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AMERICAN

HORTICULTURAL MANUAL

PART II.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LEADING VARIETIES

OF THE ORCHARD FRUITS, GRAPES,, SMALL FRUITS,

SUBTROPICAL FRUITS, AND TftB NUTS OF

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

J. L. BUDD,

Late Professor of Horticulture in the Iowa State College of
Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,

ASSISTED BY

N. E. HANSEN,

Professor of Horticulture in the South Dakota Agricultural College.

Jttustratcb b)? ^unbrcDs of Outlines of tbc IUatrin0
Commercial Jfruit« and J^luts.

FIRST EDITION.
SECOND THOUSAND

NEW YORK:

JOHN WILEY & SONS.

LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED,

1911

J. L. BUDD AND N. E. HANSEN.

THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS

ROBERT DRUMMOND AND COMPANY

BROOKLYN, N. y.

PREFACE.

THE word Pomology is practically synonymous with fruit-grow-
ing in its broad sense as given in Part I. But Systematic Pomology,
as now used, is confined to the classification and description of fruits,
and by usage it also includes the nuts.

In the past hundreds of varieties have been described which are
not at this time known to our nursery lists or to those recommended
by the widely distributed State and District Horticultural Societies.
Charles Downing said in 1869: "If it were only necessary for me to
present for the acceptance of my readers a choice garland of fruits
comprising the few sorts that I esteem of the most priceless value,
the space and time occupied would be very brief."

In our day the District, State, and National Horticultural Socie-
ties, together with growers and propagators, have been sifting the
old lists and now present for about every section and horticultural
district "the few sorts of most priceless value." Hence the plan
of this work is to include only the varieties recommended at this
time by societies and growers, including those of special value locally
— so far as known — and those on the trial lists of the horticulturists
of the Northwest and of the northern limits of successful fruit-growing.

For the benefit of amateurs and beginners the relative hardiness
of varieties will be given with their adaptation — so far as known —
to given soils, exposures, and altitudes. The names of fruits will
be made to conform mainly to the code of the American Horticultural
Society, but the popular name and the synonyms will follow.

Fruit lists and the classification and description of varieties are
used principally for reference in time of need in selecting varieties for
planting, and for determining the correctness of their names when

iii

iv PREFACE.

they come into bearing. The identification of unknown varieties
is not so easy, as varieties differing widely in value are often similar
in form, shape, and color.

Prof. N. E. Hansen is the author of the pages devoted to the
apple, for which he was specially fitted, as for a number of years he
has made a study of this orchard fruit in the United States, Europe,
and Asia. He has also assisted in proof-reading and in other ways.

The descriptions of the pear and other fruits and nuts by the writer,
where not original, have been made as accurate as possible by com-
paring those from all available sources with the descriptions of such
careful pomologists as Downing, Thomas, Warder, Hogg, Lyon,
Woolverton, Card, Wickson, and the Pomologist of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

• All the plates or fruit outlines not redrawn for the engraver by Miss
Charlotte M. King, Artist of the Iowa Experiment Station, have
been copied by permission from various sources, but mainly from
Downing, Prof. S. A. Beach of the Experiment Station at Geneva,
New York, Mr. L. Woolverton's Fruits of Ontario, Canada, Prof. R.
H. Price of Virginia, Mr. T. V. Munson of Texas, Prof. F. W. Card of
Rhode Island, and the Pomologist of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

It will be noted that the arrangement is not alphabetical as in
Downing and Thomas. The more natural method of grouping the
orchard fruits, the small fruits, subtropical fruits, etc., has been
adopted.

For reasons given in the Preface of Part I the usual principles and
practices of horticulture have been included in a separate volume
of convenient size with copious table of contents and index for easy
reference to the numbered sections, which are often referred to in this
volume.

J. L. BUDD.

AMES, IOWA, May 27, 1903.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

APPLE e 1

CRAB-APPLE . 215

PEAR t 230

QUINCE 269

CHERRY . . 272

PLUM 291

APRICOT 329

PEACH 335

NECTARINE 360

MULBERRY 362

PERSIMMON 364

GRAPE 370

RASPBERRY 396

BLACKBERRY 408

DEWBERRY 412

STRAWBERRY 413

CURRANT 427

GOOSEBERRY 433

CRANBERRY 438

JUNEBERRY 440

ALMOND . * 444

CHESTNUT 445

FILBERT AND HAZEL-NUT 449

HICKORY NUT ;.... 451

PECAN 452

WALNUT .... 454

BUTTERNUT . 457

BANANA 459

DATE 460

FIG , 461

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAOK

GUAVA 464

CUSTARD-APPLE 465

LOQUAT 466

OLIVE 467

ORANGE 469

LEMON 474

LIME 475

CITRON 476

POMELO, OR GRAPE-FRUIT 477

PINEAPPLE 478

POMEGRANATE 480

OTHER SUBTROPICAL FRUITS 482

STANDARD AMERICAN RULES FOR EXHIBITING AND NAMING FRUITS . 485

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

THE APPLE.

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

A WARM friendship existed for many years between Charles Down-
ing and J. L. Budd. By the terms of Mr. Downing's will in 1885 his
extensive library of pomological books and original manuscripts was
bequeathed to the Horticultural Department of the Iowa Agricultural
College, of which Professor Budd was the active head for nearly a
quarter of a century. Since the days of the talented brothers, An-
drew and Charles Downing, American pomology has far outgrown the
capacity of any one man, and the contemplated revision of "Fruits
and Fruit Trees of America," that monumental and encyclopedic
work of the Downtngs, will probably never be undertaken, at least as a
private enterprise. It is an age of specialties and of manuals devoted
to one or two fruits only. However, there appears to be a legitimate
field for a manual of moderate dimensions, adapted to the needs of the
amateur, fruit-grower, and those desiring to make a beginning in the
systematic study of fruits. The publishers of Downing's works wish
to supply this demand. Hence this book.

Professor Budd, my teacher and friend, has asked me to prepare
the chapter on apples. An effort has been made to include all the
varieties in the recommended list of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, together with some of the newer sorts, especially those of special
value in the colder regions of the prairie Northwest. Northwestern
pomology is as yet in a transition stage, due to the necessity of secur-
ing varieties hardier than those commonly grown in the Eastern and
Southern States. The historical and introductory notes are largely

2 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

from Downing. New descriptions have been made whenever possi-
ble; where fresh material was not obtainable, all the available liter-
ature of the subject has been consulted. About forty of the eastern
and southern sorts are entirely from Downing, slightly rearranged
for the sake of uniformity. All the plates showing no core are from
Downing; those with core outlines, stamens, and calyx-tube were
redrawn for the engraver by Miss C. M. King, Artist of the Iowa Ex-
periment Station, from indelible-pencil impressions taken direct from
the apples by the writer.

The courtesy of G. B. Brackett, Pomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, in furnishing descriptions of new and
rare varieties is gratefully acknowledged.

N. E. HANSEN.

BROOKINGS, S. D., Jan. 16, 1903.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.

BOTANICAL VERSUS POMOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.

THE characteristics of the tree, especially the habit of growth and
color of young shoots, are often of great service in distinguishing be-
tween varieties that are much alike in fruit. Usually, however, in
identifying varieties such characteristics are not obtainable, and all
systems of classification dependent upon characteristics of the blos-
soms, leaves, young shoots, or habit of tree have proven impracticable
in case of the apple and pear. Whenever known such points should
be recorded. In case of cherries, peaches, pbims, and grapes such
systems are of service, because the fruit ripens while the plant is in
full leaf. Advocates of these so-called botanical systems regard the
fruit only as part of the tree, the same as the egg as a product of a
bird; hence any variety should be described by the tree as well as by
the fruit, all other methods appearing to them as superficial and
unscientific.

The advocates of the pure pomological systems consider the fruit
itself as something independent, and confine themselves to exact and
minute descriptions of the fruit only, much as an oologist would at-
tempt a description of, or key to, all sorts of bird eggs, without know-
ing beforehand the name of the mother bird. And in most cases the
pomologist must determine the name of a variety of apple without
any information as to character of tree.

In the following pages a brief sketch of the leading pomological
pystems of classifying apples is presented, without attempting to
include every system known to pomological history.

THE TWO EARLIEST SYSTEMS.

1668. The earliest attempt at classifying apples is probably
that of Johann Jonston, in Wiirtemberg, Germany, in 1668. The sys-
tem is of value only in showing that a large number of varieties was

then in cultivation.

4 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

1780. Manger, in Potsdam, Germany, divides apples into eight
classes according to form: round, elliptical, ovate, cylindrical, flat,
hyperbolic, parabolic, irregular. These were condensed into three
classes :

a. Regular.
I. A. Flat. b. Plaited at eye.

c. Plaited and ribbed.
a. Regular.
II. B. Hyperbolic, b. Plaited at eye.

c. Plaited and ribbed.
OKI &v«uf'& a- Regular.

III. C. Parabolic b. Angular, etc., at eye.
c. Ribbed.

There are good points in this classification which should not have
been overlooked.

THE FIRST NATURAL SYSTEM.

In 1792 Dr. Diel, of Germany, published a classification of apples
based on natural affinities and resemblances, and the merits of this
system were soon generally recognized and the system adopted. It
was subsequently modified and extended by various writers, but may
still be considered the basis of all the natural systems now in use.
Diel's classification is as follows:

Class I. — Ribbed Apples (Kantaepfel) .

1. Around the eye, as well as the fruit as a whole, the apples are
very conspicuously ribbed; the ribs are regular and do not make the
form irregular.

2. Compared with size of fruit the core is large, open, and often
very irregular.

Order 1. TRUE CALVILLES.

1. The taper toward the eye does not begin until at least past the
middle of the apple.

2. They are covered with bloom when on the tree.

3. The skin is unctuous, or becomes unctuous in storage.

4. The entire coloring never consists of pure, distinct stripes only.

5. The flesh is light, loose, delicate.

6. The flavor resembles that of strawberry or raspberry.

THE APPLE. 5

Order 2. SCHLOTTER APPLES.

1. The skin is never unctuous when handled.

2. They are never covered with bloom.

3. The form is either flat, conical, cylindrical, or tapering.

4. The flavor is not balsamic, but mostly sweetish or sourish.

5. The flesh is granular, loose, and mostly coarse-grained.

Order 3. GULDERLINGE.

1. Flavor is not balsamic, like Order 1, but spicy.

2. Flesh is delicate, almost like that of the Reinettes.

3. Form is conical or flat.

4. The ribs are most prominent only around the eye.

Class II. — Rose Apples (Rosenaepfel) .

1. They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.

2. The core is not unproportionately large, but often only regular.

3. They emit a pleasant odor, at least when briskly rubbed.

4. The skin is not unctuous when handled.

5. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed around the eye and
often also out over the fruit.

6. Flesh is tender, loose, spongy, fine-grained.

7. They have a delicate rose, fennel, or anise flavor.

8. They are mostly not late keepers, their good flavor terminating
with the same year they ripen; often only summer or fall apples.
Exceptions from this are the Wintercousinotten and Winterrose
apple families.

9. They are mostly striped like a tulip.

Order 1. FRUIT POINTED OR LONGISH.
Order 2. FRUIT GLOBULAR OR FLAT.

Class III. — Rambours (Rambouraepfel) .

1 . They are all large, and include the largest sorts.

2. They have mostly, or almost always, two unequal halves, i.e.;
one side is lower than the other.

3. They are always ribbed around the eye; the ribs are broad and
prominent, and rise, irregularly and obliquely or broadly depressed,
the one above the other, out over the fruit.

6 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

4. They are always broader than high, and often only apparently
high (elongated) in form.

5. The flesh is loose, coarse-grained, and often very pleasant.

Order 1. CORE WITH WIDE CELLS.
Order 2. CORE WITH NARROW CELLS.

Class IV.— Reinettes (Reinetteri).

1. The flesh is fine-grained, delicate, crisp, firm, or so delicate as
to be tender.

2. They are mostly the -ideal of a handsomely shaped apple, be-
cause the convexity or bulge from the middle of the apple toward the
calyx is similar to that of the stem, or does not strongly differ.

3. The surface is always covered with gray dots, has russety
patches, or is completely covered with russet.

4. Only rarely are they unctuous when handled, the chief excep-
tion, e.g., is the Edelreinette.

5. Only these have the rich, high, spicy, sugary, subacid flavor,
which is called the Reinette flavor.

6. More than all other apples these shrivel very readily, and
hence, must, of all apples, hang longest on the tree.

7. The really sweet, but yet spicy apples, are classified among the
Reinettes by their form, rUssety markings, and their delicate or firm
flesh.

8. Delicate, firm, crisp flesh brings also into this class apples
which cannot of themselves form a distinct class, e.g., the Pippins.

Order 1. ONE-COLORED REINETTES (Einfarbige Reinetteri).

1 . The ground-color is uniform, and ranges from green to the most
beautiful golden yellow.

2. The sunny side has no conspicuous coloring or rusty markings,
and only the exposed specimens have slight tinges of red.

3. The russet covering is entirely wanting, and often only slight
traces of russet streaks or stripes.

Order 2. RED REINETTES (Rothe Reinetteri).

1. The same as the one-colored or self-colored Reinettes, but with
red on sunny side; the red color, which is pure and not mixed with
russet, is its characteristic.

THE APPLE. 7

• Order 3. GRAY REINETTES (Gram Reinetten).

1. The ground-color ranges from green to dingy or dull yellow.

2. The russet covering the entire surface is, or the russet patches
covering the larger part of the fruit are, very conspicuous.

3. The sunny side is often a dull, brownish, or ochreous red.

Order 4. GOLD REINETTES (Gold Reinetten).

1. On the sunny side they are handsomely washed or striped with
carmine. .

2. In keeping, the ground-color changes to a beautiful bright yellow.

3. The ground-color and the carmine cheek of the sunny side have
light, thin patches of russet, or are covered entirely with russet.

Class V. — Stripelings (Streiflinge) .

1. All are generally, and nearly always, distinctly striped with red.

2. These stripes are over the entire fruit, or appear only very in-
distinctly on the sunny side.

3. These stripes may be alone, that is, purely striped; or, in addi-
tion, between these stripes on the sunny side the surface may be either
dotted or shaded with red, or covered with uniformly washed red.
In these cases the stripes are distinctly defined on the shaded side.

4. The core is regular.

5. The flavor ranges from pure sweet to vinous or acid.

6. The flavor is never like that of the Rose apples.

7. They do not shrivel, only when picked prematurely, or after
their season is past.

8. They constitute a large and somewhat difficult class in com-
mercial varieties.

Order 1. FLAT STRIPELINGS.

1. Widely varying in the curve or bulge toward stem and eye,
and broadly depressed.

2. They are always at least one-half inch broader than high.

Order 2. POINTED OR TAPERING STRIPELINGS.

1. They are also broader than high, taper from the middle of the
apple toward the eye, so that the upper half appears conical or pyram-
idal, and quite unlike the lower -half.

8 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Order 3. OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STRIPELINGS.

1. The height and breadth are almost equal.

2. They taper gradually from base toward the eye.

3. Or taper from the middle of the fruit toward the stem as well
as toward the eye.

Order 4. GLOBULAR STRIPELINGS.

1 . The curvatures of the fruit toward the stem and toward the eye
are similar.

2. The breadth is equal to the height, or there is only a quarter of
an inch difference.

3. Laid in the hand with calyx and stem sidewise they are globu-
lar in form.

Class VI. — Pointlings or Tapering Apples (Spitzaepfel) .

1. Core is regular.

2. The bloom is always absent.

3. They are never striped, and are either one-colored or washed
with red on sunny side.

4. They taper constantly toward the eye.

5. The flavor is sweet or vinous, approaching a pure acid.

6. They do not shrivel readily.

Order 1. OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL, OR CONICAL POINTLINGS.
Characters the same as Order 3 of the Stripelings.

Order 2. SHARP POINTLINGS (tapering to a point).
Characters the same as Order 2 of the Stripelings.

Class VII.— Flat Apples.

1. They are always broader than high.

2. They are never striped.

3. They are either one-colored, or more or less washed with red
on sunny side, or somewhat shaded.

4. The core is regular.

5. They are never unctuous when handled.

6. They do not readily shrivel.

7. The flavor ranges from pure sweet to pure acid.

THE APPLE. 9

Order 1. PURELY FLAT APPLES.

1. The difference between height and breadth is obvious to the eye.

2. Breadth always one-half inch more than height.

Order 2. GLOBULAR FLAT APPLES.

1. The difference between breadth and height is not easily de-
tected by the eye.

2. The breadth seldom exceeds the height by more than a quarter
of an inch.

3. The fruit cut transversely through the middle presents halves
which are almost or quite equal.

THE DIEL-DOCHNAHL SYSTEM.

1855. Fr. Jac. Dochnahl, of Germany, presented a modification
of Diel's System which is herewith given, as translated for Robert
Hogg's British Pomology:

Section I. — PLEUROIDEA (Angular or Ribbed).

Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length of the
fruit and are most prominent around the eye, where they are most
generally situated.

Class I.— Mala Cydonaria (Quince-shaped).
Order 1. CALVILLES.

1. They have large, heart-shaped cells, open towards the axis, or
often entirely torn ; the cells extend very often from the stalk even
to the tube of the calyx.

2. They diminish from about the middle of the fruit, or a little
above it, toward the eye.

3. They are regular, and provided generally with fine ribs, which
do not disfigure the fruit.

4 On the tree the fruit is covered with bloom.
5. They aie never distinctly striped.

0. Their flesh is soft, loose, fine, and light, of a balsamic flavor,
similar to that of strawberries or raspberries.

7. The eye is frequently closed.

8. Many of them acquire, by keeping, an oily or unctuous skin.

10 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Group I. Fi;uit red, almost entirely covered with red.

Group II. Fruit parti-colored; yellow; very much striped or
washed with red.

Group III. Fruit yellow; of a whitish, greenish, or golden
yellow.

Order 2. PSEUDO-CALVILLES.

1. The cells are almost the same as the true Calvilles — very large
and open.

2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.

3. They are slightly narrowed toward the eye and flattened
toward the stalk.

4. Their ribs are very prominent, especially around the eye.

5. They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor of the
true Calvilles.

6. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and almost equal
to the Reinettes. Groups I II, III, as above.

Class II. — Mala Pyraria (Pear-shaped).

Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic; they are purely
sweet or acid; their flesh is granulous and loose.

Order 1. TREMARIA. Seeds loose.

1. They are almost always large apples, the skin of which is
neither unctuous nor covered with bloom.

2. They are also furnished with ribs, but they are not so regular
as in the Calvilles.

3. The cells are very large, irregular, widened, and generally open.

4. The calycinal tube is most generally widely conical, and does
not extend to the cells.

5. They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical, or pointed shape.

6. Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of a slightly
balsamic flavor.

7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather deeply dentated,
and less downy than those of the Calvilles.

Group I. Unicolores. Green, greenish, yellow, or golden yellow,
and slightly tinged with red.

Group II. Bicolores. Yellow or green, and distinctly striped or
washed with red.

THE APPLE. 11

Order 2. RAMBURES.

1. They are all very large.

2. They have almost always the two halves unequal.

3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear sometimes
higher than they are.

4. They are not furnished with ribs, except around the eye; these
are often irregular in numbers and frequently form broad projections
on the fruit.

5. They do not decay, but shrivel when they have passed maturity.

6. The flesh is coarsely granulous, rarely aromatic, nevertheless
often very agreeable.

Group I. Capsulis amplis. Wide cells.
Group II. Capsulis angustis. Narrow cells.

Section II. — SPH^EROID^E (Spherical).

They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and around the
eye, but never true ribs.

Class III.— Mala Mespilaria (Medlar-shaped).

Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the Rose, fennel,
or anise.

Order 1. APIANA, or Rose Apples.

1. Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine grain, and of a
snow-white color.

2. The cells are almost always regular and closed.

3. They are regularly ribbed around the eye, and often also over
the fruit, but sometimes not at all ribbed.

4. They have a balsamic flavor, accompanied with a very agreeable
odor.

5. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.

6. When on the tree they are frequently covered with a blue
bloom and striped like a tulip.

7. The fruit is mostly small or middle-sized.

8. They are mostly of short duration, and lose their good flavor
the same year.

Group I. Oblongi. Oblong fruit.

Group II. Spcehrici. Round or flattened.

12 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Order 2. REINETTA (Reinettes).

1. These are apples which generally have the most regular and
handsome shape, having the bulge in the middle, at the same distance
from the eye as from the stalk.

2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered with russet.

3. They are rarely inclined to be unctuous, but generally rough
when handled.

4. They all decay very readily; they must, therefore, be left as
long as possible on the tree.

5. Their flesh is fine-grained, crisp, firm, or fine and delicate.

6. They are all charged with only a balsamic, sugary acid, which
is called Reinette-flavored.

Group I. Unicolores. 1. Having uniform green ground-color,
which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow.

2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the side next the
sun, except those that are very much exposed, and are slightly tinged
\vith red.

3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces of russety
stripes.

Group II. Rubri. Fruit red; having all the properties of the
self-colored Reinettes, but on the side next the sun they are of a red
color, with a mixture of russet.

Group III. Ravi. Russeted.

1. Their ground-color is green, changing to dingy, dull yellow.

2. The coatings of russet are very conspicuous.

3. The side next the sun is often dingy, brownish, or ochreous red.

4. They all decay very readily.

Group IV. Aurei. Yellow or golden fruit — Golden Reinettes.

1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beauti-
ful crimson.

2. The ground-color changes, by keeping, to beautiful deep yellow.

3. Over the crimson there is a light thin trace or a complete
covering of russet.

THE APPLE. 13

Class IV. Mala Malaria. Perfect or pure apple-shaped.

They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approaching to pure
acid.

Order 1. STRIOLA, or striped.

1. They are almost always marked with broken stripes of red.

2. These are either over the whole fruit or only indistinctly on the
side exposed to the sun.

3. The stripes may all be distinct — that is, clearly and finely
striped; or between these stripes, on the side next the sun, the fruit
is dotted, shaded, or washed with red; but on the shaded side the
stripes are well defined.

4. The cells are regular.

5. The fruit does not decay, except when gathered before maturity,
or after the period when it has been properly ripened.

Group I. Depressa. Flat.

1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye as
from the stalk and are broadly flattened.

2. They are always half an inch broader than high.
Group II. Acuminati. Pointed.

1. They are broader than high.

2. They diminish from the middle of the apple toward the eye,
so that the superior half is conical, and is not at all similar to the
inferior half.

Group III. Oblongi. Oblong or cylindrical.

1. The height and breadth are almost equal.

2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.

3. Or from the middle of the fruit they gradually diminish toward
the base and apex equally.

Group IV. Sphcerici. Round.

1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the
same.

2. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only about
a quarter of an inch.

3. When laid on their sides they present a spherical shape.

Order 2. CONTUBERNALIA (Storing apples).

1. Having the cells regular.

2. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform color or
washed with red on the side next the sun.

14 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

3. They do not readily decay.

4. They are not unctuous when handled.

5. They are never covered with bloom.

Group I. Acuminati. Tapering, diminishing toward the eye.
Group II. Depressi. Flat. These are constantly broader than
high.

THE DIEL-LUCAS NATURAL CLASSIFICATION.

1856. Dr. Ed. Lucas, the leading pomologist of Germany, pre-
sented the following :

Class I. — Calvilles. Strawberry or Raspberry Apples.
(Calvillen, Erdburaepfel, Himbeeraepfet).

Form: For the most part fruits of medium size, of longish form
(" hochgebauter, " high-built) , nearly always tapering regularly toward
the eye, with several rib-like prominences running out over the con-
vexity of the fruit.

Skin: Delicate, tender, never rough, and only in exceptional cases
somewhat russeted, almost always becoming unctuous at maturity,
covered with bloom on the tree.

Flesh: Soft, loose, aromatic, mostly of strawberry or raspberry-like
flavor, here and there stained with red n'ext the skin.

Core: Almost always open, cells torn (slit).

Orders: 1. Ground, colored. 2. Colored. 3. Striped.

Suborders : a. calyx open. b. calyx closed.

Class II. — Schlotter Apples (Schlotteraepfel, Klapperaepfel) .

Form: Size medium, large and very large. Form either flat
round (Backsepfel), long conical (Sheepnoses) , cylindrical (the true
Schlotters), often very irregular because of isolated broad promi-
nences ; the convexity of the fruit almost never fully regular.

Skin: Smooth, mostly shining, not, or only seldom, becoming
unctuous, firm.

Flesh: Granular, tender, somewhat coarse, seldom spicy, mostly
of predominating sourish or sweetish flavor.

Core: Large, irregular, open.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

Class III. — Gulderlings (Gulderlinge) .

Form: Size small to medium, more or less ribbed around the eye;
partly of flat round form, somewhat pointed toward the eye (Pneudo-

THE APPLE. 15

or Hybrid CalviUes); partly longish conical or cylindrical (true
Gulderlings).

Skin: Smooth, often somewhat russeted, mostly yellowish green
and greenish yellow, seldom colored.

Flesh: Delicate, almost Reinette-like, quite firm, sweet, vinous,
or predominantly sweet and spicy.

Core: Open, with slit cells or axis much open.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

Class IV. — Rose Apples (Rosenaepfel) .

Form: Size small, medium and large, with gentle prominences
around the eye and partly out over the fruit; form mostly regular,
often longish and globular.

Skin: Smooth and delicate with bloom, shining when rubbed and
by handling, of spicy fragrance, seldom with traces of russet.

Flesh: Soft, loose, sometimes spongy, yielding easily to pressure,
often stained red beneath skin, of delicate spicy, fennel, or rose-like
flavor.

Core: Usually closed ; axis often hollow.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

Class V. — Pigeons (Taubenaepfel) .

Form: Small and medium, not ribbed or not regularly ribbed,
longish conical.

Skin: Smooth, shining, delicate, with delicate bloom, rarely with
traces of russet.

Flesh: Fine-grained, quite firm, and yet marrowy, juicy, and spicy.

Core: Often four-celled, sometimes open, sometimes closed.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

Class VI. — Pound Apples (Pfundaepfel, Rambouraepfel).

Form: Large, and very large, of quite irregular form, sometimes
flat round, spmetimes longish, one half smaller than the other; mostly
with isolated, broad, flat prominences extending out over the fruit.

Skin: Smooth and shining; firm, often tough; rarely traces of
russet.

Flesh: Coarse-grained, loose, mostly with predominating acid and
but slightly spicy.

Core Cells: Mostly very large and open, but sometimes closed and
with hollow axis.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I,

16 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Class VII. — Rambour Reinettes (Rambour-ReineUen} .

Form: Medium size, large, and quite large fruits of more or less
Calville-like or irregular form, with broad, sometimes marked, promi-
nences around the curvature of the eye or also over the entire surface.

Skin: Quite firm, seldom quite smooth, mostly with russet traces,
ground-colored or only inconstantly reddened on sunny side, never
striped.

Flesh: Crisp (breaking), sometimes fine and sometimes coarse-
grained, of high, sweet, vinous flavor.

Core: Mostly wide-celled, open and closed.

Order 1. Skin smooth; 2. Skin rough.

Suborders as in Class I.

Class VIII. — One-colored or Wax Reinettes.

Form: Small, medium, and large, of regular round or flat round
form, seldom longish, without marked prominences.

Skin: Sometimes smooth and shining, sometimes with russet traces,
especially on curvature of calyx, in a few sorts becoming unctuous,
without red blush or with only a little red on sunny side which is not
constantly present.

Flesh: Firm or marrowy, fine-grained, of high, sweet vinous,
sometimes very excellent flavor.

Core: Usually regular and closed.

Orders and Suborders as in Class VII.

Class IX. — Borsdorf Reinettes.

Form: Small, at the most of medium size, very regular, round or
flat round.

Skin: Smooth, shining, with isolated warts and russet patches,
ground-colored, colored and also indistinctly or even quite purely
striped.

Flesh: Firm, very fine-grained, of high, peculiar sweet, and sweet
vinous flavor.

Core: Nearly always regular and closed, only seldom with hollow
axis.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

THE APPLE. 17

Class X. — Red Reinettes.

Form: Small, medium, and large fruits of various forms; some-
times globular and flat round, sometimes longish, with mostly smooth
basin, which is only rarely made uneven by flat prominences.

Skin: Shining, mostly smooth, only seldom with russet traces,
colored or striped on greenish yellow, light yellow, but never fully
golden yellow ground-color; the red blush usually pure and without
russet traces.

Flesh: Delicate, crisp, sometimes marrowy and very spicy, of
sweet, vinous, high flavor, here and there reddened under the skin.

Core: Sometimes open, sometimes closed.

Order 1, ground-colored. Order 2, striped.

Suborders as in Class I.

Class XI. — Gray Reinettes, Leather Apples, Russets (Graue
Reinetten, Lederaepfel) .

Form: Small, medium, and large, of globular and flat round, seldom
longish form, and mostly very regular.

Skin: Roughened by patches, markings, and entire coverings of
russet, seldom colored; the ground-color gray greenish yellow to dull
yellow; the red color, when present, is not pure because of russet traces.

Flesh: Delicate, marrowy, sweet, sweet vinous, and quite spicy
(the true leather apples) ; or a spicy sweet (fennel apples) .

Core: Regular and closed.

Orders and Suborders as in Class I.

Class XII.— Gold Reinettes.

Form: Medium and large, flat round, globular, and longish fruits,
with basin regular or ribbed; not rarely with broad, flat prominences
extending over the surface.

Skin: Quite smooth, rarely entirely smooth, with more or less of
russet traces, especially on sunny side, by which the red blush is
often made dingy; the ground-color high yellow and golden yellow,
the over-color sometimes shaded, sometimes striped. The fruit of
young trees smoother and softer to the touch than those from older,
which are always rougher.

Flesh: Very delicate, juicy, marrowy, often yellowish, very spicy,
and mostly of high, vinous, sugary flavor.

Core: Sometimes open, sometimes closed.

Orders and Suborders as in Class X,

18 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Class XIII.— Stripelings (Streiflinge) .

Form: Small, medium, large but not very large fruits of very
variable form, largely roundish, with the bulge or curvature high on
the fruit, conical and ribbed.

Skin: Smooth, shining, sometimes delicate, sometimes tough,
often with bloom, striped and shaded (marbled), striped, rarely with
russet traces.

Flesh: Sometimes firm and granular, sometimes also spongy, more
often reddish under the skin, usually pure vinous, more rarely sweet-
sour and sweet ; aroma mostly wanting.

Core: Mostly regular and closed.

ORDERS.

1. Mataepfel, with wide basin, uneven apex, of flat, round or longish
globular form.

2. Bean Apples (Bohnaepfel) , with very shallow basin and oblique
apex; longish round, often of oblique form.

3. Round Stripelings, fruits with even apex; longish round or
flat round form.

4. Pointed Stripelings, fruits with small very narrow apex and of
longish-pointed or roundish-pointed form.

5. Ribbed Stripelings, fruits with apex, made irregular by ribs or
rib-like prominences; the bulge is also uneven.

Suborders as in Class I.

Class XIV.— Pointlings (Spitzaepfel) .

Form: Of mostly medium and only rarely very large size; of
longish, longish conical, or blunt conical, often irregular form.

Skin: Smooth, shining, delicate, seldom with bloom, ground-col-
ored or colored, never striped.

Flesh: Loose and tender, sweetish and vinous to pure acid.

Core: Regular, mostly closed, sometimes with hollow axis.

Order 1. Ground colored; 2. Colored.

Suborders as in Class I.

Class XV.— Flat Apples (Plataetpfel) .

Form: Small, medium and large, flat round or flat globular,
usually broader than high.

Skin: Smooth, shining, firm, ground-colored or colored, never
striped, often with bloom,

THE APPLE. 10

Flesh: White or greenish white, mostly firm and crisp, rarely tender
and marrowy, pure sweet to pure acid, never really spicy.
Core: Mostly regular and closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Class XIV.

A DOUBLE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION.

1862. Dr. Ed. Lucas presented the view that every fruit must be
classified according to two systems :

1. Artificial; based on external characters and period of ripening.

2. Natural; based on internal characters and the fruit as a whole.
In his artificial classification Lucas divides first by the season into

summer, fall, and winter; each of these groups into flat, round, taper-
ing, oblong, thus giving 12 classes. Each of these are divided into
three orders according to color :

1. Ground-colored; 2. Colored; 3. Striped.

Each of these is further subdivided into — 1. Calyx open; 2. Calyx
half-open; 3. Calyx closed.

This makes a total of 228 subdivisions.

Lucas' natural system follows Diel's closely, but some of the sub-
groups have been raised to the rank of families, making the total 15.
The first 12 are natural groups, the last 3 artificial, containing vari-
eties difficult to classify otherwise.

Lucas' combined artificial and natural classifications give a total
of 1620 separate groups. This system has had long and thorough
trial in Germany, and is probably the best and most elaborate of the
modern natural systems of classification. The account here given is
translated from " Einleitung in das Studium der Pomologie, " by Dr.
Ed. Lucas, Reutlingen, Germany, 1877.

TWO AMERICAN SYSTEMS.

1867. John A. Warder in his " American Pomology " presented
the following classification:

Class I. Oblate or flat, having the axis shorter than the trans-
verse diameter.

Order I. Regular.

Order II. Irregular.

Section 1. Sweet.

Section 2. Sour.

20 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Subsection 1. Pale or blushed, more or less, but self-colored
and not striped.

Subsection 2. Striped or splashed.
Subsection 3. Russeted.

Class II. Conical, tapering decidedly toward the eye, and be-
coming ovate when larger in the middle and tapering to each end, the
axial diameter being the shorter.
Subdivisions as above.

Class III. Round, globular, or nearly so, having the axial and

transverse diameters about equal, the former often shorter by less than

one quarter of the latter. The ends are often so flattened as to look

truncated, when the fruit appears to be cylindrical or globular-oblate.

Subdivisions as above.

Class IV. Oblong, in which the axis is longer than the transverse
diameter, or appears so. These may also be truncated or cylindrical.
Subdivisions as above.

1849. John J. Thomas in his "American Fruit Culturist"
arranged apples as follows:
Division I. Summer Apples.

Class I. Sweet apples.

Section 1. Color striped with red.
Section 2. Color not striped.
Class II. With more or less acidity.

Sections 1 and 2 as above.
Division II. Autumn Apples.

Classes and Sections as above.
Division III. Winter Apples.

Classes and Sections as above.

AN ENGLISH ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.

1876. Robert Hogg, the leading pomologist of England, pub-
lished an artificial system in which new points are considered. The
structural characters on which Hogg bases his classification are: 1.
The Stamens; 2. The Tube; 3. The Carpels; and 4. The Sepals.

These are all seen when an apple is cut in halves lengthwise from
the stem to the calyx. Beginning at the calyx and going inward we
find first the calyx segments, which by Hogg and other authors are
called the eye, and immediately inside of these segments is a cavity,
called the flower-tube or calyx-tube. (By some the word eye is used

THE APPLE.

to denote both the calyx-tube and the segments.) Inserted in this
tube is a ring of small, bristle-like organs, which are the dried-up re-
mains of the stamens, and these occupy three different positions in
the tube.

Stamens median.
Tube funnel-shaped.
Core meeting.

a. Stamens marginal.

Tube conical.

Core clasping.
6. Cells round.

The tube itself is either conical or funnel-shaped. Further inside
just beyond the tube, is the core, the cells of which assume four differ-
ent forms. Each of these varies in its relation to the axis of the fruit,
some extending close to it and forming symmetrical cells, while others
are distant from it and are unsymmetrical.

a. Stamens marginal.
Tube funnel-shaped.
Core clasping.

b. Cells elliptical.

a. Stamens basal.
Tube funnel-shaped.
Core clasping.

1. The Stamens. — Hogg adopts the varying positions of the sta-
mens in the tube as the primary divisions of his system, having found
by experience that they are on the whole the most reliable characters
where all are more or less changeable. The stamens are (1) marginal,
when near the inner end of the tube; (2) median, when near the

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

middle; (3) marginal, when near the outer end. A sharp knife and
careful cutting is necessary to determine this accurately. Some va-
rieties have too short a calyx-tube to make three divisions safe, but
in general it is a very useful point. Lucas * objects to making the

a. Stamens marginal.
Tube conical.
Core meeting.

a. Stamens median.
Tube conical.
Core clasping.

b. Cells ovate.

position of the stamens the main character in the classification because
it would necessitate cutting the specimens at once which is not always
desirable nor practicable. However he admits that the characteristic
is in fact a good and constant one, in spite of occasional exceptions
and variable varieties.

Stamens marginal.
Tube funnel-shaped.
Core clasping.

a. Stamens median.
Tube funnel -shaped.
Core meeting:.

2. The Tube. — When conical the outlines proceed from the base
of the sepals or segments in a curved line inwards towards the core,
forming a cone. These curves are generally inwards, but occasionally
they are outwards, as in Fig. 1, which suggested to Hogg the formation
of another division, under the name of urn-shaped; but he found it
appeared so seldom that no importance need be attached to it. When
funnel-shaped the outlines are as when conical, but instead of ending
in a point end in a hollow cavity like the stem of a funnel.

*Dr. Ed. Lucas, Einleitung in dasStudium der Pomologie. 1877, p. 142.

THE APPLE.

3. The Carpels.— These make up what is popularly called the core.
They are generally five, occasionally they are four, or even three, but
this is very rare. If split down the middle its walls, or tough mem-
branous lining, will be either round, ovate, obovate, or elliptical. To

a. Stamens basal.

Tube conical.

Core clasping.
b. Cells obovate.

Core closed.
Cells axile.

prevent error in distinguishing between ovate and obovate the ob-
server should hold the apple with the calyx towards him, and the
stem pointing outwards.

Core open.
Cells axile.

Core open.
Cells abaxile.

In relation to the axis of the apple, they are either axile or abaxile.
When the walls extend to the axis, and these characters will be best
seen by making a transverse section of the fruit, the cells are sym-
metrical, and are then said to be axile, whether the core is open or
closed. When they are distant from the axis, and the cells are unsym-
metrical, they are called abaxile. Further, the walls may be entire,
or slit by transverse fissures.

4. The Sepals or Eye. — The sepals or segments of the original calyx
of the flowers were uniformly expanded and spreading. After the
petals of the flower drop, and fruit develops, the segments persist *

* In the various varieties of the pure Siberian crab, Pyrus baccata, the segments are
deciduous, i.e., fall off as the fruit develops;

24 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and gradually assume various directions, and when it is perfectly
matured we find them in four distinct forms: (1) Divergent, when
the segments are quite recurved or reflexed, frequently so much
as to fall back flat on the fruit in the form of a star; (2) erect
convergent, when the segments are never reflexed, but are erect
with their margins merely touching and their points divergent;

Segments divergent. Segments erect convergent.

(3) flat convergent, when the segments are flat, closing the eye,
but with their margins merely touching and not overlapping each
other; (4) connivent, when the segments are all close together, over-
lapping each other and forming a compact cone. I find the segments
are too variable, however, to be depended upon for final judgment
in all cases, although they are very useful in many varieties.

Segments flat convergent. Segments flat convergent.

5. Core. — To the foregoing four divisions by Hogg should be added
two points given by Warder. If the outline of the core meets on the
inner point or end of the calyx-tube, it is meeting; if some distance
below, it is clasping. This is a useful point with many varieties. .

Segments connivent. Segments connivent.

Dr. Hogg's key may now be outlined briefly:

Stamens: 1, marginal; 2, median; 3, basal. Tube :• 1 , conical ;
2, funnel-shaped. Cells: 1, axile; 2, abaxile. Cells: 1, round; 2,
ovate; 3, obovate; 4, elliptical. Segments: 1, divergent; 2, erect
convergent; 3, flat convergent; 4, connivent.

The above provides for 192 classes, each of which if necessary
may be further subdivided by form and color into 8 divisions as fol-

THE APPLE. 25

lows: Form: 1, round or oblate; 2, conical or ovate. Color: 1, pale;
2, colored; 3, striped and russet.

The four color divisions are denned as follows : 1, Pale: a uniform
color of yellow or green, notwithstanding it may be faintly tinged on
the sun side with orange or pale red. 2, Striped: when the only addi-
tional color to that of the ground-color consists of distinct red stripes
without any ground-color of red. 3, Colored: when the skin is wholly
or partially a decided red, and this may be accompanied with stripes
or with some russet. 4, Russet: that in which a russet coat prevails.
When a russet coat has a brown or red cheek the fruit is not on that
account to be classed in the colored class.

This makes possible a total of 1536 subdivisions. In the smallest
groups the season of ripening is given as a further help to direct refer-
ence to the appropriate description.

THE ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT.

1872. Charles Downing, in his Second Revision of " Fruits and
Fruit-trees of America," abandoned the arrangement of fruits by
classes and periods of ripening, stating his reasons as follows:

" The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter
of a century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that,
after carefully studying them, and comparing them with the orders
of classification adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion
that no definite order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms,
colors, growths, and periods of ripening are so much interwoven
and distributed as to defy all arbitrary rules of classification, and
hence we have without hesitation abandoned it entirely, substituting
in our work the simple order of the alphabet as confined to names,
believing such course will prove the most available and useful."

OTHER SYSTEMS.

The available space will not permit of a fuller discussion of the
very numerous and elaborate systems of classification proposed by
European pomologists. Those already given will indicate the leading
ones. It will be noted that even in the most complete natural sys-
tems several classes, based mainly on artificial external characters,
are necessary to provide a place for many varieties not readily classified
otherwise.

26 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

AN ARTIFICIAL KEY.

After reviewing the many systems of classifying apples, many
of them very elaborate and the product of much painstaking labor
and research, the writer offers the following conclusions:

I. The arranging of apples into families based on natural affinities
is a great aid to the memory. This is true of all systems of natural
classifications.

II. If all varieties of apples were sharply defined in their charac-
teristics the natural systems, as those of Diel and Lucas, would be
of easy application, if properly combined with an artificial classifica-
tion based on form, season, etc., as outlined by Lucas. But many
varieties present characteristics which are a mingling of two or more
classes, and these defy all attempts at close classification.

III. It would be of considerable help to arrange apples as far as
possible by groups named after the most typical representative of
that group. American pomologists now often speak of the Ben
Davis type or group, being that well-known variety and what are
probably its numerous seedlings; the Fameuse type, comprising a
number of sorts with close affinities to the mother variety; the Olden-
burg type, which is a very large one in the Northwest owing to the
wide popularity of that variety; the Hibernal type, including a
number\)f extra hardy Russians. In Minnesota the numerous seedlings
of Wealthy now appearing show close affinities to its parent. This
modern development of the natural classification idea merits further
study.

IV. The marvellous development of commercial orcharding in
recent years has not been favorable to increase in number of varieties.
Commercial fruit-growers prefer the few of best sorts rather than
a large assortment with few trees of a kind. Hence the need for
classification of varieties is not yet as apparent as in Europe where a
greater variety u demanded in the small specimen orchards.

V. The belief of Downing that the classification of the apples
of the United States is impracticable, if not impossible, is probably
nearer to the truth than any belief to the contrary. It could be
done with the apples for any particular region with not too large an
area. On the other hand, the alphabetical or dictionary style of arrang-
ing descriptions is not serviceable when the name of the fruit in hand
is not known.

THE APPLE. 27

VI. A purely artificial key is, in the opinion of the writer, a
feasible solution of the problem. Every variety has its distinguish-
ing characteristics or "ear-marks" by which it is known to those
familiar with it. In addition to the characters usually given in Ameri-
can descriptions should be added the internal points noted by Hogg,
Lucas, and other European writers. It does not appear an impossible
task to arrange all these various points, so that the reader, with an
unknown variety in hand will need to read through a few varieties
only instead of all. The magnitude of this proposed work places it
beyond the boundaries of private or State enterprise and makes it an
undertaking of national scope.

REPRODUCTION OF VARIETIES.

The beginner should understand that although as many different
varieties may be raised from seed of one apple as there are seeds in
that apple, it may also happen, especially if inbred by no other
varieties being near, that some of these seedlings will be so nearly
the same in all respects as the variety from which the seed was taken
as to be considered identical even by experienced pomologists ac-
customed to close observation of fruits. Such seedlings may be
called reproductions of the mother variety. It frequently happens
in vegetables and flowers that several varieties, very nearly alike,
originate in widely separated localities; in such cases only the first
one introduced holds its own, the others are dropped. Apples and
other orchard fruits do not come true to seed because it has not been
found necessary to fix the type by a long course of selection, it being
easier to reproduce the variety by grafts, buds, or sprouts. Apples
generally are raised in mixed orchards containing many varieties,
hence there is every facility for crossing with other varieties, the pollen
being carried by insects or the wind. However, some varieties show
a prepotent tendency and impress their characteristics strongly upon
their offspring. This is especially true in isolated localities where
but few varieties are grown, since inbreeding takes place to a con-
siderable extent. The fact that Fameuse reproduces itself so closely
from seed may be due to the fact that it was the main variety grown
in Eastern Canada by the French Canadians after the unknown parent
variety was brought from France; for long periods the trees were
raised by the early settlers from seed, hence the seed was inbred.

This probably explains the well-marked families, types, or races

28 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

of the Russian apples. Over large areas grafting was but little
practised by peasants, and but few varieties grown; hence seed was
saved mainly from the strongest, best trees. There is now a large
group of seedlings of Duchess of Oldenburg in America, especially in
the Northwestern States, which shows resemblance to their parent.
In the Southwest many seedlings of Ben Davis have appeared, many
of them so near like the parent as not to be worthy of introduction,
while others, such as Gano and Black Ben Davis, are an improvement
on the parent in some respects. In the Northwest a large number
of seedlings of Wealthy have recently appeared, which resemble that
variety quite closely. The Wolf River, which is considered to be a
seedling of Alexander, has largely superseded its parent at the West
because of demonstrated points of superiority. The Concord grape
and certain plums and peaches show a strong tendency to reproduce
themselves from seed. The late Geo. P. Peffer, originator of the
Pewaukee, Peffer, and other apples, claimed that any apple will
reproduce itself from seed if inbred by covering the blossoms to
prevent access of pollen from other varieties.

BUD VARIATION.

From the foregoing discussion the reader will conclude that
propagation by grafts or other mode of division will always reproduce
the variety. This is so nearly true that the whole art of nursery
propagation may be said to be based upon it. However, it is also
true that under certain unknown conditions any one bud may change
its character so as to give rise to a new variety sufficiently distinct
to be worthy of a separate name. This is termed "bud variation,"
and is a prolific source of new varieties in certain plants, such as chrys-
anthemums and roses. Sometimes the change is only slight, and this
may be termed a sub-variety. In Northwestern nurseries, for in-
stance, two Wolf plums are now recognized, the freestone and the
cling; it is not known, however, whether this is a bud variation or a
seedling mixture. The Wealthy apple has apparently varied some-
what under propagation, and recently gave rise to remarks at the
Minnesota State Horticultural Society meeting by the son of the
originator, who distributed sprouts from the original tree to help
settle the matter. Experienced fruit-growers have long noticed
that in a large number of apple-trees of one variety in the same orchard
some trees are more productive than others. The most advanced

THE APPLE. 29

thinkers in this line now recognize this fact as due to bud variation,
and take advantage of it by cutting scions for grafting from the
best and most productive trees only. Florists long ago learned the
necessity of care in taking cuttings from the best and most pro-
ductive individuals, or even parts of the plant.

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES.

Tree. — In closely related varieties it is sometimes essential to know
the characteristics of growth in the orchard and the color of the young
wood. The color and general appearance of an apple may be changed
to a considerable extent by soil and climate, but the general habit of
growth and color of young wood does not change materially. For
reasons already set forth, however, the pomologist should strive to
seek distinguishing characters in the fruit itself, and not be dependent
upon the tree in orchard or nursery save as confirmatory evidence.

The growth of the healthy bearing tree may be strong and vigor-
ous; vigorous and slender; stout and short-jointed; medium and
vigorous. The form of top may be upright, upright spreading, spread-
ing, round-headed, or upright.

Form. — Some European writers have made elaborate systems based
on the form of the fruit. Downing gives only four classes as follows:

"In describing fruits, the word base means that part of the fruit
in which the stem is planted; and apex, the blossom end, or crown,
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were,
one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases
on which all others are built, and are subsidiary.

" These primary forms are roundish, oblate, conical, and oblong. The
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection,
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive; for while the word
roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal,
applies to many fruits, there is no perfectly round or globular apple
known.

" Oblate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical,
is when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblong,
is when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as
roundish, conical, or conic, are when the apple unites the two primary
forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical, or conic, when the
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

the fruit is flattened at the apex. Ribbed, or obscurely ribbed, when the
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or
when the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides
unequal, when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having de-
pressed lines, furrows, or wrinkles. Acute, when narrowing to a sharp

Oblate.

Roundish.

Conical.

Oblong.

point. Obtuse, round or blunt. Abrupt, when the depression breaks
off suddenly."

Axis. — This is an imaginary straight line between the stem and
the centre of the calyx. The axis is inclined when the fruit is oblique
or lop-sided ; short when oblate or the cavity and basin are deep; long
when the fruit is oblong. The core-cells are axile when they meet the
axis; abaxile when distant from it. When a section made through
the apple at right angles to the axis is circular it is regular; if so true
that it could be turned in a lathe, it is very regular; it may be
irregular, compressed, or flattened sidewise, angular, furrowed, or ribbed,
rarely triangular, quadrangular, or pentangular.

Size. — The size is variable, depending upon soil, climate, overbear-
ing, age, and health of tree, etc. The one given is that attained as an
average and under normal conditions. The size may be very large,
large, medium, small, very small.

THE APPLE. 31

Surface. — The skin may be thick or thin, smooth or uneven, lumpy
or pimpled, rough, polished, covered with bloom, unctuous or oily,
sometimes russeted in whole or in part. The amount of russet varies,
especially about the stem. The color usually consists of two, the
ground-color of green or yellow, with over-color of red. When the
ground-color is not striped, the fruit is self-colored, although it may
be blushed or shaded. German writers term it one-colored. The color
is a conspicuous feature, but is modified by climate, season, soil, and
whether grown in shade or sunshine. Older trees usually yield better-
colored fruit. Only well-colored exposed specimens should be selected
for determination.

Stripes are broad alternating lines of color. Streaks are long,
distinct, narrow stripes. Splashes are short, abruptly broken stripes
of all sizes. When marbled the stripes are wide, faint, waving, or
irregular. When washed or shaded the coloring is even, or changes
gradually, as in a water-color painting. When mottled the dots nearly
run together. When in part dotted, as in Utter, the red appears as
distinct dots. Blotched red is of various abrupt shades irregularly
placed. When clouded the blotches are broader and more softly shaded.

A bright color is sometimes dulled by being overlaid with a whitish
or grayish color which is sometimes suffused, or by open russet net-
veining. In the latter case it gives a bronzed appearance. In a very
few varieties, especially Westfield, the russet about the basin resem-
bles a piece of bent dry leather, and hence is termed leather-cracking.
Pin scratches are minute dark lines running from stem to eye, espe-
cially on Tolman and rarely on Keswick; according to Van Deman
they never exceed five and in the Northern climates are much more
distinct than in the South or West.

It is impossible to give the exact shade of red in an apple. It may
vary from light or pale red to black red. Crimson is a clear, beautiful,
dark red, with a slight admixture of blue. Carmine is a beautiful
darker crimson bordering on purple. Pink is a clear, bright, light red;
rose is a delicate pink; orange red is when the red is mixed with yellow.

Dots. — These are more numerous towards the eye. As a whole
they may be obscure or distinct, many or few, large or minute, white,
whitish gray, green, yellow or russet, round, elongated, stellate (star-
shaped) . When surrounded with light or green bases, they are called
areolar by some writers. The dots may be depressed, prominent,
even so much raised as to roughen the surface.

32 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Stem. — This is sometimes a constant mark, but is often variable.
When reaching to the general curvature of the fruit it is medium;
when below this outline, short; when extending out beyond, long.
It may be stout or slender; straight or curved, rarely fleshy or knobbed.
The color is usually green or brown, alone or in combination, some-
times yellow and somewhat red; as means of identification the color
of the stem is not reliable.

Cavity. — This is the depression in which the stem is inserted, and
may be wide, deep, shallow, regular, irregular, wavy, uneven, or folded.
In a few varieties the cavity is nearly or quite filled up, and is then
termed flat. It is obtuse when blunt or rounded at bottom; acute when
ending in a sharp point ; acuminate or funnel-shaped, when terminat-
ing in a long-drawn-out taper, which usually crowds closely the
lower part of the stem; the stem is then sometimes termed deeply
inserted.

When lipped, part of the flesh crowds up against the stem as in
Roman Stem, Swaar, and Pryor Red. The color may be green or
russeted. When the russet extends out in ray-like lines it is termed
stellate or radiating russet.

Basin. — This is the depression at the apex, crown, or " blossom-
end." It should be carefully distinguished from the base, which
means the stem-end, carrying out the thought that the foundation or
source of the fruit is at the stem. Descriptions generally should read
from the stem outward from base to apex. The basin may be flat,
very shallow, shallow, medium or deeper, narrow or wide; abrupt when
the slope is steep; smooth, regular, or even when not furrowed, and so
regular and symmetrical that the form could be turned in a lathe;
cup-shaped when the slope is nearly perpendicular; angular, with
several corners; wavy, with gentle and irregular undulations; fur-
rowed, with more regular undulations; wrinkled, with small irregular
undulations ; corrugated, with larger irregular ridges; plaited, with small,
straight, regular ridges; ribbed, with larger obtuse or rounded ridges :
the bottom may have small isolated prominences. The rim of the
basin may be sharp or rounded broadly, or may be smooth or ribbed.
Core. — When an apple is cut in halves crosswise the core is seen
in the centre, consisting normally of five cells of tough parchment-like
texture containing the seeds and surrounded by flesh. Outside of this
is the core-outline or boundary, consisting of ten fibro-vascular bun-
dles, which, carrying the nutriment, emerge from the stem and branch

THE APPLE. 33

out over the fruit, meeting again at the calyx-tube. If these unite
on the inner end of the tube the core is meeting; if lower, nearer the
eye, it is clasping. Outside of the core-outline is the larger part of the
flesh, different somewhat in texture and color from that inside next
the cells. The nbro-vascular bundles are either opposite the points
of the cells, or alternate with them, usually the larger being opposite
the points. The outline of the core is clearly seen only when cut; the
fruit is cut in halves lengthwise, and through or near one of the nbro-
vascular bundles. Counting from the stem the core-outline may
assume various forms, such as cordate, turbinate, oval, roundish,
wide, or compressed, or spindle-shaped, long or short, regular or irreg-
ular; large when the breadth is considerably over half the diameter
of the fruit; small when much less. The core is usually central, or
in the middle of the fruit, but may be sessile or close to the stem, or
distant when nearer the calyx. The core may be very small and com-
pact, with seeds crowded in the cells ; in others the cells are large and
roomy, so that the seeds loosen and rattle when the apple is shaken.
The other characteristics of the core are given in Hogg's classifica-
tion.

Seeds. — These may be numerous or few, large or small, from light
or gray brown to dark brown or black, short or long, plump or flattened,
blunt or pointed, often some are imperfect. The latter is often a con-
stant characteristic. Sometimes the exact number of seeds is given,
but this must be understood as being approximate only, the number
varying. In a few varieties, such as Saxton and Ortley, the seeds
loosen very readily when ripe, and rattle when the apple is shaken.

Flesh. — The color ranges from white to yellow, sometimes with
greenish tinge, or stained with red. The flesh may be juicy or dry,
firm and compact, or loose, spongy, or marrowy; tender, delicate,
crisp, fine- or coarse-grained. The flavor may be sweet, mild, subacid,
sprightly or brisk, subacid or sour, acid, very acid, astringent, insipid
or rich, highly flavored and spicy. As to odor, the fruits may be some-
times perfumed or aromatic. The quality is expressed by the term,
poor, inferior, good, very good, excellent, best. This judgment de-
pends somewhat upon the individual — "there is no accounting fcr
tastes."

Use. — Many varieties of only moderate quality for dessert use are
cultivated because of greater productiveness; their bright color may
take well in the market, or the fruit be excellent for culinary use.

34 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Some of those ranked as best in quality are not much grown because
of shy bearing or weakness of tree.

Season. — The season during which the fruit is best varies with the
locality, the season being earlier southwards, and later at the North.
The season may be early summer, summer, early or late fall, early
winter, midwinter, late winter, or spring.

HOW TO STUDY APPLES.

First study the technical terms employed and the leading systems
of classification. This knowledge is then illustrated in practice by
comparing good, typical, well-matured specimens of a number of stand-
ard varieties with their printed descriptions. The reader is now pre-
pared to make descriptions for himself, and practice will soon give
accuracy and facility. The systematic study of fruits should become
an important feature of laboratory work in pomology in American
agricultural colleges, as it long has been in the horticultural schools
of Europe.

The advocates of Nature Study will find rich material for interest-
ing exercises in comparing well-known varieties of apples as well as
in other exercises in systematic pomology. Fruit-growers generally
will find it advantageous to study characteristics of varieties, and will
make rapid progress in such study if it be made]systematic. For this
purpose outlines or blanks something like the following will save time
and serve as an aid to the memory. If the blanks are printed some
of the most common terms may be added under each heading, and the
appropriate ones indicated by a check mark or a circle around them,
or the others crossed out. An impression of the fruit should also be
taken. No free-hand drawing is necessary nor advisable. The apple
is cut in halves lengthwise, using a sharp knife, so that the calyx-tube
is exposed. This will require a little practice ; it is best to approach
it gradually by cutting several thin slices until the exact axis is reached,
the axis always passing through the calyx-tube. The surplus mois-
ture is now removed with blotting-paper or cloth. The edge, core-
outline, and calyx-tube, and end of stem, are now touched with a
moistened soft indelible or aniline pencil. The apple is now pressed
firmly against the paper. The only drawing necessary will be to
complete the stem and indicate the position of the stamens; this is
done with a hard pencil. The paper should not be too heavy in tex-
ture. Thin writing-paper is good for this purpose. A convenient size

THE APPLE. 35

for the sheets is about nine and one-half inches long, seven and three-
quarters wide, with two holes punched along left-hand side for con-
venience in binding. Such blank sheets with suitable covers are now
used for note-taking in many schools; the advantage being that the
sheets can easily be arranged in alphabetical order, and new pages
added at any time.

PRINTED BLANK FOR APPLE DESCRIPTIONS.
(Ben Davis) apple.

[Space for outline printed Described

Date
direct from apple.]

Source .

Size: Very large, large, medium, small

Form: Oblate, round, conical, oblong

Skin: Thin, thick, tough

Surface: Smooth, rough, polished, unctuous; (1) pale; (2) col-
ored; (3) striped; (4) russet; ground-color :

over-color ; bloom

Dots: Obscure, distinct, few, many; color ;

size ; areolar

Cavity: Width ; depth ; form ; color ;

stellate russet

Stem: Short, medium, long, slender, stout

Basin: Width ; depth ; form

Calyx: Open, half open, closed

Segments: Divergent, erect convergent, flat convergent, connivent.

Core: Open, half open, closed; form ; meeting, clasping;

sessile, distant

Cells: Axile, abaxile, round, ovate, obovate, elliptical ; entire, slit.

Tube: Conical, funnel-shaped

Stamens: Marginal, median, basal

Seeds: Color ; size ; shape ; number per-
fect ; number imperfect

Flesh: Color, texture

Flavor: Acid, subacid, sweet

Quality: Poor, fair, good, very good, excellent, best

Season: Summer, fall, winter, spring

Remarks: Tree, history, etc

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

WHAT VARIETIES SHALL I PLANT?

To give a list of varieties best adapted to every part of the United
States would exceed the limits of this book. The question is best
answered by consulting the most experienced local fruit-growers, by
inquiry of the agricultural experiment stations, by study of the re-
ports and attendance upon the meetings of the local and State horti-
cultural societies, and by a study of the general experience of each
region as summed up in the biennial reports of the American Porno-
logical Society. At the present writing this latter report is published
in Bui. No. 8 of the Division of Pomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and may be obtained free upon application to
the United States Pomologist at Washington, D. C.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Alexander.

Alexander. — Of Russian origin; tree vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive. In the West it is now largely supplanted by its Wisconsin seed-

THE APPLE.

ling, the Wolf River. Fruit very large, regular, conical; surface-
greenish yellow, faintly streaked with red on shaded side, but orange
on the sunny side, almost wholly covered with bright crimson stripes
and splashes, a showy fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, gray; cavity
regular, deep, with trace of russet; stem- short knobbed at base;
basin narrow, abrupt, slightly corrugated; calyx open. Core open;
cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds short, plump;
flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender and juicy, with a rather pleasant
flavor, good. October to December.

Anis.— Origin, Russia. Tree very hardy, but fruit too small for mild
climates. Several varieties' received from Russia prove to be so nearly
identical that only one is regarded as necessary in fruit lists to represent

Anisim.

the group. The Russian Apple Nomenclature Commission* adopted
the following description. (See also Blue Anis.)

"Anis. — Size 4 to 5; form roundish oblate, angular; color light
green, striped with red in sun; cavity broad, deep; stem short;
basin broad, irregular, angular; calyx medium, closed. Core open;
flesh tender, juicy, greenish white, with dark green water line around
core; flavor agreeable, mild acid; season September and October;
origin, Russia; tree medium upright; fruit drops easily."

*Appointed by the State Horticultural Societies of Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and
South Dakota. Meeting held at La Crosse, Wia., Aug. 30, 31, 1898.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Anisim. — Origin, Russia; tree a strong grower in nursery and
orchard; the beautiful color of the fruit attracts favorable attention.

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, slightly angular; surface
greenish yellow, covered almost wholly with a beautiful dark crimson,
with heavy blue bloom; dots white, minute; cavity regular, acute,
usually slightly russeted ; stem medium ; • basin narrow, very shallow,
corrugated, sometimes flat; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping;
tube short, broad; stamens median; flesh greenish white, with green
veins, good. Early winter.

Antonovka. — Origin, Russia; the leading commercial apple of
southern Russia. Fruit desirable but tree blights in some localities.

Antonovka.

Fruit large, roundish, irregular, obscurely angular; surface
yellow; dots minute, raised, white, suffused; cavity deep, regular,
with radiating often large patch of russet ; stem medium ; basin abrupt,
corrugated, or wavy; calyx closed. Core closed; cells ovate, slit; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds numerous, small, pointed,
plump; flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly, spicy, subacid, good. October.

THE APPLE.

Aport Orient.— Origin, Russia. One of the best of the Alexan-
der type.

Fruit large, oblong, regular, slightly tapering; surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with rather dull mixed red, with dark crimson
stripes and splashes; cavity acute, narrow, wavy, russeted; stem short;
basin abrupt, wavy; calyx open, large. Core half open, meeting;
tube conical, very small and short; stamens basal; flesh yellow,
coarse-grained, mild subacid, fair. August.

Arctic. — Origin, Cape Vincent, New York; tree a strong, upright
grower and early bearer.

Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate, often distinctly angular, or
live-sided in large specimens; surface dark solid red, obscurely mar-
bled and mixed, a little yellow ground-color on shady side, with deli-
cate bloom; dots distinct, few, gray; cavity regular, wide, obtuse, with
some radiating green or russet; stem short, stout; basin rather shal-
low, abrupt, somewhat irregular; calyx closed; segments flat con-
vergent. Core small, closed; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens basal; seeds plump; flesh yellow, firm, moderately juicy,
crisp, mild subacid, good. Midwinter.

Arkansas.

Arkansas (Arkansaw, Mammoth Black Twig) .—Origin, the Wm.
Crawford farm, Rhea's Mill, Arkansas, from seeds planted in 1833 or

40 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

1834. The true Paragon originated in Tennessee, and for a time the
two varieties were thought to be identical.

Fruit large, very regular, roundish, conical ; surface greenish yel-
low, mostly covered with solid dark to black red on sunny side; dots
distinct, numerous, mostly minute, whitish; cavity regular, obtuse,
large stellate russet patch; stem very short; basin shallow, nearly
smooth; calyx closed; segments connivent. Coreclasping, half open;
cells obovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped ; stamens marginal ; seeds rather
few, short, plump; flesh yellow with yellow veinings, firm, juicy,
subacid, very good. Winter. The cut is of an undersized specimen,
but typical as to shape.

Arkansas Beauty. — Origin, Arkansas. A showy fruit; specimens
from Iowa somewhat higher colored than Southern specimens.

Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate; surface yellow mostly, or
entirely covered with rather dull red stripes and splashes; dots
obscure, numerous, very minute, brown; cavity obtuse, regular,
with some stellate russet; stem long, slender; basin smooth, abrupt,
medium deep; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core wide
open, abaxile; cells ovate, slit, with much cellular exudate; tube
conical; stamens median; seeds many, rounded, plump, short, rather
small; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very juicy, tender, pleasant, spicy
subacid; quality very good to excellent. Winter.

Arkansas Belle. — Origin, Rhea, Arkansas. Resembles Gano closely
in tree and fruit and may prove identical with it.

Arkansas Black. — Origin, Benton County, Arkansas. Considered
promising by some, but recently has proven too shy a bearer for profit.
Tree of upright growth, wood dark.

Fruit medium, round; surface smooth, solid dark red to black;
cavity regular, small to medium; basin shallow; flesh yellow, fine-
grained, juicy; quality very good. Season, winter.

Arnold (Arnold's Beauty}. — Originated by the late Charles Arnold,
of Paris, Ontario, Canada, from seed of Northern Spy crossed with
Wagener and Spitzenburg. Tree an upright grower, symmetrical,
productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular, ribbed; surface bright
yellow, often with blush of brownish to bright red, usually with
patches and network of russet ; dots few, brown ; cavity large, deep,
usually russeted; stem medium, slender; basin deep, rough, slightly
plaited; calyx small, closed. Core small; tube funnel-shaped; flesh

THE APPLE. 41

yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant subacid, slightly aro-
matic. January, May.

Arthur. — Origin, Floyd Co., northern Iowa.

Fruit below medium, oblong, truncated, somewhat irregular;
surface yellow, mixed and splashed dull red on sunny side; dots
minute, dark russet, numerous, distinct; cavity narrow, regular,
acute, russet; stem long; basin abrupt, medium deep, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; tube long, narrow, open to core; stamens
median; seeds packed tightly in cells; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained,
sprightly subacid, good. Winter.

Autumn Bough (Autumn Sweet Bough). — Origin, America; tree
vigorous, upright, round-headed, productive.

Fruit medium, conical, angular; surface smooth, pale yellow;
dots few, brown; cavity deep, acute, narrow; stem medium, rather
slender; basin deep, corrugated; calyx closed; segments long; flesh
white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor, very good.
Last of August to first of October.

Autumn] Swaar (Fall Swaar of West). — Origin unknown; tree
hardy, vigorous, spreading.

Fruit large, roundish conical, regular; surface greenish yellow,
becoming orange yellow, with bronze blush, and russet net-veining;
dots many, large, gray, stellate; cavity broad, acute, regular, green
and russet; stem medium, knobbed; basin deep, abrupt, smooth or
slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed. Core small, closed, clasp-
ing; seeds many, large, plump; flesh yellow, juicy, tender, mild,
pleasant, rich, subacid, very good. September.

Avista. — Origin, Wisconsin. The original tree is now growing
on the farm of A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wisconsin.

Fruit medium, oblong conical, angular; surface unctuous, yellow-
ish green with greenish streaks; dots white, minute, obscure; cavity
wide, green, regular, often russeted, rather shallow; stem long; basin
shallow, wavy; calyx small, closed. Core closed; seeds plump;
flesh white, very firm, fine-grained, mild, pleasant subacid with sweet
aftertaste, very good. Winter.

Babbitt (Western Baldwin). — Originated from seed of Baldwin
by C. W. Babbitt, of Woodford County, Illinois, about 1845; hardy
and productive in Central States. Tree large, a strong grower, with
large leaves and tough wood.

Fruit large, oblate conical, angular; skin thick but tender; sur-

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

face smooth, greenish white, shaded, washed and striped with red;
dots few, light; cavity large, regular, deep, with gradual slope, and
russet markings; stem short, slender at fruit, thick at base; basin
of medium size, regular, abrupt, furrowed; calyx very small and
closed; segments very short, converging, slightly reflexed. Core
large, wide, conical, open, clasping; seeds few, of medium size,
plump, brown; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk
subacid, very good, particularly for cooking. Winter. (U. S. Agr.
Rep., 1893, p. 286.)

Bailey Sweet. — Origin, New York; tree vigorous, productive.

Bailey Sweet.

Fruit large, roundish tapering, obscurely ribbed, irregular; surface
roughened by scattered russet dots, yellow, mostly covered with
dark rich red, obscurely striped, solid on sunny side; dots many,
minute, russet, distinct; cavity regular, acuminate, slightly russeted,
deep, narrow; stem short; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, slightly
corrugated, wrinkled; calyx half open; segments entire, divergent.
Core closed; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds large,
long-pointed, plump; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, firm, fine-grained,
very sweet, very good. Early winter.

THE APPLE.

Baker. — Origin, Ridgefield, Connecticut; tree vigorous, spreading,
productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic; surface yellowish,
mostly shaded and splashed with shades of crimson; cavity regular,
medium; stalk short, moderately stout; basin shallow, slightly
corrugated; calyx closed; segments slightly recurved. Core small;
flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often tinged with crimson near the skin,
pleasant subacid, very good. October to February.

Baldwin. — Origin, Wilmington near Lowell, Massachusetts. A
chance seedling which bore its first fruit about the middle of the
eighteenth century; now a leading Eastern market variety. Tree
vigorous, upright, spreading, very productive.

Bald!

Fruit large, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx; surface
rich yellow on shaded side, nearly covered with deep red on sunny side
with stripes of crimson and bright red, sometimes overlaid with
veined russet; dots minute, russet, or gray; cavity wide, regular,
moderately deep, with some radiating russet; stem medium; basin

44 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

deep, narrow, generally wavy or plaited; calyx large, half open,
or open; segments short. Core closed, meeting or sometimes clasping;
cells obovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds rather few,
long, somewhat flattened, many of them imperfect, angular; flesh
yellowish, juicy, crisp, rich subacid, very good. Southern-grown
specimens are not as good in quality. November to March, at its
best in January.

Batullen. — Origin, Transylvania; tree very vigorous, hardy, of
spreading habit. Imported from Russia.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, very regular, tapering
uniformly toward both ends; surface polished, clear yellow with
large carmine blush, with open net-veining and small patches of
russet; dots numerous, oblong, brown; cavity regular, deep; stem
short to medium, stout; basin deep, slightly irregular, woolly at
bottom; calyx half open; segments long, divergent, woolly; tube
funnel-shaped, long; flesh white, very juicy, sprightly pleasant acid,
good. Late winter.

Beach (Richardson's Red, Apple of Commerce). — Origin, Arkansas;
tree a good grower and sure bearer; becoming popular in Arkansas for
its late keeping and productiveness.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, irregular;
surface greenish yellow, almost wholly covered with mixed and marbled
rather light red, with broad splashes of darker crimson; dots few,
obscure, minute, whitish; cavity regular, rather narrow, medium
deep, with considerable radiating russet; stem medium; basin
shallow to very shallow, distinctly ribbed, with small prominences
around calyx, sometimes deeply corrugated; calyx closed; segments
connivent. Core closed, clasping; cells ovate, slit, much exudate;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few, plump; flesh
yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, subacid, good. Late winter.

Beautiful Arcade (No. 453). — Origin, Russia.

Fruit medium or above, oblong, truncated, angular; surface light
yellow, splashed and mixed crimson on sunny side, roughened by the
dots; dots numerous, green, obscure, raised above the surface;
cavity slightly wavy, abrupt, a little brown around the stem; stem
very short; basin regular, corrugated in bottom; calyx small, closed.
Core small, half open; tube long, funnel-shaped; stamens marginal;
seeds rather large, long, pointed, flattened; flesh yellow, firm, fine-
grained, very rich and sweet, very good. August, September.

THE APPLE.

Belle Bonde. — Origin, France.

Fruit medium or above, roundish conical, pale yellow, striped
and splashed with red; dots large, light; flesh whitish, a little
coarse, tender, brisk subacid, good for cooking. January and Feb-
ruary.

Beltnont (Waxen). — Origin, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania; tree
vigorous, very productive.

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened, somewhat
conical, sometimes oblong; surface very smooth, light waxen yellow,
often with blushed orange and bright red cheek; dots minute, few;
cavity generally large, wide, wavy, brown; stem medium to long;

Belmont.

basin wavy or corrugated, medium; calyx small, usually closed.
Core wide, regular, somewhat open, clasping, axis short; seeds many,
large, flat; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, fine-grained, juicy, mild sub-
acid, nearly best. November to February.

Ben Davis.— Origin in doubt, more probably Virginia or Ten-
nessee; widely disseminated at the South before 1850. In the
Southwest and West, especially Missouri, this is the leading winter

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

apple and is planted very extensively; tree vigorous, an early and
very abundant bearer. Although not of first-rate quality the hand-
some appearance and long-keeping capacity of the fruit make it
profitable for market. Southern-grown specimens are better matured
than those grown at its northern limits, and hence of better quality.
In recent years many seedlings have been raised from Ben Davis,
such as Gano, Etris, and Black Ben Davis, which bear a strong re-
semblance to the parent and indicate that the parent sometimes
reproduces itself quite closely from seed.

Ben Davis.

Fruit large, regular, roundish conical, truncated, often unequal;
surface smooth, often polished, unctuous at full maturity, yellow,
almost wholly covered with brilliant mixed dark red with dark crimson
splashes and stripes, a handsome, showy fruit; dots distinct, few,
minute, gray; cavity deep, regular, acute, usually with much stel-
late russet which sometimes extends out over base; stem medium to
long, rather slender; basin medium, in large specimens deep, wide,
abrupt, regular or slightly corrugated; calyx partially open; seg-

THE APPLE.

ments large, divergent. Core closed, medium, regular, clasping;
cells obovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds
large, long, pointed, plump; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy,
pleasant subacid, not rich, good only. All winter and spring.

Benoni.— Origin, Dedham, Massachusetts; tree vigorous, upright,
spreading, productive.

Benoni.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical, obscurely
angular; surface rich yellow with a crimson cheek, with distinct
broken dark crimson stripes and splashes, marbled and shaded on
sunny side; dots distinct, bright, numerous, minute, white; cavity
regular, acute, deep, slightly russeted; stem short, slender; basin
quite deep, abrupt, nearly smooth; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core closed, small, meeting; cells obovate, axile, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; seeds plump, some abortive; flesh very
yellow with orange veinings, tender, delicate, juicy, pleasant, spicy
subacid, perfumed, very good. August.

Bentley. — Origin supposed to be Virginia; tree of moderate vigor,
productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, truncated, slightly flattened, sometimes
a little oblique or unequal; surface pale, yellowish green, shaded,
mixed, striped and splashed with pale red; dots few, minute, light
brown; cavity regular, deep, acute; stem long, slender, curved;
basin large, abrupt, deep, corrugated; calyx large, closed, or partially

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

open; segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little reflexed.
Core small, regular, closed; seeds many, plump, long; flesh fine,
yellowish white, compact, sweet, somewhat honeyed flavor, very
good. Late winter and will keep sound during the following summer.

Bethel. — Origin, Bethel, Vermont; tree a strong grower.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly irregular and angular, sur-
face greenish yellow, heavily splashed and shaded with carmine with
considerable bloom; dots many, greenish yellow and russet, distinct;
cavity usually deep, medium width, slightly russeted; stem medium,
slender; basin shallow, narrow, nearly rmooth; calvx half open.

•

Eietigheimer.

Core medium; flesh greenish white, with traces of pink, firm, juicy,
mild subacid, good. November to late winter.

Bietigheimer (Red Bietigheimer) . — Origin, Germany; a large and
showy autumn apple, attaining enormous size. A specimen at the

THE APPLE. 49

Pan-American Exposition from the State of Washington weighed 28£
ounces. Tree a strong grower and of spreading habit; leaves large
and shining; an abundant biennial bearer.

Fruit very large to enormous, roundish to roundish oblate,
somewhat angular; surface smooth, whitish yellow, almost wholly
covered with pale red, with a few obscure stripes and splashes; dots
obscure, numerous, whitish; cavity wide, regular, rather shallow,
obtuse, green, trace of russet; stem very short; basin narrow,
slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments flat, convergent. Core
open, abaxile; cells ovate, widely slit; tube conical; stamens basal;
flesh white, quite firm, juicy, brisk subacid, good. Use market and
culinary. September.

Bismarck. — Origin, New Zealand. As seen in 1894 by the writer
in the nursery of the introducer at Erfurt, Germany, this variety
fruits freely on one-year old shoots from the bud; this habit of fruit-
ing on one-year wood, together with its large size has caused it to be
boomed extensively. In Dakota and Iowa it has proved tender and
subject to blight.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly tapering, somewhat ribbed
toward calyx; surface greenish yellow, polished, partially covered
with dull red obscure splashes, some russet-net veining; dots obscure,
few, whitish, minute ; cavity acute, regular, with radiate russet ; stem
medium ; basin abrupt, nearly smooth, with fine wrinkles, calyx open ;
segments erect convergent. Core half open; cells round, slit; tube
conical; stamens basal; seeds short, plump, few; flesh whitish with
green veinings, rather coarse-grained, lively, brisk subacid good only.
Early winter.

Black, Jersey. — An old variety; tree of moderate growth, spread-
ing round head with drooping limbs, productive.

Fruit medium, round, angular, irregular, somewhat ribbed; surface
smooth, wholly covered with deep red, with darker stripes, giving
a purple, almost black, color, often with thin bloom; dots many,
minute, indented, purple; cavity deep, acute, russet, often wavy
or folded; stem variable; basin shallow, corrugated; calyx closed.
Core medium, usually closed, clasping; seeds many, short, plump;
pointed, dark; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, often stained pink or reddish,
mild, aromatic, agreeable subacid, good. Early winter.

Black Annette. — An old variety brought from Marietta, Ohio, in
1866, by Aaron Plumley, and largely grown for many years in Cedar and

50 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Muscatine counties, Iowa. It does not seem to be the Black Annette
of Downing as the fruit keeps till June or later. Has been raised in
northern Iowa and merits attention.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular; surface green, almost
wholly covered with dark brownish red, with darker splashes, well-
colored specimens black red, with splashes mostly lost in the depth of
coloring; dots very conspicuous, large, numerous, whitish and russet;
cavity regular, obtuse, green and russet; stem medium to long;
basin shallow, wide, smooth, sometimes leather-cracked; calyx open;
segments erect convergent. Core closed, distant; cells round, nearly
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, plump;
flesh white, mild, pleasant, subacid, very good. Season, all winter
and spring.

Black Ben Davis. — Originated about thirty years ago on the farm
of the Rev. M. Black, near Lincoln, Washington County, Arkansas.
Reagan was at first given preference, but the above name has priority,
and the name Reagan resembles too closely Ragan, an old Indiana vari-
ety. It now appears that Mr. Reagan bought the farm from Mr. Black
after the tree came into bearing. Recently introduced; promising.

Fruit large, form much like Ben Davis, the skin also becoming
unctuous like that variety; surface very handsomely colored, a dark
solid crimson, almost black crimson on sunny side, on shaded side the
yellow ground-color shows through, no true stripes nor splashes, but
shading varies in depth of coloring; dots distinct, few, minute, yel-
low; cavity obtuse, medium deep, with stellate russet; stem short;
basin deep, abrupt, sharp-rimmed, somewhat ribbed; calyx open.
Core closed, small, pointed; cells obovate, axile, entire; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds few, long, pointed, large, some im-
perfect; flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant sub-
acid; quality good, better than Ben Davis. Winter.

Black Oxford. — Origin, Maine; there esteemed for its long keeping
and productiveness ; at Cedar Falls, Iowa, it has done well top-grafted.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface yellow,
nearly covered with dark solid brownish red, overlaid with gray net-
veining, a peculiar color; dots numerous, conspicuous, light, a few
large russet dots; cavity deep, russeted, the russet sometimes extend-
ing out over base in large irregular patches; stem long, curved; basin
shallow, wrinkled, somewhat leather-cracked; calyx open; segments
erect convergent. Core closed, outline irregular; cells ovate; tube

THE APPLE. 51

funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh whitish, firm, moderately
juicy, mild subacid, good. March to May.

Bledsoe. — Origin, Kentucky.

Fruit very large, round, somewhat conical, flattened at base,
regular; surface greenish yellow, obscurely striped; cavity deep,
slightly russeted; stem short; basin somewhat corrugated; calyx
half open; flesh white, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, mild, agreeable
subacid, good. December to April.

Blenheim (Blenheim Pippin, Blenheim Orange}. — An old variety
from Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; tree of strong, vigorous
growth, a regular and abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, very regular; sur-
face very smooth, yellow, becoming deep orange, shaded with solid dull
brown red, obscurely streaked darker red on sunny side, sometimes
mixed with russet; dots obscure, few, russet, small; cavity regular
obtuse, with large patch of radiating russet; stem short, stout; basin
medium, regular, smooth; calyx open, large; segments short, small.
Core open; cells large, roomy, obovate, axile; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens median; flesh yellow, juicy, peculiar mild spicy subacid,
good. October to December.

Bloomless and Coreless. — Origin doubtful; varieties of this de-
scription have long been known and described. The tree produces
flowers with well-developed essential organs, especially the pistils,
but the petals are wanting.

Fruit small, dull red, mixed with yellowish green; quality fair.
As grown by G. W. Robinette, of Flag Pond, Virginia, the core is
usually well developed, with a secondary and even a tertiary core with
a few seeds in each, extending towards the calyx, causing an opening
there nearly one-half inch in width and depth. Not valuable for the
fruit, a curiosity only. (H. E. Van Deman, U. S. Agr. Rep., 1889.)

Blue Anis. — Origin, Russia. (See Anis, p. 37.)

Fruit small, roundish, tapering, angular; skin thin, semi-trans-
parent, and pale yellow to yellowish white, splashed with bright crim-
son on sunny side; dots very minute, white, obscure; cavity regular,
acute, deep, narrow, with russet patch; stem short, touching along
lower part of cavity; basin narrow, abrupt, rather shallow, corru-
gated and wrinkled; calyx closed. Core half open, meeting; tube
conical; stamens median; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, pleasant
subacid, good. Fall.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Blue Pearmain. — Fruit very large, nearly regular, roundish to
roundish oblong, very slightly conical; surface pale yellow, almost
wholly covered with large dark purplish splashes and stripes, mixed
nearly solid red on sunny side, the heavy white bloom over dark red
ground gives the fruit a bluish color; dots distinct, white, russet,

Blue Pearmain.

minute, some large, gray, with russet centres; cavity wide, deep, obtuse,
some stellate russet; stem short; basin shallow, smooth, some with
trace of russet; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core partly
open; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median. Flesh firm, moderately
juicy, yellowish, spicy, pleasant, rich subacid, very good. October
to February.

Blushed Calville (22 M.). — Origin, Russia. Hardy and desirable
at the North as a very early apple.

Fruit medium, conical, angular, ribbed; surface yellowish \vhite,
with slight blush; dots white, minute, suffused, obscure; basin broad,
corrugated; calyx closed; cavity often wavy, often green, sometimes
slightly russeted; stem long. Core wide open, clasping; cells large,

THE APPLE.

slit; tube broad, conical; stamens median; flesh white, fine-grained,
juicy, good. Early summer.

Bode (No. 385). — Origin, Russia; desirable for early summer at
the north.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat angular, sometimes unequal; sur-
face smooth, polished, yellowish white to white, rarely with faint olush;
dots large, white, suffused; cavity wide and very shallow, green
and russet; stem thick, very short; basin wide, wavy, fine corruga-
tions about the eye; calyx closed; segments erect. Core closed,
meeting; tube broad, but very short; stamens median; flesh snow-
white, juicy, subacid, tender, good to very good. Early August.

Bogdanoff. — Origin, Russia.

Fruit medium, roundish to roundish oblong, obscurely angular;
surface green, occasionally with a faint bronze blush; dots obscure,
numerous, minute, white; cavity wide, regular, obtuse, with slight

Bogdanoff.

stellate russet; stem short; basin wide, shallow, slightly corrugated;
calyx open; segments divergent, large, leafy. Core rather small, meet-
ing; cells obovate, entire; tube conical; stamens basal ; seeds many;
flesh white, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid, good. Winter.

Boiken.— Named after Dike-warden Boike, of Germany; tree
received from Russia. Fruit medium, oblate conical; surface smooth,
clear yellow, sometimes with blush; dots very obscure, many, minute,

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

white; cavity wide, regular, deep, obtuse, with radiating russet;
stem long; basin wide, medium deep, wrinkled; calyx open or closed.
Core open; cells round; tube conical; stamens median; seeds short,
round, few; flesh white, firm, juicy, fine-grained, sprightly, refreshing
subacid, very good. Winter.

Bonum. — Origin, NorA Carolina; tree upright, spreading, an
early and abundant bearer.

Bonum.

Fruit medium; form very regular, roundish; surface roughened by
russet dots, yellow, mostly covered with solid deep crimson and
obscure stripes and splashes of dark red; dots distinct, numerous,
russet, mostly large, a part with dark centre; cavity regular, wide,
obtuse, often with a little green russet; stem long; basin wide, very
shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments flat convergent.
Core small, closed; cells ovate, much slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; seeds numerous; flesh white, often stained next to the
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich aromatic mild subacid, very good.
November to December.

Borovinka. — Origin, Russia; as grown in the Northwest this
variety very closely resembles Oldenburg, but the question of their
identity has not been settled. Some growers prefer the Borovinka
as an improved Oldenburg.

THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish, truncated, regular, surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with stripes and splashes of dark crimson
mixed and marbled on sunny side and overlaid with whitish net-
veining; dots white, obscure, few; cavity acuminate, white, regular,
with trace of stellate russet; stem medium; basin rather abrupt'
regular, corrugated in bottom; calyx closed; segments divergent,'
long, pointed. Core closed, axile, sessile; cells round, entire; tube

Borovinka.

conical; stamens marginal; seeds plump, sharp-pointed; flesh white,
juicy, sprightly acid, good. August.

Bough, Sweet (Large; Yellow Bough}. — Origin, America; an
excellent early sweet apple, especially for dessert use in harvest-time.

Fruit above medium, regular, oblong ovate, slightly conical;
surface smooth, clear, pale greenish yellow; dots distinct, numerous,
minute, russet, with green bases; cavity regular, deep, sometimes
russeted; stem long to very long; basin smooth, regular, narrow,
shallow; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core nearly
closed, clasping; tube conical; stamens median; flesh white, very
tender, juicy, very sweet, too sweet for cooking, good. July and
August.

Bradford (Kentucky Redstreak). — Origin obscure; supposed to be
Tennessee; tree upright, vigorous, and productive annually.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic; surface greenish yellow,

56 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped;
dots numerous, large, light, having gray centres, sometimes the
number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled; stem medium,
calyx closed. Core small; flesh whitish, tender, juicy mild subacid,
good to very good. December to March.

Breskovka (152 M.). — Origin, Russia; a hardy variety of the
Yellow Transparent type; tree productive, with round somewhat
spreading top.

Fruit medium, roundish, regular, often somewhat ribbed toward
the calyx; surface smooth, waxen, transparent, clear greenish yellow,
becoming a clear white when ripe, no blush nor stripe; dots greenish,
minute, numerous, suffused in the transparent skin; cavity regular,
acute, with a little russet; stem quite long; basin shallow, regular,
usually fine wrinkles around the eye; calyx closed. Core closed;
flesh snow-white, crisp, fine-grained, very juicy, subacid, very good.
July, early August.

Breskovka much resembles Bielgorod (No. 86 M.), which is identical
with Resonant (No. 352), but the stem of Breskovka averages much
longer, the fruit is somewhat ribbed, the basin averages wider and
shallower, and the cavity is wider.

Brett. — Originated 1872 near Dover, Minnesota, by Mrs. Mary
Brett.

Fruit large, roundish, regular, truncated; surface yellow, with dark
crimson stripes on sunny side; dots white, minute, obscure; cavity
deep, regular; stem short; basin wide, regular, abrupt, often finely
wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping; tube conical; stamens
median; flesh white, juicy, sprightly subacid, good. Early winter.

Broadwell. — Originated with Jacob Broadwell near Cincinnati,
Ohio; tree vigorous, very spreading, irregular, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, regular; surface clear
bright yellow, brownish blush on the sunny side, with carmine
spots;* dots few, greenish, suffused beneath; cavity broad, regular,
russeted; stem rather short: basin abrupt, regular, rarely plaited;
calyx closed; segments short. Core small, closed, round, clasping;
flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, very sweet, very good. Novem-
ber to February.

Bryan, Mrs. — Origin, Walker Co., Georgia. A medium to large
late fall variety, of very good quality, recommended in Bui. 8, Divi-
sion of Pomology.

THE APPLE. 57

Buckingham (Fall Queen). — An old favorite variety from Virginia;
tree upright, slightly spreading, moderately vigorous and productive!

Buckingham.

Fruit large, variable, generally conical or oblate conical, truncated,
angular; surface greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped
and splashed with two shades of crimson or purplish red; dots nu-
merous, light brown; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted; stem
short; basin rather large, deep, slightly irregular and corrugated;
calyx closed; segments connivent. Core small; axis very short;
seeds many, long, pointed; tube conical; flesh yellowish, rather
coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid, very good to
best. November to February.

Bullock (American Golden Russet). — A delicious apple, with flesh
more like a buttery pear than that of an ordinary apple. An old Xc\\
Jersey variety mentioned by Coxe in 1817. Tree thrifty, shoots up-
right, dull reddish, grayish brown.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, somewhat conical; surface
greenish yellow to orange or golden, with more or less of very thin
russet, often with distinct bronzed blush; dots obscure, few, minute;
cavity rather shallow, acute, regular; stem long, slender; basin

58 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

shallow, regular, rather narrow; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping;
seeds many, pointed; flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, mild, rich,
spicy, aromatic subacid, best. October to January.

Bullock.

Buncombe (Red Winter Pearmairi). — Origin, North Carolina;
tree a moderate upright grower, and an annual bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, conic, regular, often unequal;
surface smooth, waxen, yellowish white, almost wholly covered with
deep purplish red, obscurely striped and splashed; dots obscure,
many, minute, white; cavity regular, acuminate, deep, narrow, green
or slightly russeted; stem short; basin narrow, smooth, very shallow;
calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed, clasping, irreg-
ular; cells elliptical; tube funnel-shaped, open to core; stamens
marginal; seeds large, flattened, many; flesh whitish yellow, juicy,
tender, mild subacid, or nearly sweet, rich, slightly aromatic, good to
very good. January to March.

Camack. — Origin, North Carolina; tree of slow growth, an early
and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow green, red
on sunny side; cavity narrow; stem short; basin deep; calyx open.

THE APPLE. 59

Core small; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, sweet, good.
February.

Buncombe.

Canada Baldwin. — Originated in the province of Quebec, Canada,
on the farm of Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, introduced about 1855;
tree of strong upright growth, gradually spreading with age; an early
bearer, does best on clay or clay loam; on light warm soils it is in-
jured by sunscald and bark-splitting.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular; surface smooth
yellowish white, mostly covered with stripes and splashes of rich red
and crimson, a purplish crimson on sunny side with slight bloom;
cavity large, wide, deep, regular; stem short, stout; basin medium,
deep, slightly corrugated; calyx closed. Core small; flesh very white,
fine, sometimes stained with pink, tender, juicy, refreshing, mild sub-
acid, with slight quince-like flavor, good to very good. January to
April.

Canada Reinette. — Origin doubtful, by some supposed to have
originated in France; highly esteemed in Europe. Tree a strong

60 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

vigorous grower, spreading, open, productive, young shoots clear
reddish brown, slightly downy.

Canada Reinette.

Fruit very large, oblate conical, flattened, with prominent ribs
originating at calyx and diminishing toward the stem; surface green-
ish yellow, with brown blush on sunny side, with numerous russet
patches; dots numerous, brown russety; cavity wide, deep, gener-
ally smooth; stem short, slender; basin rather deep, irregular; calyx
open or closed ; segments short. Cells obovate, axile, slit ; tube conical ;
stamen basal; flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, brisk subacid,
very good to best. December to April.

Cannon Pearmain. — Origin, North Carolina; tree vigorous, spread-
ing, productive.

Fruit medium, form regular, roundish conic ; surface yellow, striped,
shaded, and marbled with red and dark crimson; dots large, yellow,
gray; cavity small, russeted; stem long, slender; basin large, regular,
deep, abrupt, regular, rarely wavy or corrugated; flesh yellow, firm,
with a rich, brisk, subacid flavor, very good. January to April.

Carlough. — Origin, New York; tree vigorous, with roundish spread-
ing head and reddish brown shoots.

Fruit roundish, conical ; color greenish yellow, with a faint brown-

THE APPLE. 61

ish red cheek; cavity medium, slightly russeted; stem three-fourths
of an inch long, slender; basin small, shallow; calyx small, closed;
tube short, conical; flesh white, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid
pleasant flavor. Ripe in November and apparently a long keeper.
(S. H. Fulton, Mich. Exp. Sta. Bui. 177.)

Carolina Beauty. — Origin, North Carolina.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conical; skin thick, tough; surface
smooth, excepting numerous russet knobs; color yellow, washed with
crimson and indistinctly striped with darker crimson; dots conspic-
uous, yellow or russet, many with erupted centres; cavity wide, deep,
gradual, russeted; stem three-fourths of an inch long, moderately
stout; basin medium, regular, gradual; calyx large, partially open;
segments long, narrow, converging to centre and reflexed. Core very
large, wide, clasping, nearly closed; seeds numerous, of medium size,
angular, dark brown; flesh yellowish, moderately fine, crisp, juicy,
subacid, very good. Early winter. (U. S. Agr. Report, 1895, p. 21.)

Carter Blue. — Origin, Alabama; tree of fine upright growth, and
an early bearer.

Fruit large, roundish oblate; surface greenish, washed and striped
with dull red and covered with a blue bloom; stalk slender; calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic, very
good. September to November.

Catherine. — Origin, Minnesota.

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular; surface a rich
golden yellow with faint blush; dots white, minute, suffused; cavity
wide, regular; stem long; basin wide, shallow, minutely wrinkled;
calyx open. Core open, clasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; flesh white, juicy, subacid, fair. Early fall.

Champlain (Nyack ; Sourbough, Summer Pippin) . — Origin, West-
chester Co., New York- tree vigorous; round-topped, productive, a
regular bearer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical to oblong oval, angular,
irregular; surface smooth, pale waxen yellow with slight crimson
blush; dots minute, green and grayish; cavity acute, deep, green,
wavy; stem variable, generally long, slender; basin abrupt, corru-
gated, deep; calyx small, closed. Core round, slightly open, clasp-
ing; seed many, angular; flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy,
aromatic, pleasant subacid, very good to best. August, September.

Ckarlamoff (Pointed Pipka, Peterson's Charlamoff). — Origin,

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Russia. One of the four varieties recommended by the Minnesota
State Horticultural Society as of the first degree of hardiness. Tree
spreading, vigorous, productive.

Charlamoff.

Fruit above medium to large, oblong, somewhat truncated, occa-
sionally roundish truncated, angular, ribbed, especially about the
stem; surface light yellow covered with dark crimson stripes and
splashes, mixed red on sunny side, with a heavy blue bloom; dots
white, minute, obscure; cavity, deep, acute, ribbed, with small radi-
ating patch of russet; stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow,
corrugated; calyx closed; segments large. Core closed; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; flesh white, fine-grained, pleasant acid,
often slightly stained with red next to skin, good. August.

Chenango (Chenango Strawberry, Sherwood's Favorite). — Origin,
Lebanon, New York. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit a great favorite
for dessert wherever grown.

Fruit medium to large, oblong conic, regular, truncated, obscurely
ribbed; surface yellowish white, mostly covered with rosy crimson

THE APPLE.

stripes, mixed on sunny side and in part thinly overlaid with whitish
net-veining; dots distinct, white, few, minute; cavity regular, acute,
narrow, somewhat uneven; stem very short, small; basin narrow,
shallow, nearly or quite smooth; calyx closed or half open; segments
erect convergent. Core rather large, half open; cells elliptical, entire;

Chenango.

tube funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds flat, pointed; flesh white,
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, very good. September, October.

Chisman. — A seedling of Yellow Bellflower from Dallas county,
Iowa.

Fruit medium to large, oblong, angular, ribbed; surface yellow;
dots distinct, numerous, russet; cavity regular, with trace of russet;
stem medium; basin narrow, ribbed, rather shallow; calyx closed;
segments connivent. Core closed; cells ovate, widely slit; tube
conical; stamens median; seeds few, plump, short; flesh juicy,
pleasant spicy subacid, very good. Winter.

Christmas (No. 310). — Origin, Russia. It is doing well in Minne-
sota.

Fruit medium, roundish conical to oblong oval, sometimes obscurely
three-sided, often oblique; surface yellow, with bright crimson stripes

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and splashes on sunny side, often nearly covering the whole surface,
then a beautiful fruit; cavity narrow, acute, with a little russet;
stem long; basin flat or nearly so, when flat the basin has protu-

Christmas.

berances around the eye; calyx closed; flesh white, juicy, tender,
subacid, very good. Late fall.

Clark Pearmain. — An old variety of North Carolina origin; tree
of slow growth, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, truncated, regular;
surface greenish yellow, nearly covered with rich dark red splashes
and stripes, coloring solid on sunny side; dots very distinct, numerous,
large, yellow, with large russet centres; cavity deep, regular, obtuse,
with radiating russet; stem very short to medium; basin regular,
smooth, small ; calyx small; closed; segments divergent. Core closed,
scarcely clasping, small; cells obovate, entire or nearly so; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, very plump; flesh
yellow, fine-grained, rather firm, crisp, rich, spicy subacid, very
good. December.

Clayton. — Origin, central Indiana.

Fruit large, regular, oblate, conical; surface smooth, greenish
yellow, covered with dull red, with darker stripes and splashes;

THE APPLE.

dots minute, obscure, few, gray, with large scattered russet dots; cavity
wide, wavy, deep, acute, green or russet; stem stout, medium; basin
narrow, shallow, abrupt, smooth; calyx closed. Core wide open,
clasping, sessile; cells round to obovate, abaxile, slit; tube funnel-
shaped, long, narrow; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, plump,

Clark Pearmain.

angular, short, dark; flesh yellow, firm, not fine-grained, subacid,
good. All winter.

Clyde Beauty — -Origin, Clyde, New York; tree vigorous, upright,
very productive.

Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular; surface greenish, oily,
sprinkled and mottled with dull red and bright red in the sun; cavity
acute; stem short, slender; basin small, corrugated; calyx closed;
flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, good. October to January.

Cogswell. — Origin, Griswold, Connecticut.

Fruit above medium, roundish, oblate, regular; surface rich
yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright
red; dots many, areole; cavity large, thinly russeted; stem short,
rather slender; basin small, shallow. Core small; flesh yellowish,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, rich aromatic, very good
to best. December to March.

Collins (Champion). — Originated thirty-eight years ago on the
old Merriam farm near Fayetteville, Arkansas; named in honor of

66 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

the introducer, Geo. Collins; tree a vigorous grower in nursery and
orchard, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly unequal ; skin of medium thick-
ness, tough; surface moderately smooth, with some fine leather-crack-
ing, yellow, washed with dull and bright red, splashed and striped
with crimson; dots light russet, many with dark centres; cavity
large, regular, deep, flaring, russeted and slightly lipped; stem about

Cogswell.

one inch long, of medium caliper, curved, largest at twig; basin
large, 'regular, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed and downy; calyx
medium, closed, or partially open; segments short, wide, converging.
Core medium size, conical, clasping, partially open; seeds few, of
medium size, plump, brown; flesh yellow, satiny, moderately coarse,
crisp, moderately juicy, subacid, good. Winter. (U. S. Agr. Report,
1895.)

Colman. — A cross of Jonathan with Northern Spy pollen, origi-
nated by A. F. Colman, Corning, Iowa. 1902 was the third year of
bearing; tree productive.

Fruit large, round, somewhat truncated; surface waxen yellow,
thinly striped and splashed bright red, mixed on sunny side; dots
minute, white, obscure, few; cavity deep, narrow, regular, acuminate,

THE APPLE. 67

with small stellate russet patch; stem very short; basin smooth, cup-
shaped, narrow; calyx closed; segments flat convergent. Core closed;
cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds numerous,
plump; flesh white, juicy, spicy subacid, quality excellent, worthy
of its parents. Early winter. Promising for dessert and market.

Colton, Early. — Origin unknown; tree vigorous, upright, spreading.

Fruit medium, roundish toward either end, slightly ribbed; sur-
face pale greenish yellow, often with brownish red blush; dots large,
many, obscure, greenish; cavity narrow, regular, shallow; stem
medium stout; basin shallow, corrugated, narrow; calyx nearly
closed; segments divergent, rather long; tube funnel-shaped;
flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, good. August.

Cooper. — Origin unknown; supposed to be some old Eastern
variety; by some thought to be from France; tree vigorous, produc-
tive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular, sometimes unequal; surface
pale waxen yellow, with a few stripes and splashes of bright mixed
scarlet and very distinctly marked carmine ; dots few, minute, brown ;
cavity wide, regular, green; stem medium, green; basin regular,
abrupt, deep; calyx small, closed. Core small, closed, meeting;
seeds numerous, plump, short, dark; flesh pale yellow, tender,
juicy, vinous, mild aromatic subacid, good to very good. September
and October.

Cooper Market. — Tree vigorous, upright, with long slender branches;
very productive.

Fruit small to medium, round oblate conic; surface greenish
yellow, heavily shaded with purplish red and striped with crimson;
dots few; cavity deep, narrow; stem short to medium; basin small,
shallow, slightly irregular; calyx closed. Core medium, somewhat
open; flesh white, tender, brisk subacid, good. December to
May.

Cornell Fancy. — Origin, Pennsylvania; tree vigorous and pro-
ductive. A valuable September variety in Central Pennsylvania.

Fruit medium, oblong, conical; surface waxen, yellow, shaded
and splashed with crimson; cavity rather large; stem medium;
basin abrupt, corrugated; calyx closed. Core medium to large; flesh
white, tender, crisp, juicy with a pleasant subacid flavor, very good.

Cracking. — Origin, Ohio; tree a strong spreading grower and pro-
ductive.

68 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, obscurely ribbed,
somewhat uneven and irregular; surface smooth, greenish yellow,
with a slight tinge of red when fully ripe; dots many, minute, in-
dented, green; cavity acute, wavy, slightly russeted; stem short;
basin wide, corrugated; calyx closed. Core open, large, clasping;
seeds large, pointed, dark; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, subacid,
very good. September, October.

Cresco.— Originated in 1869 or 1870 by J. B. Mitchell, Cresco,
northern Iowa.

Fruit medium, roundish oval, regular; surface light yellow with
blush or warm cheek; dots minute, white, "suffused, obscure; cavity
deep, acute, narrow, with radiating patch of russet; stem long, slen-
der; basin wavy, corrugated, abrupt; calyx closed; segments large.
Core closed, outline indistinct; cells ovate, slit; tube long, funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds short, plump; flesh white, pleasant
subacid, good. October or later.

Crimson Beauty. — Originated by F. P. Sharp, Woodstock, New
Brunswick, by crossing New Brunswick with Fameuse pollen. A
good early variety of remarkable beauty.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at ends, slightly oblique and angu-
lar; surface yellowish white, overspread with crimson red, with irreg-
ular and often indistinct stripes; cavity deep, abrupt; stem long,
quite stout; basin abrupt, quite deep, ridged and often corrugated.
Core open, not meeting; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy,
subacid, very good. Very early, about one week earlier than Yellow
Transparent.

Cross (No. 413 Dept.). — Origin, Russia.— The Russian Nomencla-
ture Commission called this the Cross Apple to distinguish it from
Cross (15 M.) . Prof. Budd suggests the name Large Anis for Cross 413.
As the name Cross has long been given to another apple in Maryland it
appears that Nos. 15 and 413 Dept. must be retained for the
present.

Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate ; surface yellow, mostly cov-
ered with mixed dark red and crimson splashes and stripes ; dots minute,
white, obscure; cavity regular, with a radiating patch of russet;
stem short; basin wavy, abrupt, with fine wrinkles; calyx half open.
Core closed, meeting; tube conical; stamens median; seeds numerous,
short, plump; flesh white, pleasant subacid, good. Late fall.

THE APPLE. 69

Cross (No. 15 M.). — Origin, Russia.

Fruit medium, oblate, regular or nearly so; surface a rich yellow,
more or less striped and splashed with crimson; dots white, obscure;
cavity deep, regular, somewhat russeted; stem medium; basin shal-
low, abrupt, wavy; calyx large, open. Core open, clasping; tube

Cross (413 of Department).

conical; stamens marginal; seeds large, dark brown; flesh white,
brisk subacid, not spicy, good. Early winter.

Cullasaga. — Originated by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., North
Carolina. Tree a good grower and very productive.

Fruit medium to large; roundish, inclining to conic, sides some-
times unequal; surface yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with
dark crimson; dots few, whitish; cavity deep; stem small, short;
basin shallow, corrugated; calyx open. Flesh yellowish, rather com-
pact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, good. November to April.

Danvers Sweet. — Origin, Danvers, Massachusetts; tree productive
and of very rapid growth.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, sometimes roundish oblate, regular;
surface smooth, uneven, dull greenish yellow, with orange blush;
dots numerous, medium, prominent, with white and green bases ; cav-
ity wide, deep, brown; stem long, slender, knobby; basin smooth,
deep, narrow, abrupt; calyx small, closed; segments long. Core

70 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

round, regular, closed; seeds numerous, long, brown, pointed; flesh
yellow, fine-grained, juicy, firm, very sweet and rich, very good; good
for baking. All winter.

Delicious. — Originated by Jesse Hiatt about twenty years ago near
Des Moines, Iowa; tree a regular and heavy bearer.

Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed; skin medium thick, tenacious;
surface smooth except the ribbing; color yellow, washed with mixed
red, splashes and broken stripes of bright crimson; bloom whitish;
dots numerous, small, yellow, some indented; cavity regular, large,
deep, gradual, russet; stem medium, stout; basin regular, large,
deep, gradual, furrows and knobs; eye medium, closed; calyx seg-
ments medium, erect or reflexed at tips. Core conical, clasping, me-
dium; seeds plump, medium, brown; color yellow; texture fine,
tender, juicy; flavor subacid, very pleasant; quality good to very
good. Early winter. (U. S. Div. of Pomology.)

Derby. — Originated on the Capt. Wright farm, Derby, Vermont;
tree of hardy, strong, thrifty growth, and an early and abundant-
bearer.

Fruit above medium ; form oblate ; surface yellowish, shaded with
red and striped with dark red on sun side. Flesh crisp, pleasant sub*
acid, good. Fall and early winter.

Domine. — Origin, New York; closely resembles Rambo exter-
nally, but the latter is a choice early winter or autumn variety while
Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping, winter fruit. Tree up~
right, vigorous, very productive and an early bearer.

Fruit rather large, regular, oblate, surface greenish yellow in shade,
mostly covered with splashed and striped bright red in sun, overlaid
with whitish; dots distinct, many, very large, some scattered irreg-
ular russet specks with light bases; cavity regular, very wide and
deep, with large stellate russet patch; stem medium, rather slender,
curved; basin wide, medium deep, slightly ribbed; calyx closed; seg-
ments conni vent. Core open, barely clasping; axis short; cells ovate,
entire; tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds many, long-pointed,
plump; flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, pleasant, rich sprightly
subacid, very good. December to April.

Donneghan. — A medium early Vermont variety of very good
quality, mentioned in Bui. No. 8, Div. of Pomology.

Doyle. — Origin, Texas.

Fruit above medium, roundish; skin tough; surface moderately

THE APPLE. 71

smooth, with numerous russet patches, yellow, washed red, splashed
and striped crimson; dots brown, erupted ; cavity regular, large, deep,
wide russet margins; stem medium, slender; basin regular, medium,'

Domine.

gradual with shallow furrows; calyx small, partially closed; segments
small, converging, slightly reflexed. Core large, conical, clasping;
seeds medium, plump, brown; flesh yellowish, fine, breaking, juicy,
rich, aromatic, subacid, very good. August. (U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902.)

Dudley Winter (North Star). — A bright-colored seedling of Olden-
burg, originated by J. W. Dudley, Aroostook Co., Maine, and sent
out under the name of North Star by a Rochester nursery; but this
name is already occupied.

Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate; surface smooth, yellow,
mostly covered with bright rosy crimson -stripes and splashes, coloring
nearly solid on sunny side, with thin bluish bloom; cavity regular,
wide, obtuse, with trace of stellate russet; stem long; basin deep,
abrupt, corrugated and ribbed; calyx closed; segments erect conver-
gent. Core closed; cells round, widely slit; tube conical, rather
urn-shaped; stamens median; seeds plump, pointed; flesh yellow,
white inside the core outline, fine-grained, pleasant subacid, very
good. Late fall and early winter.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Dutch Mignonne. — Origin, Holland; tree vigorous, upright, spread-
ing, productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface rough,
yellow, shaded with light and dark rich red, with bright red stripes
and splashes; dots many, prominent, light russet; cavity deep, acute,
regular, large, often russeted; stem medium to long, slender; basin
large, abrupt, wide, slightly corrugated ; calyx small, closed ; segments
short, erect convergent. Core small, clasping; cells obovate, axile;
tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds few, angular, imperfect;
flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, tender, firm, juicy, rich mild subacid,
very good. December to March.

Dyer. — An old French variety, originally described as Pomme
Royal (Pomme Royal) , but the name having been lost in this country
it was given its present name. The tree is a fair grower and an
annual and early bearer, but the thin skin of the fruit prevents distant
shipping without bruising.

Dyer.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, somewhat flattened, obscurely
ribbed ; surface smooth, clear, greenish yellow, with rarely a faint
blush, and with more or less thin russet net-veining; cavity regular,

THE APPLE.

deep; stem medium; basin medium, abrupt, ribbed; calyx closed;
segments long, divergent. Gore open, round; tube funnel-shaped-
stamens median; seeds many, small; flesh yellowish white, spicy, very
tender and juicy, rich aromatic, sprightly subacid; quality excellent
to best, having but few equals. October to December.

Early Cooper. — Grown in Illinois, Kansas, and other western
States mainly for home use; tree productive.

Fruit medium, roundish, a little flattened; surface yellow with
faint blush, tinge of green at stern. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly.
September and October. (Elliott.)

Early Harvest. — Of American origin; tree moderately vigorous,
upright, spreading, productive, needs rich cultivation.

Early Harvest.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, often roundish oblate, usually
oblate at the West ; surface very smooth, clear, pale waxen yellow,
very rarely blushed; dots obscure, few, minute, white and green;
cavity wide, regular, obtuse, with russet patch; stem medium; basin
wide, shallow, smooth. Core small, closed; cells obovate; tube
conical or funnel-shaped; stamens marginal or median; seeds few,
large, pointed; flesh very white, tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly, pleas-
ant rich subacid, very good to best. The first three weeks of July.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Early Joe. — Origin, Ontario Co., New York; tree of slow growth,
productive, requires high cultivation. The poor growth of this
variety in nursery makes it undesirable for the nurseryman.

Early Joe.

Fruit below medium, regular, oblate; surface smooth, greenish
yellow, thinly shaded, stripes and splashes of dark and light red ; dots
obscure, minute, gray, and some conspicuous greenish white specks;
cavity large, wide, regular obtuse, with stellate russet, occasionally
lipped; stem medium to long, stout; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth;
calyx closed; segments connivent, leaf-like. Core closed; cells round,
slit; tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, short, plump,
pyriform; flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, fine-grained, spicy
subacid, vinous, best. Early August to middle of September.

Early Pennock. — Of American origin; tree hardy, an early and
abundant bearer; a favorite, showy market apple in parts of the West.

Fruit large, roundish conical, tapering sharply, ribbed, sometimes
inclined; surface golden yellow mostly covered with bright red,
striped, splashed, and mottled with rosy crimson, a handsome fruit;
dots obscure, many, minute, white; cavity deep, regular, narrow,
acuminate, with a little stellate russet ; stem short or medium ; basin
very shallow, narrow, slightly wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect
convergent. Core open, long, tapering to both ends; cells elliptical;
tube conical; stamens median; seeds large, many, plump; flesh
yellow, coarse grained, subacid, scarcely good. July and August.

Early Ripe. — Supposed origin, Pennsylvania; tree a free grower
and productive.

THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate; surface pale yellow; dots few;
gray; cavity slightly russeted; stem long; calyx small, closed; flesh
white, tender, juicy, subacid, good. August.

Early Strawberry.— Origin, New York; tree thrifty, very upright
while young, spreading and large with age, quite distinct from the
Early Red Margaret, which has no fragrance, and a short stem.

Early Strawberry.

Fruit small, roundish, conical, rarely angular; surface smooth
and fair, often polished, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red with
bright and dark crimson stripes; dots very few, minute, obscure;
cavity deep, regular; stem long, rather slender, sometimes knobbed
and uneven; basin narrow, shallow, folded or plaited; calyx rather
small; segments divergent. Core regular, closed, not meeting; seeds
many, plump; flesh whitish yellow, slightly tinged with red next to
the skin, tender, sprightly, brisk, agreeable aromatic subacid, very
good. July, September.

English Russet. — Origin unknown; a profitable market variety;
tree upright, very productive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, obscurely conical, very regular;

76 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

surface pale greenish yellow, more or less covered with bronze russet,
sometimes wholly russeted; cavity narrow, medium, regular; stem
medium; basin smooth, medium, regular; calyx small, closed. Flesh
yellowish white, firm, crisp, mild subacid, aromatic, fair to good.
February to July and may be kept through the summer.

English Russet.

Esopus Spitzenburg — Origin Esopus, on the Hudson River, New
York. Fruit considered equal to the Newtown Pippin in quality and
unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any other variety.

Fruit large, regular, oblong, slightly tapering, truncated; surface
smooth, almost wholly covered with clear bright nearly solid red,
on shaded side yellow, tinged and streaked with red; dots distinct,
numerous, small, gray; cavity wavy, deep, wide, light brown; stem
medium, slender; basin shallow, smooth or slightly furrowed; calyx
small, closed; segments divergent. Core open; cells ovate, slit;
tube conical; stamens median; seeds large, light colored, flat; flesh
yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, delicious, brisk, spicy subacid, best.
November to February.

Estaline. — Originated from seed of Oldenburg about 1878 by
O. F. Brand, Faribault, Minn.; tree an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium or below, irregular, somewhat angular, roundish,

THE APPLE.

flattened at ends; surface often with irregular swellings, greenish
yellow, handsomely striped with bright red, the red extending over
most of the fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, white; cavity narrow,
regular, acute; stem medium; basin very abrupt, wavy, moderately

]&opus Spilzcnburj.

deep; calyx closed; segments very large, leafy, erect convergent.
Flesh juicy, crabby texture, acid, good. Season immediately after
Oldenburg.

Etris. — A new variety from Benton Co., Arkansas. Prof. J. T. Stin-
son writes (Ark. Exp. Sta. Bui. 49) : " This variety resembles Gano
very closely. As far as I am able to judge, there is practically no
difference. It also resembles Ragan's Red and Arkansas Belle,
both of this county."

Eureka. — Originated in Wisconsin, from seed of Tolman Sweet.
This is distinct from the Eureka described by Downing, which is a
fall variety of supposed Connecticut origin.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular; surface roughened by russet
dots and leather-cracking, light yellow, handsomely striped with bright
crimson, especially on sunny side; cavity acuminate, regular, slightly

78 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

russeted; stem short; basin abrupt, deep, nearly smooth. Core
closed; seeds few, flattened; flesh white, fine grained, moderately
juicy, sweet, very good. A long winter keeper.

Evening Party. — Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania; tree vigorous
and productive.

Evening Party.

Fruit small to medium, oblate, often unequal, slightly oval; sur-
face smooth, waxen yellow, with dark crimson splashes and stripes,
mixed dark red on sunny side; dots many, distinct, gray; cavity deep,
acute, wide, regular, often russeted; stem short, slender, green; basin
abrupt, smooth, deep, large; calyx small, closed; segments long.
Core small, closed, meeting; axis short; flesh yellowish white, fine-
grained, tender, juicy, vinous, aromatic subacid, excellent to best.
December and January.

Ewalt. — Origin, Bedford Co., Pennsylvania; tree very vigorous,
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, rather angular, with obscure ribs; surface
smooth, bright clear yellow, shaded with crimson on sunny side, no
stripes; dots greenish, numerous about the base; cavity acute, me-
dium, irregular; stem short, stout; basin abrupt, narrow, deep, plaited;
calyx closed. Flesh tender, white, fine-grained, aromatic, brisk
subacid, very good. February to April.

Fallawater (Tulpehockeri) . — Origin, Pennsylvania; tree of strong
growth and very productive. Very popular in Pennsylvania and
Ohio.

THE APPLE.

Fruit large to very large, round, slightly conical, very regular;
surface smooth, yellowish green, shaded with dull red blush on sunny
side, often overlaid with whitish net-veinings; dots many, distinct,
large, gray with russet centres; cavity regular, narrow, acuminate,
slightly russeted; stem short; basin slightly wrinkled, narrow, nearly
flat; calyx large, open; segments divergent. Core open, meeting;
cells elliptical, slit; tube conical, short; stamens marginal; seeds

Fallawater.

short, plump; flesh greenish white, light, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant,
mild subacid, good only. Early winter.

Fall Harvey. — Origin, Essex Co., Massachusetts.

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened; obscurely ribbed or
irregular about the stem; surface pale straw yellow; dots few,
scattered, gray, distinct; cavity wide, deep, wavy, green; -stem
rather slender, medium to long; basin rather shallow, wide
corrugated, leather-cracked; calyx small, closed. Core regular,
closed, not meeting, seeds medium, pointed, defective; flesh whitish,
juicy, crisp with a rich good flavor, good to very good. October and
November.

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fall Jenneting. — Origin, Connecticut; tree vigorous, very pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conical, angular, obscurely ribbed;
surface smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a blush; dots rare, minute;
cavity regular, deep, wide, russeted; stem short; basin shallow,
plaited; calyx small, closed; segments divergent. Core small, regular,
closed, clasping; seeds many, plump or imperfect; flesh yellowish
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, good. September,
October.

Fall Orange. — -Origin, Holden, Massachusetts; tree a strong
grower and early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface a rich yellow with some
thin russet net-veinings and patches, sometimes a faint bronze blush;

Fall Orange.

dots distinct, numerous, russet; cavity regular, very narrow, acute,
with radiating russet; stem short; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth,
small; calyx half open ; segments divergent. Core closed; cells round,
slit; tube funnel-shaped ; stamens median; seeds plump; flesh white,
tender, juicy, subacid, good. September, October.

Fall Pippin. — Of American origin; the fruit much resembles Hol-
land Pippin, but the latter has a very short stem and obtuse cavity.

Fruit large, round, nearly regular, usually a little flattened, some-

THE APPLE.

times obscurely ribbed at calyx; surface greenish yellow covered with
whitish veinings ; dots obscure, numerous, suffused, white ; cavity acumi-
nate, wide, deep, slight trace of russet; stem slender, rather long, pro-
jecting beyond the fruit; basin shallow, narrow, smooth, regular;
calyx closed. Core half open; cells round, slit; tube funnel-shaped^

Fall Pippin.

very long, wide, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds short, very
plump; flesh juicy, yellow with yellow veinings, pleasant subacid,
spicy, very good. October to December.

Fall Wine. — Of American origin; tree of rather slender spreading
growth, a moderate annual bearer. Fruit too tender for distant
market.

Fruit above medium, oblate; surface very smooth, clear, waxen
yellow, almost wholly covered with bright, and often deep red, obscurely
striped sometimes with spots or specks, of brownish red, very fair in
new rich, Western soils; dots minute, many, russet; cavity deep,
wide, regular, uniformly green; stem long, slender; basin wide, deep,
abrupt, regular, slightly corrugated; calyx small, half open; seg-
ments divergent. Core closed, meeting; seeds many, angular or

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

plump; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, aromatic, rich very mild subacid,
almost sweet, very good to best. September, November.

Fall Wine.

Fall Winesap. — A Western variety; origin unknown; tree an
early and abundant bearer, tree of strong growth, moderately spread-
ing, somewhat drooping with age.

Fruit medium; form conical; surf ace yellow with pale blush ; dots
distinct, numerous, yellowish, large; cavity deep, narrow, regular,
acuminate, trace of russet in bottom; stem medium; basin wavy,
abrupt; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells
ovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds short,
plump; flesh yellowish white, juicy, firm, fine-grained, pleasant rich
subacid, good. October, December.

Fameuse (Snow}. — Origin probably in the French settlements on
the St. Lawrence River from seed brought from France between 1600
and 1650. It was first propagated largely from seeds, and although it
reproduces itself in this manner quite closely, many have proven suffi-
ciently distinct to be propagated under separate names. The apples
of the Fameuse type are discussed by Prof. F. A. Waugh in Vermont
Experiment Station Bui. No. 83. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading,
round-topped, an early bearer, very productive in alternate years.

THE APPLE.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened; surface pale, waxen
yellow, almost or wholly covered with fine deep solid red, on shaded
side and on specimens protected from the sun the coloring consists of
stripes and splashes; dots minute, obscure; cavity narrow, wavy,
acute, green; stem short, medium, slender; basin shallow, rather
narrow, smooth; calyx small, closed; segments short divergent. Core
small, closed, barely clasping; cells ovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped;

Fameuse.

stamens marginal; seeds long, pointed; flesh snow-white, often
stained with red, very tender, juicy, fine-grained, perfumed, mild
subacid. Very good. October, December.

Family. — Origin, Georgia; tree of fine regular growth and pro-
ductive.

Fruit medium, oblate conical; surface shaded, striped, and splashed
with dull red over half or more of its surface; dots numerous, large,
light; cavity rather large, slightly russeted; stem short, small;
basin medium, slightly wrinkled; calyx closed; segments medium,
partially reflexed; flesh, white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, subacid,
very good. August, September.

Fanny. — Origin, Pennsylvania; tree vigorous, spreading, very
productive.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical;
surface yellow, almost or wholly covered with deep rich crimson;

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Family.

Fanny.

THE APPLE. 85

dots few, yellow, obscure; cavity large, deep, rather wide; stem
short, slender; basin medium, narrow, nearly smooth; calyx half
open; segments short. Core small; flesh white, crisp, tender, slightly
stained next skin, juicy, pleasant subacid; very good. August,
September.

Farrar (Robinson Superb}. — Origin, Virginia; tree upright, pro-
ductive.

Fruit large, flesh crisp, juicy, mild subacid, good. September,
October.

Fink. — Origin, on farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, Ohio; tree of
strong, upright growth, a heavy annual bearer.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, regular; surface very smooth, pol-
ished, pale greenish yellow with crimson or brownish red blush; dots
few, light; cavity medium, very regular, russeted; stem one inch long,
moderately stout; basin shallow, broad, corrugated; calyx medium,
open; tube long, funnel-shaped; flesh whitish, fine-grained, firm,
juicy, mild, aromatic, subacid, good to very good. A remarkably
late keeper, remaining sound until the second season or even later.

Flushing Spitzenburg. — Of American origin. The young shoots are
strong reddish brown, unlike the slender yellowish shoots of the Eso-
pus Spitzenburg.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish conical; surface yellow, mostly
covered with mixed dark red, overlaid with whitish; dots distinct,
numerous, minute, russet; cavity deep, wide, regular, obtuse, some
radiating russet; stem medium; basin very shallow, wide, with many
small corrugations and ribs; calyx open; segments flat convergent.
Core closed; cells round, entire; tube conical; stamens median; seeds
plump; flesh white, juicy, pleasant, nearly sweet, good. October to
February.

Foundling. — Origin, Groton, Massachusetts; tree moderately vig-
orous, spreading, productive.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish, slightly flattened at the
ends, obscurely conical, somewhat ribbed, angular and uneven; sur-
face yellowish green, shaded, mixed and splashed with rich deep red;
dots minute, indented; cavity large, deep, acute, somewhat furrowed
and wavy, green; stem short, slender; basin small, abrupt, furrowed;
calyx small, closed. Core large, wide, open, clasping; seeds many,
small, pointed; flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant, rich
aromatic subacid, very good. August, September.

86 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fulton.— Origin, Fulton Co., Illinois; tree large, vigorous, an
annual bearer, productive.

Fruit medium to rather large, regular, oblate truncated, often
oblique, surface rich light yellow with handsome deep crimson blush
on sunny side, blush overlaid with whitish; dots distinct, numerous,
large, gray; cavity deep, wide, obtuse, with radiate russet; stem
medium, stout; basin wide, very shallow, smooth or slightly wrink-
led; calyx half open; segments small, flat convergent. Core closed,

[ Fulton.

round, small, clasping, sessile; cells obovate, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; seeds many, vsmall, plump, short; flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, fine-grained, mild aromatic subacid, almost
sweet, very good. November to February.

Gano. — Origin, Missouri; a seedling of Ben Davis, much grown in
its native state. It may be described in brief as a solid-colored Ben
Davis, the broad dark crimson splashes being lost in the depth of col-
oring, and is a fruit of very attractive appearance. The Black Ben
Davis resembles Gano closely and for a time the two were considered
identical. The basin of Gano is nearly smooth and more abrupt; the
seeds are larger ; the calyx tube is funnel-shaped with usually a long
slender stem to the funnel ; stamens marginal ; cells obovate, nearly
entire; flesh like that of Ben Davis, season the same. Many regard
Gano somewhat superior to Ben Davis in quality.

THE APPLE.

Gano.

Garden Royal.

88 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Garden Royal. — Origin, Sudbury, Massachusetts; tree of mod-
erate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful, roundish, even head,
very productive.

Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, very slightly conical ; sur-
face greenish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with rich red, a
little dull or grayish toward the stalk; dots few, light and gray;
cavity deep, acute; stem medium, slender; basin shallow, slightly
uneven; calyx open or partially closed; segments sometimes a little
reflexed. Core small; flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild
subacid, aromatic, best. Last of August, September.

Garfield. — Origin unknown, probably central or northern Illinois.
Size medium to large; shape nearly round, slightly flattened, regu-
lar; surface smooth, brilliantly colored, with scarlet and crimson
streaks and splashes over a yellow ground ; dots numerous, small and
gray; basin rather deep, abrupt, regular; eye closed; cavity deep,
narrow, slightly waved, russet; stem medium. Core wide, usually
open, meeting the eye; seeds plump and numerous; flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, firm; flavor subacid; quality good.
Season November to January in Northern Illinois. (H. E. Van Deman.)

Garrettson. — Origin, New Jersey; tree vigorous, upright, spread-
ing, an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical and angular;
surface smooth, pale greenish yellow; dots whitish, distinct, very
numerous; cavity rather shallow, acute; stem short, inclined; basin
small, abrupt, furrowed; calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp,
tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant subacid, good, valuable for cooking.
July and August.

Gideon. — Originated by the late Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, regular, slightly ribbed ; surface
a clear yellowish white with faint bronze blush, an attractive color;
dots white, suffused, numerous, minute, distinct; cavity wide, medium
deep; stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow, somewhat corrugated ;
calyx closed. Core large, half open, clasping; cells obovate, slit; tube
funnel-shaped ; stamens marginal ; seeds few, large, flattened, long,
pointed; flesh white, juicy, brisk subacid, good. Late fall.

Gilbert (of Minnesota). — The new Minnesota variety under this
name is described as Minnesota Gilbert; the apple of Tennessee
origin has priority in the name.

THE APPLE.

Gilbert. — Origin, Tennessee; resembles its "twin-brother" Paragon
closely, and by some regarded superior to that variety in size, color,
and productiveness; both are considered seedlings of Winesap. The
Gilbert of Minnesota is very different (see Minnesota Gilbert).

Fruit large, roundish oblate, unequal; skin thick, tough; surface
smooth, yellow, washed with dark red over most of the base and in-

Gideon.

distinctly striped; dots variable, light russet and brown; cavity
large, regular, deep, gradual, slightly lipped and lined with gilded
russet; stem short, moderately stout; basin large, regular, deep,
abrupt, slightly furrowed; calyx large, open; segments short, wide,
converging. Core large, conical, clasping, nearly closed; seeds few,
large, angular, brown; flesh greenish yellow, moderately coarse,
crisp, juicy, subacid, very good. Late winter. (U. S. Agr. Report,
1895.)

Gilpin (Carthouse, Little Red Romanite). — An old variety from
Virginia, valuable for cider, and good for the table in late spring; tree
very productive and vigorous, with a spreading, open, round top.

90 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit rather small to medium, roundish oblong, regular, somewhat
cylindrical ; surface very smooth, often polished, greenish yellow, al-
most or wholly covered with deep rich red, obscurely striped and
splashed; dots minute, indented; cavity deep, acute, regular, rus-
seted; stem very short; basin wide, rather deep, regular or slightly
furrowed; calyx small, closed. Core round, closed; cells round, slit;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few, large, pointed,
plump; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, crisp, agreeable rich subacid nearly
sweet, becomes tender and sprightly late in spring, good. February
to May.

Gipsy Girl. — Origin, Russia; one of the hardiest, most vigorous
and productive of the Russian apples at Ottawa, Canada, where the
fruit keeps till February. A fall apple at Des Moines, Iowa.

Fruit above medium to large, irregular, oblate, angular; surface
very highly colored, a clear light waxen yellow, almost wholly covered
with bright solid dark crimson on sunny side, on shady side the
crimson is thinly marbled and mottled like a water-color painting; dots
distinct, few, minute, white; cavity regular, acute, with stellate rus-
set; stem short; basin wide, rather shallow, angular, occasionally
abrupt ; calyx closed ; segments connivent. Core open; cells elliptical,
slit, roomy ; tube conical ; stamens marginal ; seeds large ; flesh snow-
white, slightly stained next to the skin, very tender, breaking, juicy,
sprightly acid, good. August.

Glass Green. — A Russian variety much resembling Oldenburg
and by some thought identical. The Russian Apple Nomenclature
Commission placed it in the group of which Oldenburg is the best
representative.

Golden Russet (English Golden Russet). — An old English variety;
tree of strong, spreading, rather irregular growth, forming a bushy
head, an early bearer.

Fruit medium, very regular, roundish, slightly conical ; surface pale
greenish yellow mostly covered with russet; dots distinct, few, gray;
cavity regular, obtuse; stem short; basin smooth, medium, leather-
cracked; calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core open; cells
ovate, entire; tube conical; stamens median; seeds plump, short; flesh
firm, rich, spicy, pleasant, mild, slightly subacid, very good. Jan-
ary to May.

Golden Sweet. — Origin, Connecticut; tree very vigorous, spread-
ing, round headed, an early and heavy bearer.

THE APPLE.

Fruit large, round, very regular; surface very smooth, becoming
unctuous, clear, rich, golden yellow; dots green, minute, few, distinct,
a few minute russet dots; cavity rather deep, wide, regular, acuminate,
with faint trace of russet; stem long, slender at insertion, yellow;
basin smooth, shallow, regular; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core open, regular, meeting; cells obovate, entire, abaxile; tube con-
ical; stamens median; seeds numerous, small, pointed, plump, light

GoMen Sweet.

brown; flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, rich, aromatic, very good
August and September.

Golden White (Nos. 978, 979, 981).— Origin, Russia. This name is
not descriptive but was retained for the present by the Russian No-
menclature Commission.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat tapering, sometimes angular;
surface yellow, with dark crimson splashes, mixed and marbled ; dots
large, grayish white, distinct; cavity shallow, wide, with radiating
patch of russet; stem medium; basin shallow, narrow, corrugated;
calyx half open. Calyx tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh
yellowish white, pleasant subacid, good. Late fall, between Olden-
burg and Longfield.

92 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Golding (American Golden Pippin). — An old American variety;
tree of strong growth with round spreading top, not an early bearer,
but very productive with age.

Golding.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, ob-
scurely ribbed; surface yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun,
often slightly netted with thin russet; dots few, gray; cavity large,
deep; stem short, moderately stout; basin broad, open, slightly
corrugated; calyx closed; segments pointed, slightly recurved. Core
rather large; flesh yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aro-
matic, subacid ; very good. November to February.

Grandmother (No. 469). — Origin, Russia; the Russian name
Babuscheno means grandmother.

Fruit medium or above, regular, roundish oblate, somewhat conical ;
surface green, with dull red cheek, obscurely striped; dots large,
numerous, white, some are areolar with whitish bases; cavity very
wide and shallow, regular, russet, the russet often extending out in a
large irregular patch; stem very short and stout; basin rather narrow
and shallow, regular; calyx closed; segments broad, large, erect con-
vergent. Gore closed; cells axile, ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens.

THE APPLE. 93

basal; seeds not many, plump, short; flesh firm, whitish, juicy, sub-
acid, good. Early winter.

Gravenstein.— This is considered one of the finest apples of north-
ern Europe, both in appearance and quality. Origin, Gravenstein,
in Holstein, Germany.

The original tree is said to have been in existence about the mid-
dle of the eighteenth century. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive bears early.

Gravenstsin.

Fruit large, varying from roundish oblong to slightly oblate,
angular on the sides, the ribs extending from base to calyx, broadest
at the base; surface bright yellow, beautifully striped, splashed, mar-
bled, and dotted with light and deep bright red and orange on sunny
side, polished, becoming unctuous at maturity; dots very obscure,
few, gray, minute; cavity acute, deep, angular, with trace of stellate
russet; stem medium; basin angular, rather irregular, ribbed; calyx
closed ; segments long, leafy, large, irregular, slightly reflexed. Core
open, large; cells roomy, elliptical or round, abaxile; tube conical or
funnel-shaped; stamens basal; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings,

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid, high-flavored, aromatic, excel-
lent. September, October.

Green Cheese. — Origin, Tennessee; an old variety which has been
extensively propagated from suckers.

Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique; surface pale greenish
yellow, with red on sunny side; dots few, brown; cavity large, deep,
russeted; stem short, slender; basin broad, deep, uneven; calyx
closed: segments slightly recurved. Core small, compact; flesh yel-
lowish white, tender, delicate, crisp, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid,
very good. November to March.

Green Newtown. — Origin, Newtown, Long Island. Downing wrote :
" Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all apples, and is, when in

Green Newtown.

perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the
quality of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high
flavor to the last." One of the highest-priced varieties for the English
market. The tree is of rather slow, slender growth, and remarkable
even while young for its rough bark. Fruit liable to black spots or
scabs unless the trees are given constant cultivation and plenty of
manure. A pretty strong, deep, warm soil is necessary for its full per-

THE APPLE. 95

fection. It has rarely succeeded well in New England and is tender
westward.

Fruit medium, roundish, broadest at the base, next the stem,
with two or three obscure ribs extending to the basin, giving it
irregularity in outline; surface dull green, becoming olive green or
greenish yellow at maturity, with faint reddish brown blush on sunny
side; dots small, gray, russet, numerous; cavity wide, deep, funnel-
shaped, lined with delicate russet which extends over part of base;
stem half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk; basin small,
narrow, shallow; calyx small, closed; cells obovate, axile; tube
conical; stamens median; flesh greenish white, very juicy, firm,
crisp, fine-grained, fine aroma and exceedingly high and delicious
flavor, best. December to May, but at its best in March. See
Yellow Newtown.

Green Sweet. — Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic;
surface green, sometimes becoming a little yellow at maturity; dots
whitish or light russet with green bases; cavity wide, regular, rather
deep, covered with russet; stem medium to long, stout; basin shallow,
abrupt, somewhat wavy and furrowed* Core closed, regular, meeting;
seeds many, angular, long-pointed; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, very
sweet, pleasant, good. December to March.

Grimes Golden. — Origin, Brooke Co., Virginia, on the farm of
Thomas Grimes; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, a good early annual
bearer. In the West this variety and Jonathan are the standard of
high quality, nothing better is known.

Fruit above medium, regular, cylindrical, sometimes roundish
oblate; surface rich golden yellow, sometimes with thin open net-
veining of russet; dots obscure, many, white, minute, with a few
russet dots; cavity regular, obtuse, slightly russeted; stem me-
dium; basin deep, abrupt, uneven, somewhat wrinkled; calyx closed
or half open; segments divergent. Core small, slightly open, pyri-
form, meeting; cells obovate; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds
many, short, plump; flesh yellow, firm, compact, crisp, aromatic,
rich, spicy subacid; quality best. December to March.

Grundy (Thompson Seedling, No. 38) .—Originated by J. S. B.
Thompson, Grundy Co., Iowa; tree productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, truncated; surface yellow, mostly
covered with dark marbled and mixed red, with grayish net-veining;
dots white, minute, obscure; cavity regular, narrow, funnel-shaped,

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with radiating patch of russet; stem short, completely filling lower
part of funnel; basin deep, abrupt, slightly wavy; calyx wide open.
Core closed; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds few; flesh white,
tender, juicy, subacid, very good. September, October.

Grimes Golden.

Haas (Gros Pomier, Fall Queen). — Origin near St. Louis, Missouri;
tree of very strong upright growth, a good early annual bearer.

Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate, conical, obscurely angu-
lar; skin thick, tough, becoming oily; surface yellow, almost or wholly
covered with bright crimson, marbled, splashed and striped, a hand-
some fruit; dots very obscure, few, white, minute; cavity regular,
acute, with trace of russet; stem short; basin abrupt, narrow; calyx
half open. Core open; cells widely slit; tube funnel-shaped, open
to core; stamens median; flesh snow-white, often stained red next to
skin, juicy, subacid, with a peculiar quince-like texture; quality
fair; use culinary. Late fall.

Hagloe. — Of American origin; an old variety; tree vigorous, round-
headed, productive; shoots dark, stout, blunt; foliage large, light
green, terminal buds very large.

Fruit medium to large, roundish truncated; surface light yellow
with bright red or dark crimson stripes and splashes on sunny side,

THE APPLE.

covered with white bloom; dots distinct, few, white; cavity regular,
rather narrow, with stellate russet; stem short; basin narrow, abrupt,
smooth; calyx closed, small; segments erect convergent. Core small;
cells round, small, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median-

Haas.

seeds long-pointed; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, acid, good; use
kitchen and market only. August.

Hall. — Origin, North Carolina; tree of moderate growth, upright,
very productive.

Fruit small, roundish oblate, slightly conical, regular; surface
smooth, greenish yellow, mostly covered with bright red and crim-
son, mixed and striped; dots many, large, yellow and russet; cavity
wide, deep, regular; stem long, slender, curved; basin narrow, shal-
low, wavy, plaited, leather-cracked; calyx small, closed. Core slightly
open, clasping; seeds large, plump; flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, rich, aromatic subacid, almost best. December to April.

Hamburg. — Originated from seed of Fameuse by S. A. Ailing,
Homer, Minnesota. Its characteristics indicate that it is a cross of
Fameuse with Plumb Cider.

Fruit large, with shape of Plumb Cider and color of Fameuse;
form roundish oblong conical; surface smooth, polished, yellow
almost or wholly covered with brilliant dark crimson, with obscure
splashes and stripes, coloring almost solid on sunny side; dots very

98 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

obscure, few, whitish, minute; cavity regular, smooth, acuminate,
narrow; stem long, slender; basin very shallow or flat, narrow,
faintly wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core
slightly open, clasping, large; tube funnel-shaped; stamens ex-
tremely marginal, touching segments (the same as in Plumb
Cider) ; seeds many, angular, short, pointed ; flesh white, tender,
delicate, juicy, pleasant subacid, much like Fameuse, very good.
Early winter.

Heslep. — Originated in Polk Co., Georgia, and is no doubt a seedling
of Shockley, which it resembles very much in size, color, productive-
ness and keeping capacity, but quality is much better. A valuable
market variety in Georgia; tree a good grower, a regular and abun-
dant bearer.

Fruit medium, conical; surface yellow, covered with crimson;
flesh crisp, juicy, slightly vinous, subacid or rather sweetish. A
late keeper. (G. H. Miller, Rome, Georgia.)

Hewes (for cider only). — Origin, Virginia; very popular in the
South for making cider, for which purpose it was thought to be un-
surpassed; tree a very heavy bearer.

Fruit about an inch and a half in diameter, round, somewhat flat-
tened, regular; surface yellow, covered with mixed and striped dull
purplish red; dots many, large, whitish; cavity deep, regular; stem
long, slender, red; basin shallow; calyx small, closed. Core open,
clasping; seeds large, pointed; flesh firm, fibrous, yellowish and
greenish, juicy, acid, astringent, best for cider, also valued for mince-
pies on account of the rich acid. November to January.

Hibernal (No. 378). — Origin, Russia. This variety represents
what is probably the hardiest type of the Russian race of apples;
there are several sorts closely resembling, or identical with, Hibernal;
tree vigorous, very spreading, productive. The strong spreading
growth makes it desirable as a stock for top-grafting.

Fruit large, irregular, roundish, often oblate, conical, skin thick;
surface greenish yellow, with a dull bronze mixed red on sunny side
with a few dull crimson splashes; dots white, minute, obscure, often
some large russet dots; cavity regular, medium deep, with a large
patch of russet radiating out irregularly over nearly the entire base,
this is a marked characteristic; stem medium, often short; basin
narrow, rather shallow, wrinkled; calyx half open or open. Core
closed, meeting; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few;

THE APPLE.

flesh acid with some astringency, juicy, good for cooking. Late fall
and early winter.

Hibernal.

Hightop Sweet (Sweet June). — Origin, Plymouth, Massachusetts;
tree very upright, vigorous, and productive.

Fruit medium, or below, roundish, regular, somewhat truncated;
surface very smooth, clear, light yellow, becoming unctuous, some
times with faint bronze blush; dots many, obscure, minute, green;
cavity regular, acute, deep, with thin stellate russet; stem medium;
basin nearly smooth, abrupt, regular, rather shallow; calyx closed;
segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells round, entire; calyx
tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds long, pointed, angular;
flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, tender, moderately juicy, very
sweet. Very good. June to August.

Hockett. — Origin, North Carolina.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate; surface yellow, shaded, splashed
and striped with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy,
crisp, rather rich, sweet, good. December to March.

Hoover. — Origin, South Carolina; tree upright, spreading, re-
taining foliage late.

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly
oblique; surface yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped

100 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with two shades of red; dots distinct, light, patches of russet; cavity
large, thinly russeted ; stem rather long ; basin slightly furrowed ; ca-
lyx open. Core small; flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, juicy,
rich subacid, very good. November to February.

Hopewell. — See Monsees.

Horn. — Origin unknown; tree vigorous with stout diverging
branches.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, unequal; surface whitish yellow,
shaded and obscurely striped with light red; dots numerous, small,

Hightop Sweet.

light. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, moderately juicy, mild
subacid, good. December to March.

Horse. — Origin, North Carolina; tree vigorous, productive and
an early annual bearer. Fruit valued for cooking and drying.

Fruit, large roundish oblate to roundish oval, ribbed, uneven;
surface yellow, sometimes shaded with red, with small russet patches;
dots few, sunken, large, gray and greenish ; cavity deep, acute, wavy,
russeted; stem medium to long; basin abrupt, plaited, corrugated;
calyx closed. Core large, half open; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender
pleasant subacid, good. August.

Hubbardston (Hubbardston Nonsuch). — Origin, Hubbardston,
Massachusetts; tree of strong, spreading growth, very productive.

THE APPLE. 101

Fruit large, roundish oblong, conical, regular; surface yellow,
covered with orange red and mixed bright brownish-red splashes and
small stripes; dots few, gray, distinct; cavity deep, regular, narrow,
russeted; stem short, slender; basin abrupt, wide, slightly ribbed and
wrinkled, often russeted and leather-cracked; calyx open. Core
large, closed, or nearly so, clasping; seeds few, pointed; flesh yellow,
tender, juicy, very rich, slightly subacid, mingled with an agreeable
sweetness, very good. Early winter.

Horse.

Hunge. — Origin, North Carolina; tree vigorous, very produc-
tive; popular in its native state,

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, irregular and oblique;
surface smooth, bright greenish yellow, with delicate blush; dots few,
white; cavity wide, wavy; stem short, slender; basin abrupt, rather
deep, slightly ribbed; calyx small, closed; segments divergent. Core
large, open, clasping; seeds many, angular, plump; flesh white, fine-
grained, tender, juicy, mild subacid, good. September, October.

Hunt Russet. — Supposed origin, Concord, Massachusetts; tree of
moderate growth, upright, spreading, good annual bearer.

102 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Hubbardston.

Hunt Russet.

THE APPLE. 103

Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface
yellow, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright
rich red in the sun; dots few, brown; cavity large, deep, acute; stem
varying; basin medium, slightly corrugated; calyx partially open;
segments medium, a little reflexed. Core compact; flesh yellowish
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aro-
matic, very good to best. January to April.

Huntsman. — Origin, farm of John Huntsman, Fayette, Missouri;
tree vigorous, not a very early bearer, but a heavy cropper with age.

Huntsman.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely angular; surface a clear
yellow, with faint bronze blush, an attractive color; dots obscure,
numerous, gray, small ; cavity regular, wide, very deep, obtuse, green
with faint trace of russet; stem short; basin abrupt, medium deep,
slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments connivent. Core half
open, sessile; axis short; cells round, abaxile, slit, walls dark; tube
broad, funnel-shaped, large, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds
plump, rather small; flesh yellow, mild, spicy, sweet subacid, very
good. December to March.

Ingram. — Ingram is said to be a seedling of Rails Genet and resem-

104 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

bles that variety, but more highly colored ; it is said that the seed was
planted by Jack Ingram, near Springfield, Mo., in 1844. A heavy
regular bearer and long keeper and is becoming very popular in south-
ern Missouri. In common with its parent Ingram blooms later than
other varieties.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish conical, flattened; at ends
truncated; surface smooth, rich orange yellow, mostly covered with
marbled and mixed rich warm bright red with carmine splashes,
in part thinly overlaid with whitish; dots very large, numerous,
large, yellow and russet ; cavity deep, wavy, obtuse, trace of russet;
stem short; basin shallow, regular, smooth, sometimes leather-
cracked; calyx open; segments divergent. Core closed, small, meet-
ing; cells ovate, axile, widely slit; tube conical, stamens basal; seeds
few, flattened, pointed, packed tight in cells, partially covered with
cellular exudate; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, firm, crisp, mild
rich subacid with sweet after taste, very good. February to June.

Iowa Beauty. — Originated by C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa.

Fruit large, roundish truncated, irregular, angular; surface golden
yellow, striped, splashed and mixed dark red, a handsome fruit;
dots white, minute, obscure; cavity deep, acute, often green; stem
short to medium; basin very wide, rather deep, wavy, corrugated
and wrinkled; calyx closed. Core clasping, half open; tube conical;
stamens median; flesh rich yellow, firm, juicy, acid, good. Fall.

Iowa Blush. — Distributed from Iowa City, Iowa.; supposed to
be an unknown stray from Ohio. Tree very productive, a strong
grower in nursery and orchard; under the bark of young thrifty trees
are hard, detached warty excrescences.

Fruit small, roundish conical; surface smooth, yellow with bright
mottled red blush, or washed with bronze on sunny side; dots obscure,
numerous, minute, white, many large areolar dots; cavity regular,
acuminate, narrow; stem medium; basin rather shallow, narrow,
abrupt, with fine corrugations; calyx prominent, closed; segments
erect convergent. Core closed, clasping; cells obovate; tube funnel;
shaped; stamens median; seeds many, plump, pointed ovate, nearly
black, packed tightly in cells; flesh white, juicy, mild subacid, good-
Early winter.

Irish Peach. — Origin unknown.

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, slightly angular
surface smooth, pale yellowish green, on shaded side tinged with dull

THE APPLE. 105

reddish brown with fine lively red in the sun; dots on shaded side
numerous, green; on sunny side yellow; cavity rather deep; stem
short, thick, fleshy; basin rather deep, knobbed; calyx small, closed;
Core open; cells obovate, axile; tube conical or funnel-shaped,
stamens marginal or median ; flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, very
juicy, vinous, aromatic, good. August.

Isham Sweet. — Origin, Wisconsin.

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly tapering; surface yellowish
green, mostly covered with brownish red, solid and mixed on sunny
side, striped and broadly splashed on shady side; dots distinct, rus-
set, numerous, minute, a few large russet dots; cavity regular, acute,
with much radiating russet; stem short, basin very shallow, minutely
wrinkled; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core closed; cells
round, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds long, large,
flat; flesh very yellow with yellow veinings, firm, very sweet, quality
very good. Late fall, early winter.

Jacobs Sweet. — Origin, Medford, Massachusetts; resembles Sweet
Bough in habit of growth, in texture and feeling of skin, but has more
blush and is a late keeper.

Fruit large to very large, round oblate, somewhat conical; sur-
face yellow, with red or brownish-red blush, often much russeted;
dots white, large, distinct; cavity large, wide; stem medium; basin
deep, smooth; calyx open. Core small, closed; tube conical; flesh
white, firm, very rich, juicy, sweet. Excellent for table or baking.
October to March.

Jefferis. — Origin, Chester Co., Pennsylvania; tree a moderate
grower, productive.

Fruit medium or rather large, roundish oblate, very regular; sur-
face clear waxen yellow, handsomely shaded, striped and splashed
dark crimson; dots numerous, large, whitish; cavity rather large,
regular, acuminate with slight trace of russet; stem medium to long;
basin wide; smooth, abrupt, medium deep; calyx closed; segments
flat convergent, large, leafy. Core small, closed, clasping; cells
obovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds numerous,
long-pointed; flesh yellowish white, very juicy, tender, aromatic,
mild subacid, very good. September, October.

Jersey Sweet. — Origin unknown; tree vigorous, round-headed,
very productive. An excellent baking sweet apple for early Septem-
ber.

106 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, somewhat conical; surface smooth,
yellow, nearly covered with mixed red, striped and splashed with darker
red; dots mostly minute, with some large russet dots; cavity acute,
regular, or wavy, rather deep, brown; stem medium to long; basin
narrow, nearly flat, wrinkled; calyx closed, small. Core half open,
tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, wide,
pointed, plump; flesh whitish, tender, fine-grained, very juicy, aromatic
rich, very sweet, very good. Begins to ripen last of August and
continues till frost.

Jewett Red (Nodhead). — Origin, New Hampshire.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, irregular; surface greenish
white, striped, splashed and shaded with bright red and crimson,
with a thin dull grayish bloom; dots many, very distinct, white;
cavity broad, deep, acuminate, green; stem short; basin exceedingly
small, irregular, shallow; calyx firmly closed. Flesh tender, juicy,
very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet, good to very good. November
to February.

Jonathan. — Origin, Kingston, New York; this and Grimes Golden
are considered the two best varieties for dessert use in the West.
Jonathan is evidently of the Spitzenburg type and by some
is considered to be a seedling of that variety. For best results should
not be grown alone but intermingled with other varieties for proper
pollination of the blossoms; tree of moderate vigor, forming an
upright, spreading; round head; shoots rather slender, drooping; foliage
rather sparse, grayish.

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, somewhat conical, truncated,
regular; surface very smooth, clear light yellow, almost or wholly
covered with solid brilliant dark red on sunny side, on shaded side
mixed and striped with lighter red; dots distinct, many, minute, whit-
ish; cavity acute, deep, regular, with stellate russet; stem long,
slender; basin deep, smooth, very abrupt, rather wide; calyx small,
closed; segments connivent. Core closed, scarcely clasping; cells
obovate; tube conical; stamens median or basal; seeds plump, long,
pointed; flesh white, very tender and juicy, spicy, aromatic, sprightly
subacid, quality best. December to March East, late fall and early
winter in the South.

Top-grafting Jonathan on stronger growing varieties to over-
come its slender growth is often practised; a grower in Iowa found
Haas especially well adapted for this purpose.

THE APPLE

107

Judson.

108

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Judson (Thompson's Seedling No.29). — Originated in Grundy County,
northern Iowa, by J. S. B. Thompson. In fall of 1861 Mrs. Thomp-
son saved the seed in her father's orchard of seedlings in New York.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, conical, regular; surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with dark red with crimson stripes and splashes
on sunny side; dots distinct, white, few, small; cavity regular, me-
dium deep, slightly acuminate with much stellate russet; stem long;
basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, ribbed and minutely wrinkled; calyx
half open; segments erect convergent. Core half open; cells ovate,
slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds few, short, plump, some
imperfect; flesh white, subacid, good. Winter. (See Grundy.}

Julian. — Origin, North Carolina; tree moderately vigorous, very
productive.

Julian.

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic, unequal ; surface
waxen, whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red; dots
few, light, some having dark centres; cavity deep, sometimes russeted;
stem short, small; basin deep, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed;
segments long, slender, slightly reflexed. Flesh yellowish white,
tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, good to very good. July and August.

July, Fourth of. — Origin, Germany; tree of strong, upright
growth, forming a fine head; a fruit closely resembling Tetofsky but
very distinct in tree ; an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, conical, slightly ribbed; surface
whitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and

THE APPLE. 109

splashed with bright red; dots large, light; cavity medium, regular;
stem rather short and slender, often with bracts; basin small, slightly
uneven; calyx closed; segments rather long, generally reflexed.
Core small; flesh white; juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, good. July.

Junaluskee. — Origin, North Carolina; tree moderately vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit medium to large, regular, roundish oblate, slightly conical;
surface yellow, with some russet, lightly shaded on sunny side; dots
few, minute, brown and gray; cavity large, deep, acute, with a little
green russet; stem short, knobby; basin rather small, abrupt, nearly
smooth; calyx small, closed. Core wide, regular, heart-shaped, small,
closed; axis short; flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy,
rich, spicy subacid, good to very good. November to March.

Kaump (Harry Kaump}. — Origin, Wisconsin; tree very produc-
tive, and doing well in northern Iowa; now on trial list of Minnesota
State Horticultural Society.

Fruit small, roundish, regular; surface yellowish green, sometimes
with dull brown cheek; dots white, distinct, a few with russet centres ;
cavity acute, regular, with radiating patch of russet; stem medium;
basin narrow, small, smooth, abrupt; calyx half open. Core open;
tube funnel-shape/I; stamens median or basal; seeds few, large,
plump; flesh white, fine-grained, subacid, good. Winter.

Kent Beauty. — Of English origin; tree of strong upright growth,
a moderate bearer. One of the most handsomely colored apples,
but of little value except for cooking.

Fruit very large, roundish, flattened at base, tapering toward the
calyx; surface smooth, greenish yellow, with faint red patches on
shaded side, on sunny side entirely covered with large rich purplish-
red stripes with a few deep yellow patches; cavity wide, deep, acumi-
nate, corrugated, with large patch of russeting extending out over
the base; stem slender, short; basin narrow, angular, deep; calyx small,
closed; segments short, erect convergent. Cells roundish obovate,
abaxile;tube deep, conical; stamens median; flesh juicy, tender, crisp,
pleasant subacid, fair. October to November.

Kernodle. — Origin, North Carolina.

Fruit medium, roundish; surface moderately smooth with russet
patches, yellow, washed with mixed red, splashed and striped with
crimson; dots numerous, yellow, slightly indented; cavity regular,
large, deep, gradual, russet; stem medium, slender; basin regular,

110

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

medium, furrows, and leather-cracking; calyx small, partially closed;
segments small, converging. Core large, roundish, clasping; seeds
numerous, medium, brown, plump; flesh yellowish, medium, fine,
breaking, juicy, subacid, slightly astringent, good to very good.
Winter. (U. S. Div. of Pomology, 1902.)

Keswick (Kesivick Codliri). — Of English origin; tree vigorous,
very productive, and an early bearer. Excellent for culinary use as
it cooks well even when half-grown.

Fruit rather large, somewhat conical, angular, obscurely ribbed;
surface pale greenish yellow on shaded side, on sunny side deeper
yellow with faint blush; cavity deep, russeted; stem short, downy;
basin rather deep, somewhat corrugated; calyx closed; segments
long, narrow, connivent; cells ovate lanceolate, abaxile; tube coni-
cal; stamens median; flesh pale yellowish white, very juicy, tender,
brisk, pleasant acid, good for cooking. September and October,
but may be used as early as August.

Kinnard (Kinnard' s Choice). — Originated on farm of the late
Michael Kinnard, of Franklin, Tenn. ; tree vigorous, not very upright,

Kinnard.

an early and annual bearer, producing heavier crop alternate years.
Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular, or

THE APPLE. Ill

obscurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal; surface yellow, almost
covered with dark rich red; dots near basin many, small, light, near
base larger and fewer; cavity wide, deep, russeted; stem short,
small, sometimes by a lip; basin large, deep, furrowed; calyx
closed. Core small; tube obtusely conical; flesh yellowish, half
fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild rich subacid, slightly aromatic, very
good. January.

Kirkbridge. — Of American origin; tree of slow, upright growth,
an early and heavy bearer.

Fruit small to medium, oblong conic, broadly ribbed, sometimes
inclined and unequal, very irregular; surface smooth, yellowish white;
dots few, very minute, obscure, suffused, whitish; cavity narrow,
acute, regular, with irregular russet patch; stem long, slender, green;
basin narrow, abrupt, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed, seg-
ments long-pointed, erect convergent. Core rather large, open, meet-
ing; cells elliptical, slit; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds nu-
merous, very plump, blunt; flesh white, very tender, fine-grained,
juicy, pleasant subacid, too tender for distant shipment, very good.
August and September.

Krauser. — Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania; tree large, vigorous,
spreading, very productive.

Fruit medium, roundish conic; surface whitish yellow, much
striped and splashed with bright red and dark crimson; cavity me-
dium; stem rather short; basin small, corrugated; flesh white,
tender, mild, subacid, good to very good. December, March.

Lacon. — Originated with E. R. McKinney, Lacon, Illinois; tree
vigorous, forming a round compact head, productive.

Fruit medium, irregular, oblate, unequal; surface smooth, yel-
low and green, slight bronze blush with russet patches; dots very
distinct, numerous, green, large, some with russet centres; cavity
narrow, acute, green, with trace of russet; stem stout, short; basin
wavy, minutely wrinkled, abrupt medium; segments divergent, long,
leafy. Core open; cells ovate, abaxile, slit; tube conical; stamens
median; seeds short, plump, pointed; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained,
juicy, mild subacid, pleasant, good. October to January in northern
Illinois.

Lady. — A very old French variety, known abroad by the name
of Api; a fancy little dessert apple noted for its beautiful color
and excellent quality.

112

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit quite small, regular, sometimes unequal, flattened; sur-
face smooth, polished, pale yellow with brilliant deep red, approaching
to crimson on sunny side; dots obscure, numerous, white, minute;
cavity wide, deep, regular, obtuse, with green rays and stellate russet;
stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx

; Lady.

closed; segments divergent. Core closed; cells obovate, axile, slit;
tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds plump, short, numerous;
flesh white, crisp, tender, very juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed, excel-
lent. December to May.

Lady Sweet. — Origin, New York. Downing considered this
variety, which originated in his neighborhood, Newburgh, N. Y.,
one of the finest winter-sweet apples for the dessert, yet known or
cultivated in this country, and describes it fully as follows:

" Fruit large, roundish ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye;
surface very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, but pale
yellowish green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red; red
sprinkled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when
first gathered, with a thin white bloom; on shaded side there is gener-
ally a faint marbling of cloudy white over the red, and rays of same
around the stalk; cavity shallow; stem half an inch long; basin
shallow, plaited, narrow; calyx quite small; flesh greenish white,
exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a delicious, sprightly,
agreeable perfumed flavor, very good to best; keep without shrivel-
ling or losing its flavor till May."

THE APPLE. 113

Lankford. — Origin, Lankford, Maryland; tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sides sometimes une-
qual or a little oblique, often flattened at the ends; surface pale
green, shaded with pale and dark red over half or more of its surface;
dots few, large, light and grayish — many areole; cavity large, deep,
greenish; stem rather short, slender; basin large, rather deep, slightly
corrugated ; calyx closed or partially open. Core small ; flesh whitish,

Lady Sweet.

a little coarse, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, inclining to
sweet. December, May.

Lansingburg. — Origin, New York; tree upright, spreading, vigor-
ous, thorny, a fair bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, angular, oblique, often
unequal ; surface smooth, green and yellow, with bronze blush, mostly
covered with grayish red; dots minute, gray, with green bases;
cavity acute, uneven, russeted; stem short; basin deep, corrugated;
calyx closed. Core closed; seeds many, large; flesh firm, mild sub-
acid, fair to good. Late winter and spring.

Late Strawberry (Autumn Strawberry).— Origin, Aurora, New
York; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, productive, an early bearer.

114 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes ob-
scurely ribbed, truncated; surface polished, yellowish white, almost
wholly covered with light and dark splashes and crimson and red,
often overlaid with thin bloom, a showy fruit; cavity large, deep,
acute, with thin stellate russet; stem long, slender, curved; basin
abrupt, narrow, wavy, ribbed; calyx half open; segments erect con-
vergent. Core closed; cells obovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped,

Late Strawberry.

narrow, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds very large, roundish,
flattened; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous,
subacid, very good. October, December.

Lawyer. — Origin uncertain, introduced by Geo. S. Park, of Park-
ville, Missouri; tree spreading, an early and annual bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, irregular, broadly ribbed;
surface polished, greenish yellow, almost wholly covered with dark
bright red, with obscure dark crimson splashes; dots few, yellow and
russet, minute; cavity deep, regular, with radiate russet; stem medium
to long, slender; basin nearly flat, narrow, wrinkled; calyx closed;
segments connivent. Core small, half open, outline indistinct; cells
round, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; flesh firm, yel-

THE APPLE. 115

lowish white, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid, good. Late winter to
May or later.

Lehigh Greening. — Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit very large, roundish; surface moderately smooth with
leather-cracking and erupted dots;, skin thick, tenacious; color
greenish yellow, with bronze blush on exposed side; dots numerous,
variable, russet; cavity large, regular, deep, russeted; stem medium;
basin large, regular, deep, furrowed and leather-cracked; calyx me-
dium, partially reflexed; eye large, partially open. Core medium,
oval, clasping; seeds few, medium, plump, brown; flesh yellow,
medium fine, breaking, juicy; flavor sprightly subacid; quality good
to very good. Winter. (U. S. Div. of Pomology.)

Lilly of Kent. — Origin, Delaware.

Fruit large, globular truncate, surface smooth ; color green, with
shades of yellow and bronze ; dots few, light and brown; cavity regu-
lar, medium, deep; stem short, stout; basin irregular, medium,
slightly furrowed and folded; calyx long, stout, straight; eye large,
open. Core large, roundish, clasping; seeds few, large, plump, light
brown; flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, juicy; flavor mild subacid;
quality very good. Late winter. (U. S. Div. of Pomology.)

Limbertwig. — Supposed origin, North Carolina; tree thrifty,
very productive, roundish, spreading, the slender shoots drooping
with the heavy crop.

Fruit rather small to medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical,
regular; surface yellowish green covered with dull red, with obscure
darker stripes; dots many, large, light brown, irregular; cavity
broad, deep, acute, green and russet; stem medium; basin small,
shallow, uneven; calyx small, half open. Core closed; seeds many,
small, plump, long; flesh greenish yellow, very firm, juicy, brisk,
rich, aromatic subacid, good. Late winter and spring.

Long Arcade. — A Russian variety, doing well in Minnesota and
the Northwest; the name is not descriptive as to shape, but was re-
tained by the Russian Nomenclature Commission; tree very upright,
spreading with age.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular; surface greenish yellow,
nearly covered with dark red, no distinct stripes or splashes; dots
minute, numerous, white, obscure; cavity regular, medium deep,
broad, acute, with good-sized radiating patch of russet; stem long,
slender ; basin wide, very shallow, wrinkled ; calyx open. Core closed ;

116

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds short, plump; flesh white,
tender, juicy, mild subacid, with sweet after-taste, very good. Au-
gust to September.

Longneld. — Origin, Russia; tree of moderate, spreading, pendulous
growth ; an early and very heavy annual bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, unequal, often obscurely angular;
surface smooth, polished, clear waxen yellow, with a lively red blush;
dots distinct, few, large, yellowish; cavity regular, deep, narrow,
acuminate, with stellate russet; stem short; basin narrow, abrupt,
wrinkled; calyx half open; segments large, divergent. Core closed,
clasping; cells ovate, entire; tube funnel -shaped, long; stamens me-
dian; seeds few, large, long, plump, pointed; flesh very white, very
tender and juicy, pleasant, brisk, subacid, good. October, Novem-
ber.

Lord (Lord's Longfield).— Originated from seed of Wealthy by
0. M. Lord, Minnesota City, Minnesota, and named at first from
its resemblance to Longneld, but later fruits show much color.

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat conical, regular; surface
greenish, mostly or wholly covered with rosy crimson, a handsome

Louise.

fruit; dots minute, white; cavity deep, narrow, acute, with radiat-
ing patch of yellow; stem long; basin narrow, regular, abrupt, with
fine wrinkles; calyx half open. Core closed, meeting; tube conical;
stamens median; flesh white, stained next to skin, firm, mild, pleas-

THE APPLE. 117

ant vinous subacid, with sweet after-taste, very good. September
to November.

Louise, Princess. — Originated near Grimsby, Ontario, on the
farm of L. Woolverton, probably from seed of Fameuse.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular, obscurely angular; sur-
face greenish yellow, almost or wholly covered with a fine solid dark
red with obscure splashes of darker red, sometimes with thin open
net-work of russet; dots obscure, numerous, minute, whitish; cavity
wide, obtuse, regular, green; stem medium, slender; basin smooth,
rather shallow; calyx closed; segments connivent. Core half open;
cells round, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few,
short, plump; flesh tender, juicy, snow-white, fine-grained, pleasant,
aromatic subacid (Fameuse type), very good. October to Decem-
ber.

Lowe. — Originated in an old Dutch settlement in the eastern part
of Guilford Co., North Carolina. The name is sometimes spelled
Lough. A large early apple, very good to best in quality; mentioned
in Bui. 8, Div. of Pomology.

Lowell. — Origin unknown; tree vigorous, spreading, productive,
the oily skin gives it the name of Tallow Apple or Greasy Pippin in
some localities.

Fruit large, roundish oblong, nearly regular, truncated, slightly
conical; surface rich bright, waxen yellow, very unctuous at ma-
turity; dots distinct, numerous, minute, white; cavity deep, uneven,
acute with trace of stellate russet; stem short; basin abrupt, deep,
furrowed; calyx closed; segments connivent. Core closed; cells
elliptical, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds few; flesh
yellowish white, pleasant, brisk rather acid flavor, good to very good.
September, October.

Lowland Raspberry (No. 340, Lievland Raspberry).— Origin, Russia;
tree medium, upright, round-topped. A. G. Tuttle of Baraboo, Wis.,
from his experience with many Russian apples says: "There is no
early apple East or West of better quality than Lowland Rasp-
berry. The tree is perfect and a good bearer, and the fruit is hand-
somely colored."

Fruit medium to large, round conic, regular; surface smooth,
polished, clear waxen white, striped, splashed, shaded and marbled
with fine light crimson, a beautiful fruit; dots minute, greenish,
obscure; cavity narrow, acute; stem medium to long; basin small,

118

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Lowell.

Lowland Raspberry.

THE APPLE. 119

smooth, or slightly wrinkled; calyx small, closed, or half open. Core
large, clasping, open; cells very large, abaxile, roomy, ovate, entire;
tube wide, long, funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds many,'
rather small, brown black; flesh white, often stained with red, very
tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, very pleasant, mild subacid, almost
sweet, excellent. August, as early as Yellow Transparent.

Lubsk Queen (Lubsk Reinette, No. 444}-— Origin, Russia. A fruit
of remarkable beauty, always attracting much attention wherever
exhibited; tree vigorous, medium, upright.

Fruit medium to large, regular, round, truncated; surface very
smooth, polished and wax-like, a brilliant white, more or less covered
with solid light rosy red, with delicate white bloom, a self-colored
apple, but sometimes with short red splashes on lighter ground; dots
white, minute, numerous; cavity rather small, acute, slightly russeted;
stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow, regular, with generally
five fine corrugations around the eye; calyx closed; segments long,
pointed. Core closed; cells ovate, slit; tube long, funnel-shaped;
stamens marginal; seeds not many, plump; flesh snow-white, firm,
juicy, fine-grained, subacid, good. August, September.

McAfee (McAfee Red) .—Originated at McAfee's old fort, Ken-
tucky; tree a good grower and very productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate; surface polished, greenish
yellow, almost wholly, but thinly, covered with fine solid crimson,
obscurely striped and covered with a thin bloom; dots distinct, nu-
merous, minute, white; cavity regular, green, obtuse; stem short,
fleshy; basin smooth, very narrow, shallow; calyx closed; segments
connivent. Core open; cells ovate, entire, abaxile; tube conical;
stamens median; seeds small, plump; flesh juicy, white, fine-grained,
lively subacid, very good. November to March.

McCuller. — Origin, North Carolina.

Fruit medium, oblate; skin medium thick, brittle; surface smooth,
glossy, greenish white, washed and splashed with purplish red, heavily
overspread with gray whitish bloom ; dots small, russet ; cavity regular,
medium, gradual, russet net- work; stem very short, stout; basin
regular, small, shallow, furrowed and bloom; calyx small, closed;
segments small, converging, reflexed at tips. Core oblate, clasping,
large; seeds few, medium, plump, brown; flesh whitish, fine, break-
ing, juicy, subacid, good. Winter. (U. S. Dept. Agr., 1902.)

Mclntosh (Mclntosh Red).— A choice variety of the Fameuse

120

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

type; origin, Ontario, Canada; tree vigorous, with spreading head;
a good annual bearer.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish oblate to roundish trun-
cated, slightly irregular, and obscurely angular, highly perfumed;
surface very smooth, polished, yellow, almost wholly covered with
brilliant solid crimson, the coloring brighter on shaded side, with heavy
blue bloom, a beautiful fruit; dots many, obscure, minute, white;
cavity obtuse, wide, regular, with a trace of russet; stem short to
medium stout; basin smooth, rather shallow, abrupt; calyx closed;
segments connivent. Core closed; cells ovate, entire; tube funnel-
shaped ; stamens marginal or median ; seeds plump ; flesh snow-white,
crisp, very tender, juicy, sprightly, aromatic subacid, very good.
December to January.

McLellan. — Origin, Woodstock, Connecticut; tree a thrifty upright
grower, very productive, an annual bearer.

Fruit medium or above, regular, roundish oblate, regular, some-
times unequal; surface yellow, mostly covered with dark crimson,
marbled, splashed, and striped, solid on sunny side; dots distinct,

McLellan.

numerous, raised russet, small; cavity rather deep, regular, wide,
obtuse; stem medium, rather slender; basin smooth, medium deep;
calyx half open; segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells ovate;

THE APPLE. 121

tube long, narrow, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds short,
plump; flesh yellowish white, very tender, juicy, pleasant, vinous
subacid, almost saccharine, very good. December to March.

