with  screens  in  or  over  the  smoke 
stacks. 

The  way  the  lumbermen  and  railroads  of 
the  state  have  co-operated  with  the  Depart- 
ment of  Conservation  in  these  matters  is  a 
very  hopeful  sign.  Two  conferences  called 
by  the  department  in  March,  one  for  the 
tram  roads,  the  other  for  the  trunk  lines, 
were  very  well  attended  and  gave  an  op- 
portunity for  everyone  to  be  heard.  A  great 
many  of  the  tram  roads  did  not  wait  for 
the  issuance  of  the  spark  arrester  regula- 
tions to  begin  to  install  the  devices  recom- 
mended by  the  conference,  but  got  busy  at 
once  and  ordered  the  equipment.  Other  of 
the  tram  roads  were  found  to  have  used 
cabbage-head  stacks  and  similar  device; 
for  many  years  and  they  were  unanimous 
in  boosting  the  department's  efforts  to  elim- 
inate railroad  fires. 

Never  again  when  the  fire  warden  talks 
to  the  Louisiana  farmer  or  stockman  about 
preventing  fires  in  the  woods  can  that  indi- 
vidual come  back  and  say  "why  do  you  pick 

onus?    These dummy  engines 

and  locomotives  set  more  fires  in  a  day 
than  we  do  in  a  week.  Why  don't  you  get 
after  them?"  We  feel  that  if  the  farmers 
and  stockmen  will  give  us  as  good  co-op- 
eration as  the  lumber  companies  and  trunk 
lines  seem  to  be  willing  to  give  us  under 
the  new  regulations,  we  shall  soon  have  the 
fire  situation  in  Louisiana  eating  out  of  our 
hands. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1365 


"  The  Dessert  Berry  of  the  Nation  *  * 

The  Erskine  Park  Everbearing  Red  Raspberry 

The  Erskine  Park  Everbearing  Red  Raspberry  is  a  seedling  from  the  old 
reliable  Cuthbert,  discovered  on  the  Westinghouse  Estate  (Erskine  Park)  at 
Lee,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  Edward  Norman.  This  magnificent  estate  is  in  the  midst 
of  the  beautiful  Berkshire  Hills,  with  a  temperature  in  winter  of  30  or  40  degrees  below  zero,  so  that  the  hardiness  of  this  berry 
is  unquestioned.  The  estate  is  surrounded  by  the  summer  homes  of  many  wealthy  people,  and  much  to  the  surprise  of  his 
neighbor  gardeners  and  not  without  a  deal  of  personal  satisfaction,  Mr.  Norman  furnished  large,  luscious  raspberries  through- 
out the  fall  for  various  dinner  parties. 


These  berries  are  commented  on  by  all  who  have  seen  and  tasted 
them  as  the  most  delicious  and  best  raspberry  they  have  ever  eaten. 
Mr.  Baker  of  Hoosick.  Falls,  N.  Y.,  writes  us  as  follows,  regarding 
this    remarkable    berry: 

"In  the  season  of  1916,  Mr.  George  M.  Darrow  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  was  traveling  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  visiting  fruit  growers  to  obtain  information  on  berries  for 
bulletins  published  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  Mr.  Darrow 
had  visited  this  estate  before,  and  was  most  favorably  impressed 
that  this  berry  was  far  ahead  of  the  St.  Regis  and  Renere,  and  when 
it  became  known  it  would  replace  these  varieties.  The  plant  is  by 
far  the  strongest  growing  raspberry  I  have  ever  seen.  It  branches 
like  a  tree,  and  it  also  has  the  largest  and  most  roots  of  any  variety 
with  which  I  am  acquainted.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  and  the  berries 
are    very    large." 

Of   this   berry    we   cannot    say    too    much    in    praise,    and    we    predict 


that  once  known,  it  will  be  a  standard  for  planting  in  every  garden 
and    considered    a    necessity. 

The  Renere  and  St.  Regis  have  been  the  standard  up  to  the  preseni 
time.  In  the  Erskine  Park  we  have  a  berry  that  far  surpasses  either 
of  these;  a  raspberry  that  is  a  delight  to  eat,  each  berrv  being  of 
largest  size,  with  its  delicious  melting  flesh,  full  of  rich  creamy  juice, 
highly  flavored   and   sweet  as  honey. 

Conceive  the  joy  and  satisfaction  of  having  such  berries  on  your  table 
all  through  the  autumn,  the  source  of  wonder  to  your  neighbors,  that 
you  can  pick  the  finest  raspberries  until  the  snow  flies.  On  November 
the  20th  we  cut  a  large  branch  of  the  Erskine  Park  with  blossoms, 
green   berries   and    ripe   fruit   upon    it. 

We  have  not  as  yet  been  able  to  propagate  any  large  quantity 
of  this  magnificent  berry,  but  what  we  have  are  the  finest  Bearing 
Two-Year  Old  Plants,  heavily  rooted  and  branched  that  will  bring 
a  full   measure  of  pleasure  and   satisfaction   to  the  planter. 


Strong  Field  Grown  Bearing  Plants,   per  six,  $3;  per  twelve,  $5;  per  fifty,  $15 

One  dozen  plants  set  this  fall  will  produce  more  fruit  than  two  dozen  plants  set 

next  spring.     Plant  this  fall. 

Send  for  our  Free  illustrated  Catalogue  which   describes 
the  "WORLD'S  BEST"  trees  and  plants  for  youi  garden 

GLEN  BROS.,  Inc.  Glenwood  Nursery  1873  Main  St.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 


QUALITY- EFFICIENCY- RELIABILITY 

Upon  this  foundation  was  built  this, 
the  Largest  Saw  Works  in  the  World 

Keystone  Saw,    Tool,  Steel  and  File   Works 

HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS,  PHILADELPHIA,  U. 


S.  A. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1366 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


234,000,000  FEET 

NATIONAL  FOREST  TIMBER 


FOR  SALE 

Location  and  Amount. — All  the 
merchantable  dead  timber 
standing  or  down  and  all  the 
live  timber  marked  or  desig- 
nated for  cutting  on  the 
Clover  Valley  Logging  Unit 
embracing  about  26,000  acres 
in  T.  23  N.,  Rs.  14  and  15  E., 
T.  24  N.,  Rs.  12,  13,  14  and  15 
E.,  and  T.  25  N.,  Rs.  12 
and  13  E.,  M.  D.  M.  estimated 
to  be  165,000,000  feet  B.  M. 
of  yellow  and  Jeffrey  pine, 
7,500,000  feet  B.  M.  of  sugar 
pine,  49,500,000  feet  B.  M.  of 
white  fir,  4,000,000  feet  B.  M. 
of  Douglas  fir,  450,000  feet  B. 
M.  of  red  fir  and  7,500,000 
feet  B.  M.  of  incense  cedar 
saw  timber,  more  or  less  lo- 
cated within  the  Plumas  Na- 
tional Forest,  California. 

Stumpage  Prices. — Lowest  rates 
considered,  $3.00  per  M.  feet 
for  yellow  and  Jeffrey  pine, 
$3.50  per  M.  feet  for  sugar 
pine,  $1.50  per  M.  feet  for 
Douglas  fir  and  incense  cedar, 
$.75  per  M.  feet  for  white  fir 
and  $1.00  per  M.  feet  for  red 
fir.  For  material  unmerchant- 
able under  the  terms  of  the 
agreement  to  be  removed  at 
the  option  of  the  purchaser, 
for  which  payment  is  required 
by  the  Forest  Service,  fifty 
cents  per  M.  feet.  Rates  to  be 
redetermined  by  May  1,  1924. 

Deposit.— With  bid  $10,000  to 
apply  on  purchase  price  if  bid 
is  accepted  or  refunded  if  re- 
jected. 

Final  Date  For  Bids. — Sealed 
bids  will  be  received  by  the 
District  Forester,  San  Fran- 
cisco, California,  up  to  and  in- 
cluding October  15,  1919. 

The  right  to  reject  any  and 
all  bids  is  reserved. 

Before  bids  are  submitted 
full  information  concerning 
the  character  of  the  timber, 
conditions  of  sale,  deposits, 
and  the  submission  of  bids 
should  be  obtained  from  the 
District  Forester,  San  Fran- 
cisco, California,  or  the  Forest 
Supervisor,  Quincy,  Califor- 
nia. 


MICHIGAN 
HPHE  past  summer  found  the  compart- 
ment line  construction  work  practically 
completed  on  two  State  Forests,  the  Fife 
Lake  and  the  Ogemaw.  On  each  of  these, 
a  compartment  line  has  been  built  on  the 
government  land  subdivision  survey  lines 
around  each  forty  acre  tract,  excepting 
where  swamps  or  lakes  interfere.  The  Fife 
Lake  Forest  contains  7182  acres  and  the 
Ogemaw  4284  acres,  and  the  compartment 
line  systems  are  112  and  57  miles  long,  re- 
spectively. 

In  addition  to  the  systems  built  on  these 
two  forests  there  are  some  380  miles  on  the 
other  State  Forests,  and  the  present  sys- 
tems will  be  strengthened  with  more  line 
until  each  forest  is  equipped  as  is  each  of 
the  two  mentioned. 

These  two  forests  are,  probably,  the  first 
in  America  to  be  so  equipped.  Since  the 
cpnstruction  and  maintenance  of  the  lines 
entails  considerable  cost,  it  is  interesting 
to  note,  as  offsetting  the  cost,  their  value 
in  a  general  way  to  the  forest  in  the  light 
of  our  own  experience.  To  be  sure  Eu- 
ropean foresters  long  ago  were  satisfied 
that  the  construction  of  compartment  lines 
was  essential  to  the  efficient  operation  of 
their  forests,  and  the  more  intensively 
managed  forests  of  Europe  are  now  well 
provided. 

The  lines,  as  we  construct  them,  are 
cleared  of  brush  and  trees  to  a  width  of 
sixteen  feet,  all  stumps  are  removed  to  a 
width  of  twelve  feet,  and  a  strip  ten  feet 
wide  is  plowed  and  harrowed.  The  line  is 
reharrowed  or  is  disced  as  necessity  arises, 
to  remove  all  grass,  ferns,  brush,  etc.,  which 
may  start  on  it.  A  clean  dirt  road  results. 
They  are  the  streets  of  our  forests. 

As  streets  they  serve  the  same  purposes 
and  have  much  the  same  relative  value  to 
the  forest  as  do  the  streets  to  a  city. 
Along  them,  one  may  quickly  drive  to  any 
fire  which  may  arise,  and  as  the  streets  of 
a  city  act  as  barriers  to  the  spread  of  fires, 
and  as  bases  from  which  fires  may  be 
fought,  so  do  the  compartment  lines  of  the 
forest.  Indeed,  their  value  as  a  means  of 
protecting  the  woods  from  serious  damage 
by  forest  fires  is,  perhaps,  their  greatest 
value  at  present,  and  as  their  use  for  this 
means  is  readily  observed,  they  are  gen- 
erally called  fire  lines.  It  is  along  the  com- 
partment lines  that  telephones  are  strung, 
and  it  is  they  that,  in  large  measure,  bear 
the  vehicular  travel  over  the  forest. 

The  compartments  correspond  in  bound- 
aries with  the  government  land  subdi- 
visions, and  as  each  land  subdivision  is  de- 
scribed, so  is  each  compartment  line  bound- 
ing it.  Thus  we  have  as  names  for  our 
forest  streets,  the  names  of  subdivision 
lines,  for  example:  north  eight  line  section 
36;  east  and  west  quarter  line  section  2; 
line  between  sections  11  and  12;  etc.  The 
name  of  the  line  indicates  its  precise  posi- 
tion in  the  forest. 
The  forest  is,  by  the  lines,  divided  and 


marked  out  on  the  ground  (not  along  on  a 
map)  into  units  of  area  suitable  for  admin- 
istration purposes.  If  the  Custodian  wishes 
to  plant  a  compartment  with  young  trees, 
he  knows  that  the  area  is  bounded  by  com- 
partment lines,  and  that  its  location  is  un- 
mistakable ;  also  that  he  can  get  to  it  with 
a  team,  if,  indeed,  not  with  his  Ford. 

If  the  State  Forester  wishes  to  undertake 
special  surveys  or  studies  or  examinations 
on  any  particular  piece  of  land,  he  knows 
that  he  can  reach  it  quickly,  and  that  the 
ease  of  his  work  will  be  immeasurably 
heightened  through  the  use  of  the  compart- 
ment lines.  It  is  only  the  forester  who  has 
hunted  for  section  corners  and  lines  in  or- 
der that  he  might  locate  his  position,  who 
can  really  appreciate  this  one  value  of  the 
compartment  line  system  in  the  efficient 
conduct  of  a  forest  business. 


The  Forestry  Section  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  is  mak- 
ing a  study  this  summer  of  the  rate  of 
growth  of  forest  plantations  and  also  nut 
tree  plantations.  The  study  includes  costs 
of  establishing,  care  and  maintenance  and 
also  intermediate  and  final  returns  where 
possible.  The  results  of  the  study  will 
probably  be  published  some  time  during  the 
coming  winter. 


The  Michigan  Legislature  recently 
passed  a  law  to  encourage  the  planting  of 
nut-bearing  and  other  food-producing 
trees  along  State  trunk  highways  and  other 
roads  built  in  this  state.  The  law  makes 
it  the  duty  of  the  State  Highway  Commis- 
sion and  the  State  Commission  of  Agri- 
culture to  look  after  the  setting  out  of  such 
trees  and  of  the  State  Agricultural  College 
and  the  Public  Domain  Commission  to 
distribute  stock  at  nominal  cost  to  local 
officials  and  private  individuals  who  will 
set  it  out.  Trees  are  to  be  planted  at  in- 
tervals of  20  to  40  feet  along  the  roads. 
This  law  is  in  keeping  with  the  policy  of 
encouraging  tree  planting  announced  by 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


NORTH  CAROLINA 
'"PEN  years  ago  the  United  States  Forest 
Service,  in  co-operation  with  the  North 
Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey, 
made  a  study  of  the  Wood-using  Industries 
of  the  State,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
lished by  the  Survey  as  Economic  Paper 
No.  20,  "Wood-using  Industries  of  North 
Carolina."  This  report  is  now  out  of  print 
and  as  there  is  a  continuous  demand  for  in- 
formation on  this  subject,  the  Survey  has 
determined  to  revise  thoroughly  and  bring 
up  to  date  this  report  and  publish  the  re- 
sults in  connection  with  the  forthcoming 
bulletin  on  the  "Forest  Conditions  of  Pied- 
mont North  Carolina,"  in  which  portion  of 
the  State  most  of  these  industries  are  sit- 
uated. 

Inquiry  cards  have  been  printed  and  are 
being  sent  out  to  a  revised  list  of  firms  ask- 


STATE    NEWS 


1367 


"Pin  Oak,  t  inch  caliper,  23  feet  high" 

Westchester  County, 


AMAWALK 
NURSERY 

has  thousands  of 

MEMORIAL  TREES 


Thousands  of  large  sized 
evergreen  and  deciduous 
trees  are  growing  in  the 
Amawalk  Nursery.  We  can 
supply  hundreds  of  nursery- 
grown,  matched  specimens 
for  memorial  planting.  Our 
facilities  for  shipping  by 
truck  or  freight  are  unex- 
celled. 

Send  for  Catalogue 
Phone  Yorktown   128 


Visit  the  Nursery 

AMAWALK 


"Norway  Maple,  6  inch  caliper,  27  feet  high" 
New  York 


ing  information  as  to  the  amount,  kind, 
quality  and  value  of  wood  used,  and  the 
amount  and  kind  of  products  manufactured. 
A  special  effort  is  being  made  to  compare 
the  past  with  the  probable  future  source  of 
supply.  Ten  years  ago  North  Carolina  fur- 
nished ninety-six  per  cent  of  the  wood 
used  in  her  industries ;  it  will  be  interest- 
ing to  see  to  what  extent  this  has  been 
changed  by  the  undoubted  rapid  reduction 
in  the  amount  and  quality  of  timber  avail- 
able. 

Besides  the  several  large  summer  schools, 
covering  six  weeks  study,  in  session  at  the 
higher  State  institutions  of  learning,  there 
are  being  held  this  year  for  the  first  time 
some  forty-five  schools  of  four  weeks  dura- 
tion for  teachers,  under  the  joint  control  of 
the  State  and  County  authorities.  The  at- 
tendance and  the  work  accomplished  at 
these  local  schools  have  been  most  en- 
couraging. It  is  at  these  summer  schools, 
held  usually  at  the  county  seats,  as  well  as 
at  the  Teachers'  Institutes  (two  weeks 
term),  that  the  State  Forester  is  lecturing. 
With  a  lantern  and  a  set  of  slides,  he  is 
visiting  the  majority  of  the  summer  schools 
in  the  Piedmont  and  eastern  sections  of  the 
State.  The  general  topics  are  "conserva- 
tion" and  "forestry"  as  they  apply  especial- 
ly to  North  Carolina  conditions.  An  out- 
line of  the  different  forest  types  is  given, 
the  uses  of  the  forest  touched  upon  not 
only  as  to  their  products,  but  their  value 


for  recreation  and  for  soil  and  water  protec- 
tion ;  while  forestry  practice  for  this  State  is 
illustrated  and  explained.  Suggestions  are 
made  to  the  teachers  as  to  how  they  may 
interest  the  children  in  the  observation  and 
study  of  trees  by  excursions,  school  col- 
lections, Arbor  Day  observance,  etc.  They 
are  urged  to  recommend  the  planting  of 
shade  trees  around  schools  and  homes,  the 
reservation  and  planting  of  roadside  trees 
and  the  planting  and  dedication  of  Memo- 
rial Trees. 


OREGON 

A  T  a  recent  meeting  in  Portland,  Oregon, 
of  the  trustees  of  the  Western  Forestry 
and  Conservation  Association,  plans  were 
ratified  for  reorganizing  the  scope  and  per- 
sonnel of  the  association  to  cover  far  more 
broadly  than  ever  before  both  the  western 
protective  work  and  the  economic  problems 
confronting  the  entire  industry. 

Favorable  action  was  taken  on  a  co-op- 
erative plan  proposed  by  the  Oregon  Forest 
Fire  Association,  under  which  Col.  C.  S. 
Chapman,  manager  of  the  latter,  will  take 
charge  of  all  the  fire  and  similar  local  work 
in  the  five  states.  The  five-state  association 
will  furnish  him  assistance  to  develop 
technical  fire  fighting  methods  and  law  en- 
f oi  cement,  also  increased  facilities  for  ed- 
ucational work  with  industry  and  public  on 
protective  matters. 
Besides  these  increased  activities  in  the 


Northwest,  the  Western  Forestry  and  Con- 
servation Association  will  engage  more 
constantly,  both  independently  and  in  co- 
operation with  the  National  Lumber  Manu- 
facturers Association  and  other  lumber  and 
timber  organizations,  in  working  out  larger 
industrial  questions  and  in  getting  recog- 
nition of  western  needs  from  governmental 
agencies.  By  being  relieved  of  western  fire 
matters,  E.  T.  Allen,  who  has  spent  much  of 
the  past  three  years  in  Washingt6n,  will 
devote  himself  almost  entirely  to  this  work 
in  the  east.  Much  of  his  earliest  attention 
will  be  given  to  relations  between  the  lum- 
ber industry  and  the  Treasury  Department 
in  working  out  the  new  revenue  laws  affect- 
ing income  and  profits  taxation. 


PENNSYLVANIA 
"FORESTER  Paul  Mulford,  in  charge  of 
the  Stone  Forest  and  Asaph  nursery  re- 
ports that  he  is  raising  seedlings  in  his  nur- 
sery from  seed  collected  from  white  ash 
frees  which  were  set  out  in  a  plantation  on 
the  Stone  Forest  in  1907.  The  trees  bore 
their  first  seed  in  1914  and  have  been  pro- 
lific seeders  each  year  since  then,  except  in 
1918  when  a  late  frost  killed  the  immature 
seed.  He  also  reports  a  heavy  attack  of 
white  pine  weevil,  especially  on  southern 
exposures,  and  states  that  European  larch 
under  an  advance  growth  is  making  only 
about  one-fourth  as  great  a  height  growth 
as  in  the  open. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1368 


THE 


wt 


1337-1339  F  STREET.N.W. 
WflSHIN<3T0N,P.C. 

flWP 

ILLUSTRATORS 
3  Color  Pro^ss  Work 

Superior  Qoality 

Phone  Main  8Z74 


SALE  OF  TIMBER,  KLAMATH   INDIAN 

RESERVATION. 

CLIFF    BOUNDARY    UNIT. 

SEALED  BIDS,  MARKED  OUTSIDE  "BID, 
Cliff  Boundary  Timber  Unit"  and  addressed 
to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Klamath  Indian 
School,  Klamath  Agency,  Oregon,  will  be  re- 
ceived until  12  o'clock  noon,  Pacific  time,  Tues- 
day, September  23,  1919,  for  the  purchase  of  tim- 
ber upon  about  10,000  acres  within  Townships  33 
and  34  South,  Ranges  7  and  8  East  of  the  Wil- 
liamette  Meridian.  The  sale  embraces  approxi- 
mately 100,000,000  feet  of  yellow  pine  and  sugar 
pine.  Each  bid  must  state  for  each  species  the 
amount  per  1,000  feet  Scribner  decimal  C  log 
scale  that  will  be  paid  for  all  timber  cut  prior 
to  April  1,  1921.  Prices  subsequent  to  that  date 
are  to  be  fixed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs  by  three-year  periods.  No  bid  of  less 
than  three  dollars  and  seventy -five  cents  ($3.75) 
per  1,000  feet  for  yellow  and  sugar  pine  and  one 
dollar  ($1.00)  per  1,000  feet  for  other  species  of 
timber  during  the  first  period  will  be  considered. 
Each  bid  must  be  submitted  in  duplicate  and  be 
accompanied  by  a  certified  check  on  a  solvent 
national  bank  in  favor  of  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Klamath  Indian  School  in  the  amount  of 
$10,000.  The  deposit  will  be  returned  if  the  bid 
is  rejected  but  retained  if  the  bid  is  accepted 
and  the  required  contract  and  bond  are  not- 
executed  and  presented  for  approval  within  sixty 
days  from  such  acceptance.  The  right  to  reject 
any  and  all  bids  is  reserved.  For  copies  of  the 
bid  and  contract  forms  and  for  other  information 
application  should  be  made  to  the  Indian  Super- 
intendent,   Klamath    Agency,    Oregon. 

Washington,     D.     C,     July     14,     1919.       CATO 
SELLS,  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

FORESTER  wanted  as  Division  Firewarden  in 
New  Jersey.  Must  have  professional  training 
and  some  experience.  Salary  $100  to  $120.  Eligi- 
ble for  promotion  to  Assistant  Forester.  Civil 
Service  examination  can  be  taken  after  pro- 
visional appointment  or  by  mail.  Box  810,  care 
American   Forestry   Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 

FORESTERS  ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  in  this  column  advertisements  of  for- 
esters, lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  service,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to  offer  such  foresters,   lumbermen  or   woodsmen. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester: college  graduate,  37  years  of  age  and 
married.  Have  had  seven  years'  experience  in 
the  National  Forests  of  Oregon,  California, 
Washington  and  Alaska.  Also  some  European 
training.  At  present  employed  on  timber  sur- 
veys as  chief  of  party  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Desire  to  make  a  change  and  will  be  glad  to 
consider  position  as  Forester  on  private  estate, 
or  as  city  Forester.  Will  also  consider  position 
as  Asst.  Superintendent  of  State  Park  and 
Game  Preserve  in  addition  to  that  of  Forester. 
Can  furnish  the  best  of  references.  Address 
Box  820,  care  American  Forestry  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.   C. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
;  to  take  charge  of,  or  as  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field — from 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery— including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American  Forestry. 


An  Opening  For  One   Hundred 
Foresters 

The  position  is  that  of  Division  Firewarden; 
the  territory  is  approximately  one-third  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey;  the  work  is  general 
administration  of  all  forest  fire  matters 
together  with  attendance  at  large  fires,  in- 
vestigation of  the  causes  of  fires,  supervision 
of  the  personnel  of  the  local  firewarden  ser- 
vice, about  one  hundred  men,  and  responsi- 
bility for  the  publicity  and  propaganda  fire 
prevention  work  in  the  territory.  The  com- 
pensation is  $1,200  to  start,  with  every  likeli- 
hood of  increase  shortly,  the  qualifications  are 
that  a  man  shall  be  a  graduate  o.  some  repu- 
table technical  forestry  school.  The  reason 
for  requiring  technical  training  is  that  ad- 
vancement may  be  either  in  the  forest  fire 
work  or  in  the  technical  forestry  activities  of 
the  Department  and  in  addition  the  incumbent 
is  called  on  during  the  slacker  season  for  for- 
est fire  work,  to  do  technical  and  propaganda 
forestry  work  in  his  territory.  Apply  Box  830, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 


POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  Forests  in  timber  sale,  silvicultural 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  lines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference 
Address  Box  600,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (1-3) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  675,  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington, 
D    C. QJI) 

Man  to  be  discharged  lroin  tne  Army  Septeiuuer 
30th  desires  position  in  forestry  work,  with  lum- 
ber or  railroad  company  or  assisting  in  investi- 
gations of  utilization  of  wood  products.  Would 
accept  position  in  other  work.  Is  married  man, 
graduate  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  1913. 
Has  had  experience  in  orchard  work,  clearing 
land,  improvement  cuttings,  planting  and  care  of 
nursery,  pine  and  hardwood  transplants,  orchards 
and  larger  trees,  grading  and  construction  of 
gravel  roads,  and  other  improvement  work.  Has 
executive  ability  and  gets  good  results  from  men. 
Please  address  Box  860,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,    Washington,    D.    C.    (9-11) 

Forester  A.  C.  Silvius  in  charge  of  the 
Buffalo  State  Forest  in  Pennsylvania  has 
established  a  recreation  park  within  his 
forest.  It  has  been  named  Crystal  Spring 
Park,  covers  an  area  of  about  three  acres, 
and  is  located  on  one  of  the  main  highways 
of  the  State. 

A  forestry  literature  box  has  been  in- 
stalled in  which  popular  publications  on 
forestry    are    placed.      These    publications 


are  a  source  of  recreation  to  the  visitors 
during  their  stay  at  the  park,  and  a  means 
of  disseminating  information  pertaining  to 
forestry,  for  the  publications  are  free  of 
charge  and  may  be  taken  home  by  the  visi- 
tors. Approximately  2,000  bulletins  and 
leaflets  have  been  distributed  during  the 
past  four  months.  Forester  Silvius  is  using 
this  practical  means  of  convincing  the 
guests  who  visit  the  park  that  he  is  trying 
to  give  them  real  service  and  the  Buf- 
falo Forest  is  open  to  the  public  and  being 
developed  so  that  it  will  yield  large  quanti- 
ties of  desirable  wood  and  furnish  the  best 
form  of  recreation  to  all  who  are  fortunate 
enough  to  visit  it. 


District  Forester  Walter  D.  Ludwig, 
Johnstown,  Pennsylvania,  reports  that  a 
number  of  destructive  forest  fires  occurred 
during  the  first  week  of  July.  At  this  sea- 
son of  the  year  forest  fires  are  usually  rare, 
but  on  July  4  a  fire  started  which  destroyed 
more  than  $1,000  worth  of  pulpwood  be- 
longing to  the  West  Virginia  Pulp  and 
Paper  Company. 

Hereafter  any  person  who  desires  to 
make  a  business  of  pruning  shade  trees  in 
Johnstown,  Pennsylvania,  must  pass  an  ex- 
amination given  by  District  Forester 
Walter  D.  Ludwig.  If  the  applicant  satis- 
fies the  requirements  of  the  examiner,  a 
license  is  issued  to  him  upon  the  payment 
of  a  one  dollar  fee. 


VIRGINIA 
C  EEDLINGS  and  transplants  for  refor- 
estation  in  Virginia  will  be  available 
for  the  first  time  this  fall  planting  season 
from  the  Virginia  State  Forest  Nursery. 

Evergreens  are  being  grown  exclusively 
up-to-date.  They  include  three  species  of 
pine  and  Norway  Spruce.  The  pines  are 
the  well-known  white  pine  (pinus  strobus), 
which  is  native  throughout  the  mountainous 
parts  of  the  State  and  the  higher  parts  of 
the  Piedmont  section ;  the  shortleaf  pine 
(pinus  echinata),  which  is  the  predominat- 
ing tree  in  the  Piedmont  section  of  the 
State,  and  is  also  found  over  much  of  the 
mountainous  part;  and  the  loblolly  pine 
(pinus  taeda),  which  is  decidedly  the  pre- 
dominating tree  in  the  Tidewater  or  Coast- 
al Plain  section  of  the  State,  and  occurs 
scatteringly,  and  grows  rapidly  in  the  Pied- 
mont section  of  the  State.  These  three 
pines  are  expected  to  predominate  in  re- 
forestation in  Virginia,  each  in  its  own 
section  of  the  State,  because  of  their  rapid 
growth,  dense  stands,  and  early  and  large 
yields  of  much-needed  material. 

The  Norway  spruce  has  been  planted 
with  much  success  in  many  of  the  Northern 
States,  and  is  expected  to  thrive  in  Vir- 
ginia, at  least  in  fairly  cool  and  moist 
situations.  It  also  grows  rapidly  and  in 
dense  stands,  producing  useful  wood. 

The  number  of  trees  which  are  expected 
to  be  available  for  use  this  fall  and  next 
spring    is    as    follows:    white    pine,    trans- 


STATE    NEWS 


1369 


plants,  17,000;  shortleaf  pine,  transplants, 
13,000,  and  seedlings,  1,400;  loblolly  pine, 
transplants,  8,000,  and  seedlings,  7,500;  and 
Norway  spruce,  transplants,  1,000. 

Rules  for  the  disposal  of  these  plants 
will  probably  provide  for  distribution  to 
public  institutions  free  of  charge,  and  to 
land-owners  in  Virginia  at  a  cost  low 
enough  to  encourage  reforestation  and 
based  on  the  cost  of  raising  them.  Trees 
of  the  species  and  sizes  desirable  for  forest 
planting  are  not  grown  by  any  commercial 
nursery  in  Virginia,  and  it  is  expected  that 
the  example  of  the  State  will  result  in  such 
nurseries  putting  such  material  on  the 
market  after  the  market  has  been  de- 
veloped by  the  State. 

The  State  Forest  Nursery  is  located  at 
Charlottesville,  Virginia,  a  junction  point  of 
the  Southern  and  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Rail- 
roads, on  ground  belonging  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  and  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  State  Forester  free  of  charge  for  this 
purpose. 


TEXAS 
JLf  R.  ALFRED  MACDONALD,  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Harvard  Forest  School,  has 
been  appointed  City  Forester  for  the  City 
of  Dallas.  City  forestry  is  new  in  Texas, 
Dallas  being  the  only  municipality  boast- 
ing of  such  work.  Many  other  Texas  cities 
have  beautiful  trees  and  splendid  possibili- 
ties and  it  is  to  be  expected  that  they  will 
follow  the  lead  set  by  Dallas  when  the 
benefits  of  such  work  are  appreciated. 


A  resolution  was  recently  passed  by  the 
State  Legislature  advocating  the  planting 
of  pecan  trees  along  state  and  county  high- 
ways. The  pecan  is  the  official  State  tree 
and  although  it  is  not  suited  to  conditions 
in  all  parts  of  Texas,  yet  there  are  many 


Anyone  ca 


use  it 


Perhaps  you  have  put  off  blasting 
your    stumps    with    Atlas     Farm 
Powder  because  you  have  thought   ' 
the    work    required    skill  and  ex- 
perience. 

Don't  delay  any  longer.  Read  our  book, 
"Better  Farming  with  Atlas  Farm  Pow- 
der," which  will  tell  you  all  you  need  to 
know  about  stump  blasting.  Thousands 
of  farmers  are  using  Atlas  Farm  Powder 
for  all  kinds  of  farm  improvement  work, 
and  most  of  them  had  no  more  experience 
than  R.  C.  English,  Port  Matilda,  Pa., 
who  writes: 

"I  had  never  used  explosives  before  ana 
had  never  seen  a  stump  blasted.  But  it 
was  no  trouble  at  all  after  I  looked  at  the 
pictures  in  your  book." 
Write  now  for  "Better  Farming  with 
Atlas  Farm  Powder" — 120  pages,  146 
illustrations.  The  coupon  at  the  right 
will  bring  it  by  the  first  mail. 

ATLAS   POWDER  CO..  Wilmington,  Del. 

Dealers  everywhere.     Magazine  stocks  near  you. 


VTLAS  POWDER  COMPANY 

Wilmington,  Del.  FD  1 

Send  me  "Better  Farming  with  Atlas  Farm  Pow- 
der."    1  am  interested  in  explosives  for  the  pur- 
■   pose  before  which  1  mark  "X.' 

.  D  Stump  Blasting      □  Tree  Planting 

I  O  Boulder  Blasting   D  Ditch  Digging 

I  D  Subsoil  Blasting     □  Road  Making 

I  Name , 

I  Address  


1 


Mas  Farm  Powdei 


The  Safest  Explosive 


The  Original  Farm  Powder 


PLANT  TREES 

PROTECT    FORESTS 

USE  FORESTS 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/   hereby    accept   membership    in    The  American 
Forestry  Association   and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  is  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 


CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 
Subscribing  Membership  ......... 

Contributing  "  .......... 

Sustaining  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 

Life  "  

Patron  " 

Annual  Membership,  without  Magazine  .  .  . 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name _ 


$       3.00 

10.00 

25.00 

100.00 

1000.00 

1.00 


Street 


This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


City 
PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


Pirate  mention  American  Forestry        Magaiine  when  writing  advertiieri 


1370 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


EVERGREENS 
GUARANTEED 


This   is   the   Time 
to  Plant. 
And     as     things 
will  happen  we  are 
■»»»»■■       clearing  a  block  of 
Pines  that  are  growing  on 
leased     land.     Every     one 
Root-Pruned     and     in     the 
pink  of  condition  to  trans- 
plant.   Here  is  your  chance, 
if  you  act  quick,  to 
get  highest  quality 
Evergreens,   guar- 
anteed to  fit  your 
soil  and  climate,  at 
a  saving  of  33-1/3 
to  50%. 

HICKS 
NURSERIES 

Box  F 
Westbury,   L.   I. 
N. 


Orchids 


We  arc  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers   SUMMIT,  IT.  J. 


^Sa\ ■»■     a^hSlM^Kv mw"  '^v^Uhf 

**jy  i  ij 

Have  a  "Fleur  de  Lis"  Iris  Garden 

Is  there  a  little  nook  in  your  garden  where  you 
can  rest  and  "chum"  with  the  glorious  flowers  named 
after  the  Goddess  of  the  Rainbow?  Truly,  every 
color  of  the  rainbow  may  be  found  in  the  hardy  Iris, 
or  Fleur  de  Lis,  a  flower  whose  fascinating  beauty 
must  have  been  meant  to  bring  peace  and  rest  to  human- 
ity.   Learn  to  know  Irises  at  their  best  by  planting 

Child's  Select  Named  Fleur  de  Lis 

Like  glowing  velvet  and  scintillating  precious 
jewels,  Ins,  in  their  season,  eclipse  in  beauty  every 
other  flower  in  the  hardy  border.  To  enable  you  to 
know  Iris  as  we  love  them,  we  offer  postpaid, 

20  best  named  Garden  Iris,  all  different,  for  $1.25 
10  best  named  Japan  Iris,  all  different,  for  $1.25 
Both  collections,  with  3  Iris  Pumila,  for  $2.25 
In  superfine  mixture,  20  Garden  or  1  0  Japan,  $1.00 

We  grow  acres  of  Irises,  Peonies,  Lilies  and 
other  hardy  bulbs  and  plants  for  all  planting. 

We  also  specialize  in  Hyacinths,  Tulips,  Narcissus, 
Crocus,  Freesias,  etc.  Shrubs, Vines,  Berries  and  winter 
flowering  plants  in  great  variety.     Large  Catalog  Free. 

JOHN  LEWIS  CHILDS,  Inc.,  Floral  Park,  L.  I.,  N.  Y. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 
TREE  SEEDS 


SEEDLINGS 


Write  for  price*  on 
large  quantities 


TRANSPLANTS 


THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 
CHESHIRE.    CONN. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL 

TREES  FOR  OUR 

HEROIC  DEAD 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

~D  EST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HELL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  501  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send    for    my    catalogue    containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresner  Pennsylvania 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS 

buy  the  right  kind--That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose-- 
Our  little  house  organ  "Etchings"  is 
fall  of  valuable  hints-Send  for  it. 

H.  A.  GATCHEL.  Pre*.  C  A.  ST1NS0N.  Via-Pra. 

GATCHEL  &   MANNING 

PHOTO-ENGRA  VERS 


one  or  more  co. 


lors 


In 

Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


miles  of  highway  which  could  be  beauti- 
fied by  planting  these  sturdy,  graceful 
utility  trees. 


WISCONSIN 
'"PO  put  its  discoveries  into  practical  use 
as  soon  as  pos  ible,  the  Forest  prod- 
ucts Laboratory,  Madison,  Wisconsin,  has 
adopted  the  plan  of  sending  out  at  short  in- 
tervals a  sheaf  of  so-called  "Technical 
Notes."  These  notes  are  not  too  technical, 
however,  for  the  average  wood  worker. 
They  are  simply  practical  suggestions 
backed  up  by  many  tests,  on  such  subjects 
as  how  to  build  boxes  and  crates,  make 
waterproof  glue  joints,  prevent  decay  in 
wood,  tell  commercial  woods  apart,  or  keep 
doors  from  shrinking  and  swelling.  The 
notes  are  distributed  in  quantity  to  the 
wood-using  associations,  to  technical 
schools  and  colleges,  and  upon  request  to 
all  others  who  might  benefit  by  them. 

A  knowledge  of  the  properties  of  wood  is 
as  essential  for  aircraft  repair  men  as  for 
aircraft  builders.  The  new  school  for  air- 
plane mechanics  at  the  Great  Lakes  Naval 
Training  Station  will  give  Navy  aircraft 
repair  men  a  thorough  training  in  the 
selection  and  treatment  of  airplane  woods. 
Instructors  in  this  school  have  been  de- 
tailed for  some  time  to  the  Forest  Prod- 
ucts Laboratory  at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  to 
collect  information  for  use  in  their  courses. 
The  laboratory  is  also  furnishing  the  school 
material  for  a  text  book  on  wood  identifi- 
cation, inspection,  conditioning  and  testing. 


CANADIAN     DEPARTMENT 


1371 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


'T'HE  Canadian  Forestry  Association  is 
just  sending  on  the  road,  for  the  sec- 
ond season  its  "Forestry  Car."  This  is  a 
special  car  fitted  with  all  sorts  of  fire  fight- 
ing apparatus,  a  miniature  nursery,  samples 
and  pictures  of  wood  manufactures,  mov- 
ing picture  apparatus  and  lectures.  This 
car  is  sent  to  regions  which  have  large 
timberlands  or  industries  and  also  stops 
for  lectures  in  the  larger  cities.  Audiences 
of  600  at  one  meeting  are  not  uncommon. 
This  kind  of  propaganda  has  proved  most 
effective,  especially  in  districts  which  have 
been  foci  of  forest  fires  in  the  past.  Mr. 
Black,  the  Secretary,  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  his  cleverness  in  devising  novel  propa- 
ganda methods  in  the  efficient  way  in 
which  he  has  carried  them  out. 


Sales  of  timberlands  in  Ontario,  recentht 
made  by  the  Government  have  realized  the 
highest  prices  ever  paid,  in  one  case 
$22.00  per  thousand  feet,  standing. 


The  Government  of  New  Brunswick  has 
again  advanced  the  dues  on  timber  (jut  on 
Crown  Lands  by  one-third  and  has  put  into 
force  new  cutting  regulations.  This  will 
mean  an  increase  in  revenue  of  $150,000  if 
the  cut  is  the  same  as  last  year.  Spruce, 
pine,  tamarack  and  cedar  will  pay  $3.50  per 
thousand  instead  of  $2.50;  hemlock,  fir  and 
poplar  $3.00  instead  of  $2.00.  Spruce  and 
white  pine  shall  be  cut  not  less  than  12 
inches  in  diameter  measured  inside  the  bark 
not  less  than  12  inches  from  the  ground. 
Jack  pine,  or  "Princess  Pine"  as  it  is  called 
locally,  not  less  than  10  inches.  Fir  not 
less  than  9  inches.  A  fine  of  $50.00  per  tree 
in  addition  to  the  regular  stumpage  is  im- 
posed. Trees  must  be  utilized  to  a  six 
inch  top  and  a  penalty  of  $7.50  per  thou- 
sand will  be  imposed  for  all  usable  ma- 
terial left  in  the  wood  in  contravention  o 
the  regulations.  In  case  of  fire  or  blow 
down  the  Government  may  compel  the  li- 
censee to  cut  and  remove  such  timber  be- 
fore it  becomes  unusable.  If  he  does  not 
remove  such  timber  he  must  pay  the  stump- 
age  in  any  case.  Trees  killed  by  fire  or 
budworm  shall  only  pay  two-thirds  the 
stumpage  of  sound  trees.  New  Brunswick 
is  advancing  rapidly  along  forestry  lines 
and  should  be  heartily  congratulated. 


The  Brown  Corporation  has  bought  a 
hydroplane  for  mapping  their  timber  lands 
and  has  decided  to  undertake  planting 
operations  on  their  holdings  in  the  United 
States,  planting  four  trees  for  every  one 
they  cut.  They  are  undertaking  this  as  a 
patriotic  duty.  We  hope  there  will  be  more 
like  them,  and  venture  the  statement  that 


after  fifteen  or  twenty  years  they  will  be 
very  thankful  that  they  were  so  patriotic 
and   far   sighted. 


In  traveling  through  southern  Quebec 
and  northern  Maine  much  damage  to 
balsam  and  spruce  by  budworm  was 
noticed. 

Plantations  of  Scotch  Pine  in  Quebec  are 
showing  damage  from  white  pine  weevil, 
from  a  fungous  disease  and  from  a  rust. 
Several  trees  are  showing  this  years  shoots 
falling  off  and  it  looks  as  if  the  damage  is 
due  to  mice.  Altogether  this  species  does 
not  seem  to  be  a  good  one  to  plant. 


Norway  spruce  plantations  are  doing  re- 
markably well,  growth  this  year  being  in 
many  cases  from  two  to  three  feet.  Planta- 
tions made  in  1914,  four  year  old  stock, 
are  now  six  feet  and  over  on  fair  soils. 


Fires  in  the  Prairie  Provinces  have  been 
disastrous  this  summer  and  have  been 
very  difficult  to  control.  Northern  On- 
tario has  also  suffered  quite  a  little. 

!  _ 

Arrangements  are  being  made  by  Dr. 
Howe  of  the  Commission  of  Conservation 
with  a  number  of  the  large  paper  and  lum- 
ber companies  to  have  certain  areas  cut 
this  next  winter  under  regulations  drawn 
up  by  him  and  under  the  supervision  of  his 
men.  This  will  mean  some  additional 
slight  cost  of  logging  but  will  furnish  very 
important  information  in  regard  to  the  ef- 
fect of  different  systems  of  cutting.  Such 
co-operation  is  very  valuable  and  should  be 
encouraged  and  as  widespread  as  possible. 


AIRPLANES  FIND  FOREST  FIRES 

T>  EPORTS  to  the  Forest  Service,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
from  the  national  forests  in  California, 
where  Army  aviators  are  making  daily 
flights  in  search  of  forest  fires,  indicate 
that  the  innovation  has  been  decidedly 
successful  and  that  air  patrols  of  the 
forests  will  prove  so  valuable  that  they 
will  eventually  become  a  permanent  part 
of  the  work  to  shield  the  great  woodlands 
from  conflagrations.  Numerous  fires  have 
been  discovered  in  their  early  stages  by  the 
aviators  and  have  been  reported  immedi- 
ately to  the  forest  rangers.  It  is  believed 
that  considerable  loss  has  been  prevented 
by  such  early  discovery.  Lack  of  suitable 
landing  places  in  this  rugged  country  has 
proved  a  handicap  in  some  instances  and 
has  caused  a  belief  in  certain  quarters  that 
dirigible  balloons  will  finally  be  found 
more  suitable  than  airplanes  for  forest 
flying. 


& 


9 


i$ 


Illustrating  the  hardy,   healthy  stock   grown  at 

lUttle  ®ttz  .lfarmsf 


£ 


For  Planting  Now 


6  Ornamental    Evergreens  $r* 
All  2  ft.  High  or  More  7% 

DELIVERED  TO  YOUR  DOOR  FOR  " 
{Remittance  to  accompany  order) 
Collection  includes  i  Juniper,  t  Silver  Fir,  i  Blue 
Spruce,  i  Douglas  Spruce,  i  Arborvitae,  i  Pine— all 
choice,  lugh  quality  stock  raised  at  Llltle  Tree 
Knriui  from  best  seed. 


Plant  this  half  dozen  evergreens  now.  Make  it  part  of 
your  vacation  fun.  Have  the  satisfaction  of  doing  it  your- 
self. These  evergreens  will  become  rooted  and  well 
established  at  once  and  next  spring  will  start  new  growth 
promptly  with  the  season.  Thus  you  gain  eight  months 
in  growth  and  joy.     Beautiful  now  and  all  winter. 

This  unusual  offer  is  made  because  we  have  faith  In  our 
trees.  They  are  our  best  salesmen.  If  we  can  get  you 
acquainted  with  our  stock  you  will  become  an  enthusiastic 
tree  planter.  Why?  Because  our  trees  live.  75^  of  our 
business  is  with  regular  customers— the  best  evidence  that 
our  trees  and  service  please.  We  have  made  this  intro- 
ductory offer  small  so  as  to  lie  available  to  all. 


& 


lUhietEreejFarmg 

(Near  Boston) 
MIW.l!!i:s  OF 

American  Forestry 

Company 


# 


Dept.    D  15  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


(BOX  BARBERRY) 

^*"  The  New  Hardy  Dwarf  Ed(inEand  low  Hedfe        — 9 

Originators    and    Introducers 
THE  ELM  CITY  NURSERY  COMPANY 
W00DMIINT  NURSERIES,  Inc. 
Box  205,   New  Haven,  Conn. 
Send  for  Box-Raiheiry  folder  and  generalnur- 
sery  Catalogue.  Fall  Planting  Recommended 


OUR  ADVERTISERS  ARE 
RELIABLE 


(£> 


|  Send,  also,  for  "  The  book   of  Little  Tre«   Ftrat."  | 

=  This  unique  book  will  help  you  solve  your  tree  and  = 

|  landscape  problems.      It   was   written  to   meet   your  | 

|  needs.    Beautifully  illustrated.    Discusses  in  a  helpful,  | 

=  practical    way   "Landscape   Planting."   "Landscape  3 

|  Improvement,"  "General  Tree    Planting,"    "Trees  I 

I  ind   Shrubs  for  Various  Conditions  and   Purposes."  = 

|  Acquaints    you    with   our    attractive    special    offers.  | 

=  Forwarded  free  on  request. 


& 


1$ 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry     Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1372 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


The 

New  York  State 

College  of 

Forestry 

at 

Syracuse  University, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

UNDERGRADUATE  courses  in 
Technical  Forestry,  Paper  and 
Pulp  Making,  Logging  and  Lum- 
bering, City  Forestry,  and  Forest 
Engineering,  all  leading  to  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science.  Special  oppor- 
tunities offered  for  post-graduate 
work  leading  to  degrees  of  Master  of 
Forestry,  Master  of  City  Forestry, 
and  Doctor  of  Economics. 

A  one-year  course  of  practical 
training  at  the  State  Ranger  School 
on  the  College  Forest  of  1,800  acres 
at  Wanakena  in  the  Adirondacks. 

State  Forest  Camp  of  three  months 
open  to  any  man  over  16,  held  each 
summer  on  Cranberry  Lake.  Men 
may  attend  this  Camp  for  from  two 
weeks  to  the  entire  summer. 

The  State  Forest  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  90  acres  at  Syracuse  and  an 
excellent  forest  library  offer  unusual 
opportunities  for  research  work. 


DEPARTMENT     OF 
FORESTRY 

The   Pennsylvania 
State  College 


A  PROFESSIONAL    courae     in 
Forestry,    covering    four    years 
of  college  work,  leading  to  the 
degree   of    Bachelor    of    Science    in 
Forestry. 

Thorough  and  practical  training  for 
Government,  State,  Municipal  and 
private  forestry. 

Four  months  are  spent  in  camp  in 
the  woods  in  forest  work. 
Graduates  who  wish  to  specialize 
along  particular  lines  are  admitted 
to  the  "graduate  forest  schools"  as 
candidates  for  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Forestry  on  the  successful  com- 
pletion of  one  year's  work. 


For    further    information    address 
Department  of  Forestry 

Pennsylvania  State  College 

State  College,  Pa. 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
f\F  the  three  faculty  members  who  were  in 
in  the  army,  Major  David  T.  Mason 
was  the  first  to  return.  After  being  with 
the  school  for  two  months,  he  was  borrowed 
for  the  rest  of  this  year  by  the  Treasury 
Department  and  will  be  in  Washington 
until  January  1st  as  timber  expert. 

Captain  Donald  Bruce  returned  to  take 
up  his  work  in  Forest  Engineering  on  June 
1st  after  21  months  service  in  France. 
While  with  the  A.  E.  F.  he  was  engaged 
in  securing  from  the  French  the  timber 
which  was  later  cut  by  the  10th  and  20th 
Engineers. 

Captain  Emanuel  Fritz  took  up  his 
duties  as  Assistant  Professor  of  Forestry, 
in  charge  of  the  work  in  forest  products  on 
July  1st,  after  nearly  two  years  in  military 
service. 

Professor  Walter  Mulford,  head  of  the 
Forestry  School,  has  been  given  added  ad- 
ministrative duties  and  responsibilities  in 
the  recent  reorganization  of  the  College  of 
Agriculture.  He  is  now  Director  of  Resi- 
dent Instruction  and  chairman  of  the  ad- 
ministrative committee,  in  which  capacity 
he  will  have  direct  supervision  of  the  en- 
tire student  body  of  the  College  of  Agri- 
culture. In  spite  of  this  added  work  he 
plans  to  give  his  usual  forestry  courses 
next  spring. 


Dr.  Charles  H.  Shattuck,  who  was  with 
the  school  as  professor  of  Forestry  from 
August  1917,  until  January  of  this  year,  has 
gone  into  private  work  with  his  brother 
at  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho. 


Professor  Woodbridge  Metcalf  has  just 
returned  from  a  trip  to  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  in  connection  with  his  study  of 
eucalyptus  plantations  and  the  supervision 
of  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  station.  He 
spent  a  few  days  with  Supervisor  Tillotson 
of  the  Cleveland  National  Forest  on  an  in- 
spection trip  in  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 


Charles  E.  Van  Riper  (20)  has  brought 
his  bride  with  him  from  France  and  in- 
tends to  complete  his  college  course. 

A.  E.  Wieslander  (15)  was  married  in 
June  to  Miss  Mabel  Holmes  of  Berkeley. 
He  has  taken  his  bride  to  the  Lassen  Na- 
tional Forest  where  he  is  engaged  as  Forest 
Assistant. 

Myron  E.  Kruger  (16)  stopped  in  for  a 
visit  on  his  way  from  France  to  Linton, 
Oregon  where  he  has  accepted  a  position 
with  a  large  lumber  company. 

Alex.  Muzzall  (16)  paid  a  visit  on  his  way 
to  Sumatra  where  he  has  gone  to  manage 
some  of  the  Goodyear  Rubber  Company 
plantations. 

Lieutenant  Ansel  Hall   (17)  has  just  re- 


turned from  some  very  interesting  work 
under  Colonel  Greeley  in  France  and  is  re- 
turning to  his  work  with  the  National 
Park  Service.  He  has  been  assigned  to  a 
district  in  the  Yosemite  National  Park. 

C.  O.  Gerhardy  (20),  G.  W.  Byrne  (22) - 
and  J.  E.  Pemberton  (22)  are  getting  some 
logging    experience    with    the    Hammond 
Lumber   Company,   Eureka,   California. 

R.  C.  Burton  (14)  is  with  a  reconnais- 
sance party  on  the  Lassen  National  Forest 
this  summer  but  will  return  to  his  work  at 
the  Santa  Cruz  High  School  in  the  fall.  He 
is  giving  the  only  High  School  forestry 
course   in   California. 

R.  W.  Beeson  (20)  is  at  Ephraim,  Utah, 
at  the  Great  Basin  Experiment  Station  for 
the  summer,  working  on  grazing  recon- 
naissance. 


COLORADO    AGRICULTURAL 
COLLEGE 

nURING  March,  1919,  some  25  or  more 
soldiers  who  had  suffered  wounds  or 
gassing  or  had  developed  incipient  tubercu- 
losis were  sent  to  the  Colorado  Agricul- 
tural College  by  the  War  Department  to  be 
given  instruction  along  lines  decided  upon 
by  Government  advisors  and  the  voca- 
tional soldier  students  in  order  that  recu- 
peration could  be  effected  at  the  same  time 
that  training  useful  for  later  life  could  be 
given.  Undoubtedly  giving  them  something 
to  do  actually  accelerates  their  physical 
improvement. 

One  young  marine  who  had  worked  in 
citrus  groves  in  Louisiana  before  the  war 
is  studying  horticulture  and,  in  the  De- 
partment of  Forestry,  is  studying,  as  a 
minor  subject  tree  repair  work  with  the 
view  of  repairing  fruit  trees,  using  the 
methods  employed  by  "tree  surgeons." 

Another  Marine  who  was  gassed  at 
Chateau  Thiery  is  fitting  himself  to  be  a 
forest  ranger. 

Others  are  pursuing  agricultural  or 
mechanical  subjects. 

Almost  without  exception  these  soldiers 
display  much  enthusiasm  in  their  studies 
and  make  good  progress  in  spite  of  de- 
ficient early  schooling  in  some  cases.  Ac- 
customed as  they  are  to  discipline,  they 
make  ideal  members  of  the  student  body. 

The  amount  of  work  assigned  to  each  is 
determined  by  his  physical  condition,  since 
his  health  improvement  is  given  first  con- 
sideration. 


IOWA  STATE  COLLEGE 
T^HE  Forestry  Class  of  the  Iowa  State 
College  has  just  completed  a  months 
camp  on  the  Arapaho  National  Forest  in 
Colorado.  The  men  have  been  engaged  in 
various  Forest  service  operations,  such  as 
timber  marking,  scaling,  logging  and  him- 


FOREST    SCHOOL    NOTES 


1373 


bering  which  has  enabled  them  to  gain  ex- 
perience along  the  practical  lines  of  for- 
estry. The  camp  was  established  in  the 
lodgepole  —  Englemann  Spruce  country, 
where  there  are  extensive  lumbering  opera- 
tions which  enabled  the  students  to  secure 
good  experience  along  the  utilization  end  of 
forestry.  The  class  returned  to  Ames  the 
first  of  September  to  continue  the  forestry 
work. 


INDIANA 
T  IEUTENANT  T.  I.  Taylor,  who  re- 
cently returned  from  one  year's  service 
with  the  aviation  force  overseas,  is  now 
practicing  City  Forestry  at  Evansville,  In- 
diana. Mr.  Taylor  was  graduated  from 
the  Forestry  Department  of  Purdue  Uni- 
versity with  the  class  of  nineteen  seventeen, 
leaving  the  University  early  for  training 
in  the  Aviation  Service.  While  in  France, 
Lieut.  Taylor  had  an  exceptional  opportun- 
ity of  visiting  many  of  the  French  State 
Forests. 


Private  Troy  Fox,  who  returned  from 
France  in  July  after  nearly  two  years'  ser- 
vice with  the  Twentieth  Engineers,  has 
taken  a  position  with  the  Forest  Service 
in  District  1.  Private  Fox  reports  some 
very  interesting  experiences  in  the  forests 
of  France,  but  much  prefers  the  United 
States  to  the  Landes. 


Prof.  Burr  N.  Prentice,  who  is  in  charge 
of  the  Department  of  Forestry  at  Purdue 
University  is  in  the  Northwest  this  sum- 
mer in  the  employ  of  the  Office  of  White 
Pine  Blister  Rust  Control  in  the  Bureau  of 
Plant  Industry.  Co-operative  work  is  be- 
ing carried  on  in  the  five  needle  pine 
States  of  the  west,  to  prevent  the  extension 
of  the  blister  rust  scourge  into  western 
territory.  

The  prospects  are  bright  for  a  record 
registration  in  the  Department  of  Forestry 
at  Purdue  University.  Practically  all  up- 
per class  students  will  return,  and  elemen- 
tary courses  are  going  to  be  crowded. 


MICHIGAN 

rPHE  Forestry  Department  of  the  Michi- 
gan Agricultural  College  is  planning  on 
collecting  seed  this  fall  from  a  white  pine 
windbreak  at  the  college.  Two  years  ago 
110  pounds  of  seed  were  obtained  from  this 
windbreak,  which  is  half  a  mile  long  and 
consists  of  a  double  row  of  trees,  spaced 
about  10  feet  apart.  The  trees  are  22 
years  old  and  have  been  bearing  seed  for 
some  time.  This  was  the  first  attempt  that 
had  been  made,  however,  to  collect  the 
seed.  The  seed  was  collected  by  boys 
climbing  the  trees  and  cutting  off  the 
cones  with  a  sharp  blade  on  the  end  of  a 
six-foot  stick.  The  department  has  called 
the  attention  of  farmers  to  the  fact  that 
at  present  prices  there  might  be  consider- 
able money  in  collecting  seed  from  wind- 
breaks or  even  from  individual  trees  of 
rfrtain  species. 


During  the  spring  term  106  freshmen 
took  the  course  in  farm  forestry  at  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College.  This 
course  is  required  of  all  students  in  the 
agricultural  course.  It  covers  the  care  and 
management  of  farm  woodlands,  planting, 
utilization  of  timber,  basket  willows,  maple 
sugar  making  and  other  activities  con- 
nected with  the  woodlot  or  better  utiliza- 
tion of  waste  lands. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Barrett 
Company  the  Michigan  Agricultural  Col- 
lege has  obtained  the  use  of  a  portable  post 
treating  plant,  consisting  of  a  tank,  firebox 
and  accessories.  This  plant  will  be  loaned 
to  farmers  without  charge  other  than 
transportation.  Many  farmers  who  have 
only  a  few  posts  to  treat  do  not  feel  justi- 
fied in  getting  special  equipment,  or  do 
not  understand  the  correct  methods  to  use. 
The  Forestry  Department  of  the  College 
plans  to  give  demonstrations  in  various 
parts  of  the  State. 

Mr.  E.  C.  Mandenberg,  the  Forestry  Ex- 
tension specialist  of  the  college,  has  re- 
turned after  a  year's  absence  on  war  work. 
The  Michigan  Agricultural  College  was 
the  first  agricultural  college  to  employ  a 
man  full  time  for  such  work.  The  college 
has  had  a  forestry  extension  man  for  the 
last  six  years. 

During  the  past  spring  the  college 
shipped  180,000  trees  from  the  forest 
nursery  for  planting  in  the  State.  Since 
1909  over  2,100,000  trees  have  been  shipped 
from  the  nursery.  This  is  enough  to  plant 
an  area  of  2,000  acres.  During  the  war 
but  very  few  trees  were  sold,  but  the 
nursery  is  now  getting  back  to  its  normal 
output.  The  trees  used  are  largely  trans- 
plants about  10  inches  high. 


IDAHO 

'T'HE  School  of  Forestry,  University  of 
Idaho,  at  the  request  of  the  state  board 
of  land  commissioners,  has  made  a  recon- 
naissance study  of  the  state  lands  at  Big 
Payette  Lake  for  the  purpose  of  working 
out  a  plan  for  the  development  of  the  timber 
resources  of  the  tract  and  the  recreational 
facilities  of  the  water  front.  As  a  basis  for 
recommendations  to  the  state  land  board, 
the  University  party  is  making  a  topo- 
graphic map  of  the  tract  and  an  estimate  of 
the  timber. 

The  state  lands  adjacent  to  the  lake  com- 
prise some  thirteen  thousand  acres,  and 
the  timber  on  about  twenty-five  hundred 
acres  was  sold  last  March.  The  contract 
under  which  the  sale  was  made  provides 
that  the  trees  to  be  cut  shall  be  marked  or 
otherwise  designated  by  the  state  agent  in 
charge,  that  the  timber  left  shall  be  pro- 
tected from  damage  in  logging  operations, 
that  the  stumps  shall  be  of  a  certain  height, 
and  that  the  brush  shall  be  piled  and  burned 
or  otherwise  disposed  of  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  state  agent.  Frank  G.  Miller,  Dean 
of  the  School  of  Forestry,  has  been  desig- 
nated by  the  land  board  as  state  agent  and 


r 


Yale  School  of 
Forestry 

Established  in  1900 


A  Graduate  Department  of  Yale 
University 

The  two  years  technical  course  pre- 
pares for  the  general  practice  of  for- 
estry  and    leads    to    the    degree    of 

Master  of  Forestry. 
Special  opportunities  in  all  branches 
of   forestry  for 

Advanced   and  Research    Work. 

For  students  planning  to  engage 
in  forestry  or  lumbering  in  the 
Tropics,  particularly  tropical  Amer- 
ica, a  course  is  offered  in 

Tropical  Forestry. 
Lumbermen  and  others  desiring  in- 
struction in  special  subjects  may  be 
enrolled  as 

Special  Students. 
A  field  course  of  eight  weeks  in  the 
summer    is   available    for    those   not 
prepared   for,   or   who   do   not   wish 
to  take  the  technical  courses. 


For  further  information  and  cata- 
logue, address:  The  Director  of  the 
School  of  Forestry,  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, U.  S.  A. 


Forest   Engineering 
Summer  School 

University  of  Georgia 

ATHENS,  GEORGIA 

Eight-weeks  Summer  Camp  on 
large  lumbering  and  milling  oper- 
ation in  North  Georgia.  Field 
training  in  Surveying,  Timber 
Estimating,  Logging  Engineer- 
ing, Lumber  Grading,  Milling. 
Special  vocational  courses 
for  rehabilitated  soldiers. 
Exceptional  opportunity  to  pre- 
pare for  healthful, pleasant,  lucra- 
tive   employment    in    the    open. 

(Special  announcement  sent  upon 
request.) 


SARGENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide   Book   for   Parents 

A  Standard  Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically      and      discriminate]  y      the      Private 
Schools  of  all  classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,   special  features,  etc. 
Introductory    Chapters   review    interesting   de- 
velopments of  the   year  in   education — Modern 
Schools,  War  Changes  in   the   Schools,   Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction,    What    the   Schools   Are 
Doing,  Recent  Educational   Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  be  glad 
to  advise  and  write  you  intimately  about  any 
school  or  class  of  schools. 

Fifth    edition,     1919.   revised    and     enlarged, 
786  pages.  $3.00.       Circvlars  and  sample   pages. 

PORTER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


Please  mention  American  Forestry    Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1374 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger  Course  of 
high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller  courses. 

Correspondence  Course  in 
Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,  School  of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


r 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MAINE 


ORONO,  MAINE 


Maintained  by  State  and  Nation 

THE  FORESTRY  DEPART- 
MENT offers  a  four  years' 
undergraduate  curriculum,  lead- 
ing to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Forestry. 
****** 

Opportunities  for  full  techni- 
cal training,  and  for  specializing 
in  problems  of  the  Northeastern 
States  and  Canada. 
****** 

John  M.  Briscoe, 

Professor  of  Forestry 

****** 
For  catalog  and  further  infor- 
mation, address 

ROBERT  J.  ALEY,  Pres't, 
Orono,  Maine 


placed  in  charge  of  the  logging  operations 
for  the  state.  . 

The  plan  of  cutting  adopted  is  intended 
to  preserve  to  the  utmost  the  scenic  value 
of  the  lake  slopes.  For  the  most  part,  the 
timber  immediately  along  the  lake  shores 
will  be  left  intact,  a  salvage  cutting  only 
being  made  here. 

The  terms  of  this  contract  constitute  an 
important  innovation  in  the  management  of 
timber  sales  on  state  lands  in  Idaho,  and 
are  attracting  wide  attention. 


Dr.  Henry  Schmitz,  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity, at  St.  Louis,  has  just  been  called  to 
the  faculty  of  the  School  of  Forestry.  He 
graduated  with  honors  from  the  School 
of  Forestry,  University  of  Washington, 
Seattle,  in  1915.  In  September,  1916  he  was 
appointed  a  fellow  in  the  Shaw  School  of 
Botany  of  Washington  University,  St. 
Louis,  from  which  he  graduated  in  June, 
1919  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Phil- 
osophy, writing  his  thesis  on  the  "Relation 
of  Bacteria  to  the  Decay  of  Wood."  From 
July,  1917  to  January,  1919,  Mr.  Schmitz 
was  in  the  U  S.  Naval  Reserve  Force 
where  he  served  with  distinction.  He  has 
had  practical  experience  in  the  forests  of 
the  Northwest  with  both  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Service  and  private  concerns.  Dr.  Schmitz 
comes  to  the  School  of  Forestry  with  the 
best  endorsements  from  those  who  know 
his  work.  Dr.  G.  T.  Moore,  director  of  the 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  says  of  him, 
"As  an  investigator  he  has  shown  himself 
capable  of  conducting  high  grade  work  in- 
dependently, and  there  is  no  reason  why  he 
should  not  make  a  distinct  mark  for  him- 
self because  of  his  ability  in  research." 


I.  W.  Cook,  associate  professor  of 
forestry  was  with  the  Rose  Lake  Lumber 
company  during  the  summer,  engaged  on 
stumping  appraisal  work. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  COLLEGE  OF 
FORESTRY 

ii'T'AKE  the  Returning  Soldiers  Back,"  is 
the  policy  of  the  New  York  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse,  at  the  head  of  which 
is  Dean  Hugh  P.  Baker,  who  won  a  commis- 
sion as  captain  of  infantry.  Five  return- 
ing soldiers  have  been  given  positions  in 
the  faculty  of  the  college.  All  are  men  who 
were  formerly  with  the  college,  and  the  ap- 
pointments are  as  follows :  Russell  T. 
Gheen,  formerly  with  the  extension  depart- 
ment, later  with  the  Southern  Pine  Associa- 
tion, captain  in  field  artillery,  returning 
to  the  extension  department  for  special 
work  in  New  York  state,  particularly  for 
lecture  work. 

Reuben  T.  Pritchard,  assistant  professor 
of  silviculture,  first  lieutenant  with  Battery 
F,  345th  Field  Artillery,  of  Texas ;  George 
H.  Cless,  Jr.,  formerly  of  the  extension  de- 
partment, later  with  the  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers  association  in  charge  of  ex- 
hibits, first  lieutenant  with  trench  mortar 


battery  in  Italy,  and  in  charge  of  a  military 
commission  to  investigate  food  supplies  in 
Hungary  and  Serbia  after  the  armistice ; 
Oliver  M.  Porter,  Captain  Quartermaster 
Corps,  with  troops  in  Europe,  former  fac- 
ulty member;  Allan  F.  Arnold,  formerly 
with  the  extension  department,  who  re- 
turns as  sergeant,  but  with  a  special  cita- 
tion for  bravery  in  action. 


New  Professor  of  Forest  Extension 
Warren  B.  Bullock,  former  Milwaukee 
newspaper  correspondent  and  magazine 
writer,  has  been  madt  professor  of  forest 
extension  at  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry,  Syracuse,  New  York,  marking 
what  appears  to  be  a  new  campaign  of  ad- 
vocacy of  forest  development.  Mr.  Bullock 
has  been  in  newspaper  work  in  Milwaukee 
nearly  20  years,  as  reporter,  editor  and  head 
of  the  news  bureau  bearing  his  name.  He 
became  interested  in  forestry  while  pub- 
licity manager  of  the  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association. 

The  selection  of  Mr.  Bullock  for  the 
eastern  work  evidently  is  a  part  of  Dean 
Baker's  plan  to  go  to  the  people  of  the 
State  with  his  advocacy  of  modern  forestry 
methods. 


PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  COLLEGE 
OF  FORESTRY 

'"PHE  Freshmen  Forestry  Camp  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  College,  was  held 
on  a  1400  acre  tract  of  young  timber  near 
Lamar,  Pennsylvania,  which  is  about  30 
miles  from  the  College.  This  is  the  per- 
manent camp  site  for  Freshmen. 

The  Sophomore  Camp  was  with  the  Cen- 
tral Pennsylvania  Lumber  Company  at 
Laquin,  Pennsylvania.  The  lumber  mills  at 
Laquin  and  Masten  were  studied  and  the 
logging  operations  at  Hillsboro.  Side  trips  ' 
were  taken  to  study  the  many  wood-using 
industries  in  the  region. 


Professor  George  R.  Green,  who  has 
been  in  charge  of  the  section  of  wood 
technology  at  the  Naval  Aircraft  Factory, 
Philadelphia,  returned  to  State  College 
during  July  to  give  the  work  in  Forestry 
and  Tree  Identification  in  the  Summer 
Session  of  the  College  for  teachers. 


Lieutenant  W.  G.  Edwards,  Assistant 
Professor  of  Forestry,  has  returned  from 
France  where  he  was  with  the  10th 
Forestry  Regiment  and  later  with  the  20th 
Regiment.  He  will  have  charge  of  the 
courses   in   lumbering. 


The  Forestry  Department  has  recently 
been  placed  in  charge  of  the  200  acres  of 
woodlands  on  the  college  farms  which 
cover  1500  acres  of  land. 

An  arboretum  will  be  started  in  the  fall 
which  will  include  all  the  woody  vegeta- 
tion indigenous  to  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


FOREST    SCHOOL    NOTES 


1375 


PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  FOREST 
ACADEMY 

f~\N  August  13  three  seniors  completed 
their  144  weeks'  course  at  Mont  Alto. 
Four  other  seniors  will  return  in  September 
and  work  until  January  1  to  cover  work 
missed  while  in  the  Army  or  Navy.  In  all 
seven  men  will  complete  work  for  their 
B.  F.  in  1919. 

Four  other  service  men  will  return  to 
school  this  fall,  entering  the  second  and 
third  year  classes.  All  service  men  will 
then  have  returned  to  school,  except  two 
who  have  received  permanent  Lieutenances 
in  the  regular  army. 

On  September  2,  with  the  beginning  of 
the  new  school  year,  33  men  were  enrolled 
at  the  school.  The  faculty  consists  of :  Prof. 
E.  A.  Ziegler,  A.  M.,  Forestry  and  Survey- 
ing; Prof.  VV.  M.  Drake,  M.  S.  F.,  Forestry; 
Prof.  George  S.  Perry,  B.  F.,  Forestry; 
Prof.  C.  J.  Harris,  M.  S.,  Biology;  Prof. 
Eugene  P.  Deatrick,  Ph.  D.,  Chemistry  and 
Soils. 

The  Legislature  adjourning  in  June 
granted  an  increased  appropriation  for 
1919-20. 


The  chestnut  blight  is  at  the  height  of  its 
attack  and  the  school  forest  is  losing  in  ex- 
cess of  100,000  cords  of  its  growing  stock 
on  its  23,000  acres.  Forester  Staley  will  sal- 
vage probably  20  per  cent  of  this  through 
sale  of  tie  stumpage,  sale  of  poles,  extract 
wood  and  some  lumber  taken  out  by  forest 
employes.  The  students  have  here  an  ex- 
cellent study  of  the  utilization  of  second 
growth  hardwoods  which  will  be  the  prin- 
cipal product  of  the  young  state  forests  for 
a  considerable  period.  The  gross  income 
for  1919  will  be  about  $12,000. 


Prof.  J.  S.  Illick  has  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  Forest  Academy  and  is 
now  Chief  of  Division  of  Silviculture  of  the 
Department  of  Forestry  with  his  office  at 
Harrisburg. 


With  deep  regret  the  school  announces 
the  loss  of  Andrew  L.  AuWerter,  Class  of 
1919,  the  only  undergraduate  to  fall  in  ac- 
tion in  France.  He  had  enlisted  in  the 
Marines  and  fell  in  the  fighting  in  the 
Argonne  shortly  before  the  armistice. 


FOREST  FIRES  DETECTED 
BY  AIR  SERVICE 
rT,IIE  importance  of  the  army  Air  Serv- 
ice at  this  time  when  disastrous  forest 
fires  are  raging  in  Montana,  Idaho,  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  not  now  under  aerial 
fire  protection,  is  indicated  in  California 
where  the  Air  Service  has  been  the  means 
of  detecting  many  fires  which  have  been 
quickly  extinguished. 

During  the  week  ended  July  19  flying  of- 
ficers of  the  March,  Alessandro  and  Rock- 
well fields  made  a  total  of  65  flights  cover- 
ing 7,707  miles  in  a  little  more  than  100 
hours    and    discovered    ten    fires.      For   the 


four  weeks  ended  July  19,  259  flights  were 
made  and  27  fires  discovered. 

The  balloon  division  is  doing  superior 
work  from  its  Ross  field,  Arcadia  station, 
and  so  intense  is  the  interest  in  the  work 
that  the  commanding  officers  are  par- 
ticipating personally  in  observations. 


WIRELESS  PHONE  IN  FOREST 
WORK 

'"PHE  Forest  Service  wireless  telephone 
has  been  successfully  tried  out  in 
Portland.  As  a  result  instruments  will  be 
installed  on  Mount  Hood  for  use  in  case 
of  forest  fires.  One  station  will  be  at  the 
summit  of  the  11,000-foot  snow  clad  peak 
and  the  other  at  the  Zigzag  ranger  station. 
The  test  which  was  made  recently  by  C. 
M.  Allen,  telephone  engineer  of  the  Forest 
Service  at  a  distance  of  eight  miles  was 
eminently   successful. 


BOUQUETS 

"Permit  me  to  add  my  measure  of  praise 
concerning  the  improvements  in  American 
Forestry.  Not  only  is  it  a  pleasure  to  look 
at  but  the  contents  are  interesting  to  every- 
one who  loves  the  out-of-doors."  F.  F. 
Moon,  Santa  Barbara,  California. 

"My  advertisement  in  your  July  issue  has 
been  entirely  satisfactory,  and  from  the 
various  answers  received  I  have  made  a 
satisfactory  selection."  Frederick  Osboni, 
New  York  City. 

"The  magazine  is,  in  my  opinion,  both  a 
typographical  and  artistic  gem,  in  the 
special  field  of  its  usefulness." — Mrs. 
Rufus  Choate.        ^ 

You  have  such  splendid  articles  and  illu- 
strations in  American  Forestry — it  always 
seems  a  clear  echo  of  a  delightful  tramp." 
— Julia  A.  Thorns. 

"I  have  taken  American  Forestry  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  have  found  it  more  and 
more  useful  and  instructive." — Homer  I. 
Ostrom. 

"I  appreciate  the  information  American 
Forestry  brings  me  each  month." — W.  A. 
Wells. 

"I  am  greatly  interested  in  your  work 
and  regard  your  publication  as  both  val- 
uable and  fascinating."— Charles  Nagel. 

"I  certainly  enjoy  the  articles  in  Ameri- 
can Forestry  by  Dr.  Shufeldt  and  also  the 
ornithological  articles  by  Dr.  Allen." — 
Wm.  E.  Menzel. 

"It  is  very  gratifying  to  find  that  Ameri- 
can Forestry  is  attracting  so  much  atten- 
tion. I  certainly  think  that  the  special 
June  number  was  a  great  credit,  and  the 
July  issue  was  also  extremely  interesting." 
—Chester  W.  Lyman,  New  York  City. 

"I  read,  with  great  interest,  the  maga- 
zine of  the  Association  and  certainly  think 
it  is  a  'dandy.'  I  look  forward  to  its  ar- 
rival each  month  and  would  not  miss  it  for 
anything." 

Allison  M.  Richards. 


HARVARD 

UNIVERSITY 

DEPT.    OF    FORESTRY 
BUSSEY  INSTITUTION 

/^kFFERS  specialized  graduate 
training  leading  to  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Forestry  in  the 
following  fields :  —  Silviculture 
and  Management,  Wood  Tech- 
nology, Forest  Entomology 
Dendrology,  and  (in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  Graduate  School 
of  Business  Administration)  the 
Lumber  Business. 

For  further  particulars 
address 

RICHARD    T.    FISHER 

Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts 


Forestry  at 

University  of 

Michigan 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

A   FOUR  -  YEAR,    undergraduate 
course    that    prepares    for    the 
practice  of   Forestry  in  all   its 
branches  and  leads  to  the  degree  of 

BACHELOR  OF  SCIENCE 
IN    FORESTRY 

Opportunity  is  offered  for  grad- 
uate work  leading  to  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Science  in  Forestry. 

The  course  is  designed  to  give  a 
broad,   well-balanced  training  in  the 
fundamental   sciences   as   well   as   in 
technical    Forestry,    and    has,   conse- 
quently,   proven   useful   to   men    en- 
gaged   in   a   variety   of    occupations. 
This  school  of  Forestry  was  estab- 
lished in  1003  and  has  a  large  body 
of  alumni  engaged  in  Forestry  work. 
For  announcement  giving 
Complete  information  and  list 
of  alumni,  address 

FILIBERT    ROTH 


Pirate  mention   American   Forestry    Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1376 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


GRASS 

By  John  J.  Ingalls 

Late  Senator  of  Kansas 


Southern  Pine  Association 


"/-><RASS  is  the  forgiveness  of  Nature— her  constant 
I  -r  benediction.     Fields  trampled  with  battle,  saturat- 
V*  ed  with  blood,  torn  with  the  ruts  of  cannon,  grow 
green  again  with  grass,  and  carnage  is  forgotten.  Streets 
abandoned  by  traffic  become  grass-grown  like  rural  lanes, 
and  are  obliterated;  forests  decay,  harvests  perish,  flowers 
vanish,  but  grass  is  immortal.    Beleagured  by  the  sullen 
hosts  of  winter,  it  withdraws  into  the  impregnable  fort- 
ress of  its  subterranean  vitality  and  emerges  upon  the 
solicitation  of  Spring     Sown  by  the  winds,  by  wandering 
birds,  propagated  by  the  subtle  horticulture  of  the  ele- 
ments, which  are  its  ministers  and  servants,  it  softens  the 
rude  outline  of  the  world.    Its  tenacious  fibers  hold  the 
earth  in  its  place,  and  prevent  its  soluble  components 
from  washing  into  the  sea.    It  invades  the  solitude  of 
deserts,  climbs  the  inaccessible  slopes  and  forbidding  pin- 
nacles of  mountains,  modifies  climates  and  determines  the 
history,  character  and  destiny  of  nations.     Unobtrusive 
and  patient,  it  has  immortal  vigor  and  aggression.    Ban- 
ished from  the  thoroughfare  or  the  field,  it  bides  its  time 
to  return,  and  when  vigilance  is  relaxed,  or  the  dynasty 
has  perished,  it  silently  resumes  its  throne,  from  which  it 
has  been  expelled  but  which  it  never  abdicates.  It  bearsno 
blazonry  of  bloom  to  charm  the  senses  with  fragrance  or 
splendor,  but  its  homely  hue  is  more  enchanting  than  the 
lily  or  the  rose.    It  yields  no  fruit  in  earth  or  air,  and  yet 
should  its  harvest  fail  for  a  single  year  famine  would  de- 
populate the  world. " 

The  South 's  future  depends  upon  full  utili- 
zation of  its  vast  idle  acreage,  in  agricultural 
pursuits,  live  stock  raising  and  reforestation. 

Cut  Over  Land  Department 

Southern  Pine 
Association 


/271 

wiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii" 

|  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  | 

THE    MAGAZINE    OF    THE     AMERICAN    FORESTRY    ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 

I>lll!!lllllllllll!Hllllllllllllllll!llttlllllllllllllHII»ll illlUinillllllllllllllllllllilllll Illllllllllll!l«!l![l!llllllllllllllll!lllllllllllll!llllin IHIIIIUIIIIII IIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIiWIIIII HIIHJI!IWIIll[tIfU»)^HflHIH(m»^IRilH1lllllllliil Illllllllllllllllllli [Hllllllllllllllllllllll illll Illllllll 

October,  1919     Vol.  25  No.  310 


CONTENTS 

"Roads  of  Remembrance" — Frontispiece 1378 

The  Forest  Policy  of  France— Its  Vindication— By  W.  B.  Greeley 1379 

With  eight  illustrations. 

When  Trees  Grow— By  J.  S.  Illick 1386 

With   nine   illustrations. 

Central  Park  Trees  Starving  to  Death— By  Charles  Lathrop  Pack 1391 

With  thirty  illustrations. 

A  Policy  of  Forestry  for  the  Nation— By  Henry  S.  Graves 1401 

A  Program  for  Private  Forestry — By  H.  H.  Chapman 1405 

Let  All  Sides  Be  Heard— By  R.  D.  Forbes 1406 

What  They  Say  as  to  a  Forest  Policy 1408 

Forest  Fires  and  "Roads  of  Remembrance" 1409 

"Built-Up  Wood"— By  O.  M.  Butler 1410 

With  seven  illustrations. 

"Napoleon    Willow"    Dying 1414 

With  one  illustration. 

Trees  and  the  Highways — By  Philip  P.   Sharpies 1415 

With  three  illustrations. 

The  Community  and  Roads  of  Remembrance 1416 

With  three  illustrations. 

The  Loons  and  Grebes— By  A.  A.  Allen 1419 

With  twelve  illustrations. 

Timber  Resources  of  the  Northwest 1424 

Forest    School    Notes 1425 

Forest  Service  Offers  Photographic  Exhibits 1426 

Canadian   Department — By    Ellwood    Wilson 1428 

Arborists    Meet 1430 

State  News 1432 

National   Honor   Roll,   Memorial   Trees 1433 

Forest    Fire    Peril    Ends 1439 


NOTICE   TO   OUR  READERS 

As  this  magazine  goes  to  press  announcement  is  made  of 
a  severe  fire  in  the  offices  of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion in  which  many  of  the  valuable  records,  papers  and  all 
back  issues  of  the  magazine,  etc.,  have  been  totally  destroyed. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  ask  that  any  letters  of  inquiry  or  other 
correspondence  addressed  to  the  Association  within  the  last 
ten  days  be  repeated.  Delays  in  the  conduct  of  the  current 
business  of  the  Association  and  the  issuance  of  the  magazine, 
AMERICAN  FORESTRY,  must  necessarily  follow,  and 
indulgence  and  leniency  is  asked  of  our  members. 

P.  S.  RIDSDALE. 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  December  24,  1909,  at  the  Postoffice  at  Washington, 
under  the  act  of  March  3,  1879.  Copyright,  1919,  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 
Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  section  1103,  Act  of 
October  3,   1917,   authorized  July   11,   1918. 


LLAO   ROCK 
The  famous  sentinel  In  Crater  Lake,  National  Park. 


TO  THE  BANKERS  OF  AMERICA 


Roads  of 
Remembrance 


}> 


FT  is  the  suggestion  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  made  the  day 
following  the  signing  of  the  armistice,  that 
trees  be  planted  in  honor  of  America's 
soldiers  and  sailors,  both  as  memorials 
to  the  dead  and  as  tributes  of  appreciation 
to   the  living  for  their  offer  of  service. 

The  Memorial  Tree  planting  idea  strikes 
a  patriotic  chord  which  should  receive 
the  support  of  the  Bankers  of  America. 
For  it  is  but  the  beginning  of  a  great  for- 
ward-sweeping desire  and  determination 
on  the  part  of  the  people  of  America  to 
see  their  cities  and  parks  and  local,  as 
well  as  transcontinental,  highways  beauti- 
fied with  handsome  trees  and  their  forest 
resources  enriched  through  a  deepening 
and  broadening  of  conservation  methods 
and  reforestation. 

In  connection  with  the  movement,  there 
is  a  plan  proposed  which  would  provide 
for  a  county  unit  system  placing  memorial 
tablets  to  the  men  who  gave  their  lives 
for  their  country,  the  tablets  to  be  placed 
on  the  county  courthouse  or  on  memorial 
highways  extending  from  county  to 
county,  preferably  at  the  points  where 
these  roads  enter  adjoining  counties. 

Cities  large  and  small  throughout  the 
nation  are  showing  their  approval  of 
"Tribute  Trees."  In  our  parks  and 
along  our  highways  they  will  serve  as  a 
living  tribute  to  American  heroism.  They 
will  mark  our '  'Roads  of  Remembrance. ' ' 


I 


i 


THIS  TITLE  PAGE  FROM  THE  BURROUGHS  CLEARING  HOUSE.  A  PUBLICATION  FOR  BANKERS, 
IS  AN  EXAMPLE  OF  THE  FINE  CO-OPERATION  THAT  IS  BEING  GIVEN  THE  CAMPAIGN  OF  THE  AMER- 
ICAN FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  FOR  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING  AND  ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE. 
HERE  IS  A  PUBLICATION  DEVOTED  TO  BEST  BUSINESS  METHODS  YET  ITS  EDITOR  IS  QUICK  TO  SEE 
THE  OPPORTUNITY  IN  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING  FOR  BETTER  ROADS  WHICH  MEAN  BETTER 
BUSINESS  AND  A  BETTER  COUNTRY.  JH 





nn 


^;in:n!n:--  :::■!!■■  ■    .:i'i!;!:'-: ■  - r :.;:; !:::^  ■  ..!ii!!i!i:i:;;,:  :..:!i:iiii!!!!iii:-  -.; in:-;:  ■■. .::::i:!:!i!i!i!:,::  ■  I'liinii:!!!;; :  ■■  ^ii'^iMiiiiiii^MiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM;: ;■  ■r'.iiiiriiiiiiiniiiiMiMii;!:^- ; Mi.:, ; ^; ii!;::1:.-. ■  .■:; li-:1"    ;; ;m  ■;   .,: i: j^ 

I  AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXV  OCTOBER,  1919  NO.  310 

^iiiiiinniiiiiuiiiiiiiini 

THE  FOREST  POLICY  OF  FRANCE-ITS  VINDICATION 

BY  W.  B.  GREELEY.  LIEUT.-COL.  ENGINEERS 


C?T~1RANCE  will  perish  for  want  of  wood,"  exclaimed 
JP  Colbert  in  1669.  The  fears  of  this  far-sighted 
Minister  of  old  France,  which  led  to  a  revision  of 
forestry  laws  that  has  profoundly  influenced  all  subse- 
quent legislation,  might  indeed  have  been  realized  in  this 
great  war.  Wood  was  one  of  the  most  vital  military 
necessities ;  and  France  had  to  supply  from  her  own  for- 
ests not  alone  the  needs  of  her  own  vast  armies  for  four 
and  a  half  years  but  also  the  larger  part  by  far  of  the 


element  of  national  strength  in  the  greatest  crisis  of  her 
history. 

The  development  of  this  policy  has  not  been  smooth 
and  uninterrupted.  It  has  suffered  setbacks.  It  has  re- 
flected the  social  and  political  upheavals  of  the  last  two 
centuries.  It  has  been  influenced  by  changes  in  eco- 
nomic conditions  and  emphasis.  Certain  chapters  in  its 
history  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  disposal  of 
public  timberlands  in  the  United  States.     As  a  whole,  it 


A   TRAINI.OAI)    OF    LARGE    HARDWOOD    LOGS 


MM   ONE  OF   THE    ROTHSCHILD    E; 


iTES   BY   THE   20th    ENGINEERS 


timber  used  try  the  British,  Belgian,  and  American  forces. 
The  American  operations  alone  required  450,000,000  feet 
of  timber  and  650,000  cords  of  fuelwood,  and  less  than 
one  per  cent  of  this  enormous  quantity  was  brought  from 
the  United  States.  For  the  abundant  supplies  of  timber 
directly  available  to  the  battle  lines,  the  Allied  world 
must  thank  the  patience  and  foresight  with  which  the 
French  nation  has  built  up  its  forest  resources.  Apart 
from  its  value  to  her  peace-time  life  and  industries,  the 
forest  policy  of  Prance  has  been  vindicated  as  a  capital 


is  a  fruitful  field  of  study  for  the  American  forester  and 
economist.  Particularly  at  the  present  time,  when  the 
war  has  brought- home  to  us 'the  weakness  and  danger  of 
our  own  indifference  toward  the  forest  resources  of  the 
United  States,  is  it  opportune  to  take  note  how  similar 
problems  have  been  worked  out  in  France.  I  hope,  in 
subsequent  articles,  to  describe  a  few  of  the  more  impor- 
tant features  of  French  forest  policy,  the  "regime  for- 
estier" — its  backbone,  private  forestry  in  France,  and  the 
fight  against  sand  dunes  and  mountain  torrents.     I  shall 

1379 


1380 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


try  now  to  give  a  picture  of  French  forestry  in  the  broad, 
— its  historical  setting,  the  national  conceptions  which  it 
expresses,  and  what  it  has  accomplished.* 

The  forestry  ordinances  of  the  "ancien  regime"  con- 
tained a  mass  of  detailed  restrictions,  designed  not  only 
to  prevent  a  diminution  in  the  forested  areas  but  also  to 
control  the  methods  of  cutting  and  using  timber.  Hard- 
wood sprout  forests  could  not  be  cut  before  the  age  ol 
ten  years ;  and  then  a  certain  number  had  to  be  reserved 
to  produce  large  timber.  The  age  when  large  trees 
might  be  cut  and  methods  of  securing  regrowth  were 
carefully  defined.  The  needs  of  the  royal  navy  were  pro- 
tected by  requiring  special  sanction  from  the  king  before 
large  timber  could  be  cut  within  10  leagues  of  the  sea  or 
2  leagues  of  a  navigable  river — a  regulation  which  calls 
to  mind  that  the  first  forestry  legislation  of  the  United 
States  was  the  reservation  of  oak  and  cypress  lands  for 
the  supply  of  the  American  navy. 

This  forestry  code  was  in  keeping  with  the  whole  rural 
legislation  of  the  times.  The  freedom  of  land  owners 
was  restricted  at  almost  every  turn  by  royal  decrees. 
Vineyards  could  not  be  planted  in  certain  cantons.  The 
fallowing  of  land  at  stated  periods  was  obligatory  in 
nearly  all  forms  of  culture.  It  is  significant  that  the 
public  interest  was  but  a  secondary  and  incidental  object 
of  these  onerous  restrictions.  The  king  regarded  him- 
self  as    the   guardian    of    his   people ;    and    sought    to 


*Much  of  the  material  for  these  articles  has  been  taken  from 
Guyot's  Cours  de  Droit  Forestier. 


protect  his  subjects  against  injuries  to  their  own  interests. 

The  great  outburst  of  democracy  and  individualism  in 
the  French  Revolution  unceremoniously  threw  this  maze 
of  restrictive  legislation  out  of  doors.  The  free  citizen 
of  the  new  era  was  released  from  all  guardianships.  A 
law  of  1791  declared  that  the  forests  of  private  owners 
ceased  to  be  under  control  of  the  State.  Their  owners 
were  free  to  cut  or  destroy  as  they  saw  fit.  During  the 
succeeding  half  century  a  large  number  of  private  forests 
were  wiped  out.  Even  after  public  control  of  the  denuda- 
tion of  private  woodlands  was  restored,  its  application 
was  extremely  lenient  for  many  years.  Authorizations  to 
destroy  489,000  hectares  (1,222,500  acres)  were  granted 
subsequent  to  1828,  no  records  prior  to  that  date  bein.^ 
available.  The  demand  for  cereals,  particularly  in 
northern  France,  had  much  to  do  with  the  large  aggre- 
gate decrease  in  the  forested  area  of  the  country,  for 
many  of  the  French  forests  in  the  plains  occupied  land 
similar  in  character  to  that  under  cultivation.  In  south- 
ern France  and  in  her  mountains,  the  predominance  of 
pastoral  industries  led  to  a  gradual  diminution  in  the  area 
of  woodland  from  excessive  grazing. 

Modern  French  writers  are  agreed  that  this  suddenly 
gained  liberty  of  the  Revolution  was  abused ;  that  the 
transition  from  the  restrictive  guardianship  of  the  sov- 
ereign to  the  new  regime  of  "laissez  faire"  was  too  rapid 
and  the  land  owners  too  inadequately  prepared  to  use 
their  freedom.  But  the  movement  as  a  whole  was  an 
inevitable  and  necessary  part  of  the  change  from  the  old 


' 


AN   AMERICAN   SAWMILL   AMONG   SAND    DUNES  WHICH   WERE   BARREN   WASTES   75   YEARS   AGO 


THE    FOREST    POLICY    OF   FRANCE— ITS   VINDICATION 


1381 


ANOTHER  OF  THE  SAWMILLS  OF  THE  20th  ENGINEERS  IN  THE  VOSGES  MOUNTAINS 


political  and  economic  order  to  the  new.  It  extended 
indeed  to  the  state  forests,  sequestered  properties  of  the 
crown  and  nobility.  Particularly  during  the  period  from 
1814  to  the  end  of  the  second  Empire,  a  large  number  of 
state  forests  were  alienated  under  the  theory  that  it  was 
wise  to  convert  this  public  property  into  cash  and  that 
the  land  would  best  contribute  to  the  economic  welfare  of 
the  country  under  private  ownership  and  use.  These 
alienations  carried  no  restrictions  as  to  cutting  or  denu- 
dation and  in  the  case  of  most  of  them  reforestation  was 
left  to  chance. 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  history  is  not  the 
extent  of  the  reaction  but  the  rapidity  and  effectiveness 
with  which  French  common  sense  and  French  conserva- 
tive instinct  toward  natural  resources  reasserted  them- 
selves under  the  very  freedom  of  democratic  institutions. 
As  early  as  1803,  a  law  restored  public  control  of  the 
extent  to  which  privately  owned  forests  might  be  de- 
stroyed. And  in  1827  was  adopted  the  "code  forestier" 
which,  with  minor  modifications,  has  remained  to  the 
present  day  as  the  corner  stone  of  French  forest  policy. 
The  forestry  code  aimed  primarily  to  establish  the  basis 
for  administering  and  perpetuating  the  forests  in  all 
forms  of  public  ownership.  But  the  conceptions  under- 
lying it  are  of  special  interest  as  illustrating  the  attitude 
of  the  French  toward  their  forest  resources  as  a  whole — 
private  as  well  as  public ;  an  attitude  which  finds  expres- 
sion in  practically  all  the  subsequent  legislation. 

The  French  conceive  of  their  forests  as  standing  apart 
from  other  forms  of  real  property  because  of  (1)  their 
peculiar  nature  from  the  standpoint  of  principal  and 
interest  and  (2)  their  public  utility.     The  trees  compos- 


ing a  forest  at  any  given  time  represent  its  capital,  or 
growing  stock,  together  with  certain  quantities  of  wood 
which  have  been  produced  by  that  capital  and  comprise 
its  expendable  revenue,  which  will  be  realized  from  time 
to  time  by  cutting.  Revenue  and  capital  are  thus  inter- 
mingled ;  both  are  readily  convertible  into  money ;  and 
the  danger  of  reducing  the  forest  capital  of  the  country 
by  unwise  or  ill-timed  lumbering  is  always  present. 
Furthermore,  a  forest  once  ruined  by  abuse  restores  itself 
slowly.  While  a  few  years  can  efface  the  effects  of  poor 
farming,  a  century  may  be  required  to  restore  a  forest 
capital  reduced  or  destroyed  by  imprudent  cutting.  On 
the  other  hand,  their  public  utility  demands  that  the 
forests  of  the  country  be  extended  rather  than  reduced. 
Forests  figure  largely  in  the  public  policies  of  France 
because  the  French  know  that,  aside  from  their  direct 
econofnic  value,  forests  hold  the  soil  on  mountain  slopes, 
prevent  erosion,  stop  the  devastation  of  shifting  sand, 
preserve  the  sources  of  their  rivers  and  their  marvelous 
inland  waterways,  and  maintain  the  atmospheric  humid- 
ity necessary  for  the  cultivation  of  the  valleys.  Hence 
the  necessity  of  special  and  restrictive  legislation,  going 
far  beyond  the  terms  of  the  common  law,  even  beyond 
the  provisions  of  the  penal  code,  to  preserve  the  integ- 
rity of  French  forests,  public  and  private  alike. 

This  conception  is  well  expressed  in  Guyot's  discus- 
sion of  the  laws  against  the  destruction  of  privately 
owned  forests.*  "This  legislation  constitutes  a  remark- 
able anomaly  in  our  civil  law  concerning  the  legal  obliga- 
tions imposed  on  private  property.  In  principle,  the 
private  owner  is  free  to  use  and  enjoy  his  property,  free 

♦Cours  de  Droit  Forestier,  Livre  V.,  Par.  1659 


1382 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


also  to  dispose  of  it  and  to  change  it  as  he  pleases.  The 
prohibition  of  denudation  applies  to  but  one  class  of 
landed  property,  the  forest.  An  agricultural  proprietor 
can  transform  his  property,  make  a  meadow  of  a  culti- 
vated field,  a  pasture  of  a  vineyard ;  but  such  changes 
are  forbidden  to  the  forest  owner.  He  must  preserve  his 
property  in  a  forested  condition  even  when  he  might 
profit  by  a  change.  This  lucrative  operation  is  forbid- 
den him  in  the  public  interest.  He  might,  indeed,  be 
indemnified  for  the  heavy  burden  which  is  imposed  upon 
him.  But  he  can  seek  no  compensation,  no  remittance  of 
taxes,  no  special  favor. 

"How  shall  we  justify  an  intervention  of  the  state  so 
exceptional,  a  limitation  so  extraordinary  upon  the  rights 
of  every  private  owner?  It  can  be  explained  only  by 
the  special  nature  of  forested  property.  It  is  this  char- 
acter peculiar  to  itself  which  has  prompted  the  enforce- 
ment of  a  forestry  regime  upon  public  owners  like  the 


of  administering  Forests  owned  by  the  state,  the  com- 
munes, and  by  public  institutions,  based  upon  continuous 
production  and  the  cutting  of  no  more  than  the  current 
growth.  It  contains  its  own,  distinctive,  and  complete 
penal  system  for  the  protection  of  these  properties.  Its 
penal  code  is  almost  taken  bodily  from  that  existing 
under  the  "ancien  regime"  and  differs  profoundly  from 
the  modern  penal  laws  of  France.  Its  basis  is  the  fine, 
imposed  in  accordance  with  fixed  and  arbitrary  sched- 
ules, which  are  obligatory  upon  the  courts  and  leave 
the  judge  no  discretion  to  consider  mitigating  circum- 
stances. These  penalties  are  set  forth  in  minute  detail, 
even  to  the  imposition  of  heavier  fines, in  cases  where 
trees  are  cut  at  night  or  with  a  saw  because  such  tres- 
passes are  more  difficult  to  detect.  The-  forest  officers 
themselves  exercise  many  judicial  functions  in  the  pun- 
ishment of  trespasses.  They  may  even  enter  that  strong- 
hold  of   French   individual   liberty,   the   home,   without 


MULE  TEAM  BRINGING  MARITIME  PINE  LOGS  TO  A  MILL  IN  SOUTHWESTERN  FRANCE 


communes.  The  forest  once  destroyed  is  so  slow  to 
reestablish  itself  that  future  generations  must  be  guar- 
anteed against  abuses  by  the  present  generation.  If  the 
country  needs  wheat,  nothing  is  easier  than  to  increase 
the  culture  of  cereals  from  one  year  to  another;  but  if 
the  need  be  for  wood,  the  creation  of  new  forests  will 
require  long  years  during  which  the  public  interests  will 
suffer  gravely." 

The  most  striking  examples  of  this  solicitude  for  the 
preservation  of  their  forests  are  found  in  the  French 
code  for  the  administration  of  publicly  owned  forests 
and  the  laws  restricting  the  denudation  of  woodlands 
in  private  ownership.  In  each  appear  significant  excep- 
tions to  the  general  principles  which  the  individualistic 
and  liberty-loving  French  have  incorporated  in  their 
legislation  since  the  revolutionary  period.  The  "code 
forestier"  not  only  defines  in  precise  terms  the  methods 


warrant,  in  search  of  evidence  that  offenses  have  been 
committed. 

The  laws  concerning  private  forests  impose  no  pre- 
scribed methods  of  cutting  other  than  the  obligation 
resting  upon  every  owner  not  to  destroy  his  forest  with- 
out prior  warrant  from  the  state.  Such  warrants  may 
be  issued  by  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  upon  a  favorable 
report  from  the  Conservateur  of  Waters  and  Forests, 
but  may  be  refused  on  the  ground  that  the  proposed 
denudation  would  be  injurious  to  the  protection  of  moun- 
tain soils  from  erosion,  to  the  protection  of  inland  areas 
from  shifting  sand,  to  the  sources  of  streams,  or  to  the 
public  health.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  right  to  destroy 
a  forest  can  not  be  withheld  on  the  grounds  of  the  needs 
of  the  country  for  timber,  although  many  attempts  have 
been  made  to  incorporate  such  a  provision  in  the  law. 
The  teeth  of  the  legislation  concerning  the  denudation  of 


THE    FOREST    POLICY    OF    FRANCE— ITS    VINDICATION 


1383 


private  forests  are  found  in  the  severe  fines  which  are  im- 
pose! if  the  destruction  of  a  forest  actually  takes  place, 
without  warrant,  and  in  the  discretion  of  the  Minister 
to  order  the  reforestation  of  the  land  by  planting.  If 
this  is  not  done  by  the  owner  within  three  years,  it  may 
be  done  by  the  state  at  the  owner's  cost.  It  makes  no 
difference  whether  the  denudation  was  intentional  or  not. 
The  penalties  are  applicable  if  a  forest  actually  disap- 
pears as  the  result  of  severe  cutting  or  grazing. 

These  restrictive  measures  constitute  but  one  phase  of 
the  forest  policy  of  France.  Its  constructive  features 
are  equally  striking.  Foremost  among  them  in  com- 
manding the  admiration  of  the  forest  engineers  in  the 
American  Army  stands  the  conquest  of  the  sand  dunes  on 


pine  under  a  cover  of  brush  or  herbaceous  plants.  Their 
success  led  to  the  adoption  in  1810  of  a  systematic  plan 
for  controlling  the  dunes  by  the  French  government. 
State  forests  were  established  in  part  of  the  territory  ;  but 
much  of  the  planting  was  done  on  communal  and  private 
lands,  under  the  principle  of  the  state's  paying  the  costs 
and  then  retaining  the  use  of  the  land  for  a  sufficient 
period  to  recoup  itself  from  the  forests  established. 

The  stabilization  of  the  dune  belt  was  actually  accom- 
plished in  about  sixty  years,  but  the  impetus  given  to  the 
planting  of  maritime  pine  by  private  owners  and  com- 
munes has  extended  the  forests  of  this  valuable  tree  over 
almost  the  entire  area  of  sand  plains  in  southwestern 
France.     The  departments  of  the  Landes  and  Gironde 


Underwood    and    Underwood — British   Official  Photograph 

GERMAN  TRENCHES  SMASHED  UP  BY  BRITISH  GUN  FIRE  IN  THE  BATTLE  OF  FLANDERS.    THIS  GIVES  AN  IDEA  OF  THE  AMOUNT 

OF  TIMBER  USED  IN  FIELD  FORTIFICATIONS 


the  southwestern  coast  and  the  conversion  of  the  old  bed 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  formerly  a  thinly  populated 
stretch  of  sand  and  marsh,  into  one  of  the  most  produc- 
tive regions  of  France.  Adjoining  the  South  Atlantic 
Coast,  is  a  belt  of  sand  dunes  covering  some  350,000 
acres.  During  the  18th  century,  the  inland  movement  of 
these  dunes,  which  traveled  from  30  to  80  feet  a  year, 
buried  entire  villages  and  farms  and  threatened  to  de- 
stroy the  economic  life  of  the  entire  littoral.  Experi- 
ments were  begun  by  French  engineers  as  early  as  1784 
in  stabilizing  the  dunes  by  sowing  the  seed  of  maritime 


contain  today  1,500,000  acres  of  private  forests,  by  far 
the  greater  part  of  which  were  established  by  planting. 
The  forests  of  this  region,  created  almost  wholly  by  hu- 
man foresight  and  patience,  contained  nearly  a  fourth  of 
the  timber  of  France  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  and  were 
one  of  the  most  important  sources  of  supply  for  the 
French,  British  and  American  Armies.  The  20th  Engi- 
neers cut  ties  and  sawlogs  from  state  forests  in  the  dunes 
themselves  which,  sixty  years  previously,  were  not  only 
wholly  unproductive  but  a  menace  to  the  country.  And 
aside  from  the  production  of  timber,  the  afforestation  of 


1384 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


the  Landes  has  created  the  naval  stores  industry  of 
southern  France,  drained  its  malarial  marshes,  enor- 
mously increased  its  population,,  and  built  up  the  produc- 
tivity of  its  agricultural  lands  through  the  extensive 
cropping  of  forest  undergrowth  and  litter  for  the  ferti- 
lization of  farms. 
A  similar  struggle,  not  yet  ended,  has  been  waged  with 


BRUSH  FROM  FRENCH  FORESTS  USED  IN  REVETTING  TRENCHES 

the  mountain  torrents  which  have  seriously  eroded  por- 
tions of  the  French  Alps,  with  resulting  floods  and  the 
destruction  of  agricultural  lands  in  the  valleys  below. 
One  of  the  worst  effects  of  the  sudden  removal  of  restric- 
tions upon  the  use  of  private  lands,  brought  about  by 
the  Revolution,  was  the  destruction  of  many  forests 
in  the  high  mountains  and  the  excessive  grazing  of  moun- 
tain pastures.  Effective  legislation  to  combat  these  perils 
was  long  held  back  by  the  difficulty  of  harmonizing  the 
vigorous  public  action  needed  with  French  conceptions  of 
individual  liberty  and  initiative  and  by  the  conflict  of* 
interests  between  the  pastoral  folk  of  the  mountains  and 
the  farmers  of  the  plains.  The  terrible  floods  of  1859 
prompted  the  enactment  of  a  law  for  the  reforestation 
of  the  mountains  (July  28,  1860).  It  provided  for  the 
establishment  of  restoration  areas  within  which  refor- 
estation and  other  measures  would  be  undertaken  by  the 
state  and  by  communes  and  private  agencies  with  state 
aid.  All  forests  within  restoration  areas,  of  whatever 
ownership,  were  placed  under  the  administration  of  the 
Waters  and  Forests  Service  in  conformity  with  the  con- 
servative requirements  of  the  "regime  forestier."  Addi- 
tional laws  passed  in  1864  and  1882  provided  for  the 
restoration  of  grass  cover  on  denuded  mountain  lands 
under  certain  conditions  and  for  various  preventive 
measures  in  the  mountain  zone  generally,  particularly 
the  regulation  of  grazing. 

Some  phases  of  this  attempt  to  check  torrential  erosion 
in  the  mountains  have  not  been  successful,  and  the  prob- 
lem is  a  very  live  one  in  France  today.  The  most  effec- 
tive steps  yet  taken  have  been  the  reforestation  of  lands 
owned  by  the  state  or  communes  and  the  purchase  of 
mountain  forests  by  the  central  government.     This  is 


directly  analogous  to  federal  purchases  of  forests  on  the 
headwaters  of  navigable  streams  in  the  United  States 
under  the  Weeks  Law.  While  the  French  government 
has  ample  authority  to  add  to  its  state  forests,  by  pur- 
chase, in  any  part  of  the  country,  such  acquisitions  have, 
up  to  the  present,  been  limited  to  mountain  regions  in 
connection  with  restoration  projects.  Many  French  for- 
esters and  economists  advocate  the  extension  of  the  pub- 
lic holdings  in  other  sections,  particularly  in  the  oak  for- 
ests of  the  plains  where  the  timber  of  large  size  and  high 
quality  needed  by  industries  like  shipbuilding  may  not 
be  grown  by  private  owners. 

Coupled  with  the  laws  restricting  the  freedom  of  the 
private  owner  in  France  to  destroy  his  forest,  is  a  series 
of  constructive  measures  designed  to  promote  the  pro- 
duction of  timber  on  private  lands.  Tax  exemptions, 
in  varying  degrees,  are  extended  to  forest  plantations 
during  their  first  thirty  years.  The  exemption  is  com- 
plete in  the  case  of  seeded  or  planted  land  on  the  slopes 


f 

•" 

BINDING   FAGOTS  OF  BRUSH   FOR  USE  AT  THE   FRONT 

or  summits  of  mountains,  on  sand  dunes,  and  on  land 
previously  barren.  If  the  planted  land  was  under  culti- 
vation during  the  preceding  decade,  three  fourths  of  the 
taxes  are  remitted.  If  the  land  has  been  fallow  for  ten 
years  or  more,  it  remains  taxable  but  the  assessed  value 
of  the  bare  land  can  not  be  increased  for  thirty  years. 

Other  laws  encourage  the  formation  of  local  associa- 
tions of  forest  owners  for  the  joint  administration  of 
their  properties.  (The  "syndicate"  so  common  all  over 
France  for  collective  action  in  various  enterprises). 
Such  associations  may  extend  from  cooperative  protec- 
tion against  fire  or  trespass  to  the  complete  management 
of  timbered  areas.  And  by  a  statute  enacted  in  1913  the 
services  of  the  state  foresters  are  offered  to  private 
owners  or  associations,  at  cost,  in  the  protection  or  ad- 
ministration of  their  properties.  Such  measures,  aiming 
to  reduce  the  cost  of  technical  management  of  timber- 
lands,  are  especially  adapted  to  the  conditions  in  France, 
where  timber  values  are  high  and  forestry  practice  is 
general  and  well  understood. 

Private  timberlands,  in  fact,  comprise  over  two-thirds 
of  the  forest  resources  of  France.     18.7  per  cent  of  her 


THE    FOREST    POLICY    OF    FRANCE— ITS    VINDICATION 


1385 


area  is  forested,  or  about  23,455,000  acres.  The  three 
million  acres  of  state  forests  represent  but  12  per  cent 
of  this  total  while  another  20  per  cent,  owned  by  com- 
munes and  other  public  agencies,  is  also  under  state 
administration.  The  rest  is  in  private  hands.  The  be- 
lief is  common  that  the  area  of  forests  has  been  reduced 
below  the  minimum  essential  to  sustained  national  pros- 
perity and  there  is  a  strong  demand  in  many  quarters  for 
extending  the  state  forests,  particularly  in  the  mountain 
regions  in  connection  with  the  checking  of  erosion  and 
protection  of  water  sources.  But  the  results  obtained  by 
painstaking  care  in  handling  the  limited  resources  of 
France  are  truly  remarkable.  Imagine  a  third  of  the 
population  of  the  United  States  crowded  into  an  area  less 
than  that  of  Texas  and  still  supplying  70  per  cent  of  their 


at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  amounted  to  100  board  feet 
of  lumber  and  half  a  cord  of  fuelwood  from  every  acre 
of  forest  land  in  France. 

This  does  not,  however,  tell  the  whole  story  of  what 
France  has  accomplished  in  forest  conservation.  Due 
to  the  conservative  temper  of  their  race,  forest  owners, 
public  and  private  alike,  have  not  cut  as  much  as  they 
might;  they  have  not  used  the  full  current  revenue  from 
their  timber  capital.  They  had  accumulated  a  surplus 
by  the  outbreak  of  the  war  probably  equal  to  four  and 
a  half  billion  feet,  or  twice  the  usual  yearly  cut.  This 
surplus,  together  with  the  uniformly  well-stocked  and 
productive  condition  of  their  forest  lands,  was  a  prime 
element  of  national  strength  in  the  great  struggle.  The 
longer  the  20th  Engineers  operated  in  France,  the  more 


A  MILL  OF  THE  AMERICAN  EXPEDITIONARY  FORCE  IN  THE  DUNES  OF  SOUTHWESTERN  FRANCE 


timber  and  all  of  their  fuelwood  from  the  current  pro- 
duction of  their  forest  lands. 

Prior  to  the  war,  there  were  cut  yearly  from  the  forests 
of  France  2,250,000,000  feet  of  timber  and  4,670,000 
cords  of  fuelwood.  In  addition  to  these  amounts,  some 
400,000,000  feet  of  timber  and  167,000  cords  of  fuel  were 
obtained  yearly  from  trees  planted  along  roads  and 
canals,  from  farm  hedges,  and  from  the  plantations  of 
poplar  which  are  a  common  feature  of  farms  throughout 
central  and  northern  France.  It  is  probable  that  France 
contained,  in  1914,  at  least  150  billion  feet  of  merchant- 
able timber.  The  adequacy  of  her  forest  resources, 
however,  was  judged — not  by  the  quantity  of  stumpage 
but  by  the  current  yield  of  forest  land.     The  yearly  cut 


timber  their  scouts  located.  Our  early  conceptions  of 
timber  shortage  in  France  were  constantly  revised  up- 
ward. The  enormous  demands  of  the  allied  armies  could 
have  been  met  for  one  or  two  years  longer  without  cut- 
ting seriously  into  the  growing  stock  of  the  country. 

The  progress  of  France  in  forestry,  like  that  of  any 
other  country,  is  of  course  an  intimate  phase  of  her  own 
historical  and  economic  evolution,  the  result  of  her  pecu- 
liar physical  conditions  and  the  racial  characteristics  of 
her  people.  Its  special  interest  to  Americans  lies  in  the 
fact  that  it  is  not  a  policy  created  by  imperial  edict — 
but  the  freely  adopted  regime  of  an  intensively  demo- 
cratic and  individualistic  people.  It  would  be  futile  to 
(Continued  on  Page  1424) 


WHEN  TREES  GROW 


BY  PROF.  J.  S.  ILLICK 

CHIEF,  BUREAU  OF  SILVICULTURE,  PENNSYLVANIA  DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY 


NOTHING  about  the  numerous  processes  of  trees  is 
more  readily  comprehended  than  that  they  grow, 
for  the  results  of  growth  are  so  obvious,  and  in 
some  cases  striking,  particularly  in  temperate  regions 
where  annually  a  period  of  vegetative  rest  alternates 
with  a  period  of  vegetative 
activity. 

The  belief  is  prevalent 
that  trees  grow  throughout 
the  general  growing  or 
vegetative  seasons,  which 
embraces  the  middle  states 
from  150  to  200  days,  and 
extends  from  the  last  kill- 
ing frost  in  the  spring,  that 
is,  when  the  leaves  of  the 
larches,  birches,  cherries, 
and  maples  appear,  to  the 
first  killing  frost  in  the 
autumn  when  the  leaves  ex- 
hibit their  autumnal  colo- 
ration.    This,   however,   is 

a  mere  supposition,  for  most  of  the  native  and  introduced 
forest  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  Mont  Alto,  Pennsylvania, 
make  ninety  per  cent  of  their  height  growth  in  less  than 
forty  days.  .  , 

The  following  tabulation,  based  on  data  obtained  in 
Pennsylvania,  lists  five  representative  species  of  forest 
trees,  gives  the  date  in  spring  when  the  growth  of  each 


DO  YOU  KNOW  THAT 

Trees  make  nine-tenths  of  their  height  growth 
in  less  than  forty  days? 

Most  trees  start  growing  in  April  and  stop 
growing  in  May  or  June? 

Trees  grow  twice  as  much  at  night  as  during 
the  day? 

Some  trees  grow  steadily  during  the  growing 
time  and  others  rest  for  days  and  then  continue 
their  growth? 

That  two  rings  may  sometimes  represent  only 
one  year's  growth  ? 


starts,  indicates  the  percentage  of  the  total  growth  of 
the  season  opposite  specified  dates,  and  schedules  the 
progress,  duration,  and  cessation  of  growth. 

Not  all  forest  trees  begin  to  grow  at  the  same  time. 
Some   start   early   in   spring   while   others   begin   rather 

late.  The  Wild  Black. 
Cherry,  Primus  serotina  is 
the  first  forest  tree  in  the 
vicinity  of  Mont  Alto  to  be- 
gin height  growth.  The 
elongation  of  its  twigs 
starts  about  the  fourth  of 
April.  The  Domestic 
Cherry,  Prunus  avium,  be- 
gins its  growth  about  four 
days  later  than  the  native 
Wild  Black  Cherry.  The 
Sweet  Buckeye,  Aescuhts 
octandra,  begins  about 
April  6,  White  Pine,  Pin  us 
Strobus,  about  April  18, 
Tulip  Tree,  Liriodendron 
Tulipfera,  about  April  25,  and  Norway  Spruce,  Picea 
Abies,  about  May  6.  The  date  when  the  different  species 
start  the  elongation  of  their  twigs  depends  upon  the  in- 
herent tendency  of  the  species  and  the  factors  of  the 
environment.  The  late  opening  of  the  buds  of  Norway 
Spruce  is  not  a  local  characteristic,  but  an  inherent  ten- 
dency, for  records  from  Germany  show  that  they  usually 


EUROPEAN    LARCH    IN    FULL    FOLIAGE 

A  coniferous  tree  which  sheds  all  its  foliage 
each  autumn.  Lower  buds  begin  to  swell  early, 
leaves  emerge  rapidly,  but  elongation  of  shoot 
does  not  begin  until  about  the  middle  of  May. 


1386 


TERMINAL    SPRAY 
PINE 


OF    PITCH 


I.  ATE     SPRING 


AWAKENING 

SPRUCE 


OF    NORWAY 


Showing  the  original  and  the  second 
growth  of  the  season.  Fictitious  rings 
are  regularly  formed  when,  a  prolonged 
resting  period  occurs  within  the  grow- 
ing   season. 


During  early  May  the  buds  usually  begin  to 
swell.  Elongation  of  the  twigs  begins  at  the  base 
of   the   trees    and    proceeds   upwards. 


WHEN  TREES  GROW 


1387 


open  after  May  8,  and  in  the  extreme  northern  part 
after  the  end  of  May.  On  the  other  hand,  factors  of  the 
environment,  such  as  latitude,  altitude,  exposure,  shade 
and  shelter,  also  have  a  strong  influence  on  the  starting 
time  of  the  season's  growth.  As  a  rule,  buds  open  about 
two  and  one-half  to  three  days  later  with  each  degree 


Growth 
Starts 

Wild 
Black 
Cherry 

Sweet 
Buckeye 

White 
Pine 

Tulip 
Tree 

Norway 
Spruce 

April   4th 

April  6th 

April  18:h 

April  25th 

May    Otli 

April    1.5 

7.5% 

67.5% 

00.0% 

00.0% 

00.0% 

May    1 

15.0 

H.t 

12.1 

1.2 

CO.O 

May   15 
June    1 
June   15 
July    1 

25.0 

42.5 
62.5 
87  5 

•- 

■  - 

100.0 

46.2 
92.1 
988 
100.0 

r  - 
00 

23.4 
588 
88.8 
97.4 

8 

22.4 

74.1 

99.2 

100.0 

July   15 

97.5 

98.9 

August    1 

100.0 

100.0 

of  latitude  and  about  two  to  two  and  one-half  days  later 
with  each  350  feet  of  altitude.  White  oak  begins  its 
growth  from  seven  to  fourteen  days  later  on  northern 
than  on  southern  exposures  on  the  Mont  Alto  State  For- 
est. Trees  with  small  and  partially  or  completely  im- 
bedded buds  such  as  Honey  Locust,  Black  Locust,  Ken- 
tucky Coffee-Tree,  Tree  of  Heaven,  and  Catalpa,  begin 
growth  relatively  late.  Nature  seems  to  protect  the 
tender  growing  points  of  these  trees  from  the  cold  of 
winter  by  placing  them  within  small  buds  which  are 
almost  completely  imbedded  within  the  twigs.  This 
means  of  adaptation  also  protects  the  tender  new  growth 
of  spring  from  late  frosts,  for  the  small  and  deeply  im- 
bedded buds  are  not  stimulated  so  early  in  spring  as 
large  exposed  buds ;  hence,  the  resultant  vegetative 
growth  usually  appears  after  the  damaging  frost  period. 

Pennsylvania  is  the  meeting  ground  of  many  northern 
and  southern  forest  tree  species.  The  northern  follow  the 
mountains  towards  the  south  and  the  southern  extend 
northward  through  the  valleys.  The  distinctly  southern 
species,  which  are  decidedly  sensitive  to  Spring  frosts,  as 
a  rule,  begin  the  elongation  of  their  shoots  rather  late, 
that  is,  after  the  danger  period  of  frost  damage  is  past. 
The  Eastern  Catalpa.  supposedly  a  native  of  the  South 
Atlantic  States,  does  not  leaf  out  until  the  latter  part  of 
May.  Likewise  other  southern  species,  such  as  Persim- 
mon, Kentucky  Coffee-Tree,  and- Bald- Cypress  postpone 
the  beginning  of  their  vegetative  elongation  until  late 
spring. 

The  range  of  the  period  during  which  the  height 
growth  of  forest  trees  ceases  is  longer  than  that  during 
which  height  growth  starts  in  the  spring.  The  Sweet 
Buckeye,  Aesculus  octandra,  usually  completes  its  growth 
at  Mont  Alto  as  early  as  May  10  to  May  15,  and  by 
June  15  one  can  find  full-sized  winter  buds.  This  species 
is  the  first  to  complete  its  height  growth  of  the  season. 
Most  species  of  forest  trees  in  southern  Pennsylvania 
cease  growing  during  the  latter   part  of   May  and   the 


early  part  of  June.  Only  a  few  species  continue  their 
growth  into  July.  On  June  10,  1919,  1  examined  79 
different  species  of  trees  in  the'  vicinity  of  Mont  Alto, 
55  of  which,  that  is  70  per  cent,  had  already  ceased 
growing  in  height.  On  June  18  and  19,  1919,  I  examined 
50  species  of  trees  in  the  vicinity  of  Bedford,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  found  that  the  height  growth  of  40  had  already 
stopped.  This  is  an  unusually  high  percentage  of  growth 
cessation,  and  is  probably  due  to  the  extremely  cold 
period  during  the  early  part  of  May,  followed  immedi- 
ately by  an  unusually  hot  period  during  late  May  and 
early  June.  Such  extreme  temperatures  and  the"  abrupt 
transition  from  one  extreme  to  the  other  are  potent  fac- 
tors in  retarding  growth  and  in  extreme  cases  may  cause 
entire  cessation  of  growth.  The  White  Pine,  which 
usually  stops  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  Mont  Alto  about 
June  15,  but  may  continue  to  grow  as  late  as  June  30, 
ceased  growing  this  year  (1919)  about  June  3.  It  is  the 
writer's  belief  that  85  per  cent  of  the  forest  trees  of 
Pennsylvania  have  already  (June  20,  1919)  completed 
their  normal  height  growth  for  the  season.  Of  the 
remaining  15  per  cent  of  the  Tulip  Tree,  Sycamore,  and 
the  Larches  are  prominent  species,  which  may  continue 
to  grow  until  the  middle  or  latter  part  of  July.     By  the 


THE  WHITE  OAK  MAY  TAKE  A  REST 

The  large  fully  developed  leaves  are  the  result  of  the  original  growth  of 
the  season.  After  resting  for  20  days,  growth  was  resumed,  and  the  ter- 
minal shoot  bearing  immature   leaves   is  the  result. 

first  of  August  the  normal  height  growth  of  all  the  forest 
trees  of  Pennsylvania  has,  as  a  rule,  ceased. 

In  order  to  determine  the  progress  of  the  height  growth 
each  species  must  be  examined  by  itself,  for  each  indi- 
vidual species  possess  distinctive  inherent  growth  charac- 
teristics.   Some  place  their  growth  without  a  break,  while 


1388 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


others  place  it  by  leaps  and  bounds  alternating  with  rest 
periods.  In  this  respect  the  method  of  working  followed 
by  trees,  and  growth  surely  is  work,  differs  little  from 
the  methods  of  other  organisms,  including  man.  Rarely 
does  any  organism  work  continuously,  but  rest  periods 
are  usually,  and  sometimes  frequently,  interspersed  be- 
tween the  periods  of  work.  Rest  periods,  however, 
should  not  be  regarded  as  synonymous  with  idleness,  for 


JUST  BEFORE  HEIGHT  GROWTH  STOPS 

The  twigs  of  Norway  Spruce  take  a  decidedly  drooping  position  for  a  few 
days  just   prior   to  the   cessation  of  height  growth. 

they  are  normal  prerequisites  to  the  optimum  function- 
ing of  all  organisms.  Without  them  no  organism  can  at- 
tain optimum  efficiency  nor  maintain  health. 