McMahon (McMahon White). — Origin, Wisconsin, from seed
planted about 1860, it is claimed, from seed of Alexander; it is doing
well in Wisconsin and parts of southern South Dakota and Minnesota,
but is not a first-class shipper as the skin is tender, and shows bruises
readily; tree a very strong grower and a good bearer.

McMahon.

Fruit large to very large, roundish, somewhat conical, obscurely
angular and irregular; surface light yellow, becoming almost clear
white when fully ripe, often with delicate blush; dots white, large,
suffused; cavity deep, acute, russeted; stem short to medium, stout;
basin medium deep, wavy, narrow; calyx open; segments divergent.
Core closed, irregular, sessile; tube obtusely conical; stamens basal;
flesh white, coarse-grained, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, good, very
good for cooking. October to December.

122

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Magog Red Streak. — Raised from seed by William Warren, New-
port, Vermont; tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish, inclining to oblong; light
yellow, shaded and faintly striped and splashed with light red over
half the fruit; stem short, small; calyx closed; basin medium, corru-
gated; flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid;
Core medium, fair to good. December, March.

Maiden Blush. — Origin, New Jersey; tree vigorous, productive;
fruit much esteemed for table, market, cooking, and evaporating.

Maiden Blush.

Fruit rather large, oblate, very regular, slightly conical; surface
very smooth, polished, delicate waxen, clear pale yellow, with beauti-
ful deep crimson cheek, the two colors often joining in brilliant red;
cavity rather wide, deep, with trace of russet; stem short; basin
wide, smooth, medium ; calyx closed ; segments erect convergent. Core
closed; cells ovate; tube short, conical ; stamens marginal ; flesh white,
tender, brisk, pleasant aromatic subacid, not rich, good. Septem-
ber, October.

Malinda. — Originated by Mr. Rollins of Orange Co., Vermont,
named for one of his daughters, introduced into Minnesota by his son,
I. W. Rollins, of Elgin, Minn.; about 1858 or 1860. Tree a slender,

THE APPLE.

123

straggling grower in nursery, and tardy bearer; tree has done well in
northern Iowa and southern Minnesota, and bears early when top-
grafted on Hibernal apple or Virginia crab.

Malinda.

Fruit above medium to large, sharply conical, somewhat angular
and ribbed; surface smooth, rich yellow with dull red blush; dots
minute, white, distinct, numerous; cavity acute, medium, regular,
with stellate russet patch; stem short, stout; basin narrow, abrupt,
wavy, corrugated, deep; calyx closed. Core closed, meeting; tube
conical; stamens median; flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, very
mild subacid, with sweet after-taste, fair. Late winter.

Mangum (Gulley). — Origin, Alabama; extensively cultivated and
highly prized in the South; tree thrifty, very productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic; surface yellowish, striped,
and mostly shaded with red; dots numerous, whitish and bronze;
cavity broad, russeted; stem slender, short; basin slightly corru-
gated; calyx half open; flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid, very good to best. October to November.

Mann. — Origin, Granby, New York; tree a vigorous, spreading
grower and an early and annual bearer; fruit a late keeper but lacks
attractive color.

124

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit above medium; form regular, oblate; surface very green in
early winter, changing to deep yellow when fully ripe, overlaid with
whitish, often with brownish, pink blush; dots distinct, numerous,
dark russet centres with whitish base; cavity regular, acute, deep,
trace of russet; stem short; basin regular, slightly wrinkled, wide,
medium deep; calyx generally closed; segments connivent. Core

Mann.

closed, sessile; cells ovate or elliptical; tube conical or funnel-shaped;
stamens median; seeds plump; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, crisp, fine-
grained, pleasant subacid, good. Late winter.

Margaret, Early Red. — A very old English variety, of slender
growth; a moderate bearer; fruit good when freshly picked, but
soon becomes mealy. It is desirable to gather it a few days before it
ripens on the tree.

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, somewhat conical, angular
toward basin; surface greenish yellow, nearly covered with dark red
stripes, brighter red on sunny side; dots gray, russet, distinct; cavity
small, shallow; stem short, stout; basin narrow, very shallow, cor-
rugated, with small knobs around the eye; calyx prominent, half
open; segment long, broad, erect convergent. Core closed; cells
roundish ovate, or obovate, axile; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
median; flesh greenish white, brisk, juicy, pleasant, rich, refreshing
subacid, good. July, immediately after early harvest.

THE APPLE. 125

•

Maryland, Maiden Blush.— Origin, Maryland; tree vigorous and
an early and heavy bearer.

Fruit above medium, roundish conical; surface yellow, with dis-
tinct blush ; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent. Autumn.

Mason Stranger. — Origin, Virginia; a chance seedling on the farm
of Dr. Geo. Mason; tree vigorous, a heavy annual bearer.

Mason Stranger.

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed; surface light, bright
yellow, sometimes a shade of light red where exposed to the sun;
dots few, brownish; cavity large, slight russet; stem short, small;
basin large, deep, smooth; calyx open. Core small; flesh whitish,
fine, rather compact, crisp, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet,
somewhat spicy and rich, very good. December, February.

Mattamuskeet. — Origin, eastern North Carolina, in peaty section
of coast region, and appear mainly, if not only, adapted for that
region where it is one of the best winter apples. Not recommended
for western North Carolina; tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, surface yellow, shaded and
splashed with light and dark red; flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk
subacid, good. December to March.

Maverack. — Originated by Dr. Maverack, South Carolina; tree
vigorous, productive, fruit valuable for market and cooking.

126 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely conical; surface yellow,
mostly shaded and striped with bright red; dots few, gray; cavity
rather large; stem short; basin deep, corrugated; calyx open.

Maverack.

Core small; flesh yellowish, tender, rich, sweet, very good. Novem-
ber to February.

Melon, Norton. — Origin, East Bloomfield, New York; tree a rather
slow grower while young, spreading, round-topped, productive; fruit
too tender for distant shipment.

Fruit medium to large; form roundish oblate, slightly conical,
obscurely ribbed toward the basin; surface smooth, pale waxen
yellow, nearly covered with marbled and mixed bright red, distinctly
splashed and striped with darker crimson, with net-veining and
patches of very thin smooth pale brown russet; dots minute, few,
light and brown; cavity large, deep, acute, wavy, often with much
russet; stem medium, slender; basin wide, medium, slightly corru-
gated; calyx half open. Core partially open, clasping; cells round,
axile, slit; tube conical; stamens marginal, median, or basal; seeds

THE APPLE. 127

numerous, medium, angular; flesh yellowish white, very tender, crisp,
juicy, aromatic, sprightly subacid, best. November to March.

Melon.

Milam. — Origin uncertain; an old favorite Southern and South-
western variety ; tree of moderate vigor, round-headed, very produc-
tive, and an annual bearer.

Fruit small to medium, conical to roundish conical, very regular;
surface smooth, greenish yellow, washed and marbled with dull
brownish red, obscurely striped and splashed; dots distinct, many,
variable, gray and russet; cavity regular, acute, russeted; stem
medium to long; basin very shallow, narrow, regular, nearly smooth,
often leather-cracked; calyx closed; segments divergent. Core
slightly open, clasping; cells round, entire; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens median; seeds many, plump, pointed, some imperfect;
flesh white, rather firm, mild pleasant subacid, not rich, good. De-
cember to March.

Milding. — Origin, Alton, New Hampshire; tree a vigorous, heavy
biennial bearer; a good market and family apple.

Fruit large; form regular, oblate, slightly conical and angular;
surface unctuous, whitish yellow, mostly covered with striped, shaded,

128

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and mottled dark bright red ; dots obscure, few, light, minute ; cavity
shallow, wide, with radiating russet, funnel-shaped; stem short;
basin abrupt, furrowed, rather shallow; calyx closed or nearly
so; segments divergent. Core open; cells obovate, slit; tube con-
ical; stamens basal; seeds short, plump, pointed; flesh whitish
yellow, tender, rather coarse, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, good.
December to January.

Millboy. — Origin, West Virginia. Reported as well adapted for
growth in lowlands, such as creek and river bottoms, where most
apples do not succeed.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, regular; skin thin, tena-
cious; surface smooth, yellow, washed with red and striped with
crimson, having a slight bloom; dots yellow; cavity large, regular,
deep, flaring, russet; stem short, moderately stout; basin medium
in size and depth, flaring, slightly furrowed; calyx medium, closed;
segments short, wide, converging. Core large, wide, clasping, closed;
seeds numerous, large, plump, brown; flesh yellowish, moderately
fine, tender, juicy, sweet, good. August and September. (U. S. Dept.
of Agriculture, 1895.)

Milwaukee.

Milwaukee. — Originated from seed of Oldenburg by Geo. Jeffry,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin; tree of moderate spreading growth, an
early and good bearer. A promising new variety for the North.

THE APPLE. 129

Fruit large, oblate, much flattened at ends, slightly angular;
surface greenish yellow, splashed and striped, marbled and dotted
with bright red and crimson; dots obscure, many, minute, white;
cavity broad, deep, regular, obtuse, with some stellate russet; stem
short, rather stout; basin wide, abrupt, deep, slightly wrinkled;
calyx open; segment erect convergent. Core small, slightly open;
tube funnel-shaped, long, wide; stamens median; seeds few, short,
plump; flesh yellowish white, very tender, juicy, pleasant acid, good
for table and very good for cooking. Midwinter and later.

Minister. — Origin, Rowley, Massachusetts; tree moderately vigor-
ous, early and heavy bearer.

Fruit large; oblong conical, ribbed, irregular; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, covered with bright, rich, mixed red, with obscure
carmine stripes and splashes on sunny side; dots minute; cavity
deep, acute, sometimes brown; stem long, slender, curved; basin
very narrow, corrugated and ribbed; calyx small, closed. Core
large, open; flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, rather acid, good.
Early winter.

Minkler. — Probably an old unidentified Eastern variety; named
after S. G. Minkler, of Illinois, and popluar in that State; tree very
vigorous, of irregular, spreading growth; branches strong, forming a
large angle with the trunk; productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, regular; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, mostly covered with mixed red, with indistinct darker
dull red stripes; dots many, minute, distinct, yellow, and russet;
cavity regular, rather deep, acute, light brown russet; stem medium;
basin wide, shallow, smooth; calyx small, closed. Core closed, small;
cells obovate, entire, small; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal;
seeds long, pointed; flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, mild, pleasant
subacid, good. January to May.

Minnesota Gilbert. — From Minnesota; origin uncertain; recom-
mended for trial by the Horticultural Society of that State under the
name of Gilbert, but as this name has long been occupied by a Ten-
nessee variety the name is modified as above.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate to very oblate; surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with mixed red, with dark crimson splashes
and stripes much like a highly colored Oldenburg; dots distinct,
numerous, gray, rather large; cavity regular, wide, with radiating
light yellow russet; stem short; basin regular, wide, shallow smooth,

130

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

or with a few minute wrinkles or prominences around calyx; calyx
wide, open; segments convergent. Core closed, small, clasping,
sessile; cells axile, round, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median;

Minnesota Gilbert.

seeds very large, flat; flesh white, juicy, sprightly subacid, good;
use culinary. August to September.

Missouri Pippin.

Missouri Pippin. — Origin, Johnson Co., Missouri; tree
grower and heavy annual bearer.

strong

THE APPLE. 131

Fruit medium; form roundish oblate, somewhat conical; surface
yellow, mostly covered with- light and dark distinct crimson stripes
and splashes; dots distinct, white and gray, numerous, large and
small; cavity deep, regular, acute; stem short; basin abrupt, deep,
nearly smooth; calyx half open; segments divergent. Core small,
closed; cells round, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median;
seeds short, plump; flesh yellow, with yellowish veinings, pleasant
subacid, good. January to April.

Mitchell's Red Warrior.— Originated in 1869 or 1870, at Cresco,
northern Iowa, by J. B. Mitchell; tree hardy and very productive.
Distinct from the Red Warrior described by Downing. A good
apple, but the present name is too long.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, regular;
surface light yellow, nearly covered with bright mixed red and crim-
son, heavily and distinctly striped and splashed with carmine, a
beautiful fruit; dots obscure, few, very minute, white; cavity regu-
lar, narrow, acute, slightly russeted; stem short; basin narrow, very
abrupt, wavy; calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core closed;
cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few,
flattened, long-pointed, medium; flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid,
good. Season, same as Wealthy.

Monmouth (Red Cheek Pippin). — Origin, Monmouth Co., New
Jersey; tree productive, of moderate upright growth.

Fruit large; form roundish oblate, slightly conic, obscurely five-
angled, slightly truncated; surface greenish yellow, with handsome
red blush; dots minute, green and russet; cavity large, wide, regular
or wavy, slightly russeted; stem short, thick; basin abrupt, deep,
corrugated; calyx half open. Core medium, closed, clasping; seeds
numerous, pointed, brown; flesh white, juicy, crisp, mild, aromatic
subacid, very good. November to April.

Monsees. — Originated by J. H. Monsees, Beaman, Mo. At first
named Hope well, but this name is already occupied by a variety
from Pennsylvania. The Monsees is of recent introduction and is a
handsome fruit, intermediate in appearance between Ben Davis and
Winesap.

Fruit large to very large, roundish, conical ; surface a rich yellow,
almost or wholly covered with fine dark red with crimson stripes and
splashes; dots distinct, few, minute, russet; cavity deep, acute,
russeted, the rays often extending out over base; stem short; basin
shallow, ribbed and corrugated, sometimes very shallow; calyx

132 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

open; segments short, erect convergent. Core closed; cells round,
slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds plump; flesh white,
pleasant subacid, good. Season, winter.

Monmouth.

Moore Sweet. — Of American origin; tree vigorous, very produc-
tive.

Fruit medium to large ; form roundish oblate, regular; skin thick;
surface smooth, greenish yellow, entirely covered with dull dark red
in obscure stripes overlaid with grayish bloom, giving the fruit a
purple color; dots minute, few; cavity wide, or acute, deep, green
or brown; stem short, rather stout; basin wide, wavy or plaited;
calyx closed. Core small, closed; seeds numerous, plump, pale;
flesh yellow, rich, dry, firm, very sweet, good. December to May.

Mother. — Origin, Bolton, Massachusetts; tree of moderate vigor,
rather slender, productive.

Fruit medium or above; form roundish oblong, slightly conical,
obscurely ribbed; surface golden yellow, almost wholly covered with
clear, warm, rich red, splashed, marbled, striped with several shades of
dark red and crimson; dots minute, light russet, numerous; cavity
acute, deep, often a little russeted; stem slender, medium to long;
basin narrow, small, corrugated; calyx closed. Core medium, closed,

THE APPLE.

133

clasping; cells elliptical, abaxile; calyx-tube conical, inclining to
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds numerous; flesh yellow

Munson.

especially toward the surface, juicy, very rich, spicy aromatic subacid,
best. November to February.

Munson (Munson Sweet). — Origin probably Massachusetts; tree
vigorous, spreading, an abundant annual bearer.

134 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit below medium; form very regular, oblate; surface yellow,
with blush on sunny side; dots obscure, numerous, whitish; cavity
deep, wide, regular, obtuse; stem short; basin smooth, regular,
leather-cracked; calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core
closed; cells round, slit; tube funnel-shaped, wide, open to core;
stamens marginal; seeds short, plump; flesh yellow, with yellow
veinings, excellent. September to February.

Nansemond (Nansemond Beauty). — Supposed origin, Virginia; tree
vigorous, rather spreading, a good annual bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; surface pale yellow,
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, sometimes rather obscure
stripes and splashes of a darker hue; cavity quite large, slight russet;
stem short, small; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; calyx half
open. Core small; flesh quite white, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy,
vinous subacid. January, April.

Nero. — Origin, Princeton, Mercer Co., New Jersey; tree vigorous,
spreading.

Fruit large, roundish oblate ; surface clear yellow, nearly covered
with dull red, deepening into dark red, with patches and marblings of
russet; dots few, large, roundish, with grayish centres; cavity narrow,
deep, regular, russeted; stem one-half inch long, medium; basin very
broad, saucer-shaped, ribbed; calyx large, open; segments long;
tube short, funnel-shaped; flesh whitish, juicy, firm, crisp, with a mild,
subacid, slightly aromatic flavor, quality good. Season, January to
April. (Mich. Exp. Sta. Bui., 169, p. 187.)

Newell (Orange Winter). — Originated over fifty years ago in Sauk
Co., Wisconsin, by Orange Newell, from seeds of Perry Russet
brought from New York.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, irregular, angular; surface a rich
yellow, with faint bronze blush on sunny side; dots green, minute,
with numerous russet dots; cavity wide, deep, ribbed; stem short;
basin wide, ribbed, rather deep; calyx half open. Core closed,
meeting; calyx-tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh firm,
juicy, yellowish, rich, sprightly subacid, very good. Winter.

Newtown Spitzenburg. — Origin, Newtown, Long Island; tree mod-
erate, vigorous, spreading, and productive.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface
clear, rich yellow, shaded with light red, with deep red stripes and
splashes, often overlaid with whitish; dots many, minute, russet,
with some peculiar gray specks; cavity wide, deep, regular, lined with

THE APPLE.

135

Newell.

Newtown Spitzenburg.

136 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

russet; stem short; basin wide, smooth, medium deep; calyx small,
closed. Core half open; cells wide open, obovate; tube conical;
stamens median; seeds many, angular; flesh yellow, firm, crisp,
tender, juicy, rich, sprightly aromatic flavor, scarcely subacid, best.
October to February.

Nickajack. — Origin, Georgia; widely distributed in the South and
known under many synonyms ; it reproduces itself quite closely from
seed : tree upright, spreading, large, very productive.

Nickajack.

Fruit large, roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, sometimes
oblique; surface yellowish, striped, shaded, and splashed with two
shades of red and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin
bloom; dots many, large, areole; cavity large, acute, medium deep,
yellow and russet; stem short; basin medium, slightly corrugated;
calyx partially open. Core small, closed; seeds many, large, plump;
flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative sub-
acid, good. Late winter.

Nixonite (Ozark Mammoth}. — Originated "on the farm of M.
Nixon, near Hope well, Mo., some fifty or seventy-five years ago. It
came up from seed alongside of an old lead mine." Tree not an early
bearer but productive with age. Much grown in southeastern Missouri.

THE APPLE.

137

Fruit large to very large, roundish, truncated, nearly regular
sometimes unequal; surface clear rich yellow, overlaid with whitish;
dots obscure, numerous, white, minute, suffused, a few large russet
dots; cavity deep, narrow, acute, lined with stellate russet; stem short;
basin abrupt, wavy, medium; calyx open; segments divergent, long,
pointed. Core open, alaxile, wide, flattened; cells round, slit; tube
funnel-shaped: stamens median; seeds plump; flesh yellowish, with
jellow veinings, juicy, crisp, sprightly, spicy, subacid, very good.
Winter.

Northern Spy. — Originated about 1800 in East Bloomfield, near
Rochester, New York ; tree blooms late and is of rapid upright growth,
spreading with age, not an early bearer but productive when old, needs
high culture and pruning to admit the sun and air to the fruit.

Northern Spy.

Fruit large; form roundish, oblate, conical, obscurely angular;
surface smooth, greenish yellow, thinly covered with light and dark
purplish red overlaid with a thin whitish bloom; dots, obscure, few,

138 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

yellow, minute; cavity very wide, deep, sometimes with radiating
russet; stem medium; rather slender; basin narrow, abrupt, fur-
rowed; calyx small, closed; segments flat convergent, very small.
Core large, open; cells ovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
median; seeds numerous, short, plump; flesh white, fine-grained;
juicy, tender, delicious, spicy, subacid, very good to best. December
to June.

Northern Sweet. — Origin, St. George, Vermont; desirable for the
home orchard.

Fruit large, roundish conical, angular; surface whitish yellow with
bronze blush; dots obscure, numerous, minute, russet and whitish,
cavity shallow, regular, wide, obtuse, with radiate russet; stem, me-
dium to long; basin narrow, ribbed, angular, abrupt, shallow; calyx
open; segments divergent. Core closed; cells round, slit; tube
funnel-shaped, large; stamens median; seeds plump; flesh white,
with yellow veinings, sweet, good. September, October.

Northfield. — Origin, Vermont; tree rather vigorous with roundish
head.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal ; surface whitish yellow,
blushed and faintly striped with red and netted more or less with
russet; cavity broad, moderately deep, slightly russeted; stem one
inch long, rather stout; basin wide, abrupt, moderately deep, corru-
gated; calyx medium, nearly closed. Core medium, closed; tube long,
funnel-shaped; flesh juicy, crisp, tender, mild subacid; quality rather
poor. [Downing wrote "good for cooking."] Season September to
December. (Mich. Exp. Sta. Bui., 169, p. 787.)

Northwestern Greening. — Origin, Waupaca Co., Wisconsin; intro-
duced in 1872 by E. W. Daniels.

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblong, slightly conical, trun-
cated, regular; surface yellowish green, unctuous; dots white,
small, some with gray bases, a few large russet dots; cavity regular,
deep, acute, sometimes slightly russeted; stem rather short; basin
regular, finely wrinkled around the eye; calyx open. Core closed,
clasping; tube funnel-shaped, broad; stamens median; flesh greenish
yellow, firm, juicy, subacid, good. All winter.

J. S. Harris: "It does a little better top- worked on hardy stocks,
i.e., crabs and hybrids. " (Minn. Hort. Rep., 1895, p. 155.)

Nottingham Brown. — Origin, Pennsylvania.

Fruit large, roundish; skin medium thick, tenacious; surface with

THE APPLE. 139

raised dots, and russet knobs, yellow, washed with mixed crimson,
splashes, and broad broken stripes of dark crimson; dots prominent,
areole; cavity regular, large, deep, with russet markings; stem short,
stout; basin regular, large, deep, abrupt, with furrows and corruga-
tions; calyx small, closed; segments long, converging. Core conical,

Northwestern Greening

small, clasping, partially open; seeds numerous, medium, plump,
brown; flesh yellowish, satiny, moderately fine, breaking, juicy,
sprightly subacid, good to very good. Winter. (U. S. Div. of
Pomology, 1902.)

Noyes, Doctor. — Origin, America.

Fruit small, oblate, ribbed; skin thin, tenacious; surface moder-
ately smooth, yellowish, washed over nearly entire surface with dark
crimson, a few broken stripes of yellow on pale red, without bloom;
dots few, yellowish; cavity wide, large, deep, russet extending over
surrounding surface; stem short, slender, downy; basin regular,
large, deep, abrupt, furrows and down; calyx small, closed; seg-

140

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

ments small, converging. Core oblate, clasping, medium; seeds
numerous, plump, medium, brown; flesh yellowish, fine, tender, juicy,
subacid, very good. Winter. (U. S. Div. of Pomology, 1902.)

Oconee. — Origin, bank of Oconee River, near Athens, Georgia,
tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large; form roundish-flattened; surface yellow, a little
brownish in the sun; dots few, russet; cavity rather regular, deep,
russeted; stem short; basin shallow, slightly furrowed ; calyx open;
flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding in a delightful aromatic,
lively, subacid juice, good to very good. October to November.

Ogle (Winter Snoiv}. — Origin, Illinois.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly oblique; skin thin, tenacious;
surface smooth, except for raised dots and fine leather-cracking,

Ohio Nonpareil.

yellowish, washed with scarlet and striped with dark crimson; dots
conspicuous, yellow, protruding, some areole; cavity wide, deep,
flaring, russet-netted; stem about one inch long, slender, with bracts;
basin large, regular, deep, abrupt, corrugated, and lined with bloorn:
calyx small, closed; segments long, narrow, converging or reflexed.
Core medium, roundish, clasping, partially open; seeds numerus,

THE APPLE. 141

small, plump, brown; flesh whitish, moderately fine-grained, crisp,
juicy, very mild subacid, good to very good. Winter. (U. S. Div. of
Pomology, 1895.)

Ohio Nonpareil.— Originated with Mr. Myers near Massillon, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, wide spreading.

Fruit large; form roundish oblate, regular; surface smooth, yellow,
shaded, marbled and splashed with two shades of rich bright red;
dots few, light, gray; cavity large, deep, acute, regular; stem short,
rather slender; basin wide, regular, medium; calyx rather large,
partially open; segments rather short. Core small, somewhat open;
seeds many; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich,
slightly aromatic, subacid, very good. October, November.

Ohio Pippin (Shannon). — Supposed origin, Dayton, Ohio; tree
vigorous, large spreading, moderately productive.

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate, somewhat conical,
irregular; surface smooth, yellow, sometimes with mottled red blush;
dots small, gray; cavity wide, wavy or regular, russeted; stem short,
stout; basin wide, deep, wrinkled; calyx large, or very large, open;
segments short. Core closed, meeting, small; seeds many, medium
plurnp, some imperfect; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant,
sharp subacid, good. November, January.

Okabena. — Originated on the banks of Lake Okabena, near
Worthington, southwestern Minnesota. A seedling of Oldenburg,
fertilized by Wealthy from seed furnished by Peter M. Gideon in 1871.

Fruit large, regular, oblate; surface greenish yellow, striped and
splashed with red, sometimes covering the entire surface, on sunny
side mixed and marbled with dark crimson stripes and splashes;
dots minute, scattered, white, obscure; cavity regular, deep, some-
times russeted; stem variable; basin a marked characteristic, wide,
rather jshallow, regular, sometimes abrupt; calyx closed. Core
closed, iclasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; flesh
white, sometimes stained, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, very good.
December.

Oldenburg, Duchess of. — This well-known Russian variety is
the hardiest of the old list, its endurance of severe winters encouraged
the importation of other sorts from Russia.

Fruit large; form roundish oblate, regular; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, almost wholly covered with stripes and splashes,
mixed on sunny side with crimson; a handsome fruit; dots white,

142

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Okabena

Oldenburg.

THE APPLE.

143

numerous, minute; cavity deep, regular, acute, small radiating
patch of russet in bottom; stem short to medium; basin abrupt,
regular, small protuberances around the eye; calyx closed; segments
long, broad, connivent. Core closed; cells ovate, axile; tube funnel-
shaped ; stamens median ; flesh white, sprightly acid. August.

Oliver (Senator; Oliver Red). — A handsome late fall apple now
much grown in its native state, Arkansas.

Oliver.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, form variable, from nearly flat to
roundish slightly flattened; surface deep rich yellow wholly covered
with bright rich red, coloring obscurely splashed on sunny side,
marbled, mixed and dotted on shaded side; dots numerous, large,
very distinct, russet; cavity regular, medium, obtuse, lined with
green and russet: stem medium, stout; basin wide, deep, obscurely
ribbed and wrinkled; calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core
half open, small, meeting; cells ovate, slit; calyx-tube conical; stamens
basal; seeds few, plump, long, pointed; flesh yellowish, sometimes
tinged with red, fine-grained, juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, subacid, very
good. November and December in Arkansas.

Ontario— Originated by the late Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario,
Canada, from seed of Northern Spy crossed with Wagener; tree

144 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

of moderate vigor, somewhat spreading, an early and heavy
bearer.

Fruit large to very large, oblate, sometimes roundish, slightly
angular; surface whitish yellow, mostly covered with bright rich red,
with obscure carmine splashes and stripes, with pale pink bloom;
dots few, light, distinct; cavity deep, broad, slightly russeted; .stem
short, rather stout; basin medium to rather deep, slightly wrinkled;
calyx small, open or closed. Core small; flesh yellowish white, crisp,
tender, juicy, sprightly, slightly aromatic, brisk subacid, very good.
January to April.

Ortley. — Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, New Jersey; tree
vigorous, large, spreading, very productive.

Fruit large, oblong conic; surface smooth, clear, pale yellow,
rarely with light blush and red spots; dots minute, obscure, indented,
russet; cavity deep, acute, regular, lined with russet; stem long,
slender; basin narrow, shallow, with corrugations and fine wrinkles;
calyx small, closed; segments divergent. Core large, oval, open, dis-
tant, meeting; cells abaxile, ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median;
seeds numerous, short, plump, pointed, easily loosened, so that they
rattle in the large cells; flesh yellowish white, firm, tender, fine-
grained, juicy, sprightly, very pleasant subacid, very good to best.
November to January.

Paragon (Mammoth Black Twig}. — Originated in the orchard of
Major Rankin Toole, Lincoln Co., Tenn., nearly seventy years ago,
and first propagated about 1870. This variety and Arkansaw were
mixed for a time in nurseries under the names Paragon and Mammoth
Black Twig; the trees are very similar in fruit and habit of growth, but
are now considered quite distinct. Both appear to be seedlings of
Winesap. (See Gilbert apple description.) The Paragon is now ex-
tensively raised in various parts of the South, and is a profitable late
winter market variety; tree very vigorous, spreading, rather an open
head, not an early bearer. (The cut is outlined from Tenn. Exp.
Sta. Bui., Vol. IX., No. 1, May, 1896.) Dr. W. L. Moores, Cyruston,
Tenn., in 1895, upon request sent both Gilbert and Paragon to the
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and wrote:

"Both originated in this neighborhood; both original trees are
standing (December, 1895), and bore fruit this season. I named
both apples and introduced them to public notice about eight years
ago. The Paragon has obtained wonderful popularity, yet I believe

THE APPLE.

145

it is an inferior apple to Gilbert, its twin-brother. Both apples are
apparently a cross of Black Twig (Wincsap) and Limbertvvig, and
are so much alike in appearance as to require an expert to distinguish
them."

Fruit large, roundish conical; skin thick, tough; surface smooth,
yellow, washed with red, having a few indistinct stripes; dots medium,

Paragon.

yellow; cavity large, regular, deep, flaring, russet; stem short,
slender; basin medium in size and depth, abrupt, furrowed; calyx
small, nearly closed; segments small, converging, or slightly reflexed.
Core medium, conical, clasping, partially open; seeds numerous,
medium, plump, brown; flesh yellow, moderately fine-grained, break-
ing, juicy, subacid, very good. Winter.

Patten Greening (Duchess No. 3). — A seedling of Oldenburg;
seed grown near Portage, Wis., and planted in fall of 1869 by C. G.
Patten, Charles City, Iowa; tree productive, of somewhat stronger
growth than Oldenburg, with limbs strongly shouldered. The Min-

146

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

nesota State Horticultural Society has recently put it on the list
recommended for general cultivation as of first degree of hardiness.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, irregular, obscurely angular; surface
yellowish green, with bronze blush; dots minute, white, mostly with
green bases on shaded side; cavity regular, acute, russeted; stem
short to very short; basin broad, slightly wavy, abrupt; calyx open.
Core closed, small, clasping; tube narrow, funnel-shaped; stamens

Patten Greening.

median; flesh white, juicy, sprightly subacid, good for table, excel-
lent for cooking. October to January.

Payne Late Keeper. — Originated on the J. G. Payne farm, near
Everton, Mo., some sixty years ago, from seeds supposed to have
been brought from North Carolina; tree vigorous and productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, very regular; surface pale
greenish yellow, mostly covered with solid rather light red; dots few,
distinct, very large, raised, russet with light bases; cavity deep;
regular, obtuse, with large stellate russet patch out over base; stem
medium; basin flat, or nearly so, narrow, smooth; calyx half open;
segments flat convergent. Core wide open, irregular, meeting, long,

THE APPLE. 147

tapering to eye; cells round, slit, abaxile, roomy; tube funnel-shaped,
small, short; stamens medium; seeds large, short, plump; flesh
white, moderately juicy, firm, mild, pleasant subacid, good. January
to June and later.

Peach of Montreal. — Origin, France; tree vigorous, shoots light
brown.

Fruit large, roundish oblong; skin thin and tenacious; surface
smooth, glossy, white, lightly washed with dull red, indistinctly
striped crimson, without bloom; dots yellow or brown; cavity regular,
medium, russet circles; stem medium, slender, long; basin regular,
medium, abrupt, furrowed; calyx medium, nearly closed; segments
long, narrow, slightly reflexed. Core wide, conical, clasping, large;
seeds large, short, brown, ten in number; flesh yellowish white, fine-
grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid, good. Early autumn.
(U. S. Div. of Pomology, 1902.)

Pease, Walter. — Originated in Somers, Connecticut, by Walter
Pease, about the first of the nineteenth century.

Fruit large, roundish; surface smooth, greenish yellow, washed
with pale brick red, splashed and striped with crimson; slight bloom;
dots numerous, light russet or gray; cavity large, regular, deep,
flaring, greenish, and very slightly russeted; stem short, of medium
caliper, curved; basin medium to large, regular, medium to deep,
abrupt, furrowed; calyx medium size, nearly closed; segments long,
narrow, converging, reflexed at point. Core medium, oval, meeting,
nearly closed; seeds few, medium size, angular, brown; flesh whitish,
moderately fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, very good. Autumn.
(U. S. Div. of Pomology, 1895.)

Peck Pleasant. — Origin, Rhode Island ; tree spreading, of moderate
vigor, productive and a regular bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat angular, or flattened, and with a
shallow furrow on one side; surface smooth, a beautiful clear yellow,
with bright blush; dots few, gray, with white bases; cavity wide,
rather wavy; stem very thick, fleshy, knobby, very short; basin
narrow, abrupt, rather deep; calyx small, open; segments short.
Core large, closed, clasping; seeds many, angular; flesh yellowish,
very tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, delicious aromatic, sprightly
subacid, very good or best. Early winter.

Peerless. — Originated near Richland, Minnesota, in 1864 or 1865.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular; surface greenish, striped

148

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Peck Pleasant.

Peerless.

THE APPLE. 149

and splashed rather thinly with dull red, slightly marbled on sunny
side; cavity wide, with radiating green (a characteristic); stem short;
basin wide, usually abrupt and wavy; calyx closed, or half open.
Core closed, clasping; cells round, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; seeds eight to ten, long, pointed, rather slender; flesh firm,
juicy, pleasant subacid, good. Late fall, early winter.

Peffer.— " A variety originated by Mr. George P. Peffer, of Pewaukee,
Wis., from seeds of Pewaukee apple, and named in his honor. It is
thought to be better than the parent variety in some respects, and
I bespeak for it a trial in the colder States. Size medium to large;
shape, diameters nearly equal, angular, irregular, slightly lop-sided;
surface polished, yellow, with abundant splashes and specks of bright
red and scarlet, handsome; dots numerous, brown or gray; basin
deep, abrupt, irregular or ribbed; eye open, large, with reflexed sepals;
cavity medium, sloping, nearly regular, very slightly russeted; stem
short, thick, fleshy; core open, small, meeting the deep eye cavity;
seeds many, large, plump; flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy;
flavor subacid; quality fair to good. Season, early winter in Wiscon-
sin." (H. E. Van Deman, U. S. Pomologist, 1889.)

Perfection. — Recommended in Bui. No. 8, U. S. Div. Pomology.
" A Wisconsin seedling of Tetofsky; tree perfectly hardy and sym-
metrical; fruit as large again as Tetofsky and of better quality;
August, September; very promising summer apple." (J. V. Cotta
in 111. Hort. Soc. Report, 1897.)

Perry Russet. — Origin, Perry, New York; tree of moderate,
spreading, upright growth.

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, somewhat conical,
regular; surface a rich golden yellow, covered more or less with open
net-work of russet, some specimens are quite free from russet, or at
least as grown in the West; dots distinct, many, large; cavity wide,
obtuse, regular, usually with much stellate russet, sometimes lipped;
stem short to medium ; basin medium deep, abrupt, wrinkled, often
corrugated; calyx open; segments divergent. Core closed, barely
clasping; cells ovate, axile, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds
plump, rather small; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, rich, juicy,
brisk subacid, very good. December to February.

Peter. — Originated from seed of Wealthy by the late Peter M.
Gideon, Excelsior, Minn. In fruit this appears nearly, if not quite,
identical with Wealthy. Mr. Gideon himself could not distinguish

150 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

the two varieties by the fruit, but claimed Peter was hardier in tree;
the seeds of the Peter are large, broad, and plump, about ten in num-
ber; calyx segments connivent; tube conical and stamens median.
In Wealthy the tube is funnel-shaped; stamens median or basal.
Wyman Elliott, of Minneapolis, one of the most prominent members
of the Minnesota Horticultural Society, after a careful examination of
many specimens finds the Wealthy seeds smaller and more pointed;
the Peter seeds larger, broader, less pointed, and a little darker when
fully ripe. Even if really distinct, the two varieties are now mixed
to a considerable extent.

Pewaukee.— Originated by the late Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee,
Wis., by crossing Oldenburg with Northern Spy pollen. It does well
in the lake section of eastern Wisconsin and has found favor in many
States, but has not proven as hardy in the North as was hoped.
Tree of strong, vigorous growth, with upright centre, an annual bearer.

Pewaukee.

Fruit large, roundish, irregular and variable, angular, often ribbed,
unequal, sometimes inclined; surface greenish yellow, striped, splashed
and marbled with light and dark red overlaid with thin grayish
bloom ; dots few, large, white, suffused, with russet centres; also roany

THE APPLE.

151

white, distinct, small dots; cavity very peculiar, often nearly flat,
with a large lip or fleshy protuberance against the stem, in others
shallow and wavy, with irregular russet patch; stem short, often
fleshy at insertion; basin shallow, wavy, ribbed, rather narrow,
angular; calyx half open. Core half open, distant, clasping; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds about twelve, plump, small;
flesh yellowish white, with yellow veinings, a little coarse, juicy, sub-
acid, good. All winter.

Plumb Cider. — Introduced by the late J. C. Plumb, Milton, Wis.
Mr. Plumb, in 1874, said that it was brought from Ohio, in 1844, to
Wisconsin by his father — "that the original tree, planted by him
in Jefferson County, still stands, a model of form and fruitfulness."
Tree vigorous, round-headed, an early bearer, very productive in
alternate years.

Plumb Cider.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, conical, ribbed, angular,
sometimes furrowed, unequal ; surface greenish yellow, thinly shaded,
with light red, with darker bright red splashes and stripes on sunny
side; dots minute, white, obscure; cavity acute, narrow; stem short;
basin very shallow, narrow, wrinkled, wavy; calyx closed. Core
open, clasping, cordate; tube long, very narrow, funnel-shaped;

152 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

stamens extremely marginal, touching the segments, a marked
characteristic; seeds many, short, plump, pointed; flesh greenish
white, firm, fine-grained, juicy, brisk subacid, good. October to
January.

Pomme Gris (Gray A pple). —Origin unknown, introduced from
Canada, but probably of Swiss or French origin; tree of moderate
growth but an early bearer.

Pomme Gris.

Fruit small; form roundish oblate, regular; surface rough, with
thick scaly russet, greenish gray in shade and a deep orange red cheek
on sunny side; cavity small, shallow, wide; stem short, slender;
basin narrow, shallow; calyx small, open; flesh yellowish, crisp,
tender, very juicy, very rich, brisk, highly aromatic, very good to
best. December to April.

Porter. — Originated by the Rev. S. Porter, of Sherburne, Massa-
chusetts ; tree of moderate vigor, with low, round, spreading head, an
abundant bearer.

Fruit medium; form regular, oblong, tapering to calyx; surface
glossy bright yellow, with a few dull stripes and splashes ; dots very
minute, whitish centres and green bases, numerous; cavity regular,
acute, trace of russet; stem medium; basin narrow, smooth, or
minutely wrinkled, rather shallow; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core wide open, meeting; cells large, abaxile, roomy, elliptical,
much slit; calyx-tube conical ; stamens basal; seeds rounded, plump,

THE APPLE.

153

short; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, fine-grained, juicy, sprightly
subacid, very good. September.

Porter.

Prices Sweet. — Of very strong upright growth in nursery and
orchard; subject to sunscald where stem is not protected; popular in
parts of the West.

Fruit medium, regular, oblong conical, often unequal; surface
yellowish green, mostly thinly covered with mixed and marbled dull
red, obscurely splashed and striped; dots large, distinct, numerous,
russet, rough; cavity slightly acuminate, deep, regular, with large
patch of russet radiating out over base; stem medium to long; basin
narrow, corrugated, shallow; calyx closed; segments erect convergent.
Core half open; cells abaxile, elliptical ; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
median; seeds short, plump, few, crowded in cells; flesh yellowish
white, moderately juicy, very sweet, good. September and October.

Primate. — Origin unknown; one of the best dessert summer
apples for the family orchard; too tender for distant shipment; tree

154 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

vigorous, strong, and stocky, and very productive. The fruit ripens
in succession, and hence it is better adapted for the home orchard.

Primate.

Fruit medium; form roundish oblate, slightly conical, angular,
irregular; surface yellowish green, when ripe nearly white, with
crimson blush; cavity large, deep, narrow, irregular; stem medium;
basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated; calyx small, closed; flesh white,
fine-grained, very tender, juicy, sprightly mild subacid, very good to
best. August to October.

Prolific Sweeting. — Origin, Russia; a valuable productive sweet
apple. In Vermont Dr. T. H. Hoskins found it "the best of the sweet
apples for market purposes."

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, irregular, obscurely an-
gular; surface polished, smooth, pale yellow, becoming a waxen
white; dots white, minute, numerous, a few russet dots; cavity
deep, acuminate, ribbed, with some stellate russet; stem short to
medium; basin shallow, wide; corrugated; calyx closed; segments
erect convergent. Core half open, clasping; cells ovate, slit; tube
long, wide, open to core, funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds
plump; flesh white, fine-grained, sweet, juicy, very good. August.

THE APPLE. 155

Pryor Red.— Origin unknown; popular in Indiana, Kentucky, and
Virginia; tree upright, spreading, of moderate vigor, a late and often a
shy bearer; doing best on deep rich soil and in southern climates or
warm seasons.

Pryor Red.

Fruit medium or above; form roundish, somewhat oblate, in-
clined, variable, somewhat ribbed; surface greenish yellow, mostly
covered with dull red, with obscure dark crimson stripes and splashes,
slightly russeted, sometimes mostly covered with russet; dots numer-
ous, greenish gray; cavity small, narrow, acute, with radiate russet,
sometimes extending far out over base; stem short and thick, some-
times long; basin narrow, small; calyx closed; flesh yellowish, very
tender and rich, juicy, mild pleasant subacid, very good. January
to March.

Pumpkin Sweet (Pound Sweet}. — Origin, the orchard of S. Lyman,
Manchester, Connecticut; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, drooping,
productive.

Fruit very large, roundish, obscurely ribbed and angular, some-
times unequal, truncated; surface yellowish green, overlaid with
whitish and some russet net-veining; dots distinct, white, minute,
a few large russet? dots; cavity regular, deep, somewhat acuminate,

156

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with much stellate russet; stem short; basin smooth, shallow, regular;
calyx open; segments small, divergent. Core large, closed; cells
obovate, widely slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds few,

Pumpkin Sweet.

short, blunt, angular, somewhat flattened ; flesh white, only moderately
juicy, very sweet, good. September to December. Very valuable
for baking and stock-feeding.

Quince, Cole. — Origin, Maine.

Fruit large; form oblate conical, angular, ribbed toward the
base; surface yellow; dots distinct, numerous, russet, with light
bases; cavity acute, regular, with large radiating patch of russet;
stem short; basin narrow, abrupt, corrugated; calyx closed; seg-
ments erect convergent. Core open; cells ovate, slit, roomy; tube
conical; stamens median; seeds plump, dark; flesh white, spicy,
subacid, good to very good. August in southern Iowa.

Rails Genet (Janet, Neverfail). — Origin, Amherst Co., Virginia, on
the farm of Caleb Rail; tree vigorous, spreading, very productive, It

THE APPLE.

157

Quince, Cole.

Rails Genet.

158

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

puts forth leaves and blossoms much later than other varieties and
thus escapes late frosts.

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, conic, regular; surface smooth,
yellowish green, striped thinly with dull red, mixed red on sunny side ;
dots distinct, many, minute, white; cavity regular, acuminate; stem
medium, stout; basin wide, smooth, shallow ; calyx closed; segments
connivent. Core closed, clasping, small; cells axile, ovate, slit; tube
f unnel-shaped ; stamens median; seeds large, flattened; flesh whitish
yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, very good. Late winter and
spring.

Rambo. — Origin, eastern Pennsylvania; tree vigorous, rather
spreading, very productive, shoots dark, with large, light green foliage.

Rambo.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate, large specimens roundish oblate and
flattened at ends; surface greenish yellow, with bright red stripes and
splashes, coloring sometimes nearly solid on sunny side, with a rich
bloom; dots many, small, distinct, some large russet specks; cavity
wide, deep, regular, green; stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow,
abrupt, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed. Core open, clasping;
cells obovate; tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds many, large,
angular; flesh greenish white, tender, delicate, juicy, aromatic,
vinous subacid, very good. October to December.

THE APPLE.

159

Ramsdell Sweet (English Sweet). — Origin, Connecticut; tree vigor
ous, upright, an early and heavy bearer.

Ramsdell Sweet.

Fruit above medium, regular, oblong, slightly tapering, truncated;
surface smooth, yellow, almost wholly covered with solid dark red,
with indistinct stripes and splashes, with blue bloom; dots many,
large, gray, very conspicuous; cavity regular, deep, acute, with large
stellate russet patch; stern short, medium or long, often red; basin
narrow, abrupt, nearly smooth; calyx half open; segments erect
convergent. Core closed, clasping; cells elliptical, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median or basal; seeds short, plump; flesh yellow,
tender, juicy, firm, rich, very sweet, very good. October to February,

Raspberry. — Origin, Russia; exceedingly productive and a good
substitute for Red June where that variety winter-kills.

Fruit small, oblong, obscurely angular, somewhat flattened at ends;
surface a fine solid dark red (like a highly colored Red June); dots
very minute, white, obscure, many; cavity regular, shallow to nearly
flat, slightly russeted; stem medium to long; basin nearly flat, with
about five prominences around the eye; calyx closed; segments long,
reflexed. Core open; cells ovate, slit; seeds about twelve, short,

160

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

plump; flesh sprightly subacid, juicy, much stained throughout with
the same beautiful color as the skin, very good. July, August.
Reagan. — See Black Ben Davis.

Raspberry.

Red Astrachan.

Red Astrachan. — Origin, Russia ; first imported into England with
the White Astrachan from Sweden in 1816. Tree of vigorous, up-
right, spreading growth, an early and abundant bearer.

THE APPLE.

161

Fruit above medium, roundish, somewhat conical; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with mottled, marbled and
striped deep crimson, with delicate white bloom, a beautiful fruit;
dots minute; cavity shallow, regular, obtuse, russeted; stem short;
basin shallow, smooth, sometimes a little irregular; calyx small,
closed. Core closed, barely clasping; cells open, obovate; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal or median; seeds many, angular,
plump, small; flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk acid, good. Late July,
early August.

Red Canada (Steele's Red Winter}. — An old variety of American
origin, formerly much grown in New England and other parts of the
East; the tree is of irregular, slow growth and productive in most
localities, but to overcome its slender growth should be top-grafted
on Northern Spy, Tolman, or other strong-growing variety.

Red Canada.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, obscurely angular;
surface smooth, rich yellow, mostly shaded with deep red and crimson,
with rather indistinct stripes and splashes on sunny side; dots dis-
tinct, many, large, gray and yellow; cavity deep, wide, wavy, russeted;
stem short, slender; basin narrow, abrupt, shallow, slightly wrinkled
and irregular; calyx small, closed; segments long. Core small, barely
clasping, closed; tube conical; seeds imperfect; flesh yellowish white,

162 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk aromatic, subacid, very good
to best. All winter.

Red June, Carolina. — Supposed origin, North Carolina; tree very
vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer, highly esteemed in
many parts of the South and West as the best early market apple;
not hardy in northern Iowa.

Red June, Carolina.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, irregular, often unequal ,
somewhat conical; surface smooth, unctuous, almost wholly shaded
with deep solid red, purplish or nearly black red on sunny side with deli-
cate bloom; dots obscure, many, very minute, white; cavity narrow,
regular, acute, with slight trace of russet; stem variable; basin
narrow, smooth or slightly corrugated ; calyx closed ; segments long,
divergent. Core wide open, rather large; cells elliptical, abaxile, slit;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, black
brown; flesh very white, tender, delicate, juicy, fine-grained, sprightly,
agreeable, subacid, very good. July.

Red Queen (No. 316). — Origin, Russia.

Fruit above medium to large, regular, roundish conical; surface
greenish yellow, sometimes with dull reddish blush; dots large,
white, some with minute dark dot in centre, numerous towards the
basin; cavity regular, shallow, obtuse, russeted; stem short, stout;

THE APPLE. 163

basin narrow, small, abrupt, wrinkled or wavy; calyx closed. Core
closed, distant, barely clasping; tube conical; stamens basal; flesh
greenish white with green veinings, sprightly acid, good for culinary
use. Winter.

Red Stripe. — Origin, probably Indiana; tree productive, shoots
very downy.

Fruit medium or below, oblong conical, obscurely ribbed; surface
polished, whitish yellow, mostly covered with striped, splashed, and
mottled crimson; cavity acute, regular, russeted; stem short to
medium, slender; basin very shallow, corrugated; calyx very small,
closed. Core large, open, oval, clasping; flesh white, fine-grained,
juicy, tender, pleasant acid, good. July and August.

Red Warrior. — See Mitchell's Red Warrior; an Iowa variety.
The name was first given to a North Carolina variety ; see also Yates.

Red Wine. — Origin, Russia. Of Lowland Raspberry type.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregular, sides often bulging;
surface polished, waxen white, almost wholly covered with bright
red, a beautiful fruit; dots distinct, numerous, minute, white; cavity
regular, narrow, with stellate russet; stem medium; basin shallow,
narrow, wrinkled, and corrugated; calyx closed; segments connivent;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh snow-white, tender,
juicy, subacid, good. August, September.

Repka Malenka. — Origin, Russia. Malenka means small. This
is probably the best keeper of the Russians. A. G. Tuttle, of Bara-
boo, Wis., finds that the fruit keep easily till June. -

Fruit below medium, conical to roundish conical, obscurely angu-
lar, somewhat irregular and unequal; surface yellow, striped, splashed,
mixed and dotted dull red on sunny side; dots obscure, few, very
minute, white; cavity regular, obtuse, with considerable radiating
russet; stem medium to long; basin abrupt, narrow, shallow, slightly
corrugated and wrinkled; calyx open or closed; segments erect con-
vergent, very long. Core closed, clasping; cells round; tube funnel-
shaped, sometimes linear (long and very narrow) ; stamens marginal
or median; seeds about ten, large, plump, packed tight in the small
cells; flesh white, firm, mild subacid, good. Late winter and spring.

Rhode Island Greening. — Origin, Rhode Island ; one of the leading
eastern varieties; tree very vigorous, of strong, spreading growth,
an abundant bearer.

Fruit large, roundish to roundish oblate, often obscurely ribbed;

164

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Repka Malenk*

Rhode Island Greening.

THE APPLE.

165

surface dark dull green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, some-
times with faint dull blush, at the south somewhat rough and often
russeted; dots many, gray, irregular; cavity wide, regular, deep,
obtuse; stem medium to long; basin very shallow, small, nearly
smooth, of ten slightly russeted; calyx small, woolly, closed; segments
long, pointed, divergent, Core open; cells, abaxile, ovate, widely
slit, with much white exudate ; tube funnel-shaped ; stamens median
or basal; seeds few, angular, pointed, not plump; flesh yellow, fine-
grained, tender, very juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, rather acid, very
good. November to February.

Ribston (Ribston Pippin}. — Origin, Ribston Hall, near Knares-
borough, England, probably about 1688; highly esteemed in Eng-
land, but not equal to some other varieties as grown in the Eastern
States; tree spreading, productive, an early bearer.

Ribston.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical; surface rough,
greenish, shaded and striped with dull red on sunny side, with open
net- work of russet;- dots obscure, gray or russet, few; cavity rather
wide, rather shallow, somewhat acuminate, often with large stellate
russet patch; stem short; basin abrupt, medium, angular and ribbed,

166 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

russeted; calyx closed, small. Core small, distant, barely clasping,
closed; cells obovate, axile, slit; tube funnel-shaped, or broadly
conical; stamens median or basal; seeds pointed, few, often imper-
fect; flesh deep yellow, with yellow veinings, firm, crisp, juicy, rich,
aromatic subacid, very good. November to April.

Richards Graft. — Originated at Greenport, New York. Downing
said "one of the best apples of its season." Cultivated on the
Hudson River.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish, regular, truncated; surface
smooth, yellow, nearly covered with splashed, striped, marbled, and
dotted rich red, overlaid with whitish; dots many, obscure, whitish;
cavity wide, deep, obtuse, with much stellate russet; stem long, red;
basin abrupt, medium, nearly smooth; calyx small, closed, segments
erect convergent. Core half open, small; cells ovate, entire; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median ; seeds many, plump; flesh yellowish,
white, tender, juicy, fine-grained, rich, pleasant aromatic subacid;
very good to best. September and October.

Ridge Pippin. — Supposed origin near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, very regular, strongly ribbed;
surface yellow, thinly shaded and blushed with red; dots distinct,
few, russet and crimson; cavity large, wide, regular; stem short;
basin abrupt, furrowed, corrugated; calyx small, closed; flesh
yellow, crisp, juicy, mild, aromatic rich subacid, good. Late winter.

Rolfe (Macomber). — Origin, Gilford, Maine; tree vigorous, a good
annual bearer.

Fruit medium to large, oblate, angular; surface yellowish, shaded,
striped and splashed with red; cavity large; calyx closed. Flesh
white, fine-grained, subacid, good. Early winter.

Romanite, South. — Origin unknown; sometimes confounded with
Shockley in North Carolina, where it is much grown, but it is quite
distinct, also distinct from Gilpin, sometimes known as Little Red
Romanite. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive.

Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated; surface yellow, mostly
overspread with clear, light, handsome red; dots obscure, light;
stem slender; basin abrupt; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy,
mild, pleasant subacid, good to very good. February, April.

Roman Stem. — Origin, Burlington, New Jersey; tree very produc-
tive, of moderate vigor, spreading, irregular. One of the hardiest of the

THE APPLE.

167

Old eastern varieties for central and northern Iowa; the size and color
are against it for market.

Fruit medium or below, roundish, often irregular and unequal;
surface smooth, rich yellow, with faint bronze blush, sometimes with
patches of russet, and a few reddish specks; dots distinct, many,

Romanite, South.

russet or green; size variable, mostly small; cavity wide, shallow,
obtuse, usually with a large lip or fleshy protuberance against the
stem — this is typical of the variety although occasionally absent;
stem short; basin narrow, abrupt, wavy, somewhat corrugated;
calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed, barely clasp-
ing; cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds many,
plump, pointed; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, tender, juicy,
spicy, rich, subacid, excellent. November to March.

Rome Beauty. — Originated in southern Ohio by H. N. Gillett;
tree moderate grower, round-headed, very productive, an early bearer,
blooms late.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sometimes slightly conical; surface
smooth, pale yellow, mostly covered with mixed bright red, striped

168

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and splashed, a beautiful fruit; dots distinct, many, russet, rather
large; cavity wide, obtuse, wavy, lined with greenish russet; stem
medium; basin abrupt, smooth, rather shallow; calyx closed; seg-
ments erect convergent. Core closed, meeting; cells obovate,
entire; tube broad, funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds long,

Rome Beauty.

plump, pointed; flesh yellow, coarse-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid, good. Early winter.

Romna (No. 599; Romenskoe). — Origin, Russia.

Fruit large, very regular, roundish, conical; surface smooth,
green, with faint bronze blush; dots distinct, many, large, gray;
cavity regular, acute; stem medium, stout; basin narrow, wrinkled,
very shallow; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; flesh white, firm, pleasant subacid, good.
Late winter and spring.

Rosenhager. — Imported from Russia.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical, sometimes
broadly furrowed; surface yellow, mostly covered with bright rosy
crimson stripes and splashes on sunny side, overlaid with whitish
net-veining; dots few, obscure, light gray, some distinct with dark

THE APPLE.

169

centres; cavity regular, obtuse, deep, with trace of russet; stem
short; basin shallow, wide, corrugated and ribbed; calyx small,
open; segments divergent. Core open, clasping; cells ovate, abaxile,
slit; tube broadly conical; stamens median; seeds flat, often im-
perfect, long, pointed; flesh white, with faint yellow veinings, fine-
grained, crisp, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, very good. Late winter.

Roxanna. — Origin, Wisconsin.

Fruit medium, conical, irregular, angular; surface yellow, wholly
covered with fine crimson and carmine splashes (much like a well-
colored Fameuse) , a handsome fruit ; dots white ; cavity regular, slightly
russeted, acute; stem short; basin very shallow, narrow, wrinkled;
calyx half open. Core closed, clasping, very large; tube short,
conical; stamens marginal; seeds very plump, light brown; flesh
white, fine-grained, mild subacid, with sweet after-taste, very good.
Winter.

Roxbury (Roxbury Russet). — Supposed origin, Roxbury, Massa-
chusetts, soon after the settlement of the country. Scions were taken
to Connecticut soon after 1649. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading,
very productive. Not as popular as formerly for export.

Roxbury.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, oblate, slightly angular; surface
green, entirely covered with open net-work of brownish yellow russet,
sometimes with a faint blush on sunny side; dots obscure, few, gray,

170 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

minute; cavity deep, regular; stem short, rather slender; basin
regular, smooth, rather shallow; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core closed; cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seed
about ten, half abortive, pointed, not plump; flesh greenish white,
with greenish yellow veinings, moderately juicy, flavor rich, spicy,
subacid, good to very good. January to June.

Russell. — This variety has been traced to the farm of Capt. William
Russell, Farmington, Maine, where it was known to be in fruit over
sixty-five years ago. The local tradition is that Capt. Russell, an
early settler, walked from Massachusetts to his farm and brought in
his pockets a lot of apple-seed, and this is one of the seedlings. Tree
spreading, an early and regular bearer.

Fruit large, round ovate, sometimes oblong conical, somewhat
flattened at base, nearly regular; surface waxen, smooth, except
for the raised dots and occasional russet knobs, bright yellow, with
red cheek in the sun, obscurely striped; dots brown with light bases;
cavity small, regular, narrow, russeted; stem very short and stout;
basin regular, deep, abrupt, furrowed; calyx closed; segments erect
convergent. Core medium, oval, clasping; seeds few, imperfecct,
light brown; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, moderately juicy,
pleasant subacid, good to very good. September.

There is also a Canadian Russell, described by W. T. Macoun,
(Bui. 38, Canada Exp. Sta.) as follows:

" Russell. — Originated in Russell Co., Ontario. Fruit medium to
above medium in size, roundish to oblate; skin pale yellow, almost
or completely, covered with deep red; dots few, gray, not prominent;
cavity shallow, open; stem long, slender; basin shallow, open,
slightly wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh white, tender, melting, juicy,
subacid, with a pleasant flavor, having a suggestion of Fameuse about
it, slightly astringent. Core large, quality good. Season, middle
of August to middle of September; tree vigorous. Top-grafted
on Wealthy at the Central Experimental Farm, it has produced
good crops every other year. It ripens unevenly, making it more
desirable for home use than for commercial purposes."

Russian Baldwin. — An all-winter Russian apple of commercial
value; received from the late CharlesGibb and named by Dr. T. H.
Hoskins.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate; skin thin; surface smooth,
yellow, washed with mixed red, splashed and striped with crimson;

THE APPLE.

171

dots erupted, russet; cavity medium, irregular, with gradual slope,
slightly lipped and somewhat russeted; stem of medium size, short;
basin small, regular, shallow, furrowed; calyx small, closed or nearly
so; segments short, wide, converging. Core large, wide, partially
open, clasping; seeds numerous, small, plump, dark brown; flesh
yellowish white, moderately fine, moderately juicy; flavor subacid;
quality good. Season late winter. (U. S. Pomologist Report, 1895.)

Saint Johnsbury. — Origin, St. Johnsbury, Vermont; tree a very
strong grower, productive.

Fruit medium, round oblate, yellow, mostly covered with dark red
or carmine; flesh yellowish, solid, crisp, juicy, pleasant sweet. De-
cember to April. (Trans. A. P. S., 1873, p. 92.)

Saint Lawrence. — Of American origin; tree vigorous, upright,
productive; valuable, but ripens when there is an abundance of other
fruit.

Saint Lawrence.

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conical, slightly angular; surface
smooth, yellowish green, mostly covered with sharply defined car-
mine splashes and stripes, the sharp contrast between the red and
green is a marked characteristic; dots gray, minute, obscure; cavity
wide, deep, regular, with faint trace of russet; stem medium; basin

172 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

deep, narrow, abrupt, smooth or slightly wrinkled; calyx closed;
segments long, erect convergent. Core partially open, clasping;
cells obovate, widely slit; tube conical; stamens median; flesh
white, often slightly stained with pink, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous
subacid, good to very good. September to October.

Salome. — Originated with Elias C. Hathaway, Ottawa, Illinois;
tree a strong, upright grower, very productive.

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, somewhat angular;
surface greenish yellow, washed, splashed and striped with bright
red overlaid with whitish; dots distinct, many, whitish, large, a few
russet dots; cavity deep, regular, obtuse, with some stellate russet;
stem medium to long, stout; basin shallow, nearly smooth, a few
minute wrinkles; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core
large, open, barely clasping, sessile; cells ovate, axile, entire; tube
conical; stamens basal; seeds fourteen to nineteen, large, flattened;
flesh yellow, crisp, tender, sprightly, subacid, good. Late winter.

Saxton (Fall Stripe). — An old variety of Massachusetts or Con-
necticut origin; is also raised in parts of the West; tree vigorous,
round-headed, an early bearer, very productive alternate years.

Fruit medium, roundish, truncated, somewhat irregular and
obscurely ribbed; surface greenish yellow, thinly washed with light
red, with distinct dark red stripes and splashes, mixed red on sunny
side; dots minute, white, obscure; cavity acute, slightly russeted;
stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow, often flat, ribbed and
wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core wide
open, meeting or barely clasping; cells round, roomy, abaxile, slit;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds many, short, plump,
easily loosened so as to rattle when shaken; flesh yellowish, juicy,
tender, mild subacid, good to very good. September.

Scarlet Pippin (Leeds Beauty). — Originated at Lyn, Leeds Co.,
Ontario, near Brockville. A choice variety of the Fameuse type
recently introduced. Tree of strong, upright growth, productive.

Fruit medium, regular, oblate to roundish oblate; surface smooth,
waxen, yellow, almost wholly covered with brilliant bright and dark
crimson, washed and splashed, coloring solid on sunny side, with thin,
light bloom; a beautiful fruit; dots distinct, many, minute, white;
cavity deep, regular, wide, obtuse with trace of stellate russet; stem
short; basin nearly flat, smooth; calyx open; segments divergent.
Core closed, small, meeting; tube conical; stamens median; seeds

THE APPLE. 173

plump, short, few; flesh very white, slightly stained with pink, fine-
grained, crisp, melting, tender, juicy, subacid, very good. Early
winter.

Scott Winter. — Origin, Vermont; introduced by Dr. T. II. Hos-
kins. Tree a strong, upright grower; an annual and good bearer.
Promising at the North.

Scott Winter.

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, conical, somewhat
angular; surface a rich yellow, heavily washed with red, with indis-
tinct dark stripes and splashes and some open russet net-veining,
giving the fruit a peculiar marbled, dark orange-red color; cavity
regular, deep, obtuse with stellate russet; stem short; basin narrow
very abrupt, slightly wrinkled or wavy; calyx closed; segments erect
convergent. Core closed, clasping; cells round; tube conical; sta-
mens median; seeds eight to ten, short, plump; flesh yellow, fine-
grained, juicy, crisp, pleasant, sprightly acid, good; use chiefly culi-
nary. Late winter.

Schroeder (Tuttte's Charlamoff; the upright C harlamoff) .— Received
from Russia under the name of Charlamoff, but the tree is of
upright habit and fruit very distinct from that variety. The above
name was given by the Russian Nomenclature Commission in 1898.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, flattened at ends, regular; surface
handsomely colored much like Oldenburg, splashes broad, bright,
distinctly defined; dots obscure, gray, few, very minute; cavity deep,

174 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

wide, regular, with much stellate russet; stem short; basin medium,
somewhat corrugated and minutely wrinkled; calyx open. Core
half open; cells round or roundish ovate, entire; tube long, wide,
funnel-shaped, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds short, plump;
flesh white, juicy, acid, good. September.

Seevers. — Grown to some extent in central Iowa.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish conical, very regular;
greenish yellow with large bronze blush; dots obscure, minute, russet,
with gray bases, a few large gray specks ; cavity regular, deep, acute,
lined with stellate russet; stem short; basin flat, narrow, smooth or
slightly wrinkled; calyx open; segments very small, erect or flat con-
vergent. Core closed, barely clasping; cells round, slit, axile; tube
conical, small; stamens median; seeds about eight, short, plump,
rather large; flesh moderately juicy, rich mild acid, good. Midwinter
to spring.

Sheriff (American Beauty, incorrectly). — Brought from Pennsyl-
vania many years ago by James Sheriff — hence its name, the original
name having been lost. Tree quite hardy in parts of the West. Tree
vigorous, of tall, open, somewhat spreading, symmetrical habit, with
few branches; a good annual and early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat cylindrical, flattened at ends,
nearly regular; surface pale greenish yellow, nearly covered with
light and dull dark red, with obscure carmine stripes and splashes;
dots many, minute, distinct, whitish; cavity very narrow, acuminate,
regular, green and russeted; stem medium to long, slender, deeply
inserted ; basin wide, shallow, wavy, or slightly ribbed ; calyx closed ;
segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells ovate, slit, very large;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few to many, plump,
pointed; flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild pleasant subacid, not rich,
good. December, February.

Shiawassee (Shiawassee Beauty). — Originated in Shiawassee Co.,
Mich., one of the best varieties of the Fameuse type; tree a strong,
moderately upright grower; a heavy bearer in alternate years.

Fruit medium, very oblate, regular; surface polished, yellow,
almost wholly covered with brilliant dark crimson, with obscure
splashes; dots distinct, few, large, yellow; cavity obtuse, wide,
regular, with stellate russet; stem medium; basin smooth, wide,
shallow; calyx closed or open ; segments divergent. Core half open,
meeting; cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median or basal;

THE APPLE.

175

seeds few, plump, pointed; flesh firm, very white, tinged with red,
brisk, pleasant subacid, very good. Early winter.

Shockley.

Shockley.— Origin, Jackson Co., Georgia, a popular variety at the
South; tree vigorous, upright, an early and very abundant bearer.

176

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit small to medium, conical, truncated, regular; surface very
smooth, pale waxen yellow, mostly covered with marbled and blushed
bright red and crimson; dots few, obscure, minute, gray; cavity
deep, acute, regular, slightly russeted; stem slender, long; basin
shallow, corrugated, narrow; calyx small, half open. Core closed,
meeting; tube conical; stamens median; seeds many, plump; flesh
yellow, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, rich, saccharine subacid, very good.
March, June.

Smith Cider. — Origin, Bucks Co., Pennsylvania; tree very vigorous,
straggling, spreading grower, an early and good bearer.

Smith Cider.

Fruit medium to large, varying from roundish oblate conical to
somewhat elongated, sometimes unequal ; surface smooth, pale yellow,
shaded with red, with indistinct bright crimson splashes; dots
few, distinct, gray, large; cavity deep, acute, narrow, russeted;
stem medium to long, slender; basin wide, shallow, sometimes cor-
rugated; calyx small, half open; segments long. Core open, clasping;
seeds many, plump, pointed; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp,
aromatic, mild subacid, not rich, good. Late winter.

THE APPLE.

177

Smokehouse. — Origin, Pennsylvania; tree of moderately vigorous
spreading growth, productive.

Smokehouse.

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, regular; surface yellow, shaded,
mottled, and obscurely splashed with red and crimson; dots few,
large, gray and brown; cavity wide, acute; stem rather long, slender,
curved; basin wide, medium deep, slightly corrugated; calyx closed;
flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, juicy, crisp, aromatic subacid, good.
September to February.

Sops of Wine. — An ancient English variety; tree vigorous, up-
right, spreading, an early and abundant bearer.

Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, regular; surface smooth,
unctuous at maturity, rich yellow, almost or wholly covered with rich
dark red, mixed and shaded, with heavy darker stripes and splashes
overlaid with thin white bloom, a handsome fruit; dots distinct, many,
gray and yellow; cavity obtuse, wavy, slightly russeted; stem long;
basin wide, smooth, shallow; calyx closed: segments long, broad,
connivent. Core closed, meeting, core outline red; cells round,

178 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

axile, slit; tube conical; stamens median or marginal; seeds large,
pointed, few; flesh yellowish white, stained with red, fine-grained,

Sops of Wine.

moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, good to very good. Late
July, early August, in central Iowa.

Speer. — A stray variety in some scions of another variety received
from Russia. Named in honor of R. P. Speer, Cedar Falls, Iowa, by
the Iowa State Horticultural Society.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish, somewhat oblate, regular;
surface rich golden yellow, remarkable for the numerous minute
prominences and raised dots; dots obscure, many, minute; cavity
regular, obtuse, slightly russeted; stem medium, stout; basin smooth,
wide, deep, very abrupt, forming a cup with a few prominences in
bottom; calyx closed; segments erect convergent, very large and
leafy. Core closed, clasping; cells axile, ovate; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens marginal; flesh white, juicy, crisp, sprightly acid, good.
Late fall.

Springdale. — Origin, Arkansas; of recent introduction.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, regular; surface
yellow almost or wholly covered with fine dark solid red, obscurely

THE APPLE.

179

splashed dark crimson, some small russet patches; dots distinct,
many, russet, raised; cavity regular, medium, obtuse, lined with
stellate russet, stem medium, stout; basin rather shallow, slighly
corrugated; calyx open; segments small, flat convergent. Core half
open, clasping; cells round; tube long, funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; seeds plump, pointed, packed closely in cells; flesh yellowish
white with greenish tinge, firm, very solid, mild pleasant subacid,
good. Late winter.

Stark. — Origin unknown, probably Ohio; tree vigorous, upright,
spreading. A commercial variety.

Stark.

Fruit, large, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes a little elongated
and oblique; surface smooth, unctuous at maturity, yellowish green,
mostly covered with light and dark red, shaded, striped, and splashed,
overlaid with whitish; dots many, distinct, brown and whitish, some
areolar; cavity regular, obtuse, slightly russeted; basin shallow,
slightly wrinkled; calyx closed. Core open, small, outline irregular,
meeting; tube obtusely conical: stamens marginal or median; flesh
yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid, good. Late
winter.

Starkey. — Origin, Maine; tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, pro-
ductive, a regular bearer.

180 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, regular; surface pale yellow,
shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark bright red; dots
few, light and gray; cavity medium, sometimes slight russet; stem
short, small; basin medium, slightly corrugated; calyx closed or
nearly so. Core small; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild
pleasant subacid. October, January.

Stayman Winesap.j — A seedling of the Winesap, originated with
Dr. J. Stayman, Leaven worth, Kansas. We give his description:

Stayman Winesap.

" Tree very vigorous, open, irregular, spreading; wood very dark; dark
heavy foliage; an early and very abundant bearer; tree much in
appearance like Winesap; fruit hangs wrell on the tree.

"Fruit medium to large, heavy, oblate conical, regular; greenish
yellow, mostly covered and indistinctly splashed, mixed and striped
with dark dull red; dots medium, numerous, distinct gray; stem of
medium length, slender; cavity wide, deep, much russeted, extend-
ing, regular; calyx large, open, or half open, erect, large; basin
rather narrow, abrupt, deep, furrowed. Core medium; flesh yellow,
firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic ; quality best. Season,
January to May."

THE APPLE. 181

Stephenson (Stephenson' s Winter). — Origin, Marshall Co., Missis-
sippi; tree of moderate growth, productive.

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded, and
sometimes striped with red; stem long, slender; calyx open. Core
small; flesh whitish, rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid, good.
January to April.

Sterling (American Beauty).— Origin, Sterling, Massachusetts; tree
vigorous, productive, an annual bearer.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed;
surface a yellow ground, mostly covered with red, which is quite dark
in the sun; dots numerous, small, light and brown; cavity medium,
with radiating russet, the rays sometimes extending out over a portion
of the fruit; stem rather short, somewhat slender; basin medium,
uneven; calyx small, closed; segments medium, slightly recurved.
Core small; flesh yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich,
mild subacid, aromatic, very good. December to April.

Striped Gilliflower. — Origin unknown. Distinct from Scollop
Gilliflower; the two varieties were formerly considered identical.

Fruit variable in size and form, size large to very large; in form
varying from roundish conical to oblong conical (about half of each,
one grower reports), irregular, angular, often furrowed; surface light
greenish yellow, thinly striped with dull red on sunny side; dots very
obscure, few, minute, white; cavity deep, acute, with stellate russet;
stem short; basin shallow with a few sharp minute ridges; calyx
closed or half open; segment serect convergent. Core wide open,
sessile, barely clasping; cells abaxile, elliptical, much slit with broad
ridges of cellular exudate; tube conical; stamens median; seeds few,
small, nearly round, very blunt; flesh whitish, juicy, crisp, brisk
subacid, fair to good. September.

Summer Bellflower (of Pennsylvania). — Origin unknown. Dis-
tinct from th3 Summer Bellflower of New York.

Fruit large, oblong conic, mu^h like Yellow Bellflower; surface a
clear waxen yellow deepening to i . "i golden yellow on sunny side ; dots
few, minute, distinct, russet; cavity deep, wide, acute, regular, with
stellate russet patch; stem short; basin narrow, very shallow, ribbed
and corrugated; calyx closed; segments erect converging. Core
wide open, meeting; cells elliptical, very roomy, slit; tube conical;
stamens median; seeds about twelve, short, plump; flesh yellow, with

182

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

yellow veinings, fine-grained, rich, spicy, mild subacid, very good.
Last of August and early September.

Summer King. — An old variety; supposed origin, North Carolina,
popular in Kentucky; tree upright, moderate grower, productive
alternate years.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate; surface yellowish green,
striped with crimson, red and orange; cavity large, deep, russeted;
stem short; basin medium, regular; calyx closed. Core small;
flesh whitish, yellow, fine, brittle, juicy, mild agreeable subacid.
August, September.

Summer Pearmain (American Summer Pearmairi). — Of American

Summer Pearmain.

origin; of slender, slow growth in nursery, in orchard large, round-
headed, productive.

Fruit medium, regular, roundish oblong, slightly tapering, very
regular; surface greenish yellow, covered with mixed and marbled
red, obscurely splashed and streaked with brighter red on sunny
side; dots russet and gray, many, obscure, minute; cavity regular,
obtuse, some stellate russet; stem long, slender; basin shallow,
smooth, abrupt, very regular; calyx nearly closed; segments flat
convergent. Core closed, small, roundish, meeting, distant; cells

THE APPLE. 183

elliptical, entire; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds plump, rounded,
short; flesh yellow, very tender, pleasant, rich, aromatic, juicy, sutn
acid, best. August and September.

Summer Queen. — Of American origin; tree vigorous, large, spread-
ing, with somewhat pendent boughs, productive.

Summer Queen.

Fruit large, roundish conical, somewhat angular and ribbed;
surface fine deep yellow, mostly covered with clouded and mixed
red, with bright red splashes and stripes; dots minute, yellow; cavity,
acute, regular, rather deep, russeted; stem long, slender; basin
narrow, flat, or very shallow, plaited; calyx medium, closed. Core
medium, open; seeds many, pointed; .flesh yellow, firm, very aro-
matic, rich, rather acid, excellent for cooking. August, September.

Summer Rose. — Origin, New Jersey; tree vigorous, spreading,
productive, an early bearer.

Fruit rather small, roundish oblate, regular; surface smooth,

184 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

polished, clear rich pale waxen yellow, with distinct bright red and
crimson stripes and splashes on sunny side; dots minute; cavity
regular, acute; stem rather short, slender; basin abrupt, wide,
nearly smooth; calyx small, closed. Core large, closed, meeting;
seeds many, short, plump; flesh white, very tender, fine-grained,

Summer Rose.

very juicy, sprightly subacid, excellent. June to early August,
ripening in succession.

Sutton (Sultan Beauty). — Origin, Sutton, Massachusetts, thought to
be a seedling of Hubbardston, but of more attractive appearance;
tree upright, thrifty, very productive.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish oblate conical; surface
smooth, waxen yellow, mottled, washed and shaded crimson, with
obscure carmine splashes and stripes; dots few, large, whitish, and
russet, distinct; cavity deep, wide, with greenish russet; stem rather
short; basin shallow, abrupt, slightly wrinkled; calyx half open;
segments divergent. Core medium, oblate, closed, clasping; seeds
many, pointed, angular; flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid, good to very good. Midwinter.

Swaar. — Originated by the Dutch settlers on the Hudson River,
near Esopus, New York; the name in Low Dutch means heavy,
alluding to its unusual weight; a deep, rich, sandy loam is required
for its best development; tree vigorous, spreading, productive.

Fruit medium to large, roundish to roundish oblate, mostly regular,
often obscurely angular; surface roughened by dots and sometimes

THE APPLE. 185

with gray russet net-veining, greenish yellow, with bronze or red
blush, at full maturity a fine dead golden yellow; dots many, very
large, conspicuous, light russet; cavity regular, narrow, often russeted,
sometimes nearly closed; stem long, slender; basin almost flat,'
smooth, or faintly wrinkled; calyx open; segments flat convergent!
Core closed, clasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; cells
roundish ovate, slit; seeds many, plump, pointed; flesh yellowish,
very heavy, fine-grained, very rich, aromatic, very mild subacid,
and spicy fragrance, very good to best. December to March.

Swazy Pomme Gris (Pomme Grise d'Or). — Supposed origin near
Niagara, Ontario, Canada; tree is moderately vigorous, upright, good

wazy Pomme Gria.

bearer in alternate years; fruit more oblong, of richer yellow and
more aromatic than the Pomme Grise and is considered superior to it.
Fruit small to below medium, oblate to roundish; surface deep
yellow, nearly covered with a thin light brownish gray russet; dots
many, distinct, but not conspicuous; cavity deep, narrow; stem
short to long, slender; basin narrow, deep, slightly corrugated;
calyx half open. Core small; flesh pale greenish yellow, fine-grained,
tender, juicy, aromatic, rich, sprightly subacid, very good to best.
January to April.

186 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Sweet Longfield (20 M.). — Origin, Russia; an excellent late sum-
mer sweet apple, following Smoky Arcad and Beautiful Arcade in
season. The original name, Kursk Reinette, was changed to Sweet
Longfield by Prof. Budd, and this was adopted by the Russian No-
menclature Commission.

Fruit large, regular, oblong conic, somewhat truncated; surface
greenish yellow, often with faint blush on sunny side; dots minute,
white, obscure, numerous, slightly raised; cavity regular, acute,
slightly russeted; stem medium; basin small, abrupt, slightly
wrinkled; calyx closed; segments small. Core regular, clasping,
open; cells large; tube conical; stamens median; seeds small,
plump; flesh white, fine-grained, rich, sweet, very good for table
or baking. August.

Sweet Wealthy. — Originated from seed of Wealthy, in 1874, by
0. M. Lord, Minnesota City. Lord's Longfield came from the same
lot of Wealthy seeds; others of these Wealthy seedlings produced
"the sourest apples I ever tasted." (Mr. Lord.) No sweet varieties
were within range of the parent tree. Sweet Wealthy is an excellent
fall sweet apple, worthy of attention.

Fruit medium, roundish, often unequal; surface greenish yellow,
thinly washed and obscurely splashed with dull red overlaid with
whitish; dots distinct, many, gray, minute; cavity regular, narrow,
obtuse, with stellate russet; stem medium, fleshy, stout; basin
flat, corrugated; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core
closed, rounded, clasping; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens marginal; seeds about ten, rather large, plump, pointed;
flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant, sweet, very good. Septem-
ber and October.

Sweet Winesap. — Origin, Pennsylvania; tree of moderate, upright
growth, productive.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic; surface red,
splashed with deep crimson; cavity deep, russeted; stem long, slender;
basin rather deep, open; calyx partially open. Flesh tender, juicy,
very sweet, rich, good to very good. November to March.

Switzer. — Origin, Russia.

Fruit medium, oblate, regular; surface light yellow, almost or
wholly covered with bright crimson; dots white, few, obscure; cavity
regular, somewhat acuminate, russeted; stem long; basin wide,
shallow, nearly flat, corrugated; calyx closed. Core half open,clasp-

THE APPLE. 187

ing; tube funnel-shaped, open nearly to core; stamens median; flesh
snow-white, firm, fine-grained, rich, spicy, mild subacid, with sweet
after-taste, very good. September, October.

Switzer.

Taunton. — Origin unknown; some claim it for Alabama, others
Georgia; tree a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive.

Fruit rather large, oblate conic; surface greenish yellow, striped
and splashed with red, darkest on sun side; dots large, light; cavity
deep, russeted; stem slender; basin slightly corrugated; calyx closed;
segments long, slender; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid;
good. September, October.

Terry Winter. — Origin, Clayton Co., Georgia, some twenty-five
miles south of Atlanta; tree moderately vigorous, of rather slender
open growth, with abundant healthy foliage; an early and heavy
annual bearer. Prof. H. N. Starnes, of Georgia Experiment Station,
reports it valuable for the South, owing to its very late keeping,
good quality, and extreme productiveness ; its faults are its want of
size, produced by its tendency to overbear, and its too firm texture
in early winter.

Fruit medium or below, oblate, regular; surface a clear light
yellow, mostly covered with fine dark red, with carmine splashes and
stripes; dots distinct, many, minute, yellow, some large russet dots;

188

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

cavity regular, obtuse, often russeted; stem medium; basin smooth,
wide, shallow or medium depth; calyx closed; segments flat con-
vergent. Core closed; cells ovate, axile ; tube funnel-shaped ; stamens
marginal; seeds few, short, plump; flesh yellow, fine-grained, firm,
juicy, mild, pleasant, saccharine, subacid, very good. Late winter
and spring, even keeping till July.

Tetofsky (Tetofski). — Origin, Russia; tree hardy, very upright,
an early annual bearer. Dowling's spelling Tetofsky is usually pre-
ferred to Warder's version Tetofski.

Fruit medium or below, oblate to roundish oblate, somewhat
conical, angular; surface smooth, yellow, striped and splashed wTith
bright crimson, marbled and mixed on sunny side, overlaid with
heavy whitish bloom, a handsome fruit; cavity wide, obtuse, regular;
stem short to medium; basin shallow, much corrugated and ribbed;

Tetofsky.

calyx closed; segments large. Core large, closed, clasping; cells
o^ovate or round, slit; tube broad, long, funnel-shaped; stamens
median; seeds plump; flesh white, juicy, sprightly acid, good. August.

Titovka (Titus Riga). — Origin, Russia. A large, beautifully
colored apple, following Oldenburg in season.

Fruit large, oblong, truncated, regular; surface smooth, very
unctuous, yellow, mostly covered with fine marbled red, with carmine
splashes and stripes; dots minute, white, obscure, few; cavity very

THE APPLE.

189

deep, acute, yellow; stem very short; basin deep, very abrupt, with
corrugations in bottom; calyx closed; segments small, erect con-

Titovka.

vergent. Core wide open, sessile, clasping, roundish oblate; cells
obovate, roomy, widely slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median;
seeds few, short, plump, several minute imperfect seeds; flesh yellow,
juicy, subacid, good. September, October.

Tolman Sweet (Tollman Sweet). — Origin, Rhode Island; tree
vigorous, upright, spreading, very productive. One of the hardiest
of the old eastern apples in the western prairie region.

Fruit medium or above, nearly globular; surface whitish yellow,
often with faint blush on sunny side, usually a distinct dark line or
pin-scratch runs from stem to calyx; dots few, gray, minute, rather
obscure, some with whitish bases; cavity rather wide, obtuse, medium
deep, regular; stem long, slender; basin small, shallow, wrinkled,
leather-cracked; calyx small, closed or half open; segments erect
convergent. Core closed; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens median; seeds short, plump; flesh white, firm, moderately

190

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

juicy, fine-grained, rich sweet, quality very good for a sweet apple.
All winter.

Tolman Sweet.

Tompkins King (King of Tompkins County). — Supposed origin
Essex Co., New Jersey, but was first noticed as a heavy bearer in
Tompkins Co., New York, in 1838; tree very vigorous, large, spread-
ing, an annual bearer, moderately productive usually. A favorite for
export as it keeps well and stands shipment well.

Fruit large, globular, inclining to conical, sometimes roundish
oblate, angular; surface deep rich yellow, mostly covered with shaded
and dotted bright red, with dark crimson stripes and splashes; dots
distinct, numerous, light russet, large; cavity large, often irregular,
obtuse, yellow, with trace of russet; stem long or short, stout or
slender; basin narrow, shallow, smooth, or slightly wrinkled; calyx
small, closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed, meeting, large,
sessile, turbinate; cells elliptical, widely slit, with much exudate; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds few, about half imperfect, large,
long; flesh yellow- juicy, rather coarse, tender, rich, vinous, very
agreeable subacid, very good to best. December to March.

Townsend. — Found by Stephen Townsend, over one hundred
years ago, in an Indian clearing in Bucks Co., Pennsylvania; tree
vigorous, upright, spreading, productive.