Few  comprehensive  statements  can  be  made  regarding 
the  growth  behavior  of  forest  trees  during  the  growing 
season.  There  is  wide  divergence  between  the  height 
growth  behavior  of  Wild  Black  Cherry,  Sweet  Buckeye, 
White  Pine,  Tulip  Tree,  and  Norway  Spruce.  Yet,  in 
spite  of  this  wide  divergence  the  fundamental  features  of 
the  growth  procedure  throughout  the  growing  season 
may  be  summarized  as  follows :  Growth  begins  slowly, 
after  a  variable  period  rises  rapidly,  then  reaches  a  maxi- 
mum which  is  maintained  for  a  short  while,  finally  falls 
gradually  to  a  minimum,  and  then  ceases  completely. 

The  actual  growth  is,  however,  less  regular  than  charts 
indicate,  for  the  rate  of  growth  usually  exhibits  a  certain 
rhythm  or  periodicity.  It  progresses  by  leaps  and  bounds 
alternating  with  rest  periods,  which  may  be  of  long  or 
short  duration.     Rest  periods  of  short  duration  occur 


frequently  and  at  irregular  intervals,  but  are  hard  to 
detect  with  instruments  of  ordinary  precision.  Rest  per- 
iods of  longer  duration  are  also  common  and  readily 
measurable. 

The  height  growth  of  a  Chestnut  Oak,  Quercus  Prinus, 
tree  during  the  1918  growing  season  showed  the  terminal 
shoot  started  to  grow  on  April  17  and  continued  its 
elongation  until  May  23,  when  the  first  upward  thrust 
ceased.  A  resting  period  of  24  days  followed  and  on 
June  16  growth  was  again  resumed  and  continued  until 
July  13,  a  period  of  27  days.  The  first  growing  period 
extended  over  34  days  during  which  the  terminal  shoot 
elongated  a  total  of  10  inches,  that  is  an  average  of 
approximately  one-third  of  an  inch  per  day.  This  was 
followed  by  a  cessation  of  growth  for  24  days  when  the 
second  and  final  elongation  of  the  season  began.  The 
second  growing  period  extended  over  only  2j  days  during 
which  the  terminal  shoot  elongated  a  total  of  13.5  inches, 
that  is  an  average  of  one-half  an  inch  per  day.  Such  a 
periodicity  of  growth  is  not  unusual,  but  rather  peculiar  to 


TAKING  A   DAILY   MEASUREMENT  OF  GROWTH 

The  terminal  twig  of  Norway  Spruce  is  the  last  to  begin  its  elongation. 
but  by  the  end  of  the  growing  season  it  exceeded  all  others  in  length. 
Some  trees  grow  in  height  more  than  one-inch  each  day  during  the  grand 
period    of    growth. 

certain  species.  Pin  Oak,  Black  Oak,  Chestnut  Oak,  and 
Pitch  Pine  frequently  begin  to  place  a  second  growth  10 
to  25  days  after  the  original  growth  of  the  season  has 
ceased. 

The  period  during  spring  and  summer  when  height 
growth  does  not  progress  may  be  regarded  as  a  resting 
period,  a  recuperative  period,  or  a  period  of  preparation. 


WHEN  TREES  GROW 


1389 


The  trees  apparently  rest  but  in  reality  they  are  preparing 
for  the  next  upward  thrust  which  may  be  longer  than  the 
original  advance.  Furthermore,  the  writer  believes  that 
the  recurring  rest  periods  may  become  a  rather  fixed  and 
regular  feature  of  the  growth  of  certain  species.  This 
is  certainly  true  in  the  case  of  normal  young  Pitch  Pine 
in   the   vicinity  of   Mont  Alto   which   exhibits   annually 


AFTER  HEIGHT  GROWTH  HAS  CEASED 

Immediately  following  the  completion  of  height  growth  the  twigs  of  Nor- 
way Spruce  assume  an  erect  position,  hegin  to  stiffen,  and  develop  winter 
buds. 

a  cessation  of  growth  for  a  period  of  two  to  three  weeks. 

The  rate  of  tree  growth  not  only  fluctuates  throughout 
the  growing  season  but  also  during  each  day.  The  maxi- 
mum growth  usually  occurs  late  at  night,  apparently  after 
the  preparation  and  translocation  of  food  and  other 
essential  materials  becomes  less  active,  and  the  minimum 
growth  falls  in  the  afternoon  of  each  clear  day  when 
the  greatest  activity  in  the  manufacture  of  starch  and 
sugar  is  in  operation. 

About  20  trees  of  each  of  the  four  species  given  in  the 
following  tabulation  were  measured  regularly  at  7.30 
!'.  M.  and  7.30  A.  M.  for  a  specified  period.  The  derived 
results  for  height  growth  during  the  day  and  at  night 
are  given  in  the  following  tabulation: 

SPECIES  DAY  NIGHT 

Tree  of  Heaven 35%  65% 

Tulip   Tree 40%  60% 

Norway   Spruce 18%  82% 

White   Pine 39%  61% 

Average  33%  67% 


This  tabulation  shows  that  trees  grow  about  twice  as 
much  at  night  as  during  the  day.  By  using  instruments 
of  greater  precision  the  percentages  would  no  doubt  be 
changed  somewhat,  but  the  general  comparative  rate  of 
growth  would  still  stand  unchanged. 

To  some  persons  it  may  appear  that  the  problem  of 
growth  behavior  of  trees  has  only  an  academic  appli- 
cation. This  point  of  view  is,  however,  untenable  for 
there  is  an  economic  side  to  the  study.  If  conducted  in 
a  scientific  manner  it  will  supply  the  basic  data  for  the 
preparation  of  a  rational  schedule  for  transplanting  in 
the  nursery  and  setting  out  trees  in  the  woodlot  and 
forest.  Foresters,  silviculturists,  and  plant  physiologists 
recommend  that  planting  and  transplanting  operations 
should  be  conducted  when  the  material  to  be  planted  is  in 
a  dormant  condition.  No  fault  can  be  found  with  their 
recommendation,  but  in  order  to  execute  it  properly  one 
must   know   when  trees   really   are  dormant.     This  can 


A   "DOUBLE-HEADER"  OF  HEIGHT  GROWTH   OF  CHESTNUT  OAR 

Height  growth  often  proceeds  by  leaps  separated  by  rest  periods  of  var- 
iable duration.  The  original  growth  of  the  season  bears  mature  leaves, 
while  the  second  period  of  growth  is  characterized  by  a  sparse  setting 
of  immature   leaves. 

be  ascertained  best  by  determining  when  trees  grow,  since 
growth  is  so  evident  and  measurable,  and  whenever  trees 
are  not  growing  they  are  dormant,  that  is,  in  a  static  con- 
dition, the  duration  of  which  is  hard  to  determine. 

Furthermore,  such  a  study  facilitates  the  preparation 
of  a  schedule  for  field  work  covering  the  problem  of 
growth.      That    determination    of    the    quantitative    and 


1390 


AMKK1CAN     FORESTRY 


qualitative  growth  on  cut-over  lands  is  one  of  the  most 
important  and  urgent  problems  in  American  forestry  is 
conceded  by  the  most  authoritative  foresters.  This  is 
one  of  the  four  major  problems  which  the  chairman  of 
the  forestry  committee  in  the  Division  of  Biology  and 
Agriculture  of  the  National  Research  Council  recom- 
mends as  worthy  of  immediate  and  thorough  considera- 
tion. Heretofore,  we  have  generally  been  instructed 
that  the  height  growth  of  the  season  cannot  be  accurately- 
ascertained  until  late  in  fall  or  during  the  winter  months 
when  the  weather  is  rela- 
tively unfavorable  for  field 
work  and  the  days  rather 
short.  Consequently,  it  now 
follows  that  since  trees 
actually  cease  growing  in 
height  in  May  or  June,  no 
reasonable  exceptions  can 
henceforth  be  filed  against 
the  collection  of  height 
growth  data  immediately 
after  the  cessation  of 
growth  in  summer. 

It  should  be  understood, 
however,  that  the  problem 
WHEN  TREES  GROW 
is  but  a  prelude  to  the 
major  problem,  which  is 
far  more  comprehensive, 
and  includes  also  a  study 
of  diameter  and  volume 
growth  of  the  stem  and  the 
growth  of  roots,  all  of 
which  should  be  under- 
taken ;  for  the  results  de- 
rived therefrom  would  be 
of  great  economic  value. 

A  knowledge  of  WHEN 
TREES  GROW  also  aids 
in  the  determination  of  the 
best  time  to  peel  bark.  Bark- 
can  be  peeled  satisfactorily  only  when  the  sap  is  abundant 
and  active.  Briefly,  the  bark  peeling  season  coincides 
with  the  growing  season  of  trees,  even  to  the  extent  that 
lumbermen  recognize  a  "second  sap"  period  during  June 
in  Chestnut  Oak  trees.  This  furnishes  practical  proof 
that  the  second  period  of  growth  recurrs  rather  regularly 
in  this  species.  The  second  period  is  usually  short  and 
the  bark  does  not  peel  so  satisfactorily  as  in  the  first 
period  of  the  season.  It  is,  therefore,  reconimendable 
that  the  period  of  active  growth  be  accurately  determined 


i 

'jriurf/          '■  i.  i\ 

mm 

■ 

''ra 

4 

1 

;■#'! 

.   <*afl 

&tdm& 

B>4  jjj 

WH 

m 

THE  OLD  AND  THE   NEW 

Not   an    evergreen   tree   decorated   with   candles   but   a    Pitch   Pine   witli    it 
characteristic   erect   new   growth. 


for  each  species,  the  bark  of  which  is  peeled,  in  order  to 
determine  the  exact  limits  of  bark  peeling  season. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  growth  of  trees  will  also 
furnish  much-needed  information  to  the  legal  profession. 
Many  legal  decisions  concerning  boundaries  and  titles 
hinge  on  the  question  whether  each  growth  ring  repre- 
sents the  growth  of  one  season,  or  if  fictitious  rings  arc 
sometimes  formed.  The  writer  examined  a  large  number 
of  Pitch  Pines  and  Chestnut  ( >ak  trees  and  found  that 
tktitious  rings  are  regularly  formed  when  a  prolonged 

resting  period  occurs  within 
the  growing  season.  Hence, 
in  some  cases  two  rings 
represent  the  growth  of  a 
season,  instead  of  one  an- 
nual ring. 

The  problem  — WHEN 
TREES  GROW  is  not  only 
of  technical  interest  and 
economic  value  but  might 
be  used  as  a  means  of  de- 
veloping real  tree  apprecia- 
tion among  the  children  of 
our  public  schools.  The 
best  soil  in  which  to  plant 
love  for  trees  is  the  heart 
of  childhood  and  woman- 
hood. The  present  lack  of 
a  fuller  appreciation  and  a 
more  compelling  warmth 
towards  the  out-of-doors  in 
which  we  daily  move  and 
often  toil  is  largely  due  to 
the  kind  of  education  prac- 
ticed in  the  past  and  still 
retained  in  a  few  ultra-con- 
servative communities.  It 
is  pedagogically  criminal  to 
instruct  the  boys  and  girls 
of  the  United  States  con- 
cerning the  Eucalyptus  trees 
of  Australia,  the  Big  Trees  of  California,  the  Yew 
trees  of  England,  and  the  Cypress  trees  of  the  South 
without  mentioning  the  White  Oak,  Chestnut,  Tulip  tree 
or  White  Pine  which  may  stand  near  the  schoolhouse 
door.  And  merely  to  mention  the  names  of  these  trees 
is  not  sufficient  This  simply  serves  as  an  introduction, 
but  if  the  children  are  also  instructed  concerning  their 
growth  and  other  activities  they  begin  really  to  know 
these  trees,  and  will  continue  to  observe  and  study 
their  habits. 


WE  WANT  TO  RECORD  YOUR  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING.    PLEASE  ADVISE 
THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,   WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


CENTRAL  PARK  TREES  STARVING  TO  DEATH 


BY  CHARLES  LATHROP  PACK 


PRESIDENT,  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 


TREES  in  Central  Park,  New  York  City,  are  starving 
to  death.  Four  thousand  or  more  have  died  since 
191 7.  Three  thousand  of  the  dead  have  already 
heen  removed,  the  others  will  be  taken  out  in  the  next 
few  months.  Hundreds  are  dying  now  and  many  of  them 
may  be  considered  a  total  loss.  Some  of  the  weak  and 
sick  are  to  be  given  special  treatment  in  the  endeavor 
to  save  them  and  they  may  be  saved. 

Various  causes  contribute  to  the  present  deplorable 
condition  of  the  trees  in  this  famous  park  of  the  largest 
city  in  the  United  States,  causes  which  in  one  way  or 


selection  of  species  for  planting,  and  methods  for  better- 
ing conditions  of  the  unhealthy  trees  which  remain  stand- 
ing, and  their  report  indicates  that  much  can  be  done  to 
improve  the  situation. 

Park  Commissioner  Francis  D.  Gallatin  and  City  For- 
ester J.  S.  Kaplan  have,  for  several  months,  been  closely 
studying  the  causes  which  result  in  the  failure  of  certain 
species  of  trees  to  thrive  and  they  have  already  adopted 
measures  to  improve  soil  conditions  and  provide  the  trees 
with  more  nourishment.  This  will  undoubtedly  be  effec- 
tive in  many  instances  but  it  will  not  be  thoroughly  effec- 


DEAD  WHITE  ASH 

An  example  of  the  effect  of  hard  packing  of  the 
soil  about  the  roots,  dense  grass  sod,  and  full 
exposure  to  sun  and  wind.  This  tree  is  near 
72nd  Street  and  5th  Avenue  and  hy  proper 
ul'l    doubtless    have    been    saved. 


NOURISHMENT    LACKING 

A  typical  surface  soil  condition  along  Fifth 
Avenue.  Note  the  shallow  spreading  root  sys- 
tem and  hard  packed  soil  about  the  base  of 
the  tree,  one  of  the  conditions  which  lead  to 
the   starvation  of  the  park  trees. 


DEAD    LINDEN 

This  tree  of  fine  dimensions  was  killed  by  the 
bad  surface  soil  conditions.  This  part  of  the 
park  is  often  thrown  open  to  children  and  other 
visitors  for  play  and  the  earth  is  hard  packed 
wherever  it   is  not  grass  coated. 


another  affect  tree  growth  in  a  great  many  city  parks 
throughout  the  country.  What  has  happened  in  Central 
Park  may  happen  in  many  other  parks,  and  the  measures 
being  taken  to  save  the  stricken  trees  which  remain 
should  be  carefully  studied  hy  park  commissioners  and 
city  foresters  of  other  cities  in  order  to  aid  them  in  over- 
coming similar  conditions  which  may  exist  under  their 
jurisdiction. 

The  American  Forestry  Association  engaged  two  ex- 
pert foresters  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  trees 
in  Central  Park,  the  soil  and  the  climatic  conditions,  the 


tive  because  of  the  fact  that  some  species  of  trees,  planted 
many  years  ago,  are  not  suited  to  withstand  the  hard- 
ships which  they  encounter  in  the  bark:  The  relief  meas- 
ures will  aid  them,  but,  perhaps,  only  temporarily,  while 
permanent  relief  may  be  obtained  only  by  the  removal 
of  such  species  as  will  not  thrive  and  their  replacement 
with  trees  so  hardy  that  they  will  withstand  both  the 
soil  and  climatic  conditions  which  make  careful  selection 
of  species  and  great  care  of  those  selected  imperative. 

There   are   some  60,000  trees  in   the  park  and  about 
4,000  of   them   were  killed   during   the   Garfield   winter, 


1391 


1392 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


(Qi 7-1918.  While  the  cold  was  severe,  zero  weather 
continuing  for  a  long  period,  the  trees  which  died  would, 
in  the  large  majority,  have  withstood  the  winter  had  they 
not  been  weakened  by  long  years  of  malnutrition. 

The  chief  handicap  which  species  with  a  deep  root 
system  have  to  face  is  the  fact  that  the  soil  in  Central 
Park  is  only  from  two  to  five  feet  deep  and  that  at  a 
depth  of  five  feet  there  is  a  heavy  clay  which  the  roots 
cannot  penetrate.  Consequently,  when  a  tree  reaches 
an  age  at  which  its  roots  should  go  deeper  than  five  feet 
the  clay  prevents  penetration  and  the  trees  lack  sustenance. 

In  many  cases  the  experts  making  the  examination  for 
American  Forestry  found  that  trees  would  be  greatly 
aided  by  the  earth  at  their  base  being  broken  up.  Num- 
bers of  trees  were  being  choked  by  the  hard  earth  cover- 


poplars,    fourth,   the    lindens   and    last,   the   maples   and 
several  other  species. 

There  are  a  great  many  varieties  of  trees  suitable  to 
park  planting  and  practically  all  of  them  vary  in  some 
way  from  each  other  in  their  requirements  of  soil,  mois- 
ture, etc.  Let  us  look  over  several  species  commonly 
found  in  Central  Park  in  regard  to  their  soil  and  moisture 
requirements.  Take  the  elms.  In  general,  the  elm  is  one 
of  the  species  found  most  often  in  Central  Park.  It  is 
used  on  the  outer  edge  to  shade  the  walks  surrounding 
the  park,  on  the  Mall,  and  often  is  met  with  throughout 
the  interior.  Many  of  them  are  rapidly  approaching 
death.  The  once  famous  cathedral  aisles  of  elms  along 
the  Mall  have  gone  entirely,  and  along  the  borders  of  the 
parks  on  Fifth  Avenue,  Eighth  Avenue  and  the  two  end 


DYING   TULIP 


DEFOLIATED  BEECH 


A   YELLOW   TINE 


The  soil  about  this  tree  was  packed  hard  by  the  This    22-inch    tree    was    an    out-crop    of    rock.  This  tree  suffered  from  a  shallow  soil,  a  windy 

constant  playing  of  children  and  the  grass  kept  The     soil    packed    hard    and    exposed    to    full  site,  and   exposure  of  the   soil   to  direct  rays  of 

using    up    the    soil    moisture    beyond    the    bare  sunlight   about    the    roots   makes    it    impossible  the  sun.     The  result  is  stunted  development  and 

ground.    The  tree   is  slowly  dying.  for   the   tree   to   thrive.  early  death. 


in<j  their  roots  or  by  heavy  grass  growth  close  around 
them  decreasing  their  nourishment. 

Climatic  changes,  smoke  and  dust  also  undoubtedly 
adversely  affected  the  trees  but  these  are  conditions  which 
cannot  be  overcome  and  trees  hardy  enough  to  cope  with 
them  should  be  planted  whenever  new  planting  is  under- 
taken. 

The  Dead  and  Damaged. 

Of  the  3,000  dead  trees  removed  in  the  last  two  years 
the  greater  number  were  Oriental  plane  trees  which  had 
been  frost  cracked  and  killed  by  the  13  degrees  below 
zero  weather  of  the  Garfield  winter.  Next  in  number  of 
dead  were  the  elms,  third  came  the  oaks  and  Lombardy 


streets  of  the  park  one  can  scarcely  find  an  elm  of  healthy 
appearance.  The  other  species  of  elm  have  apparently 
withstood  the  strain  better  but  they,  too,  are  seldom  to 
be  found  in  strikingly  vigorous  condition. 

Being  so  much  used,  the  elms'  ability  to  endure  the 
very  trying  conditions  in  Central  Park  is  of  great  im- 
portance. Let  us  see  what  the  requirements  of  the  elm 
are  for  best  development.  A  well  known  authority  upon 
dendrology  writes  of  the  elm  :  "It  never  occurs  (natural- 
ly) on  dry  upland  (on  account  of  root  habit).  In  the 
juvenile  stage  the  root  is  shallow  and  spreading,  rarely 
reaching  a  greater  depth  than  three  feet  six  inches  the 
first  year,   while   the   shoot   may   be   twice   as   long.     A 


CENTRAL    PARK   TREES    STARVING    TO    DEATH 


1393 


typical  swamp  type.  At  maturity  the  root  system  is 
wholly  superficial,  rarely  penetrating  the  soil  to  a  greater 
depth  than  two  and  one-half  feet.  The  tree  attains  its 
largest  size  and  best  proportions  on  deep,  moist,  fertile 
bottomlands.  It  does  particularly  well  on  fine  silt  and  clay 
lands  that  retain  the  moisture  in  the  surface  layers,  so 
that  till  soils  and  uplands  soil  that  retain  moisture  in  the 
surface  layers  will  support  this  tree.  The  soil  is  not  im- 
portant where  the  moisture  conditions  are  suitable." 
From  this  it  can  be  seen  that  the  elms  are  able  to  grow 
well  in  Central  Park,  but  it  is  not  as  a  whole  a  very  good 
site  for  it,  much  of  it  being  upland  and  not  too  well 
watered.  The  elms  growing  there,  therefore,  would  be 
living  nearer  the  boundary  line  between  sickness  and 
health  that  would  be  the  case  with  some  other  species,  and 
a  sudden  succession  of  changes  in  growing  conditions  or 


found  entirely  defoliated  but  frequently  thin  crowns  are 
apparent.  English  oak,  red  oak  and  scarlet  oak  were 
found  in  excellent  condition  although  some  showed  signs 
of  deterioration  by  being  stagg-headed,  i.  e.,  with  dead 
tops. 

The  beech  is  another  heavy  sufferer.  In  fact  if  any- 
thing it  has  suffered  even  more  severely  than  the  elm, 
only  not  being  plentiful  it  strikes  the  attention  less.  The 
beech  does  best  on  a  deep,  rich  soil,  but  any  soil  with 
plenty  of  moisture  in  the  central  layers  will  maintain  it. 

The  Oriental  plane  tree,  or  sycamore,  is  a  common  tree 
in  Central  Park,  and  an  excellent  one  for  such  planting, 
being  bothered  by  very  few  insect  or  fungus  attacks,  and 
being  very  hardy.  It  is  badly  injured  by  severe  frost, 
however. 

The  lindens  are  often  to  be  seen  in  the  park,  but  are  not 


mm 


ALMOST   DEFOLIATED  BEECH 

Note  thick  grass  about  the  tree  and  the  expo- 
sure to  the  full  light  of  the  sun  from  the  direc- 
tion of  the  camera — the  southeast — where  the 
chief  sunlight  conies  from  resulting  in  the  de- 
pleted   vitality    of   the    tree. 


DEAD    ELM,    FINE    OAK 

The  elm  is  in  typically  "park"  conditions, 
open  to  the  sun  and  wind  and  with  grass 
abottl  the  roots.  The  pin  oak  has  half  of  its 
roots  protected  from  sun  and  wind  by  the 
natural    undergrowth   of   the    forest. 


POOR    AUSTRIAN    PINES 

In  general  none  of  the  evergreens  do  very 
well  in  the  trying  conditions  of  Central  Park. 
Note  the  short  tree  in  the  dense  grass.  No 
really  fine  and  strong  Austrian  pine  was  found 
in    the    park. 


attacks  from  insects  or  fungus  enemies  would  have  a  very 
severe  effect  upon  them. 

Another  very  common  tree  is  the  pin  oak.  To  quote 
from  the  Manual  of  the  Trees  of  North  America,  by 
Sargent:  "Borders  of  swamps  and  riverbottoms  in  dee]), 
moist,  rich  soil"  are  the  sites  best  suited  to  this  tree.  It 
is  self-evident  to  anyone  who  knows  Central  Park  that 
the  pin  oak  will  only  occasionally  find  such  sites  in 
Central  Park.  This  tree  also,  then— as  situated  in  much 
ol  Central  Park,  must  be  growing  under  a  handicap  and 
therefore  will  be  more  easily  injured  by  changed  or  in- 
jurious  conditions.     At   the   present   time   it   is   seldom 


as  hardy  under  city  conditions  as  a  number  of  other  trees, 
requiring  for  best  development  a  deep,  rich,  fertile,  moist 
soil.    It  is  also  much  subject  to  insect  attacks. 

The  Catalpas  are  trees  of  great  vigor  of  growth,  and 
are  often  met  with  in  Central  Park.  They  also  do  best 
on  a  deep,  rich,  moist  soil,  but  having  deeply  penetrating, 
wide  spreading  root  systems,  they  are  less  affected  by 
surface  drying  of  the  soil  than  many  other  species. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  trees  in  Central 
Park  is  the  tulip  tree  or  yellow  poplar.  Growing  to  a 
great  height  and  with  deep,  wide  spreading  roots,  it  will 
do  splendidly  on  soils  that  are  not  too  shallow  and  which 


13P4 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


^i-/V.  t 


■^■WJSt 


j*-' 


DEAD  TREES  AT  SOUTHERN  END  OF  THE  RAMBLE 

On  this  slope,  which  was  made  up  of  a  fairly  heavy  clay  soil  with  rocky  outcrops  nearby,  there 
were  dead  hickories,  red  maple,  tulip  tree,  and  pin  oaks,  all  of  about  the  same  size  and  pretty 
close  together.    Note  the  tops  of  the  dead  trees  against  the  sky. 


are  not  too  dry.  Its 
best  growth  is  on 
rich,  fertile,  deep 
soil. 

A  tree  with  much 
the  same  kind  of 
root  system  as  the 
tulip  is  the  cucum- 
ber tree.  Natural- 
ly the  species  is 
only  found  on  deep, 
moist  soils,  and 
when  so  placed 
grows  into  a  tree 
of  large  size  and 
great  beauty.  It  is 
found  in  several 
places  in  Central 
Park. 

The  silver  maple 
is  very  common  but  is  a  poor  tree  on 
account  of  the  brittleness  of  the  wood, 
being  often  badly  injured  by  winter 
storms.  It  is  a  poor  tree  to  plant,  but  a 
number  of  them  are  found  in  Central 
Park. 

Another  common  species  of  tree  often 
met  with  in  Central  Park  is  the  Norway 
maple.  This  is  a  species  from  Europe 
and  is  the  most  hardy  and  most  resistant 
of  all  the  maples  for  city  planting.  It 
should,  therefore,  do  well  in  Central 
Park. 

There  are  a  number  of  hard  maples  in 
the  park,  and  they  make  a  handsome 
ornamental  tree.  The  species  requires 
for  its  best  growth  plenty  of  moisture 
in  the  surface  soil  and  preferably  a  great 
deal  of  humus  in  the  soil  also. 


FINE   ELM    STRANGLED    BY   THE   SIDEWALK 

The  space-  about  the  trunk  is  only  about  two  and  one-half  feet  wide,  and  the  asphalt  sidewalk 
and  drive  have  smothered  the  roots.  This  fine  old  tree  is  on  the  corner  of  59th  Street  and  5th 
.▲venue,  and,  with  proper  treatment,  would  have  been  a  fine  shade  tree  for  many  years  to  come. 


The  red  maple  which  is  common  in 
Central  Park  is  really  a  bottomland  tree ; 
at  least,  it  grows  best  in  moist,  even  in 
wet  soils,  although  it  also  is  found  on 
uplands.  It  is  apt  to  suffer  from  lack  of 
moisture  when  planted  away  from 
streams  or  lakes. 

Horse  chestnuts  and  buckeyes  are  very 
frequently  encountered  in  Central  Park. 
Their  natural  site  is  along  streams  and 
on  rich  bottomlands  with  plenty  of  mois- 
ture in  the  soil.  They  are  living  under 
a  strain  whenever  they  are  planted  on 
dry  sites.- 

The  honey  locust  and  the  black  locust, 
also  found  in  the  park,  are  both  trees  with 
deep,  wide  spreading  roots,  and  able  to 
grow  on  a  great  variety  of  soils,  the  latter 
heing  especially  able  to  stand  very  hard 
conditions.  For  the 
best  development, 
however,  they  both 
need  deep,  fertile, 
moist  soil. 

Scattered  occa- 
sionally through 
the  park  are  the 
b  o  t  a  n  i  cal  freak 
trees  called  the 
Gingko  or  Maiden 
Hair  tree.  This 
species  comes  from 
China  and  is  in 
America  e  n  t  i  rely 
free  from  all  ene- 
mies and  fungus  or 
insect  world.  It  is 
very  hardy  and  will 


m?? 

-•Ajti 

\jPEj*     i      A/    ^^j 

tyr 

faggSffi*- 

$V-     J  <     f/j 

Bat 

5  'mfjfa  \?r* 

i 

x  rf  t      /  iw" 

[EiiQ?izJ£» ■* 

K    Hr**^       tFI 

v  V/  -     jB^Bl 

''■-. 

Bm 'L^Vi  ~  JmmHH 

"*. 

^k'  t  _! 

i 

'*S^: 

ALL  THAT  IS  LEFT  OF  THE  FAMOUS  CATHEDRAL  AISLES  OF  ELMS  ALONG  THE  MALL 

The  young  elms  on  the  right  without  foliage  are  recently  planted,  and  should  come  out  in 
one  or  two  years  like  the  small  elms  on  the  extreme  right.  But  the  condition  of  the  large 
elms  on  the  left— which  have  not  reached  the  age  limit  for  this  tree  makes  the  planting  of  more 
of  the  same  species  on  the  same  site  open   to  question. 


CENTRAL    PARK   TREES    STARVING    TO    DEATH 


1395 


A  CLUMP  OF  WHITE  PINES 

Shallow  soil — a  rocky  outcrop  was  only  about  75  feet  away — exposure  to  wind  and  to  the  direct 
rays  of  the  sun,  no  shading  of  the  ground  under  the  trees,  all  work  together  with  the  dust- 
laden  air  of  the  city  to  stunt  and  kill  these  trees  which  are  capable  of  making  splendid 
growth  on   a  favorable   site. 


grow  well  almost 
anywhere.  It  is  a 
very  striking  tree 
in  general  appear- 
ance, and  one  of 
the  best  of  city 
trees. 

A  n  other  exotic 
species  is  theAilan- 
thus,  or  Tree  of 
Heaven,  also  from 
China.  Like  the 
Gingko,  this  spe- 
cies is  very  hardy 
and  will  thrive 
where  most  other 
species  would  die. 
It  is  even  more 
hardy  than  the 
Gingko,  and  is  do- 
ing   well    in    the    park. 

The  wild  black  cherry  is  very  com- 
monly found  in  Central  Park,  especially 
in  the  northern  portion  on  the  forested 
<>ns.  It  will  grow  on  many  varieties 
of  soil,  and  the  moisture  conditions  are 
not  exacting,  but  they  must  be  uniform 
for  the  tree  to  attain  large  size. 

The  white  ash  is  also  a  common  tree 
in  Central  Park  and  its  crown  is  fre- 
quently thin  owing  to  the  hard  condi- 
tions it  has  to  face.  It  is  a  tree  which  is 
rather  exacting  in  moisture  requirements, 
but  will  reach  large  size  when  it  is  on  a 
well-watered,  porous  soil. 

The  common  COttonWood  often  en- 
countered in  Central  Park  is  another  tree 
with  a  good  deal  of  capacity  for  stand- 
ing   city    conditions    as    long    as    it    has 


WHERE   HEAVY   CLAY   HINDERS   TREE   GROWTH 

About   this    little    drinking    fountain    the   soil    is    a   very    heavy    clay— almost  like    putty.    This 

has  been   the  means  of  the  death  of  the   three  trees  in   the  background.    The  tree  on   the  right 

has  been  killed  by  the  placing  of  an  asphalt  walk  right  up  to  it  on  one  side  and  from  appear- 
ances to  within   a   foot  or   so  on   the  other. 


plenty  of  moisture  in  the  surface  soil. 
Its  soil  requirements  are  much  less 
important  than  its  moisture  demands. 

Of  the  evergreens,  none  do  really  well 
in  the  dust  and  bad  air  of  the  city,  while 
of  the  pines,  the  white  pine  is  often 
found  in  Central  Park,  but  it  needs 
abundant  and  constant  moisture  in  order 
to  attain  to  its  best  growth. 

The  Austrian  pine  is  another  frequent 
factor  in  the  make-up  of  Central  Park- 
scenery.  It  is  hardy  and  can  withstand 
city  conditions  fairly  well,  although,  of 
course,  influenced  by  them  to  some  ex- 
tent, and  is  not  as  healthy  in  Central 
Park  as  it  should  be. 

These  species  of  trees  are  in  general 
the  principal  trees  met  with  in  Central 
Park.  Now,  let  us  examine  the  park 
and  see  what  suc- 
cess has  been  made 
in  growing  them 
there.  Taking 
them  in  order  of 
their  resistance  to 
hard  conditions : 

The  elm  is  in  a 
class  by  itself  and 
how  it  has  suffered 
is  told  in  a  prev- 
ious paragraph. 

The  beech,  not 
so  plentiful  as  the 
elm,  has  perhaps 
been  more  injured 
than  any  other  spe- 
cies in  the  park. 

Next  in  order 
come  the  red 
maple,  and  the  lin- 


THE  ELMS  ALONG  FIFTH  AVENUE 

This  picture  was  taken  in  the  second  week  in  September.  Note  the  loss  of  foliage  and  the  hard 
packed  soil  around  the  base  of  the  trees.  There  was  little  or  nothing  to  shade  the  soil  about 
these   trees   from   the  sun.  ' 


1396 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


den.  These  two  trees  were  rarely  found  to  be  in  good 
condition  and  often  were  found  partially  if  not  wholly 
defoliated. 

A  group  of  four  species  comes  in  at  this  place  in  the 
list,  tulip,  pin  oak,  white  ash,  Austrian  pine.  They  were 
seldom  found  entirely  defoliated  but  frequently  their 
crowns  were  very  thin.  The  tulip  poplar  sometimes  had 
line  form  but  with  small,  poor  foliage. 

Another  group  contains  cottonwood,  English  oak,  red 
oak,  scarlet  oak  and  sycamore,  and  these  in  many  cases 
showed  signs  of  deterioration  by  having  dead  tops,  al- 
though many  are  still  in  good  condition. 


Sometimes  the  soil  will  be  badly  drained  and  will  tend 
to  collect  and  hold  too  much  moisture,  having  the 
tendency  to  smother  the  roots  of  the  trees  by  shutting 
off  all  air.  Then  again,  the  soil  may  be  shallow  and  will, 
therefore,  tend  to  dry  out  very  quickly,  thus  leaving  the 
trees  without  water.  Then  the  condition  of  the  sub-soil 
may  make  a  great  difference  in  the  tree  growth.  If  the 
sub-soil  is  very  heavy  and  impermeable  to  water  and  to 
the  roots  of  trees,  it  will  greatly  impede  tree  growth  if 
it  is  too  close  to  the  surface,  or  it  prevents  moisture  from 
coming  up  from  below  into  the  surface  soil.  Under 
such  conditions  breaking  up  the  sub-soil  with  dynamite 


THE    WHITE    BIRCH 

Nowhere  is  the  European  white  birch  found 
really  doing  well  in  Central  Park  and  here 
it  had  splendid  forest  floor  conditions  with 
plenty  of  shade  and  humus,  but  it  did  not 
thrive   despite    these. 


FAST    FALLING    ELMS 

American  elm  near  59th  Street,  15  inches  in 
diameter  and  planted  on  an  east  slope  where 
the  full  effect  of  the  sun  on  the  ground  will 
be  felt  most.  Note  the  dense  cover  of  grass 
about    the  roots   of   the    tree. 


POOR    RED    MAPLES 

This  tree  was  nearly  defoliated.  The  soil  was 
very  shallow  and  there  was  a  large,  rocky 
outcrop  just  to  the  left  of  the  picture.  Many 
of  the  other  red  maples  in  the  park  are  like 
this  one. 


The  last  class  of  all,  containing  trees  which  showed 
little  or  no  sign  of  any  kind  of  having  suffered  contained 
the  Ailanthus,  Gingko,  cucumber,  Norway  maple,  Catalpa. 

Deplorable  Soil  Conditions. 

Soil  conditions  in  Central  Park  are  undoubtedly  the 
most  severe  handicap  to  the  health  of  the  trees.  Most 
common  trees  desire  a  fairly  deep,  well-drained  loamy 
soil  with  plenty  of  humus  (decayed  vegetable  matter) 
mixed  in  with  it,  especially  in  the  surface  layer  of  three 
to  six  inches.  If  too  loose  and  sandy  the  rain  water  will 
soon  drain  off  and  leave  the  trees  waterless,  and  if  the 
soil  is  too  heavy,  like  a  fine  dense  clay,  the  water  falling 
on  it  will  tend  to  form  pools  on  the  surface  and  evapo- 
rate and  be  lost  to  the  trees  that  way.  Also  a  heavy  clay 
soil  will  tend  to  interfere  with  the  growth  of  the  roots. 


has  been  proved  to  be  effective.  Again,  hard  packing  of 
the  surface  soil  by  people  walking  upon  it,  covering  the 
soil  with  cement  or  asphalt  walks  or  roads  will  tend  to 
impede  tree  growth.  Now,  many  of  these  difficulties 
and  hindrances  to  tree  growth  exist  in  Central  Park 
today.  Shallow  soil  is  very  common,  often  only  a  few 
inches  covering  up  the  rock  below.  Heavy  impermeable 
clay  is  also  present  in  places.  A  hard  packing  of  the  soil 
around  the  bases  of  the  trees  is  quite  noticeable  along 
Fifth  Avenue.  And  exposure  of  the  soil  to  evaporating 
winds  and  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun  is  everywhere 
common.  Add  to  this  the  frequent  proximity  of  asphalt 
walks  and  drives  and  the  frequency  of  a  dense  sod  of 
grass  growing  under  the  trees,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  how 
difficult  it  is  for  a  tree  to  secure  normally  good  soil  con- 
ditions in  Central  Park. 


CENTRAL    PARK   TREES    STARVING    TO    DEATH 


1397 


Now  it  has  been  the  duty  of  officials  of  the  Park 
Department  ever  since  it  was  organized  to  know  these 
things,  to  realize  the  handicaps  with  which  the  trees 
have  had  to  contend  and  to  take  measures  to  overcome 
these  handicaps.  That  this  has  not  been  done  by  the 
Park  Department  officials  in  the  past  is  evident  by  the 
condition  of  the  trees  today  and  the  difficulties  with 
which  the  present  Park  Department  officials  have  to 
contend.  The  trees  would  be  in  much  better  condition 
had  they  been  properly  nourished.  They  should  have 
been  carefully  and  skillfully  fertilized,  the  shallow  soil 
could  have  been  enriched  year  after  year  and  if  it  had 
been,  the  trees  would  have  been  hardier,  stronger  and 
better  able  to  withstand  the  rigors  of  the  Garfield  winter 
as  well  as  the  climatic  changes  of  the  past  few  years. 


in  its  annual  report  for  1919,  which  said,  "The  New  York 
City  parks  bear  very  noticeable  marks  of  the  exceptionally 
cold  winter,  1917-1918.  In  the  spring  of  1918  it  was 
observed  that  many  trees  and  plantations  failed  to  put 
forth  their  leaves,  and  as  the  season  advanced  it  was 
found  that  they  had  died  either  from  the  intensely  cold 
winter  or  from  cold  weather  and  weakened  condition 
due  to  disease.  The  great  privet  plantations  along  Park 
Avenue,  some  of  them  fifteen  years  old,  were  practically 
destroyed.  The  privet  hedge  around  Claremont  Inn  on 
Riverside  Drive  had  to  be  cut  back  to  within  a  foot  of  the 
ground  or  entirely  replaced.  All  over  the  city  the  privet 
showed  damage  in  various  degrees  and  it  is  estimated 
that  the  loss  of  this  ornamental  shrub  alone  amounted 
to  $75,000. 


A    DYINC    CATAI.PA 


This  very  large  and  picturesqut  catalpa  is  ol'l 
and  the  open  situation,  grass  and  exposure  to 
wind  and  sun  is  proving  too  much  for  it.  It 
uill    probably    last    hut    a    few    more    years. 


A  TYPICAL  TULIP 

Note  the  small  size  of  the  leaves,  the  soil 
packed  around  the  base  of  the  tree  by  the 
visitors  and  the  grass  on  all  sides.  The 
foliage   of  a   healthy   tulip   is  much    larger. 


A   BLACK   WALNUT 

Standing  on  the  top  of  a  steep  rise,  surrounded 
with  heavy  grass  sod  and  exposed  to  the  full 
sunlight  and  wind,  the  soil  conditions  for  this 
large    American    black    walnut    are   very    bad. 


Even  the  elms,  now  so  pitiful  in  appearance,  could 
have  been  given  such  care,  that  they  would  have  thrived 
even  under  the  adverse  conditions  which  they  had  to 
face.  They  have  done  well  in  other  cities  and  in  other 
parks  where  the  soil  is  just  as  shallow  and  where  they 
had  many  difficulties  to  overcome  and  they  did  well 
use  they  were  given  plenty  of  individual  attention. 

It  is  essential  in  park  management  that  the  Park 
Commissioners  and  the  City  Forester  should  be  absolutely 
fnc  from  political  influence  and  should  be  provided  with 
sufficient  funds  to  do  their  work  well.  Political  forestry 
cannot  be  successful. 

Attention  was  given  to  the  tree  losses  of  the  park  by 
the  American   Scenic  and   Historic   Preservation   Society 


"Next  to  the  privet  the  greatest  sufferer  was  the  plane 
tree,  or  Oriental  sycamore.  This  tree  was  particularly 
free  from  pests  and  was  planted  in  the  belief  that  it  would 
be  immune  from  winter  killing.  These  trees  were  large- 
ly in  the  streets  where  their  loss  is  particularly  grievous 
as  it  is  hard  to  make  trees  grow  in  New  York  streets 
on  account  of  pavement,  gas  leakage,  damage  by  auto- 
mobiles, etc. 

"Other  trees  which  were  killed  included  turkey  oaks, 
horse  chestnuts  and  lindens.  In  Central  Park  there  were 
perhaps  400  turkey  oaks,  5,000  lindens  and  3,000  horse 
chestnuts.  These  trees  fell  easy  victims  to  the  weather  for 
they  had  been  defoliated  and  their  vitality  sapped  for 
three  years  in  succession  by  the  tussock  moth. 


1308 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


TWO  FINE  HICKORIES 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  park  there  is  a  good 
deal  of  natural  forest  growth  and  while  some 
of  the  trees  there  have  died  most  of  them  are 
doing  well.  These  hickories,  as  is  apparent, 
have   taken   hold   finely. 


HEALTHY   RED  OAK 

The  soil  ahout  this  tree  on  the  West  Drive 
was  loose  and  untramped  down.  The  small 
fence  has  had  a  tendency  to  keep  the  people 
on  to  the  walk.  The  grass  would  be  better 
absent    from    under    the    tree. 


FINE   HONEY   LOCUST 

The  honey  locust  seems  to  do  very  well  in  the 
park  even  when  the  site  conditions  are  not 
ideal.  It  would  be  a  good  thing  to  plant  more 
of  them,  even  if  they  are  difficult  to  prune  on 
account  of  the   thorns. 


"The  one  tree  of  all  the  nursery-grown  trees  in  the 
park  that  seems  to  have  suffered  no  damage  is  the 
Gingko.  Not  one  has  been  found  to  be  killed  and  few  have 
frost  cracks.  Even  the  solitary  Gingko  planted  by  Li 
Hung  Chang  at  General  Grant's  tomb,  which  is  one  of 
the  most  exposed  places  in  the  city,  weathered  the  winter 
without  harm,  while  the  bladdernut  tree,  planted  by 
the  same  personage  at  the  same  time,  immediately  adja- 
cent to  the  park,  was  all  but  destroyed. 

"In  January,  1919,  Commissioner  Berolzheimer  an- 
nounced that  over  3,000  dead  trees  had  been  removed  in 
his  jurisdiction  up  to  that  time." 

Relief  Measures  Adopted. 

The  Department  of  Parks  makes  the  following  an- 
nouncement regarding  the  situation :  "Park  Commis- 
sioner Gallatin  has  announced,  as  a  result  of  extensive 
investigations,  a  definite  programme  for  the  restoration 
and  stimulation  of  the  trees  in  Central  Park. 

"Through  the  acquisition  of  a  'K'  machine  for  pulling 
dead  trees  and  stumps  out  of  the  ground,  it  has  been 
found  that  the  basic  trouble  with  the  trees  in  Central 
Park  is  the  fact  that  the  native  sub-soil  is  of  a  stiff  im- 
penetrable clay,  and  that  the  reason  trees  die  after  they 
grow  to  be  about  one  or  two  feet  in  diameter,  is  because 
of  the  inability  of  the  roots  to  secure  nourishment  after 
they  reach  this  clay  sub-soil. 

"It  is  very  fortunate  that  we  were  able  to  secure  a  hand- 
power  pulling  machine,  which  made  it  possible  to  tear 
out  stumps  practically  intact,  as  it  discloses  this  condi- 
tion  very   frankly.     This   situation   was  known  to  the 


planners  and  builders  of  Central  Park  as  very  frequently 
in  the  removal  of  a  stump  of  this  nature,  earthen  pipes 
of  two  inches  in  diameter  are  found,  which  were  placed 
both  horizontally  and  vertically  through  the  clay,  and 
occasionally  a  large  group  of  boulders  was  piled  im- 
mediately under  the  newly  planted  tree,  designed  proba- 
bly for  the  purpose  of  breaking  up  the  clay  so  that  the 
roots  could  firmly  establish  themselves. 

"It  is  the  opinion  of  Forester  J.  S.  Kaplan  that  unless 
something  is  done  to  remedy  this  situation,  it  will  never 
be  possible  to  grow  trees  larger  than  from  two  to  three 
feet  in  diameter  in  Central  Park. 

"Commissioner  Gallatin  has  concluded  that  sub-surface 
blasting  is  the  remedy  most  likely  to  be  successful  and 
most  easily  and  cheaply  to  be  tried. 

"As  a  result  of  a  conference  with  representatives  of 
the  DuPont  Powder  Company,  arrangements  have  been 
made  to  take  one  lawn  in  the  lower  end  of  Central 
Park  for  experiments  in  this  direction.  Holes  will  be 
drilled  about  18  feet  apart,  and  a  light  charge  of  dynamite 
placed  in  each  hole. with  the  object  of  shattering  this 
cementatious  sub-surface  clay. 

"This  practice  has  been  successfully  carried  out  among 
orchardists  elsewhere,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that 
marked  results  will  ensue  from  this  treatment.  This  work' 
is  to  proceed  immediately  after  the  leaves  fall  this  year. 
It  is  also  intended  to  plant  several  trees  on  this  lawn  in 
blasted  holes. 

"If  this  experiment  proves  successful  it  is  Commis- 
sioner Gallatin's  intention  to  request  sufficient  money  to 
treat  practically  all  of  Central  Park  in  the  same  way." 


CENTRAL   PARK   TREES   STARVING   TO    DEATH 


1399 


A  HEALTHY  PIN  OAK 

Note  the  bushes  which  shelter  the  soil  about 
part  of  this  fine  young  pin  oak  in  the  Ramble 
from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  This  helps 
very  much  in  making  the  tree  strong  and  vigor- 
ous as  readily   seen. 


A  SPLENDID  COTTONWOOD 

The  Cottonwood  is  a  river  bottom  tree  and 
here  close  to  the  Swanboat  Pond  it  has  shown 
its  capacity  to  develop  into  a  beautiful  orna- 
ment for  the  park.  It  is,  undoubtedly,  an 
ideal    site    for   this    species. 


VIGOROUS  ENGLISH   ELM 

The  English  elm  stands  the  conditions  of  the 
park  better  than  the  American  elm.  This  tree 
had  very  good  site  conditions  for  it  had  been 
cultivated  about  the  roots  which  were  shaded 
by    rhododendrons. 


The  Experts'  Opinion. 

The  experts  report  to  American  Forestry  that  under 
the  head  of  unfavorable  soil  conditions  they  have  found 
in  Central  Park  shallow  soil,  heavy  impermeable  clay  and 
hard  packing  of  soil  around  trees. 

Under  the  head  of  species  especially  sensitive  to  the 
Central  Park  conditions  they  have  found  elm,  beech,  red 
maple  and  linden. 

Trees  which  will  make  fair  growth  in  Central  Park 
under  specially  favorable  conditions  there  they  have 
found  to  be  tulip,  pin  oak  and  white  ash. 

Trees  that  have  demonstrated  their  ability  to  do  really 
well  in  many  sections  of  the  park,  they  have  found  to  be 
cottonwood,  English  oak,  red  oak,  scarlet  oak  and 
sycamore. 

For  practically  any  sites  in  the  park,  even  the  unfavor- 
able places,  either  the  Ailanthus  or  Gingko  can  be  always 
counted  upon. 

The  cucumber,  Norway  maple  and  Catalpa  will  all 
grow  splendidly  when  on  their  proper  sites  in  the  park. 
Off  of  their  proper  sites  they  will  not  do  so  well  there. 

In  regard  to  meteorological  conditions  influencing  trees 
during  the  last  twenty  years  it  is  clear  that : 

i.     There  has  been  a  decided  decrease  in  rainfall. 

2.  Much  of  this  decrease  has  been  in  the  summer 
months  when  needed  most. 

3.  There  has  been  a  decided  decrease  in  relative 
humidity  in  the  past  five  years. 

4.  There  has  been  an  increase  in  the  wind  movement 
in  the  past  five  years. 


5.  The  trees  have  been  subjected  to  a  very  severe  frost 
in  the  winter  of  1917-1918. 

With  all  of  these  factors  before  us  it  is  only  natural 
to  seek  to  come  to  some  conclusion  as  to  what  the  cause 
of  the  present  situation  of  the  park  is  and  from  that  to 
reach  out  for  a  solution.  Briefly  the  conclusion  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  present  situation  of  Central  Park,  is  that 
no  one  single,  but  a  combination  of  causes  all  detrimental 
to  the  successful  maintenance  of  Central  Park  trees  are 
operating.  None  of  these  conditions  alone  would  en- 
tirely bring  about  the  present  situation  and  therefore  the 
changing  of  any  one  will  not  cure  it  entirely.  All  must 
be  taken  into  consideration  arid  all  must  be  worked  upon. 

The  Conclusion. 

The  conclusions  reached  by  the  experts  follow : 

1.  Selection  of  only  such  species  of  trees  for  plant- 
ing as  have  proved  either  entirely  hardy  under  present 
conditions  or  at  least  have  done  well  on  certain  special 
sites  in  the  park.  This,  of  course,  applies  only  to  the 
planting  of  trees  on  a  large  scale,  specimens  of  arboricul- 
tural  interest  being  entirely  another  matter. 

2.  Special  attention  to  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  proper  surface  soil  conditions  under  the  trees. 
It  is  the  soil-moisture  conditions  of  the  trees  which  is 
the  one  great  thing  to  watch  out  for  in  dealing  with  trees 
anywhere  and  especially  in  a  park  where  the  trees  are 
planted  singly  and  are  exposed  to  severe  drying  condi- 
tions of  the  surface  soil  around  them.  The  establishment 
and  maintenance  of  proper  conditions  for  preserving 
soil-moisture  in  Central  Park  might  entail : 


1400 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


(a).  Cultivation  of  soil  around  all  trees  of  special 
interest  or  value,  and  the  more  the  better. 

(b).  Mulching  or  covering  the  soil  about  the  trees 
with  manure,  dead  leaves,  etc.,  during  the  winter. 

(c).  Planting  trees  in  small  groves  or  "woodlets" 
and  keeping  them  in  the  form  of  small  patches  of  natural 
forest  (leaving  the  leaves  and  small  twigs  to  decay  on 
the  ground  and  so  form  a  natural  mulch). 

(d).  Underplanting  the  larger  trees  with  more  shade 
enduring  species  which  would  shade  the  ground,  protect 
from  wind  and  so  prevent  drying  out. 

These  suggestions  would  perhaps  cost  a  great  deal  of 
money  or  a  change  in  the  principal  present-day  policy  of 
the  park  management  but  is  not  the  end  worthy  of  such 
expense  and  change?  To  anyone  passing  through  the 
park  on  any  bright  day  in  the  warmer  months  the  value 
to  human  life — especially  child  fife — of  the  open,  out- 
door stretches  of  natural  growth,  so  different  from  the 
narrow,  dirty,  noisy  streets  in  which  most  of  the  park 
visitors  were  born  and  now  live,  is  ample  to  warrant  a 
great  increase  in  expenditure  by  the  city  to  save  and 
energetically  maintain  the  tree  growth   within  this,   the 


most  famous  of  all  American  city  parks.  At  the  present 
time  and  under  the  present  system  many  of  the  trees  of 
the  park  are  much  retarded  in  growth  and  a  large  number 
have  died.  Some  of  these  latter  have  been  of  large  size 
and  fair  age,  but  it  is  clear  to  the  careful  observer  that 
practically  all  of  them  should  have  lived  for  a  good  many 
years  longer  and  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  if 
proper  care  and  enough  money  had  been  devoted  to  them, 
they  would  still  be  shading  the  walks  and  lawns  instead 
of  going  to  the  woodpile.  Now,  when  too  late  the  trees 
are  dead  and  the  expense  of  taking  them  out  and  plant- 
ing new  ones  comes  up,  while  the  public  waits  for  years 
for  the  new  tree  to  attain  good  enough  proportions  to 
fill  the  blank  left  by  the  dead  specimen. 

The  situation  confronting  New  York  as  a  result  of 
these  findings  will,  perhaps,  fit  many  other  cities  in  the 
United  States.  We  have  all  seen  beautiful  trees  "just 
die"  and  the  layman  is  at  a  loss  to  understand  why  they 
should.  The  New  York  park  officials  are  alive  to  the 
situation,  and  are  trying  to  improve  it  while  knowledge  of 
just  what  is  best  suited  to  Central  Park  conditions  is  of 
the  utmost  value  to  every  city  forester  and  park  depart- 
ment official. 


PLANT  MEMORIAL   TREES   FOR   OUR   HEROIC   DEAD 


THE  NORWAY  MAPLE 

This  tree  has  been  benefited  by  having  the  soil 
about  it  cultivated  to  some  extent  and  also 
shaded.  More  than  that,  it  is  not  on  a  windy 
site.     It   thrives  under   these   conditions. 


THE  GINGKO 

Note  the  peculiar  outspreading  branches.  All 
of  the  gingkos  that  were  noticed  in  the  park 
were  growing  well.  There  are,  tn  this  coun- 
try, no  insects  or  fungi  which  attack  this  tree. 


CUCUMBER    TREES 

These  two  large  trees  in  the  Ramble  show  the 
good  development  of  this  species  under  con- 
ditions favorable  to  it.  Compare  their  appear- 
;uk-c    with   others   not   so   well   situated. 


A  POLICY  OF  FORESTRY  FOR  THE  NATION 


BY  HENRY  S.  GRAVES 
UNITED  STATES  FORESTER 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE  HEREWITH  PUBLISHES  SOME  MORE  OPINIONS  REGARDING  THE  NEED  OF  A  NATIONAL 
FOREST  POLICY  AND  THE  KIND  OF  A  FOREST  POLICY  PROPOSED  BY  UNITED  STATES  FORESTER  HENRY  S.  GRAVES.  COL. 
GRAVES'  OUTLINE  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  SUCH  A  POLICY  WAS  PRINTED  IN  THE  AUGUST  ISSUE  OF  THE  MAGAZINE 
AND  A  FURTHER  OUTLINE  IS  PUBLISHED  HEREWITH.  FORESTERS,  LUMBERMEN  AND  TIMBERLAND  OWNERS  THROUGHOUT 
THE  COUNTRY  HAVE  BEEN  INVITED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  TO  EXPRESS  THEIR  VIEWS  ON  THIS 
VITALLY   IMPORTANT   SUBJECT.— EDITOR. 


A  NATIONAL  policy  of  forestry  seeks  the  protec- 
tion and  beneficial  utilization  of  our  present  forest 
resources,  the  renewal  after  cutting  of  forests  on 
lands  not  needed  for  agriculture  and  settlement,  the  sta- 
bility of  forest  industries  and  of  satisfactory  conditions 
for  forest  workers,  and  the  restoration  of  forest  growth 
on  lands  now  unproductive  and  idle. 

The  public  interests  in  the  continuance  of  forests  jus- 
tify and  require  direct  ownership  of  extensive  areas, 
and  also  participation  by  the  public  in  working  out  the 
problem  of  protection  and  renewal  of  private  forests. 
A  program  of  forestry  for  the  nation  should  include 
action  by  the  public  through  the  Government  and  the 
States,  action  by  land  owners  and  operators,  and  the 
means  of  uniting  the  efforts  of  all  for  the  achievement  of 
a  common  purpose. 

The  service  of  forests  is  not  alone  local ;  it  is  national 
as  well.  For  the  products  are  widely  distributed  without 
reference  to  State  lines,  the  industries  are  engaged  in 
interstate  business,  and  the  protective  benefits  of  forests 
often  extend  far  beyond  the  localities  where  they  are  situ- 
ated. It  is  the  function  of  the  Federal  Government  to 
take  the  leadership  in  formulating  a  national  economic 
policy  that  gives  consideration  to  the  relationship  of 
all  forests  to  the  industrial  life  of  the  country.  The 
central  Government  alone  can  bring  about  concurrent 
and  harmonious  action  within  given  regions.  Its  re- 
search and  educational  work  may  be  directed  to  the 
problems  of  the  nation  and  of  regions  that  comprise 
more  than  one  State.  Representing  the  whole  Nation, 
the  Government  can  stimulate  and  guide  local  action 
where  individual  States  by  their  own  efforts  would  fail. 
The  Government  can  act  to  organize  all  agencies  affected 
by  the  forest  problem  in  a  united  undertaking  to  in- 
augurate and  carry  out  a  program  of  forestry. 

The  States  have  not  only  the  function  of  handling 
the  public  forests  owned  by  them,  but  they  have  also 
a  direct  responsibility  in  the  protection  and  continuance 
of  private  forests.  In  this,  the  Federal  Government 
should  take  part  to  meet  interstate  and  national  prob- 


lems, to  stimulate  action  by  the  States,  and  to  bring  into 
harmony  the  efforts  of  the  different  States.  In  the  prob- 
lem of  private  forestry,  the  Government  would  work 
through  and  in  cooperation  with  the  States.  The  leg- 
islation affecting  the  private  owner  in  the  matter  of  pro- 
tection and  continuance  of  forests  should  be  by  the 
States.  The  Government  should  help  the  States  in 
formulating  plans  and  developing  methods  and  by  direct 
assistance  in  carrying  them  out.  The  assistance  offered 
by  the  Government  should  be  contingent  upon  the  States 
taking  legislative  and  administrative  action  to  provide 
for  the  protection  and  renewal  of  their  forests. 

A  national  policy  must  recognize  the  problems  of  the 
private  owner  of  forests.  Greater  security  of  forest 
property  from  fire,  better  returns  from  timberland  in  the 
long  run,  and  more  stable  industrial  conditions  must  be 
sought.  A  program  in  which  the  public  participates  and 
recognizes  industrial  problems,  like  taxation,  would 
enable  private  proprietors  to  handle  their  forests  in  a 
way  not  to  be  a  public  injury  but  to  serve  in  building  up 
the  localities  in  which  they  are  situated. 

Public  Forests. 

There  should  be  an  extensive  program  of  public 
forests,  owned  by  the  Nation,  by  the  States,  by  muni- 
cipalities, and,  too,  by  quasi-public  institutions  and  or- 
ganizations. The  public  forests  today  comprise  about 
25  per  cent  of  the  total  forest  area  of  the  country.  They 
should  be  extended  to  include  ultimately  from  40  to  50 
per  cent. 

In  any  plan  of  extensive  public  holdings,  whether 
Federal  or  State,  provision  should  be  made  for  return- 
ing to  the  communities  a  share  of  the  receipts,  as  is  done 
in  case  of  the  National  Forests,  or  otherwise  to  com- 
pensate them  for  withdrawing  the  lands  from  taxation. 

The  Federal  Government  should  not  only  provide 
adequate  support  properly  to  protect  and  develop  its 
forest  properties;  it  should  also  rehabilitate,  by  planting 
if  necessary,  the  depleted  and  wasted  cut-over  and 
burned  lands. 


DURING  THE  LAST  SIX  MONTHS  THERE  HAS  BEEN  A  GREAT  DEAL  OF  DISCUSSION  REGARDING  THE  NEED  OF  A  NATIONAL 
POLICY  OF  FORESTRY  AND  WHAT  SUCH  A  POLICY  SHOULD  COMPRISE.  DURING  THAT  PERIOD  I  HAVE  HELD  MANY  CONFER- 
ENCES WITH  FORESTERS,  LUMBERMEN  AND  OTHERS  INTERESTED  IN  THE  QUESTION  IN  DIFFERENT  PARTS  OF  THE  COUNTRY, 
AND   HAVE  PRESENTED   CERTAIN   PRINCIPLES  WHICH   I  BELIEVE    SHOULD    UNDERLIE    SUCH    A    POLICY. 

I    HAVE    RECEIVED    MANY    INQUIRIES    REGARDING    VARIOUS   POINTS   IN    THE    POLICY   AS   I  HAVE    SET   IT   FORTH.       I   HAVE 

THEREFORE    PREPARED    A    STATEMENT    MORE    COMPREHENSIVE   THAN   HERETOFORE   IN  ORDER  TO   CLARIFY  THE   OBJECTIVES 

AND  WHAT  STEPS  SHOULD  BE   TAKEN  TO  ATTAIN  THEM.     THIS  STATEMENT   MAY   BE   OF  INTEREST   IN   CONNECTION   WITH   THE 

DISCUSSION  OF  A  NATIONAL  POLICY  OF  FORESTRY. 

HENRY  S.   GRAVES. 


1401 


1402 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


National  Forests. 

The  Federal  holdings  should  be  extended  by  purchase, 
by  exchange  of  stumpage  for  land,  and  by  placing  under 
permanent  administration  forest  lands  now  in  the  un- 
reserved public  domain. 

The  program  of  acquisition  should  seek  two  classes 
of  forest  land : 

1.  Areas  needed  for  the  protection  of  water  re- 
sources, to  prevent  erosion,  for  recreation  and  other  gen- 
eral public  purposes.  These  should  include  both  virgin 
forests  and  cut-over  lands. 

2.  Cut-over  lands,  with  the  purpose  of  insuring  the 
production  of  lumber  and  other  products  and  of  estab- 
lishing demonstration  areas  and  centers  for  Federal 
cooperation  with  States  and  private  owners. 

The  present  Weeks  Law  program  contemplates  the 
purchase  of  about  one  million  acres  in  New  England 
and  five  million  acres  in  the  Southern  Appalachians. 
This  program  should  be  completed  as  fast  as  is  compat- 
ible with  public  financial  conditions,  and  should  be  ex- 
tended to  include  other  important  areas  needed  for  water- 
shed protection  and  other  general  public  service.  Lands 
acquired  for  protective  purposes  as  well  as  those  for 
lumber  production  should  be  distributed  through  all 
forest  regions  of  the  country. 

The  acquisition  of  cut-over  lands  by  exchange  for 
stumpage  would  serve  to  consolidate  and  block  out  the 
National  Forests  of  the  West.  This  principle  has  already 
been  recognized  in  several  special  laws  applicable  to 
certain  Forests. 

There  are  still  forest  lands  in  the  public  domain  which 
should  be  added  to  the  National  Forests.  There  are 
several  million  acres  of  such  lands  outside  of  Alaska. 
The  great  forests  of  the  interior  of  Alaska  should  also 
be  placed  under  adequate  protection  and  administration. 

State  Forests. 

The  States  should  establish  public  forests,  with  the 
same  general  objectives  as  the  Federal  Government, 
and  with  special  reference  to  the  economic  and  industrial 
needs  within  their  boundaries.  Many  western  and  south- 
ern States  still  own  forest  lands  received  from  previous 
grants  from  the  Government;  these  should  be  placed 
under  permanent  forest  administration,  with  provision 
for  the  settlement  of  areas  suited  to  agriculture.  Lands 
reverting  to  the  States  for  taxes  or  otherwise  should, 
where  practicable,  be  retained  arid  used  to  build  up 
permanent  public  forest  reservations. 

Other  Public  Forests. 

Every  encouragement  should  be  offered  to  munici- 
palities to  establish  public  forests  or  woodland  parks. 
These  may  be  necessary  to  protect  the  local  water  sup- 
plies, or  to  serve  as  public  recreation  grounds;  and  in 
many  instances  they  may  yield  products  that  will  help 
in  a  material  way  to  reduce  local  taxation  for  schools 
or  public  works.  Permanent  institutions  and  organiza- 
tions of  a  quasi-public  character  should  also  be  encour- 
aged to  acquire  forests  and  handle  them  on  the  basis  of 
continued  production. 


Private  Forests. 
The  safeguarding  and  perpetuation  of  forests  on 
private  lands  are  possible  through  an  organized  system 
of  protection,  through  the  prohibition  of  destructive 
processes  that  produce  waste  lands,  and  through  the 
promotion  of  constructive  and  entirely  practical  meas- 
ures of  forestry.  The  participation,  liberal  cooperation, 
and  direction  of  the  public  in  working  out  the  problems 
involved  are  necessary  for  success. 

Fire  Protection. 
The  objectives  of  fire  protection  are : 

1.  To  prevent  destruction  and  injury  to  standing 
timber  by  fire. 

2.  To  safeguard  young  growth  already  established 
within  the  older  timber  and  on  cut-over  lands. 

3.  To  promote  natural  reproduction  so  far  as  this 
can  be  done  by  fire  protective  measures. 

Effective  fire  protection  is  achieved  only  through  a 
joint  undertaking  between  the  public  and  private  agencies 
in  which  all  lands,  regardless  of  ownership,  are  brought 
under  an  organized  system.     Such  a  system  requires : 

1.  An  effective  service  for  preventing  forest  fires 
and  detecting  and  suppressing  those  which  may  be 
started.  Such  a  service  already  exists  in  a  number  of 
States. 

2.  Improvements  needed  for  the  prompt  detection 
and  suppression  of  fires.  These  include  roads,  trails, 
lookout  stations,  properly  located  stations  for  rangers, 
bases  for  airplanes  when  these  are  used,  and  so  on. 

3.  Measures  to  reduce  the  inflammability  of  the  for- 
ests. These  may  consist  of  lopping  the  tops,  as  is  prac- 
ticed in  parts  of  the  East ;  or  burning  the  brush  in  piles 
as  conducted  in  many  pine  stands  on  the  National  For- 
ests ;  or  burning  over  at  the  proper  season  cleared  areas, 
protected  by  fire  lines,  as  in  heavy  Douglas  fir  stands ;  or 
in  felling  dead  snags,  as  is  required  in  many  National 
Forest  timber  sales;  and  in  other  measures.  In  some 
places  fire  lines  may  be  desirable,  as  practiced  in  southern 
California ;  or  carefully  controlled  burning  at  the  proper 
season  of  strips  and  selected  areas,  as  is  practical  in 
certain  open  pine  forests.  Uncontrolled  light  burning 
should  be  prohibited  everywhere. 

4.  A  vigorous  campaign  of  education  of  the  public 
regarding  the  danger  of  forest  fires  and  the  need  of 
cooperation  on  the  part  of  every  user  of  the  woods. 

5.  A  systematic  campaign  of  law  enforcement,  m 
which  all  citizens  should  be  asked  to  cooperate,  to  punish 
those  who  by  carelessness  or  intent  start  fires  or  permit 
their  spread. 

There  should  be  incorporated  in  the  forest  laws  of 
every  State  requirements  to  bring  all  forest  owners  into 
the  protective  system,  and  to  extend  it  to  all  cut-over 
and  unimproved  lands  in  the  State,  together  with  the 
disposal,  by  lopping  or  burning,  of  dangerous  slashings 
and  other  special  measures  that  the  local  conditions  may 
require. 


A  POLICY  OF  FORESTRY  FOR  THE  NATION 


1403 


There  should  be  provided  by  the  State  the  administra- 
tive machinery  necessary  to  carry  out  the  work  effec- 
tively. 

The  public  should  share  in  the  burden  of  protection. 
The  division  of  cost  will  necessarily  vary  in  different 
States,  as  is  now  the  case  among  those  States  which  have 
inaugurated  such  a  system.  The  public  may  properly 
bear  the  cost  of  the  State-wide  patrol  system,  including 
overhead,  inspection,  lookouts,  and  similar  items,  and  a 
portion  of  the  fire  suppression  costs. 

In  general,  the  cost  of  the  preventive  system  should 
be  shared  about  equally  between  the  public  and  the 
owner  of  the  land.  At  the  present  time  assistance  by 
the  States  and  the  efforts  of  the  private  owners  alike  are 
inadequate.  Measures  like  brush  disposal  are  essentially 
a  part  of  the  logging  operations  and  should  be  a  charge 
against  it. 

The  Federal  Government  should  grant  liberal  aid  in 
fire  protection,  far  greater  than  at  present.  Its  aid 
should  be  contingent  on  the  State's  inaugurating  and 
carrying  out  such  a  system  as  above  described.  This 
financial  help  should  not  exceed  in  amount  that  appro- 
priated by  the  State. 

As  in  fire  protection,  the  spread  of  dangerous  insect 

infestations  and  diseases  requires  the  aid  and  direction 

of  the  public.     Both  the  National  and  State  Governments 

should  participate  and  appropriate  liberally  to  check  the 

depredations. 

Forest  Renewal. 

The  renewal  of  forests  on  lands  not  required  for  agri- 
culture and  settlement  is  an  essential  feature  of  a  national 
policy  of  forestry  and  an  effective  program  should  be 
worked  out  in  each  State,  backed  by  appropriate  legis- 
lation and  efficient  administration,  which  will  achieve 
this  object  on  private  as  well  as  on  public  property.  As 
in  the  case  of  fire  protection,  forest  renewal  on  private 
lands  requires  the  participation  and  aid  of  the  public. 

There  are  two  problems  of  forest  renewal ;  first,  the 
restocking  of  lands  already  cut  over  and  now  in  a  condi- 
tion of  waste ;  and  second,  that  of  providing  for  natural 
reproduction  as  the  timber  is  cut.  Where  there  is  still 
seed  or  seed-bearing  trees  on  cut-over  lands,  continued 
fire  protection  may  in  many  cases  suffice  for  restocking. 
Where  there  is  no  chance  for  natural  reproduction,  plant- 
ing or  sowing  will  be  necessary.  The  public  will  have 
to  take  over  a  large  portion  of  these  lands  and  restore 
them  to  productivity.  In  many  other  cases  owners  may 
be' induced  to  restock  their  waste  lands  as  a  business 
undertaking. 

Provision  for  forest  renewal  should  be  made  at  the 
time  of  cutting.  Sufficient  restocking  of  the  average 
private  tract  can  be  accomplished  by  natural  reproduc- 
tion without  resort  to  planting  or  other  intensive  meas- 
ures. On  certain  types  of  forest,  renewal  will  result 
from  fire  protection  alone.  In  many  instances  of 
unrestricted  exploitation,  however,  fire  protection  alone 
dues  not  suffice  to  secure  renewal  and  to  prevent  the 
lands  becoming  waste.  If  protection  alone  does  not  suf- 
fice to  secure  forest  reproduction,  the  owners  should  be 


required  to  adopt  such  measures  as  may  be  necessary  to 
accomplish  this,  with  cooperative  aid  by  the  public  in 
working  out  the  problem  as  a  practical  undertaking. 
As  in  the  case  of  fire  protection,  the  additional  measures 
necessary  for  forest  renewal  should  be  made  a  part  of  a 
systematic  program  in  which  the  public  and  private 
owners  engage  in  a  joint  undertaking  with  a  common 
objective. 

The  first  steps  in  this  undertaking  are  to  determine 
in  each  region : 

1.  The  circumstances  under  which  fire  protection 
alone  will  not  suffice  to  prevent  wasting  of  the  land 
under  prevailing  methods  of  lumbering. 

2.  The  additional  measures  necessary  to  secure  con- 
ditions favorable  for  natural  renewal. 

3.  The  classes  of  land  upon  which  forest  growth 
should  be  continued. 

4.  The  cooperation  that  should  be  given  by  the  public 
to  make  feasible  in  practice  the  measures  that  may  be 
necessary  for  the  owners  to  take. 

5.  The  legislation  needed  to  bring  these  measures 
into  practice,  as  a  part  of  the  State's  program  of  for- 
estry. 

As  in  the  case  of  fire  protection,  the  plan  for  special 
measures  and  for  forest  renewal  should  be  worked  out 
through  State  legislation  and  administration,  with  the 
assistance  and  backing  of  the  Government.  The  Federal 
Government  should  seek  to  secure  concurrent  action  by 
the  States  within  given  economic  regional  units,  to  bring 
about  uniform  standards  of  practice,  to  conduct  experi- 
ments and  research,  to  grant  material  aid  in  various 
ways,  and  to  act  as  a  coordinating  agent  to  bring  to- 
gether the  different  local  agencies  into  full  cooperation. 
The  Government  should  make  its  assistance  to  the  States 
contingent  upon  effective  action  by  the  latter. 

Measures  of  forestry  upon  private  lands  sought  by 
the  proposed  program  fall  into  two  classes :  first,  those 
necessary  to  prevent  the  lands  becoming  waste  after 
lumbering;  and  second,  those  which  seek  a  maximum 
production  of  timber  and  other  products.  The  first  class 
of  measures  should  be  required  on  all  lands  that  ought 
to  remain  in  forest  growth.  The  measures  to  secure 
maximum  production  are  of  a  more-intensive  character. 
They  should  be  encouraged  in  every  way  but  would  not 
be  obligatory.  They  involve  a  larger  initial  invest- 
ment, and  they  render  a  larger  ultimate  return  to  the 
owner.  Under  the  second  class  fall  such  measures  as 
planting  where  needed,  leaving  a  larger  number  of  seed 
trees,  cutting  in  favorable  seed  years,  leaving  medium 
sized  trees  even  though  now  saleable  for  a  second  cut  or 
for  cover,  various  kinds  of  thinnings  of  second  growth, 
organization  of  the  forest  work  on  a  basis  of  sustained 
annual  yield,  and  so  on.  Experiments  should  be  con- 
ducted by  the  public  to  establish  and  make  generally 
known  the  best  practice  in  each  region.  Advice  by  pub- 
lic officers  should  be  freely  afforded.  Planting  stock 
should  be  offered  at  cost  by  the  public.  Taxes  should 
be  adjusted  to  encourage  owners  to  undertake  the  meth- 
ods found  to  be  most  efficient,  and  other  measures  of 


1404 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


aid  given  as  indicated  in  the  last  section  of  this  state- 
ment. 

Every  encouragement  should  be  afforded  to  bring 
about  close  utilization  of  timber  in  the  forest  and  to  pre- 
vent losses  in  the  handling  and  use  of  the  manufactured 
product.  This  will  be  accomplished  largely  through 
cooperation  and  research,  in  bringing  information  to 
the  knowledge  of  operators  and  users  of  wood  products. 
It  is  a  problem  of  investigation  and  industrial  education, 
in  which  the  public  should  take  the  leadership. 

Public  Assistance  and  Cooperation. 

In  a  national  policy  of  forestry  the  public  itself  should 
assume  certain  responsibilities  and  it  should  assume  cer- 
tain burdens.  It  should  cooperate  with  and  assist  pri- 
vate owners  in  carrying  out  their  part  of  the  undertaking. 
The  measures  of  cooperation  fall  under  the  following 
heads : 

1.  Fire  Protection. — As  already  indicated,  the  public 
should  directly  share  the  burden  of  fire  protection,  espe- 
cially in  a  preventive  system  and  in  the  cost  of  suppres- 
sion. 

2.  Assistance  in  Forestry. — The  public  should  assist 
owners  in  working  out  plans  for  cutting  that  will  pro- 
mote natural  reproduction,  in  planting,  and  in  other 
measures  of  forestry.  The  State  should  offer  planting 
stock  at  cost  and  cooperate  with  the  owners  in  estab- 
lishing plantations. 

3.  Taxation. — The  States  should  adopt  a  form  of 
taxation  calculated  to  encourage  good  forest  practice. 
The  present  methods  of  taxation,  with  their  lack  of 
uniformity  in  application,  often  tend  to  promote  prema- 
ture and  wasteful  cutting  and  to  discourage  forest  re- 
newal. To  promote  action  by  the  State,  the  Federal 
Government  should  assist  the  States  to  investigate  the 
current  methods  of  taxation,  their  effect  in  causing  pre- 
mature and  wasteful  cutting  and  in  increasing  the  diffi- 
culties of  holding  cut-over  lands  for  tree  growth,  and 
should  assist  in  drafting  model  tax  laws  applicable  to 
various  forest  conditions. 

4.  Forest  Loans. — Existing  legislation  concerning 
farm  loans  should  be  extended  to  include  loans  for  the 
purchase  and  improvement  of  forest  lands,  to  encourage 
the  holding  of  lands  previously  acquired,  where  the  pur- 
pose of  the  owner  is  to  hold  and  protect  cut-over  lands 
or  those  having  growing  timber,  to  reforest  lands  by 
seeding  or  planting,  or  to  use  other  measures  in  pro- 
moting forest  production.  To  obtain  the  benefit  of  such 
loans,  which  should  be  for  a  maximum  period  of  50 
years,  the  land  owner  should  enter  into  a  specific  obliga- 
tion to  retain  the  land  in  growing  timber  and  protect  and 
care  for  it  during  the  life  of  the  loan. 

5.  A  Survey  of  Forest  Resources. — Funds  should  be 
provided  whereby  the  Federal  Government  in  coopera- 
tion with  State  and  private  interests  may  make  a  survey 
of   the   forest   resources   of   the   country.     This   would 


determine  the  quantities  of  timber  suitable  for  different 
industrial  uses,  the  current  consumption  of  forest  prod- 
ucts, the  probable  requirements  of  the  different  regions 
for  material,  the  possible  production  of  the  forests  by 
growth  to  meet  these  requirements,  and  other  matters 
which  will  aid  in  developing  the  national  forest  policy. 

6.  Land  Classification. — The  public  should  cooperate 
in  land  classification  to  aid  owners  to  put  their  lands  to 
the  most  productive  use.  The  public  should  aid  in  bring- 
ing settlers  upon  lands  suited  to  agriculture,  discourag- 
ing speculative  undertakings  that  lead  to  the  deception 
of  innocent  investors  and  efforts  for  the  colonization  of 
lands  unsuited  to  the  purpose.  Land  classification  would 
indicate  the  classes  of  lands  which  should  be  devoted  to 
the  production  of  timber,  either  permanently  or  pending 
a  development  which  would  make  possible  their  suc- 
cessful settlement. 

7.  Research  Work. — Adequate  funds  should  be  pro- 
vided to  enable  the  Government  and  other  public  agen- 
cies to  carry  on  investigative  work  needed  in  carrying 
out  a  national  policy  of  forestry.  This  would  include 
investigations  on  a  larger  scale  than  at  present  in  deter- 
mining the  best  methods  of  forest  practice,  and  also 
research  in  forest  products. 

The  National  Program. 

A  program  for  the  nation  must  be  an  aggregate  of 
local  programs  adapted  to  different  conditions,  and  cor- 
related and  standardized  through  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  meet  the  broader  requirements  of  the  whole 
country.  A  national  program  cannot  be  put  into  effect 
in  its  entirety  at  once.  Local  programs  will  also  probably 
have  to  be  worked  out  by  steps.  Some  States  are  al- 
ready able  to  go  forward  more  rapidly  than  others, 
partly  because  of  their  financial  strength  and  partly  be- 
cause experience  has  already  demonstrated  the  methods 
of  protection  and  forestry  required  to  secure  results  on 
the  ground. 

The  initiation  of  a  national  policy  of  forestry  requires 
as  one  of  the  first  steps  the  passage  of  a  Federal  law 
that  recognizes  its  objectives  and  provides  authority  and 
means  for  the  Government  to  extend  cooperation  with 
the  States  in  the  protection  and  perpetuation  of  the  for- 
ests under  their  jurisdiction  along  the  foregoing  lines. 
At  the  same  time,  Federal  appropriations  for  the  pur- 
chase of  forest  lands  should  be  greatly  increased. 

Much  can  be  accomplished  pending  such  a  law.  Thus, 
there  should  be  at  once  a  joining  of  hands  in  a  most 
vigorous  campaign  for  fire  protection,  that  will  educate 
the  public  to  the  dangers  from  fire  and  lead  to  more 
effective  action  in  all  forest  regions.  Individual  States 
should  go  forward  with  plans  for  better  legislation  and 
larger  support  of  forestry.  But  the  passage  of  a  basic 
Federal  law  with  the  aid  that  the  Nation  can  offer 
would  make  possible  the  inauguration  of  a  policy  that 
would  secure  results  impossible  without  such  national 
action. 


A  POLICY  OF   FORESTRY   FOR  THE   NATION 


1405 


A  PROGRAM  FOR  PRIVATE  FORESTRY 

BY  H.  H.  CHAPMAN 
PROFESSOR  OF  FORESTRY,  YALE  FORESTRY  SCHOOL 


'TMIE  agitation  for  securing  forestry  practice  on  private 
-*■  lands  is  due ;  first,  to  the  rapid  destruction  of  the 
forests  on  lands  privately  owned,  a  nation-wide  condition ; 
second,  to  the  growing  need  for  forest  products ;  third, 
to  the  inadequacy  of  the  method  of  public  ownership  of 
forest  lands  to  solve  the  problem  on  a  quantitative  basis, 
because  of  the  small  percentage  of  forest  lands  publicly 
owned. 

I  believe  absolutely  that  public  ownership  and  manage- 
ment is  the  best  method  of  growing  timber,  and  this  is 
generally  admitted  by  foresters  and  economists.  But 
owing  solely  to  the  expense  and  slowness  of  the  process 
of  acquiring  title  to  lands  now  owned  privately,  foresters 
are  seeking  means  to  check  the  destruction  of  forest 
values  on  private  lands  and  preserve  their  productiveness. 

Private  owners  have  a  keen  appreciation  of  forest 
values  of  all  kinds,  including  stumpage  value  of  merchant- 
able timber,  protective  value  of  forested  slopes,  aesthetic 
value  of  parks,  and  even  commercial  value  of  half  grown 
timber.  But  their  general  desire  is  to  realize  or  cash 
in  on  these  values  by  sale  of  property  or  timber,  or  by 
turning  the  forest  products  into  cash.  In  the  process,  the 
forest  as  a  productive  "plant"  or  property  is  wrecked  or 
gutted  as  effectually  as  the  Huns  stripped  the  factories 
at  Lille — and  it  takes  just  about  as  much  patient  invest- 
ment and  far  more  time  to  restore  such  forest  property 
to  productiveness. 

Lumbermen,  especially  sawmill  men,  representing  as 
they  do  the  business  of  converting  forests  into  cash,  con- 
duct their  business  logically  on  this  basis  and  as  a  class 
are  not  interested  in  what  becomes  of  the  land  as  forest 
land  after  cutting.  Most  of  them  will  admit  this  and 
justify  it.  Many  are  interested  in  forestry,  provided  they 
themselves  do  not  have  to  practice  it.  Most  of  them 
resent,  and  desire  to  avoid,  criticism  for  this  policy,  but 
since  it  is  the  logical  economic  plan  for  them  to  pursue  as 
far  as  they  have  been  able  to  figure  it  out,  they  go  ahead 
on  those  lines,  cutting  out  their  stumpage,  and  abandoning 
the  worn  out  mill  and  plant  on  completion  of  the  cut. 

For  this  policy  the  lumberman  need  not  be  considered 
either  crazy,  stupid,  or  criminal.  He  is  a  good  average, 
short-sighted  American,  differing  in  no  way  from  other 
operators  who  desire  to  skim  the  cream  of  a  project,  and 
with  far  more  logic  behind  him.  It  pays  the  farmer  who 
owns  his  soil  to  maintain  its  fertility,  but  the  renter  often 
resorts  to  skimming.  It  pays  any  business  to  adopt  meth- 
ods for  securing  permanence,  with  reduced  depreciation 
and  labor  costs  and  greater  efficiency — but  the  lumberman 
has  not  been  able  to  compute  the  profit  in  maintaining 
and  renewing  his  raw  material  by  the  slow  growth  of  the 
forest  species,  which  does  not  keep  pace  with  his  mill 
rapacity,  based  as  it  is  on  large  output  and  low  manu- 
facturing costs. 


Self  interest  and  public  interest  do  not  always  coin- 
cide, but  they  are  seldom  diametrically  opposed.  The 
public  benefit  requires  the  curbing  of  selfish  activities, 
and  this  usually  results  in  the  curtailment  of  immediate 
financial  profit  whose  acquisition  would  result  directly  in 
public  loss  perhaps  of  a  permanent  character.  By  this 
curbing  of  greed,  a  business  may  even  be  made  unprofit- 
able. This  usually  indicates  that  the  public  benefits  of 
this  business  do  not  offset  the  injuries  and  damage  re- 
sulting from  its  conduct. 

If  a  business  is  necessary  to  public  welfare,  which  is 
the  only  excuse  for  its  existence,  public  regulation  will 
soon  cause  an  adjustment  which  makes  it  possible  to 
continue  as  before,  and  usually  at  an  equal  profit. 

The  short-sighted  policy  of  utter  destruction  of  pri- 
vate forest  property,  like  the  placer  gold  mining  of  the 
west,  may  have  to  be  terminated  in  the  public  interest,  for 
several  reasons.  We  will  continue  to  need  forest  prod- 
ucts, grown  on  these  lands,  after  the  present  supply  is 
exhausted,  if  we  are  to  continue  to  enjoy  our  present 
standard  of  living  and  not  retrograde  like  the  Chinese. 
Waste  land  incapable  of  agricultural  use  is  an  economic 
plague  spot  in  a  community,  which  can  be  cured  by  re- 
storing forest  values.  Productive  land,  whether  forest  or 
agricultural  means  taxes,  roads,  schools,  population, 
markets,  prosperity  and  character.  The  reverse  means 
poverty,  lack  of  transportation,  ignorance,  degeneracy,  in- 
sanity, and  pauperism.  If  the  reader  does  not  believe 
this  it  is  because  he  has  never  investigated  conditions 
where  such  causes  have  operated  for  two  generations. 
Those  who  destroy  forest  values  create  prosperity  during 
their  operations,  but  insure  a  permanent  condition  of 
destitution  to  follow. 

We  are  passing  through  a  transition  stage  in  this  coun- 
try, when  the  process  of  skimming  our  national  resources, 
soil,  forests,  and  minerals,  is  giving  way  to  permanent 
ownership  and  management.  What  is  the  lumberman 
going  to  do  with  his  skinned  forest  land  in  the  future  ? 
The  process  of  selling  it  off  to  prospective  settlers  as  agri- 
cultural land  will  be  more  and  more  curtailed  by  the 
interference  of  the  same  public  interests,  which,  slow  to 
awaken,  now  bid  fair  to  adopt  the  principle  that  land 
must  be  suitable  for  agriculture  before  being  disposed  of 
to  such  investors.  This  is  another  example  of  interfer- 
ence with  immediate  profits,  because  of  public  good ! 
Are  such  land  owners  going  to  oppose  the  educational 
efforts  of  the  government,  and  the  attempts  of  states  to 
secure  land  classification  for  fear  it  might  prevent  them 
from  unloading  worthless  lands  on  prospective  farmers? 
The  corollary  of  the  operation  of  skinning  the  forest  is  to 
skin  the  settler.  Yet  there  is  evidence  that  many  such 
land  owners  balk  at  this  process,  and  sincerely  desire  to 
find  some  true  values  and  real  uses   for  their  cut-over 


1406 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


lands — any  use  except  forestry,  for  of  this  they  are  firmly 
persuaded  that  it  is  impractical,  impossible,  and  un- 
profitable. 

My  own  belief  is  that  it  is  going  to  become  increasingly 
impractical,  impossible  and  unprofitable  for  owners  of 
forest  land  which  is  non-agricultural  in  character  to  do 
anything  else  with  it  except  to  grow  timber  upon  it,  and 
that  the  process  of  passing  the  buck  by  exchange  of 
ownership  does  not  relieve  the  purchaser  of  the  problem, 
nor  will  it  suffice  very  much  longer  for  such  land  owners 
to  seek  to  nullify  the  efforts  of  foresters  to  emphasize 
these  conditions,  by  applying  the  damning  epithet  of 
"theorist."  Those  lumbermen  who  did  service  in  France 
know  that  forestry  is  not  a  theory.  They  also  know  that 
our  economic  conditions  are  rapidly  approaching  those 
of  France.  Foresight  on  our  part  is  needed  as  much  as 
it  was  for  the  French.    They  applied  it— will  we? 

Close  study  of  many  areas  of  timber  land  in  the  south 
and  elsewhere  has  convinced  me  that  the  skinning  process 
applied  to  these  operations  actually  loses  money  to  the 
operator  compared  with  that  of  reserving  a  small  per 
cent  of  the  less  matured  trees,  and  that  reproduction  even 
of  Longleaf  pine  is  easily  obtainable  by  the  use  of  simple 
and  easily  applied  measures  of  protection.  But  the  aver- 
age timber  land  owner  does  not  wish  to  believe  this  and 
looks  only  at  the  difficulties.  He  is  not  in  the  forestry 
game  and  refuses  to  enter  it  or  even  consider  it. 

If  the  cure  for  this  deadlock  lies  in  legislation  we  must 
secure  the  following  conditions : 

First,  the  risks  of  timber  production  as  a  business  must 
be  reduced.  This  means  better  fire  protection,  better 
laws  for  exclusion  of  tree  diseases  and  insect  pests,  and 
better  enforcement. 

Second,  proper  tax  legislation.  This  means  a  workable 
tax  law  removing  the  annual  tax  from  timber,  and  im- 
posing instead  a  products  tax.  We  have  no  workable 
laws  at  present. 

Third,  actual  land  classification  into  agricultural  and 
forest  lands.  If  anyone  thinks  this  is  easy  he  is  no 
farmer. 

Fourth,  capable,  trained,  non-political  state  depart- 
ments of   forestry  with  both   the  knowledge  of   forest 


technique  and  silviculture  which  will  enable  them  to  ad- 
vocate intelligent  measures  of  forest  regulation,  and  the 
power  to  enforce  such  measures. 

Finally,  we  may  be  in  position  to  secure  by  regulation 
the  measures  needed  to  preserve  the  forest  land  from  the 
destructive  processes  which  now  characterize  private 
operations. 

If  we  begin  at  the  other  end  of  this  chain  of  develop- 
ment, what  do  we  get?  Restrictive  measures,  of  course, 
designed  to  force  private  owners  to  practice  forestry. 
These  measures  will  be  formulated  by  politicians,  or  leg- 
islators, ignorant  of  the  technique  of  forest  production, 
and  will  be  almost  certainly  impractical  and  calculated  to 
defeat  their  own  ends,  like  much  of  the  "diameter  limit" 
legislation  which  seems  to  be  the  first  thought  of  such 
statesmen.  Having  passed  such  laws,  we  will  have  poli- 
ticians to  enforce  ( ?)  them — and  they  will  be  evaded 
or  repealed.  We  will  find  it  impossible  to  enforce  them 
on  land  claimed  to  be  agricultural  and  there  will  be  no 
authoritative  classification  of  such  lands,  hence  no  possi- 
bility of  actual  enforcement.  Meanwhile  the  same  legis- 
latures which  seek  to  regulate  the  owner  of  land  will  con- 
tinue to  sanction  increasing  burdens  of  taxation  on  stand- 
ing timber,  and  may  fail  to  provide  an  adequate  system 
of  fire  protection  to  insure  the  survival  of  the  plantations 
or  young  timber  which  they  seek  to  force  the  owner  to 
raise. 

The  development  of  forestry  by  states  has  been  by  no 
means  negligible.  Progress  has  been  made  in  securing 
good  and  workable  fire  laws.  Experiments  have  been 
attempted  in  reform  of  state  tax  legislation  as  affecting 
forests,  and  a  determined  effort  has  been  made  to  keep 
forestry  out  of  the  miasma  of  party  politics.  But  this 
latter  struggle  resembles  the  labors  of  Sisyphus,  who,  as 
soon  as  he  succeeded  in  rolling  the  stone  to  the  top  of 
the  mountain,  witnessed  its  smashing  descent  into  the 
depths.  The  biggest  problem  we  have  in  this  entire 
forestry  movement  is  how  to  secure  and  keep  trained 
men  in  charge  of  state  forestry  organizations,  for  with- 
out such  men,  we  will' never  get  even  halfway  up  the 
slope  of  achievement  in  the  program  of  securing  actual 
forest  production  on  private  forest  lands. 


LET  ALL  SIDES  BE  HEARD 

BY  R.  D.  FORBES 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  FORESTRY,  LOUISIANA  DEPARTMENT  OF  CONSERVATION 


T~\0  we  need  a  national  forest  policy,  and  if  so  just 
*-*  what  form  should  this  policy  take?  The  lumbermen 
and  the  foresters  of  the  country  seem  to  be  getting  to- 
gether rapidly  to  solve  this  problem.  Their  getting 
together,  however,  reminds  one  of  a  couple  of  cats,  with 
their  tails  tied  together,  hung  over  a  clothes  line.  If 
you  don't  believe  that,  read  some  of  the  recent  discus- 
sions in  the  lumber  journals,  notably  the  Lumber  World 
Review  of  Chicago.    A  great  many  articles  on  national 


forest  policy  from  far  abler  pens  than  the  present  writer's 
will  have  appeared  in  the  columns  of  American  Fores- 
try, and  instead  of  addressing  himself  to  an  attempt  to 
shed  new  light  on  the  subject,  he  would  like  to  make  a 
suggestion-  as  to  one  means  of  remedying  the  lack  of  co- 
operation between  the  lumberman  and  the  forester  in 
solving  this  problem. 

No  one  can  read  the   various  articles   pro   and  con 
which  have  appeared  in  the  press  of  the  day  without 


A  POLICY  OF  FORESTRY  FOR  THE  NATION 


1407 


feeling  that  the  cause  of  disagreement  between  the  for- 
esters and  the  lumbermen  is  a  lack  of  understanding  of 
each  other's  point  of  view.  There  has  been  a  lot  of  good 
time  wasted  on  both  sides  demolishing  arguments  that 
were  never  raised,  or  statements  that  were  never  made, 
by  the  opposition.  And  as  usual  under  such  circum- 
stances, the  less  a  man  knew,  the  more  positive  he  has 
been  in  his  statements.  Lumbering  and  forestry  have 
been  too  far  apart  in  the  past.  It  is  not  at  all  necessary 
that  every  forester  be  a  lumberman  or  every  lumberman, 
a  forester,  but  it  certainly  is  essential  that  the  forester 
be  acquainted  with  the  basic  economic  facts  upon  which 
the  lumber  industry  rests,  and  that  the  lumberman  under- 
stand the  principles  of  forestry,  before  either  can  discuss 
a  national  timber  land  policy  in  an  adequate  and  con- 
structive way. 

To  emphasize  these  truths,  there  follows  a  quotation 
from  Professor  R.  C.  Bryant,  of  the  Yale  Forest  School, 
who  is  in  the  very  front  of  the  small  group  of  foresters 
who  have  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  lumber  busi- 
ness. He  says:  "It  is  one  of  the  weak  points  in  the 
profession  (the  forestry  profession)  that  as  yet  we  have 
not  developed  forester-economics  who  can  speak  authori- 
tatively on  the  many  vital  problems  affecting  forests  and 
forestry.  .  .  .  Why  are  not  foresters  called  into  consul- 
tation by  courts  and  Government  agencies  on  questions 
involving  tariff  legislation,  export  policy,  lumber  trans- 
portation, and  like  issues?  It  is,  I  think,  largely  be- 
cause we  have  been  content  in  the  past  to  devote  our 
attention  to  the  problems  which  seem  more  closely  related 
to  forestry  and  have  neglected  the  broader  economic 
phases  of  the  subject,  which  did  not  seem  at  the  moment 
of  so  great  interest  or  of  such  vital  importance."  On  the 
other  hand,  to  prove  the  contention  that  the  lumbermen 
are  very  inadequately  acquainted  with  the  foresters'  aims 
and  work,  let  me  ask  our  lumbermen  friends  how  many 
of  them  have  ever  discussed  forestry  with  professional 
foresters,  or  read  articles  on  forestry  subjects  in  the 
Journal  of  Forestry,  which  is  the  official  organ  of  the 
Society  of  American  Foresters,  and  reflects  current  opin- 
ion in  the  profession.  American  Forestry  has  for  years, 
of  course,  endeavored  to  place  forestry  before  the  pub- 
lic, but  its  efforts  have  necessarily  been  confined  to  brief 
and  popular  presentations ;  exhaustive  and  more  or  less 
technical  discussions  were  not  suited  to  its  purpose. 
Certainly  the  meaning  of  forestry  has  been  sadly  twisted 
by  some  of  the  lumbermen  when  they  have  discussed  it 
in  the  past,  and  this  is  reasonably  attributable  to  the  lum- 
bermen's failure  to  inform  themselves,  through  reading 
and  study,  on  forestry  subjects. 

To  remedy  this  situation  why  not  let  us  all  go  back  to 
school  temporarily  and  take  an  examination  on  the  sub- 
ject of  forestry  and  the  lumber  industry?  Let  the  offi- 
cials of  the  National  Manufacturers'  Association  appoint 
a  committee,  preferably  a  one-man  committee,  to  draft 
half  a  dozen  questions  regarding  the  broad  economic  con- 
ditions underlying  the  lumber  industry.  Let  these  ques- 
tions be  such  that  an  intelligible  answer  to  all  six  can  be 


made  in  3,000  words.  Let  the  Society  of  American  For- 
esters appoint  a  similar  committee  to  draft  six  questions 
on  the  fundamentals  of  forestry,  which  can  likewise  be 
adequately  answered  in  3,000  words.  Then  let  a  long- 
suffering  jury  of  about  five  men,  or  any  number  deemed 
advisable,  be  chosen  by  joint  action  of  the  Lumber  Manu- 
facturers' Association  and  the  Society  of  American  For- 
esters to  grade  the  replies  received  to  both  sets  of  ques- 
tions. Every  contestant  would  be  known  to  the  judges 
only  by  a  key  number,  and  be  required  to  reply  to  every 
one  of  the  twelve  questions.  Allow  the  contestants  access 
to  all  of  the  literature  on  forestry  or  the  lumber  industry 
that  they  may  care  to  delve  into  (for  the  good  of  their 
souls  or  for  the  purpose  of  answering  the  questions)  and 
require  all  the  papers  to  be  in  at  the  end  of  a  three-months' 
period.  Finally  let  the  associations  named  or  any  other 
good  and  interested  citizens  put  up  a  substantial  sum  in 
the  form  of  cash  prizes,  say  $500,  to  be  divided  among 
the  three  best  writers.  Other  details  could  be  worked  out 
very  simply,  but  for  the  benefit  of  all  concerned  the 
writer  suggests  that  in  judging  the  papers  plainness  of 
language  and  avoidance  of  technicalities  be  considered  a 
virtue  second  only  to  knowledge  of  the  facts. 

I  at  once  hear  the  sneer  of  the  self-made  man,  who 
says :  "Some  smart  aleck  from  a  college  can  write  a  bet- 
ter paper  than  a  lumberman  who  has  been  knocking  out 
his  100,000  feet  a  day  for  the  last  25  years.  An  exami- 
nation on  paper  is  no  fair  test  of  a  man's  abilities.  Put 
the  same  college  youth,  at  the  head  of  a  sawmill  and  log- 
ging job  and  see  how  long  he  would  last."  In  reply,  let 
me  say  first  that  it  would  hardly  be  practicable  to  test  our 
contestants  out  except  in  some  such  way  as  I  have  sug- 
gested. Secondly,  let  me  call  the  objector's  attention  to 
the  fact  that  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  headed 
by  a  technical  forester  and  directed  in  all  of  its  branches 
by  either  technical  foresters  or  men  who  have  grown  up 
with  the  forestry  profession,  today  administers  150,000,- 
000  acres  of  land,  has  charge  of  about  18  per  cent  of  the 
stumpage  in  the  United  States,  and  employs  some  2,500 
men  every  year.  It  expends  around  $4,000,000,  and  takes 
in  about  $3,500,000  annually,  and  will  soon  be  self-sup- 
porting. It  is  a  bigger  concern  than  any  lumber  company 
in  the  world,  and  in  spite  of  entire  lack  of  precedents  it 
has,  within  fifteen  years,  built  up  a  very  efficient  organi- 
zation. Any  man  who  has  been  Supervisor  of  a  million 
acres  of  national  forest  land  in  the  west  and  has  handled 
successfully  the  tremendous  multitude  of  details  con- 
nected with  the  administration  of  that  million  acres  is  no 
mere  dreamer,  but  an  exceedingly  practical  business  man. 
The  forestry  profession  is  composed  99  per  cent  of  men 
who  have  been  in  the  business  not  over  20  years,  and 
considering  their  youth  and  the  difficulties  which  they 
have  encountered,  no  fair-minded  man  can  deny  that  they 
have  done  much  hard  and  exceedingly  practical  work. 
Let  us  make  a  test  of  the  foresters'  knowledge,  as  com- 
pared to  the  lumberman's  knowledge,  of  the  whole  field 
of  forestry  and  lumbering. 


1408 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


WHAT  THEY  SAY  AS  TO  A  FOREST  POLICY: 


rPREE     culture     and     tree     conservation 
should  be  taught  and  practiced. — Chi- 
cago Tribune. 

The  American  Forestry  Association  is 
doing  good  service  in  linking  the  causes 
of  roads  and  forestation. — New  York 
Times. 

It  is  a  subject  calling  for  a  national 
forest   policy. — St.   Louis   Globe-Democrat. 

The  statistics  are  certainly  alarming.— 
New  York  Tribune. 

We  must  plant  trees  as  we  plant  corn. — 
Hamilton,  Ohio,  Republican-News. 

We  still  refuse  to  learn  from  the  coun- 
tries   of    the    Old    World. — Florida 
Times-Union. 

An  appalling  indictment  of  Ameri- 
can carelessness. — Cleveland  Press. 

This  is  a  matter  of  first  import- 
ance.— Rochester  Democrat  and 
Chronicle. 

In  times  of  peace  the  loss  of  fifty 
millions  in  property  at  a  single  time 
would  stir  the  world. — Cincinnati 
Times-Star. 

From  every  side  is  heard  words 
of  praise  for  the  American  Forestry 
Association. — Chicago  Evening  Post. 

The  increase  of  trees  and  shaded 
highways  will  add  millions  to  the 
scenic  value  of  the  country. — Minne- 
apolis Journal. 

Nor  have  we  been  able  to  think  of 
a  more  lovely  memorial  than  a  col- 
lonade  of  trees. — Cincinnati  Enquirer. 

We  should  seek  to  have  the  two 
improvements  go  hand  in  hand — re- 
forestation and  road  construction. — 
New  Orleans  Times-Picayune. 

The    American    Forestry    Associa- 
tion  earnestly   aims   to   promote   the. 
beautification     of     public     highways. 
— Salt  Lake  Tribune. 

The    American    Forestry    Associa- 
tion's  efforts   should  be  pushed   and 
in     the     South     especially     it     should     be 
given  the  encouragement  which  it  merits. — 
Charleston,  S.  C,  News  and  Courier. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  the  American  people 
will  take  kindly  to  the  plan  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  not  only  as  a  matter 
of  sentiment,  but  as  a  matter  of  comm<sh 
sense. — Lincoln,  Neb.,  Star. 


following  a  trip  to  the  battlefields,  writes : 
"It  is  the  silence  I  can't  get  over.  Heaven 
knows  Chateau  Thierry  and  the  villages  of 
the  Marne  were  not  silent  places  in  '17  and 
'18.  There  were  men  and  noise  there 
then.  All  round  about  you  on  this  lonely 
road  are  the  dancing  poppies  and  above 
you  is  the  Chemin  des  Dames  with  its 
silent  and  suffering  trees.  The  trees,  in- 
deed, seem  to  feel  the  woe  of  war  more 
than  any  other  thing  in  nature.  Gas  almost 
seems  to  break  their  hearts,  so  sad  and 
broken  is  their  appearance.  These  pale, 
withered    birch    stumps    and    the    joyous, 


IMPROVING    THE    SCENERY 


Development  of  a  practical  highway  sys- 
tem and  regrowing  of  our  vanished  forests 
are  two  cardinal  points  of  the  Chicago  Tri- 
bune's "Middle  West  Program"  as  outlined 
in  a  stirring  editorial  on  the  need  now  of 
waking  up  and  going  to  it  in  a  business 
way.  Contrasted  with  the  picture  the 
Tribune  paints  is  the  view  of  a  writer  in 
the  London  (England)  Morning  Post,  who, 


(San  Francisco  Chronicle.) 


careless    poppies    are    strangely    contrasted 
legacies  of  war." 

With  this  picture  in  mind  turn  again  to 
the  Tribune  which  says :  "The  forests  of 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan  were  once  the 
source  of  great  wealth  and  throughout  the 
Mississippi  Valley  can  be  profitably  restor- 
ed and  new  areas  of  growth  established. 
The  drainage  and  climate  of  the  middle 
west  call  for  trees.  We  know  what  de- 
forestation has  done  for  such  countries  as 
China.  The  states  should  include  this  sub- 
ject in  their  public  policy  and  carry  on 
well  considered  programs  suitable  to  their 
own  conditions.  Planting  along  roads 
should  be  encouraged,  on  hill  tops  and 
slopes,  and  on  land  less  available  for  crops. 
Public  forest  preserves  should  be  increased. 


Tree  culture  and  tree  conservation  should 
be  taught  and  practiced." 

For  the  economic  side  of  forestry  we 
find  the  editors  most  keen.  From  the 
Scientific  American  we  find  the  Boston  Post 
quotes  this  expression  of  opinion :  "And 
finally  to  meet  the  domestic  and  foreign 
demand  at  the  same  time,  we  are  clearing 
out  our  forest  resources  at  a  rate  which 
brings  the  end  of  our  wood-using  industries 
plainly  in  sight — not  in  the  next  generation, 
but  in  this  one— not  in  the  next  50  years,  but 
well  inside  the  next  20 — and  all  because 
we  have  no  government  forest  policy  big 
enough  or  broad  enough  to  handle 
the  situation."  Commenting  upon  this 
the  Post  says :  "Surely  there  ought 
to  be  wisdom  and  energy  enough  in 
the  land,  and  especially  in  its  Con- 
gress, to  act  upon  these  valuable 
suggestions.  Treeless  China  should 
serve  as  a  plentiful  warning."  The 
Globe-Democrat  of  St.  Louis  calls 
for  a  national  forest  policy,  basing 
its  editorial  on  figures  sent  out  by 
the  American  Forestry  Association. 
"Conservation  of  our  forests  still 
left,  and  the  methodical  planting  of 
trees,"  says  the  Globe-Democrat,  "are 
clearly  demanded.  It  is  a  subject 
calling  for  a  national  forest  policy 
and  the  steady  attention  of  Congress. 
Timber  is  as  essential  as  wheat  for 
the  general  welfare  of  the  country, 
perhaps  more  so  as  a  fundamental 
economic  matter."  In  the  Hamilton. 
Ohio,  Repvblican-Newt  we  find  that 
"we  must  plant  trees  as  we  plant 
corn."  The  editor  points  out  that 
"there  are  limitless  tracts  that  will 
grow  timber  but  will  not  grow  food 
crops,  and  the  scientific  preservation 
of  these  forests  by  replacing  all  cut 
trees  is  a  form  of  conservation  to 
which  our  horse  sense  ought  to 
direct  us  to  turn  without  further  de- 
lay." The  importance  of  forestry  to  the 
high  cost  of  living  is  taken  up  by  the 
New  York  Tribune  which  calls  attention 
to  the  statement  by  Charles  Lathrop  Pack 
on  the  need  of  a  national  forest  policy  and 
uses  figures  in  the  call,  "What  Shall  We  Do 
About  It?"  on  the  front  page  of  the 
American  Forestry  Magazine.  "The  sta- 
tastics  are  certainly  alarming,"  says  the 
Tribune.  "Of  850,000,000  acres  in  our  origi- 
nal forest  area  but  one-fourth  now  re- 
mains. Nor  is  an  adequate  supply  being 
grown.  So  it  is  up  to  the  people  as  in- 
dividuals. Apparently  despairing  of  getting 
a  national  forest  policy,  Mr.  Pack  makes 
an  appeal  to  his  fellow-citizens."  Accord- 
ing to  the  Florida  Times-Union,  "we  still 
refuse  to  learn   from  the  countries  of  the 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1409 


FOREST  FIRES  AND  "ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE 


9? 


Old  World  the  advisability  of   forest  con- 
servation."    The  value  of  a   forest  policy 
to  France  is  pointed  out  in  the  Evanston, 
III.,   News-Index,   which    says :     "If    there 
had  been  the  same  ruthless  destruction  of 
trees   there   as   there   has   been   here,   there 
would    have    been    little    wooded    territory 
left  for  the  emergency  in  which  the  future 
of    the   nation    lay   in   the   balance."     The 
Ohio   State   Journal   calls   attention   to   the 
year  by  year  stand  of  the  Association  for 
tree  planting  and  adds :   "War  brought  an 
unusual  demand  for  lumber  and  great  areas 
were  stripped  to  supply  pressing  needs. 
If  we  will  not  aid  in  growing  trees  we 
should  not  complain  if  growing  scarci- 
ty makes  us  pay  high  prices  for  lum- 
ber."   Forest  fires  come  in  for  a  great 
deal  of  attention  on  the  part  of  the  edi- 
tors.   "In  times  of  peace,  the  loss  of  fifty 
millions   in   property   at  a   single   time 
would   stir  the  world,"   says   the   Cin- 
cinnati Times-Star,  "but  we  have  be- 
come so  accustomed  to  colossal  figures, 
that  today,  we  take  but  passing  notice 
of    them.      Future    generations,    how- 
ever, will  take  notice  when  lumber  be- 
comes an  article  more  scarce  and  more 
expensive  even  than  it  is  today."     In 
the  Democrat  and  Chronicle  of  Roches- 
ter, the  editor  further  extends  the  in- 
vitation   of    the    American    Forestry 
Association    for   expressions    of    opin- 
ion on  a  national  forest  policy  and  in 
pointing    to    forest   fire    losses,    adds : 
"This  is  a  matter  of  the  first  import- 
ance.     There    is    enough    information 
now  in  the  hands  of  the  government 
and    other    forestry    agencies    to    cut 
down     fire     losses     materially."       The 
Cleveland  Press  calls  the  situation  "an 
appalling  indictment  of  American  care- 
lessness.   With  the  passing  of  our  for 
ests  we  will  lose  a  great  national  in- 
dustry that  yearly  employs  830,000  peo- 
ple  and   supplies   $1,500,000,000   worth 
of    products."     The    Toronto    Globe    sug- 
gests that  returning  soldiers  be  put  to  work 
in  fire  patrols.    The  Daily  Northwestern  of 
Oshkosh,  Wisconsin,  calls  attention  to  graz- 
ing sheep  and  their  ability  to  diminish  the 
fire  hazard.     The  Houston  Post  points  to 
fire  losses  and  says :    "It  was  a  stern   re- 
minder  that   provision    must   be   made    for 
better    fire    protection.      The    nation     will 
repent    its    folly    in    days    to   come,   in    ex- 
orbitant  lumber   prices."     The   Bulletin   of 
Maysville,    Kentucky,    says:     "We   are    de- 
stroying our   forests   much   faster  than   we 
are   planting   new   ones   and    renewing   old 
ones.      In    the    case    of    preventing    forest 
fires,  the  old  adage  that  an  ounce  of  pre- 
vention  is  worth   a  pound   of  cure  is  par- 
ticularly applicable,  for  the  cure  is  a  mat- 


ter of  decades."  In  the  opinion  of  the 
editor  of  the  Akron,  Ohio,  Press,  "forest 
fires  can  be  cut  in  two  if  human  careless- 
ness is  eliminated."  The  Post  of  Cincinnati, 
says  that  in  the  passing  of  our  forests  the 
"lumber  supply  will  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  timber  interests  of  Canada,"  and  "it 
does  not  require  many  fires,  such  as  now  are 
raging  in  the  northwest,  to  counteract  all 
efforts   at   conservation." 

As  to  roadside  planting  the  Chicago  Eve- 
ning Post  says :  "From  every  side  is  heard 
praise    for    the    American    Forestry    Asso- 


REAL  SERVICE 


Flushing  Daily  Times. 

The  announcement  by  A.  E.  Davenport, 
chief  of  the  construction  department  of  the 
Texas  Oil  Company,  that  the  fine  old  elm 
tree  on  the  Whitestone  avenue  side  of  the 
property  of  the  company  has  just  acquired 
would  not  be  destroyed,  will  be  appreciated 
by  every  resident  of  Flushing. 

That  the  tree  would  have  come  down  under 
ordinary  circumstances  cannot  be  doubted. 
The  Daily  Times,  in  calling  attention  to  the 
matter  the  day  the  announcement  was  made 
that  this  company  had  purchased  the  property 
and  was  planning  the  construction  of  a  big 
service  station,  at  once  crystallized  sentiment 
in   favor   of   saving   it. 

The  value  of  the  elm  as  a  specimen  of  its 
kind  is  demonstrated. by  the  active  interest  in 
its  behalf  by  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion. Although  located  in  Washington  and 
busily  concerned  with  the  larger  questions  of 
conserving  the  forests  of  the  country,  Mr. 
Ridsdale  did  not  hesitate  to  come  to  the  aid 
of  this  single  tree. 

The  value  of  the  service  frequently  rendered 
by  newspapers  to  the 'community  in  which  they 
are  located  and  of  the  worth  of  an  organiza- 
tion like  the  American  Forestry  Association 
are  so  clearly  demonstrated  in  this  instance 
that  further   comment   would   be   superfluous. 


ciation  for  the  good  service  it  is  doing  in 
linking  the  cause  of  roads  and  forestation. 
The  trees  are  intended  to  be  memorials 
for  our  soldiers  who  died  in  France  and 
to  their  comrades  who  have  come  home 
bearing  victory.  Roads  thus  shaded  and 
beautiful  are  called  "Roads  of  Remem- 
brance." In  the  Tribune  of  Salt  Lake  City 
we  find  that  "this  day,  fraught  as  it  is  with 
great  significance  to  the  people  of  Utah, 
seem  to  be  a  propitious  time  to  direct 
attention  to  the  work  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  in  its  efforts  to  foster 
the  'Roads  of  Remembrance'  idea.  Roads 
and  the  observance  of  this  pioneer  anni- 
versary go  well  together.  In  1847  roads 
were  the  crying  need  of  those  who  traversed 
the  great  plains  and  endured  untold  hard- 


ships to  bring  civilization  to  these  valleys." 
Speaking  of  the  Motor  Transport  Corps 
cross-country  demonstration,  the  Tribune 
continues :  "The  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation is  actively  interested  in  the  dem- 
onstration, its  immediate  aim  being  to 
promote  the  beautification  of  public  high 
ways  by  inducing  states,  counties,  and  rural 
communities  to  line  their  thoroughfares 
with  trees."  The  Journal  of  Minneapolis 
points  to  the  scenic  value  of  tree  planting 
and  says :  "The  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation has  taken  up  the  idea  of  tree 
planting  along  public  highways.  Aside 
from  the  sentiment  expressed  and  the 
loyalty  that  will  naturally  be  stimu- 
lated by  this  action,  the  increase  of 
trees  and  shaded  highways  will  add 
millions  to  the  scenic  value  of  the 
country  and  much  more  in  the  ma- 
terial value  of  the  trees  themselves.  It 
would,  indeed,  be  a  blessing  to  this 
land  if  these  'Roads  of  Remembrance' 
should  cause  us  to  plant  in  America  a 
tree  for  every  tree  destroyed  in  the 
war." 

"It  is  to  be  hoped."  says  the  Lincoln 
Star,  "that  the  American  people  wi' 
take  kindly  to  this  plan  of  the  Ameri- 
can Forestry  Association,  not  only  as 
a  matter  of  sentiment  but  also  as  a 
matter  of  common  sense."  The  editor 
of  the  Cincinnati  Enquirer  views  road 
side  tree  planting  in  this  way :  "Nor 
have  we  ever  been  able  to  think  of  a 
more  lovely  memorial  of  human  life 
nor  a  more  highly  appreciated  bene- 
faction than  such  a  collonade  of  trees." 
In  The  State  of  Columbia,  South  Caro- 
lina, we  find  the  editor  goes  into  dis- 
cussion with  the  New  York  Times  as 
to  the  value  of  various  trees  for 
memorial  highways.  The  State  con- 
cludes a  well-shaded  road  would  tend 
to  allay  the  speed  mania  for  "no  one 
wishes  to  dart  too  swiftly  through  an 
avenue  of  beauty."  The  Times  Recorder 
of  Americus,  Georgia,  points  to  the  hearty 
approval  that  has  been  given  the  Asso- 
ciation's plan. 

The  Times-Picayune  of  New  Orleans 
points  to  the  campaign  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association  to  restore  our  forests 
and  adds :  "We  realize,  even  more  than 
the  French,  the  necessity  of  forests,  and 
it  is  but  natural  that  we  should  seek  to 
have  the  two  improvements  go  hand  in  hand 
■ — reforestation  and  road  construction — and 
that  the  idea  of  planting  trees  along  side 
the  roads  should  be  strongly  advocated." 
The  Rcfublican-News  of  Hamilton,  Ohio, 
asks  "what  better  suggestion  than  that  of 
so-called  'Roads  of  Remembrance'  for 
memorials?" 


rr 


BUILT-UP  WOOD 


•>-> 


BY  O.  M.  BUTLER 


ASSISTANT  DIRECTOR,  FOREST  PRODUCTS  LABORATORY 


RESEARCH  in  forest  products,  stimulated  by  war 
requirements,  forecasts  a  far-reaching  movement  in 
the  peace-time  utilization  of  wood  in  new  forms. 
One  field  of  possibilities  in  particular  stands  out.  In  it 
lumbermen  and  foresters  should  be  especially  interested, 
because  rapid  advancement  within  the  next  ten  or  twenty 
years  may  be  expected,  and  developments  in  this  field 
may  have  a  marked  influence  on  the  industry  and  the 
profession.  This  domain  is  the  utilization  of  wood  in 
built-up  forms. 

The  trend  of  utilization  is  already  strong  in  this  direc- 
tion. Built-up  wood  is  by  no  means  new.  Before  the 
dawn  of  history,  the  Horse  of  Troy,  we  have  been  led 
to  believe,  was  a  built-up  wooden  "steed  of  tremendous 
height,"  and  on  through  the  ages  wood  has  been  used  in 
forms  that  were  "built-up"  in  one  sense  or  another.    The 


in  the  same  way.  During  the  war,  built-up  structural 
beams  were  approved  by  both  the  National  and  Chicago 
Boards  of  Fire  Underwriters  to  meet  the  shortage  of  the 
large  sizes  of  structural  timbers,  while  lattice  trusses  of 
light-weight  timber  with  the  principal  supporting  mem- 
bers made  of  built-up  stock  were  developed  for  govern- 
ment use  to  span  walls  as  far  as  ioo  feet  apart.  Recogniz- 
ing that  it  would  be  a  mistake  for  lumbermen  and  archi- 
tects generally  to  adopt  this  form  of  construction  without 
first  having  conclusive  data  as  to  the  efficiency  of  Specific 
types  or  standards  of  built-up  designs,  the  Forest  Prod- 
ucts Laboratory  now  has  under  way,  in  co-operation  with 
the  National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association,  a  series 
of  mechanical  tests  on  full-sized,  built-up  beams. 

A  number  of  factors  may  be  mentioned  as  influencing 
this  trend  toward  the  larger  use  of  built-up  wood.    New 


EXPERIMENTS  ARK  BEING  CONDUCTED  UPON  A  WIDE  VARIETY  OF  WOODKX  ARTICLES  AT  THE  FOREST  PRODUCTS  LABOR- 
ATORY TO  DETERMINE  THE  EXTENT  TO  WHICH  THEY  MAY  BE  MADE  FROM  LAMINATED  STOCK.  THE  AIRCRAFT  PROPELLED 
IS  TYPICAL  OF  THE  SUCCESSFUL  COMMERCIAL  APPLICATION  OF  LAMINATED  CONSTRUCTION.  THE  OTHER  ARTICLES  ARK  AS 
YET  PURELY  EXPERIMENTAL  IN  CHARACTER  ALTHOUGH  THE  TESTS  ALREADY  CONDUCTED  INDICATE  THE  POSSIBILITY  OF 
SECURING   VERY   SATISFACTORY   SERVICE   FROM   LAMINATED  ARTICLES. 


term,  as  here  used,  however,  refers  to  the  fabrication 
from  smaller  material  of  special  forms  or  types  of  lumber 
to  replace  or  to  serve  as  substitutes  for  full-sawn  or 
solid  material.  Two  general  methods  of  building  up 
wood  in  this  manner  are  now  in  use ;  one  employs  glue, 
and  the  other,  nails,  bolts,  wooden  pins,  and  other  forms 
of  fastenings,  to  hold  the  different  parts  or  laminations 
together. 

Glued  laminations  are  quite  widfely  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  a  great  variety  of  material  for  inside  pur- 
poses, such  as  furniture,  toys,  mill  work,  etc.;  but  it  has 
not  found  extensive  application  commercially  for  exterior 
or  semi-exterior  requirements,  because  the  ready  failure 
of  the  glue  used  when  joints  became  exposed  to  rain  or 
extreme  changes  of  moisture  conditions. 

Laminated  beams,  girders,  and  stringers  are  now  built 
up  of  thin  pieces  of  lumber  bolted  together  and  used  for 
structural  purposes  in  the  same  manner  as  solid  timbers 
of  the  same  cross  section.  Tension  members  in  truss 
design  and,  in  fact,  entire  trusses  have  also  been  built  up 

1410 


and  more  accurate  knowledge  of  the  mechanical  and 
physical  properties  of  wood  and  of  the  materials  and 
methods  essential  in  perfecting  built-up  construction  is 
stimulating  interest  in  its  commercial  possibilities.  The 
knowledge  gained  through  intensive  research  during  the 
war  relative  to  making  glues  of  great  strength  and  mois- 
ture-resistance and  relative  to  methods  of  conditioning 
and  protecting  wooden  laminations  or  parts  has  turned 
attention  to  the  possibilities  of  the  exterior  use  of  built- 
up  wood. 

A  second  factor  is  the  regional  depletion  of  forests 
and  the  necessity  that  manufacturing  plants  in  those  re- 
gions resort  to  closer  utilization  of  the  remaining  timber. 
Experience  has  shown  that  in  such  localities  utilization 
becomes  increasingly  intensive,  while  the  price  of  lumber 
likewise  increases,  thus  permitting  forms  of  utilization 
involving  increased  cost  to  manufacturers.  Closely  allied 
to  this  factor  is  the  decreasing  supply  of  large-sized  tim- 
ber from  which  solid  beams  or  timbers  in  structural  sizes 
can  readily  be  obtained.     War  demands  emphasized  only 


"BUILT-UP   WOOD" 


1411 


too  clearly  the  increasing  scarcity  of  high-grade  structural 
timber  and  the  necessity  of  providing  built-up  substitutes 
that  will  be  practically  as  serviceable  as  the  solid  material. 

A  third  factor — now  more  potential  than  immediate  in 
its  influence  but  which  in  the  long  run  will  undoubtedly 
exercise  great  pressure — is  the  growing  economic  neces- 
sity of  making  the  national  wood  supply  go  further  by 
utilizing  material  now  wasted  and  by  adopting  more  eco- 
nomical forms  of  construction  and  use. 

The  airplane  exemplifies  more  than  any  other  one 
thing  the  possibilities  of  built-up  wood.  It  represents 
accomplishment  under  the  propulsion  of  necessity  and 
intensive  application.  During  the  early  days  of  the  war 
and,  in  fact,  even  after  America's  entrance,  it  has  been-. 


BUT  LITTLE  IS  KNOWN  AT  PRESENT  CONCERNING  THE  EFFI- 
CIENCY OF  BUILT-UP  AXLES  AND  BOLSTERS  SUCH  AS  THOSE 
SHOWN  IN  THE  ILLUSTRATION.  THEY  WOULD  UNDOUBTEDLY 
BE  STRONG  ENOUGH  TO  DO  THE  WORK  EXPECTED  OF  THEM, 
BUT  NO  DATA  IS  AS  YET  AVAILABLE  TO  SHOW  HOW  MUCH 
RESISTANCE  THEY  WOULD  HAVE  AGAINST  EXPOSURE  TO  THE 
WEATHER   AM)    THE  SHOCKS  INCIDENT  TO  USE. 

said  thai  ISo  per  cent  of  the  French  propellers  had  to  be 
rejected  before  use  because  strains  and  stresses  in  the 
wood  brought  about  by  changing  moisture  conditions  had 
rendered  them  practically  useless.  The  propeller  proba- 
bly represents  the  most  refined  requirements  of  glued-up 
wood  from  the  standpoint  of  manufacturing  practice.  It 
is  essential  that  the  propeller  be  so  perfectly  manufac- 
tured and  finished  that  changing  weather  conditions  will 
not  pull  it  apart,  weaken  it,  or  even  throw  it  out  of  bal- 
ance or  trackage  to  an  infinitesimal  degree.  By  the  close 
of  the  war,  these  difficulties  had  been  largely  overcome 
through  intensive  studies  of  glues,  protective  wood  fin- 
ishes, and  the  effect  of  moisture  upon  wood. 

The  wing  beam  of  an  airplane  illustrates  another  major 
problem  in  the  use  of  glued-up  wood  because  it  must  meet 
very  precise  strength  requirements.  Despite  this  fact,  it 
was  found  by  experiments  that  laminations  of  spruce, 
glued-up  with  strong  waterproof  glue,  made  a  beam  which 
was  equal  in  strength  requirements  to  a  solid  beam  of  the 
same  dimension.  The  United  States,  England  and  France 
had  actually  approved  such  beams  in  their  specifications. 
While  laminated  beams  of  many  different  designs  were 
used  to  a  limited  extent  by  Germany  and  the  Allies  during 


the  early  years  of  the  war,  the  advantages  of  such  beams 
became  so  apparent  towards  the  end  of  the  war  that  sev- 
eral of  the  Allies  specified  them  to  the  exclusion  of  solid" 
beams.  While  there  are  at  present  no  glues  available  that 
are  equal  to  wood  in  tensile  strength,  it  is  possible  to  join 
wood  so  that  it  will  resist  tension  satisfactorily  by  making 
long  scarf  joints,  the  area  of  which  is  much  greater  than 
the  cross-sectional  area  of  the  pieces  to  be  glued.  Like- 
wise, scarf  joints  are  used  satisfactorily  in  beams,  where 
both  tension  and  compression  stresses  must  be  resisted. 
There  is,  of  course,  more  wastage  of  material  in  the  scarf. 
It  will  be  apparent  that  the  solution  of  the  problems 
involved  in  aircraft  manufacture  has  general  application 
in  many  other  directions  and  the  successful  development 
of  glued-up  wood  for  exterior  use  under  exacting  air- 
craft requirements  forecasts  with  seeming  certainty  its 
ultimate  application  to  the  diversified  wood-using  indus- 
tries. There  is,  however,  one  very  vital  problem  not 
encountered  in  airplane  manufacture,  and  that  is  success- 
ful protection  against  bacteria,  to  which  glued  joints  are 
now  particularly  subject,  especially  when  exposed  to 
conditions  of  dampness.     Recent  experiments,  however, 


IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  LAMINATED  BOWLING  PINS  THE 
MATERIAL  OF  THE  PROPER  SIZE  AND  KIND  IS  FIRST  SUR- 
FACED ON  TWO  SIDES  AND  THEN  GLUED  UP  INTO  A  BLOCK  AND 
SET  ASIDE  FOR  A  WEEK  OR  LONGER  TO  ENABLE  THEM  TO 
REACH  A  STATE  OF  EQUILIBRIUM. 

have  yielded  results  which  indicate  quite  conclusively  that 
it  is  possible  to  make  a  glue  which  will  be  both  waterproof 
and  bacteria-proof  without  decreasing  its  strength  prop- 
erties. 

The  successful  use  of  large  built-up  columns,  trusses, 
and  structural  timbers  of  similar  character  is  more  un- 
certain, on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  designing  satisfac- 
tory joints  and  fastenings  to  meet  the  tremendous  strains 
to  which  they  must  be  subjected.  Another  problem  at- 
tending their  use  is  the  shrinking  of  the  wood  after  they 
are  put  in  place  and  the  consequent  loosening  of  bolts  and 
joints.     Further  refinements  in  drying  practice,  however, 


1412 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


should  go  far  toward  solving  this  difficulty.  In  the  ex- 
periments now  under  way  to  determine  the  possibilities 
of  various  built-up  forms  for  heavy  structural  use  and 
the  efficiency  of  different  types  of  joints  and  fastenings, 
glued  laminations  are  not 
yet  being  used,  although  it 
is  not  improbable  that  when 
the  effect  of  aging  on  the 
strength  of  glue  becomes 
definitely  established,  glued 
joints  may  find  structural 
application. 

For  smaller  wooden  arti- 
cles, built-up  wood  has  im- 
mediate application  not 
only  in  replacing  solid  ma- 
terial but  in  extending  the 
utilization  of  small  sizes 
and  low  grades.  Some  of 
these  possibilities  are  for 
wagon  tongues,  bolsters, 
wheel  hubs  and  rims,  plow 
beams,  sled  runners,  auto- 
moblie  bodies,  gun  stocks, 
agricultural  implements,  ath- 
letic goods,  artificial  limbs, 
hat  blocks,  ladder  rails, 
shoe  lasts,  porch  columns 
and  outside  doors.  The 
Laboratory  has  already  made  up  as  experiments 
sets  of   maple  bowling  pins  and  shoe  lasts,   oak  wheel 


IN  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  LAMINATED  BOWLING  PINS  THE 
BLOCK  HAVING  BEEN  ROUGHED  OUT  ON  THE  BAND  SAW  IS 
PUT  IN  THE  TURNING  LATHE  AND  TURNED  TO  THE  PROPER 
PATTERN.  AFTER  A  SUITABLE  FINISH  HAS  BEEN  APPLIED  THE 
PINS  ARE  READY  FOR  TEST. 


mercial  practicability  will  undoubtedly  time  its  wide- 
spread or  general  adoption.  As  a  manufacturing  process, 
laminated  construction  is  in  a  great  many  cases  more 
expensive  than  solid-wood  construction,  and  there  is  an 

element  of  waste  in  the 
large  amount  of  saw  kerf. 
It  would  appear  offhand 
that,  so  long  as  present  dif- 
ferentials in  the  prices  of 
thin  and  thick  lumber  and 
in  various  species  prevail, 
built-up  wood  will  have 
great  difficulty  generally  in 
meeting  competition.  But 
this  is  not  altogether  the 
case  and  for  the  following 
reasons : 

1.  The  drying  or  seasoning 
costs  are  lessened  by  laminated 
construction  since  thin  lumber 
can  be  much  more  rapidly  dried 
and  with  less  loss  than  thick 
lumber. 

2.  The  manufacturing  loss 
in  solid  wood,  especially  where 
steam  bending  is  required,  as 
in  wheel  rims  and  certain  kinds 
of  furniture,  promises  to  be 
very  greatly  reduced  by  lami- 
nated construction. 

3.  Scrap    ends     and     waste 
material     may     often     be     fully     utilized     in     built-up     wood. 

4.  In  the  manufacturing  of  certain  articles  now  requiring 
select  high  grades,  low  grades  obtained  at  cheaper  prices  may 
be  substituted. 

5.  Built-up  wood  makes  possible  better  and  more  uniform 
seasoning  of  stock,  and  this  in  turn,  makes  possible  a  more 
serviceable    article    and    tends    to    eliminate    price    competition. 

6.  The  location  of  the  nation's  main  sources  of  timber  supply 
in  the  far  West  will  tend  to  make  possible  the  local  utilization 
of    built-up    wood    from    other    species    in    eastern    and    middle 


f  \  JBfi 

-                      B^^^^^ 

fHgi  -A  ***  aA 

KK^mSmmi 

LAMINATED  BOWLING  PINS  READY  FOR  TEST.  THE  TEST  CON- 
SISTS OF  ACTUAL  SERVICE  IN  A  BOWLING  ALLEY,  A  RECORD 
BEING  KEPT  OF  THE  NUMBER  OF  GAMES  PLAYED  WITH  THE 
PINS. 

rims,  wagon  bolsters  and  tongues  and  walnut  gun  stocks. 
These  articles  are  now  made  commercially  from  solid 
wood,  but  the  experiments  are  in  laminated  construc- 
tion, with  the  use  of  waterproof  casein  glue  in  some  cases 
and  blood  albumin  in  others.  The  bowling  pins,  under 
actual  preliminary  test  in  a  local  alley  at  Madison,  gave 
the  same  service  as  the  solid  pins.  The  testing  of  the 
other  laminated  articles  has  not  yet  been  completed. 

While  the  field  for  laminated  construction  of  the  fore- 
going character  is  very  extensive,  the   factor  of  com- 


AFTER  250  GAMES  THESE  LAMINATED  HOWLING  PINS  ARK  STILL 
IN  SERVICEABLE  CONDITION,  IN  FACT  THIS  PARTICULAR  SET 
IS,  TO  ALL  INTENTS  AND  PURPOSES  THE  EQUAL  OF  SOLID  PINS. 

western  regions,  at  prices  comparable  with  or  even  below  those 
of  solid  wood  shipped  in  from  distant  regions. 

These  conditions,  it  will  be  apparent,  will  have  a  direct 
bearing  upon   the   final   costs   of   built-up   wood.      It   is 


"BUILT-UP   WOOD" 


1413 


significant  that  even  under  the  price  conditions  existing 
today  a  suprisingly  large  number  of  laminated  articles,  by 
efficient  utilization  and  manufacture,  is  being  produced 
and  marketed  in  competition  with  the  solid  form  of  con- 
struction. 

Another  factor  with  which  built-up  wood  will  have  to 
contend  for  its  general  adoption  is  that  of  buyers'  preju- 
dice or  custom.  Custom  has  a  strong  hold  upon  the 
average  person,  particularly  the  rural  citizen,  in  relation 
to  the  tools  and  equipment  which  he  uses  in  his  work. 
The  average  farmer,  for  example,  will  have  to  be  shown 
that  a  laminated  wagon  tongue  or  bolster  is  serviceable 
and  "worth  the  money."  In  the  immediate  development  of 
markets  for  built-up  wood  intended  to  replace  solid 
wood,  price  competition 
will,  therefore,  be  neces- 
sary to  establish  the  ser- 
viceability of  many  articles. 

To  the  average  forester 
and  lumberman  a  general 
transition  to  built-up  wood 
probably  appears  far  dis- 
tant or  doubtful.  The 
limits  of  its  commercial 
practicability  are,  to  be 
sure,  indeterminate  and 
problematical,  but,  from 
the  standpoint  of  satisfac- 
tory service,  there  seem  to 
be  no  limits  to  its  possible 
substitution  for  most  forms 
of  solid  wood.  Even  built- 
up  railroad  ties  and  tele- 
phone poles,  while  extreme 
examples,  are  by  no  means 
beyond  the  realm  of  possi- 
bility. Further  research 
may  be  counted  upon  to 
make  available  glues  that 
will  be  absolutely  imperv- 
ious to  moisture  and  bac- 
teria, and  to  determine  ac- 
curately the  factors  of 
safety  for  all  different 
types  and  forms  of  built- 
up  wood.  It  will  then 
become  possible  to  use  it 
with  intelligence,  economy, 
fail  to  be  impressed  by  the  possibilities  of  built-up  wood 
as  a  factor  of  utilization.  Not  only  would  it  make  pos- 
sible the  saving  of  a  large  percentage  of  present  woods 
and  mill  waste,  but  conceivably  it  would  revolutionize 
beneficially  the  present  milling  and  grading  practices  for 
many  species.  Select  and  clear  material,  the  value  of 
which  is  now  lost  in  under-sizes  or  discounted  by  low 
grade  classification,  could  be  utilized  and  valued  on  the 
basis  of  the  number  of  clear  cuttings  produced,  the 
method  being  somewhat  the  same,  only  far  more  inten- 
sive ;  as  that  now  used  with  the  more  valuable  hardwoods 
and   shop  grades  of   softwoods.     This  general   practice 


TWO  TYPES  OF  LAMINATED  SHOE  LASTS  ARE  ILLUSTRATED  IN 
THIS  PHOTOGRAPH.  THE  UPPER  LAST  IS  MADE  WITH  VERTI- 
CAL LAMINATIONS  AND  THE  LOWER  ONE  WITH  HORIZONTAL 
LAMINATIONS.  THESE  LASTS  ARE  USED  IN  THE  MANUFACTURE 
OF  SHOES  AND  RECEIVE  A  MUCH  HARDER  SERVICE  THAN  THE 
ORDINARY  SHOE  TREE.  THE  SOLID  LASTS  ARE  USUALLY  MADE 
OF  MAPLE  AND  BIRCH  AND  THE  LOSSES  INCURRED  IN  THE 
SEASONING  OF  THE  BLOCKS  AND  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  THE 
LASTS  ARE  NORMALLY  RATHER  GREAT.  SEVERAL  SHOE  FAC- 
TORIES ARE  COOPERATING  WITH  THE  FOREST  PRODUCTS 
LABORATORY  IN  TESTING  OUT  THE  SERVICEABILITY  OF  THE 
LAMINATED  LASTS.  WHILE  NO  DEFINITE  RESULTS  HAVE  AS 
YET  BEEN  OBTAINED,  PRESENT  INDICATIONS  ARE  THAT  LAM- 
INATED LASTS.  BUILT  UP  WITH  WATER-RESISTANT  GLUES 
WILL  BE  QUITE  SATISFACTORY. 

and    safety.      One    cannot      and    utilization    standards, 


would,  in  turn,  stimulate  similar  refinement  in  stump- 
age  valuation  and  would  go  far  toward  valuing  the  tree 
on  its  actual  contents  of  clear  material.  In  brief,  the  in-- 
fluence  of  defects  upon  surrounding  clear  material  would 
be  reduced  to  an  almost  negligible  minimum,  while  milling 
practices  would  automatically  be  adjusted  to  an  intensive 
manufacture  either  of  small-dimension  material  for  lami- 
nated manufacture  in  the  wood-using  industries  or  to 
standardized  built-up,  ready-to-use  building  lumber  for 
the  retail  trade,  or  both.  Furthermore,  other  species  of 
wood  now  more  or  less  unusable  could  be  brought  into 
use — eucalyptus,  for  example,  because  of  the  practica- 
bility of  drying  it  satisfactorily  in  small  dimensions. 
A  general  utilization  movement  of   the  intensiveness 

suggested  above  would  nat- 
urally exercise  a  direct  in- 
fluence upon  the  practice  of 
forestry.  Instead  of  man- 
aging timber  lands  on  long 
rotations,  the  raising  of 
young  forests  under  short 
rotations  would  be  practi- 
cable, and  foresters  in 
working  out  their  silvicul- 
tural  plans  would  give  spe- 
cial weight  in  the  selection 
of  species  to  their  economic 
value  for  laminated  or 
built-up  use.  Short  rota- 
tions, in  most  instances, 
mean  greater  quantity  pro- 
duction, higher  financial  re- 
turns from  forest  invest- 
ments, and  enhanced  soil 
values,  while  a  wider  range 
of  species  utilization,  which 
laminated  construction 
makes  possible,  would  tend 
further  to  increase  quantity 
production. 

Forestry  has  great  diffi- 
culty in  many  regions  in 
commending  itself  as  a 
profitable  or  desirable  fi- 
nancial investment  because 
of  the  long  rotations  neces- 
sitated by  present  lumber 
but  built-up  wood  would 
largely  remove  that  difficulty  by  making  practicable  com- 
paratively short  rotations  for  all  species  and  the  greater 
utilization  of  quick-growing  and  so-called  inferior  species 
now  discredited  with  the  trade  and  of  low  commercial 
value.  It  would,  therefore,  transform  many  now  un- 
attractive forest  projects  from  unprofitable  to  profitable 
investments  and  stimulate  the  practice  of  private  forestry 
in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

The  utilization  of  young  forests  naturally  raises  many 
questions  relative  to  seasoning,  durability,  mechanical 
properties,  etc.  One  is  apt  to  think  that  it  will  intensify 
drying  difficulties  on  account  of  the  increase  in  percent- 


1414 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


agt-  of  sapwood,  bat  such  is  not  the  case.  On  the  other 
hand,  sapwood  simplifies  the  drying  problem  because  of 
the  fact  that  it  dries;  more  easily  and  better  than  heart- 
wood.  Likewise,  the  sapwood  of  most  species,  excepting 
that  of  hemlock,  white  spruce,  and  certain  fir,  takes  pre- 
servative treatment  better  than  heartwood,  although  it 
is  not  probable  that  this  greater  penetration  will  give 
greater  durability  than  well-treated  heartwood.  While 
in  the  case  of  most  hardwoods,  second-growth  young 
timber  is  superior  in  strength  quality  to  older  or  mature 
timber,  this  is  not  true  for  all  conifers.  In  fact,  the 
reverse  is  more  nearly  the  rule,  but  the  differences  are 
not  too  great  or  serious  to  be  met  satisfactorily  by  devel- 
oping methods  and  standards  of  laminated  construction 
in  accordance  with  which  the  required  strength  for  spe- 
cific purposes  will  be  obtained. 

From  the  broad  standpoint  of  forest  conservation, 
built-up  wood  justifies  thoughtful  public  and  professional 
consideration.  The  tremendous  annual  loss  to  the  nation 
of  wood  wasted  under  present  methods  of  logging,  milling 
and  manufacture,  is  like  the  weather;  it  is  much  talked 
about  but  relatively  little  is  done  about  it.  For  every  foot 
of  wood  utilized  we  have  to  admit  that  two  feet  are 
wasted  in  woods,  mill  and  factory.  At  the  same  time 
lumbermen  admit  that  ten  years  hence  the  remaining 
large  bodies  of  southern  pine  will  be  cut  out.  The  coun- 
try's main  storehouse  of  timber  will  then  be  the  west 
coast,  two  to  three  thousand  miles  removed  from  the 
principal  consuming  markets  of  the  country.  When  that 
comes  to  be  the  case,  the  East  and  Middle  West  will 
begin  to  feel  the  full  effect  on  the  price  of  lumber  gen- 
erally of  a  transportation  cost  of  from  $10  to  $20  per 
thousand  feet.  Furthermore,  public  measures  making 
mandatory  the  more  economical  utilization  of  our  forest 
resources  may  be  expected  in  a  relatively  few  years.  It 
is,  therefore,  wise  and  forehanded  to  determine  in  the 
meantime  the  directions  along  which  a  sane  and 
sound  national  utilization  policy  for  the  future  may 
be  shaped. 


H 


"NAPOLEON  WILLOW"  DYING 

EAVY  with  memories  of  Napoleonic  glory  and 
whispers  of  quiet  St.  Helena,  the  old  tree  which 
came  from  the  aisle  of  willows  at  the  Emperor's  grave 
some  forty  years  ago  as  a  slender  shoot  to  be  trans- 
planted to  the  Woodside  estate  of  John  Morris  Phillips 
is  dying.  Today  it  is  in  the  care  of  the  city  of  Newark, 
part  of  the  little  park  at  Elwood  Place  which  the  Phillips 
estate  presented  to  the  city  in  1892,  and  tree  surgeons  are 
busy  on  the  tree,  with  cement  for  the  gaping  cavity  at 
the  base  of  its  trunk  and  all  the  remedies  known  to 
science.  But  the  willow,  which  has  aged  early,  is  world 
weary,  and  its  wide,  drooping  branches  are  symbolic  of 
a  fast  and  steady  decline. 

In  the  days  when  the  old  Phillips  estate,  which  holds 
a  place  in  the  city's  history  for  200  years,  dominated  the 
Woodside  section  with  its  twenty  green  acres.  John 
.Morris  Phillips,  lover  of  beautiful  trees  and  shrubs,  took 
delight  in  putting  out  new  ones  from  his  fine  nursery. 
Besides    trees,,  he    had   another    enthusiasm — Napoleon 


Photograph  by   courtesy  of  the  Nrwark  Bvtning  Nrms 

THE   FAMOUS   "NAPOLEON  WILLOW"   AT  ELWOOD    PLACE 
The  photograph   shows  the  dying  branches  on    the   wonderful   old   tree. 

Bonaparte.  Fine  prints  of  the  little  Corsican,  memoirs 
and  documents  galore  bearing  upon  his  career,  were 
stored  up  at  the  Phillips'  homestead  in  a  collection  that 
never  seemed  to  stop  growing.  But  one  day  there  came 
an  incident  that  combined  the  two  loves  of  John  Morris 
Phillips — a  friend  of  his  who  had  gone  on  a  trip  around 
the  world  had  stopped  off  at  St.  Helena  and  there  taken 
a  shoot  from  the  clump  of  willows  that  surrounded  the 
great  exile's  original  burial  place. 

The  young  tree  was  duly  set  out  on  the  broad  lawn 
facing  Elwood  Place,  and  from  that  time  on  it  was  the 
favorite  of  old  Mr.  Phillips.  Set  in  among  the  elms  and 
maples  in  what  is  now  a  city  park,  it  is  still  the  aristocrat 
of  the  lawn.  Thirty-five  years  ago  Mr.  Phillips  died, 
and  the  estate  today  is  not  of  the  size  that  it  used  to  be. 
Neither  have  the  same  understanding  hands  that  cared 
for  the  willow  been  there  to  care  for  it  in  the  old  way, 
for  the  Napoleonic  tradition  died. 

City  officials  may  worry  about  it — Carl  Bannwart  of 
the  Shade  Tree  Department  has  ordered  that  it  be  given 
special  care — attendants  may  potter  around  at  the  broad 
base  of  its  trunk,  and  the  curious  may  speculate,  but  the 
willow  of  St.  Helena  is  dying. 


TREES   AND   THE   HIGHWAYS 

BY  PHILIP  P.  SHARPLES 

ROAD  ENGINEERING  EXPERT  OF  THE  BARRETT  COMPANY 


A  MAX    from    New    England    carries    through    the 
length  of  his  life  a  picture  of  a  village  street  with 
high  arching  elms  overhead  beneath  whose  grateful 
shade  he  was  wont  to  linger  on  his  way  from  school  in 
the  first  hot  days  of  June.     The  elm  is  still  there  and 
ever  will  be  the  most  attractive  tree  for  highway  planting. 

Highways  are  built  not  for  today,  but  for  tomorrow 
in  a  long  vista  into  the  future.  It  behooves  the  engineer 
of  today  to  look  ahead.  He 
can  lay  out  a  highway  in 
the  most  approved  fashion 
and  put  upon  it  a  surface 
adapted  to  the  traffic  of  the 
minute,  but  in  the  end  the 
only  permanent  part  of  the 
way  is  the  location  and 
this  our  experience  tells  us 
is  likely  to  be  handed  down 
through  the  generations  to 
come. 

What  more  fitting  gift 
can  we  bestow  upon  pos- 
terity than  the  chance  to 
enjoy  roadways  well  locat- 
ed and  lined  with  noble 
trees  ! 

The  details  of  tree  plant- 
ing require  the  co-operation 
of  the  engineer,  the  land- 
scape architect  and  the  for- 
ester. Rare  is  the  man  who 
combines  the  talents  of  all 
three  and  the  majority  of 
trees  must  be  planted  on  an 
experience  and  common 
sense  basis. 

The  engineer  must  de- 
termine the  width  of  the 
road  and  the  likelihood  of 
change  so  that  the  trees 
may  be  placed  where  they 
will  not  be  disturbed  in 
the  future.  It  is  also  up  to  him  to  tell  if  there  should 
be  planted  trees  of  varieties  that  give  dense  shade,  or,  if 
such  trees  should  be  placed  only  on  the  north  side  of 
the  road,  for  there  are  road  locations  that  require  sun 
and  warmth  to  keep  their  surfaces  in  traversable  condi- 
tion the  year  through.  It  may  be  necessary  in  swampy 
forest  locations  to  ruthlessly  cut  the  trees  away  from 
the   sides  of   the  road  to  prevent   too  much   dampness. 

The  landscape  architect  must  decide  the  most  effec- 
tive placing  of  the  trees,  not  alone  for  the  present,  but, 
with  his  imaginative  eye,  for  the  future.     He  must  also 


decide  the  kind  of  tree  suited  to  the  view  'and  to  the 
surroundings.  Elms  may  be  desired  or  a  quicker  grow- 
ing tree  like  the  maple  or  the  linden.  A  swampy  soil  may 
call  for  the  weeping  willow  or  swamp  maple.  His 
problems  are  numerous,  from  the  placing  of  an  elm  in 
New  England  to  the  designation  of  eucalyptus  and  palms 
in  southern  California.  He  may  even  throw  up  his 
hands   and    tell   you   that   neither   the   giant   cactus   nor 

the  live  oak  will  thrive  and 
there  can  be  no  successful 
planting  without  irrigation. 
The  Lincoln  Highway  has 
miles  and  miles  of  these 
problems  in  Nebraska, 
Wyoming,  Utah  and  Neva- 
da. Nothing  but  sage 
brush  grows  and  yet  even 
that,  as  vegetation,  has  a 
charm  in  the  desert. 

The  landscape  architect 
has  other  subjects  than 
trees  to  consider  and,  per- 
haps, the  time  is  not  far 
distant  when  shrubs  and 
flowers  may  be  considered 
for  our  roadsides  in  our 
more  settled  communities. 

The  hawthorne  hedges 
and  the  roadside  gardening 
of  old  England  are  ex- 
amples for  the  future.  The 
possibilities  in  this  country 
are  not  indicated  in  the 
park  work  of  our  larger 
cities. 

The  forester  (and  the 
arboriculturist  is  included) 
must  indicate  the  kinds  of 
trees  suited  to  soil  and 
locality,  which  ones  will 
stand  drouth  and  which 
ones  water.  He  must  indi- 
cate the  kinds  that  must  grow  in  groups  for  self-protec- 
tion and  which  opes  can  stand  alone  battling  the  winds,  a 
sentinel  and  a  landmark  on  some  commanding  hill.  He 
too  must  devise  the  plans  for  transplanting  and  must 
attend  the  nurslings  until  they  are  established  and  care 
for  them  in  the  future. 

In  contemplating  the  future,  let  us  not  forget  to  save 
and  cherish  what  we  already  have.  The  engineer  should 
attempt  to  save  the  noble  specimen  on  a  new  location,  the 
landscape  architect  should  attempt  to  utilize  foliage 
already  on  the  location  and  the  forester  should  attempt 


THE  MONARCH  OF  FOREST  TREKS 

Redwood*  on    the  California  State   Highway,   mar   Miranda.     As   Mr.   Sharp- 

Irs    says,    the    reconstruction    of    the    battle    areas    in     France     is    an    easy 
task  compared  to  replacing  such  trees  as  these. 


1415 


1416 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


ON    THE    WILLIAM    PENN    HIGHWAY,    NEAR    YELLOW 
PENNSYLVANIA 


SPRINGS, 


This   gives   a   good    idea   of   what   needs   to   be   done    to   make   our    motor 
routes   "Roads   of  Remembrance." .  Note   the  most   unattractive 


.    of  Remembrance."     - 
stretch  of  barns  and  teleeraoh  noles  on  the  rieht  of  the   road. 


to  save  for  the  future  what  our  ancestors  have  left  us. 

The  national  forest  reservations  are  a  wonderful  step 
in  saving  for  the  future  some  of  the  beauties  nature  has 
bestowed  upon  us.  More  must  be  done.  The  great  state 
highway  project  should  be  made  to  mean  more,  and  in 
building  such  highways  advan- 
tage should  be  taken  of  natural 
beauties  that  can  be  preserved. 

In  Humbolt  County,  Cali- 
fornia, a  new  state  highway  is 
in  process  of  construction.  It  is 
flanked  with  noble  redwoods 
dating  from  before  the  time  of 
Christ.  Unless  public  sentiment 
bestirs  itself,  the  trees  along  this 
great  aisle  of  the  cathedral  of  the 
woods  are  doomed  to  the  saw 
and  the  mill.  The  man-made 
buildings  destroyed  in  devastated 
France  are  easier  to  restore  than 
one  of  these  ancient  monarchs  of 
the  forest. 

The  problems  of  tree  planting 
and  tree  saving  have  only  been 
briefly  touched  upon.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  example  of 
France  and  England  may  not  be 
lost  on  our  soldiers  who  have 
been   across   and   that   we   may 


look  forward  to  roads  and  streets  better  kept  and  more 
artistically  treated. 

THE  COMMUNITY  AND  ROADS  OF 
REMEMBRANCE 

POSSIBILITIES  of  highway  tree  planting  pointed 
■*■  out  by  Philip  P.  Sharpies  in  the  article  are  only 
limited  to  the  number  of  miles  a  road  may  extend. 
The  community  spirit  that  was  reborn  of  the  war  may, 
with  the  planting  of  "Roads  of  Remembrance,"  be  kept 
alive  and  bring  about  a  more  united  country.  The  great 
burden  of  our  roads  is  civilization.  A  striking  example 
of  what  may  be  done  is  seen  in  the  plan  worked  out  at 
Dryden,  Michigan,  by  Major-General  George  O.  Squier, 
chief  signal  officer  of  the  United  States  Army.  The 
General  took  a  green  scum  covered  mill  pond  and  con- 
verted it  into  a  beauty  spot  by  building  a  miniature 
dam.  A  small  club  house  was  erected  on  the  side  of 
a  hill.  The  General  demonstrated  right  in  his  own  home 
town  that  the  beauties  of  a  place  are  seldom  seen  by  the 
people  who  live  there.  The  result  was  that  the  little  club 
house  has  become  a  real  country  club  and  it  is  the  meet- 
ing place  of  the  farmers  of  that  county.  The  boys  and 
girls  of  the  farm  community  now  enjoy  this  interesting 
place.  Let  our  good  roads  program  include  such  com- 
munity centers  and  the  planting  of  memorial  trees  such 
as  General  Squier  is  going  to  have  planted  at  his  home 
town  and  we  will  shortly  have  a  transformed  farming 
community. 

Nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  is  alive  to  these 
possibilities  and  various  organizations  are  backing  plans 
for  memorial  drives  and  victory  highways.  The  Rotary 
Club  at  Bluefield,  West  Virginia,  is  one  of  the  first 
branches  of  that  organization  to  plan  a  memorial  drive 


A  BEAUTIFUL  STRETCH  OK  ROAD  AT  TOPSFIELD,  MASSACHUSETTS 


This  shows  the  wonderful  possibilities  for   Memorial  Tree   planting  along  the   good  roads  now   under  con- 
struction.    Compare  this  picture   with   that  of  the   William  Penn  Highway   in    Pennsylvania. 


THE  COMMUNITY  AND   ROADS  OF  REMEMBRANCE 


1417 


although  the  Detroit  Rotary  Club  has  planted  memorial 
trees  for  its  members.  The  Rotary  Club  of  Hamilton, 
Ohio,  is  going  in  for  tree  planting  as  a  memorial  on  an 
even  bigger  scale  for  that  organization  will  plant  memorial 
trees  for  the  soldiers  of  Butler  County.  Perhaps  one 
of  the  most  unique  forms  of  hearty  response  to  the  call 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  for  memorial  tree 
planting  is  found  in  the  Burroughs  Clearing  House  maga- 
zine. This  publication,  which  goes  to  the  banks  and 
bankers  of  the  country  and  is  devoted  to  office  manage- 
ment and  efficiency,  gives  a  full  page  to  "Roads  of  Re- 
membrance" and  urges  the  bankers  of  the  country  to 
visualize  the  possibilities  for  a  better  country  and  better 
business  in  the  building  of  good  roads  and  their  beauti- 
fication. 

Frederick  Stuart  Greene,  State  Commissioner  of  High- 
ways for  New  York,  has  outlined  a  plan  whereby  his 
department  will  plant  fruit  and  nut  bearing  trees  along 
the  roads.    On  this  point  Commissioner  Greene  says : 

"The  productive  fruit  or  nut  from  these  trees  would 
be  ripened  at  just  about  the  time  we  now  lay  off  our 
patrolmen  or  repair  gangs  and  instead  of  laying  these 
men  off  they  could  be  used  to  harvest  the  crops  which 
the  trees  produce  and  with  the  number  of  trucks  which 
the  government  is  now  turning  over  to  the  department 
these  crops  could  be  quickly  and  economically  transported 
to  markets. 

"The  yield  from  trees  planted  along  our  highways 
represents  but  a  small  part  of  their  value  to  the  State. 
There  are  few  things  we  can  do  toward  lengthening  the 
life  of  a  road  more  effective  than  the  planting  of  trees 
so  that  the  pavement  is  shaded.  On  some  of  our  mid- 
summer days  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  a  temperature  of 
from  115  to  125  degrees  on  the  pavement  itself  where 
it  is  subjected  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  whereas  the 
same  pavement  under  the  shade  of  a  tree  will  show  at 
the    same    time    not    more    than    90    degrees    of    heat. 


WHAT  LARGE  M ANLFACTURING  CONCERNS  CAN   DO   I.N   MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING 


This  picture  shows  the  avenue  leading  to  the  works  of  Henry  Disston  &  Sons,  Inc.,  of  Philadelphia. 
The  management  planted  this  avenue  of  Norway  maples  twenty-three  years  ago.  Why  cannot  every 
manufacturing  plant  in  the  country  plant  a  memorial  avenue  in  honor  of  their  men  who  offered  their 
Jives  to  their  country? 


By  American   Photo   Service. 

PERSHING  PLANTS  A  MEMORIAL  TREE 

One  of  the  first  things  (after  the  cheering)  when  General  John  J.  Pershing 
arrived  in  New  York  from  over  seas,  was  the  planting  of  a  memorial 
tree  in  Central  Park.  This  pin  oak  from  the  Amawalk  Nursery  was 
planted  as  a  memorial  to  the  men  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  war.  The 
General  also  planted  a  memorial  tree  in  Independence  Square,  Philadelphia. 

"It  is  during  these  hot  days  that  we  most  frequently 
get  our  sudden  showers.  The  temperature  of  the  water 
from  one  of  these  showers  runs  from  about  65  to  70 
degrees.  On  an  unshaded  pavement  we  have,  therefore,  a 
sudden  drop  in  temperature  from  say  120  degrees  to  65 
degrees,  or  55  full  degrees.  On  a  pavement  protected 
by  the  shade  of  trees  we  have  a 
drop  of  from  90  to  60  degrees, 
or  a  total  of  30  degrees,  just  one- 
half  the  change  in  temperature 
of  an  exposed  pavement. 

"The  stress  and  amount  of 
shrinkage  set  up  in  a  pavement 
which  is  subjected  to  the  sudden 
change  of  55  degrees  are  a  detri- 
ment to  any  type  of  road.  Fur- 
ther than  this,  with  an  unexposed 
pavement  this  sudden  change  in 
temperature  is  more  gradual,  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  leaves  of  the 
trees  retard  the  water  to  some 
extent  and  the  pavement  does 
not  get  the  full  rainfall  at  one 
blow." 

The  soldiers,  now  back  from 
France,  are  the  strongest  advo- 
cates of  good  roads  for  they 
know  their  value  as  perhaps  no 
other  one  set  of  men   know  it. 


1418 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


This  point  of  view  is  told  in  the  Anioroc  News,  which  was 
published  by  the  American  Army  of  Occupation  at 
Coblenz  in  these  words: 

"The  most  urgent  necessity  of  our  country  is  good 
roads — permanent  roads  that  can  be  used  twelve  months 
in  each  year.  The  roads  of  America  today  are  abso- 
lutely inadequate,  inefficient,  and  antiquated.  They  are 
not  designed  to  carry  heavy  traffic.  It  is  a  vital  problem, 
this  question  of  good  roads,  one  that  reaches  down  into 
the  very  foundation  of  our  social  and  economic  scheme  of 
life,  for  roads  are  the  clearing  houses  for  the  various 
States  and  the  only  means  of  free  travel.     Our  national 


municipalities  have  planned  their  own  memorial  highways 

or  victory  drives.  In  St.  Albans.  Vermont,  for  example, 
a  memorial  avenue  a  half  mile  long  has  been  planted 
by  the  Woman's  Club.  At  Bridgeton,  New  Jersey,  a 
drive  has  been  planted  with  trees  in  honor  of  that  town's 
heroes.  These  tree  plantings  are  being  reported  to  the 
American  Forestry  Association  for  registration  on  the 
National  Honor  Roll  of  trees  the  association  is  compiling. 
Street  tree  planting  has  been  taken  up  anew  and  a  fine 
opening  for  the  community  spirit  is  found  in  the  neigh- 
bors along  a  street  or  a  block  getting  together  and  de- 
ciding to  beautify   their  surroundings.     The  movement 


1917 --WORLD  WAR-- 1918 


SCHOOL 
HOUSE 


ft  ft 

CORP  FRANK  McNAMARA  JOHN  CONNELl 


ft 

FRANCIS    CARBERRY 


ft  ft 

EARL   KEARNEY       FRANK  KEARNEY 

ft 

S'G'T  FRANK  D.V-COUGHLIN 

ft  ft 

ALFRED  KEARNEY    JOSEPH  J  KEARNEY 


r  is 

f   ^ 

mi 

» 

W:-] 

*-N 


ft 
CLARENCE  KINGSTON 


ft 
ARZIE  GILLESPIE 


CLARENCE  MILLER 


LIEUT.  FRANCIS  TRACY 

KILLED  IN  ACTION 


ft  ft 

DANIEL  MAHONEY    LIEUT.  URBAN  LAVERY 

ft 

LIEUT.  PAUL  LAVERY 

ft  ft 

SIDNEY  E.HARVEY  LIEUT.JAMES  F.LAVERY 


ACADIA   SCHOOL 


This   bronze    tablet    (without   the   picture    inserts)    is   one   of  the   most   unique    memorials    marking    memorial    tree    planting    in    the    United    .State 
The  tablet  hangs   in  the   Acadia  School,   at   Lavery^  Pennsylvania,  and   each    star   on    the   tablet    marks    where,   in    tin-    school    yard,  a   memorial    tre 

an   oak.     T 

Raycroft,    was   chairman    of   the   dedication    committee 


has  been  planted   in   honor  of  the  former  pupils.     There   is  one   star  in   gold,   that  of   Lieut    Francis   Tracy,   who   was  killed    m   action.     This   tree 

The   others   are    maples.     Lieut.   Tracy    was   killed    in    the    Argonnc    on    his    thirty-fifth    birthday.      The    other    insert,    Mrs.    Annie     Lavery 

From    all    over    Erie   county    hundreds   came    to    the    dedication. 


prosperity  demands  that  this  disadvantage  of  roads  be 
overcome.  This  can  only  be  done  by  honest  legislators 
making  laws,  the  enforcement  of  which  shall  be  placed 
in  the  hands  of  men  who  have  passed  the  test,  by  service 
in  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  highways." 

With  nearly  a  billion  dollars  appropriated  from  one 
source  or  another  for  good  roads  the  opportunity  for 
beautifying  these  roads  comes  right  now.  The  move- 
ment is  well  underway  and  growing  every  day.     Many 


has  spread  around  the  world  for  the  American  Forestry 
Association  has  just  received  word  that  New  Zealand  has 
plans  under  way  for  "Roads  of  Remembrance"  following 
a  meeting  of  borough  council  presidents  and  automobile 
officials  called  by  P.  J.  Luke,  the  Mayor  of  Wellington. 
One  road  under  discussion  is  between  Wellington  and 
Auckland,  straight  across  the  dominion.  Take  up  the 
work  in  your  community  and  start  the  movement  going  as 
a  representative  of  the  American   Forestry  Association. 


THE  LOONS  AND  GREBES 

(Families  Caviidae  and  Colymbidae) 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.  D. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  COKNELL  UNIVERSITY 


"A: 


S  crazy  as  a  loon"  is  an  expression  that  gains 
force  when  one  hears  the  weird  notes  of  one  of 
these  curious  divers.  Beginning  low,  the  strange 
sonorous  sound  rises  in  pitch  and  increases  in  volume 
until  it  ends  with  a  terrible  spasmodic  gasp.     Heard  in 


Photograph   by  G.   A.  Bailey 

A  CAPTIVE   LOON 

This  beauty    is  in    summer  plumage — in    winter  it   is  gray   above. 

the  dead  of  night  when  one  is  alone  in  the  silent  forest 
it  has  the  faculty  of  arousing  one  from  slumber  with  a 
stiffened  scalp  and  strange  prickly  feeling  in  the  vicinity 
of  one's  spine.     At  other  times  a  pair  of  birds  will  hold 


1  .     ' 

* 

:,, 

Photograph   by  G.  A.  Bailey 

LOOKS  LIKE  A  SHADOW 

But  it  is  a   young  loon   in   its  characteristic  coat  of  soft  black  down. 

a  concert  or  a  single  bird  will  locate  a  rocky  cliff  where 
there  is  a  good  echo  and  will  call  to  himself  for  hours  at 
a  time.  The  notes  are  then  different  and  resemble  more 
the   insane   laugh    of    an    escaped    maniac.      Those    who 


spend  their  summers  in  Canada  are  familiar  with  the 
loons  and  their  ways  for  it  is  impossible  to  camp  by  the 
lakes  where  they  nest  without  being  almost  continually 
aware  of  their  presence.  Those  who  do  not  go  to 
Canada  or  visit  the  lake  country  of  northern  New  Eng- 
land, however,  seldom  see  them.  They,  may  not  realize 
that  they  are  present  in  numbers  during  the  winter  on 
the  larger  bodies  of  water  throughout  the  United  States 


Photograph   by  G.  A.  Bailey 

THE  HOME  OF  AN  EXCLUSIVE  LOON 

Though  fully  exposed,  this  nest  on  the  shore  of  Georgia  Bay  is  safe.     The 
eggs  are  inconspicuous  because  of  their  olive-drab  color. 

and  along  the  sea  coast,  for  at  such  times  they  are  silent 
and  usually  keep  a  safe  distance  from  the  shore.  On 
their  migrations  over  land  they  usually  fly  high  and, 
because  of  their  large  size  and  long  necks,  they  are  some- 


A  STERN  WHEELER 

Young   grebes   resemble    their   parents    in    everything    but   color.     Note 
lobed  toes  and  the  position  of  the  legs  at  the  head  of  the  body. 


the 


1419 


1420 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


times  mistaken  for  geese,  but  the  flocks  of  loons  never 
assume  the  characteristic  wedge  of  the  wild  geese. 
Though  occasionally  there  may  be  a  hundred  or  more 
birds  in  the  flock,  they  seem  to  care  nothing  for  each 
others  company  but  fly  in  scattered  ranks. 

During  the  winter  all  loons  are  colored  much  alike, 
being  grayish  above  and  white  below  but,  during  the 
summer,  they  are  quite  different.  There  are  only  five 
species  of  loons  in  the  world,  confined  to  the  northern 


"ALL  ABOARD" 

One  young  grebe  is  just  crawling  onto  its  father's  back  and  the  other  is 
making  haste  to  follow  him. 

half  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  only  one  of  these, 
the  common  loon,  is  often  seen.  It  is  black  above,  the 
back  spotted  with  white,  and  there  is  a  half  ring  of  white 
streaked  across  the  neck.  The  underparts  are  white  but 
as  it  is  seldom  seen  except  on  the  water,  the  general  im- 
pression is  that  of  a  black  bird  about  the  size  of  a 
goose  but  with  a  shorter  neck  and  a  longer  bill.  The  bill 
is  very  strong  and  sharply  pointed   for  it  is   used   for 


ON  THE  BOSOM  OF  THE  CAYUGA 
A  horned  grebe  on  Cayuga   Lake  in   winter  plumage. 

spearing  the  fish  upon  which  the  loon  lives.  The  fish 
captured  by  the  loon  are  usually  small  but  some  occa- 
sionally weigh  as  much  as  a  pound  or  even  two  pounds 


and  these  are  swallowed  with  much  difficulty.  The  fish 
are  pursued  by  the  loon  and  speared  beneath  the  water, 
the  strong  webbed  feet  of  the  bird  driving  it  at  such 
speed  that  the  wings  never  have  to  be  used  unless  the 


Photograph  by  A.  D.  DuBois 

A   HORNED   GREBE  AT   HOME 

All  grebes  build   floating  nests  from   which  they  can  slip  readily   into  the 
water    and    disappear. 

bird  is  wounded.  The  fish  are  never  swallowed  beneath 
water  but  are  brought  to  the  surface  and  juggled  about 
until  they  can  be  swallowed  head  foremost. 

The  loon  ordinarily  lays  its  two  olive-brown  spotted 
eggs  in  a  mere  depression  on  the  shore,  on  a  hummock 


THE  "HELL-DIVER'' 

Otherwise    known    as    the    pied-billed    grebe.     Note    the    insignificant    tail. 
It  is  a  graceful  bird  on  the  water  but  almost  helpless  on  the   land. 


THE   LOONS  AND  THE  GREBES 


1421 


of  mud,  or  a  muskrat  house 
where  it  can  quickly  slip 
into  the  water  and  dive 
from  sight.  The  young 
loons  are  covered  with 
thick  black  down  when 
hatched  and  almost  im- 
mediately take  to  the  water 
where  they  can  swim  and 
dive  with  the  greatest  ease. 
Campers  often  pursue  the 
young  birds  with  canoes  in 
an  effort  to  catch  them  but 
it  is  nearly  impossible  to  do 
so  as  they  can  dodge  very 
quickly  and  swim  for  long 
distances  under  water. 
Very  often  they  dive  deep- 
ly, turn  about  under  the 
water  and  swim  back  under 
the  pursuing  canoe  until 
they  come  up  a  long  dis- 
tance in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. 

The  red-throated  loon  is 
the  only  other  species 
found  in  eastern  North 
America  and  it  occurs 
within  the  borders  of  the 
United  States,  only  as 
a  winter  visitant.  In  its 
winter  plumage  it  resembles  the  common  loon  but  is 
smaller  and  has  the  back  spotted,  rather  than  streaked 
with  white.  In  summer  plumage  it  is  very  different  from 
the  common  loon  as  it  has  gray  upper  parts  instead  of 


black,  and  a  chestnut  patch 
on  the  front  of  the  neck. 
The  black-throated  loon 
is  confined  to  northwestern 
North  America  and  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia  and 
even  in  winter  is  a  rare 
bird  within  the  United 
States.  A  very  similar 
species,  the  Pacific  loon, 
however,  is  common  along 
the  Pacific  coast  through- 
out the  winter.  The  fifth 
species  is  called  the  yellow- 
billed  loon  and  it,  like  the 
black-throated  species,  in- 
habits the  Arctic  regions  of 
western  North  America  and 
eastern  Siberia.  It  resem- 
bles the  common  loon  but 
is  larger  and  has  a  yellow- 
ish bill. 


WHERE    THE    "HEL 
The    margin    of    a    mill    pond    showing 


THE   GREBES 

(Family  Colymbidae) 

Closely  related  to  the 
loons  but  different  from 
them  in  many  essentials  are 
the  grebes  or,  as  they  are 
popularly  called,  "the  Hell- 
divers."  There  are  twenty-five  different  kinds  of  grebes, 
found  all  over  the  world,  and  six  of  them  are  found  in 
North  America.  All  are  smaller  than  the  loons,  being 
about  the  size  of  small  ducks,  which,  indeed,  they  very 


L-DIVER"    LIVES 
the    nest    of    a    pied-billed    grebe 


A    CAMOUFLAGED   CRADLE,   THE   NEST  OF    PIED  BILLED   GREBE 

Eight   eggs  lie   concealed   beneath    the   debris   which   the   grebe   pulled   over 
them    before    leaving. 


THE  CAMOUFLAGE  REMOVED 

The    conspicuous    white    eggs    would    now    be    quickly    discovewd    by    some 
hungry   crow  hence   the   necessity   for  concealment. 


1422 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


much  resemble.  They  can  always  be  distinguished  from 
the  ducks,  however,  by  their  pointed  bills,  short  rounded 
wings,  and  their  apparent  lack  of  tails  which  are  repre- 
sented by  mere  tufts  of  feathers.  Their  feet,  instead  of 
being  fully  webbed  as  in  the  ducks  and  loons,  are  lobed, 
appearing  as  though  the  webbing  had  been  cut  between 
the  toes.  This  does  not  seem  to  hinder  their  swimming 
or  diving  for  they  are  fully  the  equals  of  their  larger 
cousins,  diving  so  deeply  and  remaining  under  for  so 
long  that  they  often  seem  never  to  come  up.  Indeed, 
when  alarmed,  they  sometimes  come  up  very  quietly, 
letting  only  their  bills  show  above  the  water  and  if  there 
is  a  slight  ripple  on  the  surface  they  are  entirely  invisible. 
This  has  given  rise  to  many  stories  of  mysterious  disap- 
pearances and  to  such  popular  names  as  "water  witch" 
and  "Hell-divers"  already  mentioned.  When  diving  they 
either  dive 
head  foremost 
with  a  flip  of 
their  feet  or 
they  settle 
backwards  so 
carefully  as  to 
scarcely  leave 
a  ripple  on  the 
surface.  Such 
expert  divers 
are  they  that 
they  prefer  this 
method  of  es- 
cape to  flight, 
especially  as  it 
seems  to  take 
c  o  n  s  i  derable 
effort  for  them 
to  rise.  When 
they  do  take- 
fl  i  g  h  t ,  they 
ordinarily  pat- 
ter along  the 
surface  for 
some  distance 
before  they  are 
able  to  get  up  enough  momentum  to  lift  themselves  from 
the  water.  Once  on  the  wing,  however,  they  look  a  great 
deal  like  ducks  because  they  carry  their  feet  straight  out 
behind  them  and  these  make  up  for  the  absence  of  tails 
which  would  otherwise  be  a  conspicuous  difference. 

The  commonest  species  of  grebe  is  the  pied-billed  grebe, 
an  inconspicuous  brownish  little  bird  even  in  its  breeding 
plumage.  It  is  found  most  often  on  reed  bordered 
ponds  and  marshy  lakes  where  it  builds  its  floating  nest, 
anchoring  it  to  the  reeds.  The  nest  is  but  a  pile  of 
debris  and  looks  like  the  little  platforms  that  muskrats 
sometimes  build  to  rest  on.  When  the  bird  leaves  the 
nest  she  always  covers  her  eggs  with  some  of  the  material 
of  the  nest,  and,  as  she  is  seldom,  if  ever,  surprised  on  the 
nest,  it  was  once  thought  that  pied-billed  grebes  did  not 
incubate  their  eggs  as  other  birds  but  depend  upon  the 
sun  and  the  heat  of  the  decaying  vegetation  to  hatch 


A  WATER  BABY'S  FIRST  SWIM 

The  proud  mother  grehe  is  swimming  up  to  encourage  her  brave  little  youngster  that  has  struggled   from 

the  nest  shortly  after  hatching. 


them.  The  eggs  are  white  when  first  laid  but  soon  be- 
come discolored.  The  young  grebes,  when  first  hatched, 
are  curious  little  creatures,  covered  with  down  of  a 
striped  black  and  white  pattern  very  different  from  that 
of  their  parents.  They  are  able  to  swim  almost  as  soon 
as  hatched  and  follow  their  parents  about  the  pond. 
When  they  get  tired  they  climb  upon  the  backs  of  their 
parents  and  in  case  of  alarm,  the  old  birds  cover  them 
with  their  wings  and  dive  from  sight,  coming  up  among 
the  reeds  where  they  can  easily  hide.  The  pied-billed 
grebes  are  found  in  summer  from  British  Columbia  to 
Chile  and  Argentina,  thus  having  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive breeding  ranges  of  any  bird,  and  in  winter  they 
occur  from  Maryland  southward. 

Another  common  grebe  is  the  horned  grebe,  so  called 
from  the  tufts  of  yellowish   feathers  that  decorate  the 

sides  of  the 
head  during 
the  breeding 
season.  In  ad- 
dition to  these 
plumes,  it  has 
the  neck,  breast 
and  sides  a 
rich  chestnut 
and  the  upper 
parts  blackish, 
so  that  alto- 
gether, it  is  a 
m  uch  hand- 
somer  and 
more  striking 
bird  than  the 
p  i  e  d  -  b  i 1  led 
grebe.  In  win- 
t  e  r  plumage, 
however,  it 
lacks  all  of 
these  bright 
colors  and  is 
merely  gray 
above  and  sil- 
very white  be- 
low, the  white  of  the  under  parts  extending  on  to  the 
sides  of  the  head  and  making  it  a  more  conspicuous  bird 
than  it  would  otherwise  be. 

In  its  habits  it  is  not  strikingly  different  from  its 
cousin,  for  it  builds  a  floating  nest  and  cares  for  its  young 
in  the  same  curious  way.  It  is  a  more  northern  species 
however,  nesting  from  northern  United  States  northward 
to  Alaska  and  wintering  from  the  northern  states  to 
Florida. 

A  third  and  larger  species  is  the  Holboell's  grebe,  a 
less  common  bird  than  the  horned  grebe,  although  it  has 
about  the  same  distribution.  In  winter  plumage  it  is 
similar  to  the  horned  grebe  but  does  not  have  such  white 
cheeks.  During  the  summer  it  is  conspicuously  different 
for  the  throat  and  sides  of  the  head  are  pure  white  and  it 
does  not  have  the  ear  tufts.  A  somewhat  smaller  species 
(Continued  on  Page  1424) 


WIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlll^ 


A  Lesson  in  Conservation 


A  little  over  three  years  ago  a  progressive  engineer 
saved  thousands  of  feet  of  timber  from  the  scrap  heap, 
incidentally    saving    many    hundreds    of    dollars,    by 
using  creosoted  timber  in  a  starch 
mill — an  experiment  looked  upon 
as  dangerous   by   other  members 
of  the  profession. 

The  floor  framing  for  the  seven 
floors  of  the  table  house,  consist- 
ing largely  of  12"  x  12"  and 
6"  x  12"  loblolly  pine  timbers, 
would  not  have  justified  the  cost 
of  laying  alone  because  of  its 
rapid  decay  under  the  prevailing 
conditions. 

It  was  thought  that  creosoting  the  lumber  might 
harm  the  starch.  Nevertheless  lumber  creosoted  by 
the  Open  Tank  Process  was  employed.  All  details 
were  properly  attended  to,  and  the  result  was  a  huge 

sure 


After  three  years  of  use,  a  length  of  service  which, 
untreated,  this  timber  would  not  have  given,  all  wood- 
work was  found  in  excellent  condition. 

It  was  also  found  that  the 
starch  had  not  been  affected  ths 
least  bit  by  the  creosoting. 

Thus,  Conservation  and  Econ- 
omy were  both  served,  and  the 
non-pressure  treatment,  properly 
applied,  again  proved  Worth 
while. 

Obviously,  Carbosota  Creosote 
Oil — the  universal  standard  wood 
preservative  for  non-pressure  treatments — was  used. 

(Green  wood  cannot  be  effectively  creosoted  by  non- 
pressure  processes.  It  should  be  air-dry.  In  regions  of 
moist,  warm  climate,  ivood  of  some  species  may  start  to 
decay  before  it  can  be  air-dried.  Exception  should  be 
made  in  such  cases  and  treatment  modified  accordingly.) 


Similar  opportunity  for  PROFIT  by  SAVING 
WOOD  FROM  DECAY  exists  in  almost  every 
industry.  When  building,  request  the  advice  of  our 
experts  which  is  obtainable  gratis  by  addressing  the 
nearest  office. 


The 


Company 


The  Open-Tank  Process:  Simple  wooden  tank  (.lined  with  sheet  iron) 
equipped  urith  mteam~coile  and  smalt  derrick.  Upon  expiration  of  the  hot 
treatment,  both  oiland  timber  are  permitted  to  root  instead  of  being  trans- 
ferred to  a  cold.  tank.     Fence  surrounding  this  plant  has  been  creosoted. 


New  York  Chicago  Philadelphia  Boston  St.  Louis  Cleveland  Cincinnati 
Pittsburgh  Detroit  Birmingham  New  Orleans  Kansas  City  Minneapolis 
Salt  Lake  City  Nashville  Seattle  Peoria  Atlanta  Duluth  Milwaukee 
Bangor  Washington  Johnstown  Lebanon  Youngstown  Dallas  Toledo 
Columbus  Richmond  Latrobe  Bethlehem  Elizabeth  Buffalo  Baltimore 
THE  BARRETT  COMPANY,  Limited:  Montreal  Toronto  Winnipeg 
Vancouver    St.  John,  N.  B.    Halifax,  N.  S.    Sydney,  N  S 


■IIIIIIIIIIM^^^^ 


1424 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


BOOKS  ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
a  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.  C.     Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     VALUATION— Fillbert     Roth 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth  

PRACTICAL    TREE     REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER     INDUSTRY— By    R.    S.    Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur   F.    Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By    H.    H.    Chapman    

CHINESE    FOREST   TREES   AND   TIMBER   SUPPLY— By    Norman    Shaw 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By    John    Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By   Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.   I   and   II,  4   Parts  to  a  Volume— 

Per    Part    

THE   TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Glfford   Plnchot    

LUMBER   AND   ITS   USES— R.   S.   Kellogg 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Britton 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES—  Collins  and  Preston 

THE  FARM  WOODLOT— E.  G.  Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentling 

IDENTIFICATION   OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel    J. 


Record 


PLANE    SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Graves 

THE   ECONOMICS   OF   FORESTRY— B.   E.  Fernow 

FIRST   BOOK    OF   FORESTRY— Filibert   Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.   S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF    AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel   B.    Green 

TREES  IN  WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvis 

MANUAL    OF    THE    TREES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive    of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent    

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14    Volumes,    per   Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY    MOUNTAINS— Romeyn    B.     Hough 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED   WITH   THE   TREES— J.  Horace   McFarland 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD;  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— Chas.  H.  Snow 

HANDBOOK   OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES   OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame  and    Henry   Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE   NORTHEASTERN   UNITED  STATES— H.  E.   Park- 

hurst 


TREES— H.    Marshall    Ward    

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Muir    

LOGGING— Ralph    C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 

THE    PRINCIPLES   OF   HANDLING   WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND    CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman    

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon  and  N.  C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES    OF    TREES— J.    J.    Levison 

TREE    PRUNING— A.   Des    Cars    

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE   PRACTICE   OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.   Tourney... 

FUTURE   OF  FOREST   TREES— By  Dr.   Harold   Unwln 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews , 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson   

THE   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.   Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud   Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS   AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor 

THE   LAND  WE   LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 

WOOD   AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes   

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBING,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette     

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL  MATERIALS— Chos.   H.   Snow 

EXERCISES  IN  FOREST  MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR   NATIONAL  FORESTS— H.    D.   Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS— By  Robert  Sterling  Yard 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT— By  A.  B.  Recknagel  and  John  Bentley,  Jr 

THE  FOREST  RANGER  AND  OTHER  VERSE— By  John  Guthrie 


$1.60 

2.00 
2.00 
1.10 
2  10 
2.00 
2.50 
1.50 

5.00 
1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.30 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 
3.00 
4.00 
1.61 
1.10 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 

(.00 
7.50 

6.00 
1.75 
3.50 
5.00 
1.50 

1.50 
1.50 
1.91 
3.50 

2.50 
3.50 
1.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
3.00 
3.50 
2.25 
2.00 
1.30 
2.10 
1.50 
2.50 
1.70 
3.00 
3.00 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.50 
2.50 
2.50 
3.10 
.65 
2.60 
1.60 


*  This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  It  any  books  on  forestry 
or  related  subjects  upon  request.— EDITOR. 


THE  FOREST  POLICY  OF  FRANCE -ITS  VINDICATION 


(  Continued  from  Page  1385) 


advocate  a  wholesale  transplanting  of  French 
policies  or  methods  to  the  United  States.  Yet 
in  many  respects,  what  the  French  have  done 
is  strikingly  suggestive  of  practical  solutions 
of  forest  problems  in  the  United  States. 
Some  of  these  will  be  discussed  in  greater 
detail  in  later  articles.  In  considering  them  let 
us  not  forget,  particularly  in  view  of  the  re- 
awakening to  the  importance  of  our  own  for- 


ests which  the  war  has  brought  about,  how  the 
forest  policy  of  France  has  vindicated  itself 
in  a  crucial  test  of  national  strength. 


NOTE:— THIS  IS  THE  FIRST  OF  A  SERIES 
OF  ARTICLES  BY  LT.-COL.  W.  B.  GREELEY 
ON  FRENCH  FORESTRY  CONDITIONS.  THE 
OTHERS  ARE  AS  FOLLOWS :  NOVEMBER,  THE 
FOREST  CODE  AND  THE  REGIME  FORESTIER. 
DECEMBER,  THE  CONTROL  OF  SAND  DUNES 
AND  MOUNTAIN  TORRENTS.  JANUARY, 
FORESTRY   ON    PRIVATE    LANDS   IN   FRANCE. 


THE  LOONS  AND  GREBES 

(Continued  from  Page  1422) 

than  the  horned  grebe,  confined  to  western 
North  America,  is  the  eared  grebe.  It 
has  the  same  yellowish  tufts  of  feathers  on 
the  sides  of  the  head  but  its  neck  is  black 
instead  of  chestnut. 

Another  grebe  of  western  United  Stated 
is  called  the  western  grebe.  It  resembles 
the  winter  plumage  of  the  horned  grebe  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year  but  it  has  a  much 
longer  and  more  slender  neck.  At  one  time 
the  snowy  white  breast  plumage  of  this 
bird  was  in  great  demand  by  milliners 
which  resulted  in  the  near  extinction  of 
this  species,  as  well  as  the  eared  and  even 
the  horned  grebes.  The  marshes  and  tule- 
bordered  lakes  of  the  West  gave  up  thou- 
sands of  these  graceful  birds  to  satisfy  the 
dictates  of  fashion  and  for  a  time  they  al- 
most disappeared.  Now,  however,  they  are 
protected,  and,  as  one  travels  westward,  he 
can  gaze  from  the  train  windows  and  see 
them  gliding  over  the  surface  of  the  reedy- 
ponds  and  even  catch  glimpses  of  their 
floating  nests  or  downy  young. 


TIMBER  RESOURCES  OF  THE 
NORTHWEST 
TF  all  the  timber  were  cut  into  lumber  and 
loaded  on  freight  cars  it  would  take 
114,000,000  cars  and  77,700,000  cars  respec- 
tively to  haul  away  the  Douglas  fir  of 
Oregon  and  Washington,  allowing  the 
usual  30,000  feet  of  lumber  to  a  car.  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  contain  one-third  of  all 
the  standing  timber  in  the  United  States. 
One-fourth  of  all  standing  timber  in  the 
country  is  Douglas  fir  and  80  per  cent  of 
the  Douglas  fir  is  in  these  two  states. 

The  lumbering  industry,  including  log- 
ging, sawmill  operations  and  maufactured 
wood  products  is  the  largest  single  indus- 
try in  Oregon  and  Washington  and  gives 
employment  to  nearly  60  per  cent  of  the 
working   population    in   the   two   states. 

In  Montana,  a  conservative  government 
estimate  places  the  standing  timber  at  65 
billion  feet,  a  large  part  in  government 
forest  reserves.  At  the  present  rate  of  cut- 
ting— 300  million  feet  a  year — it  would 
take  over  200  years  to  fell  this  enormous 
stand  and  as  reforestation  has  already  be- 
gun and  methods  of  fighting  forest  fires 
are  improving,  there  will  be  billions  of  feet 
of  timber  left  in  Montana  at  the  end  of 
the  next  hundred  years. 


DOUGLAS    FIR    AT    ATLANTIC    CITY 

'T'HE  famous  "board  walk"  at  Atlantic- 
City  is  being  rebuilt  of  Douglas  fir, 
replacing  the  planks  of  southern  pine 
which  have  for  two  generations  borne  the 
weight  of  the  gay  habitues  of  the  popular 
resort  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  according 
to  Secretary  R.  B.  Allen,  of  the  West  Coast 
Lumbermen's  Association.  (The  Timber- 
man,  June.   1919.  page   109.) 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 


1425 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

AT  the  first  regular  meeting  of  the  For- 
estry  Club  the  following  officers  were 
unanimously  chosen :  president,  George  M. 
Gowan ;  vice-president,  Landis  J.  Arnold ; 
secretary,  Willis  M.  Wagener;  treasurer, 
Virgil  Davis;  sergeant-at-arms,  Professor 
Emanuel   Fritz. 

Professor  Mulford  said  a  few  words  of 
greeting  and  welcome  to  old  and  new  club 
members  and  reminded  his  hearers  that 
forestry  is  "of  age"  as  a  science  in  America 
with  the  opening  of  this  college  year;  the 
first  instruction  in  the  subject  having  been 
given  twenty-one  years  ago. 

"The  very  fact  that  the  profession  is  of 
age,"  he  said,  "obligates  all  of  us  to  strive 
for  clearer  thinking  and  more  solid  and 
adequate  foundation  work  in  research  than 
ever  before.  People  have  a  right  to  ex- 
pect more  of  us  and  we  must  strive  to 
measure  up  to  those  expectations."  He 
predicted  much  better  days  ahead  for  for- 
esters and  forestry  in  general  in  spite  of 
past  and  present  discouragements  and  said 
he  believed  that  the  outlook  for  men  going 
into  forestry  had  never  been  better  than 
at  the  present  time. 

Though  only  five  years  old  and  the 
youngest  division  in  the  College  of  Agri- 
culture, the  Forestry  Division  is  now 
fourth  in  enrollment  and  but  very  little 
below   Pomology   which   is   next   largest. 

The  club  received  from  Hall  and  Ryerson 
two  interesting  mementos  of  their  stay  in 
France.  One  is  the  official  badge  of  the 
French  Forest  Service  today ;  the  other, 
which  is  very  rare,  is  the  official  badge 
worn  by  foresters  during  the  reign  ot 
Napoleon. 

Professor  Bruce  is  at  present  on  a  field 
trip  with  Forest  Examiner  S.  B.  Show  in 
connection  with  logging  and  mensuration 
studies    in   the   Central    Sierras. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

T\  EAN  F.  G.  MILLER,  of  the  Univer- 
sity School  of  Forestry  at  Moscow. 
Idaho,  has  just  returned  from  Heybourne 
Park  where  he  spent  several  days  investi- 
gating timber  conditions  and  forest  cutting 
there.  The  trip  was  undertaken  at  the  re- 
quest of  William  J.  Hall,  State  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Works.  A  more  extended 
reconnaissance  is  planned  for  next  summer 

Heybourne  Park  was  purchased  by  the 
state  in  1909  from  the  Federal  Government 
and  comprises  some  8,000  acres  in  addi- 
tion to  Chatcolet  Lake.  It  was  dedicated 
to  the  people  of  Idaho. 

Because  of  its  accessibility,  its  wooded 
hills  and  lake,  Dean  Miller  believes  that  it 
will  soon  become  the  playground  of  the 
Northwest. 


Other  members  of  the  party  were:  W. 
I.  Bassett,  district  engineer  of  the  State 
Highway  Department;  M.  H.  Wolff,  forest 
supervisor  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  National 
Forest;  C.  L.  Billings,  lumberman  of  the 
United  States  forest  service;  Judge  E.  F. 
Conklin,  superintendent  of  the  park,  and 
E.  C.  Mohr,  in  charge  of  logging  opera- 
tions. 

The  purpose  of  the  trip  was  to  decide 
on  a  future  policy  for  cutting  timber. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MAINE 
/"»  W.  L.  Chapman,  a  1914  graduate  of 
the  Forestry  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maine,  has  been  appointed  an 
assistant  in  the  forestry  school  at  Orono. 
Mr.  Chapman  has  had  both  practical  exper- 
ience in  the  field  and  in  teaching,  is  very 
highly  recommended  for  his  work  and  has 
also  been  in  war  work. 

The  school  has  had  more  applications  for 
entrance  than  ever  before  in  the  history  of 
the  University,  and  it  looks  as  if  it  will 
have  the  largest  entering  class.  Many  who 
dropped  out  during  the  war  period  are  com- 
ing back  to  finish  their  work,  so  the  pros- 
pects for  the  coming  college  year  are  most 
encouraging. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  COLLEGE  OF 
FORESTRY 

'"PHREE  developments  of  great  impor- 
tance  to  the  New  York  State  College 
of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  University  have 
been  announced  on  the  eve  of  the  opening 
of  the  college  year  of  1919-20.  They  are  the 
inauguration  of  a  department  of  Forest 
Recreation;  the  establishment  of  the 
Roosevelt  Wild  Life  Experiment  Station ; 
the  beginning  of  a  series  of  practical  for- 
est operations  in  the  Summer  Sophomore 
Camp  at  Cranberry  Lake. 

The  three  new  departures  are  essentially 
different  phases  of  forestry  training,  but 
are  at  the  same  time  allied  in  some  of  their 
phases. 

The  department  of  Forest  Recreation 
was  determined  upon  by  Dean  Hugh  P. 
Baker,  of  the  College  of  Forestry,  some 
months  ago.  Professor  Henry  R.  Francis 
was  selected  as  the  head  of  the  department, 
and  to  prepare  himself  for  the  work,  and 
to  secure  data  for  the  opening  of  the 
course  he  spent  the  summer  months  in  a 
tour  of  the  National  Parks,  traveling  8,000 
miles  by  rail,  1,200  miles  by  automobile 
and  650  by  horseback  and  on  foot.  In 
brief  the  new  department  will  train  men  in 
the  problems  of  proper  utilization  of  forest 
areas  for  recreation,  camping,  hunting, 
fishing,  summer  camps  for  city  people, 
tourists,  and  to  help  make  the  forests  at- 
tractive in  all  phases  which  appeal  to  the 
vacationist. 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger  Course  of 
high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller   courses. 

Correspondence   Course   in 

Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,   School  of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


Forest   Engineering 
Summer  School 

University  of  Georgia 

ATHENS,  GEORGIA 

Eight-weeks  Summer  Camp  on 
large  lumbering  and  milling  oper- 
ation in  North  Georgia.  Field 
training  in  Surveying,  Timber 
Estimating,  Logging  Engineer- 
ing, Lumber  Grading,  Milling. 
Special  vocational  courses 
for  rehabilitated  soldiers. 
Exceptional  opportunity  to  pre- 
pare for  healthful,  pleasant,  lucra- 
tive   employment    in    the    open. 

(Special  announcement  sent  upon 
request.) 


SARGENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide   Book   for  Parents 
A  Standard   Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically      and      discriminately      the      Private 
Schools  of  all  classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,  special  features,  etc. 
Introductory   Chapters   review    interesting   de- 
velopments of  the   year  in   education— Modern 
Schools,  War  Changes  in  the   Schools,   Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction,   What   the    Schools   Are 
Doing,  Recent  Educational   Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  be  glad 
to  advise  and  write  you  intimately  about  any 
school  or  class  of  schools. 

Fifth   edition.     1919,  revised    and    enlarged, 
786  page*.  $3.00.       Circulars  and  sample   pages. 

POKIER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


Please  mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1426 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


The  establishment  of  the  Roosevelt  Wild 
Life  Experiment  Station  is  by  authoriza- 
tion of  the  state  legislature,  and  is  the 
direct  outcome  of  plans  made  in  1916  by 
Theodore  Roosevelt  himself.  The  func- 
tions of  the  station  as  specified  by  the  new 
law  are  "to  establish  and  conduct  an  ex- 
perimental station  in  which  there  shall  be 
maintained  records  of  the  results  of  the 
experiments  and  investigations  and  re- 
search work  accomplished;  also  a  library 
of  works,  publications,  papers  and  data 
having  to  do  with  wild  life  together  with 
means  for  practical  illustration  and  dem- 
onstration, which  library  shall  at  all  rea- 
sonable hours  be  open  to  the  public." 
Other  duties  are  to  make  investigations  of 
the  life,  histories,  propagation,  manage- 
ment of  fish,  birds,  game  and  food  and  fur- 
bearing  animals  and  forest  wild  life. 
Quarters  will  be  provided  at  the  College  of 
Forestry  Experiment  Station  at  Syracuse. 
The  work  done  the  past  summer  at  the 
Cranberry  Lake  Sophomore  Camp  as  prac- 
tical training  in  forestry  has  been  devel- 
oped along  an  entirely  new  line,  one  of 
gieat  interest  to  the  students,  and  of  a 
real  public  value  as  well.  In  some  re- 
spects it  is  allied  to  the  new  recreational 
forestry  department,  for  the  students  were 
assigned  the  task  of  laying  out  trails  to- 
ward different  parts  of  the  camp's  1,000 
acre  area,  for  visitors  to  use  in  getting  to 
points  of  interest.  These  trails  are  two 
in  number,  as  the  first  year's  work  and  will 
be  maintained  properly  inscribed  with  the 
class  numerals  of  the  Class  of  '21,  as 
mementos  of  the  summer  work  of  this 
class.  The  trails  will  next  year  be  con- 
tinued into  the  distant  depths  of  the  forest, 
and  eventually  it  is  hoped  to  connect  them 
with  the  state  system  of  trails  and  high- 
ways. 

This  expansion  in  the  field  of  the  College 
of  Forestry  has  been  paralleled  by  the 
largest  opening  attendance  in  the  history 
of  the  institution.  The  freshman  class 
entering  September  16  was  the  largest'  in 
the  history  of  the  College  of  Forestry, 
and  was  larger  than  the  entire  attendance 
in  all  classes  during  the  year  of  1918-19, 
depleted  as  was  the  college  during  that 
year  by  the  war  conditions. 

Luis  J.  Reyes,  of  Manila,  a  Filipino 
Forester,  has  been  sent  to  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  to 
take  a  college  course  in  forestry. 

Mr.  Reyes  comes  to  America  as  a  special 
student  sent  by  the  Forestry  Bureau  of 
the  Philippines,  after  six  years  service  as 
assistant  wood  expert  in  that  bureau.  He 
is  a  graduate  of  the  Forest  School  of  the 
University  of  the  Philippines  and  after 
graduation  was  made  a  member  of  the 
governmental   bureau. 

Of  special  importance  is  the  fact  that  he 
brings  with  him  300  authentic  samples  of 
Philippine  woods,  comprising  150  species, 
giving   the   College   of   Forestry    the    most 


complete  such  collection  in  the  country. 
He  is  to  specialize  in  microscopic  study  of 
woods,  in  the  course  in  wood  technology, 
as  the  use  of  the  high-power  microscope 
is  of  utmost  importance  in  final  determina- 
tion of  Philippine  lumber. 

"The  need  of  the  microscope  is  shown," 
said  Mr.  Reyes,  "in  the  case  of  Tangile  and 
Red  Lauan.  Tangile  is  worth  200  pesos  a 
thousand,  and  is  valuable  for  airplane  pro- 
pellers as  is  mahogany.  Lauan,  however, 
worth  only  150  pesos,  resembles  Tangile  so 
closely  that  though  entirely  unfit  for  air- 
plane propellers,  the  microscope  is  needed 
to  tell  the  difference.  That  is  why  the 
scientist,  and  the  technical  forester  is 
needed  in  the  lumber  indjustry  in  the  Phil- 
ippines." 

FOREST   SERVICE   OFFERS   PHOTO- 
GRAPHIC EXHIBITS. 

"VTEW  photographic  exhibits  on  "Forestry 
and  Nature  Study"  and  "Farm  Wood- 
lands" may  now  be  borrowed  from  the 
Forest  Service,  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture,  by  schools  and  libraries. 
The  "Forestry  and  Nature  Study"  exhibit 
is  a  pictorial  story  of  how  trees  grow,  and 
of  the  buds,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruits,  the 
typical  forms  of  trees,  the  different 
kinds  of  forests,  and  the  influences 
that  affect  their  growth,  and  the  enemies 
and  friends  of  the  forest.  The  "Farm 
Woodland"  exhibit,  which  is  especially 
adapted  for  use  in  agricultural  and  rural 
schools,  shows  different  types  of  woodland, 
how  the  farmer  can  use  the  woodland  and 
sell  the  product,  and  how  trees  make  waste 
land  profitable  and  help  the  farmer  in 
other  ways.  The  exhibits  are  made  up  in 
panel  form,  each  panel  consisting  of  4 
sepia  enlargements. 

Teachers  who  are  interested  in  the  for- 
ests in  a  more  general  way  will  find  what 
they  need  in  the  original  photograph  ex- 
hibits of  the  Forest  Service,  which  show 
forest  conditions  in  the  United  States, 
how  the  forests  are  used,  and  how  they 
may  be   preserved. 

For  classes  in  manual  training  and 
the  like  there  are  exhibits  of  commer- 
cially important  woods  of  the  United 
States  with  explanatory  charts  and  tables. 
Schools  that  have  a  lantern,  or  can  pro- 
vide one,  may  borrow  sets  of  lantern 
slides  with  prepared  outlines  for  lectures 
on  many  topics  connected  with  forestry. 
For  instance,  there  are  sets  on  forestry 
in  the  United  States,  and  on  nature  study, 
botany,  manual  training,  geography  and 
agriculture  in  relation  to  forestry,  and 
on  street  trees  and  wind-breaks.  Recently 
a  set  has  been  made  up  on  recreation  in 
the  national  forests.  Lists  of  subjects 
and  other  details  may  be  secured  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Forest  Service,  Washington. 
District  of  Columbia. 


BOUQUETS 

"1  take  this  opportunity  to  congratulate 
you  on  the  very  great  interest  you  have 
developed  in  the  magazine  and  the  great 
increase  in  scope  which  has  been  evolved 
in  recent  years.  It  is  one  of  the  most  wel- 
come periodicals  which  comes  to  our 
house."  E.  G.  Cutler. 


"It  is  gratifying  to  see  so  much  forestry 
in  the  August  number  of  American  For- 
estry." 

K.   W.   Woodward. 


"I  was  very  much  gratified  to  have  the 

August   number    of   your   most    interesting 

magazine,   and    want    to   congratulate   you 

on    its    many    entertaining    and    attractive 

features." 

Nelson  C.  Brown. 


"The  Magazine  is  certainly  fine." 

Mary  J.  Chute. 


"I  deem  it  a  great  privilege  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Forestry  Association, 
and  derive  great  pleasure  and  profit  from 
the  magazine  as  well  as  many  helpful 
suggestions   for  my   forestry  work." 

Mrs.  Adelaide  M.  Godding. 


"I  have  given  American  Forestry  my 
careful  investigation  and  I  consider  it  an 
excellent  magazine  and  will  do  what  I  can 
to  have  it  placed  in  our  High  School 
libraries." 

Miss  A.  F.  Brown. 


"I  enjoy  your  magazine,  American  For- 
estry, very  much." 

Col.  Chas.  H.  Cummincs. 


"The  magazine  is  a  credit  to  the  Associa- 
tion and  yourself.  It  is  the  most  effective 
agency  for  keeping  the  forestry  movement 
before  the  people." 

Southern  Pine  Association. 


"American  Forestry  is  used  by  all  our 
students,   but   particularly   by    the   younger 
ones   in   their   school   work.     All   that   you 
claim   for   it   is   true  and  even  more." 
Harriet  H.  Ames. 


"Though  there  are  numberless  demands 
for  one's  bit  of  income  these  unusual  times, 
I  feel  that  American  Forestry  and  the 
cause  it  represents  are  too  good  to  pass 
by.  The  magazine  is  beautiful,  interest- 
ing, instructive  and  altogether  delightful." 
F.  H.  Ballou. 


"I  read  your  magazine  with  great  enjoy- 
ment. 

Thomas  F.  Taylor. 


"One  of  the  several  factors  that  help 
make  American  Forestry  an  unusually 
attractive,  as  well  as  helpful  magazine, 
is  its  freshness — the  use  of  artistic  illustra- 
tions, beautiful  photographs,  art  work,  and, 
too,  the  physical  make-up  of  the  magazine. 
The  average  professional  magazine,  or 
class  magazine,  is  preUy  drab  and  color- 
less. American  Forestry  is  by  all  odds 
the  most  attractive  magazine  of  that  type 
that  I  have  run  across,  not  only  because 
its  contents  are  interesting  and  informative, 
but  also  they  are  presented  with  freshness, 
vitality,  life  and  beauty." 

Prof.   Lew    Sarett. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1427 


DAVEY    TREE    SURGEONS 


Estate  of  Mrs.  A.  M.  Booth,  Great 
Neck,  Long  Island,  New  York, 


The  tribute  of  W.  G.  Woodger 
to  Davey  Tree  Surgery 

Broad  Lawns,  Great  Neck,  Lonj?  Island,  New  York. 
The  Uavey  Trt2  Expert  Co.,  Inc.,  Kent,  Ohio. 

Gentlemen:  I  felt  it  my  duty  to  write  you  a  few  lines  in  praise  of 
the  work  of  your  representative  and  men  on  several  fine  trees  on  the 
estate  of  Mrs.  A.  M.  Booth,  most  especially  the  very  fine  work  done 
on  a  grand  willow  tree,  not  quite  two  years  ago. 

My  employer  is  most  gratified  with  the  work  and  thinks  there  is  no 
equal  to  The  Davey  Tree  Expert  Company.  The  men  are  extremely 
keen  on  their  work  and  know  it  thoroughly.  I  am  very  interested  in 
their  work  and  think  them  worthy  of  great  praise. 

Yours  truly, 

W.  G.  WOODGER; 

(I'artirit   Sttj/i'rht!;  nt/cit. 

The  saving  of  priceless  trees  is  a  matter  of  first  importance  on  ever" 
estate.  Davc.y  Tree  Surgery  is  a  fulfillment  of  the  maximum  expecta- 
tions of  those  who  love  and  value  trees.  A  careful  examination  of 
your  trees  will  be  made  by  appointment. 

THE  DAVEY  TREE  EXPERT  CO.,  Inc.,  108  Elm  St.,  Kent,  Ohio 
Branch  offices  with  telephone  connections;  New  York  City,  2*5  Fifth 
Aw  :    Chicago,  814-014  Westminster  Bid*.:    Philadelphia,  2017  I*and 
Title  Bldg.;  Boston,  19  Pearl  Street,  Wakefield.    Write  nearest  office. 


W.  G.  Woodger,  Garden  Superin 
tendenl,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Booth  Estate 


Loss  of  this  magnificent  willow 
would  have  been  irreparable. 
Note  below  how  Davey  methods 
have  hound  the  branches  together 
with  rigid  steel  rods,  and  filled  the 
cavities  sectionally  with  concrete 
to  allow  for  the  swaying  of  the  tree 


Permanent  representatives  avail 
able  in  districts  surrounding  Bos 
ton,  Springfield,  Lenox,  Newport, 
Hartford,    Stamford,   Albany, 
Poajchlceepsie,   \\  liitc  Plains,  J  a 
Bales,     Montelafr,     New     York, 
Philadelphia.    I  larrlsours;,    BaltJ 
more      Washington,      Richmond. 
Buffalo, Toronto,  ['it  tsnur-:h. Cleve- 


land, Detroit.Cliieago.  Milwaukee. 
Canadian  address:  202  Laugau* 
cliitcre  West,  Montreal. 

Every  real  Davey  Tree  Surgeon  is 
in  the  employ  of  The  Davey  Tree 
Expert  Co.,  Inc.,  and  the  public  is 
cautioned  against  those  falsely 
representing  themselves 


j'-hii  httr'ij,  Father  of  Tt€t  Suruery 


1428 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


FORESTERS  ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  in  this  column  advertisements  of  for- 
esters, lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  service,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to  offer  such  foresters,   lumbermen   or  woodsmen. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  Fur- 
ester;  college  graduate,  37  years  of  age  and 
married.  Have  had  seven  years*  experience  in 
the  National  Forests  of  Oregon,  California, 
Washington  and  Alaska.  Also  some  European 
training.  At  present  employed  on  timber  sur- 
veys as  chief  of  party  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Desire  to  make  a  change  and  will  be  glad  to 
consider  position  as  Forester  on  private  estate, 
or  as  city  Forester.  Will  also  consider  position 
as  Asst.  Superintendent  of  State  Park  and 
Game  Preserve  in  addition  to  that  of  Forester. 
Can  furnish  the  best  of  references.  Address 
Box  820,  care  American  Forestry  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
to  take  charge  of,  or  as  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field — from 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery — including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American  Forestry. 


An  Opening  For  One   Hundred 
Foresters 

The  position  is  that  of  Division  Firewarden; 
the  territory  is  approximately  one-third  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey ;  the  work  is  general 
administration  of  all  forest  fire  matters 
together  with  attendance  at  large  fires,  in- 
vestigation of  the  causes  of  fires,  supervision 
of  the  personnel  of  the  local  firewarden  ser- 
vice, about  one  hundred  men,  and  responsi- 
bility for  the  publicity  and  propaganda  fire 
prevention    work    in    the    territory.     The    com- 

Sensation  is  $1,200  to  start,  with  every  likeli- 
ood  of  increase  shortly,  the  qualifications  are 
that  a  man  shall  be  a  graduate  oi  some  repu- 
table technical  forestry  school.  The  reason 
for  requiring  technical  trailing  is  that  ad- 
vancement may  be  either  in  the  forest  fire 
work  or  in  the  technical  forestry  activities  of 
the  Department  and  in  addition  the  incumbent 
is  called  on  during  the  slacker  season  for  for- 
est fire  work,  to  do  technical  and  propaganda 
forestry  work  in  his  territory.  Apply  Box  830, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 


POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  Forests  in  timber  sale,  silviculturat 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis 
trict  of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  fines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference 
Address  Box  600,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (1-3) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  875,  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington, 
D.   C. (1-3) 

Man  to  De  discharged  Irom  tne  nrmy  SeptemDer 
30th  desires  position  in  torestry  work,  with  lum- 
ber  or  railroad  company  or  assisting  in  investi- 
gations of  utilization  of  wood  products.  Would 
accept  position  in  other  work.  Is  married  man, 
graduate  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  1913 
Has  had  experience  in  orchard  work,  clearing 
land,  improvement  cuttings,  planting  and  care  of 
nursery,  pine  and  hardwood  transplants,  orchards 
and  larger  trees,  grading  and  construction  of 
gravel  roads,  and  other  improvement  work.  Has 
executive  ability  and  gets  good  results  from  men. 
Please  address  Box  880,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,   Washington,   D.    C.    (9-11) 

FORESTER  wanted  as  Division  Firewarden  in 
New  Jersey.  Must  have  professional  training 
and  some  experience.  Salary  $100  to  $120.  Eligi- 
ble for  promotion  to  Assistant  Forester.  Civil 
Service  examination  can  be  taken  after  pro- 
visional appointment  or  by  mail.  Box  S10,  care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WANTED — Position  as  Forester  and  Land  Agent. 
Technically  trained  forester,  36  years  old. 
Practical  experience  along  all  lines  included 
under  the  duties  of  fhe  above  positions.  For- 
mer Captain,  Field  Artillery.  Address  Box  810, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 

WANTED — Position  with  Lumber  Company  or 
Private  Concern  by  technically  trained  Forester 
with  five  years  practical  experience.  Box  820, 
care    American    Forestry. 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


HPHE  Hon.  Jules  Allard,  for  ten  years 
Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests  of  Que- 
bec, has  resigned.  Mr.  Allard  has  been 
Ministerlongerthan  any  of  his  predecessors 
and  during  his  term  of  office  more  progress 
has  been  made  than  in  the  whole  previous 
history  of  the  Department.  The  revenues 
from  Government  Lands  have  been  materi- 
ally increased,  one  of  the  most  efficient  fire 
protective  systems  on  the  continent  put  in 
operation,  buying  of  lands  by  timber  specu- 
lators has  almost  wholly  been  eliminated, 
improvements  have  been  made  in  cutting 
regulations  and  much  important  forestry 
legislation  been  enacted.  Mr.  Allard  is 
a  man  of  broad  views  and  deep  interest 
in  the  progress  and  welfare  of  his  country 
and  his  Province  and  everyone  is  sorry  to 
have  him  relinquish  his  office.  He  remains, 
however,  a  member  of  the  Legislative 
Council  and  will  continue  to  use  his  influ- 
ence and  interest  for  the  welfare  and  im- 
provement of  the  Crown  Forests. 

Mr.  Allard  has  been  succeeded  by  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Mercier,  for  some  time  Minister 
of  Colonization,  which  Department  he  has 
successfully  conducted.  He  brings  to  his 
new  office  a  wide  knowledge  of  the  Prov- 
ince from  actual  experience  as  he  has 
traveled  all  over  it  and  has  seen  the  forest 
at  first  hand  on  many  a  hunting  and  canoe- 
ing trip.  He  is  a  man  of  energy  and  broad 
views  and  will  take  up  and  worthily  carry 
on  the  work  started  by  the  Hon.  Mr.  Tur- 
geon  and  carried  on  by  the  Hon.  Jules 
Allard  so  successfully. 


Mr.  Piche,  the  Chief  Forester,  has  had 
several  parties  in  the  woods  this  summer 
making  studies  of  the  quantities  of  timber 
in  various  districts,  rates  of  growth,  con- 
ditions on  cut-over  areas,  prevalence  of 
various  insect  pests  and  fungous  diseases 
and  so  forth.  Mr.  Piche  has  done  much 
valuable  work  since  he  became  Chief  For- 
ester and  it  is  hoped  that  he  will  soon  let 
his  confreres  have  the  benefit  of  his  re- 
searches through  the  medium  of  bulletins 
from   his    Department. 


Mr.  Clyde  Leavitt,  Forester  of  the  Com- 
mission of  Conservation,  underwent  a  seri- 
ous operation  early  in  the  summer  but  is 
now  back  at  his  desk  again  much  improved 
in  health. 


The  researches  of  the  Commission  of 
Conservation  in  cooperation  with  the  Laur- 
entide,  Abittibi  and  Riordan  Pulp  and 
Paper  Companies  have  been  making  good 
progress  during  the  summer.  New  sample 
plots    and    subplots    have    been    laid    out, 


those  on  the  Laurentide  Company's  Limits 
now  totaling  13  acres.  Here  a  substantial 
camp  has  been  built  with  facilities  for  all 
sorts  of  research  work.  Studies  of  rate3 
of  growth,  meteorological  conditions,  rates 
of  evaporation,  insects  and  fungous 
diseases  have  been  carried  on.  It 
has  been  found,  for  instance,  that  the  daily- 
rate  of  growth  of  trees  is  proportional  to 
the  temperature.  The  borer  which  is  caus- 
ing the  death  of  the  white  birch  has  been 
thoroughly  studied.  Areas  which  have  been 
burnt  are  being  studied  under  different  con- 
ditions to  see  which  trees  seed  in  first  on 
them  and  why.  Different  methods  of  cut- 
ting are  being  tried  on  a  small  scale. 


Contracts  have  also  been  made  with  the 
Logging  Departments  of  the  Laurentide, 
Abittibi  and  Bathurst  Lumber  Companies 
to  cut  sample  areas  of  about  200  acres 
according  to  forestry  methods,  careful  rec- 
ords being  kept  of  the  conditions  before  and 
after  cutting,  the  cost  of  logging,  brush 
burning  and  utilization  of  smaller  sizes  of 
wood  and  so  forth. 


Although  there  have  been  many  difficul- 
ties to  be  overcome,  chiefly  the  late  start 
at  the  beginning  of  the  season,  the  seaplane 
patrol  of  the  St.  Maurice  Forest  Protective 
Association  has  been  carried  on  with  a  fair 
measure  of  success  and  the  practicability 
of  the  work  demonstrated  beyond  any 
doubt.  The  planes  have  flown  all  over  the 
territory  of  16,000  square  miles  without  any 
difficulty  whatever.  Fires  have  been  dis- 
covered, explorers  for  one  of  the  constitu- 
ent companies  have  been  taken  over  the 
territory  they  wished  to  see,  reports  of  the 
burnt-over  and  timber  conditions  have  been 
made,  etc.  The  planes  have  proved  to  be 
too  large  for  gasoline  economy  as  they  use 
HO  gallons  per  hour.  The  ideal  installation 
would  be  two  smaller  machines  for  patrol 
purposes  and  a  large  machine  to  carry  to 
the  scene  of  a  fire  a  portable  gasoline  pump 
and  hose,  tools  and  three  men.  The  exper- 
iment will  probably  be  continued  next  sea- 
son under  the  auspices  of  the  newly  created 
Air  Board.  The  rest  of  the  season  will  be 
spent  in  photographic  work  for  making 
maps. 


The  fire  season  has  been  the  worst  in 
Eastern  Canada  for  several  years,  owing 
to  long  continued  dry  weather.  Few  fires 
were  reported  from  New  Brunswick,  Que- 
bec suffered  a  little  more  than  in  the  pre- 
vious year  and  the  losses  in  Ontario  were 
very  large.  'The  problem  of  settlers  start- 
ing clearing  fires  in  Northern  Ontario  will 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1429 


"Pin  Oak,  6  inch  caliper,  23  feet  high" 

Westchester  County, 


AMAWALK 
NURSERY 

has  thousands  of 

MEMORIAL  TREES 


Thousands  of  large  sized 
evergreen  and  deciduous 
trees  are  growing  in  the 
Amawalk  Nursery.  We  can 
supply  hundreds  of  nursery- 
grown,  matched  specimens 
for  memorial  planting.  Our 
facilities  for  shipping  by 
truck  or  freight  are  unex- 
celled. 

Send  for  Catalogue 
Phone  York  town   12S 


Visit  the  Nunerft 

AMAWALK 


"Norway  Maple,  6  inch  caliper,  27  feet  high" 
New  York 


A  SO-TON  PULL 

BY  HAND  POWER 

'"PHIS  picture,  taken  in  Central  Park,  New  York  City,  shows 
1  the  "K"  HAND  POWER  STUMP  PULLER  used  by  the 
City  Forester  in  removing  hundreds  of  dead  trees  up  to  38  inches  in 
diameter  and  40  to  70  feet  in  height,  as  well  as  stumps  of  all 
sizes.  Without  any  preliminary  digging,  they  were  pulled  out  by 
the  roots  in  a  phenomenally  short  time,  and  the  saving  in  labor 
quickly  paid  for  the  machine. 

The  "K"  is  made  of  Bessemer  steel,  is  light,  portable,  practically 
indestructible,  and  is  guaranteed  against  breakage 

It  works  equally  well  on  hillsides  and  marshes  where  horses  can- 
not be  used. 

Write  for  further  particulars. 

FITZPATRICK  PRODUCTS  CORP. 

DEPARTMENT   "F" 
99  JOHN  STREET        :-:        NEW  YORK 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry    Magatine  when  writing  advertisers 


1430 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


61,300,000  FEET 

NATIONAL  FOREST  TIMBER 
FOR  SALE 


Amount  and  Kinds. — Approxi- 
mately 61,300,000  feet  B.M. 
more  or  less  of  white  pine, 
larch,  Douglas  fir,  hemlock, 
spruce,  cedar,  white  fir  and 
other  sawtimber,  approxi- 
mately 59  per  cent  white  pine 
and  70,000  cedar  poles,  to- 
gether with  an  unestimated 
amount  of  piling,  shingle  bolts 
and  round  and  split  cedar 
posts. 

Location. — Within  the  Kootenai 
and  Pend  Oreille  National 
Forests,  Montana  and  Idaho, 
in  Sec.  19,  T.  31  N.,  R.  34  W., 
M.  P.  M.,  and  approximate 
unsurveyed  Sees.  24,  25,  26, 
35  and  36,  T.  31  N.,  R.  35  W., 
M.  P.  M.,  Sees.  31,  33,  and  34, 
T.  59  N.,  R.  3  E. ;  Sees.  3,  4, 
5,  6,  8,  9,  10,  15,  16  and  17  T. 
58  N.,  R.  3  E.,  B.  M.,  Callahan 
Creek  watershed. 

Stumpage  Prices. — Lowest  rates 
considered,  $3.50  per  M  for 
green  white  pine  and  $1.00  per 
M  for  dead  white  pine,  $1.00 
per  M  for  spruce,  and  50c  per 
M  for  other  species ;  and  spe- 
cial rates  for  cedar  poles  of 
various  dimensions,  piling, 
shingle  bolts,  cedar  post  ma- 
terial and  cordwood. 
The  removal  of  larch  and 
Douglas  fir  saw  timber,  cedar 
posts,  shingle  bolts,  and  cord- 
wood  will  be  optional  with 
the  purchaser. 

Deposit— With  bid,  $5,000.00  to 
apply  on  purchase  price  if  bid 
is  accepted  or  refunded  if  re- 
jected. 

Final  Date  For  Bids. — Sealed 
bids  will  be  received  by  the 
District  Forester,  Missoula, 
Montana,  up  to  and  including 
December  24,  1919.  The 
right  to  reject  any  and  all  bids 
is  reserved.  Before  bids  are 
submitted  full  information 
concerning  the  character  of 
the  timber,  conditions  of  sale, 
deposits,  and  the  submission 
of  bids  should  be  obtained 
from  the  District  Forester, 
Missoula,  Montana,  or  the 
Forest  Supervisor,  Libby, 
Montana. 


have  to  be  met  promptly  and  vigorously. 
The  Prairie  Provinces  also  suffered  se- 
verely. 

Dr.  C.  D.  Howe  has  been  appointed  Act- 
ing Dean  of  the  Forestry  Department  of 
the  University  of  Toronto  to  take  the  place 
left  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Fer- 
now. 

As  Dr.  Fernow  was  the  Father  of  For- 
estry in  the  United  States  so  he  has  been 
in  Canada,  and  it  is  with  the  deepest  regret 
that  we  see  him  giving  up  his  active  work 
among  us.  We  wish  him  all  sorts  of  good 
things  in  the  retirement  which  he  has 
chosen  and  shall  ever  remember  the  inspi- 
ration he  has  been  to  us  and  the  great 
things  he  has  done  for  forestry. 


A  party  which  has  been  making  a  survey 
of  the  areas  in  New  Brunswick  affected 
by  the  spruce  bud  worm,  reports  that  prac- 
tically all  the  balsam  in  that  Province  is 
affected  and  is  dying.  The  spruce  is  only 
slightly   attacked. 


Mr.  A.  C.  Volckinar,  Forester  of  the 
Canada  Paper  Company,  is  making  a  re- 
connaissance of  about  two  hundred  square 
miles  on  the  St.  Ann  River  in  Quebec. 


It  is  reported  that  an  aeroplane  explora- 
tion undertaken  by  American  interests  in 
Labrador  has  proved  a  great  success  and 
that  large  areas  of  valuable  timber  were 
discovered.  Confirmation  of  these  reports 
and  the  size  and  amount  of  the  timber  will 
be  awaited  with  interest  as  all  previous 
explorers  report  timber  only  in  the  river 
valleys  and  that  of  small  size. 


A  new  saw  for  cutting  down  trees  and 
cutting  them  up  into  logs  is  described  in 
the  Scientific  American.  It  is  electric- 
ally operated,  the  current  being  supplied  by 
a  portable  dynamo  driven  by  a  gasoline 
engine.  The  saw  is  mounted  on  wheels 
and  on  a  universal  joint  so  that  it  can  be 
set  at  any  height  or  angle.  Trees  can  be 
cut  very  rapidly  and  close  to  the  ground. 
The  set  of  the  teeth  is  also  novel  and  it 
is  claimed  that  it  operates  very  rapidly. 
In  view  of  the  increasing  cost  and  decreas- 
ing efficiency  of  woods  labor  this  should  be 
thoroughly  tried  out  and  might  prove  of 
great  advantage. 


The  Wayagamac  Pulp  and  Paper  Com- 
pany have  purchased  a  number  of  small 
caterpillar  tractors  and  will  try  them  in 
their  logging  operations  this  coming  win- 
ter. 


The  Association  of  the  Northeastern 
Foresters  has  decided  to  hold  its  next 
annual  summer  meeting  at  Grand'Mere, 
Quebec,  as  the  guests  of  the  Forestry  Divi- 
sion of  the  Laurentide  Company,  Ltd. 
They  will  also  be  the  guests  of  the  Commis- 
sion of  Conservation  at  its  Lac  Edward 
Experimental  Station. 


•  ARBORISTS   MEET 

THE  American  Academy  of  Arborists, 
which  suspended  its  meetings  during 
the  period  of  the  war  has  renewed  its  activ- 
ities, and  is  again  prepared  to  disseminate 
the  much  needed  scientific  information  on 
the  planting  and  growing  of  trees,  es- 
pecially at  this  period  of  reconstruction. 

The  Academy  held  its  first  meeting  in 
1915,  choosing  for  its  object  the  advance- 
ment of  arboricultural  and  landscape  for- 
estry and  the  maintenance  of  the  highest 
professional  standard  among  its  members. 
Its  membership  is  now  extensively  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  United  States,  and  at 
its  last  meeting  it  was  voted  to  refer  im- 
portant inquiries  on  all  tree  matters  to  the 
nearest    regional    member. 

After  many  interesting  discussions  on 
tree  problems,  the  following  resolutions 
were  also  unanimously  adopted  : 

"I.  Resolved,  That  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arborists  endorses  and  strongly 
urges  the  planting  of  trees  as  memorials 
commemorating  the  heroes  of  the  World 
War,  but  strongly  advises  the  careful  se- 
lection of  species  native  and  suitable  for 
the  location.  In  discussing  this  resolution 
the  prevailing  members  favored  the  sturdy, 
long-lived  varieties,  characteristic  of 
American  ideals,  and  particularly  discour- 
aged the  quick  growing  and  weak  varie- 
ties. 

"II.  Resolved,  That  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arborists  endorses  the  name  of  the 
Federal  Horticultural  Board  to  prevent  the 
further  importation  of  plant  pests  but  urges 
the  representation  on  the  Board  of  practi- 
cal  arborists   and   foresters. 

"III.  Resolved,  That  the  American 
Academy  of  Arborists  endorses  the  work 
of  the  American  Joint  Committee  of  Hor- 
ticultural Nomenclature  in  standardizing 
scientific  and  common  plant  names  for 
use  of  arborists  and  horticulturists  and 
obligates  itself  to  the  use  of  these  stand- 
ardized names  as  published  by  said  Com- 
mittee." 

It  was  decided  to  hold  the  next  meeting 
in  Washington  on  the  second  Saturday  of 
January,  1920.  and  it  was  also  decided  to 
have  some  of  the  papers  presented  before 
the  Academy  at  this  meeting  given  out  for 
publication. 


GRAYS  HARBOR  COUNTY  WILL  CUT 

OUT  IN  16  YEARS 
W  APPROXIMATELY  1,000,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  was  the  output  of  the 
Grays  Harbor  County  mills  during  the 
year  of  1918,  according  to  figures  compiled 
in  the  office  of  the  county  assessor.  The 
assessment  rolls  show  that  414,295  acres 
of  timberland  remain  to  be  logged  in  Grays 
Harbor  County.  The  record  last  year  was 
26.364  acres  cut  over."  (American  Lum- 
berman, August  16,  1919,  page  70.) 

This  means  only  16  years'  cut  remaining 
in  one  of  the  biggest  timber  producing  dis- 
tricts of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1431 


Ask  any  Filer  about  the 
quality  of  Diss  ton  Crucible  Steel 
— made  in  the  Disston  Works 
since  18SS. 


AN"ALL   DISSTON      MILL. 


It  is  very  frequently  found  that  every  saw  in  use  in  a  modern, 
efficient  mill  is  a  Disston. 

In  fact,  after  Disston's  80  years  of  leadership,  it  could  not 
well  be  otherwise. 

Wherever  lumber  is  produced,  it  is  known  and  acknowledged 
that  Disston  Saws  represent  the  maximum  in  quality  and  in 
true-cutting,  profitable  service. 


HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS,  INC. 


PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S.  A. 


*ia  u  %.  pat.  ore 


CHICAGO 
CINCINNATI 
SAN   FRANCISCO 
BOSTON 
SEATTLE 


'  America 's   Longest  Established    Makers    of  Hand 

Saws,   Cross-Cat  Saws,  Band  Saws,   Circular 

Saws   and  Tools." 

CANADIAN  WORKS:  TORONTO,  CANADA 
SYDNEY,     AUSTRALIA 


NEW   ORLEANS 
MEMPHIS 
BANGOR,  ME. 
PORTLAND,   ORE. 
VANCOUVER,  B.    C. 


DISSTON  SAWS 


WHEN  MEMORIAL   TREES  ARE  PLANTED  PLEASE  INFORM  THE  AMERICAN 
FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


PLANT  TREES 

PROTECT    FORESTS 

USE  FORESTS 


This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/  hereby   accept   membership   in    The  American 
Forestry  Association  and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  is  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 

CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 

Subscribing   Membership  ......... 

Contributing  "  .......... 

Sustaining  .......... 

Life  "  

Patron  *'.......... 

Annual  Membership,  without  Magazine  .  .  .  . 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name _ 


$       3.00 

10.00 

25.00 

100.00 

1000.00 

1.00 


Street 


City 
PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


Pltase  mention  American  Forestry      Maoatine  when  writing  advertisers 


1432 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


STATE   NEWS 


CALIFORNIA 
i/THIS  year  for  the  first  time  the  state  of 
California  is  enabled  to  benefit  by  the 
terms  of  the  Weeks  Law  agreement  by 
reason  of  the  appropriation  made  by  the 
last  legislature  for  the  prevention  and  sup- 
pression of  forest  fires,"  says  M.  B.  Pratt, 
deputy  state  forester.  "Through  the  use 
of  the  federal  and  state  funds,  approxi- 
mately three  million  acres  of  brush  and  tim- 
ber land  lying  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  outside  the  National 
Forests  are  receiving  systematic  protection 
through  the  employment  of  four  experi- 
enced patrolmen. 

"These  patrolmen  cooperate  with  the 
federal  forest  service  and  rural  fire-fight- 
ing companies  organized  through  farm 
centers  by  the  county  farm  agents.  They 
are  provided  with  Fords  and  fire-fighting 
equipment  for  twenty  men  by  the  state 
which  also  authorizes  them  to  incur  fire- 
fighting  expenses  to  the  extent  of  their 
monthly  letters  of  authorization.  These 
salaries  are  paid  by  the  federal  govern- 
ment through  the  office  of  the  district  for- 
ester at  San  Francisco. 

"The  region  covered  by  the  Weeks  Law 
patrolmen  is  one  of  great  fire  hazard  due 
to  the  amount  of  inflammable  material,  in- 
tense summer  heat,  heavy  winds  and  the 
large  number  of  campers  and  hunters. 
Precipitation  in  California  during  March, 
April,  May  and  June  of  this  year  was, 
according  to  Weather  Bureau  records,  27 
per  cent,  53  per  cent,  74  per  cent  and  97 
per  cent  respectively,  below  normal.  Rain 
cannot  be  expected  until  the  last  of  Sep- 
tember which  makes  a  long  fire  season  and 
strenuous  work  for  those  engaged  in  fire 
protection. 

"Since  being  appointed  in  July,  the 
Weeks  Law  patrolmen  have  been  almost 
constantly  engaged  in  fighting  fires  some 
of  which  would  have  swept  the  Sierra  foot- 
hills had  they  not  been  promptly  sup- 
pressed. The  region  which  they  cover  is 
patrolled  daily  by  airplanes  from  Mather 
Field  near  Sacramento,  and  is  under  the 
eyes  of  federal  lookout  men  in  the  adjoin- 
ing National  Forests  as  well.  As  a  result, 
fires  are  promptly  apprehended.  The  very 
bad  fire  conditions  have  made  some  of 
them  difficult  to  control,  and  several  have 
covered  five  thousand  acres  or  more  de- 
stroying young  timber,  watershed  cover 
and  ranch  property.  Reports  to  Septem- 
ber 1st  give  a  total  of  30,000  acres  of  brush 
and  timber  lands  burned  over  outside  the 
national  forests. 

"The  situation  is  not  as  bad  as  in  Idaho 
and  Montana  since  the  country  is  well  set- 
tled for  the  most  part,  and  there  are  roads 
and  trails  from  which  to  back-fire  in  ad- 


vance of  the  main  fire.  The  loss  has  been 
serious  enough,  however,  to  make  people 
realize  that  the  fire  problem  in  California 
is  a  long  way  from  being  solved.  The 
few  trained  men  that  are  on  the  job  in  the 
Sierra  foothill  country  have  demonstrated 
to  the  local  residents  what  can  be  accom- 
plished by  organized  effort,  and  the  way  is 
being  paved  for  better  cooperation  and  a 
more  efficient  organization  next  year." 


CANADA 

A  V.  S.  Pulling,  who  graduated  from  the 
*  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry, 
at  Syracuse,  New  York,  in  1915,  has  been 
secured  by  the  University  of  New  Bruns- 
wick at  Frederickton,  New  Brunswick, 
for  the  position  in  charge  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Forestry.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  Mr.  Pulling  enlisted  in  the  504th 
Engineers,  winning  a  sergeancy,  and  being 
sent  overseas   with   his   organization. 


ILLINOIS 

STATE  Forester  R.  B.  Miller  has  had 
an  interesting  trip  with  Ransom  H. 
Kennicott,  Forester  for  the  Cook  County 
Forest  Preserves,  through  the  preserves, 
traveling  by  auto  for  an  entire  day  without 
covering  the  entire  chain  of  parks  belong- 
ing to  Cook  County.  Mr.  Kennicott  is  con- 
fronted by  the  question  of  recreation  and 
along  this  line  is  building  roads,  dams  and 
drinking  fountains  and  driving  wells  to 
secure  drinking  water  for  the  campers  and 
vacationists  who  are  constantly  seeking 
these  wooded  areas  for  health  and  enjoy- 
ment. On  one  park,  the  Deer  Creek,  he 
has  two  or  three  Boy  Scout  camps  under 
competent  direction  and  a  Fresh  Air  camp, 
for  Chicago  children.  The  entire  chain 
comprises  12,353  acres  of  forest  and  wood- 
lands and  on  some  of  these  he  plans  to 
maintain  forest  conditions  and  raise  timber. 
On  the  Desplaines  river  he  has  also  started 
a  forest  nursery  of  considerable  size,  in 
charge  of  "Bill"  Johnson,  of  Syracuse 
University,  who  has  surmounted  many  dif- 
ficulties in  the  raising  of  seedlings.  It 
takes  a  formidable  force  of  rangers,  guards, 
road  builders,  and  others  to  look  after  the 
comfort  of  the  public,  as  well  as  several 
district  foresters,  and  Mr.  Kennicott  is 
happy  in  looking  after  all  of  the  various 
projects  and  looking  out  for  the  comfort 
of  his  many  guests. 

About  six  miles  east  of  Polo,  Illinois, 
on  the  east  side  of  Pine  Creek,  a  tributary 
of  the  Rock  River,  in  Ogle  County,  Illinois, 
is  a  unique  white  pine  stand,  the  origin  of 
which  is  unknown.  Here  is  a  fine  tract  of 
white  pine  resembling  the  finest  stands  in 
Pennsylvania  or  Connecticut,  occupying 
about  150  acres.    The  diameter  of  the  trees 


varies  from  10  to  24  inches  and  the  height 
is  from  75  to.  80  feet.  According  to  Wes- 
ley Bradfield,  who  wrote  a  short  report  on 
this  tract  some  years  ago,  the  number  of 
trees  in  the  two  groves  is  1,017  and  their 
total  volume  is  about  245,000  feet.  Accord- 
ing to  H.  DeForest,  a  graduate  of  the  Yale 
Forest  School  now  making  a  report  on  the 
flora  of  Ogle  County,  the  grove  is  unique 
in  that  the  succession  is  from  oak  to  white 
pine  rather  than  from  white  pine  to  oak, 
the  ordinary  succession.  There  is  a  strong 
local  sentiment  in  favor  of  making  "The 
Pines"  a  forest  reserve  which  would  be  a 
very  good  way  of  preserving  a  beautiful 
and  rare  tract  of  native  timber,  one  of  the 
few  in  Illinois.  The  stream,  Pine  Creek, 
has  been  stocked  with  bass  and  down  near 
the  stream  there  is  an  ideal  camping  site. 
A  map  of  the  site  will  be  found  on  the  Dix- 
on Quadrangle  of  the  Illinois  Geological 
Survey. 

Governor  Lowden,  of  Illinois,  has  been 
an  enthusiast  for  several  years  in  forest 
and  ornamental  planting  and  at  his  farm, 
"Sinnissippi,"  three  miles  from  Oregon, 
Illinois,  can  be  found  white  pine  and  Scotch 
pine  plantations  fifteen  years  of  age  down 
to  recent  planting,  all  doing  remarkably 
well  on  sandy  soil.  Many  species  of  hard- 
wood trees  are  also  growing  successfully 
on  this  farm  which  will  well  repay  a  visit. 
An  informal  meeting  of  much  importance 
was  recently  held  at  the  Quadrangle  Club, 
in  Chicago.  Those  present  were  Dr.  John 
M.  Coulter  and  Dr.  Cowles,  of  Chicago 
University;  Dr.  Shepherdson,  Director  of 
Registration  and  Education,  from  Spring- 
field, Illinois;  Dr.  Forbes,  Chief  of  the 
State  Natural  History  Survey  Division  and 
State  Forester  R.  B.  Miller.  Among  the 
things  to  be  included  in  the  work* of  the 
first  year  it  was  decided  that  a  forest  sur- 
vey of  at  least  one  county  was  necessary, 
in  cooperation  with  the  soil  survey  and 
topographic  survey;  an  investigation  should 
be  conducted  showing  the  profit  and  loss 
from  grazing  in  the  ordinary  wood  lot ; 
that  demonstration  forests  similar  to  those 
in  Ohio  be  established  on  a  cooperative 
basis  with  farmers;  that  certain  questions 
vital  to  a  forest  policy  for  the  state  be 
carefully  looked  up,  such  as  state  forests, 
state  nurseries,  fire  protection  plans  and 
forest  taxation ;  that  the  estimating  of  tim- 
ber and  the  bringing  together  of  buyer  and 
seller  was  a  legitimate  work  for  the  state 
forester  to  engage  in  and  that  so  far  as 
possible  he  should  cooperate  with  the 
county  advisers,  through  personal  confer- 
ences and  lectures,  so  as  to  bring  forestry 
information  to  the  people;  in  addition  carry 
on  publicity  work  through  the  press  and 
by  public  lectures  wherever  possible.     Co- 


NATIONAL   HONOR    ROLL,    MEMORIAL    TREES 


1433 


NATIONAL   HONOR  ROLL, 
MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  follow- 
ing and  registered  with  the  American 
Forestry  Association. 

BOULDER,  COLO. 

By  University  Hill  School:  Ralph  Kennicott, 
Miles  Jain,  Bert  Daugherty,  Ivan   Pendell. 

SOMERS,  CONN. 

By  First  Congregational  Church:  Albert  Joseph 
Chenade,  Roy  Alonzo  Buck,  Edward  Palmer  Han- 
ley,   Harold   Norman    Bryant. 

DAYTONA,  FLA. 

By   M.  Ella  De  Voy:  Silas  S    Furbush. 

COUNCIL   BLUFFS,   IOWA. 

By  A.  M.  Hutchinson:  Honor  Roll  of  Sixty-Four 
Members  of  the  S.  S.   2d   Presbyterian  Church. 

ATTLEBORO,  MASS. 

By  Attleboro  Community  Fellowship:  Miss  Ruth 
Holden,  Howard  C.  Mattson,  Charles  F.  Hall, 
Willard  B.  Hoyt,  Jerome  F.  Gilbert,  Edward  J. 
Kelby,  Arthur  N.  Crosby,  Charles  H.  Fontneau, 
Herbert  D.  Parmenter,  D.  Emery  Holman,  Leroy 
C.  Estee,  Charles  O.  Fiske,  Cyril  M.  Angell, 
Percy  E.  Cobb,  Peter  Boivin,  Lloyd  C.  Inman, 
Albert  H.  Allen,  Herbert  O.  Gilman,  F.  Henbert 
Ogilovie,  Earle  I.  Brown,  Joseph  Perry,  Edward 
Quintin,  Chester  E.  Harding,  Albert  Laro.se, 
George  F.  Spencer,  Earle  A.  Thayer,  Harold  V. 
Patriquin,  Lincoln  A.  Smith,  Lieut.  Carlton  M. 
Bliss,  Harry  A  Iter  i  an,  Joseph  L.  Ritchie,  Harry 
L.  Boyce,  Elmer  Gordon  Baker,  Ralph  V.  Kling, 
Lester   L.   Simmons. 

HESSEL.  MICH. 
By     Mr.    James    H.     Rogers:     Lieut.    James    T. 
Rogers,  2d. 

BEMIDJI,  MINN. 

By   L.   F.   Johnson:   Lieut.    Ralph   D.   Gracie. 

OMAHA,  NEB. 

By  United  States  Army  Balloon  School:  James 
Owen  Curtis,  Walter  L.  Sievers,  Bertie  L.  Noah, 
Robert  D.   R.   Weigel,   Carl   Frick,   Anton   Nepper. 

VINELAND,  N.  J. 

By  City  Beautiful  Committee:  Joast  N.  Denels- 
beck.  Adolph  A.  Phillips,  Frederick  Van  Deusen, 
Joseph  Trucano,  Clarence  Hartman,  Grover  C. 
Hankins,  Paul  G.  Kimball,  Daniel  Ogborn,  Stan- 
ley Simpkins,  Joseph  Di  Curcio,  Grady  R. 
Roberts,  Albert  E.  Wilkinson,  Arthur  E.  Brooke, 
Charles  Phillips,  Joseph  Lenzi,  Terre  Calkins,  J. 
Alfred  Ackley,  Jr.,  Daniel  B.  Rhubart,  Jack  F. 
Gaskill,  Aldo  Bruge,  Robert  L.  Van  Deusen, 
Louis    Gassel. 

WALPOLE,  N.  H. 

By  Walpole  Town  Improvement  Society:  Henry 
Ellis  Howland. 

NEW  YORK  CITY. 

By  Mrs.  Charles  de  Rahm,  Jr.:  Lieut.  Charles 
de  Rahm,  Jr.  By  J.  S.  Kaplan :  Lieut.  Solomon 
Rubel. 

WOODMERE,  L.  I.,  NEW  YORK 

By  Marjorie  D.  Barlow:  C.   Loom  is  Dana,  Jr. 

SMITH'S  COVE,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

By  Mrs.  Robert  S.  Collyer :  John  Chipman 
Thomas. 

GEISTOWN,  PA. 

By  Geistown  School :  Joseph  Nightingale,  Oth- 
mar  B.  Grosch,  Russell  Berkey,  Albert  Brandle, 
John  Brandle,  Alfred  Miller,  Lloyd  Hershberger, 
Charles  Dill,  George  Nees,  Thomas  Nees,  Victor 
Raab,  Walter  Christ,  Samuel  Zimmerman. 

PITTSBURGH,  PA. 

By  Fawcus  Machine  Company:  Albert  E.  Pep- 
per. 

SIOUX  FALLS.  S.  D. 
By     Dr.     A.     Zetlitz:     Thor     Zetlitz,     Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

DALLAS,  TEX. 

By    Mr.    W.    P.    Maloney:    J.    S.    Maloney. 

OGDEN,  UTAH. 

By  Forest  Service:  Hubert  C.  Williams,  Homer 
S.    Youngs,    R     E.    Mellinthin. 


[Mllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[||lll[||llllllllllllllllllllllll[lllllllll[|[[||||||||llllll!!lllllllllllllllllllll[ 

Live  Evergreens  for  Winter  Decorations 

Charming 
Evergreens    from 

pttk 

®ree  Jijarms 

for  Porches, 

Windows,   Rooms, 

Tables,  Window 

Sills,  Entrances, 

Sun     Parlors, 

Balconies,  etc. 


Arborvitae     with- 
out pot   75c   each. 

■ 


Blue   Spruce   without  pot 
$1.50    each. 


17  Blended  Evergreens  and  Box  for  $10.00 
Delivered  to  the  Express  at  Framingham,  Mass. 

Plant  hardy  evergreens  in  Window  Boxes,  Pots,  Urns,  and  Tubs  just 
as  you  plant  flowers  and  vines  for  the  warm  months.  These  fragrant 
plants  give  Holiday  cheer  to  the  entire  household  throughout  the  long, 
dreary,    winter   months. 

We  ship  you  the  little  trees  carefully  packed  in  the  boxes.  You  have 
only  to  remove  the  cover,  fill  the  box  with  earth,  and  plant  the  trees  as 
illustrated  in  the  photograph  from  which  you  order.  Each  box  is  3  feet 
long,  7  inches  wide,  and  about  6  inches  deep,  painted  dark  green.  The 
only    care    needed    is    frequent    watering. 

Customers  may  order  the  plants  without  the  box,  deducting  75c  for  the 
box. 

Evergreens  in  Pots,  Urns,  and  Jardinieres  are  beautiful  indoors  all  win- 
ter. Baby  Spruces,  Pines,  Arborvitae,  and  Junipers  are  charming  on 
tables   and    window   sills. 

Our  beautiful  large  Evergreens  are  much  used  in  hotels  and  residences 
as  decorations  for  entrances,   sun   parlors,  balconies,   etc. 


. — „ — , _ 

it'-                             '  'TJTl 

1 

1 

' 

a 


10  Arborvitae  and  Box  for  $5.00  Delivered  to  the  Express  at  Framingham, 

Mass. 

Write  for  our  pamphlet  on  the  uses  of  live  trees  for 
Indoor  decorating. 

Our  book  of  ICiitle  <£ree  J[arras  will  help  you  solve 
your  outdoor  tree  and  landscape  problems.  This  book 
sent   free    on    request. 

JiWtit    'i&Vee    JfartttS     (Near  Boston) 
Nurseries    of 

American  Forestry  Company 

DEPT.  D-10  15  BEACON  ST.,  BOSTON,   MASS. 


Pine     without 
pot  40c   each 


H 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES  FOR  OUR  HEROIC  DEAD 


1434 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


operation  with  the  Forest  Service  in  their 
national  program  was  agreed  upon  as  of 
vital  importance  just  at  this  time,  when  a 
forestry  policy  was  being  formulated. 

The  Ayer  and  Lord  Wood  Preserving 
plant  at  Carbondale,  Illinois,  is  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  country  and  operates  eight 
treating  cylinders  for  treating  railroad  ties, 
zinc  chloride  being  used  at  present.  The 
plant  employs  as  high  as  285  men  and  treats 
about  15,000  ties  per  day.  The  plant  for 
making  and  treating  wood  blocks  has  been 
temporarily  shut  down  owing  to  the  high 
price  of  longleaf  pine.  It  is  stated  that 
only  about  1%  of  the  ties  treated  come  from 
Illinois.  Almost  any  species  can  be  treated 
at  present  prices,  beech  being  one  of  the 
new  arrivals  within  the  last  few  years. 
The  Illinois  Central  has  a  treating  plant 
at  Marion,  Illinois. 


MASSACHUSETTS 

ANE  of  the  five  state  forests  that  have 
been  established  during  the  past  four 
years  in  Massachusetts  is  situated  in 
Southern  Berkshire  County,  and  is  known 
as  the  Arthur  Wharton  Swann  State  Forest. 
It  was  a  gift  to  the  Commonwealth  by  Mrs. 
Susan  R.  S.  Swann  in  memory  of  her  hus- 
band. On  this  forest  are  many  acres  of 
chestnut  growth  in  a  dead  or  dying  condi- 
tion, and  at  its  last  session  the  legislature 
appropriated  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the 
use  of  the  State  Forester  in  cutting  and 
marketing  this  growth  before  it  becomes 
completely  valueless.  It  is  probable  that  a 
mill  will  be  placed  on  the  reservation  so 
that  such  sawing  as  may  be  necessary  can 
be  done  without  too  great  a  haul. 

After  nearly  a  year's  service  in  France 
as  Y.  M.  C.  A.  secretary,  Mr.  Frank  L. 
Haynes,  Engineer  for  the  State  Forest 
Commission,  has  returned  to  this  country 
and  resumed  his  duties  with  the  Massachu- 
setts state  forest  department.  While  in 
France,  Mr.  Haynes  was  stationed  at  Aix- 
les-Bains,  Chamonix,  Paris,  and  St.  Quay, 
which  places  were  used  as  leave  areas  for 
the  soldiers  of  the  A.  E.  F. 

Emulating  the  example  of  the  Federal 
Government,  Massachusetts  is  throwing 
open  its  state  forests  for  the  use  of  Massa- 
chusetts citizens  for  recreational  purposes. 
The  shores  of  the  lakes  and  ponds  within 
the  borders  of  these  forest  reservations 
have  been  surveyed  into  lots  of  one  hundred 
feet  front  on  the  water  and  two  hundred 
feet  deep.  The  camp  sites  have  been  di- 
vided into  two  classes — temporary  and  per- 
manent. For  the  use  of  a  temporary  site  a 
fee  of  one  dollar  per  week  is  charged,  and 
for  the  use  of  a  permanent  site  the  permittee 
pays  a  rental  of  ten  dollars  per  year.  Many 
of  those  who  have  selected  camp  sites  con- 
template the  erection  of  substantial  cot- 
tages. The  lakes  on  these  reservations 
have  been  stocked  with  bass  and  other  vari- 
eties of  fish  by  the  Massachusetts  Fish  and 
Game    Commission,    so   that    campers    are 


assured  of  good   fishing  during   the   often 
season. 