Fruit rather large, oblate, slightly conic; surface pale yellow,

THE APPLE. 191

striped and splashed with red, with thin bloom; cavity medium;
stem rather long, slender; basin rather shallow, slightly ribbed;
calyx closed; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, very mild, agreeable
subacid, good to very good. Middle of August to middle of September.

Trenton Early. — Origin unknown; first brought to notice in Ohio
in 1852, where it was introduced many years previously by Silas
Wharton; tree vigorous, productive.

Fruit large, conical, angular, and ribbed; surface smooth, unctuous,
yellowish white, with slight green undulations; dots few, minute;
cavity wide, regular, russeted; stem medium; basin narrow, furrowed;
calyx rather small, closed. Core large, partially open; seeds many,
angular; flesh white, very light and tender, juicy, pleasant subacid,
very good. August, September.

Tuttle. — Originated on farm of Lyman Tuttle, Hamden, Con-
necticut; tree upright, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer in
alternate years, valued in its locality for market and home use.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish conic, sometimes unequal;
surface pale yellow, shaded with a light red, with dark red stripes
and splashes; dots distinct, many, very large, gray, russet, many
coalescent, forming large russet patches ; cavity regular, obtuse, often
with large patch of russet radiating out over base; stem short; basin
narrow, very shallow; calyx closed; segments flat convergent. Core
wide open, medium, meeting; cells elliptical, entire; tube conical;
stamens marginal; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild pleasant sub-
acid, very good. December, March.

Twenty Ounce (Cayuga Red Streak). — An old variety from Con-
necticut. (There is a Twenty-ounce Pippin which is a large inferior
somewhat striped green apple.) Tree vigorous, with compact head,
a regular and abundant bearer.

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven; surface greenish yel-
low, almost wholly covered with marbled and mixed red, with boldly
marked stripes and splashes of bright crimson, very showy; dots dis-
tinct, few, large, gray; cavity regular, deep, slightly russeted; stem
short; basin rather shallow, smooth, or slightly corrugated; calyx
small, half open; segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells ovate,
slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds plump, few; flesh
yellow, coarse-grained, sprightly, pleasant, brisk subacid, good.
October to January.

192

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Twenty Ouncf .

Utter.

THE APPLE. 193

University (Duchess No. 103).— Originated about 1882 from seed
of Duchess by C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa.

Fruit large, oblate, very regular; surface a clear yellow with
orange yellow on sunny side; dots minute, white, some distinct russet
dots with white bases; cavity wide, deep, obtuse, regular; stem
short to medium; basin very wide and shallow, with irregular promi-
nences around the eye; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core
partially open, clasping; cells round, widely slit; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens marginal; seeds not many, plump; flesh yellow with some
yellow veinings, pleasant subacid, very good. Late fall.

Utter (Utter Red). — Origin, Wisconsin. Much grown in Wisconsin
and other parts of the West. The fruit is remarkable for the
decided variation shown in specimens from different parts of the
tree, Some exhibitors at fruit displays sometimes take advantage
of this fact to increase their number of " varieties."

Fruit above medium to large, the typical form is roundish oblate
(sometimes roundish, somewhat elongated, angular, and flattened at
ends) ; surface yellow, splashed, mottled, striped, and much dotted
with light red (from interior of tree sometimes only a clear waxen
pale yellow) ; dots white, minute, many, a few small russet dots; cav-
ity regular, deep, usually with trace of russet; stem medium; basin
rather shallow, wavy, or ribbed; calyx closed; segments very small,
divergent. Core open or closed, clasping; cells obovate, slit; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds not many, very large and
plump; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sub-
acid, good. November, December.

Vandevere. — An old variety, originated at Wilmington, Delaware;
distinct from Vandevere Pippin grown at the West.

Fruit medium, oblate; surface waxen yellow, striped with red;
dots numerous, green; cavity deep; stem about one inch long;
basin round, moderate; calyx small, closed; flesh yellowish, com-
pact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid flavor, good, valuable
for culinary use. October to January.

Vandevere Pippin. — Origin unknown, supposed to have been
Pennsylvania, but this is not well established; popular in parts of the
West; tree very vigorous, large, spreading; abundant annual bearer.
Fruit large to very large, oblate, remotely conic, regular; surface
yellowish green, striped, marbled, and blotched with red, with bright
red stripes on sunny side; dots large, rough, yellow and brown russet,

194 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

some minute, gray, with green bases; cavity wide, regular, obtuse,
deep, with stellate russet; stem short, stout; basin wide, shallow,
smooth; calyx partially closed. Core closed, regular, clasping;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds many; flesh greenish
yellow, firm, crisp, heavy, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, good, valuable
for cooking and drying. November, December.

Vandevere Pippin.

Vanhoy (Van Hoy No-core}. — Origin, North Carolina; tree a
vigorous grower, with spreading branches. Recommended for its
native region; not found valuable at New York Experiment
Station.

Fruit medium or above, oblate, ribbed, frequently unsymmetrical ;
surface yellowish green, overlaid and splashed with dull red, flecked
with yellowish dots on the red and dark spots on the yellowish green ;
cavity rather narrow, deep, thinly russeted; basin broad, abrupt, deep;
calyx closed; flesh tinged with greenish yellow, moderately juicy,
breaking, mild subacid, quality good, flavor lacks sprightliness or
decided character. Season, January to May. (N. Y. Exp. Sta. Re-
port, 1896, p. 276.)

Vasilis Largest (Basil the Great, No. 971). — Origin, Russia. A
large showy market apple.

THE APPLE. 195

Fruit very large, roundish oblong, truncated, sometimes roundish
oblate, often unequal; surface unctuous, yellow, mostly covered with
dark mixed red and crimson stripes and splashes, a very showy
fruit; dots large, white, numerous; calyx deep, acute, regular; stem
very short; basin wide, rather deep, abrupt; calyx closed or half
open. Core irregular, closed; cells slit by irregular fissures; tube very
long, conical; stamens marginal; seeds very plump; flesh coarse-
grained, stained red next the skin and tinged faint red, juicy, acid,
fair; use culinary. September.

Virginia Greening. — Supposed origin, Virginia; tree large, spread-
ing, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish to roundish oblate; surface smooth, dull
greenish yellow, brownish on sunny side; dots large, conspicuous,
few, brown or grayish, with suffused whitish green rings or bases;
cavity wide, large, regular, green; stem rather long; basin broad,
wide, shallow, corrugated; calyx small, open. Core closed, regular,
turbinate, meeting; seeds many, long; flesh yellowish, firm, pleasant
subacid, good for kitchen and market. Late winter and spring.

Wagener. — Origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., New York; tree thrifty,
upright, productive, a very early bearer.

Wagener.

Fruit above medium, oblate, angular, often distinctly five-sided;
surface smooth, polished, yellow, mostly covered with mixed bright

196

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

red, with rather obscure crimson splashes and stripes faintly overlaid
with whitish; dots distinct, few, not large, whitish; cavity deep, obtuse,
irregular, wide; stem medium; basin smooth, shallow, nearly regular,
often abrupt; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed,
clasping, sessile, flattened, cordate; cells round, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds not many, short, somewhat flat-
tened; flesh yellowish, juicy, very tender and delicate, fine-grained,
brisk, mild subacid, very good to best. November to February.

Walbridge (Edgar Redstreak}. — Originated by Joseph Curtis,
Paris, Edgar Co., 111., and named Edgar Redstreak, but the shorter
name, under which it was raised for many years before the true name
became known, has the preference; tree vigorous, at first upright,
but spreading with age, a fine tree in nursery. In many parts of the
West it has been a very tardy and shy bearer.

Walbridge.

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, regular; surface smooth, polished,
pale greenish yellow, thinly shaded with pale red, with narrow stripes
and splashes of bright red on sunny side; dots whitish, very obscure,
few; cavity acute, regular, trace of russet; stem short to medium;
basin narrow, flat, or nearly so (this is a marked characteristic),
minutely wrinkled; calyx closed, small. Core open, clasping: tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; flesh white with green veinings,
crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, fair. All winter.

THE APPLE.

197

Warfield. — Origin, Muscatine, Iowa; tree vigorous, an early and
abundant bearer; grown in central and southern Iowa.

Fruit large, oblate, truncated, very regular as though turned in a
lathe; surface waxen, clear, golden yellow, with faint bronze blush;
dots distinct, few, minute, russet; cavity regular, acuminate, with
stellate russet; stem medium; basin abrupt, regular, nearly smooth,
with minute wrinkles; calyx wide open; segments erect convergent.
Core small, closed, axile, sessile, barely clasping; cells broadly elliptical,
slit; tube conical: stamens basal; seeds plump; flesh yellowish,
fine-grained, moderately juicy, good, very good for cooking. Sep-
tember, October. May be used in July when two-thirds grown.

Washington Strawberry. — Origin, Washington Co., New York, on
the farm of Job Whipple; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, foliage
dense, an early and abundant bearer.

Washington Strawberry.

Fruit large, roundish conical, to roundish oblong conical, flattened
at base; surface yellow, mostly covered with shaded and mottled
rich red, with bright crimson splashes and stripes; dots many, light;

198

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

cavity narrow, deep, with a little brownish russet; stem short; basin
rather narrow, abrupt, deep, corrugated; calyx nearly closed; seg-
ments rather long, divergent; tube funnel-shaped; flesh yellow,
somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, very good.
September, October.

Watson, Carolina.— Of Southern origin; tree vigorous.

Fruit large, oblate conical; surface greenish yellow, shaded,
splashed and striped with dull red; dots large, light, with dark cen-
tres; flesh white, coarse, tender, mild subacid, good. Summer.

Wealthy. — Originated about 1861 from seed obtained from Bangor,
Maine, by the late Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota. This
one variety is an enduring monument for its originator, who per-
severed in raising many thousands of apple and crab seedlings under
the most discouraging circumstances. Tree vigorous, spreading, very
productive. There are now many seedlings of Wealthy. (See Peter.)

Wealthy.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish oblate, very regular;
surface smooth, light yellow, almost wholly covered with bright
crimson splashes and stripes, marbled, mottled, and mixed on sunny
side, a beautiful fruit; dots many, distinct, minute, white; cavity

THE APPLE. 199

deep, acute, regular, with slight stellate russet; stem medium; basin
deep, smooth, regular, abrupt, sometimes finely winkled; calyx
partially closed; segments erect convergent. Core small, barely
clasping, closed; cells round, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
median or basal; seeds plump; flesh white, often stained with red,
tender, very juicy, sprightly subacid, very good. October to February!
Westfield Seek-no-further — Origin, Connecticut; the name is
shortened to "Seeks" in the New York market; an old and highly
esteemed variety in the northeastern States. Tree vigorous, spreading,
productive.

Westfield Seek-no-further.

Fruit above medium to large, roundish conical, nearly regular;
surface greenish yellow, thinly shaded with pale dull red, obscurely
striped with bright red, surface roughened by the dots and thin russet
net-veinings, rarely almost covered with russet; dots distinct, few,
very large, yellow russet; cavity regular, acute, slightly russeted;
stem medium, slender; basin narrow, smooth, shallow, leather-
cracked (a marked characteristic); calyx open or closed; segments
erect convergent. Core closed, meeting; cells ovate; slit; tube conical;
stamens basal; seeds many, short, rounded, very plump; flesh yellowish

200 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

white, tender, fine-grained, rich, spicy, pleasant subacid, very good
or best. October, February.

Wetmore. — Originated in Rhea Co., Tennesse.

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong; skin of medium thickness,
tenacious; surface moderately smooth, some patches of russet,
greenish yellow, washed dull red and indistinctly striped crimson;
dots medium, conspicuous, light gray; cavity regular, medium size,
deep, abrupt slope, russet markings; stem medium length, rather
slender; basin large, regular, deep, abrupt slope, marked with russet;
calyx large, open; segments small, reflected against basin. Core
conical, medium size, closed; seeds numerous, medium size, plump,
brown; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, flavor
subacid, quality good. Season, winter. (R. L. Watts, Tenn. Exp.
Sta. Bui., Vol. IX, No. 1. May, 1896.)

Whinery (Whinery's Late Winter). — Origin, on the farm of Joshua
Whinery, near Winona, Ohio ; tree a very regular, early, and heavy
bearer. Fruit has often been kept two years, and retains its crispness
and good flavor until apples come again.

Fruit medium, roundish, nearly regular; skin tenacious; surface
smooth, greenish yellow mostly covered with shaded lively dark red,
obscurely splashed and striped with crimson; dots distinct, minute,
russet, numerous; cavity regular, medium, abrupt, often russeted;
stem medium, stout; basin abrupt, medium, slightly wrinkled and
furrowed with golden russet netting; calyx closed or half open; seg-
ments erect convergent. Core closed, oval, clasping; cells elliptical,
slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds plump, small,
some imperfect; flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant
subacid, good to very good. January to July and later.

White Juneating (Yellow May). — According to Downing this is an
old English variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660 and described by
Ray in 1688; tree a moderate grower, with roundish, upright, spread-
ing head, productive.

Fruit small, round to roundish oblate, very regular; surface
smooth, polished, pale yellow, sometimes with faint blush; cavity
wide, shallow, lined with thin russet; stem rather long, slender;
basin very shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed. Core
closed; cells obovate, or roundish obovate, axile; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal or median; flesh white, crisp, tender,

THE APPLE.

201

juicy, subacid, good but soon becomes mealy. Among the very
earliest during the last of June and first of July.

White Pearmain (White Winter Pear-main).— Origin unknown,
supposed to be an old eastern variety the name of which was lost in

White Pearmain.

coming to the West, where it is most popular. Tree vigorous, spread-
ing, productive.

Tree above medium to large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat
oblique and ribbed toward the base; surface clear pale yellow, with
faint bronze blush or warm cheek; dots distinct, numerous, minute,
russet; cavity deep, regular, obtuse, with faint trace of russet; stem
medium to long, often fleshy or knobbed at branch end; basin
shallow, uneven, or ribbed; calyx open; segments long, divergent.
Core closed; cells round, slit; tube funnel-shaped: stamens median;
seeds plump; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, crisp, spicy, very pleasant
subacid, excellent to best. December to April.

The cut is of a fine specimen from the Pacific slope, in Washington,
shown at the Pan- American Exposition, 1901.

202 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

White Pigeon. — Origin, Russia. There is a spurious white Pigeon
(No. 317) which appears identical with Anis. As recognized in
Minnesota the White Pigeon is a very handsomely colored apple with
a long stem.

White Pigeon.

Fruit below medium, roundish, unequal, angular, ribbed; surface
light yellow, striped and splashed with bright crimson, the coloring
is characteristic in that the stripes are "distinct and sharply denned,
slightly marbled on sunny side, a handsome fruit; cavity acute;
stem very long; basin abrupt, wavy, corrugated; calyx closed.
Core open, meeting; tube small, narrow, conical; stamens marginal;
seeds about fourteen, short, plump, dark brown; flesh white, stained
with red (a marked characteristic), juicy, mild subacid, with sweet
after-taste, good. Fall.

White Pippin. — Of unknown origin, popular at the West and
Southwest. Of the Newtown Pippin class, and distinct from the
Canada Reinette. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

Fruit large, variable in form, roundish oblate, angular, slightly
oblique, sometimes roundish oblong, flattened at ends; surface
greenish white to pale yellow when ripe, waxen, sometimes with dull

THE APPLE. 203

blush, before maturity the surface toward the base often shaded with
pink or purple, with obscure wavy streaks or stripes of white; dots
very minute, few, brown, with green bases; cavity wide, deep, wavy,
lined with green and russet; stem short; basin deep, abrupt, fur-
rowed; calyx small, nearly closed. Core small, closed, clasping;

White Pippin.

seeds many, angular, light brown, pointed; flesh yellowish white,
tender, crisp, juicy, rich subacid to acid, very good. December to
March.

Williams Favorite. — Origin, Roxbury, Massachusetts; tree pro-
ductive, requires a strong rich soil; an excellent market variety.

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conic, slightly unequal;
surface very smooth, yellow, almost or wholly covered with light and
very dark purplish red, with numerous brilliant dark crimson stripes
and splashes, a beautiful fruit; dots few, very minute; cavity wide,
shallow, slightly russeted; stem medium to long, slender; basin
shallow, wide, abrupt, corrugated; calyx closed; segments large,
connivent. Core closed, barely clasping; cells round, slit; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds, not many, pointed, rather
long; flesh yellowish white, often stained with red, tender, moderately
juicy, mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid, good. July, August.

204

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Willow Twig.

THE APPLE. 205

Willow Twig. — Supposed origin, Virginia; tree a poor grower in
nursery, in orchard vigorous, spreading, with slender drooping shoots,
productive; blights in some localities; profitable for market in parts
of the West.

Fruit large, roundish, regular, flattened at ends, somewhat cylin-
drical; surface smooth, somewhat polished, dull light greenish yellow,
obscurely marbled, striped and mottled with dull red; dots many,
minute, gray and russet; cavity narrow, acute, sometimes lipped;
stem medium to rather long, slender; basin wide, deep, abrupt, with
obtuse rim, somewhat corrugated; calyx closed or half open. Core
medium, closed, meeting; seeds many, plump; flesh yellowish green,
iirm, juicy, pleasant subacid, good only. Late winter and spring.

Windsor (Windsor Chief}. — Origin, Wisconsin; tree very pro-
ductive and an early bearer. One of the hardiest of the Wisconsin
winter seedlings. Fruit hangs well to the tree in high winds.

Windsor.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical and angular; surface some-
what unctuous, smooth, light greenish yellow, mostly covered with
mixed and marbled dull red, indistinctly splashed, rarely striped,
with crimson; dots many, large, gray, coalescent, some surrounded
with russet; cavity wide, obtuse, regular, russeted, sometimes rather
shallow; stem medium to long, slender; basin abrupt, rather narrow,

206 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

smooth; calyx closed; segments small, connivent. Core small,
closed, clasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds small,
elongated, light brown; flesh whitish yellow, firm, fine-grained,
somewhat spicy, pleasant subacid, very good. December to spring.

Wine (Hays; Pennsylvania Red Streak). — Origin, Delaware; tree
very large, spreading, very open, with small, curled, mealy leaves,
displaying the heavy crops of fruit to good advantage.

Fruit rather large, roundish, truncated, regular, rarely unequal,
and inclined; surface smooth, yellow, mostly covered with bright
mixed deep red, with crimson stripes; dots large, gray, few; cavity
deep, regular, acute, with stellate russet; stem short, thick; basin
rather shallow, wide, nearly smooth, abrupt; calyx open; segments
divergent. Core closed, small, turbinate, meeting; cells obovate,
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds large, plump,
not many; flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, crisp, rich, pleasant
subacid, good to very good. Midwinter.

Winesap. — Supposed origin, New Jersey; described by Coxe in
1817 as one of the best cider and eating apples of his region (western
New Jersey), very popular in parts of the South and West. One of
the leading apples for export. • Some of its known or supposed seed-
lings, such as Stayman, Gilbert, Paragon, and Arkansas, are larger in
fruit and are considered superior in vigor of tree. For export their
superiority to the parent has not yet been established. Tree moder-
ately vigorous, with rather open, straggling head; very productive
and an early bearer.

Fruit medium, roundish conical, often obscurely angular and
slightly ribbed; skin moderately thick, very tough; surface smooth,
rich dark yellow, mostly covered with fine lively dark red, sometimes
obscurely striped, often with russet net-veining, especially toward the
base; dots few, minute, indented toward the apex, distinctly elongated
toward base; cavity wide, regular, acute, lined with reddish stellate
russet, sometimes extending out a little over base; stem medium;
basin narrow, shallow, plaited; calyx closed; segments flat convergent.
Core slightly open, clasping, turbinate; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds few, medium, short, plump, rather
short, brown; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, rich, sprightly
subacid, very good. December to May.

Winter St. Lawrence. — Imported in 1833 from Manchester, Eng.,
under the name of Mank's Codling, by the late Wm. Lunn, of Montreal;

THE APPLE. 207

given its present name by the Montreal Horticultural Society about
1873; tree a vigorous, round-topped grower; fruit of the Fameuse
type of flesh, but not as high in quality as that variety.

Fruit medium to large, roundish, somewhat conical; surface
greenish yellow, mostly covered with deep shaded red, with dark pur-
plish red splashes and stripes; dots many, whitish, large, distinct,
sometimes small russet patches; cavity wide, rather deep, obtuse,

Winesap.

sometimes russeted; stem short, slender; basin narrow, nearly
smooth; calyx closed or half open. Gore small; flesh white, juicy,
sprightly subacid, good. Early winter.

Wistal. — Origin, Texas; size medium to large; quality very good;
season medium early. Mentioned in Bui. 8, Div. of Pomology.

Wolf River. — Originated with W. A. Springer, near Wolf River,
Fremont, Wis., and disposed of before fruiting to the late Henry
Riflen; supposed to be a seedling of the Alexander, which it some-
what resembles, but is more round and less conical and averages
larger, as grown in the West. The Wolf River has largely superseded
Alexander in the western States; tree a strong spreading grower,
not an early bearer, but productive in alternate years.

208

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Wolf River.

Wythe,

THE APPLE. 209

Fruit very large, often enormous, roundish to roundish oblate,
somewhat irregular and angular, especially when overgrown; surface
whitish yellow, almost wholly covered with bright red and rosy
crimson, with carmine splashes and thin whitish bloom, a very hand-
some fruit; dots white, obscure; cavity regular, deep, somewhat
acuminate, medium width, russeted; stem short; basin narrow,
abrupt, wavy; calyx half open. Core open, clasping, medium size;
cells rounded, ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds not
many, short, plump; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, moderately juicy,
pleasant subacid, good only. October to midwinter.

Wythe. — Origin, on the farm of Rodolphus Chandler, Wythe,
Illinois ; tree vigorous, with round top ; a good annual bearer, blooms
late. First introduced about 1873. A seedling of Rails Genet, and
much resembles that variety in tree and fruit.

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, nearly regular; surface
white, shaded, striped and splashed over two-thirds its surface with
bright red; dots few, light and gray; cavity rather large, deep; stem
short, small; basin medium, slightly plaited; calyx small, closed.
Core medium; flesh whitish, fine, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly sub-
acid, slightly aromatic, very good. January, March.

Yahnke. — Originated as a root sprout, from a tree killed in 1873,
with Frank Yahnke, Winona, Minnesota; tree vigorous, spreading,
productive. One of the candidates for the seedling apple prize offered
by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Fruit " has kept in an
ordinary cellar through March."

Fruit above medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, obscurely
angular; surface smooth, clear rich yellow, mostly covered with fine
dark crimson, with broad splashes and streaks of carmine, mixed and
marbled, nearly solid on sunny side, a handsome fruit, the broad
irregular dark crimson or carmine streaks are characteristic; dots
many, very distinct, minute, yellow; cavity regular, acute, with a
little stellate russet; stem medium; basin smooth, sometimes ob-
scurely ribbed, very shallow, wide; calyx open; segments divergent.
Core open, barely clasping; cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens
median; seeds few, long, plump, pointed; flesh white, slightly stained
pink next to skin, juicy, rich, mild, saccharine, pleasant subacid,
very good. Winter.

Yates. — Origin, Fayette Co., Georgia; tree very upright; very
productive; fruit a good keeper.

210

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitish yellow, overspread,
shaded, splashed and striped with shades of red; dots many, small,
light; cavity large, slightly russeted; stem slender; calyx small,
closed. Flesh white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy,
pleasant subacid, good. March to May.

Yellow Bellflower. — Origin, Burlington, New Jersey; first described
by Coxe. A large choice winter apple, a favorite for dessert wherever

Yellow Bellflower.

known; tree moderately vigorous, with spreading, roundish, rather
drooping head.

Fruit large to very large; form oblong, somewhat angular and
ribbed, tapering to the calyx; surface smooth, pale, lemon yellow,
often with bronze red blush; dots obscure, numerous, minute, whitish
and russet; cavity regular, deep, obtuse, with a faint trace of russet;
stem medium to long, very stout; basin narrow, shallow, much

THE APPLE. 211

corrugated and ribbed; calyx closed; segments erect convergent.
Core large, wide open, clasping; cells large, roomy, elliptical, much
and widely slit; tube funnel-shaped, long; stamens marginal; seeds
large, angular, imperfect; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, tender,
juicy, crisp, spicy, sprightly subacid, very good or best. December,
February.

Yellow June. — Of unknown Southern origin; tree vigorous, upright ;
an abundant bearer.

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow; dots many,
green and brown; cavity slightly russeted; stem long, slender. Core
small; flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid, good.
June, July in the South; August at the North.

Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin). — Supposed origin, Newtown,
L. I., in the early part of the eighteenth century. It is not definitely
known whether the original tree was of the "Green" or the "Yellow"
type, nor is a record known of the distinct origin of the two. Coxe,
in 1817, first described them as distinct. The Yellow Newtown has
now almost superseded the Green Newtown for commercial orchards
and exportation, owing to its superiority in size, color, and keeping
capacity; both are successfully grown in but few portions of the
United States. Choice consignments of Yellow Newtown or Albe-
marle Pippins often sell in England for two or three times the price
of other American apples.

The following description of Yellow Newtown was made from
choice specimens from Virginia at the Pan American Exposition:

Fruit large, heavy, roundish cylindrical to roundish oblate, some-
what angular, sometimes inclined; surface yellowish green, over-
laid with suffused whitish veinings and roughened by dots and net-
veinings of russet, rarely a bronze blush; dots distinct, numerous,
minute, russet, a few large russet specks, often some red blotches;
cavity regular, wide, deep, obtuse, with large stellate russet extending
out over base; stem short; basin wide, ribbed, medium deep to
rather shallow; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core barely
clasping, closed; cells ovate, widely slit, with large cellular exudate;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds long, sharp-pointed; flesh
firm, very juicy, yellow, sprightly subacid.

Downing wrote: "The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in
appearance and has a higher perfume than the Green or Newtown
Pippin, and its flesh is rather firmer, and equally high-flavored; while

212 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

the Green is more juicy, crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown
Pippin is rather flatter, measuring only about two inches deep, and
it is always quite oblique — projecting more on one side of the stalk
than the other. When fully ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a
rather lively red cheek, and a smooth skin, few or none of the spots
on the Green variety, but with the same russet marks at the stalk.

Yellow Newtown.

It is also more highly fragrant before and after it is cut than the
Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with a very rich and high
flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, and they are both
excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and succeeds best.
February to May."

Yellow Sweet (No. 167). — Origin, Russia; tree very hardy at the
North.

Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface yellow; somewhat
transparent; dots white, suffused; cavity regular, acute; stem
short to medium; basin narrow, abrupt, rather shallow, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; cells ovate, entire; tube conical; stamens
median; seeds few, some imperfect, short, plump, flattened; flesh
white, juicy, sweet, good. August.

THE APPLE.

213

Yellow Transparent. — Origin, Russia; imported from St. Peters-
burg in 1870 by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is now a
commercial variety for first early. Tree vigorous, upright, round-
topped, a good and early bearer.

Yellow Transparent.

Fruit medium or above, roundish conical, sometimes oblate conical,
obscurely angular; surface smooth, light yellow; dots large, white,
suffused, many; cavity regular, acute, usually russeted; stem long;
basin narrow, shallow, corrugated; calyx closed. Core half open,
clasping; tube conical; stamens marginal; flesh white, fine-grained,
juicy, pleasant, sprightly subacid, good to very good. Late July and
early August.

Yopp. — Origin, Georgia; tree moderately vigorous, upright spread-
ing.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a little
russet in the sun; dots few, russet; cavity deep; stem short; basin
deep; calyx open. Core small; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, subacid, good. November.

York Imperial (Johnson's Fine Winter). — Originated early in the
nineteenth century near York, Penn. A leading commercial variety
and growing in favor for export. Tree a moderate grower, productive.

214 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit medium to large, roundish to roundish oblate, truncated,
somewhat obliquely cylindrical; surface light yellow, almost wholly
covered with washed, marbled, and mixed bright red, indistinctly
striped, overlaid with grayish; dots few, yellow and gray, distinct;
cavity regular, narrow, acute, with some stellate russet; stem short,
moderately stout; basin smooth, deep, abrupt, slightly leather-
cracked; calyx closed or open; segments small, flat convergent.
Core small, mostly open, barely clasping, cells ovate, widely slit;

York Imperial.

tube funnel -shaped ; stamens median ; seeds many, plump, often cov-
ered with much cellular exudate; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings,
firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, sprightly subacid, good to very good.
November to February.

A distinct strain or sub-variety of York Imperial is locally propa-
gated in York Co., Penn. It is of smaller size, less oblique form,
brighter color, finer texture of flesh, and longer-keeping quality than
the common type, Origin as yet undertermined.

CRAB-APPLES. 215

Zolotareff (No. 275). — Origin, Russia. A large handsomely
colored apple of the Vasilis Largest type and much resembling that
variety.

Zusoff (No. 585). — Origin, Russia. For a time Anisim was
mixed with this variety, but the two are very distinct.

Fruit large, heavy, roundish oblate, regular or faintly angular;
surface smooth, glossy, greenish yellow, almost or wholly covered
with a peculiar dark brownish red, no stripes nor splashes, a showy
fruit; dots minute, numerous, whitish, distinct; cavity abrupt,
very deep, regular, green and russet, the russet sometimes extending
out in irregular rays; stem very short; basin small, regular; calyx
closed; segments small, erect convergent. Core regular, clasping;
tube conical; stamens median; seeds few, plump; flesh white, with
greenish tinge and veinings, juicy, firm, fine-grained, subacid, good.
Winter.

CRAB-APPLES.

In the prairie Northwest considerable attention has been paid to
Siberian crab-apples because of their superior hardiness and value for
culinary use. Botanically considered, Siberian crabs are of two
types: Pyrus baccata and P. prunifolia. The true Siberian crab
(Pyrus baccata), according to Russian writers, has deciduous calyx
segments (i.e., the segments fall off as the fruit ripens) ; in P. pru-
nifolia the segments persist in the ripe fruit. Prof. L. H. Bailey has
recently considered the crabs of the latter type to be hybrids of
P. baccata with the common apple, P. Mains. Thomas Andrew
Knight, a century ago, in England, produced several hybrids between
the common apple and the pure Siberian crab, which proved specially
valuable for cider. Since the introduction of the Siberian crabs into
America they have been grown in apple orchards containing many
varieties and have hybridized very freely with the common apple.
There are now literally thousands of these crab hybrids, especially
in the Northwestern States. Owing to the limited demand the
distribution of many, even of the better ones, appears to be largely
local. The Minnesota State Horticultural Society's recommended
list of crabs and hybrids at present includes: Best for general culti-
vation: Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Minnesota,

216 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Sweet Russet, Gideon's No. 6, Brier Sweet. Promising for trial:
Dartt, Pride of Minneapolis, Crampton's No. 3, Lyman's Prolific,
Faribault.

The Northwestern market demands mainly bright red-colored
varieties; for preserves the size must not be too large. For profit
the trees must not be too subject to blight.

In recent years, in Iowa, attention has been drawn to large-fruited
forms of the native crab as found at the West. So far the list of
cultivated varieties includes Soulard, Kentucky Mammoth, Mercer
and Howard, with some local sorts not yet generally introduced.

True long-winter-keeping quality has not been secured as a result
of hybridization of the common apple with the Siberian crabs, and it
is to be hoped that it will be obtained from these native American
crabs. These native crabs all easily keep " till apples come again, "
and were formerly cached or buried in the earth for winter preserva-
tion by the Indians. At the present stage of development they will
serve only for culinary purposes as a substitute for the quince. It is
possible that the future winter apples of the Northwest will contain
an infusion of the native crab of the Mississippi valley.

From the ornamental standpoint both the Siberian and native
crabs have considerable value. The Siberian crabs as a class are
much hardier, and will live and bear fruit much farther Northwest
than the native crabs.

Ball Winter (Ball's Winter). — Origin, town of Sutton, province of
Quebec, Canada. Tree a thrifty grower, with spreading head; an
annual bearer. A very good market crab.

Fruit slightly below medium, ovate; surface greenish white,
with yellow blush on sunny side ; flesh crisp, spicy, rich, acid, good
to very good. November to January.

Beach (Beach's Sweet). — Of American origin.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, regular, yellow, mostly
covered with bright red, thinly overlaid with gray; cavity regular,
obtuse, much russeted; stem medium to long; basin regular, slightly
wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed;
cells obovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; flesh white,
moderately juicy, very pleasant, sweet, good. September, October.

Brier (Brier Sweet). — Originated with B. B. Brier, Baraboo,
Wisconsin; is the result of a fertilization of the Siberian crab with
the Bailey Sweet apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive.

CRAB-APPLES.

217

Fruit as large as Transcendent, roundish, regular, flattened at ends,
yellow, mostly covered thinly with dotted and mixed red, obscurely
splashed and striped and overlaid with whitish; dots obscure, few,
minute, whitish; cavity wide, regular, obtuse, with some stellate
russet; stem medium to long; basin flat, corrugated; calyx open;
segments long, divergent. Core closed; tube wide, long, funnel-

Brier Crab.

shaped; stamens marginal; flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, very sweet,
very good to best for dessert or preserves. September, October.

Cherry. — Of the pure Pyrus baccata type, having deciduous calyx
segments. One of the oldest varieties.

Fruit small, oblate, nearly regular or slightly angular; surface
smooth, yellow, nearly covered with bright red, with blue bloom;
dots distinct, many, large, whitish; cavity regular, obtuse, wide, with
a little broken russet; stem very long, slender; basin wide, shallow;
calyx closed; segments as they fall off leave a round russet scar;
flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant acid; the fruit hangs long, almost even
to drying, on the tree. September, October.

Dartt (Dartt's Hybrid). — Originated from seed of Tetofsky by
E. H. S. Dartt, Owatonna, Minnesota. One of the best of the hybrids.

Fruit large, conical, very regular; surface yellow, mostly covered
with bright red stripes and splashes, mixed on sunny side, a handsome
fruit; dots white, obscure; cavity regular, deep, acute, with trace of
russet; stem long; basin flat, corrugated; calyx closed; segments
large, long. Core closed or half open, clasping; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens median; flesh white, juicy, subacid, good. September.

218 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Early Strawberry. — A "popular variety at the West. Chas. Gibb,
the noted Canadian pomologist, wrote in 1885: "This ripens with the
Red Astrachan apple. It is of small size, but nothing that I grow
equals it in quality. It has no astringency."

Fruit small, roundish oblate; surface yellow, handsomely striped
with red, mixed and marbled on sunny side; cavity regular; stem
long; basin flat; calyx closed. Core closed; cells round; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal ; seeds large, flattened ; flesh white,
stained with red, juicy, subacid, very good. August.

Elgin (Lady Elgin, Geneva}. — Originated on the farm of James
Forbes, of Ridott Township, Illinois. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright,
slender branches, very productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular, surface smooth, whitish
yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red; dots few, light and gray;
cavity small; stem medium, slender; basin shallow, corrugated;
calyx closed; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly
vinous; very good for canning or dessert. September, December.
(Downing.)

Excelsior. — "A seedling of Wealthy, originated by Peter M.
Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, from whom it was received in 1888.

" Fruit very large for a crab, nearly as large as a medium-sized apple,
roundish oblate; stem rather long and slender, sometimes bracted, and
inserted in a narrow rather shallow cavity; calyx rather large, closed;
set in a shallow, broad-plaited basin; skin smooth, yellow, sprinkled
with numerous russet dots, and shaded or splashed with red over much
of its surface; handsome in appearance; flesh white, not fine-grained,
firm, juicy, subacid, with crab-apple flavor; good to very good in
quality. Begins to ripen about the first of September. Tree vigor-
ous, upright, spreading." (Beach and Paddock, N. Y. Exp. Sta. An.
Rep., 1894.)

Faribault. — Originated at Faribault, Minnesota, from seed of
Gilpin. Placed on Minnesota State Horticultural Society's Fruit List
December, 1902.

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat five-sided, flattened at ends;
surface smooth, yellow, mostly covered with fine nearly solid dark
red, with obscure carmine streaks; dots distinct, minute, yellow;
cavity regular, obtuse, deep; stem long; basin nearly flat, corru-
gated; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells
ovate; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, plump;

CRAB-APPLES. 219

flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
good. Winter.

Florence. — Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.
One of the best crabs for market.

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular, obscurely ribbed and un-
even; surface polished and waxen, yellowish white, mostly covered
with brilliant solid crimson, somewhat mottled on shady side, a
beautiful fruit; dots few, minute, white, very obscure; cavity deep,
regular, slightly russeted; stem long; basin flat, minutely wrinkled;
calyx closed; segments divergent, long. Core closed; cells obovate,
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; flesh yellowish white,
tender, very crisp and juicy, brisk subacid, good. September.

Gibb. — Originated by the late Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wisconsin,
by crossing an oblate yellow Siberian crab with pollen of the Fall
Green apple.

Gibb Crab.

Fruit large, roundish oblate, very regular; surface rich orange
yellow, blushed on sunny side, with a little thin net-veining of russet,
a beautiful fruit; dots white, minute; cavity regular; stem medium
long; basin shallow, wide, often wrinkled around the eye; calyx open;
flesh a rich orange yellow, juicy, pleasant acid. September.

Howard (Hamilton). — Probably a hybrid of the native crab
(Pyrus lowensis) with the cultivated apple (P. Mains}. Originated
near Oakville, Iowa; first brought to notice by a Mr. Howard, and

220 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

later it attracted notice in the orchard of Jesse Hamilton, of Morning
Sun, Iowa, about fifteen years ago.

Fruit large; size two and one-quarter by two and one-half inches or
larger, roundish cylindrical, flattened at ends; surface green; dots
obscure, many, whitish; cavity regular, acute, with stellate russet;
stem long; basin wide, medium deep, with a few minute wrinkles;
calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core closed, small, rounded,
nearly sessile; cells obovate, entire; tube cylindrical, wide, extending
to center of fruit; stamens extremely marginal, touching the segments;
seeds few, small, plump; flesh greenish white, with the acid astringency
of the wild crab; use culinary. A very late keeper.

Hesper Blush. — Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface a clear
rich yellow, blushed on sunny side; dots white, minute, sometimes a

Hesper Blush Crab.

few russet dots; cavity regular, russeted; stem long; basin shallow,
wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed or half open; flesh yellowish
white, pleasant subacid, good for table or culinary use. November.

Hyslop. — An old and widely known variety. Tree of strong
growth, rather spreading. Wood light-colored, a little downy. Its
late season and showy appearance makes it valuable for market.

Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish, tapering, regular,
sometimes obscurely angular; surface smooth, nearly or entirely
covered with very dark solid red, with heavy blue bloom, a beautiful

CRAB-APPLES. 221

fruit; dots minute, yellow, obscure, many; cavity obtuse, regular;
stem long, slender; basin flat, corrugated; calyx small, closed;
segments divergent. Core closed; tube conical; stamens median;

Hyslop Crab.

flesh yellow, acid ; good for culinary use and for cider. September to
November.

Island Gem. — Origin, town of Grand Isle, Grand Isle County,
Vermont.

Fruit medium, round, slightly oblate, red, with yellow ground;
flesh yellow, mild, subacid, hardly good ; use cider and jelly. Season,
October (in Cham plain Valley).

Jumbo. — Origin, Newport, Vermont. "Probably a hybrid."

Fruit very large, oblong; surface bright red over yellow ground,
flavor a mild acid; quality best to very best for dessert and kitchen.
November and December.

Kentucky Mammoth. — Supposed origin Kentucky, as it was
received about thirty years ago under the above name from Charles
Downing by B. A. Mathews, Knoxville, Iowa. Evidently a native
crab hybrid (Pyrus lowensis x P- Mains}.

Fruit much like the Mercer, but lighter green and more o, late.
Desirable for culinary use as a substitute for quinces.

Lyman Prolific. — Originated by H. M. Lyman, Excelsior, Minnesota,
about thirty-five years ago.

222 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Fruit large, roundish, conical ; surface yellow, mostly covered with
bright mixed red, with indistinct dark crimson stripes and splashes;
dots white, minute; cavity nearly or quite flat, often with protuber-
ances around and against stem; stem long; basin narrow, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; tube conical; stamens median; flesh
yellowish white, acid. Good for culinary use. September, October.

Marengo. — Said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old seedling
nursery of apple-stocks. Discovery attributed to James F. Lester,
Marengo, Illinois. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with the
gray specks, bloom, and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian.

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at blossom end; surface smooth,
bright warm red on j^ellow ground; dots few, gray or light russet;
cavity narrow; stem long, slender; basin broad, open, corrugated;
calyx closed; flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little harsh until
fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Early winter to
late in spring. (Downing.)

Martha. — Originated by the late Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.

Fruit large, oblate, very regular; surface smooth, yellow, almost
entirely covered with a beautiful bright red, with a bluish bloom,
no stripes or splashes; dots white, conspicuous; cavity wide, regular;
stem long; basin very wide, nearly flat; segments often nearly
obsolete. Core closed; flesh yellowish white, acid, good for culinary
use. September to December.

Mary (Gideon's No. 6). — Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.

Fruit very large for a crab, oblate, very regular; surface a beautiful
solid dark crimson, with heavy blue bloom; dots minute, white, few,
obscure; cavity obtuse, regular; stem about one inch long; basin
wide, smooth; shallow; calyx closed; segments erect convergent.
Core half open; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; cells ovate,
entire; flesh white, sharp subacid, good. August, September.

Mercer. — A native crab originated in Mercer County, Illinois;
introduced by N. K. Fluke, Davenport, Iowa. Apparently a hybrid
(Pyrus lowensis x P> Mains).

Fruit two to two and one-half inches in diameter, oblate, nearly
regular, often unequal; surface green, turning to yellow, very oily;
dots distinct, many, minute, whitish, a few large dots; cavity wavy,
wide at mouth, sloping gradually; stem medium; basin wide, abrupt,

CRAB-APPLES.

223

ribbed; calyx closed; segments erect converging. Core closed;
tube nearly cylindrical, wide, long; stamens extremely marginal,
touching the segments; flesh yellowish, with yellow veinings, very
firm, astringent, acid; use culinary. Late winter.

Minnesota. — Origin, Minnesota.

Fruit very large for a crab, roundish, irregular, obscurely angular,
clear light waxen yellow, with faint bronze blush; dots white, minute,
many, obscure; cavity obtuse, regular; stem long; basin nearly or
quite flat, wrinkled, often corrugated; calyx closed; segments large,
divergent. Core closed, meeting; tube conical; stamens marginal;
flesh white, firm, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, good. September,
October.

Montreal (Montreal Beauty). — Of American origin; tree a strong
grower and very ornamental.

Fruit large, roundish obovate to roundish oblate, bright yellow,
mostly covered with rich dark red, a beautiful fruit; dots white,
minute; cavity acute, slightly russeted; stem very long; basin flat,
corrugated; calyx closed; segments large, divergent; flesh yellowish,
rich, firm, acid. September, October.

October Crab.

October. — Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.

Fruit very large for a crab, roundish, truncated, regular; surface

greenish yellow, mostly covered with dark marbled red, with darker

224 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

crimson splashes, a handsome fruit; dots very minute, white, obscure;
cavity acute, with large patch of russet; stem long; basin wide,
shallow, wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed; tube conical; stamens
median. Late fall.

Orange. — Origin, America.

Fruit medium, roundish; surface a rich orange yellow, often with
much open net-veining of russet; dots minute, white, obscure; cavity
acute, with trace of russet; stem very long; basin very shallow to flat,
corrugated. Core open; cells ovate, slit; seeds plump, rounded;
flesh light salmon yellow, with yellow veinings, rich mild subacid,
with sweet aftertaste, good. September.

Pride of Minneapolis. — Originated in 1855 by James Wyman
Elliott, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tree immensely productive.

Fruit medium, oblong conic; surface greenish yellow; dots white,
obscure, minute, suffused; cavity obtuse, furrowed, often slightly
russeted; stem very long; basin flat, corrugated; calyx closed; segments
long, divergent. Core closed; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal;
flesh white, juicy, acid, good for culinary. Late fall, early winter.

Pringle Sweet, — Originated in the Cha plain valley in Vermont;
town uncertain.

Fruit slightly below medium, round; surface bright red; flesh
mild, sweet, very good to best; use dessert, cooking, and market.
Late September.

Quaker Beauty. — Fruit medium, roundish conic, obscurely angular;
surface smooth, a clear pale waxen yellow, with bright red blush;
dots white, very minute; cavity acute, regular, trace of russet; stem
long, slender; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx closed;
flesh white, juicy, sweet, good. Late fall.

Queen Choice. — Origin unknown.

Fruit above medium, round conical; surface crimson; flesh mild
acid, very good to best. Season, October in Northern Vermont and
Canada.

Red Siberian. — Origin, France.

Fruit about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very regularly
formed and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear
yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished.
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender; calyx small, slightly
sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October. (Downing.)

CRAB-APPLES.

225

Shields. — Fruit small, angular, flattened, somewhat ribbed, un-
equal; surface a bright solid crimson, the coloring thinner on shady
side showing a little yellow ground; dots few, minute, obscure;
cavity regular, obtuse; stem three-quarters inch long; basin flat,
slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments divergent. Core closed;
cells round, entire; tube conical; stamens marginal; flesh white,
juicy, acid, good for culinary use. September, October.

Soulard. — Considered to be a hybrid of the wild crab and the
common apple (Pyrus lowensis X P. Mains) ; the first of its type to be
brought under cultivation. Originated near St. Louis, Missouri,
about 1844; introduced by Hon. James Soulard, of Galena, Illinois.
The fruit is used for preserves as a substitute for quinces.

Soulard Crab.

Fruit one and one-half to two inches in diameter, oblate, regular;
surface green, very oily; dots obscure, many, gray, minute; cavity
wide, obtuse, regular; stem long; basin wide, shallow, ribbed; calyx
closed, pistil and stamen vestiges often protruding; segments erect
convergent. Core closed; cells obovate; tube broad, cylindrical;
stamens extremely marginal, touching segments; seeds few, large,
plump, some imperfect; flesh greenish white, astringent, sharp acid.
Late winter and spring.

226 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Spitzenburg. — Fruit of the pure Pyrus baccata type, with deciduous
calyx segments; size round, truncated, one and one-half inches in
diameter; surface covered with solid dark crimson, with blue bloom,
a handsome fruit; dots obscure, few, russet; cavity wide, obtuse;
stem long to very long; basin wide, shallow, smooth; flesh yellow,
juicy, firm, pleasant subacid, good for table or culinary. Late fall,
early winter.

Stanstead, Rose of. — Origin, Stanstead, province of Quebec, Can-
ada. Tree a vigorous grower, attaining very large size when old.
"Probably a hybrid."

Fruit large, oblong; surface dark red, very handsome; flesh
streaked with red, juicy, brisk subacid; quality the very best for
dessert and kitchen; "it makes the finest of jelly on account of its
being so red." October.

Sweet Russet. — Not of attractive color but worthy of cultivation
owing to its good quality for table use. Tree very productive.

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic ; surface greenish yellow, mostly
covered with a thin russet in irregular patches and open net-work;
dots large, gray, scattered; cavity acute, russet; stem long; basin
narrow, flat, corrugated; calyx closed; flesh rich, sweet, very good.
August, September.

Tonka. — Origin, near Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. Of the pure
Pyrus baccata type, with deciduous calyx segments.

Fruit medium, oblate, regular; surface orange yellow, nearly
covered with bright red, with light bloom; dots large, gray, many;
cavity wide, regular, obtuse; stem long; basin shallow, smooth;
calyx entirely closed, with no opening into core; segments deciduous,
leaving a round yellow russet patch in bottom. Core closed; cells
ovate, entire; seeds few, many imperfect; flesh yellowish, acid,
good for culinary use. October.

Transcendent. — Origin, America. One of the best market varie-
ties, but in many sections is much subject to blight.

Fruit medium to large, roundish to roundish oblong, flattened at
ends, somewhat angular; surface a clear bright golden yellow, striped
and thinly shaded with crimson, with delicate white bloom, a beautiful
fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, white; cavity regular, obtuse; stem
long, stout; basin nearly flat, somewhat corrugated; calyx closed;
segments large, leafy. Core closed; tube conical; stamens marginal;

CRAB-APPLES.

227

flesh creamy yellow, crisp, acid, somewhat astringent, changing when
fully ripe to a pleasant agreeable subacid. August, September.

Transcendent Crab.

Van Wyck. — A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Van
Wyck, Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive.

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic; surface smooth, whitish,
shaded and mottled with light bright red, and covered with a thin
bloom; stem rather long, slender; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx
closed; basin medium, smooth. Core small and closed; flesh whitish,
fine, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet, good.
September. (Downing.)

Virginia. — Found about forty years ago mixed among trees of the
old Hewes Virginia by N. K. Fluke, Davenport, Iowa. In Iowa and
Wisconsin the Virginia has been found very hardy and desirable as a
stock for top-grafting owing to its wide-spreading top and vigorous
growth.

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, regular; surface yellow,
thinly covered with red, sometimes nearly solid red; cavity obtuse,
regular, slightly russeted; stem long; basin nearly or quite flat,

228 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

corrugated and wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh juicy, acid, good for
culinary use. September, November.

Whitney. (Whitney No. 20). — Origin, Illinois. Popular and widely
planted at the West. Good for table and excellent for culinary use
and cider.

Fruit large, roundish to roundish oblong, nearly regular, some-
times obscurely angular; clear waxen yellow, almost wholly covered
with lively dark red, delicately shaded, with dark crimson splashes, a

Whitney Crab.

handsome fruit; dots few, minute, white, obscure; cavity wide, obtuse,
regular, trace of light russet ; stem one inch long; basin nearly or quite
flat, wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core
closed; tube funnel-shaped; cells ovate, slit; flesh yellow, tender,
juicy, subacid, very good. August, early September.

Yellow Siberian. — The Red Siberian and Yellow Siberian are good
representatives of the pure Siberian Crab (Pyrus baccata). The
deciduous calyx segments are marked characteristics. Trees forty
years old in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and other parts of the Northwest
demonstrate their hardiness.

Fruit small, roundish, flattened at ends, angular, irregular; sur-

CRAB-APPLES. 229

face smooth, a rich yellow; cavity regular, obtuse; stem very long;
basin flat, wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh yellow, juicy, acid.

Downing wrote concerning the Yellow Siberian: "This scarcely
differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its fruit, which is
rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both this and
the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer and
autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Septem-
ber."

THE PEAR.

AN outline of the races and history of the standard and dwarf
pears, with their propagation and management, is given in Chapter
XIII of Part I, and distance apart of planting in Section 107.

As far as possible by inspection of catalogues, fruit-lists for the
different States, and State and National Horticultural Reports, an
attempt has been made to include only the varieties in actual culti-
vation in a commercial way, or to an extent attracting the attention
of nurserymen or horticultural societies, yet it is probable that some
are omitted which should have been included.

As a guide in understanding the terms used in describing the
forms of pears, the outlines used by Downing and the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society are copied.

TERMS USED IN PEAR DESCRIPTIONS AFTER DOWNING.
SIMPLE FORMS.

Globular.

Ovate.

Oblate.

Oblong.

230

COMPOUND FORMS

Ovate, pyriform.

Globular, acute pyriform.

Ovate, acute pyriform.

Obovate, obtuse pyriform.

Obloug pyriform,

232

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Oblong, ovate pyriform.

Oblong, obovate pyriform.

VARIETIES OF THE PEAR.-

Alamo. — A variety originating in Texas. "Not as large as the
Bartlett by one-half; pale yellow in color; not as rich in flavor as
the latter yet good in quality. It has proven quite valuable with us."
(Munson.)

Ananas d'Ete. — Medium to large, obtuse pyriform; color yellow,
usually blushed; dots small, numerous; stem stout, one and one-
quarter inches long, and inserted in shallow cavity beside a lip; basin
shallow. Flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, with subacid per-
fumed flavor, very good. Season, early autumn. Holland.

Andrews. — Quite large, pyriform, sides unequal; skin quite
thick, smooth, yellowish green, with dull red cheek, and scattering
dots; stalk one and one-quarter inches long, curved, and inserted
in shallow depression and often on the blunt surface. Flesh greenish
white, juicy, melting, with rich vinous flavor, good to very good.
Season, early September. Massachusetts.

AngoulSme, Duchesse d* Angouleme. — Very large, oblong obovate,
with uneven knobby surface; color greenish yellow, with many
streaks and spots of russet; stalk one to two inches long, stout,
curved, inserted in deep irregular cavity. Flesh white, buttery,
melting, juicy, with very rich flavor, very good; quality varied
much by climate and soil. Season, July. France.

Anjou (Beurre d'Anjou). — Large, oblong, turbinate pyriform,
regular; color greenish yellow with dull red cheek and clouding of

THE PEAR 233

russet; stalk one-half inch long, stout, in shallow uneven cavity;
basin shallow, even. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, melting;

Anjou.

flavor rich and vinous; quality best. Season, late. Popular and
doubled-starred in many States across the continent. France.

Ansault. — Medium to large, roundish oblate, pyriform; stalk
half to one inch long in shallow cavity; color yellow, mostly covered
with russet. Flesh white, juicy, tender, buttery, melting, and aro-
matic; quality fair to good. Season, early autumn. France.

Archangel. — Very large, obovate, pyriform; color yellow, largely
covered with russeting. Flesh sweet, vinous, juicy, perfumed; quality
good. Becoming popular as a market pear for culinary use. France.

234 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Autumn Bergamot. — Quite large, globular, obtuse pyriform;
color yellow with blushed cheek; dots numerous, small, russeted;
stem medium in quite deep cavity; basin broad and quite deep.
Flesh buttery, melting, very good. Tree hardy in central Iowa.
Russia.

Ayer. — Medium, obovate obtuse pyriform; color lemon yellow
with russet patches and numerous small russet dots; stalk short,
quite stout, slightly curved, inserted in large, deep, abrupt irregular
cavity marked with russet wrinkles; basin medium, regular, flaring,
with shallow corrugations and russeting. Flesh whitish, fine-grained,
tender, juicy, very good. Season, early. Kansas.

Bartlett. — Large, oblong, obtuse pyriform; color clear yellow
with blush usually on sunny side; surface of skin usually uneven;
stalk one to one and one-half inches long, inserted in shallow cavity.
Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, with rich perfumed
flavor, very good. Popular in nearly every fruit district of the Union.
England.

Barry (P. Barry). — Medium, elongated, pyriform; color greenish
yellow; stalk one inch long, inclined, inserted in abrupt and quite
deep cavity; basin narrow, shallow, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, firm, vinous, and rich; quality better than good. Does well
in Michigan but as yet not much propagated. California.

Baudry (Fred Baudry}. — Large, oblong pyriform; color yellow
with blotches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, buttery, somewhat
gritty at core; quality very good. Season, quite late winter. Quite
a popular new variety east of the lakes.

Belle Lucrative. — Medium to large, conic obovate, often pyri-
form; color yellowish green, with some russeting; stalk about one
inch long, stout, curved, and obliquely inserted in a small irregular
cavity. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary, rich, delicious, very good to
best. Double-starred in many States. Flemish.

Bessemianka. — Medium to large, obovate, pyriform; color yellow,
with red cheek as grown in the dry air west of the lakes. Flesh juicy,
sweet, tender, buttery; quality good. A very hardy variety doubled
starred in several States. Russia.

Besi de la Motte. — Medium, roundish turbinate; color yellowish
green, thickly covered with brown russety dots; stalk one inch long,
inserted in a small, round, shallow cavity; basin shallow, with eye
small and open. Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, buttery, very

THE PEAR. 235

good. This variety has proven much hardier than Flemish Beauty
on prairie soils of the West. Europe.

Bartlett.

Bloodgood. — Medium, obovate, nearly turbinate; color yellow,
with russet dots, and net-work russeting; stalk oblique, inserted at top
of neck without cavity. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting,
with rich flavor, very good, and in some climates best. Widely
disseminated and popular as a home summer variety. Long Island.

Bordeaux (Duchesse de Bordeaux). — Medium, roundish, nearly
obtuse pyrif orm ; color yellow, with netting and tracing of russet and

236

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

russet dots; stalks long, stout, with fleshy enlargement at base;
often lipped at point of insertion. Flesh white, quite juicy, sweet,
pleasant; quality only good. Season, early winter. France.

Bloodgood.

Bosc. — Large, pyriform, with quite long neck narrowed to a point
at stem insertion; color yellow, with patches of russeting; stalk one
and one-half inches long, slender, curved. Flesh juicy, buttery,
rich, perfumed, very good to best. Widely grown in eastern States.
Belgium.

Boussock. — Medium to large, oval, often obovate and slightly
pyriform; skin not smooth, yellow, shaded with dull crimson, and
netted with russet and russet dots; stalk one inch long, stout, and
often oblique. Flesh buttery, melting, juicy, very good. Belgium.

Brandywine. — Medium in size; shape quite variable, ranging
from oblate pyriform to long pyriform; skin greenish yellow, dotted
and netted with russet, usually blushed on sunny side; stalk three-

THE PEAR. 237

quarters to one and one-half inches long, stout, often curved, and
inserted at top of neck without cavity. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
rather rich, very good. Extensively grown on the quince. Penn-
sylvania.

Boussock.

Brockworth Park. — Large to very large, oblong obovate; color
pale yellow, slightly flushed and streaked with crimson on sunny side;
stem about one inch long, stout and obliquely inserted. Flesh white,
delicate, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, vinous, very good. Does well
on dry upland soils in the lake regions. England.

Buffum.— Size medium, oblong, obovate, with one side enlarged;
skin yellow when mature, with bright red on sunny side; dots quite

238 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

numerous; stalk one inch long inserted in narrow, shallow cavity.
Flesh white, buttery, quite juicy, sweet, very good. Season, Septem-
ber. Popular in many States for culinary use and market. Rhode
Island.

Buffum.

Chambers. — Medium, obtuse, obovate, pyriform; color light
gr^p, but yellow when ripe, with numerous brown and green dots,
sunty side reddish brown; stalk one inch long, stout, set at an angle
in a shallow cavity with one side raised. Flesh white, tender, quite
juicy, sweet, pleasant, good. Season, early. Valuable for a near
market. Does well on the quince. Canada.

Clairgeau. — Large, pyriform, nearly long obovate, with unequal
sides; color yellowish brown, usually with crimson shading next the
sun; dots brown; stalk short, stout, fleshy at base, oblique, and
inserted at top of neck with slight trace of cavity. Flesh white,
buttery, melting, and usually rich in flavor. Season late autumn.
Widely grown. France.

Clapp Favorite. — Large, obovate, or ovate pyriform; stem one
inch long, stout, inclined, and inserted in slight cavity; color pale
yellow, marbled, and splashed with crimson, with russet patches.

THE PEAR.

239

Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, perfumed,
very good. Grown across the continent. Massachusetts.

Clapp Favorite.

Cole. — Medium to large; color bright yellow; quality good to very
good. It is sold as "seedless" by some growers. It rarely shows
seeds and the leathery carpels which surround the seeds of apples
and pears are absent. Considerably planted in Kansas and Ohio.
Kansas.

Cornice, Doyenne du Cornice. — Large, roundish pyriform, nearly
pyramidal; color greenish yellow, and bright yellow when fully
mature; in interior climates it has a fine blush in the sun; stalk
short, stout, and inserted in a small cavity. Flesh white, fine-grained,

240 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

melting, sweet, very good to best. A good shipper even after it gets
mellow. France.

Columbia. — Large to very large; long obovate in form, regular;
color pale yellow when mature, and very smooth and fair; stalk one
to one and one-quarter inches long, slender, inserted in narrow deep
cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, and quite rich in flavor, very
good. Popular market variety in Colorado and Utah. New York.

Danas Hovey. — Small to medium, pyriform, tapering towards
the stem: color green, blotched and specked with russet, with pale
red cheek on exposed side; stalk three-quarter to one inch long,

Danas Hovey.

stout, inclined, and inserted in uneven cavity. Flesh creamy white,
melting, buttery, subacid, and rich in flavor. Season midsummer,
As it is near to the Seckel in quality it is much grown in Kentucky
and Tennessee for home use and market. Massachusetts.

Dearborn (Dearborn Seedling). — Small to medium; roundish
pyriform, regular; color light yellow with small dots; stem one to
one-quarter inches long, curved, and inserted in plight cavity; basin
very shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, sprightly, very
good. Season early. A choice amateur variety. Massachusetts.

THE PEAR. 241

Dempsey. — Large, oblong, obovate, pyriform; color yellowish
green with brownish-red cheek; stem one inch long in a fleshy base
without much show of cavity. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
quite melting, sweet, very good. Season late autumn. A seedling
of Bartlett. Canada.

Desportes (Andre Dcsportes}. — Medium, obovate, obtuse pyri-
form, oblique; color greenish yellow with areas of fawn and bronze
on exposed side. Flesh yellowish white, fine, melting, granulous
at the core, sugary, acid, very good. Season, very early. Often
grown on the quince. France.

Diel (Beurre Diel). — Large to very large, obovate; color yellow at
maturity with numerous large brown dots and patches of russet;
stalk stout, curved, and from one to one-quarter inches long set in
uneven cavity. Flesh creamy color, quite fine except at core, buttery,
sweet, aromatic, and when well kept delicious in flavor, very good.
Much grown for market in New York and Michigan. Belgium.

Directeur Alphaude. — Very large; color yellowish green with
russet dots; flesh firm, fine-grained, sugary, rich. Season, winter.
Succeeds well in western New York.

Dix. — Large, oblong, or long pyriform; color dee}) yellow at
maturity, with russet dots and russet around the stem; skin some-
what rough; stem short, stout, thickened at each end, and set ob-
liquely with slight depression at top of neck; basin narrow and
very shallow. Flesh a trifle coarse, but juicy, rich, sugary, melting,
delicious, very good to best. Fruit often cracks except in drier
inland climates with less moisture of air. Massachusetts.

Dorset. — Large, obovate obtuse pyriform; color golden yellow
with bright red cheek. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, very good.
Season, winter. A new variety giving much promise east of the lakes.

Drouard (President Drouard). — Large, roundish obovate, obtuse,
rather irregular; color yellow with netting and wrashings of russet;
stalk three-quarters of an inch long, quite stout, inserted in deep
narrow irregular cavity. Flesh creamy white, tender, buttery,
sweet, perfumed, good. An autumn variety much liked in Michigan
and east of lakes. Europe.

Duhamel (Duhamel du Monceau). — Medium, obovate, obtuse
pyriform; color yellow, with many russet specks and patches of gray
or cinnamon russet; stem one and one-quarter inches long, stout,
fleshy at point of insertion in very slight cavity; basin narrow,

242 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

shallow, often corrugated. Flesh yellow, melting, juicy, very good.
Season, early winter. A good tree and good bearer in lake region.
France.

Dix.

Dupont (Penningtori) . — Medium to large, obovate, obtuse pyri-
form; color yellow with numerous small brown dots; stalk one and
one-quarter inches long, erect, very stout, with swelling at point of
insertion at top of neck; basin very shallow; calyx open. Flesh

THE PEAR. 243

yellowish white, tender, juicy, melting, very good. An Illinois
variety doing well on ridge land in central Iowa.

Early Duchess (Dwhess Precoce). — Large, obovate pyriform;
color yellow, usually with blushed cheek, and showing numerous
russet dots with traces, blotches, and areas of brownish russet; stalk
one inch long, usually inclined, and with fleshy formation at insertion
in narrow shallow cavity; basin shallow, abrupt, regular, with show
of ribbing. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, fine-grained, buttery, quality
very good. Season, October. Does well around the lakes. Europe.

Early Harvest. — Large, golden yellow, with bright red cheek;
quality hardly good. Yet it is grown quite extensively for market
on account of its size, beauty, and the hardiness and free bearing of
the tree. Ripens one month earlier than Bartlett. Ohio.

Easter Belle. — Medium, obovate pyriform, somewhat obtuse;
color pale yellow, usually with bright red cheek; some patches of
russet, and many russet dots; stalk short, stout, inclined, and usually
fleshy at point of insertion in slight cavity. Flesh whitish yellow,
somewrhat coarse at core, half melting, very sweet, rich, very good.
Grown west and east of the lakes. Maine.

Easter Beurre. — Large, roundish obovate, obtuse; color yellowish
green, with many russet dots, and often with brown russety cheek;
stalk short, stout, inserted in quite deep obtuse cavity. Flesh
white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, melting, very good. Grown
in the eastern States and on the Pacific coast. Europe.

Edmonds. — Medium to large, obovate, surface not regular; stem
long, stout, and fleshy at base, set in a moderate knobby cavity; basin
ribbed or uneven. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, melting,
sweet, very good. Season, September. New York.

Eliot (Eliot's Early). — Medium in size, pyriform; bears in clusters
of three to six; color yellowish green with red striping. Flesh juicy,
vinous, very good. Season, early. A new variety, doing well east
of the lakes.

Elizabeth, Manning's, — Medium, roundish obovate; color pale
yellow with red cheek and often flecked with russet and numerous
dark spots; stalk one-half to one inch long, inclined, inserted in small
round cavity. Flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, buttery, sweet, very
good. Productive and popular in the eastern and southeastern
States. Belgium.

Esperen. — Medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform; color

244 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

light green, well covered with russet in patches, specks, and dots;
stalk one and one-quarter to one and one-half inches long, inclined
and inserted in shallow slightly plaited cavity; basin deep, abrupt.

Easter Beurre.

Flesh creamy white, juicy, tender, melting, vinous, yet quite granular.
Season, autumn. Does well in the lake region. Belgium.

Eugene Appert. — Medium roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse
pyriform; color greenish yellow, with netted and patched areas of
russet, and numerous russet dots; stem variable from short to long,
quite slender, inserted in medium smooth cavity; basin small or
medium, nearly smooth. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich,
with some arorna; very good. Season, September. Considerably
grown as a dwarf. France.

Fitzwater. — Medium to large, obovate obtuse pyriform; color

THE PEAR. 245

yellow, with blotches, areas, and spots of russet; stalk short, stout,
inclined, with fleshy growth at point of insertion without cavity;
basin narrow, shallow, quite abrupt. Flesh creamy white, juicy,

Elizabeth, Manning's.

fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet; quality good. Season, autumn
and early winter. Does well near the lakes and in the southeastern
States. New York.

Flemish Beauty. — Large, obovate, obtuse, slightly pyriform;
skin a little rough, pale yellow, mostly covered with marblings and
areas of light russet becoming reddish brown at maturity; stalk one to
one and one-half inches long, quite stout, curved, and inserted in very
narrow, deep, regular cavity. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse
but juicy, melting, sweet, rich, and highest in flavor, very good.
Season, September. Starred across the continent. Belgium.

Fox (B. S. Fox). — Large, russeted with yellow. Flesh fine-
grained, juicy, vinous; quality said to be about like that of Anjou.
Season, October. A new variety, coming into notice in western
New York.

Frederick Clapp. — Medium to large, roundish, nearly obovate,
often irregular; color bright yellow with brown patches; stalk one
inch long, stout, inclined, and inserted in small, shallow, irregular

246 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

cavity. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, fine-grained, buttery, melting,
rich, good to very good. Massachusetts.

Gakovsky. — Medium in size, pyriform ; color greenish yellow, with
indistinct dots; stalk one and one quarter inches long, with fleshy

Flemish Beauty.

ring where inserted in slight cavity. Flesh dingy white, fine-grained,
buttery, juicy, mild, vinous, but not very rich. Quality only good.
The principal merit of this variety is its extreme hardiness. It can
be grown on ridge land far north. Russia.

Gansels Seckel. — Small to medium, oblate, and considerably de-
pressed; color yellow, with rough and uneven skin, mostly covered
with thin russet; stalk short, stout, inserted in broad shallow cavity;
basin broad and shallow. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting,

THE PEAR. 247

quite vinous, with rich aromatic perfumed flavor, very good. Said
to be a seedling of Seckel. England.

Garber. — Large, roundish oblong, pyriform; color brownish
yellow with red on sunny side. Flesh firm, granular, juicy, acid,
poor. Grown commercially in large quantity and shipped in barrels
for culinary use. Pennsylvania.

Ghislain (St. Ghislaiii) .—Medium, obtuse pyriform or turbinate;
color bright yellow, with greenish tinge in spots, and blushed cheek;
stalk one to one and one-half inches long, curved, with rings at in-
sertion in cavity. Flesh white, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, very
good. Grown for dessert use in the southeastern States, and in
Utah. Belgium.

Giffard (Beurre Giffard). — Medium to large, pyriform, tapering
toward the stem; color greenish yellow, with marbling of red where
exposed; stalk quite long, curved, and inserted at top of neck.
Flesh white, melting, juicy, with a vinous flavor and pleasantly per-
fumed. Ripens early; very good. Widely grown for market.
France.

Glout Morceau. — Large, obovate pyriform, unequal, often ribbed;
color green and greenish yellow at maturity; stalk one and one-quarter
inches long, stout, and inserted at one side of neck. Flesh white,
fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, very good usually if, well handled.
Flemish.

Goodale. — Large, oblong, obovate, pyriform; color light yellow,
with crimson and light red where exposed, with some netting and
patches of russet; stalk short, curved, stout and inserted in quite
deep inclined cavity with one side of neck highest. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, very good. Maine.

Grand Isle. — Medium, roundish oblong, obtuse pyriform; color
light yellow with many russet dots; skin very smooth; stalk three-
quarters to one inch long, rather slender, somewhat inclined, and
inserted in small regular cavity. Flesh whitish, half fine, juicy,
melting, vinous, very good. Season, autumn. Tree hardier than the
average. Vermont.

Gray Doyenne. — Medium in size, ovate to obovate in form;
color cinnamon russet with red in the sun; skin smooth; stalk short,
inserted in narrow abrupt cavity. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, rich; quality best. Popular in many States for home dessert
use. France.

248 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Groveland. — Large, obovate, obtuse, pyriform; color greenish
yellow, with brownish cheek, and most of the surface washed, netted,
and specked with russet; stalk short, stout, inclined, inserted in
medium, abrupt, regular cavity; basin narrow, shallow, regular.
Flesh creamy white, juicy, tender, buttery, quite vinous, good.

Goodale.

Season, autumn. Grown in Alabama and southeastern States.
America.

Hardy (Bcurre Hardy). — Large, obovate, obtuse pyriform; color
light green covered with light russeting and shaded with brownish
red; dots numerous; stalk one inch long, inclined, stout, inserted

THE PEAR. 249

in small quite uneven cavity. Flesh buttery, melting, juicy, vinous,
perfumed, with slight astringency under the skin; very good. Season,
early autumn. Europe.

Heyst (Emile de Heyst}. — Large, oblong, obovate, pyriform, ir-
regular; color clear yellow, with brownish orange-colored cheek and
netting and' patches of russet; numerous large russet dots. Flesh
yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, melting, vinous, very good to
best. Season late autumn. Has not been widely cultivated as it
fails to do well except on certain soils. Belgium.

Hoosic. — Large, roundish, inclined to obtuse pyriform; color
greenish yellow, with deep yellow in the sun and traces and nettings
of russet and many russet dots; stem long, curved, and set at an
incline in a small cavity; basin quite broad and deep and not wholly
even. Flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, quite rich, aromatic,
very good. Popular amateur variety, also grown for market. Massa-
chusetts.

Howell. — Large, roundish obovate, regular; color rich yellow with
traces of red in the sun, and numerous prominent grayish dots;
stalk one inch long, stout and set in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh
white, juicy, vinous, sprightly, with few seeds, very good. Popular
across the continent. Connecticut.

Idaho. — Large, nearly round, regular; color golden yellow; dots
numerous; stalk short, largest at upper end, inserted in irregular
and quite deep cavity. Flesh melting, juicy, vinous, only good in
quality. Season, early autumn. Double starred in Colorado, Utah,
and Idaho. Nevada.

Japan Russet (Japan Golden Russet). — Medium, flat, apple-shaped;
color yellow, overspread with golden russet. The handsome fruit
grows in clusters on small round-topped trees with large shining
leaves. As a lawn tree in the background it is ornamental and the
fruit has value as grown at the West for culinary use. Japan.

Jones (Jones ^cedlimj). — Medium, obovate, pyriform; color
yellow shaded with russet and bright crimson in the sun; stem one
and one-quarter inches long, inclined, and fleshy at insertion with
the flesh without cavity; basin broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh white,
quite coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, with vinous flavor; quality
fair to good. Season, autumn. A vigorous hardy tree. Pennsyl-
vania.

Josephine d'Malines. — Medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyri-

250 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

form; color greenish yellow, russet in patches and varied netting,
with numerous brown dots; stalk enlarged at ends, curved, and

Howell.

inserted in shallow small cavity. Flesh pinkish white, juicy, melting,
sweet, with rich aroma, very good. Season, winter. Popular in
several States. Belgium.

Kieffer. — Large, oval, narrowing at both ends, but variable in
shape; often roundish and nearly obtuse pyriform ; color yellow with
brighter shade in sun; patches and netting of russet, and brown russet
dots, often nearly covering the yellow ground; stalk rather short,
stout, and inserted in medium cavity. Flesh whitish, somewhat
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, only good. Double starred in
many States as a market and kitchen variety. A Chinese hybrid.

THE PEAR. 251

Kingsessing. — Large, obtuse pyriform; color greenish yellow with
numerous small green or gray dots; stem quite long, curved, and
fleshy at insertion in broad uneven cavity; basin large, irregular,
corrugated. Flesh whitish, quite coarse, juicy, buttery, melting

Josephine d'Malines.

sweet, perfumed, very good. Grown in Ohio and the southeastern
States. Pennsylvania.

Kirtland. — Small to medium, obtusely obovate, sometimes
pyriform; color bright yellow, mostly covered with light russet,
with red streaks in the sun; stalk short, stout, inserted in small
cavity; basin shallow and broad. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet,
aromatic, very good. Season, early fall. Grown for dessert use
mainly. Ohio.

Kooncc. — Medium, pyriform; color greenish yellow with bronze
cheek, and small russet dots; stem one inch long, inserted in medium-

252 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

sized regular shallow cavity. Flesh white, granular, flavor poor.
Used for market and kitchen in Illinois. Illinois.

Krull. — Medium, yellow, with bloom; skin thick. Flesh melting,
juicy, good. Keeps into winter. Grown in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey.

Kirtland.

Lady Clapp. — Large, yellow with smooth skin. Flesh juicy,
melting, vinous, quality very good. Season last half of September,
following the Bartlett. A promising new variety in Eastern States.

Langelier. — Medium in size, obovate, pyriform; color pale yellow
with some russeting; stalk short in small cavity; basin quite irregular.
Flesh juicy, buttery, melting, with sweet rich flavor, quality good.
Ohio.

Lawrence. — Medium to quite large, form obovate, and obtuse
pyriform, regular; color lemon yellow with areas of russet, and
many small brown dots; stalk rather short, stout, and set in an
irregular russeted cavity; basin broad, shallow, ribbed and russeted.
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic, quality very good.
Season, winter. A popular hardy and profitable variety in several
States. New York.

THE PEAR. 253

Lawson. — Medium to large, obovate, inclined to pyriform; color
yellowish with red cheek and scattering brown specks; stalk three-
quarters of an inch long, stout, fleshy, inclined, and inserted in slight
cavity; basin broad, shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish,
quite coarse, breaking, and sweet, quality fair to good. A culinary
market variety grown in the South. New York.

Le Conte. — Large, roundish, oblong, turbinate pyriform; color
yellow with red on sunny side. Flesh melting, sweet, perfumed,
vinous, quality only good. Much grown at the South for the northern
market. Season, midsummer. Chinese seedling.

Leroy (Madame Andre Leroy}. — Large to very large, oblong obo-
vate, or pyriform; color greenish yellow entirely covered with gray
russet; stem short, stout, obliquely inserted with a fleshy base at the
extremity of the neck. Flesh white, melting, juicy, vinous, very
good. Season very late. Usually grown on quince. France.

Lexington. — A variety grown in Texas and the South. Mr. T. V.
Munson's description : " About the size of Bartlett and much like it.
It ripens one week later than Bartlett and is equal to it in quality.
It has never blighted since I knew it until this season when a few
twigs were attacked when many other varieties were killed. It
blooms later than most varieties and only bears when cross-pollinated
by intermingling varieties."

Lincoln. — Large, obovate pyriform. surface quite smooth, greenish
yellow, with traces of russet and brown dots; stem medium in length,
quite stout, fleshy at insertion with the regular small cavity; basin
regular, medium, with shallow corrugation. Flesh whitish, fine-
grained, buttery, very juicy, vinous, good to very good. A hardy
prairie variety rapidly corning into public notice. Illinois.

Louise Bonne de Jersey. — Large, oblong pyriform, with sides
unequal; skin glossy, pale green, with brownish red in the sun;
dots gray and numerous; stalk half an inch long, curved, and in-
serted at one side of neck without cavity; basin shallow, uneven.
Flesh greenish white, juicy, melting, with very rich flavor, good to
very good. Season, autumn. Grown across the continent. France.

Macomber. — Medium, pyriform; color greenish yellow with
bright red cheek; dots numerous, small, russet; stalk short, quite
stout and fleshy at insertion in medium cavity, with convex slope and
russeting; basin medium, regular, flaring, with russet markings.
Flesh whitish, with greenish core line, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet,

254 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

rich, very good. A Vermont variety, doing well in most places where
tested.

Louise Bonne de Jersey.

Lodge (Smith's Bordonave]. — Medium, pyriform, tapering to the
stem, with sides unequal; color greenish brown, well covered with
patches of russet; stem one and one-quarter inches long, inserted
obliquely at the top of the neck, without cavity. Flesh whitish,
juicy, melting, rich, with pleasant acid; core gritty; quality very
good. Grown mainly in Pennsylvania, where it originated. Season,
September.

Longworth. — Medium to large, nearly round, bergamotte-shaped,
yellow, with warm blushed cheek. Flesh rather coarse, but juicy,

THE PEAR. 255

sugary, and excellent in flavor. Season, middle of September.
Originated in Dubuque, Iowa. The tree has proven very hardy in
Iowa.

McLaughlin. — Large, pyramidal pyriform, and often obovate;
color greenish yellow, and yellow when ripe; skin rough, with some
russeting; stalk short, oblique, and inserted at surface without
cavity. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, rich, perfumed, very good.
Season, early winter. Grown east of the lakes. Maine.

Madame Millet. — Very large, short 'obovate, or turbinate, and
rather uneven in outline; color yellow, nearly covered with light
russet; stem short, stout, obliquely inserted with the axis of the
fruit, without depression; eye open, set in a wide and quite deep
basin. Flesh tender, melting, juicy, richly flavored. Keeps into
winter. Often grown as a dwarf. Belgium.

Madame Treyve. — Medium, obovate pyriform; color pale yellow,
with bright red cheek, some russet, and numerous brown dots ; stem
slender, inserted in narrow, cavity; basin narrow, round, regular.
Flesh white, melting, .juicy, rich, sweet, very good. Season, Sep-
tember. Quite a favorite on the quince. France.

Madeleine (Magdeleri). — Medium to small, obovate, slightly pyri-
form; color yellowish green, often with brownish shade where ex-
posed; stalk one and one-half inches long, slender, inserted in very
narrow small cavity; basin shallow. Flesh juicy, melting, slightly
acid, with delicate rich flavor, very good. France.

Marguerite (Petite Marguerite). — Medium, oblate, obtuse, pyri-
form, with uneven surface; color greenish yellow and pale yellow
when mature, with brownish red cheek and numerous greenish dots;
stalk long, slightly curved, inserted in a narrow quite deep cavity;
basin quite large and somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, half fine,
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, very good to best. A dessert variety,
doing well near the lakes and in Ontario, Canada. France.

Marie Louisa. — Large, pyriform, with curved axis, body some-
what oblong; color greenish yellow when mature, with some russeting;
stalk one and one-half inches long, quite stout, usually oblique,
inserted without cavity. Flesh buttery, melting, vinous, quality
variable, but usually very good. Belgium.

Merriam. — Quite large, nearly round, but approaching oblate;
color yellow, with some russeting; stalk short, quite stout, inserted in
small cavity, with one side enlarged; basin shallow and corrugated.

256 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Flesh yellowish, coarse, melting, juicy, quite vinous, but musky in
flavor, good to very good. Popular in New England. Massachusetts.

McLaughlin.

Mongolian (Mongolian Snow). — Large, pyriform, inclined to
ridging toward the apex; color greenish yellow with blushed cheek,
and many russet dots; stalk from one to one and one-half inches
long, stout, set in broad shallow cavity, raised on one side, giving the
stem a decided inclination: basin quite deep, ridged, corrugated.
When ripened indoors the flesh is tender, melting, juicy, good. It is
the best in quality of the oriental varieties yet tested. Fruit usually
in clusters. Iowa.

Mount Vernon. — Medium to large, roundish, obtuse pyriform;
color yellowish, netted, and nearly covered with light yellowish

Mongolian Snow, (To face page 256.)

THE PEAR. 257

russet; stalk short, inclined by raised lip. Flesh yellowish, granular,
juicy, melting, quite vinous, quality good. Grown in several States.
Massachusetts.

Napoleon. — Medium to large, conic pyriform, obtuse, but variable
in shape; color yellowish green when mature; stalk one-half to one
inch long, inserted in slight cavity, with raised lip on one side. Flesh
white, melting, juicy, sweet, refreshing, good. Grown in southeastern
States. Belgium.

Ogereau (Anna Ogereau). — Large, pyriform, but often obovate;
color yellow, nearly covered with russet and numerous russet dots;
stalk one inch lon^, stout, fleshy at twig connection, inserted in flat,
russeted, and lipped cavity; basin medium, flaring, furrowed, and
russeted. Flesh greenish white, granular, tender, juicy, good. Sea-
son, early September in Michigan. Popular in localities. France.

Olivier des Serres. — Medium to large, roundish. Flesh tender,
juicy, melting, very good to best. Season, quite late winter, keeping
as well as Josephine of Malines.

Onondaga (Swan's Orange). — Large to very large, obovate and
usually oblate pyriform; color rich yellow when ripe, with russet dots;
stalk one inch long, stout, inclined, often curved, and inserted in
slight cavity with lips at one side; basin narrow, plaited, shallow.
Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, slightly granular, quality good
to very good. Season, autumn. A valuable market and dessert
variety in several States. Connecticut.

Osband Summer. — Small, roundish, obovate pyriform; color
yellow with numerous greenish and brown dots; rosy cheek in the
sun, and russet in basin and cavity; stalk three-quarters to one inch
long, inserted in abrupt cavity; basin broad, shallow. Flesh white,
juicy, melting, with rich sweet flavor very good. Widely grown
across the continent. New York.

Ott. — Small, roundish obovate in form; color greenish yellow with
considerable russeting, and often a mottled red cheek; stalk one to
one and one-quarter inches long, inserted in very small cavity. Flesh
melting, rich, perfumed, with rich flavor like that of its parent the
Seckel, very good. Much grown in Delaware.

Paradise (d1 Automne) . — Large, oblong obovate, and acute pyriform;
color yellow, mottled and very often covered with bright
cinnamon-colored russet; surface of skin uneven; stalk one and one-
half inches long, enlarged at both ends, curved, and inserted at top

258

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

of neck usually by fleshy folds; basin abrupt with elevations around
it. Flesh quite fine, sometimes granular, juicy, melting, rich, vinous,
very good. Season, autumn. Grown east of lakes. Belgium.

Onondaga.

Paul Ambre. — Medium, roundish, or roundish oval ; color greenish
yellow, often shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, and fre-
quently the surface is netted with russet and numerous russet dots;
stem medium, set in small cavity; basin shallow, smooth. Flesh
whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, very good. Season, October.
Often grown on the quince. Belgium.

THE PEAR. 259

Pitmaston (Duchess). — Very large, oblong, obovate, slightly
pyriform; color yellow with light russet near the stalk and many
russet dots and specks over the whole surface, which is somewhat

Paradise d'Automne.

uneven; stalk short, quite stout, in small uneven cavity. Flesh
yellowish, juicy, melting, buttery, sprightly, vinous, very good.
Grown under the name of Duchess by several nurserymen. Much
like Angouleme but a better tree on varied soils and in varied climates.
Europe.

Pound (Winter Bell). — Large to very large, pyriform; color
yellowish green with brown cheek that changes to yellow and red

260 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with keeping; dots numerous; stalk two inches long or more, stout,
curved, and inserted at top of neck without cavity. Flesh firm,
solid, granular. Only used for canning and stewing. When cooked
its red flesh is attractive and good. Quite widely grown for market.
Europe.

President. — Very large, roundish obovate, quite irregular; color
greenish yellow with pale red cheek; russeted at base of stalk, and
russet and russet dots over whole surface; stalk short, stout. Flesh
yellowish white, rather coarse, juicy, somewhat vinous, good. Season,
autumn. Grown east and west of lakes, and south, for culinary
use and market. Massachusetts.

President Mas. — Large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform; color
greenish yellow with some patches and traces of russet. Flesh
yellowish white, fine, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, very good.
Season, early winter. Belgium.

Reeder (Doctor Reeder). — Large, roundish ovate, obtuse pyri-
form; color light yellow with numerous russet dots and patches of
russet, especially around the basin; cheek faintly blushed with red;
stalk one and one-half inches long, quite stout, and fleshy at point of
insertion without cavity; basin broad, shallow, and regular. Flesh
white, juicy, buttery, melting, vinous, very good. Usually grown as
Doctor Reeder. New York.

Rossney. — Medium to large, oval, pyriform; color creamy yellow
with crimson blush; stem short, quite stout, inserted at top of neck
into slight cavity; basin medium, ridged. Flesh yellow, fine-grained,
melting, juicy, sweet, very good. Season, two weeks later than
Bartlett and about like it in hardiness of tree. Utah.

Rostiezer. — Small to medium, obovate, oblong pyriform; color
yellowish green with reddish brown on sunny side, and traces of thin
russet; stalk one and one-half to two inches long, slender, inserted
in slight cavity; basin slight. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, perfumed;
quality best. It is often received from Colorado and Utah as the
"Early Seckel." Europe.

Rutter. — Quite large, roundish, pyriform; color yellow, sprinkled,
and netted with russet and small irregular dots ; stalk one inch long,
stout, inclined, curved, and inserted in narrow abrupt cavity; basin
shallow and broad. Flesh white, quite juicy, half fine, butter}'-, with
sweet vinous flavor, quality good. Double or single starred across
the continent. Pennsylvania.

THE PEAR. 261

Sapieganka. — Medium, roundish obtuse pyriform; color green, with
blushed cheek; stem short, upright, in very shallow cavity; basin

Rostiezer.

wide and somewhat deep. Flesh fine, melting, good. Season, middle
of September in Iowa. Russia.

Sarah. — Medium, roundish obovate pyriform; color greenish
yellow, netted and clouded with russet and sprinkled with brown
dots; stem medium, somewhat inclined, set in slight depression by
ring or lip; basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting,
sweet, rich, aromatic, very good. Popular as a dwarf. Massa-
chusetts.

Seckel. — Small, obovate, regular; color when ripe yellowish
brown, with russety red cheek; stalk half an inch or more in length,

262 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Seckel.

THE PEAR.

263

inserted in slight cavity. Flesh whitish, buttery, melting, very
juicy, with rich spicy flavor; quality best. Widely grown on account
of its unexcelled quality. Pennsylvania.

Seneca. — Large, obovate pyriform ; color light yellow, with blushed
cheek, green mottling, and black dots on shady side; stem near
two inches long, flattened at junction; neck with fleshy ridge; basin
large, irregular. Flesh white, vinous, sprightly, very good. Season,
autumn, six weeks later than Bartlett, which it somewhat resembles,
but it has far better color.

Sheldon. — Large, roundish, obtuse obovate; color greenish
yellow, covered largely with thin russet; some show of crimson where
exposed, and numerous russet dots; skin thick and rather harsh;

Sheldon.

stalk three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in quite a deep
cavity; basin broad and quite deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting,
sweet, vinous, and aromatic, very good. Very extensively grown
across the continent. New York.

264 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Smith. — Large, roundish ov^ate; color yellow with red where
exposed. Flesh tender, vinous, astringent, scarcely good. Grown
South quite extensively and sent North in barrels for culinary use.
Origin not known.

Souvenir (Souvenir du Congress). — Large to very large, oboyate
obtuse pyriform; color yellow when ripe, with bright carmine in the
sun, and many brown dots; russeted at the stem; stalk three-quarters
of an inch long, stout, much inclined, and inserted in flesh without
cavity. Flesh white, quite coarse, slightly perfumed, vinous; quality
good. Now quite widely grown east of the lakes. France.

Sterling. — Medium to large, nearly round, somewhat turbinate;
color yellow, netted with brownish russet, with bright scarlet cheek;
stalk one to one and one-quarter inches long, inclined, curved, and
inserted in skin without much show of cavity. Flesh white, juicy,
fine-grained, crisp, sweet, rich ; quality good. Grown east of the lakes.
New York.

Stevens Genesee. — Large, nearly round; color bright yellow;
stalk one inch long, stout, thicker at base, and inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh white, nearly buttery, rich, aromatic, very good.
Season, early fall. Quite extensively grown east of the Great Lakes.
New York.

Sudduth (Birkett, possibly). — Size medium, obovate oval; skin
smooth; color green, with russet patches and numerous small brown
dots; stalk one and one-half inches long, slender, and inserted in
medium-sized abrupt furrowed cavity; basin medium-sized, irregular,
corrugated with peculiar raised points. Flesh whitish, quite fine,
tender, juicy, almost sweet, good. Season, September. This new
variety is gaining a record for longevity of tree on prairie soils not
wholly adapted to pear-growing. ^ Illinois.

Summer Doyenne (Doyenne d'Ete). — Small, roundish, or roundish
turbinate ; color greenish yellow, changing when ripe to lemon yellow,
with red cheek and many gray dots; stem one to one and one-quarter
inches long, quite stout, somewhat oblique, and set in very shallow
cavity; basin shallow and corrugated. Flesh white, melting, juicy,
sweet, good to very good. Specially popular in New York and Massa-
chusetts. Belgium.

Superfin. — Medium to quite large, roundish obovate, with narrow
neck tapering to the stem; color greenish yellow, with considerable
russet and brown cheek. Flesh juicy, melting, with rich pleasant

THE PEAR. 265

flavor, good to very good. Much grown on the quince as a dwarf in
several States. France.

Thgrfese Appert. — Medium to large, pyriform, rounded toward the
basin and tapering to the stem by two deep concave curves; color
yellow, mottled with areas of green, and well covered russet dots;
cheek mottled with crimson; stem short, fleshy, inserted without
depression; basin also very slight depression. Flesh tender, buttery,

Urbaniste.

melting, sprightly, vinous, very good. Season, September. Often
grown on the quince. France.

Tyson. — Small to medium, acute pyriform in shape; color bright
yellow when ripe, slightly russeted, with crimson cheek and many
brown dots; stalk one and one-quarter inches long, inserted by
fleshy ring at the top of the narrow neck. Flesh fine-grained, buttery,

266

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

melting, juicy, quite sweet, aromatic; nearly best. Starred and
double-starred in several States. Pennsylvania.

Vicar of Winkfield.

Urbaniste. — Medium to large, obovate pyrif orm ; color pale yellow
with russet streaks and quite numerous gray dots; skin very smooth;

THE PEAR. 267

stalk one inch long, stout, and inserted in broad well-defined cavity;
basin narrow, abrupt, quite deep. Flesh white, with yellowish core,
buttery, melting, very juicy, and richly perfumed. Season, autumn.
Widely grown east of the lakes and in Colorado and Utah. Belgium.

Vermont Beauty. — Medium to large obovate; color yellow, with
bright carmine cheek; stem short, stout, erect, inserted into slight
cavity raised on one side. Flesh yellow, melting, rich, very good
Hardier in tree than Flemish Beauty. Vermont.

Vicar of Winkfield. — Large, long pyriform, somewhat one-sided;
though slim it is often five to six inches long; color pale yellow, often
with brown cheek and quite numerous small brown dots; stalk one
to one and one-half inches long, inserted obliquely without cavity at
top of narrow neck; basin broad, but very shallow. Flesh greenish
white, quite juicy, sometimes buttery, with sprightly flavor, good.
Season, late fall. France.

Washington.

Washington. — Size medium, oval or obovate, regular; color
lemon yellow, with reddish dots where exposed; stalk one and one-half
inches long, inserted in very slight depression. Flesh white, juicy,

268 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

melting, sweet, very good. Season, September. Much grown east of
the lakes. Delaware.

White Doyenne. — Medium to large, obovate, regular, but variable
in length of specimens; color pale yellow, with red cheek and many
small dots; stalk three-quarters to one and one-quarter inches long,
brown, a little curved, and inserted in small round cavity; basin shal-
low, smooth, or very finely plaited. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, high-flavored ; quality best. Season, autumn. Grown across
the continent. France.

Wilder (Col. Wilder}. — Large, pyriform; color pale yellow, dotted
and marbled with russet. Flesh melting, very juicy, tender, very
good. Season, winter. Taking front rank among the newer varieties
east of lakes and South.

Wilder Early. — Size medium, obovate, color yellow with red
cheek. Flesh tender, sweet, vinous, quality very good. One of the
newer varieties, coming into quite general cultivation. New York.

Winter Nelis. — Size medium, obovate, and often pyriform; color
yellow, with blotches and spots of cinnamon russet; stalk one and
one-quarter inches long, inserted in small narrow cavity ; basin broad
and quite deep. Flesh white, juicy, tender, melting, buttery,' richly
sweet, very good. Season, quite late. Double-starred in several
States. Belgium.

Worden Seckel. — Medium, conic pyriform; golden yellow in color,
with crimson cheek; stem one-quarter inch long, not curved. Flesh
dull white, juicy, buttery, fine-grained, melting. Season, autumn.
New York.

Zuckerbirn. — Size medium, obtuse pyriform; color rich grayish
yellow, bronzed on sunny side ; stem very long and stout, inserted at
top of neck; basin wide, regular. Flesh buttery, melting, sweet,
very good; seeds large, black, flattened and pointed; tree very hardy.
Russia.

THE QUINCE.

. AN outline of the origin, races, propagation, management, and
uses of the Quince is given in Chapter XIII, and in Section 137 its
pruning is discussed. In the States east and southeast of the great
lakes the varieties introduced from Europe at an early date succeeded
from the start far more perfectly than most other orchard fruits, and
up to the present few additions have been made to the list of varieties.
In sections favorable for its growth it was grown as a home fruit for
culinary use along a fence-line, or in a neglected corner, and the fruit
appeared in market only locally, if at all. But at this time the fruit
in its season reaches distant markets in regions where it does not
thrive, and it is found in the mining and lumber camps with as much
certainty as the apple or orange, as we now have in New York, New
Jersey, Ohio, and in other States, well-managed and profitable quince
orchards. The small trees come into bearing about as soon as the
grape, and the quince orchards known to the writer are more profitable
as yet than other pomaceous fruits. The commercial marmalade
found in every grocery in west Europe, and on every table nearly, is
yet a thing of the future with us, yet every American housewife tries
to secure a supply for preserving with sweet apples, and quince
jelly is relished by those who can secure it even at fancy prices.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE.

Alaska. — Large, pyriform; color yellow. Said in New York to
bear unusually young, and to bear regular crops. As yet not widely
tested, but the present record is very favorable.

Angers. — Size medium, pear-shaped; color golden yellow; quality
good. The vigorous growth of this variety has given it commercial
status as a stock for the pear, yet it is commercial in some districts
as a fruit.

270 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Apple-shaped (Orange). — Large, roundish, apple-shaped; color
golden yellow, fair, smooth; quality good. In quince-growing
districts this old variety is still grown by amateurs and farmers, but
not commercially, perhaps for the reason that the claim that it re-
produced from seed developed inferior varieties and a mixed nomen-
clature.

Bentley. — Large, yellow, handsome, and said to be excellent in
quality. One of the leading varieties in Maryland and South Carolina.

Bourgeat. — Large, slightly pyriform; color rich golden, with
velvety skin, which is very smooth. Has peculiarly healthy foliage.
Highly prized in Ohio and the Southeast States.

Champion. — Large, obtuse pyriform; color green, mostly over-
spread with bright yellow. Flesh tender and unusually good in
quality. Though relatively a new variety it is grown commercially
across the continent. America.

Columbia. — Very large, somewrhat ridged; color greenish yellow,
with red blushed cheek. It is said to cook as tender as an apple and
to make a jelly of unusual fragrance and quality. Japan.

Fuller. — Large to very large, distinctly pyriform; surface some-
what ridged; color rich yellow. Flesh not as coarse when cooked
as other varieties* Highly prized in New Jersey.

Johnson. — Large, roundish oblate, compressed at stem; color
greenish yellow, with down in cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, cooks
tender. A Pennsylvania variety now widely grown.

Meech (Meech's Prolific). — Large to very large, obscure pyriform;
color bright yellow; quality very good; peculiarly fragrant. A leading
variety in the Eastern and Southeastern States. Connecticut.

Missouri Mammoth. — Very large, roundish oblate; color green,
mostly overspread with orange yellow; quality and texture of flesh
very good. Rapidly becoming a popular commercial variety, especially
in Utah and parts of Colorado.

Pear. — Large to very large, pyriform, with roundish oblong body;
color yellow. Flesh firm but with high flavor. Grown for market
extensively, especially for distant shipment.

Pineapple. — One of Burbank's seedlings, which is claimed to have
a distinct pineapple flavor. It is large, yellow, and much like the
orange variety, but is said to cook tender like an apple.

Portugal. — Large to very large; color light orange. The best
variety in quality, and the tree is the strongest grower, with larger and

THE QUINCE. 271

broader leaves. When cooked the sauce is red. Profitable in some
places. As a rule not equal to others in bearing.

Rea (Red s Mammoth). — Large to very large, roundish obtuse in
form; color yellow, with pinkish shades. A leading commercial
variety of the Eastern and Southeastern States and of California.
New York.

Van Deman. — Medium to large; color greenish yellow; subacid;
quality very good for culinary uses. Grown in Missouri largely.

West (West's Mammoth). — .Very large, roundish; color clear
yellow. Grown in California from seed received from Boston, of the
Orange variety. One of the best in flavor and much liked where it has
been tested.

ORNAMENTAL QUINCES.

The Scarlet Japan, Blush Japan, Grandiflora, Umbellicata, and
gtill other fine flowering varieties are grown, most of which bear
handsome and fragrant fruit. Of the oriental species Cydonia Maulei
has the most horticultural interest. It is a low shrub, very much
hardier than our cultivated garden varieties, with showy reddish
flowers, followed by an abundant crop of fruit useful for marmalade.
Its survival in climates such as the prairie States suggests its im-
provement by selection, and possibly by crossing. A hardy bush
variety, with edible fruit as large as that of the Champion, would have
much value.

THE STONE FRUITS.

THE Cherry, Plum, Prune, Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine are
classed together in Chapter XIV of Part I in discussing their history,
classification, propagation, and management, and their pruning is
discussed in Chapter XI, as they have much in common in culture,
care, spraying, and propagation. Grouping these fruits together
for description is also a more natural arrangement than the usual
alphabetical order in which they are placed in American pomological
books.

•

THE CHERRY.

DUKE AND MORELLO VARIETIES.

Amarelle Bunte. — Fruit large, round; stalk moderately long and
stout; cavity shallow; skin yellow, covered with fine red. Flesh

Amarelle Hative.

slightly colored, firm, tender, juicy, subacid; stone large. Very good.
Season, second week in June. Tree upright grower, foliage large and
coarse. Does well in south Iowa and Missouri.

272

THE CHERRY. 273

Amarelle Hative. — Fruit large, obtusely heart - shaped, with
slight trace of suture; color nearly black; stalk one and one-half to
two inches long in deep cavity. Flesh colored, mildly acid; quality
very good. Season, ten days later than Early Richmond. Of
Vladimir type of tree and fruit. Russia.

Baldwin. — Large to very large, round; color dark, yet almost
transparent; stem quite large, medium in length; fruits usually in
pairs. Flesh subacid; quality very good for a Morello variety.
Grown in Maryland. Commercial.

Belle Magnifique. — Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped; color
pinkish red and yellow; stem one and one-half to two inches long, in
rather deep cavity. Flesh firm, white; uncolored juice; quality only
fair. Season, last of July. Tree about as
hardy as Dyehouse. This appears to be a
cross between the Morello and Mazzard
classes.

Bessarabian (No. 62). — Medium to large;
oblate heart-shaped; color clear red; stem
one to one and one-half inches long, slender
at upper end, inserted in broad and quite
deep cavity. Flesh meaty, slightly colored,
mildy acid; quality very good. Tree very
hardy far North when on its own or other
hardy roots. Bears most regularly on thin
rather poor soils, where it makes less growth
of tree. Russia.

Brusseler Braune. — Fruit large, nearly
round, heart-shaped, conical; color dark
red, and nearly black when fully ripe; stem
one and one-half to two inches long, in rather Belle Magnifique.

broad deep cavity; suture slightly depressed, with slight line in centre.
Flesh firm, meaty, colored, subacid, and best in quality of the Morello
class. A round-topped tree, bearing regular and full crops. Russia.

Bunte Morello. — Fruit of largest size, somewhat pear-shaped;
color bright red ; stalk one and one-half inches long, slender, inserted
in deep abrupt cavity; suture well defined. Flesh light-colored,
meaty, juicy, subacid, and best in quality. From North Silesia,
Germany. It seems to be a cross between the Dukes and Morellos.
About as hardy as the Dyehouse,

274 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Carnation. — Large to very large for its class, roundish; color
yellowish white, with marbling of orange red, becoming bright red
when fully ripe; stem one and one-quarter inches long, stout, and
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy,
pleasantly flavored, and separates freely from the pit. Season, last
of July. Its fault in most sections is shy bearing. Duke.

Cerise de Ostheim. — Size medium to large, roundish oblate, without
suture; color purple red, and when ripe nearly black; stem one to one
and one-half inches long, in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh dark red,
meaty, quality Very good to best, with pure subacid flavor. Russia.

Corning. — Large, oblate conical ; color dark red; stem long,
slender, inserted in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh meaty; juice
colored; quality very good. Season, somewhat later than Double
Natte, and a fine bearer. Originated by A. F. Collman, Corning,
Iowa. Morello.

Donna Maria. — Medium to large roundish, dark red. Flesh tender,
juicy, rich, mildy acid. Succeeds well in some localities south of
the forty-second parallel. Ohio.

Double Glass. — Medium to large, oblate; color dark red; stem
three-quarters to one inch long, in broad shallow cavity. Flesh
meaty, uncolored, subacid, good. Season, about June 20th. Russia.

Double Natte. — Size large, heart-shaped, conical, with depression
on one side; color deep crimson; skin thin, tender, and melting;
stem one to one and one-half inches long, inserted in broad and shallow
cavity. Flesh and juice colored, mildly acid, melting, and best
in quality for a Morello. Tree remarkably hardy at the North.
Russia.

Duchesse de Angoule'me. — Medium to large, oblate heart-shaped ;
color mottled light red; stem one to one and one-half inches long in
shallow broad cavity; suture clearly defined. Flesh quite firm,
uncolored, good. Tree large, spreading, with large coarsely serrated
leaves. A heavy annual bearer in central Iowa. North Silesia.

Dyehouse. — Size medium, oblate, flattened at top; apex de-
pressed; color light red; stem one and one-quarter inches long, stout,
in narrow abrupt cavity. Flesh uncolored, quite firm, acid; quality
only fair. Tree less hardy than Early Richmond.

Early May (of the West). — Medium in size, markedly flattened;
color clear red ; stem seven-eighths to one inch long, in broad shallow
cavity; apex depressed. Flesh firm, juicy, good. This is often

THE CHERRY.

275

grown as Early Richmond. The Early May of the East is different
and less desirable.

Early Morello (No. 23 Orel). — Fruit medium in size, round, flattened
at ends; color bright red; stem three-quarters to one inch long,
quite stout, set in quite broad and deep cavity; apex slightly com-
pressed. Flesh light-colored, very juicy, with brisk acid flavor.
Season about the same as Richmond. A very hardy tree, and a
regular and heavy bearer. Russia.

Early Morello (of Kansas} . — Imported from Germany under this
name, but not identical with Early Morello from Russia. Fruit
medium to large, black when fully ripe, tender, vinous. Season of
Early Richmond. Grown in Kansas.

Early Richmond. — Medium, round, slightly flattened; suture
well defined; color light red; stem one inch long in broad sloping
cavity; apex depressed. Flesh soft, uncolored; quality very good.

Early Richmond. English Morello. After Woolverton.

Fruit usually in pairs. Grown over a large part of the Union. Early
May and Early Morello are often sold under this name.

Empress Eugenia. — Large, roundish obtuse, nearly heart-shaped;
color rich dark red; stem quite short, in deep cavity. Flesh slightly

276 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

colored, tender, rich, subacid; stone small; very good. Season, first
half of June at West. Doubled-starred in New York, Michigan,
Utah, and Colorado. Duke.

English Morello. — Medium to large, roundish oblate; color dark
red, nearly black when ripe; stem one and one-half inches long, in
medium shallow cavity; apex not indented. Flesh purplish red,
meaty, juicy, slightly astringent, good. As with the Vladimir this
old variety has run into variations in Europe.

Esperen. — Large, roundish oblate, compressed; stalk one inch
long, stout, in broad deep cavity; color dark scarlet. Flesh tender,
juicy, quite acid. Season, last of June. Grown around the lakes.

Eugenie. — Large, oblate, heart-shaped, compressed; stalk one and
one-half inches long, stout; color light scarlet or amber. Flesh
mild acid, very juicy, soft, tender, good. Grown around the lakes
and South. Red Duke.

Everbearing. — Large, roundish oblate, somewhat compressed;
stalk one and one-half inches long, in broad shallow cavity; color
dull red, and dark red when fully ripe. Flesh quite tender and juicy,
mild acid, quality good. Profitable around the lakes, especially in
Michigan. Duke.

Flagg. — Medium in size, roundish. Flesh firm, rich, mildly acid;
quality very good for this Morello type. Tree short-jointed and very
hardy. Ripens in advance of Early Richmond.

Fouch^'s Morello. — Fruit large, obtusely heart-shaped, bright red
in color, semi-transparent; stem two to two and one-half inches long,
slender. Flesh quite firm, juicy, and of excellent quality for all uses.
Ripe fifteen days later than Richmond. Tree a low compact grower
and a heavy bearer. Russia.

Frauendorfer Weichsel. — Size medium, heart-shaped, conical;
stem long but variable, quite stout; color dark crimson. Flesh
tender, with peculiar vinous flavor. Best for culinary uses. Season,
middle of July. Tree remarkably hardy. Russia.

Galopin. — Large, roundish oblate; color light red; stem stout,
one and one-half inches long in medium cavity. Flesh tender,
subacid, pleasant, very good. Apparently a cross between the Duke
and Morello families. As hardy in tree as Early Richmond. France.

George Glass. — Medium to large, round, heart-shaped, somewhat
flattened at ends; color dark red; stem one and one-half to two and

Griotte Imperial.

(To face page 277.)

THE CHERRY. 277

one-quarter inches long, slender, in abrupt deep cavity. Flesh some-
what colored, meaty, juicy, mildly acid, very good. North Silesia.

Griotte du Nord. — Medium to large, nearly round; color dark
red; stalk two to three inches long, slender. Flesh highly colored,
juicy, rather acid, but pleasantly flavored. A hardy upright tree.
Russia.

Griotte Imperial. — Medium to large, oval, dark red; stem short,
stout, in shallow cavity. Flesh meaty, firm, colored, quite acid,
yet with a rich mingling of sweet and sour. Tree a slow, round-
topped grower and very productive. Season of Late Richmond;
very hardy far North. Russia.

Griotte Kleparite. — Large, heart-shaped, conical, suture depressed;
color pale red, often with white cheek; stem one and one-quarter to
two inches long, stout, in deep and broad cavity. Flesh firm, whitish,
juice uncolored, quality very good. A Red Duke variety, about
as hardy as Early Richmond. Russia.

Griotte Pre*coce. — Fruit large, flattened; suture distinct; color
bright shining red; stem one and one-quarter to one and three-quarters
inches long, curved, stout, in deep cavity. Flesh soft, breaking,
uncolored, very good. Season, middle of June. Tree very hardy
and fruitful. Russia.

Hortense. — Large to very large, roundish, elongated, with sides
slightly compressed; color shining red, mottled with darker red;
stalk slender, about two inches long. Flesh creamy yellow, netted,
very tender, subacid, very good. Of Red Duke type.

Ida. — Medium to large, obtuse conical, slightly compressed;
suture slight; color pale yellow, nearly covered with bright red;
stem slender, inserted in quite large deep cavity. Flesh very tender,
juicy, rich, very good; pit very small. Season of May Duke. Penn-
sylvania. Duke.

June- Morello. — Large, oblate, scarlet red in color; stalk from one
to one and one-half inches long, quite stout, inserted in a broad
cavity. Flesh meaty, juicy, uncolored, subacid, and very good
for its class. Season of Early Richmond. Tree hardy and fruitful.
Russia.

Kings Morello. — Large, oblate, obtusely heart-shaped; color
dark red ; stem variable, from one to one and one-half inches long, in
broad shallow cavity. Flesh firm, juicy, sprightly, uncolored, good.
Season, middle to last of June. Tree very hardy and fruitful. Russia,

278 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Koslov (Koslov Morello). — Large, round, pointed at apex; color
dark red, turning black at maturity; stalk one and one-half inches

Hortense.

long, in slight cavity; suture a mere trace. Flesh red, and dark
red when fulty mature, tender, juicy, acid, but milder when fully ripe;
of the Vladimir type, Russia.

Late Duke. — Large, obtuse heart-shaped; color dark handsome
red when fully ripe; stalk one to one and one-half inches long, in
shallow cavity. Flesh lightly colored, subacid, but not rich in flavor.
Season, very late. Starred in a dozen States. Duke.

Lancaster. — Medium, roundish, heart-shaped, regular; suture
very slight; color bright red; stalk long, slender, in medium smooth
cavity. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet, with a sprightly pleasant
flavor. Ripens in June in Pennsylvania, where it originated.

Late Kentish. — Size medium to small, round, somewhat flattened;
•color darker red than Early Richmond, when fully ripe; stem one to

THE CHERRY.

279

one and one-half inches long, in small cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, with
a pleasant pure acid. This has been widely scattered, and is known

Koslov.

Late Duke.

as Pie Cherry and Late Richmond in many sections. It is double-
starred in several States.

Lieb. — A sprout brought from Germany and planted in Galena,
111., by Mr. Lieb. Fruit about size of Early Richmond, somewhat
later, and much less acid. Grown in Southern Illinois and Indiana.

Lipp. — Under the name of Lipp's Late Blood this variety is grown
in Western New York; color dark red or crimson. Flesh solid, with
very dark-colored flesh and juice.

Lithauer Weichsel. — Size small, form roundish oblate; stem long,
slender, in narrow shallow cavity; color dark red. Flesh purple,
meaty, pleasantly acid. Much used in East Europe for cherry wine,
as it is well stored with grape sugar. Excellent for canning. Russia.

Louis Philippe. — Large, roundish, regular; color dark red, and
nearly black when mature; stem short, stout, in broad regular cavity.
Flesh red, tender, sprightly, subacid, very good. Season, last half
of July. France.

280

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Lutovka. — Fruit large, flattened, bright red in color; stem three-
quarters to one and one-half inches long, in broad rather shallow
cavity; apex depressed. Flesh uncolored, juicy, sprightly, mildly
acid; quality very good. Tree upright, with large leaves much like
those of the Dukes. Season, June 25. Russia.

May Duke. — Large, roundish obtuse, heart-shaped; color nearly
black when ripe; stalk one to one and one-quarter inches long, in

Louis Philippe.

May Duke.

light depression. Flesh lightly colored, tender, melting, and satisfying
in flavor. Season, quite early. Popular in several States.

Minnesota. — Medium, roundish, heart-shaped, slightly compressed;
stalk one and one-half to one and three-quarters inches long, set in
medium cavity; color very dark crimson, almost black. Flesh
tender, subacid, rich; flesh and juice dark crimson; quality very good.
Sent to the writer by a Swede, who brought sprouts from his natal
home.

Minnesota Ostheim. — Medium to large; form oblate conical, with
depression on one side; apex slightly depressed; stem one and one-
quarter inches long, in quite wride and shallow cavity. Flesh meaty,
juicy, subacid, dark red, quality very good. Season, middle of July.
Tree hardy and fruitful.

Montmorency (Large Montmorency, Monarch). — Large, roundish

THE CHERRY. 281

oblate; color reddish amber; stem one to one and one-quarter inches
long, inserted in broad and deep cavity. Flesh tender, mildly acid,
uncolored; quality good. Tree with round spreading head. Fruit
ripens about June 20th.

Montmorency Ordinaire. — Large, roundish ; color crimson ; stem
one to one and one-half inches long, set in medium cavity. Flesh
tender, vinous, sprightly, pleasant. Tree rounded in top, with upright
habit. The Montmorency group has been mixed in cultivation and
propagation. After four years' study on his own trial grounds T. T.
Lyon, of Michigan, gave the above descriptions, which agree with the
writer's study of the two varieties mainly cultivated during the past
twenty years.

Montrueil. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color amber, with
lively red on sunny side, somewhat mottled; stem one and one-half
inches long, quite stout, in medium cavity. Flesh and juice light
colored; quality very good. A new variety of Duke, giving much
promise in Michigan.

Morello Hative. — Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened;
stalk one and three-eighths inches, moderately long; cavity shallow;
skin very dark red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, acid; juice highly
colored; stone medium; quality good. Season, last week in June.
Tree a low grower and very hardy. Russia.

Northwest. — Size medium, roundish conical, laterally depressed;
color red, and when fully ripe very bright red; stem quite long, in-
serted in shallow cavity. Flesh quite firm, subacid, very good; pit
very small. Illinois.

Olivet. — Large, globular, heart-shaped; color deep red or crimson,
glossy; stem one and three-eighths inches long, quite stout, and
inserted in a broad deep cavity. Flesh tender, rich, vinous, subacid,
red, with rose-colored juice; quality good. One of the hardiest of the
Red Duke family.

Orel (Orel No. 27). — Medium to large, round, slightly flattened;
color light red; stem three-quarters to one inch long, in shallow cavity;
suture distinct. Flesh uncolored, meaty, juicy, mildly acid; quality
very good. Season that of Lutovka. Russia.

Ostheim. — Fruit large, roundish, oblate, one side compressed;
color dark red, and much darker when fully ripe; stalk slim and
variable in length. Flesh liver-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, and
very good. Season, middle of July. As introduced many years ago

282 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

it is starred and double-starred in many States. The Minnesota
and Cerise de Ostheim were introduced later. Morello.

Plumstone Morello. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color dark
red ; stalk one to one and three-quarters inches long, set in medium-
sized cavity. Flesh colored, tender, juicy, and mildly acid when
mature. Season, last of July. Grown in small way in several States.
Reine Hortense. — Very large, roundish, slightly elongated;
suture a distinct line on even surface; color bright red, with marbling
and mottling of other shades. Flesh tender,
juicy, nearly sweet; flavor best. Season, medium
to late. Grown largely in New York, Michigan,
Utah, and Colorado. Duke.

Royal Duke (Royal Tardive). — Very large,
roundish oblate; color dark red. Flesh colored,
tender, juicy, rich; quality very good. Does
well in the dry parts of Texas and New Mexico.
Duke.

Rupp. — Large, roundish, but somewhat
elongated; color light yellow, mottled and
marbled with red; stem long, quite stout, and
set in a broad, deep, quite irregular cavity.
Flesh light-colored, quite firm; quality very
good. Duke.

Sappington. — Originated in St. Louis. Said
to be earlier than Early Richmond, a good
bearer and vigorous grower. Becoming com-
mercial. We have not seen the variety, though

Reine Hortense. much grQwn near gt ^^

Shadow Morello. — Large, heart-shaped, conical; color nearly
black when ripe; stem two inches long, quite stout, in narrow quite
deep cavity. Flesh meaty, juicy, colored, mildly acid. Tree small,
round-topped, and an annual bearer. Russia.

Sklanka. — Large, oblate, flattened laterally; color light red, usu-
ally with white or yellow on shaded side; stem one to one and one-
half inches long, slender, in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh quite
firm, juicy, subacid, and with uncolored juice, very good. When
fully ripe nearly sweet. Season, middle of June. Russia.

Spate Morello. — Large, heart-shaped, nearly round; color almost
black when ripe; stem one and one-half to two inches long in deep

Shadow Morello.

(To face page 282.)

(To face page 283.)

THE CHERRY. 283

cavity. Flesh highly colored, firm, meaty, and mildly acid when
fully ripe. A handsome round-topped tree, bearing heavy annual
crops; very hardy. Russia.

Strauss Weichsel. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped, flattened at
both ends; stem short, in shallow cavity. Flesh colored, meaty, and
slightly astringent until fully ripe; quality very good. A round-
topped tree, with medium-sized firm leaves; very hardy North.
Russia.

Suda Hardy. — Size medium, roundish conical, depressed laterally;
color light red; stem one to one and one-quarter inches long, in broad
deep cavity. Flesh firm, colored, juicy, and when fully ripe good in
quality. Season, first half of July.

Susse Fruh Weichsel. — Small to medium, roundish oblate; color
dark red; stem one to one and one-quarter inches long, quite
stout, inserted in small cavity. Flesh firm, somewhat colored, juicy,
mildly acid. Season, 20th of June. Specially valuable for canning.
Russia.

Timme. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color red; stem one to
one and one-eighth inches long, in broad shallow cavity. Flesh melt-
ing, rich, with uncolored juice; quality very good. Season, last of
June. Imported from Germany by a Mr. Timme, of Omaha, Neb.

Toronto. — Large, subacid, nearly black. Season last of June in
Southern Illinois. A Canadian variety propagated in Illinois.

Terry. — Medium, roundish, flattened laterally; color dark red;
stem one to one and one-quarter inches long, quite stout, and inserted
in shallow cavity. Flesh meaty, subacid, colored ; quality very good.
Of Vladimir type. This was introduced from Russia by the writer.
Specimen trees sent for trial to Mr. Terry, of Crescent, Iowa, proving
valuable, and the name or number being lost, it has become com-
mercial under the above name. Russia.

Vladimir. — Small to medium, roundish, and borne in clusters of
from two to four on outer limbs; roundish in form; color black when
fully ripe; stem slender, in small cavity. Flesh firm, juicy, nearly
sweet, juice colored; quality very good for dessert or canning. Season,
earlier than Early Richmond. The variety described is the one sent
out by the Iowa Agricultural College. As grown in Russia it is
somewhat variable. Russia.

Weir. — Large, heart-shaped, conical; suture a dark line with
apex depressed; color dark red; stem about two inches long, stout,

284 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

in cavity broad and deep. Flesh meaty, quite firm, with lightly
colored juice; quite acid until fully ripe. This was first sent out as
Weir No. 12. It is hardier than Early Richmond and a regular bearer.
Wragg. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color dark crimson, and
when fully ripe black or nearly so ; stem one and one-half inches long,
medium size, inserted in small shallow cavity. Flesh and juice light
crimson, firm, juicy, good, but slightly astringent; much like English
Morel! o, but much hardier in tree and a stronger grower.

BIGARREAU AND HEART VARIETIES.

On account of the natural and artificial crossing of the various
classes of cherries, as noted in Section 179 of Part l,it is difficult to
decide in some cases whether a given variety, such as the Abbesse,
should be classed with the Red Dukes or the Heart class. In such
cases the character of the fruit rather than the tree has been con-
sidered.

Abbesse. — Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped; color dark red;
stem two to two and one-half inches long, stout at lower end and
thinner above; cavity shallow; suture well defined. Flesh meaty,
with colored juice; quality good, mildly acid, with a pleasant flavor.
A cross with Red Duke. North Silesia.

Abbesse de Oignies. — Size medium to small; form oblate; color
bright red; stem one to one and one-quarter inches long, in broad
shallow cavity; apex flattened. Flesh firm, uncolored, juicy, and
when fully ripe nearly sweet. Season of Late Richmond. Fruits
often borne in terminal clusters of three or four. The leaves are
mottled and variegated, making the tree quite ornamental. A cross
with Red Duke. Russia.

American Heart. — Medium to large, four-sided, heart-shaped;
color pink and amber; stem long, slender, in small shallow cavity.
Flesh quite tender, juicy, sweet, good. A popular home variety where
hardy. Heart.

Archduke. — Large, obtuse, heart-shaped ; color dark red when
mature; stalk one and one-half inches long, in rather wide and deep
cavity. Flesh colored, melting, rich, subacid, quality very good.
Ripe in early July. Starred in New York, Kansas, Nebraska, and
other States. A cross with the Red Duke.

Baltaver. — Medium, heart-shaped, surface glossy; color light and
dark crimson on yellow ground, with numerous golden dots; stem one

THE CHERRY.

285

and one-eighth to one and five-eighths inches long, in irregular flaring
cavity; suture distinct. Flesh yellowish, meaty, quite juicy, good
to very good. Seems to be hardier in tree than most Heart varieties.
Hungary.

Belle de Choisy. — Medium, round, unusually regular; color pale
amber where shaded, with mottling of yellowish red in the sun;
skin peculiar in showing a net-like texture of flesh below; stalk
slender, of medium length, in wide shallow depression. Flesh amber-
colored, tender, melting, and when fully ripe quite sweet. Season
middle of June. Red Duke cross.

Black Eagle. — Medium to large, borne in pairs, and often three in
a cluster; form obtuse, heart-shaped; color dark purple, and when
ripe nearly black; stalk three-quarters to one inch long, slender, in
shallow cavity. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and best in quality; flavor
vinous and sweet, as grown in the interior. Ripe early in July.
Heart.

Black Eagle. Black Tartarian.

Black Heart. — Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, slightly
irregular; color dark purple and black when fully ripe; stalk one and

286

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

one-half inches long, in medium cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, with
exquisite sweet flavor. Season middle to last of June. One of the
oldest and most popular of the Heart cherries.

Black Tartarian. — Very large, obtusely heart-shaped, with surface
often uneven; color black when ripe; stalk one to one and one-half
inches long, in shallow cavity. Flesh colored, half tender, rich,
nearly sweet, quality best when grown inland. Season, from first to
middle of June. Popular as a home fruit wherever it can be grown.
Heart.

Centennial. — Large to very large ; oblate ; color yellow, with
marbling of crimson; stalk one to one and one-half inches long,
erect, in wide shallow cavity. Flesh quite firm, fine-textured, juicy,
and very sweet. Said to be a seedling of Napoleon. Heart.

Cleveland." — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color delicate red on
yellow ground; stem one and one-half inches long, curved, in broad
and deep cavity; suture distinct in marked depression. Flesh firm,
juicy, sweet, richly flavored. Season, early. Bigarreau.

Coe Transparent. Downton. Downer Late.

Coe Transparent. — Medium in size, round, or nearly so, regular;
color pale amber, changing to light red in the sun, with pale patches
interspersed; stalk one to one and one-half inches long, in quite deep

THE CHERRY.

287

cavity. Flesh tender, melting, juicy; flavor sweet, refreshing, and
pleasant, best in quality. Season, last half of June. Connecticut.
Heart.

Dikeman. — Large, heart-shaped, oval; color black; stem quite
stout, in wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh firm, rich, sweet, good.
Grown in Ohio and New York. A remarkable keeper after ripening.
Bigarreau.

Downton. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; apex indented; color
creamy yellow, with red stains; stem long, slender, in wide sunken
cavity. Flesh yellowish, tender, delicious. England. Heart.

Downer Late. — Fruit medium in size, rounded, or oval, heart-
shaped; color lively red, with very smooth skin; stalk one to one and
one-half inches long, in shallow cavity; fruit in clusters of two to
three. Flesh tender, melting, high-flavored; flavor sweet and re-
freshing. Its high quality is reached only when it fully ripens on the
tree. Heart.

Elton.

Gov. Wood.

Early Purple. — Medium to small, oval, heart-shaped; color dark
red, and purple when ripe; stem two to two and one-half inches long,
in broad shallow cavity. Flesh red, tender, juicy, rich, sweet, very

288 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

good to best. Season, about first of June. Grown east of lakes
and in Utah. Heart.

Elkhorn. — Large, heart-shaped, with slightly uneven surface;
color black; stalk one to one and one-half inches long, in quite deep
cavity. Flesh firm, not very juicy, with a rich flavor. Season, late.
Profitable for distant shipping. Heart.

Elton. — Large, heart-shaped, pointed at apex; color pale yellowr,
with blotches and shadings of red; stalk two inches long, slender, in
broad very shallow cavity. Flesh half tender, juicy, rich, and high in
quality. Season, last half of June. Grown in mild climates. Heart.
Gov. Wood. — Large, heart-shaped ; color yellow, with shading and
marbling of red; suture well defined; stem one and one-half inches
long, in broad very shallow cavity. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and
nearly best in quality. Ripe in interior from first to middle of June.
Ohio. Heart.

Hoskins. — Very large, round, heart-shaped; color dull purple.
Flesh dark, mottled, sweet, high-flavored. Double-starred in Oregon
for home use and shipping. About as hardy as Napoleon, of which
it is a seedling. Oregon. Bigarreau.

Kirtland's Mary. — Large, round, heart-shaped, with flattened
base; color varied shades of red on yellow ground; stem one to one
and one-half inches long. Flesh yellow, firm,
rich, highly flavored, sweet. Season, about July
1st. One of the best of Prof. Kirtland's Ohio
seedlings. Bigarreau.

Knight (Early). — Fruit large, heart-shaped,
somewhat irregular; color dark purple and
black when fully ripe; stalk one and one-
quarter to one and one-half inches in length, in
a deep cavity. Flesh dark red or purple, tender,
sweet, and richly flavored. Season, about that
of Black Tartarian; succeeds best on a rich,
loamy soil, in a warm position. Heart.

Lewelling. — Very large, roundish, heart-
shaped; color black. Flesh firm, solid. Desirable
for long-distance shipping. Commercially grown
on west coast, and to some extent east of the
Knight (Early). lakes. Oregon. Heart.
Mercer. — Large, heart-shaped; color dark red; stem long, rather

THE CHERRY. 289

slender, inserted in wide shallow cavity; fruit usually in clusters of
three. Flesh sweet, rich, juicy, very good. New Jersey. Heart.

Mezel.— Very large, obtuse, heart-shaped; color black; stalk long,
slender. Flesh firm, rich, very good to best. Starred in Eastern
States and double-starred on west coast as a heavy bearer of
choice dessert fruit. Season, July. Heart.

Murdoch. — Large to very large, from three-quarters to one and one-
quarter inches in diameter, roundish, heart-shaped; color yellowish,
overspread with crimson, becoming almost
black when fully ripe. Flesh juicy, sweet,
firm, very good. Productive. Grown in
Ohio. Bigarreau.

Napoleon. — Very large, heart-shaped,
slightly oblong; color pale yellow, dotted
and spotted with red and marbled crimson
on sunny side; stem short, stout, and set in
narrow cavity. Flesh very firm, juicy, good.

Ohio Beauty. — Large, roundish, heart-
shaped; stalk one and one-half inches long,
quite slender, in medium cavity; color
yellowish white, mostly covered with varied
shades of red. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet,
very good. Grown in Ohio and east of the
lakes. Heart.

Oxheart. — Large, obtuse, heart-shaped;
color dark red. Flesh red, tender, pleasant, Ohio Beauty,

but not high in flavor. Commercially grown for shipping in Oregon
and North California. Heart.

Plymouth Rock. — Medium, heart-shaped; amber-colored, with
red areas; stem slender, inserted in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh
rich, juicy, tender; pit small. Will hang on the tree long after it is
ripe. Grown and prized in Ohio. Heart.

Red Jacket. — Large, obtuse, heart-shaped; color light red; stalk
two inches long, slender. Flesh half tender, juicy, good, but not high
in flavor. Grown South. Heart.

Rockport. — Large, roundish, heart-shaped; color red, shaded with
pale amber; stalk one and one-half to two inches long, largest at
upper end, in wide shallow cavity. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich
flavored. Largely grown in New York, Ohio, and Michigan.

29U

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Schmidt. (Smith). — Very large, obtuse, heart-shaped, compressed
slightly; color dull red, mottled and rnarbled with carmine. Flesh
vinous, sweet, with firm, meaty texture; good. A promising new
variety for shipping, doing well in Michigan and the Southeast.
Heart.

Red Jacket.

Rockport.

Sparhawks Honey. — Medium in size, roundish, heart-shaped, reg-
ular; color pale amber red, becoming bright red when fully ripe;
stem one and one-half inches long, quite slender, in a round, even,
shallow cavity. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich. Season, last of June. A
home variety in the Southeastern States.

Sweet Montmorency. — Medium in size, round, somewhat flattened
at base, and with depressed point at apex; color pale amber, mottled
with light red; stalk one and three-quarter inches long, slender, in-
serted in small even cavity. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, very good.
A heart variety, evidently crossed with the Morello. Grown in Massa-
chusetts.

Vilna Sweet. — Large, heart-shaped; color light red; stem long,

THE PLUM. 291

quite slender, inserted in narrow cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet,
with uncolored juice; quality best. Season, middle of June. One of
the hardiest of the Heart varieties. Russia.

White Caroon. — A sweet variety, grown in Western New York to
some extent; color light; quality very good. Not commercial ; grown
for home table use. Heart.

Windsor. — Large, fifteen-sixteenths inch long by one inch wide;
round, obtuse, heart-shaped ; color dark red; stem one and one-half
inches long, inserted in quite deep cavity; usually fruits are in pairs or
triplets. Flesh yellowish, with reddish tint, firm, quite juicy, rich, and
sweet; quality very good. Commercial where the Bigarreau varieties
succeed.

Yellow Glass. — Large, round, flattened at ends; suture indistinct;
color bright yellow; stem one and three-quarter inches long, stout, in
wide quite deep cavity. Flesh firm, meaty, sweet, juice not colored;
quality very good. Tree much hardier than Yellow Spanish, which it
resembles.

Yellow Spanish. — Large, obtuse, heart-shaped, with base flattened;
color light yellow, with blush on sunny side and carmine dots; stalk
one and one-half to two inches long, stout, and usually curved. Flesh
light yellow, firm, sweet, with rich flavor when fully ripe. Season, last
of June. Extensively grown for market in mild climates.

THE PLUM.

The evolution in varieties and species of plums grown in the United
States and Canada during the past thirty years is quite as remarkable
as the development of the strawberry and grape during that period.
The second edition of Charles Downing's great work on American
fruits, including his third appendix, describes about three hundred
varieties of the plum, all of the Domestica class except the Wild Goose,
Miner, and Newman. No mention is made of the Japan varieties, and
the American species are only referred to in the foot-note : " There are
three species of wild plum indigenous to this country, of tolerable flavor
but seldom cultivated in our gardens." Bulletin No. 8 of the Divi-
sion of Pomology of the Department of Agriculture indicates some
of the changes of a few years. This Bulletin, published in 1899, in-
cludes and describes twenty-two varieties of Prunus Americana,
eight of Prunus angustifolia, eighteen of Prunus hortulana, two of

292 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Primus cerasifera, seventeen of Primus triflora, seven of Prunus
pumila, and over sixty of Prunus domestica, and this includes a number
of varieties developed by Burbank and others by crossing with native
varieties, and it also includes the leading varieties of plums and prunes
grown in California and Oregon."

Prof. F. A. Waugh, in his valuable book on "Plums and Plum
Culture," divides the native varieties into several groups or sub-species.
Prunus chicasa of Asa Gray is separated into the Miner-like group,
the Wayland-like group, the Wildgoose group, and the Chicasaw
group, and the northern species, Prunus Americana, is divided into two
groups — the Americana and Nigra.

This minute division cannot be made accurate, and is confusing to
amateur growers and those not familiar with botanical descriptions.

At this time it will be best for the purposes of this publication to
follow the classification given by Prof. Bailey as follows : (1) Prunus
domestica, which includes the garden plums and prunes of European
origin and their hybrids; (2) Prunus triflora, which includes the newly
introduced varieties from Japan, their seedlings and hybrids; (3)
Prunus Americana, including the native varieties of the North; (4)
Prunus angustifolia, including the Southern types of chicasa; (5)
Prunus hortulana, including the Wildgoose group and the Miner-like
varieties, extending farthest north ; (6) the hybrid varieties and those
not easy to classify.

As far as possible varieties no longer cultivated are omitted, and
where possible the relative hardiness of varieties will be indicated.

For facts pertaining to propagation, cultivation, pruning, and
management, see index of Part I.

The figures outlining the general forms of plums are copied from
Downing, and will prove some aid to beginners in understanding the

descriptions.

FORMS OF PLUMS.

Oblate. Roundish.

Ames.

" Produced under direction of Prof. Budd by using Japanese pollen on Americana."
Photo and note by Prof. Craig, Iowa Exp. Sta. Bui. 46, Men. 1900.

(To face page 293.)

THE PLUM.

Conical. Oblong.

THE AMERICAN VARIETIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS.

Aitkin. — Large, oval, compressed; color dark red, but paler on
shady side, without dots: suture obscure.
Flesh yellow, rich, quite firm; quality
very good. Season, early. Minnesota.
Americana.

American Eagle. — Large, joblong oval,
somewhat compressed ; color dark red over
yellow ground, with numerous yellow dots;
stem one inch long ; suture indistinct. Flesh
reddish yellow, firm; quality very good.
Season, September. Originated in Missouri.
Americana.

Ames. — Large, roundish, conical; color
bright red, with numerous large dots and Aitkin.

pale lilac bloom ; stalk one-half to five-eighths of an inch long, in broad
shallow cavity ; suture quite distinct. Flesh light yellow, firm, sugary,
rich; quality good to best. Tree very hardy. Hybrid of Americana
and triflora.

Apple. — Large, roundish oblate; color reddish purple; stem short,
stout, inserted in medium deep cavity; suture obscure. Flesh firm,
flavor rather acid; quality fair to good. One of Burbank's hybrids,
no\v grown in New York and South. Japan and Angustifolia.

Arkansas (Arkansas Lombard). — Medium, roundish oval; color
bright red, with small dots and white bloom ; stem long, slender,
inserted in very shallow cavity. Flesh soft; quality good. Season,
two weeks later than Wildgoose. Grown in Pennsylvania and South
Arkansas. Angustifolia.

294 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Best of All. — Medium to large, round; color rich red. Flesh firm,
meaty, and best in quality. Said by F. V. Munson, the originator, to be
a seedling of Miner crossed with pollen of Abundance. Texas.

Black Hawk. — Very large for the class, oval; color deep red in
the sun, and paler on shaded side; suture distinct, and on the suture
side the surface is slightly more convex, giving an irregular appearance
in form. Flesh yellow, tender, excellent in quality; freestone.
Americana. Iowa.

Brittlewood. — Large, roundish oval; color dark red, with mottling
of varied shades; bloom grayish and quite heavy, with numerous
small dots; stem short, inserted in shallow cavity. Flesh firm, meaty,
good; cling. One of the largest of the Americana varieties. Nebraska.
Brunswick. — Medium, roundish oval; color dark red on yellowish
ground, which is exposed at pointed apex. Flesh yellow, meaty,
sweet. A month later than Wildgoose. Angustifolia.

Cheney. — Large, roundish oblong, often oblique and with unequal
sides; color dull mottled red on greenish yellow ground; bloom blue;
stem slender, .usually curved, and inserted
in small shallow cavity. Flesh yellow, quite *"*
firm; quality very good. Season, middle of
August; clingstone. Quite subject on drift
soil of the West to plum pocket, but valuable
in many sections. Americana. Wisconsin.

Clark. — Medium, roundish, irregular; color
bright red, with numerous dots and bluish
bloom; stem short, in broad medium deep
cavity. Flesh yellow; quality good; used as
a pollen-bearer for other Chicasa varieties.
Angustifolia.

Clifford. — Large, pyriform; color red; bloom
Cheney. conspicuous. Flesh yellow, quite meaty, with

pineapple flavor. Season, a week earlier than Wildgoose. A Texas
variety not much tested as yet farther north. Hortulana.

Comfort. — Very large, roundish, truncated, enlarged somewhat
toward the apex; color dark red, with considerable bloom; skin thick.
Flesh quite acid; quality fair. Season, September. Americana.
Iowa.

Compass. — A hybrid, originated under cultivation by II. Knudson,
of Minnesota, from seed of Sand Cherry (Prunus Besseyi) pollinated

THE! PLUM. 205

with Miner plum. Fruit about one inch in diameter, nearly round,
bright cherry red in color, and good in quality for culinary use. When
loaded with its highly colored fruit the small trees are ornamental.
Hardy far north.

Cottrell. — Large, roundish oblong; color mottled red and yellow,
with thin rosy bloom ; stem one inch long, inserted at one side of the
perpendicular. Flesh firm for a native, rich; quality best. Season,
first half of September. Americana. Minnesota.

Curry. — Large, oval, flattened laterally; cavity deep; color pur-
plish red; dots gray and small; bloom lilac-colored. Flesh yellow,
firm; quality very good. Season, first half of August. Valuable
south of forty-second parallel. Hortulana. Iowa.

Cottrell. De Soto.

Davenport. — Medium to large, oval, often conical, and flattened
laterally; color yellow, with pink blush on sunny side. Flesh yellow,
firm; skin thin, not astringent; stone small; quality best, with a su-
gary flavor, reminding one of the German Mirabelle; pit free. From
seed of the De Soto, planted by N. K. Fluke, of Davenport, Iowa.
Americana.

De Soto. — Large, oval, slightly compressed; color orange, over-
laid with crimson; dots numerous, with thin blue bloom; stalk short,
slightly curved, in shallow cavity. Flesh quite firm, juicy, high-
flavored ; one of the best natives in quality; cling. Widely cultivated,
but fails in sections subject to protracted drought. Americana.
Wisconsin.

Downing (Charles Downing). — Large, roundish oval; color bright

296 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

red; dots numerous, small ; bloom thin; stalk medium, slender, in regu-
lar cavity; suture a mere line. Flesh yellow; quality good to very
good; clingstone. Season, a week later than Wildgoose. Hortulana.
Iowa.

Emerald. — Fruit large, roundish; color greenish yellow, marbled
with red shades. Flesh yellqwish, with yellow veinings, tender, juicy,
mild subacid; quality very good. A cross of Burbank with Brittle-
wood by Theo. Williams of Nebraska. Hardier than Burbank.

Excelsior. — Large, conical, flattened at top; color solid wine-red,
with very small white dots; bloom heavy, light blue; stalk short, in
wide shallow cavity; suture not present. Flesh yellowish, firm, with
reddish shade near the pit; quality nearly best. Season, very early.
Grown South. A hybrid from pit of Kelsey pollinated by Wildgoose.

Fairchild. — Large, oval, irregular; color variable from yellowish
to deep red, with marbling and large gray dots; bloom lilac-colored.
Flesh yellow, firm, subacid; quality good. A De Soto seedling, prov-
ing valuable where introduced. Americana.

Forest Garden. — Fruit large, nearly round, tending to oblong;
suture quite distinct; color deep red when fully ripe, with numerous
yellowish specks; bloom thin; stem long for a native, and slender.
Flesh quite firm, subacid; quality good. Season quite late ; pit almost
free. Americana. Iowa.

Forest Rose. — Large, round, often oblique; color dark red, through
which the yellow ground shows in dots; stem long, slender. Flesh
firm, sweet, and best in quality. When cooked it shows no astrin-
gency. A very hardy variety of the species. Hortulana. Missouri.

Gaylord. — Large, roundish oblong, somewhat flattened at ends;
suture quite distinct; color yellow, clouded with red; bloom thin,
lilac-colored. Mesh yellow, melting, subacid, quite sweet; stone
nearly free; quality good. Americana. Iowa.

Golden Beauty. — Size of Wildgoose, roundish; color golden yellow,
with white dots and white bloom ; suture distinct. Flesh firm, meaty,
bright yellow; stone small, rounded. A Texas variety, now grown
east of lakes and South. Hortulana.

Hart (Hart's De Koto). — Large, oval, purplish red over orange,
with blue bloom, and many small yellow dots; stem slender in shal-
low flaring cavity; suture a mere line. Flesh yellow, very good. In
quality it is superior to the De Soto, and the tree stands drought far
better. Americana. Iowa.

THE PLUM.

297

Harrison (Harrison* 's Peach). — Medium to large, roundish oblong;
color light red on light yellow ground, with thin rosy bloom; stem
long and slender. Flesh rich, juicy; pit partly free; ripens early in
September. Americana. Minnesota.

Harrison.

Hawkeye.

Hawkeye. — Roundish oval, often oblong conical; color yellow
ground, covered with red and purple; dots numerous, gray; stalk
short, in slight cavity; suture a mere line. Flesh firm, but melting,
with pleasant flavor; quality good; cling. Americana. Iowa.

Hunt. — Large, roundish oval, flattened at stem end; color deep
red, with numerous large dots and thick lilac-purple bloom; stalk me-
dium, inserted in shallow cavity; suture
on surface, but well defined. Flesh
yellow, firm, with Wildgoose-like flavor;
quality good; no astringency when
cooked. Season, early. Americana and
Angustifolia hybrid. Iowa.

Klondike. — Size medium to small,
roundish oval ; color lively yellow, shaded
with red, mottled, and with numerous
small dots; suture slightly depressed.
Flesh very juicy, pleasant, subacid in
flavor ; quality fair to good. Season, early
August. Americana. Iowa.

Lone Star. — Medium, oval, pointed; color red, with numerous white

Hunt.

298 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

dots and white bloom; stem slender, in broad shallow cavity. Flesh
yellow, juicy, rich, and sweet; quality good; clingstone. Profitable
South. Angustifolia.

Louisa. — Large, roundish oval, color deep red, with blue bloom and
many small dots; stem short in shallow cavity; suture a mere line.
Flesh firm; quality good; semi-cling. Originated in Missouri, but is
hardy North. Americana.

Maquoketa. — Large, roundish oblong; color red, beautifully mot-
tled; flesh yellow, firm, sweet, very good; unlike most of the natives
it shows no astringency when canned ; found native on the Maquoketa
River in Iowa. Hortulana.

Marianna. — Size medium, round, oblong; color red, with numerous
yellow specks and bloom. Flesh soft, juicy, sweet, but flavor not very
agreeable. As grown from cuttings it is largely used for stocks.
Probably a hybrid. Texas.

Milton. — Medium to quite large, roundish oval, or oblong; color
dark red with numerous dots. Flesh melting, but quite firm; quality
fair. A seedling of Wildgoose that ripens its fruit ten days earlier
than its parent. Tree not hardier than the parent. Hortulana.
Iowa.

Miner. — Size medium to large, roundish oblong; color dull purplish
red, with many small yellow and gray dots. Flesh amber-colored, soft,
juicy, rather rich, but with some astringency when cooked; poor
bearer when not intermingled with other varieties. Starred in many
States. Origin uncertain. Hortulana.

Newton. — " Large, red, freestone, and best in quality." This de-
scription is given by T. V. Munson, of Texas, where it originated.
Americana.

New Ulm. — Large to very large, conical, flattened at upper end ;
apex rounded and pointed; color yellow ground overlaid with pink-
ish red; dots small; bloom thin, with lilac shade; stem short, in shallow
cavity; suture indistinct. Flesh soft, melting, sweet; quality good.
Americana. Minnesota.

Norby (No. 13). — Size of De Soto, roundish, flattened laterally,
unequal; color dark red; skin thin, free from astringency; pit flat and
roundish. Season, earlier than De Soto. South Dakota.

Ocheedat — Medium to quite large if thinned, roundish oblong;
color dull mottled red, with heavy bloom for a native variety. Flesh

THE PLUM. 299

yellow, rich, and sweet; nearly freestone. Season, rather late for the
North, where it originated. Americana.

Odegard. — Large, oblong; color dark red. Flesh quite firm, juicy,
subacid; quality very good. Popular in South Dakota, Minnesota,

New Ulm. Ocheeda.

and Wisconsin. Farther south it is subject to plum pocket. Ripe
in South Dakota early in August. Americana.

Oren. — Large to very large, as classed with the native varieties;
form irregular, truncate, and with oblique apex; suture a red line
not sunken; color yellow, mostly overspread with light to dark red
with grayish dots; bloom thin, with purple shade. Flesh firm, yellow,
pleasantly acid; quality good; clingstone. This appears to be hardy
in north Iowa. Hortulana.

Piper (Piper's Peach}. — Large, round, red, with thin bluish bloom.
Flesh orange yellow, quite firm ; quality good. A Minnesota variety,
hardy far North. Americana.

Poole (Poole's Pride, Kroh). — Small to medium, oval; color pink
and light red; dots small, scattering, with thin lilac bloom; stem
medium, slender, in small shallow cavity; suture not distinct. Flesh
soft, juicy; quality good; clingstone. Tree hardier than Miner. Hort-
ulana.

Pottawattamie. — Small to medium, roundish oval; color bright
red, with light-colored dots and thin bloom; stalk long, slender, in-
serted nearly on the surface; suture a mere line. Flesh yellow, sweet,

300

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

juicy, but not high-flavored; quality good. Not hardy north of forty-
second parallel except in favored spots. Angustifolia. Tennessee.

Pottawattamie.

Quaker.

Quaker. — Large to very large, roundish oval; color purplish red,
with yellow dots and blue bloom; stalk long, inserted in shallow cavity;
suture a mere line. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet; quality good to very
good. Americana.

Rockford. — Size medium to small, oval, slightly oblong; color
dark red, with numerous small dots and quite thick lilac bloom;
stem one and one-eighth to one and one-fourth inches long, in small
cavity. Flesh meaty, firm, not very juicy; quality very good.
Shows some traces of a cross with the Domestica species. Iowa.

Rollingstone. — Medium to large, round, flattened at ends; color
mottled red and pinkish purple; dots small; bloom blue; suture ob-
scure; stem long in shallow cavity. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, very
good. Americana. Minnesota.

Rue (J. B. Rue). — A variety of Americana originating in north
Iowa, almost identical in size and shape with Stoddard, but the pit of
the Stoddard is large and flat, while that of J. B. Rue is smaller and
rounded. Both varieties are clings, but the J. B. Rue is much superior
in quality of flesh. Americana.

Sanderson. — Large; roundish oval, regular; color light red on
yellow ground, with blue bloom; skin quite thin, with slight astrin-
gency; quality very good; pit nearly free. A Minnesota variety
becoming quite popular. Americana.

THE PLUM.

301

Sand Cherry (Prunus Besseyi) . — This is known as Sand Cherry, but
it is far more nearly allied to the plum. As yet we have no selected
seedlings or hybrids of much value as fruits, but its seedlings have proven

Rockford.

Rollingstone.

valuable as stocks for about all varieties, native and foreign. The
union seems perfect. The trees are dwarfed, come into bearing earlier,
and are more regular in bearing than those on ordinary commercial
stocks. The hardiness of tree of the Japan and other tender varieties
seems also to be increased when on this iron-clad stock that lessens
growth. Native from Kansas to Manitoba, west to Utah and Colorado.

Snooks. — Very large for the class, roundish oblong, somewhat
pointed; cavity wide and shallow; color yellowish red, with bluish
white bloom; dots very minute and numerous. Flesh yellow; quality
good; pit large, with sharp margin. Season, middle of August in
Iowa. Minnesota.

Snyder. — Large, roundish, oblique; color light red, with darker
shades of red, large dots, and thin lilac bloom ; stem stout, inserted in
shallow cavity; suture a line. Flesh yellow, firm, quality good. A
seedling of De Soto. Iowa.

Stoddard. — Large, round, often oblique, with unequal sides: color
a yellow ground covered with shades of red, many white dots, and
bluish bloom; stalk short and stout, inserted on the surface; suture
obscure. Flesh yellow, quality good. Americana. Iowa.

302

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Surprise. — Large, roundish oval ; color dark red, with many small
yellowish dots; stem medium in small cavity;
suture distinct. Flesh pale yellow, firm;
quality very good. Perhaps this will prove
the hardiest and best of the Miner-like native
plums. Hortulana. Minnesota.

Texas Belle. — Medium to large, nearly
round; color red; quality fair to good. A
variety originating in Texas, but now
grown quite extensively South. Hortulana.
Van Buren. — Medium in size, round;
suture indistinct ; color waxy yellow, over-
spread in part with light red and deep
Surprise. red cheek. Flesh sweet and rich in flavor.

Season, last of September. Valuable in the arid States. Tree has
dwarf habit of growing, with low spreading top. Americana, of Mollis
type.

Waugh. — Medium to large, roundish oval; color dark reddish
purple. Flesh firm, meaty, yellow,
and nearly free from the pit ; quality
good to very good. Produced by
J. W. Kerr from pit of Chabot fer-
tilized by Wayland pollen. Not
yet tested north of Maryland.
Maryland.

"Wayland. — Large, roundish ob-
long; color shining pink, and red
with white dots and thin white
bloom. Flesh yellow, firm, meaty,
good. A Southern variety, ripening
late in southern Iowa. Hortulana.
Weaver. — Large, oblong, flat-
tened at ends; color dark mottled
red, with purplish bloom; suture
well defined. Flesh firm, meaty,

and very good; pit free. Tree is subject to plum pocket in some
localities, but very valuable in others. Americana. Iowa.

Whitaker. — Large, red, with numerous light dots. Flesh and
quality similar to Wildgoose, of which it is a seedling. About one

THE PLUM. 303

week later than its parent, and is larger, handsomer, and the tree is
hardier and more fruitful on north limit of its growth. Hortulana.

Wildgoose. — Medium to large, roundish oblong; color light red,
with shining expression that takes well in market. Flesh yellow,
pulpy, sweet, but not high in flavor; much grown South for northern
marketing. Hortulana.

Wolf. — Large, round; color yellow, blotched with red, and well
covered with purplish bloom; stem medium stout, set in small cavity;
no suture visible.

Flesh firm ; quality good; pit free. A leading variety in the prairie
States. Americana.

Wyant.

Wyant. — Large, oblong, flattened at apex, usually oblique; color
purple red on yellow ground; stem short in quite large and deep
cavity. Flesh firm, quality very good; stone nearly free. Probably
the most popular of the Americana species. Originated at Janes-
ville, Iowa.

Yellow Sweet. — Large, round; color yellow, shaded with red;
bloom thin; suture quite distinct. Flesh firm, juicy, rich; clingstone.
Season, last of August. Small stocky tree of Colorado type. Amer-
icana.

Yellow Transparent. — Medium to quite large, oblong; color bright
yellow. Flesh quite soft and watery, but with sweet pleasant flavor;
pit not free, Chicasa. Originated in north Texas,

304 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

THE FOREIGN VARIETIES OF THE PLUM AND THEIR

HYBRIDS.

Abundance. — Large, roundish ovoid, with unequal sides; color
bright red over yellow ground; dots numerous; stem short and strong;

Abundance.

suture distinct but shallow. Flesh firm, meaty, pleasant-flavored,
but not high in quality. Season early. One of the most widely
popular of the Japanese plums. Triflora.

Archduke. — Large, oval, necked, color dark blue with numerous
russet dots, and heavy light-blue bloom; stem medium, stout, in me-
dium-sized cavity; suture extends past the apex. Flesh yellow, meaty,
juicy, subacid, very good. Popular east of the lakes. Domestica.

Arctic (Moore's Arctic}. — Small to medium, roundish oval; color
black with thin blue bloom; suture not distinct; stem slender, about
three quarters of an inch long, in slight cavity; suture not distinct.
Flesh yellowish amber color, tender, subacid; quality very good.
Said to be very hardy, but in prairie States it is not hardier than Lom-
bard. Domestica.

Bavay (Bavay Green Gage, Reine Claude, Saint Clair). — Large,
roundish, somewhat compressed; color greenish yellow with stripes
and splashes of green, overspread with thin bloom; stalk short, stout,
and set in small cavity; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, melting sugary;

THE PLUM. 305

quality best; freestone. Season, September. Starred in many States
where west European varieties thrive. Domestica. Belgium.

Arctic.

Bavay.

Berkmans (Sweet Botan, White-fleshed Botari) . — Medium to large,
roundish oblong, slightly angular; color bright red in sun, splashed
with yellow on shaded side, with many golden dots. Flesh yellowish,
juicy, very sweet; quality very good at proper stage, but mealy and
dry when very ripe. Triflora. Japan.

Berger (Strawberry}. — Small to very small, much flattened; color
bright red with bloom; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, firm, meaty,

306

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

freestone; pit very small. A distinct variety bearing fruit well down
on the old wood. Where this class thrives it is valuable for home use,
as it follows the cherries. Triflora. Japan.

Bleeker (Bleeker' s Gage). — Medium, roundish oval, regular; color
rich yellow with thin whitish bloom and numerous white dots, stem

Bleeker.

over one inch long, quite stout, inserted in very slight depression;
suture obscure. Flesh yellow, rich, sweet; very good; cling. An
old variety, yet popular as a home fruit. Domestica. New York.

Blue Imperatrice. — Large, irregular, heart-shaped ; color dark blue
with yellowish dots; stalk one to one and one-quarter inches long,
slender, and inserted in shallow cavity; suture distinct but shallow.
Flesh yellow, firm, juicy; quality nearly best; cling. Domestica.

Blue Moldavka. — Large, oblong ovate; slightly irregular; color
maroon scarlet with gray and blue bloom; suture distinct, terminating
at apex; stalk half an inch long, rather stout, inserted in deep narrow
cavity. Flesh greenish white, quite firm, juicy, subacid. Best for
culinary use, but only fair for dessert; nearly freestone. Domestica.
Russia.

, — Very large, obovate, and sometimes necked; color red-

THE PLUM.

307

dish purple, with light-blue bloom; stalk stout, curved, set in small
cavity. Flesh yellowish, changing to brownish purple when fully ripe;

Blue Moldavka.

rather coarse, juicy, subacid, pleasant; quality good to very good; pit
nearly free. Domestica.

308 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Bryanstone (Bryanstone Gage). — Size medium, oval, often round-
ish; color greenish yellow, with darker shade in the sun; bloom light;
stem medium, stout, in shallow cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, richly
flavored; quality very good; of the Green Gage type. Grown mostly
South. Domestica.

Bradshaw.

Burbank. — Large to very large, roundish conical ; color dark metallic
red, with yellow ground; dots small, numerous; suture shallow and
often absent; stalk medium, quite stout, in a well-defined cavity,
Flesh yellow, close-textured, rich, sugar}', very good.

In Iowa this has proven the hardiest in tree of the Japan varieties
tested. Its fault is overbearing where thinning is neglected. Triflora.

Chabot (Yellow Japan). — Large, heart-shaped, or oblong conical;
color at West yellow overspread on sunny side with cherry-red, with
blue bloom; stalk short, stout, in abrupt, quite large cavity; suture
not distinct usually. Flesh yellow, juicy, rich, and sweet ; quality good
to very good. Season, last of September. Triflora.

Columbia. — Large, nearly round, sides usually unequal; color of

THE PLUM. 309

skin purple with numerous light brown dots that show through the
blue bloom; stalk about one inch long, stout, inserted in small narrow
cavity. Flesh light yellow, rich, sugary, very good; stone nearly free.
Domestica. New York.

Chabot.

Communia. — Large, long oval, flattened at both ends; color red-
dish purple; bloom blue with large gray dots; suture distinct, nearly
on the surface; stalk three eighths of an inch long, stout, in broad
deep cavity; apex slightly depressed. Flesh firm, meaty, juicy, mild-
subacid; quality good to very good; pit free. Introduced by the
German colony in Clayton County, Iowa, from Denmark. Domes-
tica.

Czar. — Medium to large, roundish-ovate; color dark purple with
bluish bloom; stem short in narrow cavity; suture a mere line. Flesh
yellowish, firm, sweet, good. Grown in Western New York and On-
tario. Domestica.

Climax (Royal}. — Very large, heart-shaped; color dark red with
varied-si zed ye] low dots; stem short, stout, inserted in deep and abrupt
cavity; suture distinct, but not deep; apex rounded. Flesh yellow,
rirm, sweet, rich, very good; stone free. A hybrid of Botan pollinated
with Simorii by Burbank of California. Grown east of the lakes.

Clyman. — Medium to large, roundish; color dark purple with
heavy blue bloom; suture distinct; apex somewhat flattened; quality

310 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

good; stone free. Season, early. A California variety grown in Texas
and the South. Domestica.

Damson. — In a general way the description given thirty years ago
by Downing will apply to the many seedling varieties found from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. He wrote: "Fruit small, oval, about an inch
long; skin purple, covered with thick blue bloom. Flesh melting, juicy,
rather tart; separates partially from the stone. Season, September."
In the north half of Iowa the Danish Damson has most value on
account of hardiness. This was introduced by H. Knudson of Spring-
field, Minnesota, and disseminated for trial by the writer. In milder
climates what is known as French Damson and the Frogmore
Damson have most value as budded trees. Domestica.

Deaton (Tobe's Gage). — Medium to large, roundish oval; color
yellow with whitish bloom and scattering large yellow dots; stem me-
dium, stout, in deep abrupt cavity; suture shallow. Flesh greenish
yellow; very good. It seems to be identical with the Tobe's Gage, an
old variety of Pennsylvania. Domestica.

De Caradeuc. — Size medium, roundish; color purplish red with thin
bloom. Flesh yellow, soft, juicy; quality fair. Season, early. Like
its relative the Marianna it makes a large tree and is much grown in
the Southeastern States. South Carolina. Cerasifera.

Diamond (Black Diamond). — Large, oval; color dark blue with
blue bloom; dots small; stalk short, st out ;. suture distinct, but shal-
low. Flesh yellow, coarse-grained, not very juicy; quality poor for
dessert, but good for culinary use. Widely grown across the continent.
Domestica.

Duane (Duane Purple). — Large to very large, oblong, egg-sha.ped,
swollen on suture side; color somewhat darker than Lombard, and
dark blue when fully ripe; dots prominent; stalk three-quarters of an
inch long, slender, inserted in narrow shallow cavity; suture shallow.
Flesh yellow, meaty; quality good; partial freestone. Season, early
August. Mostly grown commercially on the west coast. Domestica.

Early Red. — Large, oval, smooth, and regular; color dark red, with
white dots that show through the lilac-colored bloom; stalk medium,
stout, in regular shallow cavity ; suture distinct, in slight valley. Flesh
firm, meaty; quality very good; cling. Season, early August. Tree
very hardy. Domestica. Russia.

Early Rivers. — Size medium, roundish oval; color deep purple,
covered with thin bloom; stem one.half inch long in small cavity.

THE PLUM. 311

Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, with pleasant subacid flavor; pit free.
Grown in western New York. England.

Empire. — Large oval; color dark purple; quality good. Season
in Ohio, early September. Not generally grown, but commercially in
localities. Domestica.

Engle. — Medium in size to small, roundish oval ; color yellow with
traces of green; suture obscure half way round. Flesh firm, close-
grained, yellow; flavor rich, quality very good. Matures last of July.
About as hardy as Lombard. Domestica.

Engle bert (Prince Engleberi). — Medium, regular, oval; color dark
blue with many light-colored dots and blue bloom: stalk medium,

Englebert.

slender, inserted in rounded shallow cavity; suture obscure. Flesh
yellow, quality good. Season quite early. Fruit in clusters; freestone.
Crown east of lakes and in the South. Domestica.

Field. — Large, oval; color purple with blue bloom; stem one inch
long in small narrow cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, quality very good;
clingstone. Season, earlier than Bradshaw, of which it is a seedling.

German Prune. — Medium, long oval; sides very unequal, and elon-
gated at the top; suture very distinct; color purple with heavy blue
bloom, stalk three-quarters of an inch long, curved, slender, inserted at
top of fruit without cavity. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, sweet, and

312

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

pleasant when fully ripe; pit free. As with the Damson this variety
has varied when locally grown from pits in Europe and America.
Domestica.

Giant. (Giant Prune}. — Very large, dark crimson on yellow ground.
Flesh yellow, flavor good. This very large prune has not met ex-
pectations as a drying fruit, but it is considerably grown for market on
the west coast and in the South. Domestica.

Glass (Glass Seedling). — Large, oval, slightly irregular at apex;
suture distinct in shallow depression that extends beyond the apex ;
color dark purple with thin blue bloom ; stalk three-quarters to one inch
long, stout, in narrow deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy,
sweet, very good: pit free. Tree very hardy, upright, with peculiar
glossy dark green leaves. Domestica. Originated in Canada.

Golden Drop.

Golden Drop (Coe's Golden Drop, Silver Prune). — Large to very
large, oval , with short neck and unequal sides; color golden yellow with
numerous yellow dots; bloom also yellow; stalk quite long, stout, in

THE PLUM.

313

shallow abrupt cavity; suture a valley extending beyond the apex.
Flesh meaty, quality very good; cling. Popular where the tree
proves hardy nearly across the continent. Domestica.

Golden Prune. — Large, long oval; color creamy yellow with nu-
merous dots; bloom grayish and thin; stalk short and stout inserted
in small abrupt cavity; suture shallow. Flesh yellow, firm; quality
fair to good. Only grown on the west coast, commercially. Domes-
tica. Oregon.

Goliath. — Medium to large, roundish to oval; color red or purplish
with blue bloom and yellowish dots; stem short, stout, with show of
pubescence, inserted in medium regular cavity; suture shallow. Flesh
greenish yellow, quality fair; pit free. Grown largely for kitchen
and market. Domestica.

Grand Duke

Grand Duke. — Large to very large, oval orobovate; color dark blue
with dark-blue bloom; stalk one inch long in narrow shallow cavity;
suture quite deep. Flesh yellow, firm, quality good to very good ; cling.

314 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Season, late. Seems to be quite free from rot east of the lakes.
Domestica.

Green Gage. — Small, obovate; color green or yellowish green
when mature; at the West usually marbled with red; suture not very

Green Gage.

distinct; stalk one-half to three-quarters of an inch long, slender,
in very shallow cavity. Flesh pale green, melting, juicy, luscious,
best in quality; pit free. In the prairie States this succeeds most
perfectly top-worked on a hardy stock. Domestica.

Gueii (Blue Magnum Bonum, Big Blue). — Large, roundish oval,
narrowed at apex to small point; color purple with thick blue bloom;
stalk rather long, slender, inserted in large deep cavity; suture obscure.
Flesh pale yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, but not rich. Used
mainly for kitchen and market; nearly freestone. Domestica.
New York.

Hale (Prolific). — Medium to large, round, with unequal sides; color
yellow, thinly covered with mottled red; yellow dots numerous; bloom
thin; stalk slender; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, juicy, with rich
peach-like flavor; cling. Season, early. Triflora.

Hand (General Hand). — Large, round to roundish oval; color
golden yellow, with marbling of greenish yellow; dots small; bloom
light-colored; stalk medium in length, rather slender, in broad shallow
cavity; suture shallow. Flesh yellow, not firm; quality very good to
best. Does best in the arid States. Domestica. Pennsylvania.

Hudson (Hudson River Purple Egg). — Large long-oval; color
red or purplish red, with bluish bloom and numerous small dots;

THE PLUM. 315

stem long in quite deep abrupt cavity; suture shallow. Flesh green-
ish yellow, firm, good ; cling. Domestica. New York.

Ruling (Superb) . — Very large, roundish oval ; color greenish yellow
with thin pale bloom; stalk strong in small round cavity. Flesh

Hand.

greenish yellow, quite coarse, with sprightly and pleasant flavor, good;
cling. Domestica. Pennsylvania.

Hungarian Prune.— Fruit medium to large, elongated, pointed at
each end ; color dark blue with light-blue bloom ; suture in depression
terminated by rounded point at apex; stem three-quarters of an inch
long, stout, inserted at upper end of the suture without cavity.
Flesh firm, close-textured, juicy, acid; best for culinary use; free
stone. Season of perfect maturity, middle of September. This is
distinct from Pond's Seedling, often grown under this name. Russia.

Ickworth (Ickworth Imperat rice) . — Medium to large, obovate;
color purple-traced with peculiar streaks and shades of yellow; stem
quite long, thick. Flesh greenish yellow, rich, quality very good. If
Laid away wrapped in tissue paper it is an unusual keeper. Domestica.
England.

Imperial Gage. — Medium to large, oval; color pale green with
tinge of yellow when fully ripe, showing the green in stripes; stalk
one inch long, stout, in very shallow cavity that flattens the top;

316 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

bloom white. Flesh greenish, melting, rich, best in quality; pit
nearly free. Domestica. New York.

Italian Prune. (Felleriberg}. — Size medium, oval, tapering to
pointed ends; color dark purple with deep-blue bloom; stalk one

Italian Prune.

inch long, in very small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet,
good. Domestica.

Jefferson. — Large, oval, sides slightly uneven at top; color golden
yellow with quite deep-red cheek; bloom thin and light-colored; stalk
one inch long, in very small cavity. Flesh orange-colored, rich,
luscious; pit free; best in quality. Commercial in several States.
New York.

Kelsey. — Size very large, heart-shaped, usually • lop-sided ; color
bright purple on yellow ground, with numerous showy dots and
whitish bloom; stem slender in deep narrow cavity: suture shallow.
Flesh yellowish, quite firm, rich, refreshing, nearly freestone. Tree
not much hardier than the Fig; but as grown in mild climates it is
the fruit-vender's favorite. Triflora.

Kerr. — Medium to large, conical, with deep suture; eok>r orange-

THE PLUM. 317

yellow with a cream-colored bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, and rather
rich in flavor; pit not free. Tree quite tender. Triflora.

Kingston. — Medium in size, oval, color blue with blue bloom and
numerous small dots; suture shallow; stem medium in length, in

Jefferson.

moderately deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow; quality fair to good.
Originated in Ontario, Canada, Domestica.

Lafayette. — Large, roundish, color purple with heavy bloom.
Flesh juicy, rich, quality very good; pit free. Season, last of Sep-
tember. Grown east of the lakes. England.

Lincoln. — Large, oblong oval; color reddish purple, with showy
bloom; stem medium, inclined, and inserted at top of slight neck.
Flesh light yellow, sweet, rich-flavored; freestone. A seedling of
Green Gage now popular in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Domes-
tica. Pennsylvania.

Lombard. — Medium to large, somewhat flattened at ends; color
purplish red with whitish dots and blue bloom; stalk short, slender,
inserted in broad abrupt cavity; suture shallow. Flesh yellow,

318

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

juicy, and good; cling. Has been widely planted South and in
eastern States. Domestica.

Lombard.

Long Blue. — Large, oblong, oval, slightly irregular, flattened
at apex; color dark red with light-blue bloom through which the

THE PLUM. 319

numerous small gray dots show ; suture distinct ; apex depressed with
elevated surface beside it ; stalk short, curved, stout, in deep narrow
cavity. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid; quality fair to very good;
pit nearly free. Tree very hardy. Russia.

Marketman (Shipper) . — Large, nearly round ; color light red
with whitish bloom. Flesh red, firm, juicy, half-cling. This proves
an admirable shipper, and its red-fleshed fruit is seen in most markets.
Triflora.

Merunka. — Fruit medium to large, blunt oval in shape; color
crimson-red with profuse light-blue bloom, including the cavity;
dots numerous; suture shallow, but distinct; apex a russet dot at
end of suture; stalk one inch long, quite stout, curved, inserted in
moderately deep regular cavity. Flesh yellowish with white veins,
mild subacid, rich; quality very good; pit free. Season, August
1st to 10th. Domestica. Russia.

Mclaughlin. — Large, roundish oblate, flattened at each end; color
russeted yellow, blotched with light red and purple at the base;

McLaughlin.

stalk three-quarters of an inch long in very shallow cavity. Flesh firm,
sweet, and rich in flavor; bestir, quality; cling. Domestica. Maine.
Minnesota. — Large to very large, ovate, somewhat uneven at apex,
with depression at the suture, which extends beyond the apex; stalk
one-half to three-quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in deep and
narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, good to very
good; pit small, oblong, ridged, and free from the flesh. Denmark,

320 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Monarch. — Large to very large, roundish oval; color darkish
purple with heavy bluish bloom ; stalk short, stout, and inserted in a
deep broad rounded cavity; suture obscure. Flesh yellow, quality
good; stone free. A shipping variety in New York and Delaware.
Domestica.

Monroe (Monroe Egg, Monroe -Gage) .—Small to medium, roundish
oval; color yellow with white dots and whitish bloom; stalk quite
long, inserted in shallow cavity; suture obscure. Flesh yellow, with
best flavor; quality very good to best; freestone. Grown mostly for
home use east of the lakes and in Utah. Domestica.

Niagara. — Under this name is grown in Western New York
commercially a variety much like Bradshaw in size, color, and quality,
yet it probably is not identical in tree and fruit; but as yet the dis-
tinctive differences have not been indicated. Domestica.

Nonesuch (Lucombc's Nonesuch}. — Medium to large, roundish oval;
color greenish, changing to yellow, with whitish bloom; stem short,
straight, in a wide cavity; suture distinct, broad. Flesh quite firm,
greenish yellow, good; clingstone. Much like Green Gage. Domes-
tica.

Normand. — Medium to large; somewhat heart-shaped at base,
conical, color golden yellow. Flesh firm, meaty, yellow, quality very
good; pit free. Trifiora.

Occident (Burbank' s Sultan}. — Very large, nearly round; color
dull red over a greenish ground with many yellow dots and blue
bloom; stem short, stout, inserted in medium deep cavity; suture
distinct; shallow. Flesh dark red, firm, flavor rather acid, fairly
good; pit free. A hybrid developed by Burbank of California;
grown east of lakes and South.

October (October Purple). — Large, heart-shaped, somewhat oblate;
coler dark purple in varied shades. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, very
good; stone small, but clings to the flesh. A Burbank seedling now
grown east of the lakes and South. Triflora.

Ogon. — Medium in size, roundish, not regular, flattened at ends;
color lemon-yellow, dots numerous; bloom with whitish shade;
stalk short, inserted in evenly rounded cavity; suture well defined.
Flesh yellow, firm, meaty, not very juicy, good. Nearly as hardy as
Burbank. Triflora.

Orange (Orange Gage, Wager). — Very large, oval, flattened at each
end; color yellow with purplish red at cavity, and with white pro-

THE PLUM. 321

jecting clots; stem short, quite rough, inserted in narrow regular
cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, good; partially freestone. Domestica.
New York.

Orleans (Smith's Orleans, Red Magnum Bonvm). — Large to very
large, oval, but somewhat widest at stem end; color purple in the

Orleans.

sun, with lighter cast in the shade; bloom dark blue; stalk slender,
short, inserted in deep, narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, quite firm,
juicy, good to very good; cling. Grown mostly east of the lakes.
Domestica. England.

Oullin (Oulliris Green Gage}. — Medium in size, roundish oval;
color green, changing to yellow in sunny climates; bloom white
with whitish dots; stem quite long, in abrupt shallow cavity; suture
obscure. Flesh yellowish, good; of Green Gage type. Germany.

Peach. — Large to very large, roundish, flattened at ends; suture
very distinct, apex depressed; color brownish red with dark dots
and pale bloom; stalk short, stout, in narrow shallow cavity. Flesh
light yellow, somewhat coarse, juicy; flavor pleasant, good; pit free.
Domestica.