The  auto-truck  sprayers  designed  by  the 
Massachusetts  forestry  department  and 
used  in  connection  with  the  suppression  of 
the  gypsy  moth  have  proved  to  be  very 
important  factors  in  protecting  the  roadside 
trees  from  the  depredations  of  these  pests. 
They  have  taken  the  place  of  the  horse- 
drawn  sprayer,  and  by  their  use  a  much 
greater  amount  of  territory  is  covered  than 
formerly,   with   a   reduced   cost. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
'T' PAMPERS  in  the  White  Mountain  Na- 
tional Forest  will  find  ready  for  them 
next  summer  the  first  north-and-south  trail 
extending  through  the  area  of  land  held 
by  the  Federal  Government.  The  new  trail 
will  be  made  a  reality  by  the  construction  of 
a  link  from  Bartlett,  New  Hampshire,  over 
Cave  Mountain  and  Mount  Parker  to  con- 
nect with  the  Davis  Path  on  Mount  Reso- 
lution. The  link,  which  is  to  be  constructed 
by  the  Forest  Service  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  paths 
with  which  it  will  connect,  will  extend  for 
approximately  forty  miles,  from  Wonalan- 
cet,  at  the  extreme  southerly  end  of  the 
White  Mountain  group,  to  Appalachia,  at 
the  north  of  the  Presidential  Range. 

Trampers  can  profitably  spend  a  week 
in  traversing  the  new  route,  according  to 
Forest  Service  officials.  It  will  pass  over 
most  of  the  Presidential  Range,  and  will 
disclose  some  of  the  most  beautiful  scenery 
of  this  vacation  land.  Following  is  a  de- 
scription  of  the  new   route: 

Old  Mast  road  between  Wonalancet  and 
Passaconaway ;  Douglas  Brook  trail  from 
Passaconaway  to  Bartlett ;  new  link  over 
Cave  Mountain  and  Mount  Parker  to  Davis 
path  on  Mount  Resolution;  Davis  path  to 
Crawford  Bridle  path,  Gulfside  trail,  Val- 
ley Way  to  Appalachia. 

The  route  is  well  supplied  with  shelter 
between  Appalachia  and  Bartlett,  while  the 
hotel  accommodations  will  be  found  at  Pas- 
saconaway. 

What  to  name  the  new  route  is  being 
debated  by  the  Forest  Service  men.  One 
suggestion  is  that  it  be  called  Agiocochook. 
which  is  the  Indian  name  for  Mount  Wash- 
ington. This  name  is  open  to  objection, 
officials  say,  because  of  its  length  and  dif- 
ficulty. There  may  be  a  compromise.  In 
the  meantime  the  office  of  the  Forest  Super- 
visor at  Gorham,  New  Hampshire,  invites 
suggestions. 

The  Forest  Service  also  expects  to  have 
in  operation  early  next  summer  the  two 
public  camping  grounds  that  are  being  in- 
stalled on  Government-owned  land.  One 
is  at  the  Dolly  Copp  farm  on  the  State 
highway  about  five  miles  south  of  Gorham. 
The  other  is  on  the  Profile  road  about 
seven  miles  from  Twin  Mountain,  and 
about  the  same  distance  from  the  Old  Man 
of  the  Mountains.  The  camp  grounds  are 
located    in   sheltered   valleys   and   are   well 


supplied  with  piped  spring  water  and  sani- 
tary conveniences.  Each  is  to  have  a  big 
stone  fireplace  for  public  use.  Trampers, 
campers,  and  automobile  parties  will  have 
free  use  of  the  grounds  and  conveniences, 
and  they  are  invited  to  make  use  of  them, 
subject  only  to  the  usual  etiquette  and  pro- 
tective restrictions  that  govern  in  the  for- 
ests. It  will  be  necessary,  of  course,  for  all 
visitors  to  supply  their  own  tents. 

Two  acres  of  white  pine,  near  Keene, 
New  Hampshire,  sold  three  or  four 
years  ago,  before  the  war  prices,  brought 
$2,ooo  on  the  stump.  The  total  stand  was  254 
cords,  which  equals  170,000  board  feet,  or 
an  average  of  85,000  feet  per  acre.  Much 
of  it  was  80  to  85  years  old,  so  the  growth 
was  about  1,000  feet  per  acre  per  annum. 
Stump  examinations  showed  a  rapid  growth 
the  first  35  years. 


MICHIGAN 
TPO  date,  nearly  8,000  acres  have  been 
planted  with  young  trees  on  the  logged 
over  lands  included  within  the  Michigan 
State  Forests.  Some  of  the  plantations  are 
more  than  fifteen  years  old,  but  more  than 
fifty  per  cent  have  been  planted  within  the 
last  five  years.  White  pine  has  been 
planted  more  than  any  one  other  species, 
but  Norway  pine,  Jack  pine  and  Scotch  pine 
are  also  planted  largely.  Austrian  pine  and 
European  larch  have  been  planted  in  an  ex- 
perimental way,  but  due  to  their  inability  to 
resist  frost  and  drought  have  not  succeeded 
well,  and  they  are  no  longer  used.  The 
western  species,  lodgepole  pine  and  western 
yellow  pine  were  planted  some  years  ago 
and  gave  promise  of  being  splendidly 
adapted  to  some  localities  of  this  region, 
but  unfortunately  they  were  seriously  in- 
jured by  a  fungus  {Pcridcrmium  sp.)  and 
all  those  which  were  planted  were  de- 
stroyed and  no  more  have  been  set.  Some 
few  acres  have  been  set  to  Norway  spruce, 
but  so  far,  due  to  their  slow  growth  on 
the  sand  lands,  they  have  not  proven  very 
encouraging   to    further   planting. 

Hardwoods  have  also  been  planted,  pop- 
lars, oaks,  walnut,  black  locust,  etc.,  but 
none  have  succeeded  in  a  satisfactory 
manner. 

It  is  interesting  thus  to  note  that  after 
fifteen  years  of  experimentation,  the  con- 
clusion is  reached  by  the  Public  Domain 
Commissioner  that  it  is  those  trees  which 
are  native  to  the  region  that  are  proving 
the  most  successful  for  reforestation.  It 
is  true  that  the  exotic,  Scotch  pine,  which 
is  planted  extensively  in  the  European  for- 
ests, appears  to  be  perfectly  hardy  here, 
more  so  indeed  than  either  white  or  Nor- 
way pine,  but  yet  very  good  evidence  indi- 
cates that  it  will  not  produce  better  lumber, 
if  as  good,  as  does  the  native  jack  pine. 

All  the  trees  planted  are  raised  in  the 
nursery  located  within  the  Higgins  Lake 
Forest.  The  nursery  has  capacity  to  pro- 
duce sufficient  seedlings  to  plant,  with 
stock  averaging  two  years  old,  8,000  acres 


STATE     NEWS 


1435 


per  year.  The  loss  of  seedlings  in  the  nur- 
sery from  all  causes,  including  the  white 
grub,  grass-hoppers,  damping-off,  heaving, 
frost,  and  drought  is  less  than  one  per  cent 
yearly. 

In  the  plantations,  however,  such  excel- 
lent results  are  not  obtained.  Examina- 
tions of  the  plantations  indicate  that  of  the 
white  pine  two  and  three  year  old  seedlings 
planted,  about  sixty  per  cent  survive.  Jack 
pine  does  better,  although  it  is  planted  on 
the  poorer  soils  and  is  but  one  year  old 
when  set,  for  it  is  found  that  fully  sixty- 
five  per  cent  of  the  tiny  trees  survive. 
Scotch  pine  is  nearly  as  hardy  as  the  jack 
pine,  but  Norway  pine,  apparently  due 
principally  to  frost  killing,  shows  but  barely 
fifty  per  cent  survivals. 

These  mortality  figures  are  not  discour- 
aging to  the  Public  Domain  Commission. 
Each  year  it  learns  more  about  the  types 
of  soil  and  the  requirement  of  the  seed- 
lings, higher  percentages  of  survivals  are 
obtained.  Indeed,  of  the  two  million  seed- 
lings which  were  planted  this  spring,  de- 
spite the  severe  droughts  and  frosts  of  this 
summer,  fully  eighty-five  per  cent  have 
survived,  and  it  is  expected  that  seventy- 
five  per  cent  of  these  will  be  firmly  estab- 
lished in  1925.  Since  the  commission  plants 
from  1,500  to  2,000  trees  per  acre,  despite 
the  losses,  good  stands  will  be  obtained. 


NEW  JERSEY 

TOURING  the  past  summer  State  For- 
ester Alfred  Gaskill,  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Department  of  Conservation  and  De- 
velopment, published  a  leaflet,  which  was 
widely  announced  through  the  press,  mak- 
ing known  the  desirability  and  many  ad- 
vantages of  the  State  forests  and  parks  for 
outdoor  recreation,  and  extending  an  invi- 
tation to  the  public  to  use  them  in  this  way. 

This  policy  has  met  with  such  success, 
as  evidenced  by  the  numerous  inquiries 
and  applications  for  camp  sites,  that  the 
Department's  proposal  to  create  a  forty 
thousand  acre  State  Forest  Park  along  the 
Kittatinny  Mountain  in  Sussex  county 
seems   assured    of   public   approval. 

New  Jersey  is  most  centrally  situated 
with  respect  to  population,  over  ten  mil- 
lion people  living  within  a  radius  of  sixty 
miles   of   the   capitol   at   Trenton. 

An  enormous  increase  in  applications 
for  camp  sites  must  be  expected  as  the 
State's  invitation  receives  wider  considera- 
tion among  so  many  people,  who  seek  rec- 
reation within  a  convenient  distance  from 
their   homes. 

The  forest  extending  along  the  Kitta- 
tinny Mountain  is  a  most  desirable  one 
for  the  expansion  of  State  holdings,  as  it 
is  well  suited  for  recreation  purposes  as 
well  as  the  practice  of  forestry.  The  seven 
thousand  acres  already  embodied  in  the 
Stokes  State  Forest  afford  an  unexcelled 
vacation  ground  for  lovers  of  outdoor  life. 


can  use  1 


Atlas  Farm  Powder  is  compounded  especially  for 
safety  and  efficiency.  Inexperiencedusers  can  easi- 
ly follow  the  simple  directions  given  in  our  book. 

"Although  1  had  never  done  any  blasting  before,"  writes  Dean 
Johnson.  Netherlands,  Mo.,  "1  had  the  6rst  stump  out  in  pieces 
1  could  handle  easily  within  ten  minutes  from  the  time  I  started 
working  on  it.     It  is  easy  to  use  Atlas  Farm  Powder." 

Thousands  of  farmers  and  their  helpers  have 
found  that  with  Atlas  Farm  Powder  it  is  easy 
to  clear  land,  make  ditches,  prepare  beds  for 
trees  and  increase  soil  fertility. 

Send  the  coupon  (or  a  postal  mentioning  this 
paper)  and  we  will  mail  you  the  120-page  book 
"Better  Farming  with  Atlas  Powder,"  telling 
you  just  how  to  do  the  work. 

ATLAS    POWDER    CO.,  Wilmington,  Del. 

Dealers  everywhere.     Magazine  stocks  near  you. 


ATLAS  POWDER  CO.. 

Wilmington.  Del.        FD3 


(Send  me"  Better  Farming  with  Atlas  Farm 
Powder. '  *  1  am  interested  in  explosives  for 
I  the  purpose  before  which  I  mark  "X." 
G  Stump  Blasting  D  Tree  Planting 
ID  Boulder  Blasting  D  Ditch  Digging 
O  Subsoil  Blasting   D  Road  Making 

|  Name  ,  , 


I  Address 

/Idas  Farm  Powde 


The  Safest  Explosive 


The  Original  Farm  Powder 


JL    VOLUNTEER 

O                     for  the  Third 

RED  CROSS  ROLL  CALL 

Opportunity,  Privilege,  Duty  con- 
front YOU.     The  personal  service 
of  a  million  volunteers  is  needed 
November    second    to    Armistice 
Day,  the  eleventh,  to  enlist  every 
citizen    in    the    world's    greatest 
Army  of  Mercy. 

Hopeful,    grateful    America    ap- 
peals for  the  Red  Cross  spirit. 

Please  Mention  American  Forestry   Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1436 


AMKRICAN     FORESTRY 


... 


tf  f  C*  J     x  •    _1  [  is  a  sixteen-page  book  that  tells  you  how 

**JU# ICICff.fi/  f^K      connect   y0Ur  house   properly   with   the 

P iCL TttlTlg  S  [surroundings.    It  will  help  you,  too,  to  have 

compositions    that    are    more    harmonious    and    in    better    taste    than 

usual.      We    shall    be    pleased    to    send    you    a    copy    on    request. 

HICKS     NURSERIES,     Box    F,     Westbury,     L.     I.,    New     York 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

"DEST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  601  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 
TREE  SEEDS 

SEEDLINGS  Write  for  price,  on      TRANSPLANTS 

large  quantities 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 
CHESHIRE,    CONN. 


(BOX  BARBERRY) 

^^-      Tbe  N«w  Hardy  Dwarf  Edging  and  Low  Hedge      — — » 

Originators  and  Introducers; 

THE  ELM  CITY  NURSERY  COMPANY 

Wood  mo  nt  Nurseries 
Box  905 1  Mew  Haven,  Conn.  ' 

Send  for  Box-Barberry  Folder  and 
General  Nursery  Catalogue. 


H 


ARRISONS'  NURSERIE 

Fruit  Trees  Budded  from  Bearing 
Orchards.  Peach,  apple,  pear,  plum, 
cherry,  qui  net*,  grape-vines,  straw- 
berry plants,  raspberries,  blackber- 
ries, evergreens  and  shade  trees. 
Catalog  free.      Box  71,  Berlin,  Md. 


S 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send   for   my   catalogue   containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


PLANT  MEMORIAL 

TREES  FOR  OUR 

HEROIC  DEAD 


Orchids 


We  are  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers   SUMMIT,  N.  J. 


CONSIDER  THE   WOODLOT  TO  KEEP  IT  PRODUCTIVE 


Attractive  camp  sites,  beautiful  scenery, 
pure  mountain  air  and  spring  water,  trovit 
fishing  in  season,  are  some  of  the  attrac- 
tions offered  free  to  the  public. 

Nearby  are  the  well-known  mountain 
lake  resorts — Culvers'  Lake,  Lake  Owassa 
and  Swartswood  Lake,  where  fishing,  boat- 
ing and  bathing  may  be  had.  This  region 
is  easily  accessible  by  motor  over  good 
roads,  and  by  railroad  so  that  it  may  be 
reached  in  a  little  over  three  hours  from 
Jersey  City  or  Newark. 

The  Department  is  planning  to  enlarge 
this  property  to  include  forty  thousand 
acres  and  create  a  great  State  Forest  Park 
extending  for  thirty-five  miles  along  the 
mountain  from  Delaware  Water  Gap  to 
the  New  York  State  line. 

This  area  will  afford  exceptional  oppor- 
tunities for  the  practice  and  demonstration 
of  forestry  management  and  protection, 
and  at  the  same  time  will  doubtless  prove 
to  be  one  of  the  most  popular  "public  play- 
grounds" in  the  east. 


NEW  YORK 
I  UMBER  and  forestry  interests  in  New 
York  State  are  looking  forward  with 
interest  to  the  second  week  of  November. 
Tuesday,  November  11,  has  been  defi- 
nitely set  as  the  date  for  the  holding  of 
the  forestry  conference  at  which  Colonel 
Henry  S.  Graves,  chief  forester  of  the 
United  States  Forest  Service,  will  discuss 
at  Syracuse  with  all  interested  organiza- 
tions his  proposed  national  forest  policy. 
This  is  the  date  of  the  meeting  of  the 
New  York  Forestry  Association,  and  many 
manufacturers,  retailers  and  dealers  in 
lumber,  foresters,  and  others  interested  in 
conservation  have  accepted  invitations  to 
attend  and  to  hear  Colonel  Graves  explain 
his  proposed  program. 

Colonel  Graves  had  originally  agreed  to 
hold  a  conference  with  the  Empire  State 
Forest  Products  Association,  but  the  for- 
estry association  got  the  consent  of  the 
manufacturers  to  the  present  plan  so  that 
a  more  general  discussion  might  be  pos- 
sible. 

The  Empire  State  Forest  Products  As- 
sociation will  hold  its  annual  convention 
at  Albany,  November  13;  the  American 
Pulp  and  Paper  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion will  hold  a  convention  in  New  York 
City  the  latter  part  of  that  week.  Thus 
many  of  those  interested  will  travel  from 
Syracuse  to  New  York  City  by  way  of 
Albany  to  participate  in  the  three  confer- 
ences. 

William  Shemin,  a  graduate  of  the  New 
York  State  Ranger  School,  at  Wanakena, 
formerly  working  under  a  College  of  For- 
estry graduate,  R.  E.  Waldenberger,  city- 
forester  of  Bayonne.  New  Jersey,  followed 
his  chief  into  the  service  and  was  wounded 
at  Vesle,  when  in  Company  G,  47th  regu- 
lar infantry.  He  has  now  returned  to  his 
old  chief,  who  has  taken  him  to  Niagara 
where  Waldenberger  is  superintendent  of 
the  state  reservation  at  Niagara  Falls, 
New  York. 


STATE    NEWS' 


1437 


"  The  Dessert  Berry  of  the  Nation ' ' 

The  Erskine  Park  Everbearing  Red  Raspberry 

The  Erskine  Park  Everbearing  Red  Raspberry  is  a  seedling  from  the  old 
reliable  Cuthbert,  discovered  on  the  Westinghouse  Estate  (Erskine  Park)  at 
Lee,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  Edward  Norman.  This  magnificent  estate  is  in  the  midst 
of  the  beautiful  Berkshire  Hills,  with  a  temperature  in  winter  of  30  or  40  degrees  below  zero,  so  that  the  hardiness  of  this  berry 
is  unquestioned.  The  estate  is  surrounded  by  the  summer  homes  of  many  wealthy  people,  and  much  to  the  surprise  of  his 
neighbor  gardeners  and  not  without  a  deal  of  personal  satisfaction,  Mr.  Norman  furnished  large,  luscious  raspberries  through- 
out the  fall  for  various  dinner  parties. 


These  berries  are  commented  on  by  all  who  have  seen  and  tasted 
them  as  the  most  delicious  and  best  raspberry  they  have  ever  eaten. 
Mr.  Baker  of  Hoosick.  Falls,  N.  Y.,  writes  us  as  follows,  regarding 
this    remarkable    berry: 

"In  the  season  of  1916,  Mr.  George  M.  Darrow  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  was  traveling  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  visiting  fruit  growers  to  obtain  information  on  berries  for 
bulletins  published  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Mr.  Darrow 
had  visited  this  estate  before,  and  was  most  favorably  impressed 
that  this  berry  was  far  ahead  of  the  St.  Regis  and  Renere,  and  when 
it  became  known  it  would  replace  these  varieties.  The  plant  is  by 
far  the  strongest  growing  raspberry  I  have  ever  seen.  It  branches 
like  a  tree,  and  it  also  has  the  largest  and  most  roots  of  any  variety 
with  which  I  am  acquainted.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  and  the  berries 
are    very    large." 

Of   this   berry    we    cannot    say    too    much    in    praise,    and    we   predict 


that  once  known,  it  will  be  a  standard  for  planting  in  every  garden 
and    considered    a    necessity. 

The  Renere  and  St.  Regis  have  been  the  standard  up  to  the  presen; 
time.  In  the  Erskine  Park  we  have  a  berry  that  far  surpasses  either 
of  these;  a  raspberry  that  is  a  delight  to  eat,  each  berry  being  of 
largest  size,  with  its  delicious  melting  flesh,  full  of  rich  creamy  juice, 
highly  flavored  and   sweet  as  honey. 

Conceive  the  joy  and  satisfaction  of  having  such  berries  on  your  table 
all  through  the  autumn,  the  source  of  wonder  to  your  neighbors,  that 
you  can  pick  the  finest  raspberries  until  the  snow  flies.  On  November 
the  20th  we  cut  a  large  branch  of  the  Erskine  Park  with  blossoms, 
green   berries   and    ripe   fruit  upon    it. 

We  have  not  as  yet  been  able  to  propagate  any  large  quantity 
of  this  magnificent  berry,  but  what  we  have  are  the  finest  Bearing 
Two-Year  Old  Plants,  heavily  rooted  and  branched  that  will  bring 
a  full  measure  of  pleasure   and   satisfaction   to  the  planter. 


Strong  Field  Crown  Bearing  Plants,   per  six,  $3;  per  twelve,  $5;  per  fifty,  $15 

One  dozen  plants  set  this  fall  will  produce  more  fruit  than  two  dozen  plants  set 

next  spring.     Plant  this  fall. 

Send  for   our  Free  illustrated  Catalogue  which   describes 
the  "WORLD'S  BEST"  trees  and  plants  for  your  garden 

GLEN  BROS.,  Inc.  Glenwood  Nursery  1873  Main  St.,  Rochester,  N.Y. 


NORTH  CAROLINA 

'"FHE  North  Carolina  Forestry  Associa- 
tion has  adopted  the  following  fourteen 
points  in  forestry  and  asks  the  support  of 
the  people  of  the  state  in  securing  and  en- 
forcing  them  : 

1.  The  scientific  classification  of  forest 
and  cut-over  lands  as  those  chiefly  suitable 
for   grazing   and    forestry. 

2.  Increased  ownership  of  non-agricul- 
tural forest  lands  by  federal,  state  and  mu- 
nicipal  governments. 

3.  Regulation  of  cutting  on  non-agri- 
cultural land  in  order  to  maintain  a  pro- 
ductive and  profitable  crop,  and  for  the 
protection  of  our  streams. 

4.  Growing  a  crop  of  timber  on  agri- 
cultural land  not  yet  needed  for  a  more 
profitable   crop. 

5.  Prevention  of  all  unnecessary  waste 
in   cutting   and   marketing   timber. 

6.  Protection  from  fire  of  all  young 
growth   as  well   as   merchantable  timber. 

7.  State  investigations  looking  to  the 
rehabilitation  of  our  naval  stores  industry. 

8.  Practical  control  of  serious  insect 
pests  and  fungus  diseases  of  forest  and 
shade  trees. 

'.)  Protection  of  young  and  growing 
forests  from  livestock  through  proper  con- 
trol. 

10.  Effective  public  control  of  water 
powers  as  a  natural  resource  belonging  to 
all  the  people. 

11.  Development  and  management  of 
Mitchell  state  park  for  the  benefit  of  the 
people  of  North  Carolina. 

12.  Maintaining  and  increasing  the 
beauty  of  our  highways  by  proper  utiliza- 
tion of  trees  and  shrubs. 


13.  Effective  protection  of  birds  and 
game  both  for  their  economic  and  aesthetic 
values. 

14.  Training  of  the  young  to  know  and 
appreciate  the  value  of  trees,  forests  and 
wild   life. 

OREGON 
TN  view  of  the  recent  destructive  fires  in 
the  northwest  forests,  the  Pacific  Log- 
ging Congress  has  sent  to  all  loggers  in 
this  vast  territory  a  set  of  fire  rules  which 
are  comprehensive  and  public-spirited. 
Among  other  rules  they  advise  shutting 
down  the  mills  during  dangerous  weather 
rather  than  risk  a  disastrous  fire,  not  leav- 
ing a  fire  even  after  it  is  under  control  until 
it  is  thoroughly  extinguished,  giving  fire 
fighting  precedence  over  everything,  using 
all  vigor  and  resources,  and  maintaining 
closest  cooperation  with  fire  wardens  and 
other  government  officials.  Many  rules 
cover  technical  matters  and  the  subject  has 
evidently  been  given  very  careful  attention. 


TEXAS 
ALFRED  MacDONALD  of  Newton, 
Massachusetts,  has  recently  been  ap- 
pointed City  Forester  in  Dallas,  Texas. 
Mr.  MacDonald  was  formerly  Field  Sec- 
retary of  the  Massachusetts  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation and  later  spent  two  years  in  the 
Graduate  School  of  Forestry  in  Harvard 
University  studying  problems  concerning 
city  forestry. 

The  city  of  Dallas  is  planning  an  aggres- 
sive Memorial  Tree  planting  campaign  for 
this  fall  and  present  indications  are  that 
several  hundred  such  trees  will  be  set  out 
by    the    Forestry    Department.    The    Boy 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS 

buy  the  right  kind— That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose-- 
Our  little  house  organ  "Etchings"  is 
full  of  valuable  hints— Send  for  it. 

H.  A.  GATCHEL,  Prei.  C.  A.  STINSON,  VkePrti. 

GATCHEL  &   MANNING 

PHOTO-ENGRA  VERS 

In  one  or  more  colors 
Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


PLANT  MEMORIAL  TREES 


Please  mention  American  Forestry    Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1438 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE 


1337-1339  F  STREET, N.W. 
WflSHINGTON.P.C. 

PeSI<3N^.RS 

fliip 

ILLUSTRATORS 

3  ^olor  Pro^ss  Work 
^lotrotypss 

Superior  Qoality 

&  S^Rl/IC^L 
Phone  Main  8274 


Scouts  have  already  been  enlisted  to  assist 
in  the  work  of  the  Forestry  Department  in 
locating  dead  trees  and  suppressing  noxious 
insects. 

Most  of  the  trees  heretofore  planted  in 
Dallas  have  been  native  species  and  For- 
ester MacDonald  is  planning  to  try,  exper- 
imentally, trees  of  European  and  Asiatic 
origin,  such  as  Norway  Maple,  Oriental 
Plane  and  Gingko,  which  have  proved  so 
successful  in  Eastern  cities. 


VERMONT 
XT  E.  GRUPE,  who  went  overseas  with 
*  the  ioth  Engineers,  was  detached  and 
put  on  special  duty  in  Paris  in  criminal 
investigation,  work  entirely  distinct  from 
military  investigation.  He  graduated  from 
New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  in 
1917,  and  has  been  engaged  by  the  State 
Forestry  Department  of  Vermont,  being 
placed  in  charge  of  a  district  of  the  state 
forest.  

WISCONSIN 

A  TEN-LESSON  correspondence  course 
"^  in  the  kiln  drying  of  lumber  is  offered 
for  five  dollars  by  the  Extension  Division 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  in  co-oper- 
ation with  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory. 
The  lessons  are  written  in  simple  language 
and  explain  how  lumber  may  be  kiln  dried 
for  particular  purposes  with  results  which 
are  superior  to  those  produced  by  air  sea- 
soning. 

A  million-pound  testing  machine  is  being 
built   for  the   Forest   Products   Laboratory 


•      * 


is  a 


Thrift 

sfiieid  dgjdinst 
money  worriea 


•  « 


Buy  <a 

.THRIFT  STAMP 

every*  d<ay 

t 


at  Madison  for  use  in  an  investigation  of 
the  strength  properties  of  large  structural 
timbers. 

Sixty-five  members  of  the  Technical  As- 
sociation of  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Industry 
visited  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory  on 
September  26  and  spent  the  day  inspecting 
the  various  departments.  The  visitors 
were  particularly  interested  in  the  facilities 
of  the  laboratory  for  studying  the  control 
of  mold  in  pulp  wood. 


SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member: 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves, 
blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc. 

No.  2 — Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full-page 
illustrations. 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page 
illustrations. 

FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 

I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the 
including   American   Forestry   Magazine,   and   enclose  $3.00  for  the  1919  fee — 

Name — - 


Send  Book  No. 


Address _ City 

to  Name 


Address. 


City 


$2.00  of  above  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;   single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1439 


FOREST  FIRE  PERIL  ENDS 
"D  EPORTS  and  estimates  from  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Forest  Service,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  indicate 
that  the  period  of  the  greatest  forest  fire 
peril  that  has  ever  confronted  the  Forest 
Service  has  been  brought  to  an  end  by 
heavy  rains  and  snows  in  Montana  and 
northern  Idaho.  Until  this  sorely  needed 
assistance  from  nature  arrived  the  wooded 
areas  of  the  district  were  so  dry  that  fires 
gained  terrific  headway  with  astonishing 
rapidity. 

A  surprising  number  of  electric  storms 
occurred  over  these  tinder-dry  regions, 
unaccompanied  by  sufficient  rain  to  check 
the  flames  which  were  started  by  light- 
ning. More  than  half  of  the  fires  in  the 
regions,  reports  show,  were  begun  by  such 
electrical   discharges. 

To  meet  this  peril  in  Montana  and 
northern  Idaho,  a  maximum  of  4,300  extra 
men  were  employed  in  addition  to  the  reg- 
ular forces  in  the  field.  By  reason  of  what 
was  probably  better  organization  than  has 
ever  been  effected  heretofore,  the  fire  fight- 
ers were  able  to  keep  the  flames  very  large- 
ly away  from  the  more  valuable  timber. 
While  no  definite  figures  are  yet  available, 
it  is  estimated  that  the  burned  area  totals 
approximately  one  million  acres.  Much  of 
this,  however,  was  land  which  had  been 
burned  over  at  some  previous  time.  What 
is  known  as  a  blow-up — a  wind  of  great 
velocity — occurred  during  the  season,  and 
added  greatly  to  the  labor  of  the  tire 
fighters.  For  a  time  it  was  feared  that  the 
destruction  wrought  might  be  as  great  as 
that  in  1910. 

This  season  seven  men  lost  their  lives 
fighting  the  flames.  Two  died  of  spotted 
fever,  one  from  over-exertion,  and  four 
were  killed  by  falling  trees.  In  1910  more 
than  70  men  were  killed  and  many  towns 
were  wiped  out.  One  crew  of  men  this 
year  was  seriously  imperiled  and  for  many 
hours  it  was  feared  they  had  been  cut  off 
by  the  advancing  flames.  Another  crew 
was  forced  to  remain  in  a  cold  stream  for 
18  hours  to  avoid  being  burned  to  death, 
and  similar  measures  were  taken  to  save  a 
pack  train. 


CARRIER  PIGEONS  REPLACE 

TELEPHONE 

TN    Oregon,    as    elsewhere,    the   telephone 

operators  have  been  striking  for  better 
working  conditions  and  as  a  result  service 
has  been  more  or  less  disturbed.  William 
Sproat,  of  the  Deschutes  National  Forest, 
however,  did  not  worry  much  when  he 
went  to  East  Lake  on  special  work,  for 
instead  of  depending  upon  "central"  at 
Bend  to  give  him  the  proper  connection, 
he  took  with  him  some  carrier  pigeons 
and  in  this  way  it  was  easy  to  send  mes- 
liis  wife.  The  carriers  made  the 
from  the  forest  to  the  cote  in 
about  '20  minutes  and  there  was  no  "listen- 
ing in"  either. 


PASSING  OF  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  IN 

PENNSYLVANIA 
TVT  P.  WHEELER,  manager  of  Dusen- 
berry  and  Wheeler  Lumber  Company, 
of  Endeavor,  Pennsylvania,  says  his  com- 
pany has  between  6  and  7  years  more  to 
operate  and  its  operations  are  closed  in 
Pennsylvania.  There  are  only  four  large 
operating  concerns  now  in  Pennsylvania : 
Good  Year  Lumber  Company,  Norwich, 
which,  it  is  reported,  has  one  year's  cut  left 
— about  50  million  feet ;  Salmon  Creek 
Lumber  Company  (E.  S.  Collins),  Kellett 


The 

Rising  Sun 

of  Prosperity 

Shines  on 

Thrift 


ville,  has  a  life  of  perhaps  3  or  4  years;  the 
Central  Pennsylvania  Lumber  Company, 
Williamsport,  operates  five  mills  and  will 
finish  in  all  probability  in  6  or  7  years.  The 
cut  of  these  four  companies  will  approxi- 
mate 225  million  feet.  {Timberman,  No- 
vember, 1918,  page  55.) 


DOUGLAS  FIR  INVADES  SOUTHERN 
PINE   TERRITORY 

"TJIMENSION  lumber  is  going  right  into 
Southern  pine  territory — a  recent 
visitor  in  Portland,  from  Kansas  City,  a 
buyer  for  a  wholesaler  with  line  yards  is 
authority  for  the  statement  that:  "All  of 
the  retail  yards  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River  are  handling  nothing  in  Southern 
pine  excepting  finish  and  flat-grained  floor- 
ing, everything  in  the  shape  of  dimension 
is  fir." — A  shipment  of  oil  rig  stock  or  big 
timbers  into  Texas  is  regular  but  it  seems 
strange  to  ship  fir  flooring  into  Dallas,  but 
that  is  being  done  by  a  Washington  mill 
whose  headquarters  are  here,  while  Denver, 
that  used  to  be  a  divided  market  between 
(ir  and  Southern  pine,  is  now  absolutely  fir. 
(West  Coast  Lumberman,  May  15,  1919, 
page  25.) 


NORTHERN    PINE    CUT   IS    LESS 

f^HPHE  steady  decrease  in  the  cut  of  lum- 
ber in  Minnesota  will  be  more  in  evi- 
dence in  1920  than  is  generally  supposed," 
says  R.  F.  Pray,  manager  of  the  Red  River 
Lumber  Company,  of  Westwood,  Califor- 
nia. "The  J.  Neils  Lumber  Company,  of 
Cass  Lake,  with  a  cut  of  40  million  feet, 
and  the  Nicols-Chisholm  plant  of  the  Shev- 
lin  interests  at  Frazee,  with  a  similar  cut, 
finish  this  year.  In  addition,  the  Weyer- 
haeuser plant  at  Little  Falls,  cutting  75 
million  feet,  will  saw  its  last  board  this 
season,  and  the  two  mills  of  the  Northern 
Pine  Company,  at  Minneapolis,  with  a  com- 
bined cut  of  100  million  feet,  will  finish 
operations,  to  which  must  be  added  a  50 
per  cent  reduction  in  the  Cloquet  group  of 
mills,  making  a  total  reduction  in '  1920 
production  of  approximately  450  million 
feet.  Last  year  the  Leach  Lake  Lumber 
Company,  at  Walker,  Minnesota,  closed. 
It  had  an  annual  capacity  of  about  20  mil- 
lion feet.  The  Deep  River  Lumber  Com- 
pany, at  Deep  River,  Minnesota,  closed  in 
1918,  with  a  cut  of  40  million,  making  a 
total  reduction  of  at  least  500  million  feet 
in  northern  pine  districts."  {The  Timber- 
man,  June,  1919.) 


THE   DECLINE   OF   A   ONCE    GREAT 
WHITE    PINE    CENTER 

A  RATHER  gloomy  picture  of  lumber 
conditions  in  the  Tonawandas  (Buffa- 
lo) is  painted  by  a  correspondent  who  says 
that  but  three  lumber-handling  gangs  of 
twenty  men  each  are  working.  A  quarter 
century  ago  thirteen  gangs  of  thirty  men 
each  were  working  almost  constantly  during 
the  navigation  season.  Not  enough  lumber 
is  coming  in  this  summer  to  keep  three 
gangs  busy.     He  adds: 

"The  Tonawandas  once  held  the  record 
for  being  the  largest  lumber  port  in  the 
world,  but  Chicago  took  that  title  from  the 
local  cities  ten  years  ago  and  has  since  held 
it.  The  lumber  industry  here  is  being  re- 
placed rapidly  by  a  variety  of  industries 
though  it  still  holds  an  important  place  in 
the  business  world."  (Hardwood  Record, 
June  10,  1919.) 


Think  in  interest — your  own  interest — 
save  and  invest.  War-Savings  Stamps 
pay  4  per  cent  interest,  compounded 
quarterly. 


LEAVES  AND  THEIR  USES 

Boston  Herald 
There  is  a  great  opportunity  for  some  in- 
ventor to  turn  "the  flying  gold  of  the  ruined 
woodlands"  into  real  money  by  adding  one  more 
ingenuity  to  our  new-found  methods  of  economiz- 
ing fuel.  This  is  the  season  which  we  name  from 
the  fall  of  the  leaves  with  little  thought  that 
foliage,  moist  on  the  tree  or  dry  on  the  earth, 
has  any  sort  of  connection  with  daily  living. 
Thickly  as  it  may  "strow  the  brooks  of  Vallom- 
brosa,"  we  treat  it  as  an  outdoor  spectacle  to 
be  revelled  in  and  nothing  more  and  as  we  draw 
on  the  resources  of  our  leaf  bins,  not  to  super- 
sede coal,  but  to  take  comfort  in  a  fair  and 
cheap  substitute  for  wood,  it  will  be  ours  to 
wonder  "why   it    was   never   thought   of  before." 


1440 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


GRASS 

By  John  J.  Ingalls 

Late  Senator  of  Kansas 


"  /^\  RASS  is  the  forgiveness  of  Nature— her  constant 
I  -w-  benediction.  Fields  trampled  with  battle,  saturat- 
^-^  ed  with  blood,  torn  with  the  ruts  of  cannon,  grow 
green  again  with  grass,  and  carnage  is  forgotten.  Streets 
abandoned  by  traffic  become  grass-grown  like  rural  lanes, 
and  are  obliterated;  forests  decay,  harvests  perish,  flowers 
vanish,  but  grass  is  immortal.  _  Beleagured  by  the  sullen 
hosts  of  winter,  it  withdraws  into  the  impregnable  fort- 
ress of  its  subterranean  vitality  and  emerges  upon  the 
solicitation  of  Spring.  Sown  by  the  winds,  by  wandering 
birds,  propagated^  by  the  subtle  horticulture  of  the  ele- 
ments, which  are  its  ministers  and  servants,  it  softens  the 
rude  outline  of  the  world.  Its  tenacious  fibers  hold  the 
earth  in  its  place,  and  prevent  its  soluble  components 
from  washing  into  the  sea.  It  invades  the  solitude  of 
deserts,  climbs  the  inaccessible  slopes  and  forbidding  pin- 
nacles of  mountains,  modifies  climates  and  determines  the 
history,  character  and  destiny  of  nations.  Unobtrusive 
and  patient,  it  has  immortal  vigor  and  aggression.  Ban- 
ished from  the  thoroughfare  or  the  field,  it  bides  its  time 
to  return,  and  when  vigilance  is  relaxed,  or  the  dynasty 
has  perished,  it  silently  resumes  its  throne,  from  which  it 
has  been  expelled  but  which  it  never  abdicates.  It  bears  no 
blazonry  of  bloom  to  charm  the  senses  with  fragrance  or 
splendor,  but  its  homely  hue  is  more  enchanting  than  the 
lily  or  the  rose.  It  yields  no  fruit  in  earth  or  air,  and  yet 
should  its  harvest  fail  for  a  single  year  famine  would  de- 
populate the  world. " 


The  South's  future  depends  upon  full  utili- 
zation of  its  vast  idle  acreage,  in  agricultural 
pursuits,  live  stock  raising  and  reforestation. 

Cut  Over  Land  Department 

Southern  Pine 
Association 

New  Orleans,  La. 


Southern  Pine  Attociaiion. 


% 


;. 


M» 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 

THE    MAGAZINE     OF    THE    AMERICAN     FORESTRY    ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 


November  1919    Vol.  25 

;il!l!lllllllinillllBlllllilllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllllll!lllllllll!IIIIIIIIUIII 


CONTENTS  No.  311 

nmiiiiiiiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiii 

FORESTERS  EDITION 


IN  BEAUTIFUL  PARADISE   VALLEY,  MOUNT 
RAINER     NATIONAL    PARK 


The  Glory  of  the  Redwoods  Threatened  by  Fire — By  M.   B.  Pratt. 
With  four  illustrations. 

California's    Redwood    Park — By    Arthur    A.    Taylor 

With  four  illustrations. 

The    Giant    Redwood — Poem    By    M.    J.    Riordan 

Church   Built  From   One  Tree — By   H.   E.   Zimmerman 

With   one    illustration. 

The  Forest  Code  and  the  Regime  Forestier — By  W.   B.  Greeley 

With   six   illustrations. 

A  Tribute  to  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock 


Landscape    Architecture    in    Our    National    Forests    and    Parks — By 

S.    R.    DeBoer 

With    eight    illustrations. 

National  Forest  Plantation  Upon  Pikes  Peak — By  Smith  Riley 

With  six  illustrations. 

The    Federal    Income    Tax    and   the   Forest    Industries — By     David 
T.    Mason 

Forestry  and  Patience — By  Quincy  R.  Craft 

With  three   illustrations 

DuBois  to  Enter  Consular  Service 

A   National   Forest   Policy — (Discussion) 

Forest  Economics — By  H.  H.  Chapman 

Classification   of   Lands   and   Our   Forest   Policy — By   George 

Drolet    

Box  Manufacturers  Resolve 

A  Forest  Policy — By  Frank  L.  Moore 

Forest  Restoration  in  Belgium 

The  Douglas  Fir— Poem  By  Donald  A.  Fraser 

Extension  Work  in  Forestry — By  A.  F.  Hawes 

With  three  illustrations. 


Timber  Cruising — By   P.   L.   Lyford 

With  six  illustrations. 

Syracuse  College  of  Forestry  Exhibit 

With  one  illustration. 

Sentinels  of  the  Forest — Contributed  by  the  American  Red  Cross 

With  three  illustrations. 

What  Newspapers  Say  as  to  a  National  Forest  Policy  and  a  Roosevelt 
Memorial    


Canadian   Department — By    Ellwood    Wilson. 

National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees 

State  News 

Forest   School    Notes 

Book   Reviews 

Reforestation  of  Porto  Rico  is  Planned 

Carrier  Pigeons  Aid  Foresters 


1443 

1446 

1450 
1450 

1451 

1458 

1459 

1465 

1469 
1470 

1472 

1473 

1475 

1475 
1476 

1477 

1478 

1479 

.1483 

1488 

1489 

1490 
1492 
1494 
1495 
1497 
1500 
1504 
1504 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  December  24,  1909,  at  the  Postoffice  at  Washington, 
under  the  act  of  March  3,  1879.  Copyright,  1919,  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 
Acceptance  for  mailing  at  special  rate  of  postage  provided  for  in  section  1103,  Act  of 
October  3,  1917,  authorized  July  11,   1918. 


THE   GLORY   OF   THE    REDWOODS 

Stupendous  trees,  venerable  fur  their  age,  world  wonders  for  their  size,  staggering  to  the  imagination  in  their  lumber  content,  beautiful  as  marble 
statuary  in  their  symmetry.  "And  the  great  trees  watch  and  wonder  much.  Surely  a  new  race  is  coming  on  down  there;  men  who  measure  their 
girth   in   love,  not  in  greed.     Through   their  branches  the   almost  unbelievable  message  runs — 'These  men  worship  God  w^ith  us!'" 


fllillllllllllllllliUIIIIIIIIIIIII!IU!llllllllllllll!!U!i!lilllllU^ 

!  AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXV 


NOVEMBER,  1919 

linill!!llllll!!lilllll!!l!l!lllll!l!!!!lll! 


NO.  311 


THE  GLORY  OF  THE  REDWOODS  THREATENED  BY  FIRE 

BY  M.  B.  PRATT,  DEPUTY  STATE  FORESTER  OF  CALIFORNIA 


FOREST,  range  and  grain  fires  have  burned  over 
larger  areas  and  have  caused  more  loss  in  California 
this  summer  than  in  many  years.  The  fire  hazard 
was  especially  high  as  early  as  July  due  to  the  small 
amount  of  precipitation  in  the  spring  months,  high  hot 
winds  and  an  unprecedented  host  of  vacationists  in  the 
mountains,  a  number  figured  by  some  observers  as  being 
twice  the  normal.  With 
these  conditions  prevalent, 
it  is  remarkable  that  the 
tires  were  kept  down  as 
well  as  they  were  by  gov- 
ernment, state,  county  and 
private  agencies.  It  was 
not  until  the  latter  part  of 
September,  when  the  first 
fall  rains  were  expected, 
that  a  period  of  intense 
heat  accompanied  by  strong 
north  winds  caused  the 
small  fires  to  become  con- 
flagrations in  a  short  time. 
In  spite  of  every  effort, 
fires  raged  uncontrolled  in 
different  parts  of  the  state 
for  about  two  weeks  and  it 
was  not  until  a  general  rain 
fell  on  September  27  that 
they  were  finally  controlled. 
The  fires  in  southern 
California  were  the  largest 
since  the  great  fire  of  1910 
in  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains.  Fanned  by 
heavy  winds,  small  fires  in 
various  sections  of  the  An- 
geles National  Forest  es- 
caped beyond  control  to 
form  a  continuous  line  of 
flame  over  thirty  miles  in 
length  and  ten  miles  in 
depth.  A  raging,  roaring  sea  of  flame  raced  through 
Pacoima  Canyon,  often  called  the  most  beautiful  camping 
IpOt  in  southern  California,  destroying  eight  summer 
homes  and  the  attractiveness  of  the  place  for  many  years 
to  come.  The  $100,000  ranch  property  of  Cecil  B. 
I)i    Mille  in  Tejunga  Canyon  was  left  a  mass  of  black- 


ST1LL   STALWART  AND   STRONG 

Although  the  base  of  this  redwood  is  eaten  out  by  fire  and  rot  until  it 
is  hollow,  the  tree  is  so  sturdy  that  it  might  and  undoubtedly  would,  stand 
for   generations   to  come,    if   untouched    by   firt. 


ened  ruins.  San  Gabriel  Canyon  was  also  fire-swept  and 
a  number  of  cottages  destroyed.  At  the  same  time  fires 
in  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  were  burning  within 
two  miles  of  the  Los  Angeles  city  playground,  and  threat- 
ening Squirrel  Inn  and  Thousand  Pines  in  the  Rim  of  the 
World  resort  region. 

On  September  24,  the  Mayor  of  Los  Angeles  issued  the 

following  proclamation : 

"There  is  raging  in  the  An- 
geles National  Forest  Reserve, 
near  this  city,  fires  which 
threaten  the  entire  area.  We 
all  appreciate  the  value  of  this 
forest.  It  is,  from  the  stand- 
point of  irrigation  and  flood 
control,  priceless.  It  is  our 
duty  as  citizens  of  Los  Angeles 
to  do  everything  in  our  power, 
to  use  all  of  the  resources  at 
our  command,  to  co-operate 
with  the  local  forest  office  to 
extinguish  these  fires.  I  feel 
that  this  fire  may  prove  more 
serious  to  the  present  as  well 
as  the  future  generations  than 
would  a  large  fire  in  the  heart 
of   our  city. 

"Therefore,  I  request  that 
every  person  who  can  in  any 
way,  independently  or  through 
organizations,  collectively,  get 
in  touch  with  the  local  forest 
office  and  aid  them  in  their 
efforts  to  extinguish  these 
fires." 

(Signed) 

Meredith  P.  Snyder, 

Mayor. 

Forest  Supervisor  Charl- 
ton soon  had  twenty-five 
hundred  men  on  the  fire 
line,  and  the  assistance  of 
District  Forester  DuBois 
and  other  district  office  men 
from  San  Francisco.  Air- 
planes and  free  balloons 
from  March  and  Ross  fields 
took  observations  on  the 
fires,  and  the  work  became 
so  well  organized  that  much 
progress  was  being  made 
at  the  time  of  the  rain. 
A  preliminary  estimate  of  the  area  burned  over  places 
it  at  237  square  miles,  or  151,680  acres.  The  Forest 
Service  probably  spent  $50,000  for  labor  and  supplies, 
and  lost  timber  and  watershed  cover  valued  at  as  much 
more.    The  loss  of  property,  including  that  of  permittees 

1413 


in    checking    their    spread 


1444 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


is  high,  but  the  most  serious  consequence  of  these  fires 
will  be  the  damage  which  will  result  from  the  rapid  run- 
off during  the  coming  rainy  season. 

At  the  same  time  that  southern  California  was  experi- 
encing the  worst  fires  in  its  history,  terrific  fires  were 
raging  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  On  September 
19,  the  most  destructive  fire  that  was  ever  experienced  in 
Marin  County,  swept  the  slopes  of  Mount  Tamalpais  to 
the  edge  of  Muir  Woods  before  it  was  checked.  In  a 
few  hours,  more  than  twen-  ^_^^__ 
ty  residences  and  summer 
cottages  near  Mill  Valley 
were  destroyed.  A  thou- 
sand fire-fighters  which  in- 
cluded detachments  of  sol- 
diers from  Fort  McDowell 
and  Fort  Baker  were  need- 
ed to  bring  this  fire  under 
control. 

While  the  Mill  Valley 
fire  was  at  its  height,  the 
fire  in  Hurricane  Gulch 
that  had  previously  threat- 
ened Sausalito,  broke  out 
again  and  swept  down  upon 
the  water-front  with  irre- 
sistible force.  The  resi- 
dents, exhausted  from  their 
long  fight  with  the  fire  the 
night  before,  appealed  to 
Mayor  Rolph,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, for  aid.  He  dis- 
patched a  fire  boat  with 
thirty  firemen  at  once,  but 
by  the  time  the  boat  had 
reached  Sausalito  the  fire 
had  burned  a  hall,  five 
stores  and  a  dozen  resi- 
dences. Five  hundred  sol- 
diers and  sailors  were 
brought  in  from  nearby 
posts  and  the  fire  was 
finally  controlled.  It  is  es- 
timated that  the  property 
loss  in  the  two  Marin 
County  towns  from  these 
fires  exceeds  $200,000. 

On  September  20,  a  fire 
which  was  the  result  of 
slash  burning  on  a  lumber 
company's  holdings  in  San 
Mateo  County,  swept  into 
Santa  Cruz  County  and  entered  the  California  Redwood 
Park.  It  was  fought  for  a  week  by  several  hundred  men, 
at  one  time  coming  within  half  a  mile  of  Governor's 
Camp  in  the  Big  Basin,  having  claimed  one  hundred  of 
the  world's  greatest  trees.  The  big  redwoods  do 
not  burn  readily,  but  become  weakened  by  brush 
fires  about  their  bases  and  finally  topple  over  with 
a    great    crash,    carrying    smaller    trees     with     them. 


A   WELL-KNOWN    OLD    BEAUTY— "JUMBO" 

The  great  base  of  Jumbo — knotted  and  gnarled,  the  pride  of  the  grove. 
These  old  trees  made  heroic  resistance  to  the  devastating  fire  which  threat- 
ened   their   destruction    in    the   early    fall. 


"Great  trees  were  falling  all  night,"  said  Park 
Warden  Dool.  "When  they  fall  they  can  be  heard  a 
mile  and  a  half." 

This  is  the  first  fire  in  Redwood  Park  in  modern 
history.  Many  of  the  redwoods  had  been  hollowed  by 
previous  fires — 400  or  500  years  ago — and  so  fell  more 
readily  before  the  flames. 

"The  redwoods  that  have  fallen  run  to  six  feet  in 
diameter  and  are  from  250  to  275  feet  high,"  said  the 

Park  Warden.  "They  were 
from  1,500  to  2,000  years 
old."    An  irreparable  loss. 

Rain  came  to  the  relief 
of  the  fire-fighters,  but  not 
until  about  five  thousand 
acres  had  been  burned  over, 
including  1,600  acres  in  the 
proposed  addition  to  the 
park.  In  San  Mateo  Coun- 
ty, one  hundred  soldiers 
were  brought  from  San 
Francisco  to  protect  valu- 
able private  redwood  and 
tan-bark  oak  holdings.  The 
damage  to  the  mature  red- 
woods was  not  great  be- 
yond the  falling  of  some 
trees  through  the  further 
weakening  of  their  fire- 
scarred  butts.  The  greatest 
damage  was  through  the 
burning  of  the  intermingled 
Douglas  fir  and  tan-bark 
oak,  the  value  of  which  is 
estimated  to  be  twenty-five 
dollars  per  acre. 

The  foothills  of  the  Sier- 
ras were  aflame  during  the 
latter  part  of  September,  a 
dozen  or  more  fires  being 
sighted  in  one  day  by  the 
aerial  patrolman  from 
Mather  Field  on  his  daily 
round  trip  to  Oroville. 
Placerville  was  surrounded 
by  fires  which  deluged  the 
town  with  falling  ashes  and 
cinders.  Yuba,  Nevada, 
and  Placer  County  ranchers 
lost  thousands  of  acres  of 
dry  feed  and  young  timber, 
besides  many  buildings  and 
miles  of  fences.  At  this  time,  October  8,  there  is  still  a 
possibility  of  large  fires  unless  rain  falls  shortly,  since 
a  heavy  wind  is  rapidly  drying  out  the  moisture  resulting 
from  the  previous  rain.  Fire  reports  show  that  the  acre- 
age burned  over  and  the  resulting  damage  has  been 
greater  than  any  year  since  1910. 

The  lesson  taught  by  these  fires  surely  must  have  been 
learned  by  now.    In  commenting  upon  them  an  editorial 


THE  GLORY  OF  THE  REDWOODS  THREATENED  BY  FIRE 


1445 


in  the  San  Francisco  Examiner  of  September  28,  says  in 
part  as  follows: 

"We  believe  it  would  pay  some  prospective  legislative  candi- 
date to  make  a  serious  study  of  the  effects,  in  the  past,  of  forest 
fires.  He  should  get  the  facts  of  the  actual  money  losses 
represented  by  these  fires.  He 
should  become  acquainted  with 
the  state's  forest  resources,  the 
rates  of  use  and  the  rates  of 
renewal,  and  the  enormous 
hole  that  is  cut  in  these  re- 
sources each  year  by  fires. 

"Mr.  Homans,  we  feel  sure, 
will  be  very  glad  to  give  him  all 
the  assistance  he  needs  in  ac- 
quiring  such   information. 

"And  then  this  prospective 
legislative  candidate  should 
make  his  election  campaign  on 
an  issue  of  adequate  forest 
protection  and,  when  he  is 
elected,  should  make  a  two- 
fisted  fight  exclusively  on  this 
issue.  We  believe  he  would 
win  the  attention  of  the  entire 
state  on  such  an  issue.  And 
if  the  state  can  once  be  aroused 
there  is  no  question  that  the 
Department  of  Forestry  of  the 
State  of  California  will  get  its 
rightful  place  somewhere  near 
the  center  of  the  state's  activi- 
ties, instead  of  being  consid- 
ered, as  it  too  frequently  has 
been  considered  in  the  past,  a 
sort  of  side  issue." 

Recent  extension  of  the 
California  State  Highway 
system  through  Humboldt 
County,  has  made  the  mag- 
nificent redwood  forests  of 
the  northern  coast  easily  ac- 
cessible to  the  lover  of  na- 
ture, to  the  tourist,  and  to 
important  industries  de- 
pendent upon  forest  prod- 
ucts. This  extended  use  of 
the  highway  coming  at  a 
time  of  unusual  activity 
following  the  war,  Has 
brought  us  to  sudden  un- 
derstanding of  the  value 
and  interest  of  these  for- 
ests as  unique  wonders  of 
nature,  and  to  realization 
of  the  imminence  of  their 
disappearance  before  the 
requirements  of  this  great 
lumber-using  country. 

The  Save  the  Redwoods 
League  was  organized  to 
assist  in  bringing  about  a 
better  and  more  general  un- 
derstanding of  the  value  of 
the  primeval  redwood  for- 
ests of  America  as  natural 
objects  of  extraordinary  in- 
terest as  well  as  of  economic  importance,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  into  unity  of  action  all  interests 
concerned  with  the  movement  to  preserve  such  portions 


A  VETERAN,  HOLLOWED   BY   THE  AGES 

This  is  the  type  which  fell  most  readily  before  the  flames,  having  been  hol- 
lowed out  and  weakened  by  previous  fires  four  or  five  hundred  years  ago. 


of  these  forests  as  should  be  saved  to  represent  their 
fullest  beauty  and  grandeur. 

The  plans  of  the  League  involve:     (1)  The  securing 
of  a  belt  of  the  finest  redwood  timber  bordering  the 

northern  highway,  in  the 
hope  that  this  area  may  be- 
come a  state  park.  (2)  The 
obtaining  of  a  considerable 
body  of  the  most  typical 
primitive  redwood  forest 
known,  for  the  purposes  of 
a  National  Redwood  Park. 
Determination  of  the  pre- 
cise limits  of  the  particular 
areas  to  be  selected  for 
park  purposes  will  be  based 
upon  a  carefully  prepared 
report  furnished  by  the 
Committee  on  Redwoods 
Investigation,  including  the 
most  competent  authorities 
in  America. 

Mr.  Mather  has  given 
himself  wholeheartedly  to 
support  of  the  movement 
to  preserve  the  redwoods, 
and  in  co-operation  with  a 
group  of  leading  men  rep- 
resenting all  parts  of  the 
country,  he  is  continuing 
to  make  clear  to  the  public 
the  national  significance  of 
these  magnificent  forests. 

The  movement  to  secure 
forest  areas  bordering  the 
highway  for  purposes  of  a 
state  park  has  received 
enthusiastic  support  from 
a  wide  range  of  organiza- 
tions in  California  as  well 
as  from  a  great  number  of 
individuals  concerned  with 
the  welfare  of  the  state. 
It  has  been  generally 
recognized  that  the  red- 
wood forests  constitute  a 
natural  asset  of  this  coun- 
try to  be  ranked  in  import- 
ance with  the  great  moun- 
tains and  valleys  as  monu- 
mental works  of  nature. 
To  have  the  northern 
highway  traverse  the 
groves  along  the  streams 
means  bringing  the  finest 
of  these  trees  to  their  fullest  usefulness.  There  is  reason 
to  hope  that  the  desires  of  those  who  have  planned  the 
preservation  of  these  areas  may  yet  be  realized. 


CALIFORNIA'S  REDWOOD  PARK 

BY  ARTHUR  A.  TAYLOR,  SECRETARY  CALIFORNIA  REDWOOD  PARK  COMMISSION 


WHEN  Uncle  Sam  was  figuratively  still  sitting  by 
the  stove  whittling  and  talking  about  the  weather, 
unaware  of,  or  indifferent  to,  the  scenic  and 
esthetic  importance  of  his  domain,  the  state  of  California 
wakened  to  the  hereditary  value  of  its  redwood  forests 
and  bought  back  at  a  price  a  fragment  of  the  inheritance 
the  Federal  Government 
had  sold  for  a  song. 

Late  in  the  last  century 
it  was  perceived  that  the 
redwoods  were  rapidly  dis- 
appearing before  the  de- 
mands of  commerce  and 
the  ravages  of  fire,  and  af- 
ter an  active  agitation  a 
law  was  passed  authorizing 
the  purchase  of  a  tract  of 
virgin  forest  in  the  Big 
Basin,  Santa  Cruz  County, 
to  be  preserved  and  protect- 
ed "for  the  honor  of  the 
state  of  California,  and  the 
benefit  of  succeeding  gen- 
erations." 

The  redwood  tree,  as  is 
generally  known,  lives  only 
in  California  and  a  small 
part  of  Oregon.  There  are 
two  species,  the  Sequoia 
Washingtoniana  of  the 
Sierras,  and  the  Sequoia 
Sempervirens  (ever-virile) 
of  the  coast  ranges.  It  is 
the  largest  tree  and  the  old- 
est living  thing  on  the  earth. 
Many  of  the  redwood  trees 
of  California  were  saplings 
when  Hiram  of  Tyre  was 
hewing  the  cedars  of  Leba- 
non for  Solomon's  Temple, 
and  these  trees  are  not  abo- 
rigines, but  descendents  of 
a  long  line  of  ancestors, 
contemporaneous  with  the 
mammoth  and  the  masto- 
don. 

A  sound  redwood  log 
was  found  in  a  mine  in  the 
state  of  Nevada  1,900  feet 
underneath  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  some  of  the 
predecessors  of  the  present  day  trees  are  preserved  in  the 
petrified  forests  of  Arizona.  A  few  of  the  juvenile  red- 
woods of  our  era  attain  a  height  of  350  feet,  and  a  girth 
of  60  feet.     There  are  hundreds  of   redwoods  in  the 


GUARDING  THE  NEW  GENERATION 

Note   the    young  redwood,   offspring   of   the   giant   parent   tree,   guarded   on 
each    side    hy    sentinel    trees. 


California  Redwood  Park  of  250  feet  in  height,  in  diame- 
ter varying  from  12  to  15  feet — and  these  were  the  trees 
threatened  by  the  recent  terrific  fires.  These  trees  are 
growing  on  the  site  of  prior  forests  wherein  the  trees 
attained  dimensions  double  the  size  of  those  now  living. 
This  fact  is  attested  by  the  root  rings  left  in  crater-like 

circles  to  outline  the  trunks 
of  trees  which,  after  an  un- 
thinkable longevity  have 
died  and  decayed — been  ab- 
sorbed by  the  soil  and  dis- 
sipated by  the  winds.  These 
mute  mementos  of  the 
giants  of  other  days  are 
quite  as  impressive  as  the 
majesty  of  the  living  trees. 
California  selected  the 
Big  Basin  in  Santa  Cruz 
County  for  its  forest  re- 
serve, not  only  on  account 
of  the  size,  abundance  and 
beauty  of  its  redwood  trees, 
but  for  geographical  and 
topographical  reasons. 

The  park  is  easy  of  ac- 
cess from  Santa  Cruz,  San 
Jose  and  Palo  Alto,  and 
within  a  three  hours'  auto 
ride  from  the  cities  about 
the  bay  of  San  Francisco. 
The  Big  Basin  is  an  irregu- 
lar fan-shaped  area  em- 
bracing about  14,000  acres 
surrounded  by  elevations  of 
an  average  of  two  thousand 
feet  above  sea  level.  The 
dotted  peaks  about  the 
margin  range  from  2,500 
to  3,000  feet  in  height  and 
the  lowest  gap  of  entrance 
is  1,600  feet.  While  these 
figures  do  not  indicate  high 
mountains,  the  altitudes  are 
impressive  because  the 
ocean  lies  in  view  and  the 
range  of  vision  covers  fifty 
miles  or  more  landward, 
over  a  panorama  of  rap- 
turous diversity  and  beauty. 
The  main  floor  of  the  Basin  where  the  largest  and 
most  interesting  redwoods  abound  is  at  an  elevation  of 
1,000  feet.  Here  are  located  at  what  is  known  as  the 
Governor's  Camp,  the  office  of  the  Warden,  and  the  Red- 
wood Inn,  with  accommodations  for  visitors  and  campers. 


1440 


CALIFORNIA'S   REDWOOD   PARK 


1447 


ALONG  THE  BEAUTIFUL  AND  INSPIRING  REDWOOD  TRAIL 

Long   »fei   before   this   road   was  built,   these   giants   stood— sentinels   on   the  hillside— awaiting  the  coming  of  man,  when  he  should  know 
and  claim  them   as   his   own.     To   protect  and   preserve   them   for   coming   generations  is  now  man's  solemn  duty. 


1448 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Hereabouts  is  a  grove  of  stupendous  redwoods,  vener- 
able for  their  age,  world  wonders  for  their  size,  stagger- 
ing to  the  imagination  in  their  lumber  content,  beautiful 
as  statues  in  their  symmetry — many  of  them — others, 
grotesque  of  form,  rugged  of  exterior,  living  witnesses  of 
their  conflict  with  the  centuries,  through  fire  and  tempest. 

"And  the  great  trees  watch  and  wonder  much.  Surely 
a  new  race  is  coming  on  down  there ;  men  who  measure 
their  girth  in  love,  not  in  greed,  taking  the  place  of 
creatures  they  used  to  dread  more  than  rot  and  disease, 
or  blasting,  consuming  fires. 
Through  their  branches  the 
almost  unbelievable  mes- 
sage runs  —  'These  men 
worship  God  with  us.' " 

Although  California's 
forest  reserve  takes  its 
name  from  the  redwood, 
the  peculiar  and  prevailing 
tree,  yet  its  value  as  a  park- 
is  augmented  by  the  fact 
that  within  its  limits  are  to 
be  found  nearly  every  va- 
riety of  forest  growth  pe- 
culiar to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  other  trees  include 
firs,  pines,  oaks  of  several 
species,  the  madrono, 
buckeye,  California  nutmeg, 
manzanita,  while  the 
shrubs  and  flowers  of  the 
park  run  well  into  the  hun- 
dreds, and  under  the  fall- 
en foliage  are  fungi  gar- 
dens of  exquisite,  half  hid- 
den beauty. 

These  trees  and  this  for- 
est entrance  the  beholder, 
and  uplift  with  a  conscious 
awe  and  sublimity,  not 
aroused  by  man-made  tem- 
ples or  cathedrals. 

It  took  Titanic  power 
and  aeons  of  Time  to  make 
this  place.  Dr.  J.  C.  Bran- 
ner,  President  of  Stanford 
University  and  one  of  the 
most  famous  geologists  of 
his  day,  finds  fourteen  for- 
mations in  this  area  and  nine  distinct  and  far-reaching 
geological  disturbances  recorded  in  the  rocks,  leaving 
the  strata  folded  and  crushed,  impossible  of  clear  defi- 
nition, but  affording  a  reason  for  the  marvelous  fecundity 
and  variety  of  the  vegetation.  This  Basin  as  finally  left 
for  man  is  a  series  of  ravines  and  ridges.  The  creeks 
are  numerous,  fed  by  living  springs  which  gush  forth 
from  mountain  sides  at  altitudes  of  from  one  to  two 
thousand  feet.  These  springs  are,  some  of  them,  clear  as 
crystal,  and  many  of  them  are  impregnated  with  mineral 


substances.  The  stream  that  flows  past  the  Governor's 
Camp  is  called  Opal  Creek,  on  account  of  its  color,  due 
to  mineral  content.  A  chalybeate  spring,  to  the  west,  is 
large  enough  and  strong  enough  to  transform  the  brook 
into  a  stream  of  liquid  gold. 

It  makes  a  fall  of  about  60  feet  in  a  shimmering  shower 
of  gold,  of  a  beauty  altogether  beyond  expression  in 
words.  It  soon  reaches  another  drop  of  about  equal  dis- 
tance, the  water  changing  in  transit  into  copper  color. 
Again  it  falls  as  bronze  and  after  flowing  a  few  hundred 

yards    leaps    over   another 


precipice, 
When 
thousand 
distance 


a  sheet  of  silver, 
streams  fall  a 
feet  in  a  mile  of 
it     is     inevitable 


THE    FAMOUS   SANTA    CLARA   TREE 

Awe-inspiring   and    impressive    these    giant   trees   stand — the   oldest   living 
things  on  earth — an  ever-new  source  of  reflection  to  men. 


that  there  should  be  num- 
erous picturesque  cascades 
and  these  form  no  small 
part  of  the  charm  of  this 
woodland. 

The  California  Redwood 
Park  is  not  only  a  sanctu- 
ary and  a  sanatorium  for 
world-weary  men  and 
women,  but  it  is  a  haven 
of  refuge  for  birds  and 
animals.  No  guns  or  dogs 
are  allowed  within  its 
limits,  and  deer  and  squir- 
rels show  no  sign  of  fear. 
As  Virginia  Garland  ex- 
presses it  in  writing,  the 
trees  in  Sempervirens  Park 
are  looking  down  on  a  dif- 
ferent manner  of  men,  and 
they  no  longer  dread  the  ax 
and  the  saw. 

When  acquired  by  the 
state  the  forest  of  the  Big 
Basin  was  inaccessible  ex- 
cept on  foot  or  on  horse- 
back over  a  trail  dating 
from  the  days  of  Indian 
occupation,  and  it  required 
as  much  time  to  arrive 
from  the  town  of  Boulder 
Creek,  twelve  miles  distant, 
as  it  does  now  to  make  the 
run  from  San  Francisco  in 
an  automobile.  The  park  is  now  reached  over  a  well 
graded  road  from  Santa  Cruz  via  Boulder  Creek,  or  fror 
the  Santa  Clara  side  over  the  new  state  highway  via  the 
town  of  Saratoga,  opened  in  191 5.  An  auto  stage  runs 
from  Boulder  Creek  and  also  from  Saratoga  during  the 
season.  Private  automobile  tourists  usually  enter  bv 
one  route  and  return  by  the  other. 

It  is  no  disparagement  of  the  forest  or  of  the  wonders 
of  the  redwoods  to  state  that  the  trip  thither  is  perhaps 
as  attractive  and  compensating  as  time  spent  in  the  com- 


CALIFORNIA'S   REDWOOD   PARK 


1449 


panionship  of  the  great  trees.  Travelers  who  have  toured 
France  and  Switzerland  and  have  had  wide  experience 
in  estimating  scenic  values,  declare  that  the  charm  and 
beauty  and  picturesqueness  of  this  trip  is  not  excelled. 
The  scenery  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  approaches 
grandeur  but  it  is  not  overawing.  It  is  kaleidoscopic,  a 
new  angle  of  vision  revealed  at  every  curve  in  the  road, 
but  all  its  lines  are  graceful,  its  aspect  never  void  of 
beauty. 

The  summit  above  Saratoga  is  gained  at  an  altitude  of 
2,700  feet  at  Fairview.  Here  a  most  entrancing  pano- 
rama is  spread.     Facing  eastward,  at  your  feet  lies  the 


Mountains  descending  oceanward.  The  panorama  appeals 
instantly  to  the  artist.  Comprehensive  in  its  fifty  miles  of 
compass,  sublime  in  its  heights  and  depths  and  distances, 
exquisite  (we  use  the  word  advisedly)  in  the  tinting  of  the 
landscape,  bringing  within  the  vision  the  astronomical, 
agricultural,  commercial,  educational  and  industrial 
glories  and  beauties  of  Central  California. 

From  this  point  to  the  heart  of  the  forest  is  not  more 
than  five  miles  as  the  crow  flies,  but  it  is  fifteen  as  the 
park  highway  runs,  on  uniform  grades  from  four  to  six 
per  cent.  The  right  of  way  is  200  feet  in  width  and 
forms  a  pan  handle  to  the  park,  being  under  its  juris- 


THE  TWIN  GIANTS— OHIO  AND   HAVKRFORD   IN   THE   MARIPOSA  GROVE 

These   two   are   amort?  the   most   notable   trees   in    the   grove.     The   view   of   the   cabin    through    the   opening    in    the    base   of   the    Haverford    and    the 
whole   condition    of   this   tremendous   base    is   not   only   most    impressive   bat   most   convincingly    indicates   the   great  age   of   the   tree    and    its   mates. 


Santa  Clara  Valley,  town  dotted,  orchard  checked,  vari- 
colored with  trees,  pastures,  grain  fields  and  the  habili- 
ments of  a  fertile  valley.  Beyond  rises  Mount  Hamilton, 
crowned  by  the  Lick  Observatory,  and  to  the  northwest 
Mount  Diablo.  Northerly  a  clear  day  will  give  glimpses 
of  the  intruding  bay  of  San  Francisco,  or  if  this  is  fog 
shrouded,  the  imagination  can  complete  the  suggestive- 
ness  of  the  picture.  Facing  westward  before  you  are  the 
seamed,   sloping,   evergreen   ridges   of   the   Santa   Cruz 


diction.  Northerly  along  the  crest  of  the  mountain  the 
road  flirts  with  the  boundary  line  between  Santa  Cruz 
and  Santa  Clara  counties,  alternately  disclosing  expansive 
views  seaward  or  valleyward,  an  exhilarating  experience 
to  the  sightseer.  It  then  bends  down  the  mountain  side 
descending  until  it  reaches  the  gap  which  marks  the 
divide  between  the  waters  flowing  to  the  Pescadero  and 
those  reaching  the  bay  of  Monterery  at  Santa  Cruz. 
Continuing  its  winding  it  ascends  to  an  altitude  of  1,900 


1450 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


feet  when  it  passes  over  the  rim  of  the  Basin,  to  reach  its 
destination  900  feet  lower  at  the  Governor's  Camp. 

The  way  is  partially  through  tall  timber,  partially  along 
the  open  rock  ribbed  mountain  side  with  outlooks  upon 
the  canyon  of  the  San  Lorenzo  River  and  its  tributaries, 
upon  mountain  peaks  and  ridges,  and  at  favored  points 
peeps  of  the  Pacific  extending  to  the  horizon,  a  sea  of 
molten  gold,  under  midday  sun,  or  a  dim  grey  haze  when 
cloud-veiled  or  fog-covered. 

A  guide  post  directs  to  a  near  eminence  from  which  one 
may  look  down  into  the  slopes  and  depths  of  the  untouch- 
ed, untraversed  redwood  forest,  covering  thousands  of 
acres,  beneath  the  eye.  An  evergreen  sea  more  impres- 
sive than  the  one  made  of  water,  which  impinges  against 
the  westward  horizon. 

If  it  is  early  season,  the  water  courses  will  be  out- 
lined by  billows  of  blooming  azalias,  with  here  and  there 
a  flash  like  fire,  coming  from  some  Tiger  lily  which  has 


THE  GIANT  REDWOOD 
By  M.  J.  Riordan 

When  Babylon  was  riotous  thy  head 
Was  wise  with  years;  when  Bonaparte  on  cold 
Helena's  rock  lay  still  thy  heart  was  bold 

As  youth  against  the  storm;  no  hair  has  fled 

Of  all  thy  leafy  locks  through  age;  the  dead 
Since  thou  wert  young  have  swept  in  ranks  untold 
To  immortality;  straight  as  of  old 

Thou  wait'st  the  generations  still  unbred. 
Why  build  we  monuments  of  crumbling  stone 

Or  tawdry  brass  and  bronze  to  mark  a  name 
And  spare  mere  memory  to  unheeding  time? 
It  were  far  sweeter,  though  to  be  unknown, 

To  rest  beneath  green  trees.    Could  marbled  fame 
Sleep  softer  bring  though  graved  with  sacred  rhyme? 


caught  a  sun  ray.  If  you  tarry  in  the  park  you  can  camp 
at  your  pleasure  without  cost,  or  abide  in  the  inn  at 
reasonable  rates.  Lodgings  are  in  tents  or  cabins.  At 
night  a  huge  camp  fire  is  a  common  meeting  place,  where 
song  and  story  always  abound. 

Tomorrow  you  can  take  a  hike  over  some  trail  through 
the  recesses  of  the  forest,  following  a  stream,  or  climbing 
a  ridge.  The  next  day  this  experience  may  be  duplicated 
in  another  direction,  and  there  is  distance  and  diversity 
enough  to  make  a  week  seem  short,  especially  if  you  are 
fond  of  locomotion  by  "shank's  mare." 

To  the  unaccustomed  eye  the  trees  look  alike  and  the 
wildwood  has  a  uniform  aspect  as  a  city  seems  like  "all 
buildings"  to  the  countryman,  but  when  you  get  the 
Indian  vision  of  the  forest,  you  will  discover  that  every 
tree  has  an  individuality  as  distinct  as  that  which  dis- 
tinguishes men  and  women.  You  will  soon  be  striking 
friendships  with  these  people  of  the  woods,  and  find  them 
companionable,  the  most  soothing,  restful,  inspiring  per- 
sonalities you  ever  met.  Every  rill  and  ripple  of  flowing 
water,  every  cascade  and  rapid  has  a  melody  of  its  own, 


but  blending  in  a  unison  which  is  in  tune  with  the  Infinite. 

The  lumberman  gazes  with  amazement  upon  the  acre 
of  standing  timber,  good  for  half  a  million  feet  of  lumber. 
He  computes  the  contents  of  a  single  tree  which  could 
be  converted  into  ten  cottages,  and  he  is  glad  that  these 
trees  have  been  saved  for  him  to  see. 

The  true  Nature  lover  finds  every  foot  of  this  temple 
soil  sacred.  He  walks  with  bared  head,  his  vision  is 
rapt,  his  voice  is  seldom  heard.  And  the  joy  of  it  all 
is  that  this  woodland,  wonderland,  is  to  be  preserved, 
saved,  perpetuated. 


CHURCH  BUILT  FROM  ONE  TREE 

BY  H.  E.  ZIMMERMAN 

TN  Santa  Rosa,  California,  is  a  Baptist  church  which 
■*■  will  hold  400  people,  built  entirely  from  timber  sawn 
from  a  single  redwood  tree.  Everything  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  this  church  was  furnished  by  this  one  tree 
with  the  exception  of  the  necessary  glass  and  hardware. 
The  spire  is  100  feet  high,  and  there  is  a  pastor's  study 
12  x  20  feet,  as  well  as  a  vestibule,  toilet  room  and  parlor 


THE  REDWOOD  TREE  CHURCH 

seating  100  persons.  This  church  is  60  feet  wide  by  100 
feet  long,  and  cost  $5,000.  Only  two-thirds  of  the  tree 
was  needed  for  the  necessary  lumber.  After  the  roof  was 
finished  it  was  found  that  there  were  60,000  shingles  left 
over.  A  sister  tree  to  this  one  furnished  employment  for 
two  years  to  two  men  in  reducing  it  to  shingles. 


A  CHRISTMAS  SUGGESTION 

Are  you  puzzled  about  the  selection  of  Christmas 
gifts? 

Why  not  give  a  year's  subscribing  membership 
in  the  American  Forestry  Association  as  a  gift.  It 
will  cost  you  $3.00,  and  the  member  will  receive 
American  Forestry  Magazine  for  a  year. 

This  will  be  an  ideal  Christmas  gift  for  a  child 
or  an  adult. 

Send  the  money  to  the  Association  and  a  Christ- 
mas Card  will  be  sent  you  to  present  on  Christmas 
Day. 


THE  FOREST  CODE  AND  THE  REGIME  FORESTIER 

BY  W.  B.  GREELEY,  LIEUT.-COL.  OF  ENGINEERS,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  "regime  forestier"  means  to  the  French  the  sum 
total  of  laws  and  administrative  decrees  applicable 
to  forests  under  all  forms  of  public  ownership.  It 
thus  actually  governs  about  one-third  of  the  forested  area 
of  France ;  but  the  public  administration  of  this  third, 
affording  opportunity  to  standardize  and  demonstrate 
cultural  methods  in  every  section  of  the  country,  is  the 
core  of  French  forestry. 

The  requirements  and  protection  of  the  "regime"  ex- 
tend to  all  state  forests,  to  all  communal  forests  which 
are  adapted  to  forest  management,  and  to  the  forested 
properties  of  public  institutions  like  hospitals,  charitable 
organizations,  and  ecclesiastical  foundations.  They  may 
be  extended  to  communal  lands  whose  reforestation  is 
deemed  desirable  by  the  Government.  They  are  applied 
automatically  to  all  forests  and  planting  areas  within  the 
limits  of  national  projects  which  are  undertaken  for  the 
stabilization  of  sand  dunes  or  for  the  checking  of  erosion 
on  mountain  slopes.  They  may  be  extended  to  private 
forests  at  the  voluntary  choice  of  the  owner,  but  other- 
wise have  no  direct  application  in  the  handling  of  tim- 
bered lands  in  private  ownership. 

The  basis  of  the  "regime  forestier"  is  the  forest  code 
of  France,  which  stands  today  in  substantially  the  form 
in  which  it  was  adopted  in  1827.    This  detailed  and  com- 


prehensive code  is  deeply  rooted  in  the  forestry  laws  of 
the  old  imperial  days,  particularly  in  Colbert's  Ordinance 
of  Waters  and  Forests  of  1669,  which  dealt  minutely  with 
waterways,  fishing,  and  hunting  as  well  as  with  forests. 
Many  penal  provisions  of  the  forest  code  are  taken  bodily 
from  Colbert's  Ordinance  and  preserve — in  the  liberty- 
loving  France  of  today — much  of  the  harsh  and  arbi- 
trary conceptions  of  penal  law  characteristic  of  the  times 
of  Louis  XIV.  In  this  as  in  other  respects,  the  code  is 
a  striking  expression  of  the  French  attitude  toward  their 
forests — as  a  resource  which  the  common  law  alone  is 
inadequate  to  conserve  and  protect.  Because  of  the  ease 
with  which  the  productivity  of  forests  may  be  impaired, 
because  of  the  long  time  required  to  restore  it,  once  re- 
duced, and  because  of  the  far-reaching  public  and  eco- 
nomic interests  at  stake,  forests  stand  apart  from  other 
forms  of  land  and  require  a  special  code  exceptional  in 
its  restrictions  and  in  the  severity  of  its  punishments. 
French  discussions  of  the  code  refer  constantly  to  the 
necessity  for  restraining  the  "juissance"  (enjoyment  or 
use)  of  forests  by  their  owners  in  order  that  their  national 
utility  may  not  be  destroyed.  Nothing  else  in  French 
jurisprudence  is  comparable  to  this  body  of  special  laws 
created  for  the  conservation  of  their  forests. 

The    "regime    forestier"    is    applied    today    to    about 


A  FRENCH  LOGGING  RAILROAD 

These  railways  of  60  centimeter  gauge   (24   inches)   are  quickly  built,  the  rails  and   ties  being  light.     Somewhat  similar  roads   were  built  for  carry- 
ing ammunition  and  supplies  to  the  troops  and  where  there  were   woods  they   were  easy   to  hide  from  enemy  observation. 


1451 


1452 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


7,870,000  acres  of  forest  in  France,  not  quite  one-third 
of  her  total  forested  area.  3,000,000  acres  of  this  amount 
are  the  property  of  the  French  nation  and  their  manage- 
ment sets  the  standards  of  public  administration.  The 
history  of  these  state  forests  reflects  the  ups  and  downs 
of  the  fortunes  of  the  French  kings,  of  her  political 
upheavals,  and  of  her  changing  economic  theories.  Large 
forests  in  northern  and  eastern  France  were  undoubtedly 
properties  of  the  Roman  emperors  and  were  held  later 
by  the  Frankish  kings  by  personal  right  of  conquest.  The 
later  kings,  as  the  first  feudal  lords  of  the  realm,  held 
numerous  forest  domains  usually  burdened  with  old  rights 
of  usage  acquired  by  the 
local  rural  communities. 
Forest  ownership,  in  fact, 
became  an  attribute  of 
royalty  and  nobility  and 
was  sought  by  the  dominat- 
ing classes  of  the  feudal 
and  imperial  regimes  as  a 
bulwark  of  their  prestige 
in  the  state.  It  still  carries 
the  stamp  of  social  prestige 
in  the  French  provinces — 
an  inheritance  from  the 
days  when  the  possession 
of  large  hunting  preserves 
was  a  coveted  distinction  of 
the  grand  seigneur.  In  the 
course  of  the  centuries  the 
royal  forests  went  through 
numerous  vicissitudes  from 
conques*:,  marital  transac- 
tions, cessions  to  rebellious 
or  lukewarm  nobles,  and 
grants  to  royal  favorites. 
Certain  of  them  became  in 
time  the  property  of  the 
state,  others  remaining  in 
the  personal  possession  of 
the  reigning  family. 

One  of  the  first  steps  to- 
ward the  conservation  of 
public  forests,  which  is  of 
special  interest  in  view  of 
the  seeming  indifference  of 
the  times  toward  the  future,  was  the  Edict  of  Moulins 
in  1566,  which  declared  that  all  forests  owned  either  by 
the  state  or  by  the  king  in  his  own  right  were  inalienable 
and — by  inference — protected  from  prescription  or  seiz- 
ure under  any  color  of  claim  whatsoever.  Although  this 
decree  was  often  abused  by  the  kings  themselves,  through 
various  fictitious  engagements  or  contracts  which  amount- 
ed to  the  alienation  of  public  forests,  it  undoubtedly  had 
a  conserving  influence  up  to  the  time  of  the  French 
Revolution. 

With  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  the  royal  forests 
were  declared  to  be  the  property  of  the  state.  A  law  of 
1789,  placing  all  church  property  at  the  disposition  of 
the  nation,  resulted  in  adding  considerable  areas  of  forest 


AT  WORK  IN  OAK  COPPICE 

Many  of  these  French  workers  still   in   uniform  are   engaged   in  chonDinr 
wood  for  fuel  to  aid  in  overcoming  the  coal  famine  in  France  this  winter. 


to  the  public  domain.  Three  years  later  the  forests 
owned  by  emigres  of  the  old  nobility  were  confiscated 
by  the  state — but  most  of  these  were  subsequently  re- 
stored to  their  former  owners.  The  first  effect  of  the 
Revolution  was  toward  the  nationalization  of  forest  re- 
sources, but  counter  currents  soon  set  in.  In  the  reaction 
from  the  abuses  and  usurpations  of  the  seigneurs  of 
the  old  regime,  the  rural  communes  were  encouraged 
to  take  possession  of  forests  under  almost  any  pretext 
based  upon  entailed  rights  or  old  claims.  The  confiscated 
properties  of  the  king  did  not  escape,  and  the  state  lost 
heavily  from  the  inroads  of  the  communes  into  its  newly 

acquired  forests.  The  Edict 
of  Moulins  was  also  form- 
ally repealed  and  large 
areas  of  state  forest  were 
sold  outright  under  the  in- 
dividualistic economic 
theory  of  the  times.  The 
recorded  sales  of  hardwood 
forests  in  central  and 
northern  France,  for  ex- 
ample, probably  the  most 
valuable  part  of  the  public 
domain,  aggregate  880,000 
acres.  It  is  significant  that 
every  French  Revolution 
was  followed  by  fresh  dis- 
posals of  state  forests. 
From  the  Revolution  of 
1789  to  the  establishment 
of  the  Third  Republic,  the 
attitude  of  the  French  to- 
ward their  public  domain 
was  strikingly  similar  to 
that  in  the  United  States 
during  the  period  of  active 
disposal  of  its  public  lands. 
Under  the  Third  Repub- 
lic, the  policy  of  France  has 
turned  definitely  and  ag- 
gressively in  the  opposite 
direction.  Alienations  of 
national  forests  have  been 
restricted  practically  to 
small  areas  granted  to  vari- 
ous communes  as  a  means  of  liquidating  long-established 
entailed  rights,  or  privileges  to  take  timber  and  fuel- 
wood  for  domestic  use.  On  the  other  hand,  the  state 
forests  have  been  enlarged  by  plantations  in  the  sand 
dunes  and  by  the  purchase  and  reforestation  of  moun- 
tain areas  in  connection  with  projects  for  the  control  of 
erosion. 

A  most  interesting  phase  of  public  forestry  in  France 
and  one  of  special  suggestiveness  to  America  is  the  com- 
munal forest.  The  French  commune  is  comparable  to  the 
New  England  township — a  self-governing,  rural  com- 
munity of  exact  geographical  limits.  The  feudal  system 
developed  a  peculiar  solidarity  of  interests  among  the 
members  of  these  little  communities.     The   system  of 


THE  FOREST  CODE  AND  THE  REGIME  FORESTIER 


1453 


entailed  rights  in  the  royal  and  seigneurial  forests 
developed  largely  from  the  sheer  necessity  of  meeting  the 
needs  of  the  local  agricultural  population  for  wood — for 
fuel,  farm  buildings,  and  implements.  Entailed  rights 
were  usually  held  and  exercised  by  the  villages  of  serfs 
or  tenants  in  common.    They  became  community  rights, 


ROAD   THROUGH   A   FRENCH   STATE   FOREST 

A   great   deal   of  care   and    attention    is   given    in    France    to    the   building    and    maintenance    of 
roads,    one    of    the    features    of    France    with    which    the    American    visitor    is    impressed. 


so  firmly  established  as  to  be  a  fixed  and  accepted  factor 
in  the  forest  legislation  of  France  from  its  earliest 
development. 

In  the  breaking-up  of  the  feudal  system  and  the  over- 
turning of  the  old  order  under  the  Revolution,  these 
little  communities  asserted  their  old 
rights  and  claims  so  vigorously  as  to 
acquire  many  small  tracts  of  forest  and 
pasture  land  in  fee  simple.  The  history 
of  the  communal  forests  is  a  complicated 
one.  Their  acreage  has  been  swelled 
from  various  sources,  including  com- 
munity purchases  in  some  instances. 
Following  the  Revolution,  the  acquisition 
of  forests  by  the  communes  was  largely 
antagonistic  to  the  slowly  developing 
policy  of  national  conservation.  But 
during  the  past  half  century,  French 
policy  has  aimed  steadily  to  harmonize 
and  correlate  the  two  forms  of  public 
ownership.  Following  the  success  in  con- 
trolling sand  dunes  on  the  southwestern 
coast,  the  planting  of  many  communal 
holdings  in  the  sand  plains  of  the  Landes 
was  required  by  special  legislation,  with 
state  supervision  and  aid.  185,000  acres 
of  communal  forests  were  created  out- 
right by  this  co-operative  enterprise.  A  somewhat  simi- 
lar policy  has  been  followed  in  the  French  Alps  as  part 

of  the  effort  to  protect  mountain  slopes  from  erosion. 

■— 

•There  are  practically  no  forests  in   France  owned  by  the  Departments, 
the  political  divisions  corresponding  to  states  in  America. 


The  communal  forests  in  France  today  aggregate  more 
than  the  holdings  of  the  state  itself.  And  under  the 
terms  of  the  forest  code,  the  great  bulk  of  them  are 
administered  by  the  national  service  in  accordance  with 
the  requirements  of  the  "regime  forestier."  In  other 
words,  they  form  part  and  parcel  of  the  public  forests 
and  meet  the  same  needs  in  national 
economy  as  the  timberlands  owned  by 
the  central  government.*  The  com- 
munal forests  still  serve  their  original 
purpose  of  furnishing  supplies  of  wood 
for  local  use,  particularly  fuel.  But 
under  the  careful  supervision  of  the 
national  forest  service,  they  also  produce 
quantities  of  large  timber  which  are 
utilized  for  the  general  requirements  of 
France.  They  furnished  a  fifth  of  the 
timber  cut  by  the  American  Army.  Some 
communes  own  and  operate  their  own 
small  sawmills.  These  forests  are  an 
important  source  of  revenue  for  hun- 
dreds of  French  villages,  reducing  taxes 
and  affording  the  means  for  construct- 
ing town  halls,  roads,  and  other  local 
improvements.  The  situation  in  France 
would  be  paralleled  if  every  village  in 
New  England  or  the  Lake  States  owned 
500  or  1,000  acres  of  forest,  kept  con- 
tinuously in  the  best  state  of  production,  furnishing  the 
timber  locally  needed,  affording  a  substantial  revenue  for 
community  purposes,  and  providing  means  for  the  steady 
employment  of  a  number  of  its  workers. 

The  forest  code  establishes  the  principle  that  all  public 


I3K 

-      i?        *                    »'             ■ 

4l 

inula 

•  1 

A  CAMOUFLAGED   ROAD 

The    French    were    particularly    skillful    in    hiding   their    roads    from    the    enemy    flyers    so    that 
their   transports   to   the   front  could   continue    without   attention    from   the   enemy    artillery. 


forests  must  be  placed  under  a  definite  scheme  of  manage- 
ment, the  main  point  of  which  is  to  fix  the  amount  of 
wood  which  may  be  cut  yearly  without  reducing  the 
growing  stock,  or  capital,  and  to  prescribe  the  method  of 
cutting  so  as  to  maintain  the  productivity  of  the  prop- 


1454 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


crty.  It  is  significant  of  the  importance  attached  to  the 
handling  of  public  forests  by  the  French  that  each  forest 
plan  must  not  only  be  approved  by  the  high  council  of 
the  Service  des  Eaux  et  Forets  and  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  but  must  also  -be  authorized  by  decree  of 
the  President  of  the  Republic.  Board  rules  of  manage- 
ment are  laid  down  by  ordinances  supplementing  the 
code  itself.  In  administering  the  communal  forests,  the 
highest  monetary  return  is  the  main  consideration.  The 
function  of  state  forests,  however,  is  declared  to  be  the 
supplying  of  national  industries  with  the  classes  of  prod- 
ucts which  they  most  need,  particularly  large  timber 
which  may  not  be  grown  on  communal  and  private  forests 
because  it  may  not  pay  the  highest  returns.  The  purpose 
of  state  forests  is  thus  to  supplement,  as  may  be  neces- 
sary, the  materials  produced  in  the  largest  quantities  by 
communal  or  private  owners  with  choice  timber  whose 
growing  is  long  and  costly.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  these 
distinctions  have  largely  disappeared  under  the  free  work- 
ing of  economic  laws  in  fixing  the,  price  for  various 
classes  of  timber. 

The  working  plan  for  the  state  forest  of  Gerardmer, 
one  of  the  areas  cut  by  the  American  engineers,  illus- 
trates the  extremely  interesting  but  simple  technical 
methods  of  the  French  service.  This  is  a  forest  of  fir, 
spruce,  and  beech  in  the  high  Vosges.  A  revision  of  the 
old  plan  had  been  made  necessary  by  serious  windfalls 
and  failure  to  cut  the  old  timber  at  a  sufficient  rate  (a 
characteristic  result  of  French  conservatism).  The  new 
plan  begins  with  a  resume  of  revenues  during  the  past 
twelve  years,*  including  the  lease  of  quarries  and  of 
hunting  and  fishing  privileges,  the  sale  of  tree  seed  and 
seedlings,  and  rents  from  mountain  meadows  for  pas- 
turage. Then  follows  an  exact  estimate  of  the  stumpage, 
in  two  classes — large  timber  and  immature  or  middle- 
aged  timber.  The  normal  growing  stock  (to  be  main- 
tained without  diminution)  is  fixed  at  350  cubic  meters 
per  hectare,  or  about  29  thousand  board  feet  per  acre. 
This  figure  is  not  based  upon  calculations  for  the  forest 
but  upon  general  experience  in  forests  of  this  type  in  the 
Vosges.  In  the  same  way,  the  yearly  growth  of  the 
large  timber  is  estimated  at  5  per  cent  and  of  the  smaller 
timber  at  2  per  cent.  By  these  simple  methods,  the  annual 
"ppssibilite,"  or  permitted  cut,  is  placed  at  about  785 
board  feet  per  acre,  a  figure  which  is  to  be  exceeded  for  a 
time  in  order  to  remove  a  surplus  of  old  growth. 

The  bulk  of  the  plan  is  devoted  to  an  exact  description 
of  the  various  divisions  of  the  forest,  as  marked  out  on 
the  ground,  with  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be  cut 
during  the  ensuing  thirty  years.  The  entire  forest  is  to 
be  worked  over  in  that  interval  under  the  selection 
method,  which  consists  essentially  in  removing  the  larger 
trees  to  a  number  not  exceding  the  prescribed  limit  each 
year.  The  working  plan  terminates  with  a  detailed  allot- 
ment of  funds  for  maintenance  and  improvements  during 
the  same  period.  These  include  the  construction  and 
repair  of  roads,  the  upkeep  of  five  state  sawmills,  plant- 
ing designated  blank  areas,  cutting  out  brush  which  is 

#  These  averaged  about  73.5  francs  per  hectare  yearly,  or  $5.75  per  acre. 


covering  young  trees  in  places,  and  maintaining  a  small 
fish  hatchery. 

The  French  state  service  manufactures  its  own  stump- 
age  to  but  a  very  limited  extent.  The  lumber  or  logs,  in 
such  cases,  are  sold  at  auction.  The  great  bulk  of  public 
timber  is  sold  on  the  stump,  following  advertisement  by 
printed  circulars  specifying  the  exact  areas  where  cutting 
will  be  permitted  and  the  estimated  quantities  to  be  re- 
moved. The  sales  are  made  by  lump  sum  for  the  marked 
timber  on  a  stated  "coupe"  at  public  auctions,  in  which  the 
crier  begins  by  naming  a  price  far  in  excess  of  the  value  of 
the  timber  and  then  reduces  it  successively  until  he  finds  a 
taker.  The  forest  officers  seldom  scale  the  logs  after  cut- 
ting, as  is  done  in  the  National  Forests  of  the  United 
States.  This  is  a  weak  point  in  their  system,  both  be- 
cause of  the  speculative  element  in  sales  based  upon  esti- 
mate only  and  because  of  the  failure  to  obtain  a  definite 
and  authoritative  check  upon  their  estimates. 

As  would  be  expected,  the  cutting  is  subject  to  ex- 
tremely rigid  rules  enforced  by  heavy  penalties.  These 
are  standardized  in  published  regulations  and  are  so 
thoroughly  ingrained  in  the  lumbering  practice  of  the 
country  that  little  difficulty  is  experienced  in  their  en- 
forcement. One  of  their  interesting  features  is  the  re- 
quirement that  operators  furnish  stated  amounts  for  re- 
pairing the  roads  used  in  logging,  for  the  maintenance  of 
their  splendid  system  of  forest  transportation  is  one  of 
the  most  jealously  guarded  features  of  administration. 
The  whole  system  of  cutting  in  small  lots  scattered  over  a 
forest  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  its  working 
plan  depends  upon  the  highway  system.  As  much  as 
three  per  cent  of  the  purchase  price  may  be  exacted  for 
the  upkeep  of  roads. 

The  French  administrative  ordinances  contain  detailed 
stipulations  for  secondary  uses  of  public  forests  such  as 
the  extraction  of  resin,  the  barking  of  cork  oak,  the 
pasturing  of  grasslands,  the  operation  of  quarries,  and 
the  removal  of  peat  or  of  sand  and  earth  for  industrial 
purposes.  Such  uses  are  permitted  under  a  leasing  system 
operated  by  the  forest  service.  The  rights  to  sub-surface 
minerals,  however,  are  entirely  distinct  from  the  owner- 
ship of  the  land;  and  their  development  is  controlled  by 
a  separate  group  of  laws.  These  are  applicable  to  all 
forms  of  land  ownership  in  the  country  and  are  of  inter- 
est to  Americans  in  contrast  with  the  mining  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  the  innumerable  complexities  which 
they  have  interjected  into  our  public  land  system.  No 
land  owner  in  France  has,  per  se,  any  title  or  claim  to 
subterranean  mineral  deposits ;  and  conversely  the  holder 
of  mining  concessions  has,  in  virtue  of  that  fact,  no 
right  to  the  surface  of  the  land  beyond  the  areas  actually 
used  in  his  operations. 

The  ownership  of  underground  mineral  resources  is 
vested  in  the  French  nation.  The  owner  of  the  land  may 
prospect  for  minerals  as  he  pleases  and  may  concede 
prospecting  rights  to  others  for  any  consideration  which 
he  chooses.  Prospecting  privileges  can  be  obtained  by 
outsiders  on  any  land  in  France,  regardless  of  its  owner- 
ship,, by  administrative  decree.     Such  decrees  are  issued 


THE  FOREST  CODE  AND  THE  REGIME  FORESTIER 


1455 


upon  the  recommendation  of  the  public  Engineer  of 
Mines  and  after  the  owner  of  the  land  has  been  given  a 
hearing.  They  are  usually  limited  to  a  period  of  two 
years  and  provide  indemnities  to  the  owner  for  injuries 
to  the  surface  of  the  property.  Mining  concessions,  fol- 
lowing a  mineral  discovery,  are  awarded  by  decree  of 
the  State  Council.  The  procedure  for  obtaining  them  is 
a  complicated  one.  Hearings  must  be  given  to  the  owner 
of  the  land  and  to  adverse  claimants  of  the  discovery;  a 
detailed  investigation  of  the  merits  of  the  discovery  must 
be  made  by  the  National  Department  of  Mines ;  and  many 
restrictions  as  to  the  proximity  of  mining  operations  to 
buildings,  enclosures,  etc.,  must  be  observed.  The  owner 
of  the  land  has  no  preferential  rights  to  mining  conces- 
sions ;  his  claim,  if  one  is  made,  must  be  based  upon 
priority  of  discovery.     The  terms  of  each  decree  fix  the 


It  has  often  been  used  as  an  argument  against  the  aliena- 
tion of  public  forests  and  in  support  of  legislation  for 
retaining  public  control  of  forest  areas  in  one  form  or 
another.  Although  the  wooden  frigate  has  disappeared 
from  the  seas,  the  special  provisions  of  law  designed 
for  its  protection  still  hold.  Representatives  of  the  navy 
may  put  their  special  mark  on  any  trees  included  in  sales 
of  public  timber,  which  are  needed  for  naval  construc- 
tion. The  purchaser  of  the  "coupe"  must  then  cut  and 
limb  these  trees  without  reimbursement.  The  navy  takes 
possession  of  them  in  place  and  buys  them  from  the 
Forest  Administration  under  a  scale  of  prices  which  is 
fixed  from  time  to  time  by  a  special  commission. 

The  most  complicated  and,  in  certain  respects,  the  most 
significant  features  of  the  forest  code  of  France  are  its 
penal  provisions.    As  I  have  pointed  out  before,  zeal  for 


GATHERING  FUELWOOD  IN  A  FRENCH  FOREST 

WJurtas    in   the  United   States   the   removal   of   slashings   after  cutting  of  timber  is  an   item  of  cost  to  the  lumberman,  in  France  people  pay  for  the 
privilege  of  going  into  forests  after  a  cutting  in   order  to  gather  fagots.     Gathering  and  sale  of  fuelwood  is  a  regular  industry. 


duration  of  the  mining  concessions  and  the  indemnities 
to  be  paid  to  the  owner  of  the  surface.  These,  in  princi- 
ple, are  equivalent  to  double  the  normal  income  from  the 
portion  of  the  land  which  the  mining  concessionaire  will 
occupy. 

The  old  solicitude  for  an  adequate  supply  of  large 
timber  for  the  French  navy  has  an  interesting  survival  in 
modern  French  legislation,  although  the  practical  neces- 
sity for  it  has  largely  disappeared.  It  recalls  the  days 
when  the  broad  arrow  of  the  English  king  was  stamped 
upon  the  finest  trees  in  the  forests  of  New  England. 
Dating  from  the  forest  legislation  drafted  by  Colbert  in 
1669,  the  assurance  of  an  abundant  supply  of  large  timber 
for  the  navy  has  figured  largely  in  French  forest  policy. 


forest  conservation  in  France  has  resulted  in  carrying 
over  into  her  modern  penal  code  many  of  the  harsh  and 
arbitrary  provisions  of  the  "ancien  regime."  A  fixed 
schedule  of  fines  and  imprisonments  is  applicable  to  viola- 
tions of  the  forest  code  upon  the  sole  verification  of  the 
fact  that  an  offense  has  been  committed.  Considerations 
of  good  faith  or  mitigating  circumstances  are  excluded. 
This  rigorous  protection  of  the  public  forests  is  taken 
almost  bodily  from  Colbert's  ordinance  drafted  in  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  and  has  resisted  every 
attempt  at  sweeping  revision  because  of  the  deep-seated 
conviction  in  France  that  forests  stand  apart  from  other 
matters  of  public  concern  and  require  extra  legal  meas- 
ures for  their  preservation.. 


1456 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


The  maze  of  detailed  prohibitions  and  penalties  in  the 
penal  sections  of  the  Forest  Code  is  bewildering  to  the 
foreign  student.  Yet  they  throw  much  light  upon  French 
conceptions  of  forest  conservation.  For  example,  the  code 
provides  not  only  for  penalties  to  the  state  (fine  or  im- 
prisonment) and  civil  damages  to  the  owner  of  the  land 
for  tangible  loss  or  injury  to  his  property  but  also  for 
damages  to  intangible  interests  such  as  the  disruption  of 
a  plan  of  management.  The  innocent  trespasser  who  cuts 
green  trees  pays  a  fine,  the  commercial  value  of  the 
stumpage  cut,  and  a  further  sum  representing  the  value 
of  the  trees  to  the  owner  for  further  growth  and  seed  pro- 
duction. The  fine  for  cutting  trees  over  20  centimeters 
in  circumference  is  50  centimes  for  each  tenth  of  a  meter 
of  circumference  for  each  tree,  in  the  case  of  most  hard- 
woods, and  25  centimes  for  other  species.  A  lower  fine 
is  imposed  if  trees  less  than  20  centimeters  in  circum- 
ference or  if  limb  or  branch  wood  are  cut.  For  every 
tree  cut  which  has  been  planted  or  sown  by  hand,  the 
fine  is  three  francs,  together  with  obligatory  imprison- 
ment for  one  month.  The  distinction  between  planted 
and  naturally  grown  timber,  however,  ceases  after  the 
trees  become  over  five  years  of  age.  If  the  wood  is  re- 
moved from  the  forest,  added  penalties  are  imposed  of 
ten  francs  for  each  wagon-load,  five  francs  for  a  pack- 
load  upon  an  animal,  and  two  francs  for  a  man-load  of 
fagot6  or  poles.  The  difficulty  in  estimating  intangible 
damages  has  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  rule  that  such 
damages  shall  be  adjudged  as  not  less  than  the  penai 
fine.  They  may  be  as  much  more  as  the  owner  can 
establish  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court. 

While  the  admission  of  mitigating  circumstances  is  for- 
bidden, the  courts  are  compelled  to  impose  severer  pen- 
alties in  cases  where  an  offense  is  repeated  within  twelve 
months,  when  it  is  committed  at  night,  and  when  illegal 
cutting  is  done  by  the  saw.  In  the  last  two  instances,  the 
purpose  of  the  more  severe  punishment  is  to  discourage 
trespasses  under  circumstances  which  render  them  diffi- 
cult of  detection.  The  difficulty  of  the  forest  service  in 
preventing  unauthorized  grazing  and  the  stress  placed 
upon  injuries  to  forest  reproduction  by  grazing  have  led 
to  exceptionally  severe  penalties  for  offenses  of  this  class, 
involving  obligatory  imprisonment  in  most  cases.  This 
extends  even  to  swine  herders  who  have  purchased  graz- 
ing rights  to  acorn  masts  but  whose  pigs  stray  beyond 
the  designated  areas.  The  unauthorized  introduction  of 
animals  into  areas  under  the  "regime  forestier,"  whether 
they  graze  or  not,  is  subject  to  an  arbitrary  schedule  of 
fines.  These  range  from  25  centimes  to  one  franc  for 
each  pig,  sheep,  or  calf  and  from  40  centimes  to  two 
francs  for  each  ox,  goat,  or  beast  of  burden.  And  it  is 
especially  noteworthy  that  the  fines  are  doubled  if  the 
animals  are  discovered  in  woods  under  ten  years  of  age. 
The  obvious  principle  of  the  forest  code  is  to  take  no 
chances.  Any  person  found  in  a  public  forest  off  of  the 
ordinary  roads  with  wood-cutting  tools  in  his  possession 
is  liable  to  a  fine  of  10  francs  and  confiscation  of  his  out- 
fit. Counterfeiting  the  official  marking  hammer  of  the 
state  service  is  punishable  by  forced  imprisonment  for 


twenty  years.  A  series  of  protective  zones  is  established 
around  the  exterior  boundaries  of  all  public  forests. 
Within  500  meters,  no  workshops,  yards,  or  factories 
which  fabricate  or  trade  in  wood  can  be  established  with- 
out special  authority.  Within  a  zone  of  1,000  meters,  fur- 
naces or  fuel-using  factories  are  similarly  excluded; 
while  sawmills  are  forbidden  within  a  zone  of  2,000 
meters  except  under  permit  from  the  forest  service.  The 
intent  of  these  drastic  restrictions  is  to  prevent  the  ex- 
istence of  commercial  establishments  in  locations  where 
timber  cut  illegally  might  be  quickly  or  readily  consumed, 
disposed  of,  or  changed  in  form  so  as  to  render  detection 
of  the  trespass  difficult.  The  penalties  for  unauthorized 
establishments  within  the  prohibited  zones  are  fines  rang- 
ing up  to  500  francs,  enforced  demolition  of  the  struc- 
tures, and,  in  extreme  cases,  confiscation  of  the  timber 
found  in  them  from  whatever  source.  When  sawmills 
are  authorized  within  the  2,000-meter  zone,  they  must 
notify  the  forest  guard  of  each  lot  of  logs  which  they 
are  to  receive  and  hold  it  for  his  inspection  and  marking 
before  it  can  be  manufactured. 

It  requires  but  very  slight  acquaintance  with  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  French  forest  service  to  appreciate  that  this 
penal  system  is  far  more  onerous  on  the  statute  books 
than  in  actual  enforcement.  While  the  laws  and  penal- 
ties savor  of  the  seventeenth  century,  their  present-day 
application  is  eminently  human  and  modern.  This  could 
not  be  otherwise  in  view  of  the  tact  and  diplomatic  skill 
of  the  French  forest  officers,  practically  all  of  whom, 
rangers  and  guards  included,  receive  special  training  for 
their  functions ;  and  particularly  in  view  of  the  personal 
individualism  and  latitude  with  which  the  French  official 
usually  handles  his  local  situation.  Particularly  during 
the  last  fifty  years,  the  Service  des  Eaux  et  Forets  has 
sought  to  overcome  the  antagonism  of  local  populations 
to  the  state  forests  and  forest  policy ;  and  the  terrifying 
list  of  penalties  represents  today  a  latent  measure  of  last 
resort  rather  than  an  active  instrument  in  current  admin- 
istration. 

This  practice  is,  indeed,  strongly  supported  by  pro- 
visions of  the  Forest  Code  itself.  One  of  the  character- 
istic expressions  of  French  temperament  and  administra- 
tive instinct  in  the  code  is  the  wide  authority  given  to  ad- 
ministrative officers  to  compromise  its  violations.  Before 
judgment  is  rendered,  such  compromises  can  dispose  of 
the  entire  matter,  even  when  the  offender  is  liable  to  im- 
prisonment. Following  a  judgment,  pecuniary  penalties 
only  can  be  compromised.  The  Forest  Conservateurs, 
who  are  usually  in  charge  of  a  Department,  can  com- 
promise cases  where  the  fines  and  damages  do  not  ex- 
ceed 1,000  francs.  Even  the  most  serious  violations  of 
the  code  can  be  settled  out  of  court  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture.  In  actual  practice,  by  far  the  larger  pro- 
portion of  trespasses  and  other  offenses  are  disposed  of 
in  this  direct  fashion. 

American  foresters  find  special  interest  in  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Forest  Code  dealing  with  fire.  To  light  a 
fire  within  200  meters  of  any  forest  under  the  "regime" 
is  prohibited,  except  on  the  part  of  the  owner  or  of  per- 


THE  FOREST  CODE  AND  THE  REGIME  FORESTIER 


1457 


sons  authorized  by  him,  or  in  the  case  of  fires  necessary  in 
the  exercise  of  public  franchises.  A  fine  of  from  6  to  10 
francs  is  imposed  for  refusing  or  neglecting  to  render  aid 
in  fighting  forest  fires  when  called  upon  to  do  so.  The 
French  point  of  view  toward  forest  conservation  is  well 
illustrated  by  the  provision  that  while  the  incendiary  fir- 
ing of  cut  forest  products  is  penalized  by  imprisonment 
at  forced  labor  for  limited  periods,  an  incendiary  fire  in 
a  forest  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  at  forced  labor 
for  life. 

A  special  fire  code  has  been  developed  by  recent  legis- 
lation for  the  forests  of  Maures  and  Esterel,  bordering 
the  Mediterranean  coast,  whose  dry  conditions  and  con- 
sequent fire  hazard  are  comparable  to  our  southwest.  All 
owners  in  this  region  are 
prohibited  from  the  use  of 
light  burning  to  destroy 
underbrush,  a  practice 
formerly  common  in  con- 
nection with  the  harvesting 
of  cork  oak  bark.  All  fires 
within  200  meters  of  any 
area  of  forest  or  brush  land 
are  forbidden,  on  the  part 
of  the  owner  or  anyone 
else,  from  June  first  to  Sep- 
tember thirtieth.  The  Pre- 
f et  ( Departmental  gover- 
nor) alone  may,  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the 
Forest  Conservator,  permit 
charcoal  burning  or  fires 
for  other  industrial  pur- 
poses within  the  restricted 
areas  during  this  hazardous 
period.  Any  owner  of  for- 
est or  brush  land  in  this  dis- 
trict can  compel  an  adjoin- 
ing neighbor  to  clear  and 
maintain  jointly,  at  the 
limits  of  contiguous  hold- 
ings, a  fire  trench  which 
must  be  kept  clean  of 
herbs,  brush,  and  resinous 
trees.  In  default  of  a 
friendly  agreement,  the 
width  of  such  trenches, 
within  limits  of  20  to  50 
meters,  is  fixed  by  the 
prefet.  This  law  has  been  widely  employed  by  the  state 
to  protect  the  borders  of  public  forests.  Similarly,  rail- 
ways traversing  forest  or  brush  lands  in  this  region  can 
be  required  to  clear  and  maintain  fire  breaks  20  meters 
wide  on  each  side  of  their  right  of  way.  The  railroad 
must  make  its  own  settlement  with  adjoining  land  owners 
who  are  affected.  One  of  the  most  interesting  and  con- 
structive features  of  the  fire  code  for  southwestern 
France  is  the  offer  of  state  aid  to  communes  in  the  con- 
struction of  roads  designed  to  complete  the  system  of 
fire  defense.     The  assistance  offered  is  3,000  francs  per 


CHARCOAL  PRODUCTION 


This  is  an  important  forest  industry  in   Franceand 
ing    a    great    deal    of 


this   close   utilization, 


mall    material, 
very    little    is 


kilometer  of  road,  probably  half  of  the  average  cost  of 
construction.  The  real  value  of  the  "regime  forestier"  to 
France  does  not  consist  in  its  elaborate  and  painstaking 
legal  code.  It  can  be  gauged  only  in  appreciation  of  the 
administrative  skill  of  the  French,  of  their  practical  genius 
for  co-operation,  and  of  the  high  intelligence  of  many 
elements  in  the  rural  population  of  the  country  which  has 
resulted  in  extending  the  technical  practice  in  public  for- 
ests far  beyond  their  own  limited  area.  The  public  for- 
ests form  but  a  third  of  the  forested  land  in  France.  But 
they  and  their  staff  of  trained  officers  are  present  in  every 
section.  Their  administrative  methods  set  the  standards, 
and  their  results  demonstrate  good  forestry  practice 
to  every  timber   owner  in   France.     How   to   cut   and 

reproduce  timberlands  has 
thus  become  common 
knowledge.  It  is  the  rule 
to  find  the  local  Conserva- 
teur  des  Eaux  et  Forets  the 
recognized  authority  of  his 
Department  on  forestry 
matters,  the  leader  in  dis- 
cussions of  its  local  prob- 
lems, the  adviser  of  forest 
owners  of  all  classes  who 
come  to  him  for  counsel. 
This  process  has  led  indeed 
to  forms  of  direct  co-opera- 
tion, in  the  special  recogni- 
tion given  to  associations 
of  forest  owners  and  in  the 
opportunity  to  place  private 
holdings  under  the  techni- 
cal methods  and  legal  pro- 
tection of  the  "regime"  at 
cost.  The  "regime  fores- 
tier"  is  thus  the  core  of 
French  forestry. 

This  fact  points  out  a 
clear  road  to  the  United 
States.  In  the  beginnings 
of  our  forestry  develop- 
ment, public  forests  under 
technical  admin  istration 
should  have  a  dominant 
part.  They  should  be  pres- 
ent in  every  section.  They 
should  be  identified  with  its 
local  problems  of  fire  haz- 
ard, of  timber  growth,  and  of  provision  for  future 
needs.  They  should  develop  the  silvicultural  practices 
adapted  to  our  varied  types  of  forest  and  make  them  com- 
mon knowledge  by  concrete  demonstration,  the  most 
effective  of  all  educational  measures.  We  will  do  well 
to  adopt  on  a  large  scale  the  admirable  French  institution 
of  communal  forests.  We  need  State  Forests  in  every 
state  and  we  need  a  large  expansion  of  our  National 
Forests,  to  include  every  forest  region  in  the  Union.  In 
democratic  America  as  in  democratic  France,  a  corps  of 
public  forests  will  be  the  key  to  effective  progress. 


In    the 
wasted. 


s  a  means  of  utiliz- 
French    forests    because    of 


A  TRIBUTE  TO  DR.  J.  T.  ROTHROCK 


FORESTERS  all  know  and  honor  Dr.  Rothrock  for 
his  life-long  devotion  to  forestry  and  to  public 
service. 

The  State  of  Pennsylvania  owes  to  him  the  original 
establishment  of  a  free  sanatorium  at  Mont  Alto  for 
the  open-air  treatment  of  tuberculosis.  This  project, 
dating  from  1902,  has  grown  under  the  encouragement 
of  the  State  into  a  large  and  efficient  hospital,  and  is 
being  managed  and  supported  by  the  State,  through  the 
Department  of  Health. 

Dr.  Rothrock's  fellow-members  in  the  Chester  County 
Medical  Association,  with  the  co-operation  and  support 
of  the  State  Department  of  Health,  arranged  for  the 
placing  of  a  bronze  tablet  on  a  large  boulder  in  front  of 
the  ward  for  children  at  the  sanatorium,  and  appropriate 
exercises  were  held  at  the  sanatorium  on  Thursday, 
October  9,  191 9. 

There  were  present  at  this  meeting  a  number  of  Dr. 
Rothrock's  friends  and  admirers  and  addresses  appre- 
ciative of  his  great  record  of  altruistic  and  self-denying 
devotion  to  public  service  were  made  by  Colonel  (Dr.) 
Edward  Martin,  Commissioner  of  Health  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  Dr.  Henry  S.  Drinker,  President  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Forestry  Association ;  Dr.  Lewis  H.  Taylor,  of 
Wilkes-Barre,  and  Dr.  Joseph  Scattergood,  Chairman  of 
the  delegation  from  Chester  County,  who  presided  at 
the  ceremonies. 

The  inscription  on  the  tablet  reads  as  follows : 

Joseph  Trimble  Rothrock,  M.  D., 

Botanist,  Soldier,  Explorer,  Pioneer  in  the  cause  of  Forest 

conservation  in  this  Country 

established  the  first  free  Sanatorium 

for  the   open-air  treatment 

of  Tuberculosis  in  Pennsylvania 

at  Mont  Alto  in  1902. 

This  tablet  was  placed  here 

as  a  token  of  Honor  and 

affection  by  his  fellow-members 

of  the  Chester  County  Medical 

Society  in  1919. 

In  responding  Dr.  Rothrock  spoke  as  follows : 

Few,  if  any,  public  institutions,  which  have  achieved  success, 
owe  their  origin  to  those  in  whose  hands  they  came  before  the 
world.     This  great  sanatorium  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 

In  1877  a  legacy  left  by  F.  Andre  Michaux  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  for  the  promotion  of  Forestry  in  America, 
became  available.  There  was  in  Philadelphia,  still  active  and 
vigorous,  a  venerable,  distinguished  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
bar,  a  life-long,  public-spirited  citizen,  the  Hon.  Eli  K.  Price, 
who  had  for  years  witnessed  with  anxiety  the  ruthless  waste  of 
our  forests.  He  had  recognized  the  fact,  as  few  others  had 
done,  that  we  were  destroying  the  proper  proportion  of  forest 
to  cleared  land,  and  dooming  a  large  portion  of  the  state  to  a 
barren  condition.  He,  at  once,  called  that  legacy  into  use.  and 
had  instituted  a  course  of  lectures  in  Horticultural  Park  in 
Philadelphia,  which  became  popular  under  the  name  of  the 
Michaux  Forestry  Lectures.  It  is  well  to  note  that  at  that  time 
the  word  "forestry"  hardly  appeared  in  our  American  diction- 
aries. Those  lectures  became  one  of  the  most  active  forces  in 
leading  up  to  the  Pennsylvania  Forestry  Association,  which  was 
the  direct  cause  of  the  creation  of  the  State  Forest  Reservation 
Commission  in  1893,  which  Commission  has  developed,  or  led,  to 
the  development  of  our  splendid  State  Forest  Reserves.  The 
original  impulse  was  due  to  the  Hon.  Eli  K.  Price. 

Your  speaker  was,  in  1901,  the  head  of  the  Forestry  Com- 
mission. The  fresh  air  treatment  of  tuberculosis  was  then  partly 
possessing  the  public  mind.  It  was  nothing  new  to  me.  I  had 
imbibed  it  from  my  youth  up,  for  my  father,  an  honored  country 
doctor,  had,  a  half  century  earlier,  made  the  discovery  that  those 
of  his  tubercular  patients  who  lived  most  in  the  open-air,  lived 

MM 


longest.  I  had  noted,  in  1873-74,  the  effect  of  open  air  upon 
two  tubercular  patients  under  my  care  in  an  exploring  expedition 
operating  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado.  The  thought  flashed 
upon  me  that  I  had  under  my  control,  as  Commissioner  of  For- 
estry, 600,000  acres  of  State  land,  which  by  right  of  purchase 
belonged  to  the  citizens  of  this  State!  Why,  therefore,  should 
any  of  them  be  deprived  of  a  chance  for  life  because  he  could 
not  go  to  Colorado?  In  my  travels  I  had  learned  the  common 
report  that  on  this  mountain  no  case  of  tuberculosis  had  ever 
developed,  though  on  the  other  side  of  the  valley  it  was  rife. 
Was  it  true?     If  so,  what  was  the  cause? 

Without  warrant  of  law  I  determined  to  make  a  trial  here 
of  a  camping  ground,  to  which  the  sufferers  might  come,  board 
themselves,  and  drink  our  pure  water  and  inhale,  without  cost, 
the  fresh  air  that  belonged  to  them.  Such,  in  1903,  was  the 
origin  of  this  camp.  There  is  still  here,  in  the  capacity  of 
matron,  one  of  the  two  first  owners,  a  lady  whose  husband, 
Mr.  Andrew  Klee,  was  restored  to  fair  health,  only  to  die  several 
years  later  by  a  heart  trouble.  The  success  and  the  popularity 
of  the  camp  led  to  the  question — how  was  it  to  be  maintained? 
We  had  not  a  penny  of  aid  from  the  State.  There  was  none 
in  sight  from  any  source! 

"In  1903  there  was  a  meeting  of  the  State  Federation  of 
Pennsylvania  Women  in  Carlisle,  at  the  close  of  which  a  large 
number  of  delegates  visited  the  camp."  As  a  result  of  this 
visit,  Mrs.  Scarlett,  then  vice-president  of  the  Eastern  District, 
was  enabled  to  contribute  from  that  District  sufficient  funds  to 
prevent  the  closing  of  the  camp,  which,  at  one  time  (from  lack 
of  fuel)  seemed  inevitable.  I  wish  here  to  add  my  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  that  timely  assistance,  and  to  say  that  one 
of  the  representatives  of  the  Federation,  Miss  Mira  L.  Dock,  is 
with  us  today.  Her  constant,  effective  assistance,  her  interest 
in  the  camp,  has  never  ceased.  Without  it  we  would  have 
fared  hard. 

So  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  sufferer  was  ever  allowed  to  leave 
camp  for  want  of  aid  to  keep  him  here.  In  1907,  on  the  request 
of  the  Forestry  Department,  the  care  of  the  infant  sanatorium 
was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Health.  A  new,  larger 
career  for  it  became  possible.  The  then  Commissioner  of  Health, 
the  late  Dr.  Samuel  Dixon,  recognized  at  once  the  peculiar 
advantages  of  the  situation  and  the  vast  importance  of  the  work 
begun  and  possible  here.  I  am  not  sure  that  any  extensive  plans 
relative  to  sanatoria  similar  to  this,  under  state  direction,  had 
been  earlier  considered  by  him— but  I  do  know  that  he  promptly 
resolved  to  push  the  work  on  a  larger  scale.  The  country  was 
then  in  the  flush  of  the  open-air  treatment. 

The  policy  of  Dr.  Dixon  was  abreast  of  our  knowledge  at  the 
time.  He  and  his  able  coadjutor.  Dr.  Johnson,  built  up  a  great 
institution  here,  the  fame  of  which  rendered  the  creation  of  tin- 
sanatoria  at  Cresson  and  Hamburg  not  only  easy,  but  necessary. 

This  institution  has  safely  passed  through  its  period  of  pro- 
bation and  with  new  life,  with  a  saner  policy  which  has  grown 
out  of  past  experience,  it  starts  upon  its  career  under  its  new, 
distinguished  chief,  Colonel  Martin,  whose  record  yields  abundant 
promise  of  larger  usefulness  in  the  era  upon  which  the  world 
seems  about  to  enter.  His  keen  vision  of  possibilities  centers 
upon  the  young  cases — many  of  those  may  be  saved  and  may  be 
re-created,  and  restored  to  perfect  health. 

It  is  a  disgrace  that  the  children  of  a  vigorous  ancestry  should 
in  this  land  of  wealth,  abundance  and  opportunity,  have  degene- 
rated physically  until  they  were  only  fifty  per  cent  fit  to  defend 
the  country  in  its  hour  of  need.  It  is  intolerable  that  such  a 
condition  be  allowed  to  continue.  There  is  but  one  help  for  it, 
namely,  to  make  obedience  to  the  laws  of  health  a  rule  of 
life.  This  can  only  be  brought  about  by  training  from  childhood 
up.  Our  State  Departments  of  Health  and  Education  have 
this  vision  in  full  view  and  they  never  before  were  in  such 
perfect  co-ordination  to  realize  this  great  desire. 

May  I  make  a  brief  personal  statement?  I  would  be  a  strange 
man,  indeed,  if  I  did  not  appreciate  the  honor  the  Chester  County 
Medical  Society  and  the  State  Department  of  Health  have  con- 
ferred upon  me  and  upon  my  family  name.  I  sincerely  thank 
you,  and  gratefully  accept  it,  with  the  reservation  that  I  can  claim 
no  share  in  the  results  shown  within  the  sanatorium  enclosure, 
further  than  to  have  recognized  the  value  and  the  promise  of 
the  location,  and  to  have  had,  without  warrant  of  law,  enough 
courage  of  my  convictions  to  invite  Pennsylvania  tubercular 
sufferers  out  on  to  their  own  land  to  get  relief ;  and  that  I 
helped  beg  enough  money  to  keep  the  camp  alive  during  its 
three  years  of  infancy,  until  the  State  adopted  and  cared  for  it. 

As  I  look  over  the  State  charitable  institutions,  I  can  set 
that  this  one  is  especially  fortunate.  It  is  located  on  a  great 
State  forest  reserve  where,  as  the  generations  come  and  go,  itl 
inmates  will  breathe  air  filtered  and  purified  by  miles  of  living 
foliage,  and  drink  water  from  the  very  fountain  heads  of 
streams,  as  these  issue,  uncontaminated,  from  the  mountain  heart. 


LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE  IN  OUR  NATIONAL 

FORESTS  AND  PARKS 

BY  S.  R.  DeBOER 

LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECT  FOR  THE  CITY  OF  DENVER 


IT  is  only  in  recent  years  that  organized  effort  towards 
better  human  development  has  reached  the  stage  of 
recreation.  Terrible  crowding — overcrowding — in  our 
large  cities  primarily  led  to  the  establishing  of  city  parks. 
They  were  the  necessary  outcome  of  the  tenement  prob- 
lems. Man  has  lived  in  nature  and  close  to  nature  until 
only  a  few  centuries  ago.  The  call  of  the  wild  is  not 
extinguished,  only  weakened  in  him.  Too  much  crowd- 
ing by  buildings,  with  their  smoke  and  soot,  created  a 
reaction,  and  he  demanded  open  spaces  where  he  could 
enjoy  nature  to  a  certain  extent. 

But  there  was  no  question  of  actual  recreation  involved 
in  the  beginning.  Lawns  were  carefully  guarded,  flower- 
beds and  trees  were  for  distant  observation  only.  It 
gave  some  satisfaction  but  soon  proved  to  be  insufficient. 
For  man,  imprisoned  in  his  city  walls,  lacked  more  than 
just  the  attraction  of  nature.  In  primitive  life  he  had 
enjoyed  the  freedom  of  the  wilds,  his  muscles  had  been 
in  constant  use.  Now  with  his  rapidly  growing  civiliza- 
tion, with  machinery  taking  the  place  of  muscular  work, 
his  whole  physique  had  weakened   and  his  brains  had 


grown  beyond  bounds.  He  needed  more  than  just  a 
park  to  look  at,  and  especially  did  he  need  it  for  his 
children,  who,  growing  up  on  asphalt  streets  and  con- 
crete sidewalks,  missed  the  open  meadows  and  the  for- 
ests on  the  now  building-covered  farm.  And  so  the 
park  lawns  became  play  meadows — under  the  trees  play 
areas  were  set  aside.  Boating,  swimming,  skating  and 
all  athletic  sports  entered  the  once  so  carefully  guarded 
quiet  park  scene. 

We  are  in  this  stage  now — the  stage  of  recreation  for 
those  who  want  recreation.  Or  better,  I  should  say,  we 
are  just  leaving  this  stage  and  passing  into  the  next 
stage  of  development.  Man,  under  the  pressure  of  his 
rapid  evolution,  in  twenty  years  has  outgrown  this  new 
idea,  embodied  in  the  city  playgrounds.  Like  the  original 
park  ideas,  it  will  have  its  place,  will  become  even  more 
valuable,  but  it  also  is  insufficient.  Leaders  of  thought 
have  already  pointed  the  way.  Universal  physical  train- 
ing must  become  the  next  step,  compulsory  physical 
training  like  universal  mental  training  already  is  and 
lias  been  for  many  years.    And  in  this  system  of  physical 


LOCATING  A  CAMP 
The    Wapiti    Camp   Grounds   on    the    Shoshone    National    Forest   offer  much  attraction   to  the  lover  of  the  out-of  doors. 


1459 


1460 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


training  the  National  Parks  and  Forests  will  likely  play 
an  important  role.  And  here  it  is  well  for  us  to  be 
thankful  for  having  a  government  which  in  its  park  and 
forestry  policy  has  already  shown  itself  to  be  a  leader, 
rather  than  one  which  reluctantly  drags  along  the  rear 
end  of  civilization's  procession.  To  be  sure,  national 
parks  were  set  aside  as  places  in  which  the  most  beautiful 
scenes  of  the  country  are  preserved  for  posterity,  and 
only  secondarily  for  recreative  purposes. 

But  under  the  tremendous  stimulant  of  the  European 
war,  we  have  begun  to  realize  that  we  had  not  done 
everything  there  was  in  our  power  to  do  for  those  boys 
of  ours  who 
gallantly  took 
up  the  chal- 
lenge of  autoc- 
r  a  c  y  and 
fought  the  vic- 
tory of  free- 
dom. We  have 
realized,  and 
very  late  at 
that,  how  large 
were  the  num- 
bers among 
these  boys,  who 
were  physically 
unfit  to  join 
their  comrades 
and  had  to  be 
sent  back  to 
the  homes  they 
had  left  so  en- 
t  h  usiastically. 
And  there  is 
the  task  we 
must  set  to 
work  on  now. 
We  must  cure 
these  unfit, 
probably,  but 
more  than  that 
we  must  stop 
raising  the  un- 
fit. 

Un  i  versal 
training  —  not 
for  armies,  not  for  killing,  but  for  the  higher  develop- 
ment of  man  and  woman,  is  already  knocking  at  the 
door.  In  a  very  few  years  it  will  become  an  estab- 
lished fact. 

These  few  remarks  about  the  growth  of  our  civiliza- 
tion were  necessary,  in  order  to  better  approach  my  sub- 
ject. For  though  our  national  forests  were  set  aside  for 
economic  reasons,  be  they  for  lumbering  purposes,  for 
water  conservation  or  otherwise,  and  though  the  national 
parks  were  set  aside  for  the  conservation  of  scenic  beauty, 
they  both  give  the  nation  service  in  recreation.  I  do  not 
want  to  belittle  the  work  done  in  developing  the  economic 


A   COOK  WHO  TAKES  HIS  JOB   COMFORTABLY 

Domestic  relations  are  reversed  and  it  is  father  who  is  doing  the  housework   in 
The  picture  is  taken  in   the  Municipal   Camp,   Denver  Mountain   Parks.     Such 
the  city  of  Denver  for  $2.50  a  week. 


value  of  our  forests.  Inestimable  is  the  value  of  the 
work  carried  on  in  this  direction,  value  for  the  present 
as  well  as  for  the  future  generations,  and  still  greater 
good  will  come  from  these  reserves  as  the  vital  point  of 
a  nation's  health  and  energy  is  given  a  place  alongside 
the  economic  interests,  and  great  progress  in  this  direc- 
tion is  being  made. 

Theoretically  there  is  a  boundary  between  the  national 
forests  and  the  national  parks.  There  is  a  difference  of 
purpose,  but  to  the  visitor  they  are  both  alike.  The 
national  forests  contain  so  many  places  of  scenic  beauty 
that  to  the  visitor  it  is  immaterial  whether  he  is  in  a 

national  park 
or  forest.  He 
enters  both 
with  the  same 
feeling  of  rev- 
ere n  c  e  and 
security  creat- 
e  d  by  the 
knowledge  that 
these  beautiful 
spots  are  pro- 
tected through 
him  and  for 
him  by  his  gov- 
ernment. 

There  are 
places  in  the 
forests,  valua- 
ble for  eco- 
nomic purposes 
only.  There  are 
others  valuable 
for  recreative 
purposes  more 
than  for  any- 
thing else.  And 
there  are  large 
areas  valuable 
for  both  alike. 

Land  scape 
a  r  c  h  i  t  ecture 
may  not  have 
any  suggestions 
for  the  eco- 
nomic sections  ; 
it  does  have  a  few  ideas  for  the  recreative  areas. 
For  years  the  slogan  has  been  in  cases  of  mountain  and 
other  wild  scenery  "Leave  nature  alone."  The  landscape 
architect  has  been  mistrusted  in  such  places — a  mistrust 
probably  caused  by  the  number  of  exotic  designs  which 
have  been  copied  and  transplanted  into  our  country. 
There  is  a  fear  that  if  our  mountain  regions,  with  their 
native  scenic  beauty,  are  turned  over  to  the  landscape 
designer,  he  will  fill  the  mountain  tops  with  stone 
civic  centers,  with  ornamental  fountains  and  maple 
trees.  And  still  this  is  an  unfounded  distrust.  For  the 
man,  who  through  his  training  and  artistic  development 


n   this  little  family  scene, 
tents  may  be  rented  from 


LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE 


1461 


On  the  Trail 


Not  the  least  difficult  thing  in  making 
the  national  forest's  recreative  values 
utilized  is  to  get  people  actually  into  the 
forest.  There  is  too  much  rushing 
through  after  the  style  of  the  auto  fiend 
mentioned  by  Mr.  DeBoer  "grinding  out 
the  scenery."  The  photographs  shown 
tell  of  two  things.  First,  that  the  need 
for  recreative  development  is  recognised 
by  the  United  States  Forest  Service  and 
is  being  taken  care  of  and,  second,  this 
is  a  step  to  aid  that  movement  which  is 
gaining  greater  momentum  continual- 
ly— that  is,  getting  into  the  forests  on 
foot  or  horseback  so  time  may  be  had  to 
enjoy  the  beauties  of  nature.  These  pic- 
tures were  taken  by  Supervisor  A.  M. 
Cook  and  show  sections  of  the  Pikes 
Peak  Bridle  Path,  a  scenic  trail  to  the 
top  of  Pike's  Peak.  This  trail  is  dis- 
tinctively a  recreative  trail,  is  laid  out 
according  to  good  engineering  and  land- 
scape principles  and  fills  a  long  felt  want 
for  an  attractive  and  safe  route  for  pedes- 
trian  and   burro   traffic   to   the   top   of 


the  peak.  Many  other 
projects  along  recrea- 
tional lines  are  under 
way  but  these  pic- 
tures will  give  a  very 
good  idea  of  what  is 
nozv  being  done  and 
what  may  be  expected 
along  the  line  of  rec- 
reative trail  work  in 
our  national  forests. 
— A.  H.  Carhart. 


1462 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


ON  THE  UNCOMPAHGRE  NATIONAL  FOREST  IN  COLORADO 

Where   the   Bear  Creek   Trail   winds  like   a   silver  thread  around   the   face 
of  the  cliffs. 

can  create  landscape  beauty  to  harmonize  in  other  places, 
should  know  enough  to  properly  guide  that  work  in  natu- 
ral surroundings.  For  develop- 
ment work  goes  on  whether  it  is 
studied  from  an  artistic  point  of 
view  or  not,  and  in  places  where 
this  point  of  view  might  have 
some  value  there  is  no  other  pro- 
fessional whose  line  of  study  and 
experience  fits  him  better  to  give 
advice. 

To  come  back  to  the  "Leave 
nature  alone"  idea.  What  does  it 
mean?  What  does  nature  do  if 
left  alone?  The  strongest  crea- 
tures, be  they  strong  by  mere 
brute  strength  or  by  better  adapt- 
ing themselves  to  their  living  con- 
ditions, the  strongest  creatures, 
either  animal  or  plant,  will  sur- 
vive and  crowd  out  the  others. 
The  willow  clump  will  spread  over 
the  open  meadow  and  crowd  out 
the  birch,  the  alder,  the  honey- 
suckle and  the  dogwood.  Aspens, 
beautiful    though    they    are,    will 


quickly  fill  the  fine  meadow  you  had  loved  so  well  a  few 
years  ago.  Cattle  and  sheep,  for  they  are  included  in 
the  "nature"  of  the  slogan,  eat  and  pull  the  wild  flowers 
to  a  dangerous  extent.  Douglas  fir  and  lodgepole  pine 
will  cover  large  areas  to  the  exclusion  of  silver  cedar. 
yellow  pine  and  other  picturesque  trees.  Mistletoe  de- 
stroys the  pine  trees  and  in  general  weeds  if  left  alone 
will  soon  become  pests. 

It  is  well  to  leave  nature  alone,  as  far  as  it  goes.  No 
doubt  it  is  better  to  leave  her  alone  than  to  destroy  her. 
But  a  still  better  way,  and  much  better  at  that,  is  to  aid 
nature  along.  In  places  where  beauty  can  be  consid- 
ered— and  it  seems  with  our  recreation  ideas  that  in  places 
it  should  be  considered — roads  should  be  built— not  from 
the  standpoint  of  utility  alone— but  should  be  designed  so 
as  to  show  the  best  scenic  points  of  the  area.  A  road 
may  lead  around  the  head  of  a  valley,  and  if  there  is  a 
snowpeak  visible  over  the  length  of  this  valley,  nature 
may  be  improved  occasionally  by  cutting  down  a  few 
dozen  trees  to  open  up  the  view.  Or  the  road  may  lead 
by  a  large  cliff  rock,  which  until  now  had  been  hidden  by 
tall  willow  growth  and  could  easily  be  partly  cleared  and 
made  visible. 

Or  lookout  points  can  be  made  accessible  by  narrow 
roads  or  trails.  There  are  a  hundred  and  one  objects 
which  may  become  objects  of  beauty  in  such  a  tract. 
Open  yellow  pine  forests  may  become  fine  camping  sites, 
dense  aspen  plantings  may  be  made  of  great  interest, 
some  colony  of  rare  plants  may  even  be  worth  while  to 
lead  a  road  by  them.  A  creek  may  be  crossed  at  a  pic- 
turesque bend,  or  on  a  large  meadow  the  road  kept  to 
one  side  to  prevent  the  open  natural  meadow  from  being 
cut  into  two  small  strips.     Beautiful  old  trees  may  be 


^ 

jj*£?_. 

~ 

1 

'*m 

iifr' 

'"'y 

-  ^ 

-N*3f 

| 

'^tth- 

\ 

\ 

: 

£f>  ;• 

Bk    ■   '   ~-A 

i 

\  _      /xj 

I      »^V  * 

*' 

OX    THE    PIKE'S    PEAK    BRIDLE    TRAIL 


A  type  of  trail  that  is  being  built  by  the  Forest  Service  so  as  to  make  the  forest  more  accessible   to  the 
large   number   of   tourists   who   visit   the   mountains   annually. 


LANDSCAPE  ARCHITECTURE 


1463 


brought  into  better  picture  by  removing  all  tree  growth 
in  the  neighborhood. 

There  must  be  sections  in  the  national  forests  which 
have  little  economic  and  great  scenic  value  and  such 
sections  could  be  treated  in  this  way.  Especially  near 
towns  and  cities  or  places  of  easy  access  from  trans- 
portation points  this  treatment  could  be  carried  out.  In 
a  general  way  the  national  parks  could  be  improved  this 
way.  Road  lines  should  be  laid  out  with  due  regard  to 
engineering  problems  of  course;  poor  grades  and  lines 
are  inexcusable  no  matter  how  beautiful  the  scenery. 
After  the  roads  are  built  a  skeleton  of  the  park  is  there, 
and  the  work  of  encouraging  nature  can  begin.  In  places 
where  wild  flowers  have  been  largely  destroyed  through 


bines  are  already  becoming  scarce,  and  if  you  have  seen 
the  auto  loads  of  these  flowers  taken  from  their  shady 
nooks  to  be  wilted  away  in  some  tourist's  care,  this  will 
not  surprise  you.  If  our  national  parks  are  to  fulfill  their 
primary  purpose  of  preservation,  they  must  be  saved  from 
the  danger  of  overcrowding,  and  this  again  can  be  best 
done  by  putting  at  the  disposal  of  visitors  other  areas 
outside  of  the  real  gems  we  want  to  save. 

I  should  like  not  to  be  misunderstood  on  this  point. 
These  parks  should  be  for  recreation  and  recreation  of 
the  masses.  I  would  even  willingly  sacrifice  the  last 
flower,  be  it  columbine  or  painter's  brush,  or  Mariposa 
lily,  if  these  flowers  aided  in  adding  interest  to  the  life 
of  some  poor  tenement  child.     But  it  is  not  these  very 


OBSERVATION"    TOIXT    ON    PIKE'S    PEAK. 
Looking  down  Ute  Pass,  in  the  Pike  National  Forest,  from  the  automobile     highway,    a   magnificent   panorama .  spreads   out    before    one. 


natural  processes  or  by  tourists,  they  can  be  reintroduced 
by  sowing  their  seed.  In  other  places  where  the  flower 
varieties  are  limited  or  crowded  out  by  undesirable  weeds 
the  former  can  be  encouraged  by  keeping  down  the 
weeds  and  plants  which  are  not  wanted. 

To  a  certain  extent  these  recreative  areas  in  the  national 
forests  have  an  advantage  over  the  national  parks.  For 
we  must  not  forget  that  the  recreational  work  is  as  much 
a  sideline  for  the  national  park  as  it  is  for  the  forests, 
and  that  the  parks  were  not  created  for  the  monetary 
benefit  of  hotels  and  transportation  companies,  but  pri- 
marily to  preserve  their  unique  scenic  beauty  to  pos- 
terity. There  lies  a  danger  in  too  great  a  popularity  for 
these  parks.     In  some  parts  of  the  Rockies  wild  colum- 


needy  we  bring  out  by  extensive  advertising,  and  expen- 
sive hotels.  They  only  attract  the  leisure  class,  the  class 
which  can  enjoy  nature  everywhere  on  earth,  who  sit  on 
hotel  porches  and  have  the  scenery  brought  down  to  them 
at  so  much  a  dozen. 

Easy  transportation  to  our  nature  reserves  for  those 
who  need  them  the  most  is  the  essential  problem  in  this 
respect.  Cheap  transportation ;  auto  roads,  well  built, 
are  of  immense  value.  But  not  even  they  reach  the 
poorer  class.  And  there  again  is  the  danger  of  the  auto 
fiend,  who  grinds  out  the  scenery  at  so  many  miles  per 
hour.  He  can  pass  the  same  road  a  dozen  times  and 
never  notice  the  little  beauties  you  had  anxiously  pre- 
served, but  also  never  failing  to  grumble  over  the  little 


1464 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE    SKIING    COURSE,    GENESEE    MOUNTAIN,    DENVER    MOUNTAIN    PARK. 
This  exhilarating  sport  calls  lor  much  practice  before  perfection   is  attained  and  lots  of  fun   is  had  by  tne  amateur  and  at  his  expense. 


hole  you  forgot  to  fill  at  some  bridge  approach.  Main 
trunklines  for  autos  are  of  the  greatest  importance,  but  I 
do  think  that  great  good  could  be  done  by  building  sec- 
ondary roads  with  limited  speed  and  trails  for  those  who 
prefer  a  slower  way  of  enjoying  the  views. 

As  a  counterweight  against  expensive  hotel  rooms, 
auto  camps  have  come  into  existence.  Rather  than  be 
locked  up  in  a  hot  stuffy  room  like  the  one  he  left  in 
Kansas,  the  visitor  of  these  camps  will  camp  out  in  the 
open.  And  he  shows  much  more  appreciation  for  our 
scenery  and,  for  this  reason  if  for  none  other,  should 
be  encouraged. 

This  last  fall,  while  roaming  through  the  yellow  and 
golden  aspens,  the  green  firs  and  pines,  the  red  and 
purple  scrub  oak  of  our  Pike  National  Forest,  the 
thought  occurred  to  me  how  many  frail  bits  of  young 
humanity,  now  starving  for  air  and  light  and  interest  in 
hie,  couid  be  grown  up  to  sturdy  citizens  in  the  invigo- 
rating air  of  the  Rockies.  Instead  of  growing  pale  in 
the  shadows  of  the  metropolis,  instead  of  being  nerve 
shocked  little  victims  of  rapid  transportation  systems  or 
weak-kneed,  vice-ridden  alley  inhabitants,  they  could  be 


brawny,  tawny,  husky  youngsters  of  the  woods.  Camps 
for  children,  camps  for  convalescents,  camps  for  all  peo- 
ple who  want  to  enjoy  the  mountains  and  cannot  afford 
the  expensive  hotels  seem  to  me  the  logical  followers  of 
the  auto  camps.  These  camps  should  not  be  crowded 
together  but  scattered  along  lines  of  transportation  which 
are  cheap  and  able  to  handle  large  numbers  of  passengers. 
They  should  be  within  visiting  distance  perhaps  of  places 
of  natural  grandeur,  but  should  not  be  close  to  them  no 
more  than  any  hotel,  no  matter  how  expensive  it  might 
be,  should  be  allowed  to  create  a  false  note  into  the  well 
conserved  beauty  of  the  place. 

To  come  back  to  my  title,  landscape  architecture  then 
can  aid  in  those  parts  of  the  national  forests  and  parks 
where  aesthetic  values  are  to  be  considered  and  where 
recreation  can  become  part  of  the  general  policy.  In 
addition  to -this  it  can  be  of  service  in  applying  town 
planning  principles  to  laying  out  summer  colonies,  camp- 
ing grounds  and  the  like.  And  last,  but  not  least,  it  can 
be  of  aid  in  preserving  wild  vegetation  and  in  encouraging 
rare  plants  which,  under  civilization's  foot,  would  soon 
disappear. 


FORESTERS   EDITION 

For  the  benefit  of  foresters  and  lumbermen,  and  also  others  desirous  of  technical 
and  semi-technical  articles  on  forestry,  a  Foresters  Edition  of  AMERICAN  FORESTRY 
will  be  published  each  month. 

This  edition  will  contain  technical  and  semi-technical  articles  in  place  of  the  more 
popular  articles  on  birds,  shade  trees,  memorial  trees,  etc. 

Members  may  have  whichever  edition  they  wish.  The  main  edition  will  be  sent  as 
usual  to  those  who  do  not  notify  the  Editor  that  they  wish  the  Foresters  Edition. 


NATIONAL  FOREST  PLANTATION  UPON  PIKES  PEAK 

BY  SMITH  RILEY,  DISTRICT  FORESTER,  DENVER,  COLORADO 


YOU  have  heard  the  story  of  the  man  who  saw  a 
little  child  clapping  her  hands  and  jumping  with 
joy  near  a  small  tree.  The  man  called  the  mother's 
attention  to  the  child's  happiness,  whereupon  the  mother 
said :  "She  may  well  be  happy  because  it  is  the  first  tree 
she  has  ever  seen." 

Imagine  your  world  without  trees.  Think  of  those 
areas  in  which  you  delight  without  trees.  Or  better  still, 
think  of  those  mountain  areas  with  which  you  are  familiar 
where  fires  have  completely  killed  all  forest  growth.  The 
thousands  of  people  who  visit  Estes  Park  in  Colorado 


idle  is  said  to  be  sixty-five  million  dollars.  No  large  sums 
have  been  made  available  by  Congress  to  reforest  the 
denuded  lands  within  the  National  Forests,  so  that  the 
acreage  planted  each  year  has  been  extremely  nominal 
and  the  work  is  of  an  experimental  character. 

In  picking  the  areas  in  the  National  Forests  where 
planting  is  to  be  carried  on,  extremes  of  conditions  have 
been  sought  so  that  this  early,  restricted  reforestation 
would  in  the  years  to  come  serve  to  point  the  way  in 
carrying  out  more  extensive  operations.  One  of  the 
areas  chosen  lies  upon  the  slopes  of  Pikes  Peak  in  Colo- 


PLANTING  IN  ROCKY  COUNTRY 

Denuded  country   near   Pikes   Peak   Auto  Highway   planted  with   yellow   pine   in   1912.     This  picture  shows  the  rough  character  of  a  greater  part  of 

this  country.     Old   snags  of  the  former  timber  stand   among  the   rocks. 


each  year  are  familiar  with  the  extensive  burns  upon  the 
east  slope  of  Long's  Peak.  Can  anything  be  more  ghastly 
than  the  path  of  one  of  these  consuming  fires  ?  It  is  the 
wiping  out  of  all  life  which  impresses  one.  It  is  like 
the  battlefields  of  France.  Passing  through  one  of  these 
burned  areas  is  depressing  in  the  extreme  to  many  people 
who  see  upon  all  sides  the  skeletons  of  once  superb  tree 
life  bleached  white  by  the  action  of  winter  storms. 

It  is  estimated  that  out  of  the  160  million  odd  acres  of 
National  Forests  there  are  seven  and  a  half  million  acres 
in  need  of  planting  or  seeding  to  re-establish  tree  growth. 
The  yearly  loss  to  the  nation  in  forest  products  from 
lands  suited  only  for  the  production  of  timber  and  now 


rado  and  includes  the  fire  denuded  portions  of  those 
watersheds  from  which  several  towns,  including  Colorado 
Springs  and  Manitou,  secure  municipal  water.  A  recon- 
naissance study  has  shown  there  are  some  twelve  or  four- 
teen thousand  acres  from  which  the  forest  growth  was 
swept  by  fire  in  the  early  days  before  the  growing  demand 
for  water  brought  realization  of  the  high  value  of  tree 
growth  as  a  water  conserver.  In  addition  to  the  forest 
products  which  can  be  produced  from  the  lands  and  the 
value  of  the  tree  growth  as  a  water  conserver,  there  is 
the  high  value  of  establishing  trees  eventually  to  heal 
the  ghastly  fire  scars  upon  the  mountain  slope,  as  Colo- 
rado Springs  and  Manitou,  two  cities  closely  related  to 

1465 


1466 


U1HRICAN     l-ORKSTRY 


each  other,  represent  one  of  the  greatest  tourist  centers 
in  the  West  today. 

The  conditions  of  the  locality  were  severe  for  plant- 
ing. The  uneven  distribution  of  moisture,  "high  dry 
winds  of  spring  and  summer  and  also  in  winter  when  the 
temperatures  are  low,  the  lack  of  soil  over  much  of  the 
area  and  the  movement  of  the  soil  on  the  steeper  slopes 
made  up  these  difficulties.  The  soil,  composed  of  large 
particles   of   gravel,  comes    from   the   decomposition   of 


FIR    AND    ASPEN 

Douglas  fit   planted  in  1£04  under  aspen  in  a  bottom  and  on  a  north  slope 

near  Pikes   Peak   Auto  Highway.  The   aspen  protects  the   fir  until    it   has 

become    established,    after    which  the    fir    pushes    through    the    aspen    and 
crowds   it   out. 

coarse-grained  granite  which  forms  the  mountain  masses 
of  the  Pikes  Peak  group. 

A  careful  study  of  the  reforestation  problems  upon 
Pikes  Peak  was  made  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Gardner  in  the 
summer  of  1903.  This  study  was  very  complete  and 
weighed  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  in  successfully 
establishing  tree  growth  upon  the  barren  slopes.  One 
very  interesting  point  brought  out  in  this  study  was  the 
date  of  the  fires  which  devastated  such  large  areas  in  the 
vicinity  of  Colorado  Springs.  From  the  age  of  the 
young  tree  growth  and  the  scars  upon  trees  injured  by 
fire  and  yet  not  killed,  Mr.  Gardner  determined  that  a 
greater  part  of  the  area  devastated  had  been  swept  by  a 
conflagration  or  a  series  of  fires  between  the  years  1850 
and  1853.  This  date  is  interesting  as  it  shows  the  time 
which  has  elapsed  since  the  destruction  of  the  forest 
growth  and  how  slow  must  be  the  return  of  forest  growth 
to  such  lands  by  natural  means.  In  short,  the  high 
demand  for  all  waterflow  from  the  area  and  the  recrea- 
tional use  then  being  made  and  that  which  can  be  ex- 
pected in  the  near  future,  combined  with  the  value  and 


use  of  all  forest  products  grown  upon  this  potential  forest 
land  so  immediately  accessible,  justified  not  waiting  for 
natural  reproduction  but  establishing  such  growth  by 
artificial  means. 

The  first  move  was  made  in  the  choice  of  two  areas  for 
nursery  sites  where  the  trees  for  field  planting  were  to 
be  grown.  Thinking  it  was  best  to  produce  the  trees 
under  the  same  conditions  in  which  they  were  to  be 
planted,  two  nursery  locations  were  chosen  high  on  the 
big  mountain,  the  land  cleared,  shade  frames  erected  and 
seed  sown.  This  work  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1905. 
This  same  year  50,000  yellow  pine  seedlings  were  brought 
in  from  the  Halsey  nursery  in  Western  Nebraska  and 
planted  in  Clementine  Gulch,  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  one  of  the  nursery  sites.  There  are  no  records  to 
show  what  weather  conditions  prevailed  at  the  time  or 
followed  this  planting.  A  careful  search  over  the  area 
in  the  fall  of  1907  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  but  one 
seedling  alive.  The  reason  for  this  practically  total  failure 
was  given  as  largely  due  to  the  fact  that  seedlings  raised 
;it  llalsey  were  not  able  to  withstand  the  sudden  change 
to  the  higher  altitude.     It  was  proved  later  that  seedlings 


THRIFTY    PLANTED    YELLOW    PINE 

More   of    1912    yellow   pine   along   Pikes    Peak    Auto    Highway.     Trees    now 
thoroughly   established   and   prepared    to   push   out   rapidly. 

of  any  sizes  or  from  any  other  localities  with  markedly 
different  climatic  conditions,  were  not  strong  enough  to 
survive  the  rigorous  conditions  found  here ;  that,  in  fact, 
it  would  take  transplants  of  the  more  vigorous  type  to 
produce  results. 

Experiments  with  the  nursery  areas  chosen  showed  be- 
yond a  doubt  that  while  there  was  some  advantage  in 
growing  the  plants  under  the  same  conditions  in  which 
they  would  be  set  out,  many  points  which  would  offset 


NATIONAL  FOREST  PLANTATION  UPON  PIKES  PEAK 


1467 


A    DOUGLAS   FIR    PLANTATION 

Douglas  fir  planted  in  1906  in  Bear  Creek  Canyon  near  Colorado  Springs.     Averages  3  to  5  feet  in  height.     The  scattering  growth  of  jack   and   yellow 
pine   on    the    opposite    side    of   the    canyon    has    been    sixty    years    coming    in    naturally. 


TREKS  WILL  GROW  HERE 

Yellow    pine    planted    in    1912   near    Pikes    I'cak    Auto    Highway.      Stub    of  Douglas  fir  in  center,  and  rocky  outcrops  show  in  many   places.     Yellow 
pine    makes    a    slow    growth    at    first    but    once    established    it  grows  rapidly   on  the  proper  site. 


1468 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


this  advantage  would  be  gained  in  having  the  nursery 
located  at  a  lower  altitude  where  more  vigorous  plants 
could  be  produced  in  the  longer  growing  season  and  the 
trees  be  dug  and  placed  upon  the  planting  areas  as  soon 
as  weather  conditions  made  spring  field  planting  possi- 
ble. The  Monument  nursery  site  was  chosen  and  develop- 
ed in  the  spring  of  1907  as  a  result  of  the  two  years'  ex- 
perience with  the  other  two  small  sites.  The  Monument 
site  has  proved  satisfactory  and  is  now  producing  the 
large  amount  of  yellow  pine,  Douglas  fir  and  Englemann 
spruce,  and  the  small  amount  of  limber  pine  that  are  now 
being  planted  yearly  upon  Pikes  Peak. 

Following  the  1905  field  planting,  further  seedlings 
of  Douglas  fir  were  brdught  from  the  Halsey  nursery  in 
the  spring  of  1906  and  planted  in  the  Bear  Creek  region 
with  a  little  better  success  as  the  1907  counts  on  this 
small  planting  showed  thirty-five  per  cent  alive. 

In  the  early  operation  of  this  field  planting,  a  study 


Up  to  the  close  of  1917  some  4,575  acres  have  been 
planted  on  the  Pike  National  Forest,  for  the  most  part 
in  the  Colorado  Springs  region  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
famous  Auto  Highway  to  the  top  of  Pikes  Peak.  An 
additional  thousand  acres  are  also  being  reforested  in 
this  vicinity  this  spring  (1918).  Fully  eighty-five  per 
cent  of  the  area  which  has  been  artificially  planted  to 
pines  and  spruces  can  be  considered  as  successfully 
stocked  with  trees.  Such  losses  as  have  occurred  are  due 
principally  to  the  planting  of  Austrian  pine,  a  species 
which  is  here  out  of  its  habitat,  and  to  the  undertaking  of 
planting  work  in  the  fall.  While  fall  planting  may  suc- 
ceed in  regions  where  there  are  early  and  abundant 
snows,  such  conditions  cannot  be  depended  upon  along 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  prin- 
cipal species  planted  are  yellow  pine  on  the  lower  foot- 
hills, which  in  turn  gives  way  to  Douglas  fir  and  Engel- 
mann   spruce   on   the   higher   slopes,   limber   pine   being 


"^•S.' 


'-O, 


m  .  a , 


3te« 


:  jtii* 


Ok^j  £ 


PLANTED    OLD    BURNED-OVER    GROUND 

Showing  regular  rows  of  planted  trees  along  Pikes  Peak  Auto  Highway— 1912  yellow  pine  to  the  right  of  the  road— 1914  yellow  pine  and  Douglas 
fir  to  left.  This  country  was  burned  over  from  60  to  65  years  ago  and  in  that  time  very  little  reproduction  has  come  in.  Thousands  of  tourists 
motor  over  this  road  to  the  top  of  Pikes  Peak  annually. 


was  made  and  a  map  completed  showing  the  extent  of 
the  types  which  should  be  planted  with  the  different 
species  of  trees  which  grew  originally  upon  the  areas. 
The  first  experiments  were  made  at  the  lower  altitudes 
with  yellow  pine  and  Douglas  fir.  In  the  more  recent 
years  the  production  of  Englemann  spruce  and  limber 
pine  for  the  high  planting  types  has  been  taken  up.  The 
low  percentage  of  survival  in  the  earlier  plantings  showed 
the  need  of  the  most  vigorous  transplants  that  could  be 
produced,  and  this  was  secured  in  the  2-1  plant,  as  leav- 
ing the  tree  two  years  in  the  seed  bed  gave  a  plant 
readily  handled  in  transplanting,  while  the  one  year  in 
the  transplant  bed  produced  a  well  developed  tree  with 
a  clustered  root  system  made  up  of  fine  rootlets  of  much 
greater  area  than  that  of  the  tree  crown  or  evaporating 
surface. 


used  for  windy,  exposed  regions.  The  trees  are  planted 
8x8  feet  or  about  700  per  acre,  and  the  average  cost 
of  planting,  including  the  cost  of  producing  the  trees  at 
the  nursery,  is  approximately  $11.00  per  acre,  which  is 
very  moderate  when  we  consider  the  rugged  and  rocky 
region  in  which  the  reforestation  work  is  being  carried 
on.  Generally  speaking,  it  may  be  said  that  the  annual 
survival  of  trees  varies  from  60  to  90  per  cent,  depending 
upon  the  condition  of  the  soil  and  the  species  planted. 
When  planting  was  first  projected  there  was  little 
public  interest  or  sympathy  for  the  work.  The  slow 
growth  of  the  trees  and  the  slight  showing  each  year  had 
much  to  do  with  this  lack  of  enthusiasm  on  the  part  of 
the  layman.  In  fact,  in  the  early  plantings  complaint 
was  made  (though  scrupulous  care  was  taken  to  guard 
against  it)    that  in  planting  these  watersheds  the  pres- 


THE  FEDERAL  INCOME  TAX  AND  THE  FOREST   INDUSTRIES 


1469 


ence  of  camps  for  the  planters  would  pollute  the  water 
of  the  cities  using  it  for  a  municipal  supply.  One  promi- 
nent citizen  spoke  with  ridicule  of  the  project,  claiming 
it  was  absurd  to  spend  the  people's  money  for  reforesta- 
tion above  an  altitude  of  seven  thousand  feet  because 
above  this  altitude  the  growth  was  so  slow  that  such 
plantings  could  never  be  of  value.  Now  that  the  trees 
show  well  over  the  plantations,  there  is  nothing  but 
hearty  approval  for  what  has  been  accomplished.    Those 


people  who  are  locally  interested  in  seeing  the  gradual 
growth  of  these  trees,  which  have  been  planted  arti- 
ficially in  order  to  heal  the  ghastly  scars  on  the  slopes  of 
Pikes  Peak,  to  render  these  worthless  areas  productive 
and  ensure  an  abundant  supply  of  water  where  every 
drop  is  worth  its  weight  in  gold — I  say,  those  who  see 
these  things  realize  that  an  excellent  work  has  been  ac- 
complished and  is  being  carried  forward  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public. 


THE  FEDERAL  INCOME  TAX  AND  THE  FOREST  INDUSTRIES 

BY  MAJOR  DAVID  T.  MASON 

FOREST  VALUATION  EXPERT  OF  THE  U.  S.  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT 


THE  Federal  Income  Tax  Law  in  its  present  state 
is  a  gigantic  factor  suddenly  injected  into  Ameri- 
can business  affairs. 

It  was  not  until  1913  that  an  amendment  to  our  Fed- 
eral Constitution  made  a  Federal  income  tax  lawful.  For 
four  years  before  that  time  there  had  been  an  excise  tax 
on  corporations  based  on  income.  This  tax  and  the  new 
income  tax  took  only  one  per  cent  of  the  net  income  of 
corporations  for  the  years  1909  to  191 5.  For  1916  the 
tax  rate  increased  to  two  per  cent.  These  rates  were 
so  low  that  business  was  only  slightly  affected  and  paid 
little  attention  to  the  tax. 

With  the  coming  of  the  war,  however,  huge  amounts 
of  money  were  required  by  the  Government  for  im- 
mediate use.  The  income  tax  rates  for  1917  and  later 
years  were  greatly  increased  to  secure  a  large  part  of  this 
revenue.  The  year  191 3  saw  sixty  million  dollars  paid  in 
income  taxes ;  for  191 7  the  amount  had  been  increased  to 
fifty  times  as  much  and  three  thousand  million  dollars 
were  collected.  From  an  insignificant  factor  in  its  ef- 
fect upon  the  affairs  of  business  and  individuals  the  in- 
come tax  had  suddenly  become  of  enormous  importance. 
For  one  group  of  lumber  companies  the  income  tax  now 
takes  approximately  fifty  per  cent  of  the  net  income.  In 
many  individual  cases  the  tax  amounts  to  considerably 
more  than  fifty  per  cent. 

We  have  emerged  from  a  great  war  with  a  national 
debt  so  huge  that  a  billion  dollars  will  be  required  yearly 
to  pay  the  interest ;  an  additional  large  amount  will  be 
needed  to  reduce  the  principal  of  the  debt.  The  annual 
expense  of  the  Federal  Government  before  the  war 
amounted  to  a  billion  dollars  and  an  increase  has  taken 
place  since  that  time.  Prohibition  has  removed  one  of 
the  important  sources  of  Government  revenue.  Thus  it 
is  clear  that  the  income  tax  will  be  an  important  factor 
in  the  business  affairs  of  the  United  States  for  many 
years  to  come.  Business  men  in  all  their  plans  for  the 
future  must  take  the  income  tax  carefully  into  considera- 
tion. It  is,  of  course,  the  policy  of  the  Government  to  ad- 
just the  income  tax  so  that,  as  great  a  burden  as  it  must 
necessarily  be,  it  will  cause  the  least  inconvenience.  In 
order  to  deal  with  the  whole  situation  in  the  most  intelli- 
gent way  the  Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue  has  secured 
the  aid  of  specialists  in  framing  the  original  revenue  bills 
and    in    drawing    up    the    regulations    under    which    the 


new  revenue  laws  are  being  administered.  The  pres- 
ent income  and  excess  profits  tax  law  presents  unusual 
problems  in  the  case  of  certain  industries  such  as 
those  engaged  in  the  production  of  mineral,  oil,  gas 
and  lumber,  which  use  up  natural  resources  as  they 
operate.  The  law  recognizes  as  property  free  from  tax 
the  value  which  such  resources  had  on  March  1,  1913,  the 
date  upon  which  the  Federal  Constitution  was  amended 
to  provide  for  an  income  tax ;  all  increases  of  value  after 
that  date  are  treated  as  net  income  to  be  taxed  in  the 
year  in  which  the  income  is  realized.  This  problem  in- 
volves the  careful  determination  of  the  quantity  of  the 
natural  resources  owned  on  March  1,  1913,  and  the  unit 
values  of  such  resources  at  that  time. 

To  deal  with  this  and  many  other  vital  but  less  im- 
portant problems  the  Natural  Resources  Division  of  the 
Bureau  of  Internal  Revenue  was  organized  in  1918.  At 
first  engineers  were  appointed  to  deal  only  with  the  af- 
fairs of  the  oil,  gas  and  mining  industries.  In  the  spring 
of  1919,  largely  at  the  request  of  the  forest  industries, 
the  Timber  Section  of  the  Natural  Resources  Division 
was  organized  to  handle  these  problems  in  their  relation 
to  timber.  To  deal  intelligently  with  the  situation,  the 
staff  of  the  Timber  Section  includes  a  group  of  forest 
engineers  individually  familiar  with  the  more  important 
forest  regions  of  the  country  such  as  California,  the 
Douglas  fir  region,  the  Inland  Empire,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, the  Gulf  Coast  Pine  region,  the  Lake  States,  the 
Atlantic  Coast  Pine  region,  the  Hardwood  region,  and  the 
Northeast.  In  order  that  the  regional  forest  valuation  en- 
gineer may  have  the  data  upon  which  to  act,  it  is  necessary 
to  secure  from  each  individual  taxpayer  of  the  forest  in- 
dustries a  statement  describing  in  detail  his  timberland, 
his  plants,  and  his  operations  during  recent  years.  For 
this  purpose  a  questionnaire  is  now  being  distributed  to 
the  taxpayers.  This  questionnaire  will  gather  data  re- 
lating to  the  kinds  and  quantities  of  merchantable  timber 
and  young  growing  timber  owned,  the  prices  at  which  it 
has  been  sold  in  recent  years,  the  average  cut  per  acre  in 
different  regions,  the  losses  of  timber  from  fire  and  other 
causes,  the  extent  to  which  forests  are  protected,  the  rate 
of  growth  of  the  old  and  young  timber,  systems  of 
forest  management  used,  the  character  of  the  manu- 
facturing plants,  the  kinds  and  quantity  of  lumber  pro- 
duced each  year,  and  many  other  important  matters. 


FORESTRY  AND  PATIENCE 

BY  QUINCY  R.  CRAFT,  U.  S.  FOREST  SERVICE,  DENVER,  COLORADO 


«/^NE  soweth  and  another  reapeth"  is  perhaps  never 

I     I  more  true  than  in  the  work  of  the  forester.    For 

not  only  in  awaiting  results  of  physical  effort,  but 

also  in  inducing  the  public  to  adopt  methods  which  look  to 

the  future,  patience  as  well  as  science  is  requisite.    How 

often  timber  holders  who  undertook  to  handle  their  lands 

under  forest  working  plans  prepared  in  co-operation  with 

the  Forest  Service  abandoned  the  purpose  until  it  seemed 

that  for  the  present  the  practice  of  forestry  on  a  large 

scale  must  be  limited  to  Government  and  State  work! 

The  first  working  plan   for  Government   forest  lands 


after  two  decades,  we  find  an  enduring  demonstration  of 
the  benefits  of  conservation  worked  out  in  detail  in  the 
conditions  of  employment  and  daily  life  of  those  affected? 
The  example  to  which  reference  is  made  is  the  lum- 
bering operations  of  the  Homestake  Mining  Company, 
centered  at  Nemo,  South  Dakota.  A  well-equipped  log- 
ging road  connects  the  sawmill  with  Company,  State  and 
Government-owned  timber  tracts,  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  market,  on  the  other,  and  all  operations  contemplate 
thirty  years,  if  not  an  indefinite  run.  Assurance  of  con- 
tinued  employment  promotes   efficiency   and  thrift,   and 


FINE   EXAMPLE  OF  CONSERVATIOX 


Area  cut   over  by   Homestake   Company   under   combined    shelterwood   and  selection  system  of  marking. 
i  and  a  stand  of  thrifty  growing  yellow  nine  is  left. 


The  timber  cut  has  been  completely   utilized 


and  one  of  the  very  first  for  any  large  timber  tract  was 
prepared  in  the  vicinity  of  Nemo,  in  the  northeastern 
Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota  in  1898,  by  Henry  S.  Graves. 
A  picture  of  a  part  of  this  area  in  which  young  growth 
had  been  preserved  and  fire  protection,  facilitated  by  a 
good  clean-up  was  used  on  the  first  Forest  Service  calen- 
dar. An  enlargement  hangs  in  many  supervisors'  offices, 
and  it  has  been  used  more  generally  for  lantern  slides  and 
newspaper  illustrations  of  good  forestry  in  America  than 
almost  any  other. 

Is  it  significant  that  in  this  very  part  of  the  Black  Hills 


the  type  of  men  and  the  manner  in  which  the  work  is 
conducted  indicate  that  hardship  and  reckless  daring  are 
not  necessarily  connected  with  lumbering. 

Nemo  and  the  small  valley  in  which  it  lies  are  very 
attractive  for  a  permanent  lumber  camp;  buildings  are 
kept  in  good  repair,  and  large  pines  are  carefully  pro- 
tected to  provide  a  natural  park  in  the  center  of  the 
town.  The  company  store  is  well  kept  and  carries  goods 
of  quality  and  at  prices  that  prove  advantageous  to  For- 
est officers  whose  location  enable  them  to  buy  there.  The 
proverbial  isolation  of   the  lumber  camp  is   relieved  by 


1470 


FORESTRY  AND   PATIENCE 


1471 


MEADOW   OF   ALFALFA   SCRROUXDED   BY  WOODED    HILLS 

This  affords   variety  and  profit  to  purse  and   health  of  combining  farming;  and  timber  work.     Our  forefathers  in  the  East  had,  along  with  the  hard- 
ships of  pioneering,  the  advantages  of  a  plentiful  supply  of  timber  close  at  hand,  and  the  Black  Hills  farmer  is  similarly  favored 


FORESTRY   AND   FARMING  GO  HAND   IN   HAND 

i 
This  scene   at   Xemo  shows  a   fertile   alfalfa  meadow    in   the   foreground.     In    the    background,    slope    lightly    thinned    for    scenic    beauty    along    auto 
highway.      Good    clean-up    ana    disposal    of    brush     and  abundant    reproduction    where    sunlight    is    sufficient. 


1472 


AMKKK  AN     FORESTRY 


local  entertainments  of  a  literary  nature;  children  are 
schooled ;  the  men  and  women  look  well  and  happy. 

With  anticipation  of  continued  use  it  was  practicable 
to  install  a  model  sawmill  plant,  of  larger  capacity  than 
is  required  for  present  needs,  and  the  men  have  diversity 
of  work  by  sawing  forenoons  and  then  sweeping  up,  and 
sorting,  and  planing  lumber  the  rest  of  the  day.  Logging 
is  done  year  after  year  by  contract  by  the  local  ranchers 
to  splendid  advantage  as  supplemental  to  their  farming. 
Black  Hills  conditions,  suitable  to  the  natural  seeding  of 
a  new  crop  of  trees  and  for  the  rapid  growth  of  the 
young  trees,  also  favor  the  practice  of  forestry. 

The  sawmill  is  owned,  and  furnishes  the  timber  re- 
quired by  the  Homestake  Mining  Company,  of  Lead, 
South  Dakota,  in  which  Mrs.  Hearst  owns  a  controlling 
interest,  and  in  which  employees  have  been  encouraged  to 
buy  shares.  The  Homestake  conducts  its  operations  on 
a  conservative  basis,  having  ore  blocked  out  for  mining 
for  many  years,  and  drawing  on  the  richer  ore  only  to 
an  extent  that  will  maintain  a  dependable  rate  of  divi- 
dends indefinitely. 

It  might  be  said  that  such  methods  will  not  meet  the 


requirements  of  present  day  competition  which  drives 
operators,  regardless  of  personal  desire,  to  handle  every 
operation  on  the  closest  margin,  and  as  quickly  as  possi- 
ble to  release  the  capital  invested  to  be  used  in  other 
enterprises;  that  without  the  gold  mine  back  of  it,  such 
timber  operations  would  lose  money. 

Yet  the  Homestake  Mining  Company  is  wise  and  far- 
sighted  enough  to  see  that  it  will  need  timber  for  a  long 
time ;  and  that  good  conditions  of  employment  are  better 
than  an  ever-changing  force  and  early-aged  pensioners 
from  accident  and  overwork. 

There  seems  to  be  a  minimum  of  lost  motion  and  waste. 
Systematically  orders  are  given  in  advance  for  the 
materials  needed,  and  the  timber  is  so  sawed.  Thus 
there  is  very  little  stock  on  hand  to  deteriorate,  be  en- 
dangered by  fire,  and  accumulate  interest  on  cost  of 
manufacture. 

When  through  a  more  excellent  understanding  wood 
consumers  generally  can  be  brought  into  closer  touch 
with  producers,  distribution  improved,  and  utilization 
perfected,  will  not  present  demands  on  lumber  producers 
be  lessened  and  the  practice  of  forestry  be  made  easier? 


Dubois  to  enter  consular  service 


FROM  California  comes  the  news  that  Lieut.-Col. 
Coert  duBois,  United  States  Forester  in  charge  of 
the  California  District  since  191 1  (with  the  exception  of 
one  year  spent  in  France),  has  received  an  appointment 
in  the  United  States  Consular  Service,  and  his  retirement 
from  the  Forest  Service  has  been  announced. 

As  the  leader  and  organizer  of  the  most  comprehen- 
sive fire-prevention  service  in  existence  in  the  West,  and 
particularly  as  the  principal  opponent  of  the  so-called 
"light  burning"  theory  of  forest  protection — a  theory 
which  has  cost  California  tremendous  sums  annually 
through  the  destruction  of  timber  by  fire — duBois  has 
made  a  remarkable  record  in  this  State. 

During  the  war  he  served  as  a,  major  with  the  Tenth 
Engineers  in  France,  returning  just  a  year  ago  this 
month  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  the  task  of 
aiding  in  organizing  new  engineer  units  for  overseas  duty 
— a  task  which  was  brought  to  a  close  by  the  armistice. 

"I  am  particularly  pleased  at  the  marked  change  during 
the  past  two  years  in  the  attitude  of  the  people  of  Cali- 
fornia toward  forest  fire  prevention,"  said  duBois,  in  dis- 
cussing his  retirement. 

"The  main  job  of  the  United  States  Forest  Service 
here  has  been  putting  across  to  the  public  the  knowledge 
that  the  future  supply  of  timber  so  essential  to  the  big 
agricultural  and  industrial  development  of  the  State — a 
development  which  is  now  well  under  way — depends  first 
and  foremost  upon  the  protection  of  the  young  growth 
in  our  forests  from  fire. 

"Fire  prevention  and  protection  is,  and  has  been,  one 
of  California's  vital  issues.  Yet  a  few  years  ago  this 
fact  was  so  little  realized  that  forest  fires — both  those 
wantonly  set  and  those  started  by  sheer  carelessness  and 
indifference — were  viewed  with  amazing  unconcern. 


"And  the  one  greatest  contributing  cause  to  that  un- 
concern was  the  pernicious,  ill-advised  and  destructive 
'light  burning'  theory — a  theory  which  advocated  the 
deliberate  setting  of  forest  fires  in  the  spring  and  fall 
with  the  idea  that  the  undergrowth  and  down  logs  might 
be  burned  out  without  damaging  mature  timber  or  repro- 
duction, and  thus  make  the  forests  immune  from  fires 
during  the  summer  months.  This  theory — which  is  prac- 
tically abandoned  in  California  today — was  based  on  the 
erroneous  assumption  that  our  forests  have  persisted 
because  of  the  many  fires  that  have  been  started  in  cen- 
turies past  by  lightning,  Indians  and  the  early  settlers.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  our  forests  have  persisted  in  spite  of 
such  fires — and  their  depleted  stand  today  is  the  result. 
Continue  to  apply  the  'theory,'  and  fifty  years  hence 
would  see  no  forest  at  all  in  California." 

Lieutenant-Colonel  duBois  entered  the  Forest  Service 
in  April,  1900,  as  a  "Student  Assistant"  at  a  salary  of 
$25.00  per  month  and  found.  His  first  administrative 
job  was  earned  in  1904,  when  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  section  of  "Boundaries" — a  division  of  the  old 
Bureau  of  Forestry  which  determined  the  location  and 
extent  of  the  various  National  Forests  in  the  Western 
states.  In  1905  he  was  made  Inspector  for  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  Southwestern  Sections,  and  was  appoint- 
ed Associate  District  Forester  for  California  when  the 
California  District   was  created  in  the  winter  of    1908. 

He  assumed  the  leadership  of  this  district  in  191 1, 
following  the  resignation  of  F.  E.  Olmsted. 

Colonel  duBois'  appointment  in  the  Consular  Service 
was  confirmed  by  the  Senate  on  September  5  and  he  has 
left  for  Washington.  His  successor,  who  will  be  ap- 
pointed by  Forester  H.  S.  Graves,  at  Washington,  has 
not  vet  been  announced. 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY  MAGAZINE  HEREWITH  PUBLISHES  SOME  MORE  OPINIONS  REGARDING  THE  NEED  OF  A  NATIONAL 
FOREST  POLICY  AND  THE  KIND  OF  A  FOREST  POLICY  PROPOSED  BY  UNITED  STATES  FORESTER  HENRY  S.  GRAVES.  COL. 
GRAVES'  OUTLINE  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  SUCH  A  POLICY  WAS  PRINTED  IN  THE  AUGUST  ISSUE  OF  THE  MAGAZINE 
AND  A  FURTHER  OUTLINE  IS  PUBLISHED  HEREWITH.  FORESTERS,  LUMBERMEN  AND  TIMBERLAND  OWNERS  THROUGHOUT 
THE  COUNTRY  HAVE  BEEN  INVITED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION  TO  EXPRESS  THEIR  VIEWS  ON  THIS 
VITALLY   IMPORTANT   SUBJECT.— EDITOR. 


FOREST  ECONOMICS 

BY  H.  H.  CHAPMAN 

EX-CHIEF  OF  SILVICULTURE,  DISTRICT  3,  U.  S.  FOREST  SERVICE,  AND  DIRECTOR 
AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION 


lyro  well  informed  student  of  forestry  denies  the  fun- 
■'■  *  damental  principles  of  economics  in  determining  for- 
est policies.  A  forester  who  confines  himself  to  the  con- 
templation of  methods  of  raising  trees  and  ignores  the 
reasons  for  producing  them  is  about  on  a  par  with  a  fore- 
man whose  only  knowledge  of  a  business  is  that  of  the 
process  of  manufacture  compared  with  the  business 
manager  whose  responsibility  it  is  to  make  the  business  a 
success  by  supplying  demand  through  the  co-ordination 
of  the  processes  of  production,  transportation  and 
marketing. 

As  the  Secretary-Manager  of  the  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association,  Mr.  Compton  states  the  fol- 
lowing fourteen  points  which,  shorn  of  quality  verbiage, 
stand  forth  as  the  platform  on  which  his  discussion  is 
based : 

1.  Cheap  and  plentiful  timber  and  low  prices  for  lumber  are 
not  necessarily  any  benefit  to  the  public. 

2.  Destruction  of  the  original  forests  of  the  United  States 
without  provision  for  forest  renewal  is  not  necessarily  a  national 
misfortune. 

3.  The  fact  that  forests  are  being  destroyed  faster  than  they 
are  being  replaced  by  growth  does  not  of  itself  signify  public  loss. 

4.  The  virtual  disappearance  of  our  best  timber  trees  is  not 
necessarily  detrimental  to  public  welfare. 

5.  It  is  not  even  probable  that  the  lands  better  suited  fur 
growing  .rees  than  for  growing  anything  else  should  be  so  used. 

The  disappearance  of  forest  industries  because  of  exhaus- 
tion of  timber  supplies  is  neither  a  local  nor  a  national  mis- 
fortune. 

7.  The  original  timber  in  the  United  States  should  be  treated 
as  a  mine  and  not  a  crop,  and  no  effort  made  to  renew  it. 

8.  The  loss  of  employment  for  labor  caused  by  vanishing 
forest  industries  is  not  an  evil. 

9.  The  idleness  of  cut-over  lands  is  an  evidence  that  the  main- 
tenance of  permanent  forests  upon  them  is  poor  public  economy. 

10.  The  idleness  of  cut-over  lands  is  also  a  proof  that  it  is 
poor  private  economy  to  grow  forests  on  them. 

11.  There  is  no  obligation  whatever  resting  on  the  owner  of 
forest  lands  to  use  them  to  grow  timber. 

12.  While  admitting  that  the  owner  of  property  should  not 
use  it  to  do  damage  to  other  property,  we  deny  that  he  must 
so  use  it  as  to  benefit  others. 

13.  If  the  public  wants  more  forestry  than  enlightened  self- 
interest  dictates,  the  public  must  pay  for  it. 

14.  Although  the  maintenance  in  idleness  of  cut-over  land  is 
justified,  yet  we  admit  that  these  lands  should  be  protected  from 
fire  and  in  spite  of  the  foregoing  thirteen  points,  we  believe  that 
this  measure  is  necessary  in  order  that  timber  may  be  grown  on 
such  lands. 

By  comparing  tin-  above  version  of  the  fourteen  points 

with  the  original  statement  by   Mr.  Compton,  it  will  he 

seen  that  the  wording  has  been  slightly  changed  SO  that  the 

writer  lays  himself  open  to  the  charge  of  misinterpreting 

these  points.     ( >n  the  contrary,  it  is  in  an  endeavor  to 


clarify  them  and  state  their  exact  meaning  that  the  points 
have  been  so  restated. 

From  Colonial  times  the  basic,  economic  conditions 
surrounding  our  national  forest  resources  have  been  such 
that  over  80  per  cent  of  our  forests  have  passed  into 
private  ownership.  What  has  been  the  result  of  this 
policy?  The  fourteen  points  are  an  answer.  The  eco- 
nomic conditions  surrounding  the  lumber  industry  as  it 
has  been  conducted  in  this  country  are  such  that  the 
National  Lumber  Manufacturers'  Association  voices 
through  Mr.  Compton  the  basic  belief  of  this  industry, 
to  the  effect  that  the  production  of  timber  as  a  business 
for  private  capital  has  been  impossible  in  the  past  and 
will  practically  remain  so  in  the  future.  Further,  that 
forest  lands  now  in  private  ownership  must  largely,  if  not 
wholly,  remain  unproductive  of  timber.  This  platform 
is  justified  by  a  series  of  economic  tenets  which,  stated 
baldly,  are  a  most  remarkable  sub-version  of  what  every 
other  civilized  nation  in  the  world  considers  sound  eco- 
nomic policy. 

In  an  effort  to  justify  the  stand  taken  by  the  business 
interests  engaged  in  lumbering ;  namely,  that  under  no 
conceivable  circumstances  should  the  industry  be  required 
to  take  an  active  interest  in  the  renewal  of  its  raw 
materials,  this  economist  endeavors  to  prove  that  there 
are  practically  no  public  interests  which  would  indicate 
the  necessity  for  forestry  on  cut-over  lands.  Having 
thus  undermined  the  very  foundation  of  forestry ;  namely, 
the  need  for  it  as  a  matter  of  public  economics,  it  then 
becomes  much  simpler  to  drive  home  the  point  that  if  the 
public  is  so  foolish  as  to  demand  forestry,  they  must  in 
all  reason  pay  the  entire  cost  of  the  bill. 

What  is  the  matter  with  these  fourteen  points  ? 

1.  Xo  one  has  ever  claimed  that  the  perpetuation  of  virgin 
forests  is  a  wise  use  of  public  resources.  Growth  in  the  virgin 
forest  is  nil.  Only  by  a  proper  removal  of  the  over-mature  timber 
can  the  actual  increment  on  any  area  of  forest  land  be  brought 
into  the  plus  column  permanently,  but  unless  the  virgin  stand  is 
cut  in  such  a  manner  as  to  secure  natural  reproduction,  or  unless 
this  cut-over  area  is  planted,  the  growth  on  the  cut-over  lands 
is  also  nil. 

Cheap  and  abundant  supplies  of  fundamental  necessities  of  life 
cannot  be  considered  as  a  public  calamity  nor  is  there  any  possi- 
ble danger  that  an  abundance  of  second  growth  timber  will  in 
any  way  interfere  with  the  production  of  any  other  form  of 
public  wealth. 

2.  Classification  of  land  was  originally  proposed  by  foresters. 
It  is  the  interests  who  own  cut-over  forest  lands  who  are  most 
active  in  opposing  this  fundamental  economic  need.  The  use 
of   agricultural   land   for  agriculture   is  an   axiom.     The   use   of 


1473 


1474 


A.MKKICAN     FORESTRY 


non-agricultural  land  for  agriculture  is  a  public  crime.  The  con- 
tention that  any  forest  economist  has  ever  advocated  the  renewal 
of  all  forests  regardless  of  the  character  of  the  land  is  a  mis- 
chievous mis  statement.  Opposition  by  private  interests  to  the 
proper  classification  of  worthless  agricultural  lands  as  forest 
lands  has  been  determined  and  far-reaching. 

.?.  The  greatest  prosperity  is  found  in  the  multiplying  of 
industries  and  not  in  their  elimination.  To  say  that  the  elimi- 
nation of  forest  industries  is  a  public  benefit  because  capital 
may  be  profitably  employed  elsewhere  is  an  argument  which 
could  be  applied  to  any  other  industry  and  is  fundamentally 
wrong. 

The  statement  that  the  less  wood  the  nation  consumes  per 
capita,  the  better  off  they  are,  would  be  along  the  same  line  as 
the  foregoing.  We  use  less  wood  because  we  are  unable  to 
afford  more,  just  as  we  cut  down  on  food  and  clothes  for  the 
same  reasons.  The  cheapness,  serviceability  and  usefulness  of 
wood  will  continue  to  be  desirable  and  its  consumption  in  large 
quantities  would  be  a  public  benefit  were  it  possible  to  produce 
wood  in  adequate  amounts. 

4.  The  virtual  disappearance  of  the  more  valuable  timber 
trees  is  a  public  calamity  which  cannot  be  overcome  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  inferior  species  or  of  metals  and  other  materials. 
The  ability  to  choose  from  several  substitutes  tends  to  keep 
down  the  prices  and  increase  supplies.  With  wood  eliminated, 
prices  must  rise  and  conditions  of  life  become  harder. 

5.  The  amount  of  land  which  should  be  devoted  to  forestry 
will  be  determined  as  much  by  the  need  for  timber  as  by  the 
suitability  of  the  land  itself.  At  present  land  producing  97  per 
cent  of  our  annual  timber  cut  is  being  managed  so  that  this  pro- 
duction will  largely  cease  in  the  near  future.  If  it  were  true  that  in 
the  future  there  were  any  probability  that  such  enormous  areas 
of  land  would  be  devoted  to  producing  timber  as  to  seriously 
reduce  returns  from  agriculture  or  from  any  other  form  of  the 
use  of  the  land,  public  policy  and  private  interest  would  dictate 
the  reclassification  of  some  of  this  land  and  its  devotion  to  the 
more  needed  public  utility.  Then  what  should  be  our  policy 
with  regard  to  this  timber  land? 

6.  Where  clearing  paves  the  way  for  a  more  profitable  use  of 
land,  that  land  has  been  so  used  except  where  this  development 
has  been  prevented  by  speculation  on  the  part  of  the  original 
land  holders.  Where  clearing  of  non-agricultural  land  has  paved 
the  way  for  forest  fires  and  desolation  instead  of  the  continuance 
of  a  productive  enterprise,  the  question  as  to  whether  public 
economy  is  best  served  is  one  which  cannot  be  answered  off- 
hand by  the  statement  that  the  capital  required  to  protect 
these  lands  and  continue  them  as  forests  is  better  employed  in 
some  other  undertaking. 

7.  It  is  conceded  that  the  lumber  business  is  not  the  business 
of  growing  timber.  Foresters  and  economists  have  realized  this 
from  the  start.  The  lumber  business  therefore  treats  the  forest 
as  a  mine,  utterly  ignoring  the  fact  that  it  is  a  crop.  Men  who 
buy  timber  and  operate  sawmills  are  not  foresters.  Yet,  through 
the  fact  that  they  are  owners  of  timber  land,  many  of  them 
assume  to  know  more  about  forestry  and  forest  economics  than 
do  the  foresters  themselves,  and  because  the  business  of  forest 
production  is  little  understood  by  them  and  would  involve  a 
line  of  activity  and  investment  outside  of  their  own  business  of 
lumbering,  their  attitude  has  been  consistently  one  of  pessimism 
towards  those  who  are  attempting  to  establish  the  business  of 
forestry  on  an  efficient  basis. 

If  it  is  true  that  timber  production  is  distinctly  a  public  enter- 
prise, it  must  follow  that  it  is  a  necessary  undertaking  and  that 
without  it  the  public  interests  will  be  seriously  injured.  Why 
then  is  there  not  a  more  intelligent  advocacy  of  forestry  by  those 
who  come  the  nearest  to  it ;  namely,  the  lumbermen  whose  busi- 
ness will  disappear  on  the  disappearance  of  the  forest  resource? 
The  answer  is  that  they  have  feared  that  the  public  will  require 
them  to  conduct  this  business  and  to  conduct  it  at  a  loss. 

8.  Local  shrinkage  of  employment  for  labor,  necessitating  the 
transfer  of  the  laborer,  his  family  and  his  investments,  to  other 
fields  may  result  in  his  securing  higher  wages,  but  strikes  at 
the  basis  of  economic  stability  and  independence.  Do  we  prefer 
hobo  labor  or  laborers  who  own  their  own  homes  and  are 
members  of  a  stable  community?  tj  the  increasing  scarcity  of 
raw  material  a  benefit  because  it  forces  laborers  to  move  from 
one  locality  to  another  or  would  the  maintenance  of  a  supply  of 
raw  material  be  of  greater  benefit  to  these  laborers? 

9  If  lands  cleared  for  timber  are  better  suited  for  agri- 
cultural, stock  raising,  or  other  purposes,  they  will  eventually 
be  used  for  these  purposes  in  the  absence  of  the  speculative 
handicap  of  high  prices  often  imposed  upon  such  lands  by  private 
owners  who  have  stripped  them  of  their  timber.  Since  they  are 
unsuited  to  forestry  or  better  suited  to  other  purposes  tne  loss 
does  not  consist  in  their  lack  of  use  for  forest  production,  hut  in 
their  being  withheld  from  the  use  to  which  they  are  best 
adapted. 

10.  The  idleness  of  privately  owned  cut-over  lands  fit  only  for 
forestry  has  long  been  held  to  be  an  economic  necessity  on  the 


part  of  the  lumber  operator  for  the  reason  that  he  cannot  per- 
suade himself  to  risk  the  use  of  these  lands  for  the  only  purpose 
from  which  he  can  ever  obtain  an  adequate  revenue;  namely,  the 
production  of  more  timber.  Idle  cut-over  forest  lands  which 
cannot  be  forced  on  the  market  for  agriculture  or  grazing  are  a 
dead  load  in  the  owners'  hands.  Foresight  would  have  enabled 
these  owners  to  have  created  values  in  growing  timber  with  small 
cost  to  themselves  and  these  values  would  carry  the  land.  This 
point  of  view  these  operators  have  stubbornly  refused  to  admit 
since  they  are  not  in  the  business  of  raising  timber  and  since 
the  traditional  policy  of  operators  has  been  to  regard  the  land. 
after  stripping  it  of  timber,  as  a  liability.  The  measures  which 
might  have  been  taken  to  preserve  small  timber  and  secure  repro- 
duction have  not  been  taken.  For  this  reason  alone  these  forest 
lands  are  idle  and  waste  and  are  an  economic  problem  of  stag- 
gering immensity  in  most  cut-over  areas. 

11.  The  average  owner  of  private  property  in  timber  lands 
has  so  far  made  but  little  conscientious  effort  to  determine 
whether  or  not  it  would  pay  him  to  try  to  maintain  the  forest 
productivity  of  these  lands.  The  fact  cannot  be  successfully 
disputed,  that  such  owners  are  usually  not  interested  in  the 
possibility  of  growth,  regarding  it  as  so  impractical  that  they 
could  not  even  waste  the  time  required  to  consider  it.  After 
the  cutting  is  completed,  it  is  useless  to  take  up  the  proposition 
since  the  real  opportunity  lies  in  so  handling  the  original  cut 
as  to  leave  favorable  conditions  for  the  second  cut. 

12.  The  principle  that  no  damage  should  be  done  to  another's 
property,  while  admitted  in  the  fourteenth  point,  has  not  been 
recognized  in  practice.  Forest  lands  of  the  United  States  have 
been  stripped  of  timber  regardless  of  the  effect  of  this  clearing 
upon  erosion,  stream  flow  and  irrigation,  nor  have  adequate 
measures  been  adopted  to  prevent  this  misuse  of  private  property. 
The  further  extension  of  public  control  to  prevent  the  unnecessary 
devastation  of  a  source  of  materials  necessary  for  public  welfare 
will  bear  discussion.  It  is  not  sufficient  to  say  that  private 
owners  should  be  required  to  undertake  no  expense  whatever 
to  preserve  the  productiveness  of  forest  land. 

13.  This  point  would  be  well  taken  if  economists  agreed  that 
self-interest  is  always  enlightened.  It  has  been  the  conviction  of 
forest  economists  for  many  years  that  the  self-interest  of  the 
average  operator  who  is  also  an  owner  of  forest  land  has  been 
anything  but  enlightened,  and  that  the  policies  which  he  has 
pursued,  while  apparently  indicated  by  economic  necessity,  have 
insured  the  destruction  of  his  business  in  the  least  possible 
time ;  and  where  he  has  been  able  to  secure  enough  privately 
owned  timber  to  make  his  business  last  for  fifty  years  or  more 
he  has  found  himself  staggering  under  a  load  and  burden  of 
raw  material  far  in  excess  of  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  busi- 
ness. The  lumber  business  is  best  conducted  when  free  from 
this  load.  The  management  of  forest  land  should  be  a  business 
in  itself.  Enlightened  self-interest  of  forest  owners  is  most  apt 
to  be  displayed  in  those  who  have  no  connection  with  the  manu- 
facturing end  of  the  business,  for  when  an  owner  really  intends 
to  keep  his  forest  lands  permanently,  enlightened  self-interest 
will  dictate  the  policy  of  preservation  of  the  source  of  income 
from  that  land. 

14.  The  author  of  the  fourteen  points  admits  that  there  is  a 
limit  to  the  policy  of  "the  public  be  damned."  Cut-over  land 
may  remain  in  idleness  if  private  owners  do  not  see  fit  to  have 
it  otherwise,  but  these  same  private  owners  must  be  required  to 
protect  that  land  from  fire  or  to  assist  in  doing  so.  The  expense 
thus  incurred  is  not  assumed  to  be  for  the  purpose  of  benefiting 
the  owner  since  it  has  been  conclusively  shown  that  these  benefits 
are  visionary.  Yet  fires  must  be  kept  out  in  order  that  the  land 
may  naturally  restock  itself.     Why? 

We  agree  that  fire  should  be  kept  out  in  order  to  assist 
at  natural  restocking  and  that  this  is  the  most  obvious  of 
the  measures  which  should  be  undertaken  to  prevent  the 
complete  ruin  of  80  per  cent  of  the  nation's  forest  re- 
sources. Is  this  all  that  should  be  done  ?  The  mere  pre- 
vention of  fire  will,  under  some  circumstances,  secure 
restocking  of  a  satisfactory  character,  but  this  is  not 
assured  unless  favored  by  other  factors,  familiar  to  for- 
esters and  those  who  understand  the  business  of  forest 
production. 

To  accept  such  a  platform  would  be  to  make  us  a 
laughing  stock  for  the  civilized  world.  The  use  of  lands 
unfit  for  other  purposes,  for  the  production  of  supplies  of 
raw  materials  is  so  fundamental  a  proposition  and  so  uni- 
versally understood  in  Continental  Europe  that  it  is  no 
longer  even  debated. 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST   POLICY 


1475 


When  the  time  conies  that  owners  of  forest  lands,  unfit  not  be  solved  by  a  denial  of  fundamental  economic  facts 

for  other  purposes,  recognize  that  it  will  pay  them  to  or  through  perversion  and  distortion  in  order  to  justify 

devote  these  lands  to  their  proper  economic  use  as  speedily  false  economics  invoked  with  intent  to  avoid  this  logical 

as  possible,  this  problem  is  going  to  solve  itself.     It  will  conclusion. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  LANDS  AND  OUR  FOREST  POLICY 

BY  GEORGE  DROLET 


fpHERE  is  no  question,  but  that  the  oral  and  written 
*■  discussion,  usually  in  agreement  concerning  the 
vital  need  of  a  national  forest  policy,  is  bearing  fruit  in 
important  suggestions  and  criticisms  looking  to  a  forest 
policy  safeguarding  the  present  as  well  as  future  gen- 
erations. 

The  article  appearing  in  the  September  issue  of  Ameri- 
can Forestry  under  the  heading  "Forest  Economics: 
Some  Thoughts  On  An  Old  Subject,"  by  Wilson  Comp- 
ton,  appears  to  suggest  valuable  ideas,  and  reminds  us  all 
of  serious  obstacles  in  the  path  of  a  real  far-reaching  and 
constructive  forest  policy. 


The  basic  principle  dwelt  on  by  Mr.  Compton,  of  land 
classification,  seems  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant problems  confronting  our  almost  united  efforts  to 
realize  a  practical  solution  of  the  much  talked  forest 
policy. 

We  all  know  that  certain  regions  are  better  adapted  to 
forestry  than  are  others.  We  also  must  admit  that  these 
other  regions  offer  national  potential  possibilities  over  a 
long  span  of  years  far  greater  than  would  forestry.  While 
the  need  is  urgent  for  a  policy  beginning  now,  yet  we 
must  begin  on  a  sound  basis  by  a  careful  selection  of  our 
future  forests  in  order  that  we  may  avoid  an  economic 
blunder  of  far-reaching  consequences. 


BOX  MANUFACTURERS  RESOLVE 


Till':  National  Association  of  Box  Manufacturers  at 
a  meeting  held  in  New  York  City  on  October  10 
adopted  the  following  resolution  with  respect  to  a 
National  Forestry  Program : 

WHEREAS,  Wood  is  a  basic  material  not  only  for  our 
own  but  also  for  other  fundamental  industries  in  this 
country  and  countless  articles  made  from  wood  are  a 
daily  necessity  in  the  life  of  the  people  and 

WHEREAS,  Our  forest  capital  is  being  rapidly  used  up 
without  a  provision  for  future  supply  in  any  way  ade- 
quate to  certain  future  needs,  and 

WHEREAS,  There  is  a  sufficient  area  of  land  in  the 
United  States  better  adapted  to  the  growing  of  timber 
than  of  any  other  crop  to  produce  under  proper  man- 
agement an  annual  yield  of  forest  products  in  ample 
supply  for  the  needs  of  our  industries.    Be  it 

Resolved;  That  the  officers  of  the  National  Association 
of  Box  Manufacturers  be  authorized  and  directed  to  do 
all  in  their  power  through  co-operation  with  the  mem- 
bers of  this  organization  and  other  similar  organizations 
and  public  agencies  to  promote  the  adoption  of  a  National 
forest  program  carried  out  by  the  State  and  National 
Governments  which  shall  include  as  its  cardinal  features : 

First:  A  revision  of  the  forest  taxation  laws  so  that 
the  owner  of  land  who  wishes  to  hold  it  for  successive 
timber  crops  may  have  such  land  separately  classified 
with  the  payment  of  only  a  small  annual  tax  upon  the  land 
itself  and  a  final  payment  of  stumpage  tax  at  the  time 
of  cutting;  the  establishment  of  forest  nurseries  and 
the  preparation  of  forest  working  plans  by  means  of 
which  public  advice  and  assistance  the  land  owners  may 
be  enabled  to  secure  timber  crops  of  the  greatest  quantity 
and  value. 


Second:  There  should  be  a  very  great  and  vigorous 
extension  of  Federal  and  State  co-operation  with  forest 
owners  in  the  prevention  of  forest  fires.  While  it  may 
not  be  expedient  for  the  public  to  compel  the  owner  of 
land  to  grow  timber  upon  it  in  case  he  does  not  wish 
to  do  so  the  public  has  the  unquestioned  right  to  require 
the  owner  to  handle  his  timber  cutting  operations  so 
that  they  will  not  become  a  public  menace.  In  case  the 
owner  of  land  which  upon  competent  examination  has 
been  classified  as  suitable  only  for  the  growing  of  timber 
refuses  to  take  advantage  of  relief  from  taxation  and 
public  assistance  in  the  growing  of  timber  or  public  re- 
quirements as  to  the  safe-guarding  of  the  property  of 
others,  such  land  should  be  acquired  by  the  public  at  a 
fair  valuation  and  made  part  of  the  system  of  public 
forests. 

Third:  Provision  should  be  made  for  a  large  exten- 
sion of  forest  planting  upon  land  already  held  by  the 
State  and  National  Governments  for  forestry  purposes. 
The  growing  of  timber  is  a  long-time  undertaking  and 
no  matter  how  soon  nor  how  extensively  large  scale  plant- 
ing operations  be  started,  there  is  grave  danger  that  we 
cannot  sufficiently  bridge  the  gap  between  existing  and 
future  supplies  of  wood  products. 

Fourth  :  Our  present  public  forests,  situated  chiefly 
in  the  West,  contain  some  135,000,000  acres,  but  at  least 
50,000,000  acres  of  this  total  does  not  carry  timber  of 
merchantable  value.  Ample  precedent  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  these  forests  by  the  purchase  of  cut-over  land 
has  been  established  during  the  past  few  years  by  the 
purchase  of  more  than  1,000,000  acres  of  forest  land  in 
the  Eastern  mountain  regions.  Such  public  purchase  of 
forest  land  both  East  and  West  should  be  continued  by 


1476 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


the  State  and  National  Government  until  the  area  of 
publicly  owned  timberland  is  at  least  twice  as  great  as  at 
present. 


Only  by  prompt  and  energetic  measures  to  accomplish 
purposes  in  harmony  with  these  principles  can  there  be 
foreseen  any  possibility  of  alleviating  a  most  serious 
timber  shortage  within  the  next  generation. 


A  FOREST  POLICY 
BY  FRANK  L.  MOORE,  PRESIDENT  NEWTON  FALLS  PAPER  COMPANY 


IN  discussing  a  Forest  Policy  it  should  be  approached 
from  two  viewpoints,  each  related  to  the  other.  The 
two  should  be  considered  as  related  if  we  will  accomplish 
practical  forestry.  This  is  too  large  a  subject  and  with 
too  many  ramifications  to  be  dealt  with  briefly  except  in 
generalities. 

Federal  Policy. — I  am  firmly  convinced  there  should 
emanate  from  our  Federal  Government  a  practical  con- 
structive program  of  forestry,  one  that  will  not  only 
tend  to  make  our  forests  reproductive,  to  conserve  them, 
but  at  the  same  time  utilize  them  in  the  best  interests  of 
recreation  and  practical  forestry.  By  practical  forestry 
I  mean  where  the  forests  are  managed  as  a  business 
proposition.  This  program  should  be  a  guide  for  the 
States  to  follow  so  far  as  adapted  to  the  national  condi- 
tions of  each.  I  am  also  convinced  that  the  direct  man- 
agement of  forest  lands  by  the  Federal  Government 
should  be  confined  only  to  those  lands  that  are  owned 
by  the  Federal  Government. 

This  Federal  program  of  forestry  should  be  so  plain 
and  so  imperative  as  to  convey  to  the  various  States  of 
the  Union  the  necessity  of  each  State  immediately  enact- 
ing such  laws  as  will  accomplish  reforesting  of  State  and 
privately  owned  lands,  utilizing  a  matured  tree  crop, 
making  the  watersheds  of  our  rivers  and  streams  real 
watersheds,  emphasizing  at  all  times  the  necessity  of 
having  our  forests  so  handled  and  operated  as  to  improve 
them  for  the  pleasure  seeker  and  maintain  restricted  areas 
for  wild  game. 

State  Policy. — First  of  all  is  adequate  fire  protection. 
The  necessity  of  this  needs  no  argument.  A  definite 
survey  should  be  made  of  our  state-owned  lands  to 
determine  exactly  what  we  have.  By  this  I  mean  the 
amount  and  species  of  timber,  the  nature  of  soil,  the 
amount  of  burned-over  land,  cut-over  land,  land  that  is 
fit  only  for  reforesting ;  in  other  words,  a  complete  inven- 
tory. This  information  should  be  obtained  from  all 
owning  500  acres  or  more  of  timberlands. 

Each  of  our  agricultural  counties  through  its  Board 
of  Supervisors  should  employ  a  forester  to  make  an  in- 
ventory or  survey  of  the  lands  that  are  fit  only  for  grow- 
ing trees,  giving  its  area,  the  owner,  the  nature  of  the 
soil,  etc. 

With  this  information  in  hand  there  should  be  some 
definite  policy  outlined  for  the  management  and  opera- 
tion of  our  state-owned  lands  that  would  permit  of  the 
cutting  of  the  matured  crop  under  the  closest  and  most 
strict  regulations,  so  as  to  maintain  the  forest  in  a  repro- 
ductive condition,  and  also  as  a  game  preserve  and  en- 
hance its  beauty  for  a  recreation  park.     The  waste  lands 


should  be  reforested  much  faster  than  is  being  done  at 
the  present  time. 

There  should  be  a  definitely  outlined  policy  of  educat- 
ing the  people  to  a  point  where  they  should  demand  of 
our  legislature  appropriations  to  have  the  State  lands 
reforested.  The  condition  of  the  matured  crop  on  our 
State  lands  should  be  so  put  before  the  people  as  to  show 
them  that  this  crop  could  be  utilized  at  an  immense  profit 
to  the  State,  and  with  absolutely  safety  to  the  forests, 
and  in  many  cases  improving  the  forests  from  the 
aesthetic  point  of  view. 

Privately  Owned  Lands. — 1  believe  everyone  who  has 
invested  money  in  any  enterprise  so  long  as  it  is  not  a 
nuisance,  should  be  allowed  to  enjoy  its  use  and  the 
emoluments  to  be  derived  therefrom.  The  argument  has 
been  raised,  and  perhaps  in  some  cases  justly,  that  in  the 
interests  of  public  health  all  forest  lands  should  be  owned 
by  the  State  and  forever  locked  up  for  the  benefit  of  the 
pleasure-seeker  and  wild  game.  On  the  other  hand,  is 
not  he  who  cuts  a  forest,  converts  it  into  lumber,  pulp, 
paper,  or  whatever  use  the  product  can  be  put  to.  serving 
the  public? 

The  problem  of  suggesting  a  forest  policy  for  the 
large  timberland  owner  is  much  simpler  and  easier  and 
its  application  less  burdensome  than  doing  the  same  for 
the  small  timberland  owner.  It  is  the  small  timberland 
owner  that  must  be  justly  dealt  with  if  we  would  have 
continuous  forests  along  our  rivers  and  streams  and  on 
our  mountain  slopes,  so  necessary  to  obtain  a  real  forest. 

The  intermittent  planting  of  today  will  not  produce 
the  deep  forest  cover  necessary  for  the  perpetuation  of 
our  forest  and  the  regulation  of  our  rivers.  Many  owners 
of  timberlands  will  not  reforest  today  on  account  of  the 
long  time  involved  for  these  tree  crops  to  grow. 

Reforesting  must  depend  largely  upon  Governments 
and  Governments  will  act  only  in  this  direction  in  the 
response  to  the  pressure  of  intelligent  people. 

Having  this  in  mind  I  am  going  to  repeat  here  the  sug- 
gestions which  I  have  made  many  times,  which  have  not 
been  refuted,  as  a  basis  for  a  constructive  forestry  policy. 

I  believe  a  law  could  be  so  drawn  as  to  be  constitutional 
that  would  permit  the  State  to  reforest  private  lands 
under  the  following  conditions  : 

1.  An  individual  or  Corporation  to  make  application 
to  the  Conservation  Department  to  reforest  certain  lands. 

2.  This  growing  crop  to  be  exempt  from  taxation. 

3.  The  trees  when  matured  to  be  cut  under  State 
supervision  and  a  stumpage  paid  to  the  State. 

4.  The  stumpage  to  be  a  lien  against  the  growing  crop. 


A  NATIONAL  FOREST   POLICY 


1477 


5.  The  amount  of  stumpage  to  be  agreed  upon  by  the 
owners  and  the  Commission  in  charge.  In  case  of  dis- 
agreement the  two  to  select  a  third  and  his  decision  to 
be  final. 

6.  The  trees  to  be  considered  matured  when  they 
have  reached  a  diameter  of  10  or  12  inches  on  the 
stump. 

7.  ■  Careful  surveys  and  records  of  all  parcels  planted 
shall  be  filed  with  the  owners  and  the  Commission. 

8.  If  at  any  time  the  owner  should  wish  to  discharge 
the  lien  he  can  do  so  by  paying  the  cost  of  reforesting 
plus  the  interest  at  a  nominal  rate  and  agreeing  to  prac- 
tice modern  methods  in  his  operations. 

If  necessary  in  order  to  carry  out  the  above  the  State 
can  be  mandatory  in  reforesting  such  lands  as  in  its 
opinion  should  be  reforested. 

It  involves  the  initial  expenditure  by  the  State  with  an 
absolute  sure  return  to  the  State  when  these  trees  are 
matured  and  cut. 

It  makes  possible  a  continuous  forest  which  we  know 


must  be  grown  in  order  to  obtain  the  greatest  possible 
results. 

It  makes  possible  the  utilization  of  land  unfit  for  any- 
thing but  the  growing  of  trees. 

It  protects  the  head  waters  of  our  streams  so  neces- 
sary for  a  more  uniform  flow  of  our  rivers. 

It  makes  the  operation  profitable  to  the  State. 

It  insures  a  supply  of  timber  necessary  for  the  use  and 
enjoyment  of  the  people. 

It  prevents  erosion. 

It  maintains  a  higher  moisture  level  in  our  agricultural 
lands. 

In  view  of  our  rapidly  depleting  wood  supply,  the 
anxiety  that  is  felt  in  Canada  over  the  fast  depletion  of 
her  forests,  should  spur  us  on  to  greater  efforts  to  edu- 
cate the  people  of  the  country  to  the  necessity  of  a  prac- 
tical forestry  program. 

What  I  have  said  above  is  in  the  nature  of  suggestions 
from  which  I  hope  something  practical  can  be  worked  out 
and  at  once  put  into  operation. 


FOREST  RESTORATION  IN  BELGIUM 


BELGIUM  is  restoring  its  forested  lands  to  a  normal 
condition  just  as  fast  as  intelligent  planting  and 
cultivation  makes  such  restoration  possible.  There 
is  no  lack  of  labor  for  the  work  as  the  enemy  so  com- 
pletely denuded  the  country  of  mechanical  equipment 
that  resumption  of  industrial  activity  is  unavoidably 
delayed. 

What  is  being  done  in  reforestation  in  Belgium  is  well 
described  by  an  English  newspaper  writer  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Public  Ledger  of  October  21.    He  says : 

"The  purpose  of  the  visit  to  Belgium  was  to  inspect 
the  forestry  and  general  reclamation  enterprises  upon 
which  the  government  and  private  land  owners  were  en- 
gaged, when  the  war  suspended  operations,  and  which 
will  be  resumed  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  with 
unabated  vigor  and  diligence.  The  tour  was  made  under 
the  guidance  of  Henri  Vendelmans,  who  was  responsible 
for  many  such  projects  in  Belgium  in  pre-war  times. 

"In  view  of  the  prominent  attention  that  has  been  given 
to  afforestation  in  Great  Britain  and  the  increasing  need 
for  developments,  it  may  be  appropriate  to  give  refer- 
ences, first,  to  work  of  this  description  already  accom- 
plished and  in  process  of  completion  in  the  provinces 
visited.  The  program  began  with  a  tour  of  the  historic 
forest  of  Soignes,  near  Brussels.  Those  interested  in 
forestry  will  be  familiar  with  the  distinguishing  features 
of  this  marvelous  expanse  of  stately  beeches,  firs,  oaks, 
ash  and  poplars,  and  it  need  only  be  said  that  the  10,000 
acres  of  matured  and  maturing  timber  and  underwood 
have  survived  the  ordeal  of  war  without  serious  damage. 
The  enemy  did  not  spare  it  when  their  requirements 
demanded  contributions  from  its  wealth  of  valuable  war 
material. 

"Ash  was  taken  without  stint  for  the  construction  of 
airplanes,  and  beechnuts  would  have  been  gathered  for 


the  extraction  of  oil  if  the  staff  could  have  been  induced 
to  render  such  service  to  the  invaders.  The  comparative 
immunity  of  the  great  forest  is  due  largely  to  the  wisdom 
and  tact  of  M.  Crahay,  director  of  forestry,  who,  when 
requested  by  the  Germans  to  provide  them  with  timber 
agreed  to  double  the  annual  normal  output  if  they  would 
consent  to  the  control  remaining  with  him.  The  advant- 
age of  this  arrangement  was,  and  is,  that  while  the  con- 
tribution of  18,000  cubic  meters  was  twice  the  usual 
amount,  promiscuous  cutting  was  avoided  and  thus  the 
forest  retains  its  former  commanding  proportions,  to  all 
appearances,  unimpaired. 

"While  the  thousands  of  acres  of  pure  beech  consti- 
tutes the  outstanding  feature  of  the  forest  and  will,  in 
itself,  ever  be  a  center  of  attraction  and  an  education  in 
organized  and  efficient  forestry,  there  are  many  other 
departments  equally  instructive  and  suggestive.  The 
system  upon  which  the  great  crown  property  is  managed 
is  comprehensive  enough  to  allow  of  wide  variety  of  trees 
and  undergrowth,  as  well  as  experimentation  in  plants, 
methods  of  planting  and  after  management. 

"In  these  matters  the  Arboretum  of  Groenendael,  un- 
der the  direction  of  M.  Querriere,  is  exceedingly  instruc- 
tive. The  nursery  and  experimental  sections  have  not 
fully  recovered  from  the  partial  suspension  caused  by  the 
war,  but  work  is  again  in  progress  and  the  various  plots 
are  fruitful  of  useful  suggestion  and  practical  demonstra- 
tion. An  indication  of  the  value  and  activity  of  the 
nurseries  is  furnished  by  the  fact  that  in  the  forest  of 
Hertogenwald,  east  of  the  Meuse,  where  great  devastation 
was  wrought  by  the  Germans,  250  acres  have  already 
been  planted  with  spruce  four-year-old  plants — from 
Soignes. 

"Several  important  discoveries  stand  to  the  credit  of 
the  wartime  researches.     For  instance,  the  fungoid  pest, 


1478 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


which  has  stopped  the  planting  of  white  pine,  has  been 
remedied  effectively  by  the  spraying  of  seedlings.  In  the 
present  demand  for  the  speedy  recreation  of  forest 
nurseries  the  observation  that  sowing  seed,  gathered 
early,  avoids  waiting  over  a  year  for  germination,  is  a 
valuable  discovery.  For  this  purpose  ash  seed  pulled  and 
sown  on  August  16  grew  best — a  full  bed — the  succeed- 
ing spring,  but  of  October  seed  from  the  same  tree  none 
grew  till  the  following  season.  Hawthorne  berries  sown 
on  September  15  gave  a  good  result,  but  delay  was  ex- 
perienced when  berries  gathered  in  October  were  sown. 
The  significance  of  these  points  will  be  appreciated  by 
practical  foresters. 

"From  Soignes,  with  its  vast  tracts  of  matured  timber, 
nurseries  and  museums,  the  party  moved  to  the  Campine, 
on  the  Dutch  border,  making  the  old  town  of  Turnhout, 
famous  for  its  paper  and  playing  card  factories,  its  head- 
quarters. The  first  day  in  this  expansive  sand  belt  was 
spent  in  inspecting  young  forests  of  some  1,500  acres  be- 
longing to  the  board  of  agriculture.  The  whole  of  the 
land  was  reclaimed  from  waste  and  the  method  adopted 
in  effecting  the  transformation,  and  the  result  as  already 
presented  in  the  healthy  and  quick-growing  alder  firs 
and  birches,  provide  an  instructive  example  of  what  can 
be  accomplished  in  converting  apparently  worthless  sandy 
tracts,  slightly  undulating,  with  the  scanty  herbage  of 
plants  of  our  grouse  moors  and  the  home  of  ducks,  curlew, 
snipe  and  blackcock,  into  useful  tree-bearing  areas.  Pre- 
liminary cultivation  and  the  growing  of  yellow  lupines  for 
adding  humus  to  the  soil,  formed  important  features  in 
the  routine,  and  the  conclusion  is  warranted  from  what 
has  already  been  achieved  at  this  and  other  centers,  that 
the  scope  for  successful  afforestation  is  wide  in  all  coun- 
tries, and  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  set  limits  to  enter- 
prises of  the  kind  in  the  United  Kingdom,  if  they  were 
planned  and  carried  out  on  sound  lines. 

"At  the  Raevels,  reclamations,  planting  and  preliminary 
operations  have  been  in  abeyance  since  1914,  and  the 
director,  M.  Quermet,  has  been  concentrating  his  attention 
upon  the  management  of  the  areas  already  planted;  some 
of  which  are  carrying  trees  10  and  12  years  old.  These 
plantations,  and  those  of  neighboring  owners,  provide 
interesting  lessons  in  enlightened  and  systematic  forestry. 

"Trees  are  planted  in  considerable  variety  and  the  rela- 
tive results  carefully  noted.  A  Japanese  larch  plantation 
at  Esbeck  visited  the  following  day  is  especially  worthy  of 
mention.  At  fifteen  years  old  it  is  already  of  high  value. 
It  was  planted  closely,  the  trees  being  only  one  meter 
apart,  and  since  then  the  suppressed  trees  alone  have  been 
removed.  At  Raevals  the  planting  of  Sitka  spruce  has 
been  attended  with  success,  when  precautions  were  taken 
to  give  it  the  shelter  it  requires  in  early  life.  Many 
species  are  being  tested,  and  when  the  young  woods 
afford  sufficient  humus  other  species,  such  as  poplar,  will 
be  introduced.  The  woods  are  mostly  Scotch  pine,  but, 
besides  these,  exotics  are  planted  freely.  There  is  no 
falling  off  in  vigor  as  time  goes  on,  as  is  instanced  by  a 
forty-year  old  pine  plantation  at  Rethy,  carrying  108 
loads  of  pit  wood  per  acre.  The  demand  for  firewood  is 
so  extensive  that  all  expenses  of  early  thinning  are  re- 


couped from  this  market,  and  it  was  pointed  out  that 
when  it  is  desired  to  reclaim  for  agriculture  land  from 
which  wood  has  been  felled  the  fuel  value  of  the  stumps 
covered  the  cost  of  removing  them. 

"The  essential  conditions  of  success  appear  to  be  pre- 
liminary cultivation,  manuring  with  lupines  and  chemical 
manures,  liming  and  surface  draining.  No  farm  crop 
could  be  more  responsive  to  suitable  treatment  of  this  de- 
scription than  the  young  plantations  occupying  the  former 
wastes  of  Campine  have  been.  The  work  entails  con- 
siderable initial  expenditure,  but  by  thick  and  mixed 
planting  and  the  inclusion  of  undergrowth,  such  as  alder, 
the  period  during  which  the  areas  are  unproductive  is 
curtailed  and  the  financial  problem  appreciably  simplified 
for  the  state  or  private  owner. 

"Other  reclamation  and  afforestation  enterprises  in 
the  same  province  visited  were  those  of  Baron  van  Haver, 
under  the  management  of  M.  J.  de  Wilde,  of  the  Utrecht 
Insurance  Company,  at  Esbeck,  where  M.  C.  Sissingh  is 
director  and  of  the  King  of  the  Belgians,  near  Rethy, 
under  the  supervision  of  M.  R.  van  Elst.  At  all  these 
centers  forestry  constitutes  only  part  of  the  general 
scheme  of  reclamation  and  it  is  less  prominent  relatively  at 
Esbeck  and  on  Baron  van  Haver's  estate  than  at  Raevals 
and  on  the  royal  property.  At  both  places,  however,  the 
value  of  trees  is  appreciated  as  a  direct  source  of  wealth 
and  a  part  of  composite  improvement,  and  the  work  is 
conducted  on  lines  similar  to  those  that  have  answered 
so  successfully  elsewhere. 

"The  king's  estate  of  10,000  acres  is  a  noteworthy  ex- 
ample of  intelligent  and  balanced  reclamation.  The  work 
was  begun  fifty  years  ago  when  the  land  was  bought 
from  the  different  communes  for  Leopold  I,  at  whose 
death  the  property  passed  to  the  Count  of  Flanders  and 
in  due  course  to  the  present  king,  and  steady  progress, 
interrupted  only  during  the  war,  has  been  made  in  de- 
veloping' the  property  to  the  benefit  of  the  district  and 
the  country.  Already  operations  have  been  resumed 
upon  the  land  that  reverted  to  its  former  wild  state  in 
the  past  few  years." 


THE    DOUGLAS    FIR 
By  Donald  A.  Fraser 

Proud  monarch  of  the  West's  green-fringed  hills ! 

Majestic  pillar  of  the  sunset  sky! 

In  grim,  dark  gandeur  thou  dost  raise  on  high 
Thy  tap'ring  head  to  where  the  glory  fills 
The  firmament.    The  roseate  radiance  thrills 

My  soul  not  more  than  that  weird  melody 

The  ocean  breeze  awakes  mysteriously 
Among  thy  boughs  whenever  it  so  wills. 
Long  centuries  have  scored  thy  rugged  side 

With  gashes  rude  and  deep;  thy  wounded  heart 
Hath  shed  great  tears,  and  these,  congealing, 
hide, 

Or  strive  to  hide,  the  gaping  rents  in  part; 
And  centuries  more  thou  still  might'st  stand 
in  pride, 

But  envious  man  now  claims  thee  for  his  mart. 


EXTENSION  WORK  IN  FORESTRY 

BY  A.  F.  HAWES,  EXTENSION  SPECIALIST  IN  FORESTRY 


THE  readers  of  American  Forestry  are  thoroughly 
conversant  with  the  progress  that  has  been  made 
during  the  past  twenty  years  in  the  administration 
of  the  national  forests,  and  of  state  forests  in  a  few 
states.  It  is  a  lamentable  fact,  however,  that  the  pri- 
vate forests,  comprising  about  four-fifths  of  the  forest 
area  of  the  country,  have  as  yet  been  little  affected  by 
the  application  of  forestry  principles  except  in  the  mat- 
ter of  fire  prevention.  The  remoteness  of  much  of  this 
forest  area  and  the  existing  market  conditions  make  the 
introduction  of  intensive  measures  impracticable  at 
present.  Rut  these  objections  can  hardly  be  raised  in 
regard  to  the  farm  woodlands,  which  comprise  about 
two-fifths  of  the  total  forest  area.  They  are  compara- 
tively accessi- 
ble to  the  mar- 
kets and  are 
less  exposed  to 
damage  by  fire 
than  other  for- 
est property. 
Moreover,  they 
can  be  handled 
more  advan- 
tageously i  n 
connection 
with  other 
farm  opera- 
tions  and  in 
such  a  way  as 
materially  t  o 
help  the  farm- 
labor  problem 
and  increase 
the  farm-labor 
income.  T  h  e 
handling  of  the 
farm  wood- 
lands, most  of 
which  are  of  small  area,  does  not  call  for  involved  work- 
ing plans,  but  rather  for  the  application  of  common  sense 
based  on  a  knowledge  of  forestry  principles.  In  many 
cases  co-operation  on  the  part  of  woodland  owners  in  the 
handling  of  their  products  will  doubtless  seem  desirable 
in  order  to  obtain  the  best  results.     Leadership  is  neces- 


FIRE- SCARRED    KENTUCKY    BLACK    OAK 

Farm   woodland   of  black  oak   which  has  been    injured   by    fires  and    insects. 

more    valuable    species    and    protected. 


During  the  fiscal  year  1917-1918  there  were  regular 
funds  available  for  extension  work  amounting  to  $7,625,- 
000,  of  which  about  two-fifths  came  from  the  federal 
government;  one-fourth  from  the  various  states;  one- 
fifth  from  county  appropriations,  and  the  remainder 
from  the  colleges  and  miscellaneous  sources.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  regular  funds,  Congress  made  available  for 
that  year  through  the  food  production  act  $4,348,400 
for  similar  purposes. 

All  of  the  agricultural  extension  work  is  administered 
through  the  States  Relations  Service,  which  is  a  bureau 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  just  as  the  Forest 
Service,  Office  of  Farm  Management,  etc,  are  bureaus  of 
the  department.  The  work  of  the  States  Relations  Ser- 
vice is  handled 
in  two  offices : 
the  office  of 
the  south  hav- 
ing to  do  with 
the  states  o  f 
the  cotton 
belt;  and  the 
office  of  the 
north  and  west 
dealing  with 
33  northern 
and  w  e  s  tern 
states.  Of  the 
funds  de- 
scribed above, 
$1,040,000  was 
a  p  p  r  opriated 
b  y  Congress 
to  the  States 
Relations  Ser- 
vice and  was 
available  for 
a  dministrative 
and  d  e  m  on- 
stration  purposes  at  the  discretion  of  the  service.  The 
funds  appropriated  under  the  so-called  Smith-Lever 
Act,  amounting  in  1917-18  to  $2,080,000,  were  divided 
by  law  among  the  various  states  in  proportion  to  their 
agricultural  population.  Thus  Pennsylvania  received 
$108,383.33,     while     Connecticut     received     $13,725.86. 


It   should   be   reproduced    to 


sary  in  order  to  bring  about  better  management  of  the     Thege   alIotments  t0  the   various   states   are   contingent 
farm  woodlands  just  as  it  has  been  necessary   in  pro- 
ducing better  farm   management.     This   leadership  can 


be  provided  very  largely  through  the  county  agents 
and  the  other  extension  forces  which  are  being  de- 
veloped under  the  Smith-Lever  law.  The  extent  to 
which  this  extension  work  is  now  being  carried  on  and 
its  possibilities  for  improved  agriculture,  including 
forestry,  are  hardly  realized  by  the  majority  of  people. 


upon  the  state  appropriating  an  equal  amount  minus 
$10,000.  Thus  Pennsylvania  appropriated  $98,383.33  to 
receive  its  federal  allotment  and  Connecticut  $3,725.86. 
This  Smith-Lever  appropriation  is  increased  annually  by 
$500,000  up  to  1922-23. 

These    monies,    both    state    and    federal,    are    admin- 
istered by  the  various  agricultural  colleges  through  their 

1479 


1480 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


extension  services.  There  is  usually  a  director  of  ex- 
tension in  charge  of  this  work  corresponding  to  tin- 
dean  in  charge  of  the  teaching  on  the  campus  and  the 
director  of  the  experiment  station  in  charge  of  investi- 


A    SPLENDID    STAND    OF    SPRUCE 
This    land    was    formerly    pastured    and    timber    raising    is    therefore    more    profitable    here    than    grazing 

gational  work.    The  money  is  largely  distributed  among 
various  extension  projects  according  to  his  knowledge  of 
the  needs  of  the  states,  but  under  the  supervision  of  the 
States      Relations      Service      at 
Washington. 

A  few  fundamental  lines  of 
extension  work  have  been 
developed  which  rightly  utilize 
most  of  the  money.  Of  these 
the  employment  of  county 
agents  is  most  important.  About 
half  of  all  the  money  available 
is  utilized  in  maintaining  this 
force  of  agricultural  experts 
who  are  in  a  position  to  bring 
any  methods  of  improved  agri- 
culture, including  forestry, 
directly  to  the  attention  of  the 
farmers.  The  work  for  farm 
women  very  appropriately  comes 
next,  utilizing  15  per  cent  of  the 
funds.  Under  this  project  a 
great  many  counties  have  home- 
demonstration  agents.  Boys' 
and  girls'  club  work  holds  a 
well-deserved  position  next  to 
the  women's  work,  having  7  per 
cent  of  the  funds. 

In  addition  to  these  three  fundamental  agencies  by 
which  all  lines  of  agriculture  may  be  brought  directly 
to  the  men,  women,  and  children,  there  is  in  each  exten- 


sion service  a  growing  body  of  specialists  responsible 
for  extending  the  knowledge  of  the  various  branches  of 
agriculture  throughout  the  state  and  corresponding  to 
the  professors  who  teach  in  the  institution.  Thus  we 
have  specialists  on  animal 
industry,  dairying,  horticul- 
ture, agronomy,  entomology, 
rural  engineering,  and  in  a  few 
cases  in  forestry,  according  to 
the  needs  of  the  state  as  judged 
by  the  extension  director. 

The  question  naturally  arises 
as  to  whether  the  extension 
directors  are  awake  to  the  im- 
portance of  farm  forestry  as  a 
branch  of  agriculture  and 
whether  the  time  is  not  ripe  for 
the  expenditure  of  part  of  this 
money  for  extension  in  forestry 
as  its  importance  would  seem 
to  indicate.  Statistics  recently 
complied  by  the  Bureau  of  Crop 
Estimates  show  that  for  the 
year  1918  cordwood  was  the 
sixth  most  important  crop  of 
our  farms,  being  exceeded  in 
value  only  by  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
hay  and  cotton.  The  total  farm  value  of  this  crop  was 
$487,106,000.  While  it  is  true  that  there  is  no  relation 
between  the  amount  grown  in  a  year  and  the  amount  cut 


AX  UNFORTUNATE  MIXTURE 

Here  valuable  white  pine  is  being  injured  by   inferior  gray   birch.     The   latter  should  be  removed   to  help 

the    pine, 

it  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  there  are  other  valuable 
products  of  the  farm  woodlands  such  as  posts,  ties,  poles, 
lumber,  etc. 


EXTENSION  WORK   IN   FORESTRY 


1481 


In  the  eastern  United  States  there  was  a  woodland 
area  on  farms  in  1910  of  143,391,568  acres,*  a  decrease 
of  about  15  per  cent  since  1880.  The  ten  states  having 
the  largest  areas,  each  with  over  six  million  acres  of 
woodlands  on  farms  are  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Ala- 
bama, Missouri,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Mis- 
sissippi, South  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  These  south- 
ern states  are,  of  course,  prominent  in  this  grouping 
largely  because  of  their  size.  The  ten  states  in  which 
the  largest  proportion  of  the  farm  land  is  wooded,  in 
each  case  over  40  per  cent,  are  as  follows :  North  Caro- 
lina, Florida,  Georgia,  Arkansas,  South  Carolina,  Ala- 
bama, Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  and  Rhode 
Island.  If  the  states  are  grouped  in  relation  to  the 
value  of  the  cordwood  produced  on  the  farms  in  1918, 
the  ten  leading  states,  each  producing  over  18  million 
dollars  worth  of  wood,  are:  Michigan,  Texas,  New 
York,  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Wisconsin,  Virginia, 
Arkansas,  Mississippi,  and  California.  Grouping  them 
in  relation  of  the  woodland  income  to  the  total  farm 
income  the  ten  states  in  which  the  woodland  income 
exceeds  8  per  cent  of  the  farm  income  are  as  follows : 
New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Vermont,  Florida,  West  Vir- 
ginia. Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  North  Carolina, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Virginia.  It  will  be  noted  that 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia  appear  in  each  of  these  four 
groups  and  may,  therefore,  be  considered  the  most  im- 
portant farm  -woodland  states. 

The  extent  to  which  a  state  can  help  the  woodland 
owners  through  the  Smith-Lever  law  depends  partly  iipon 

•Bulletin    481.   "Status   and   Value  of   Farm   Woodlots   in   eastern   United 
States."    by    K.    H.    FrothinRham 


the  size  of  the  agricultural  population  of  the  state  and 
partly  upon  the  importance  of  the  woodland  problems  as 
compared  with  the  other  problems  of  the  farms.  The 
ten  states  receiving  the  largest  allotments  under  the 
Smith-Lever  law,  in  each  case  over  $100,000,  for  the  year 
1919-20  are:  Pennsylvania,  Texas,  Illinois,  Ohio, 
Georgia,  New  York,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Alabama 
and  Tennessee.  It  is,  of  course,  apparent  that  in  some 
states,  as  in  those  of  New  England,  where  the  woodland 
problems  are  relatively  important,  comparatively  small 
funds  are  available  from  this  appropriation  either  be- 
cause of  the  small  population,  as  in  Vermont,  or  the 
relatively  large  urban  population,  as  in  Massachusetts. 
The  New  England  States  were,  however,  the  first  to 
realize  the  importance  of  the  woodlands  and  they  have 
accordingly  built  up  strong  forestry  departments.  In 
fact,  the  state  foresters  were  carrying  on  extension  work 
before  the  agricultural  extension  work  in  New  Eng- 
land existed.  It  will,  therefore,  be  the  best  policy  in 
these  states  for  the  extension  services  to  assist  the  state 
foresters  in  so  far  as  their  limited  funds  permit.  In  states. 
where  there  is  no  strong  forestry  department,  or  where 
the  state  forester  is  wholly  occupied  with  fire  prevention 
or  the  administration  of  state  forests,  a  specialist  in 
forestry  should  be  employed  by  the  extension  service, 
and  an  organized  effort  should  be  made  to  bring  im- 
proved woodland  management  directly  to  the  attention 
of  the  farmers. 

In  order  to  direct  the  work  in  farm  forestry  exten- 
sion, the  Forest  Service  will  need  financial  support  from 
Congress  similar  to  the  support  which  other  bureaus 
receive  for  their  extension  work. 


OUR  OFFICES  BURNED  OUT 

On  October  6th,  a  fire  in  the  Maryland  Building,  Washington,  D.  C,  burned  out  the  offices  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association.  The  employes  all  escaped  safely  but  the  fire  destroyed  large  numbers 
of  magazines,  a  quantity  of  stationery,  and  a  number  of  records.  Luckily  membership  records  were 
preserved,  and  aside  from  a  two  weeks'  delay  in  issuing  the  November  magazine  the  members  are  not  in- 
convenienced. 

Ample  insurance  policies  covered  the  actual  losses  in  stationery,  furniture,  typewriters,  etc.,  and  two 
weeks  after  the  fire  the  Equitable  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
made  a  satisfactory  settlement. 

The  lost  magazines,  however,  cannot  be  replaced  by  insurance  and  the  members  are  requested  to  kindly 
assist  in  restoring  the  magazine  files  of  the  Association  by  contributing  back  copies  if  possible.  The 
following  issues  are  particularly  desired: 

1919 — January,  February,  March,  April,  May  and  July. 

1918 — March,  April,  June,  July,  August,  October  and  December. 

1917 — January,  February,  March,  April,  May,  June,  August,  October,  November  and  December. 

1916 — January,  March,  October  and  December. 

1915 — January,  February,  March,  April,  May,  June,  July,  August  and  September. 

All  months  of  all  previous  years. 

Please  mail  magazines  to  American  Forestry  Association,  Maryland  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 


1482 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


CUTTING    LARGE    TIMBER 
This  is  a  typical  felling  operation   in   a  heavy  stand  of  hemlock  in  the  British  Colombia  coast  region. 


TIMBER  CRUISING 

BY  P.  L.  LYFORD 


MOST  lumbermen,  or  persons  interested  in  timber, 
understand  that  a  "timber  cruiser"  is  one  who 
estimates  the  quantity  and  quality  of  logs  or  lum- 
ber contained  in  standing  trees.  He  is  also  expected  to 
advise  as  to  topography,  logging  conditions,  and  anything 
else  his  employer  may  re- 
quire to  know,  which  has  a 
bearing  on  the  ability  of  the 
tract  under  consideration  to 
produce  logs  profitably. 

No  doubt  the  earliest 
logger  was  somewhat  of  a 
timber  cruiser,  but  he 
would  not  have  known  him- 
self by  that  name.  It  was 
at  a  much  later  day,  when 
the  timber  "looker"  went 
out  on  long  trips  with  a 
map  for  a  chart  and  a  com- 
pass as  the  most  indis- 
pensable part  of  his  equip- 
ment for  roaming  the  track- 
less forest  that  someone 
likened  him  to  a  mariner 
who,  similarly,  finds  his 
way  on  the  pathless  sea, 
that  the  term  "cruiser"  was 
applied  to  him.  It  was  an 
apt  comparison,  and  the 
term  "stuck." 

The  quantity  of  standing 
timber  is  usually  expressed 
in  board  feet,  according  to 
the  log  rule  used  in  the 
locality  concerned.  There 
are  some  exceptions  to  this, 
notably  the  pulpwood  re- 
gions of  the  Eastern  United 
States  and  Canada,  where 
the  cord  is  largely  used  as 
a  unit  of  measurement. 
The  cord  is  also  used  on  the 
Pacific  (oast  for  measur- 
ing Cedar  Bolts  for  shin- 
gles. Theoretically  the  log 
rule  gives  the  number  of 
board  feet  that  the  logs  will 
produce  in  the  form  of 
sawn  lumber.  In  practice,  this  is  rarely  the  case,  because 
of  imperfections  in  log  rules,  errors  in  allowance  for 
defects,  or  curved,  crooked,  or  broken  logs.  However, 
the  cruiser  must  report  in  board  feet,  and  it  is  obvious 
that  his  result-,  will  always  be  somewhat  less  than  exact. 

in  the  early  days  (and  even  now,  to  some  extent),  the 


PACIFIC  COAST  BALSAM  FIR  ON  THE  LEFT  AND  YELLOW  CEDAR 
OR  CYPRESS  ON  THE   RIGHT 


timber  cruiser  frequently  estimated  comparatively  small 
areas  by  eye,  simply  wandering  through  the  tract  more 
or  less  systematically,  and  making  up  his  mind  by  com- 
parison with  similar  tracts  with  which  he  was  already 
familiar  that  this  one  would  run  so  many  thousand  feet 

to  the  acre,  and  multiply- 
ing this  by  the  number  of 
acres  in  the  tract  to  get  the 
total  stand  of  timber. 
Usually,  however,  in  re- 
cent years,  practically  all 
cruisers  make  an  estimate 
of  the  individual  trees  on  a 
certain  proportion  of  the 
area,  to  furnish  averages 
for  applying  to  the  whole 
area. 

The  detail  of  procedure 
for  most  cruisers  in  deter- 
mining the  scale  of  a  tree 
is  somewhat  as  follows : 
Estimate  the  thickness  of 
the  bark,  and  determine  the 
diameter  of  the  butt  of  the 
first  log  inside  the  bark. 
(This  is  not  so  easy  to  do 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  where 
the  bark  varies  from  one- 
half  inch  on  small  spruce 
trees  to  as  much  as  a  foot 
in  some  cases  on  large 
Douglas  fir  trees.)  Cali- 
pers or  diameter  tape  may 
be  used  to  measure  diame- 
ter outside  the  bark.  Next, 
the  taper  of  the  tree  is  esti- 
mated so  that  the  diameter 
inside  the  bark  at  the  end 
of  the  first  log  may  be  de- 
termined. (To  get  the 
number  of  board  feet  in  a 
log,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
the  length  of  the  log  and 
the  diameter  inside  the 
bark  at  the  small  end.) 
This  is  repeated  for  each 
log  until  the  top  of  the 
merchantable  length  is 
reached.  A  few  inches  extra  must  be  allowed  for  the 
length  of  each  log  in  order  to  provide  for  full  even 
lengths  of  lumber  when  the  log  is  sawed.  Now  the 
measurement  for  each  log  having  been  determined,  it 
remains  only  to  read  the  scale  in  feet  for  each  log  from 
the  log  rule  table  and  add  the  logs  together  to  get  the 

1483 


1484 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


scale  Of  logs  in  the  whole  tree.  The  tree  has.  in  the  mean- 
time, been  scanned  for  signs  of  defect,  or  outward  indi- 
cations calling  for  a  reduction  in  the  scale.  When  such  a 
suitable  deduction  has  been  made,  the  final  result  should 

be  close  to  the  actual  lumber  content  of  the  tree.'  This, 
however,  is  a  slow  process,  and  not  many  cruisers  take 
time  to  do  the  work  so  thoroughly.  After  the  eye  has 
become  trained  to  si/.es  and  lengths,  a  somewhat  pro- 
longed glance  at  a  tree  en- 
ables the  cruiser  to  make 
up  his  mind  as  to  the  scale 
of  the  logs,  and  the  amount 
for  the  tree  is  put  down  in 
round  numbers.  Many 
cruisers'  also  note  the  per- 
centage of  grades,  either  of 
logs  or  lumber. 

Trees  are  tallied  in  this 
way,  over  certain  areas, 
either  in  the  form  of  strips 
or  sample  plots.  The  trees 
are  tallied  on  a  strip  by  fol- 
lowing a  straight  compass 
line,  and  including  all  the 
trees  for  33  feet  (one-half 
chain)  on  both  sides  of  the 
line,  so  that  a  one-chain 
wide  sample  of  the  stand  is 
obtained,  and  when  this  has 
been  clone  for  a  distance  of 
ten  chains,  the  trees  on  one 
acre  have  been  tallied  as  to 
board  feet  contents.  The 
average  stand  for  a  num- 
ber of  acres  is  obtained  in 
this  way,  and  when  a  cer- 
tain proportion  of  a  "forty" 
or  a  quarter-section,  or  a 
square-mile  section  has 
been  covered,  the  average 
is  applied  to  the  whole 
area.  When  the  sample 
plot  method  is  adopted,  the 
sample  plots  are  generally 
taken  in  one-half  acre  cir- 
cles, and  located  at  regular 
intervals  on  the  cruise 
lines.  The  strip  method  is 
more  satisfactory,  however, 
and  is  much  more  widely 
used. 

The  results  of  the  work  of  the  timber  cruiser  range 
from  simple  columns  of  figures  giving  the  kinds  and 
quantities  of  timber,  to  a  fairly  elaborate  map  with 
elevations  marked,  and  cruise  figures  recorded  directly  on 
the  map,  accompanied  by  a  written  report.  Methods  of 
field  work  and  form  of  presenting  results  vary  widely 
according  to  the  personal  experience,  character,  and 
ability  of  the  individual  cruiser. 

The  demands  of  timber  owners,  lumbermen  and  log- 


"CYPBESS"   OR   VKLLOW    CF.DAH 
BALSAM     FIR    0 


gers  have  led  many  cruisers  into  the  habit  of  working  on 
rather  a  wide  margin.  <  >ftcn  a  man  who  has  timber  to 
sell.  is.  of  course,  eager  to  see  as  high  a  cruise  as  possi- 
ble on  his  timber  land.  On  the  other  hand,  a  lumberman 
who  wants  a  report  on  timber  which  he  intends  to  buy 
and  operate,  demands  a  considerable  margin  of  safety  and 
consequently  thinks  most  highly  of  the  cruiser  who  turns 
in  a  figure  well  below  what  he  will  cut  off  the  tract  when 

he  operates.  This  has  re- 
sulted in  an  uncertainty 
among  timbermen  and  in- 
vestors as  to  the  validity  of 
cruise  reports  in  general, 
because  of  extreme  varia- 
tions in  reports  on  the  same 
tract,  due  to  variability  in 
standards  and  methods. 

What  the  cruising  pro- 
fession has  lacked  is  engi- 
neering training  with  its 
resulting  standardization  of 
methods.  The  forest  en- 
gineer, who  is  the  modern 
timber  cruiser,  has 
brought  his  technical  train- 
ing to  bear  or.  the  problem, 
and  expanded  the  "timber 
cruise"  into  a  "forest  sur- 
vey."  The  chief  points  of 
difference  between  the  two 
are  that  the  forest  survey 
includes  topographic  (eon 
tour)  maps,  based  on  a 
series  of  systematically  lo- 
cated compass  lines,  and  a 
more  extensive  use  of 
measurements  as  a  basis 
for  determining  volume  in 
board  feet. 

The  first  necessitates  the 
establishment  of  base  lines, 
carefully  chained  and  level- 
ed, and  marked  at  five  or 
ten-chain  intervals  for 
cruise  lines.  (See  sketch 
plan.  )  The  cruise  lines  are 
run  from  one  base  line  to 
the  other  at  whatever  in- 
tervals have  been  decided 
on.  usually  ten  chains  apart. 
For  smaller  areas  and 
patch}-  timber,  a  closer  spacing  is  obviously  desirable. 
Likewise  for  large  areas  with  extensive  uniform  timber 
types,  wider  spacing  may  be  used.  Complete  record  is 
taken  of  all  stream  crossings,  rock  outcrops,  elevations, 
etc..  and  the  timber  is  tallied  for  t,^  feet  (one-half  chain) 
on  each  side  of  the  line. 

If  the  spacing  of  cruise  lines  is  to  chains  apart,  the 
parallel  cruise  lines  (  on  which  a  complete  tally  of  timber 
and  other  data  are  taken  )   will,  of  course,  occupy  10  per 


ON    LEFT   AND    PACIFIC   COAST 
N    THE    RIGHT 


TIMBER  CRUISING 


1485 


TIMBEK    IN    THE    BRITISH    COLUMBIA    (OAST    REGION 

Tin-   treci   fr'.m   left   to  right   arc   two   five-fool    Douglai    firs,   a   three-fool  cedar,    a     five-foot     tir,    a    three-foot    hemlock,    a     six-foot    fir    and     two 

live  foot    firs. 


148(5 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


WESTERN    RED    CEDAR 


TIMBER   CRUISING 


1487 


cent  of  the  tract.  Where  the  spacing  is  5  chains,  20  per 
cent  of  the  tract  is  covered.  For  any  but  very  small 
areas,  a  20  per  cent  cruise  is  sufficiently  accurate  even 
for  high  priced  stumpage. 

The  second  brings  in  the  use  of  "Volume  Tables."  A 
volume  table  for  any  kind  of  timber,  Douglas  fir,  for 
example,  is  a  table  that  gives  the  average  scale  for 
Douglas  fir  trees  according  to  diameter  breast-high  (1.  e. 
4J/2  feet  above  ground)  outside  the  bark,  and  merchant- 
able length.  Thus,  from  a  volume  table  prepared  by 
the  United  States  Forest  Service,  one  can  read  that  a 
fir  36  inches  in  diameter,  and  having  a  log  length  of  170 
feet,  contains  on  the  average,  2,020  feet  if  scaled  with  the 
Scribner  Rule.  The  volume  table  is  made  up  from  a 
large  number  of  measurements  of  trees  of  all  sizes,  taking 
the  diameter  breast-high  outside  the  bark  (which  can 
always  be  actually  measur- 


ed, and,  therefore,  does  not 
need  to  be  estimated)  and 
the  scale  of  the  whole  tree 
by  logs  according  to  the  log 
rule.  Of  course,  these  meas- 
urements are  taken  from 
felled  trees,  and  the  scale 
of  the  trees  36  inches  in 
diameter  breast-high,  for 
instance,  is  averaged,  so 
that  one  volume  figure  is 
obtained  that  will  apply  to 
all  trees  of  that  species  36 
inches  in  diameter  and 
within  a  certain  range  of 
merchantable  height. 

In  using  a  volume  table  it 
will  be  borne  in  mind  that 
figures  are  average 
figures,  and  that  local 
measurements  must  always 
be  taken  on  each  tract  so  as 
to  determine  whether  the 
timber  on  the  particular 
area  cruised  will  scale  bet- 
ter or  poorer  than  the  aver- 
age shown  by  the  table, 
poorer. 

From  80  to  95  per  cent  of  all  sound  trees  of  any  species 
within  any  type  of  stand  fall  within  a  normal  range  of 
variation  as  to  form  of  bole,  and  the  relationship  between 
base  diameter  and  average  volume  can  readily  be  deter- 
mined by  taper  measurements  on  a  comparatively  small 
number  of  trees  within  each  type  in  conjunction  with 
volume  tables  based  on  taper  measurements  of  large 
numbers  of  trees.     The  base  diameters  of   these  sound 


40  Chains 


normal  trees  are  tallied  as  measurements,  giving  an  im- 
personal volume  control  of  the  sound  timber.  Allow- 
ances for  abnormal  form  and  visible  defect  are  tallied 
by  trees  as  opinions.  Allowances  for  unseen  defect, 
breakage  in  falling,  and  other  shortages,  are  made  by 
types,  or  other  subdivisions,  rather  than  by  trees. 