Peters (Peters' Yellow Gage). — Medium to large, roundish oval;
color greenish yellow, often blushed, with white bloom and many
yellow dots; stem short, stout, set in a large cavity; suture broad.

322

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; partially freestone;
good to very good. A good variety of the Green Gage. A much
longer-stemmed variety is locally grown under this name.

Peters.

Pond.

Pond (Pond's Seedling, Fonthill). — Very large, oval or obovate,
with short neck; color reddish violet with many brown dots and
handsome whitish bloom; stem medium, inserted in narrow, abrupt,
shallow cavity. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, pleasant-flavored, good;
freestone. The Pond's Seedling of the New England States is small,
poor in quality, and not true to name.

Pride (Shipper's Pride). — Large, oval, color dark purple. Flesh
firm, quality good. Grown for market mainly in New Jersey, New
York, and Southern Iowa. Domestica.

Prune d'Agen. — Medium in size, obovate, somewhat necked;
color reddish purple with heavy blue broom and numerous small
dots; stalk one inch long, curved, in small cavity. Mesh greenish
yellow, rich, very good to best ; nearly free from pit. Grown largely

THE PLUM

323

on the west coast, but also in States East and South to less extent.
Domestica.

Pride.

Prune d'Agen.

Purple Favorite.

Purple Favorite. — Medium in size, roundish obovate, without
suture; color brownish purple, with light brown on the shady side
and numerous yellow dots; bloom light blue; stalk three-quarters

324 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

to one inch long, in shallow cavity. Flesh juicy, melting, quite
sweet, best in quality ; stone free.

Purple Gage. — Medium size, roundish, flattened at ends; suture
distinct, in a depression; color violet with light-blue bloom; stalk one
inch long, curved, in narrow cavity. Flesh firm, greenish yellow,
sugary, flavor best; very good. Europe. Domestica.

Purple Reine Claude (Heine Claude Violetle}. — Size medium,
roundish; color purple with blue bloom; stem short, stout, inserted
in shallow cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, rich, sugary; quality best.
A valuable home variety. East of the lakes.

Quackenboss. — Large, roundish oval; color deep purple with blue
bloom and blue dots; stalk quite long in flaring shallow cavity;
suture a line. Flesh with greenish shade, firm, rather coarse,
sprightly; quality fair to good; semi-cling. One of the hardiest of
the Domestica group. New York.

Red June (Red N agate}. — Medium to large, roundish conical;
color coppery red marbled with purple red, with smooth glossy sur-
face of skin; dots numerous, small, light-
colored; cavity large, regular, and deep,
with leather-cracking of surface; suture
distinct to apex and often to opposite
side. Flesh pale yellowish white, veined,
tender, melting, subacid; quality good;
nearly freestone. Tri flora.

Richland.— Medium to small, ovalj
pointed at both ends; color reddish
purple with thin blue bloom; suture not
very distinct; stem three-quarters to one
inch long, slender, in narrow deep cavity,
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, very good;

Flesh freestone when fully ripe. Has proven hardy west of the great
lakes. Domestica.

Royale Hative (Early Royal}.— Medium in size, roundish, widest at
the base; color light purple, dotted and streaked with brownish yel-
low;' bloom blue; stalk half an inch long, stout, inserted \\ithout
cavity. Flesh yellowish, rich; high-flavored, very good; stone free.
Domestica. France.

Russian Mirabelle.— Small, round, flattened at each end; color
bright yellow; suture indistinct, but well defined as it passes the apex

THE PLUM. 325

and extends in a valley on the opposite side; stalk one-half to three-
quarters of an inch long, quites tout, inserted in narrow cavity. Flesh
yellow, fine-grained, juicy, rich; quality best; freestone. This differs

Royal Ilative.

in tree and fruit from the Mirabelle from West Europe and is much
hardier in tree. Russia.

Saratoga. — Large, roundish oval; color dull red or dark purple with
thin bluish bloom and many small whitish dots; stalk one inch long,
in deep and narrow cavity. Flesh pale yellow, firm, sprightly, good;
clingstone. New York.

Satsuma (Blood). — Large, broad conical, usually pointed at apex:
color dark shining red with whitish or bluish bloom and numerous
dots; stem short, stout, inserted in deep abrupt cavity; suture obscure.
Flesh red, firm, quite acid; quality good; cling. Tree less hardy than
its class, and it is only productive when planted with other varieties.
Triflora.

St. Lawrence. — Size large, roundish oval; color dark blue with
blue bloom and rather obscure dots; stem short, pubescent, in deep
regular basin; suture shallow. Flesh yellow, quality good. A seed-
ling of Smith's Orleans. Domestica. New York.

Shropshire (Shropshire Damson). — Small, oval or obovate; color
dark purple with blue bloom; stalk half an inch long, inserted on sur-
face; suture not found. Flesh melting, juicy, quite acid; quality

326 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

fair to good; partial freestone. Much grown in many States for
culinary use mainly. England.

Simon (Prunus Simoni). — Large, flattened; color dark red with
many large and small dots and faint bloom ; stalk short, in deep and
wide cavity; suture shallow. Flesh yellow, firm, meaty. Flesh va-
riable in different climates; in the South it is often sweet and prized
by many. Season, early. Has proven valuable when crossed with
other species. China.

Smith Orleans. — Large, oval, widest at base; suture deep; color
reddish purple and very dark when ripe; bloom dark blue; stalk
slender, in narrow deep cavity. Flesh yellow, quite firm, rich; quality
good; cling. Popular in several States. Domestica.

Spanish King. — Large, oval, regular; color scarlet with blue
bloom; suture distinct in depressed valley, which extends beyond the
apex; stalk half an inch long, stout, in deep broad abrupt cavity.
Flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, good; pit not free. Not identical
with Lombard, as often claimed, but quite similar in fruit. Domes-
tica.

Spaulding. — Large, oval ; color green with yellow on sunny side and
whitish bloom; suture distinct; stalk medium, in shallow cavity.
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; freestone.
Pennsylvania. Domestica.

Tatge. — Medium to large, regular, oblong, with ends flattened; cavity
broad and deep; suture usually broad and deep; color purplish red
with light green patches in the shade. Flesh firm ; quality much like
Lombard, and it ripens at the same time; but the tree is somewhat
hardier than Lombard, and less subject to rot of fruit. Domestica.

Tennant. — Large, purple, and best in quality. A large prune
originating in Washington and now grown in Texas and eastward to
New Jersey and Maryland. Domestica.

Ungarish Prune. — Medium to large, ovate, flattened at sides;
color dark purple overlaid with dark-blue bloom; suture in broad deep
valley, passing the apex and extending to an elevated point near the
stem; stalk three-fourths to one inch long, very stout, inserted on a
raised point. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich; quality best;
freestone. Tree a low-spreading grower and hardy in trying climates.
From Russia.

Victoria (Sharp, Sharp's Emperor). — Large to very large, oval;
color pinkish red with bluish bloom and many whitish and bluish dots;

THE PLUM. 327

stem short, pubescent, inserted in abrupt, quite deep cavity; suture
shallow. Flesh yellow, rich; quality good to very good; pit free. It
has been so long known as Victoria that a change to " Sharp, " as now
suggested, will be difficult to establish.

Voronesh Yellow. — Large, egg-shaped, but enlarged and rounded
at lower end; suture distinct; stalk three-quarters to one inch long,
stout, inserted in narrow deep cavity. Flesh yellow, close-textured,
tender, melting; very good to best; freestone. Russia.

Wangenheim. — Medium, ovate; color dark blue with heavy blue
bloom; stem slender, short, in shallow cavity; suture obscure or
faint. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet; quality good; freestone. Grown
commercially east of the lakes and in the South. Domestica.

Washington. — Very large, roundish oval ; suture obscure, except near
the cavity; color in the interior bright yellow, but in moister sections with

Washington.

patches and marbling of green; stalk three-quarters of an inch long, set
in wide shallow cavity. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet; good to very good:
freestone; starred in several States; across the continent. Domestica.
White Nicholas. — Large, regular roundish oblong, somewhat trun-
cated; color blue with blue bloom; stem short, stout, inserted in deep
abrupt cavity; suture broad, but shallow. Flesh juicy, rich-flavored,
very good. Season, last half of August. Russia.

328

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Wickson. — Large to very large, heart-shaped; color dark red with
heavy bluish bloom and many yellow dots; stem very short, stout, and
inserted in abrupt cavity ; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, firm; quality
good. Grown East and South, but usually not a satisfactory bearer.
A hybrid between Simoni and Triflora.

Willard. — Medium, roundish oblong, with tendency to angles of
surface: color claret-red with small yellow
dots and whitish bloom; stem short, stout,
inserted in narrow deep cavity; suture ob-
scure. Flesh firm, whitish, quality poor;
freestone. Triflora.

Wyzerka. — Large, oblong oval, regular;
color bright yellow; suture distinct; stalk
one-half inch long, in shallow cavity. Flesh
fine-grained, juicy, with decided peach
flavor; quality nearly best. A very hardy
tree and a regular bearer. Russia.
Wlllardt Yellow Aubert. — Large, ovate ; color bright

Yellow Gage.

Yellow Egg.

THE APRICOT. 329

yellow; stalk one inch long, inserted in fleshy ring in narrow shallow
cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, rich, quality good; clingstone. Tree
very hardy and a regular bearer. Russia.

Yellow Egg (White Magnum Bonum, White Egg). — Very large,
oval, narrowing at both ends, with an approach to pyriform at the top;
color yellow when ripe, with thin white bloom and numerous white
dots; stem an inch long, stout, inserted at top of fruit in folded border:
suture well defined. Flesh yellow, sweet when ripe; quality barely
good. Use, kitchen and market. Locally, seedling varieties are grown
quite similar in size and quality. Domestica.

Yellow Gage (Prince's Yellow Gage).— Medium to large, oval,
broadest at upper end; color golden yellow, clouded, and covered with
thick white bloom; stalk one inch long, in small round cavity. Flesh
yellow, rich, melting: pit free. Domestica. Long Island.

Yellow Moldavka. — Large, pear-shaped, with well-defined neck; color
bright yellow; suture distinct, terminating at the rounded apex; stalk
one inch long, stout, inserted at top of the neck. Flesh yellow, fine-
grained, juicy, subacid; quality nearly best; pit narrow and one and
a quarter inches long, free from flesh. Russia.

THE APRICOT.

Section No. 184 of Part I tells of the close relation of this beauti-
ful and excellent fruit to the Plum and Peach, and something of its his-
tory and possible improvement, and Section 149 discusses the pruning
of the Apricot and Peach.

The fruit ripens after the early cherries and prior to the plums and
peaches, and it is a handsome and delicious fruit, only inferior to the
best, peaches; and as Downing says: "In the fruit-garden it is a highly
attractive object in early spring, as its charming flowers are the first
to expand. It forms a fine spreading tree about twenty feet in
height, and is hardy enough to bear as an open standard south of the
forty-second degree of latitude in this country."

The cultivated varieties are developed from Prunus Armeniaca of
East Europe. The Japanese Apricot (Prunus Mume) is cultivated
mainly for its flowers, and the plum-like Black Apricot (Prunus
dasycarpa) has no varieties desirable for dessert or culinary use,
mainly on account of its fuzzy .skin and also fuzzy pit. The culti-

330 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

vated varieties may be budded or grafted on all the species of the plum,
and it buds well on the peach. In New York, seedlings of the Domestica
plums are preferred for stocks, but in the prairie States the seedlings of
our native plum (Prunus Americana) are preferred, setting the trees in
orchard quite deeply on dry soil. If the seedlings are transplanted
prior to budding or grafting to give a good root system, the native stocks
have supported the tops of full-grown trees better than any other stocks
yet tested. In Southern California commercial growers almost in-
variably use peach stocks, mainly for two reasons: (1) the peach roots
are best adapted to the light soils, where this fruit does best; (2)
the peach roots are not as apt to be eaten by rodents as are those
of the apricot or plum.

The main drawback to the profitable growing of the Apricot where
the Peach succeeds comes from the early blossoming of all varieties,
thus exposing the ovaries to spring frosts, and the fondness of the
curculio for its fruit. In a few cases the writer has observed a positive
increase of crop by spraying with milk of lime in midwinter and again
prior to blossoming. The white color seems to retard the blossoming
quite materially, and the lime appears to lessen the attacks of the
curculio. In addition the spraying with arsenite of lime solution
(156) just as the buds begin to expand is a decided gain in lessening
the damage by 'curculio and some other insects.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE APRICOT.

Alexander. — Medium to small, oblong, flattened somewhat at ends,
color light orange-yellow with show of color in the sun. Flesh tender,
juicy, sweet, quality good. Tree hardier than most varieties. Quite
popular in Oregon. Russia.

Alexis. — Large to very large, yellow, with red cheek. Flesh
subacid, very good. Season middle of July. Quite widely grown, and
popular as far south as Maryland. Russia.

Blenheim. — Size medium to large, oval; color orange, with scale-
like spots; cavity deep; suture distinct; apex somewhat depressed.
Flesh yellow, firm, free from the stone; quality very good. Popular
in Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.

Boston (Boston Nectarine). — As grown at Springfield, Illinois, this
description is given: "Large, deep yellow, with bright blush. Flesh

THE APRICOT. 331

sweet and pleasant in flavor; pit free. Tree hardy and productive
Season, last of August and first of September."

Breda. — Size medium, roundish, somewhat angular; color orange-
yellow with darker shade in the sun; suture distinct. Flesh orange-
yellow, rich, high-flavored, quite juicy; freestone. Kernel is sweet
and is eaten as a nut in France. Commonly grown east of the lakes,
and double-starred in Utah.

Budd. — Medium to large, oblong; color light orange with blush on
sunny side. Flesh quite juicy, sweet, with peach flavor. Season,
very early. Hardier than most varieties. Russia.

Cluster.— A profitable variety grown in Texas. Mr. T. V. Munson
says of it: "This valuable variety was introduced by A. M. Ramsay
& Son. It is claimed to have never missed a crop any season since
its introduction."

De Coularge. — Grown in Western New York and reported to be
large in size and nearly best in quality. Season, last of July. No
description is available.

Dirickson. — Large, roundish; color pale yellow; suture does not
extend to apex. Flesh lemon-colored; quality very good; pit very
small. Originated in Maryland, where it is much liked by planters.

Early Golden. — Small, roundish oval; color pale orange, with
smooth skin; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, quite juicy, sweet;
quality very good to best; freestone. New York.

Early Moorpark. — Much like Moorpark in size, shape, and color,
but ripens much earlier. Roundish oval, with deep suture; color
yellow, mottled, with show of crimson on exposed side.

Eureka. — Large, roundish. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, rich; quality
very good. Grown in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and on the west
coast.

Gibb. — Size medium, roundish; suture distinct; color yellow.
Flesh rich, juicy. Season, very early. Grown south as far as Mary-
land. Russia.

Gold Dust. — Medium in size, roundish oblong; color orange-yellow,
with some light dots; cavity narrow and deep; apex ribbed and
compressed. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid; pit free; quality
good. Grown in Texas and the Southwest.

Harris. — As large as Orleans Plum; oval, somewhat flattened;
color bright yellow, with red cheek; suture distinct. Flesh tender,
juicy; quality very good. Prized as far south as Maryland and
Georgia. New York.

332 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Hemskirke. — Size large; roundish oblate in form; color orange,
with red cheek; cavity shallow, rough, uneven; suture distinct,
extending to compressed apex. Flesh orange-yellow, juicy, sprightly;
freestone; pit quite small. Mostly grown on the Pacific Coast, where
it stands third on the popular list.

Large Early. — Medium in size, oblong, compressed at apex; color
pale orange, often with red cheek; surface rough; cavity shallow, ribbed ;
suture indistinct. Flesh creamy white, firm, rather dry; stone not
wholly free; quality good. Grown in Colorado and Utah, largely.

Large Canino (Canino Grosso}. — Medium to large; color orange-
yellow, with red cheek. Flesh reddish yellow, melting, high-flavored,
juicy and rich; quality best. An Italian variety, grown in parts of
the South.

Luizet. — Large, oval, apex depressed; color orange, with red
cheek; cavity deep, ribbed; suture distinct. Flesh yellow, firm,
not wholly free from stone; quality very good. Becoming popular
in the Southwest and on the west coast.

Montgamet. — Large, ovate, flattened at apex; color yellow;
cavity deep, abrupt. Flesh yellow, firm, quite juicy; stone free.
This variety has rapidly come into notice within recent years from
New York to California.

Moorpark. — Large to very large, compressed at apex; color yellow
and orange, often with russet appearance and always with numerous
specks and dots; cavity shallow, not regular; suture indistinct.
Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, rich; freestone. One of the most popular
varieties across the continent. On the west coast rather shy in bearing.

Myer. — A leading Texas variety, said by T. V. Munson to be
"Earliest, medium-sized, good, and prolific."

Newcastle. — Size medium, roundish oblate, with flattened apex;
color deep yellow, usually with red cheek; cavity deep and wide;
suture indistinct. Flesh deep yellow, tender, sweet, juicy; freestone;
quality very good. A leading commercial variety in California and
Arizona.

Orange. — Size medium, roundish, hollowed at stem insertion;
color orange, with some red in sun; suture distinct. Flesh dark
yellow and juicy if ripened indoors like a pear; pit not wholly free.
Grown on the west coast and in Utah. Arizona and Texas. Europe.

Oullins Early Peach. — Much like the Peach Apricot in size and
shape, but three to four weeks earlier in ripening. In California it is

THE APRICOT. 333

also said to be better in quality than the Peach. The tree is also a
better bearer in Arizona and on the west coast.

Peach.— Very large, the largest grown in the States, roundish,
flattened, compressed at sides; color yellow, with brownish yellow in
sun. Flesh yellow, juicy, rich, high-flavored. Commercial in Utah
and South California. About the most profitable variety grown on
the west coast. Italy.

Prieb. — Medium to small, roundish oval; color light yellow;
cavity wide and deep; suture shallow, deepening at ends. Flesh
yellowish-white, firm, sweet; freestone; quality very good. Growr
in Texas and in several States.

Roman (Turkish of New York). — Size medium, oval, compressed;
color orange-yellow; suture obscure. Flesh fine-grained, quite juicy,
good. Season, medium early. A leading variety in Western New York.

Routier Peach. — Large, roundish; color deep orange, mottled or
splashed with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, rich, and high-flavored;
blooms later than the peach. Popular in Utah, Colorado, Texas.
and California; originated in California.

Royal. — Large, roundish oval, compressed at apex; color pale
orange, with faintly tinged red cheek; cavity quite wide and deep;
suture shallow. Flesh light yellow, juicy, sweet, firm, and rich in
flavor; quality nearly best. Starred in several States. Prof. Wickson
says, "The leading variety in California."

St. Ambroise. — Size large to very large, ovate, and compressed;
color pale orange, with red in the sun; cavity shallow and narrow,
with distinct suture. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet; quality nearly best;
freestone. One of the earliest to ripen in New York. In California
grown mainly for shipping to Eastern markets.

Shense. — Large, often two inches in diameter, roundish; color
yellow, with rich blush on sunny side; cavity narrow, shallow; suture
very distinct. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sweet, very good; stone free;
kernel bitter. This is the hardiest variety yet tested in Iowa. Grown
at Ames, Iowa, by the writer from a pit received from Northwest
China. Has also been propagated under the name of "Acme."

Skobeloff. — Rather small, roundish oblate, with flattened apex;
color yellow, with reddish cheek; cavity deep and wide; suture
distinct. Flesh yellow, not very juicy, sweet, good. An Asiatic
variety, grown South.

Spark Mammoth. — Larger than Moorpark, roundish; color pale

334 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet. A popular California variety
now distributed in Arizona, New Mexico, and Southwest Texas.

Superb. — Medium, roundish oval; surface smooth; color light
salmon, with numerous dots of red or russet; down short: cavity
medium to large, regular, flaring; suture distinct. Flesh yellow,
firm, subacid, good; freestone. Kansas.

Shense.

Sunrise. — Medium in size, roundish oval ; color orange-yellow, with
velvety surface; dots very small; cavity medium, regular, and
shaded with pink; suture shallow. Flesh bright yellow, meaty,
tender, juicy, good. Russia.

Wyandotte Chief. — Medium to large, roundish; color yellow, with
blush on sunny side. Flesh nearly best in quality. Season, as early
as Alexander. Grown in Ohio quite largely.

Yolo. — Very large, roundish oval; surface velvety; color pale
yellow, with golden on sunny side, with russet dots; cavity large,
regular, abrupt, and deep; suture deep at cavity. Flesh yellow,
meaty, sweet, very good. California.

THE PEACH. 335

THE PEACH.

The history, propagation, orchard culture, pruning, laying down
in colder climates, and other facts in regard to this important com-
mercial and home fruit are given in Part I (see index).

The varieties of the Peach are very numerous and they all belong
to one species (Prunus Persica). Nearly all the varieties grown
in the Middle States and on the west coast are of the Persian type.
But in the extreme South it has been found that the Chinese varieties
succeed best, as they are less troubled with root-knot, and are not as
liable to start the fruit-buds and foliage to be caught by early spring
frosts. Another type of peach grown in the extreme South is the
native race, usually referred to as the Indian peaches. These are
supposed to have been introduced by the early Spanish settlers.
The varieties of this race are hardy and not as liable to be injured
by frost in the blossoming period. An attempt has been made by
Prof. Price, of Texas, to divide the cultivated varieties of the United
States into five groups. But any attempt of this character is attended
with difficulties as with the plums, and the adaptation of varieties
to the various peach belts of the Union must be by actual test of
relative hardiness, fruitfulness, and quality.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE PEACH.

Admiral (Admiral Dewey}. — Large, roundish; color yellow, with
red and crimson cheek. Flesh yellow to the pit, quality very good;
pit free. Regarded superior to the Triumph as a shipping variety in
Maryland. Season of Triumph in Georgia.

Albright. — Medium to large, roundish, somewhat pointed; color
creamy white, sometimes blushed; cavity narrow and deep; suture
slight, extending beyond apex. Flesh creamy white, sometimes with
slight red at pit, tender, vinous, good ; pit free. Grown in the South-
east, but does well farther North. North Carolina.

Allen. — Medium to large, roundish ovate; color yellow, with
brownish-red cheek and quite heavy pubescence; cavity deep and
narrow; suture slight and two-thirds around. Flesh light yellow,
juicy, tender; pit free. Season, early September. Missouri.

Alexander. — Medium in size; skin light-colored with shading and

336 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

mottling of red. Flesh white, meaty, juicy, sweet; pit nearly free.
Season, last of July. Grown for early market. Illinois.

Alexandra (Alexandra Noblesse). — Large to very large, roundish;
color pale with clusters of red dots on cheek and rough pubescence;
suture deep. Flesh white, tender, melting, vinous; pit free. England.

Admiral Dewey.

Allen. — Medium, roundish ovate; color yellow with brownish-
red cheek and considerable pubescence; cavity narrow and deep;
suture a line two-thirds around. Flesh light yellow, tender, good;
pit free. An old variety of Massachusetts yet grown east of the lakes.

Amelia. — Large, roundish, narrowing to apex; color creamy
white with red cheek; suture extends beyond apex. Flesh creamy
white with bright red at pit, mild, tender, pleasant-flavored; pit free.
A Carolina variety doing well in Michigan and the Southeast.

Amsden. — Medium, roundish, conic; color greenish white, with
purple cheek; suture extending to apex. Flesh pale greenish, vinous,
pleasant; stone not free. Much like Alexander. Season, last of July.

Angel. — Small, roundish; color pale yellow sprinkled with red

THE PEACH. 337

and usually with a red cheek. Flesh white with some red at the pit;
quality good; pit free. A seedling of Peen-to, quite popular in
Texas and the South. Florida.

Arkansas (Arkansas Traveller}. — Medium, roundish; color creamy
white, nearly covered with red of varied shades. Flesh juicy, sweet;
pit nearly free. Commercial on account of its earliness and its
superiority to Amsden. Arkansas.

Baldwin Late. — Large, oblong, with decided raise at apex; color
greenish white with blushed cheek. Flesh firm, juicy, melting, good;
pit free. An Alabama variety much grown in the Southwest.

Barnard (Barnard's Early, Yellow Barnard). — Medium to large,
roundish; color yellowish white, with purplish-red cheek. Flesh
yellow, with red at pit, rich, juicy, very good. A seedling of Yellow
Alberge, which it much excels in tree, bearing, and fruit as grown
South.

Beatrice (Early Beatrice). — Small to medium, roundish oblong;
color light with marbled red cheek. Flesh juicy, melting, good; pit
free. A handsome small fruit that ships and sells well, but if not
thinned it runs too small.

Beers Smock. — Medium to large, round; color creamy white with
dark-red blush; cavity quite deep; suture distinct. Flesh quite
juicy, yellow, with red at pit, tender, rich; quality good; pit free.
Commercial. New Jersey.

Belle Favorite. — Large, oval, narrowing toward apex; color
yellow with dull-red cheek; cavity quite deep; suture distinct, two-
thirds around. Flesh yellow, tender, vinous, good; pit nearly free.
Does well east of Lake Michigan.

Bergen Yellow. — Very large, round, somewhat oblate; color deep
yellow with bright-red cheek; suture passes beyond apex. Flesh
yellow, rich, nearly best; pit free. A very popular yellow-fleshed
commercial variety. New York.

Bequett Cling. — Medium to large, round, somewhat elongated;
color creamy white, washed and marbled with red; suture half around.
Flesh white with red at pit, tender, juicy, pleasant, good. Texas.

Bequett Free. — Medium to large, roundish oblong; color creamy
white covered largely with dull-red and pink dots, surface velvety;
suture extends beyond apex, where it is deepest; cavity large, abrupt,
and deep. Flesh white with red at pit, melting, sprightly, good;
pit free. Extensively grown, Texas,

338 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Bilyeu (Bilyeu's Late October). — Large, roundish; color greenish
white with red cheek. Flesh white, firm, sweet, good; pit free. A
very valuable shipping and canning variety on the west coast and in
the States where the season permits its ripening. Maryland.

Bishop. — Medium to large, round; color creamy white with rich
dark-red blush; cavity quite deep ; suture distinct, extending to apex.
Flesh white, juicy, vinous, tender, very good; pit free. Season, August
in Michigan.

Bidwell (General Bidwell). — Large to very large, round; color
yellow with red cheek. Flesh very solid, juicy, rich; pit free and
very small. Season, earlier than Sal way, but later than Late Craw-
ford. Originated on the west coast, but has proven very valuable
where tested in the peach belt.

Bidwell Early. — Medium, oval; color yellowish white, washed
with carmine. Flesh greenish white; quality good; pit not free.
Said to have come from a pit of the Chinese Peen-to. Florida.

Bidwell Late. — Medium to large, oval; color white with shades of
marbled red. Flesh greenish white; quality very good; cling.
Florida.

Blood Cling. — Large to very large, roundish oval; color dark,
dull, clouded red; suture distinct. Flesh deep red, firm, juicy, but
flavor very goor. Use, kitchen, and as a curiosity in market on
account of its blood-red flesh.

Bokhara No. 3. — Large; color yellow with red cheek. Flesh
yellow, firm yet melting, rich; pit free. Grown by the writer from
pits received from Bokhara in North Central Asia. Popular in
Georgia, and the hardiest variety in Iowa.

Bokhara No. i. — Medium to large, ovate; color creamy yellow
splashed with red. Flesh yellow with red at the pit, subacid, melting,
very good; pit free; glands many, reniform. A very hardy tree
with same history as No. 3.

Bonanza. — Medium to large, roundish ovate; color yellow with
red cheek; cavity broad and deep; suture slight, extending beyond
apex. Flesh yellow with red at pit, vinous, pleasant ; pit free. This
meets a shipping want, as it is fifteen days later than Salway in Georgia
and a fine freestone.

Boyle. — Medium to large, roundish ovate; color yellow with
cheek blushed pale red; cavity broad and deep; suture slight, ex-
tending beyond apex. Flesh yellow with red at pit, vinous, tender.

THE PEACH.

339

pleasant, good; pit free. Does well in Michigan and east of
lakes.

Brandywine. — Quite large, flattened ovate; compressed near the
suture; color yellow, striped and marbled with red; cavity abrupt,
wide, and deep. Flesh yellowish with red at pit, not very rich; quality
good; pit free. Season, last of September. Delaware.

Bokhara No. 3.

Brevoort. — Medium to large, round, slightly oblate; color whitish
with bright-red cheek; suture deep at apex. Flesh light color with
some red at pit, rich, sweet, good; pit free. New York.

Briggs (Briggs's Red May). — Medium to large, round; color white
with rich red cheek. Flesh greenish white, melting, juicy, rich,
very good; pit partially free. Season, early. A California variety
now grown quite extensively in the South. A spurious variety with

340 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

yellow flesh has been propagated in Michigan under the name
of Briggs.

Brigdon (Gar field). — Medium, roundish oval; color creamy yellow
with red cheek; suture in depression. Flesh yellow, very juicy,
vinous, rich; pit free. Commercial. New York.

Brown. — Medium, round; color yellowish white, with dull red
cheek; suture depressed, extending to apex. Flesh yellowish white
with some red at pit, mild, vinous, good; pit free. Season, August.
Tree unusually hardy and one of the best of the season in Michigan
and Western New York.

Brunson. — Large, roundish ovate, somewhat compressed; color
yellow with faint blush of cheek; suture distinct, extending to apex.
Flesh yellow with red at pit, vinous, sprightly, good ; pit free. Much
like Kalamazoo, but a better tree and a better bearer.

Butler Late. — Large to very large; color greenish white with red
cheek. Flesh white, firm, very good; pit free. Season comes in
after Smock and meets a shipping want in the Southwest. Virginia.

Carman. — Large, broadly oval, pointed; color white dotted,
splashed, and flushed with shades of red. Flesh creamy white
tinged with red, vinous, sprightly, good. Claimed to have the same
origin as Elberta. Season, early.

Chairs (Chairs' s Choice). — Large, oval to roundish, tapering to
apex; color pale yellow with some blush, and is quite pubescent;
suture extends beyond apex; cavity narrow and deep. Flesh yellow,
quite acid, red at pit; pit free. Season, early October. Commercial.
Maryland.

Champion.— Large, round, nearly regular; color yellowish white,
mottled with red on sunny side; suture extends two-thirds around.
Flesh whitish with red at the pit; pit free; quality nearly best.
Illinois.

Chili (HilVs Chili). — Medium in size, roundish oval, compressed;
color yellow marbled with red on sunny side; suture distinct, with one
side elevated. Flesh yellow with red at pit, mild almost sweet, not
very juicy, good; pit free. Mainly grown for market. New York.

Chinese Cling. — Large, roundish, somewhat elongated; color pale
yellow; suture half around. Flesh white with red at pit, tender,
vinous, with trace of peach-bitter; cling. Delaware.

Christiana. — Large, oblong; color yellow with rich red cheek.
Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, very good; pit free. This ripens in the

THE PEACH. 341

South between Late Crawford and Smock, which gives it a shipping
status. Season, September in Georgia.

Cobbler (Yellow Cobbler}. — Large, yellow, much resembling
Salway, but considerably later in season. Flesh is nearly best in
quality and recommended for all uses, including drying, canning, and
marketing; pit free. A leading variety in Texas and grown as far
north as Ohio. Texas.

Columbia. — Medium to large, roundish, somewhat elongated;
color yellow, about all covered with marbling and striping of red;
quite pubescent; cavity broad and deep; suture half around. Flesh
yellow with red near surface and at the pit, mild; quality scarcely
good; pit free. Considerably grown for market. Georgia.

Cooledge (Cooledge Favorite). — Large, roundish; color white with
crimson mottled cheek; suture only distinct near the cavity. Flesh
melting, juicy, rich, sweet, very good. Massachusetts.

Conkling. — Large, roundish, slightly ovate, and compressed;
color bright yellow marbled with crimson and with bright red
cheek; suture extends to apex. Flesh whitish with red at the pit;
pit free. Flesh juicy, vinous; quality very good. Season, late.
Commercial.

Connett (Connett's Early). — Large, roundish oval, compressed;
color creamy white mottled and traced with red; cavity deep, abrupt,
narrow; suture extends beyond the apex. Flesh yellowish white
without red, tender, luscious; quality good to very good; pit not free.
A seedling of Chinese Cling. North Carolina.

Cox (Cox's Cling). — Large, roundish, color greenish white with
some blush on sunny side. Flesh greenish white, juicy, luscious;
quality very good; cling. Texas.

Crimson Beauty. — Very large, roundish; color yellow with over
one-half covered with bright crimson. Flesh white with some red at
pit, which is adherent. In Texas it is largely grown for market
and canning, and it is prized as far north as Ohio.

Crosby. — Medium to large, roundish; color yellow with mottling
of red, red cheek, and some bloom; cavity narrow and deep; suture
two-thirds around the fruit. Flesh yellow, juicy, quite firm; quality
very good; pit free. Season, middle of September. Massachu-
setts.

Crothers. — Medium, round to roundish ovai; color yellowish white J
with bright red blush and some bloom; suture extends beyond apex,

342 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

which is somewhat elevated. Flesh yellowish white, with red at pit,
tender, vinous, pleasant, good ; pit free. Season late.

Denton. — Large, oblong oval; color yellow, with red cheek; cav-
ity wide and quite deep. Flesh yellow, firm, good. One week
later than Elberta, which it much resembles in tree and fruit.
Maryland.

Druid Hill. — Large, roundish; color greenish white, with red
cheek; cavity narrow; suture slight, hardly extending to apex.
Flesh whitish, with purple at pit, juicy, rich, very good; pit free.
Baltimore.

Early Belle (Hieley). — Large, roundish; color creamy white, with
red and crimson cheek. Flesh creamy white, firm, juicy; pit free.
A seedling of Belle of Georgia, which ripens its fruit one month
earlier than its parent. Georgia.

Early Crawford.

Early Crawford. — Large, roundish, somewhat elongated; color
bright yellow, with red cheek and some bloom; in many cases the
yellow surface is sprinRled with red specks and the line of suture is
compressed; suture extends two-thirds around; cavity broad but

THE PEACH. 343

shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, and colored at pit; quality very
good; pit free. Widely grown on lands not specially subject to
spring frosts. New Jersey.

Early Michigan (Husted No. 15). — Medium, roundish; color
greenish white, with crimson cheek and velvety surface; dots pink;
cavity large, abrupt, deep; suture extends somewhat beyond apex,
and is deep at cavity. Flesh greenish white, with red at pit, tender,
subacid, good; pit free. Season, early. Georgia.

Early Purple. — Large, ovate, irregular; color bright red, downy;
cavity quite deep. Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, sweet;
pit nearly free. A favorite in Southern Ontario and Western New
York. Season, very early.

Early Silver. — Very large, roundish oval, somewhat compressed;
color creamy yellow, with marbled blush of cheek; cavity narrow and
deep; suture extends somewhat beyond apex. Flesh white, juicy,
melting, sweet, rich; pit free. Season, last of August. England.

Early York (Large Early York}. — Large, roundish, often ovate;
color light, with pale red dots and bright red cheek; suture a
mere line. Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, good; pit free.
Grown across the continent. Honest John of Ohio said to be
identical.

Eaton (Eaton' 's Golden). — Medium to large, roundish; color bright
yellow, with pink spots at the base. Flesh yellow, sweet, with a
decided apricot flavor; cling. North Carolina.

Ede (Captain Ede). — Large, roundish oval; color pale yellow,
with dull red cheek and some bloom ; cavity narrow and deep ; suture
extends beyond the apex. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, tender,
vinous; pit free. Ripens earlier than Elberta. Illinois.

Elberta. — Medium to large, roundish oval, somewhat compressed;
color yellow with red cheek; suture more than half around. Flesh
yellow with red at the pit, tender, juicy, free from the pit, good.
Grown commercially in the East and Southeast. Georgia.

Eldred Cling. — Medium to large, roundish ovate, enlarged on one
side; color creamy white, blushed, with some bloom; cavity narrow
and deep; suture extends beyond apex. Flesh juicy, creamy white,
quite firm, very good. Grown in Ohio and over the Southeastern
States quite generally for a new variety.

Emma. — Large to very large, roundish conic; color golden yellow,
with red cheek. Flesh fine-grained, firm, juicy, richly flavored, very

344 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

good; pit free. Commercial in the Southwest. Better than Elberta
as grown in Georgia. Georgia.

Elberta (Reduced),

Emperor. — Large, yellow, with red cheek. Flesh yellow, firm,
luscious, good; pit free. Season, October in New Jersey. A seedling
of Late Crawford, largely taking the place of its parent.

Everbearing. — Large, oblong, tapering to apex; color creamy
white, mottled and striped with pink veins. Flesh white, with red
veins near the skin, juicy, vinous, good; pit free. It will not be
profitable for market as it has ripe and green fruit at same time for
a long period. Georgia.

Family Favorite. — Large, roundish, inclined to oblong; color
golden-yellow, with waxen complexion and blushed cheek; suture
shallow. Flesh yellow, with red streaks near the pit, firm, juicy, with
high aromatic flavor; cling. A seedling of Chinese Cling of far better
color than the parent. Commercial in the Southeast. Texas.

Fitzgerald. — Large, oval; color yellow, shaded with crimson and
red. Flesh yellow, with red at the pit, firm, yet juicy, and good;
pit small and free; quality very good. Rapidly coming into favor.
Canada.

THE PEACH. 345

Ford. — Large, roundish; color yellow with red cheek and thin
bloom ; suture extended beyond apex. Flesh yellow with red at pit,
firm, nearly sweet, vinous, good; pit free. Season, last of August.

Ford Late (Ford's No. 3) . — Large, roundish ; color greenish
yellow with thin bloom; cavity narrow and quite deep; suture
obscure. Flesh white with tinge of red at pit, tender, vinous, flavor
not high; pit free. Grown in Ohio for market.

Family Favorite.

Foster. — Large, roundish; color bright yellow shaded with dark
red; suture slight in compression, extending two-thirds around.
Flesh bright yellow, slightly red at pit, juicy, vinous, tender — much
like Early Crawford, but better in quality; pit free. Grown in Ohio
and eastward. Massachusetts.

Fox (Fox's Seedling). — Medium in size, oval, irregular; color
creamy white with bright red cheek; suture extends nearly around.
Flesh white with red at pit, mild, vinous, rich; pit free; quality
nearly best. New Jersey.

Frances. — Large, roundish oval, surface smooth; color yellow
almost covered with bright red; cavity quite deep; suture deep

346

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

toward the cavity; apex pointed. Flesh yellow, solid, juicy, rather
rich-flavored; pit free. Season follows Elberta. Ohio.

Frances (Reduced).

Geary (Hold on). — Large, roundish ovate; color light yellow with
blushed cheek; cavity broad; suture extends beyond apex. Flesh
yellow with red at pit, quite firm, sprightly, vinous, but not very
juicy; pit free. Season, early October. Commercial in Maryland,
and it does well in Michigan and Ohio.

General Lee. — Medium to large, oblong; color creamy white with
crimson shades and splashes. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very
good; pit not free. Southern planters say that it is an improved
Chinese Cling. Commercial.

George the Fourth. — Large, roundish; color white or yellowish
white dotted with bright red, with dark-red cheek ; suture deep and
broad with enlargement on one side; pit free. Flesh pale with red
at the small pit, melting, rich, luscious, very good. A very popular
home variety, and extensively grown in California. New York.

Georgia (Belle of Georgia). — Large, roundish, oblate; color whitish
with red cheek. Flesh white, firm; good to very good; pit free. A
seedling of Chinese Cling grown for market. Georgia.

Globe. — Very large, roundish ovate; color yellow with light-red
cheek and some bloom; cavity broad and deep; suture two-thirds

THE PEACH. 347

around. Flesh yellow, mild vinous, tender; pit free; quality very
good. A standard market variety. Pennsylvania.

Gold Drop (Golden Drop). — Medium, roundish ovate; color rich
yellow or, as it grows in the South, "a sort of transparent golden-
yellow," often with blushed cheek; cavity broad, shallow; suture
obscure except near apex. Flesh yellow, vinous, almost sweet, good;
pit free. Attractive in market.

Goode (Goode's October). — Large, roundish oblong; color white,
splashed and veined with red, and quite downy. Flesh white with
red at pit, juicy, vinous, good. Grown mainly in the South. South
Carolina.

Greensboro. — Medium to large, round; color yellow with red and
crimson cheek. Flesh white, very juicy, good. A North Carolina
variety larger than Alexander and earlier in season. North Carolina.

Haines Early. — Large, roundish, flattened at top; color light
with deep-red cheek; suture well marked, extending round the fruit
with sides very unequal. Flesh greenish white, juicy, melting,
sweet, good. New Jersey.

Hale. — Medium round; color creamy white with red cheek and
light bloom; cavity abrupt and quite deep; suture extends to apex.
Flesh creamy white, tender, sprightly; pit half free; good. Grown
commercially. Ohio.

Hance (Ranee's Golden). — Medium to large, roundish; color
yellow with dark-red cheek and considerable bloom; suture obscure
except near apex; cavity broad. Flesh yellow with red at pit,
tender, vinous, good; pit free. Season, early.

Heath (Heath's Cling). — Very large, oblong, narrowed at both ends
with decided point at the top; color yellowish white with red cheek
in interior climates; suture distinct, extending to apex. Flesh
greenish white, tender, melting; quality nearly best; pit not free.
Maryland.

Holder (Holderbaum). — Very large, roundish; color creamy yellow
with crimson cheek. Flesh creamy yellow streaked with red to the
pit, quite firm, luscious; pit free. Tree hardy and profitable in
Maryland.

Honey. — Medium to small, oval to oblong, pointed ; color whitish
mottled with carmine. Flesh yellow with red at the pit; good
to very good. Widely grown as a home fruit on account of its
remarkable sweetness. It has varied by seedling production from the

348 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Honey of Downing grown from Chinese seed. One of the best
far South.

Husted (Husted's No. 16). — Medium roundish; color greenish
white with crimson cheek; dots pink with downy surface; cavity
deep regular; suture extends beyond apex, deepest at cavity. Flesh
greenish white with yellow veins, fine-grained, subacid, good; pit
free. Georgia.

Hyatt. — Medium to large, roundish; color creamy white covered
with two shades of red in the sun, with thin bloom; suture extends
beyond apex. Flesh creamy white, quite firm, vinous, good; pit free
when fully ripe. Season, early.

Hynes (Hynes's Surprise). — Medium, roundish; color creamy white
with mottling and stripes of red, and some bloom; suture extending
to sunken apex. Flesh creamy white, sprightly, vinous, pleasant;
pit half free. Season, early August.

Ingold (Lady Ingold). — Medium to large, roundish; color creamy
yellow, quite well covered with bright red. Flesh yellow, quite
firm, vinous; pit free; quality very good. Leading shipping variety
of Tennessee and Georgia. Tennessee.

Japan Dwarf Blood. — Medium roundish; color yellow, mostly
overspread with crimson. Flesh streaked with red; juicy, rich, very
good. A new variety from Japan of dwarf habit, often bearing when
two years old. Season, earlier than Alexander.

Jaques (Jaques's Rareripe). — Large, roundish, flattened; color
yellow, shaded with red of varied hues; suture distinct, with one side
largest. Flesh yellow with red at pit, juicy, subacid, good; pit free.
Massachusetts.

Kalamazoo. — Medium to large, oval; color yellow washed and
striped with red, and thin bloom; suture usually depressed and ex-
tending beyond apex. Flesh yellow with red at pit, vinous, quite
rich; quality good; pit free. Highly valued in Michigan and New
York. Michigan.

Kenricks Heath (Heath's Free). — Very large, oblong; color greenish
white with purplish-red cheek; suture slight with small swollen
projection at top. Flesh greenish white with red at the pit, somewhat
coarse but melting, juicy, with pleasant flavor; pit free. New
England.

Key port (Keyport White). — Large, roundish oval; color white with
red cheek. Flesh white, tender; quality good; pit free. New Jersey.

THE PEACH. 349

Late Admirable. — Large, roundish or oval, with deep suture
nearly around, and decided point at apex; color light yellowish green
with red cheek, often marbled with darker red or crimson. Flesh
greenish white with red at the pit, juicy, melting; quality very good;
pit free. A French variety commercial in Delaware and the south-
eastern States.

Late Barnard. — Medium to large, roundish oval ; color yellow with
dark red cheek and bloom; cavity narrow and quite deep; suture
extends beyond apex. Flesh bright yellow, with red at the pit,
firm, rich, pleasant, good; pit free.

Late Crawford (Late Crawford) .—Large, roundish oval ; color yellow
with red cheek. Flesh yellow with red at the pit, melting, vinous,
very good; pit free. Grown across the continent. New Jersey.

Lee (General Lee). — Large, roundish oblong; color creamy white,
with crimson and red streaks and splashes. Flesh whitish, melting,
juicy, rich; pit not free. This is an improved Chinese Cling, rapidly
taking the place of that old variety in the South.

Lemon Cling. — Large, oblong, narrowed at the top with projecting
enlarged point like a lemon ; color yellow, with brownish red cheek.
Flesh yellow, with red at the pit, vinous, subacid, very good ; pit not
free. South Carolina.

Lemon Free. — Large, roundish ovate, often with pointed apex;
color light yellow, with greenish white tinge and thick bloom ; cavity
quite deep; suture not distinct, but flesh at one side elevated. Flesh
yellow, tender, somewhat dry, good; pit free. Grown mainly for
canning. Ohio.

Levy Late. (Henrietta) . — Very large, roundish, somewhat depressed ;
color bright yellow, with crimson cheek; cavity medium, deep.
Flesh yellow, quite firm, sweet, vinous, very good; pit notfree. An
old variety, popular in Southwestern States. District of Columbia.

Lewis. — Medium to large, round; color yellowish white, over-
spread with mottling and areas of red and thin bloom; suture in
depressed channel extending to apex. Flesh yellowish white, with
red at the pit, tender, vinous; quality good; pit free. Highly prized
for commercial planting. Michigan.

Lolo (Miss Lolo). — Above medium in size, roundish conical, with
prominent point at the apex ; color creamy white, washed and mottled
with red next the sun, with pink dots and velvety surface of short
loose down; cavity abrupt, deep, and regular, with short stout stem;

350

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

suture extends to apex and is deep at upper end. Flesh whitish, with
red at pit, subacid, melting, very good ; pit free. Popular South. Texas.

Longhurst. — Medium to large, oval; color yellow, with slightly
blushed cheek and some bloom; suture has enlargement on one side
but the line is obscure; apex prominent. Flesh yellow, with red at
pit, tender, vinous, sprightly, and with quite rich flavor; pit free.
The fruit buds of this variety have proven hardier than usual in
Canada and Michigan.

Lord Palmerston. — Very large; color creamy white, with pink
cheek. Flesh stained at pit, firm, juicy, rich; pit nearly free. Season,
quite late. Commercial in southeastern States.

Lorentz. — Medium to large, roundish, enlarged at one side of
suture; color yellow, with red cheek and some bloom; cavity narrow
and deep; suture slight, extending beyond apex. Flesh yellow, with
red at pit, tender, vinous, pleasant; pit free. Season follows Smock.
Widely planted in the South. South Carolina.

Louise (Early Louise). — Medium, round; color red, with bright
red or crimson cheek; suture deep. Flesh yellowish white to the
pit, melting, tender, good ; pit nearly free. Commercial in Kentucky.

Lovett, (Reduced).

Lovell. — Medium, roundish, compressed; color bright yellow,
with marbled blush and thin bloom ; cavity narrow and deep; suture
extends to apex. Flesh yellow, tender, vinous, very good; pit free.
Mostly grown on west coast but does well in Michigan. California.

Lovett (Lovett' s White). — Large to very large, roundish; color

THE PEACH. 351

creamy white, with considerable bloom; cavity narrow but shallow;
suture extends beyond apex. Flesh creamy white to the pit, tender;
and quite rich; pit free. A popular white variety east of lakes and
South.

Magdala. — Medium, roundish; color creamy white, marbled and
blotched with crimson; suture slight. Flesh yellowish white, with
some red at pit, juicy, firm, sprightly, rich; pit not free. An old
English variety considerably grown in the southeastern States.

Mamie Ross. — Medium to large, roundish oval, white, with rich
blushed cheek. Flesh yellowish white, rich, high-flavored; pit
nearly free; of Chinese type, larger and better than Early Rivers,
ripening at same time. Texas.

Marshall. — Large, roundish, somewhat oblong; color pale yellow,
with mottling of red and thin bloom ; cavity narrow and deep ; suture
two-thirds around. Flesh yellow, with much red at pit, quite firm,
somewhat acid, good; pit free. Popular in Ohio and around the lakes.

Mary Choice. — Large to very large, oblong; color yellow, with
red cheek. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, very good; pit free. Grown
for dessert and market in New Jersey, and Maryland, and is a favorite
in California. New Jersey.

Mathews. — Large, roundish; color golden yellow, with red streaks
and crimson cheek. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy; pit free. Season, three
weeks later than Elberta in Georgia. Said to be a cross between El-
berta and Smock. Becoming commercial in Maryland.

McCollister. — Medium to large, oval, or roundish ovate; color
yellow, with bright red cheek and much bloom; cavity broad and
deep; suture distinct, extending to apex. Flesh yellow, with red at
pit, tender, sprightly, vinous; pit free. Widely grown for market.
Ripens with Smock.

Mclntosh. — Large, roundish; color creamy white, with red and
crimson cheek. Flesh creamy white, quite firm, luscious; pit nearly
free. Ripens in Maryland, between Triumph and Elberta, and is
widely planted.

Miller Cling. — Large to very large; color golden yellow, flushed
with carmine. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet. A remarkable keeper and
shipper, considerably grown in the Southwest.

Minnie (Alton, incorrectly). — Large, roundish; color creamy white,
with dappled red cheek; cavity broad and shallow; suture distinct,
deepest near cavity, terminating at apex. Flesh creamy white, with

352 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

red at the pit, quite firm, vinous; pit free; quality good. A profitable
variety in Texas and the South, and it does well in Michigan. Texas.

Mountain Rose. — Large, roundish, tapering toward the apex;
color creamy white, blushed and sprinkled with red spots; suture in
slight depression extending beyond the apex; cavity abrupt and
deep. Flesh creamy white, with red at the pit, tender, melting,
very good; pit free. An amateur home variety mainly, but grown
across the continent. New Jersey.

Morris White (White Rareripe}. — Large, roundish or roundish
oval; color creamy white, often with colored cheek; suture extends
to small swollen apex. Flesh white, quite firm, melting, rich in
flavor; pit free. An old variety, yet planted widely.

Mrs. Brett. — Large, roundish; color yellowish white, with bright
red cheek; suture broad and shallow, extending somewhat beyond
apex. Flesh white, with red at pit, juicy, melting, sweet, rich;
pit free. Earlier than Oldrnixon Free and superior to it in color and
quality. Commercial. New York.

Muir. — Large, roundish, oval, somewhat compressed; color
yellow, with reddish cheek and splashes of red and crimson; cavity
broad and quite deep; suture extends to apex. Flesh yellow, tender,
sprightly; pit free. A cosmopolitan variety, doing well over the
peach sections of the Union. In California Prof. Wickson says:
"A good shipper and canner, and peculiarly adapted to drying
because of exceptional sweetness and density of flesh; yielding one
pound dry from less than five pounds fresh." California.

Nectarine. — Large, ovate, pointed at apex; color pale yellow,
with faint red and marbled cheek; pubescence very slight; suture
obscure. Flesh white, with red at pit, juicy, vinous, rich, very
good; pit free. England.

Newhall. — Very large, roundish ; color yellow, with dark red cheek.
Flesh deep yellow, juicy, with rich vinous flavor; pit free. Originated
in California, but it has proven a success in the southwestern States
east of the mountains, and where tested in New Jersey.

New Prolific. — Large, roundish oval; color yellow, with bright red
cheek and bloom; cavity narrow and deep; suture deep, extending
beyond apex. Flesh yellow, with some red at pit, firm, delicate,
sprightly, vinous, very good; pit free. This has a high position as a
shipper in Ohio and the East generally.

Niagara. — A variety grown in Western New York, supposed to be

THE PEACH. 353

a seedling of Early Crawford, which is larger in size; quite as pro-
ductive and ripens later than its parent; pit free. Fruit large,
yellow, freestone, and excellent in quality. Now grown com-
mercially.

Oldmixon Cling. — Large, roundish oval; color yellowish white,
dotted with red and often with red cheek. Flesh juicy, rich, with best
flavor. Widely grown as one of the best of the clingstone varieties.

Oldmixon Cling. — Medium to large, roundish, somewhat oval,

with one side largest; color creamy white, marbled with red and with

bright red cheek; cavity narrow; suture slight. Flesh creamy white,

with red at pit, tender, vinous, very good; pit free. An old variety,

yet starred in several States.

Onderdonk. — Medium to large, oblong or oval, flattened, with
pointed apex; color lemon yellow. Flesh yellow, slightly acid, good;
pit free. A productive variety in Texas and over the Southwest.

Orange Cling. — Large, round; color orange yellow with rich dark
red cheek; suture distinct, passing nearly round. Flesh deep yellow,
quite firm, juicy, rich, very good; pit not free. An old variety
much grown in Colorado and the Southwest.

Pallas. — Medium to large, roundish oval; color greenish yellow,
with red blushed cheek ; suture distinct to the prominent apex. Flesh
creamy white, with red at the pit, very juicy, tender, sweet; pit free.
Season, quite early. Extensively grown in the southeastern States.
Georgia.

Peen-to (Chinese Flat). — Small, flat, deeply indented to the stone
at each end; color greenish white, mottled with red. Flesh juicy,
rather rich, very good; clingstone. Quite popular in the extreme
South for home use and near markets.. China.

Peninsula. — Large, roundish, of ten oval; color yellow washed with
red, with considerable bloom; cavity deep and narrow; suture shallow
extending beyond apex. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, quite firm,
with vinous sprightly flavor; pit free. Maryland.

Picquet (Picquet's Late). — Large, round; color yellow with red
cheek; cavity narrow and deep; suture slightly elevated at apex.
Flesh yellow, with red at pit, firm, sprightly, good to very good;
pit free. Widely grown in the South, and a favorite in California.
Georgia.

Princess (Princess of Wales). — Large, roundish; color light yellow,
with pink around stem; suture obscure. Flesh white, with red at pit,

354 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

juicy, tender, vinous, very good; pit free. Does well in New Jersey
and Delaware. England.

Prize. — Large, roundish; color yellow, with varied red of cheek
and thin bloom; cavity broad and suture slight. Flesh yellow, with
red at pit, tender, vinous, very good; pit free. A productive sort in
the southeastern States.

Rareripe (Red Rareripe, Late Rareripe). — Large, heavy, roundish
oval; color grayish yellow, marbled with red and reddish spots, with
deep red cheek; suture depressed at the top. Flesh white, with deep
red at the pit, melting, with rich flavor; pit free. An old variety
yet popular in several States.

Reeves (Reeves' s Favorite). — Medium to large ,roundish, and in-
clined to ovate; color yellow, with dark red cheek and thin bloom;
cavity deep and broad ; suture not distinct. Flesh yellow, with red
at pit, mild, tender, vinous, good; pit free. Grown in the south-
eastern States. New Jersey.

Red Cheek (Red Cheek Melocoton). — Medium to large, roundish
oval, with raised point at apex; color yellow, with bright red cheek,
and thin bloom; cavity narrow and suture slight, with swelling on one
side. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, tender, vinous, good; pit free."
An old variety yet starred in several States, and it has given several
fine seedlings.

Richmond. — Very large, round; color yellow with red cheek.
Flesh yellow, melting, very good; pit free. Planted east of lakes
and in Southeast States. New Jersey.

Ringold (Ringold King). — Large, roundish, somewhat ovate;
color creamy white, with bloom ; suture extended beyond the apex ;
cavity narrow and deep. Flesh white to the pit, tender, rich, sprightly ;
pit not free. Is taking the place of Heath Cling in Ohio and Michigan
as it is superior in tree, bearing, and fruit.

River Bank. — Medium to large, roundish; color greenish yellow,
with dark red cheek, and thin bloom; suture extends beyond apex.
Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, pleasant, good; pit partly free.
A very hardy variety as tested in Utah and Colorado.

Rivers. — Large, roundish oval, somewhat compressed; color
creamy white, often with pink blush and thin bloom; suture faint,
extending to apex. Flesh creamy white, fine-grained, vinous, good;
pit nearly free. An old English variety yet commercial in the eastern
and southeastern States.

THE PEACH.

355

Royal George. — Medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblate;
color pale white, with red dots and red marbled cheek; suture deep
and extending much beyond the apex. Flesh whitish, with red at
the pit, melting, juicy, quality nearly best. An old variety from
Europe yet starred in several States.

Russell (Russell, No. 1). — Large, roundish oblong; color creamy
white, with varied shades of red and crimson on the sunny side;

Russell.

cavity broad and shallow; suture slight. Flesh greenish white,
streaked with yellow, juicy, melting, vinous, good; pit free. Has
proven hardier than Alexander in Nebraska. Nebraska.

Salway. — Large, roundish, somewhat oval, with one side largest;
color yellow, with red cheek and bloom; suture slight, extending
beyond apex. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, juicy, tender, vinous,
good; pit free. An old English variety, commercially planted in
several States for late marketing.

St. John (Yellow St. John). — Large, round; color yellow, with
red cheek. Flesh juicy, sweet, high-flavored; pit free. Season, very

356 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

early. Highly prized in the South and on the west coast; originated
in New Orleans.

Schumaker. — Large, round. Said to be almost identical with
Alexander but with higher color. Season, very early.

Slappey. — Medium, roundish; color bright golden yellow, with
red and crimson shades. Flesh yellow, sweet, almost luscious; pit
free. The earliest handsome and good peach shipped North from
Alabama and Georgia.

Smock.— Large, roundish, inclined to ovate; color yellow, with
some blush on cheek and heavy bloom; cavity narrow and deep;
suture obscure except near apex which is slightly extended. Flesh
yellow, with red at pit, quite tender, and sprightly; quality good;
pit free. Commercial. New Jersey.

Sneed. — Medium, roundish oval, compressed; color creamy white,
splashed and mottled with bright red, with some bloom ; cavity narrow
and deep; suture extends beyond the apex. Flesh yellowish white,
tender, vinous, good; pit nearly free. Free from rot and ripens
very early. Tennessee.

Snow. — Medium, roundish oval, compressed; color yellow, with
red cheek and tracings of red, with considerable bloom; suture extends
two-thirds around. Flesh yellow, but deep red at pit, tender, sweet,
good; pit free. Variety is well established South; Tennessee.

Staley. — Very large, elongated somewhat, and flattened laterally;
color rich creamy white, with touches of light red; suture shallow,
but extends nearly around; pit small and free. Flesh white to the
pit, juicy, tender, very good. Twenty days later than Sal way, hence
is grown where seasons are long on west coast and in the South.

Stark Heath. — Medium, roundish, somewhat oval; color creamy
white, with blushed cheek and some bloom; cavity narrow and deep;
suture extends beyond the apex, where it is most distinct. Flesh
creamy white, sprightly, vinous, mild; pit not free. At the West
the slight bitter at the pit has not been noticed and the tree is hardier
than Hill's Chile.

Steadley. — Large to very large, roundish, inclined to ovate;
color creamy white, with pink splashing and thin bloom; cavity
narrow; suture slight, extending beyond apex. Flesh white to the
pit, tender, sprightly, good; pit free. Commercial; one of the best
varieties for canning on west coast. Missouri.

Stevens (Stevens' s Rareripe). — Medium to large, roundish ovate;

THE PEACH 357

color creamy white, with dark red cheek and some bloom; cavity
narrow and quite deep; suture slight and extending beyond apex.
Flesh yellowish white, with some red at pit, tender, sprightly, good;
pit free. A popular late variety. New Jersey.

Strawberry. — Size medium, oval; color a marbling of deep red;
cavity deep; suture passing to apex. Flesh whitish, juicy, rich,
and delicate. Season, early. This variety originated in New Jersey,
but has been neglected, and is now a leading variety for about all
parts of California.

Strout Early. — Medium, in shape, much like Alexander, but said
to be firmer in flesh, better in quality, a better bearer, and free from
rot. Flesh streaked with red; pit free. Indian Territory.

Stump (Stump the World). — Medium to large, roundish, some-
what oblong ovate; color creamy white, with bright red cheek and
abundant bloom; cavity quite wide and deep; suture shallow, ex-
tending a little beyond apex. Flesh white, with some red at pit,
quite firm, high-flavored, very good; pit free. New York.

Success. — Large, roundish; color yellow. Flesh quite firm,
juicy, rich, good; pit free. Becoming commercial in the South.
Texas.

Surpasse (Surpasse Melocotori). — Large, round, inclined to ovate;
color yellow, with bright red cheek; cavity deep and narrow; suture
obscure, extending to apex. Flesh yellow, tender, vinous, sweet,
good; pit free. New York.

Susquehanna (Griffith). — Large, nearly round; color rich yellow,
with glowing red cheek over a large part of the surface; suture ex-
tending to apex. Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, vinous; pit free. Com-
mercial in several States. Pennsylvania.

Switzerland. — Large, roundish; color light yellow, with red in
the sun; suture a mere line two-thirds around. Flesh creamy white,
with red at the pit, juicy, pleasant; pit free. A shipping variety in
Michigan and in the South.

Thurber. — Large, roundish oblate; color creamy white, marbled
and splashed with crimson. Flesh juicy, melting, rich; pit free.
Commercial South, where it ripens in July and is very productive;
specially valuable in the dry southwest States.

Tillotson. — Medium, roundish, color creamy white, with reddish
dots, and bright red and crimson in the sun. Flesh creamy white.

358 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with red at the pit, juicy, rich, high-flavored; pit nearly free. Com-
mercial in the South. New York.

Tippecanoe. — Medium to large, roundish, somewhat compressed;
color yellow, with red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, good; pit
not free. Season quite late. A Pennsylvania variety grown South.

Toledo (Early Toledo). — Large, roundish; color yellowish white,
streaked and mottled with red; cavity quite large and deep; suture
extends beyond the apex. Flesh yellowish white, with red at the
pit, tender, sweet, pleasant, good; pit free. An early bearer and
hardy tree. Ohio.

Triumph. — Medium to large, globular, flattened; color greenish
yellow, with mixed red and broken stripes of purplish red, pink dots,
and velvety surface; cavity wide, abrupt, and deep; suture shallow
except near cavity, and extends to pointed apex. Flesh yellow, with
red stains, juicy, mild, luscious, very good; pit free. Season very
early. New, but its culture is extending South.

Troth. — Medium, roundish; color creamy white, with bright red
cheek; suture does not extend quite to apex; cavity broad, depth
medium. Flesh whitish, dark red at pit, tender, vinous, but not
rich; pit free. Season early. Grown east of the lakes. New Jersey.

Tuskena. — Very large, roundish or roundish oval; color yellow,
with dark red cheek and bloom; cavity narrow and deep; suture
extends past the apex. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, juicy, vinous,
rich, very good; pit not free. Mainly grown in Utah and on west
coast, but it thrives in the South.

Van Buren (Dwarf) . — An ornamental dwarf-growing variety, with
small flowers, grown in Ohio and over the South in a small way.
Fruit medium, round, golden yellow, with a rich carmine cheek;
flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sprightly; cling.

Victor. — Medium, roundish. Flesh pleasant, subacid; pit not
free. A seedling of Chinese Cling crossed with Spanish Blood, of value
on account of its extreme earliness, often maturing its fruit in the
South by the middle of May.

Waddell. — Medium to large, oblong; color creamy white, with
bright red cheek. Flesh firm, white, rich, and sweet; pit free. An
admirable shipper of good quality. Planted largely in Georgia by
Mr. Hale and others. Season follows Greensboro and Sneed.

Wager. — Medium, oblong oval, one side often largest; color
golden yellow, quite downy; cavity rather narrow; suture extends

THE PEACH- 359

to apex. Flesh bright yellow, firm, quite juicy, sweet, slightly
vinous, but not rich; pit free. A hardy variety, mainly grown for
drying and canning. New York.

Walburton (Walburton's Admirable). — Large, roundish; color yel-
lowish green, with crimson mottling and dark red cheek. Flesh
yellowish white, with red at pit, melting, juicy, rich; pit free. Quite
extensively planted east of lakes. England.

Waldo. — Medium, roundish oblong; color light salmon, with
bright red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, with red at the pit, juicy,
very sweet, good to very good; pit free. A seedling of Peen-to,
much prized in Texas and the far South. Florida.

Walker. — Medium to large, roundish oval; color creamy white,
with clear red cheek and light bloom; suture extends to apex. Flesh
creamy white, with red at pit, tender, sprightly, good ; pit free. Sea-
son, quite late. Popular east of the lakes. Delaware.

Ward (Ward's Late). — Large, roundish, inclined to oval; color
white, with bright crimson cheek. Flesh white, with red at pit, juicy,
melting, rich; pit free; very good. An old variety now commercial
at several points East and Far West.

Waterloo. — Medium, roundish; color greenish white, with purple
red of cheek and pale red mottling in the shade; suture extends
beyond the apex. Flesh greenish white, melting, vinous; quality
very good; pit partially free. New York.

Wheatland. — Large to very large, roundish; color golden yellow,
shaded on cheek with dark red and crimson; suture distinct to the
apex. Flesh yellow, with red at the pit, quite firm, juicy, sweet;
quality very good; pit free. Widely grown and commercial in
Colorado and Utah.

Wonderful. — Large, roundish oval; color yellow, with carmine
blush of cheek and some bloom; cavity narrow and deep; suture
extends beyond apex. Flesh yellow, with red at pit, quite tender,
and high flavored; pit free. New, but growing in popularity at the
Southwest for late shipment and home use.

Woolsey. — Large, roundish; color yellow, with red and crimson
cheek. Flesh yellow, rich, melting, vinous, good; pit free. A hardy
Western variety. Nebraska.

Worrell (Sallie Worrell). — Very large, color creamy white, shaded
and splashed with pale to deep red. Flesh firm, juicy, delicious;
pit free. A promising new variety. North Carolina.

360 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Worth. — Large, yellow, with red cheek. Flesh yellow, quite firm,
rather rich; quality good; pit free. Season, somewhat earlier than
Elberta. Grown in Missouri. Illinois.

Yellow Alberge (Alberge Yellow). — Medium, roundish; color
yellow, with purplish red cheek; suture distinct, passing to the apex.
Flesh yellow, with deep red at the pit, juicy, sweet, good; pit free.
Season, middle of August. France.

Yellow Rareripe. — Medium to large, ovate, compressed; color
yellow, with clear red cheek and bloom; suture distinct, extending
beyond the apex; cavity narrow. Flesh yellow, with red at pit,
tender, and rich-flavored; pit free. Commercial.

Yellow Tuscany (Dura-cini) . — A very large yellow cling variety,
largely planted in South California, and is now considered the best
yellow cling yet tested for canning. It ripens with Lemon Cling.
So far as tested it is free from leaf curl in California, Arizona, and
Southwest Texas.

THE NECTARINE.

This fine fruit may be described simply as a smooth-skinned
peach, yet as stated in Section 187 of Part 1 it is an ancient fruit in
Central Asia, and it is probable that it was originally a smooth-skinned
variety of the peach so fixed in Central Asia that it reproduced the
peculiarity from the pits, as the writer saw tons of the dried fruit
brought in from Central Asia to the Nishni-Novgorod Fair. But
in our day varieties of nectarine have been grown from pits of the
Persian race of peaches. The fruit is grown in the middle States and
South, but it cannot be said that it is commercial anywhere on a
large scale except in California, where the fruit is almost exclusively
used for canning and drying. The white-fleshed varieties are mainly
used, as they do not color the syrups in canning. The propagation
and management in all respects are the same as the peach.

VARIETIES OF NECTARINE.

Boston. — Large, roundish oval; color light yellow, with bright
red cheek. Flesh yellow to the stone, which is small and pointed,
sweet, with pleasant and peculiar flavor; pit free. This variety was
grown from a peach-pit by Mr. T. Lewis, of Boston, and is a favorite
in the peach belt across the continent, and even a leading variety in
California for dessert use.

THE NECTARINE. 361

Downton. — Large, roundish oval; color pale green, with violet
cheek. Flesh pale green, with some red at pit, melting, rich, very
good; pit free. An old English variety, grown east of the lakes, in
.^he arid States, and on the west coast.

Early Newington. — Large, roundish ovate, enlarged on one side,
with swollen point at apex; color pale green, nearly covered with
bright red and thin bloom. Flesh greenish white, with deep red at
the pit, juicy, sugary, rich, very good; pit not free. The old English
Variety, grown in the peach belts across the continent.

Early Violet (Violet Hative, Aromatic) . — Medium to large, roundish,
color pale green, with dark purple cheek and brown dots. Flesh
whitish, reddened at pit, melting, rich, high-flavored, aromatic;
quality best; pit free. Grown in Western New York, New Jersey,
Ohio, and Colorado.

Elruge. — Medium size, roundish oval; color pale green, with deep
red cheek and brownish russet dots. Flesh greenish white, with
some stain near pit, juicy, rich, high-flavored; pit free. A general
favorite in the peach belt west to Colorado and Arizona.

Hardwicke. — Very large, roundish, sometimes oval ; color pale
green, with red cheek. Flesh greenish, with red at the pit, melting,
juicy, rich, high-flavored; pit free. An old English variety, now
popular in New Jersey and the southeast and southern States.

Humboldt. — Very large; bright yellow, splashed with crimson.
Flesh orange-colored, tender, juicy, high-flavored. Grown in Eng-
land, from pit of Pineapple Nectarine. Quite widely grown.

Hunt Tawney. — Medium in size, ovate with prominent apex;
color pale orange, with bright red cheek. Flesh deep orange, melting,
very good; pit free. Season, very early in Ohio and the South.

Late Melting. — Large, roundish; color yellowish green, with dull
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, good. Season, very late.
Grown in New York and well over the South.

Lord Napier. — Large, roundish; color pale yellow, with dark red
cheek. Flesh white, melting, tender, rich; pit free. A heavy bearer
on west coast and quite generally in peach belt. Grown from a pit
of the Early Rivers peach in England.

New White (Large White). — Large, nearly round; color white, with
shades of red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with rich vinous flavor;
pit small and free. A leading variety in California, and double-
starred in Utah and parts of Colorado.

362 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Rivers Orange. — Large, roundish ovate; color rich orange, with
red cheek. Flesh yellow, rich, highly flavored. A seedling of Pit-
maston's Orange nectarine that has taken its place as a hardier
tree, better bearer, and richer fruit. Grown in New York and in the
peach belt. England.

Roman (Old Roman). — Large, roundish, flattened some at apex;
color greenish yellow, with reddish brown cheek. Flesh firm, greenish
yellow, with deep red at pit, vinous, high-flavored. A variety popular
in Europe since 1629; yet prized in New Jersey and in peach belt
generally.

Stanwick. — Large, roundish oval, heart-shaped at base; color light
greenish white, with rich violet cheek. Flesh white, tender, juicy,
rich, sugary, very good; pit fre«. Originated in England from pits
brought from Central Asia. Grown in peach belt from the Altantic
to the Pacific.

Victoria. — Large, roundish oval; color yellowish green, with red
cheek. Flesh white, melting, rich, sugary; quality nearly best.
Season, early. Grown east of the lakes and in the South. England.

THE MULBERRY.

The mulberry is one of the most ancient fruits over Central and
Eastern Asia and to this day Albert Regel says : " They are con-
sidered the most valuable nourishment from the region of Zarafshan
eastward to the Amu-Daria. Dried mulberries furnish a sweet food
in the country where corn is scarce, and in every household large piles
are stored for winter use. In Shugaan a dish full of dried mulberries
is used as a unit of measure, and the help of the physician, as well as
the skill of the singer is valued at so many dishes of mulberries. A
bag full of dried mulberry-meal forms the provision for pedestrians
and hunters." It can hardly be said that it is a popular fruit as yet
in this country.

But few varieties are found in our nurseries thought to be worthy of
propagation, and some of these, notably the large fruiting varieties of
the Southwest, are not hardy at the North. The propagation of late
has been by using seedlings of the common Russian varieties by side-
grafting at the crown, as practiced with the pear, cherry, and plum (86).
Several nurserymen practice spring scion-budding as explained in
Section 94 and Fig. 53 of Part I. This work is done just before the

THE MULBERRY. 363

foliage expands on the stocks used, or as soon as the bark slips freely.
In spring or summer budding the buds appear to be drowned out by
the free flow of milky sap.

VARIETIES.

Black English. — Under this general name a variety is much
cultivated in the South. It is a low grower, not exceeding fifteen
feet in height, with spreading top and deeply lobed leaves. Fruit
one and one-half inches long and nearly an inch in diameter; quality
better than any of our American varieties — but not hardy north of the
fortieth parallel even on the east coast.

Black Persian. — Large, thick, fleshy, quality very rich and good;
extensively grown in California, Arizona, Texas, and the South. It
belongs to the Morus nigra species of East Europe. In California
this variety fruits continually from May until October, and under
irrigation it behaves the same in Arizona and Texas.

New American.

Downing. — Large, one and one-quarter inches long and three-
quarters of an inch in diameter; color blue black. Flesh juicy, rich,
with sprightly flavor. Hardy east of the lakes and south of the
forty-first parallel in the West.

Hicks Everbearing. — Much like Downing in size, color, and quality
but not as hardy in tree ; originated in Kentucky. A variety of the
native red species of the South (Morus rubra).

364 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Johnson.— Very large, oblong, nearly black in color. Flesh sub-
acid, and excellent in quality. The leaves of this variety are very
large, and it is a popular shade-tree in southern cities as far south as
San Antonio, Texas. Ohio.

Munson.— Large, oblong, black; quality very good, with some
acid. A variety of the Russian mulberry, originated by T. V. Munson,
of Texas. As Mr. Munson says : " The branches in fruit look like ropes
of big berries," as grown in the South. This is hardy farther north
than Downing.

New American.— Large, oblong; color black; quality very good.
Hardier in Ohio and in the Southeast and South; but tender at the
West. It is said that this is often sold under the name of Downing.

Stubbs. — Very large, often two inches long and three-quarters of
an inch in diameter; valuable in the South, and it does well under
irrigation in southwest Texas. This belongs to the native species of
the South (Morus rulra).

PERSIMMON (DATE PLUM, KAKI).

Sections 217, 218, and 219, give an outline of the advance within
recent years in growing the native and foreign persimmons in this
country, and their propagation. In West Europe the climate does
not favor the introduction of fruits that need a high summer tem-
perature except under glass. Hogg does not mention it in his" Fruit
Manual," and DeCandolle does not include it in his origin of cultivated
plants, yet for many years the Japan varieties have been cultivated
in West Europe under glass, especially the variety Costata, which bears
a handsome orange yellow fruit the size of large apricots. Bur-
bidgo said of its fruits in 1878: "The fruit is delicious, with a flavor
like apricots." In the south of France too, in 1882, the writer saw
plantations of a Japan species or variety under the name of Diospyros
Mazeli loaded with medium-sized orange red fruit, which I think is
identical with the Mazelli grown in Georgia. The fruits from this
source are seen in the market in Paris and Berlin wrapped in tissue-
paper like oranges, and meeting with ready sale. In this country,
prior to the introduction of the Japan varieties select native ones of
our t\\o American species, Diospyros Virginiana and D. Texana, were
propagated and planted from the Gulf north to Ohio and New Jersey,
and some of these are yet grown on account of their superior quality.

PERSIMMOX. 365

At the present time the Japan varieties (Diospyros Kaki) are attracting
much attention in sections of the South where the thermometer does
not fall below ten degrees above zero. In the coast region, from
Norfolk southward, and quite generally in the cotton belt, they
reach perfection of tree and fruit. By budding or grafting them
above ground on native stocks their culture has been extended north-
ward to New Jersey and South Ohio, but they suffer during severe
winters. At this period varieties are being introduced from North
Japan and from China. Hon. Charles Denby, the United States
Minister to China, sent scions of hardier Chinese varieties to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, which were lost by drying during the voyage.
But the seeds he sent at the same time grew, and about three hundred
seedlings have been sent out for trial. Some of these may extend
the culture of large and good varieties northward. Recent attempts
have also been made, we are told, to introduce the hardy and good
varieties of south Central Asia. As the Japan varieties bear when
only from two to four years old, and the fruit is set so abundantly
that thinning is needed to keep up needed size and to prevent the
trees breaking down, the production of train-loads for market in
congenial climates is easily possible. But it is a new fruit and our
people must be educated to its use. The round or flattened varieties
with dark flesh, such as the Mazeli, will prove most profitable for
market here, as has already been experienced in France, as they are
sweeter, less astringent, and can be eaten before they are entirely
softened. These varieties can also be picked when hard, and will
ripen up in the crates like tomatoes. In the near future the best
varieties will be shipped, wrapped in tissue-paper, as in France, and
instruction given the grocers not to expose for sale until in the proper
condition for dessert use.

When grown in larger quantity the best varieties will also be
dried like figs. The writer, in connection with many American
visitors, at the great commercial fair at Xishni-Xovgorod in 1882,
decided that the dried and pressed Asiatic persimmons were far more
delicious and healthful than the Adriatic figs prepared in the same
way.

The earlier varieties of these persimmons mature gradually. Hence
growers go over the plantations several times at intervals, select-
ing the fruits in proper condition for shipment. This is easy
after a little experience, as the color varies in ripening with

366 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

great uniformity, and the shape changes. The seedlings of this
species usually develop only male flowers during the first three
years of growth. Later some pistillate flowers appear. The select
varieties are supposed to be perfect in flower, but increased ex-
perience has shown the gain in mixed planting of varieties, as
with most highly developed fruits; but when varieties are mixed in
planting the effects of cross-pollination appear on the fruits to a
remarkable extent. Berckmans, of Georgia, says : " This variation in
the color of the flesh has caused some confusion in reaching a correct
nomenclature." The heavy and continuous bearing of the Japanese
varieties has so retarded the growth that rather close planting is
recommended not exceeding twenty by twenty-five feet each way.
The Texana varieties are still smaller in growth and can be planted
closer. Under cultivation the varieties of the Virginiana species
make large trees with great spread of top, and should be planted
accordingly, and the same is true of the Asiatic varieties of the Lotus
type when introduced. Propagation by crown-grafting on trans-
planted native seedlings, and top- working on native stocks is given
in Section 219 briefly. The writer's experience and observation lead
to the belief that it is quite as easy to bud or graft as the pear, plum,
and cherry, if the side-graft plan is adopted (86).

JAPANESE VARIETIES.

Among (Yemeni). — Large, two and one-half to three inches in
diameter, round, flattened, deeply ribbed; color dark orange red

Among (Yemon).

or yellowish red. Flesh red, very sweet, and edible while quite firm,
but quality improves as it becomes soft. Season, September to
November.

PERSIMMON.

367

Costata. — Medium, conical, pointed, somewhat four-sided; color
yellow. Flesh light yellow; dark flesh unusual; seeds rare; astrin-
gent until it softens, when it is very good. In West Europe grown
under glass quite extensively.

Hachiya. — Large to very large, two and one-half by three inches
in diameter, oblong, with blunt apex, somewhat ribbed; color bright
crimson, with lines and blotches at apex. Flesh orange red, sweet
and good when soft, but astringent when solid. Needs house ripening,
and can be kept late. One of the varieties used for drying.

Hachiya.

Hyakume.

Hiyakume. — Large, three inches in diameter, usually flattened but
often elongated; color yellow, with netted lines at the apex. Flesh
orange red; only used when soft; a remarkable keeper. Tree of
dwarf growth.

loyama Gaki. — Medium to large, round/ slightly conical; color
yellowish orange, with dark netting at apex. Flesh dark brown,
very sweet, and good when eaten before softening.

Kurokuma. — Very large, three to three and one-half inches in
diameter, roundish, flattened. Flesh red, sweet, and good when soft;
keeps late, and requires house ripening.

Minokari (Large Stork Egg). — Large to very large, oblong, pointed;
color vermilion red. Flesh red, very good in quality, but must be
ripened indoors; valuable for drying.

Mio-tan (Mazelli). — Medium in size, roundish, somewhat oblong,
slightly ribbed; color orange red. Flesh brownish red, but variable.

368

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Keeps late, but the brownish specimens are edible and good before
softening. Extensively grown in South France.

Okame. — Large, roundish oblate, with netted lines at apex;
color orange yellow, changing to carmine, with bloom and waxy
expression. Flesh light-colored, with light brown center around the
seeds. Loses its astringency when well colored.

Taber No. 23. — Medium, oblate, flat or depressed at apex;
color dark red with peculiar dotted surface. Flesh dark brown,
sweet, and not astringent; quality good.

Taber No. 129. — Medium, roundish, flattened at base, with
point at apex; color dark yellowish red, with quite rough surface.
Flesh light brown, crisp, sweet; free from astringency. Keeps well
and ships well.

Tane (Nashi). — Large to very large, diameter three and one-
quarter by three and three-eighths; roundish conical, pointed at apex;
color light yellow, changing to bright red. Flesh yellow and seedless;
quality fine.

Triumph. — Medium, tomato-shaped; color yellow; has few seeds;
quality very good. Said to be very productive.

Tsuru-no-ko (Stork Egg). — Large, two and one-half by three and
one-half inches, oblong, pointed; color bright red, sometimes with
black at apex. Flesh red, very good. Must be ripened in the house,

Tsuro-no-ko.

Yedoichi.

Yedoichi (Maru-gatd). — Medium, round, often slightly oblong;
flattened at base and narrowed at apex; color dark red, often with
black mottling near apex. Flesh mahogany brown, with darker
spots. Edible while solid. Fruit in large clusters.

PERSIMMON. 369

Zengi. — Small, one and three-quarters by two inches, round or
oblate; color light, with reddish shades. Flesh dark brown, with
darker spots; very sweet and good; edible while solid in September
and has a long season through October.

VALUABLE NATIVE VARIETIES.

The native persimmon (Diospyros Virginiand) under favorable
conditions makes a tree from fifty to one hundred feet in height,
which in open position makes a round-topped handsome tree, which
is common over the South and extends North, of smaller size, along
streams up to the forty-second parallel. Prior to the advent of the
Japan varieties some of the largest and best of the native varieties
were propagated locally by nurserymen and prized by planters. The
best native varieties propagated at this time are the following, so
far as known to the writer:

American. — Propagated in Maryland and described : " Large,
yellow, early; ripens before frost. Tree very vigorous, with handsome
large foliage." Dioecious (34).

American Hovey. — Propagated in Texas. Larger than the Tex-
ana species averages; yellow, and quality is stated by T. V. Mun-
son to be better than any Japan variety tested. Tree a small
grower. Dioecious (34).

Large Fruited. — Propagated in Southern Illinois and described :
"The fruit of this variety is almost as large as some of the Japanese
sorts; color orange yellow, firm, meaty, and as rich as the best figs
when touched by frost." Dioecious (34).

THE AMERICAN GRAPES.

CHAPTER XXII of Part I, gives an outline of the history and
development of the grapes of the United States, with their propa-
gation, management, classes for varied uses, cultivation, pruning, and
training.

At this time an attempt has been made to include and describe
the varieties in actual cultivation in different portions of the Union.
But it is more than probable that many local varieties of equal value
with some of those included will become quite general favorites in the
near future. This is specially true of some of the varieties originated
by Mr. T. V. Munson, of Texas, and other workers along this line in
the different States.

In the descriptions which follow the parentage will be noted
as far as possible, and the varieties will be divided into only two
general classes. (1) The varieties truly American, originated by
selection or seedling production from our native species, including
the natural and artificial hybrids of our indigenous species with the
foreign species (Vitis vinifera). (2) The vinifera varieties, grown
profitably in Southwest Texas, parts of Arizona, and on the west
coast.

As far as possible the part of the United States in which the vari-
eties are grown will be indicated, and in some cases the origin will
be given.

NATIVE VARIETIES OF THE GRAPE AND THEIR HYBRIDS.

Agawam (Rogers' No. 15). — Bunch large, quite compact, shouldered;
berry large, roundish oval; color dark red or nearly black. Flesh
quite tender, juicy, vinous, with trace of native aroma; quality good.
Season, some later than Concord. Requires mixed planting. Vini-
fera hybrid. Massachusetts.

Alice. — Bunch rather small, roundish; berry about size of Catawba;
color dark wine, with lighter bloom of same shade. Flesh light

370

Alice. Reduced. /

(To face page 370.)

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 371

green, tender, vinous, rich, with much juice, and slight aroma. Sea-
son in Ohio, early September. Commercially grown for market in the
Southeastern States. New York. Labrusca.

America. — Bunch conical, quite compact; berries medium,
round, with slight bloom, dotted by black spots with white speck in
the center. Flesh melting, juicy, rich in sugar, and fruit acid, very
good. Season some later than Concord. Grown in the Southwest.
Hybrid. Texas.

Amber (Rommel's Amber). — Bunch long, shouldered, quite com-
pact; berry medium, oval, or oblong; color pale amber. Flesh
sweet, juicy, tender, vinous. Season, quite late. Commercial in
Ohio and Southeast to Georgia. Missouri. Riparia.

Amber Queen. — Bunch medium to large, shouldered; berry
large, round, or roundish oblong, amber-colored, but when mature
purple. Flesh tender, rich, very good; a good keeper. Commercial
in the Southeastern States. Labrusca.

Antoinette. — Bunch large, quite compact; berry large, white.
Flesh sweet, rich, with few seeds and but little of the foxy aroma of
the Labrusca. A vigorous, healthy, productive variety of the South
and in Ohio. Season, earlier than Concord. Labrusca.