The  form  in  which  the  results  of  a  cruise,  or  forest 
survey  are  presented,  is  an  important  consideration.  A 
topographic  map,  with  contours,  and  timber  types  dis- 
tinctly outlined  is  most  essential.  This  furnishes  a  bird's- 
eye-view  of  all  conditions  of  interest  to  an  owner,  opera- 
tor or  prospective  purchaser.  The  cruise  figures  may  be 
put  directly  on  the  map,  or  tabulated  separately  by  units 
of  area.  A  separate  cruise  sheet  or  sheets  furnish  a  com- 
pact summary  of  kinds,  quantities,  and  sizes  of  timber. 
A  written  report  covers  all  points  not  graphically  shown 

on    the    maps    and    cruise 


Cruise  Line 


\ 


PLAN  SHOWING  ARRANGEMENT  OF  CRUISE  LINES  ON  QUARTER 
SECTION    1  Kill    ACRES) 

The  dash  lines  represent  the  cruiser's  line  of  travel.  The  light  solid 
lines  on  either  side  of  the  dash  lines  are  boundaries  of  the  strip  within 
which  all  trees  are  tallied.  The  topographic  features  between  cruise 
lines  are  mapped  as  far  as  can  be  seen  on  the  line  of  travel,  thus  filling 
in   from   line   to  line. 


and    how    much    better    or 


sheets,  including  a  discus- 
sion of  logging  conditions, 
markets,  etc.  The  whole  is 
calculated  to  give  the  fol- 
lowing results : 

1.  A  reliable  basis  for 
valuation. 

2.  A  basis  for  an  effec- 
tive plan  of  operation. 

3.  The  best  possible 
location  of  roads,  camps 
and  other  improvements. 

4.  A  reduction  in  loss 
from  windfalls  and  normal 
decay.  The  felling  areas 
can  be  adjusted  with  refer- 
ence to  the  need  of  prompt- 
ly cutting  damaged  or  over- 
mature timber. 

5.  The  preservation  of 
knowledge  relating  to  the 
property.  Without  a  sur- 
vey system,  much  informa- 
tion may  depart  with  those 
who  happen  to  possess  it. 

6.  Reduction  in  loss  in- 
change  of  management  in  an  operating 
An  adequate   forest  survey  provides   a   new 


cident    to 
company. 

manager  with  a  mass  of  essential  knowledge  ready  for 
his  use. 

7.     Efficiency  of  fire  protection  system. 

The  cost  is  not  the  least  important  point  in  connection 
with  forest  surveys  and  cruising,  though  it  has  been  left 
until  the  last.  The  charge  for  a  complete  showing  as 
outlined  above,  rarely  exceeds  two  cents  per  thousand 
feet,  and  usually  is  nearer  one  cent. 


A    CHRISTMAS    SUGGESTION 

Are  you  puzzled  about  the  selection  of  Christmas  gifts? 

Why  not  give  a  year's  subscribing  membership  in  the  American  Forestry  Association  as  a  gift.    It  will  cost 
you  $3.00,  and  the  member  will  receive  American  Forestry  Magazine  for  a  year. 
This  will  be  an  ideal  Christmas  gift  for  a  child  or  an  adult. 
Send  the  money  to  the  Association  and  a  Christmas  Card  will  be  sent  you  to  present  on  Christmas  Day. 


SYRACUSE  COLLEGE  OF  FORESTRY  EXHIBIT 


FN  the  neighborhood  of  thirty  thousand  persons  studied 
-*■  the  exhibit  made  at  nearly  a  score  of  county  and  state 
fairs  and  expositions  in  New  York  state  the  past  fall  by 
the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse. 
'Ibis  did  not  include  those  who  passed  the  exhibit  merely 
glancing  at  the  showing  made,  but  only  those  who  really 
made  a  visit  to  the  exhibits. 

The  College  of  Forestry,  as  soon  as  the  war  was  over, 


UNIQUE   MANUFACTURES  FROM    WOOD 

This  panel  was  a  feature  of  the  exhibit,  showinR  as  it  did  the  many 
and  versatile  uses  of  wood  in  the  manufacture  of  articles  in  con- 
stant daily  use  by  every  one — articles  in  appearance  far  removed 
from    their   origin    in    the    forest. 

began  its  plans  for  the  autumn  educational  work,  and  a 
returned  soldier,  Lieut.  George  H.  Cless,  Jr.,  who  served 
in  Italy,  and  who  later  was  head  of  a  food  investigation 


commission  in  Hungary  and  Serbia,  was  secured  by 
Dean  Hugh  I'.  Maker  to  organize  its  exhibit  work.  Lieu- 
tenant Cless  is  known  to  foresters  and  lumbermen  from 
his  work  in  the  Chicago  exhibit  of  the  National  Lumber 
Manufacturers'  Association,  in  the  permanent  building 
materials  shown  in  that  city. 

The  first  plan  of  the  exhibit  was  to  departmentalize  the 
various  panels  and  exhibits  so  that  each  might  bring  out 
a  particular  phase  of  forest  work.  The  manner  in  which 
the  College  of  Forestry  trains  students  was  shown  by 
pictures  of  student  activities  in  the  College  at  Syracuse 
and  at  the  summer  camp  at  Cranberry  Lake. 

Another  phase  of  the  exhibit  was  to  show  the  need  of 
forestry,  to  conserve  water  resources,  prevent  erosion, 
and  provide  water  reservoirs  for  drinking  and  industrial 
uses.  Still  another  was  a  demonstration  of  how  the 
College  works  to  aid  the  state  by  sending  representatives 
out  to  assist  in  reforestation  projects,  lectures  to  farmers 
on  the  woodlands,  and  how,  by  its  publications  and  other 
lectures,  the  College  is  taking  forestry  to  the  public  of 
a  great  state. 

Special  attention  was  paid  to  utilization  of  the  waste  of 
the  forest,  and  this  was  shown  in  many  ways.  One  panel, 
for  instance,  was  "The  Story  of  the  Pipe,"  another,  a 
panel  showing  the  manner  in  which  small  bits  of  wood 
are  used  to  form  the  minute  parts  of  a  piano  player.  An- 
other display  was  a  set  of  wooden  dishes  made  from 
what  a  few  years  ago  would  have  been  sent  to  the  mill 
burner  as  waste.  These  displays  were  made  with  the 
co-operation  of  manufacturers  and  other  agencies,  and 
for  the  State  Fair  at  Syracuse  the  Bureau  of  Standards 
of  the  Federal  Government  loaned  an  extensive  exhibit 
showing  the  utilization  of  wood  for  twine,  substitute 
fabrics  for  burlap  and  the  like. 

Probably,  however,  the  most  studied  exhibit  was  that 
of  the  use  of  wood  for  artificial  silk  manufacture.  It 
caused  such  wide  attention  that  the  newspapers  took  up 
the  discussion  of  artificial  silk,  and,  by  error,  credited 
the  display  to  the  laboratory  of  the  College  of  Forestry 
at  Syracuse,  when  in  fact  it  was  made  up  by  co-operation 
of  various  manufacturers. 

Such  unique  uses  of  wood  as  silk  stockings,  the  manu- 
facture of  linoleum,  phonograph  records  and  sausage 
casings,  brought  special  attention  at  all  the  fairs.  The 
exhibit  attracted  such  wide  attention  that  it  was  finally 
necessary  for  the  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  to 
send  out  a  special  statement  on  the  manufacture  of 
artificial  silk  in  the  United  States  with  which  to  answer 
inquiries  as  to  the  manner  in  which  wood  waste  could 
be  used  for  this  industry. 

How  the  College  of  Forestry  lias  been  campaigning, 
together  with  such  organizations  as  the  American  For- 
estry Association,  for  beautification  of  highways  and  for 
the  proper  forestry  development  of  public  grounds,  such 
as  schools  and  hospitals,  was  shown  in  another  series 
of  panels. 


MM 


SENTINELS   OF  THE   FOREST 


CONTRIBUTED  BY  THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS 


THE    branches    of    the    trees    bordering   the    Route 
Nationale  interlaced  overhead  forming  a  long  vista 
of  restful  green.     Beyond,  on  the  brown  hills  and 
the  green,  scattered  among  the  fields  of  yellow  mustard 
and  waving  grain,  the  fruit  trees  hung  low  in  profusion 


THIS   WAS   FRANCE   IN    PEACE 

of  pink  and  white  blossom. 
Under  foot  the  daisies  riot- 
ed and  forget-me-nots  and 
clover  brushed  each  other. 
The  cattle  browsed  on  the 
hills  and  the  little  stone 
houses  stood  neat  among 
their  kitchen  gardens.  It 
was  France  at  peace.  A 
sharp  turn  in  the  road  and 
the  scene  changed.  Gaunt, 
broken,  burnt  stalks  of 
trees  stood  ghastly  sentinel 
along  the  Route,  stumps  of 
fruit  trees  dotted  the  fields, 
seared  and  shell-torn,  across 
the  road  an  old  peasant 
woman,     bent     with     age 

gathered  fagots  to  warm  the  cellar  where  she  lived,  be- 
neath the  wreck  of  her  home.  It  was  France  at  war. 
German  devastation  had  sacrificed  sixty-two  per  cent  of 
her  fire- wood  and  ten  per  cent  of  her  lumber,  to  say 
nothing  of  her  orchards. 

Notwithstanding  the  heavy  demands  that  came  to  it 
from  every  side,  the  American  Red  Cross,  realizing  the 
supreme  value  of  "just  trees"  donated  $10,000  in  support 
of  the  scheme  of  the  Touring  Club  of  France  for  re- 
planting the  woodlands  and  orchards  of  northern  France. 
Early  in  19 19,  ten  thousand  live  trees  were  shipped  from 
America  to  the  devastated  regions. 

In  America,  the  Red  Cross  is  not  concerning  itself 
with  the  conservation  of  trees.     It  is  satisfied  that  the 


AND   THIS   IS   FRANCE   IX   WAR 


government  has  a  well-organized  scheme  already  work- 
ing, backed  up  by  such  large,  national  organizations  as 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  and  strong  forestry 
departments  in  the  various  States ;  but  it  has  its  eye  on 
the  man  who  looks  after  the  trees,  the  forest  fire  guard. 
That  sturdy  pioneer,  who  puts  himself  beyond  what  is 
called  civilization  to  stand  sentinel  for  civilization,  the 
man  whose  lonely  vigil  stands  between  a  city  and  a  flood 
of  flame — is  anything  too  much  to  do  for  a  watcher  who 
warns  of  such  a  disaster  as  the  forest  fires  which  swept 
the  Superior  Lake  district  last  year? — and  fights  it,  often 
at  the  risk  of  life.  The  Red  Cross  spent  thousands  of 
dollars  to  succor  the  victims  of  that  catastrophe  and  it 
will  work  with  the  men  who  prevent  disasters  that  we 
never  hear  about.  It  will  continue  relief  in  the  out-of- 
the-way  places  that  it  has  discovered  in  the  course  of 
its  Home  Service  work  with  the  families  of  the  military 
men.  It  has  taken  comfort,  cheer,  health  and  even  life 
to  the  tiny  cottages  in  deep  canons,  and  to  the  beacon 
towers  on  the  mountain  tops.  It  has  established  itself 
in  districts,  ninety  per  cent  of  which  are  not  covered  by 
any    other    relief    organization.       It    likes    these    big, 

free  places  and  it  likes  the 
people,  and  wants  to  grow 
up  with  them,  as  their 
families  grow,  and  become 
a  composite  part  of  the 
home.  To  continue  its 
work  for  humanity,  the 
Red  Cross  must  have  the 
united  support  of  the 
American  people.  With 
this  end  in  view,  it  is  hold- 
ing the  third  annual 
Christmas  Roll  Call.  It 
is  hoped  and  expected  that 
last  year's  wonderful  rec- 
ord of  those  who  affixed 
their  signatures  to  the  Red 
Cross  roster  will  be  broken. 


SYSTEMATIC- 


DESTRUCTION     BY     GERMANY     OF     THE     FRUIT 
ORCHARDS    OF    FRANCE 


1480 


1490 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


WHAT  NEWSPAPERS  SAY  AS  TO  A  NATIONAL 


TJ^lTH  October  27,  the  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
new  impetus  was  given  a  national  forest 
policy  for  the  editors  of  the  country  have 
been  quick  to  respond  to  the  suggestion 
of  the  American  Forestry  Association  that 
the  greatest  memorial  that  the  nation  can 
erect  to  the  late  president  would  be  a 
national  forest  policy.  The  Atlanta 
Journal,  in  a  leading  editorial,  says  "the 
importance  of  a  national  forest  policy  was 
illuminated  in  an  address  by  Charles 
Lathrop  Pack,  president  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association.  His  speech  has  at- 
tracted wide  attention  and  it  is  to 
be  hoped  this  sound  advice  will  re- 
ceive from  Congress  the  attention 
it  deserves.  We  believe  the  in- 
creasing interest  in  this  question 
will  make  it  the  easier  to  impress 
upon  Congress  the  importance  of 
the  enactment  of  desirable  legisla- 
tion." The  Philadelphia  Inquirer 
is  among  the  first  to  take  up  the 
suggestion  of  honoring  Col. 
Roosevelt  with  legislation  look- 
ing to  perpetuate  our  forests. 
To  quote  the  Inquirer: 

"The  birthday  anniversary  of 
Theodore  Roosevelt  will  be  the 
occasion  of  many  ceremonies  in 
memory  of  this  virile  and  robust 
American,  but  a  suggestion  has 
been  made  by  Charles  Lathrop 
Pack,  president  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  which  is 
peculiarly  appropriate.  He  says 
that  if  the  people  of  the  United 
States  want  to  erect  a  real  monu- 
ment, a  lasting  memorial  for  all 
time,  in  honor  of  Theodore  Roose- 
velt, they  can  do  it  on  his  birth- 
day by  starting  to  work  for  a 
national  forest  policy.  He  calls 
upon  all  who  are  in  a  position 
to  do  so  to  plant  a  tree  in  honor  of  this 
great  American. 

"It  goes  without  saying  that  the  other 
memorials  which  have  been  planned  will 
be  carried  to  completion.  The  success  of 
the  movement  for  the  purpose  is  already 
assured,  but  it  would  be  peculiarly  appro- 
priate if  his  name  could  be  made  the  rally- 
ing cry  for  the  preservation  and  the  per- 
petuation of  the  forests." 

The  Times,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  is  another 
paper  to  take  up  quickly  the  message 
which  it  does  in  these  words :  "It  is  a 
timely  and  important  plea  which  Mr. 
Pack,  of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion, makes  to  the  people  of  this  country 
in  connection  with  the  movement  to  honor 
the  memory  of  Theodore  Roosevelt.  Mr. 
Roosevelt  was  a  lover  of  all  that  pertained 


to  the  great  out-doors  and  trees  surely 
have  a  large  part  in  the  kingdom  of  nature. 
This  being  true  there  can  be  no  more 
suitable  tribute  paid  to  the  former  Presi- 
dent's memory  than  the  planting  of  trees 
and  the  preservation  of  forests.  Forests 
are  among  the  greatest  national  resources. 
Forests  are  like  banks,  as  Mr.  Pack  tells 
the  foresters,  lumbermen  and  wood  users 
generally,  you  must  deposit  in  them  if 
you  want  to  take  anything  out.  Then,  in 
addition  to  the  material  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  restoration  and  conserva- 
tion of  forests,   the   planting  of  memorial 

THE  BEAUTIFUL  PICNIC  PLACE 


ICocrrlfbl:     till:    bMiT.M«IVk«) 


AS  TU£Y  LETT  IT. 

(Reprinted  by  special  permission  of  the  Chicago  Tribune.) 


trees  is  one  of  the  greatest  forces  for 
Americanization  and  keeping  aflame  the 
community  spirit,  born  of  the  war,  accord- 
ing to  the  Association's  officers  at  Wash- 
ington, who  are  registering  all  memorial 
trees  in  a  national  honor  roll." 

Importance  of  a  national  forest  policy 
is  viewed  by  the  editor  of  the  Christian 
Science  Monitor  this  way :  "What  is  to  be 
done?  Obviously  the  nation  must  deter- 
mine upon  a  comprehensive  and  efficacious 
forest  policy,  and  it  must  do  it  without 
delay.  Every  state  should  be  behind  that 
policy,  and  national  and  state  govern- 
ments should  go  further  than  they  have 
ever  gone  to  bring  the  matter  to  the 
active  attention  of  business  and  industrial 
communities  everywhere."  In  the  opinion 
of  the  editor  of  the  Houston  Post  "pub- 


lic sentiment  must  be  aroused  in  favor  of 
a  more  adequate  and  definite  policy  by 
the  government  in  regard  to  forests." 
The  Geneva,  N.  Y.  Times  impresses  the 
point  that  "the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation heartily  supports  the  demand  of 
the  United  States  Forest  Service  for  a 
national  forest  policy,"  and  then  points 
out  the  need  for  arousing  public  senti- 
ment to  that  end.  "Peculiarly  fitting 
would  be  such  a  testimonial"  says  the 
Boise  Statesman  in  an  editorial  on  a 
memorial  for  Col.  Roosevelt  and  it  adds 
"in  addition  is  the  inculcation  of  the  idea 
which  should  be  kept  alive  in 
America,  the  need  of  reforesta- 
tion." The  News  Press,  of  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.,  calls  attention  to 
the  fact  that  "we  have  prided 
ourselves  on  being  a  business- 
like nation.  Such  extravagance 
as  we  have  shown  and  continually 
show  with  our  resources  makes 
us  seem  to  lack  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  far-visioned  business 
sense."  Comparison  between 
this  country  and  the  countries  of 
Europe  is  taken  up  by  The 
Republican,  of  Findlay,  Ohio, 
which  says  "the  same  sort  of  a 
situation  as  faces  this  country 
faced  the  nations  of  Europe. 
They  recognized  it  in  time  and 
now,  governed  by  stringent 
forestry  laws,  have  solved  the 
problem."  In  an  editorial  re- 
viewing the  situation  in  Missouri 
The  Globe-Democrat,  of  St. 
Louis,  says  "we  face  a  serious 
forest  problem  resulting  from  the 
waste  of  ax  and  fire.  We  need 
in  this  country  a  greater  realiza- 
tion of  the  value  of  our  forests, 
of  the  need  of  their  preservation." 

The  Commercial-Appeal,  of  Mem- 
phis enlists  in  the  cause  of  a  forest  policy 
and  points  out  "that  it  is  difficult  to  get 
away  from  the  old  idea  that  forests  are 
objects  to  be  exploited.  We  should  stop 
the  reckless  clearing  off  of  new  grounds 
and  reclaim  the  waste  lands  that  already 
afflict  the  state."  In  the  view  of  the  Bos- 
ton American  "we  can  only  preserve  our 
forests  by  taking  public  possession  of  them 
and  applying  the  principles  of  forestation 
that  the  Germans  have  worked  out."  The 
Sun,  of  Springfield,  Ohio,  says  "the  only 
possible  remedy  is  preservation  of  great 
American  forests.  The  American  Forestry 
Association,  realizing  the  acuteness  of  the 
situation,  asks  co-operation  from  lumber- 
men so  as  to  bring  forcibly  to  the  atten- 
tion of  state  legislatures  and  the  national 
congress  the  dire  necessity  for  legislation 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1491 


■ f 


FOREST  POLICY  AND  A  ROOSEVELT  MEMORIAL  j 


that  will  at  least  in  a  measure  remedy  the 
situation."  The  Twin  City  Sentinel,  of 
Winston-Salem,  N.  C,  says  the  "matter  is 
one  of  immediate  importance.  It  cannot 
be  deferred  indefinitely.  Something 
should  be  done  and  now."  It  then  quotes 
in  full  the  article  from  The  Manufac- 
turers' Record,  of  Baltimore,  which  is 
based  upon  the  statements  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association.  "No  mathematical 
genius  is  required  to  see  the  finish,"  says 
The  Advertiser,  of  Elmira,  N.  Y.  "Forest 
products  are  indispensable  in  almost 
every  industry  and  trees  are  needed  for 
a  long  list  of  necessities,  from  print  paper 
to  wagons,  from  lead  pencils  to  aeroplanes. 
High  cost  of  lumber  means  high  cost  of 
all  these  commodities."  The  Plain  Dealer, 
of  Cleveland,  touches  upon  the  call  of  war 
for  wood  and  says  "on  a  far  vaster  scale 
America  raked  her  forests  for  war 
material.  She  cut  millions  of  her  Douglas 
spruce  of  the  northwest,  and  throughout 
the  country  she  selected  the  walnuts  for 
special  use  in  aviation.  There  is  as  yet 
no  satisfactory  indication  that  the  nation 
is  prepared  to  remedy  the  damage  of  war." 
In  The  Record,  of  Philadelphia,  we  find 
that  the  editor  believes  "the  war  ought  to 
do  something  to  promote  forestry  in  this 
country."  He  calls  attention  to  the  fact 
that  two  million  men  who  saw  the  beauti- 
ful tree-lined  roads  of  France  are  now 
back  in  this  country.  "We  have  got  to 
make  systematic  efforts  to  replace  the 
spruce  forests  on  which  we  must  depend 
for  print  paper,"  The  Record  concludes. 

As  a  fitting  memorial  for  these  men  who 
have  returned  and  for  those  who  did  not 
return  the  planting  of  memorial  trees 
continues  to  be  a  very  popular  subject  of 
editorial  comment.  "Each  year  of  added 
growth"  says  The  Telegram,  of  Youngs- 
town,  Ohio,  "should  serve  to  bring  out  even 
more  prominently  the  sacrifice  made  by  the 
American  boys,  instead  of  allowing  that 
memory  to  die."  In  the  opinion  of  the 
editor  of  The  Leader-News,  of  Cleveland, 
"it  will  contribute  to  the  beauty,  charm  and 
welfare  of  the  country  and  the  happiness 
of  the  living,  now  and  in  the  years  to 
come,  while  it  rears  beautiful  monuments 
to  the  dead."  Memorial  Tree  planting 
along  state  highways  is  urged  by  The 
Journal,  of  Pierre,  S.  D.,  whom  it  strikes 
"as  a  mighty  good  scheme  for  this  state." 
The  sentiment  is  well  said  in  The  Times, 
of  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  whose  editor  points 
out  that  "trees  continue  to  grow  and 
flourish  years  after  the  hand  that  set  them 
out  has  dropped  its  working  tools."  In 
The  Observer,  of  Charlotte,  we  find  that 
"the  planting  of  fruit-bearing  trees  along 
the    public    highways    is    an   old    hobby    of 


The  Observer"  which  calls  attention  to  the 
forward  step  the  legislature  of  Michigan 
has  taken  in  regard  to  bordering  its  high- 
ways with  nut  and  fruit  trees.  The  Vindi- 
cator, of  Youngstown,  takes  up  the  action 
of  the  Michigan  law  makers  and  asserts 
that  Ohio  is  the  best  state  in  the  Union 
to  do  that  very  thing.  The  Dispatch,  of 
Columbus,   Ohio,   has   an  editorial   on  the 


FOREST  MEMORIAL  FOR 
ROOSEVELT 

{The  Houston  Post)     ' 

As  one  of  the  original  advocates  of 
the  conservation  of  natural  resources, 
and  a  zealous  worker  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  forests  of  the  country  in 
particular,  the  late  Theodore  Roose- 
velt is  entitled  to  a  large  share  of  the 
credit  for  present  day  sentiment  against 
waste  and  reckless  exploitation  of 
these   resources. 

Remembering  the  former  president's 
conspicuous  leadership  in  this  move- 
ment, the  suggestion  of  Charles  Lath- 
rop  Pack,  president  of  the  American 
Forestry  Association,  that  the  Ameri- 
can people  observe  Mr.  Roosevelt's 
birthday  by  starting  to  work  in  earnest 
for  an  adequate  national  forest  policy 
is  most  appropriate,  and  will  doubt- 
less meet  with  general  approval  among 
the  people. 

It  has  also  been  suggested  that  part 
of  the  Roosevelt  Memorial  fund  be  ex- 
pended in  setting  aside  a  national  forest 
in  his  honor,  a  form  of  memorial  that 
is  particularly  fitting  to  the  great 
student  and  lover  of  nature,  and  which 
would  undoubtedly  have  met  with  his 
hearty  indorsement,  had  he  been  con- 
sulted on  the  matter  during  his  life  time. 
If  the  American  people  desire  to  erect 
a  memorial  to  him,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  select  anything  more  appropriate. 

The  American  Forestry  Association  is 
appealing  not  only  for  preservation,  but 
conservation,  the  latter  including  the 
renewal  of  the  forests.  The  Roosevelt 
memorial  is  but  an  enlargement  of  this 
idea.  If  it  is  carried  out,  it  will  be  not 
only  a  fitting  tribute  to  a  great  Ameri- 
can, whose  love  of  trees  and  forests  was 
a  passion  with  him,  but  it  will  result 
in  great  material  benefits  to  the  people 
of  the  country.  Such  a  memorial  is  both 
idealistic  and  practical — a  combination 
of  characteristics  which  was  the  source 
of  much  of  the  power  for  leadership  in 
Theodore  Roosevelt  himself. 


work  of  memorial  tree  planting  by  the 
American  Forestry  Association  which  has 
been  widely  quoted  throughout  the  country. 
In  the  opinion  of  the  editor  of  The  Mess- 
enger, of  Owensboro,  Ky.,  "systematic  nut 
tree  planting  and  replanting  along  the 
roadsides  of  this  country  might  not  be  so 
'nutty'  as  it  sounds."  The  Telegraph,  of 
Harrisburg,  calls  attention  to  what  can  be 
done  in  memorial  tree  planting  if  the  or- 


ganizations having  the  welfare  of  a  com- 
munity at  heart  will  co-operate  with   the 
American  Forestry  Association.     "The  set- 
ting out  of  Memorial  Trees  is  a  fine  thing" 
says  The  Talk,  of  Alexandria,  La.,  in  point- 
ing out  the  possibilities  for  classes  in  schools 
and  colleges  to  plant  trees  either  when  they 
enter  or  leave  the  institution.    The  Christian 
Herald,  of  New  York  City,  points  to  what 
New   Bedford,   Mass.,   has  done  and   calls 
trees  a  community  asset.     "It  is  a  splendid 
idea"  says  The  Beacon,  of  Ashtabula,  O., 
and  should  be  entered  into  with  enthusiasm 
and  interest  by  the  people  of  this  country." 
The  Courier,  of  Lafayette,  Ind.,  urges  the 
people   of   that   city   to   take   up   memorial 
tree    planting    at    once.      Memorial    Tree 
planting,   in   the   opinion   of   the  editor  of 
The  News-Times,   of   South   Bend,   is   the 
way  for  the  private  individual  to  do  some- 
thing for  posterity.    The  trees  will  make  the 
city  famous  in  years  to  come  in  the  opinion 
of  the  editor  of  The  Republican,  of  Shelby- 
ville,    Ind.,   expressed   in   urging  memorial 
tree  planting.     The  Democrat,  of   Goshen, 
Ind.,  enlists  in  the  plea  for  nut  and  fruit 
bearing  trees.     The  Evening  Mail,  of  New 
York  City,  has  an  editorial  on  the  plant- 
ing   of    fruit    trees    in    Bryant    Park    and 
quotes    Mr.    Pack   on    the    possibilities    of 
utilizing  the  back  yard  and  vacant  lot  for 
providing  "fruit  f.  o.  b.  the  kitchen  door." 
The  memorial  tree  planting  movement  is  a 
wise  one  in  the  opinion  of  the  editor  of  the 
News  and   Courier,   of   Charleston,    South 
Carolina,  which  calls  on  the  South  in  par- 
ticular to  take  up  the  plan.    "The  American 
Forestry  Association,"  says  the  News  and 
Courier,  "is  wisely  taking  advantage  of  the 
keen  and  widespread  interest  in  good  roads 
to  promote  the  cause  which  it  has  especially 
at  heart— the  cause   of  reforestation.     The 
Forestry    Association's    efforts    should    be 
pushed    and    in    the    South    especially    it 
should  be  given  the  encouragement  which 
it    merits."     In    Motor  Life   we    find    the 
leading  article   with   fine  pictures   devoted 
to  "Plant  A  Tree  for  Remembrance"  which 
tells  of  the  Association's  work.    The  editor 
also   devotes    an   editorial   to   the    subject. 
"Let's  not  stop;   let's  build  the  'Roads  of 
Remembrance'  and  see  that  they  are  lined 
with   magnificent  trees"   writes   the   editor 
of  Motor  Life,  who  adds  that  "it  strikes 
a  responsive  chord  in  our  hearts."  Every 
member   of  the  American   Forestry  Asso- 
ciation should  rally  to  the  cause  of  forest- 
ry  and   write  his   editor,   in   the   name   of 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  thank- 
ing him   when   space   is   given  to  forestry, 
memorial    tree    planting    or    like    subjects. 
Then  too  each  member  should  take  the  lead 
in  tree  planting  in  his  community  and  re- 
port all  activities  to  the  Association. 


1492 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


rPHOSE  interested  in  industries  which 
use  trees  as  their  raw  material  in  Cana- 
da are  taking  active  steps  to  conserve  and 
better  utilize  the  existing  supplies.  On  the 
1 1th  of  October  there  will  meet  in  Quebec 
a  joint  Committee  of  the  Woodlands  Sec- 
tion of  the  Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper  Asso- 
ciation and  the  Quebec  Limit  Holders' 
Association  to  discuss  recommendations  to 
the  Quebec  Government  for  a  change  in  the 
cutting  regulations  and  legislation  leading 
to  compulsory  reforestation.  All  the  im 
portant  lumbering  and  pulp  and  paper  in- 
dustries in  Quebec,  Ontario  and  the  Mari- 
time Provinces  will  be  represented.  The 
discussion  will  occupy  a  day  and  on  the 
morning  of  the  fifteenth  a  committee  of 
the  conference  will  have  an  interview  with 
the  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests,  Hon. 
Mr.  Mercier,  to  present  their  views  and 
make  recommendations.  It  is  hoped  that 
by  mutual  discussion  and  co-operation  the 
government  and  the  wood  using  indus- 
tries may  work  together  for  the  protection, 
proper  utilization  and  perpetuation  of  the 
forests.  This  getting  together  of  wood- 
users,  foresters  and  the  government  should 
have  the  best  of  results. 

The  report  of  the  results  of  the  expedi- 
tion headed  by  Captain  Daniel  Owen,  which 
explored  Laborador  timberlands  by  aero- 
plane, is  very  interesting  and  it  is  hoped 
that  more  details  than  were  embodied  in  the 
newspaper  dispatches  may  soon  be  forth- 
coming. There  is  no  question  whatever 
that  such  an  expedition  could  have  done 
nothing  in  the  time  taken  without  aerial 
transport,  but  we  are  anxious  to  know  what 
landing  places  were  used  for  aeroplanes, 
and,  if  the  number  of  photographs,  said  by 
the  press  reports  to  have  been  taken,  300,- 
000,  is  correct.  It  has  been  the  experience 
of  those  who  have  visited  Laborador  that 
the  timber  was  small  and  was  confined  en- 
tirely to  the  river  valleys,  the  hills  being 
either  bare  or  covered  with  stunted  spruce. 
Volume  tables  worked  up  for  Laborador 
spruce  show  the  timber  somewhat  shorter 
and  smaller,  on  the  average,  than  that  of 
the  territory  west  of  Quebec. 

That  aerial  transportation  is  ideal  for 
reconnaissance  and  even  for  more  detailed 
estimation  of  forest  lands  is  beyond  a 
shadow  of  doubt.  The  writer  has  made  a 
reconnaissance  of  over  1,500  square  miles 
from  the  air  and  each  flight  over  a  country 
develops  one's  ability  to  see  more  detail 
and  estimate  more  closely.  Sitting  in  a 
plane  with  a  map  one  can  mark  the  areas 
burnt,  those  in  different  types  of  timber, 
those  which  are  restocking,  etc.  The  height 
of  the  stands  can  be  estimated  and  a  rough 


approximation  of  the  proportion  of  soft- 
wood to  hardwood  in  the  crown  cover.  At 
three  thousand  to  four  thousand  feet,  job- 
bers' camps  and  dams  can  be  seen  and 
marked  on  the  map,  the  drainage  of  a 
country  and  the  contour  studied  and  the 
way  in  which  logs  can  be  taken  out  of  a 
certain  district.  A  woodlands  manager 
could  easily,  in  a  few  flights,  lay  out  his 
winter's  operations  without  difficulty  and  to 
far  better  advantage   than   in   the  office. 

Where,  as  in  Quebec  and  Ontario,  log- 
ging is  carried  out  at  long  distances  from 
civilization,  often  from  one  to  two  hun- 
dred miles,  and  where  rail  transportation 
seldom  takes  one  nearer  than  30  or  40 
miles,  planes  would  be  invaluable  for  travel 
to  and  from  the  operations,  especially  for 
the  higher  executives  who  now  seldom  see 
anything  of  woods  operations.  With  a 
plane  a  tour  of  all  the  operations  could  be 
made  in  two  or  three  days.  In  case  of 
serious  accidents  in  the  woods,  injured  men 
could  be  brought  out  quickly  and  as  com- 
fortably as  if  in  bed. 

The  detection  and  reporting  of  forest  fires 
is  very  easy,  and  during  the  past  season  a 
Johnson  gasoline  fire  pump  and  1,500  feet  of 
hose  was  always  ready  to  b6  transported 
to  the  scene  of  a  fire.  In  the  St.  Maurice 
Valley  there  is  almost  always  a  lake  within 
two  to  three  miles  of  a  fire,  on  which  a  land- 
ing could  be  made.  As  our  experience 
shows  that  fires  nearly  always  occur  on 
lakes  or  rivers,  the  only  routes  of  travel,  the 
planes  could  almost  always  reach  them.  With 
settlers,  campers  and  berry  pickers,  the  al- 
most daily  presence  of  planes  over  their 
operations  is  the  strongest  kind  of  deter- 
rent for  carelessness  or  wilful  setting  of 
fires.  I  think  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the 
seaplane  or  aeroplane  with  pontoons  will  be 
one  of  the  most  important  aids  to  fire  pro- 
tection and  forestry  work  that  has  so  far 
been   developed. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Piche,  Chief  Forester  of  Que- 
bec, held  a  conference  of  the  Managers  of 
the  Quebec  Forest  Protective  Association 
on  October  20,  at  the  government  nursery 
at  Berthierville,  and  a  visit  was  made  to 
his  plantations  on  the  drifting  sands  at 
Lachute. 

A  party  of  about  twenty  of  the  Senators 
of  the  Dominion  Parliament  made  a  visit 
to  the  industries  in  the  St.  Maurice  Valley 
and  inspected  the  nurseries  and  planta- 
tions of  the  Laurentide  Company.  Senators 
White  and  Bostock,  who  are  directors  of 
the  Canadian  Forestry  Association,  were 
especially  interested. 

Dr.  Hewitt,  head  of  the  Dominion  Ento- 
mological branch ;  Professor  Swaine,  of  the 


same  branch,  and  Clyde  Leavitt.  forester 
to  the  Commission  of  Conservation,  visited 
the  co-operative  Forest  Experiment  Sta- 
tion of  the  Commission  and  the  Laurentide 
Company,  at  Lac  Edward,  Quebec.  Mr. 
Leavitt  made  the  trip  from  Grand  Mere 
to  Lake  Edward  in  a  seaplane. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Schanche,  Forester  to  the 
Abitibi  Pulp  and  Paper  Company,  has  com- 
menced work  on  a  map  and  estimate  of 
their  limits  and  is  breaking  up  ten  acres 
for  a  forest  nursery.  Mr.  Mills,  late  of  the 
staff  of  the  Commission  of  Conservation, 
has  joined  his  staff. 

Lieut. -Col.  George  Chahoon,  Jr.,  presi- 
dent of  the  Laurentide  Company,  and  Mr. 
H.  Biermans,  president  of  the  Belgo- 
Canadian  Pulp  and  Paper  Company,  made 
flights  in  the  seaplane  and  expressed  them- 
selves as  being  much  pleased  with  the  ma- 
chine and  convinced  of  its  practical  value. 

Robson  Black,  secretary,  Canadian  For- 
estry Association,  is  leaving  for  a  trip 
through  the  west  to  address  meetings  of 
the  Canadian  Creditmen's  Association.  Mr. 
Black  is  doing  splendid  work  for  forestry 
along  the  most  practical  lines  and  is  rapid- 
ly educating  the  public  to  the  necessity  for 
properly  using  our  forest  resources. 

Mr.  A.  D.  Gilmour,  forester  of  the  Anglo- 
Newfoundland  Development  Company,  is 
pushing  rapidly  a  map  and  estimate  of  his 
company's  limits  and  is  also  handling  their 
logging  operations.  Base  maps,  showing 
lakes  and  rivers  is  already  completed. 

After  a  750-mile  trip  on  horseback, 
through  the  interior  of  British  Columbia, 
M.  A.  Grainger,  chief  forester,  reports  the 
fires  during  the  past  season  the  worst  since 
1 910. 


That  England  with  an  area  of  less  than 
the  State  of  New  York  is  planning  to  in- 
vest $17,000,000  in  a  ten-year  campaign  to 
reforest  250.000  acres  of  land,  inspires 
Dean  Hugh  P.  Baker,  of  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry,  at  Syracuse,  to 
comment  on  the  need  in  New  York  State 
of  particularly  noting  England's  condi- 
tion and  her  plans.  Great  Britain  will 
replace  for  future  commercial  use  the 
timber  used  in  France  during  the  war 
by  this  expenditure  of  many  millions, 
while  Dean  Baker  points  out,  New  York 
has  difficulty  even  in  putting  through  a 
plan  of  co-operation  with  lumbermen  and 
other  private  holders  for  steps  toward  the 
growth  of  timber  for  the  future.  He  sees 
in  all  this  a  need  for  a  definite  forest  pol- 
icy for  his  state  as  well  as  for  the  nation. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1493 


I     1 


&(p.f 


The  Making  of 
Southern  Pine 


FIRST  the  forest  cruiser,  lone  explorer, 
and  advance  agent  of  the  lumberman, 
judges  and  chooses  with  keen,  appraising 
eye  the  prime  stands  of  virgin  woodland. 
A  great  sawmill  is  erected.  More  thou- 
sands are  added  to  the  millions  of  persons 
in  America  who  derive  their  livelihood 
from  manufacturing  trees  into  lumber,  and 
another  thriving  prosperous  community  is 
added  to  the  rive  hundred  maintained  by 
producing  Southern  Pine — that  sturdy,  de- 
pendable material  which  still  is  and  always 
has  been  the  least  expensive,  most  easily 
available  building  material  in  the  world. 

Southern  Pine  Association 

New  Orleans.  Louisiana 


ill 


i    Thi*  illustration  h  the  first  of  a  series 

g  the  manufarture  of  Southern 

i    fmr.     Th*  *ntif  Mftof  will  b»  [iriblnh^il  in  a 

b*sutrful   booklet        S.t,.(   f-,r  *..ur  r;vy  NOW. 


1494 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL,  MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  following  and  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Association,  which 
desires  to  register  each  Memorial  Tree  planted  in  the  United  States.  A  certificate  of  registration  will  be  sent  to 
each  person,  corporation,  club  or  community  reporting  the  planting  of  a  Memorial  Tree. 


PHILADELPHIA 
By   Home   Unit  of  Philadelphia,  Base  Hospital 
No.   10:   Helen   Fairchild,   Paul  N.   Acosta,  James 
Allen,  Frank  X.   Dochney,  John  Wesley  Thomas, 
Kenneth   B.    Hay. 

CLAREMONT,  CAL. 
By  Mr.   S.   D.   Moles:   Keith   Powell. 

ROBINWOOD,   CAL. 

By     Benjamin     King:     Capt.     Henry     Warren 
Brown. 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

By    California    Federation    of    Women's    Clubs: 
Alice   A.   Fredericks. 

MERIDEN,    CONN. 

By  Robert  C.  Bemis:  Leslie  Carter  Bemis. 

NORWICHTOWN,   CONN. 

By     Scotland     Road     Social     Club:     Albert     E. 
Dexter,   Frank   A.   Wilcox. 

LUTZ,  FLA. 

By    Lutz    Women's    Club:    Boys    of    Lutz    and 
vicinity. 

ORLANDO,  FLA. 
By  Mrs.  F.  A.   Lewter:  Sergt.   Robert  D.   Lew- 
ter. 

HINSDALE,  ILL. 
By    Mrs.    Ben    Allen    Samuel:    Grayson    Hewitt 
Brown. 

SOUTH  BEND,  IND. 
By    Women's    Civic    League:    Fred    C.    Pearson. 


BEREA,  KY. 

By  Woman's  Club:  John  B.  Gabbard,  Dee  Wal- 
ker, Gentry  Kennedy,  Cleveland  Cady  Frost, 
John    E.   Harwood. 

ANNAPOLIS,  MD. 

By  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church:  Our 
Heroes   First   M.    E.    Church. 

NORTH   WILBRAHAM,   MASS. 
By    Soldiers    Welfare     Committee:     George    M. 
Kingdon,  Nelson  S.  Vincent,   Edward   F.   Powers, 
Clarence  Green. 

SOUTHBOROUGH,    MASS. 
By    Margaret    and    Caroline    Oveson:    Capt.    G. 
K.   Sabine,  Jr. 

ATLANTIC  CITY,  N.  J. 

By  Illinois  Avenue  School:  Pennington  Crok- 
er,    George    Randolph. 

ROSSELLE  PARK,  N.  J. 
By  Mr.  W.  G.  Elicker:  Charles  S.  Montgomery, 
John     E.     Williams,     Thomas     Paulson,     Clarence 
Fanning,   Santo   Peluso,   Joseph    E.   Macedo,   Ber- 
tram A.  Rowe,  Edward  Fanning,  Petro  de  Palma. 

RUMSON,   N.  J. 

By  Edward  D.  Adams:  Lieut.  Samuel  Harriot 
Compton,  Corp.  Christopher  Doughty. 

MT.  VERNON,  N.  Y. 

By  Mrs.  A.  W.  Bertine:  William  Wiley  Hay- 
ward. 


GREENWICH,  N.   Y. 

By  Greenwich  Woman's  Club:  Frank  Stiles, 
Homer  Barber,  William  Steenson,  John  J.  Millett, 
Joseph  Adamson,  Eugene  Towns,  Lester  Hyatt, 
Orin  Andrus,  Walter  Flatley,  William  J.  Welch, 
William    Lyttle. 

SIDNEY,    N.   Y. 

By  University  Club:  Charles  L.  Jacobi,  Horace 
Beal,  Peter  C.  Poach,  John  Joseph  Diminco, 
Claude    Eufel,    Ray    C.    Hollock,   Frank    Young. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO 

By  Tuesday  Club,  First  Unitarian  Congrega- 
tional Church:  Soldiers  and  Sailors  Who  Gave 
All  or  Worked  That  Our  Country  and  All  Coun- 
tries  Be   Free.     (7   trees). 

ERIE,  PA. 

By    Hugh    A.    Cargo:    Sergt.   John    D.    Caldwell. 

NEWVILLE,  PA. 

By  Woman's  Club:  Thomas  Z.  Wagner,  James 
Failor,  John  E.  Abrahims,  Sgt.  Raymond  V.  Mar- 
tin. 

DALLAS,  TEX. 

By  University  of  Dallas:  Joseph  Murphy,  Jos- 
eph Byrne,  Orion  Keele,  J.  Wendell  Spake.  By 
Women's  Forum:  R.  Wilbur  Weaver,  Roy  E. 
Mathews,  Horace  Higginbotham,  Eugene  M.  Elli- 
son, Reed  Bodenhamer,  Leslie  D.  Everett.  By 
Council  of  Jewish  Women:  Charles  Klein, 
Nathan   Black,  William  Kleinman. 


WHEN  MEMORIAL   TREES  ARE  PLANTED  PLEASE  INFORM  THE  AMERICAN 
FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


plant  trees 

protect  forests 

Use  forests 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/  hereby   accept   membership   in    The  American 
Forestry  Association   and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  is  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 

CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 
Subscribing  Membership  ........*•$        3.00 

Contributing          "               10-00 

Sustaining               " 25.00 

Life                           "              100.00 

Patron  " 1000.00 

Annual  Membersbip.  witbout  Magazine          .......  100 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  u  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name _ - - — 


This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


Street 


City 

PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


STATE    NEWS 


1495 


STATE   NEWS 


NEW  JERSEY 

pO-OPERATION  along  a  new  line  be- 
^  tween  the  Forest  Fire  Service  of  the 
New  Jersey  Department  of  Conservation 
and  Development  and  the  State  Highway 
Commission  has  been  entered  into  with  a 
view  to  decreasing  the  number  of  forest 
fires  originating  from  highway  construction. 

The  Forestry  Department  has  provided  a 
leaflet  entitled,  "Forest  Fire  Prevention  and 
Highway  Construction,"  which  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  danger  of  using  coal  and  wood 
burning  machinery  under  any  conditions 
and  emphasizing  the  necessity  for  adequate 
spark  arrester  equipment  where  these  fuels 
must  be  used.  It  urges  a  substitution  of 
oil  fuel  or  gasoline  power  just  as  rapidly 
and  as  universally  as  possible  for  all  such 
machinery.  It  emphasizes  the  need  for  in- 
creased care  in  using  fire  for  brush  and 
refuse  disposal,  points  out  the  legal  re- 
quirements for  such  fires  and  makes  sug- 
gestions as  to  methods  and  times  of  the 
work.  It  calls  for  greater  emphasis  by 
those  in  charge  on  the  necessity  for 
care  by  employes  with  smoking  materials 
in  and  near  the  woodland  areas.  The 
pamphlet  is  illustrated  with  10  cuts,  featur- 
ing the  points  particularly  stressed  in  the 
text. 

The  State  Highway  Engineer  will  here- 
after enclose  one  of  the  pamphlets  when 
sending  specifications  to  all  those  bidding 
on  highway  work  for  his  Department. 
Through  the  Highway  Department  the  Fire 
Service  will  also  be  enabled  to  reach  a  large 
number  of  other  contractors  engaged  in 
this  sort  of  work  throughout  the  State. 

In  addition,  the  State  Highway  Engineer 
is  supplying  the  State  Firewarden  with  the 
names  of  all  those  engaged  in  road  con- 
struction and  through  road  inspectors  in 
the  field  is  giving  notice  of  the  condition 
of  all  steam  machinery  used  on  each  job, 
and  particular  notice  of  defective  machin- 
ery or  carelessness  on  the  part  of  the  con- 
tractor. This  will  permit  the  firewarden's 
field  force  to  personally  interview  the  fore- 
man in  charge  of  each  job  where  the  work 
is  in  or  near  the  forested  areas,  and  prompt- 
ly deal  with  carelessness  or  indifference 
where  necessary.  Both  the  publication  and 
subsequent  personal  interviews  will  point 
out  to  the  contractors  that  responsibility 
rests  with  them  for  all  forest  fires  result- 
ing from  any  cause  connected  with  their 
work  even  though  by  accident,  as  is  pro- 
vided by  the  State  fire  law.  They  will  also 
be  informed  of  the  necessity  for  fire  per- 
mits for  using  open  fires  for  any  purpose 
on  the  job  and  of  where  and  how  to  obtain 
these  permits. 

Though  the  number  of  fires  annually, 
coming  from  these  sources  is  not  a  large 


proportion  of  the  total,  and  although  they 
are  among  the  most  preventable,  yet  where 
carelessness  or  indifference  on  the  part  of 
the  contractor  is  found,  they  have  been 
among  the  most  serious  in  several  instances. 
In  his  annual  report,  recently  submitted 
to  the  Governor,  the  State  Firewarden  of 
New  Jersey  comments  upon  the  fact  that 
of  the  796  forest  fires,  large  and  small, 
recorded  during  the  calendar  year  1918,  re- 
sponsibility for  432,  or  54  per  cent,  was 
fixed  upon  some  individual,  or  agent.  There 
were  also  59  cases  involving  technical  vio- 
lation of  the  fire  permit  law  without  en- 
suing fires.  The  penalties  collected  during 
the  year,  without  reference  to  damage 
claims,  amounted  to  $2,956.  Can  any  state 
or  section  surpass  this  record  of  effective 
fire  law  enforcement? 


NEW  YORK 

(~)NE  of  the  largest  tracts  of  forest  land 
ever  approved  for  purchase  by  the  state 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Commissioners  of  the 
Land  Office  was  acted  upon  favorably  re- 
cently when  the  Conservation  Commission's 
recommendation  to  purchase  the  Santa 
Clara  Lumber  Company's  tract  in  Township 
27,  Franklin  County,  was  approved.  This 
tract  involves  practically  18,000  acres  of 
wild  forest  land  and  comprises  some  of 
the  most  scenically  beautiful  sections  of  the 
whole  Adirondack  region,  including  the 
whole  of  Mt.  Seward  and  Mt.  Seymour.  As 
soon  as  titles  to  the  tract  have  been  ap- 
proved by  the  Attorney  General's  office  this 
valuable  area  will  be  added  to  the  Forest 
Preserve  and  be  reserved  for  all  time  for 
the  benefit  of  the  people. 

New  York  State  will  lead  the  nation  in 
intensive  application  of  forestry  to  idle 
lands,  under  plans  now  being  formulated  in 
Otsego   County. 

This  county,  whose  hills  and  valleys, 
lakes  and  streams  formed  the  setting  for 
Cooper's  Leatherstocking  Tales,  is  organ- 
izing a  system  of  county  and  township  for- 
ests, on  the  basis  of  a  forest  survey  made 
by  the  New  York  State  College  of  Fores- 
try at  Syracuse.  The  plan  is  for  each  town- 
ship to  plant  a  forest  of  roughly  100  acres 
as  a  starting  point,  the  several  forests  to 
be  part  of  a  county  system,  to  be  connected 
up  with  highways  to  make  them  accessible 
from  all  parts  of  the  county,  and  all  to  be 
in  accordance  with  a  general  plan.  The 
township  forest,  however,  will  be  the  unit, 
and  it  is  hoped  by  the  Otsego  County  Im- 
provement Association  to  have  plans  so  far 
advanced  that  the  first  planting  can  be  made 
next  spring. 

If  this  is  done  the  New  York  State  Col- 
lege of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  will  send  for- 
esters  to  direct  the   work,   as   preliminary 


surveys  have  already  been  made.  The  plan 
is  to  plant  at  least  four  township  forests 
next  spring,  and  increase  the  number  by 
planting  others  in  the  fall,  until  all  the 
twenty-four  townships  of  the  county  will, 
within  a  short  time,  be  actually  growing 
trees  for  future  generations. 

The  townships  will  buy  the  land  and 
operate  the  forests  but  the  organization 
work  is  being  done  by  the  Otsego  County 
Improvement  Association,  which  is  just 
completing  a  membership  campaign  to  give 
it  $25,000  a  year  for  the  promotion  of  this 
and  three  other  general  projects. 

This  project  is  probably  the  first  in 
America  for  the  planting  and  owning  of  a 
communal  forest  for  future  economic  re- 
turns, and  will  be  used  by  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  as 
a  demonstration  of  the  possibilities  of  for- 
estry in  New  York  State. 

"The  future  of  the  Adirondacks  depends 
upon  the  development  of   its  hardwoods." 

This  declaration  by  Prof.  Edward  F.  Mc- 
Carthy, of  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse,  at  the  conclusion  of 
three  months  of  work  with  a  party  of  for- 
esters in  the  western  Adirondacks,  is  his 
viewpoint  upon  the  problem  of  forestry 
in  New  York  State,  and  his  work  has  a 
particular  bearing  upon  the  pulp  and  paper 
industry.  Prof.  McCarthy  was  assisted  by 
Prof.  H.  C.  Belyea,  of  the  College  of  For- 
estry, and  with  three  assistants  the  two  men 
spent  nearly  three  months  in  the  Western 
and  Northern  Adirondacks  where  they 
maintained  their  camp.  Considerable  study 
was  made  in  other  portions  of  the  Adiron- 
dacks, however,  and  important  results  were 
attained  in  a  study  of  the  reproduction  of 
yellow  birch. 

The  study  was  devoted  entirely  to  yellow 
birch,  which  because  of  its  present  use  to  a 
small  extent  in  the  paper  industry,  and  be- 
cause of  its  rapid  growth  offers  a  possible 
solution  for  the  threatening  shortage  of 
pulp  wood  for  New  York's  paper  mill  in- 
vestments of  many  millions  of  dollars.  The 
study  was  to  determine  the  value  of  yellow 
birch  in  the  future  of  the  Adirondack  for- 
est, and  the  study  extended  to  birch  in  all 
types  and  conditions  of  forest  growth. 

The  importance  of  the  study  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  the  war  census  showed  there 
was  only  about  5,000,000  cords  of  soft  wood 
in  private  hands,  the  rest  being  in  state 
forests,  not  opened  for  cutting.  This  would 
be  a  supply  of  only  about  five  years  for  the 
mills,  if  they  were  not  importing  in  great 
quantities  from  Canada  to  meet  their  needs. 

The  importance  of  birch  is  not  only  for 
its  own  use,  if  it  can  be  so  developed,  but 
particularly  in  its  relation  to  other  woods, 
for  it  has  always  been  a  big  factor,  and 
will  continue  to  be,  in  reproduction  of  any 


1496 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


THE 


1337-1339  F  STREET.N.W. 
WflSHINGTON.P.Q. 

PULSION  ^IRS 

AMP 

ILLUSTRATORS 

3  Qjlor  Pro^ss  Work 
s.lotrotypss 

Superior  Qoality 

Phone  Main  8Z74 


Your  co-operation  with  your  own  magazine 
will  boost  American  Forestry  to  an  exalted 
position  among  advertising  media.  One  way 
to  co-operate  is  to  patronize  our  advertisers, 
or   ask    for   suggestions   and    advice. 


The 

Rising  Sun 

of  Prosperity 

Shines  on 

Thrift 


forest,  as  a  rapid  growing  protective  cover 
for  the  slower  growing  hard  woods. 

The  study  made  hy  the  College  of 
Forestry  experts  was  to  determine  such 
elements  as  the  rate  of  growth,  reproduc- 
tion, its  relative  growth  compared  to  other 
hard  and  soft  woods,  in  order  to  secure 
definite  data  on  which  to  base  future  opera- 
tions in  the  forests.  The  study  was  ex- 
tremely detailed,  for  in  some  sections  strip 
surveys  were  made  to  include  every  grow- 
ing tree,  even  to  those  an  inch  in  diameter 
on  a  typical  plot. 

That  the  replanted  forest  area  grows 
more  rapidly  than  was  the  case  in  the 
virgin  forest  is  now  definitely  known. 
Just  as  the  cultivated  grain  grows  and  pro- 
duces more  luxuriantly  than  the  same  grain 
prospered  in  a  wild  state,  so  do  the  trees 
grow  faster,  particularly  in  their  early  years, 
than  was  the  case  under  natural  conditions. 
The  virgin  forest  contains  trees  which  lived 
250  to  300  years.  Under  favorable  artificial 
forest  conditions,  if  a  replanted  forest  can 
be  called  artificial,  the  tree  would  reach  a 
similar  diameter  in  much  less  time,  and  the 
growth  is  particularly  rapid  in  the  earlier 
years. 

"The  future  Adirondack  forest  will  be 
largely  hard  wood,"  said  Prof.  McCarthy, 
returning  from  his  survey,  "and  the  prob- 
lem now  is  to  develop  the  market  for  the 
coming  hardwood  which  is  replacing  the 
old  soft  wood  forests,  so  that  ultimately 
the  maximum  amount  of  softwood  may 
'come  back'  under  a  policy  of  conservation." 


OHIO 

'"PHE  annual  summer  meeting  of  the 
Ohio  Forestry  Society  was  held  at  Car- 
bondale,  September  12th  and  13th.  The 
members  of  the  Society  and  their  friends 
were  the  guests  of  the  Carbondale  Coal 
Company  who  provided  an  elaborate  camp 
for  the  purpose. 

The  program  consisted  of  trips  over  the 
forest  plantations  and  the  native  woodlands 
of  the  Company  and  was  supplemented  by 
addresses  which  occupied  one  session. 

The  Carbondale  Company  is  a  pioneer  in 
forestry  practices.  Its  surface  tract  of  ap- 
proximately 3000  acres  is  mostly  timbered. 
A  large  portion  of  the  timber  required  to 
operate  the  mines  is  provided  from  their 
holdings.  The  Company  operates  its  own 
mill,  and  all  cutting  on  the  tract  is  made 
in  accordance  with  forestry  principles. 

Some  12  years  ago,  Colonel  Richard  En- 
derlin,  president  of  the  Company,  undertook 
to  reforest  the  old  fields.  The  species  used 
were  largely  tulip  poplar,  black  locust  and 
white  and  red  pines.  Definite  areas  have 
been  planted  annually  since  that  time,  and 
the  plantings  on  the  whole  have  been  very 
successful.  Considerable  data  may  now  be 
secured  from  these  plantations  which  is  of 
special  interest  to  coal  companies  in  South- 
western Ohio. 

Colonel  Enderlin  gave  a  very  interesting 
talk  on  "What  an  Army  Cantonment  Has 
Done  for  a  Community."  The  Colonel  was 


chairman  of  the  Chillicothe  War  Hoard  and 
in  that  capacity  had  charge  of  much  of  the 
work  in  preparing  for  the  large  Chillicothe 
Cantonment.  It  was  largely  his  executive 
ability  and  inherent  leadership  that  made 
possible  such  rapid  progress  in  complet- 
ing this  camp. 

G.  D.  Cook  in  charge  of  the  Cincinnati 
Municipal  Forest  told  what  the  10th  Engi- 
neers accomplished  in  the  forests  of  Frame 

J.  W.  Calland,  Forester  of  the  Miami 
Conservancy  District,  gave  a  splendid  ac- 
count of  the  big  project  under  way  to  con- 
trol the  floods  of  the  Miami  Valley.  The 
Conservancy  District  comprises  33,000  acres 
of  land,  which  is  divided  into  5  retarding 
basins.  These  basins  are  the  valleys  of 
rivers  and  creeks,  the  confluence  of  which 
is  peculiarly  conducive  to  severe  floods 
that  have  done  much  damage  to  the  densely 
populated  districts  of  the  Valley  in  the 
vicinity  of  Dayton.  The  retarding  basins 
are  formed  by  the  erection  of  immense 
earth  dams  from  400  to  500  feet  in  width 
across  the  valley  at  favorable  locations. 
The  completion  of  this  project  will  render 
impossible  the  recurrence  of  such  catas- 
trophes as  the  1913  flood. 

F.  W.  Dean,  Assistant  State  Forester, 
spoke  of  the  French  forests  and  forestry. 

Edmund  Secrest,  State  Forester,  outlined 
the  proposed  Federal  and  State  Forestry 
Program.    He  advocated : 

1.  A  definite  policy  for  the  acquisition  by 
the  State  of  large  areas  of  the  rough 
sterile  lands  in  some  of  the  Southern  Ohio 
counties.  Some  250,000  acres  could  even- 
tually be  purchased  by  the  State  without 
the  inclusion  of  any  considerable  agricul- 
tural surface. 

2.  A  greater  and  more  persistent  cam- 
paign of  education  coupled  with  more 
material  assistance  to  the  owners  of  private 
woodlands. 

3.  Acquisition  by  cities  of  municipal 
forests. 

4.  More  systematic  and  intensive  re- 
search and  experimentation,  especially  in 
forest  management  and  utilization.  Since 
the  forests  of  the  State  are  largely  farm 
woodlands  the  problem  of  fire  protection  is 
not  a  formidable  one,  although  it  should  re 
ceive  attention  in  certain  sections. 


WISCONSIN 
TN  several  Wisconsin  counties  the   forest 

scourge  known  as  white  pine  blister  has 
secured  a  foothold  to  an  extent  that  is 
causing  the  State  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture apprehension.  A  field  conference  was 
called  in  Polk,  Barron  and  St.  Croix  coun- 
ties to  consider  means  for  staying  the  pr< 
ress  of  the  disease,  and  was  attended  by 
Commissioner  C.  P.  Norgord,  and  the  act- 
ing state  entomologist,  Dr.  Fracker. 

Among  the  men  present  were  forest 
pathologists  of  the  United  States  depart- 
ment, Brown  and  Syracuse  Universities, 
and  Prof.  L.  R.  Jones,  of  the  Wisconsin 
Agricultural  Experiment  station,  in  addi- 
(Continued  on  Page  1500) 


FOREST    SCHOOL    NOTES 


1497 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA 

CINCE  the  last  writing  the  Forestry  Club 
has  held  two  well  attended  meetings  and 
planned  for  activities  during  the  semester. 
A  club  hike  will  be  taken  to  Lagunitas  and 
Little  Carson  Canyons  in  Marin  County  on 
Sunday,  October  12th.  A  large  attendance 
is  expected  as  the  route  of  the  trip  lies 
through  some  very  fine  bodies  of  redwood 
and  Douglas  fir  timber. 

A  get-together  meeting  of  all  students  and 
faculty  members  of  the  College  of  Agricul- 
ture was  held  September  15th.  Dean  Hunt 
welcomed  the  250  freshmen  and  the  large 
number  of  former  students  and  faculty  re 
turning  from  military  service.  His  mes- 
sage to  all  was  "Do  something  every  day, 
don't  just  start  something." 

Professor  Walter  Mulford  is  taking  a 
much  needed  vacation  in  the  mountains  of 
Santa  Cruz  County. 

Professor  Donald  Bruce  has  gone  to 
Portland,  Oregon,  to  attend  the  sessions  of 
the  Pacific  Logging  Congress  and  Western 
Forestry  and  Conservation  Association 
there. 

The  Forestry  Club  members  are  discuss- 
ing the  possibility  of  resuming  publication 
of  "California  Forestry,"  the  Club  maga- 
zine which  was  discontinued  because  of  the 
war.  It  is  a  big  undertaking  but  a  majority 
of  the  boys  seem  to  feel  that  they  can  put 
it    through   successfully. 

Ninety  men  of  the  Australian  overseas 
forces  have  come  to  the  University  for  sev- 
eral months'  training  before  returning  to 
their  country.  Most  of  the  men  are  at  the 
farm  school  at  Davis.  Lieutenant  Norman 
Jackson,  who  plans  to  go  into  the  lumber 
business  with  his  brother  in  Australia  is 
registered  in  several  university  courses.  He 
enlisted  in  1914,  went  thiough  the  Galli- 
poli  campaign  and  served  until  the  end  of 
the  war  in  France.  He  has  many  interest- 
ing stories  to  tell  of  incidents  which  oc- 
curred during  his   varied   military   service 


UNIVERSITY    OF    IDAHO 
]Y*R.    C.    EDWARD    BEHRE,    recently 


returned  from  a  two  years'  service 
overseas  with  the  forest  engineers,  has  ac- 
cepted a  call  to  an  assistant  professorship 
in  forestry  and  arrived  to  take  up  his  work 
October  I.  Mr.  Behre  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Sheffield  Scientific  School,  and  received  his 
master's  degree  in  forestry  from  the  Yale 
Forest  School  in  1917,  graduating  with 
highest  honors.  His  training  and  experi- 
ence fit  him  admirably  for  his  new  posi- 
tion, and  he  comes  to  it  with  strong  recom- 
mendations from  those  who  know  his  work. 
I.  W.  Cook,  associate  professor  of  for- 
estry, has  resigned  to  accept  an  important 
position  with  a  large  lumber  company.  He 
has  been  with  the  School  of  Forestry  sev- 


eral years  and  has  rendered  both  the  Uni- 
versity and  the  state  splendid  service  in 
promoting  the  cause  of  forestry. 

The  ranger  course  offered  by  the  School 
of  Forestry  is  designed  to  meet  the  needs 
of  rangers  and  guards  wishing  to  prepare 
themselves  for  more  rapid  advancement ; 
for  young  men  planning  to  take  the  civil 
service  examination  for  the  position  of  for- 
est ranger  in  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service;  also 
for  men  connected  with  some  phase  of  the 
timber  industry  who  wish  to  acquire  a 
knowledge  of  the  general  principles  of 
forestry,  but  who  cannot  spare  the  time  for 
a  fuller  course. 

Young  men  never  had  so  many  reasons 
for  making  thorough  preparation  for  their 
work  as  right  now.  This  is  especially  true 
of  those  engaged  in  forestry  and  the  for- 
est industries,  as  the  demand  for  men 
trained  in  these  lines  is  far  in  excess  of  the 
supply,  and  opportunities  for  advancement 
were  never  better.  This  course  offers  a 
chance  to  share  these  opportunities.  It  is 
given  at  a  time  of  the  year  when  you  can 
best  get  away  from  your  work,  yet  each 
session  is  of  sufficient  length  to  enable  you 
to  make  your  training  thorough. 

Every  facility  of  the  School  of  Forestry 
is  offered  to  short  course  students  just  as 
fully  as  to  the  students  of  the  long  course. 
The  equipment  for  handling  the  work  is 
complete  and  up  to  date.  The  work  will 
consist  of  laboratory  exercises,  actual  field 
practice,  and  lectures  by  the  forest  faculty, 
Forest  Service  officials,  lumbermen  and 
others. 

Admission  to  classes  is  without  examina- 
tion. The  work  is  of  high  school  grade, 
hence  any  young  man  who  has  had  the 
equivalent  of  eighth  grade  or  grammar 
school  preparation  may  attend.  For  further 
information  apply  to  F.  G.  Miller,  Dean, 
School  of  Forestry,  University  of  Idaho, 
Moscow,   Idaho. 


OF 


NEW  YORK  STATE  COLLEGE 
FORESTRY  AT  SYRACUSE 
UNIVERSITY 

C  WEDEN,  through  the  American-Scand 


navian  Foundation,  has  sent  a  trained 
forester,  A.  E.  F.  Schard,  to  the  New  York 
State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  for 
special  study  in  American  methods  in  for- 
estry, on  an  inter-change  of  students  by 
which  the  United  States  sent  Henry  M. 
Melloney,  of  the  New  York  State  College 
of  Forestry  to  Sweden  for  study  there. 
Both  men  rank  as  fellows  of  the  American- 
Scandinavian  Foundation,  and  will  get  a 
handsome  financial  allowance  to  make  pos- 
sible their  securing  the  best  information 
possible  on  forestry  methods  in  the  coun- 
tries to  which  they  are  sent.  Mr.  Schard 
came  to  this  country  to  study  particularly 

Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  adv 


PULPWOOD 

TIMBER 

ON 

BLACKFEET 
NATIONAL  FOREST 

MONTANA 

The  Forest  Service  calls  the 
attention  of  paper  manu- 
facturers to  a  tract  of 
timber  on  the  North  Fork 
of  Flathead  River,  within 
the  Blackfeet  National 
Forest,  Montana,  and  ap- 
proximately 12  miles 
from  Columbia  Falls,  on 
the  Great  Northern  Rail- 
way. This  area  contains 
at  least  500,000,000  feet 
of  stumpage,  70  per  cent 
of  which  consists  of 
Engelmann  spruce,  hem- 
lock, and  other  species 
suitable  for  wood  pulp. 
Undeveloped  water  power 
is  available  in  sufficient 
quantities  for  manufac- 
turing purposes. 

All  information  available 
concerning  this  area  will 
be  furnished  upon  re- 
quest by  the  District 
Forester,  U.  S.  Forest 
Service,  at  Missoula,  Mon- 
tana. The  Forest  service 
is  prepared  to  consider 
terms  of  sale  for  this 
stumpage  on  a  basis 
which  will  make  the  in- 
stallation of  a  plant  for 
the  manufacture  of  paper 
feasible.  Inquires  are 
invited. 


1498 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


COTONEASTERS 


i~J>  Tj^EW,  if  any,  shrubs 
■*■  are  more  dainty 
and  desirable  than  the 
Cotoneasters.  They  are  a  de- 
all  the  season  from  the  time 
the  white  or  pink  flowers  open  in 
early  June  to  the  changing  foliage  in  late 
fall.  And  then  there  are  brilliant  red  berries  which  remain  nearly 
all  winter.  Some  varieties  are  small  (only  2  feet  high),  while 
others  grow  10  feet  or  more. 

"Foundation  Plantings"  a  monograph  on  the  desirable  shrubs 
and  trees  for  large  and  small  grounds,  describes  and  prices  the  six 
desirable  Cotoneasters.  Let  us  send  you  a  copy  with  our 
compliments. 

HICKS  NURSERIES,  Box  F,  Westbury,  L.  L,  N.  Y. 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

"DEST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  601  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


BoX^oAfte/uu(/ 

Originated  and  Introduced  by 

THE  ELM  CITY  NURSERY  COMPANY 

VVoodmont  Nurseries,  Inc. 
Box  805,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Fall    Planting  Advised.    Send  for 
Box  -  Barberry   Folder  and   General  , 
Nursery  Catalogue. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 

TREE  SEEDS 

SEEDLINGS           Wriu  for  pric,  on      TRANSPLANTS 

targe  quantities 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORESTRY  CO. 

CHESHIRE,    CONN. 

H 


ARRISONS'  NURSERIE 

Fruit  Trees  Budded  from  Bearing 
Orchards.  Peach,  apple,  pear,  plum, 
cherry,  quince,  grape-vines,  straw- 
berry plants,  raspberries,  blackber- 
ries, evergreens  and  shade  trees. 
Catalog  free.      Box  71,  Berlin,  Md. 


S 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send   for   my   catalogue   containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresher  Pennsylvania 


PLANT  MEMORIAL 

TREES  FOR  OUR 

HEROIC  DEAD 


Orchids 


We  are  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers   SUMMIT,  N.  J. 


timber  transportation  and  commercial 
phases  of  forestry,  and  a  special  course  has 
been  arranged  at  Syracuse  to  permit  him  to 
do  the  special  work  which  will  be  of  value 
to  him  and  promote  international  relations. 

Mr.  Schard  has  been  in  the  Swedish 
forest  service  since  his  graduation  from  one 
of  the  big  universities  of  his  native  land, 
and  has  traveled  extensively  in  Germany 
and  France  and  other  countries  studying 
forestry  methods.  He  is  one  of  the  first 
students  ever  sent  to  the  United  States  for 
forestry  study  under  the  operation  of  the 
American-Scandinavian  Foundation  and  the 
recognition  given  the  New  York  State  Col- 
lege of  Forestry  is  accentuated  by  the  fact 
that  this  year  marked  the  first  time  that  the 
Philippine  government  has  sent  a  student 
to  Syracuse  for  forestry  study,  in  the  per- 
son of  Luis  J.  Reyes,  who  was  in  the  Philip- 
pine forestry  service  six  years  before  com- 
ing here  for  special  study. 

A  surprising  demand  from  American  in- 
dustry for  men  trained  in  forestry  has  been 
disclosed  through  the  placing  of  graduates 
the  past  few  weeks  by  the  New  York  State 
College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse.  The  de- 
mand for  men  not  alone  from  concerns  in 
the  lumber  industry,  but  especially  from  in- 
dustries using  the  products  of  the  forest  in 
manufacturing.  Announcement  has  been 
made  of  the  placing  of  seven  foresters 
who  are  returned  soldiers,  and  of  three 
other  recent  graduates  of  the  College  of 
Forestry  in  positions  applying  to  practical 
life  the  training  given  in  forestry. 


OREGON  STATE   COLLEGE   OF 
FORESTRY 

pROF.  H.  S.  NEWINS,  who  spent  more 
than  a  year  with  the  Aircraft  Pro- 
duction Division  of  New  York,  as  inspector 
of  timber  used  in  airplane  construction,  is 
back  in  his  former  position  as  Professor  of 
Forestry  in  the  Oregon  State  College.  He 
made  the  trip  from  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
to  Corvallis,  Oregon,  by  auto,  covering  the 
distance  in  thirty  days. 

Forty  members  of  the  School  of  Forestry 
attended  the  sessions  of  the  Pacific  Logging 
Congress  in  Portland,  October  8-10. 

P.  F.  Shen,  a  junior  student  of  the  School 
of  Forestry,  who  hails  from  the  south  of 
China,  is  completing  his  course  in  the  Yale 
Forest  School.  Shen  plans  to  cover  the 
principal  forest  regions  of  the  United 
States  and  then  return  to  his  own  country 
to  aid  in  working  out  forestry  problems 
there. 

At  the  sessions  of  the  Pacific  Logging 
Congress,  held  in  Portland,  October  8-10, 
the  following  Forest  School  men  were  in 
attendance:  E.  T.  Clark,  Professor  of 
Logging  Engineering,  Washington  State 
University;    Donald    Bruce,    Professor    of 


WE  WANT  TO  RECORD  YOUR  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING.    PLEASE  ADVISE 
THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,   WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


FOREST    SCHOOL    NOTES 


1499 


Forestry  University  of  California ;  Dorr 
Skeels,  Dean  of  the  Forest  School  of 
Montana;  E.  M.  Buol,  Professor  of  Log- 
ging Engineering;  H.  S.  Newins,  Professor 
of  Forestry,  and  G.  VV.  Peavy,  Dean  of  the 
School  of  Forestry,  Oregon  State  College. 
During  the  Congress  these  men  held  a 
round  table  discussion  relative  to  the  prob- 
lems peculiar  to  the  western  forest  schools. 


PENNSYLVANIA  STATE  FORESTRY 
SCHOOL 

pROF.  C.  R.  ANDERSON  has  been  ap- 
pointed Extension  Representative  in 
Forestry.  He  will  continue  to  give  the 
courses  in  Management  and  Finance  in  the 
Forestry  School  and  devote  a  portion  of  his 
time  to  woodlot  work  in  the  state. 

The  enrollment  of  students  in  Forestry 
is  as  follows :  Seniors,  eight ;  Juniors, 
seven ;  Sophomores,  twenty- four ;  Fresh- 
men, twenty. 

C.  B.  Davis,  '17,  is  Forest  Assistant  to 
H.  G.  Schanche,  '18,  Forester,  with  the 
Abitibi  Power  &  Paper  Company  of  Cana- 
da. L.  G.  Baltimore,  '18,  is  City  Forester  of 
Harrisburg.  Charles  Claxton,  '17,  has  re- 
sumed his  position  in  charge  of  the  For- 
estry Department  at  the  Lincoln  Memorial 
University,  Tennessee.  H.  E.  Richards, 
'16,  and  O.  B.  Gipple,  '15,  are  again  with 
the  Wheeler  &  Dusenbury  Lumber  Com- 
pany at  Endeavor,  Pennsylvania,  working 
under  the  direction  of  R.  R.  Chaffee,  Har- 
vard Forest  School,  1910,  Forest  Engineer 
for  the  company.  Chaffee  had  charge  of 
the  courses  in  Lumbering  at  Penn  State 
for  several  years  before  engaging  in  prac- 
tical work  in  Lumbering.  R.  A.  Zeller,  '15, 
is  Forest  Examiner  on  the  Chugach  Na- 
tional Forest,  Ketchikan,  Alaska.  He  writes 
that  he  finds  many  foot-prints  of  G.  L. 
Drake,  '12,  who  formerly  held  this  position. 


STATES     RECEIVE     GOODLY     POR- 
TION OF  NATIONAL  FOREST 
RECEIPTS 
'THE  total  receipts  of  the  National  For- 
ests of  Arizona  for  the  fiscal  year  that 
ended  on  June  30  last  were,  $511,380.70,  and 
the    receipts   of   the   New    Mexico    forests 
for  the  same  period  were,  $358,735.69.    The 
Arizona   forests   ranked  second   of   all   the 
states  in  receipts,  being  outranked  only  by 
California.     New  Mexico  stood  sixth  from 
the  top. 

Of  these  receipts  the  state  of  Arizona 
and  its  counties  will  receive  $171,928.80  for 
roads  and  schools,  and  $45,261.18  in  addition 
will  be  spent  by  the  Forest  Service  in  build- 
ing roads  within  the  forests.  This  latter 
fund  is  known  as  the  ten  per  cent  fund  and 
is  altogether  distinct  from  the  $10,000,000 
Forest  Service  road  fund  provided  in  last 
year's  post  office  appropriation  bill. 

Of  the  receipts  from  the  New  Mexico 
forests,  the  state  and  counties  of  New 
Mexico  receive  $104,752.54  for  roads  and 
schools,  and  an  additional  sum  of  $33,864.42 
will  be  spent  under  the  ten  per  cent  provi- 
sion for  roads. 


J,    VOLUNTEER 

for  the  Third 

RED  CROSS  ROLL  CALL 

Opportunity,  Privilege,  Duty  con- 
front YOU.     The  personal  service 
of  a  million  volunteers  is  needed 
November    second    to    Armistice 
Day,  the  eleventh,  to  enlist  every 
citizen    in    the    world's    greatest 
Army  of  Mercy. 

Hopeful,    grateful    America    ap- 
peals for  the  Red  Cross  spirit. 

1 


If  You  Are  Interested  In  Birds  You  Will  Be   Interested   In 

BIRD-LORE 

(Edited  by  Frank  M.   Chapman) 

a  beautifully  illustrated  bi-monthly  magazine  published  by  the  Audobon 
Societies  for  birds  and  bird-lovers. 

Help  all  three  by  giving  BIRD-LORE  as  a 

CHRISTMAS  PRESENT 

If  you  will  tell  us  to  wkom  you  wisb  to  send  tbe  magazine  for  1920 
we  will  send  tbem  a  Christmas  Card,  signed  with  your  name  as  Donor. 
A  free  copy  of  our  December  number  will  be  mailed  in  time  to  be 
received  on  Christmas  Day  and  BIRD-LORE  will  follow  throughout 
the  year. 

Subscription  $1.50  a    Year 


BOX  926 


BIRD-LORE 

HARRISBURG,  PENNA. 


Turn  siiimp  land  into  Money 


^^^^^V         HAND     POWER. 

I  'AStump 
1 L4~Dulio^ 


Increase  your  acreage  and  thereby 
increase  your  income. 
Clear  your  stump  land  cheaply. 
No  expense  for  teams  or  powder. 
One  man  with  a 
can  outpull  16  horses.    Works  by  leverage — same  principle  as 
a  jack.    100  lbs.  pull  on  the  lever  gives  a  48-ton  pull  on  the 
stump.    Made  of   the  finest  steel — guaranteed  against 
breakage.     Endorsed  by  U.  S.  Government  experts. 


Write  today  for 

special  offer  and  free 

booklet  on 

Land  Clearing 


Works  eqally  well  on  hillsides 
and  marshes  where  horses 

cannot  operate 
T^i  Fitzpatrick  Products  Corp. 
Box    43    199  John  St..  New  York 
Pac.  Utl  Oiiice  182  Filth  St.  Sao  Frucuco.  CaL    ^  -v  ^ 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1500 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
a  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.   C.      Prices  are  by  mail  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     VALUATION— Filibert     Roth 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth   

PRACTICAL    TREE    REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER     INDUSTRY— By    R.    S.     Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur    F.    Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By    H.    H.    Chapman    

CHINESE    FOREST    TREES   AND    TIMBER    SUPPLY— By    Norman    Shaw 

TREES,    SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By    John    Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By   Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.   I   and    II,  4   Parts  to   a  Volume— 

Per    Part    

THE   TRAINING  OF   A  FORESTER— Gifford   Pinchot    

LUMBER   AND   ITS   USES— R.   S.   Kellogg 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Britton 

KEY   TO   THE   TREES— Collins  and   Preston 

THE   FARM   WOODLOT— E.   G.   Cheyney  and  J.   P.   Wentling 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel    J. 


Record 


PLANE    SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Graves 

THE    ECONOMICS   OF   FORESTRY— B.   E.   Fernow 

FIRST    BOOK   OF    FORESTRY— Filibert   Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.   S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF    AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel   B.    Green 

TREES  IN  WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvis 

MANUAL   OF    THE    TREES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive    of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent    

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14    Volumes,    per    Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE   NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND   CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY     MOUNTAINS— Romeyn     B.     Hough 

GETTING   ACQUAINTED   WITH   THE   TREES— J.   Horace   McFarland 

PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  WOOD;  THEIR  CHARACTERISTIC  PROPERTIES— Chas.  H.  Snow 

HANDBOOK   OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES    OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame    and    Henry    Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN   UNITED  STATES— H.  E.   Park- 


hurst 


TREES— H.    Marshall    Ward    

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Muir    

LOGGING— Ralph    C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.  Hawes 

THE    PRINCIPLES  OF    HANDLING   WOODLANDS— Henry   Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND    CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman 

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.   Moon  and  N.   C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES    OF    TREES— J.    J.    Levison 

TREE    PRUNING— A.    Des    Cars    •  •• 

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE   OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.  Tourney... 

FUTURE   OF  FOREST   TREES— By   Dr.    Harold   Unwin 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

FARM   FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson    

THE   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.   Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Maud   Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.   Taylor 

THE   LAND  WE   LIVE  IN— By  Overton   Price 

WOOD    AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes 

THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBING,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette    •■•••• •  • 

FRENCH  FORESTS  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL   MATERIALS— Chas.   H.   Snow 

EXERCISES  IN  FOREST  MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR    NATIONAL   FORESTS— H.    D.    Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS— By  Robert  Sterling  Yard 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance : 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT— By  A.  B.  Recknagel  and  John  Bentley,  Jr 

THE    FOREST   RANGER    AND    OTHER   VERSE— By  John   Guthrie 

TIMBER,   ITS   STRENGTH,   SEASONING   AND   GRADING— By  H.  S.  Betts 


$1.50 
2.00 

2  00 
1.1* 
2.1* 
2.00 
2.50 
1.50 

5.00 
1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.31 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 

3  00 
4.00 

1.61 
1.10 
1.50 

1.50 
2.00 

6.00 
7.50 

6.00 
1.75 
3.50 
5.00 
1.50 

1.51 
1.50 
1.91 
3.50 
2.50 
3.50 
1.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
3.00 
3.50 
2.25 
2.00 
1.30 
2.10 
1.50 
2.50 
1.70 
3.00 
3.00 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.50 
2.50 
2.50 
3.10 
.  .65 
2.60 
1.60 
3.10 


*  This,  of  course,  is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on  forestry 
or  related   subjects  upon  request.— EDITOR.  


STATE  NEWS 
(Continued  from  Page  1496) 
tion  to  several  representatives  of  the  Wis- 
consin department  of  agriculture,  who  act- 
ed as  hosts. 

After  going  over  conditions  in  Wiscon- 
sin, a  brief  trip  was  made  through  the  in- 
fected area  in  Minnesota,  where  conditions 
are  even  more  serious  than  in  this  state. 
A  publicity  campaign  among  pine  owners, 
showing  practical  control  methods,  is  be- 
ing started.  The  progress  of  white  pine 
blister  is  slow  and  hope  of  limiting  its 
spread  is  held. 


SEED    BURNED    FORESTS    BY    USE 
OF  AIRPLANES 

'T'HE  Forest  Service  has  been  urged  by 
Representative  Randall,  of  California, 
to  start  a  re-forestation  program  for  the 
fire-denuded  areas  in  the  Sierra-Madre 
Range  by  using  airplanes  to  scatter  mil- 
lions of  tree  seeds  over  these  mountains 
as  soon  as  the  rainy  season  begins.  After 
his  conference  with  Service  officials,  Mr. 
Randall  wired  civic  organizations  in  Pacific 
Coast  cities  to  organize  Forestry  Services 
to  press  action  by  the  Government. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

"Forest  Products— Their  Manufacture 
and  Use,"  by  Nelson  Courtlandt  Brown. 
John  Wiley  &  Sons.  New  York.  471  pages, 
120  figures,  $3.75  net.  To  those  who  are 
interested  in  the  chief  commercial  features 
involved  in  the  principal  forest  industries, 
lumber  excluded,  this  book  will  he  most 
welcome  as  filling  a  much  needed  gap  in 
American  forestry  literature  on  the  prin- 
ciples and  practices  followed  in  the  pro- 
duction of  materials  which,  from  the  view- 
point of  invested  capital  and  value  of 
products,  are  of  greater  importance,  col- 
lectively, than  lumber.  The  subject  is  pre- 
sented clearly  and  interestingly  but 
necessarily  with  brevity  as  it  would  not 
be  possible  to  treat  in  detail  the  many 
topics  covered  in  one  volume.  This  is  ex- 
emplified by  the  following  subjects,  each 
treated  in  a  separate  chapter:  General  in- 
troduction— Original  forests — History  of 
lumber  cut ;  Wood  Pulp  and  Paper ;  Tan- 
ning Materials ;  Veneers ;  Slack  Cooper- 
age; Tight  Cooperage;  Naval  Stores; 
Hardwood  Distillation;  Softwood  Distilla- 
tion ;  Charcoal ;  Boxes  and  Shooks ;  Cross 
Ties;  Poles  and  Piling;  Posts;  Mine  Tim- 
bers; Fuelwood;  Shingles  and  Shakes; 
Maple  Syrup  and  Sugar ;  Rubber ;  Dye 
Woods  and  Materials;  Excelsior;  Cork. 
The  values  and  conditions  used  are,  to  a 
large  extent,  given  for  the  period  prior  to 
the  participation  of  this  country  in  the 
war,  Commissioner  Brown  deeming  this 
advisable  because  of  the  wholly  abnormal 
and  somewhat  temporary  conditions 
brought  about  by  the  war  itself.  Brief 
bibliographies,  which  were  used  to  some  ex- 
tent as  sources  of  information,  are  ap- 
pended at  the  end  of  each  chapter,  and 
can  be  consulted  for  further  study  in  each 
subject.  Much  of  the  data  given  have 
been  obtained  by  Commissioner  Brown 
during  his  personal  investigation  and  in- 
spection of  operations  in  the  South,  the 
Lake  States,  the  Northwest  and  the  far 
West,  while  some  of  the  material  was  col- 
lected on  his  trips  to  various  European 
countries. 


"The  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary," 
a  reference  volume  for  all  requiring  quick 
access  to  a  large  amount  of  essential  data 
regarding  chemicals  and  other  substances 
used  in  manufacturing  and  laboratory 
work.  Compiled  and  edited  by  the 
Editorial  Staff  of  the  Chemical  Engineer- 
ing Catalog,  F.  M.  Turner,  Jr.,  Technical 
Editor.  The  Chemical  Catalog  Company, 
Inc.,  New  York.  Price,  $5.00.  This  book 
differs  from  the  ponderous  reference  books 
of  the  technical  laboratory  in  many  re- 
spects other  than  its  small  size  and  com- 
pactness. It  is  written  for  the  business 
man,  the  lawyer — the  man  in  the  street 
with  only  a  slight  knowledge  of  chemistry, 
as  well  as  for  the  professional  chemist. 
Information    of   all    kinds,    some   of    it    not 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1501 


c 


'mnmmmrmjmwwKif^ 


-015"OH», 


rvkMV^f^^ 


■^VAW^ 


Thousands  of  sawyers  will  tell  you  of  their  experiences 
with  other  saws  before  they  permanently  selected  Disston 
High-Grade  Cross-Cut  Saws. 

Thev  will  tell  you  of  hard  work  with  other  saws  that 
"bind"  and  won't  "take  hold." 

Usually,  they  also  speak  of  having  tried  saws  that 
wouldn't  hold  their  set  in  "hard  cutting." 

Then,  too,  they  sometimes  say  they  lost  much  time  with 
saws  that  had  to  be  sharpened  "every  time  you  turn  around." 

Now  these  men  insist  on  Disston  Cross-Cut  Saws — they 
know  that  to  use  an  inferior  saw  is  to  waste  time  and  energy. 

HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS,  INC.,  PHILADELPHIA,  U.  S.  A. 

DISSTORSAWS 


All  Disston  Cross-Cut 
Saws  are  made  of  a 
snecial  grade  of  Disston 
Crucible  Steel — an  ex- 
clusive Disston  product 
— made  only  in  the  Diss- 
ton   plant. 

Tt  is  the  streneth  and 
edge-holding  qualities  of 
this  famous  saw  steel, 
combined  with  right  de- 
sign and  workmanship, 
that  has  enabled  Disston 
to  maintain  acknowl- 
edged leadership  in-  saw 
malring  for  nearly  eighty 
years. 

The  two  saws  shown 
here  are  leading  high- 
grade    cross-cut    saws. 

The  VIRGINIAN  is 
designed  for  those  who 
prefer  a  two-cutter  and 
the  SUWANEE  for  those 
wishing  a  four-cutter 
style. 


SPECIAL  OFFER  TO  MEMBERS  ONLY 

One  of  the  following  described  books  will  be  presented  free  of  charge  to  any  member  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association  who  secures  ONE  NEW  subscribing  member: 

No.  1 — Field  Book  of  American  Trees  and  Shrubs,  465  pages,  275  illustrations  of  trees,  leaves, 
blossoms,  fruits,  seeds,  area  of  growth,  etc. 

No.  2 — Field  Book  of  Wild  Birds  and  Their  Music,  262  pages,  38  colored  and  15  other  full-page 
illustrations. 

No.  3 — Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers,  587  pages,  24  colored  plates  and  215  full-page 
illustrations. 

FILL  OUT  THIS  BLANK 

I  present  for  Subscribing  Membership  in  the 
including    American   Forestry    Magazine,   and   enclose  $3.00  for  the  1919  fee — 

Name - — 


Send  Book  No. 


Address City 

to  Name _ 


Address- City  _ , _ 

$2.00  of  above  fee  is  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  for  One  Year. 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  is  published  monthly  by  the  American  Forestry  Association. 

Subscription  price  without  membership,  three  dollars  per  year;   single  copies,  twenty-five  cents. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1502 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


FORESTERS  ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  In  this  column  advertisements  of  for- 
esters, lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  service,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to  offer  such   foresters,  lumbermen  or  woodsmen. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester ;  college  graduate,  37  years  of  age  and 
married.  Have  had  seven  years'  experience  in 
the  National  Forests  of  Oregon,  California, 
Washington  and  Alaska.  Also  some  European 
training.  At  present  employed  on  timber  sur- 
veys as  chief  of  party  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Desire  to  make  a  change  and  will  be  glad  to 
consider  position  as  Forester  on  private  estate, 
or  as  city  Forester.  Will  also  consider  position 
as  Asst.  Superintendent  of  State  Park  and 
Game  Preserve  in  addition  to  that  of  Forester. 
Can  furnish  the  best  of  references.  Address 
Box  820,  care  American  Forestry  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.   C. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
to  take  charge  of,  or  as  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field— from 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery— including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American  Forestry. 


An  Opening  For  One   Hundred 
Foresters 

The  position  is  that  of  Division  Firewarden; 
the  territory  is  approximately  one-third  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey;  the  work  is  general 
administration  of  all  forest  fire  matters 
together  with  attendance  at  large  fires,  in- 
vestigation of  the  causes  of  fires,  supervision 
of  the  personnel  of  the  local  firewarden  ser- 
vice, about  one  hundred  men,  and  responsi- 
bility for  the  publicity  and  propaganda  fire 
prevention  work  in  the  territory.  The  com- 
pensation is  $1,200  to  start,  with  eyery  likeli- 
hood of  increase  shortly,  the  qualifications  are 
that  a  man  shall  be  a  graduate  oi  some  repu- 
table technical  forestry  school.  The  reason 
for  requiring  technical  training  is  that  ad- 
vancement may  be  either  in  the  forest  fire 
work  or  in  the  technical  forestry  activities  of 
the  Department  and  in  addition  the  incumbent 
is  called  on  during  the  slacker  season  for  for- 
est fire  work,  to  do  technical  and  propaganda 
forestry  work  in  his  territory.  Apply  Box  830, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 


POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  Forests  in  timber  sale,  silvicultural 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  fines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference. 
Address  Box  600,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C. (1-8) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  ((75,  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington, 
D,   C.  <>3) 

Man  to  be  discharged  irom  tae  Army  September 
30th  desires  position  in  forestry^  work,  with  lum- 
ber or  railroad  company  or  assisting  in  investi- 
gations of  utilization  of  wood  products.  Would 
accept  position  in  other  work.  Is  married  man, 
graduate  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  1913. 
Has  had  experience  in  orchard  work,  clearing 
land,  improvement  cuttings,  planting  and  care  of 
nursery,  pine  and  hardwood  transplants,  orchards 
and  larger  trees,  grading  and  construction  of 
gravel  roads,  and  other  improvement  work.  Has 
executive  ability  and  gets  good  results  from  men. 
Please  address  Box  860,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,    Washington,   D.    C.    (9-11) 

FORESTER  wanted  as  Division  Firewarden  in 
New  Jersey.  Must  have  professional  training 
and  some  experience.  Salary  $100  to  $120.  Eligi- 
ble for  promotion  to  Assistant  Forester.  Civil 
Service  examination  can  be  taken  after  pro- 
visional appointment  or  by  mail.  Box  810,  care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C. 

WANTED— Position  as  Forester  and  Land  Agent. 
Technically  trained  forester,  35  years  old. 
Practical  experience  along  all  lines  included 
under  the  duties  of  the  above  positions.  For- 
mer Captain,  Field  Artillery.  Address  Box  840, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 

WANTED — Position  with  Lumber  Company  or 
Private  Concern  by  technically  trained  Forester 
with  five  years  practical  experience.  Box  820, 
care    American    Forestry. 


HOYT'S    ANTISEPTIC 

TREE    VARNISH 

A   scientifically    prepared   coating   for   tree 

wounds    and    cavities   before    fining. 

HEALS,   DISINFECTS 

WATER   and   VERMIN   PROOFS 

$1.25  gallon.     Less  in   barrels. 

C.    H.    HOYT   &   SON 

Citizens'   Bldg.        -       -       -        Cleveland,   O. 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS 

buy  the  right  kind— That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose-- 
Our  little  house  organ  "Etchings"  It 
full  of  valuable  hints— Send  for  it. 

H.  A.  GATCHEL  Pro.  C.A.  ST1NS0N,  Yict-Prn. 

GATCHEL  &  MANNING 

PHOTO-ENCRA  VERS 

In  one  or  more  colors 
Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


A  FORESTRY  graduate  with  several  years  ex- 
perience in  forest  work  and  at  present  em- 
ployed along  technical  and  administrative 
lines  desires  responsible  position  with  private 
concern  operating  in  and  outside  the  United 
States.  Address  Box  870,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,    Washington,    D.    C. 

Strictly  chemical,  is  packed  in  its  more 
than  500  pages — fire  risk  in  shipping, 
kind  of  containers  employed,  commercial 
uses,  and  the  like — and  yet  it  is  so  scien- 
tifically accurate  that  it  will  no  doubt  be 
added  to  every  library  on  technical  chem- 
istry. The  mystery  of  the  alchemists  still 
obtains  in  the  field  of  chemical  nomencla- 
ture and  terminology  to  the  average  man. 
The  Condensed  Chemical  Dictionary  is 
especially  deigned  to  make  chemical  terms 
available  and  understandable  to  this  audi- 
ence, and  is  admirably  fitted  to  do  this 
by  the  editor,  F.  M.  Turner,  Jr.,  and  his 
several   technical  advisers. 


formation  on  wood.  This  is  the  first  ade- 
quate book  on  wood  as  an  engineering 
material.  It  treats  the  subject  in  a  direct, 
practical  way. 

As  indicated  by  the  subtitle,  the  book 
covers  testing,  seasoning  and  grading. 
Both  hard  and  soft  woods  are  considered. 
The  data  given  are  derived  almost  entirely 
from  tests  and  investigations  on  the 
mechanical  properties  of  wood  made  by 
the  Forest  Service  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture.  The  material 
may  therefore  be  regarded  as  reliable. 

The  various  chapters  cover : 

I.  Timber  Resources  of  the  United 
States.  II.  The  Strength  of  Wood.  III. 
Effect  of  Moisture  and  of  Preservative 
and  Conditioning  Treatments  on  the 
Strength  of  Wood.  IV.  Strength  of 
Wooden  Products.  V.  Seasoning  of  Wood. 
VI.  Grading  of  Lumber  by  Manufacturers' 
Associations.  VII.  Lumber  Produced  and 
Used  in  the  United  States. 

The  information  offered  is  invaluable 
to  every  man  who  uses,  sells  or  manufac- 
tures wood  and  wood  matetials. 


"Timber — Its  Strength,  Seasoning  and 
Grading,"  by  Harold  S.  Betts.  McGraw- 
Hill  Book  Company,  Inc.,  New  York.  234 
pages,  27  tables,  107  illustrations.  Price 
$3.00.  In  readily  accessible  form,  this  book 
presents   important  technical  data  and  in- 


"The  Hidden  Aerial,"  by  Lewis  E. 
Theiss.  W.  A.  Wilde  Company,  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  332  pages.  Price,  $1.35 
net.  This  story  will  appeal  to  any  boy 
who  likes  life  in  the  open,  or  who  is  in- 
terested in  radio  communication.  Pri- 
marily it  is  the  story  of  a  band  of  boys 
who  enlisted  in  the  boys  working  reserve 
to  serve  their  country  during  the  war; 
secondarily  it  is  the  story  of  a  wireless 
spy  hunt.  Some  of  the  characters  which 
Mr.  Theiss  has  introduced  in  his  other 
wireless  stories  appear  in  this  volume,  for, 
being  too  young  to  engage  in  other  war 
work,  they  joined  the  boys  working  re- 
serve for  service  on  the  farms.  However, 
their  wireless  training  serves  them  well 
when  called  upon  to  engage  in  a  hunt  for 
hidden  wireless  apparatus. 

It  is  an  interesting  story,  with  clean, 
wholesome  characters,  ever  alert,  ever 
anxious  to  play  their  part  in  every  adven- 
ture which  comes. 

The  volume  is  illustrated  with  color 
frontispiece  and  black  and  white  illus- 
trations. 

VERDE  STRIP  ADDED  TO  NATIONAL 
FORESTS 

PRESIDENT  WILSON  has  signed  the 
proclamation  which  adds  the  so-called 
"Verde  Strip"  to  the  Coconino  and  Prescott 
National  Forests  in  Arizona,  according  to 
word  received  by  the  local  district  office  of 
the  Forest  Service.  The  total  area  added  is 
179,290  acres,  and  extends  along  the  Verde 
River  from  below  Rutherford  to  above  Cot- 
tonwood. The  addition  was  made  chiefly 
because  the  Reclamation  Service  desired  to 
have  this  area  brought  under  Federal  regu- 
lation and  control  in  order  to  protect  the 
Verde  watershed  from  overgrazing  and 
erosion.  The  stockmen  and  settlers  within 
the  area  were  favorable  to  its  addition  to 
the  National  Forest  territory  adjoining. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1503 


R.  H.  RUTLEDGE  PERMANENTLY  IN 
CHARGE  OF  DISTRICT  ONE 

"PERMANENT  adjustment  of  the  execu- 
tive  forces  of  district  No.  I  of  the 
Forest  Service,  as  approved  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  Agriculture  and  the  Forester  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  have  been  announced 
at  the  Missoula  headquarters  of  the  district. 

First  and  most  important  of  all  is  the 
appointment  of  Richard  H.  Rutledge  as 
District  Forester  in  charge  of  all  national 
forests  in  Montana  and  northern  Idaho. 
Mr.  Rutledge  has  been  acting  District  For- 
ester since  the  departure  of  F.  A.  Silcox  in 
the  summer  of  1917  and  his  appointment  as 
Chief  of  the  district  is  now  made  perma- 
nent, a  fact  which  is  especially  pleasing  to 
his  subordinates  and  his  many  friends  in 
Missoula  and  vicinity. 

Mr.  Rutledge  is  a  veteran  of  the  Forest 
Service,  having  first  entered  it  as  a  ranger 
at  Fayette,  Idaho,  in  1905,  14  years  ago.    In 

1907  he  was  appointed  supervisor  of  the 
Coeur   d'Alene   forest,   and   in   the   fall   of 

1908  came  to  Missoula  as  Assistant  Dis- 
trict Forester  of  operations  in  the  district, 
and  has  remained  here  since.  In  1910  he 
became  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Lands, 
remaining  in  that  position  for  four  years 
until  transferred  back  to  operations  in  1914. 
As  mentioned  before,  he  succeeded  Mr. 
Silcox  when  the  latter  left  for  Washington 
in  1917. 


COMMENT   ON  TROPICAL   WOODS 

"DEFERRING  to  an  article  which  appear- 
ed in  the  August  issue  of  American 
Forestry,  entitled,  "Uncle  Sam,  Lumber- 
man, Canal  Zone,"  Mr.  C.  H.  Pearson,  an 
expert  on  foreign  and  domestic  cabinet 
woods,  makes  interesting  comment.  Mr. 
Pearson  said  in  part:  "Lignum  vitae  does 
not  grow  in  the  Canal  Zone,  nor  are  cacti 
found  there  as  shown  in  one  of  the  illustra- 
tions. The  other  scenes  are  probably  from 
Porto  Rico  or  Cuba  where  this  Almendro 
de  la  India  is  planted  as  a  shade  tree.  The 
Lignum  vitae  referred  to  by  the  author 
is  a  spurious  variety  called  locally  Guaya- 
can,  which  happens  to  be  the  Spanish  name 
for  true  Lignum  vitae.  Not  a  pound  of  this 
wood  was  ever  used  by  any  of  the  Navy 
Yards  in  this  country,  because  it  was  found 
entirely  unfit  for  the  purpose  intended. 
The  Almendro  to  which  the  author  refers 
in  the  text  is  a  native  forest  tree  of  large 
proportions  and  is  botanically  distinct  from 
this  introduced  species  illustrated  and  local- 
ly called  Almond.  Special  attention  is  call- 
ed to  the  grotesque  shapes  assumed  by  these 
trees  as  a  result  of  the  tropical  winds,  but 
the  traveler  in  Panama  is  well  aware  that 
there  are  no  localities  in  the  Republic  where 
the  wind  is  permanently  in  one  direction 
which  would  give  shade  trees  this  form  and 
outline.  This  is  another  reason  to  believe 
that  the  pictures  were  taken  on  the  south 
coast  of  Porto  Rico  or  some  other  island 
of  the  West  Indies." 


FREE 

BOOK. 

COUPON 


"There's  the  whole 

operation  in  a  nutshell " 

* 'That's  the  big  advantage  of  this  book. 

"There's  no  beating  around  the  bush. 

"It  tells  you  just  what  you  want  to 
know  in  a  few  words — and  it  tells  you 
right,  too. 

"Blasting  with  ATLAS  Farm  Powder 

is  easy  enough  in  itself,  but  this  book  *  Better  Farming* 
makes  it  all  so  simple  and  safe  that  any  man  can  get 
perfect  results. 

"And  what's  more,  I've  found  it  a  safe  book  to  follow 
on  all  questions  of  tillage — as  safe  as  ATLAS  Powder. 

"And  that's  sayine  a  lot — for  ATLAS  Farm  Powder 
is  the  easiest  handled  explosive  that  I  know  of. 

' '  Better  write  for  your  own  copy  of '  Better  Farmine* 
to-day.  You'll  find  it  the  most  profitable  investment  of 
a  postage  stamp  you  ever  made.** 

ATLAS    POWDER     CO., 
140  N.  Broad  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


ATLAS   POWDER    CO.,   Philadelphia. 

Send   me  your  120-pare  book  "Better  Farming."     I  am  interested  in   the 
use  of  explosives  for  the  purpose  before  which  I  mark  X:  PD4 

□  STUMP  BLASTING  □    DITCH  DIGGING 
Q    BOULDER  BLASTING  □    ROAD  BUILDING 

□  SUBSOIL  BLASTING  □    TREE  PLANTING 


Name_ 


_Addres8_ 


SCHOOL     BOYS     MOBILIZED     IN 
REFORESTATION  PLAN 

"VfOBILIZATION  of  thousands  of  young- 
sters for  service  in  systematic  flood 
control  work  around  Los  Angeles  has  been 
completed.  In  addition  to  obtaining  co- 
operation of  the,  principals  of  the  high 
schools,  County  Forester  Flintham  was 
authorized  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors  to 
obtain  200,000  young  trees  for  planting 
back  of  piling  defining  the  stream  channels. 
These  will  be  of  hardwood  varieties,  which 
will  establish  themselves  firmly  without 
spreading  into  the  stream  channel. 

In  the  seed-gathering  campaign  beginning 
immediately,  there  will  be  a  systematic  plan. 
Approximately  fifty  boys  a  day  will  be  kept 
on  the  job  indefinitely.  The  gathering  of 
seeds  is  authorized  by  the  school  principals 
and  will  be  done  in  school  time  under  the 
direction  of  teachers  of  the  schools  from 
which  the  boys  come.  Some  twenty  varie- 
ties of  brush  seed  will  be  gathered  for 
planting  in  the  areas  swept  by  the  recent 
forest  fires.  It  has  been  found  that  con- 
siderable care  will  have  to  be  exercised  in 


planting  the  seed,  as  the  warm  weather  fol- 
lowing the  first  big  rain  of  the  season  made 
a  crust  over  the  hillsides.  The  seed  will 
have  to  be  raked  in  to  be  effective. 


SCOPE    OF    THE    FOURTEENTH 
CENSUS  EXTENDED 

'T'HAT  the  Fourteenth  Decennial  Census, 
on  which  the  actual  enumeration  work 
will  begin  January  2,  1920,  is  to  be  the  most 
important  ever  taken  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  the  Act  of  Congress  providing  for  this 
census  expressly  increased  the  scope  of  the 
inquiries  so  as  to  include  forestry  and  for- 
est products,  two  subjects  never  covered 
specifically  by  any  preceding  census  act. 

The  compilation  and  gathering  of  fores- 
try and  forest  products  statistics  will  be  in 
charge  of  a  special  force  of  experts.  The 
accurate  and  comprehensive  figures  gath- 
ered concerning  this  vital  natural  resource 
will  be  much  in  demand,  and  the  compari- 
sons made  with  conditions  existing  before 
the  war  will  be  of  great  interest. 


Please  Mention  American  Forestry  Magazine  when  writing  advertisers 


1504 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger  Course  of 
high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller   courses. 

Correspondence  Course  in 
Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,   School  of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


SARGENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide  Book   for  ParentM 

A   Standard   Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically      and      discriminately      the      Private 
Schools  of  all   classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,   special  features,  etc. 
Introductory   Chapters   review    interesting   de 
velopments  of  the   year  in   education — Modern 
Schools,  War  Changes  in   the   Schools,  Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction,   What   the    Schools   Are 
Doing,  Recent  Educational  Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  be  glad 
to  advise  and  write  you  intimately  about  any 
school  or  class  of  schools. 

Fifth   edition,     1919,  revised    and    enlarged, 
786  pages,  $3.00.       Circulars   and    sample    pages. 

PORTER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


A  GOOD 
PROTECTION 


FORiRATN* 


REFORESTATION    OF    PORTO    RICO 
IS  PLANNED 

THE  reforestation  of  Porto  Rico  along 
scientific  lines  is  about  to  be  under- 
taken. Robert  Murray  Ross,  an  expert  in 
forest  planting,  recently  arrived  at  the  ex- 
perimental station  in  Rio  Piedras,  fully 
equipped  to  undertake  the  big  problem,  but 
had  barely  entered  upon  his  duties  when 
he  was  offered  a  position  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo paying  him  a  very  much  larger  salary 
and  so  resigned  to  accept  the  Santo  Do- 
mingo position.  E.  Murray  Bruner,  Super- 
visor of  the  U.  S.  Forestry  Service  in  this 
island  and  Chief  of  the  Porto  Rico  Fores- 
try Service,  in  writing  of  the  practical  plans 
to  be  inaugurated,  says : 

"This  is  a  work  of  immeasurable  magni- 
tude in  its  importance  and  possibilities.  The 
field  is  unlimited,  while  the  need  is  im- 
mediate and  urgent. 

"There  is  no  country  in  the  Western 
Hemisphere  in  more  acute  need  of  ex- 
tensive reforestation  than  Porto  Rico.  The 
inhabitants  of  no  other  part  of  America 
suffer  so  much  from  the  deprivation  of  es- 
sentially needed  fuel  wood,  native  lumber 
and  related  forest  products.  Nowhere  else 
is  the  per  capita  consumption  of  wood  so 
small  as  in  Porto  Rico.  Nowhere  else  has 
deforestation,  due  to  destructive  methods  of 
exploitation  become  so  nearly  complete. 
Originally  as  completely  covered  with  as 
rich  a  forest  as  could  be  found  in  this  part 
of  the  world  Porto  Rico  today  presents 
the  sad  spectacle  of  a  country  literally 
stripped  of  its  forest  wealth  and  entirely 
dependent  upon  importation  of  all  classes 
of  lumber  and  construction  timber  while 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  total  land 
area  lies  completely  idle  except  as  it  sup 
ports  a  practically  worthless  growth  of 
coarse  grasses  and  brush. 

"The  cost  of  substantial  and  comfortable 
homes  built  of  wood  has  become  so  ex- 
orbitantly high  as  to  be  out  of  reach  of 
even  the  moderately  well  to  do,  while  the 
poor  can  aspire  to  no  home  superior  to  a 
miserable  shack  built  of  scraps  of  wood  and 
other  cast  away  materials.  Rents  are  ex- 
cessively high.  Fuel  wood  is  so  scarce  and 
costly  that  the  poor  must  depend  upon  such 
fagots  and  twigs  as  the  women  and  chil- 
dren are  able  to  gather  up  in  their  tiresome 
and  incessant  searches,  even  the  heavier 
and  harder  portions  of  the  palm  branches 
being  eagerly  sought.  Poles,  posts  and 
fencing  materials  can  hardly  be  had  at  all. 
Even  the  small  sized  cross  ties  required  by 
the  new  narrow  gauge  railroads  must  be 
imported  from  Santo  Domingo,  the  scrubby 
and  generally  despised  mesquite  under  the 
dignified  name  of  "bayahonda"  furnishing 
the  bulk  of  these  ties  which  cost  the  con- 
sumer about  one  dollar  per  tie.  Sawmills 
for  the  manufacture  of  native  lumber  are 
unknown.  Lumbering  as  an  industry  has 
disappeared. 

"And  in  the  face  of  all  this  we  are  con- 
fronted with  the  absolute  fact  that  the  sup- 


ply of  southern  yellow  pine  upon  which 
we  are  so  nearly  completely  dependent  for 
all  ordinary  construction,  will  be  exhausted, 
in  so  far  as  the  general  market  is  concerned, 
within  14  years,  and  that  within  five  years 
the  remaining  original  supply  will  be  in 
the  hands  of  so  few  mill  operators  that 
effective  competition  in  prices  will  have 
disappeared. 

"The  time  is  at  hand  when  the  people  of 
Porto  Rico  must  arouse  themselves  to  this 
deplorable  economic  and  social  condition, 
for  it  vitally  affects  every  home,  every  in- 
dividual in  the  Island.  Earnest  energetic 
and  concerted  attention  must  be  directed  at 
once  to  the  solution  of  the  forestry  prob- 
lem. And  the  only  solution  must  come 
through  the  intensive  practice  of  reforesta- 
tion on  a  large  scale,  the  planting  of  fuel- 
wood,  and  lumber  producing  trees  on  thou- 
sands and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres 
of  idle  lands  from  which  the  once  poten- 
tially rich  forests  have  been  so  destruc- 
tively removed. 


CARRIER  PIGEONS  AID  FORESTERS 

TOURING  the  recent  severe  forest  fires  in 
certain  sections  of  the  West,  carrier 
pigeons  were  successfully  employed  to  con- 
vey messages  from  the  fire  fighters  "at  the 
front"  to  headquarters.  The  test  of  the 
birds  for  this  use  was  on  a  limited  scale 
but  has  encouraged  the  Forest  Service  of- 
ficials to  believe  that  they  can  be  employed 
profitably  on  a  larger  scale. 

The  experiment  lends  special  interest  to 
a  plan  which  is  being  considered  for  co- 
operation between  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture and  the  Navy  Department,  under 
which  carrier  pigeons  and  equipment  of  the 
latter  department  may  become  available. 
To  establish  a  successful  carrier  pigeon 
system  it  will  be  necessary  to  lay  plans  dur- 
ing the  coming  winter,  to  have  the  posts 
properly  located,  and  get  the  birds  ac- 
climated and  begin  their  training.  Flights 
of  600  miles  in  a  single  day  have  been  made, 
while  a  distance  of  140  to  200  miles  means 
a  two  or  three  hour  flight  for  the  average 
bird.  Since  the  distances  which  would  be 
covered  in  Forest  Service  work  are  con- 
siderably less  than  this  there  appears  to  be 
no  difficulty  in  this  regard.  In  most  in- 
stances the  flights  from  fire  fighting  areas 
to  headquarters  would  be  considerably  less 
than  50  miles.  The  value  of  the  birds 
would  be  particularly  great  in  mountainous 
regions  where  travel  is  difficult. 


FOREST   FLYER    KILLED 

T  IEUT.  J.  WEBB,  of  Glendel,  California, 
was  killed,  and  Sergt.  John  C.  McGinn, 
of  Salt  Lake  City,  was  seriously  injured 
when  the  airplane  Lieutenant  Webb  was 
piloting  fell  in  a  tail  spin  and  crashed  to 
the  earth  at  Medford.  The  aviators  were 
on  fire  patrol  duty. 


iiiiiiimiiiiiiitt 

|  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  J 

THE     MAGAZINE     OF    THE     AMERICAN     FORESTRY     ASSOCIATION 

PERCIVAL  SHELDON  RIDSDALE,  Editor 

ffil!!HIIIII!!l!l!l!llllll!!!l!!»l!!!l!llll!llllll!lll!M 


IN    STRONG    CONTRAST    TO    THE    GLEAMING    HEIGHTS   ABOVE    ARE    THE    SENTINEL   TREES    WHICH 
NESTLE  AT  THE  FOOT  OF  THE  FAMOUS  MISSION  RANGE  IN  MONTANA 


December  1919 


CONTENTS 


Vol.  25,    No.  312 


Christmas  on  Mount  Ranier — Frontispiece. 


National  Forests  and  the  Water  Supply — Samuel  T.  Dana. 
With  thirty-two   illustrations. 

Travels  of  an  English  Christmas  Tree — By  Clara  L.  West. 


Foreign  Students  of  Forestry  in  America. 
With  one  illustration. 


1506 
1507 

1523 
1525 


Nature  in  the  Nude 1525 


A    Christmas   Walk    With    Birds   and    Beasts— By   A.   A. 

Allen    

With  twelve  illustrations. 

Announcement  of  the  Annual  Meeting 


The  Racoons  of  North  America— By  R.  W.  Shufeldt. 
With  five  illustrations. 

Cutting  Wood  for  Fuel 


1526 

1530 
1531 

1536 


Nurseryman  Believes  in  Dynamite 1536 

Memorial  Trees  in  1920 1537 

Pictorial  Memorial  Trees 1539 

Steady  "Wake   'Em   Up"   Barrage— Editors   for   National 
Forest  Policy  1553-1551 

State  News  1555 

Canadian  Department— By  Ellwood  Wilson 1558 

Forest  School  Notes 1560 

Book  Reviews    1562 

National  Honor  Roll,  Memorial  Trees 1564 

Tri-State  Forestry  Conference 1565 

Second  Southern  Forestry  Congress 1566 

New  Firm  of  Foresters 1566 


Entered  as  second-class  mail  matter  December  24,  1909,  at  the   Post-office  at  Washington,  unaer  the  Act  of  March  3,  1879.     Copyright,  1918,  by  the  American 
Forestry    Association.     Acceptance   for   mailing   at   special   rate   of  postage  provided  for  in  Sec.  1103,  Act  of  October  3,  1917,  authorized  July   11,   1918. 


CHRISTMAS  ON  MOUNT  RAINER 


A 


giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


111111 


AMERICAN  FORESTRY 


VOL.  XXV 


DECEMBER,   1919 


NO.  312 

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIH 


NATIONAL  FORESTS  AND  THE  WATER  SUPPLY 

BY  SAMUEL  T.  DANA* 


FEW  people  need  to  be  reminded  that  the  prosperity 
of  the  West  depends  largely  upon  an  adequate 
supply  of  water  for  irrigation.  Water,  rather  than 
land,  is  the  open  sesame  to  the  agricultural  development 
of  the  semiarid  regions.  Vast  areas  of  rich  soil  await 
only  water  to  make  them  "blossom  like  the  rose."  To 
other  vast  areas  water  has  already  been  brought  from 
varying  dis- 
tances,  and 
these  are  now 
among  the  most 
productive  of 
all  our  agricul- 
tural lands.  Ir- 
rigation alone 
is  responsible 
for  the  sugar- 
beet  fields  of 
Utah,  the  al- 
falfa fields  of 
Idaho,  and  the 
orange  groves 
of  California. 

So  literally 
has  water 
meant  wealth 
to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and 
Pacific  Coast 
States  that  the 
"Golden  West" 
no  longer  need 
base  its  claim  to  the  title  on  the  magic  metal  that 
brought  it  fame  and  prosperity  in  the  early  days.  The 
gold  of  the  grain  field  and  of  the  citrus  grove  is  now 
worth  more  than  the  gold  of  the  mine.  The  $247,000,000 
which  represents  the  annual  value  of  the  crops  produced 
on  the  150,000  farms  comprising  the  13,200,000  acres  of 
irrigated  land  in  the  West  is  nearly  three  times  as  great 
as  the  value  of  the  precious  metals  produced  annually 
in  the  same  region.  Colorado,  preeminently  a  land  of 
minerals,  now  produces  each  year  on  irrigated  lands  a 


HOW  THE  FOREST  GIVES  SERVICE 


What    the    National    Forests 


crop  worth  more  than  the  entire  product  of  its  mining 
industries  and  approximately  twice  as  much  as  the  out- 
put of  precious  metals.  California,  the  "Golden  State," 
contributes  annually  nearly  four  times  as  much  wealth  in 
crops  as  in  precious  metals. 

If  the  precipitation  were  as  evenly  distributed  in  the 
West  as  it  is  in  the  East,  there  would  not  be  the  need 

for  irrigation 
that  now  exists, 
and  the  main 
purpose  of  the 
National  For- 
ests would  be 
simply  timber 
product  ion. 
But  it  is  not 
evenly  distrib- 
uted, and  that 
is  where  the 
trouble  lies. 
Except  for  a 
narrow  strip 
along  the  Pa- 
cific  Coast 
from  San 
Francisco  north 
to  the  Canad- 
ian line,  the 
great  bulk  of 
the  precipita- 
tion occurs  in 
the  mountains. 
Throughout  the  Coast  Ranges,  the  Cascades  and  Sierra 
Nevadas,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Colorado  Plateau 
the  rain  and  snowfall  is  far  greater  than  in  the  inter- 
mediate valleys  and  plateaus. 

The  result  is  that  the  majority  of  water  users  depend 
for  their  supply  on  water  that  originates  a  considerable 
distance  away.  Some  of  the  most  productive  agricultural 
lands  in  the  region  receive  hardly  more  than  enough 
precipitation  to  support  a  desert  vegetation,  while  the 
evaporation  is  correspondingly  great.    Greeley,  Colorado ; 


can  to  the  water  user  may  be  summed  up  in  one  word  "service"-— 
service  that  is  none  the  less  real  because  it  is  not  always  obvious  and  because  its  exact  value  can 
not  always  be  expressed  in  dollars  and  cents.  Every  user  of  water  which  originates  in  the  National 
Forests — and  this  includes  by  far  the  greater  number  of  water  users  throughout  the  West — must 
look  to  the  Forests  for  safeguarding  his  supply. 


•Courtesy  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service. 


1507 


1506 


AMKRICAX     [FORESTRY 


WHAT  WATER   WILL  DO.     WITH— WHERE   THE   ORANGES   GROW 

The  orange  groves  and  other  irrigated  lands  in  the  foreground  obtain  their  water  from  the 
mountains  in  the  background,  which  are  included  in  the  Angeles  National  Forest,  California. 
At  the  lower  elevations  these  mountains  are  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  brush,  or 
chaparral,  while  at  the  higher  elevations  are  forests  of  western  yellow  pine,  Jeffrey  pine, 
ana  other  trees.  The  value  of  citrus  fruits  produced  in  the  eight  southernmost  counties 
of  California  in  1914  is  estimated  by  the  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  have  been 
$33,000,000. 


Provo,  Utah;  Phoenix,  Arizona,  and  Fresno  and  River- 
side, California,  all  of  which  are  in  the  center  of  ex- 
tremely productive  sections,  have  an  annual  precipitation 
of  less  than  15  inches  with  an  annual  evaporation  from  a 
free  water  surface  at  least  three  or  four  times  as  much. 

As  a  natural  consequence  of 
the  difference  in  amount  of  pre- 
cipitation in  the  mountains  and 
at  the  lower  elevations,  the 
former  are  generally  forested 
and  the  latter  treeless.  The  Na- 
tional Forests,  of  course,  are 
located  in  the  mountains,  where 
the  trees  are.  From  the  brush- 
covered  foothills  of  the  San 
Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino 
Mountains  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia to  the  magnificent  Doug- 
las fir  forests  of  the  Olympic 
Mountains  in  northern  Washing- 
ton, and  from  the  pinon  and 
juniper  stands  of  the  southern 
Rockies  in  New  Mexico  to  the 
pine  forests  of  the  northern 
Rockies  in  Montana  and  Idaho, 
the  mountains  and  the  National 
Forests  coincide. 

An  intimate  relation  exists  be- 
tween the  National  Forests  and 
irrigated  lands  throughout  the 
West.  At  least  85  per  cent,  and 
very  likely  more,  of  the  water 


used  to  irrigate  these  13,200,000  acres, 
whether  it  comes  from  surface  streams  and 
lakes  or  from  underground  sources,  >has  i|5 
origin  in  the  mountains  where  the  National 
Forests  are  located.  Obviously,  not  all  of 
this  mountain  area  is  forested,  nor  is  all  of 
the  forested  area  under  Federal  ownership. 
At  the  same  time,  the  National  Forests  in- 
clude a  large  part  jf  the  area  from  which 
the  bulk  of  the  irrigation  water  is  derived,  and 
must  therefore  exert  an  important  influence 
on  the  amount  and  character  of  the  supply. 
No  figures  are  available  as  to  the  exact 
value  added  to  these  lands  by  the  application 
of  water,  but  it  unquestionably  runs  into 
the  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars.  Without 
water  much  of  this  area  would  be  practically 
worthless,  and  the  value  even  of  that  portion 
on  which  dry  farming  is  feasible  would  be 
greatly  reduced.  In  the  vicinity  of  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah,  for  example,  irrigated  lands  de- 
riving their  water  from  the  Wasatch  National 
Forest  are  valued  at  from  $100  to  $1,000  per 
acre,  with  an  average  of  probably  $400  per 
acre ;  while  land  without  water  in  the  same 
district,  except  where  it  requires  drainage,  is 
practically  valueless.  Near  Los  Angeles,  California,  unim- 
proved lands  with  water  rights  are  worth  from  $200 
to  $500  per  acre,  while  bearing  orange  or  lemon  groves 
may  be  valued  at  $3,000  or  even  more  per  acre.  What 
the  water  supply  protected  by  the  Angeles  National  Forest 


rHOUT— WHERE   THE   AGAVES  GROW 


Semi-desert  land  near  Silver  City,  New  Mexico,  now  used  during  part  of  the  year  as  stock  range.  If 
irrigation  were  possible  many  of  the  desert  areas  throughout  the  West  could  be  converted  into  fertile 
agricultural  land.  Water,  rather  than  soil,  is  frequently  the  decisive  factor  in  determining  whether 
cultivation   is  practicable. 


NATIONAL   FORESTS   AND    THE   WATER    SUPPLY 


1509 


means  to  this  region  is  also  well 
illustrated  by  the  value  of  the 
crops  produced  on  irrigated  lands 
that  without  water  would  be  of 
little  or  no  agricultural  value.  In 
191 5,  25,750  acres  devoted  to 
citrus  fruits,  alfalfa,  and  sugar 
beets,  deriving  their  irrigation 
water  from  the  San  Antonio 
watershed,  with  an  area  of  only 
24  square  miles,  yielded  crops 
valued  at  $5,400,000 ;  while  5,870 
acres  of  citrus  fruits,  deriving 
their  water  from  the  San  Dimas 
watershed,  with  an  area  of  only 
18  square  miles,  yielded  crops 
valued  at  $2,600,000. 