August Giant. — Bunch very large, very long; stem strong, often
with short double shoulder; berry very large, oval or oblong. Flesh
juicy, high-flavored, vinous, half tender. Season, first of September.
A hybrid with vinifera that does well over a large part of the South
and fairly well in Michigan. New York.

Bacchus. — Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry small to
mediunij black, with blue bloom. Flesh juicy, sprightly, good when
fully ripe. Of Clinton type, mainly used in wine-making. New York.
Riparia.

Barry (Rogers' No. 43). — Bunch medium, compact, shouldered,
but it is wider than long;- berry large, round; color black, with blue
bloom. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; ripens
with Concord. Requires mixed planting. Massachusetts. Hybrid.

Bailey. — Bunch large to very large, roundish, often branched,
usually quite compact; berry large, black, with slight bloom. Flesh
firm, meaty, juicy, sprightly; quality very good. Grown to best
advantage in dry climates in the Southwest, where it does not mildew
or rot. Does best with mixed planting. Hybrid. Texas.

Beacon. — Bunch large, roundish, often shouldered, quite com-

372 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

pact; berry large, black, with heavy white bloom. Flesh juicy,
sprightly, tender; quality better than good. One of Munson's hybrids;
popular Southwest, and grown profitably in Missouri and South
Illinois. Does best with mixed planting. Texas.

Beauty. — Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry of size and
color of Catawba, oblong, well covered with lilac-colored bloom.
Flesh sweet, tender, delicious. In Georgia claimed to be as good in
quality as Delaware, and Hussman, of California, sustains this opinion.
A cross between Delaware and Maxatawney. Missouri.

Belvidere. — Bunch medium to large, cylindrical, shouldered, quite
compact; berry medium size, round, black, with light blue bloom.
Flesh quite tender, greenish, sweet, juicy; quality good. Season,
early September in Michigan and Ohio. Of the Hartford type, but
better in quality. Labrusca.

Berckmans. — Bunch medium, round, compact; berry round,
dark wine color. Flesh juicy, vinous, rich, tender, very good. A
cross between Clinton and Delaware much grown in Maryland and
Southeast to Georgia. Georgia.

Bertha. — Bunch medium to large, compact, shouldered; berry
medium to large, round; skin green and yellow. Flesh quite firm,
meaty, juicy, sweet, with slight trace of muskiness, but it makes
fine white wine and is very good for dessert or market. Illinois.

Black Eagle. — Bunch large, long, shouldered, not very compact;
berry roundish oval, black, with some blue bloom. Flesh greenish,
vinous, high-flavored, with tender pulp, but not very juicy. Does
well in Michigan, also East and South to Maryland. New York.
Hybrid.

Black Defiance. — Bunch large to very large ; berry larger than
Concord, black, with fine bloom. Flesh sweet, vinous, juicy, good
to very good. Season, three weeks later than Concord. Only grown
where Catawba and Herbemont ripen properly. Profitable South.
New York. Hybrid.

Brighton. — Bunch medium to large, shouldered — sometimes
doubly — quite compact; berries medium to large; color when ripe
dark crimson or brownish red. Flesh rich, sweet, refreshing, with
tender flesh to the center, very good to best. Requires mixed plant-
ing. New York. Hybrid.

Brilliant. — Bunch large, conical, shouldered, quite compact;
berry medium to large, roundish; color brownish black. Flesh

THE AMERICAN GRAPES.

373

sweet, juicv, vinous, with very tender pulp; quality very good; ripens
in advances of Concord. A new hybrid variety that has advanced
rapidly across the States. Texas.

Brighton. (Reduced).

Campbell Early. — Bunch large, roundish, shouldered, quite
compact; berry large, nearly round, black, with blue bloom. Flesh
meaty, very tender, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, without foxiness,
quality very good for dessert or market. Season of Moore Early, but
a good keeper. Ohio. Labrusca.

Carman. — Bunch large to very large, shouldered, conical, very
compact; berry medium, round, black, with thin bloom. Flesh
meaty, firm, yet tender when ripe, pure, and rich in quality, very
good. Popular in West Texas and New Mexico. Texas. Hybrid.

Catawba. — Bunch medium, shouldered, not very compact; berry
quite large, roundish, often oval; color pale red, with deeper red in the
sun, and lilac-colored bloom. Flesh pulpy, juicy, sweet, with rich
but slightly musky flavor; when fully ripe quality very good. Sea-
son, too late for the North, yet it is grown southeast of Lake Erie for
wine-making. North Carolina. Origin, uncertain.

374 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Centennial. — Bunch medium, compact, usually shouldered; berry
round; color transparent red, with thin white bloom. Flesh sweet,
vinous, refreshing; quality very good for dessert or wine. Season of
Concord; a fine keeper; becoming commercial. New York. Hybrid.

Champion. — Bunch medium, compact; berries medium in size,
roundish; color black; quality low, yet on account of vigor of vine,
showy fruit, and heavy bearing it is extensively grown for market.
Season, one week earlier than Hartford. Labrusca.

Clinton. — Bunch medium, shouldered, long, narrow, compact;
berry round, small to medium, black, covered with thick bloom.
Flesh juicy, quite acid, with some coarseness of pulp, but when fully
ripe with brisk vinous flavor. This old variety has been found by
Mr. Ricketts and others valuable in breeding better varieties. Riparia.

Colerain. — Bunch medium, shouldered, fairly compact; berry
medium, round; color light greenish yellow, with thin white bloom.
Flesh rich, pure flavored, sweet, with vinous aroma. Is said to be
a Concord seedling, and that the vine is as hardy as the parent. Ohio.

Concord. — Bunch quite large, compact, shouldered; berry large,
roundish, almost black, with bloom. Flesh somewhat buttery, juicy,
sweet,with some toughness and acidity of center. Its hardiness of
vine, perfect foliage, heavy bearing, and attractiveness has extended
its commercial planting widely. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Cottage. — Bunch small, shouldered if well grown; berry size of
Concord, round; color black, with bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, and in
the dry air of the West better than Concord. Season several days
earlier than its parent the Concord. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Croton. — Bunch medium, shouldered, not very compact; berry
small to medium; color light greenish yellow. Flesh juicy, sweet,
sprightly, rich, very good. Season, same as Hartford Prolific. Com-
mercial in the Southeastern States. New York. Hybrid.

Cynthiana (Red River). — Bunch medium, shouldered, compact;
berry below medium, black, with blue bloom, sweet, vinous: juice
dark red, very rich. Much like Norton's Virginia, but better in quality.
Grown in Missouri and the Southwest. Arkansas. ^Estivalis.

Delaware. — Bunch small, very compact, and usually shouldered;
berry small, round; color handsome light red. Flesh rich, vinous,
sweet, aromatic, delicious; quality best. Grown commercially in
several States, East, West, and South. Origin, uncertain.

Diamond (Moore1 s Diamond). — Bunch long, shouldered, quite

Concord .

376

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Delaware.

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 377

compact ; berry round ; color greenish white, with white bloom. Flesh
juicy, vinous, tender; seeds two to four; quality very good. A
sister of the Brighton that has become commercial in several States.
New York. Hybrid.

Diana. — Bunch large, very compact, irregularly shouldered by
cluster on one side; color light wine; bloom light gray. Flesh whitish,
mild, vinous, pleasant, with slight foxiness that disappears when kept.
Only locally grown, mostly at the South. Massachusetts. Hybrid.

Downing. — Bunch large to very large, long, conical, somewhat
shouldered, quite compact; berry medium to large, long, oval, black,
with slight blue bloom. Flesh tender, greenish amber-colored, quite
juicy, meaty, sweet, quite rich, good. New York. Hybrid.

Dracut Amber. — Bunch large, compact, usually shouldered; berry
large, round. Flesh juicy, quite tender, but foxy; yet it is grown
for market more extensively than Diana, as when kept for some time
after picking, it vastly improves in flavor. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Duchess. — Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact; berry
medium in size, roundish oval; color greenish yellow when ripe;
at the West the color is bright yellow with light bloom. Flesh tender,
juicy, sweet, very good to best. A good keeper. Grown largely
South and in Colorado. New York. Hybrid.

Early Dawn. — Bunch medium long, shouldered; berry round,
black, with heavy bloom. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, very good;
matures early, and keeps and ships well. Prized in Maryland and
the Southeastern States, but has been neglected farther North. New
York. Hybrid.

Early Ohio. — Bunch larger than Moore Early, compact, heavy;
berry medium size, black, with heavy blue bloom. Flesh firm,
sprightly, subacid; quality fair to good. It ripens a week in advance
of Moore Early, which has made it commercial in Ohio and other
States southeast of the lakes. Hybrid.

Eaton. — Bunch large, roundish, shouldered, quite compact;
berry large, round, black, with dense blue bloom. Flesh half tender,
vinous, juicy; seeds few; good. As grown North not quite as good
as Concord, but South it acquires more grape sugar, and the very large
bunches are salable. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Eclipse. — Bunch large, double - shouldered, not very compact;
berry large. Flesh tender, rich, sweet, vinous, very good. A white

378 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

variety grown in Ohio and much prized in some localities. Labrusca
cross.

Eldorado. — Bunch large; berry medium, white, high - flavored,
tender, juicy, with very few seeds, very good. Season of Moore
Early, and much prized in South Ohio. A cross of Concord and
Allen's Hybrid. New York.

Eaton. (Reduced).

Elvira. — Bunch medium, shouldered, very compact; berry small
to medium, round; color pale green, with yellow shade at the West.
Flesh tender, sweet, and free from foxiness, good. Succeeds best
west of the lakes where the dry air does not favor rot. In Colorado
it is grown as a wine grape. Missouri. Riparia.

Empire State. — Bunch long, large, usually shouldered; berry
small to medium, round ; color light green or white, tinged with yellow;
and covered with white bloom. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly,
without foxiness; a good keeper. A new variety, rapidly coming
into general cultivation. New York. Hybrid.

Etta. — Bunch large, shouldered, fairly compact; berry quite
large, white, with yellowish bloom. Flesh juicy, vinous, rich, very
good. This is one of Rommel's best white varieties as grown west of
the lakes. Missouri. Riparia,

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 379

Eumelan. — Bunch quite large, compact, shouldered; berry
medium in size, roundish; color purple or bluish black, with some
bloom. Flesh tender, melting, and soft to the center; quality very
good. A home variety mainly. East of the lakes and in the South-
west. New York. ^Estivalis.

Eureka. — Bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry medium,
oval, red. Flesh rich, sweet, sprightly, vinous; very good. A
seedling of Isabella, prized in Ohio and South where it has been
tested. Labrusca.

Excelsior. — Bunch large to very large, often double-shouldered;
berry medium to large, roundish oval; color pale red. Flesh sweet,
vinous, rich aromatic, with muscat flavor; ripens late. Will have
its best record where the Herbemont ripens fully. New York. Hy-
brid.

Faith. — Bunch large, long, shouldered; berry small to medium;
color pale amber or white. Flesh juicy, sweet, pure flavored. Sea-
son as early as Hartford. One of Rommel's best white grapes; said to
be free from mildew and rot. Rather small for market and is used
mainly for wine-making. Missouri. Riparia.

Fern Munson. — Bunch medium to large, with long fruit peduncles;
berry medium to large, round; color purplish red to nearly black.
Flesh firm, very juicy, sprightly, with Catawba flavor. Season, late.
Does well in Texas and north to Missouri. Texas. Hybrid.

Gaertner (Rogers' No. 14). — Bunch large, shouldered; berry large,
purplish red, with thin skin. Flesh sweet, rich, aromatic, very good.
Season as early as Hartford. This variety of Rogers' hybrids has been
neglected, but is now coming into notice as one of the best and most
valuable. Massachusetts. Hybrid.

Geneva. — Bunch medium, roundish, rather loose; berry medium
to large, obovate to oval, white, or greenish white, with some white
bloom. Flesh half tender, greenish white, sweet, vinous; juice
colorless; quality good. Does well farther north, but is commercial
South.

Goethe (Rogers' No. 1). — Bunch medium to large, loose, shouldered;
berry large to very large, slightly oblong; color pale red when ripe.
Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, luscious; very good. Succeeds well in the
Southwest and in Colorado where it escapes rot. Requires mixed
planting. Massachusetts. Hybrid.

Gold Coin. — Bunch medium or above, ovate, shouldered, fairly

380 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

compact; berry large, globular, yellowish, with tough skin. Flesh
juicy, sweet; quality very good. A cross between Norton and Martha,
much prized in the South. Texas.

Golden Gem. — Bunch medium in size, roundish, shouldered, quite
compact; berries small, round; color rich golden, with delicate white
bloom. Flesh light green, half tender, juicy, very sweet; quality
very good to best. A cross of Delaware and lona too small for
market but delicious for home use where the Delaware proves profita-
ble. New York. Hybrid.

Greins Golden. — Bunch medium, with long stem, compact, regular;
berry large as Concord, round, brownish yellow, very juicy, free from
foxiness, quite acid; quality good. A probable cross of Riparia and
Labrusca. Missouri.

Hartford. — Bunch long, fairly compact, shouldered; berry me-
dium to large, round; color black, with blue bloom. Flesh whitishi
vinous, juicy, good. An old variety that has made slow commercial
progress on account of dropping its fruit. Connecticut. Labrusca.

Hayes. — Bunch medium, roundish, shouldered, compact; berries
medium, round; color greenish white, or at the West yellow amber,
with dense whitish bloom. Flesh juicy, subacid, vinous, with rather
tough center; quality very good. Season, earlier than Concord.
Grown mostly in the Eastern, Southern, and Mountain States. Massa-
chusetts. Labrusca.

Herbemont. — Bunch large, heavy, compact, shouldered; berry
below medium, black, with blue bloom; skin filled with sweet, rich,
aromatic juice, with but trifling show of pulp. A Southern variety
widely grown for home dessert use and wine-making. Origin, un-
certain.

Herbert (Rogers' No. 44). — Bunch medium to large, roundish,
shouldered, quite compact; berry large, round; color black, with
blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, tender, pleasantly flavored;
seeds large. Needs mixed planting. Quite widely grown. Massa-
chusetts. Hybrid.

Highland.— Bunch large, long, shouldered, rather loose; berry
large, round, black, with blue bloom. Flesh greenish white, juicy,
sweet, tender, good. Season, quite late. A favorite in Maryland
and west to South Missouri. New York. Hybrid.

Ideal.— Bunch medium to large, compact, usually shouldered;
berry large, round, bright wine-red in color. Flesh tender, juicy,

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 381

sprightly, pure flavored; quality very good. A seedling of Delaware
of much promise in the South, and brief trials farther North are
favorable. Missouri.

lona. — Bunches large, shouldered, not very compact; berry
medium to large, round; color pale, becoming darker at full maturity,
with bluish white bloom. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous,
quality nearly best. Grown quite widely, but in a small way. New
York. Labrusca.

Irving. — Bunch very large, shouldered, compact; berry larger
than Concord, yellowish white in color, tinged with pink when fully
ripe. Flesh vinous, sweet, but not rich in flavor. Season, later than
Isabella, hence it is mainly grown in the South. A hybrid of Con-
cord crossed with White Frontignan. New York.

Isabella. — Bunch quite large, shouldered, rather loose; berry
large, oval ; color dark purple, and nearly black when fully ripe, with
blue bloom. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, with trace of muski-
ness; quality very good. Oldest American grape of good quality,
and still largely planted in Colorada, Utah, and other States with
quite long seasons. South Carolina.

Isabella Regia. — Of this variety, now grown in California, Prof.
Hilgard says: "A remarkable giant-leaved and very prolific sport
of the Isabella, originating by bud-variation with Mr. J. P. Pierce of
Santa Clara. The berries, like the leaves, are of extraordinary size,
and when ripe the fruit is exceedingly sweet and strongly aromatic.
It is therefore accepted as a showy perfumed table grape on the west
coast. The berries are too soft for shipment to any distance, but, all
things considered, keep fairly well." This has proven profitable east
of the mountains, where the Isabella thrives, so far as tested.

Ives (Ives' Seedling}. — Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry
medium, roundish oval; color black. Flesh sweet, pulpy, and quite
foxy until fully ripe. It has proven most profitable as a market
variety in New Jersey and South, where the seasons are long enough
to ripen it fully. When fully ripe it also is used extensively in wine-
making. Labrusca.

Jaeger, Herman. — Bunch large to very large, shouldered, conical,
very compact; berry small to medium, black. Flesh tender, vinous,
quite rich; seeds separate easily from pulp; quality better than
Concord. One of Munson's crosses that requires a dry climate.
Texas.

lona.

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 383

Janesville. — Bunch medium to large, short, shouldered, com-
pact; berries medium to large, round, black, with slight blue bloom.
Flesh greenish, tender, vinous; quality rather poor. The hardiness,
vigor, and productiveness of the vine has led to its extended planting,
especially far North. Wisconsin. Hybrid.

Jefferson. — Bunch large, short, shouldered, quite compact; berry
medium size, round, wine-colored, with slight blue bloom. Flesh
tender, light amber color, sprightly, vinous; seeds quite large; very
good. A noted home variety, and is commercial in the Southeastern
States. New York. Labrusca.

Jessica. — Bunch medium, roundish, shouldered, quite compact;
berry medium to large, round, white to golden yellow in color, with
some whitish bloom. Flesh tender, green, very sweet, juicy, good.
Is prized as a home variety, but as yet not much grown for market.
Canada. Hybrid.

Jewell. — Bunch small, roundish, shouldered, quite compact; berry
small, round, black, with blue bloom. Flesh a little tough, whitish,
vinous, sprightly, juicy; quality good. A thrifty hardy produc-
tive vine, and by many regarded the best, purest flavored early
black variety. Missouri. Hybrid.

Lady. — Bunch medium, oblong, somewhat conical, slightly shoul-
dered, fairly compact; berry medium to large, white or greenish
yellow, with some whitish bloom. Flesh tender, vinous, juicy;
quality good. Season, earlier than Concord. An amateur variety
mainly, but is grown commercially in some sections. Ohio. La-
brusca.

Laussel. — Bunch medium, ovate, compact; berry medium, round;
color purplish, nearly black. Flesh firm, juicy, sprightly, sweet,
good. One of Munson's hybrids, prized in the Southwest. Texas.
Hybrid.

Lenoir (Black Spanish). — Bunch medium to large, shouldered if
well grown; berry small, round, dark purple, nearly black, with
light bloom. Flesh tender, without pulp, juicy, sweet, vinous.
Grown South for dessert use and making red wine of exquisite
flavor. It is also .grown in Europe for wine-making. North Carolina.
^Estivalis.

Lindley (Rogers' No. 7). — Bunch large, long, quite compact;
berry medium, round, color pale, with violet bloom. Flesh sweet,
juicy, high-flavored, very good. Needs mixed planting. Planted
well across the continent. Massachusetts. Hybrid,

384 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Lucille. — Bunch and berry of size of Worden; color red. Season,
between Moore Early and Worden. A new variety, coming forward
in States east of the lakes, of much promise.

Lutie. — Bunch medium, rather long, roundish, very compact;
berry large, round, pale to dark red, with thin bloom. Flesh quite
tender, juice uncolored, with foxy odor; quality quite low. Con-
siderably grown in Southeastern States. Tennessee. Labrusca.

Martha.^Buch medium, shouldered, compact; berry medium to
large, roundish, greenish yellow, with bloom. Flesh sweet, juicy, and
usually regarded better than Concord. A seedling of Concord, and is
about the same in season. Grown quite largely for market east of
lakes and Southeast. Missouri. Labrusca.

Massasoit (Rogers' No. 3). — Bunch medium, shouldered, rather
loose; berry large, round; color claret red. Season, in advance of Con-
cord. Flesh light-colored, juicy, vinous, with tender center. Grown
east of the lakes. Requires mixed planting. Massachusetts. Hy-
brid.

Matchless. — Bunch very large, compact; berry large to very large.
Flesh pure, sweet, sprightly, vinous, very good. Season, as early as
Jewell. A new variety, with good record in Ohio.

Merrimac (Rogers' No. 19). — Bunch medium, rather short and
round; color black, with some blue bloom. Flesh greenish white,
juicy, vinous, half tender, sweet; quality very good. Needs mixed
planting. Grown east of lakes and in Kansas and Colorado. Mas-
sachusetts. Hybrid.

Me Pike. — Bunch large, even, long, shouldered, compact; berry
very large, roundish, black, and covered with a rich bloom. Flesh
sweet, juicy, rather rich, vinous, good. A seedling of Worden, suc-
ceeding well in the West and where tested. Illinois. Labrusca.

Mills. — Bunch large, long, shouldered, quite compact; berry
medium to large, round, black, with light blue bloom. Flesh light
green, vinous, rich, quite juicy, very good. Season, early October.
A good keeper and a shipper of high quality. Ontario, Canada.
Hybrid.

Missouri Reisling. — Bunch medium, shouldered, quite compact;
berry below medium, round, greenish white. Flesh or pulp nearly
absent. Like the Herbemont, it is, as A. J. Downing once said, " a, bag
of wine." Quality good for the table or the making of white wine.
Missouri. Riparia.

THE AMERICAN GRAPES.

385

Monroe. — Bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium to large,
round, black. Flesh vinous, sprightly, good. Season of Hartford.

Mart'..a.

Has been favorably reported in many sections as hardy, free from
mildew, and a good bearer. New York. Labrusca.

386 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Montefiore. — Bunch small to medium, compact, often shouldered;
berry medium, round, black with blue bloom. Flesh melting, vinous,
sweet, with pleasing aroma and flavor. Somewhat later than Concord.
Grown for dessert and red wine in the South. Missouri. Riparia.

Moore Early, — Bunch somewhat smaller than that of Concord,
roundish conical, rarely shouldered, quite compact; berry large, round,
black, with thin bloom. Flesh vinous, juicy, with rather firm center,
and slight foxiness; quality good. Season in advance of Concord.
Needs longer pruning than most other varieties. Popular in nearly
all the States. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Moyer. — Much like Delaware in bunch and berry, but its color is
darker red. Flesh greenish, pleasant, vinous, juicy; quality very
good. Season, very early. Double-starred east of lakes and valued
in many localities. Canada, Hybrid.

Muench. — Bunch above medium, shouldered, compact; berry
medium, round; color black. Flesh tender, sweet, rich; quality
nearly best. A new variety, coming forward rapidly in the South.
Texas. Hybrid.

Naomi. — Bunch very large, shouldered; berry medium, roundish
oval, pale green, often with red in the sun, and covered with white
bloom. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, sprightly; quality very good.
Season, that of Concord. A hybrid of Clinton and Muscat; mainly
grown for home use. New York.

Nectar. — Bunch medium to large, usually shouldered, quite
compact; berry round, black. Flesh juicy, vinous, sprightly; quality
very good. Grown commercially east of the lakes and does well in
the South. New York. Hybrid.

Niagara. — Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry large to very
large, round, or slightly oblong; color yellowish white. Flesh juicy,
vinous, sprightly; quality good to very good. Commercial in several
States. New York. A cross between Concord and Cassady.

Noah. — Bunch medium, shouldered, quite compact; berry
medium, round, pale yellow, with white bloom. Flesh with rather
firm pulp, very sweet; quality fair to good. Now mainly planted for
wine-making in this country and Europe. A seedling of Taylor.
Illinois.

Norton Virginia. — Bunch medium, shouldered, quite compact;
berry small; round; color dark purple. Flesh tender, pulpy, vinous;

Moore Early. Reduced.

(To *ace vage 386.)

Niagara. Reduced.

(To face page 387.)

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 387

pleasant, yet with something of a harsh flavor. Mainly grown for
wine-making at the South and Southwest. Virginia. ^Estivalis.

Olita. — Bunch small, roundish, shouldered, quite compact;
berry medium to large, roundish; color greenish, with whitish bloom.
Flesh pale, tender, sweet, juicy, very good. Grown mostly in the
South. Texas.

Oneida. — Bunch small, roundish, shouldered, quite compact;
berry quite large, round, light wine-colored, with lilac bloom. Flesh
whitish, very tender, sweet, pleasant; quality good. Season, last of
September. Does well around the lakes and in Southeastern States.
New York. Hybrid.

Ozark. — Bunch large, roundish, shouldered, quite compact; berry
medium, round, black, with light blue bloom. Flesh half tender,
meaty, vinous; quality good in Ohio and the southwest. Kansas.
^Estivalis.

Paragon. — Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry large,
roundish, tender, sweet, rich, vinous, without central pulp, very
good. Season of Concord. Grown in Ohio for table use and near
market.

Peabody. — Bunch medium, roundish, fairly compact; berries me-
dium to large, oval, black, with some blue bloom. Flesh tender,
greenish, juicy, quite acid; quality fair to good. Season, early Sep-
tember. Grown in Ohio and east of lakes. New York. Vulpina.

Pearl. — Bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry medium, round,
pale yellow, with delicate bloom. Flesh soft, melting, juicy, sweet,
high-flavored. Ripens somewhat later than Concord. Quite exten-
sively grown for table use and wine. Missouri. Riparia.

Perfection. — Bunch long, shouldered, compact; berry medium;
color light red; sweet, sprightly, vinous. Season, early. Grown
in Ohio mainly. Labrusca cross.

Perkins. — Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact; berry
medium, roundish oblong; color greenish white, followed by pale lilac
or reddish shade, with thin white bloom. Flesh pulpy, sweet, juicy,
with thick skin. Widely grown on account of hardiness of vine and
heavy bearing. Massachusetts. Labrusca.

Peter Wylie. — Bunch medium to large, compact, often shouldered ;
berry medium, golden yellow when fully ripe. Flesh meaty, rich,
vinous, very good. The delicious Muscat flavor is hardly equalled

388 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

by any American variety. Does well where tested in Virginia and
the South. A Hybrid, produced in North Carolina.

Pocklington. — Bunch large and showy, roundish, very compact;
berry large, pale green, with yellow tinge, covered with whitish bloom.
Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with little central pulp. At the South
when fully ripe said to be better than Concord, as it has more foxiness
in smell than in taste. Quite widely planted, for market mainly.
New York. Labrusca.

Poughkeepsie Red. — Bunch medium, roundish, shouldered, very
compact; berry medium, round, wine-colored, with slight lilac bloom.
Flesh tender, yellowish green, vinous, sprightly, with uncolored
juice. In Ohio claimed to be as good as Delaware, and that it ripens
well and keeps well. A cross of lona and Delaware. New York.

Prentiss. — Bunch large, roundish, compact; berry medium to
large, roundish oval, greenish white to pale yellow, with some white
bloom. Flesh light green, vinous, rich, fairly juicy; quality good.
Season, last of September; fruit keeps well. New York. Labrusca.

Rebecca. — Bunch roundish, heavy, compact, often shouldered;
berry medium, oval, light green, with yellow cheek, and a light bloom.
Flesh juicy, sweet, delicious. Season, a little later than Concord.
Regarded east of lakes and South one of the best dessert varieties.
New York. Labrusca.

Red Giant. — Bunch medium, compact; berry very large, reaching
in Texas one and one-quarter inches in diameter; color dark red.
Flesh tender, sweet, agreeable, but with some muskiness. Needs
mixed planting. A success in the Southwest. Pennsylvania. Hy-
brid.

Salem (Rogers' No. 22). — Bunch medium, roundish, shouldered,
compact; berry large to very large, round; color chestnut red, with
some blue bloom. Flesh juicy, vinous, sprightly, quality good.
A commercial variety in dry climates of the West where free from
rot. Massachusetts. Hybrid.

Senasqua.— Bunch medium to large, often shouldered, compact;
berry medium to large, roundish; color black, with blue bloom.
Flesh firm, meaty, juicy, vinous, rich, very good. Grown in Ohio,
and is profitable on certain soils and over the South. But the bunch
is so compact that it is quite subject to rot except in dry climates.
New York. Hybrid.

Superb. — A popular dessert and market variety, grown in North

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 389

Rebecca.

390 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Salem.

THE AMERICAN GRAPES, 391

Carolina and Kentucky, described, "Berry round, very large; color
black; quality very good to best." Season, medium to late. Use,
dessert and market. Georgia.

Superior. — Bunch medium, compact; berry medium, tender,
sweet, vinous; quality very good to best. Season, early. Said to be
free from rot and mildew. Ohio.

Telegraph. — Bunch large to very large, roundish, shouldered,
very compact; berry medium to large, roundish oval, black, with blue
bloom. Flesh white, sprightly, vinous, juicy, with slight aroma. As
grown in Iowa the pulp is not tough as in Michigan, but is good in
quality, and the same is true in Southern Ohio. Season, early.
Pennsylvania. Labrusca.

Triumph. — Bunch very large, long, shouldered, compact; berry
large to very large, roundish oval; color pale green to golden yellow,
with delicate whitish bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, vinous, rich,
tender, very good. Ripens late, hence does best in the South. Ohio.
Hybrid.

Ulster. — Bunch medium to large, roundish, compact ; berry large,
round, color red, with blue bloom. Flesh greenish, tender, vinous,
rich; quality very good. Quality and tenderness are not desirable
for distant marketing, hence the Ulster is planted mainly for home
use where the seasons are long enough to ripen it. New York. Hy-
brid.

Vergennes. — Bunch medium to large, quite long, slightly shoul-
dered, compact; berry large, oval; color amber red, with grayish
bloom. Flesh greenish, tender, vinous, rich, very good. A Ver-
mont variety now widely planted. Labrusca.

Victor (Early Victor}. — Bunch medium, quite compact, usually
shouldered; berry medium, roundish; color black with blue bloom.
Flesh juicy, vinous, pulpy, quite rich; quality very good. Season,
early. A Kansas variety, as yet most extensively grown in Canada.
Labrusca.

Victoria. — Bunch large, roundish, shouldered, quite compact;
berry medium to large, roundish oval, white, with some whitish
bloom. Flesh greenish, half tender, sweet, vinous, quite rich, juicy,
slightly foxy; quality good. Season, September. Is much prized in
Ohio. Kentucky. Labrusca.

Warder (Dr. Warder). — Bunch large, shouldered; berry large,
round, greenish yellow. Flesh sweet, rich, very good. One of

392 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Theophile Huber's seedlings, as yet not widely grown. Illinois.
Labrusca.

Washington (Lady Washington). — Bunch large to very large,
shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, round; color light yellow,
with tinge of pink in the sun and thin whitish bloom. Flesh soft,
tender, juicy, vinous, subacid; quality very good. Season, that of
Concord. Grown mainly South and in Colorado and Utah. New
York. Hybrid.

White Jewell. — Bunch medium, long, very compact; berry me-
dium, white. Flesh juicy, sweet, sprightly, very good. Said to be
the earliest white grape grown in Ohio, and to be free from rot and
mildew.

Wilder (Rogers' No. 4). — Bunch medium to large, conical, shoul-
dered; berry very large, round; color black, with blue bloom. Flesh
greenish, with amber shading. Flesh juicy, vinous, pleasantly fla-
vored; quality very good. Requires mixed planting. Massachusetts.
Hybrid.

Wilding. — Bunch medium, loose, shouldered; berry full, medium
in size, round; color pale green, nearly white when mature. Flesh
juicy, sweet, tender, and with little trace of central pulp, very good.
A fine home and dessert variety, doing well East, South, and West.
Grown for wine in the South. Missouri. A cross of Riparia and
Labrusca.

Willie Bell. — Bunch medium, fairly compact, shouldered; berry
medium, round, pale yellowish green in color. Flesh firm, meaty,
nearly sweet, pure flavor, very good to best. A cross of Elvira and
Delaware that is giving a fine record where tested in the South and as
far north as Ohio. Texas. Hybrid.

Winchell (Green Mountain). — Bunch medium, long, quite com-
pact, shouldered; berry small, round; color greenish white, with
slight bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good. A Ver-
mont variety that has met with favor in several States, including
Iowa. Hybrid.

Witt. — Bunch medium to large; berry large, roundish oval,
greenish white, with white bloom. Flesh melting, tender, rich,
sweet, and sprightly, very good. A new. Ohio variety that is giving
great satisfaction where tested. Hybrid.

Woodruff (Woodruff Red). — Bunch large to very large, shouldered,
roundish; berry round, red, with some bloom. Flesh whitish, juicy,

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 393

subacid, good. This variety succeeds best in the dry air of the
West and Southwest. Michigan. Hybrid.

Worden. — Bunch large, long, shouldered, compact; berry round;
color black, with blue bloom. Flesh greenish, pulpy, vinous, juicy,
pleasantly flavored, good to very good. West of the lakes it is much
richer in flavor than the Concord. Does well in nearly all the States.
New York. Labrusca.

Wyoming (Wyoming Red}. — Bunch rather small, compact and
handsome; berry medium in size, red, but brighter than Delaware.
Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with some native aroma. Season, earlier
than Delaware. Commercial in Maryland and the Southeast. La-
brusca.

FOREIGN OR VINIFERA VARIETIES OF THE GRAPE.

Alexandria (Muscat of Alexandria). — Bunch large, long, loose
shouldered; stalk long; berry large, oval, greenish yellow, changing
to pale amber, with thin white bloom. Flesh firm, breaking, sweet,
rich, with Muscat flavor. Grown in extreme South, on the lower
Rio Grande, and in New Mexico and Arizona. Africa.

Almeria. — Bunch large, irregular conical, often shouldered and
branched; berry variable in size, roundish, flattened at ends. Flesh
firm, not very juicy, and with neutral flavor. A remarkable keeping
and shipping variety, doing well in the hot interior valleys of the
Southwest, especially in Arizona.

Black Hamburg. — Bunch very large, broadly shouldered, conical;
berry large, roundish oval ; color blue black, covered with blue bloom.
Flesh firm but tender, very juicy, rich, sugary, very good to best.
Grown in Southwest Texas, New Mexico, and on the west coast.
Germany.

Black Malvoise. — Bunch large, quite loose, branching; berry very
large, oblong; color reddish black, with faint bloom. Flesh juicy,
rather rich, vinous, and pleasant flavored. Grown as a table grape
in Arizona, Southwest Texas, and on west coast.

Black Prince. —Bunch long, large, usually not shouldered; berry
large, oval; color purplish black, with thick blue bloom. Flesh white
or greenish, tender, very juicy, sugary; quality high. Prized in
South Colorado, Arizona, and extreme Southwest Texas. Europe.

Calabrian. — Bunch very large, long, tapering, often one foot in
length, slightly shouldered; berry large, round, yellowish, quite

394 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

transparent. Flesh quite firm, sweet, good. An Italian variety,
doing well in the dry climate of extreme Southwest Texas and South
Mississippi.

Early Black (Madeleine). — Bunch medium, compact; berry round,
black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh quite sweet but not rich.
Grown in Arizona on account of its extreme earliness; also on the
west coast.

Griesa. — Bunch very large, compound, nearly as large as Cala-
brian; berry very large, purplish black, meaty, juicy, very good.
Does well in Central and Southwestern Texas and Mississippi. Italy.

Golden Champion. — Bunch eight to nine inches long, ovate in
shape, shouldered, and with thick fleshy stalk; berry very large,
one and three-eighths inches long and one and one-eighth inches wide;
color pale yellow and amber when ripe. Flesh firm, very juicy. Does
well in Southwest Texas. England.

Lombardy. (Flame Tokay). — Bunch very large, shouldered, com-
pact, handsome, often weighing seven pounds; berry large, roundish
oval; skin pale red or flame color. Flesh firm, sweet, well-flavored,
but not high, yet good in warm climates. Grown in New Mexico,
Arizona, and extreme Southwest Texas; also on west coast. Europe.

Malaga (Muscat St. Laurent) . — Bunch long, loose, shouldered, but
often compact and roundish; berry roundish oval; color greenish
yellow. Flesh very tender, melting, juicy, with Muscat flavor. Does
well in Central and Southwestern Texas and New Mexico. Spain.

Millennium. — Bunch large to very large, oval ; berry light-colored,
juicy, sprightly. Does well in Southwestern Texas. Hungary.

Mission. — Bunch large, somewhat shouldered, rather loose on
account of being divided into several small lateral clusters; berry
medium, round, purple or black, with heavy bloom. Flesh sweet,
juicy, delicious. As a dessert variety preferred by many to the
firmer-fleshed vinifera varieties. Does well in Southwest Texas and
Arizona, also in California where it originated.

Morocco (Black Morocco). — Bunch very large, loose, shouldered;
berry not uniform in size, ranging from medium and round to large
and oval; color black when fully ripe. Flesh firm, sweet, high-
flavored; late in season. The small berries are seedless, and the
larger ones have usually one seed. Grown in New Mexico, Arizona,
and on the west coast. Europe.

Sultana (Seedless Sultana). — Bunch large with heavy shoulders

THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 395

or wings, usually quite compacted under culture in Arizona; berry
small, round, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, and destitute of seeds
in Arizona, but often has seeds in California.

Sweetwater (White Sweetwater). — Bunch medium, loose, shouldered ;
berry large, round, with thin skin, showing the veins of the flesh;
color white, with thin bloom. .Flesh tender, watery, sweet, delicate.
Grown in South Colorado, Oregon, and Arizona. Europe.

Thompson (Seedless) . — Bunch large to very large, shouldered or
branched, quite compact; berry medium to small, oval, greenish
yellow, very sweet when used for dessert or drying, and wholly seedless.
As tested by the writer the fruit is better in Arizona than in the
moister air of the west coast. Turkestan.

Violet Chasselas (Red Chasselas). — Bunch medium, loose, rarely
compact, shouldered, with long reddish peduncles; berry medium,
round, red or violet, with violet bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, delicious
as grown in extreme Southwestern Texas and Arizona. Europe.

White Carnichon. — Bunch medium, round, rather loose; berry
very long and narrow, often one and one-half inches long, tapering to
both ends; color yellowish green, covered quite heavily with white
bloom. Flesh firm, sweet; in warm climates delicious. Grown in
Arizona, Southwest Texas, and on the west coast. Europe.

AMERICAN SMALL FEUITS.

THE RASPBERRY.

CHAPTER XVIII of Part I gives an outline of the origin of American
varieties, the leading species from which they have been developed,
the propagation of the different classes, culture, manuring, and
winter protection. For reasons given in that connection the varieties
are described under the following groups or classes:

(1) The Blackcap Varieties.

(2) Purple Cane Varieties.

(3) American Red Varieties.

(4) European Red Varieties.

BLACKCAP FAMILY (Rubus occidentalis) .

This native species is very distinct in habit, character of fruit, and
method of propagation from the tips (243). It is so distinct that
it has no near relatives except the type known as Rubus leucodermis,
found in the mountains of California, Arizona, and Utah, which only
differs materially in the vine-colored fruit.

LEADING BLACKCAP VARIETIES.

Ada. — Large, jet black; quality good. In New Jersey and Ohio;
said to bloom later than most other varieties, and hence is a sure
cropper. Season, some later than Gregg.

Carman. — Medium to large, black; season of Tyler, but more
inclined to dwarf habit; quality said to be superior to most black-
caps. Connecticut.

Conrath. — Large to very large, roundish ovate; color jet black,
with whitish bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, quite rich, very good. Season,
early. A new variety of great promise. Michigan.

Cumberland. — Very large, roundish ovate; color shining black.

396

THE RASPBERRY. 397

Flesh firm, juicy, and sweet, one of the best in quality of its class.
Rapidly coming into favor in Michigan and the East.

Doolittle (American Improved) . — Medium, roundish, black. Flesh
firm, juicy, with pleasant subacid flavor, good. One of the oldest
of its class, and is yet widely grown. New York.

Ada.

Earhart. — Medium, roundish; color jet black, with shining
gloss. Flesh juicy, mildly acid, good. Season, early; often gives
a light crop in autumn. Illinois.

Eureka. — Medium to large, roundish, black. Flesh quite firm,
juicy, good. Season, quite early. Double-starred in several States.
Ohio.

Green. — Large, glossy black ; quality good. Season, early. Grown
as a market variety in Western New York. New York.

Gregg (Western Triumph}. — Large, roundish oblate, with gray
bloom. Flesh quite firm, fairly juicy. Season, rather late. One of
the old varieties, widely grown. Indiana.

Hilborn. — Large, roundish oblate, black, with glossy expression
and gray bloom. Flesh firm, quite juicy, sweet. A favorite across
the continent. Ontario, Canada.

398 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Hopkins.— Medium to large, round, black, with some bloom.
Flesh soft; flavor pleasant; a good shipper. Originated near Kansas
City, Missouri, and now commercial in several States.

Gregg.

Johnson Sweet (Key Prolific). — Some smaller than Gregg, round-
ish; color jet black, without bloom; unusually sweet, juicy, and good.
In Ohio it is much grown for canning, as it is found to retain its
sweetness and flavor to a high degree. Arkansas.

Kansas. — Large, roundish; color shining black, with little bloom.
Flesh firm enough to ship well. Season, earlier than Gregg. A new
variety that has made rapid advances. Kansas.

Lotta. — Medium to large, round, black, with some bloom. Earlier
than Gregg and more productive. A leading commercial variety.
Kansas.

Lovett. — A trifle smaller than Gregg, jet black. Flesh firm,
sweet, with small seeds ; quality very good for the class. Season, early.
The canes are nearly thornless; much grown in Ohio and New Jersey.
Ohio.

McCormick (Mammoth Cluster). — Medium, roundish, black, with

THE RASPBERRY.

399

tinge of red, and some bloom. A popular old variety yet retained
in many sections. Indiana.

Mills (Mills' No. 15). — Medium, roundish. A seedling of Gregg,

Hilborn.

somewhat smaller but better in quality; in trying climates it has
not proven as hardy. New York.

Munger. — Large, very black, and the quality is said to be very

400

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Johnson Sweet.

Older.

THE RASPBERRY. . 401

good for the class. It is somewhat later than Gregg, and grown in
Ohio for canning and evaporating. Ohio.

Nemaha. — Large, roundish oblate, black, with some bloom. Flesh
firm, juicy, and better in quality than Gregg at the West. Popular
West and in New York. Nebraska.

Ohio (Alden). — Medium, roundish oblate, black, with considerable
bloom. Flesh quite firm, rather dry, and very seedy. Much grown
in localities where berries are dried, as it yields more dried fruit to the
bushel than other varieties. New York.

Older. — Large, roundish, black, shining, but without bloom.
Flesh juicy, firm, very good. Popular in the Western States. Iowa.

Palmer (Acme). — Large, roundish. In color and flesh it is much
like Tyler, but it has proven a better bearer, and has been widely
planted in a commercial way, especially at the West. Ohio.

Smith Prolific. — Very large for the species, jet black. Flesh
firm, sweet, very good. This is prized by growers for its stiff canes
with numerous laterals. Regarded specially valuable for drying
and canning in New Jersey and New York. New York.

Soubegan. — Medium to large, roundish, black, without bloom.
Season, early. An old variety, widely planted East and West. New
Hampshire.

Tyler. — Small to medium, shining black, much like Souhegan,
but it has been grown more extensively as it endures spring frosts
better. New York.

Winona. — Very large for its class, roundish; color glossy black.
Flesh firm, juicy. Season, early and it has proven a good shipper.
Ohio.

PURPLE-CANE VARIETIES (Rvbus neglectus).

In this division is included the varieties that appear to be inter-
mediate between the red and black species. But it is only a horti-
cultural division, as some that are included only propagate from
sprouts, while the true purple-cane varieties propagate from the
tips like the Shaffer and Ellisdale. See Section 244 of Part I.

Addison. — Medium to large, roundish: color brownish red. Flesh
firm, juicy, very good; roots from the tips, but fruit has red-raspberry
flavor. Is liked where known. Vermont.

Cardinal. — Large, red, soft, juicy, and better in quality than
Shaffer. A peculiar variety, as when young it propagates from the

402 • SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

tips, but later it develops suckers which load with fruit as if they were
subterranean stems of the parent plants. A satisfactory home variety.
Kansas.

Caroline. — Medium to large, roundish oblate; color salmon yellow.
Flesh soft, juicy, very good; rather soft yet much grown for home
use and near markets. New York.

Catawissa. — Size medium, round, somewhat flattened; color dark
reddish purple; quality very good. Still grown in New York and
Georgia. Pennsylvania.

Colossal. — A seedling of Shaffer, grown in Indiana, much like its
parent, but as grown in Iowa it has better color and endures drouth
much better. Indiana.

Columbian.— Large, roundish; color purple. Flesh firm, juicy,
subacid, good. Commercially grown in several States. New York.

Ellisdale. — Large, roundish oval; color light purple, with whitish
bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, rich; quality better than good. Canes are
strong, light red, and only propagate from the tip. A remarkable
variety that has been overlooked by planters and propagators, as it
wras propagated locally nearly forty years ago. Iowa.

Philadelphia. — Medium, roundish ; color dark crimson or purplish
red. Flesh quite soft, juicy, well-flavored, good. The true variety
has canes much thicker at the base and gradually decreasing in size
to the top. This is still valuable below the forty-second parallel
East and West. Pennsylvania.

Redfield. — Much like Shaffer in shape and color, but better in
quality. The canes are stocky, not liable to breaking in storms,
and it endures drouth much better than Shaffer. In Iowa this
variety is rapidly becoming commercial.

Reliance. — Large, roundish, or roundish oblate; color red or
crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, sprightly, good. Rapidly be-
coming commercial. New Jersey.

Sarah. — Large, round, garnet - colored, very juicy; quality very-
good. Season, later than its parent the Cuthbert. One of Professor
Saunders' valuable productions. Canada.

Shaffer (Shaffer's Colossal). — Large, roundish; color dark red or
dull purple. Flesh soft, quite acid, good; starred and double-starred
across the continent. It has the Blackcap habit, but the fruit is
much like the red varieties in color and flavor. New York.

THE RASPBERRY.

403

AMERICAN RED VARIETIES (Rubus strigosus}.

The red native varieties were in cultivation quite generally long
prior to the advent and culture of the Blackcaps. It is very similar
in plant and fruit to the varieties of the European species, and some
of its varieties are about equal to the best European ones in quality
but not in size.

Sarah. Reduced.

Shaffer.

Only the varieties are included that are being propagated and
grown at this time, so far as known to the writer.

Blair. — Medium in size, roundish; color red. Flesh soft, juicy,
very good. Said to be very hardy. Canada.

Brandywine. — Medium, roundish conical; color red or scarlet.
Flesh firm for the class; quality good. Popular for marketing in
several States. Delaware.

Coutant (Coutant Seedling). — As large as Cuthbert; color bright
red. Flesh firm, and said to be an excellent shipper. Propagated in
New York.

404

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Crimson Beauty. — Large, round to oblong; color glossy scarlet;
quality good. Season, early. A Kansas variety that does well in
the dry air of the West when intermingled with other varieties, as it
seems to be deficient in pollen.

Cuthbert (Quinby's Favorite). — Large, roundish, or obtuse conical;
color scarlet crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, mild subacid, re-
freshing, with trace of wild red flavor. Popular for home use and
market in many States. New York.

Cuthbert.

Golden Queen.

Golden Queen. — Medium to large, roundish conical; color yellow.
Flesh soft, juicy, sweet; quality nearly best. Popular east of lakes
and in all rather mild climates. A sport of the Cuthbert. New Jersey.

Hansell. — Medium, roundish; color red, with some bloom. Flesh
soft, subacid, pleasant, good. Season, early. New Jersey.

Kenyon. — Large, roundish; color dark red. Flesh firm, juicy,
with rich flavor, very good. One of the hardiest of its class. Iowa.

Loudon. — Medium, roundish conical ; color bright red. Flesh firm,
juicy, good to very good. Much like Kenyon. A promising new
variety that is proving very hardy. Wisconsin.

Marlboro. — Large, roundish conical; color crimson. Flesh quite
firm, juicy, and good. Popular market variety. New York.

Meredith Queen. — Size medium; color orange yellow. A yellow
or amber-colored variety of the American red species. Not specially
valuable, but of interest as it is the only yellow variety of the species
yet reported. New York.

Miller. — Large, roundish; color bright crimson, which is retained

THE RASPBERRY. 405

in market. Flesh firm- juicy sprightly; quality very good. Popular
in Delaware and in southwestern States. Delaware.

Olathe. — Large, firm, juicy; color dark red. Season, rather late.
A productive variety in Kansas and where tested. Kansas.

Marlboro.

Pomona. — Large, red, firm-fleshed; quality very good. Season,
long. In mild climates in Middle States very productive. At the
Geneva New York Station one of the best bearers of this class. New
Jersey.

Royal Church. — Very large; color dark crimson. Flesh quite
firm; quality very good. An Ohio variety, now highly prized for
market and home use in Ohio, New Jersey, and other southeastern
States.

Thompson (Thompson's Early Prolific}. — Size medium; color bright
crimson. Flesh quite firm; quality very good. Season, very early.
Grown in Ohio, and it does well in the South. Ohio.

Thwack. — Large, ovate conical; color bright red, with slight
bloom or pubescence. Flesh reddish, rather firm, subacid, good.
Missouri.

406 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Turner. — Medium, roundish conical; color bright scarlet. Flesh
soft, sweet, rich, best in quality. Grown for home use and near
market. Illinois.

Winant. — Large, bright red. Flesh firm; quality good. Re-
sembles the Thwack, but it is more vigorous in habit and better in

Thompson.

quality. Popular in Ohio, where it is grown commercially; it is also
prized in New Jersey, where it seems to have originated.

EUROPEAN RED VARIETIES (Rubus Idceus).

Varieties of this species have been grown in Europe since the
historic period began, and some of the largest and best varieties
were introduced for trial at an early day, but like the European
grapes they have not found congenial conditions in the new home
except in a few localities. Even in South California some of the
Purple Canes — notably the Cuthbert — have displaced the European
reds except in the foothills.

The propagation and care of the European hybrids and their
crosses with the American red species are the same in all respects as
adopted with our native red varieties (245).

All Summer. — Large, dark red, and best in quality. A leading
variety on the west coast, and in Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colorado
It is also prized in New Jersey and Delaware. Mexico.

Clarke. — Large, conical, regular; color bright crimson. Flesh quit

THE RASPBERRY. 407

soft, sweet, rich, very good. This fine variety is very productive in
Western New York and the southwestern States; one of the best of
the European reds to endure summer's heat and winter's cold. Con-
necticut.

Fastolff (Filby). — Very large, roundish conical; color purplish red.
Flesh rich and nearly best in quality; too soft for market but popular
as a home fruit where hardy enough. England.

Franconia. — Large, obtuse conical; color pur-
plish red. Flesh rich and pleasantly acid.
Grown in mild climates for home use and near
market. France.

Heebner. — A large, red, conical berry of the
Clarke type. It is better in quality than Cuth-
bert and some earlier. It is classed with the
European reds, but it is said to have been grown
from seed of the wild red species of Ontario,

Canada. Franconia" (Reduced.)

Hudson River Antwerp. — Large, oblong conical; color red. Flesh
firm, with pleasant flavor. Once very popular on the Hudson and
yet prized in Utah and South Colorado. England.

King (Thompson's King). — Size medium to large, and under good
culture it is uniformly large; in Ohio Prof. J. W. Green says: " Large,
firm, of beautiful color, and prolific. It is far ahead of Loudon or
Miller here." It is now classed with the European reds, but it is
probably a hybrid. Virginia.

Orange (Brinckle's Orange). — Large, conical, often oval; color
bright orange or buff. Flesh juicy, quite soft, rich, and sweet; quality
best. Probably an American hybrid.

Red Antwerp (Knevet's Antwerp). — Medium to large, roundish, or
obtuse conical; color dark red, with prominent seed lobes and thick
bloom. Flesh rich, juicy, with vinous flavor; grown on west coast
and in the South mostly. Europe.

Superlative. — Large, conical, or long conical; color scarlet red;
quality very good. In Ohio it is classed as very hardy, productive,
and an excellent shipping variety, on account of its firmness of flesh.
New York.

Vermont. — Medium to large, roundish oblate; color yellow.
Flesh soft, juicy, and very good in quality. Growing in popularity
east of the lakes. Vermont.

408 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

THE AMERICAN BLACKBERRY.

Like the native grapes the cultivated blackberries of the United
States belong to several distinct types or species. But their near
relation is indicated by the fact that the most diverse types, such as
the high bush type of the North and the Dewberry will cross when ad-
joining, and the resulting seedlings bear perfect seeds. But as
stated in Section 251 the horticulturists describe the habit of growth,
character of cluster, and size and quality of the fruit of the blackberry
without much regard to botanic distinctions. See Chapter XVIII for
propagation, management, winter protection, and other information.

VARIETIES OF AMERICAN BLACKBERRY.

Agawam. — Large, roundish oblong, irregular ; color shining black.
Flesh sweet and melting to the core; ripens early. Stands drouth
well where it is hardy. Massachusetts.

Allen. — Large, oblong, often oval; color jet black. Flesh firm
yet tender, melting, sweet; seeds small; quality very good. Season,
as early as Early Harvest. Bush vigorous, with relatively few thorns.
Pennsylvania.

Barnard. — Large, roundish oblong. Flesh soft, juicy, subacid,
rich. Canes are more pliable than most varieties in laying down;
suckers not numerous. Iowa.

Briton (Ancient Briton). — Medium to large, oblong, black. Flesh
melting and flavor very good. One of the hardiest varieties yet
tested. The first public mention is found in Wisconsin Horticultural
Report of 1869. Mr. J. S. Stickney then reported that it originated
with A. H. Briton of Wisconsin. England had no varieties of this
type at that time.

Brunton (Brunton Early). — Medium, oblong. Flesh soft, melting,
rich in flavor ; quality very good. An Illinois variety, now mainly
grown in the South as an early shipping variety.

Dallas. — Large, oblong oval; quality good; quite extensively
grown in Texas and the South. Texas.

Dorchester. — Medium to large, oblong; color shining black.
Flesh juicy; quality good. One of the first good varieties cultivated
and still grown in several parts of the Union. Massachusetts.

THE AMERICAN BLACKBERRY.

409

Early Harvest. — Medium, roundish oblong; color greenish black.
Flesh soft, juicy, good. Season, very early. Popular in several States
on account of its season.

Early King. — Said to be larger than Early Harvest and earner in
season; oval in shape, but irregular Flesh tender to the center,
and ripe as soon as it turns black. One of the best for home use and
a near market; canes rather short, erect, stiff, with several small
canes forming a hill or clump.

Eldorado. — Large to very large, oblong, irregular; picked when
fully ripe, it is jet black, tender, sweet, and nearly best. Commercial
in several States. Ohio.

Eldorado.

Erie.

Erie (Uncle Tom}. — Large to very large, roundish oval, color jet
black; quality good. A strong grower that has proven very pro-
ductive in the middle States and South. Ohio.

Eureka.— A native of Alabama, belonging to the Southern species

410 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Rubus cuneifolius. Berry large, long, very sweet, firm, and a perfect
success in Texas and the Southwest.

Freed. — Medium oblong, juicy; quality good. Season of Snyder.
In some sections a shy bearer, but in parts of Ohio it is prized on
account of its hardiness and freedom from rust. Ohio.

Iceberg. — Medium in size, with fruit growing in clusters; color
light, transparent; quality good; grown in New Jersey to some extent.

Kittatinny. — Large, roundish oblong; black, quite firm, juicy,
v sweet, very good. Popular across the continent in mild climates.
New Jersey.

Lawton. — Large to very large, oval; when fully ripe it has fine
color and is rich and very good. One of the oldest American varieties
and starred in several States. New York.

Lincoln. — Medium in size, roundish. Flesh quite firm, very
juicy, flavor rich, and pleasant. Succeeds well in Michigan and
east of the lakes. Illinois.

Kittatinny. . Mammoth.

Lovett (Lovett's Best). — Large, roundish oval, and compact in
form. Flesh juicy, with mild and pleasant flavor. New Jersey.

Mammoth (Thompson's Early Mammoth). — Much like Wilson's
Early in fruit and foliage, but it is said to be much hardier and the
fruit ripens earlier. Grown mainly as yet in Ohio, where it originated.

Maxwell Early. — Very large, sweet, rich, luscious, best in quality.
Season, as early as Early Harvest. Bush low, strong, and stocky.
Kansas.

Mesereau. — Large, oval; . color sparkling black, and it remains
black when exposed in market. Flesh sweet, rich, melting, very

THE AMERICAN BLACKBERRY. 411

good; cane strong and vigorous, and its record has been that it is
hardier than Snyder. New York.

Minnewaska. — Large to very large, roundish oblong; color dull
black; quality good. A New York variety, quite generally propa-
gated in that State and the middle States.

Missouri Mammoth. — Large, oval ; quality good. In South Illinois
and Missouri prized on account of its long season and vigorous habit
of growth. Missouri.

Ohmer. — Large, firm, tender to the center, sweet, very good; ripens
late; canes very strong, and said to be hardy in Ohio and New
Jersey.

Rathbun. — Large, roundish oval; color jet black. Flesh juicy,
melting to the core; quality very good; cane robust and has been
proven to be hardier than Erie or Minnewaska. New York.

Reyner. — Medium, roundish or oblong, with large grains. Flesh
sweet; quality good. A strong-growing plant, giving satisfaction at
many points.

Robison. — Very large, roundish conical; quality very good. A
Southern variety, originating in Texas. Com-
mercial in the Southwest.

Snyder. — Medium, roundish oblong; color
black, but inclined to a reddish shade after pick-
ing. Flesh juicy, sweet, and good in quality.
T. T. Lyon, of South Haven, Michigan Station
gives the quality as best. Indiana.

Sorsby May. — " Larger than Early Harvest,
better in quality, and ripens about a week
earlier." This description is given by T. V.
Munson of Texas. Texas.

Stone (Stone Hardy). — Medium, roundish
oblong. Flesh soft, juicy, subacid, very good.
A hardy Western variety of spreading habit that covers the fruit
well with foliage; valuable if kept well pruned (252). Illinois.

Taylor (Taylor's Prolific). — Large, roundish oblong. Flesh soft,
juicy, subacid, rich, very good to best. Later than Snyder, and
commercially grown in several States. Indiana.

Triumph (Western Triumph). — Medium, oblong oval. Flesh rich,
sweet, with tender core; quality very good. Its main fault is said
to be overbearing. Illinois.

Wachusett. — Small, oblong ovate. Flesh firm and good in

412 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

quality; canes drooping, with few spines. Reported favorably as to
bearing on high light-colored soils; on rich black soils not productive.
Wilson (Wilson's Early). — Large to very large, oblong oval.
When fully ripe the fruit is sprightly, mildly acid, and rich in flavor.
Popular in New Jersey, New Mexico, and Texas.

THE DEWBERRY.

In different parts of the Union the trailing blackberry, or dewberry,
runs into many forms or types, some of which have been decided to be
distinct species. The most important of the four species is the
Northern Dewberry (Rubus villosus) . This seems nearly allied to the
cultivated blackberries, as natural hybrids often occur, and it has
given several of our best varieties. The Southern Dewberry (Rubus
trivialis) has also given some varieties of value which have become
commercial in the South. The Western species (Rubus vitifolius) has
also given some cultivated varieties.

Bartel. — Large, rich, juicy, subacid, and firm enough for shipping.
This was the first-named variety tested by the writer, and is still one
of the desirable ones for Northern culture. Illinois.

Logan Berry. — Very large, conical, sometimes one and one-quarter
inches long ; color dark red ; quality scarcely good for dessert use, but is
much improved by stewing and makes a desirable sauce. It is here
classed with the dewberries as it has the habit of growth of that class,
but it is supposed to be a cross between the Texas Early blackberry
and a red raspberry. By covering in winter this variety is grown
successfully in the southeastern States and as far north as New Jersey.
Lucretia. — Very large, oblong ovate. Flesh
tender, juicy, almost melting, good. The lead-
ing commercial variety across the continent.
West Virginia.

Mammoth. — Very large and long, specimens in
some cases two and three-eighths inches long.
Prof. Wickson states : " The fruit is more acid
than the Lawton, but when perfectly ripe is sweet
and of superior flavor." A hybrid produced on
the west coast by crossing the native species of
California with pollen of CrandalPs Early of
Texas, which has something of a shrubby habit.
Lucretia. The Mammoth at first throws up thick upright

shoots. They then drop to the ground, and often run, if unchecked,

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 413

twenty-five feet in a season. It is only propagated from the tips like
our Blackcaps. This will probably succeed well in the Gulf States.

Mayes (Mayes Hybrid). — Very large, roundish conical; color jet
black; quality very good. Plant trailing when young, but later it
attains a stronger habit and becomes partially upright. This variety
has become commercial in the South on a large scale, and it is grown as
far north as Missouri and Ohio. Texas.

Windom.- -Size medium to large, oblong conical: quality very
good. This is the hardiest variety yet tested in the prairie States.
Minnesota.

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES.

Chapter XIX of Part I gives historical notes on the development
of our fine American varieties, together with the different systems of
management and care. To an extent not found in any other country
of the earth the strawberry in the United States has become a leading
commercial fruit for a long period. The supply early in spring comes
from the Gulf States, then follows the supply grown in successive
points north to the Canada line, and a final supply reaches the
northern markets from Oregon. It is not unusual for lovers of the fruit
in the middle States to enjoy strawberries on the table daily for a
period of two months.

VARIETIES OF THE STRAWBERRY.

Afton. — Medium, conical, somewhat irregular; color bright crim-
son; flavor subacid. Much like Warfield; stands drouth well at the
West. Season of Lovett. Pistillate.

Anna Laurie. — Large, roundish; color glossy scarlet, with golden
seeds like those of Jersey Queen. Flesh slightly colored; quality
nearly best. Season, late. Flowers perfect. A favorite amateur
variety in Canada and elsewhere. Ohio.

Arizona (Arizona Everbearing). — Medium to large, conical to
broadly conical; color scarlet; calyx large; seeds prominent. Flesh
lighter colored at center, firm; quality good. Usually ripens two
crops under irrigation. A leading variety in South California, Arizona,
and in New Mexico and Southwest Texas. Perfect.

Aroma. — Very large, conical, blunted at apex; color bright red

414 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

and crimson. Flesh pink, firm, very good. Season, medium to lat
Is taking the place of Gandy as a market variety. Flowers perfee'
Kansas.

Beecher (Henry Ward Beecher). — Large, roundish, uneven, irregu
lar like its parent the Sharpless; color crimson. Flesh firm and
flavor excellent. Season, early. Perfect. New Jersey.

Bederwood (Racster). — Medium to large, roundish conical; color
light shade of vermilion. Flesh not very firm, sweet, very good.
Widely grown in many States. Perfect flowers. Illinois.

Belmont. — Medium to large, conical; color dark crimson. Flesh
firm, very good. Flowers perfect. Prized on heavy soils in Massa-
chusetts.

Belt (William Belt}. — Large, oblong, conical; color dark crimson.
Flesh quite firm, rich, high-flavored; quality nearly best. Flowers
perfect. Popular in Delaware and Virginia. Does not succeed west
of the lakes.

Bennet. — Medium to large, conical, usually regular; color scarlet to
crimson. Flesh colored, quite firm, about as acid as Wilson, good.
Perfect. A vigorous plant that endures drouth as well as the Lovett.

Beverly. — Medium to large, roundish conical, somewhat uneven;
color deep crimson. Flesh firm, mild acid, very good. Perfect.
A New England variety, prized for home use and market.

Bidwell. — Medium to large, round conical, or long conical, often
with a slight neck; color glossy crimson. Flesh light red, quite firm,
rich, very good. An old Michigan variety, yet prized in that State,
Illinois, and other States. Flowers perfect.

Bisel. — Large, conical; color glossy crimson. Flesh quite firm,
good. Under high culture unexcelled in yield East and West. A
seedling of Wilson. Pistillate. Illinois.

Bismarck. — Large, roundish conical; color crimson. Flesh very
firm, sweet ; quality very good. A seedling of Bubach that has become
commercial east of the lakes and is considerably grown in Iowa,
Perfect.

Blonde. — Very large, roundish conic; color bright red. Flesh
quite firm and high-flavored. Flowers perfect. Indiana.

Brandywine. — Very large, oblate conical; color crimson. Flesh
firm, rather acid, good. Flowers perfect. Double-starred for market
in several States. Pennsylvania.

Brunette. — Large, roundish; color dark red. Flesh quite firm,

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 415

high-flavored, best. Growing in popularity on account of size and
quality. Flowers perfect.

Bubach No. 5. — Large, conical, irregular; color dark red or
crimson; quality good. Plant vigorous and thrifty in prairie States
and it is popular farther east. Pistillate. Illinois.

Bush Cluster. — A variety of the Crescent type, much like it in
fruit and plant, but the fruit is larger and firmer. Flesh is sweet
and soft, fitting it admirably for home use but not for market. It
stands the hot sun of the South and prairie States without injury.
Perfect.

Captain Jack. — Medium in size, conical, regular; color bright scarlet
and later dark red ; quality good. Grown in many sections to pollinate
other varieties. Perfect.

Carrie. — Large, long, color bright scarlet, often crimson, with
yellow seeds. Flesh white, solid; a good shipper. Grown com-
mercially. Pistillate. Virginia.

Chairs. — Medium to large, roundish conical, irregular; color dark
scarlet. Flesh not very firm; quality very good. Flowers perfect.
Profitable for home use or a near market. Endures heat and drouth
remarkably well.

Champion. — Medium to large, irregular, conical; color light red
or scarlet; quality good. Plant vigorous, with good foliage even in
dry interior climates. Perfect flowers.

Cinderella. — Large, conical, regular; color glossy scarlet; quality
very good. An early variety, prized in Ohio and in the southeast
States. It also has done well west of the lakes. Perfect.

Cleveland (Mrs. Cleveland). — Large, conical, often cockscombed;
color deep red. Flesh firm, rich, very good. Prized in Canada and
Texas, and commercial in Illinois. Pistillate. Ohio.

Cloud. — Medium to large, oblate conical; color light crimson;
quality very good. Grown in the southern States. Pistillate.
Louisiana.

Clyde. — Very large, roundish conical; color bright dark scarlet.
Flesh very firm, pinkish white; quality nearly best. Season, second
early. Perfect flowers. Does well over the Union nearly. Kansas.

Crawford. — Large to very large, somewhat irregular; color bright
glossy red. Flesh firm, very good. Flowers perfect. Widely grown.
Ohio.

Crescent — Medium, conical; color light red or scarlet; seeds

416 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

prominent. Flesh not very firm; quality good. Blossoms with
Bederwood and Dunlap. An old variety, commercial in many States.
Pistillate.

Cumberland (Cumberland Triumph). — Large, broadly conical,
often irregular; color dark scarlet. Flesh firm ; quality good. Flowers
perfect. Mostly grown in the South. Pennsylvania.

Clyde.

Dayton. — Large, oblong conic, with blunt apex, regular in shape
and size; color bright crimson. Flesh firm, solid, very good. Season,
early. Perfect. Profitable in New Jersey.

Dollar. — Large, conical; color bright scarlet; quality very good.
Flowers perfect. Popular on Pacific coast.

Dornan. — Large, roundish conical, smooth; color red and scarlet;
quality good. A perfect variety, attracting considerable attention in
Michigan and New Jersey.

Downing (Charles Downing}. — Medium to large, conical, regular;
color bright scarlet or crimson. Flesh firm; quality as grown West
best. Does best when alternated with good pollen-bearers, though it
appears to have perfect stamens. Kentucky.

Dunlap (Senator Dunlap). — Medium to large, long conical, with
short neck; color light crimson; quality very good. Flowers perfect.
Stands drouth at the West remarkably well. A seedling of Warfield
that is better in quality and a better shipper. Ohio.

Earliest. — Medium, roundish, irregular; color light red. A

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 417

seedling of Michel Early, which it resembles, but it is earlier and the
fruit is larger. Grown commercially in the South. Perfect flowers.

Edith. — Large, roundish, truncated; color scarlet on sunny side;
quality very good. Popular in the Southeast as a home berry.
Pistillate.

Eleanor. — Large, conical, regular; color dark crimsor Flesh
colored; quality very good. Season, very early. Stands drouth
wherever tested. New Jersey.

Enhance. — Large, conical; color bright crimson. Flesh firm;
quality very good. Widely planted for market. Flowers perfect.
Ohio.

Enormous. — Large to very large, roundish oblong; color dark
crimson, glossy. Flesh firm, solid; quality good. Flowers pistillate.
A seedling of Crescent that has rapidly come into favor. Illinois.

Epping. — Large, even-sized, roundish conical; color even bright
crimson. Flesh firm, sweet, rich, very good. Season, early, but
continues longer than usual. Pistillate. A New Hampshire variety,
with a good record.

Eureka. — Large, roundish conical; color bright red. Flesh firm,
good. Season, medium to late. Flowers pistillate. Hardly com-
mercial as yet. Ohio.

Excelsior. — Medium to large, roundish, slightly conical; color
bright red. Flesh firm, very good. Becoming popular, as it does
well in many sections, and is very early in season. Flowers perfect.
Arkansas.

Gandy. — Large, conical, regular; color glossy crimson; quality
very good. Firm enough for distant shipment and an excellent
canning variety. Flowers perfect. New Jersey.

Gardner. — As grown in Iowa, large, conical; color bright crimson.
Flowers perfect. Rather soft for market, but popular for home use
and near market. Iowa.

Geisler. — Large, long conical, but often nearly round; color
bright scarlet. Flesh light pink, quite firm; quality good. Season,
early to medium. Flowers perfect. Michigan.

Gibson. — Medium to large, conical, somewhat irregular; color
dark red; quality good. Flowers perfect. A new variety of much
promise. New York.

Gladstone. — Large, broad conical, irregular; color red; quality
not the best. The plants are strong and vigorous and endure drouth

418

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

well in the prairie States, Fruit not firm enough for distant shipping.
Perfect.

Glen Mary.

Glen Mary. — Large, to very large, roundish conical, ribbed;
color crimson. Flesh pink and white; quality good. Season, medium

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 419

to late. Fruit stem strong, holding up the large fruit. Flowers
perfect. A new variety now widely grown. Pennsylvania.

Great American. — Very large, regular, smooth; glossy crimson;
grown on high strong stems that favor clean fruit. A New Jersey
variety, grown under high culture for the New York market. Flowers
perfect.

Greenville. — Large to very large, obtuse conical, approaching
heart-shaped. Flesh pink to white, somewhat hollow, very good.

Greenville.

Flowers pistillate. Succeeds well East and West and in the South.
Ohio.

Hall (HaWs Favorite). — Large, roundish, compressed, irregular;
color scarlet. Flesh scarlet; quality good. It is much firmer than
Bubach and ships well. Prized in Canada and in the southeast States.
Maryland.

Haverland. — Medium, conical, somewhat compressed; color scar-
let; quality very good. Pistillate. Starred in nearly all the States.
New Jersey.

Hersey. — Large, conical, regular; color bright scarlet. Flesh
quite firm; quality very good. Flowers perfect. Prized in New
England for its size, quality, and productiveness.

Hilton (Hilton Gem). — Medium, conical, regular; color red and
crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, rather rich; quality very good. Flowers
perfect. A New Jersey commercial variety, each year extending its
field of usefulness.

Hoffman. — Medium, conical; color dark crimson; quality good.

420 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Flesh remarkably firm. Grown South almost exclusively. Perfect.
South Carolina.

Hood River. — Very large, roundish conical; color scarlet. Flesh
quite firm, sweet, aromatic, very good. Season, early. Doubly
starred in Oregon, on the West coast, and is doing well in New Jersey.
Flowers perfect. Oregon.

Howell. — Large, conical, regular; color scarlet and red; quality
good. A popular variety in North Carolina. Staminate.

Hunn.— Large, roundish; color dark crimson. Flesh very firm;
quality very good. A very late variety, later than Gandy or Michigan.
A choice variety for canning. Flowers perfect. New Jersey.

Iowa Queen. — Medium to large, conical, smooth, regular; color
glossy crimson with bright yellow seeds. Flesh firm; quality very
good. Quite widely grown as a handsome variety that ships well
and sells well. Flowers perfect. Iowa.

Jay Gould. — Large, roundish conical; color red and crimson.
Flesh firm; quality very good. It is earlier than Crescent, larger and
quite as good in quality. Planted commercially in Ohio and New
York. Pistillate. Ohio.

Jersey Queen.— Large to very large, roundish oblate; color
crimson and scarlet. Flesh firm, melting, vinous, very good. Sea-
son, quite late. Grown in Ohio and the southeastern States mainly.
New Jersey.

Jessie. — Large to very large, long conical; color bright scarlet or
red; quality good. Starred in several States, but not west of the
Mississippi. Flowers perfect. Wisconsin.

Jewell. — Large, bright red, changing to crimson. Flesh very
firm. Very productive. Grown in Ohio. Pistillate. Ohio.

Kentucky. — Large, roundish conical, color dark red. Flesh firm,
mildly acid, rich, good. An old Kentucky variety, yet prized in
Illinois and other States on account of its late ripening. Perfect.

Klondike. — Large, regular. Flesh very firm; color deep red to
the center; quality very good. This is a Southern variety that in
Mississippi and other States farther south is best in yield, best in
quality, and the plant is free from disease. Perfect.

Lady Rusk. — Large, and described in Ohio as several days earlier
than Crescent, and it is superior to it in every respect, holding its
size well through the season, and, above all, one of the most productive
varieties. Pistillate.

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 421

Lady Thompson. — Large, conical, regular; color crimson and red.
Flesh quite firm; quality very good. The season is long and the size
holds up well. Grown from Ohio southward mainly. Flowers per-
fect. North Carolina.

Leader. — Large, obtuse conical; color dark crimson. Flesh
solid; quality nearly best; succeeds best on clay soils. Highly prized
for home growing as it is rich and sweet. Flowers perfect.

Lester Lovett. — Large, roundish, somewhat conical, regular in
•form, and smooth; color brilliant scarlet. Flesh firm; quality good.
Season, ten days later than Gandy. Flowers perfect. A new variety
coming to the front in New Jersey and doing well at the West.

Lovett. — Large, conical or long conical; color crimson; quality
very good. Fruit stems short and drooping. Remarkably produc-
tive in the prairie States, and popular everywhere it has been tested.
Flowers perfect. Kentucky.

Luther. — Medium in size, roundish conical; color dark crimson.
Flesh firm and good in quality. Season remarkably early, for which
reason it is commercial in New Jersey and Delaware. Stands drouth
well at the West. Perfect in flower.

Mary. — Large, conical, with blunt apex, regular in form; color
deep crimson. Flesh quite firm; quality good. A New Jersey variety
that has recently gained some notoriety. Pistillate.

Manchester. — Large, roundish conical; color bright scarlet.
Flesh pink, firm, yet melting, mildly acid, very good. Starred in
several States. Pistillate flowers. New Jersey.

Manwell. — Large, roundish conical, irregular; color dark crimson.
Flesh bright scarlet; seeds sunken, firm; quality good. A new Iowa
variety of value. Perfect.

Margaret — Large, roundish conical, compressed; color dark
crimson. Flesh dark scarlet, firm, often with slightly open core,
good. Perfect. A seedling of Crawford which it equals in value.
Ohio.

Marshall. — Large to very large, quite uniform in size, roundish
conical; color dark glossy crimson. Flesh colored, firm, rich, very
good. Flowers perfect. Mostly grown east of the lakes. Massa-
chusetts.

Mastodon (Late Mastodon). — Very large, roundish conical with
blunt axis; color bright crimson, showy. Flesh pink, not very firm;

422 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

quality good. Much like Bubach, but is preferred to it in many
sections. New Jersey.

Mastodon.

McKinley. — Large, roundish conical; sometimes cockscombed,
but usually regular; color bright crimson. Flesh firm; quality very
good. Stands drouth well at the West, where the plant is large,
vigorous, and productive. Perfect.

Meeks Early. — Medium to small, roundish conical; color dark red
or crimson. Flesh colored, subacid, good. Season, early; succeeds
best on clay soil. Mostly grown in the South. Perfect. Maryland.

Michel Early. — Small to medium, oblate conical; color dull red,
appearance somewhat withered. Flesh pink, quite firm, ships well.
Season, very early. A favorite on some soils and rejected on others.
Arkansas.

Michigan. — Medium to large, conical, irregular; color dark red as
grown in Iowa. Flesh firm; quality good. A seedling of Wilson, ten
days later in season. Plants large, vigorous, and productive. Flowers
perfect. New Jersey.

Miner (Miner's Prolific). — Medium to large, roundish conical, not
very regular; color dark crimson. Flesh quite firm; quality very
good. Perfect. Popular East, West, and South. New Jersey.

Monarch. — Large to very large, roundish oblate, conical; color
bright red; quality good; said to be very productive on clay soils.
Perfect. Illinois.

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 423

Mount Vernon (Shuckless). — Large, obtuse conical; color light
crimson; quality very good. Pistillate. Mainly grown South, but
does fairly well west of the lakes. Kentucky.

Murray. — Large, roundish conical; color bright crimson. Flesh
firm, sweet, very good. Grown in New Jersey, and is commercial in
the South. Flowers perfect. Of southern origin.

Neunan (Neunan's Prolific}. — Medium in size, roundish conical;
color light scarlet. Flesh firm, not very juicy; quality scarcely good.
Largely cultivated in South Carollinafor canning and market. Pis-
tillate.

New York. — Large to very large, conical; color dark crimson;
quality not very good. Remarkably vigorous plant, and it endures
drouth well. Flowers perfect. New York.

Nick Ohmer. — Very large, roundish conical, often with three-sided
form; color glossy red. Flesh firm, good. Flowers perfect. Ohio.

Omega. — Large, conical, irregular; color dark scarlet and crimson.
Flesh firm, good. Season, late. In New Jersey said to be a better
bearer than Gandy. Pistillate.

Ostego. — Large, round, regular; color bright scarlet. Flesh
quite firm; quality good. Pistillate. Prized in New York, New
Jersey, and, as far as tested, for home use and market. Season, quite
late.

Parker Earle. — Medium to large, long conical, slightly necked;
color bright red or scarlet. Flesh red, subacid, very good. Perfect.
Grown across the continent. Texas.

Parry. — A seedling of Jersey Queen, and much like it in form and
color. In New Jersey and the Southeast it is taking the place of its
parent on account of added beauty and shipping qualities. Flowers
perfect.

Pearl. — Medium, oblate conical; color dark red or scarlet; quality
good. Perfect. Grown in the South mainly.

Pet. — Medium to large, roundish conical; color crimson and red;
fruit stems short and drooping. Flesh not very firm; quality very
good. A favorite home and near-market variety. Flowers perfect.

Phillips (Phillips, Seedling}. — Large, irregular in form; color deep
crimson. Flesh red, firm, subacid, good. Of Sharpless type, but
is firmer in flesh. Pistillate.

President. — Large, roundish, often conical; color bright red and
crimson. Flesh firm; seeds widely separated and not very prominent.

424 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Season of Gandy. A new variety, originated in New Jersey, that
seems to be taking the lead as a late variety. New Jersey.

Princess. — Very large, roundish; color light crimson. On rich
soils in Iowa and New York it produces very large crops, but the
berry is rather soft for market. For home use and near market very
valuable. Pistillate. Minnesota.

Parker Earle.

Princeton Chief. — Medium to large, roundish conical; color
bright scarlet; quality good. Pistillate. An Illinois variety, noted
for good foliage and heavy crops.

Regina. — Medium to large, even-sized. Flesh firm; quality good.
Commercial in New Jersey mainly on account of its late season of
ripening and its extreme productiveness. Pistillate.

Ridgeway. — Medium to large, roundish conic; color rich scarlet.
Flesh red, solid, rich flavored; seeds bright yellow. Grown in Canada
and in several States, as yet in a small way, but it is favorably reported.
Flowers perfect. Indiana.

Robinson. — Large, bright red. Flesh firm; quality good. A
seedling of Crescent, with larger fruit and ripens later. Plant as
vigorous as its parent. Perfect. Kansas.

Rough Rider. — Large to very large, roundish, slightly elongated,
but often flattened and pointed; color dark red. Flesh very firm;

THE AMERICAN STRAWBERRIES. 425

quality good. Perfect. Said to be a cross of Eureka and Gandy=
New York.

Rubicund (Saint Joseph}. — Medium; color bright vermilion.
Flesh fragrant, sweet, aromatic. A home variety, becoming populaf
in New England. France.

Ruby (Riehl). — Large, conical, irregular, with blunted apex;
color bright crimson. Flesh red, firm; quality best. Said to be a
cross between Crescent and Sharpless. Flowers perfect. Becoming
popular in localities. Illinois.

Sample. — Large, roundish or broad conical; color rich crimson.
Flesh colored, rich, juicy, firm, very good. Season, quite late. Com-
mercial in several States. Flowers perfect. Massachusetts.

Sandwich. — Medium, oblate conical; color dark crimson; quality
good. Perfect in flower. Grown east of lakes and South. Illinois.

Saunders. — Large, conical; color glossy crimson. Flesh colored;
quality very good. Perfect. Does not endure drouth well, yet it is
popular in several States. Canada.

Seaford. — Large, roundish conical; color dark red; quality very
good. Flowers pistillate; endures drouth well. Extensively grown
in Delaware and the southeastern States. Delaware.

Sharpless. — Large to very large, roundish conical, usually irregu-
lar; color dark scarlet. Flesh quite firm ; quality very good. Perfect.
Grown mainly east of the lakes and in the southeastern States.
Pennsylvania.

Shuckless (Mount Vernori) . — Large, obtuse conical ; color light
crimson; quality good; the large uniform berries part readily from
the calyx in picking. Grown for home use or near fancy market.
Does well East and West. Flowers perfect.

Shuster (Shuster's Gem). — Medium to large, globular, regular,
uniform; color bright scarlet; quality very good. Flesh somewhat
soft, but high in flavor. Grown for home use and near market.
Pistillate.

Smith. — Large, roundish, slightly conical, but irregular; color
bright scarlet. Flesh very firm, quite acid, good. A seedling of
Wilson that takes its place in many sections. Flowers perfect.
Wisconsin.

Splendid. — Medium to large, roundish conical; color dark crimson;
quality nearly best. Flowers perfect. Stands drouth well. As yet
mainly grown South. Illinois.

426 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Staples. — Medium to large, roundish conical, usually blunted at
apex; color crimson. Flesh pink, quite firm. Season, extra early.
A seedling of Warfield; profitable for early market. Flowers perfect.
Ohio.

Star. — Large, roundish conical, irregular, compressed; color dark
crimson. Flesh light scarlet; seeds sunken, firm; flavor vinous, good.
Flowers perfect. A very promising new variety.

Success. — Large, heart-shaped; color glossy crimson. Flesh quite
firm; quality good. A seedling of Bubach, and a better bearer and
better berry. Flowers perfect.

Sucker State. — Medium to large, conical, regular; color light red
to scarlet and crimson. Flesh firm; quality good. Perfect. Com-
mercially grown in South Illinois and Oh:'o.

Sunrise. — Medium to large, roundish, compressed, irregular;
color bright scarlet. Flesh firm, sprightly pleasant, good. Perfect.
A seedling of Crescent and Sharpless that is grown profitably in many
places for home use and market. Massachusetts.

Sweet Cluster. — Large, conical; color crimson and red. This is a
popular Southern variety of the Crescent type, but it is larger, firmer,
and earlier. Stands heat and drouth remarkably well. Flowers perfect.

Tennessee (Tennessee Prolific). — Large to very large, roundish
conical, color bright red; quality good. Flowers perfect. Popular
in southeastern States. Tennessee.

Thompson (Lady Thompson). — Large, ovate, regular; color
crimson; quality good. Flowers perfect. Double-starred in the
South and Southeast. North Carolina.

Timbrel. — Large, roundish conical, compressed, often irregular;
color bright crimson. Flesh quite firm; quality very good. Pistillate.
Grown east of the lakes mainly.

Uncle Sam. — Large to very large, conical; color bright red.
Flesh quite firm ; quality very good. Perfect flowers. A new variety
that seems promising. Ohio.

Van Deman. — Medium, oblate conical; color bright scarlet.
Flesh quite firm; quality very good. An early variety that stands
drouth well in the prairie States. Pistillate. Commercial South and
Southwest. Arkansas.

Victor Hugo. — Very large, high-colored, with firm flesh. A market
variety grown in New Jersey with profit. Season, earlier than Crescent.

Warfield.— Medium to large, roundish conical; color dark crimson.

THE CURRANT. 427

Flesh quite firm, colored, subacid, very good. Pistillate. Popular as
a market variety across the continent. Illinois.

Williams. — Medium to large, roundish conical; color dark crimson.
Flesh red; quality very good. Flowers perfect. A seedling of
Sharpless, coming into favor. Canada.

Wilson (Wilson's Albany). — Medium, conical; color red and
crimson. Flesh fairly firm, colored, quite acid, but pleasant when
fully ripe. One of the oldest varieties, but it is yet doubly starred in
several States. New York.

Wm. Belt. — Large to very large, usually conical, but very irregular.
Flesh pink and white, subacid, good. A late Ohio variety, grown for
the fancy market quite largely. Perfect. Does not endure drouth
well.

Windsor Chief. — Large, even-sized, roundish conical; color red and
crimson. Holds its size well to end of season. Stands drouth well
at the West. Its value not yet recognized. Flowers pistillate.

Woolverton. — Large to very large, roundish conical ; color crimson,
with crimson seeds. Flesh red, solid, mildly acid; quality variable;
not enough acid usually, but showy and sells well. Flowers perfect.
Canada.

THE CURRANT.

Cultivated varieties are grown in the United States belonging to
four distinct species. Ribes rubrum includes the red and white
varieties of this country and Europe; Ribes nigrum includes the
European black currants prized by our foreign settlers for culinary
use; Ribes Americanum is the native black currant, which is very
similar to the European, but with smaller fruit, and as yet but little
attention has been given to its improvement or the selection of 'its
best varieties; Ribes aureum is a native species, with black fruit, but
very distinct as a species, and some of its varieties are in cultivation.
For propagation and management see Chapter XX of Part I.