Irrigation  represents  one  of 
the  vital  needs  for  water  in  the 
West,  but  there  are  others. 
Water  is  the  "white  coal"  which 
furnishes  or  will  furnish  the 
motive  power  for  lighting  sys- 
tems, trolley  lines  -md  manufac- 
turing plants  everywhere  in  the 
Western  states.  As  such  it  con- 
stitutes an  immensely  valuable 
resource.  The  western  moun- 
tains contain  more  than  72  per 
cent  of  the  potential  water  power 
of  the  United  States.  Through 
lack  of  markets,  only  a  compara- 
tively small  part  of  *his  has  been 
utilized,  but  in  the  last  20  years 
great  strides  have  been  made  in 
development.  In  the  decade 
from  1902  to  1912,  for  example, 
water-power  development  in  the 
Western  states  increased  451  per 
cent,  or  more  than  four  times  as 
rapidly  as  in  the  rest  of  the 
country.  How  rapidly  water 
power  is  developed  in  the  future 
will  depend  solely  on  how  many 
new  industries  and  people  make 
their  home  in  the  West.  Judging 
by  how  many  have  gone  there  in 
the  past,  the  demands  of  the 
Western  states  upon  their 
"white  coal"  will  continue  to 
multiply.  No  less  than  forty-two  per  cent  of  the 
water  power  resources  of  the  eleven  Western  states,  or 
approximately  31  per  cent  of  the  water-power  resources 
of  the  entire  country,  is  actually  within  the  National 
Forests.  Moreover,  a  large  part  of  the  remaining  power, 
although   developed   outside   of   the   Forests,   is   derived 


WHERE  "WHITE  COAL"   IS  TRANSFORMED  INTO  ELECTRICITY 


Hi 


w 

National  Forest  contains  42  per  cent  of  the  water  power  resources  of  the  West.  These  can  be1  developed 
by  private  interests  upon  payment  of  an  annual  charge  and  under  restrictions  that  protect  the  public 
against  monopoly. 


pipe    line   has   a  drop   of   2,000  fe,et.,  .  The 
These  can  be  deveh 


from  streams  rising  in  them.  In  191 5  nearly  42  per 
cent  of  the  water  power  already  installed  was  developed 
by  plants  some  part  of  which  occupied  National  Forest 
lands  or  which  were  directly  dependent  on  storage  reser- 
voirs constructed  on  National  Forest  lands,  and  13.6  per 
cent    more    was    similarly    dependent    on    other    public 


1510 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


lands.  Even  these  figures,  however,  do  not  bring  out 
the  full  significance  of  the  National  Forests  in  their 
relation  to  the  water-power  resources  of  the  West.  A 
large  part  of 
these  resources 
outside  of  the 
Forests  are  so 
located  as  to  be 
extremely  dif- 
ficult of  de- 
velopment un- 
der present 
conditions,  and 
so  a  continual- 
ly i  n  c  reasing 
p  r  oportion  of 
new  water- 
power  develop- 
ments is  utiliz- 
ing sites  within 
National  For- 
ests or  other 
public  lands. 

Farther 
downstream,  in 
the  lower 
reaches  of  the 
rivers  and  in 
the  harbors  in- 
to which  they 
flow,  water 
contributes  still 
further  to 
western  pros- 
perity. Inland 
water  t  r  a  ns- 
portation  in  the 
Mountain  and 
Pacific  states 
will  never  at- 
tain the  de- 
v  e  1  opment  of 
which  it  is 
capable  in  the 
East  ern  and 
Central  states 
but  it  is  already 
of  considerable 
import  ance, 
and  should  be- 
come increas- 
ingly so  as  the 
popu  1  at  ion 
grows  denser 
and  traffic  cor- 
respondingly heavier.  According  to  the  1916  report  of 
the  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  there  were 
at  that  time  some  26  navigable  streams  in  the  Western 


BEFORE  AND  AFTER 

Upper.— A  portion  of  the  Salt  River  Reclamation  Project  in  southern  Arizona  previous  to  irrigation,  covered 

only   with   a  sparse  growth  of  desert  vegetation. 
Center. — The  same  area  after  water  has  been  applied,  covered  with  a  vigorous  crop  of  barley. 
Lower. — The  same  area  several  later,  covered  with  a  thrifty  young  orange  grove. 


States,  with  a  navigable  length  of  approximately  1,746 
miles  and  an  annual  movement  of  over  14,000,000  tons 
valued  at  more  than  $250,000,000.     The  relation  of  the 

National  For- 
ests to  naviga- 
tion is  not 
strikingly  obvi- 
ous, since  prac- 
tically all  the 
navigable  por- 
tions of  west- 
ern streams  lie 
outside  of  the 
Forest  bounda- 
ries. Yet  by 
far  the  greater 
part  of  the 
water  that  they 
carry  origi- 
nates in  their 
upper  courses, 
which  are  to  a 
large  extent  in- 
cluded within 
the  National 
Forests.  Any 
influence  that 
the  Forests 
may  exert  on 
this  water  is 
therefore  felt 
indirectly,  but 
none  the  less 
surely,  by  the 
streams  and  by 
the  harbors  in- 
to which  they 
flow. 

O  r  di  n  a  ry 
drinking  water 
may  lack  the 
romantic  asso- 
c  i  a  t  i  on  s  of 
some  other 
beverages,  but 
it  nevertheless 
is  an  everyday 
necessity  for 
t  h  o  usands  of 
families  scat- 
tered on  farms 
and  ranches 
and  in  numer- 
ous small  set- 
t  1  e  m  e  n  t  s 
throughout  the 
West  and  for  the  still  larger  population  comprised  in  the 
towns  and  cities.  How  much  effort  and  money  must  be 
expended   by   western   cities   in   obtaining   a   pure   and 


NATIONAL    FORESTS   AND    THE    WATER    SUPPLY 


1511 


abundant  water  supply  is  shown  by  the  examples  of 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Francisco,  the  first  of  which  has 
considered  it  worth  while  to  spend  some  $25,000,000  to 
bring  water 
fiom  Owens 
Valley  on  the 
east  side  of  the 
Sierras  across 
250  miles  of 
desolate  and 
rugged  coun- 
try; while  San 
Franc  isco  is 
going  back  190 
miles  into  the 
fastnesses  of 
the  Sierras  at 
an  est  imated 
cost  of  $77,- 
000,000  in  order 
to  get  its  sup- 
ply from  the 
famous  valley 
of  the  Hetch 
Hetchey. 

Some  732 
western  towns 
and  cities,  with 
an  a  g  g  regate 
population  of 
2,265,000,  de- 
pend on  the 
National  For- 
ests for  their 
domestic  water 
supply.  This 
does  not  in- 
elude,  of 
course,  ranches 
and  small  set- 
tlements equal- 
ly d  e  p  endent 
on  the  Forests, 
nor  the  towns 
and  cities 
securing  their 
domestic  water 
from  streams 
and  under- 
ground sup- 
plies which  are 
at  some  dis- 
tance from  the 
F  o  r  e  s  ts,  but 
which  rise  from 
sources   within 

them.  Denver,  Colorado ;  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah ;  Los 
Angeles,  California,  and  Portland,  Oregon,  are  conspicu- 
ous examples  of  large  cities  which  are  insured  a  pure 


THE  DESERT  BLOOMS 

Upper.— With  and  without— a  striking  illustration  of  the  transformation  worked  by  the  application  of 
water.  The  dry  land  outside  of  the  fence  on  the  Minidoka  Reclamation  Project  is  a  sagebrush 
desert;  that  inside,  a  fertile  field  of  alfalfa. 

Lower. — An  apple  orchard  on  the  Boise  Project  of  the  Reclamation  Service  in  Western  Idaho  on  land 
formerly   covered    with   sagebrush. 

surface  run-off 
amount    and    in 
situated  unforested  areas. 


and  abundant  water  supply  by  the  National  Forests.  So 
important  is  this  function  of  the  Forests  that  many  com- 
munities have  entered  into  co-operative  agreements  with 

the  Forest  Ser- 
vice for  the 
better  protec- 
tion of  the 
w  a  t  e  r  s  h  eds 
from  which 
they  get  their 
supplies. 

Perhaps  the 
most  obvious 
relation  that 
exists  between 
forests  and 
water  is  the 
tendency  of  the 
tree  cover  to 
check  erosion. 
The  leaves  and 
branches  of  the 
trees  prevent 
the  rain  from 
beating  upon 
the  soil  as  it 
does  in  the 
open;  the  cov- 
er which  they 
afford  delays 
the  melting  of 
snow  in  the 
spring;  the  up- 
per layers  of 
the  forest  soil 
act  as  an 
enormous 
sponge  that  ab- 
sorbs large 
q  u  a  n  tities  of 
water  which  in 
turn  are  passed 
on  to  the  great 
r  e  s  e  r  voir  of 
m  i  n  e  r  al  soil 
beneath ;  and 
finally,  the  sur- 
face cover  of 
stumps,  fallen 
twigs,  branches, 
and  even  whole 
trees  acts  as  a 
mechanical  ob- 
s  t  r  u  c  tion  to 
prevent  rapid 
run-off.  The 
from  forest  areas  is  less  both  in  total 
velocity,  than  that  from  similarly 
The  steeper  and  more  rug- 


1512 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


ged  the  topography,  the  more  marked  is  this  contrast. 

In  hilly  country  some  erosion  is,  of  course,  inevitable 
under  any  conditions.  When  the  soil  cover  of  trees, 
underb  rush, 
and  litter  is 
kept  intact, 
however,  this 
is  more  often 
beneficial  than 
otherwise,  since 
only  the  light- 
er soil  particles 
are  washed 
away,  to  be 
later  deposited 
in  the  more 
level  lands  be- 
low, adding  to 
their  fertility. 
But  when  this 
protective  cov- 
er is  interfered 
with,  whether 
by  fire,  destruc- 
tive lumbering, 
overgrazing,  or 
i  n  j  u  d  i  c  ious 
clearing  of 
land  for  agri- 
culture,  the 
proportion  of 
coarser,  infer- 
tile materials 
washed  away 
increases  great- 
ly and  trans- 
forms erosion 
from  a  con- 
structive into 
a  dangerously 
d  e  s  t  r  u  c  tive 
force,  difficult 
of  control  and 
capable  of  do- 
ing  untold 
damage. 

From  the 
standpoint  of 
the  water  user, 
the  tendency  of 
the  mountain 
forests  to  pre- 
vent erosion  is 
of  the  utmost 
import  ance. 
Wherever  stor- 
age reservoirs  must  be  used,  whether  for  municipal  sup- 
plies, irrigation,  or  water  power,  they  are  exposed  to  the 
ever-present   danger  of   silting  up.     Every  bit   of   soil 


WATER  FOR   IRRIGATION  AND   POWER 


Upper.— Roosevelt  Dam  and  power  plant  (in  right  center  foreground), 
feet  of  water  and,  together  with  the  Verde 


This  reservoir  stores  1,140,000  acrr- 
._  River,  furnishes  the  water  supply  for  the  Salt  River 
Reclamation  Project  in  southern  Arizona.  The  bulk  of  the  water  for  the  project  originates  on 
the  Tonto  National  Forest  and  the  White  River  Indian  Reservation. 
Lower.— Minidoka  Dam  and  power  plant.  This  dam  supplies  water  for  the  irrigation  of  120,300  acres  on  the 
Minidoka  Reclamation  Project  in  southern  Idaho.  The  electricity 
is  used  on  many  farms  for  lighting,  heating,  and  cooking. 


brought  down  by  the  streams  and  deposited  in  them 
reduces  their  capacity  and  consequently  their  effective- 
ness by  just   so  much.     This  sedimentation  is  serious 

under  any  con- 
d  i  t  i  o  n  ,  but 
doubly  so 
when,  as  not 
i  n  f  r  e  quently 
h  a  p  p  e  ns,  no 
other  satisfac- 
tory dam  sites 
are  available 
and  the  reser- 
voir can  not  be 
replaced  at  a 
r  e  a  s  ona  ble 
cost. 

Water  heavi- 
ly laden  with 
eroded  ma- 
terial often  de- 
creases the  ef- 
ficiency and  in- 
creases the  cost 
of  maintaining 
diversion  dams, 
pipe  lines, 
flumes,  canals, 
and  other  irri- 
gation works. 
Sometimes 
such  water 
damages  the 
ctops  to  which 
it  is  applied, 
and  not  infre- 
quently it  ser- 
iously injures 
or  even  ruins 
the  land  by 
burying  it  un- 
der a  mass  of 
sand,  gravel, 
bowlders,  and 
other  infertile 
debris.  Exces- 
s  i  v  e  erosion 
may  interfere 
seriously  with 
navigation  by 
filling  the 
streams  with 
material  which 
is  deposited  in 
their  lower 
reaches  and  in 
the  harbors  into  which  they  empty.  The  action  of  the 
forest  in  reducing  surface  run-off  tends  also  to  regulate 
the  flow  of  streams.     Instead  of  rushing  away  in  uncon- 


developed  at  the  power  plant 


NATIONAL   FORESTS   AND   THE   WATER   SUPPLY 


1513 


trollable  torrents  the  water  is  absorbed  into  the  great 
reservoir  of  mineral  soil,  from  which  it  is  gradually 
paid  out  to  the  springs  and  streams.  This  tends  to 
d  e  c  r  e  ase  the 


high  water  run- 
off and  to  in- 
ciease  the  low 
water  run-off. 
Both  results 
aie  good.  The 
decrease  in  the 
high  water  run- 
off means  that 
rhere  is  less 
danger  of  de- 
structive floods 
and  less  waste 
of  valuable 
water ;  while 
the  increase  in 
low  water  run- 
off means  that 
a  larger  supply 
of  water  is 
available  dur- 
ing the  dry 
season,  when  it 
is  particularly 
needed.  It  is 
the  low  water 
flow  that  to  a 
great  extent 
determines  the 
availability  of 
any  given  sup- 
ply for  munici- 
pal use,  irriga- 
tion, or  hydro- 
electric  de- 
velopment, and 
anything  which 
will  increase 
this  flow  is 
t  h  e  r  e  f  ore  a 
factor  of  prime 
importance. 

What  One 

National  Forest 

Does. 

A  typical  ex- 
ample of  the 
ways  in  which 
the  National 
Forests  benefit 
the  water  user 
is  furnished  by 
the    Pike    National 


IRRIGATION  RESERVOIRS  ON  THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS 
Upper — Lake    Keechelus    on    the    Wenatchee    National    Forest,    Washington,    used    as    one    of    the    storage 
reservoirs   for   the   Yakima   Reclamation    Project.     When   completed,    this    project    will    include    more    than 
116,000  acres  of  irrigated   land.     The  crop   production   in    1915,   on   about  two-thirds   of   the   area   ultimately 
irrigable,  was  valued  at  $2,400,000. 

Center — Granby  Lakes  on  the  Battlement  National  Forest,  Colorado.  This  Forest  was  created  in  1892  at 
the  request  of  local  residents  to  protect  their  supply  of  water  for  irrigation  and  domestic  use.  Within 
its  boundaries  are  now  some  400  reservoirs  supplying  about  140,000  acres  of  irrigated  land  valued  at  more 
than   $2,500,000. 

Lower— Jackson  Lake  on  the  Teton  National  Forest,  Wyoming,  with  the  Teton  Mountains  in  the  back- 
ground.    This  forms  one  of  the  main  storage  reservoirs  for  the  Minidoka  Reclamation  Project. 


Springs,  and  includes  within  its  boundaries  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  headwaters  of  the  South  Platte  and 
Arkansas  Rivers.     Irrigation  by  means  of  water  coming 

from  the  moun- 
tains included 
in  the  Pike 
National  For- 
est had  its 
modest  begin- 
nings in  i860 
along  the  South 
Platte  River  in 
South  Park 
and  also  near 
Denver.  Since 
then  the  area 
on  which  irri- 
gation is  prac- 
t  i  c  e  d  has 
grown  steadily, 
until  now  it  is 
e  s  t  i  m  ated  at 
some  400,000 
acres,  valued  at 
about  $40,000,- 
000  and  with 
an  annual  crop 
production  of 
over  $10,000,- 
000.  On  many 
acres  where 
water  is  not 
available  dry 
farming  is 
practiced,  but 
the  results  are 
uncertain  and 
the  yields  much 
less  than  on  ir- 
rigated land. 
The  value  of 
water  in  this 
region  is  so 
great  that  the 
natural  flow  of 
the  streams  is 
greatly  over- 
a  p  p  ropriated, 
and  there  is 
need  for  every 
additional  drop 
that  can  be  de- 
v  e  1  o  p  e  d  or 
stored.  Prac- 
tically all  of 
the      Great 


Forest  in  Colorado.  This  Forest 
extends  along  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
from  somewhat  north  of  Denver  to  south  of  Colorado 


Plains  lying  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  is  potentially 
agricultural  land,  and  the  only  limit  to  its  development 
is  the  amount  of  water  which  can  be  secured  for  irriga- 


1514 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


uon.  So  well  recognized  is  the  part  played  by  the 
forest  cover  in  protecting  the  water  supply  that  in 
one    case    an    organization    of    farmers    has    protested 


HOW   THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS  PROTECT   RIVER  SOURCES 


Vppor.- 


-Willow  Creek,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Colorado  River,  in  the  Arapaho  National  Forest,  Colorado. 
The  stream  comes  gently  from  the  belt  of  forest  which  stores  melting  snow  from  above  timber 
line  on  the  Parkview  Peaks, 
lower.— Trapper's  Lake,  also  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Colorado  River,  in  the  White  River  National 
Forest,  Colorado.  The  dense  stands  of  timber  which  are  characteristic  of  such  situations  help 
to  prevent  erosion   and    irregular  run-off. 


against  any   cutting  of   timber  on   certain   watersheds. 

No  less  important  is  the  use  of  the  water  for  domestic 

and  municipal  purposes.     Denver  has  its  main  storage 


reservoir,  Lake  Cheesman,  with  a  capacity  of  about  26,- 
000,000,000  gallons  and  a  watershed  of  1,152,000  acres, 
in  the  heart  of  the  Pike  Forest.  Colorado  Springs  has  a 
series  of  reservoirs  which  also 
get  their  supply  from  the  Pike. 
Altogether,  some  35  cities  and 
towns  with  an  aggregate  popula- 
tion of  275,000,  and  an  invest- 
ment in  waterworks  of  over 
$17,600,000,  obtain  their  domes- 
tic supply  from  this  Forest.  The 
watersheds  supplying  Denver, 
Colorado  Springs,  Manitou,  Cas- 
cade, and  Idaho  Springs  are  giv- 
en special  protection  against  fire. 
At  the  request  of  local  residents, 
Congress  has  added  nearly  28,- 
000  acres  to  the  Pike  Forest, 
while  farther  north,  on  the  Colo- 
rado National  Forest,  Congress 
in  1916  authorized  the  addition 
of  some  540,000  acres  for  the 
purpose  of  watershed  protec- 
tion. 

Where  fire  has  destroyed  the 
forest  cover  on  certain  of  the 
watersheds  within  the  Pike, 
young  trees  are  being  planted. 
Already  some  3,000  acres  have 
been  planted  by  the  Forest  Ser- 
vice on  the  watersheds  denuded 
by  the  great  fire  of  1866,  from 
which  Colorado  Springs  and  its 
suburbs  obtain  their  water,  and 
plans  have  been  perfected  for 
the  reforestation  of  an  additional 
9,000  acres. 

The  development  of  hydro- 
electric power  bids  fair  to  con- 
stitute another  important  use  of 
the  streams  which  take  their  rise 
in  the  Pike  National  Forest.  It 
is  only  in  recent  years  that  water 
in  this  region  has  been  utilized 
for  power,  but  the  possibilities 
for  development  offered  by  the 
streams  are  tremendous. 

Placer  mining,  which,  aside 
from  drinking  and  bathing, 
probably  called  for  the  first  use 
of  water  on  the  Pike  National 
Forest,  is  now  practically  a  thing 
of  the  past.  The  use  of  water 
in  the  milling  of  ores,  however, 
is  quite  common  in  a  number  of 
districts,  and  there  are  many 
mills  which  could  not  operate  without  an  abundant  and 
constant  supply.  The  value  of  water  as  a  scenic,  or 
esthetic  asset,  and  its  contribution  to  recreation  in  the 


NATIONAL    FORESTS    AND    THE    WATER    SUPPLY 


1515 


region,  should  also  not  be  overlooked.     To  the  Pikes 

Peake   region   come   thousands   of   visitors   every   year, 

attracted  by  the  scenery  and  climate.     Periodically  dry 

streams  and  eroded  stream  beds 

are  far  from  attractive,  and  in 

helping  to  prevent  erosion  and  to 

maintain    a   steady   stream   flow 

the  forest  adds  materially  to  the 

value  of  the  region  for  the  tourist 

and  pleasure  seeker. 

Some  Results  of  Forest 
Destruction. 

How  any  interference  with  the 
protective  cover  of  trees  and 
other  vegetation  works  to  the 
detriment  of  the  water  user  is 
illustrated  by  the  history  of  a 
small  stream  on  the  Pike  Forest 
known  as  Trail  Creek.  This  was 
originally  a  clear  stream  confined 
to  a  narrow  channel  and  with 
comparatively  little  erosion. 
Gradually,  however,  the  charac- 
ter of  the  stream  changed  as  a 
result  of  heavy  cutting  on  its 
watershed,  prior  to  the  creation 
of  the  National  Forest  and  on 
private  lands  included  within  the 
Forest  boundaries,  followed  by  a 
number  of  severe  forest  fires. 
Floods  became  more  frequent, 
erosion  set  in,  the  stream  beds 
were  widened,  and  their  bottoms 
began  to  fill  up  with  sand  and 
gravel  washed  down  from  above. 

In  April,  1914,  a  heavy  flood 
occurred  which  wrought  serious 
damage  to  a  small  ranch  at  the 
mouth  of  the  creek.  Approxi- 
mately 11  acres  of  irrigated  land, 
worth  $40  an  acre  and  including 
nearly  a  fourth  of  the  irrigated 
land  on  the  ranch,  were  buried 
under  from  18  to  30  inches  of 
coarse  gravel  and  rendered  prac- 
tically worthless.  Furthermore, 
the  flood  filled  up  the  irrigat- 
ing ditches  so  completely  and 
changed  the  course  of  Trail 
Creek  so  markedly  as  to  make 
it  impossible  to  continue  the  use 
of  water  from  the  creek  for  irri- 
gation without  going  to  consid- 
erable expense  in  the  construc- 
tion of  new  improvements.  In 
August  of  the  next  year  a  heavy 
hailstorm  resulted  in  another  flood  which  washed  out 
several  acres  of  hay  land  along  the  creek  bottom  and 
ruined  16  tons  or  more  of  hay  worth  $14  a  ton.     The 


same  storm  also  brought  down  an  immense  amount  of 
gravel  in  an  ordinary  dry  gulch  running  through  the 
farm  and  piled  this  2}i   feet  deep  against  the  kitchen 


Upper.- 
Lower.- 


EVERYWHERE  THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS  AND  THE  MOUNTAINS  COINCIDE 

Washington,   with   Council   Lake   in 
Washington,    with 


Headwaters  of   Lewis   River  in   the   Rainier  National   Forest 

foreground   and   Mount  Adams   in   background. 
■Typical    view    of    the    Cascade    Mountains    in    the    Columbia    National    Forest 

Mount  St.  Helens  in   background. 


door.  Altogether,  the  floods  of  these  two  years  damaged 
this  one  small  ranch  to  the  extent  of  at  least  $600  and 
rendered  approximately  one-fourth  of  it  practically  non- 


1516 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


productive.  Other  examples  of  the  damage  resulting 
from  interference  with  the  forest  cover  before  the  crea- 
tion of  the  National  Forests  can  be  selected  almost  at 
random  from 
the  Mountain 
Forests  of  the 
West.  In  the 
Sangre  de 
Cristo  Range 
and  the  Green- 
horn Range,  in 
what  is  now  the 
San  Isabel  Na- 
tional Forest, 
iii  s  o  u  t  hern 
Colorado,  it  is 
very  noticeable 
that  s  t  r  earns 
whose  head- 
waters have 
been  denuded 
to  a  considera- 
ble extent  of 
their  protective 
cover  have 
badly  eroded 
channels  and 
are  subject  to 
great  extremes 
in  flow,  with 
f  r  e  q  uent  de- 
structive floods, 
while  no  harm- 
ful effects  of 
this  sort  are 
noticeable  o  n 
streams  whose 
headwaters  are 
well  timbered. 
Wild  Cherry 
Creek,  for  ex- 
ample, after 
being  almost 
complete  ly 
burnt  over, 
was  subject  to 
spring  floods 
and  to  damage 
from  erosion. 
During  July  it 
would  dry  up 
at  a  distance 
of  not  over  2 
miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the 
canyon.  As  the 
watershed  has  become  reforested  these  conditions  have 
changed  gradually  until  today  the  stream  is  not  subject 
to  floods  and  erosion  and  is  more  regular  in  its  flow. 


WHAT   TOO    RAriD    RUNOFF   CAN    DO 

Upper. — Boulders  for  soil.     This  view  of  the  Santa  Ana  River  in  southern  California  shows  how  torrential 

run-off  may  wash  away  the  soil  and  leave  the  land  covered  with  snags,  gravel,  bowlders,  and 

other   infertile   debris. 
Lower. — Sand  for  alfalfa.     The  sand  waste  in  the  foreground   is  typical  of  hundreds  of  acres  of  formerly 

good    alfalfa    land    along  the   San    Diego    River    in    southern    California    which    were    seriously 

damaged   by   the   flood  of  January,   1916. 


During  the  summer  it  now  reaches  a  point  4  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  canyon  and  is  used  early  in  the 
fall  for  irrigation.    Apache  Creek,  which  formerly  flowed 

the  full  length 
of  its  course  all 
summer,  since 
the  destruction 
of  the  timber 
at  its  head- 
w  a  t  ers  disap- 
pears only  2  or 
3  miles  from  its 
head ;  and  its 
only  value  for 
irrigation  pur- 
poses after  the 
middle  of  June 
lies  in  its  flood 
waters,  which 
are  very  un- 
certain. Hard- 
scrabble  and 
Medano  Creeks 
have  suffered 
similar  results, 
and  the  list 
might  be  ex- 
ex  t  e  n  ded  al- 
most indefinite- 

ly. 

On  the  North 
Fork  of  the 
Gunnison 
River,  in  west- 
ern Colorado, 
much  flood 
damage  has  oc- 
curred as  a  re- 
sult of  the  ex- 
tensive fires 
which  burned 
over  its  upper 
watersheds  in 
the  late  seven- 
ties and  early 
eighties.  Pre- 
vious to  that 
time  the  creek 
channels  were 
narrow  and 
rocky,  beavers 
were  abundant, 
and  the  bottom 
lands  showed 
little  e  r  osion. 
In  1884  a 
heavy  snowfall  was  followed  by  a  flood  which  is  esti- 
mated to  have  ruined  at  least  2,000  acres  of  good  ranch 
land.     Since  then  destructive  floods  have  occurred  every 


NATIONAL   FORESTS   AND   THE   WATER   SUPPLY 


1517 


few  years.  In  191 2  irrigated  land  and  other  property  was 
damaged  to  the  extent  of  some  $20,000,  a $5,000  bridge  was 
washed  out,  and  $8,000  was  expended  in  preventing  the 
destruction  of 
two  other 
bridges.  In 
spite  of  this 
comparative  1  y 
recent  damage 
it  is  generally 
believed  that 
floods  are  be- 
coming less 
frequent  and 
less  destructive 
as  adequate  fire 
protection  on 
the  Gunnison 
Forest  is  grad- 
ually restoring 
a  forest  cover 
on  the  burned- 
over  areas. 

Thirty  years 
ago  a  big  fire 
burned  over  the 
watershed  o  f 
Gypsum  Creek, 
which  is  located 
in  central  Colo- 
rado in  what  is 
new  the  Holy 
Cross  National 
Forest.  Two 
years  after  this 
fire  the  low 
water  flow  of 
the  creek  was 
so  reduced  that 
the  use  of 
water  for  irri- 
gation from  it 
was  restricted 
to  the  first  47 
decrees.  Since 
then  the  flow 
had  gradually 
increased  with 
the  establish- 
ment of  a  dense 
stand  of  tim- 
ber until  now  it 
furnishes  suf- 
ficient water 
fori3odecrees. 

The  follow- 
ing letter  from  a  rancher  in  northern  Wyoming  throws 
light  on  what  the  protection  afforded  by  the  Bighorn  For- 
est means  to  the  water  user  in  that  part  of  the  country :  "I 


THE    KIKE    MENACE 

Upper. — Vista  Point,  on  the  Santa  Fe  National  Forest,  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Pecos  River.     Dense  stands 

of  timber  are  typical  of  the  higher  elevations,  where  fire  has  been  kept  out,  and  form  an  ideal 

cover  for  the   watersheds. 
Lower.— View  on  the  Rainier  National  Forest,  Washington,  along  Stabler  Ridge   and  Niggerhead.     Where 

fires  have  burned    we  have  denuded   slopes   like  this,   which  are   a   menace   to   the   lands  below 

because   of  the   danger  of  erosion   and   hoods. 


have  resided  on  Rock  Creek  for  28  years.  During  all  this 
time  I  was  owner  of  a  ranch  and  was  dependent  on  a 
good  supply  of  water  for  all  my  crops ;  the  welfare  of 

my  stock  and 
my  own  finan- 
c  i  a  1  standing 
depended, 
therefore,  more 
or  less,  on  a 
good  flow  of 
water  in  Rock 
Creek  .  All 
these  reasons 
make  a  man 
observant  and 
thoughtful 
about  any 
causes  that 
may  prevent  a 
normal  flow  of 
water  in  any 
stream  the 
headwaters  of 
which  are  in 
the  mountains. 
We  all  know 
that  if  a  for- 
est fire  runs 
thro  ugh  the 
biggest  portion 
of  the  water- 
sh  e  d  of  a 
stream  the 
water  supply 
of  such  a 
stream  is  great- 
ly diminished, 
if  not  entirely 
cut  off,  during 
the  latter  part 
of  July  and 
August,  and 
untold  damage 
is  done  to  all 
tanchmen  who 
are  dependent 
on  such  a 
burned-off  area 
for  their  irriga- 
tion water. 

"As  proof  of 
the  foregoing, 
I  mention  the 
great  fire  on 
the  headwaters 
of  Rock  Creek 
in  1890,  when  four-fifths  of  the  Rock  Creek  watershed 
was  burned  off.  There  was  good  reason  to  think  it  was 
incendiarism.     Immediately  after  the  fire  and  for  eight 


1518 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


years  afterwards  there  was  very  little  water  at  the  right 
time.  There  were  some  destructive  floods  too  early  in 
the  season  to  do  the  irrigator  much  good.  But  as  the 
hills  became 
covered  with 
young  repro- 
d  u  c  t  i  o  n  the 
flow  of  Rock 
Creek  kept  in- 
creasing and 
the  floods  be- 
came less  de- 
structive, and 
today,  20  years 
after  the  fire, 
Rock  Creek  is 
nearly  normal 
again,  but  not 
quite,  for  the 
reason  that  in 
the  head  of  the 
main  fork  the 
fire  was  so  de- 
structive that 
there  were  no 
seed  trees  left 
for  a  distance 
of  nearly  5 
miles  on  the 
south  side  of 
the  creek,  and 
cons  equently 
the  reproduc- 
tion is  very 
scattering. 

"In  conclu- 
sion I  wish  to 
state  that  any- 
one who  suc- 
cessfully farms 
a  ranch  in  this 
part  of  Wyom- 
ing understands 
the  great  im- 
porta  nee  of 
keeping  the 
forest  fires  out 
of  the  moun- 
tains and  of 
maintaining  a 
good  stand  of 
timber  on  the 
watersheds  of 
all  streams  to 
hold  the  snow 
and  help  pre- 
vent the  rapid  run-off  of  the  water  too  early  in  the  sea- 
son to  be  of  much  use  to  the  irrigator." 

Many  examples  of  destructive  floods  caused  by  over- 


PROTECTION   OF  DOMESTIC  WATER  SUPPLIES 

Upper. — Intake  of  the  water  system  for  the  city  of  Portland,  Oregon.  Water  for  the  city  comes  from 
the   Bull  Run   Watershed,  entirely  within  and   protected   by   the  Oregon  National  Forest. 

Center. — Lake  Cheesman,  in  the  heart  of  the  Pike  National  Forest,  Colorado — the  main  reservoir  for  the 
water  supply  system  for  the  city  of  Denver. 

Lower. — A  street  drinking  fountain  in  Portland,  Oregon.  The  purity  and  abundance  of  the  water  is 
assured  by  the  fact  that  it  comes  directly  from  the  Oregon  National  Forest. 


grazing  in  the  mountains  prior  to  the. creation  of  the 
National  Forests  are  furnished  by  the  State  of  Utah.  In 
what  is  now  the   Fillmore   National   Forest  the  Chalk 

Creek,  Pine 
Creek,  Mead- 
ow Creek,  Fool 
Creek,  Oak 
Creek,  and 
Scipio  water- 
sheds, which 
supply  the 
water  for  27,- 
000  acres  of  ir- 
rigated land 
and  for  the 
towns  of  Fill- 
more, Meadow, 
Oak  City,  and 
Scipio,  were  at 
one  time  so 
heavily  over- 
grazed that  the 
resulting  floods 
damaged  roads, 
reservoirs,  cul- 
tivated land, 
and  other  prop- 
erty to  the  ex- 
tent of  thou- 
sands of  dol- 
lars. Since  the 
creation  of  the 
National  For- 
est grazing  on 
these  water- 
sheds has  been 
pro  hibited  or 
restricted,  and 
the  vegetative 
cover  has  had 
a  chance  to  re- 
establish itself. 
As  a  result,  the 
floods  have 
been  steadily 
decrea  s  ing, 
both  in  number 
and  severity, 
until  they  are 
now  practically 
negligible.  The 
importance  of 
the  protection 
e  x  e  r  cised  by 
this  Forest  is 
still  further 
emphasized  by  the  fact  that,  together  with  the  Fishlake 
and  Sevier  National  Forests,  it  is  the  source  of  water 
used  in  the  irrigation  of  some  200,000  acres,  valued  at 


NATIONAL   FORESTS   AND    THE   WATER   SUPPLY 


1519 


over  $18,000,000,  and  as  the  domestic  supply  for  some 
28    towns,    with    a    total    population    of    about    13,000. 
How  National  Forest  Administration  Benefits  the  Water 
User. 

In  the  actual 
management  of 
the  National 
Forests  every 
pre  caution  is 
taken  to  see 
that  the  inter- 
ests of  the 
water  user  are 
fully  protected. 
No  utilization 
of  their  various 
r  e  s  o  u  rces  is 
permitted  un- 
less a  negative 
answer  can  be 
given  to  the 
question,  Will 
the  proposed 
use  have  any 
injurious  effect 
on  the  water 
supply  ? 

An  outstand- 
ing feature  of 
National  For- 
est administra- 
tion is  the  em- 
phasis placed 
on  fire  protec- 
tion. Fire  is 
the  worst  thing 
that  can  hap- 
pen in  a  forest, 
both  as  regards 
destruction  of 
property  and 
inter  f  erence 
with  the  water 
supply.  Every 
fire,  no  matter 
how  small,  de- 
stroys some  of 
the  organic  ma- 
terial in  the 
surface  layers 
of  the  soil,  and 
to  that  extent 
reduces  its  ab- 
sorptive capac- 
ity. Repeated 
fires     on     the 


Upper. — A  fire-lookout  station  on  the  summit  of  Mount  Eddy,  on  the  Shasta  National  Forest,  Califorina. 
Lookout  stations  of  this  sort  make  possible  the  prompt  detection  of  forest  fires.  They  are  con- 
nected by  telephone  with  the  headquarters  of  the  Forest  Supervisor,  who  is  thus  enabled  to 
organize  and  dispatch  a  fire-fighting  crew  before  the  fire  gains  any  considerable  headway. 

Lower. — Extinguishing  a  fire  on  the  Wasatch  National  Forest,  Utah.  In  the  mountains  of  the  West  axes 
and  shovels  play  a  much  more  important  part  than  water  in  the  suppression  of  forest  fires. 


to  control  so  dangerous  a  menace.  The  guiding  idea 
is  to  prevent  fires  from  starting  and  to  put  out  those 
that  do  start  before  they  attain  any  considerable  head- 
way. Various 
means  are  used 
to  bring  home 
to  the  general 
public  the  ser- 
iousness of  the 
fire  danger  and 
to  secure  the 
co-oper  a  t  i  o  n 
both  of  local 
residents  and 
transient  visi- 
tors. Lookout 
stations  are  es- 
t  a  b  1  ished  on 
mountain  tops 
and  at  other 
points  of  vant- 
age for  the 
prompt  detec- 
tion of  fires. 
These  are  sup- 
plemented b  y 
riding  patrols. 
Boxes  of  fire- 
fighting  tools 
are  placed  at 
strategic  points. 
Eoads,  trails, 
and  telephone 
lines  are  built 
as  means  of 
quick  com- 
m  u  n  i  c  a  tion. 
Extra  men  to 
serve  as  fire 
guards  are  ap- 
pointed during 
the  danger  sea- 
son, and  the 
local  communi- 
ty is  so  organ- 
ized as  to  make 
an  efficient  fire- 
fighting  force 
avail  able  on 
short  notice. 

The  system 
has  now  reach- 
ed a  stage  of 
efficiency  where 
the  majority 
of     fires     are 


same  area,  even  if  they  do  not  destroy  the  forest  out- 
right, may  practically  nullify  its  effects  in  preventing 
erosion  and  regulating  stream  flow.    Every  effort  is  made 


brought  under  control  before  they  do  any  serious  damage. 
In  1916,  for  example,  73  per  cent  of  the  5,655  fires  on 
the  National  Forests  were  extinguished  before  they  had 


1520 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


*V*.V.y;_.> 


PLANTING  TREES  ON  DENUDED  LANDS 


Transplant 
forest  tree 
of  denuded 


beds   at 

seedlings 

lands  on 


the   Cottonwood   Nursery   on   the   Wasatch   National   Forest    in   Utah.     About   10,030,000 
and  transplants  are  grown  by  the  Forest  Service  each  year  for  use  in  the  reforestation 
the  National  Forests. 


ciple  was  folldwed,  namely,  that 
land  chiefly  valuable  for  the  pre- 
vention of  erosion  or  the  regu- 
lation of  stream  flow  should  be 
retained  in  the  National  Forests 
and  administered  primarily  for 
these  purposes.  Such  other  lands 
as  appear  to  be  more  valuable 
for  c/Kjp  production  have  either 
been  eliminated  altogether  from 
the  National  Forests  or  else 
opened  to  entry  under  the  For- 
est Homestead  Act.  It  some- 
times happened  that  areas  were 
encountered  which  were  of  value 
both  for  farming  and  for  water- 
shed protection.  When  this  was 
the  case  it  became  necessary  to 
determine  their  relative  value  for 
the  two  purposes.  The  fact  that 
throughout  the  West  water  is 
such  a  precious  commodity  ordi- 
narily led  to  the  classification  of 
such  tracts  as  primarily  valu- 
able for  ^watershed  protection. 
A  good  example  of  the  way  in 


burned  over  10  acres,  and  only 
4.4  per  cent  caused  a  damage  of 
more  than  $100.  The  chief  op- 
portunities for  further  progress 
lie  in  reducing  the  number  of 
fires  that  occur,  and  in  this  work 
every  citizen  can  help.  The 
water  user  in  particular  should 
be  among  the  very  first  to  co- 
operate in  keeping  down  fires. 
His  prosperity  is  intimately 
bound  up  with  their  suppression. 

Necessary  precautions  are 
likewise  taken  to  keep  in  check 
insects  and  diseases  which  would 
endanger  the  forest  cover  on 
watersheds  in  the  National 
Forests. 

When   the  boundaries   of   the 
National     Forests     were     first 
drawn  it  was  inevitable  that  oc- 
casional areas  of  land  more  suit- 
able for  farming  than  for  timber 
production  or  watershed  protec- 
tion should  have  been  included. 
To  make  certain  that  all  of  the 
lands  within  the   National   For- 
ests will  be  put  to  their  best  use  thorough  surveys  were 
made  by  experts, ^as  a  result  of  which  the  lands  have 
been  classified  according  to  their  primary  value  for  tim- 
ber production,  watershed  protection,  agriculture,  and  the 
like.    In  making  this  classification,  one  fundamental  prin- 


TREE  PLANTING  ON  THE  PIKE  NATIONAL  FOREST,  COLORADO 

This  is  the  watershed  from  which  Colorado  Springs  derives  its  domestic  water  supply.  About  10,000  acres 
are  reforested  each  year  by  the  Forest  Service,  mainly  on  watersheds  from  which  towns  and  cities  and 
irrigation    projects   derive   their   water   supply. 

which  this  works  out  in  actual  practice  is  afforded  by  the 
Angeles  National  Forest  in  southern  California,  which  is 
the  main  source  of  the  water  supply  for  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  citrus  groves  and  other  irrigated  lands 
in  the  valleys  below.    These  lands,  which  owe  their  high 


NATIONAL    FORESTS    AND    THE    WATER    SUPPLY 


1521 


productiveness  entirely  to  irrigation,  are  many  times 
more  valuable  than  the  rather  mediocre  lands  within  the 
National  Forest,  even  when  the  latter  can  be  cultivated 
successfully.  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
Consequently, 
all  of  the  land 
within  this  Na- 
tional Forest, 
much  of  which 
is  easily  erod- 
ed, has  been 
classified  a  s 
primarily  valu- 
able for  water- 
shed protection 
wherever  there 
was  any  dan- 
ger that  its  cul- 
tivation might 
cause  erosion 
or  changes  in 
stream  flow 
that  would  re- 
sult in  damage 
to  the  irrigat- 
ed lands  below. 
The  same 
principle  also 
applies  in  the 
case  of  lands 
primarily  valu- 
able for  mu- 
nicipal supply 
or  for  hydro- 
electric proj- 
ects. Out  of 
the  1 2,000,000 
acres  of  land 
in  the  Western 
States  that 
have  been  elim- 
inated from 
the  National 
Forests  or 
opened  to  en- 
try in  the  last 
five  years, 
pract  i  c  al 1 y 
none  are  pri- 
marily valu- 
able for  water- 
s  h  e  d  protec- 
tion. The  wa- 
ter user  and 
his  needs  have 
been  given  first 
consideration.  Within  the  National  Forests  is  a  large 
part  of  the  western  summer  stock  range.  Before  the 
creation  of  the   Forests,  this   range  had  been   so  badly 


REGULATED  GRAZING  ON  THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS 

Upper — Sheep  grazing  on  the  Santa  Fe  National  Forest,  New  Mexico.  Approximately  7,500,000  sheep^  use 
the  National  Forest  range  each  year.  Damage  to  the  vegetative  cover  is  prevented  by  limiting 
the  number  of  stock  to  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  range  and  by  proper  methods  of  handling, 
such   as   open    herding,    illustrated    in    the   picture. 

Lower. — Cattle  grazing  on  the  Santa  Fe  National  Forest,  New  Mexico.  Approximately  2,000,000  cattle  and 
horses  use  the  National  Forest  Range  each  year.  Full  utilization  of  the  range  is  secured  by 
the  proper  development  of   water  holes  and   salting  grounds. 


trampled  and  so  heavily  over-grazed  that  its  carrying  ca- 
pacity had  been  seriously  decreased,  and,  what  was 
worse  from  the  standpoint  of  the  water  user,  the  protec- 

t  i  v  e  influence 
of  the  surface 
cover  of  grass, 
shrubs,  and 
small  trees  had 
been  largely 
destroyed.  In 
many  localities 
over  -  grazing 
had  been  the 
cause  of  severe 
erosion,  disas- 
trous  floods, 
and  reduced 
stream  flow 
during  the  dry 
season. 

Grazing  in 
the  National 
Forests  has 
been  regulated 
in  such  a  way 
as  to  repair 
such  damage 
to  the  fullest 
possible  extent 
and  to  prevent 
similar  damage 
on  areas  '  not 
already  affect- 
ed. Not  only 
has  grazing 
been  restricted 
in  certain  lo- 
calities, but 
new  methods 
of  handling  the 
stock  have 
been  i  n  t  r  o  - 
duced.  In  the 
case  of  sheep, 
for  example, 
the  old  method 
of  grazing 
them  in  large, 
compact  bodies 
and  bringing 
them  back 
night  after 
night  to  the 
same  bedding 
ground,  which 
proved  so  in- 
jurious to  both  forage  and  soil,  has  been  replaced  by 
handling  them  in  smaller,  more  open  bands  and  by  bed- 
ding them  down  wherever  night  overtakes  them.     Cattle 


1522 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


are  prevented  from  congregating  too  much  by  a  proper 
distribution  of  salt  and  the  development  of  watering 
places  at  the  higher  elevations  and  on  the  less  frequented 
parts  of  the 
range .  All 
stock  is  kept 
off  of  the 
range  until  the 
ground  is  firm 
enough  not  to 
be  cut  up  by 
trampling. 
Where  neces- 
sary, no  graz- 
ing is  allowed 
until  the  grass 
and  other 
herbs  have  had 
a  chance  to 
seed.  By  such 
measures  as 
these  the  water 
user  is  protect- 
ed, and  at  the 
same  time  the 
grazing  indus- 
try is  benefited. 
Under  the  im- 
proved meth- 
ods the  range 
is,  in  fact,  be- 
ing built  up  to 
a  point  where 
it  can  carry 
larger  num- 
bers of  stock 
than  before 
and  still  af- 
f  o  r  d  protec- 
tion from  the 
twin  dangers 
of  erosion  and 
irregular 
stream  flow. 

In  cutting 
timber  on  the 
National  For- 
c  s  t  s  ,  similar 
precautions  are 
taken  to  see 
that  the  inter- 
ests of  the  wa- 
ter user  are 
properly  pro- 
tected. De- 
structive lum- 
bering, which  too  often  stripped  the  land  and  abandoned 
it  to  fire,  with  entire  disregard  not  only  of  the  future 
timber  supply,  but  also  of  the  water  supply,  is  now  a 


ONE  METHOD  OF  STREAM   CONTROL 

A  costly  substitute  for  brush  and  forest  cover.  These  check  dams  are  part  of  a  series  of  approximately 
400  dams  constructed  in  Haines  Canyon,  on  the  Angeles  National  Forest  in  Southern  California,  at  a 
cost  of  some  $6,000,000,  in  order  to  control  the  floods  resulting  from  the  complete  burning  off  of  the 
protective  brush  cover. 


thing  of  the  past,  so  far  as  the  National  Forests  are  con- 
cerned. In  its  place  has  been  substituted  a  system  of 
management  which  assures  the  preservation  of  the  forest 

cover  and  of 
i  t  s  protective 
influence.  At 
the  higher  ele- 
vations, where 
because  of  thin 
soil,  steep 
slopes,  and 
heavy  precipi- 
tation the  pres- 
ervation of  a 
fairly  dense 
forest  cover  is 
particularly  im- 
portant, "pro- 
t  e  c  t  i  o  n  for- 
ests" may  be 
set  aside  in 
which  little  or 
no  cutting  is 
allowed.  At 
lower  ele- 
vations the 
amount  of  cut- 
ting that  may 
s  a  f  e  1  y  be  al- 
lowed natural- 
ly varies  more 
or  less  with  lo- 
cal conditions. 
In  each  case  a 
careful  study 
of  the  situa- 
tion is  made, 
and  the  timber 
is  never  thin- 
ned below  the 
point  of  safe- 
ty. Lumbering 
is  carried  on 
with  the  pri- 
mary object  of 
improving  the 
forest  and 
keeping  it  con- 
tinuously pro- 
ductive. So  far 
as  possible, 
new  growth  is 
secured  by  nat- 
ural reproduc- 
tion from  the 
old  trees  left  standing.  Areas  burned  over  before  the 
creation  of  the  National  Forests  need  to  be  planted  to 
trees  and  many  difficulties  are  encountered  in  this  work. 


TRAVELS  OF  AN  ENGLISH  CHRISTMAS  TREE 

BY  CLARA  L.  WEST 


IT  was  the  day  before  Christmas  in  England — in  the 
south  of  England,  where  the  belated  roses  lingered 
here  and  there  in  the  gardens,  and  the  snow  melted 
as  soon  as  it  fell. 

The  family  at  the  Hall,  an  old  country  seat,  decided 
that  it  was  time  to  bring  in  the  tree.  Now  the  trees 
on  an  English  estate  are  considered  very  valuable. 
The  "lop  and  the  crop"  of  the  trees  are  used  for  kind- 
ling, that  is;  the  cuttings  made  by  the  woodmen,  and 
the  small  branches  which  fall  of  themselves.  But  to  cut 
down  a  tree — that  is  a  matter  requiring  the  greatest 
consideration.  So,  it  was  quite  an  event  to  go  into  the 
woodlands,  with  the  Lord  of  the  Manor,  who  had  the 
right  to  cut  down,  or  dig  up,  any  tree  he  pleased. 

The   Squire,   the   guests,   the   children   of   the   whole 
place,    even   some    of   the    house   servants,   went   witl 
the  gardener  and  the  woodmen  in  search  of  the  Christ- 
mas tree. 

It  was  a  fit  tree  they  wanted— not  too  large,  nor  too 
small.  When  they  came  to  a  fine  strong  tree,  they 
stopped,  and  all  made  a  circle  around  it. 

"Shall  you  chop  it  down  now?"  asked  the  American, 
one  of  the  guests. 

"Chop  it  down !"  exclaimed  the  Lord  of  the  Manor. 

"Chop  it  down !"  echoed  the  gardener,  in  great  sur- 
prise. 

"Chop  it  down !"  cried  the  children. 

They  were  all  thinking  of  it  as  a  live  greenwood  tree 
— but  the  American  only  thought  of  it  as  a  framework 
to  be  dressed  as  a  Christmas  tree. 

"No — we  shall  dig  it  up,"  said  the  squire ; 

"Yes — dig  it  up" — agreed  the  gardener; 

"Dig  it  up" — repeated  the  children. 

While  the  American  wondered  what  difference  that 
would  make.  But,  that  was  all  the  difference  in  the 
world,  as  you  shall  see,  for  it  saved  the  life  of  the  tree. 

The  gardener  measured  the  earth  from  the  trunk  of 
the  tree  to  the  circumference  of  a  circle  around  it, 
staking  it  off  with  bits  of  wood,  working  just  as  if  he 
were  going  to  transplant  it.  Then  the  woodmen  dug 
it  up,  roots  and  earth,  and  planted  it  in  a  great  tub, 
like  a  washtub,  which  really  looked  like  a  giant's  flower- 
pot. After  that  the  tree  was  hoisted  into  the  cart 
driven  out  of  the  forest,  across  the  park,  to  the  house. 
There  they  placed  the  noble  fir  tree  in  the  middle  of 
the  great  entrance  hall.  And  this  was  the  tree's  first 
journey  into  a  world  outside  of  the  green-wood. 

The  Yule  log  was  already  in  the  great  fireplace,  ready 
to  be  lighted.  Holly  and  mistletoe  boughs  garlanded 
the  chimney-piece  and  the  old  portraits  in  the  Hall. 
And  on  the  wainscoting  of  the  walls  there  were 
curiously  carved  panels,  representing  scenes  from 
English  history,  and  old  customs.  One  of  them  was 
about  the  "Makinge  of  Pinnes."  It  represented  a  man 


kneeling  before  Queen  Elizabeth,  with  many  quaint 
round-headed  pins  stuck  in  a  cushion.  The  Queen  look- 
ed in  surprise  at  these  wonderful  things.  Underneath 
was  carved  in  old  English  letters : 

"How  ye  makynge  of  pinnes  was  firste  done  in  a 
righteous  and  discreet  manner  in  Gloster  Citee.  For 
ungodlie  men,  seekynge  only  their  present  gain,  fixed 
ye  head  without  steadfastnesse,  and  fools,  of  their  folie, 
made  ye  point  with  dust  of  Qud  (?)  that  left  it  malign 
unto  them  that  were  wounded  withal ! 

"Whereupon  Elizabeth,  our  Queen,  gave  right  of 
patent  unto  John  Tilsby,  our  citizen,  who  avouched  and 
shewed  proofs  that  he  made  espingles  (pins)  with  truth 
and  knowingnesse." 

And  so,  it  was  this  John  Tilsby  who  was  kneeling 
before  the  Queen  showing  her  his  good  Gloucestershire 
pins.  But  no  one  paid  much  attention  to  the  treasures 
in  this  old  house — the  carvings,  portraits,  and  the  won- 
derful porcelain  collections,  because  the  tree  was  wait- 
ing to  be  dressed.  It  was  a  real  live  tree,  remember, 
with  its  good  roots  still  feeding  it. 

Before  dark  the  family  came  with  hammers  and 
tacks,  and  green  branches,  and  they  covered  the  tub, 
with  evergreens  and  holly,  until  not  an  inch  of  the  wood 
could  be  seen.  After  that,  the  red  apples  and  oranges 
were  tied  on,  to  properly  weight  the  branches — then 
the  gilded  and  silvered  walnuts,  and  many  colored 
shining  balls,  paper  butterflies,  gold  and  silver  birds  and 
fishes,  bon-bons,  and  Christmas  boxes  of  candies  (which 
they  call  "sweets"  in  England),  and  mysterious  small 
packages  for  special  people,  tied  up  in  gay  papers. 
Then  much  glittering  tinsel  thread,  called  "Angels  Hair," 
and  paper  posies.  Then  they  put  on  some  little  glass 
bells,  which  made  a  cheerful  tinkling  sound  whenever 
the  tree  was  shaken.  But  no  popcorn,  because  there 
is  none  in  England,  and  no  strings  of  red  cranberries, 
for  the  same  reason.  The  wax  tapers  were  then  put 
in  place,  red,  blue,  green,  yellow,  white  and  pink.  And 
to  crown  it  all,  at  the  very  top,  they  placed  a  big,  daz- 
zling, gold  star,  with  many'  candles  around  it  so  that 
its  shining  could  be  plainly  seen.  All  the  large  pres- 
ents for  the  household  were  placed  under  the  tree  on  the 
earth,  covered  with  green.  It  was  done !  How  fine 
it  looked ! 

There  the  tree  stood  all  night  long,  until  the  dawn. 
Very  early  the  chimes  of  the  village  church  began  to  ring 
in  the  Christmas  morn.  On  and  on  they  rang,  for  there 
were  eight  bells  in  the  parish  church  tower,  and  it  took 
nearly  two  hours  to  ring  in  all  the  changes. 

The  tree  heard  all  this ! 

Presently  a  footman  brought  in  a  red  bench — and 
placed  it  on  one  side  of  the  hall.  Then  another,  and 
another  and  another.  They  were  red-cushioned  benches 
and  looked  very  gay.     Then  the   man   looked  at  the 


1523 


1524 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


clock,  and  went  away  to  strike  a  gong.  After  the  gong 
stopped  sounding,  there  was  a  silence — a  great  still- 
ness, in  the  house,  for  a  time.  Then  the  patter,  patter, 
patter  of  footsteps  coming  down  the  great  stairway  an- 
nounced the  arrival  of  the  family  and  their  guests. 
"Merry  Christmas"  was  heard  on  all  sides.  The  master 
of  the  house  pulled  a  bell,  and  the  procession  of  house 
servants  entered,  headed  by  the  housekeeper  and  butler, 
and  took  their  places  on  the  red  benches.  The  family 
and  friends  were  in  groups  near  the  fireplace  and  in  the 
window  niches.  The  lesson  for  the  day  was  read,  and 
the  Christmas  prayer  said.  And  the  Tree,  in  all  its 
glory  stood  in  the  very  middle  of  everything.  Surely 
it  had  never  been  in  such  company  before.  And,  after- 
wards when,  amid  much  merry-making,  the  presents 
were  given  and  taken,  the  tree  had  to  part  with  some 
of  its  fine  trimmings,  while  the  little  glass  bells  tinkled 
joyfully  as  each  package  was  pulled  off. 

But  hark  !  There  were  singers  just  outside  the  door  : — 
"Come  fill  the  house  with  song  and  glee 
With  mistletoe  and  holly  tree 
For  Christmastide  is  here." 

There  they  stood,  the  children  of  the  estate,  with 
their  fresh  young  faces,  all  dressed  in  their  holiday 
clothes,  singing  the  Christmas  carol.  When  they  had 
finished,  they  were  called  into  the  house,  and  each  given 
a  Christmas  box. 

The  tree  saw  wonderful  things  that  day :  the  carol 
singers,  the  bell-ringers,  the  finely  dressed  guests  for 
the  great  dinner,  the  crackling  Yule  log,  and  all  the 
fine  presents  spread  around  the  hall. 

The  travels  of  the  tree  went  on  after  Christmas 
day,  for,  the  next  morning  many  of  the  decorations  were 
taken  off,  but  not  the  glittering  tinsel,  the  paper  roses 
nor  the  great  star.  The  cart  came  to  the  door,  and  took 
the  tree  down  to  the  village  school  house.  What  a  fine 
ride  through  the  frosty  air!  The  school  children  were 
to  have  a  treat  and  the  tree  was  again  dressed.  This 
time  wih  many  bags  of  candy  and  toys.  All  were  tied 
so  that  the  children  could  see  them  and  talk  about  them. 
More  wax  candles — and  some  big  round  cakes  with  a 
hole  in  them  through  which  the  string  to  hang  them  on 
was  tied.  The  children  had  a  fine  feast  and  a  magic 
lantern  show — then  they  sang  a  carol,  and  marched  out 
passing  the  tree,  each  child  getting  a  toy  and  a  bag  of 
candy  and  a  cake.  So,  at  the  end  of  this  evening  the 
tree  stood  quite  bare  except  for  the  tinsel,  the  paper 
posies,  and  the  star. 

One  more  journey  the  tree  was  to  make  before  it  re- 


turned to  its  home  in  the  forest,  for  it  was  going  back 
to  be  planted  again,  and  go  on  growing. 

This  last  journey  was  to  a  hospital,  in  the  Cathedral 
town.  Once  more  the  cart  arrived  and  carried  off  the 
tree ;  and,  as  it  rolled  down  the  quaint  old  street,  some 
children  shouted  "Ha !  Look  at  the  star — there  goes  a 
Christmas  tree  a-riding!"  Again  the  traveling  tree  had 
to  be  dressed,  and  this  time  in  a  room  where  all  the 
people  were  in  little  white  beds  trying  to  rejoice  be- 
cause it  was  Christmastide,  although  many  were  ill  and 
sorrowful.  The  star  shone  out  in  all  its  splendor,  and 
the  fir-tree  with  its  new  decorations,  stood  up  straight 
and  strong,  because  its  roots  were  firmly  planted,  and 
there  was  earth  to  nourish  them.  Nobody  was  afraid 
that  the  tree  would  fall  over — it  was  not  possible,  with 
such  a  foundation,  and  besides  it  was  alive ! 

Even  Christmas  festivals  come  to  an  end,  and  so,  one 
morning  the  tree  was  made  ready  for  its  last  ride  in  the 
cart.  Then  the  glittering  star  came  off,  and  the  tinsel, 
and  even  the  paper  posies. 

The  children  of  the  old  estate  eagerly  watched  the 
country  road  for  the  return  of  the  tree.  When  it  enter- 
ed the  park,  the  children,  indeed  everyone  in  the  house, 
rushd  down  to  meet  it  and  go  with  it  into  the  woods. 
And  one  of  the  children  said.  "LetJUS  hang  one  of  our 
glass  bells  on  the  tree  and  then  it  5$Ui  tinkle  when  the 
wind  blows."    And  so  they  did. 

The  gardener  and  the  woodmen  took  the  tree  back  to 
the  very  place  from  which  they  dug  it  up.  There  was 
the  great  yawning  hole,  and  when  the  woodmen  knock- 
ed off  the  staves  of  the  tub,  the  tree  was  planted 
back  into  its  old  home,  ready  to  go  on  growing  when 
its  roots  should  strike  out  again  into  the  earth. 

It  was  a  proud  tree,  for  it  was  not  only  a  fir  tree,  but 
a  Christmas  tree,  and  a  traveled  tree,  which  had  seen  the 
life  of  creatures  outside  of  the  greenwood.  When  the 
wind  arose  the  little  Christmas  bell  tinkled  as  if  to  wish 
good  cheer  to  all  the  birds  of  the  woodland. 

The  children  of  the  old  place  delighted  to  walk  in  the 
woods  for  they  knew  several  trees  which,  from  time  to 
time,  had  been  their  Christmas  trees  in  the  Hall.  Some- 
times they  would  stop  and  exclaim  "Look  at  this  date," 
showing  the  metal  tag  with  the  date  of  the  journey  of 
the  tree  out  of  the  forest. 

And  all  this  shows  that  it  is  better  to  have  one  live 
tree  for  three  festivals,  than  to  cut  down,  and  kill,  three 
trees  for  the  same  purpose. 

This  is  a  true  story,  and  happens  each  year  in  a  place 
in  Southern  England. 


STATE  FLOWERS  OF  MARYLAND  AND  WEST  VIRGINIA 


fTUiE  American  Forestry  Association  has  received 
-*-  a  letter  from  Mrs.  T.  R.  Payne,  of  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, in  which  she  says :  "It  gives  the  Halten  Garden 
Club,  of  Baltimore  County,  great  pleasure  to  announce 
that  Maryland  has  a  legalized  state  flower,  the  Black 
Eyed  Susan  (Rudbeckia-hirta).  We  thank  you  for 
your  assistance  in  the  matter  and  hope  you  will  add 


our  state  to  your  official  list."  And  another  from  Mayo 
Tolmon,  chief  engineer,  who  says:  In  an  article  in  the 
Boston  Transcript  I  noticed  you  gave  the  state  flower 
of  West  Virginia  as  the  Indian  Paint  Brush.  The  state 
flower  of  West  Virginia  is  the  Rhododendron.  It  was 
chosen  by  the  children  of  the  state  and  legalized  by  joint 
resolution  of  the  legislature. 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1525 


FOREIGN  STUDENTS  OF  FORESTRY 
IN  AMERICA 

OTUDENTS  from  Sweden  and  the  Philippines,  both 
*J  for  advanced  work,  and  other  students  from  China 
and  Canada  have  been  sent  to  the  United  States  to  secure 
training  in  forestry,  marking  an  advanced  step  in  the  in- 
ternational application  of  the  principles  of  reforestation 
of  barren  areas,  and  the  beginning  of  cooperative  studies 
along  reforestation  lines  between  various  nations.  This 
acceleration  of  the  training  of  men  in  the  great  out  of 


ORESTRY  MEN  FROM  FOREIGN  SHORES  AT  SYRACUSE 


Reading  from  left  to  right:  F.  B.  Mann,  Lindsay,  Ontario;  A.  E.  F. 
Schard,  Stockholm,  Sweden;  H.  J.  MacAIoney,  Halifax,  N.  S. ;  Mark 
Y.  C.  Hwang,  Kiukiang,  China;  Chia  Choung  Tong,  Tien  Tsin,  China 
and    Luis  J.    Reyes,    Manila,    Philippine    Islands. 

doors  profession  is  the  direct  result  of  the  war,  which 
caused  a  realization  of  the  need  of  the  world  for  trees 
and  timber.  Six  foreign  students  are  registered  this 
year.at  the  New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syra- 
cuse, four  in  undergraduate  work,  and  two  in  advanced 
study,  in  addition  to  a  larger  entering  class  than  has 
ever  before  been  known  in  the  New  York  institution. 
The  foreign  students  come  with  an  unusual  record,  par- 
ticularly in  two  instances,  where  they  are  sent  by  author- 
ization of  foreign  governments  for  advanced  study.  The 
six  foreign  students  of  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse  are :  A.  E.  S.  Schard,  Swedish 
Royal  Forest  Service,  American  Scandinavian  Founda- 
tion exchange  fellow  from  Stockholm,  in  interchange 
with  Henry  M.  Meloney,  of  the  New  York  College,  sent 
to  Sweden  by  the  Foundation.  Luis  J.  Reyes,  assistant 
Wood  expert  of  the  Philippine  Forest  Service, graduate  of 
the  Insular  Forest  School  of  the  University  of  the  Philip- 
pines, and  for  the  last  six  years  with  the  Philippine  Forest 
Service.  Mark  Y.  C.  Hwang,  Kiukiang,  China,  mem- 
ber of  the  junior  class,  sent  here  through  authorization  of 
the  Chinese  government,  to  learn  how  to  assist  in  the  re- 
forestation of  China.  Chia  Choung  Tong,  Tientsin, 
China,  a  freshman  here  for  study  under  the  same  condi- 
tions as  Mr.  Hwang.  F.  B.  Mann,  Lindsay,  Ontario, 
member  of  the  freshman  class,  in  America  to  study  for 
future  practical  work  in  the  Dominion. 


NATURE  IN  THE  NUDE 

fT^HE  frosts,  the  rains  and  the  boisterous  blasts  have 
-*-  stripped  the  trees  of  their  green  robes  of  summer 
and  they  stand  naked — but  unashamed. 

The  leafy  tent  which  the  big  maple  made  in  your  door- 
yard  last  June  is  now  but  a  tracery  of  twigs  against  the 
sky.  Its  delicate  fret-work  is  for  the  most  part  as  rigid 
and  motionless  as  if  stamped  from  steel,  for  it  no  longer 
invites  the  vagrant  zephyrs  for  a  romp,  and  even  the 
northern  gale  drives  through  its  skeletonized  body  with 
almost  as  little  resistance  as  a  ghost  would  offer. 

Yet  it  is  still  beautiful.  We  can  now  study  the  great 
limbs  of  which  there  was  no  hint  beneath  its  summer 
drapery ;  the  huge,  swelling  muscles  where  the  limb  joins 
the  trunk,  the  point  of  greatest  strain.  Note,  too,  in  the 
case  of  the  forest  maple,  the  perfect  balancing  of  weight, 
which  is  the  secret  of  the  straight,  columnar  bole. 

Observe  how  the  oak  throws  out  great,  brawny, 
horizontal  branches  which  suddenly  turn  and  lift  sky- 
ward, with  an  abrupt  taper,  in  order  that  the  multitudi- 
nous leaves  of  the  growing  season  may  receive  their 
share  of  sunlight.  The  branches  of  the  elm,  on  the  other 
hand,  shoot  upward  first  and  then  turn  their  tips  out- 
ward and  downward,  like  a  waterfall.  But  the  same  end 
is  secured. 

If  you  learn  the  trees  in  the  spring  and  summer,  with 
leaf,  flower  and  fruit  as  your  guides,  you  must  learn  them 
all  over  again  in  the  winter.  It  is  a  bit  baffling  at  first, 
for  most  botanical  manuals  seem  to  assume  that  trees  are 
to  be  studied  only  when  in  verdure.  But  it's  all  the  more 
fun  for  that. 

Now  the  only  clues  in  your  arboreal  detective  work 
are  the  bark,  both  as  to  texture  and  color;  the  habit  of 
branching;  the  twigs,  by  their  alternative  or  opposite 
position ;  the  leaf  scars  and  the  shape,  size  and  color 
of  the  buds,  which  some  people  may  be  surprised  to  learn 
are  all  finished  before  the  first  frost. 

But  soon  you  come  to  recognize  a  tree  just  as  you  do 
a  friend — instinctively,  as  it  were,  with  no  cognizance  of 
details.  The  contour  is  sufficient,  and  you  may  in  time 
rival  James  Russell  Lowell,  who  implies  in  one  of  his 
poems  that  the  etching  against  a  moonlit  sky  enabled 
him  to  name  any  New  England  tree. 

And  it  is  true  that  trees  look  more  alike  in  summer 
than  in  winter.  In  their  winter  nakedness  nothing  is 
concealed ;  their  individuality  is  blazoned  to  the  discern- 
ing eye.  The  infinite  variety  of  nature  in  accomplishing 
the  same  end  is  revealed. 

Trees,  then,  become  more  than  trees  to  us  .  They  be- 
come living  entities,  and  we  begin  to  imbue  them  with 
the  aspirations  and  sentiments  which  we  ourselves  cher- 
ish. We  begin  to  understand  why  John  Muir  was 
charged  with  thinking  more  of  a  tree  than  of 
a  man,  and  we  can  enter  into  the  spirit  of  John  Bur- 
rough's  reputed  retort:  "Well,  why  shouldn't  he?" — 
(Reprinted  by  courtesy  of  the  Chicago  Evening  Post.) 


A  CHRISTMAS  WALK  WITH  BIRDS  AND  BEASTS 

BY  A.  A.  ALLEN,  PH.  D. 


ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  OF  ORNITHOLOGY,  CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


IT  WAS  Molly  Cottontail  that  started  us  off.  Her 
clean-cut  tracks  across  the  yard  and  up  the  hill 
toward  the  edge  of  the  woods  invited  us  to  follow 
and  learn  her  story  of  the  night  before.  There  had  been 
a  light  fall  of  snow  the  previous  day  and  the  night  had 
been  quiet  with  a  bright  moon  inviting  all  of  the  wood 
folk  to  come  out  for  a  frolic.  Every  action  was  recorded 
by  the  tell-tale  prints  of  their  feet  in  the  snow  and  all 


THE    TRAIL    OF    MOLLY    COTTONTAIL 

This  record  tells  us  that   she   was   traveling  slowly   and   stopped  twice 
to  look  around. 

previous  records  that  ordinarily  would  have  confused  the 
story  had  been  erased. 

What  a  day  for  a  tramp  it  was ;  cold  but  quiet,  and 
the  crisp  air  sent  the  blood  coursing  through  our  veins 
and  brought  the  color  to  our  cheeks.  Up  the  hill  we 
went  following  the  route  that  Bunny  had  taken.  She 
had  crossed  the  yard  at  a  pretty  good  pace;  we  could 
tell  because  her  tracks  were  far  apart  and  the  prints 
made  by  her  front  feet  were  far  back  of  those  made 
by  her  hind  feet.  When  a  rabbit  hops,  its  front  feet 
strike  first,  usually  one  in  front  of  the  other,  but  the 
momentum  of  its  body  carries  its  hind  feet  further 
forward  than  the  front  ones  and  they  strike  side  by 
side.  Indeed  this  is  true  of  all  hopping  animals  whose 
hind  legs  are  longer  than  their  front  legs,  and  it  is  true 
of  other  animals  as  well,  when  they  gallop.    With  squir- 


rels and  mice  the  front  feet  usually  strike  side  by  side 
like  the  hind  feet.  When  Bunny  reached  the  hill  her 
pace  slowed  up  and  her  tracks  were  much  closer  to- 
gether. We  could  see  where  she  had  stopped  for  a 
moment  to  look  around  for  there  were  two  little  marks 
of  her  front  feet  in  front  of  those  of  her  hind  feet.  She 
did  not  rest,  however,  for  there  was  no  mark  of  her 
body  in  the  snow.  She  probably  realized  she  was  too 
conspicuous  in  the  moonlight  against  the  glistening  snow 
to  stop  long,  for  on  she  went  to  the  berry  patch  just  over 
the  top  of  the  hill.  Here  she  delayed  for  some  time  nib- 
bling the  tender  shoots.  Several  times  she  had  hopped 
away  from  the  patch  for  several  rods  only  to  return 
again.  We  thought  she  might  still  be  hiding  somewhere 
in  the  thicket  but  when  we  counted  the  number  of  tracks 
going  in  and  coming  out  there  were  as  many  leaving  as 
entering,  so  we  knew  she  must  have  gone  on.  A  wider 
circle  about  the  patch  showed  us  a  clean  cut  trail  leading 
toward   a   brush    pile   at    some    distance    and    there    the 


WHERE  BUNNY  STOPPED  TO  LOOK  AROUND 

The  pair  of  circular  marks  in  the  center  of  the  photograph  were  made 
by  the  rabbits  front  feet  when  she  stopped  for  a  moment  between 
jumps. 

trail  ended.  Now  for  the  fun.  The  first  jump  on  the 
brush  pile  gave  no  response  but  with  the  second,  there 
was  a  slight  crackling  of  the  sticks  in  the  far  corner 
and,  the  same  instant,  a  little  ball  of  brown  fur  sur- 
mounted by  the  sauciest,  fluffiest  white  tail  went  bouncing 
across  the  snow  toward  a  not  distant  woodchuck  hole. 
Here  Molly  Cottontail  had  had  occasion  to  take  refuge 


152a 


A  CHRISTMAS   WALK    WITH    THE    BIRDS    AND    BEASTS 


1527 


before  and  no  doubt  the  blessed  haven  was  well  fixed  in 
her  rabbit  memory  though  it  was  now  almost  concealed 
by  snow. 

The  woodchuck  hole  was  on  the  edge  of  the  woods 
and  near  it  was  an  old  oak  that  we  knew  to  be  the  home 
of  a  frolicsome  family  of  red  squirrels.  How  busy  they 
had  been  storing  acorns  last  fall  and  scolding  the  blue 
jays  and  the  redheaded  woodpecker  that  competed  with 
them  for  the  fruits  of  the  great  tree,  but  this  morning 
all  was  quiet.  We  were  about  to  believe  that  they  were 
not  yet  up  when  we  noticed  the  numerous  trails  leading 


A    HUNGRY    RED    SQUIRREL 

Squirrel  tracks  resemble  small  rabbit  tracks  but  the  front  feet  always 
strike  side  by  side. 

from  the  base  of  the  tree  in  all  directions  and  we  knew 
that  we  were  the  laggards.  The  tracks  looked  something 
like  small  rabbit  tracks  but  the  marks  of  the  front  feet 
were  always  side  by  side  no  matter  how  fast  the  little 
animal  was  traveling.  Most  of  the  tracks  led  out  from 
the  base  of  the  tree  for  a  couple  of  rods  to  small  holes 
in  the  snow  where  the  squirrel  had  dug  down  for  acorns 
and  then  they  proceeded  back  to  the  tree  again  where 
he  could  eat  in  safety.  We  wondered  how  he  could  re- 
member where  each  nut  was  when  the  ground  was 
covered  with  snow  for  he  never  seemed  to  make  a  mis- 
take. Every  track  was  full  of  purpose,  going  directly  to 
the  spot  where  the  treasures  were  hidden. 

Not  so  business-like  were  the  tracks  of  the  little  deer 
mouse  coming  from  a  nearby  stump.  Perhaps  he  had  all 
his  stores  for  the  winter  hidden  in  the  roots  of  the  stump 
and  came  out  just  for  exercise,  for  though  we  followed 
his  tracks  all  about  the  corner  of  the  woods,  we  could  not 
discover  his  particular  errand.  We  knew  it  was  a  deer 
mouse  that  lived  in  the  stump  because  of  the  long  hops 
and  the  marks  made  by  his  long  tail  in  the  snow.  Occa- 
sionally when  climbing  a  hill  he  apparently  held  his  tail 
up  from  the  snow  so  that  his  tracks  looked  very  much 
like  his  cousin's,  the  meadow  mouse,  but  as  soon  as  he 


started  down  the  other  side,  the  long  slits  in  the  snow 
announced  his  identity.  The  only  other  long-tailed  mouse 
that  lived  in  the  vicinity,  the  meadow  jumping  mouse, 
we  knew  was  safely  tucked  away  in  a  snug  little  nest 
for  his  winter  sleep.  There  were  other  deer  mice  living 
in  this  woodland  and  all  had  apparently  been  out  the 
night  before  passing  and  repassing  each  other  so  that 
their  trails  often  made  a  network  of  tracks.  Sometimes 
they  led  up  to  the  base  of  a  tree  and  did  not  return  so  we 
knew  the  little  mouse  had  climbed  the  tree  like  a  squirrel 
for  sheer  fun  and  finally  had  scrambled  down  a  grape 
vine  that  hung  from  one  of  its  branches.  One  deer 
mouse  track  led  up  to  a  bush  containing  a  song  spar- 
row's nest  that  had  been  roofed  over  with  shreds  of 
bark  and  grasses,  and  when  we  touched  it,  a  tiny  yellow- 
brown  head  with  two  big  black  eyes  and  two  big  ears 
popped  out  of  a  hole  in  the  side  as  if  to  say,  "Hello, 
who's  there?  Then,  terrified  by  the  size  of  her  callers, 
she  leaped  to  the  ground  and  disappeared  under  a  log. 
Here  and  there  in  the  woodland  we  found  shallow 
furrows  in  the  snow  leading  into  burrows  that  ran  just 
beneath  the  surface  and  then  out  into  furrows  again  as 
though  the  little  animal  that  made  them  did  not  know  or 
did  not  care  whether  he  ran  on  the  surface  or  burrowed 


MAKING  TRACKS 

This  shows  how  the  tracks  of  the  cottontail  are  formed:  the  front 
feet,  one  behind  the  other  and  both  behind  the  larger  hind  feet  that 
strike   side  by   side. 

beneath  it.  This  we  knew  to  be  the  trail  of  a  short-tailed 
shrew  whose  tiny  eyes  can  probably  scarcely  tell  day 
from  night.  He  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  mouse  but 
his  fur  is  short  and  dense  and  gray  like  a  mole's  and  his 
nose  is  very  pointed.  Unlike  the  mole,  however,  his  front 
feet  are  not  enlarged  and  the  footprints  that  he  leaves 
in  the  bottom  of  the  furrow  as  he  patters  along  are  small 
and  equally  far  apart.  In  spite  of  his  small  size  and 
apparent  blindness,  however,  he  is  a  wicked  little  beast 
for  he  follows  the  deer  mice  and  meadow  mice  into  their 
burrows  where  he  corners  them  and  mercilessly  kills  them 
with  his  needle-like  teeth.  Such  an  appetite  has  he  that 
he  seems  to  have  no  difficulty  in  disposing  of  an  entire 
mouse  much  larger  than  himself  for  he  leaves  only  the 


1528 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


• 

a 

. 

4* 

0t$ 

.  <** 

m 

<%.» 

#f* 

*m2  k. 

■ 

<*- 

4 

#r- 

ill 

COMING   AND    GOING 

The  trail  of  a  deer  mouse  in  soft  snow.  The  separate  marks  of  front 
and  hind  feet  cannot  be  distinguished  but  the  mark  of  the  long  tail 
behind  each  track  is  clearly  denned.     Which  way  did  he  go? 

skin  turned  neatly  inside  out.  He  seems  equally  at  home 
in  the  woods  and  the  fields  and  on  this  day  we  found 
his  trails  almost  as  frequent  as  the  tracks  of  the  mice, 
perhaps  because  the  mice  do  a  good  deal  of  their  running 
on  the  surface  of  the  ground  beneath  the  snow. 

Especially  is  this  true  of  the  fat  little  meadow  mice  that 
seem  to  have  difficulty  in  jumping  in  the  soft  snow  and 
prefer  to  burrow  through  it.  In  places  where  the  snow 
was  hard,  however,  their  tracks  were  plentiful  enough, 


looking  like  miniature  squirrel  tracks,  the  short  tail 
only  occasionally  striking  so  as  to  leave  a  mark.  So  many 
enemies  have  the  meadow  mice  that  it  is  little  wonder  that 
they  scarcely  dare  show  themselves  above  the  snow.  The 
hawks  by  day,  and  the  owls,  racoons,  weasels,  skunks, 
foxes  and  cats  by  night  combine  to  keep  him  ever  on  the 
alert.  At  this  particular  time,  however,  he  had  little  to  fear 
from  coons  or  skunks,  for  the  weather  had  been  cold 
for  weeks  and  they  were  snugly  asleep  enjoying  their 
partial  hibernation  and  waiting  for  a  few  warm  days  and 
nights  to  awaken  them. 

We  noted,  however,  that  the  weasels  were  out  for 
we  followed  the  paired  tracks  of  one  back  and  forth 
along  the  edge  of  the  woods,  observing  how  it  had  loped 
over  the  surface  and  burrowed  beneath  by  turns.  Never 
a  brush  heap  or  a  stone  pile  was  passed  by  the  inquisitive 
beast  without  a  thorough  exploration  of  all  its  nooks 
and  crannies  for  some  shivering  mouselet.  We  knew 
that  he  was  not  entirely  nocturnal  in  his  explorations 
and  as  the  tracks  were  still  fresh  we  kept  our  eyes  ahead 
for  the  slightest  motion.     During  the  winter  the  weasel's 


THE   DEER   MOUSE 

His  large  eyes,  big  ears,  rich  yellow-brown  upper  parts  and  snowy 
white  underparts  make  him  a  most  attractive  little  beast  He  is 
also    called    the    white-footed    mouse. 


HAS   MANY   ENEMIES 

The  hawks  by  day  and  the  owls,  cats,  weasels,  foxes,  racoons  and 
skunks  by  night  combine  to  keep  the  little  meadow  mouse  ever  on 
the  alert. 

coat  is  pure  white  except  for  the  black  tip  to  its  tail  and 
one  has  to  look  closely  to  see  this  or  his  beady  black  eyes 
and  muzzle  when  everything  is  white.  At  last  the  tracks 
led  to  a  pile  of  logs  and  did  not  lead  away  so  we  knew 
that  he  was' somewhere  beneath.  Instead  of  turning  over 
the  logs  to  hunt  for  him  we  sat  down  near  one  end  of 
the  pile  knowing  that  if  his  natural  inquisitiveness  did 
not  bring  him  out,  a  few  "squeaks"  would.  Somewhere 
in  the  distance  a  flock  of  crows  were  mobbing  a  sleepy 
owl  and  a  couple  of  blue  jays  screeched  their  displeasure 
over  the  presence  of  a  squirrel  in  their  favorite  tree.  But 
close  at  hand  all  was  silent  save  for  the  lisping  peeps  of 
a  few  chickadees  hunting  about  the  tips  of  the  hemlock 
branches.  We  had  not  long  to  wait.  A  feeling  gradually 
came  over  us  that  we  were  being  watched  and  sure 
enough,  a  slight  movement  of  something  drew  our  atten- 


A  CHRISTMAS  WALK  WITH    THE    BIRDS    AND    BEASTS 


1529 


tion  to  two  shining  black  shoe  buttons  in  a  crevice  and 
a  tiny  black  muzzle  which  quivered  slightly  as  though 
it  did  not  like  the  smell  that  was  being  wafted  in  its 
direction.  The  animal,  itself,  we  could  scarcely  dis- 
tinguish from  the  snow  all  about  it.  When  the  eyes 
suddenly  disappeared,  considerable  of  the  snow  disap- 
peared with  them  and  we  knew  that  we  had  seen  more  of 
his  lordship  than  we  realized.  Not  a  sound  did  we  hear 
in  the  log  pile  but  suddenly  in  an  entirely  different  place 
we  perceived  the  shining  eyes  once  more  gazing  intently 
at  us.  Several  times  he  appeared  and  disappeared  as 
though  he  were  playing  a  little  game  with  us,  so  we 
thought  we  would  respond.  I  put  my  hand  to  my  lips 
and  gave  the  "young  bird  squeak"  that  is  so  successful 
in  drawing  birds  during  the  nesting  season.  In  an  in- 
stant his  entire  attitude  changed.     Out  popped  his  whole 


A  MEADOW  MOUSE  SPEEDWAY 

When  he  ventures  into  the  open,  the  meadow  mouse  is  exposed  to 
many  enemies  and  must  put  on  the  high  gears.  He  lost  no  time  in 
crossing  and  recrossing  this  open   stretch. 

serpent-like  head  and  shoulders,  his  head  turning  first 
one  way  and  then  the  other  and  his  little  muzzle  sniffing 
the  air  to  detect  the  whereabouts  of  the  breakfast  that 
his  ears  had  just  heard.  Back  into  the  logs  he  went  and 
then  out  of  another  crack  much  nearer.  He  was  all  at- 
tention and  his  little  muscles  seemed  to  quiver  with  ex- 
citement but  his  offended  nostrils  told  him  that  there 
was  nothing  near  but  his  huge  and  dreaded  enemies,  and, 
after  a  few  more  passes,  he  disappeared. 

Our  path  now  led  us  to  the  creek  which  was  frozen 
over  except  in  the  swiftest  places.  Out  from  one  of  these 
led  some  broad  pigeon-toed  tracks  with  an  uninterrupted 
clean  cut  furrow  following  between  them  that  we  knew 
could  have  been  made  by  none  other  than  "Major  Musk- 
rat."  Where  the  snow  was  a  little  deeper  his  body  made 
a  broad  furrow  and  always  his  heavy  flattened  tail  cut 
down  into  the  crust  behind  him.  He  apparently  was  not 
bent  on  feeding  for  his  tracks  merely  lead  to  the  next 
hole  in  the  ice  and  cloudy  water  streaming  from  a  hole 


THE  BURROWS  OF  THE  SHORT  TAILED  SHREW 

His  minute  eyes  seem  barely  to  distinguish  light  from  dark  and  he 
furrows  the  surface  or  burrows  beneath  without  seeming  to  know 
the  difference. 

in  the  bank  told  that  he  had  not  disappeared  very  long 
before  and  was  still  inside  his  burrow.  Down  in  the 
marsh  his  brothers  had  built  a  nice  warm  house  like  a 
beaver's,  but  this  creek-dwelling  muskrat  had  to  be  satis- 
fied with  a  hole  in  the  bank. 

Crossing  a  stubble  field  we  could  see  where  a  flock  of 


"THOUGH  SHE  BE  BUT  LITTLE,  SHE  IS  FIERCE" 

The  weasel  is  a  blood-thirsty  little  beast  and  is  never  more  vicious 
than  when  caught  in  a  trap.  In  the  north,  its  fur  is  white  in  winter 
and  the  best  grades  are  known  as  "ermine."  In  the  summer  its  fur 
is   reddish    brown. 


1530 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


liows  had  held  a  breakfast  party,  digging  down  for  the 
corn  cobs  which  they  had  stripped  of  nearly  every  kernel 
earlier  in  the  season.  A  delicate  tracery  on  the  snow 
beneath  a  patch  of  ragweed  showed  where  some  small 
birds  had  been  feeding  and  the  position  of  the  tracks  one 


A    PHEASANT    PASSED 

The  front  toes  are  set  at  a  wide  angle  and  the  imprint  of  the  hind 
toe  is  a  mere  dot.  The  tracks  are  clean  cut  and  the  toes  do  not 
drag. 

behind  the  other  and  the  marks  of  a  long  hind  toenail 
proclaimed  that  a  flock  of  horned  larks  had  paused  to 
feed  there. 

Along  the  edge  of  the  field  a  row  of  large  angular 
tracks  announced  that  a  much  larger  bird  had  gone  by. 
The  three  front  toes  were  set  at  a  wide  angle  and  the 
imprint  of  the  hind  toe  was  a  mere  dot.  The  tracks 
were  clean  cut  and  the  toes  did  not  drag  so  we  knew  that 
a  pheasant  had  passed  that  way.  We  followed  his  trail 
through  a  clump  of  weeds  and  then  down  a  little  gully 
through  some  burdocks  where  he  had  apparently  stopped 
for  a  few  moments  to   feed.     Then  he  continued  his 


course  to  a  patch  of  deadly  nightshade  whose  red  berries 
with  their  belladonna  held  no  fears  for  him,  for  we 
could  see  where  he  had  jumped  after  some  of  the  berries 
that  were  just  out  of  reach.  He  apparently  had  had  a 
good  meal,  for  his  tracks  then  led  off  into  a  tangle  of 
sedges  where  he  jumped  up  almost  from  under  our 
feet  and  got  away  with  a  great  crackling  and  whistling 
of  wings. 

Nearly  every  sheltered  spot  held  some  surprise  for  us 
that  morning  for  the  happenings  of  the  previous  night 
were  plainly  written  in  the  snow  diary.  It  mattered 
not  that  we  had  actually  seen  only  a  few  of  the  little 
creatures  for  we  could  easily  imagine  them  present  and 
could    reconstruct   their   lives    from    the    records    which 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  MUSKRAT  IN  THE  MARSH 

Along  the  creek   the   muskrats   live   in   burrows  but   where   material    is 
available   they   build   these   beaver-like  houses. 

they  had  left.  We  had  seen  only  a  few  birds  and  only 
three  animals  but  we  returned  home  with  the  feeling 
that  the  woods  and  fields  were  teeming  with  life  and 
that  after  all  a  walk  at  Christmas  time  could  be  just  as 
full  of  interest  as  one  at  any  other  season  of  the  year. 


THE   ANNUAL   MEETING 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Forestry  Association  will  be  held  at  2  P.  M., 
Tuesday,  January  13,  1920,  in  the  Assembly  Room  of  the  Merchants'  Association,  Wool- 
worth  Building,  233  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

There  will  be  no  forestry  program.  The  meeting  will  be  confined  to  business  matters 
and  the  election  of  officers. 

Later  in  the  year  the  directors  will  decide  upon  the  advisability  of  holding  a  national 
forestry  conference  for  the  discussion  of  forestry  problems. 


THE  RACOONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


BY  R.  W.  SHUFELDT,  M.D.,  C.M.Z.S. 


F    ALL    the    different    kinds    of    racoons    in    this      in  the  country  at  the  time  of  his  death.     A  'coon  hunt 


1  f  country,  the  habits  of  the  common  eastern  species 
are  doubtless  best  known,  and,  in  the  main,  this 
is  the  form  referred  to  in  the  following  paragraphs. 
The  habits  of  the  four  or  more  forms  of  the  South  and 
West  may  differ  more  or  less,  but  only  to  such  an  ex- 
tent as  they  have  been  influenced  by  environment,  nature 


in  this  vicinity  baffles  all  description,  and  it  must  be 
attended  in  order  that  one  may  appreciate  the  excite- 
ment that  prevails  during  the  entire  time  of  its  happen- 
ing. It  comes  up  to  the  highest  pitch,  perhaps,  when  the 
dogs  have  succeeded  in  putting  up  into  one  tree  from  two 
to  four  vigorous  old  'coons.     It  is  easy  to  imagine  such 


of  the  country  inhabited,  what  is  required  to  obtain  the     a  scene,  with  from  two  to  four  of  these  crafty  and  plucky 

animals    up    in 
a    thick    hem- 
lock tree,  fifty 
or  seventy  feet 
in  height,  with 
a  group  of  ex- 
cited   men    be- 
neath it,  carry- 
i  n  g     lanterns, 
and    promiscu- 
ously  armed 
with  revolvers, 
guns,  rifles  and 
clubs.      With 
them  is  a  pack 
cf  yelping  and 
howling     dogs, 
eager    to    have 
the    infuriated 
'coons      tossed 
down  to  them, 
sc     they     may 
enter    into    the 
fray  as  soon  as 
possible.      The 
climbers  quick- 
lv  ascend;  and 
often  they  are 
in   luck   if,   in- 
stead of  'coons, 
they     do     not 
meet,     in     the 
dense     foliage 
of      the     dark 
hemlock,   a   by 
no  means  to  be  despised  wildcat.     On  one  occasion  this 
very  thing  happened;  and  when  the  animal  was  finally 
slain,    it   was    found   to   weigh   no   less   than   thirty-five 
pounds.    After  some  little  difficulty,  the  'coon  is  at  last 
shaken  down ;  and  in  the  mix-up  that  follows,  in  which 
men,  dogs,  and  all  take  a  hand,  there  is  excitement  enough 
to  satisfy  the  most  fastidious.    When  two  or  more  'coons 
are  in  a  tree,  generally  the  remaining  ones  escape  to 
neighboring    trees,    and    make    off   through    the    woods. 
Then    the    hunt    is    on    again    with    even    renewed    and 
greater  excitement.    Occasionally  the  animal  escapes  over 


different  kinds 
of  foods,  and 
escape  from 
the  different 
kinds  of  ene- 
mies to  be 
found  in  the 
regions  they 
inhabit.  Aside 
from  all  this, 
however, 
racoons  arc 
racoons  wher- 
ever we  find 
them,  and  the 
general  habits 
of  any  one  of 
the  subspecies 
will  be  found 
to  be  more  or 
less  identical 
with  those  of 
the  common 
species.  Of  re- 
cent  years 
'coons  have 
been  on  the  in- 
crease through- 
out some  of  the 
New  England 
States ;  it  is 
lrom  such 
places  that  we 
now  get  good 
a  c  c  o  u  nts  of 
'coon  hunts,  and  new  chapters  on  the  life  history  of  this 
interesting  animal. 

Mr.  George  E.  Moulthrope,  of  Bristol,  Connecticut, 
sent  a  very  good  account  of  hunting  racoons  in  his 
State.  He  says:  'There  is  probably  no  section  of  the 
state  of  Connecticut  where  fox  and  'coon  hunting  is  more 
generally  indulged  in.  The  Bristol  sportsmen  have  always 
owned  the  best  foxhounds  and  'coon  dogs  in  the  state. 
Some  of  the  hunters  have  become  very  prominent  in 
this  line  of  sport,  and  none  more  so  than  the  late 
W.   Barnes,   who   was  the  most   famous   racoon   hunter 


THE  COMMON   RACOON  OF  THE  EASTERN   STATES 

Photograph  from   life  by   the  author.     These  coons  have   a  habit  not  indulged   in   by   any   other   animal. 
If  given  a  piece  of  raw  meat  they  very  carefully  wash  it  before  eating  it. 


1531 


1532 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


some  rocky  ledge  inaccessible  to  both  dogs  and  men." 
This  excellent  account  of  a  'coon  hunt  must  answer 
as  a  description  of  one  of  those  interesting  hunts ;  they 
have  for  years  occurred  all  over  the  country,  and  the 
variety  of  incidents  would  furnish  food  for  a  volume. 
As  much  as  the  writer  has  shot  and  collected  during 
the  past  fifty  years,  it  was  not  until  about  the  early  8o's 
that  he  really  came  into  a  part  of  the  country  where 
racoons  were  abundant,  and  where  he  could  study  the 
various  and  interesting  phases  of  their  life  history.  Those 
were  pleasant  days 
when,  long  ago,  he 
collected  in  the 
dense  old  cypress 
swamps  of  the 
L  o  u  i  s  i  ana  low- 
lands, south  of 
that  most  fascinat- 
ing city,  New 
Orleans.  It  was 
his  greatest  delight 
to  get  far  into 
those  sultry,  dark, 
dismal,  and  far- 
reaching  stretches 
of  heavy  cypress 
timber,  where  the 
trees  were  fes- 
tooned with  masses 
of  "Spanish 
Beard."  Great 
moccasin  snakes 
lurked  there;  and 
some  parts,  render- 
ed impenetrable  by 
fallen  trees,  tan- 
gled vines,  and 
deep  holes  filled 
with  slimy  water, 
were  the  chosen 
resorts  of  alliga- 
tors and  many  of 
the  smaller  rep- 
tiles. Over  head, 
among  the  palmet- 
tos, the  cypress 
limbs,  and  masses 
of  subtropical 
creepers,  one's  eye 
often  caught  the 
scarlet  flash  of  a 
male  cardinal,  as  he  inquiringly  looked  down,  or  the 
flaming,  orange  breast  of  an  old  male  prothonotary 
warbler,  busily  engaged  in  searching  for  insects  in  the 
brighter  regions  above  the  gloom. 

Passing  to  where  the  footing  is  somewhat  drier  and 
the  shade  not  quite  so  dense,  other  forms  are  met  with, 
and  more  birds  reward  search.  Presently,  part  way  up 
a  pecan  tree,  you  can  recognize  an  old  'coon  rolled  up 


THE  RING-TAILED  RACOON  OF  THE  SOUTHWEST 

This  animal  is  lively  and  playful,  and  runs  along  the  branches  of  the  trees  with  the  agility 
of  a  squirrel.  It- "is  shy  and  retiring.  Its  food  consists  of  birds,  insects  and  small  quadrupeds. 
Courtesy  of  Mr.  Hollister,  Superintendent  of  the  National  Zoological  Park,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


on  a  limb  close  to  the  trunk.  Your  stealthy  approach 
was  unnoticed  until  too  late ;  the  'coon  now  has  no 
means  of  escape,  and  evidently  hopes  you  will  pass  by 
without  noticing  it.  But  in  this  it  is  mistaken.  Coming 
to  the  foot  of  the  tree  and  gazing  up  at  the  old  rascal, 
one  is  strongly  reminded  of  the  old  story  of  Captain  John 
Scott,  who  had  slain  hundreds  of  'coons,  and  whose  rifle, 
it  was  said,  had  never  missed  one;  the  legend  runs 
something  after  this  fashion : 

'Coon   up   in    tree — "Who    are   you,    stranger,    down 

there?" 

Captain  Scott — 
"Why,  my  name's 
Scott." 

'Coon — "Do  you 
mean  Captain 
Scott?" 

Captain  Scott — 
"Yes,  I'm  the 
man." 

'Coon — "Do  you 
mean  Captain  John 
Scott?" 

Captain  Scott — 
"The  very  same." 

'Coon  —  "Well ! 
If  that's  so,  don't 
fire  ;  there's  no  kind 
of  use.  I'll  come 
right,  straight 
down." 

But  the  old  fel- 
low the  writer  had 
so  suddenly  come 
across  was  in  bet- 
ter luck,  as  he  had 
no  intention  of 
taking  its  life ;  and 
after  a  little  it  was 
left  quite  unmo- 
lested. They  were 
very  common  in 
that  region,  and 
many  people,  in- 
cluding the  ne- 
groes, kept  them 
as   pets. 

Further  south 
many  still  enjoy 
the  sport  of  hunt- 
ing this  wily  ani- 
mal on  moonlit  nights  with  a  pack  of  dogs ;  and,  owing 
to  the  nature  of  the  country,  it  is  a  more  arduous  task 
than  in  the  northern  States.  The  animal  more  frequently 
manages  to  elude  its  pursuers.  The  writer  had  them 
alive  several  times  while  living  in  New  Orleans ;  but 
they  were  extremely  troublesome  pets,  and  quite  as 
mischievous  and  amusing  as  a  small  monkey.  On  the 
night  of  its  capture,  a  very  large  animal  was  chained  in 


THE  RACOONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1533 


the  yard  by  a  small  chain  on  its  hind  leg  just  above  the 
foot.  In  the  morning  the  foot  was  found  gnawed  off 
just  at  the  point  where  the  easy-fitting  link  was  attached, 
and  the  racoon  had  made  good  its  departure.  It  could 
not  endure  being  made  captive,  and  the  relic  and  chain 
plainly  read :  "You  may  keep  the  foot,  but  I  must  have 
my  liberty." 

Racoons  will  feed  upon  almost  anything.  They  are 
very  fond  of  eggs  of  all  kinds,  as  those  of  birds,  turtles, 
and  snakes ;  and  they  also  eat  grapes,  berries,  nuts,  some 
roots,  and  many  insects.  "All  along  the  coast  in  the 
southern  States,"  says  a  writer,  "he  finds  a  species  of 
oyster  in  which  he  delights ;  though  we  are  told  he  some- 
times pays  dear  for  the  whistle,  as  he  gets  his  paw 
caught   by   a   fixed   shell,   and,   unable   to   escape,   he   is 


chance  to  capture  one.  Some  reptiles  are  also  caught 
and  eaten  by  them,  especially  snakes.  Between  flexible 
snout  and  wonderfully  nimble  fore  paws,  it  is  indeed 
capable  of  prying  into  and  nosing  out  almost  anything 
that  its  mischievous  mind  leads  it  to  do.  As  already 
pointed  out,  it  is  an  excellent  tree  climber ;  and  wood- 
peckers, who  build  where  'coons  are  plenty,  had  better 
bore  their  holes  pretty  deep  if  they  care  about  the  safety 
of  their  eggs.  "Thus,"  says  a  writer  about  them,  "the 
racoon  is  an  animal  of  large  resources  and  marked  char- 
acter. He  goes  prowling  about  by  night  as  well  as  by 
day.  He  is  a  fisher,  a  hunter,  a  trapper,  a  reaper,  or  a 
fly-catcher,  as  occasion  may  require.  He  is  instinctively 
cunning  as  a  fox,  inquisitive  and  meddlesome  as  a 
monkey,  greedy   as  a  bear,  sly  as  a  cat.     In  northern 


YOUNG  OF  THE  RING-TAILED  RACOON 

Photograph  from  life  by  the  author.     These  coons  are  easily  tamed  and    among  Mexicans  it  is  domesticated,  when  it  becomes  a  playful  pet  and 

catches  rats  and  mice. 


drowned  by  the  returning  tide."  These  are  the  "racoon 
oysters"  we  hear  of ;  but  the  writer  never  knew  of  a 
racoon  that  was  drowned  in  that  way,  nor  of  anyone 
who  could  verify  such  a  tale. 

In  rearing  their  young,  racoons  usually  build  a  nest 
in  a  hollow  tree,  or  occasionally  in  other  convenient 
cavities  in  the  woods.  In  still  rarer  instances,  they  dig 
furrows  of  their  own,  where,  in  the  spring,  the  female 
gives  birth  to  her  young,  the  litter  varying  from  three  to 
half  a  dozen,  each  being  the  size  of  a  common  rat.  Their 
eyes  are  closed  and  for  some  time  they  are  very  helpless ; 
but  when  a  month  old,  they  are  very  cunning  little  ani- 
mals, not  to  say  pretty.  It  is  said  that  the  old  ones  are 
not  averse  to  eating  a  duck  or  a  chicken,  should  they 


climates,  on  the  approach  of  winter,  he  retires  to  his 
home  and  sleeps  like  the  bear  till  spring,  or  only  goes 
abroad  occasionally  in  fair  weather.  In  the  South  he  is 
active  during  the  entire  year." 

Above  everything  else  the  racoon  loves  the  young, 
green  corn,  or  at  that  stage  of  its  growth  when  it  is  said 
to  be  in  its  milk.  He  will  steal  into  a  cornfield  at  night, 
and  in  the  most  wasteful  manner  possible,  strip  ear  after 
ear,  eating  his  fill  of  the  best  he  can  find,  and  thus  de- 
stroying many  ears  that  would  mature  later.  No  wonder 
the  farmer  is  down  on  him  and  will  shoot  him  on  sight 
whenever  opportunity  offers. 

In  the  matter  of  feeding  on  fish,  the  racoon  is  not  at 
his  best ;  although  a  fairly  good  swimmer,  he  is  not  fitted 


1534 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


to  pursue  fish  in  the  water,  though  he  may,  sometimes, 
capture  them  in  other  ways.  He  very  much  prefers  to 
hunt  at  night  rather  than  in  the  day  time ;  and  where  the 
forests  are  thick,  he  passes  along  from  tree  to  tree  as 
readily  as  on  the  ground,  robbing  nests  in  his  course,  or 
pouncing  on  their  owners,  or  snapping  up  such  insects 
as  fail  to  get  out  of  his  way. 

The  racoon  has  a  habit  that  is  not  indulged  in  by  any 
other  animal.  If  given  a  piece  of  meat,  he  will  not  touch 
a  mouthful  until  he  has  washed  it  in  as  clear  water  as 
he  can  find,  and  he  will  allow  no  one  to  do  this  for 
him.  So  thoroughly  does  he  perform  this  task,  that  he 
not  only  soaks  all  the  blood  out  of  the  meat,  but  actually 
reduces  the  morsel  to  a  very  uninviting,  flabby  piece  of 
pale  flesh.  He  will  roll  it  over  and  over  in  the  water 
with  his  fore  paws,  and  give  it  occasional  shakings  by 
seizing  it  in  his  mouth.  Finally,  when  it  is  semi-macer- 
ated to  his  liking,  he  will  devour  it  with  apparent  relish. 
The  writer  has  tried  racoons  with  pieces  of  raw  meat ; 
and,  although  the  animal  will  hold  the  piece  in  his  mouth, 
he  will  immediately  commence  to  hunt  around  for  some 
water  to  wash  it  in.  Failing  to  find  any,  he  soon  ex- 
hibits his  distress  and  annoyance ;  in  fact,  he  must  be 
very  hungry  indeed  before  he  will  condescend  to  eat  a 
piece  of  raw  meat  that  he  has  not  previously  washed  to 


his  complete  satisfaction.  Racoons  will  also  wash  an 
ear  of  corn  in  the  same  fashion,  and  it  was  this  habit 
that  prompted  Linnaeus  to  bestow  the  specific  name  of 
lotor  upon  this  interesting  animal. 

In  their  "American  Animals,"  Stone  and  Cram  say  that 
the  racoon,  "like  most  other  climbing  animals,  make 
frequent  use  of  the  nests  of  hawks  to  sleep  in.  At  other 
times  they  flatten  themselves  along  the  thick  branch  of 
a  tree,  their  gray  fur  harmonizing  admirably  with  the 
color  of  the  bark,  or  else  they  ascend  to  the  tops  of 
densely  foliaged  hemlocks,  and,  circling  their  fat  bodies 
completely  around  the  main  stem,  doze  away  in  comfort, 
supported  by  the  numerous  elastic  branches  about  them, 
quite  invisible  from  the  ground.  If  a  company  of  blue 
jays  discover  one  in  this  position,  there  is  sure  to  be  a 
tremendous  racket  right  away,  their  shrill  voices  jarring 
the  quiet  of  the  tree-tops  like  an  alarm  clock  set  to 
awaken  the  'coon  from  his  slumbers." 

The  racoon  has  a  peculiar  cry  at  night ;  it  is  not 
unlike  the  note  of  several  species  of  owls  that  inhabit  the 
same  region,  and  may  easily  be  mistaken  for  it.  Tame 
racoons,  especially  when  they  have  been  reared  from 
the  young,  are  wonderfully  playful  in  captivity,  and  will 
often  amuse  themselves  by  the  hour  toying  with  any 
small  object  suspended  a  foot  or  so  above  the  ground  by 


AN   ADULT   COATI-MUNDI 

Redrawn  by   the  author.     In   nature   this  animal   is  met  with   in   troops  made    up    of    a    number    of    individuals.     They    are    excellent    climbers 
and   feed   upon  honey,  insects,  eggs,   various  fruits  and  vegetables,   small   quadrupeds,  and  probably  other  animals. 


THE  RACOONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1535 


a  string.  The  knowledge  of  this,  and  the  habit  the  animal 
has  of  running  the  entire  length  of  every  fallen  tree  he 
comes  across  in  his  rambles  in  the  woods,  has  suggested  to 
trappers  an  easy  means  of  capturing  him.  All  that  is 
necessary  is  to  set  a  strong  steel  trap  on  the  upper  side 
of  any  long  tree  trunk  lying  upon  the  ground,  and  sus- 
pending directly  above  it  by  means  of  a  string  any  small, 
bright  thing,  such  as  a  piece  of  tin,  at  a  height  that  a 
'coon  can  reach  by  standing  on  his  hind  legs.  It  is  certain 
to  tempt  him,  either  on  a  moonlit  night  or  in  the  daytime. 
Utterly  regardless  of  the  naked  trap  beneath  it,  he  at 
once  stops  in  his  course  to  have  a  toss  with  it,  and  the 
chances  are  that,  inside  of  a  minute,  he  knows  what  it 
means  to  have  a  big  steel  trap  seize  him  by  one  of  his 
hind  feet.  His  liberty — maybe  his  career — is  at  an  end, 
unless  he  resorts  to  gnawing  the  fastened  foot  off 
above   the  point   of  seizure. 

When  they  sleep  away  the 
cold  snaps  in  the  winter,  it 
is  not  an  uncommon  thing  to 
find  a  whole  family,  or  may- 
be several  families,  curled 
up  together  in  the  hollow  of 
some  big  tree.  If  the  weath- 
er chances  to  become  warm- 
er, they  will  drowsily  awak- 
en ;  and  if  it  is  very  pleasant, 
they  will  all  come  out,  de- 
scend, and  prowl  around 
through  the  woods  in  the 
neighborhood  of  their  win- 
ter home.  Occasionally  they 
find  something  to  eat  at  this 
time;  still,  toward  spring, 
they  become  very  thin  and 
hungry,  and  do  not  get  fat 
again  until  early  in  the  sum- 
mer, when  all  kinds  of  food 
is  once  more  to  be  found  in 
plenty.  If  there  is  snow  on 
the  ground,  their  character- 
istic tracks  may  easily  be 
recognized.  With  the  on- 
coming of  another  cold  snap, 
the  entire  party  at  once  hie 
themselves  to  their  hollow  to 
sleep  through  it,  huddled  up  together  like 
squirrels. 

Although  the  ring-tailed  racoon  can  hardly  be  con- 
sidered a  game  mammal,  it  is  one,  in  a  sense,  as  it  is  an 
animal  that  may  be  eaten  or  shot  for  its  pelt.  In  any 
event,  the  hunter  in  the  southwest  desires  to  know  some- 
thing about  it  when  he  meets  with  it — hence  this  brief 
description.  The  habits  of  this  animal  are  still  but  little 
known  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  is  almost  entirely  noc- 
turnal, and  resides  in  the  rough,  rocky,  and  heavily  tim- 
bered regions. 

The  ring-tailed  racoon  is  a  small  animal,  with  an 
elongate,  slender  body.     As  will  be  seen  in  the  cut,  it 


THE  RACOON  HOUSE  IN  THE  NATIONAL  ZOOLOGICAL  PARK, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

In  this  quaint  little  log  cabin  reside  numerous  individuals  of  the* 
common  Racoons.  There  are  both  adult  and  young  specimens,  and 
all  of  their  habits  may  be  studied  here  to  the  greatest  advantage 
Frequently  they  climb  among  trie  topmost  twigs  of  the  tall  tree  to 
the  right,  not  far  from  the  foot  of  which  is  placed  a  small,  cement- 
lined  pool,  in  which  they  wade  about  and  where  they  are  often 
seen   washing  their  food. 


a    lot    of 


has  a  very  long  and  somewhat  bushy  tail.  This  is  banded 
black  and  white,  the  extremity  being  black.  Its  muzzle 
is  pointed,  and  its  eyes  and  ears  are  rather  large. 

An  account  says  about  its  disposition  that  "this  animal 
is  lively  and  playful,  running  along  on  the  branches  of 
the  trees  with  the  agility  of  a  squirrel.  It  is  shy  and 
retiring,  and  speedily  flies  to  its  retreat,  which  is  a  hole 
in  a  tree,  at  the  slightest  alarm.  Its  food  consists  of 
birds,  insects,  and  small  quadrupeds;  it  is  said  to  also 
feed  on  the  pecan  and  other  nuts,  though  this  is  doubtful. 
Sometimes  it  scolds  or  barks  at  an  intruder,  holding  its 
tail  curled  over  its  back.  It  is  easily  tamed ;  and  among 
the  Mexicans  it  is  domesticated,  when  it  becomes  a  play- 
ful pet  and  catches  rats  and  mice.  It  produces  three 
or  four  young  at  a  birth." 

But  few  lines  can  be  spared  here  for  description  of 

the  Mexican  coati.  Upon 
seeing  this  animal,  one  is  at 
once  struck  by  its  long  and 
flexible  snout,  and  the  gen- 
eral elongation  of  the  body 
and  tail.  It  is  about  the 
size  of  a  large  cat,  and  it  is 
said  it  has  a  habit  of  gnaw- 
ing off  its  tail  at  the  root ; 
but  the  writer  cannot  in  any 
way  vouch  for  this.  The 
coatis  are  excellent  climbers, 
and  they  feed  upon  honey, 
insects,  eggs,  various  fruits 
and  vegetables,  small  quad- 
rupeds, and  probably  upon 
other  animals.  When  once 
tamed  they  become  gentle, 
and  they  have  not  a  few 
amusing  habits  in  confine- 
ment. However,  they  are 
restless  and  possessed  of  all 
the  curiosity  of  a  'coon,  to 
which  they  are  more  or  less 
nearly  related. 

At  the  present  time  there 
is  no  mounted  specimen  of 
this  animal  on  exhibition  in 
the  United  States  National 
Museum,  ;.nd  there  are  very 
few  reliable  cuts  of  it  extant.  This  being  the  case,  the 
writer  has  reproduced  a  figure  from  one  of  an  old  work 
on  natural  history,  which  gives  an  excellent  idea  of 
the  animal. 

The  typical  racoons  and  their  allies  is  a  comparatively 
small  group  of  mammals  exclusively  American  in  their 
habitat ;  they  constitute  the  family  Procyonidcr,  contain- 
ing, according  to  most  authorities,  five  well-recognized 
genera,  namely,  Procyon,  Bassariscus,  Bassaricyon, 
Nasua,  and  Cercoleptes.  The  first  of  these  contains  the 
type  of  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs —  the  common 
racoon  of  the  United  States  and  its  subspecies ;  also  the 
crab-eating    racoon    of    South    America,    and    perhaps 


1536 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


others.  In  Bassariscus  we  have  the  ring-tail  Bassaris ; 
also  B.  suiniclirasti  of  Central  America,  and  possibly  oth- 
ers. Bassaricyon  is  not  represented  in  our  fauna,  neither 
is  Cercoleptes  of  South  and  Central  America.  Nasua 
contains  the  coatis  and  coati-mundis,  and  of  these  Flower 
recognized  two  species,  the  Mexican  coati  (N.  narica) 
and  the  South  American  species,  N.  rufa.  It  is  claimed 
that  the  first  named  has  occurred  over  the  Mexican 
boundary  line,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United 
States. 

In  the  true  racoons  the  body  is  rather  stout,  with 
the  head  broad  posteriorly,  but  tapering  to  a  pointed 
muzzle  anteriorly.  The  feet  are  plantigrade  and  their 
soles  without  hair ;  toes  all  free  and  capable  of  being 
spread  wide  apart,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  fore- 
feet. Claws  are  non-retractile,  curved,  compressed,  and 
acute.  The  cylindrical  tail  is  moderately  long,  an- 
nulated,  and  inclined  to  be  bushy.  Pelage  somewhat 
long,  coarse,  and  thick.     The  ears  are  rather  short. 

The  Bassaricus  somewhat  resembles  the  true  ra- 
coons, but  the  body  is  more  elegantly  proportioned,  and 
slenderer.  In  the  short  head  the  muzzle  is  markedly 
pointed.  The  tail  is  longer  and  conspicuously  annulated ; 
the  ears  are  large.  The  soles  of  the  feet  are  hairy  but  the 
pads  are  hairless. 

The  species  of  the  cogenus  Nasua  depart  considerably 
from  the  general  form  and  appearance  of  the  typical 
racoon ;  both  head  and  body  are  elongated  and  some- 
what laterally  compressed.  The  non-prehensile,  annu- 
lated tail  is  also  long  and  tapering,  while  the  muzzle  is 
mobile  and  inclined  to  be  turned  up. 

CUTTING  WOOD  FOR  FUEL 

"ly/T  ANY  farmers  now  have  their  home  supplies  of 
-L"J-  wood  for  winter  fuel,  but  the  town  markets  will 
keep  active  for  several  months,  and  thousands  of  cords 
of  wood  will  still  be  cut  for  local  use  on  the  farm. 

In  cutting  cordwood,  an  excellent  opportunity  is  af- 
forded to  improve  the  woodland  by  removing  the  poorer, 
less  valuable  trees,  leaving  the  better  ones  to  grow.  Many 
farmers  who  have  never  before  given  this  subject  a 
thought  are  taking  a  real  interest,  because  they  see  how 
quickly  nature  responds  in  better  growth  when  given  a 
little  guidance  and  aid. 

The  kinds  of  material  to  be  removed  for  firewood  in- 
clude the  old  trees  unsuitable  for  lumber,  crooked  trees 
crowding  out  straight  ones,  badly  diseased  and  decaying 
trees,  small  trees  overtopped  and  stunted  by  larger  and 
better  ones,  dead  trees  that  are  mostly  sound,  tree  tops 
left  from  former  cuttings,  and  trees  of  the  less  valuable 
kinds,  where  others  of  greater  value  are  present  which 
need  the  room  and  will  prove  faster  money-making  trees. 
Handling  farm  woodlands  rightly  is  an  indispensable 
part  of  profitable  farm  management. 

If  lists  of  manufacturers  or  other  information  are 
desired  regarding  portable  wood-sawing  outfits,  and 
wood-splitting  and  tree- felling  machinery,  the  Forest 
Service  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  will  be  glad 
to  furnish  such  material  upon  request. 


NURSERYMAN  BELIEVES  IN  DYNAMITE 

BY  O.  B.  STRAYER 

'T'HERE  is  considerable  controversy  in  the  agricultural 
papers  as  to  whether  it  pays  to  use  dynamite  in  tree 
planting  in  the  sandy  loam  soils  of  Southern  Alabama, 
where  a  great  deal  of  pecan  and  satsuma  orange  planting 
is  going  on.  Ordinarily  I  should  say  that  it  does  not 
pay,  because  the  open-soil  types  do  not  need  blasting. 
However,  I  find  that  the  J.  M.  Kroner  Nursery,  of  Theo- 
dore, Alabama,  does  not  agree  with  this  view.  They  use 
and  recommend  dynamite  in  their  tree-planting  opera- 
tions. 

Not  only  that,  but  they  have  used  it  to  subsoil  their 
nursery  plots,  and  claim  to  have  gotten  excellent  results 
from  the  practice. 

However,  there  is  a  reason  for  that  that  may  not  exist 
in  all  parts  of  the  region.  A  little  way  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  there  is  around  here  a  thin  layer  of  hard- 
pan.  Sometimes  it  will  not  be  over  three  inches  thick. 
It  is  very  seldom  found  to  be  over  15  or  18  inches  in 
thickness.  Nevertheless,  it  is  very  impervious  to  mois- 
ture, and  it  is  difficult  for  the  feeding  roots  of  young 
trees  to  penetrate  it.  It  is  to  break  up  this  layer  of  hard- 
pan  that  Mr.  Kroner  advocated  blasting.  He  says  that 
the  trees  they  have  planted  on  these  hardpan  soils  have 
done  exceptionally  well  as  a  result  of  the  treatment ; 
when  dynamite  has  not  been  used,  and  the  hardpan  comes 
up  close  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  shallow,  lateral- 
rooting  of  the  trees  has  resulted,  and  many  of  them  have 
been  difficult  to  cultivate  and  others  have  died  from 
lack  of  moisture. 

Shallow-rooting  is  a  habit  of  the  satsuma  orange  tree. 
Nevertheless,  the  roots  do  not  want  to  come  up  so  close 
to  the  surface  that  the  top  soil  cannot  be  cultivated. 

As  for  the  pecan,  of  course,  everybody  knows  it  is  a 
tap-rooted  tree,  and  if  it  is  to  do  well  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  that  it  should  be  able  to  send  its  roots  down 
deep  into  the  soil.  If  a  layer  of  hardpan  prevents  that, 
the  tree  is  almost  certain  to  be  a  sickly  specimen,  assum- 
ing that  it  lives  at  all. 


FIGHT  WOODS  FIRES 


Forest  destruction  is  quick  —  forest  growth  is 
slow. 

Everybody  loses  when  timber  burns.  The  forest 
exerts  an  influence  that  modifies  local  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold  and  benefits  crops,  live  stock,  and  man. 

Burned  timber  pays  no  wages  —  keep  the  forest 
productive. 

Take  no  chances  with  lighted  matches,  burning 
cigarettes  or  pipe  ashes,  brush  fires,  or  camp  fires. 

A  tree  will  make  a  million  matches  —  a  match 
may  waste  a  million  trees. 

When  a  fire  is  discovered,  put  it  out  if  you  can. 
Get  help  if  you  need  it. 

Are  you  practicing  fire  prevention  and  forest 
protection? 


MEMORIAL  TREES  IN  1920 


NOW  comes  1920  and  with  it  greater  promise  for 
tree  planting  than  any  year  in  the  history  of  our 
country.  In  memorial  tree  planting  there  has  been 
brought  about  a  great  awakening  to  the  value  of  trees. 
The  American  Forestry  Association  has  never  before  in 
its  history  had  so  great  a  number  of  inquiries  in  regard 
to  tree  care  and  tree  planting.  With  the  closing  of  the 
war  came  the  thought  of  memorials  and  the  living,  grow- 
ing tree  was  suggested  and  then  urged  by  the  association 
as  the  memorial  of  the  individual.     Now  the  tree  has 


become  the  memorial  of  the  town,  city,  county  and  state. 
In  the  schools  throughout  the  land  there  has  been 
created  an  amazing  demand  for  tree  knowledge  and  the 
American  Forestry  Association  is  pleased  to  announce 
that  plans  are  being  worked  out  whereby  tree  planting 
will  be  fostered  in  thousands  of  schools  throughout  the 
country.  The  planting  of  a  memorial  tree  for  Lieutenant 
Quentin  Roosevelt  by  the  pupils  of  Force  School,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  which  young  Roosevelt  attended  while 
living  in  the  White  House,  has  been  a  great  inspiration  to 


MEMORIAL  TREE  FOR   PHILADELPHIA  NURSE 

This  tree,  beside  which  Dr.  Richard  H.  Harte,  head  of  Base  Hospital  No.  10  is  standing,  was  planted  on  the  grounds  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  Philadelphia,  for  Miss  Helen  Fairchild,  who  died  in  France.  Five  other  trees  were  planted  in  memory  of  men  of  that  Base  Hospital. 
The  trees  have  been  marked  by  Mrs.  Arthur  Gerhard  who  registered  them  on   the   national   honor  roll   of   the   American   Forestry   Association. 


1537 


1538 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


thousands.    The  American  Forestry  Association  received 
the  following  telegram  in  regard  to  it : 

"We  wish  to  express  our  appreciation  of  your  action. 
So  many  of  my  brother's  happiest  associations  were 
connected  with  the  old  Force  School. 

"Theodore  Roosevelt." 

With  the  planting  of  that  tree  there  was  adopted  a 
plan  which  is  being  put  forward  in  many  schools.  There 
is  at  Force  School  a  self-perpetuating  "Quentin  Roosevelt 
Memorial  Tree  Committee."  Miss  Janet  McWilliam, 
the  principal,  appointed  a  member  of  each  class  as  a 
committee  to  care  for  the  tree  and  this  committee  is  to 
remain  on  the  school  rolls  through  the  simple  process  of 
allowing  each  member  to  name  his  successor  when  he 
passes  to  another  class.  In  this  way  there  will  be  a  tree 
committee  at  Force  School  as  long  as  the  tree  and  the 


THE  TREE  PLANTING  AT  KEARNEY,  CALIFORNIA 

This    is    part    of    the    crowd    that    witnessed    the    tree    planting,    and 
General   Strong   stands   in    the   center  of  this   group. 

school  shall  stand.  The  members  of  this  first  committee 
are :  Oliver  Gasch,  8A ;  Frank  Norris,  7B ;  Earl  Moser, 
7 A ;  George  Wales,  6B ;  Alice  Spalding,  6A ;  Burke 
Edwards,  5B ;  Virginia  Douglas,  5A ;  Nell  Tysen,  4B ; 
Nancy  Fair,  4A  ;  Mary  Church,  3B  ;  Lindsay  Payson,  2B, 
and  Dorothy  Harrison,  iB.  At  the  planting  of  the  tree 
the  tree  day  program  of  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion was  used.  The  pupils  who  were  assigned  to  "What 
the  Tree  Teaches  Us,"  were :  Lillian  Rixey,  Edna  Kelley, 
Miriam  Latterner,  Duncan  Bradley,  Henry  Wilson, 
Richard  Bedon,  Juliet  Frost,  Oliver  Gasch,  Virginia 
Fourier,  Anna  Hereford,  Margaret  Watts,  Robert  T. 
Norman,  Harry  Lamberton,  Roger  Robb. 

But  tree  planting  is  not  a  matter  of  this  year  or  even 
of  next,  for  the  country  is  now  experiencing,  through 
the  efforts  of  the  association,  a  great  campaign  of  edu- 
cation as  to  trees.  A  fine  example  of  what  comes  of 
tree  planting  propaganda  is  seen  at  Rockford,  Illinois, 
where  a  tract  of  150  acres  has  been  purchased  by  the 


Park  Board  and  named  "Memorial  Park."  The  inten- 
tion is,  Paul  B.  Riis,  the  superintendent,  informs  the 
association,  to  plant  a  memorial  tree  in  the  park  for  every 
man  who  enlisted  from  the  county.  This  means  that 
somewhere  in  the  neighborhood  of  3,500  trees  will  be 
planted.  Playgrounds,  golf  links  and  picnic  grounds  are 
to  have  trees.  Are  the  members  of  the  American  For- 
estry Association  awake  to  the  good  work  that  can  be 
done  by  each  one  in  his  locality  if  he  or  she  will  but  take 
the  lead?  John  A.  Collier  Wright,  of  Gilbertsville,  New 
York,  is  working  for  plans  for  reforesting  and  for  "Roads 
of  Remembrance"  in  Otsego  County.  He  reports  to  the 
association  that  a  survey  in  Broome  County  shows  there 
are  14,000  acres  of  waste  land  suitable  for  reforesting. 
Frederick  W.  Kelsey,  of  New  York  City,  contributed  a 
fine  letter  to  the  New  York  Times  in  regard  to  the  work 
of  the  association,  which  that  paper  used  in  full.  It  will 
be  seen  that  the  newspapers  are  eager  to  hear  about  the 
values  of  tree  planting  particularly  if  they  hear  it  from 
their  own  readers. 

Where  there  are  trees  is  where  the  association  finds 
the  keenest  activity  for  having  more  trees.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  of  California  where  the  California  Federa- 
tion of  Women's  Clubs,  through  Mrs.  P.  B.  Goss,  chair- 
man of  the  department  of  conservation,  is  making  plans 


THE    FIRST   SHOVEL    FULL   OF    EARTH 

The  first  shovel  of  dirt  for  the  memorial  tree  planting  at  Camp 
Kearney,  California,  was  turned_  by  Mrs.  Isabella  Churchill,  of  the 
Colorado  State  Society  of  San   Diego. 

for  an  active  campaign  for  memorial  tree  planting.  In 
Georgia  Mrs.  Julia  Lester  Dillon,  of  the  same  organiza- 
tion had  thirty-one  district  clubs  planting  a  Memorial 
Park  on  Arbor  Day  in  each  district.  Georgia  will  carry 
off  the  blue  ribbon,  if  one  is  awarded,  for  memorial 
tree  planting  if  other  states  do  not  hurry.  The  year  1920 
will  be  a  big  one  in  tree  planting  and  each  member  of  the 
association  can  help  to  make  it  bigger.  The  time  to 
start  is  now. 


WHEN  MEMORIAL   TREES  ARE  PLANTED  PLEASE  INFORM  THE  AMERICAN 
FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


MEMORIAL  TREES  IN   1920 


1539 


Underwood  and   Underwood 


A  hundred  years  from  now  the  memorial  trees  you  plant  will  tell  the  story  of  the  glory  of  those  for  whom  the  trees  were 
planted.  Trees  such  as  these  at  Fresno,  California,  show  what  can  be  done  with  the  "Roads  of  Remembrance"  idea  of  the  Amer- 
ican   Forestry    Association. 


1540 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


TREE  PLANTINGS  BY    THE  PRINCE  OF  WALES 


At  the  top  the  prince  of  Wales  is  shown  planting  a  tree  at  Mount  Vernon,  Washington's  home.  On  the  right  he  is  seen  taking 
part  in  the  tree  planting  at  Mount  Saint  Albans  Cathedral,  Washington.  D.  C,  and  doffs  his  hat  while  Bishop  Alfred  G.  Harding 
places  the  tree.  In  his  navy  uniform  the  prince  is  seen  wielding  the  shovel  at  Annapolis  during  his  visit  to  the  Naval  Academy. 
This   picture    is    by   Underwood    and    Underwood    acid    the    other    three    are    by    Harris   and    Ewing.  • 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN    1920 


1541 


Western    Sewspaper    Union 


On  November  21,  the  prince  of  Wales  planted  an  English  Elm  tree  in  Central  Park,  New  York  City.  It  was  placed  100  feet 
from  a  rugged  American  Elm  planted  by  his  grandfather.  The  Prince  was  welcomed  by  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  president  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association,  and  Dr  George  F.  Kunz,  president  of  the  American  Scenic  and  Historic  Preservation  Society. 
The  Prince,  flanked  by  his  two  aides,  is  seen  advancing  to  take  the  shovel  at  the  right  of  Secretary  Percival  S.  Ridsdale,  of  the 
American  Forestry  Association. 


1542 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


A  REAL  "ROAD  OF  REMEMBRANCE" 


Underwood  and  Underwood 


This    road    is    on    Missionary    Ridge,    a    scene    of    one    of    the    famous   battles  of  the   Civil   War   and   finely   shows   the   possibilities 
of   road    side   tree   planting   along  our   highways   as   memorials   for  the  heroes  of   the   World   War. 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN    1920 


1543 


JOHN  BURROUGHS  TO  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 


Courtesy   The  Garden  Magazine 


John  Burroughs  planted  a  tree  in  memory  of  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  the  grounds  of  Country  Life  at  Garden  City,  New  York,  the 
corner  stone  of  which  Colonel  Roosevelt  laid.  The  naturalist  selected  a  maple  and  promised  himself  some  fine  maple  sugar 
twenty   years  from  now."     The   naturalist   will   be   84   years   young  next  April. 


1544 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


Allison  and  Allison,  Architects. 


That  memorial  trees  should  be  the  proper  setting  for  whate 
drawing  for  the  proposed  Greek  Theater  as  a  memorial  to  the 
unique  among  structures  of  similar  kind  in  this  country  says 
Greek  theater,  and  in  addition  to  being  a  lasting  monument 
value  of  recognized  importance.  H.  M.  Rebox,  superintendent 
hearty  indorsement  of  the  school  authorities.  Huntington  Park, 
had  in  the  war  by  erecting  in  City  Hall  Park  a  memorial  founta 
the  architect.  A  drawing  of  it  is  reproduced  below.  In  giving  the 
American  Forestry:  "In  a  memorial  forest  erect  small  but  perman 
trees  and  birds  of  symbols  of  the  beautiful  things  in  life.  The 
forests    toward    winning    the    war  " 


ver  form  a  memorial  may  take  is  shown  in  the  architect's 
soldiers  of  Santa  Monica,  California.  Tnis  memorial  will  be 
the  Los  Angeles  Times.  It  will  be  in  the  form  of  a  magnificent 
to  that  city's  gallant  service  men  it  will  have  an  educational 
of  the  Santa  Monica  schools,  originated  ti.e  plan,  which  has  the 
Long  Island,  will  commemorate  trie  share  het  soldiers  and  sailors 
in  designed  by  Burt  W.  Johnson,  the  sculptor,  and  Myron  Hunt, 
proper  setting  of  memorial  trees  to  a  memorial  Mr.  Johnson  writes 
ent  and  beautiful  monuments.  Two  ideals  could  be  expressed.  The 
other  idea,  would   be   to   illustrate   the   material   contribution   of  the 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN   1920 


1545 


THE  BIRCH  ROAD  AT  BETHLEHEM,  N.  H. 


Underwood  and   Underwood 


The  value  of  birch  for  "Roads  of  Remembrance"  is  that  their  color  aids  in  following  the  road  at  night.  This  drive  is 
widely  known  and  shows  what  a  heritage  can  be  left  for  the  future  in  the  road  side  tree  planting,  which  has  been  taken  up 
so    widely    throughout    the    country. 


1546 


AMERICAN'     FORESTRY 


MORRELL  PARK  FOR  THE  PEOPLE 


In  memory  of  General  Edward  de  V.  Morrell  the  park  at  Bar 
Drexel  Morrell,  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  bouldei,  weighing  more  th 
entrance  of  the  park.  The  portrait  on  the  bronze  is  by  Allen  F. 
pany.  On  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  T.  DeWitt  Cuyler,  of 
Deasy  introduced  Bishop  Walsh,  of  Maine,  who  presented  the  deed 
66  acres.  Many  improvements  had  been  made  in  the  acreage  an 
fine  things  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  memorializing  an  individual 
time  and  they  should  be  approached  by  ''Roads  of  Remembrance' 
visitors. 


Harbor,  Maine,  has  been  dedicated  to  the  people  by  Mrs.  Louise 
an     fifty     tons,     appropriately     marked,     has     been     placed     at     the 

Newman.  The  bronze  was  executed  by  the  John  Williams  Com- 
Nnv   York   accepted   the  gift  for  tht  people  of  Bar  Harbor.     Judge 

to  Mr.  Cuyler.  There  are  two  tracts  in  the  park  totaling  about 
d  the  action  on  the  part  of  Mrs.  Morrell  is  but  an  example  of  what 
with  parks  and  trees.     It  is  such  memorials  that  will   stand  for  all 

making  them  easy  of  access  by   the  residents  of  a   locality   or  by 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN    1920 


1547 


Underwood  and    Underwood 


In  the  building  of  "Roads  of  Remembrance"  memorial  bridges  could  well  have  a  part  in  the  program  for  honoring  our  war 
heroes.  As  suggested  by  the  American  Forestry  Association,  avenues  of  memorial  trees  should  be  tne  proper  approach  to  such 
structures   such   as  this  at   Pasadena. 


1548 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


HOW  VINELAND  HONORS  HER  HEROES. 


One  of  the  most  unique  memorial  tree  settings  in  the  country  is  at  Vineland,  New  Jersey.  The  memorial 
spot  is  the  center  of  a  forty  acre  tract.  -The  trees  have  all  been  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Associa- 
tion. There  is  a  circle  of  forty  old  tulip  trees,  seventy  feet  high.  This  circle  is  nearly  a  thousand  feet  in  circum- 
ference. It  is  planted  with  tulip  trees.  Four  streets  extending  from  different  sections  of  the  city  intersect 
with  a  circular  driveway  outside  the  coping.  This  is  a  natural  setting  which  Vineland  was  fortunate  in  having 
had  by  systematic  tree  planting  and  parking  fifty  years  ago.  Within  this  circle  the  memorial  was  built.  Twenty- 
two  evergreen  trees,  Koster  Blue  Spruce  and  Douglas  Fir  were  planted  alternately  in  an  inner  circle,  each  tree 
personifying  a  soldier  or  sailor  who  gave  his  life  in  the  World  War.  Each  tree  is  designated  by  a  granite  marker 
fourteen  inches  wide  and  eighteen  inches  long  and  twenty  inches  high.  A  bronze  plate  attached  to  the  beveled 
top  of  the  marker  bears  the  name,  age,  and  data  relative  to  the  army  or  naval  service,  and  place  and  date  of 
death  of  each  soldier  and  sailor. 

A  cement  walk  runs  around  the  circle  close  to  the  markers.  From  this  walk  the  inscriptions  may  be  read.  Cement 
walks  lead  from  the  four  entrances  to  the  center  where  there  is  a  flower  bed  fifteen  feet  in  diameter.  At  the 
south  entrance  there  is  a  granite  stone  seven  feet  high,  bearing  the  dedicatory  inscription   in  bronze. 

The  memorial  was  designed  by  Wilbur  H.  Fenton,  City  Florist,  and  was  built  under  the  personal  supervision 
of  Walter  II.  Blake,  President  of  the  City  Beautiful  Committee,  into  whose  keeping  the  memorial  has  been  placed 
by  the  city  officials  for  preservation.  The  scheme  was  financed  by  popular  subscriptions  by  the  Diamond  Social 
Club,  and  so  universal  was  the  response  for  funds,  that  the  whole  community  feels  a  personal  interest  in  it.  The 
cost  was   less  than   five   thousand   dollars. 

Visitors  from  twenty  different  states  have  all  said  that  it  is  unlike  any  other  memorial,  and  prettier  than  any 
they  have  seen.  Vineland  is  therefore  proud  of  the  evident  fact  that  it  has  the  most  unique  and  beautiful  of  tree 
memorials. 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN    1920 


1549 


AFTER  FIFTY  YEARS  AT  SWARTHMORE 


Courtesy   of   the   Philadelphia    Inquirer 


In  costumes  of  long  ago  students  at  Swarthmore  College  rehearse  the  founding  exercises  which  marked  the  opening  of  the 
school  fifty  years  ago.  Memorial  tree  planting  had  a  big  part  in  the  program.  Miss  Cunningham  taught  mathmatics  to  Governor 
Sproul  and  A.  Mitchell  Palmer,  now  attorney  general  of  the  United  States.  She  is  the  only  living  teacher  of  the  original  faculty 
and,  with  the  elder  Mr.  Clothier,  saw  Lucretia  Mott  and  her  son  plant  two  oaks  marking  the  founding  of  the  school  fifty  years  ago. 
Swarthmore   sets   a   fine   example   to  other   educational    institutions  of   the    country    in    memorial    tree    planting. 


A  TREE  FOR  QUENTIN  ROOSEVELT 


In  a  pouring  rain  the  pupils 
of  Force  "School,  Washington,  D. 
C,  which  Quentin  Roosevelt  at- 
tended when  he  lived  in  the 
White  House,  planted  a  Lom- 
bardy  Poplar  in  his  memory  on 
Armistice  Day.  At  the  left  is 
Gordon  Mjnnegorode,  of  the 
eighth  grade,  who  spoke  of 
Roosevelt's  life  from  school 
days  to  entering  the  army. 
Just  to  the  right  of  the  tree  is 
It.  W.  Murch,  supervising  prin- 
cipal of  the  school,  who  was 
there  when  Quentin  attended. 
In   the  overcoat   at   the   right   is 


Captain  Harry  Semmes,  of  the 
Tank  Corps,  and  a  graduate  of 
Force  School,  also  spoke.  As 
far  as  known  Lieutenant 
Roosevelt  was  the  only  Force 
graduate  to  lose  his  life  in  the 
war. 

In  the  lower  picture  is 
Henry  Wilson  whose  father. 
Admiral  Henry  Wilson,  was  in 
command  of  the  American 
Naval  Base  at  Brest,  and  he 
lent  the  school  the  American 
and  French  flags  which  waved 
over  his  headquarters  in  France 
for    the    tree   planting. 


Underwood  and   Underwood 

This  committee  of  pupils  of  the  Force  School  comprise  the  first  self  perpetuating  memorial  tree  committee  in  any  school  in  the  United 
States.  Miss  Janet  McWilliam,  the  principal  appointed  a  pupil  from  each  class  as  a  member  of  trie  committee.  This  pupil  upon  passing  to 
the  next  grade  or  out  of  the  school  appoints  a  member  of  the  committee  for  the  class  the  pupil  is  leaving  Thus  as  long  as  the  tree  and  Force 
School  exist  there  will  be  a  Quentin  Roosevelt  Memorial  Tree  Committee  at  Force  School.  The  members  with  their  grades  are:  Dorothy 
Harrison,  IB;  Lindsay  Payson,  2B;  Mary  Church,  3B;  Nancy  Fair,  4A;  Nell  Tysen,  4B;  Virginia  Douglas,  5A;  Burke  Edwards,  5B;  Alice 
Spaulding,  «A;  George   Wales,  6B;   Earl   Moser,  7A;   Frank   Norris,  7B;  and  Oliver  Gasch,  8A. 


MEMORIAL  TREES   IN    1920 
SERVICE  STAR  LEGION  PLANTS  TREES 


1551 


f'pper    Photograph  by  Leopold  Lower  Photograph    by   Bradley 

Fifty  memorial  oaks  were  planted  in  Baltimore  when  the  Service  Star  Legion  women  met  in  convention.  Plans  are  now  under  way  for 
memorial  tree  planting  by  every  chapter.  In  tne  picture  from  left  to  right  arc  Mrs.  T.  Parkin  Scott,  Madame  Jusscrand,  J.  J.  Jusserand, 
the  French  ambassador,  Mrs.  J.  Barry  Mahool,  Mrs.  Robert  Carlton  Morris,  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  president  of  the  Service  Star  Legion,  Mayor  Broen- 
ing,  of  Baltimore,  and  Governor  Harrington,  of  Maryland.  Mrs.  Morris  is  now  working  out  plans  whereby  every  tree  planted  will  be  registered 
on    the    American    Forestry    honor    roll. 


1552 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 
PERSHING  PLANTS  ARMISTICE  TREE 


Underwood  and   Underwood 

General  Pershing  planted  a  Redwood  in  Lafayette  Park  opposite  the  White  House  on  Armistice  Day. 


i       5Ci         '   Sch,°°     at    Pottstown,    Pennsylvania,   planted    a    memorial    tree   in   honor 
'r    rL.  %""r"h  I'Jy*00   ?,;  B.*,keS   *?<=   Secretary   of  War.     In   the  picture  are:    uw.g. 
,VS" '•  .'!    V,C07C  P-  Berr2v?,7,i  M"erbe"  Bowman.  '02;  Kenneth  Howard,  '09;  Harold  B.  Hoskins,  '13; 
•U     W.rl'nrS'""?,?   Schillea.   '08;   Archibald    Dudgeon,    '14;   Montgomery   Blair,  Jr.,  '17;  William  S 
„!\.S|    "*Ba    C°"ln»'     "•  Jamc»   McD'   Claw.cn,  ex-'H);  George   W.   Hitner,   '98.     These   men   all   answere 


acvcral   won  decorations. 


of  her  sons   when   the  corner  stone  of  a  new   building   w:is 

Dwight  R.  Meigs,  '02;  Archibald  M.  Thomson,  '19;  Percival 

Roswell  Miller,  Jr.,  '14;  W.   Reginald 

Crawson,   '85;  Joseph   Bumngton,  Jr.. 

wered    their  country  s  call   to  service   and 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1553 


STEADY  "WAKE  'EM  UP"  BARRAGE 


*. 


THE  TRIBUNE  CALLS  FOR  ACTION 


UNDER  the  heading  "Factories  Peril  Own  Lives 
With  Trees  They  Kill,"  the  Chicago  Tribune  takes 
up  the  campaign  of  the  American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation for  a  national  forest  policy.  The  Tribune  bases 
its  drive  on  a  purely  business  argument  and  warns  the 
industries  of  the  Middle  West  in  the  following  language : 

"Approximately  a  fifth  of  the  manufactories  of  Illinois, 
Indiana,  and  Ohio  depend  on  wood  for  their  running. 

"In  from  ten  to  twenty  years,  at  the  present  rate  of 
unregulated  cutting,  unattended  as  it  is  by  any  system- 
atic replanting,  the  lumber  from  the  South  will  be  ex- 
hausted. 

"Then  the  Pacific  Coast  will  be  good  for  forty  years, 
but  it  will  be  too  expensive  for  the  purposes  of  our  fac- 
tories to  ship  timber  so  far.  Hence  the  factories  will 
either  succumb  or  be  moved  into  the  Pacific  area.  In 
either  case  we  shall  lose  them. 

"In  these  three  states  of  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  soil  that  should  not  be  farmed,  if 
it  is,  because  that  soil  is  so  poor  that  it  does  not  pay  the 
farmer   a    fair   return    for   extraordinary    severe   effort. 

"Some  specialists  estimate  this  unprofitable  area  at  one- 
sixth  of  the  total  area  of  the  three  states.  This  estimate 
probably  is  excessive. 

"On  many  of  these  farms  people  do  manage  to  eke 
out  an  existence,  but  it  is  a  growing  economic  waste  to 
have  generation  after  generation  continue  the  struggle. 

"But  trees  don't  need  so  much  humus  as  grains  and 
grasses   do.     Trees   are   a  mineral    feeding  proposition. 

"You  can  grow  good  trees  where  you  cannot  grow 
good  barley. 

"Not  dabbling  in  prophecy,  but  considering  the  fore- 
going facts,  the  state  and  county  forests  of  Illinois, 
Indiana,  and  Ohio  have  formed,  on  the  initiative  of 
Ranson  E.  Kennicott,  chief  forester  of  the  Cook  County 
Forest  Preserve,  the  Central  States  Forestry  Associa- 
tion. 

"The  new  organization  hopes  to  hold  its  first  meeting 
in  Chicago  next  April. 

"Its  object  is  to  formulate  a  tri-state  forestry  policy 
and  urge  upon  the  state  governments  the  necessity  of  ex- 
treme measures  of  forestation  and  reforestation,  and  the 


establishment  of  a  system  of  restricted  cutting  that  shall 
be  in  some  proportion  to  the  amount  of  replanting. 

"The  estimate  of  some  members  of  the  association, 
notably  Mr.  Kennicott,  is  that  the  three  states  could 
profitably  put  something  like  a  seventh  of  their  area  into 
commercial  forestry. 

"The  association  bases  its  campaign  on  both  the  natural 
and  the  commercial  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a 
liberal  policy  of  reforestation. 

"First,  the  trees  -are  needed  to  conserve  moisture  and 
prevent  erosion,  which  is  progressing  in  late  years  at  an 
alarming  rate. 

"Second,  the  three  commonwealths  cannot  retain  their 
wood-using  industries  if  they  don't  provide  the  wood 
for  them. 

"State  authority  and  state  aid  in  reforestation  will  be 
asked  because  private  capital  is  not  going  to  go  into  a 
proposition  that  looks  as  far  forward  as  forty  to  sixty 
years  for  the  richest  part  of  the  return.  It's  got  to  be 
the  state. 

"On  the  other  hand,  reasonably  prompt  returns  are  not 
excluded  if  the  system  of  forest  management  be  com- 
prehensive. 

"If  you  have  absolutely  to  reforest  bare  land  it  will  be 
about  forty  years  before  you  can  get  a  steady  income 
from  it. 

"But  from  second  growth  and  coppice  areas,  if  treated 
scientifically,  you  can  get  a  revenue  in  ten  years. 

"The  first  thing  you  get  out,  by  a  scientific  treatment, 
is  eight-inch  ties.  And  if  you  treat  a  hickory  forest  right 
you  get  your  revenue  just  as  soon  as  you  can  cut  ax 
handles.    Five-inch  hickory  gives  four  ax  handles. 

"Here  is  an  important  point :  There  has  been  a  kind 
of  superstition  among  foresters  that  not  more  than  $10  an 
acre  ought  to  be  paid  for  forest  land  for  commercial 
cutting,  but  that  tradition  is  outdated  now  by  the  fact 
that  the  cost  of  most  varieties  of  lumber  has  tripled  in 
the  last  ten  years. 

"Only  science  and  authority  make  prompt  commercial 
cutting  possible  in  reforested  areas. 

"Think,  wood  workers,  what  the  newspapers  are  up 
against  in  the  matter  of  wood  pulp,  and  ponder  your  case." 


["  IKE  the  fabled  Johnny  Appleseed,  who 
went  from  town  to  town,  planting  as  he 
went.  Charles  Lathrop  Pack,  president  of 
the  American  Forestry  Association,  is  go- 
ing up  and  down  the  country  advocating  the 
planting  of  trees,  hammering  day  and  night 
on  the  need  of  a  national  forestry  policy. 
The  demand  for  Memorial  Avenues,  Roads 
of  Remembrance,  Victory  Boulevards,  all 
ulantcd  with  trees  in  honor  of  the  men  who 


gave  their  lives  for  their  country,  is  meet- 
ing with  a  remarkable  response.  Women's 
clubs,  churches,  rotary  clubs,  kiwanis  clubs, 
patriotic  societies  and  individuals  are  plant- 
ing trees  in  rows,  groups  and  groves. — 
Pittsburgh  Post. 


The  American  Forestry  Association  is 
urging  the  planting  of  memorial  trees  and 
creating    "Roads    of   Remembrance,"   as    a 


simple  and  effective  way  of  bringing  the 
great  principle  of  reforestation  before  the 
public  mind  and  keeping  it  there.  To  in- 
terest the  people  in  trees  is  the  first  step  in 
the  process  of  establishing  such  automatic 
recognition  of  the  value  and  need  of  a 
national  forest  policy  as  shall  be  effective 
to  save  wide  areas  of  country  from  climatic 
calamity,  create  great  wealth  in  timberland; 
and    avoid    the    present    serious    loss    by 


1554 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


EDITORS  FOR  NATIONAL  FOREST  POLICY 


fires.  The  foresters  have  hit  upon  an  excel- 
lent idea :  to  plant  trees  as  memorials  of  dis- 
tinguished men  has  an  appeal  which  is  of 
genuine  service  to  all  the  people  as  well  as 
carrying  a  romantic  tradition  of  enduring 
strength  in  the  national  character.  Mr. 
Charles  L.  Pack,  the  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Forestry  Association,  urges  the  plant- 
ing of  trees  in  all  parts  of  the  country  as 
memorials  to  Theodore 
Roosevelt  at  this  time  of 
general  commemoration  of 
his  birthday ;  recalling 
Roosevelt's  strong  interest 
in  the  subject,  Mr.  Pack 
says :  "I  do  not  believe  the 
human  mind  can  devise  a 
more  suitable  memorial  to 
Theodore  Roosevelt  than  a 
movement  which  will  look 
to  preserving  the  forests  of 
the  country." 

The  foresters  point  out 
that  the  forests  are  like  a 
bank  account ;  they  cannot 
be  continually  drawn  upon 
without  making  some  de- 
posits. A  national  forest 
policy  is  a  need  which  can- 
not be  gainsaid ;  it  is  not  a 
project  for  the  benefit  of 
the  lumberman  or  the  paper- 
maker  or  the  wook-worker 
alone ;  it  is  in  the  interest 
of  the  whole  population. — 
New  York  Evening  Sun. 


California  are  not  ours  alone ;  they  belong 
to  the  nation. — San  Francisco   Call. 


The  coal  miners'  strike  has  brought 
vividly  to  the  public  comprehension  how 
dependent  the  country  is  on  the  coal  supply. 
Wood  is  the  only  practical  substitute  for 
coal,  and  wood  can  be  produced  in  un- 
limited  quantites.     Forests   have   been    for 


pulp  out  of  which  print  paper  is  made  is 
consuming  the  growth  of  thousands  of 
acres  of  forests  annually. 

Without  regard  to  fuel,  a  wood  famine 
would  be  almost  as  great  a  calamity  as  a 
coal  famine,  and  it  should  be  provided 
against. — Nashville  Banner. 


EVEN    A    COAL    STRIKE    MAY    HAVE    SOME 

BENEFICIAL  EFFECT  IF  IT  LASTS 

LONG  ENOUGH 


The  American  Forestry 
Association  points  out  that 
the  demands  of  France  and 
Belgium  may  double  the 
call  for  American  lumber. 
Three  and  a  half  billion 
board  feet  of  logs  and  lum- 
ber were  exported  annually 
before  the  war;  seven  bil- 
lion may  be  needed  now.  In 
1918  the  fire  loss  was  $28,- 
500,000,  not  much  if  one  is 
thinking  in  billions,  but  a 
good  deal  from  any  other 
point  of  view.  The  acreage 
figures  are  more  impres- 
sive: Eight  billion  four 
hundred  million  acres  were 
burned  over.  The  layman  can  do  little  to 
increase  the  stock  of  trees.  But  he  can 
do  a  good  deal,  especially  at  this  time  of 
year,  to  save  what  we  have.  He  can  be 
careful  with  his  camp  fires,  whether  he 
thinks  the  ranger  will  catch  him  or  not, 
can  watch  where  his  matches  and  cigarette 
stubs  go,  and  can  teach  the  gospel  of  fire 
caution   to   other   people.     The    forests   of 


Great  Britain  has  determined  to  spend 
$17,000,000  in  a  ten-year 
campaign  to  replant  as  for- 
est areas  250,000  acres  of 
land  to  replace  timber  used 
during  the  war  in  France. 
The  United  States  could 
do  no  better  than  to  follow 
the  example  of  Great 
Britain  and  determine  at 
once  upon  a  broad  plan 
for  reforestation.  Thus  far 
the  lumbering  industry  in 
this  country  has  been  one 
big  problem  in  subtraction. 
If  the  nation  does  not  begin 
to  add  and  multiply  before 
long,  the  only  possible  an- 
swer will  be  zero. — Athens, 
Ohio,  Messenger. 


It  is  gratifying  to  note 
that  there  is  considerable 
interest  in  tree  planting  in 
Peoria  at  this  time.  No 
little  of  this  interest  is  due 
to  the  campaign  of  the 
American  Forestry  Asso- 
ciation which  is  attempting 
to  get  people  to  "plant  a 
tree  in  America  for  every 
tree  destroyed  during  the 
war."  The  forestry  men 
are  specially  alert  in  their 
efforts  to  get  trees  planted 
along  roads  and  public 
driveways — thus  putting  to 
practical  use  much  land 
that  has  been  bearing  little 
except  weeds  in  the  decades 
gone  by. — Peoria,  Illinois 
Journal. 


Copyrighted  1919  by  the  New  York  Tribune,  Inc. 

This    cartoon   by    Darling   points  forcibly  to  the  value  of  a  woodlot 
regardless    of   whether   we   have    coal  strikes  or  not. 


centuries  systematically  conserved  in  Eu- 
rope, and  we  must  emulate  and  improve 
on  the  European  example.  And  it  is  not 
because  alone  of  the  possibility  of  an  ex- 
hausted coal  supply  that  a  production  of 
wood  is  needed.  There  is  an  insatiate  and 
increasing  demand  for  lumber  that  can't 
be  met  after  awhile  if  the  forests  are  not 
replenished,    and    the    demand    for    wood 


With  thousands  more  in- 
terested in  trees,  thousands 
more  will  be  interested  in 
the  ways  and  wherefors  of 
forest      policy. — Minneapolis 


a      national 
News. 

The  president  of  the  American  Forestry 
Association  of  Washington  has  issued  a 
call  to  the  people  to  beautify  their  high- 
ways as  memorials  to  the  men  who  fought 
for  world  freedom.  Good  roads  and  tree 
planting  go  hand  in  hand. — Elkins,  West 
Virginia,   Inter-Mountain. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1555 


i 
t 
t 
i 


STATE   NEWS 


CALIFORNIA 
T^HE  number  of  fires  and  the  damage  re- 
suiting  in  the  area  covered  by  the 
Weeks  Law  agreement  in  California  during 
the  1919  fire  season  conclusively  shows  the 
necessity  of  increased  co-operation  under 
this   law. 

An  appropriation,  made  by  the  Califor- 
nia Legislature  for  fire  protection  work, 
became  available  July  22  and  on  July  25 
four  Weeks  Law  patrolmen  were  appoint- 
ed by  the  State  Forester  and  took  up  the 
task  of  preventing  and  combating  fires. 
Approximately  three  million  acres  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  watersheds  in  Northern 
California  were  thus,  for  the  first  time, 
brought    under    protection. 

The  district  assigned  to  each  patrolman 
was  large,  too  large  in  fact,  to  permit  the 
effective  patrol  work  that  is  necessary. 
The  area  placed  under  protection  is  one 
of  great  fire  hazard  due  to  climatic  con- 
dition. At  the  same  time  its  value  as  a 
watershed    is    immeasurable. 

One  hundred  and  sixteen  fires  occurred 
in  the  protected  area  during  the  eighty-two 
days  of  the  fire  season  that  remained  after 
the  appointment  of   the  Weeks   Law  men. 

Several  of  the  fires,  had  they  not  been 
systematically  fought,  would  have  swept 
from  the  foothills  into  the  National  For- 
ests. 

Residents  of  the  districts  in  which  fires 
occurred  expressed  great  satisfaction  with 
the  assistance  given  them  to  combat  flames 
that  threatened  their  property.  Several 
landowners  expressed  a  desire  to  aid  finan- 
cially the  work  of  the  fire  patrolmen.  In 
one  county  the  Supervisors,  wishing  to  do 
their  share  toward  protecting  property  in 
the  county,  voted  to  pay  bills  for  food  re- 
quired by  fire  fighters  called  by  patrolemen. 

Sentiment  in  favor  of  fire  protection 
work  was  greatly  increased  in  the  counties 
in  which  Weeks  Law  men  worked.  While 
the  men  were  kept  busy  much  of  the  time 
with  fire  fighting  they  still  found  time 
in  which  to  organize  voluntary  fire  fight- 
ing companies,  arrange  for  the  placement 
of  county  equipment  in  districts  of  fire  haz- 
ard and  at  all  times  they  preached  the 
gospel   of  fire  prevention. 

The  fire  season  just  closed  has  been 
one  of  the  most  serious  on  record  in  Cali- 
fornia, owing  to  a  succession  of  dry  sea- 
sons and  the  presence,  during  the  fire 
season,  of  extremely  high  winds.  It  makes 
one  shudder  to  think  what  would  have 
been  the  result  in  the  Sierra  foothills  dur- 
ing the  recent  summer  months  had  there 
been  no  fire  protection  work.  As  it  is  the 
fire-blackened  district  is  far  too  large  and 
additional  co-operation  under  the  Weeks 
Law  as  well  as  increased  appropriations  by 


the  state  are  necessary  if  the  ravages  of 
fire  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierras  are  to 
be   stopped. 


IDAHO 

TN  accord  with  almost  unanimous  senti- 
ment in  Idaho  and  in  response  to  consid- 
erations vitally  affecting  adjoining  National 
Forests,  Congress  has  set  apart  1,116,000 
acres  of  land  in  Idaho  known  as  the  Thun- 
der Mountain  region,  as  National  Forest 
lands.  This  great  tract,  difficult  of  access 
and  having  not  over  one  per  cent  of  its 
area  suitable  for  agriculture,  has  for  years 
been  the  scene  of  destructive  fires  and 
devastation  due  to  overgrazing.  It  is  now 
to  be  added  to  the  Payette  National  For- 
est which  adjoins  it  on  the  south  and  west, 
and  the  Idaho  National  Forest  which  ad- 
joins it  on  the  north  and  west.  The  area 
lies  approximately  100  miles  northeast  of 
Boise.  Because  uncontrolled,  it  has  been 
a  recurring  menace  to  the  adjoining 
National  Forests  by  reason  of  fires  that 
have  gained  great  headway  in  its  vast  un- 
patrolled  regions. 


IOWA 
A  REPRESENTATIVE  of  the  Forest 
Service  who  recently  visited  Iowa  calls 
attention  to  the  fact  that  there  is  still  a  con- 
siderable area  of  timberlands  in  the  State. 
The  value  of  these  lands  has  been  only 
partially  appreciated,  according  to  the 
forester.  Three-quarters  of  the  Nation's 
timberland  is  privately  owned,  while  but 
one-quarter  is  Government  owned,  and 
consequently  it  is  in  the  privately  owned 
forests,  as  well  as  the  others,  that  con- 
servation must  be  practiced.  To  avoid  an 
increasingly  serious  timber  shortage,  it  is 
essential  that  all  of  these  lands  be  prop- 
erly handled  to  produce  timber  and  other 
forest  products. 

Because  of  the  present  high  price  of 
lumber  the  timber  resources  of  Iowa  have 
assumed  an  importance  entirely  unlooked 
for  a  few  years  ago.  The  representative 
of  the  Forest  Service  declared  that  there 
is  a  good  opportunity  for  farmers  of  south- 
eastern Iowa,  particularly,  to  make  use  of 
their  nonagricultural  lands  and  the  islands 
of  the  Mississippi  by  planting  quick-grow- 
ing trees,  such  as  cottonwood.  He  also 
urged  farmers  to  use  small  corners  of  their 
farms   for  this  purpose. 


MAINE 
'"PHE  Legislature  of  1919,  by  making  an 
appropriation  of  $5000.00  for  the  year 
1919  and  $10,000.00  for  the  year  1920,  for 
purchase  of  lands  and  general  forestry  pur- 
poses, made  it  possible  for  the  State  For- 
estry   Department   to   start   two   new   pro- 


jects, namely,  Forest  Fire  Protection  and 
Slash  Disposal  in  Organized  Towns. 
Prior  to  this  year,  the  organized  towns 
with  a  forest  area  of  about  4,500,000  acres 
never  had  any  fire  protection  of  any  kind ; 
while  the  unorganized  towns  (so  called 
wild  lands)  are  protected  by  a  good  sized 
appropriation  and  a  good  organization  of 
Chief  Wardens,  Deputy  Wardens,  Watch- 
men, and  Patrolmen.  The  present  forest 
law  makes  the  selection  of  each  organized 
town  Forest  Fire  Wardens  of  their  respec- 
tive towns,  but  does  not  provide  for  any 
funds  either  to  protect  the  forests  or  fight 
fires. j  Without  funds  these  Forest  Fire 
Wardens  are  almost  helplesss.  By  the  pas- 
sage of  the  above  named  appropriation  it 
gave  the  State  Forestry  Department  a 
chance  to  start  some  forest  protection  in 
organized  towns.  Two  steel  lookout  tow- 
ers were  erected,  one  on  Agamenticus 
Mountain  in  the  town  of  York  and  the 
other  on  Ossipee  Mountain  in  the  town  of 
Waterboro,  both  in  the  County  of  York. 
These  towers  are  located  in  the  heart  of 
the  best  white  pine  section  of  the  State  of 
Maine  and  are  equipped  with  telephone 
communication  with  the  Selectmen  of  the 
towns  covered  by  these  places,  panoramic 
maps,  binoculars,  and  range  finders.  The 
department  contemplates  establishing  two 
more  stations,  one  in  the  town  of  Den- 
mark and  the  other  in  the  town  of  Par- 
sonsfield.  The  view  from  these  two  sta- 
tions will  reach  the  view  from  the  nearest 
station  in  the  Maine  Forestry  District 
which  is  located  in  the  unorganized  town 
of  Grafton. 


MONTANA 
/"\NE  billion  feet  of  timber  killed  by  1445 
fires  is  the  estimate  given  for  Montana's 
tremendous  forest  fire  losses  for  the  sea- 
son just  closed.  Half  of  the  fires  were 
started  by  human  agency  and  were  pre- 
ventable.* The  fires  burned  over  570,000 
acres  of  land  and  were  suppressed  at  a 
cost  of  $1,200,000,  according  to  figures 
compiled  by  the  forestry  office  at  Missoula. 
A  district  logging  engineer  with  head- 
quarters at  Missoula  reports  that  he  has 
seen  cedar  trees  more  than  2000  years  old, 
still  alive  and  growing  in  the  Kaniksu  for- 
est which  is  in  the  extreme  northeastern 
corner  of  Washington.  "These  trees,"  says 
the  engineer,  "varied  in  size  from  a  foot 
to  ten  feet  in  diameter.  I  used  a  boring 
instrument  on  them  and  found  that  the 
trees  were  in  all  cases  2000  years  old  and 
some  of  them  nearly  3000.  The  wood  is 
firm  and  is  a  potential  source  of  high 
grade  timber.  I  know  of  no  place  in  the 
United  States,  except  the  redwood  forests, 
where  trees  of  that  age  may  be  found." 


1556 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


NEW  JERSEY 

New  Jersey  has  been  extremely  fortunate 
with  regard  to  fire  losses  during  the  past 
summer  and  fall,  in  comparison  with  other 
sections  of  the  country.  The  excessive 
rainfall  has  almost  prevented  fires  from 
starting.  From  August  1st  until  the  mid- 
dle of  November  there  have  been  less 
than  ten  fires  in  the  entire  state,  and  all 
of  these  have  been  trifling.  For  this 
period  the  total  has  usually  been  from  150 
to  300.  Last  year  during  the  four  months 
there  were  152  fires,  while  the  year  before 
there  were  241. 

The  three  year  terms  of  most  of  the 
local  firewardens  within  the  state  expire 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  The  freedom  from 
fires  has  enabled  the  staff  to  devote  much 
of  its  energy  to  the  reorganization  and 
strengthening  of  this  field  force.  The 
dead  wood  is  being  replaced  by  good  tim- 
ber, and  special  efforts  are  being  made  to 
insure  that  wardens  who  have  displayed 
ability  are  reappointed. 

The  withdrawal  of  one  of  the  division 
wardens  from  the  Forest  Fire  Service  to 
take  up  educational  work  brings  about  the 
first  change  in  the  staff  of  the  state  organi- 
zation. 

NEW  YORK 

'"PHAT  America  can  produce  better  for- 
ests than  nature  has  given  us,  under 
right  application  of  forestry  was  the  dec- 
laration of  Dr.  Hugh  P.  Baker, 
Dean  of  the  New  York  State  College  of 
Forestry  at  Syracuse  before  the  American 
Paper  and  Pulp  association  in  convention 
at  New  York,  when  the  nation's  paper 
makers  asked  him  to  discuss  the  report  of 
their  committee  on  forestry.  He  said : 
"The  long  growing  Adirondack  and  other 
forests  today  not  aided  by  man,  may  be 
growing  at  the  rate  of  200  board  feet 
per  year.  The  Black  Forest,  and  other 
forest  areas  of  Europe,  not  as  well  adapted 
to  forest  growth  as  very  much  of  the 
forest  area  of  this  country,  before  the  war 
were  producing  more  than  a  thousand 
board  feet  per  acre  per  year,  and  at  the 
same  time  conserving  water  more  effec- 
tively, were  better  places  for  fish  and  game, 
and  were  as  effective  as  man  can  make  a 
forest   for  recreational  purposes. 

"The  difficult  coal  situation  which  has 
been  before  the  public  and  our  national 
government  is  educating  the  people  in  this 
country  to  the  point  where  it  is  barely 
possible  that  the  public  may  force  the 
maintaining  of  productivity  of  forest 
lands  as  it  looks  as  if  the  government 
may  force  the  productivity  from  coal 
mines.  It  will  be  much  better  if  the 
forest  industries  will  solve  these  problems 
themselves  by  providing  unity  of  action 
rather  than  to  be  forced  into  an  awkward 
situation  by  what  seems  to  be  public  wel- 
fare. 

"N'ew  York  probably  leads  the  states  of 
the  union  in  the  reforestation  of  forest 
lands.     Great  credit  is  due  the  State  Con- 


servation Commission  for  the  aggressive 
way  in  which  it  has  carried  on  reforesta- 
tion. What  they  are  doing,  however,  is 
but  a  drop  in  the  bucket.  What  is  the 
reforestation  of  three  or  four  thousand 
acres  when  the  State  alone  owns  hundreds 
of  thousand  of  acres  which  must  be  par- 
tially or  wholly  reforested  before  they  can 
be  put  into  profitable  condition.  The  state 
should  bond  itself,  if  necessary,  to  pro- 
tect and  encourage  the  forest  industries  of 
the  state  as  has  been  done  for  better 
highways  and  a  great  barge  canal. 
There  should  be  inducements  held  out  to 
the  owners  of  agricultural  land  to  get 
better  farm  crops.  Forestry  is  second  in 
importance  to  agriculture  as  a  fundamen- 
tal to  the  life  of  a  nation." 

Uncle  Sam  has  given  formal  recogni- 
tion to  the  State  Ranger  School  of  the 
New  York  State  College  of  Forestry  at 
Syracuse,  by  sending  to  the  school  four  of 
his  wounded  soldiers,  and  by  preparing  to 
send  others  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  While  going  to  school  they  are 
being  paid  $80  a  month  from  the  govern- 
ment. The  Federal  Board  of  Vocational 
Training  has  particularly  been  interested 
in  the  opportunity  for  building  back  into 
profitable  occupations  those  soldiers  whose 
lungs  were  torn  by  gas,  or  who  were  in- 
jured in  battle,  by  sending  them  into  the 
big  out-of-doors  where  they  can  be  train- 
ed for  service  which  gives  them  an  open 
air  life. 


OREGON 


A  T  a  meeting  of  forest  protective  agen- 
cies  held  at  Klamath  Falls,  Oregon, 
October  21,  and  22,  1919,  representatives 
of  the  United  States  Forest  Service,  State 
Forest  Service  of  Oregon,  Klamath  Indian 
Service,  Crater  National  Park,  Oregon 
Agricultural  College,  Western  Forestry 
and  Conservation  Association  and  Klam- 
ath-Lake Counties  Forest  Fire  Association 
being  present  the  following  resolutions 
were  unanimously  adopted: 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  forest 
industry  in  the  State  of  Oregon  and  the 
large  percentage  of  the  taxes  of  the  State 
paid  bf  said  industry,  and  since  insect 
depredations  in  the  timber  are  in  certain 
localities  a  decided  menace,  we  feel  that 
greater  attention  should  be  given  to  for- 
est entomology  in  the  state.  We,  therefore 
urge  the  Oregon  Agricultural  College  to 
build  up  a  strong  department  of  Forest 
Entomology  and  through  such  department 
lend  assistance  to  owners  of  timber  in  the 
state   in  control  of  insect  depredations. 

In  view  of  the  serious  fires  which  oc- 
cured  in  Oregon  the  past  season  and  the 
expense  involved  in  fighting  said  fires,  it 
is  apparent  that  the  appropriation  for  pro- 
tection of  Oregon  and  California  Grant 
Lands  will  not  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  pro 
rata  share  of  cost  of  protection  of  said 
lands.  We,  therefore  urge  upon  our  Con- 
gressional  delegation   that   they   use  every 


effort  to  see  that  $15,000.00  additional  be 
provided  for  protection  of  these  lands  the 
current  fiscal  year. 

In  view  of  the  yearly  damage  to  timber 
(particularly  yellow  pine)  resulting  from 
insect  depredations,  and  the  imperative 
need  of  perfecting  methods  for  the  control 
of  said  depredations,  we  earnestly  request 
the  United  States  Forest  Service  to  in- 
crease its  personnel  in  Oregon  for  such 
work  and  further  ask  that  the  service  co- 
operate with  and  extend  assistance  to  pri- 
vate owners  in  the  State  of  Oregon  look- 
ing to  more  efficient  insect  control. 

Whereas,  the  grazing  areas  in  the  State 
of  Oregon  are  being  reduced  yearly  owing 
to  homestead  occupation,  reproduction  of 
forests,  etc.,  a  growing  congestion  on  the 
ranges  seriously  threatens  the  live  stock 
industry  unless  some  federal  regulation  is 
provided    on    all   public   lands ;    and 

Whereas,  there  are  over  three  million 
acres  in  the  Oregon  and  California  Land 
Grant,  more  or  less  of  which  will  provide 
feed  for  live  stock  pending  disposal  under 
the  public  land  laws; 

Resolved,  that  we  respectfully  urge  the 
Department  of  the  Interior  to  adopt  and 
put  into  effect  a  policy  of  leasing  the 
grazing  privileges  on  these  Oregon  and 
California  Lands  to  live  stock  growers,  and 
that  the  proceeds  be  used  to  increase  the 
present  appropriation  for  the  protection  of 
said  lands  from  forest  fire. 

Whereas,  there  are  located  in  Deschutes, 
Klamath  and  Lake  Counties,  State  of  Ore- 
gon approximately  83,000  acres  of  land 
being  administered  by  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  Government  on 
which  is  growing  more  or  less  lodgepole 
pine  of  little  commercial  value,  but  which 
constitutes  an  extremely  bad  fire  menace 
to  adjoining  National  Forest  Lands  and 
lands  belonging  to  private  individuals  or 
companies  on  which  is  growing  a  stand  of 
commercial  yellow  pine  timber,  and  as  our 
state  laws  require  the  private  owners  to 
provide  an  adequate  fire  patrol  to  prevent 
loss  from  forest  fires,  and  to  do  so  it  has 
been  necessary  in  the  past  for  said  owners 
to  patrol  and  fight  fires  upon  the  Interior 
Department  lands  for  the  protection  of 
their  own    interests ; 

Therefore,  we  urge  upon  our  representa- 
tives in  Congress  the  necessity  for  an  ap- 
propriation of  not  less  than  $5000.00  per 
annum  to  be  used  for  the  protection  of 
these  lands ;  and  we  urgently  request  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  make  request 
for  this  amount  of  money  for  the  above 
purposes  in  his  next  annual  budget. 


WISCONSIN 
rriHE  Forest  Products  Laboratory,  at 
A  Madison,  has  prepared  a  list  of  govern- 
ment and  state  bulletins  of  value  to  wood- 
lot  owners  who  wish  to  market  their  pro- 
ducts. This  list  will  be  furnished  by  the 
laboratory  to  anyone  upon  request. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1557 


Replacement  of  porch  columns  and  joists  in 
framing  of  three  floors  is  an  annual  occur- 
rence  at  most   apartment  houses  of  this  type. 

Arrows  point  to  a  badly  rotted  column  on  the 
third  floor,  to  a  new  column  just  put  in  on 
the  second  floor,  and  on  the  walk  to  rotted 
columns    and    stringers    already    taken    down. 


The  Dangers  of  Decay 

Wooden  back  porches  and  stairs  of  apartment  buildings, 
factories,  warehouses,  and  other  industrial  structures  must 
be  protected  against  decay  to  avoid  becoming  a  serious 
menace  to  tenants,  employees,  and  the  public;  likewise 
to  reduce  the  continual  expense  of  replacement,  piece  by  ■ 
piece. 


The  grade  of  lumber  generally  employed  and  the  nature  of 
the  exposure,  cause  rapid  development  of  decay  and  unsus- 
pected weakening  of  the  structure,  particularly  at  points 
of  contact. 

It  is,  perhaps,  a  very  small  detail — to  protect  these  struc- 
tures from  premature  decay,  but  a  precaution  that  the 
builder  should  encourage  from  the  standpoint  of  safety 
and  economy.  Elimination  of  decay  is  physical  protection 
to  all,  children  and  adults  alike. 

Carbosota  Creosote  Oil,  properly  applied  to  points  of  con- 
tact before  erection,  will  retard  decay  and  materially  increase 
the  life  of  even  the  cheapest  lumber. 

Used  as  a  stain,  it  gives  the  structure  a  practical  and 
attractive  dark  brown  color,  at  considerably  lower  cost 
than  paint. 

Carbosota  Creosote  Oil  is  a  pure  refined  coal-tar  creosote, 
standardized  for  non-pressure  treatments. 

Wood  Preservation  is  a  "Safety-First"  measure. 


(Green  wood  cannot  be  eff-ectively  creosoted  by  non-pres- 
sure processes.  It  shoidd  be  air-dry.  In  regions  of 
moist,  zvarm  climate,  wood  of  some  species  may  start 
to  decay  before  it  can  be  air-dried.  Exceptions  should  be 
made  in  such  cases  and  treatment  modified  accordingly.) 


The 


Company 


Applying    surface   treatment   by    spraying   Carbosota   on    contact 
surfaces. 


New    York 

Cleveland 

Birmingham 

Salt  Lake      Cit: 

Milwaukee 

Youngstown 

Bethlehem 

THE   BARRETT   COMPANY,    Limited:   Montreal,   Toronto,   Winnipeg, 
Vancouver,    St.    John,    N.    B.,    Halifax,    N.    S.,    Sydney,    N.    S. 


Chicago 

Philadelphia 

Boston 

St    Louis 

Cincinnati 

Pittsburgh 

Detroit 

New    Orleans 

Kansas    City 

Minneapolis 

Dallas 

Nashville 

Seattle 

Peoria 

Atlanta 

Duluth 

Bangor 

Washington 

Johnstown 

Lebanon 

Toledo 

Columbus 

Richmond 

Latrobe 

Elizabeth 

Buffalo 

Baltimore 

1558 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


CANADIAN  DEPARTMENT 

BY  ELLWOOD  WILSON 

PRESIDENT,  CANADIAN  SOCIETY  OF  FOREST  ENGINEERS 


'PHE  advisory  committee  which  was  ask- 
ed  for  by  the  Minister  of  Lands  and 
Forests  of  Quebec  to  discuss  with  his 
Chief  Forester  a  revision  of  the  cutting 
regulations  and  also  the  future  forest  policy 
of  the  Province,  held  its  first  meeting  in 
Quebec  City  aim  after  a  very  interesting 
discussion  agreed  to  certain  recommenda- 
tions to  the  Minister.  The  most  important 
of  these  was  that  there  be  appointed  a 
committee  which  should  represent  the  lum- 
ber and  pulp  interests,  the  settlers'  inter- 
ests, and  forestry  and  that  this  committee 
should  act  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  the 
Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests  and  his 
Department  in  framing  regulations  for 
the  use  and  perpetuation  of  the  forests. 
It  is  hoped  that  if  this  suggestion  is  adopt- 
ed most  of  the  present  causes  of  fric- 
tion between  the  lumber  interests  and  the 
settlers  can  be  eliminated. 


Company,  Ltd.  The  Department  of  Lands 
and  Forests  has  been  asked  to  set  aside 
these  experimental  areas  as  forest  reserves. 


The  forest  fire  situation  in  New  Bruns- 
wick during  the  past  season  was  better 
than  in  the  previous  year.  So  many 
fires  were  due  to  carelessness  that 
October  ninth  was  adopted  as  "Fire  Pre- 
vention Day"  throughout  Canada  to  try  and 
impress  on  people  the  necessity  for  care  in 
preventing  all  kinds  of  fires.  The  total 
number  of  fires  in  New  Brunswick's  forests 
for  the  season  were  342 — 70  per  cent  set 
by  railroads  causing  3.5  per  cent  of  the 
damage ;  7  per  cent  set  by  campers  causing 
31.7  per  cent  of  the  damage;  11.5  per  cent 
set  by  settlers  causing  44.1  per  cent  of  the 
damage;  3.5  per  cent  set  by  operators  caus- 
ing 7.1  per  cent  of  the  damage;  8  per  cent 
set  by  accidental  and  incendiary  causing 
13  per  cent  of  the  damage.  Most  of  the 
fires  occurred  in  May  and  June.  The 
above  shows  that  campers  and  settlers  were 
the  chief  contributing  causes.  Eighteen 
square  miles  were  burnt  with  a  loss  of  $154,- 
155.  Thirty-six  prosecutions  were  instituted 
with  29  convictions.  About  70  miles  of 
telephone  lines  were  built  co-operatively 
by  the  Government  and  the  Bathurst  Lum- 
ber Company  and  forty  more  miles  will  be 
built  to  connect  with  a  lookout  station. 
Twenty-six  returned  soldiers  were  employ- 
ed. Four  hundred  and  ninety  acres  of  land 
belonging  to  the  Bathurst  Lumber  Com- 
pany have  been  set  aside  as  a  forest  re- 
serve and  experimental  cuttings  are  taking 
place  under  a  plan  worked  out  by  Dr. 
Howe  and  in  immediate  charge  of  Forester 
W.  M.  Robertson. 


The  fire  season  in  Quebec  has  been,  from 
the  standpoint  of  weather,  the  worst  in 
several  years,  but  the  number  of  fires  was 
not  large.  Contrary  to  the  experience  in 
New  Brunswick,  practically  no  difficulty 
was  had  with  settlers.  The  worst  fires 
were  caused  by  dam-keepers  and  river- 
drivers  of  the  operators.  This  is  a  most 
curious  situation,  as  these  operators  are 
paying  the  cost  of  fire  protection  and  are 
hiring  the  fire  rangers,  so  that  they  are  not 
only  destroying  their  own  property  but  it 
is  being  done  by  their  own  employees.  Of 
course  the  answer  is  the  lack  of  an  appre- 
ciation of  the  necessity  of  preventing  forest 
fires  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  managers 
of  woods  operations  and  their  failure  to 
enforce  the  rules  of  their  departments. 
Often  the  sub-managers  and  higher  fore- 
men feel  that  the  fire  protection  work,  in 
some  way,  takes  away  from  their  authority 
and  interferes  with  their  work,  and  then 
too,  sometimes  they  are  afraid  their  men 
may  leave  if  they  are  particular  about  en- 
forcing the  fire  regulations.  The  situation 
is  serious  and  heads  of  companies  should 
insist  that  their  own  men  are  controlled 
and  not  allowed  to  set  forest  fires. 


Mr.  S.  L.  de  Carteret,  Forester  for  the 
Brown  Corporation,  will  now  be  in  charge 
of  all  the  timberlands  of  the  Brown  Cor- 
poration, with  headquarters  in  Quebec 
City.  Mr.  de  Carteret  was,  for  several 
years,  engaged  in  working  up  a  scheme  for 
timberland  insurance,  which  he  handled 
very  successfully. 


Mr.  L.  A.  Nix,  graduate  of  Syracuse 
University,  sometime  with  the  U.  S.  Forest 
Service,  and  who  served  during  the  war  in 
the  Chemical  Division  at  Edgewood  Arse- 
nal, Baltimore,  has  resigned  from  the  staff 
of  the  Forestry  Department  of  the  St. 
Maurice  Paper  Company  and  returned  to 
the  Laurentide  Company  for  whom  he 
worked  before  enlisting. 


A  very  interesting  article  on  the  work 
of  the  Forestry  Department  of  Syracuse 
University,  appears  in  the  Royal  Spanish 
Society  of  the  Friends  of  Trees. 


The  same  kind  of  work  is  being  done  un- 
der the  supervision  of  Mr.  R.  W.  Lyons 
on  the  Vermillion  Limit  of  the  Laurentide 


The  Canadian  Export  Paper  Company, 
Ltd.,  of  Montreal,  is  sending  Mr.  W.  G. 
Mitchell  abroad  to  make  a  study  of  con- 
ditions in  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Industry  in 
Scandinavia,  Finland  and  Russia. 


The  Aviation  Branch  of  the  St.  Maurice 
Forest  Protective  Association  has  com- 
pleted its  work  for  the  season  and  the 
planes  loaned  by  the  Government  will  be 
thoroughly  overhauled  and  put  in  condi- 
tion for  further  experimental  work  next 
season.  Four  hundred  pictures  8x10  inches, 
covering  4,000x3,200  feet  each,  were  taken 
at  an  altitude  of  5,000  feet.  The  pictures 
show  all  kinds  of  country,  settled,  villages, 
swamps,  burns,  cut-over,  regenerating 
naturally,  planted  and  all  sorts  of  timber 
types.  Those  so  far  developed  and  print- 
ed exceed  all  expectations  and  it  is  con- 
fidently felt  that  aerial  photography  will 
revolutionize  timber  mapping.  The  ac- 
curacy with  which  areas  in  various  types, 
burns,  water  and  so  forth  can  be  measured, 
drainage  basins  determined  and  topography 
studied  will  add  much  to  the  value  of  the 
work.  Those  wishing  to  buy  timberlands, 
or  banks,  or  other  corporations  loaning 
money  on  timberlands  can  now  be  sure 
of  what  they  are  getting  for  their  money. 

Alarm  is  now  being  felt  in  Queensland 
at  the  very  rapid  depletion  of  available 
timber  supplies,  particularly  softwoods. 
The  Forestry  Service  is  now  facing  the 
heavy  responsibility  of  attempting  to  make 
good  the  deliberate  dissipation  of  the  for- 
est asset  which  has  characterized  the  past. 
Forest  reservations  have  been  set  aside 
and  now  total  3,700,000  acres,  but  the  task 
of  reforestation  has  been  left  so  late  that 
it  will  be  many  years  before  its  effect  will 
be  felt. 


In  Norway  it  is  proposed  to  build  a 
tunnel  to  carry  logs  past  a  large  dam  built 
for  water  power  development.  This  is  an 
interesting  way  of  solving  the  problem. 


There  is  practically  a  complete  failure  of 
the  white  spruce  seed  crop  in  the  east.  The 
trees  in  eastern  Canada  have  not  seeded 
for  two  years  and  Black  Hills  and  Nor- 
way spruce  seed  has  had  to  be  used.  Like- 
wise, owing  to  the  rapidly  increasing  de- 
mand, the  prices  of  nursery  stock  have 
risen   tremendously. 


The  seaplane  purchased  by  the  Brown 
Corporation,  one  of  two  which  will  be 
used  in  mapping  their  timberlands,  was 
last  reported  as  having  flown  from  New 
York  to  Burlington,  Vermont.  It  is  ex- 
pected to  arrive  at  its  base  on  the  St. 
Maurice  River  shortly. 


The  plantations  made  by  Chief  Forester 
G.  C.  Piche,  of  the  Quebec  Forest  Service, 
on  the  drifting  sands  at  Lachute  and  Ber- 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 

r 


1559 


!   1 


The  Making  of 
Southern  Pine 

FIRST  the  forest  cruiser,  lone  explorer, 
and  advance  agent  of  the  lumberman, 
judges  and  chooses  with  keen,  appraising 
eye  the  prime  stands  of  virgin  woodland. 
A  great  sawmill  is  erected.  More  thou- 
sands are  added  to  the  millions  of  persons 
in  America  who  derive  their  livelihood 
from  manufacturing  trees  into  lumber,  and 
another  thriving  prosperous  community  is 
added  to  the  five  hundred  maintained  by 
producing  Southern  Pine — that  sturdy,  de- 
pendable material  which  still  is  and  always 
has  been  the  least  expensive,  most  easily 
available  building  material  in  the  world. 

Southern  Pine  Association 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana 


This  illustration  is  the  first  of  a  aeries  i 
depicting*  the  manufacture  of  Southern 
Pine.     The  entire  series  will  be  uublnhe.l  in  a 
bmmthd  ■■■Mat.    Send  (or  your  copy  NOW.   I 


1560 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


WHEN  YOU  BUY 

PHOTO -ENGRAVINGS 

buy  the  right  kind— That  is,  the 
particular  style  and  finish  that  will 
best  illustrate  your  thought  and 
print  best  where  they  are  to  be 
used.  Such  engravings  are  the  real 
quality  engravings  for  you,  whether 
they  cost  much  or  little. 
We  have  a  reputation  for  intelligent- 
ly co-operating  with  the  buyer  to 
give  him  the  engravings  that  will 
best  suit  his  purpose— 
Our  llttlt  house  organ  "Etchings"  is 
full  of  valuable  hints— Send  for  it. 

H.  A.  GATCHEL.  Pits.  C  A.  S1INS0N,  Vice-Pres. 

GATCHEL  &   MANNING 

PHOTOENGRA  VERS 

In  one  or  more  colors 
Sixth  and  Chestnut  Streets 

PHILADELPHIA 


Think  in  interest — your  own  interest — 
save  and  invest.  War-Savings  Stamps 
pay  4  per  cent  interest,  compounded 
quarterly. 


Turn  Stump  Land 
Into  Money 


Clear  your  stump  land 
cheaply — no  digging,  no 
expense  (or  teams  and 
powder.  One  man  with  a 
K  can  rip  out  any  stump 
that  can  be  pulled  with  the 
best  inch  steel  cable. 

Works  by  lererage  —  tame 
principle  as  a  jack.  1 00  pound 
pull  on  the  lever  gives  a  48-ton 


pull  on  the  stump.  Made  of  the 
finest  steel — guaranteed  againsl 
breakage.  Endorsed  by  U.  S. 


ft 


HAND     POWER. 


Write  today  for  special 
offer  and  free  booklet  on 
Land  Clearing. 

The  Fitzpat  rick  Products  Com,  ^ 

B„x43 
99  John  St.,  New  York 
Pacific  Coast  Office 
San  Francisco, 
California, 


Stump_ 
Puller~| 


thier  some  seven  years  ago,  have  made 
splendid  progress  and  are  now  six  to  ten 
feet  in  height  for  Norway  spruce  and 
eight  to  ten  feet  for  white  pine.  These 
plantations  were  made  to  stop  the  en- 
croachment of  the  sand  on  farming  country 
and  have  answered  the  purpose  admirably. 
The  growth  of  the  spruce  in  absolutely 
pure  sand  is  quite  remarkable.  It  is  too 
bad  that  the  plantations  have  not  been  con- 
tinued. 

■  Messrs.  Clyde  Leavitt,  J.  M.  Swaine  and 
Arnold  Hanssen  made  a  trip  to  the  limits 
of  the  River  Ouelle  Lumber  Company  at 
River  Manie,  in  the  company  of  W.  G. 
Power,  President  of  the  Canadian  Lumber- 
men's Association,  to  investigate  the  rav- 
ages of  the  spruce  budworm  and  spruce 
bark  beetle.  They  report  that  the  trees 
are  beginning  to  recover  from  the  attack 
but  that  the  number  of  spruce  trees  blown 
down  as  the  result  of  cutting  to  a  diameter 
limit  is  very  large,  causing  a  great  deal 
of   waste. 


forty-five  entrants.  The  course  will  begin 
with  lectures  on  forestry  and  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  others  on  logging,  wood  prepara- 
tion, grinding,  sulphite  making,  paper- 
making,  purchasing,  selling,  engineering 
and  management.  One  hundred  and  fifty 
pupils  are  enrolled  for  the  winter  session 
of  the  school. 


A  course  in  paper-making  has  been  start- 
ed   in    the    Laurentide    Night    School    with 


Robson  Black,  Secretary  of  the  Canadian 
Forestry  Association,  has  finished  a  most 
successful  lecturing  trip  through  the 
Prairie  Provinces.  He  has  held  ten  public 
meetings  in  Winnipeg  alone,  sometimes 
at  the  rate  of  two  or  three  per  day,  ad- 
dressing business  men,  bankers,  mortgage 
companies  and  so  forth.  In  Prince  Albert 
he  had  an  audience  of  700  men  and  women. 
Much  enthusiasm  for  the  conservation  of 
timber  resources  was  aroused  and  the  idea 
has  taken  firm  root.  The  Forestry  Car 
which  is  making  a  tour  of  the  country  has 
met    with   the   greatest    success. 

The  reports  of  damage  from  forest  fires 
in  the  Prairie  Provinces  during  the  past 
summer  will   run   into  millions   of   dollars. 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA 

rPHE  Forestry  Club  has  had  three  in- 
teresting  meetings  since  October  1st. 
Twenty-five  men  left  Berkeley  early  Sun- 
day morning,  October  5th  and  went  by 
train  and  boat  to  Fairfax,  for  a  hike 
through  the  picturesque  hills  of  Marin 
County.  The  route  of  the  trip  was  across 
a  chapparal  covered  ridge  to  the  new  La 
Guitas  reservoir  of  the  Marin  Municipal 
Water  District.  This  artificial  lake  with 
its  well  forested  watershed  is  now  full  to 
capacity  for  the  first  time  and  has  added 
greatly  to  the  natural  beauties  of  the 
region.  After  following  down  La  Guitas 
Creek  to  the  junction  of  the  Little  Carson 
Creek  a  halt  was  made  for  lunch  beneath 
the  shade  of  some  fine  redwood,  Douglas 
fir  and  Tanbark  oak  trees.  The  afternoon 
trip  brought  us  back  to  Fairfax  by  way  of 
the  headwaters  of  the  Little  Carson. 
Twenty-five  species  of  trees  were  noted 
during  the  day. 

The  next  regular  meeting  was  held  on 
October  17th,  when  Professor  David  T. 
Mason  spoke  to  the  club  about  his  work 
with  the  Treasury  Department  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  income  tax  to  the  lum- 
ber  industry. 

An  open  air  meeting  in  the  Berkeley 
Hills  was  held  on  October  28th  at  the  old 
camp  fire  place  in  Telegraph  Canyon. 
After  a  hearty  meal  of  "weenies,"  coffee 
and  pie,  Mr.  S.  B.  Detwiler,  who  is  in 
charge  of  the  White  Pine  Blister  Rust 
eiadication,  told  the  boys  something  of  the 
character  of  the  work  being  done  in  scout- 


ing for  the  disease  and  the  nature  of  the 
quarantine  by  means  of  which  it  is  hoped 
that  it  may  be  kept  out  of  the  western 
forests.  Mr.  Posey,  who  is  directing  the 
work  in  California  and  several  of  his 
field  men  were  also  guests  of  the  forestry 
club  at  this  camp  fire  meeting. 

During  the  regular  business  session  it 
was  decided  that  the  forestry  club  should 
recommend  to  the  Associated  Students' 
organization  the  planting  of  a  memorial 
grove  of  Sequoia  gigantea  on  a  suitable 
site  in  Strawberry  Canyon  to  the  80  Uni- 
versity of  California  men  who  gave  their 
lives  in  the  World  War.  It  is  hoped  that 
the  work  can  be  done  as  the  "Labor  Day" 
project  by  the  entire  student  body  on  Feb- 
ruary 29,  1920.  It  has  been  the  custom 
for  several  years  for  students  and  faculty 
to  lay  aside  regular  duties  on  this  extra 
day  and  all  join  in  some  work  of  im- 
provement of  beautification  needed  about 
the  campus.  The  forestry  club  feels  that 
the  planting  of  such  a  memorial  grove  is 
the  most  fitting  way  in  which  the  coming 
Labor  Day  can  be  spent. 

Professor  Woodridge  Metcalf  spent  a 
week  end  recently  with  the  Santa  Cruz 
high  school  forestry  class  which  is  being 
conducted  by  R.  E.  Burton,  a  former  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  California  For- 
estry Club.  An  interesting  field  trip 
through  some  of  the  cut  over  lands  in  the 
vicinity  of  Santa  Cruz  was  made  the  op- 
portunity for  pointing  out  the  necessity  for 
permanent  forests  in  this  region.  Many 
(Continued  on  Page  1563) 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


1561 


$7,500,000 

BROWN  COMPANY 

(Formerly  the  Berlin  Mills  Company) 
6  °/o  Serial  Gold  Debenture  Bonds— Series  "A" 

AUTHORIZED  $15,000,000  OUTSTANDING   $7,500,000 

Dated  November  15,  1919.  Interest   payable    May   and    November   15. 

Due     in     annual     installments     of     $375,000  each   November  15,  1920  to   1939   inclusive. 

Interest  payable  without  deduction  for  any  Federal  Normal  Income  Tax  up  to  2% 

OLD  COLONY  TRUST  COMPANY,  BOSTON,  Trustee 
HISTORY  AND  BUSINESS 

The  Brown  Company,  founded  in  1852,  is  the  largest  manufacturer  in  this  country  of  bleached  sulphite  fibre  pulp  and 
kraft  wrapping  paper  and  it  also  manufactures  bond  paper,  lumber  and  allied  products.  Sales  in  recent  years  have  aver- 
aged more  than  $23,000,000  annually.  Its  operations  in  Canada  are  conducted  through  a  subsidiary,  the  Brown  Cor- 
poration, of  Canada,  of  which  the  Brown  Company  owns  all  the   capital   stock. 

PROPERTY 

The  mill  properties  at  Berlin  and  Gorham,  N.  H.,  consist  of  two  paper  mills,  two  sulphite  fibre  mills,  a  saw-mill 
and  five  hydro-electric  plants  with  an  installed  capacity  of  25,000  H.  P.  and  a  steam  power  plant  with  a  capacity  of 
20,000  H.  P. 

The  Canadian  plant  consists  of  a  pulp  mill  and  water-power  for  manufacturing  sulphate  fibre,  which  product  is 
shipped  free  of  duty  to  the  American  plants. 

A  practically  perpetual  supply  of  raw  material  is  assured  by  ownership  in  fee  simple  of  more  than  400,000  acres  of 
timber  land  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  and  the  acquisition  in  Canada  through  the  Brown  Corporation  of 
more  than  800,000  acres  in  fee  simple  and  stumpage  and  about  1,700,000  acres  in  timber  limits  under  perpetual  license. 
Total  holdings  are  over  4,530  square  miles,  conservatively  estimated  to  contain  15,000,000  cords. 

ASSETS 

The  cash  investment  in  the  American  mill  properties  alone  is  over  $14,000,000. 

After  the  application  of  the  proceeds  of  these  bonds  the  net  quick  assets  of  the  Brown  Company  will  be  in  excess  of 
$12,000,000,  and  the  tangible  assets   applicable  to  this   issue  in  excess  of  $38,000,000. 
The  combined  tangible  assets  of  the  affiliated  companies  are  in  excess  of  $50,000,000. 

EARNINGS 

Earnings  of  the  Brown  Company,  as  certified  by  Messrs.  Niles  &  Niles,  Certified  Public  Accountants,  for  the  last 
five  fiscal  years,  after  taxes,  depreciation  and  interest  have  averaged  $2,190,222,  or  nearly  five  times  the  interest  on 
this  issue,  and  for  the  last  three  fiscal  years  have  averaged  $3,102,369,  or  nearly  seven  times  the  interest  on  this  issue, 
to  which  are  to  be  added  the  earnings  of  the  Brown  Corporation  for  the  last  three  fiscal  years,  averaging  $507,617. 

In  addition  to  the  above  earnings,  special  reserves  have  been  set  up  by  the  Brown  Company  during  the  last  five  years 
averaging  $445,658,  and  by  the  Brown  Corporation  during  the  last  three  years  averaging  $272,617. 

PROVISIONS 

The  Indenture  securing  these  bonds  has  been,  so  drawn  that  no  further  mortgage  may  be  placed  upon  the  present 
assets  while  any  of  this  issue  is  outstanding.  The  Company  covenants  to  maintain  net  tangible  assets  of  300%  of  Series 
"A"  at  any  time  outstanding,  and  total  tangible  assets  of  200%  of  total  liabilities,  so  long  as  any  bonds  issued  under  this 
Indenture  remain  outstanding.  Furthermore,  the  Company  will  maintain  net  quick  assets,  exclusive  of  inter-company 
accounts,  at  not  less  than  75%  of  all  bonds  of  Series  "A"  and  previously  issued  fundec}  debt  outstanding,  and  at  not 
less  than  50%  of  the  total   funded   debt   outstanding  during  the  life  of  any  bonds  issued  under  this  Indenture. 

APPROXIMATE 

MATURITIES                                                                 PRICE  YIELD 

1920  to  1922  inclusive 100  6.00% 

1923  and    1924 99J4  6.15% 

1925  to  1929  inclusive 99  6.15% 

1930  to  1934  inclusive 98'/S  06% 

1935  to  1939  inclusive 98  6.15% 

HORNBLOWER  &  WEEKS 

42  Broadway,  New  York 

BOSTON  CHICAGO  DETROIT 

PROVIDENCE  PORTLAND 

The    statements    contained    herein     are    not    guaranteed,    but     are    based     upon     information     which     we 
believe    to   be   accurate    and   reliable,    and    upon    which    we    have    acted    in    the    purchase    of    these    bonds. 


1562 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


BOOKS   ON   FORESTRY 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  publish  each  month,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  books  on  forestry, 
■  list  of  titles,  authors  and  prices  of  such  books.  These  may  be  ordered  through  the  American  Forestry 
Association,  Washington,  D.   C.     Prices  are  by  mall  or  express  prepaid. 


FOREST     VALUATION— Filibert     Roth 

FOREST  REGULATION— Filibert  Roth   

PRACTICAL    TREE     REPAIR— By    Elbert    Peets 

THE     LUMBER     INDUSTRY— By     R.     S.     Kellogg 

LUMBER    MANUFACTURING    ACCOUNTS— By    Arthur   F.   Jones 

FOREST   VALUATION— By   H.    H.    Chapman    

CHINESE   FOREST   TREES   AND   TIMBER   SUPPLY— By   Norman    Shaw 

TREES,   SHRUBS,    VINES    AND    HERBACEOUS    PERENNIALS— By   John    Kirkegaard 

TREES   AND   SHRUBS— By  Charles  Sprague  Sargent— Vols.   I   and   II,  4   Parts   to  a  Volume- 

Per    Part     

THE   TRAINING  OF  A  FORESTER— Glfford   Pinchot   

LUMBER   AND   ITS  USES— R.   S.   Kellogg 

THE  CARE  OF  TREES  IN  LAWN,  STREET  AND  PARK— B.  E.  Fernow 

NORTH    AMERICAN    TREES— N.    L.    Britten 

KEY  TO  THE  TREES— Collins  and  Preston. 


THE   FARM   WOODLOT— E.  G.   Cheyney  and  J.  P.  Wentllng 

IDENTIFICATION    OF    THE    ECONOMIC    WOODS   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES— Samuel   J. 


Record 


PLANE    SURVEYING— John    C.    Tracy 

FOREST    MENSURATION— Henry    Solon    Graves 

THE   ECONOMICS  OF  FORESTRY— B.   E.   Fernow 

FIRST   BOOK   OF   FORESTRY— Filibert   Roth 

PRACTICAL  FORESTRY— A.  S.  Fuller 

PRINCIPLES    OF   AMERICAN    FORESTRY— Samuel   B.    Green 

TREES  IN  WINTER— A.  S.  Blakeslee  and  C.  D.  Jarvis 

MANUAL   OF    THE    TREES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA    (exclusive   of    Mexico)— Chas.    Sprague 

Sargent    

AMERICAN    WOODS— Romeyn    B.    Hough,    14    Volumes,    per    Volume 

HANDBOOK  OF  THE  TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,  EAST  OF  THE 

ROCKY     MOUNTAINS— Romeyn     B.     Hough 

GETTING  ACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  TREES— J.  Horace   McFarland 

HANDBOOK   OF    TIMBER    PRESERVATION— Samuel    M.    Rowe 

TREES    OF    NEW    ENGLAND— L.    L.    Dame   and    Henry    Brooks 

TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  VINES  OF  THE  NORTHEASTERN  UNITED  STATES— H.  E.   Park- 


hurst 


TREES— H.    Marshall    Ward    

OUR    NATIONAL    PARKS— John    Muir    

LOGGING— Ralph   C.    Bryant    

THE  IMPORTANT  TIMBER  TREES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— S.  B.  Elliott 

FORESTRY  IN  NEW  ENGLAND— Ralph  C.  Hawley  and  Austin  F.   Hawes 

THE   PRINCIPLES  OF   HANDLING  WOODLANDS— Henry  Solon   Graves 

SHADE   TREES   IN   TOWNS   AND    CITIES— William   Solotaroff 

THE    TREE    GUIDE— By    Julia    Ellen    Rogers 

MANUAL    FOR    NORTHERN    WOODSMEN— Austin    Cary 

FARM    FORESTRY— Alfred    Akerman    

THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  WORKING  PLANS  (in  forest  organization)— A.  B.  Reck- 


nagel 


ELEMENTS   OF  FORESTRY— F.  F.  Moon   and   N.   C.  Brown 

MECHANICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  WOOD— Samuel  J.  Record 

STUDIES   OF    TREES— J.   J.    Levison 

TREE    PRUNING— A.    Des    Cars    

THE  PRESERVATION  OF  STRUCTURAL  TIMBER— Howard  F.  Weiss 

SEEDING  AND  PLANTING  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  FORESTRY— By  James  W.  Tourney.. 

FUTURE   OF   FOREST   TREES— By  Dr.   Harold   Unwin 

FIELD  BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  TREES  AND  SHRUBS— F.  Schuyler  Mathews 

FARM  FORESTRY— By  John  Arden  Ferguson   

THE   BOOK  OF  FORESTRY— By  Frederick  F.  Moon 

OUR  FIELD  AND  FOREST  TREES— By  Hand  Going 

HANDBOOK  FOR  RANGERS  AND  WOODSMEN— By  Jay  L.  B.  Taylor 

THE  LAND  WE  LIVE  IN— By  Overton  Price 

WOOD   AND   FOREST— By   William   Noyes 


THE  ESSENTIALS  OF  AMERICAN  TIMBER  LAW— By  J.  P.  Kinney 

HANDBOOK    OF    CLEARING    AND    GRUBBING,    METHODS    AND    COST— By    Halbert    P. 

Gillette 

FRENCH  FORES.'S  AND  FORESTRY— By  Theodore  S.  Woolsey,  Jr 

MANUAL  OF  POISONOUS  PLANTS— By  L.  H.  Pammel 

WOOD  AND  OTHER  ORGANIC  STRUCTURAL   MATERIALS— Chas.  H.   Snow 

EXERCISES  IN  FOREST   MENSURATION— Winkenwerder  and   Clark 

OUR   NATIONAL   FORESTS— H.    D.    Boerker 

MANUAL    OF    TREE    DISEASES— Howard    Rankin 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  NATIONAL  PARKS— By  Robert  Sterling  Yard 

THE   STORY  OF  THE  FOREST— By  J.  Gordon  Dorrance 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT— By  A.  B.  Recknagel  and  John  Bentley,  Jr 

THE   FOREST  RANGER  AND  OTHER  VERSE— By  John  Guthrie 

TIMBER,   ITS   STRENGTH,   SEASONING   AND  GRADING— By  H.  S.  Belts 


31.5* 

2  00 
200 
l.io 
2.10 
2.5* 
2.50 
1.50 

S.N 

1.35 
1.15 
2.17 
7.30 
1.50 
1.75 

1.75 

3  00 
4.00 
1.61 
1.10 
1.50 
2.00 
2.00 

6.00 
7.50 

600 
1.75 
5.00 
1.50 

1.51 
1.50 

1.91 
4.00 
2.5* 
3.50 
2.00 
3.00 
1.00 
2.12 
.57 

2.10 
2.50 
1.75 
1.75 
.65 
I.N 
3.50 
2.25 
200 
1.50 
2.1* 
1.5* 
2.5* 
1.7* 
2.N 
3.0* 

2.50 
2.50 
5.35 
5.00 
1.5* 
2.5* 
2.5* 
3.10 
.65 
2.6* 
1.60 
3.1* 


*  This,  of  course,  Is  not  a  complete  list,  but  we  shall  be  glad  to  add  to  it  any  books  on  forestry 
or   related   subjects   upon   request.— EDITOR. 


FORESTRY  PRIZE  ESSAY  OFFER 


A    PRIZE  essay  on  forestry  is  being  of- 
fered by  the  Indiana  Division  of  For- 
estry,  the   subject   being:     Private   versus 
State  Forests. 

The  contest  is  open  to  the  pupils  of  both 
public  and  parochial  schools.  For  the 
best  essay  from  the  seventh  and  eighth 
grades,  respectively,  a  prize  of  $5.00  will 
be  given.  For  the  best  essay  from  each 
of  the  high  school  classes  a  prize  of  $7.50 


will  be  given.  The  offer  is  made  to  all 
schools  doing  work  equivalent  to  the  grade 
or  high  schools.  The  essay  must  not  ex- 
ceed 2,000  words.  It  must  be  mailed  not 
later  than  May  15,  1920,  to  the  State  For- 
ester at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  Room  7, 
State  House.  Contestants  should  write  the 
State  Forester  for  particulars  and  rules 
governing  the  contest. 


BOOK  REVIEWS 

THRIFT   AND   CONSERVATION,    by 
J.   F.   Chamberlain.     J.    13.   Lippincott, 
Philadelphia.     Price,  $1.40. 

Very    aptly    is   the    President   quoted    in 
this   little   book,   just   from   the   Lippincott 
presses — "To  practice  thrift  in  peace  times 
is  a  virtue  and  brings  great  benefit  to  the 
individual   at   all   times."     During   the   last 
few  years,  and  especially  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  the  term  "thrift"  has  been 
much  more  in  the  public  mind  and  on  the 
public   tongue   than   heretofore.     Men   and 
women    are    talking    thrift    and    economy ; 
children   are   writing   essays   on   thrift   and 
are   earning   and   saving   as   never   before. 
There  are  lectures  and  published  plans  and 
outlines  telling  how  to  earn  and  invest  and 
save,  and  the  authors  have  set  forth  in  this 
book  the  needs  for  this  teaching  of  thrift, 
together   with   many   practical   applications 
of  the  thrift  principles  to  the  life  of  the 
people  as  made  possible  through  such  teach- 
ing.    The  causes  leading  up  to  the  spend 
thrift  practices  of  our  people  are  set  forth 
and    the    necessity    for    rational    habits    in 
proper  saving  and  economy  are  made  plain. 
And  the  distinction  between  true  and  false 
economy     is     carefully     pointed     out     all 
through  the  book,  i.  e.,  thrift  does  not  con- 
sist   in    hoarding    or    in    miserly    practices. 
One  does  not  save  in  order  to  have  simply 
but    in    order    to    have    that    he    may    use 
wisely.      He    saves    against    the    time    of 
emergency,  in   his  own  life  and  those  de- 
pendent upon  him,  and  that  he  may  do  his 
part    in    community    or    state    through    the 
channnels  of  public  or  private  service.    So 
changed  is  the  attitude  of  the  public  mind 
that   where   formerly   a  man   of   thrift  and 
saving   tendencies    was    looked    upon   with 
something  of   contempt   and   pity,   now   the 
man  who  is  not  reasonably  thrifty  or  eco- 
nomical is  the  object  of  more  or  less  ad- 
verse criticism.     It  has  at  last  become  dig- 
nified   to    conserve    instead    of    waste — to 
practice  thrift  rather  than  spend   foolishly 
and  we  predict  that  this  book  by  the  Cham-  . 
berlains  will  point  the  way  for  many  who 
wish  sincerely  and  intelligently  to  establish 
the   habits   of   thrift. 


The  1919  Forest  Club  Annual,  of  the 
College  of  Forestry  and  Lumbering,  at  the 
University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  which 
is  just  out,  is  full  of  interest  and  value. 
Its  compilation  reflects  great  credit  and 
the  organization,  and  editors  of  the 
Annual,  are  to  be  congratulated  on  the 
publication.  A  few  copies  are  available 
to  interested  foresters  and  lumbermen,  who 
may  procure  a  copy  by  writing  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Forest  Club,  University  of 
Washington,  Seattle,  Washington. 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1563 


FOREST  SCHOOL  NOTES 

(Continued  from  Page  1560) 
of  the  thirteen  boys  in  the  class  are  plan- 
ning to  take  up  forestry  in  the  University. 
Professor  Walter  Mulford  has  been  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Research  Com- 
mittee of  the  Save  the  Redwoods  League, 
which  organization  is  conducting  a  very 
active  campaign  for  the  setting  aside  of 
some  of  the  finest  bodies  of  redwood  in 
Humboldt  County  as  either  National  or 
State  parks.  The  chairman  of  this  com- 
mittee is  Meritt .  B.  Pratt,  now  deputy 
State  Forester,  but  formerly  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  Forestry  at  Berkeley. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MONTANA 
'T'HE  Forest  School  opened  on  October 
1st  with  an  enrollment  of  60  students, 
of  whom  nearly  half  are  non-residents  of 
Montana.  States  represented  are  South 
Dakota,  Illinois,  Ohio,  Iowa,  California, 
Washington,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Indi- 
ana, New  York,  Wisconsin,  Missouri,  Min- 
nesota, Nebraska,  Massachusetts,  South 
Dakota,  Kansas,  and  Idaho.  Also  one 
student  from  Canada,  one  from  New  Zea- 
land, and  two  from  the  Phillippine  Islands. 

The  Forest  School  counts  itself  very 
fortunate  this  year  in  having  among  its 
students  Felix  Franco,  and  Placido 
Decanay  who  are  foresters  from  the  Philip- 
pine Islands.  These  gentlemen  are  native 
Filipino  foresters  of  a  group  of  five 
Philippine  forest  officers  who  are  being 
sent  to  schools  of  forestry  in  this  country 
at  the  expense  of  the  Philippine  govern- 
ment. Both  of  these  men  have  graduated 
from  the  government  school  of  forestry  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  and  have  had  ex- 
perience as  Forest  Supervisors  in  the 
Philippine  Forest  Service. 

The  Forestry  Club  has  started  its  series 
of  lively  meetings.  Special  consideration 
is  being  given  this  year  by  the  members  of 
the  Forestry  Club  to  the  question  of  a 
national  forest  policy. 

The  annual  meeting  of  officers  of  the 
Forestry  Club  resulted  in  the  election  of 
H.  Whisler,  a  senior  student,  as  president 
of  the  Club  for  the  forthcoming  year. 
R.  A.  Williams,  William  Zeh  and  G.  M. 
Dejarnette,  all  junior  students,  were  elected 
treasurer,   secretary   and    vice-president. 

Dean  Skeels  recently  visited  the  annual 
session  of  the  Pacific  Logging  Congress  at 
Portland,  Oregon,  and  a  convention  of  rep- 
resentatives of  the  faculties  of  the  schools 
of  Forestry  in  the  state  universities  of 
California,  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho  and 
Montana.  Dean  Skeels  has  made  an  in- 
teresting report  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Logging  Congress.  Of  especial  interest  to 
foresters  of  the  northwest  was  the  con- 
sideration given  by  the  Logging  Congress 
to  conservation  and  forest  protection  prob- 


If  You  Are  Interested  In  Birds  You  Will  Be   Interested   In 

BIRD-LORE 

(Edited  by  Frank  M.   Chapman) 

a  beautifully  illustrated  bi-monthly  magazine  published  by  tbe  Audobon 
Societies  for  birds  and  bird-lovers. 

Help  all  tbree   by  giving  BIRD-LORE   as   a 

CHRISTMAS  PRESENT 

If  you  will  tell  us  to  wnom  you  wisb  to  send  the  magazine  for  1920 
we  will  send  tbem  a  Cbristmas  Card,  signed  witb  your  name  as  Donor. 
A  free  copy  of  our  December  number  will  be  mailed  in  time  to  be 
received  on  Cbristmas  Day  and  BIRD-LORE  will  follow  tbrougbout 
tbe  year. 

Subscription  $1.50  a    Year 


BIRD-LORE 


BOX  926 


HARRISBURG,  PENNA. 


JL    VOLUNTEER 

&                    for  the  Third 

RED  CROSS  ROLL  CALL 

Opportunity,  Privilege,  Duty  con- 
front YOU.     The  personal  service 
of  a  million  volunteers  is  needed 
November    second    to    Armistice 
Day,  the  eleventh,  to  enlist  every 
citizen    in    the    world's    greatest 
Army  of  Mercy. 

Hopeful,    grateful    America    ap- 
peals for  the  Red  Cross  spirit. 

lems  in  general  and  particularly  to  the 
issues  which  are  leading  towards  the  defi- 
nition of  a  stronger  policy  of  forestry  for 
the   nation. 

Steps  are  being  taken  through  state  au- 
thorities for  the  acquisition  of  the  Fort 
Missoula  timber  reservation  as  a  working 
forest  for  the  School  of  Forestry. 

The  faculty  is  co-operating  in  an  im- 
portant way  with  the  Forest  Service  mem- 
bers of  the  Missoula  branch  of  the  Society 
of  American  Foresters  in  preparing  a  pre- 
liminary plan  for  such  part  of  a  national 
forestry  policy  as  will  apply  to  the  inter- 
mountain   region. 


As  a  part  in  furthering  a  better  policy  of 
forestry  Dean  Skeels  and  Professors 
Spaulding,  Fenska  and  Lansing  are  also 
preparing  material  for  a  complete  report  to 
the  state  authorities  of  Montana  regarding 
the  present  forestry  problems  relating  to 
state  lands  and  looking  towards  improve- 
ment of  the  state  policy  for  forestry  mat- 
ters in  general. 

New  features  for  the  short  course  for 
Forest  Rangers  which  has  for  twelve  years 
been  held  during  the  winter  quarter  of  the 
school  year  will  be  courses  of  specializa- 
tion in  grazing  and  forest  engineering. 


1564 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


NATIONAL  HONOR  ROLL,  MEMORIAL  TREES 

Trees  have  been  planted  for  the  following  and  registered  with  the  American  Forestry  Association,  which 
desires  to  register  each  Memorial  Tree  planted  in  the  United  States.  A  certificate  of  registration  will  be  sent  to 
each  person,  corporation,  club  or  community  reporting  the  planting  of  a  Memorial  Tree. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
By   Force   School:    Lieut.   Quentin    Roosevelt. 
By    Jcnley    School:      Elmer    Kidwell,    Benjamin 
Perry,   Aubrey    Reed,   Hart   Sonncman. 

MONUMENT,  COLO. 

By  Monument  Red  Cross:  George  F.  Hagedorn, 
William  H.  Freeman,  Francis  J.  Lavulette, 
George    A.    Bougher,    Rex    R.    Wilson. 

NEW    HAVEN,   CONN. 
By     Mr.     George     A.     Cromie :     Lieut 
Osborn  Cromie. 


ORLANDO.    MAINE 

By   Richard  Gott:  Wm.   P.  Hutchins. 

ANDOVER,    MASS. 

By    Mrs.   C.   YV.  Ward:   Andrew   K.   Dunn. 

SHARON,  MASS. 

By   Mrs.  W.  E.  Clark:   Charles   R.  Wilhur. 


MANCELONA,  MICH. 

By    Antrim    Iron    Company :    Jakow    Shelobodi, 
Samuel     William    Bohl,    Donald    May,    Venerable    Lamer- 
son,   George    E.    Puckett. 


MIDDLETON,  GA. 

By    Middleton   School:    Hascal    Carl    Smith. 


WARE  COUNTY,  GA. 
By  Canteen  Unit,  American  Red  Cross: 
James  Jules  Beaton,  James  Brown,  Alvin  Claude 
Bozeman,  Eugene  Campbell,  Fred  Capps,  Claude 
De  Witt  Crumless,  Norman  Ernest  Daniels,  Delano 
Erley  Davis,  Dellie  Gilliard,  Lewis  Gillis,  Ivey 
Lee  Gunter,  Franklin  Lewis  Henderson,  Aaron 
Holt,  Lewis  H.  Hopkins,  John  Kelly,  Warren 
Thompson  Kent,  Archie  B.  Liles,  L.  D.  Moody, 
Clyde  Mott,  James  A.  Pierce,  Milton  Worth  Por- 
ter, Leon  Ray,  William  Rogers,  Wadley  E. 
Sharpe,  Ralph  Smith,  John  Spaulding,  Charles  S.  ton. 
Walden,  Lonnie  James,  Jefferson  D.  Stow,  Frank 
Teuten,  Peter  Archie  Thrift,  Andrew  Thrift, 
Alfred  W.  Turner,  Dewey  White,  Gerald  Yar- 
borough. 


FORT   OMAHA,  NEB. 
United  States  Army   Balloon  School:     Walter  J. 
Sorenson,    Ellsworth    B.    Rinehart,    Albert    Lewis    tj  Paul  N    ] 

Cold  iron. 


COLUMBUS,  OHIO 
By     Independent     Protestant     Church:     Richard 
Ninehart,  Walter  Biderman. 

NORTH  LIMA,  OHIO 

By    Trustees    of    Union    Cemetery:    Soldiers    of 
Beaver  Township  who  served   in   the  World   War. 

CROSS   CREEK,   WASHINGTON 
COUNTY,  PA. 

By   Mrs.   Samuel   Sturgeon :  Theodore   Roosevelt. 

DOWNINGTON,  PA. 

By  Frances  Edge   Mcllvaine:   Randolph  Breese. 

LEWISTOWN,  PA. 

By    Miss    Maggie    E.    Stine:    Sergt.    Ernest    E. 


PENBROOK,  PA. 

By    Penbrook    Community    Civic   Club:    Boys   of 
A.     Penbrook    District    who    died    or    were    killed    in 
Great   War. 

PROGRESS,   PA. 

By  Penbrook  Community  Civic  Club:  Boys 
from  Progress  District  who  gave  their  lives  in 
the   Great   War. 

NASHVILLE,  TENN. 

By  Robertson  Academy:  Lieut. John  W.  Over- 
ton. 

ALEXANDRIA,  VA. 

By    Parish    Aid    Society,   Christ    Church,    which 
By  Dr.  H.  Lawrence  Dowd:  Meredith  L.  Dowd.    Washington     a,tended:      Sergt.    Major    John    M. 


SPRING   LAKE,  N.  J. 
By    Dr.    and    Mrs.    G.    D.    Murray:     Jane 


WEST  COLLINGSWOOD,  N.  J. 

West  Collingswood   School:   Theodore   Roosevelt, 
Robert    Shields. 

CHAUTAUQUA,   N.   Y. 

Chautauqua  Bird  and  Tree  Club:  Grant  S.  Nor- 


EAST   HAMPTON,  LONG  ISLAND, 
NEW  YORK 


SCHNEVUS,   N.   Y. 

By   Mr.  Thomas  Broxholm:   Samuel  F.   S.    Brox- 
hoim. 

WHITESBORO,    N.    Y. 

Men's      Bible      Class      of      First      Presbyterian 
By  Impromptu  Club:  Howard  Urquhart  Snyder.    Church.  Copie  Van  Hessen    Fred  Lamphere>  Harry 

BINGHAM,    MAINE  Sautter. 

By    Kennebec    Chapter,    D.    A.    R.    &    Century  CLEVELAND,    OHIO 

Club:     Bingham,    Maine    heroes.  By    Theodore    Dluzyuski:    Walter    Dluzyuski. 


CHICAGO,    ILL. 

By    Flossmoor    Country    Club:     Corp.    James    M 
Frothingham. 

SOUTH  BEND,  IND. 


Leadbeater,   Lieut.   George  Moncrief  Anderton. 

ST.  ALBANS,  VT. 

By  Woman's  Club:    Company   B.  of  St.   Albans, 
Machine  Gun  Company. 

APPLETON,  WIS. 

Appleton  High  School:  Edward  Mach. 

KOHLER,    WIS. 

By    Village    of    Kohler:     Soldiers    and    Sailors, 
Sheboygan   County. 


PLANT  TREES 

PROTECT    FORESTS 

USE  FORESTS 


This  is  the  only  Popular 
National    Magazine    de- 
voted to  trees  and  forests 
and  the  use  of  wood. 


American  Forestry  Association 

1410  H  STREET  N.  W.,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

/  hereby    accept   membership    in    The  American 
Forestry  Association   and  enclose  check  for  $ 

NOTE— American  Forestry  Magazine,  a  handsomely  printed  and  illustrated  monthly,  U  sent  to 
all  except  $1.00  members,  or  without  membership  the  subscription  price  is  $3.00  a  year. 

CLASS  OF  MEMBERSHIP 

Subscribing  Membership          ..........  S        3.00 

Contributing         "              1000 

Sustaining                "                    25.00 

Life                           "              100.00 

Patron                     " 1000.00 

Annual  Membership,  without  Magazine 100 

Canadian  Postage  25c  extra;  Foreign  Postage,  50c  extra. 
($2.00  of  the  fee  u  for  AMERICAN  FORESTRY.) 

Name - — 

Street - 


City.. 
PLANT  MEMORIAL    TREES 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1565 


UNIVERSITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
'T'HE  College  of  Forestry  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Washington  opened  the  first 
quarter  of  the  school  year  with  an  enroll- 
ment of  135 — the  largest  in  the  history  of 
the  school.  Students  are  registered  from 
many  sections  of  the  United  States  and 
from  Chile,  Siberia,  Sweden,  England  and 
the  Philippines. 

At  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Forest  Club, 
Mr.  F.  E.  Pape,  Washington  State  Forester, 
outlined  the  four  routes  for  the  airplane 
fire  patrol  to  be  instituted  in  this  state 
next  summer. 

The  Hon.  Clark  V.  Savidge,  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Lands  of  Washington,  also 
addressed  the  foresters.  He  brought  out 
the  surprising  fact  that  if  all  the  state  lands 
of  Washington  were  in  one  block  they 
would  make  an  area  twice  the  size  of  the 
state  of  Delaware.  These  lands  are  being 
handled  solely  for  the  benefit  of  the  edu- 
cational institutions  of  the  state,  and  the 
schools  are  now  realizing  the  interest  on 
sixteen  million  dollars  derived  from  state 
lands.  While  no  forestry  other  than  fire 
protection  is  being  practiced  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  Mr.  Savidge  is  looking  forward 
to  forest  management  of  these  lands  when 
favorable  conditions  for  making  a  start 
have  been  worked  out. 

The  Forest  Club,  composed  of  the  stu 
dents  in  the  College  of  Forestry,  has  en- 
tered on  what  promises  to  be  the  most 
successful  year  yet  experienced,  and  the 
seventy  entering  freshmen  are  showing 
great  interest  and  enthusiasm  in  the  activi- 
ties of  the  organization.  The  officers  for 
the  ensuing  school  year  are,  Willis  G. 
Corbitt,  of  Seattle,  president ;  S.  S.-  An- 
drews, Boulder,  Colorado,  vice-president, 
and  J.  Kenneth  Pearce,  Portland,  Oregon, 
secretary-treasurer.  Arthur  K.  Roberts, 
Tacoma,  Washington,  will  edit  the  1920 
"Forest  Club  Annual,"  of  which  Jack 
Shank,  Alton,  Illinois,  is  business  manager. 


TRI-STATE   FORESTRY  CONFER- 
ENCE 
A     CONFERENCE  of  foresters  of  Indi- 
ana,   Ohio   and    Illinois   held   at    Indi- 
anapolis  on   October  22  and  23,   and   very 
well  attended,  developed  particularly  valu- 
able discussion  on  national  and  state  forest 
policies.      Resolutions    were    adopted    de- 
manding   public    and    legislative    action    to 
assure  a  permanent  timber  supply.     Others 
were  as  follows : 

Resolved,  That  a  system  of  taxation  on 
timberlands  be  adopted  which  will  dis- 
courage premature  and  wasteful  cutting 
and  encourage  forest  renewal.     Be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  states  should  greatly 
increase  their  forest  holdings  by  the  pur- 
chase   of    youn?    second-growth    and    land 


JJ«l[[[l««lllll!!!!![|lllllli:illl!:[[![lllllli!l!!!!l!li!llllllll!l!!lllll![[[llim  Illlllllllllll Illllllll Illllg 


Evergreens  Remove  The  Sting 

iiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiii^  

Even  the  strongest  wind  loses  heart  when  it  tries 
to  penetrate  a  belt  of  evergreens.  Pines  in  particular 
give  splendid  protection  from  the  keen,  piercing 
blasts  of  December  and  January,  yet  they  will  always 
admit  enough  air  to  avoid  stuffiness  in  summer. 

We  have  a  splendid  lot  of  pines  on  leased  ground 
which  must  be  sold  soon.  To  dispose  of  them 
quickly  we  have  priced  them  at  exactly  one-half 
their  normal  values.  They  range  from  3  to  6  feet, 
and  are  strong,  vigorous  trees.  Write  to  us  for 
prices  and  further  particulars. 

lll!lllllllllll!ii;»illlllllllllli:millilllllllllllliini!!U!l!llllilillilii«:l![illlin  IINI 

HICKS  NURSERIES,         Box  F,  Westbury,  L.  I.,  N.  Y. 


jtl mi iinniiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii NiiiiiimiliiiiiiNiiiiiiiinnililliiiiiiiiliniulliiiiiinniniiiH 


HILL'S 

Seedlings  and  Transplants 

ALSO  TREE  SEEDS 
FOR  REFORESTING 

T>EST  for  over  half  a  century.  All 
leading  hardy  sorts,  grown  in  im- 
mense quantities.  Prices  lowest.  Quali- 
ty highest.  Forest  Planter's  Guide,  also 
price  lists  are  free.  Write  today  and 
mention  this  magazine. 

THE  D.  HILL  NURSERY  CO. 

Evergreen  Specialists 

Largest  Growers  in  America 

BOX  601  DUNDEE,  ILL. 


OX 


Barb 


erry 


The  New  Hardy  Dwarl  Border 
and  Edging 

Originated  and  Introduced  by 
The  Elm  City  Nursery  Company 

Woudtnont  Nurseries,  Inc. 
rtox  305.  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Send  for  special  folder  and  general  catalogue.' 
Fall  planting  advised — stock  limited. 


Nursery  Stock  for  Forest  Planting 
TREE  SEEDS 

SEEDLINGS  whu  fin  prf<*.  or,      TRANSPLANTS 

large  Quantities 

THE  NORTH-EASTERN  FORKSTRY  CO. 
CHESHIRE.    CONN. 


H 


ARRISONS'  NURSERIE 

Fruit  Trees  Budded  from  Bearing 
Orchards.  Peach,  apple,  pear,  plum, 
cherry,  quince,  grapevines,  straw- 
berry plants,  raspberries,  blackber- 
ries, evergreens  and  shade  trees. 
Catalog  free.      Box  71,  Berlin,  Md. 


s 


FORESTRY     SEEDS 

Send    for   my   catalogue   containing 
full    list    of    varieties    and    prices 

Thomas  J.  Lane,  Seedsman 
Dresner  Pennsylvania 


HOYT'S    ANTISEPTIC 

TREE 

VARNISH 

A    scientifically 

prepared   coating  for   tree 

wounds   and 

cavities  before   filling. 

HEALS,  DISINFECTS 

WATER      and 

VERMIN      PROOFS 

$1.25  gallon.     Less  in  barrels. 

C.    H. 

HOYT   &   SON 

Citizens'   Bldg. 

Cleveland,  O. 

Orchids 


We  are  specialists  in 
Orchids;  we  collect,  im- 
port, grow,  sell  and  export  this  class  of  plants 
exclusively. 

Our  illustrated  and  descriptive  catalogue  of 
Orchids  may  be  had  on  application.  Also  spe- 
cial list  of  freshly  imported  unestablished 
Orchids. 

LAGER  &  HURRELL 

Orchid  Growers  and  Importers    SUMMIT.  N.  J. 


WE  WANT  TO  RECORD  YOUR  MEMORIAL  TREE  PLANTING.    PLEASE  ADVISE 
THE  AMERICAN  FORESTRY  ASSOCIATION,   WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


1566 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


School  of  Forestry 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO 

Four  Year  Course,  with  op- 
portunity to  specialize  in 
General  Forestry,  Log- 
ging Engineering,  and 
Forest  Grazing. 

Forest  Ranger  Course  of 
high  school  grade,  cover- 
ing three  years  of  five 
months  each. 

Special  Short  Course  cover- 
ing twelve  weeks  design- 
ed for  those  who  cannot 
take  the  time  for  the 
fuller   courses. 

Correspondence  Course  in 
Lumber  and  Its  Uses.  No 
tuition,  and  otherwise  ex- 
penses are  the  lowest. 

For  Further  Particulars  Address 

Dean,   School   of  Forestry 

University  of  Idaho 

Moscow,  Idaho 


SARGENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 
AMERICAN  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 

A   Guide  Book   for  Parent* 
A   Standard   Annual  of  Reference.     Describes 
critically     and      discriminately      the      Private 
Schools  of  all  classifications. 
Comparative    Tables    give    the    relative    cost, 
size,  age,   special  features,  etc. 
Introductory    Chapters   review    interesting   de- 
velopments of  the  year  in   education— Modern 
Schools,  War  Changes  in   the  Schools,   Educa- 
tional   Reconstruction,   What   the   Schools   Are 
Doing,  Recent  Educational  Literature,  etc. 
Our  Educational  Service  Bureau  will  be  glad 
to  advise  and  write  you  intimately  about  any 
school  or  class  of  schools. 

Fifth   edition,     1919.  revised    and    enlarged, 
786  pages.  $3.00.       Circulars  and  sample   pages. 

PORTER  E.  SARGENT,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 


A  GOOD 
PROTECTION 


in 


adapted  to  reforestation  made  possible  by 
a  bond  issue  of  50  to  100  years  maturity 
so  the  burden  may  be  equally  distributed 
through  generations.  Urging  that  large 
holdings  by  the  states  will  present  a  steady 
and  permanent  source  of  supply  which  will 
stabilize  timber  prices 

Resolved,  That  this  Conference  urges 
upon  our  representatives  in  the  Congress, 
the  necessity  for  largely  increased  appro- 
priations under  the  purchase  clause  of  the 
Weeks  Act,  to  extend  the  area  of  national 
forests,  and  particularly  into  the  hardwood 
regions  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  from  which  the  tree  states  con- 
cerned already  draw  a  large  portion  of 
their  hardwood  supply. 

Be  it  further  urged,  that  the  Federal 
Congress  appropriate  adequate  funds  for 
co-operation  with  the  states  in  forestry,  as 
it  is  doing  in  road  building,  agricultural 
extension,  vocational  education  and  other 
activities,  with  the  especial  object  of  en- 
couraging farm  forestry  extension  under 
the  Smith-Lever  Act,  reforestation  of  idle 
lands  and  protection  against  fire.     Be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  states  launch  an  ex- 
tensive and  thorough  campaign  through  the 
press,  the  schools,  the  pulpit  and  mails,  to 
arouse  the  public  to  the  need  of  a  state 
forest  policy  and  necessity  of  action  to- 
ward the  assurance  of  a  permanent  timber 
supply. 

It  is  furthermore  urged,  that  forestry 
education  shrould  be  made  a  progressive 
part  of  the  public  school  curriculum. 


mwrii 


THE   WEEKS   LAW   POLICY 

T>  EPRESENTATIVE  Zebulon  Weaver 
has  introduced  a  bill  (H.  R.  10372) 
into  Congress  asking  for  an  appropriation 
of  two  million  dollars  a  year  for  the  next 
five  years  "to  be  expended  under  the  act 
of  March  I,  1911"  (the  Weeks  Law),  for 
the  purchase  of  forest  lands  in  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  England  and  the 
Southern  Appalachians,  with  the  avowed 
purpose  of  protecting  the  headwaters  of 
our  larger  streams. 

This  is  not  a  new  policy,  but  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  a  policy  endorsed  by  Congress 
a  number  of  times.  The  purchases  began 
in  191 1  with  an  appropriation  of  two  mil- 
lion dollars  a  year  for  five  years.  As 
three  million  dollars  of  this  was  allowed 
to  lapse,  it  was  re-appropriated  by  Con 
gress  two  or  three  years  ago.  Last  year 
this  policy  was  again  endorsed,  but  only 
$600,000  was  appropriated,  owing  to  the 
exceptional  conditions  due  to  the  war. 

The  demand  is  now  being  made  to  put 
this  policy  on  a  more  business-like  basis 
by  again  making  the  expenditures  cover  a 
period  of  years.  This  has  two  very  dis- 
tinct advantages.  It  allows  the  govern- 
ment to  compete  with  other  possible  pur- 
chasers, by  allowing  them  to  know  that 
they  will  have  a  definite  amount  to  spend 
for  the  next  several  years.  It  also  enables 
the  Forest  Service,  which  is  engaged  in  the 


acquisition  ot  tne  lands,  to  maintain  a 
very  much  more  effective  and  permanent 
organization  of  experts  who  are  already 
trained  in  the  various  activities  connected 
with  purchasing. 


THE  SECOND  SOUTHERN 
FORESTRY  CONGRESS 
'T'HE  second  meeting  of  the  Southern 
Forestry  Congress  will  be  held  in  New 
Orleans,  Louisiana,  Wednesday,  Thursday 
and  Friday,  January  28,  29  and  30,  1920.  It 
will  be  recalled  that  the  first  Congress  was 
held  in  Asheville,  North  Carolina,  three 
years  ago. 

It  is  planned  to  devote  the  first  day  of 
this  meeting  to  a  discussion  of  the  needs 
of  the  South  for  forestry,  with  special  ref- 
erence to  the  timberland  policy  for  private- 
ly owned  lands  now  being  proposed  by 
the  Federal  Government.  The  United 
States  Forester,  Colonel  Henry  S.  Graves, 
is  expected  to  be  present  to  give  the  views 
of  the  Forest  Service  on  this  important 
question,  while  leading  men  in  other  lines 
will  be  asked  to  present  the  subject  from 
the  points  of  view  of  the  State,  the  lumber- 
man and  the  local  landowner. 

On  the  second  day  a  more  general  pro- 
gram will  be  carried  out,  consisting  of  dis- 
cussions upon  such  subjects  as  the  acqui- 
sition by  the  Federal  Government  of  forest 
lands  for  the  production  of  timber,  as 
well  as  for  the  protection  of  streams;  state 
forestry  organizations  and  policies ;  forest 
fire  prevention ;  the  relation  of  grazing  to 
timber  production  on  non-agricultural 
lands ;  the  future  of  the  naval  stores  in- 
dustry, etc.  The  program  for  the  third 
day  has  not  yet  been  outlined,  but  it  will 
probably  be  given  over  to  sectional  meet- 
ings, or  to  field  excursions,  or  both.  There 
will  be  fewer  set  speeches  than  is  usual 
at  such  meetings,  because  it  is  planned  to 
develop  free  discussion  amongst  the  dele- 
gates in  attendance.  The  various  forestry 
and  lumbering  associations,  landowners' 
associations  and  manufacturers'  associa- 
tions interested  in  timber  production  and 
in  the  proper  development  of  Southern 
lands  are  being  asked  to  co-operate  in  this 
meeting,  which  it  is  expected  will  be  one 
of  the  most  important  ever  held  in  the 
South. 

Colonel  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  Director  of 
the  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Eco- 
nomic Survey,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C,  is  now 
president  of  the  Congress,  and  Mr.  J.  S. 
Holmes,  State  Forester,  Chapel  Hill,  is 
secretary.  Mr.  R.  D.  Forbes,  Superintend- 
ent of  Forestry.  Louisiana  Department  of 
Conservation,  New  Orleans,  has  kindly 
consented  to  act  as  assistant  secretary,  and 
will  attend  to  all  local  arrangements.  It 
is  hoped  that  all  the  Southern  States  will 
be  fully  represented  at  this  Congress. 


NEW  FIRM  OF  FORESTERS 

WILLIAM    L.    HALL   has   resigned  his 

position  as  Assistant  Forester   in  the 

United   States  Forest   Service  to  head  the 


AMERICAN     FORESTRY 


1567 


firm    of    Hall,    Kellogg   &    Company,    with 
offices  in  the  Otis  Building,  Chicago.    The 
firm   is   to   deal   in  timberlands   and   forest 
products,  make  forest  surveys  and  to  de- 
velop   timberland    investments.      Mr.    Hall 
was    with   the   Forest    Service    for    twenty 
years.     His  first  undertaking  was  the  for- 
mation and  organization  of  a  definite  plan 
for  timber  planting  operations  for  the  Gov- 
ernment and  assistance  to  private   owners 
who  desired  to  grow  timber.    After  putting 
this  work  upon  a  sound  and  practical  basis, 
Mr.   Hall  was  next  asked   to  develop   the 
branch   of   Forest   Production   in   the   For- 
est Service,  with  which  he  was  connected 
for  a  long  time  and  during  which  period 
the  present   widely  known   researches   and 
investigations     in     timber     testing,     timber 
treating,  and  pulp  and  paper  making  were 
planned    and    culminated    in    the    establish- 
ment of  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory  at 
Madison,    Wisconsin.      For   the   past    eight 
years  Mr.  Hall's  energy  has  been  devoted  to 
the   examination   and    recommendation    for 
purchase   by   the   National   Government   of 
1,700,000  acres  of  timber  and  cut-over  land 
in    the    White    Mountains    and    Southern 
Appalachians,    during    which    time    he    has 
gained   an   experience   in   timber   examina- 
tion,   land    classification,    the    handling    of 
complicated  land  titles  and  the  blocking  up 
of  holdings  into  suitable  units  for  adminis- 
tration that  is  of  a  particularly  unique  and 
valuable   character.     During   the   war   Mr. 
Hall   was   assigned   to  a  conspicuous   part 
in  organization  of  the  20th  Engineers,  and 
at   the  close  was   a  major   in   training   for 
overseas    service.      Recently    he    has    been 
making    a    survey    of    the    wood-using    in- 
dustries of  the  Middle  West  for  the  pur- 
pose  of   determining   their    supply   of    raw 
material  and  the  development  of  plans  for 
a  national  forest  policy,  including  the  neces- 
sary   part    to    be    played    therein    by    the 
Government,    the    timberland    owners    and 
the  Public. 

R.  S.  Kellogg,  the  other  principal  mem- 
ber of  the  firm,  also  began  his  professional 
and  business  career  in  the  Forest  Service, 
entering  that  organization  in  1901  and  con- 
tinuing until  1910.  During  this  period  he 
had  many  important  assignments  covering 
all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Alaska. 
He  made  numerous  forestry  investigations 
in  various  parts  of  the  country  and  brought 
out  a  large  number  of  important  publica- 
tions. He  had  an  exceedingly  important 
part  in  the  early  conservation  movement 
which  focused  the  attention  of  the  whole 
country  upon  the  necessity  of  conserving 
supplies  of  timber  and  other  natural  re- 
sources. To  Mr.  Kellogg's  efforts  are  due 
the  plan  of  collecting  annual  statistics  of 
forest  products.  The  work  was  originally 
instituted  by  him  and  he  wrote  many  of 
the  earlier  reports  published  by  the  Forest 
Service  and  the  Bureau  of  the  Census. 

In  1910  Mr.  Kellogg  left  a  promising 
career  in  the  public  service  to  become  Sec- 
retary of  the  Northern  Hemlock  and  Hard- 
wood   Manufacturers'    Association.      Later 


he  became  Secretary  of  the  National  Lum- 
ber Manufacturers'  Association,  and  in 
1918,  Secretary-Treasurer  of  the  News- 
print Service  Bureau,  with  offices  in  New 
York.  He  will  retain  this  position,  his  as- 
sociation with  the  new  firm  being  in  the 
capacity  of  stockholder  and  director. 


VERSATILITY   OF   WOOD 

A  PAIR  of  green  silken  sox  woven  from 
fine  fibers  made  from  spruce  and  a 
coil  of  stout  binder  twine  spun  from  twist- 
ed strands  of  fir  are  two  of  the  typical 
products  of  western  woods  displayed  on 
a  panel  just  received  in  the  office  of  the 
West  Coast  Lumbermen's  Association  in 
Seattle  from  the  Forest  Products  labora- 
tory at  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

The  exhibit  has  been  arranged  as  a 
demonstration  of  the  practical  results  ob- 
tained through  the  research  work  at  the 
Madison  laboratory  and  merely  goes  to 
illustrate  once  more  and  to  emphasize  that 
sawn  and  finished  lumber  is  the  crudest 
commercial  product  of   the  trees. 

Among  the  other  interesting  specimen 
products  included  in  the  exhibit  are:  furni- 
ture reed  and  braid,  used  in  making 
"wicker"  furniture;  paper  rug  yarn,  ex- 
tensively used  in  making  bath-room  mats 
and  small  household  rugs;  linoleum,  with 
attractive  patterns,  made  from  wood  flour 
and  linseed  oil;  paper  bagging  that  can  be 
used  in  place  of  the  jute  bags  now  com- 
monly employed  in  sacking  grain ;  paper 
absorbent,  which  was  quite  generally  used 
during  the  war  as  a  successful  substitute 
for  absorbent  cotton;  artificial  lath,  pro- 
duced from  a  mixture  of  wood  flour  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  wood  lath;  basket 
braid,  made  from  twisted  strands  of  paper ; 
insulating  rods  and  tubes,  binder  twine, 
paper  cloth,  glue  tissue  wrapping  twine, 
paper  webbing  and  rope,  all  produced  from 
paper  which  in  turn  has  been  produced 
from  native  wood. 

The  basis  for  products  such  as  phono- 
graph records,  insulating  tubes  and  arti 
ficial  lath  is  wood  flour,  which  consists  of 
spruce  wood  chemically  treated  and 
ground  into  a  fine  powder.  The  versa- 
tility of  this  flour  is  demonstrated  by  the 
fact  that  it  is  used  in  the  peaceful  art  of 
making  toys  as  well  as  in  the  more  violent 
purpose  of  manufacturing  dynamite.  A 
case  containing  gunpowder  made  from 
wood  flour  is  included  in  the  exhibit. 

Manufacture  of  clothing  from  artificial 
silk,  produced  from  spruce,  presents  won- 
derful possibilities.  The  pair  of  sox  on 
display  is  a  mere  example.  A  strip  of 
silken  cloth,  tied  with  a  silken  cord— all 
made  from  spruce — show  what  can  be  done 
in  this  direction. 


THE 


1337-1339  F  STREET.N.W. 
WflSHINGTON.P.C. 

€n<3RflL/eR5 
PeSI<aN^.RS 

flWP 

ILLUSTRATORS 

3  ^olor  Pro^ss  Work 
^lotrotypss 

Superior  Qoality 

&  S^RI/ICS, 
Phone  Main  5274 


Port  Orford  cedar  of  the  Pacific  coast  has 
a  very  spicy,  resinous  odor ;  other  cedars 
have  a  more  aromatic  odor,  especially  the 
pencil  cedar  or  juniper.  Hemlock  has  a 
slightly  sour  odor  while  cypress  is  some- 
what rancid.  Except  in  cedars  and  juni- 
pers these  odors  are  scarcely  strong 
enough  to  taint  food  unless  it  is  brought 
into  direct  contact  with  the  wood  as  in 
butter  tubs  or  boxes.  For  wooden  pie 
plates,  butter  dishes,  bowls,  buckets,  candy 
pails,  kegs  and  barrels,  only  woods  are 
used  which  are  without  taste. 


ODOR   AND   TASTE   OF   WOOD 

\fl"OST  of  our  native  woods  are  without 
^  pronounced  odor  or  taste,  but  woods 
of  the  laurel  family,  of  which  sassafras  and 
California  laurel  or  myrtle  are  representa- 
tives, have  a  distinct  spicy  odor  and  taste. 


FOREST  FIRE  AIR  PATROL 

T^ISTRICT  s,  of  the  United  States  Forest 
Service,  reported  the  following  interest- 
ing data  on  the  forest  fire  patrol,  via  the 
air,  for  the  two  months  of  July  and 
August:  74S  flights,  92,605  miles  of  flight, 
8  planes  daily  in  service,  16,000,000  acres 
national  forest  land  covered  twice  daily, 
5,000,000  acres  private  timber  covered  twice 
daily,  6  forced  landings,   1   fatality. 

In  addition  to  the  above  terse  figures,  the 
District  Forester  reports  the  system  as  85 
per  cent  efficient  in  discovery  of  fires,  but 
amends  this  by  stating  that  it  will  shortly 
be  practically  100  per  cent  efficient.  Equip- 
ping the  planes  with  wireless  telephones 
will  largely  assist  in  reaching  this  state  of 
perfection. 


1568 


AMERICAN    FORESTRY 


The 

Rising  Sun 

of  Prosperity 

Shines  on 

Thrift 


FORESTERS  ATTENTION 

AMERICAN  FORESTRY  will  gladly  print  free 
of  charge  in  this  column  advertisements  of  for- 
esters, lumbermen  and  woodsmen,  discharged  or 
about  to  be  discharged  from  military  service,  who 
want  positions,  or  of  persons  having  employment 
to  offer  such  foresters,  lumbermen  or  woodsmen. 

POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester. Have  had  fourteen  years  experience 
along  forestry  lines,  over  five  years  on  the 
National  ( Forests  in  timber  sale,  ailvicultural 
and  administrative  work;  three  years  experi- 
ence in  city  forestry,  tree  surgery  and  landscape 
work.  Forester  for  the  North  Shore  Park  Dis- 
trict of  Chicago.  City  forestry  and  landscape 
work  preferred,  but  will  be  glad  to  consider 
other  lines.  Can  furnish  the  best  of  reference 
Address  Box  WW,  Care  American  Forestry 
Magazine,  Washington,  D.  C.  (1-3) 

YOUNG  MAN  recently  discharged  from  the  U.  S. 
Navy,  wants  employment  with  wholesale  lum- 
ber manufacturer;  college  graduate;  five  year's 
experience  in  nursery  business;  can  furnish 
best  of  references.  Address  Box  675,  Care 
American  Forestry  Magazine,  Washington, 
D.   C.  (1-3) 

Man  to  be  discharged  from  tne  /vrmy  September 
30th  desires  position  in  forestry  work,  with  lum- 
ber or  railroad  company  or  assisting  in  investi- 
gations of  utilization  of  wood  products.  Would 
accept  position  in  other  work.  Is  married  man, 
graduate  of  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  1913. 
Has  had  experience  in  orchard  work,  clearing 
land,  improvement  cuttings,  planting  and  care  of 
nursery,  pine  and  hardwood  transplants,  orchards 
and  larger  trees,  grading  and  construction  of 
gravel  roads,  and  other  improvement  work.  Has 
executive  ability  and  gets  good  results  from  men. 
Please  address  Box  860,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,    Washington,   D.    C.    (9-11) 


POSITION  wanted  by  technically  trained  For- 
ester; college  graduate,  37  years  of  age  and 
married.  Have  had  seven  years'  experience  in 
the  National  Forests  of  Oregon,  California, 
Washington  and  Alaska.  Also  some  European 
training.  At  present  employed  on  timber  sur- 
veys as  chief  of  party  in  the  Forest  Service. 
Desire  to  make  a  change  and  will  be  glad  to 
consider  position  as  Forester  on  private  estate, 
or  as  city  Forester.  Will  also  consider  position 
as  Asst.  Superintendent  of  State  Park  and 
Game  Preserve  in  addition  to  that  of  Forester. 
Can  furn  ish  the  best  of  references.  Address 
Box  820,  care  American  Forestry  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

ARBORICULTURIST  is  open  to  an  engagement 
to  take  charge  of,  or  at-  assistant  in  City  For- 
estry work.  Experience  and  training,  ten  years, 
covering  the  entire  arboricultural  field— from 
planting  to  expert  tree  surgery — including  nur- 
sery practice,  and  supervision  in  the  care  and 
detailed  management  of  city  shade  trees.  For 
further  information,  address  Box  700,  care  of 
American   Forestry. 

WANTED — Position  as  Forester  and  Land  Agent. 
Technically  trained  forester,  35  years  old. 
Practical  experience  along  all  lines  included 
under  the  duties  of  the  above  positions.  For- 
mer Captain,  Field  Artillery.  Address  Box  840, 
care    American    Forestry,    Washington,    D.    C. 

WANTED — Position  with  Lumber  Company  or 
Private  Concern  by  technically  trained  Forester 
with  five  years  practical  experience.  Box  820, 
care    American    Forestry. 

A  FORESTRY  graduate  with  several  years  ex- 
perience in  forest  work  and  at  present  em- 
ployed along  technical  and  administrative 
lines  desires  responsible  position  with  private 
concern  operating  in  and  outside  the  United 
States.  Address  Box  870,  care  of  American 
Forestry    Magazine,    Washington,    D.    C. 


A.   CHRISTMAS    SUGGESTION 

Are  you  puzzled  about  the  selection  of  Christmas  gifts? 

Why  not  give  a  year's  subscribing  membership  in  the  American  Forestry  Association  as  a  gift.    It  will  cost 
you  $3.00,  and  the  member  will  receive  American  Forestry  Magazine  for  a  year. 
This  will  be  an  ideal  Christmas  gift  for  a  child  or  an  adult. 
Send  the  money  to  the  Association  and  a  Christmas  Card  will  be  sent  you  to  present  on  Christmas  Day. 


SD 

1 


American  forests 


American  forests 


ISSUED    TO 


SD 

1 


A55 
v.26 


pt.2 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
SLIPS  FROM  THIS  POCKET 


W 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 
LIBRARY