RED AND WHITE CURRANTS (Ribes rubrum).

Albert (Prince Albert). — A vigorous upright variety; bunch rather
short but compact; berry medium to large, pale red, and ripens late.
A favorite variety for canning. Another thing in its favor is that it
holds its leaves until the wood-cells are perfectly stored with starch in
autumn.

428

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Cherry. Very large; color dark red; clusters short but berries

double the size of Red Dutch; quite acid. Popular in States east
of the lakes and in the Mountain States.

Cherry.

Fay.

Fay. — About as large as the Cherry, and nearly the same in quality;
but the Fay has longer clusters and usually is far more productive
than Cherry. Its fault is the pendulous habit that drops some of the
fruit branches to the ground.

Holland (Long-bunched Holland). — Size of berry medium, but
bunches unusually long; ripens quite late. The vigorous habit of
bush and the large thick leaves that hang on late without mildew
has made the variety popular across the continent.

London Market. — Berry medium in size; cluster quite compact,
on a long stem. The bush is upright, with healthy foliage, and is less

THE CURRANT.

429

injured by leaf spot, twig borers, and other troubles than most
other varieties.

Marvin (Marvin White). — Bunch medium; berry larger than
White Grape, but of same color. It varies from the latter mainly in
size and some additional acidity. New York.

North Star. — Somewhat smaller than Red Dutch but with longer
stems, and fruit is more compact; quality not equal to Red Dutch.

Pomona. — Size of bunch and berry about- the same as Victoria;
color bright red. The claim is made by growers that it has fewer
seeds and is sweeter than any other Variety. Indiana.

Red Cross. — Said to be a cross between the Cherry and White

Red Cross. Versaillaise.

Grape; berry as large as Victoria and about as acid; color lighter red

than Cherry and later in season. A new variety, coming into favor.

Red Dutch (Red Grape, erroneously}. — Larger in berry and bunch

430

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

than the old-fashioned red variety; bush quite upright, but slender
in terminal growth. A favorite for jelly-making and canning.

Red Grape. — Small to medium, with smaller bunch and lower
quality than Red Dutch. This has been often sold for Red Dutch.
Not popular anywhere. Foliage not shining as with Red Dutch.

Ruby (Moore's Ruby). — Bunch larger than Cherry, but berry is
some smaller; quality equal to Prince Albert ; bush vigorous, and is a
heavy bearer. Popular 'for home use and marketing.

St. Giles. — A new variety from France, said to be larger in berry
and bunch than the Fay, with quality of Red Dutch; bush vigorous
and quite upright. It is coming into favor as a commercial variety.

Versaillaise. — Much like Fay in size and color, but the bush is an
upright grower. In most localities very productive. Commercial
in several States; most growers prefer it to Fay.

Victoria.

White Dutch.

Victoria (Raby Castle) .—Above medium in size of berry and
length of bunch; color bright red, Season, later than Red Dutch.

THE CURRANT.

431

The foliage retains its color and health as well as Long-bunched
Holland.

White Dutch. — Habit of bush, size of berry, and length of cluster
are much like Red Dutch; color darker in shade than White Grape;
quality very good. It is less acid than the red varieties, and is com-
mercial in many States.

White Gondouin. — Of size and quality of White Dutch, but the
bush is not as healthy or vigorous, and it is not double-starred any-
where in the Union by the American Pomological Society.

White Grape.

Wilder.

White Imperial. — A variety now popular for dessert use in New
York. Size of berry and bunch about like White Grape, but the bush
is more erect and the fruit is much sweeter.

White Grape. — Larger in berry and longer in cluster than Red

432 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Dutch when under good culture. The best dessert variety yet tested,
on account of its mild acid and excellent flavor. Grown in all the
northern States for home use and market.

Wilder. — Berry nearly as large as Fay with very good quality;
bush vigorous, healthy, and heavy bearing. It has rapidly ad-
vanced in favor with home and commercial growers.

EUROPEAN BLACK CURRANTS.

Baldwin. — Fruit medium in size, with less acid than Black Naples,
and it ripens ten days later. Better for canning than most European
varieties.

Black Naples. — Fruit large, black, grown in small clusters. If
properly pruned and treated as noted in Section 266 it is a heavy
bearer and the fruit excellent when canned or stewed.

Champion. — Large, black, borne in short clusters. It is less acid
and less musky than Black Naples; bush is more dwarfed in habit
than usual with the species.

English Black. — Fruit medium to large; noted for even ripening
of the crop; quality not quite equal to Black Naples.

Lee (Lee's Prolific). — Large to very large; quality about like
Champion; bush dwarfish in habit, vigorous, very productive. Grown
commercially.

Saunders. — Large, mild-flavored, very productive; quality for
culinary use very good. Originated in Canada.

Wales (Prince of Wales). — Large, with proper pruning, and a
heavy bearer. Flesh nearly sweet when ripe. Most popular of the
species across the continent. Canada.

THE GOLDEN OR BUFFALO CURRANT (Ribes aureum).

Crandall. — Large as Black Naples when properly pruned (267),
and wholly free from the odor of the English species. The true variety
is also a remarkable bearer, and far better for culinary use than the
English varieties. It has been much mixed by growing fronivseeds.

Deseret. — A still larger variety, grown in Utah, of about the same
quality. This can be grown in the dry region of the Southwest
where other currants fail.

Jelly. — A variety of this species sent out by R. H. Blair & Com-
pany of Missouri. As tested by the writer and the New York Ex-
periment Station the fruit averages larger than Crandall and is more

THE GOOSEBERRY. 433

regularly productive. When stewed or canned it has also proven better
in quality.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

The varieties of this fruit belong to two closely related species.
Ribes grossularia includes all the foreign varieties and their American
seedlings, and in this work the American species, Ribes oxyacanthoides,
includes the native varieties and their probable crosses with the
European species. See Section 268 of Part I.

AMERICAN VARIETIES AND THEIR HYBRIDS.

Apex. — Some smaller than Champion, oval; color green, with red
on sunny side; very productive; quality better than Downing. An
Oregon variety, showing some traces of foreign parentage. Does well
in Michigan and near the lakes.

Excelsior. — Size of Hough ton, roundish, smooth; color light
green; quality good. A seedling of Champion originating in Indiana.

Champion. — Medium to large, roundish; color green with shades
of yellow; quality very good. A remarkable bearer, not known to
mildew. Indiana. A probable hybrid.

Crystal. — Some larger than Downing, oval; color dull green, with
marked pubescence. Flesh rather soft when fully ripe; quality
fair. Remarkably productive in Western New York. Probably a
hybrid. Washington.

Downing. Mountain.

Downing. — Fruit some larger than Houghton, roundish oval;
color green with distinct rib-veins and smooth skin. Flesh juicy,
quite soft, very good. Rarely mildews. Widely grown. New York.

Houghton. — Small, roundish oval; color light green, shaded red,

434 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

with light bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, and best in quality for canning,
kitchen use, and for wine. Massachusetts.

Mountain (Mountain Seedling). — Somewhat larger than Downing,
oblong, smooth; color brownish purple. Flesh juicy, sweet, good.
A productive variety at the West. Probably a hybrid. New York.

Pale Red (American Cluster). — Size of Houghton, roundish oval;
color darker red than Houghton. Flesh tender, sweet, and good.
Quite widely grown.

Pearl. — Medium to large, roundish; color light green, with shading
of red; quality very good to best. - Widely grown. Canada.

Pearl.

Red Jacket. — Medium to large, roundish oval; color light green,
shaded with red. When ripe quite transparent; skin tender. Flesh
juicy, rich; quality very good. Canada.

Smith. — Medium to large, oval; color green, with shading of
yellow, often spotted with red, with a slight bloom. Probably a
hybrid with the European species, but is classed with the American
varieties. Vermont.

Strubler (Strubler No. 1). — Size medium, roundish oval; color
green, smooth; quality very good. Probably a hybrid. Illinois.

EUROPEAN VARIETIES AND THEIR SEEDLINGS

(Ribes grossularia) .

The very large foreign varieties of the Gooseberry and their
hybrids are more troubled with mildew than those which are native,
yet they are grown commercially more extensively in various parts
of the Union than many suspect. Often crops are secured for home
use or market by planting in airy position and mulching during
the heated period to keep the soil cool. Spraying is also resorted

THE GOOSEBERRY. 435

to in commercial plantations. The most satisfactory spray is with
dilute copper sulphate, using one ounce to fifteen gallons of water,
beginning with the expansion of the leaves, and continuing through
the season at intervals of six to eight days. Their very large size
secures good prices in market, and it is proving profitable to select a
suitable airy location, and not to neglect the spraying. See Section
268 of Part I.

Alice. — Medium to large, oval; color green, shaded with light red;
slightly hairy; quality good. Is not much subject to mildew in New
York or Michigan.

Berkeley. — Large to very large, oval; color green, with reddish
shades; quality very good. Very productive on the west coast, where
most foreign varieties fail; it also is a success where tested in Arizona
and Colorado.

Blucher. — Very large, roundish oblong; color dark red. Flesh
sweet; quality very good. Not much subject to mildew in Michigan
or New York.

Catherina. — Large, long; color yellow; slightly hairy; quality
very good. Grown in Canada profitably. English.

Chautauqua. — Large, roundish oval, smooth; color pale green;
quality best. Grown east of the lakes and in the Far West. Euro-
pean descent.

Chautauqua. Columbus.

Columbus. — Large, oblong, or roundish oblong, smooth; color
white; quality very good to best; much like Triumph in fruit. Grown
in Michigan, east of the lakes, and in the Far West. European.

Crown Bob. — Large, nearly round; color dark red. Flesh almost

436 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

sweet; quality very good. Succeeds best in the dry air of the West,
but with spraying is quite generally grown. European.

Dominion. — Large, variable in shape, from
roundish to oblong; color greenish white, somewhat
transparent. Flesh sweet, very good to best. Re-
markably free from mildew. Europe.

Duke of Sutherland. — Very large, oblong; color
dark green, smooth; quality fair. Seems to be
free from mildew in Canada.

English Red Jacket.— Large to very large, usually
narrowed toward the stem; color light red, smooth.
Flesh sweet, good. The American Red Jacket is
Dominion. . wholly different.

Excellent. — Medium to large, roundish, quite smooth; color light

red; sweet, very good. Bush a strong grower; productive in Michigan.

Golden Prolific. — Large, oblong, smooth; color golden yellow.

Flesh subacid, tender, good to very good as grown in Ohio. English

descent.

Hedgehog. — Medium, roundish; color white; hairy. A richly
flavored variety, quite free from mildew in the lake region. Europe.
Huntsman. — Large, oblong, smooth; color pale green; sweet,
good. Bush a strong grower, with little mildew. Europe.

Industry (Whinham's Industry). — Very large, oval, or roundish
oblong, smooth; color dark red. Flesh mild, acid, with pleasing
flavor. The most generally popular European variety.

Jolly Anglers (Collier). — Large, oblong; color green, downy,
smooth. A late variety of best quality. An old English variety,
doing well in the lake region. England.

Keepsake. — Large, nearly round, smooth; color greenish white;
quality very good; commercial in New Jersey where it is extremely
productive. In all places where tested it seems quite free from
mildew. England.

Lancashire Lad. — Medium to large, nearly round; color dark red
or wine color; somewhat hairy; quality very good. Bush a strong
grower. Europe.

London. — Very large, one and one-quarter by three-quarters inches,
pyriform; color dark red. Flesh sweet, pleasant, very good. Has
been free from mildew in Canada and at points east of the lakes.
Europe.

THE GOOSEBERRY. 437

Matchless. — Large, oblong; slightly hairy; color green. Flesh
very good. A strong grower, with little mildew so far as tested.
Europe.

Puyallup. — Large, roundish, oval, smooth; color pale green.
Flesh sweet, tender, very good. Quite free from mildew. English
descent.

Queen of the Whites. — Medium, nearly round, smooth; color
yellowish green. Flesh good. Not much subject to mildew. Europe.

Riccardo. — Very large, one and one-half by one and one-eighth
inches, slightly pyriform; color green, tinged with red. Flesh sub-
acid, good. Does well in Ontario and around the lakes. England.

Scotch Red. — Large, oval, smooth; quality very good. A table
variety in Canada, where the bush is a free grower and healthy. Eng-
lish.

Stockwell. — Medium to large, oblong, smooth; color light green.
Flesh sweet, good. Relatively free from mildew east of the lakes.
England.

Succeed. — Medium to large, oblong, smooth; color yellowish
green. Flesh sweet, good. Quite free from mildew. England.

Sunset. — Medium to large, oblong, nearly smooth; color yellowish
green. Flesh sweet; quality best. Has been unusually free from
mildew and is grown commercially. England.

Tally Ho. — Medium to large, pear-shaped, nearly smooth; color
pale green. Flesh tender, juicy, mildly acid, good. Is very free
from mildew in most places where tested east of the lakes and South-
east. England.

Thumper. — Medium to large, oblong, smooth; color light green.
Flesh sweet, good. Very productive and relatively free from mildew.
England.

Triumph. — Large, oblong, or roundish; color pale yellow, smooth.
Flesh sweet; quality very good. One of the most extensively grown
for market as it is relatively free from mildew. European descent.

Warrington (Red Warrvngton). — -Medium to large, oblong; color
pale red; somewhat hairy; quality best. A vigorous variety in
Michigan and New York. England.

Wellington (Wellington Glory}. — Large, oblong, smooth, with some
bloom; color pale yellow; sweet, very good. Has proven more
productive generally than any variety of European descent.

White Eagle. — Medium to large, oblong, pear-shaped, smooth;

438

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

color greenish white. Flesh sweet, tender, juicy, mild acid, good to
very good. Is quite extensively grown, but generally needs spraying
for mildew. England.

White Eagle. Whitesmith.

Whitesmith. — Medium to large, nearly round, smooth; color pale
yellowish green. This has given the most profitable crops in the
relatively dry air of Colorado and Utah, but it is grown widely by
spraying. European.

THE CRANBERRY.

Section 280 of Part I gives an outline of cranberry culture in the
States. Although a native wild fruit, it may be said that it
become as much of a staple in every grocery of the States as
apple or orange. The large cranberry (V actinium macrocarpoii)
now cultivated on thousands of acres of sandy swampy land,

THE CRANBERRY. 439

fitted for growing other crops as a rule. The Low-bush cranberry
(V actinium vitis Idcra) is gathered in Nova Scotia and other coast and

Bell Type. . Bugle Type.

lake sections as found in a wild state, but it is nowhere cultivated.
The cultivated varieties are divided into classes in describing. The
Bell class or type has a decided bell-shape; the Bugle type resembles
the bugle-head, and the Cherry is nearly round. In cranberry-growing
centers names are given to the best varieties, but these names are local
and we have no definite descriptions; yet in Massachusetts, New
Jersey, and at Cape Cod a few varieties have become commercial.

SOME LEADING VARIETIES.

Dennis. — Large, bugle-shaped; color bright scarlet. Popular in
New Jersey.

Early Black. — Large, bell -shaped; color purple black. Season,
much earlier than other varieties. A favorite market variety in
Massachusetts.

440 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Early Red. — Medium-sized, bell-shaped; color bright red. Grown
in New Jersey and at Cape Cod. Season, quite early.

Gould. — Medium, bell-shaped; color bright purple; medium early.
Grown in New Jersey and Massachusetts.

Howe. — This is now a leading commercial variety in Massachusetts,
but no description is at hand.

Lewis. — Medium, bell-shaped ; color glossy scarlet. Season, medium
early. A popular market variety of New Jersey.

McFarlin. — Very large, oval; color dark red. A leading variety
in Massachusetts.

Makepeace. — Very large, roundish; color bright-rose purple.
Season, early. A leading New Jersey variety.

Mathews. — A leading variety at Cape Cod and in Massachusetts;
no description is at hand.

DWARF JUNEBERRY.

Section 272 of Part I gives the status of the Dwarf Juneberry as a
dessert and culinary fruit and the propagation and pruning are given in

Dwarf Juneberry.

Section 273. The cultivated varieties are much alike in size and quality,
but they differ somewhat in habits of bearing and season of ripening.

DWAKF JVNEHERRY.

441

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE JUNEBERRY.

Alpina. — Somewhat smaller than the Greene County, but the fruit
has more acidity, hence for most uses is better in quality; roundish
ovate in form; cavity deep; stem long and stout; color dark red to

Alpina.

black. Flesh firm; juice slightly colored. Borne in clusters of five
to seven. Season, earlier than most other varieties.

Carpenter. — Some smaller than Alpina; form roundish oblate;
color dark crimson. Flesh light-colored, juicy, and sweet. Borne in

Reeves Juneberry.

DWARF JUNEBERRY. 443

open racemes or clusters of from five to eight berries. Originated in
Oregon, on the slopes of Mount Hood, but hardy in Iowa.

Hall. — About the size of Osage, roundish oval; color dark red
and nearly black when fully ripe. Borne in clusters of five to eight,
ripening quite evenly. Has been grown commercially and the fruit
sold for Huckleberry.

Mathews. — Fruit half an inch in diameter, oblong oval; color
crimson and nearly black when fully ripe; quality very good. Ripens
early in June in advance of all varieties yet tested.

Osage. — Berry about the size of Alpina, roundish oval; color
crimson at maturity. Flesh light- colored, juicy, sweet. Borne in
clusters of from six to eight. Does not ripen as evenly as Alpina.
Said to have originated in Ohio ; has been grown in Iowa as High-bush
huckleberry.

Reeves. — Size medium, roundish oval; color deep purple when
ripe. Racemes bearing from five to fifteen fruits that ripen irregularly
giving a season of several days. Flesh purple when fully mature,
juicy, sweet, with pleasant flavor.

Success. — Said to have originated in Pennsylvania, and first
distributed by H. E. Van Deman, then of Kansas. In Iowa it has
proven fully as hardy as varieties from the Northwest. Fruit about
like Osage in size and quality, but the berries ripen more evenly.
This variety has been more widely cultivated than the others named.

NUT CULTUEE IN THE UNITED STATES.

CHAPTER XXIII of Part I gives an outline of the advance of nut
culture within recent years. While it is true that nut-orcharding is
yet largely in the experimental stage, yet at this time the production
of the Almond, Walnut, and Japan Chestnut and its American seed-
lings, are commmercial crops in parts of the Union ; and some species of
our native nuts, notably the Pecan and Shellbark Hickory, have been
propagated and orchard-planting commenced, but as yet the market is
mainly supplied from the indigenous forest-trees.

THE ALMOND.

The Almond is about as hardy in tree as the peach. But as
stated in Section 282 its period of blossoming is so early that it rarely
escapes frost except in favored localities in Southwest Texas, Arizona,
and California. But in a small way certain varieties are grown in
Florida, on the Gulf coast, and even in parts of Oregon. At this time
we also have some promise of securing varieties from Turkestan, in
Asia (282), that will flower later and prove hardier in tree.

LEADING VARIETIES NOW IN CULTIVATION.

Drake. — Large, broad, thin-shelled, with very plump kernels,
often double. A leading variety in South California and Arizona.

Golden State. — Medium, often large, soft-shelled, with full kernel
that parts readily from the shell. Ripens early and drops if not
promptly gathered when mature.

Harriott. — Large, long, with soft-shell; kernel single, sweet, and
good. Does well in a dry region, such as Arizona, with irrigation, on
account of its dense foliage.

I XL. — Large, broad, soft-shelled; hulls easily; quality very
good. Largely grown in Arizona and Southern California.

King (King Soft Shell). — Size medium to large, broad; shell thin
and soft; quality best. Grown in Eastern Oregon as well as farther-
South on west coast.

444

THE CHESTNUT. 445

Languedoc. — Medium, broad; shell thin, soft; kernel plump and
sweet; usually does not bear in single block. Indeed about all
varieties need cross-pollination. Grown in Eastern Oregon.

Lewelling (Lewelling's Prolific). — Large, long, oval ; soft shell. A
leading commercial variety.

Drake. Languedoc. Ne Plus Ultra.

Ne Plus Ultra. — Very large and unusually long; shell thin and
soft. Grown commercially where the almond does well.

Nonpareil (Extra) . — Medium in size, long oval ; shell so thin as to
be crushed with the fingers. Tree weeping in habit, and a very
heavy bearer.

Paper Shell. — Size medium; shell very tender; kernel large,
white, and sweet. A favorite variety on west coast and in Arizona.

Pride. — Large, smooth; shell thin and soft. Popular mainly on
account of self-hulling, and it needs no bleaching.

Princess. — Medium; shell thin and soft; kernel smooth and good.
Is grown in Florida and extreme Southwest Texas.

Siberian. — Size small, long oval; shell quite hard; kernel some-
what bitter; not edible. This is only referred to on account of its
extreme hardiness even in Minnesota and North Dakota. It may
by crossing become the parent of hardy as well as edible varieties.

THE CHESTNUT.

Section 291 gives an outline of the relative value of American
and foreign varieties of the Chestnut and the advances they have
made on both continents as a home nut and as grown commercially.

446 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Also hints are given on its propagation, planting, and protection of
the nuts from the attacks of weevil.

The most promising fields for the extension commercially of
chestnut-growing is on the northern border of its native growth, on
sandy hillsides and high ridges with rather thin soil. Even in the
prairie States it succeeds fairly well on thin dividing ridges, and on
the bluffs of streams formerly covered with timber. The Japan
varieties have most promise on the hills and mountain ridges south of
the fortieth parallel of latitude. We now have growing in the same
vicinity, and often on the same place, trees in bearing of the American
sweet chestnut (Castanca dentata) , of the European varieties (Castanea
sativd), and of the Japanese varieties (Castanea crenata). This sug-
gests the possible results of natural and artificial crossing. The
Japan varieties and our native species are closely related to the
European type, and no doubt they will cross readily. The Japan vari-
eties are relatively small in tree, with slender branches, come into
bearing much earlier than the native or European species, and the
nuts are very much larger than either, but inferior in quality to our
natives. We may hope by crossing to retain the hardiness of tree
and quality of nut of our natives, and to secure varieties with lower
habits of growth, earlier bearing, and larger nuts nearly or quite equal
in quality to the native varieties.

As yet the propagation of native varieties has been neglected
except in a very local way. The following are propagated to somo
extent.

AMERICAN VARIETIES OF THE CHESTNUT.

Cooper. — Large, borne in very large burr; very productive, and
much grown in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

Dulaney. — Large, excellent in quality; said
to bear when isolated. Kentucky.

Hathaway. — Large, light-colored, sweet ker-
nel ; regular in bearing. Sometimes seven nuts
are found in one burr. Michigan.

Ketcham. — Medium to large, downy; quality
best. New York.

Lawver. — Large, productive and desirable.
Hathaway. Introduced from South Pass, Illinois.

THE CHESTNUT. 447

EUROPEAN VARIETIES OF THE CHESTNUT.

Prof. Bailey calls especial attention to the fact that nearly all the
so-called European varieties now propagated are American-grown
seedlings of supposed European parentage. But in some cases a
natural cross with our native sweet chestnut seems quite evident.
This is specially true of such varieties as Bartram, Paragon, and
Ridgely, where a change has been wrought in tree, leaf, and quality
of fruit.

Anderson. — Medium in size, reddish brown, downy at tip; very
productive. New Jersey.

Bartram. — Medium in size, downy at tip; dark red in color; very
good in quality; uniformly three nuts in a burr. New Jersey.

Carson. — Large, dark brown, ridged, pubescent at tip. Propa-
gated in Pennsylvania.

Comfort. — Medium to large, often three in a burr; very good;
comes into bearing when very young. New Jersey.

Dager. — Large, and said to be better in quality than its parent
the Ridgely. Propagated in Delaware.

Paragon.

Darlington. — Medium to large, dark brown, striped; pubescent
at tip; very good; early to ripen. Delaware.

Moncur. — Medium, light-colored, tomentose. Popular in Dela-
ware.

Ifumbo. — Large to very large, shell smooth; quality good. This.

448 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

is a leading variety propagated in Pennsylania, Delaware, New
Jersey, and other States. Originated in Pennsylvania.

Paragon. — Large, broad, plump, downy; color dull brown; very
good. Tree hardy and is propagated in several States. It may be a
hybrid. Pennsylvania.

Ridgely. — Medium to large, quite downy; dark brown; quality
very good. Propagated in several States. Delaware.

Scott. — Medium, brown, glossy, downy at tip; said to be free
from attack of weevil mainly. New Jersey.

Styer. — Medium, pointed, dark brown, striped. Hardy and
profitable. Pennsylvania.

Spanish (Marrori). — Large, and best in quality. Grown under this
name in Ohio and New Jersey. A round-topped handsome shade-
tree and valuable for its nuts.

JAPANESE CHESTNUTS.

These varieties have come to the front rapidly on account of the
size of the nuts, early bearing, and for more regular and continued
bearing than the American or European varieties. Already quite
a large part of the varieties offered by propagators have been grown
from nuts produced in this country, and in some cases they may be
modified in tree and fruit by crossing with varieties longer in cultiva-
tion of the European and home varieties.

Advance. — Large, smooth, dark brown; two or three nuts in a
burr. A seedling of Giant. Grown in Ohio and southeastern States.

Alpha. — Large, usually three in a burr; bears when three years
old. A seedling of Giant. New Jersey.

Beta. — Another seedling of Giant similar to Alpha, but ripens later.
New Jersey.

Biddle. — Very large, light brown; burrs very large; two to five
nuts in each burr; much prized in Maryland.

Black. — Large; kernel plump; excellent boiled or roasted; from
two to seven nuts in a burr. Maryland.

Early Reliance. — Large; three to five nuts in a burr. Season,
early. Grown in Ohio and in States east and south.

Felton. — Large and remarkable for its relative good quality. It
is reported about equal to the best American varieties.

Giant. -Very large, smooth, dark-colored; one to two nuts in a

FILIWRTS AND HAZEL-NUTS 449

burr. Remarkable in producing so many valuable seedlings in dif-
ferent States.

Kerr. — Large, dark brown, smooth, handsome; two to three nuts
in a burr; enormously productive in Maryland.

Killen. — Large as Giant, and the quality is said to be better than
most of the oriental varieties; three nuts to the burr. Delaware.

Mammoth. — Very large, three to seven nuts in a burr, and it is
said that in Ohio they often bear when only three to four feet in
height of bush. This is reported to be a seedling of the Ciant.

Japan Giant,

Martin (Col. Martin). — Large, yields usually five nuts to each
very large burr; quality about like most oriental varieties. Mary-
land.

Superb. — Large, broad, dark brown; quality fair to good; usually
three large nuts in a burr. New Jersey.

FILBERTS AND HAZEL-NUTS.

Up to the present we have no cultivated varieties of our native
Hazel-nut. But enough has been done to show that by cultivation and

Selected Native Hazel-nuts.

selection we could soon develop varieties that would equal some of
the European varieties in size and excel them in flavor. In the near

450 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

future work of this kind will be attempted. At this time the culti-
vated varieties are European or European seedlings developed in the
States. As yet, however, it can hardly be said that we produce a
home supply. Fully two-thirds of the American supply is imported
from France and other parts of Europe. See Sections 293, 294, and
295.

VARIETIES OF FILBERTS.

Alba. — A favorite in England and France, and does well in parts
of California. Peculiar in having a white shade of color.

Cosford. — Large, oblong; shell thin; quality very good. Grown
in New Jersey.

Du Chilly. — Large, oblong; quality nearly best. Grown in Cali-
fornia.

Garibaldi. — Large, roundish; kernel very rich and sweet. Grown
in Maryland.

Imperial. — Large, roundish; late to ripen; very productive in
Maryland.

Imperial. Kentish Cob.

Jones. — Medium, oblong; quality good. Grown in Delaware and
is becoming commercial as it is free from disease. Delaware.

Kentish Cob. — Large, oblong; quality best. Does well in New
Jersey and is becoming commercial.

Purple Leaf. — Large, oblong; quality very good. This is grown
in Florida and southeastern States for ornament as well as nuts.
The leaves and husks are rich purple in color.

Red Aveline. — Large, ovate; quality good, with excellent nutty
flavor. Grown in California.

HICKORY NUT. 451

HICKORY NUT.

It may truly be said that the best native varieties of the Shagbark
species of Hickory have been for a century a leading favorite nut of
the Northern States, especially with the rural population; yet the
supply up to the present has been mainly from the native reserved
trees of the pasture, forest, or field. At this time, however, the
propagation of select thin-shelled varieties has been attempted in
several Northern States (289).

SOME DESIRABLE VARIETIES.

Dover. — Size medium, angular, broad at base, with point at base;
shell quite thin; meat plump and good. Pennsylvania.

Eliot. — Medium in size, compressed, ovate, with angles; shell
thin; good. Connecticut.

Hales (Holes' Paper Shell). — Large, inclined to be four-angled;
quality best; shell very thin. Becoming commercial. New Jersey.

Jackson. — Large, oval, somewhat compressed; quality very good.
Ohio.

Learning. — Large, quite thin-shelled, and cracking without break-
ing the halves. Missouri.

Meriden. — Large, oblong, compressed; quality good, with plump
kernels; shell not as thin as some select sorts. Connecticut.

Jackson Woodbourn.

Milford. — Medium to large, ovate, compressed; shell quite thin;
quality very good. Massachusetts.

Rice. — Medium to large, ovate; shell thin. Locally highly
prized. Ohio.

452 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Woodbourne. — Large, smooth, ovate; quality best. Shell quite
thick. Pennsylvania.

In most cases the descriptions given above are from the valuable
report of Mr. S. B. Hodges, of the Division of Pomology, on native and
introduced nuts. But the varieties selected are actually offered at
this time by some of the nurseries of the States mentioned in con-
nection with each variety. Up to the present the largest and most
perfect nuts in all respects have originated west of the Mississippi, in
Missouri and Arkansas, but as yet they have not been propagated so
far as is known.

THE PECAN.

Several selected varieties of the Pecan have become commercial,
and others of special value will soon be planted extensively. As
stated in Section 289 a single firm in New York has prepared and
marketed for confectionery uses 100,000 pounds in a single season.
In a relatively fresh condition it is without doubt the most healthful
nut known to commerce. At San Antonio, Texas, invalids with
weak stomachs eat the freshly gathered nuts in such quantity as to
surprise new-comers, without discomfort and with rapid increase in
weight of body. The propagation of the best varieties is outlined in
Section 290. The most decided present drawback to commercial
culture of the Southern varieties is that the trees are slow in coming
into bearing, as it is a -tree of immense size. The writer measured
many trees the past winter in Texas, and other parts of the South,
that were seven feet in diameter of stem three feet above the ground,
with immense spread of top, Avhich bore many bushels of nuts in a
season. At their north limit of growth the mature trees are relatively
small in size, and they come into bearing as soon as the shellbark
hickory nut. By crossing these with the very large thin-shelled
varieties of Texas it may be possible to secure as valuable nuts growing
on smaller hardier trees. In Iowa the pecan is found on the Mississippi
River bottom land up to near the forty-second parallel. Trees
grown from nuts of these Northern varieties have made thrifty growth
on dry upland considerably north of the forty-second parallel, and
these are the varieties that should be used for crossing with the
pollen of such varieties as the San Saba of Texas.

THE PECAN.

453

SELECT VARIETIES OF PECAN.

Biloxi. — Size medium, pointed at each end; color light brown;
shell very thin; quality very good; a good keeper.

Centennial. — Large, oblong; kernel full and plump, rich, oily,
very good. Louisiana.

Columbian. — Very large, oblong; compressed at the middle,
pointed; quality good. Double-starred in three of the great horti-
cultural districts of the South. Louisiana.

Frotscher (Frotschcr Egg Shell). — Large, oblong; shell very thin;
nearly best in quality. Growing in popularity with propagators and
planters. Louisiana.

Gonzales. — Medium to large, with firm thin shell, and plump
easily extracted kernels; quality best. Texas.

quite

Frotscher. McCallister.

Jewett. — Very large, oval, with compressed center; shell
thick; very good. Mississippi.

McCallister. — Very large, with broad base, angular, with flavor like
a shellbark hickory nut. Supposed to be a hybrid. Indiana.

Paper Shell.— Large, oblong, smooth; kernel large, plump, and
easily extracted. Grown in Ohio.

Pearl. — Medium to large, with thin shell and easily extracted
kernels; rich and sweet. Texas.

Ribera.— Medium to large, oblong ovate; shell thin; kernel large,
plump, and best in quality.

454 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Russell. — Large, oblong; shell thin; commercially grown in three
fruit districts of the South. Mississippi.

San Saba. — Medium, oval. A sweet rich variety coming into
favor with planters. Texas.

Van Deman. — Large to very large, oblong; quality very good to
best. A popular variety with nut-orchard planters. Mississippi.

In addition to the above in New Jersey the Guadaloupe from
Texas is propagated, and is said to bear earlier than most varieties, and
in the South fully a dozen other nurseries are propagating select
local varieties.

THE WALNUT.

Sections 283, 284, and 285 of Part I give some facts in regard to the
distribution and culture of the European walnut (Juglans regid) in
the United States; the need of alternating varieties and species
in orchard, and its propagation and possible increase of hardiness by
importing varieties from North Central Asia.

The varieties now cultivated on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
include some of those from Western Europe and their American
seedlings, together with varieties from Japan. The latter De Candolle
includes as varieties or types of Juglans regia. But recently botan-
ists have included the varieties from the mountains of North Japan
in a new species (Juglans sieboldiana) , and those from the island of
Yezo in extreme North Japan have been included in another species
(Juglans cordiformis). At this time however, the J. cordiformis is re-
garded by most botanists as a variety of /. sieboldiana, and the writer
knows from actual inspection that the walnuts of Central Asia do not
differ materially from those of Japan in tree or nut very materially.
Even the growing of the nuts in large clusters peculiar to J. sieboldiana
repeated in the Asiatic varieties, and is also repeated in the cluster
and other varieties of J. regia; the early bearing habit of the
J. cordiformis is also repeated in the dwarf varieties of North Central
Asia; yet as a matter of convenience it may be best to include the
Japanese varieties as a distinct species.

LEADING VARIETIES OF WALNUT.

Cordiformis. — Without much doubt this Japan variety is a climatic
variation of Sieboldiana. The trees bear very young, and prove
hardy in Ohio and along the coast as far as tested. The kernel is

THE WALNUT.

455

large, of best quality, and can be extracted whole with a little care.
This variety by selection is likely to prove very valuable.

Drew. — Medium to large, oblate, surface quite smooth, yellowish;
shell thin; kernel thick, plump, and easily extracted; meat yellowish;
quality very good. Delaware.

Dwarf Prolific (Proeparturiens) . — Medium in size; shell quite
hard; kernels plump and easy to extract. This old European dwarf
variety will bear heavily in isolated position, often when less than six
feet in height. Quite extensively planted in New Jersey and as far
north as Philadelphia and New York.

Ford (Ford Soft Shell). — This variety has been propagated from
seed giving rise to variations; but where propagated by budding or

Franquette.

grafting it has very thin shell and in all respects is a superior variety.
California.

Franquette. — Form long, ovate; quality remarkably good. A
French variety that is commercial on both continents. France.

Hightstown. — Medium, long, ovate; shell fairly thin; kernel
plump and good. A variety grown and propagated at Hightstown,
New Jersey, that proves hardy and fruitful when planted together,
but, as with the chestnut, isolated trees rarely bear nuts.

Japan (Sieboldiana) . — Ovate in form, with sharpened point, and
smooth shell, which is thicker than English species; kernel plump and
full, with flavor of our Butternut, but less oily and pungent. The nuts
grow in clusters at the end of preceding year's growth. A rapid

456 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

grower and early bearer. Hardy in Michigan and as far north as
Boston.

Japan. Mayette.

Mayette. — Broad, and above medium in size; kernels plump and
full. This variety blossoms later than usual with the species; hence
has become a favorite on the Atlantic as well as tho Pacific coast.

Mission (Los Angeles). — Medium in size, with quite a hard shell.
Interesting as being the original variety found around the mission
grounds of the west coast.

Serotina. — Medium in size; shell fairly thin; kernel high-flavored.
Blossoms very late, hence is valuable in frosty positions.

Santa Barbara. — Medium to large; shell thin; kernel white and
fine in quality. This blossoms quite late and is a smaller tree than
most others and bears young. It has proven a valuable variety on
the Atlantic coast when planted near other varieties.

Volga. — Medium, long, ovate; shell quite thin; quality good.
Grown by the writer from nuts picked up at Saratov, on the Volga, in
Russia. It has proven hardy enough to pass through winters in
Central Iowa. Now propagated in Missouri.

THE NATIVE BLACK WALNUT.

Section 286 gives notes on the value of the American Black Wal-
nut as a timber tree and its present and prospective value as a nut
tree, and Section 287 gives the methods of propagation and planting.

It cannot be said that the growing of our native varieties is yet
commercial, yet advances are made in the way of indicating and
naming select varieties which amateurs are planting.

THE BUTTERNUT. 457

The Division of Pomology of the Department of Agriculture
gives the following list; but in almost every neighborhood where the
Black Walnut grows some good varieties may be found (286).

SOME SELECT NATIVE VARIETIES.

Gordon. — Large, cubical, somewhat conical at each end; shell
medium in thickness; kernel light- colored, plump; quality very good.
The original tree has now a stem three feet in diameter. Virginia.

Mirza. — Large, compressed; shell thin; kernel large; quality
good. Original tree now forty inches in diameter. Ohio.

Missouri. — Size medium; form oval; kernel large and plump, and
about as good as English walnut in purity of flavor. Missouri.

Peanut. — Small to medium; pyriform; shell thin; kernel entire
at the large end of the nut; quality very good. Ohio.

Peanut. Taylor.

Taylor. — Quite large, quadrangular, pointed; shell thin; kernel
large, and coming out in halves; meat white; quality very good. Ohio.
Thomas. — Large, oblate, somewhat pointed at base, and still more
at apex; shell quite thin; flavor sweet, rich, very good. Pennsyl-
vania.

THE BUTTERNUT.

In Section 288 some notes are given relative to the value of timber
and the value of select varieties of the nuts. As with the Black
Walnut it is variable in size and thinness of shell of the nuts, and, in
some cases, the select varieties have been locally propagated and

458 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

planted in a small way. Of the flavor and quality of the best varieties
Mr. S. B. Heiges, of the Division of Pomology at Washington, says:
"In flavor and quality of kernel the butternut is second only to the
shellbark hickory and pecan among our native nuts, and is worthy
of more attention than it has yet received." This is high praise,
as Charles Downing, whose verdict on quality few will dispute, says
of the shellbark hickory nut: "We confess, to our taste this nut is
much superior to the European walnut."

As yet we have no selected commercial varieties.

SOME LEADING SUBTROPICAL FRUITS.

THE BANANA.

The Banana (Musa sapientum) is tropical and its cultivation on
a commercial scale is carried on extensively in the West Indies,
Central America, and Mexico. But in a small way, as combined
ornamental and fruit-bearing plants, it is grown in South Florida,
in Texas as far north as San Antonio, and in South Arizona and
California. Amateurs who wish to grow fruit at San Antonio and at
other points cut off the large leaves, wrap the stems with gunny-
sacks, and mulch the crowns with raked-up leaves. Treated in this
way new foliage usually starts in the spring early enough for develop-
ing flower-buds and fruit. But it often happens in milder winters
that the foliage is held in South Florida, extreme Southern Louisiana,
Southwest Texas, and South Arizona and California.

VARIETIES OF THE BANANA.

Chamba (Hart's Choice}. — Quite large, six inches long, straw yellow
in color; skin soft and thin. Flesh delicate in flavor, very good. A
leading variety in Florida, Louisiana, Southwest Texas, South Arizona,
and California.

Chinese Dwarf (Musa Cavendishii) . — Small, four to five inches long,
by one and one-half inches in diameter; yellow, slightly curved.
Flesh delicate and fragrant. This is a low grower and stands more
cold than most other species. A leading species from Lower Florida
to South California.

Japanese (Musa Japonicd) . — Bunch compact ; thirty to sixty fruits,
oblong pointed, narrowed at base; quality fair if ripened indoors after
picking. The hardiest species with edible fruit.

Orinoco. — This is a variety of the common banana (Musa sapien-
tum). It is one of the hardiest and is much grown from Florida

459

460 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

west to South California for combined ornament and fruit production.
The bunches and fruits are medium size and fairly good in quality if
ripened on the plant.

THE DATE.

The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is an ancient fruit of the
desert. Sections 208, 209, and 210 of Part I give something of its his-
tory, habits of growth, propagation, after-care, and possible improve-
ment by crossing. In its native climes in Arabia, Northern Africa,
and other dry desert regions of the old world, it has run into many-
named varieties which are kept pure by propagation from suckers
from the crown (209). Mr. W. G. Palgrave, who has given much atten-
tion to date varieties in the Far East, says: "The fruit varies as much
in size, color, and quality under cultivation as does the apple in
temperate regions." The Date Palm has long been grown in Florida,
California, and other semi-tropical parts of the Union as an ornamental
tree. As in such localities it failed to perfect fruit, no attempt has
been made until recently to secure the best commercial varieties of
the Far East. The remarkable success of the old Mission trees in
Southern Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, in the way of bearing very
heavy crops of good fruit, led the Department of Agriculture to
import named varieties from the Far East. The first fruiting of
these at Phoenix, Arizona, determined the fact that they were not
true to name, and fully half of them were staminate varieties. But
later importations have been made with more care, and it is hoped
that in the near future the best seedling varieties of the old Missions
and of those imported will be commercially planted in Southern
Arizona and in the sunken desert of California. The seeds of the
commercial dates from Algeria, Syria, and Egypt germinate readily.
Often they sprout and grow on the unpaved streets of prairie villages
and small cities where the seeds are dropped. The pistillate varieties
from these seeds usually bear very good fruit, but it is variable, and
the proportion of staminate trees is much too great, as one staminate
to twenty pistillates is the usual proportion in Arizona. At the pres-
ent time, as Prof. J. W. Tourney says: "The Date industry of the
United States is in its infancy. Approved varieties have not as yet
been introduced, and the quantity of fruit produced has not reached
sufficient magnitude to give it a commercial rating." Hence at this
time no description of varieties is advisable. The only important fact

THE F10. 461

established is that in the strictly desert regions of Southern Arizona
and Southeast California the old seedling dates are as thrifty and
as heavy bearers of fruit as in any part of Algeria where date-growing
is commercial.

THE FIG.

Sections 205, 206, and 207 of Part I give something of the history,
races, caprification, possible improvement, growing at the North, and
propagation.

In mild climates, such as California and South Florida, it makes a
large tree, giving a grateful shade for fruit-packing, croquet grounds,
rustic seats, and even the supper-table. Trees sixty feet in height,
shading a circle seventy feet in diameter, are quite common. Yet in
Southwest Texas, Arizona, and Florida, recently planted trees only
four feet in height of some varieties are seen bearing fruit. The nomen-
clature of the fig has been sadly confused; but, thanks to the labors
of Dr. Eisen and others, the commercial varieties propagated from
cuttings are now quite well established.

LEADING VARIETIES.

Adriatic, White. — Size medium, roundish, with medium neck; stakl
short; ribs not well denned; skin thin, light green, with yellow cheek.
Flesh colored with violet streaks. Considerably grown in California,
Arizonia, and the South. Not identical with the variety grown
under this name in Europe.

Angelique (Jaune Hative) . — Size below medium, roundish turbinate,
and flattened like an onion; color yellow, dotted with long greenish-
white specks. Flesh white, with tinge of rose toward the centre.
Grown South and in Arizona.

Black Bourjassotte (Precoce Noire). — Medium, roundish oblate,
with short neck and obscure ribs; color black, covered with thick
blue bloom. Flesh deep red, stiff, and syrupy; quality very good
for the table or drying. Grown in the Gulf States on rich moist soil
and in California.

Black Genoa (Nigra). — Large, oblong, broad toward the apex,
and slender toward the stalk; color dark purple, almost black, and
covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, but red at center,
juicy, with rich and sweet flavor. Grown South and well across the
continent.

462 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Black Ischia (Blue Ischia). — Medium, turbinate, flat at top;
color deep purple, almost black when ripe. Flesh deep red, sweet,
and luscious. Grown South and in Arizona.

Blue Celeste (Violette). — Small to medium, ovate, turbinate;
color dark violet amber, with bloom at the neck. Flesh amber-colored,
sweet, not high-flavored. A very hardy variety in Texas and the
South.

Adriatic Fig.

Brunswick (Madonna) . — Large to very large, pyriform, with swollen
sides, one larger than the other; apex obtuse; neck and stock short;
color pale amber, with violet shade. Flesh amber-colored. Season,
early. Quality good for canning or preserves; rather poor for dessert
use. Grown in Texas and the South.

Drap d'Or. — Large, pyriform, with low neck and short stem;
color light reddish amber. Flesh rosy red ; quality very good. Grown
in Arizona and on west coast; used largely in confections and for
crystallizing.

Du Roi. — Medium or above, roundish-pyriform ; color pale bluish

THE FIG. 463

green, with scales prominent. Flesh amber-colored, with rosy streaks;
seeds very small. Specially used for drying in a commercial way in
California and Arizona.

Gentile.— Very large, pyriform; neck short; color greenish
yellow, with white spots. Flesh amber-colored, streaked with rose-
color. Season, very early in warm climates.

Green Ischia. — Small, greenish yellow. Flesh deep red, juicy,
rich, very good. A productive variety. Grown in the South quite
generally.

Magdalen. — Small to medium, round; color greenish yellow;
stalk long, often longer than the fruit. Flesh amber-white; quality
best. Grown South and in Arizona and California.

Magnolia. — Size medium; color yellowish white; quality very good
for any use. Grown on the border-land of fig culture in Central Texas
and the South, and if frozen down it bears on young shoots of one
season's growth that shoot up from the crown.

Mission (California Black). — Large, dark purple, hardy, very
productive. Much used for drying. Aside from the dark color the
dried product is regarded by experts equal in quality to the imported
Smyrna. Grown in the South and on the west coast.

Monaco Bianco. — Above medium size, round, flattened, slightly
necked, with obscure ribs; color green, and yellowish green when
fully ripe, with thin bloom. Flesh dark red, juicy, brisk, but not
specially rich. Is richest in dry climates such as Arizona.

Royal. — Medium, with thin skin; color reddish brown or purple.
Flesh very juicy, melting, high-flavored. A favorite in Texas,
Arizona, and New Mexico.

San Pedro. — Very large, roundish, or flattened; color greenish or
bright yellow. Flesh very tender, amber-colored, often tinted with
red. Excellent for dessert use and canning. Casts its fruit in
moist climates.

Smyrna. — As grown in Texas and Arizona this is a large pale
purple variety that is very prolific and fine in quality. As this bears
without caprification it is probably not the true Smyrna now on
trial in California (205).

Turkey, Brown. — Large, pear-shaped, with thick stem; color
reddish brown or purple, with blue bloom. Flesh red, and very
luscious. Tree hardy. Grown South, and is a special favorite in
Texas and Arizona.

464 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

White Bourjassotte. — Somewhat larger than the black variety,
round, slightly flattened, with longitudinal ribs on the sides; color
waxy green, with yellow shade at maturity, covered with thin gray
bloom; stalk very short. Flesh blood red ; quality very good. Grown
in the Gulf States and on the west coast.

White Genoa. — Medium or above, pyriform, with small neck and
short stalk; color olive green. Flesh pale rose-colored; quality very
good. Does well in a dry climate like Arizona.

White Marseilles. — Size above medium; roundish, with a short
neck, and ridges running from stalk to apex; color green, and pale
green when ripe. Flesh opal-colored, very rich, juicy, and sugary;
much used for drying. Grown South and West to Texas, Arizona,
and California.

THE GUAVA.

Section 220 gives an outline of the uses and commercial status of
what is known as the apple of tropical and subtropical climates as
a dessert fruit, and the production of guava jelly, butter, and mar-
malade, together with methods of propagation. As yet practically
nothing has been done in connection with improving the native
species as found in the West Indies, South America, and China.

VARIETIES AND SPECIES OF GUAVA.

Apple. — About the size of White Winter, roundish, apple-shaped;
color red; pulp darkish in color; flavor not as rich as the White
variety, but is much used for guava jelly and cheese. Grown in
Florida largely. A variety of the West Indian species P. guajava.

Cattley (Strawberry] . — An inch to an inch and a half in diameter,
roundish, claret-colored, with pitted skin; pulp soft, fleshy, reddish next
the skin, and paler inside; flavor agreeable and has been likened to
that of the strawberry. This belongs to the South American species,
Psidium cattleianum. Grown in Florida, Arizona, and California.

White Winter. — Size of a hen's egg, pear-shaped; skin thin,
bright yellow, filled with soft pulp yellowish in color, having a pleasant
subacid and aromatic flavor. Grown quite extensively in lower
Florida. A variety of Psidium quajava.

Yellow Strawberry. — Somewhat larger than the Strawberry variety,

CUSTARD APPLE. 465

round; color yellow. Much grown in lower Florida and to a less
extent in South Arizona and California.

CUSTARD APPLE.

In tropical and semi-tropical climates this name is applied to
several species of the Anona of the natural order Anonaceae.

The large, and in some cases very large, fruits are extensively used
in the tropics, and are seen in the markets of Southern cities and
rarely at the North. No attempt has been made as yet to improve
the fruit by culture or crossing, but some of the selected varieties are
under cultivation in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California.

VARIETIES AND SPECIES.

Bullock's Heart (Anona reticulata). — Large to very large, three to
four inches in diameter, heart-shaped; color dark brown, with de-
pressions of skin giving a quilted expression ; pulp yellow on the outside
and white in the center; sweet, excellent; much prized in Southern
Florida.

Peruvian (Jamaica, Cherimoyer). — Very large, three to four inches
in diameter; often heart-shaped; color brown or nearly black. Flesh
soft, sweet, pleasantly flavored. As Prof. Wickson says : " If it has a
fault it is too rich." Grown as far north as Santa Barbara in Cali-
fornia, and in South Arizona and Florida.

Fond Apple (Anona glabra). — A small, nearly evergreen tree. Fruit
size of a Bellflower apple; heart-shaped, conical; color brownish
yellow; pulp cream-colored, fragrant; fair in quality. Native to
swamps in Southern Florida, but does well under culture.

Soursop (Anona muricatd). — Very large, long, often eight inches
in length and weighing five pounds; color dark green, with rough skin
and soft prickles; color greenish; pulp with agreeable sour taste and
an aroma that many do not like. Only grown in South Florida, on
the Keys, and in extreme South California.

Sweetsop (Anona squamosd). — This is the Sugar apple of the
West Indies. Fruit large, three to four inches in diameter, egg-
shaped; color yellowish green with protuberances and depressions of
skin; rind rather thick. Flesh creamy yellow and custard-like,
sweet, and, to those accustomed to its use, delicious. Quite exten-
sively cultivated in lower Florida, in extreme Southwest Texas near
Brownsville, and in South California.

466 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

LOQUAT.

(Eriobotrya Japonica, Lindl.; Photinia Japonica, Gray.)
In the South this is usually called Japan plum. It is a small
evergreen tree (214) and its fruit is regarded a fair substitute
for the Cherry from North Florida westward to Texas, and South
California, In this country it has been mainly propagated from
the seeds, and it varies but little in size or quality of fruit from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. So far as known to the writer the only
variety propagated South on Angers Quince stocks is the Giant,
imported from Japan within recent years. This is larger in size and
is not as seedy as the average seedlings. The only American attempt
to improve this fruit known to the writer was made by Mr. C. P.
Taft of Orange, California. His work has shown it susceptible of
speedy improvement in size, flavor, color, and bearing habits of the
tree, as well as securing early and late varieties.

Loquat.

Of the valuable varieties developed by Mr. Taft, Prof. Wickson
says that the one named Advance is most valuable. Of these he gives
the following descriptions.

BEST VARIETIES OF LOQUAT.

Advance. — Very large, often three inches long and from one to one
and one-quarter inches in diameter, peculiarly pear-shaped; color

OLIVE. 467

bright orange-yellow when fully ripe; flavor distinct and very sweet;
many compare its flavor with that of the Cherry. If not bruised when
handled, it will keep easily two weeks, growing sweeter, and will
eventually shrivel up without decay. The clusters frequently con-
tain twenty specimens.

Premier: — Large, from two to three inches in length, pear-shaped;
very sweet when fully ripe; clusters very large.

Victor. — The largest of Mr. Taft's varieties; color pink to red, and '
regarded best for canning, but not as good for dessert use.

OLIVE (Oka Europea).

Sections 202, 203, and 204 give notes on the history, soil, and air
requisites for culture, propagation, and commercial olive products.
The culture of the fruit has been on a commercial scale in California
several years and its culture in South Arizona and portions of New
Mexico and Mexico is rapidly on the increase.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE OLIVE.

Columbella.— Medium, broadly oval; color pale yellow, changing
to dark purple when fully ripe; pit small. Flesh only slightly bitter,
with rich flavor. Season, late. Grown in dry localities in Arizona
and California.

Lucques. — Medium, curved; color shiny black; much used for
pickling under the brand of "Crescent Olive." Does well near the
coast and in Arizona.

Macrocarpa. — Large, oval or obovate; color purple or nearly
black. A leading pickling variety of Arizona and parts of California
with dry interior climate.

Manzanillo. — Quite large, rounded oval; color purplish black.
A leading pickling and oil variety of Arizona, parts of New Mexico,
and California.

Mission. — Small to medium, oval, oblique. Season, late. The
common variety of the Missions of New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali-
fornia; somewhat varied by seedling production.

Nevadillo Blanco. — Small to medium, oval, oblique. Much
grown in Arizona, and to a less extent in dry hot interior valleys in
California.

Oblonga.— Quite large, oblique oval, but narrow at stem and
broad at apex, usually pointed at both ends." Season, three weeks

468 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

earlier than the common Mission. A French variety succeeding well
in Arizona, and in dry interior valleys of west coast.

Palazzuolo. — Large, with relatively small pit. A test shows over
29 per cent, of oil. This variety is only productive under irrigation
in dry interior climates.

Pendulier. — Large, curved at apex end. A variety mainly grown
for pickling. Does best in the interior valleys.

Mission.

Pendulina. — Quite large, oval. A French variety doing well in
Arizona and in hot interior valleys on mesa ridges of California.

Polymorpha. — Very large, ovate, oblique, pointed. Season, very
early. Grown on long stems in clusters of two and three; mainly
used for pickling.

Rubra. — Small, oval, oblique; color black. Does well in Arizona
and on the west coast, and gives a larger per cent, of oil than Mission.

THE ORANGE FAMILY.

Sevillano. — Very large, obovate, oblique; color purple. A very
large Spanish variety used exclusively for pickling. Succeeds best in
dry interior climates and does well in South Arizona.

Uvaria. — Small to medium, oval; color dark purple. Season, very
late. The fruit grows in clusters, and in shape resembles grapes;
hence it is very prolific. It has a very high percentage of oil.

THE ORANGE FAMILY.

The orange family includes the cultivated oranges, lemon, lime,
shaddock, citron, pomelo, and kumquat. Chapter XV of Part I
gives something of the history, propagation, culture, pruning, cur-
ing, and uses of these fruits.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE ORANGE.

Amory Blood (Amory's Malta Oval). — Medium to large, roundish;
color yellow. Flesh with red veining, melting; quality good. Sea-
son, quite early. A fine tree of robust habit in Florida that has
proven a good cropper.

Australian Navel. — A coarser type of the Navel, but about equal
in quality of pulp. It can be distinguished in shipments by the
coarser markings of the skin and all the external parts. The tree
appears to be hardier than the species in North California and Arizona.

Bessie. — Large, oval; color orange with red shadings. Flesh
melting, rather rich; quality very good. A variety originating in
Florida now being planted quite extensively.

Boone. — Large, roundish; color light orange; quality good.
Season, very early. Originated in Florida and has been considerably
planted on account of its early ripening.

Brazilian. — Medium in size, round, yellow; quality very good.
Tree vigorous and productive in Florida, and prized as a late variety
that will hang on the tree without deterioration until summer.

Buttercourt. — Medium in size, round; color yellow; quality best.
Originated in Florida and prized on account of its high quality.

Enterprise (Enterprise Seedless}. — Medium, round, yellow; quality
good. Season, early. A nearly seedless variety originating in
Florida, now double-starred by the American Pomological Society.

Foster. — Medium, round, yellow; quality good. Season, early.
Another Florida seedling now commercial on a line south of Tampa.

470 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Homosassa. — Medium, round, yellow; quality very good, combin-
ing the sweetness of the Chinese strain with the juiciness and spright-
liness of the Portuguese type. Commercial.

Imperial Blood. — Medium, round; color yellow, with red shading.
Flesh shaded with red; type good. A seedling originating in
Florida of the Maltese Blood. Commercial.

Jaffa. — Almost identical with Majorka, but is sweeter and re-
garded in most localities a more regular bearer. Double-starred in
Florida and parts of Arizona. Malta.

Jaffa Blood. — Small to medium, oval; "color orange, with patches
of bright red. Flesh colored like Malta Blood; quality best. Quite
as profitable as Jaffa, though smaller in size.

Joppa. — Medium, very heavy, oblong in form; color yellow with
red cheek. Flesh firm, juicy, with peculiar flavor that many like,
while others regard it only fair in quality. Grown in California
from seed obtained from Palestine.

Kumquat. — Small, three-quarters to one and one-quarter inches in
diameter, with sweet, thick rind and acid pulp. A large shrub, much
hardier than the orange, that loads with the small fruit. Two varieties
are cultivated differing only in shape, one being round, the other oval.
They are widely grown across the continent on the south limit. The
fruit is preserved, and also used for dessert, the rind as well as pulp
being eaten. The bushes are often potted for ornamental use in
living-rooms.

Madam Vinous. — Medium, round, yellow; quality best. Origi-
nated in Florida, where it is double-starred by the American Porno-
logical Society.

Majorca. — Medium, nearly round; color orange-yellow. Flesh
fine-grained, tender, vinous, very good. Popular market variety in
Florida and also in extreme Southwest Texas and in Arizona.
Malta.

Maltese Blood. — Small to medium, oval; color yellow, with patches
of rosy red. Flesh tender with delicious flavor, streaked and mottled
with red ; seeds few. A dessert variety grown in Florida, Arizona, and
California. The tree rarely shows thorns.

Maltese Egg. — Small, oval; color orange and red; quality best. A
fair grower and heavy bearer in South Florida, Arizona, and Cali-
fornia.

Maltese Oval (Gary's Mediterranean). — Medium, oblong, flattened at

THE ORANGE FAMILY.

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472

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

the stem; quality very good; a late keeper. Much prized as a ship-
per in Florida, but it needs good culture and soil fertilization.

Mediterranean Sircct.— Medium to large; color yellow. Flesh
solid, but of fine texture with few seeds. Season, very late on west
coast, where it was the leading variety prior to the advent of the
Bahia or Navel. Popular in Arizona, where it ripens much earlier.
It also ripens much earlier in Florida.

May's Best. — Medium, round, yellow; quality good; season quite
early. A commercial variety south of Tampa in Florida.

Old Vini. — Large, round, yellow; quality very good. Season,
quite early. A Florida seedling now commercial south of Tampa
in Florida.

Paper Rind St. Michael. — Small, round. Flesh very firm, juicy,
very good; skin very thin. Season, late in California, but earlier in

Paper Rird.

Arizona and Florida. Tree of dwarf habit; an excellent bearer, and
extensively grown to follow the Naval.

Parson Brown. — Medium round, yellow; quality good. A
Florida seedling, much grown on account mainly of its early ripening.

Pineapple. — Large, round; color yellow, with violet shading.

THE ORANGE FAMILY. 473

Season, medium to late; quality very good. Much grown in South
Florida.

Ruby. — Medium, roundish; color yellow, with areas of red. Flesh
usually reddened, juicy, and sprightly; quite acid until fully ripe.
A good bearer, and finds ready sale on account of its colored flesh.
Grown across the continent in the orange belts.

Satsuma (Unshiu). — Medium-sized, flattened. Flesh fine-grained
sweet, nearly seedless. In California now top-worked on sweet orange.

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Valencia Late.

where it ripens earlier. In Florida it is hardier than most varieties,
and is worked mainly on Citrus trifoliata; commercial as a fancy thin
skinned variety ripening very early in Florida, often the first

October.

Seville Sweet.— Small, round; color yellow; quality fairly good.
Season, very early, and sweet even before it fully colors; used m
Florida for early shipments when all other varieties are too sour.

474 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Tangerine (Kid Glove). — Small, flat; color yellow, shaded with
red. Flesh juicy, aromatic; quality best. A fancy fruit running
into many varieties. The one described above is commercial under
the above name.

Thompson Improved — An improved variety of the Navel, with
thinner and silkier rind and more melting pulp than the first intro-
duced type. This is now sought by planters in California and Ari-
zona.

Valencia Late (Hart's Tardiff). — Medium, oblong, or long oval;
color pale yellow. Flesh deep yellow, sprightly and crisp; very good.
Season, late. Tree a strong grower with -some thorns. Double-
starred in Florida and California as the best late shipper.

Whittaker. — Medium, round, yellow; quality very good. A
variety of the sweet China oranges originated in Florida that has
become commercial.

Washington Navel (Bahia). — Large, solid, heavy, roundish oval;
color yellow. Flesh melting; quality nearly best, and is practically
seedless, as a seed is not often found. Tree is healthy and an excellent
early bearer on the west coast, and it also bears well in the hotter
and drier air of Arizona and to less extent in Florida. But the
highest quality is developed in the interior valleys of California, or
rather on the slopes leading down to the valleys. Brazil.

LEMONS.

Prior to the winter of 1894-5 lemons were grown commercially
in Central Florida. Since that period the plantings have been quite
extensive in lower Florida. In California since the advent of the
Mediterranean varieties with acceptable size, thinness of skin, freedom
from bitterness, and the systems of curing have been perfected, the
advance in lemon-growing has been remarkably rapid. See Sections
196 and 197 of Part I.

LEADING VARIETIES OF THE LEMON.

Belair. — Size of Eureka, oblong oval; color light yellow; quality
best for curing. A favorite variety in South Florida and Arizona.

Bonnie Brae. — Medium-sized, oval ; rind very thin, smooth ; pulp
pleasantly acid. A California seedling grown in Southern Sap Diego
County, but as yet local.

THE LIME. 475

Eureka. — Medium; rind sweet; seeds very few; one of the three
best for commercial use, but only grown near the coast in California.
The foliage is too thin for hot interior valleys. Does well in South
Florida.

Genoa. — Medium, oval; rind sweet; nearly seedless; one of the
three leading varieties of South California and South Arizona.

Imperial Messina. — A variety grown in South Florida that has all
the requisites of a commercial modern lemon. As yet local.

Lisbon. — Size very uniform, rather oblong; rind thin and sweet.
Flesh fine-grained, strongly acid, with few seeds; one of the best
keepers. Tree a strong grower and great bearer. Popular at interior
points in California and in the nearly frostless parts of Arizona.

Sicily. — This seems an uncertain name for a class almost identical
in quality of fruit for curing. The variety popular in South Florida
is oval, light yellow, and like Belair in size, quality, and thinness of
rind. This is also grown in South Arizona and California.

Villafranca. — Medium, quite uniform, oblong, slightly pointed at
apex; rind thin without bitterness, very acid; nearly seedless. A
leading commercial variety in South California, Arizona, and South
Florida.

THE LIME.

The Lime (Citrus medica acida] is most frequently grown from
seed, hence the varieties are numerous and variable. This is specially
true of the Cuban or West Indian type, which is also grown in lower
Florida and on some of the Keys. In addition there are a few varieties
propagated by budding or grafting. Budding on Citrus trijoliata has
resulted in increasing the hardiness of these varieties. In nearly
frostless sections, such as parts of Mexico and the West Indies, it is
planted in hedge form. As it is very thorny and impenetrable, these
hedges answer the double purpose of a defensive hedge and bearing
heavy crops of fruit. The skin is thin and the juice pure-flavored
and very acid; it is preferred in tropical regions to the lemon for
about all uses. But it does not keep like the lemon, hence is not
commercial to the same extent. The fruit is largely used in the
manufacture of citric acid in lower Florida, the West Indies, and in
British India. The fruits are shipped from flower Florida and the
West Indies in immense quantity to the Atlantic coast cities during
summer and autumn, but they are rarely seen in the interior cities.

476 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

VARIETIES OF THE LIME.

French (False Lemon). — As large as a medium-sized orange, with
thick skin that is warty and uneven, with swelling at apex. Flesh
pleasantly acid, and the segments divide as readily as the Tangerine
oranges. A very vigorous variety used for stocks for the orange.
The Washington Navel in Florida bears far more freely on this stock
than any other.

Imperial. — Larger than Navel orange; oval, yellow; quality good.
Crown mainly in lower California, but it does well in lower Florida.

Persian. — Of lemon size, oval, with point at apex; color light
yellow; quality good. Extensively grown in lower Florida.

Rangpur (Mandarin Lime). — Oblate; much like a Mandarin
orange; color orange and red ; quality best. This is most extensively
used in lower Florida for summer drinks and even for dessert use.
In the coast cities it usually sells much higher than lemons.

Tahiti. — Larger than the commercial lemon; oval; light yellow;
quality best. A leading commercial variety propagated mainly by
budding.

Turanj. — Very large, often as large as the Pomelo; oblong; yellow;
quality rather coarse and low. Only grown for kitchen use.

West Indian. — Small, oval; skin thin, smooth; juice abundant,
highly aromatic, rich, acid, and pleasant, but somewhat variable
as grown from seed. Select varieties are propagated by budding in
lower Florida.

THE CITRON.

The Citron (Citrus Medica genuina) is a large thick-rinded fruit,
of which only the rind is used in the making of preserves and con-
fections. It is a shrub or small tree. Without care in pruning it
becomes a spreading bush, as the very large fruit bends the points
of growth to the ground, where they take root like the canes of the
black raspberry. It is grown in parts of Florida, and westward to
California. It is frozen down at intervals, but it quickly sprouts
from the crown and is again weighted with fruit. It is grown readily
from ripe wood cuttings, hence it is easy to perpetuate the best
varieties. As yet the imported candied citron is mainly used, but at
this time it seems probable that the home product will prove of supe-
rior quality and displace the foreign product.

THE POMELO, OR GRAPE-FRUIT. 477

VARIETIES OF THE CITRON.

Corsican. — Medium in size, and said to be of excellent quality.
A new variety from Corsica that gives promise of becoming com-
mercial.

Fingered Citron. — Extremely large, with separated lobes that
project like fingers. A variety much used in China on account of its
rich odor. The writer has met with this in Cuba and South California.
Only used as an ornamental tree and for its delightful odor.

Lemon. — -Very large, oval, yellow, glossy, surface wavy. The
fruits of this variety sometimes reach immense size and weigh ten
pounds.

Lyman. — Much smaller than the orange, with a sweet and edible
rind; also largely used for preserving.

Orange. — Much like the Lemon variety except that the skin is
more waved and the color darker yellow.

THE POMELO, OR GRAPE-FRUIT.

The species to which this belongs (Citrus decumana) includes
what are known as Shaddocks. The round-fruited varieties are
known as Pomelos, Pumelos, or Grape-fruit, and the pear-shaped
ones are known as Shaddocks.

The round-fruited Pomelos, or Grape-fruits are grown commercially
in Florida, where a large part of the best varieties have originated.
The pear-shaped varieties or Shaddocks, are grown more as ornamental
trees and curiosities, and the fruits are not often found in markets.
See Section 198.

VARIETIES OF POMELO.

Aurantium. — Medium, round, light yellow; quality good. Much
grown in Florida and the South. Florida.

Blood. — Large to very large, roundish, slightly pyriform. Flesh
reddish or flesh-colored ; quality fair. One of the best of the Shaddock
type.

Forbidden Fruit. — Small, growing in clusters; thin-skinned, and
filled with subacid refreshing juicy pulp. This is also named Grape-
fruit.

478 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Hart. — Medium, roundish, light yellow; very good. Commercial
for Northern market. Florida.

Josselyn. — Large, roundish; color light yellow; quality good.
Season, rather late. Heavy bearer. Florida.

Mammoth. — Very large, roundish, somewhat pyriform; quality
scarcely good. Grown in Arizona, South California, and on south
coast as a curiosity and ornamental tree; of the Shaddock type.

Marsh Seedless. — Medium, round, light yellow. Flesh with few
seeds; quality good. A heavy bearer. Florida.

May (May's Pomelo) . — This has taken many premiums on account
of its relatively sweet and delicious pulp with little of the bitter
peculiar to the pomelo. Commercial.

Pernambuco.— Very large, roundish; color light yellow; quality
very good. Season, late. Tree with short thorns. A South Ameri-
can variety grown quite largely in Florida for late Northern market.

Royal. — Small, round, light yellow; quality very good. Season,
early; only slightly bitter; a heavy bearer. Commercial for- early
shipments North. Florida.

Tresca Blood. — Medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh rose-colored;
quality very good. Commercial in Florida, Arizona, and South
California. Bahama Islands.

Triumph. — Small, round, light yellow; quality good. Season,
late. Florida.

Walter. — Medium, round, light yellow; quality good. Season,
late. Florida.

THE PINEAPPLE (Ananas sativus).

Sections 212 and 213 of Part I gives something of the history,
habits, culture, and increased use of this queen of fruits.

The varieties grown in Florida, and under glass at the North,
are all foreign, and it is a significant fact that nearly all the cultivated
varieties have been produced by florists in England and France by
hand pollination under glass. In this way the Pine, as it is called
in Europe, was grown in England during the reign of Charles II.
The writer has seen in the rooms of the Royal Horticultural Society
of London a picture representing the Royal gardener, Mr. Rose,
presenting on bended knee the first pineapple grown in England.
The growing for private use under glass became so general that the
production of new and improved varieties attracted little attention.

THE PINEAPPLE. 470

It would now be difficult to trace the history of those under cultiva-
tion in Florida and the West India islands. In many cases the
varieties sent out from Europe, originating under glass, have had
their original names changed in the West Indies and other tropical
climes. In open field culture in the tropics it appears that very few,
if any, of the best modern varieties have been originated. As well
known instances the Enville was grown from crossed seed by the
gardener of the Earl of Stamford ; Bucks Glove Pine was raised from
crossed seed at Elford, England; the Dounton Havanna was grown
from crossed seed by Thomas A. Knight of England. As a rule our
cultivated pineapples rarely produce perfect seed without cross-
pollination. As Burbidge says: "This sterility having been favored
during the past two centuries owing to the almost invariable method
of propagating from' offsets or suckers." But artificial crossing of
distinct types seems invariably to develop perfect seeds. The seeds
are but little larger than those of millet, kidney-shaped, brown in
color. They are enclosed in small ear-like cells under the recurved
bracts at the top of the fruit. With modern American knowledge
in regard to natural and artifical cross-pollination it is quite possible
to produce seedling varieties that will combine the vigor of a given
variety with the size and quality of fruit of another. This is now
being done by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In addition,
something may be gained by seedling production in Florida in the way
of exact .adaptation to climate.

VARIETIES OF THE PINEAPPLE.

Abachi (Abakkd). — Size medium to large, oblong; color when ripe
golden yellow. Quite a tall, growing plant with narrow dark-green
and purple-tinged leaves; quality very good, but not best for ship-
ping, as it is quite tender and easy to bruise. Brazil.

Albert, Prince. — Large, conical ; quality of flesh best. A leading
variety under shed culture, and the ripened fruit brings the highest
price in the coast cities.

Beatrice, Lady. — Large, conical; quality best. An old English
variety grown in lower Florida and in Cuba.

Black Antigua. — Large, oblong, color rather dark; quality best.
Grown on the lower Keys of Florida and in Cuba.

Black Prince. — Large, conical; color dark; quality best. Grown
on the lower Keys of Florida and in Cuba.

480 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

Crown Prince. — Large, conical; quality very good to best. An
old English variety grown to limited extent in lower Florida.

Enville. — Medium to large, oblong, with broadened tuft at top;
quality very good. An old English variety long grown under glass.
Considerably grown in Florida and the West India Islands.

Jamaica, Black. — Large to very large; oblong; color dark yellow.
Commercial in lower Florida.

Kew (Kew Mammoth}. — Very large, conical, yellow; quality
best. A dessert variety much prized for home use in Florida.

Pernambuco. — Small to medium, oblong; color yellow; quality
best. A dessert variety prized for local use. Brazil.

Porto Rico. — Large to very large, roundish; yellow when fully
ripe; quality fair to good. A vigorous growing plant producing the
largest fruit. A good shipping variety.

Queen (Egyptian Queen). — Medium, conical; color yellow. Flesh
very juicy, of exquisite flavor, and a good keeper. One of the oldest
seedlings developed under glass in England. Next to the Red Spanish
it is the leading variety of the Keys and lower Florida.

Ripley Queen. — Medium, conical; color yellow; quality very good.
Commercial in lower Florida.

Smooth Cayenne. — Large, somewhat conical; color dark orange.
Flesh yellow, rich, highly flavored; a very juicy variety and a good
shipper. Plant robust and nearly free from thorns.

Spanish, Red. — This at present is most extensively grown in
Florida. Size medium, short, rounded, with large pips of dark color,
changing to a reddish brown when fully ripe. Flesh subacid, juicy,
good. One of the hardiest varieties, and an excellent one for crossing
with the larger fruiting varieties.

White Antigua. — Medium, oblong; color light yellow; quality
very good. Becoming commercial for shed culture in Florida.

THE POMEGRANATE.

This species (Punica granatum) is grown for both fruit and orna-
mental planting.

For ornament the double-flowering varieties are mainly planted in
the South and on the west coast. The dwarf variety — Punica
nana of Linna?us — is used as a pot plant at the North, but in the South

THE POMEGRANATE. 481

and in Arizona, New Mexico, South Texas, and California it is used
as a hedge plant.

For character and uses of fruit see Section 216 of Part I. It is
readily propagated in the South from hard-wood cuttings planted in
winter. It also propagates readily by layering (48) , and also by soft-
wood cuttings during summer (57). As to varieties grown for fruit
the present showing is by no means satisfactory in view of the now
well-known fact that seedless or nearly seedless varieties with tender
juicy pulp are obtainable in Central and South Asia. The writer
saw and tested some of these varieties in the Far East in 1882 five
inches in diameter.

VARIETIES OF POMEGRANATE.

Acid. — Large, three to four inches in diameter; yellow, with red
shading; pulp sharp acid, yet desirable for hot- weather drinks with
needed supply of sugar.

Dwarf. — Small, one and one-half to two inches in diameter,
round; color red; pulp very acid. A form of the acid type with low
bushy habit often grown in pots under glass at the North.

Caribbean Coral. — Large, oval, yellow, with crimson blush; pulp
pink, aromatic. Grown South for Northern markets, as it has rather
a thick yet soft and leathery skin.

Paper Shell. — Size medium, round, with very thin skin; pulp
unusually refreshing, cooling, and pleasant. A favorite home variety
in the South and in Cuba.

Purple. — Large, oval, yellow, with red and purple shading; quality
very good. A leading variety in the South.

Spanish Ruby. — Large, oval, color crimson, with deep crimson
pulp. A leading variety in Louisiana and the Gulf States.

Subacid.— Much like the Sweet, but the pulp has somewhat more
acid.

Sweet. — Large, but somewhat smaller than Acid; round; color
darker red than the Acid. Grown from Arizona to Florida.

482 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

SOME SUBTROPICAL FRUITS GROWN TO LESS
EXTENT IN THE UNITED STATES.

Alligator Pear (Persea gratissima). — A handsome evergreen tree.
Fruits pear-shaped, about the size of a Bartlett pear, with a single,
quite large seed. When the thin skin is ripe it can be peeled from
the pulp, which is quite firm and buttery, and it is eaten with orange-
or lime-juice, or with pepper and salt. Nearly all persons like it at
first trial, and epicures are willing to pay fancy prices for it. The
fruit is picked at intervals of from ten to fourteen days for a period of
two months. Grown in South Florida, Texas, Arizona, and in Cali-
fornia as far North as San Francisco.

Granadilla (Passiflora edulis). — A species of Passion-vine common
in California and the Gulf region, bearing fruits about the size of
a pullet's egg, purple in color, with thin brittle shell enclosing a mass
of seeds covered with yellow pleasantly acid pulp, from which an
excellent jelly is made.

Jujube (Zizyphus sativa). — A small tree. The orange-red fruits,
one-half to three-quarters inch long, on short stalks, are produced on
plants three years old. They are used for making the jujube paste
of the confectioner which is much prized in Asia, and in this country
where known. Grown in Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California.

Mango (Mangifera indicd) . — A round-topped handsome ever-
green tree, the fruit of which is a staple article of food in the tropics
during the hottest months. Prior to the freeze of 1886 it was regarded
a valuable fruit in South Florida for home use and shipping; 125,000
of the large fruits were shipped to Northern markets in 1884. The
fruit is four to five inches long, kidney-shaped, with smooth skin;
color pale green to yelloxv, with light red cheek; the flesh of the
best varieties is sweet, luscious, and prized for dessert use in most
markets of the world adjacent to subtropical climates. Grown in
Southern Florida, near Brownsville, Texas, and in extreme South
California.

Marmalade Plum (Lucuma mammosd). — A small, round-topped,
ornamental tree. The fruit is oblong oval, fully six inches long, with
but one large seed. Flesh yellowish red, soft, very sweet; with quite

SOME SUBTROPICAL FRUITS. 483

good flavor; marmalade is made from its pulp, hence the name
Marmalade Plum. Grown in the West Indies and to some extent in
lower Florida.

Melon Shrub; Pepino (Solanum muricatum) . — An erect bushy
shrub with small narrow leaves. Fruit egg-shaped, four to six inches
long; color yellow, with streaks and splashes of violet-purple. Flesh
aromatic, tender, juicy, and in flavor fair to good, reminding one of
the tomato and melon. As with the tomato, it needs some education
of the palate to be relished for table use. Grown as an annual in
Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California, and can be grown in the
prairie States by starting the plants very early in pots. It bears the
second year from the seed, and the fruit ripens in successive crops for
several months in mild climates. Grown in Florida, and westward to
South California ; also grown under glass in the North.

Melon Tree (Melon Papaw). — This is known in tropical climates
as "melon zapote" (Carica papaya). In mild climates it forms a
tree with stem like a palm, and immense leaves near the top which
are often twenty-four inches across, palmately seven-lobed. Fruit
six to twelve inches long, and half as much in diameter, hanging from
the axils of the large leaves. As grown in California, Prof. Wickson
says: "It ripens its fruit the third year from seed — the fruit being
pleasant to eat as one wrould a muskmelon. The large fig-like leaves
and peculiar markings of the trunk make the tree a very striking ob-
ject." Grown in South Florida, near Brownsville, Texas, in South
Arizona, and in South California.

Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo). — A small tree planted for orna-
ment and for its fruits. The fruits are scarlet, warty, three-quarters
of an inch in diameter, and very agreeable in flavor; as it ripens
the fruits range through shades of yellow, orange, and deep red, and
contrast grandly with the glossy evergreen foliage. Grown from
Florida to South California, and it runs into two or three marked
varieties.

Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica). — One of the most beautiful and
useful of the tropical trees, with acacia-like foliage. It is grown
without protection in Southern Florida, near the mouth of the Rio
Grande in Texas, and in Southern California. Its thick fleshy pods
contain an acid pulp used for cooling drinks in hot climates over
the world. The pulp preserved without sugar by drying is used in

484 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

various ways and is regarded as a laxative, a cure for sore throat, and
specially as a refrigerant for cooling bodily heat in hot periods.

Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betaced).—A. tree-shaped, half- woody
plant, with large, soft, pubescent leaves. Fruit about size of a duck's
egg, with reddish color. It is used as a dessert fruit by those who like
ripe tomatoes, and when stewed with sugar it has a slight subacid
flavor which is much liked by most people. It also makes an excel-
lent jelly.

White Sapota (Casimiroa edulis). — A fine evergreen tree grown
in South Florida, Arizona, and California. Fruit about the size of a
Navel orange, greenish yellow. Flesh or pulp soft, rather rich, and
with a decided peach flavor. It has been said that in Mexico its use
as a fruit favors sound sleeping, and an infusion of the leaves is used
for diarrhoea.

THE STANDARD AMERICAN RULES FOR EXHIBITING
AND NAMING FRUITS.

The rules of the American Pomological Society for exhibiting and
naming fruits are as follows:

SECTION I.

NAMING AND DESCRIBING NEW FRUITS.

Rule 1 . — The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the
prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit.

Rule 2. — The society reserves the right, in case of long, inappro-
priate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or
wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its discussions or
reports; and .also to recommend such changes for general adoption.

Rule 3. — The name of a fruit should, preferably, express, as far
as practicable by a single word, a characteristic of the variety, the
name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary
circumstances should more than a single word be emplo}red.

Rule 4. — Should the question of priority arise between different
names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal,
the name first publicly bestowed will be given precedence.

Rule 5. — To entitle a new fruit to the award or commendation of
the society, it must possess (at least for the locality for which it is
recommended) some valuable or desirable quality, or combination
of qualities, in a higher degree than any previously known variety,
of its class and season.

Rule 6. — A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, examined,
and reported upon as a new fruit by a committee of the society, will
not thereafter be recognized as such, so far as subsequent reports are

concerned.

485

486 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.

SECTION II.

COMPETITIVE EXHIBITS OF FRUITS.

Rule 1. — A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no
less, except in the case of single varieties not included in collections.

Rule 2. — To insure examination by the proper committees, all
fruits must be correctly and distinctly labeled, and placed upon the
tables during the first day of exhibition.

Rule 3. — The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be
permitted.

Rule 4. — In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and re-
ported by committees, the name of the exhibitor, together with a
complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered
to the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the exhibi-
tion.

Rule 5. — The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry
card, which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged for exhibi-
tion, for the guidance of committees.

Rule 6. — All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must
remain in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition, to be
removed sooner only upon express permission of the person or persons
in charge.

Rule 7. — Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be
given away to visitors, spectators, or others, will be assigned a
separate hall, room, or tent, in which they may be dispensed at the
pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be permitted to sell
and deliver articles therein, nor to call attention to them in a bois-
terous or disorderly manner.

SECTION III.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

Rule 1 . — It shall be the duty of the president, at the first session of
the society, on the first day of an exhibition of fruits, to appoint a
committee of five expert pomologists, whose duty it shall be to super-
vise the nomenclature of the fruits on exhibition, and in case of
error to correct the same.

Rule 2. — In making the necessary corrections they shall, for the
convenience of the examining and awarding committees, do the

AMERICAN RULES FOR NAMING FRUITS 487

same at as early a period as practicable, and in making such corrections
they shall use cards readily distinguishable from those used as labels
by exhibitors, appending a mark of doubtfulness in case of uncertainty.

SECTION IV.

EXAMINING AND AWARDING COMMITTEES.

Rule 1. — In estimating the comparative values of collections of
fruits, committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon
the varieties in such collections which shall have been correctly
named by the exhibitor prior to action thereon by the committee on
nomenclature.

Rule 2. — In instituting such comparison of values, committees
are instructed to consider, first, the values of the varieties for the
purposes to which they may be adapted ; second, the color, size, and
evenness of the specimens; third, their freedom from the marks of
insects, and other blemishes; fourth, the apparent carefulness in
handling, and the taste displayed in the arrangement of the exhibit.

INDEX.

PAGE

Alligator pear 482

Almonds 444

Apples, artificial key proposed 26

description of varieties 36

description, printed blank for 35

preliminary notes 1

reproduction of varieties 27

study of 34

systems of classification of 3

terms used in describing* 2?

by Dr. Diel 4

by Diel-Dochnahl 9

by Downing 25

by Hogg 20

by Jonston 3

by Dr. Lucas 14, 19

by Manger 4

by Warder 19

natural systems 4, 9, 14, 19

Apricots 329

Bananas 459

Bigarreau cherries 284

Blackberries, American 408

Bud variation 27

Butternuts 457

Cherries, description of varieties. ... 272

Cherry, sand 301

Chestnuts 445

American 447

European 447

Japanese 448

Citrons 476

489

490 INDEX.

PACK

Crab-apples 215

Cranberries 438

Currants 427

European black 4 432

golden or Buffalo 432

red and white. . . 427

Custard apples. .' 465

Date plums (Persimmons) 364

Dates 460

Descriptions, apple, printed blank for 35

Dewberries 412

Duke cherries 272

Figs 461

Filberts 449

Foreign plums and their hybrids 304

Fruits, rules for exhibiting and naming 485

Gooseberries, American 433

European 434

Granadillas 482

Grape-fruits 477

Grapes, American 370

foreign 393

native and their hybrids 370

Guavas 464

Hazel-nuts 449

Heart cherries 284

Hickory-nuts 451

Japanese plums 304

Jujubes 482

Juneberries 440

Kaki (Persimmons) 364

Lemons 474

Limes 475

Loquats 466

Mangos 482

Marmalade plums 482

Melon shrub 483

tree 483

Mulberries 362

Nectarines 360

Olives 467

Oranges 469

Peaches. . . 335

INDEX. 491

PACK

Pears * 230

Pecans 452

Pepino : 483

Persimmons 364

American 369

Persimmons, Japanese 366

Pineapples 478

Plums 291

American and their hybrids 293

Pomegranates 480

Pomelos 477

Prunes (see Foreign plums) 304

Quinces 269

Raspberries 396

American red 403

Blackcap 396

European red 406

purple cane 401

Reproduction of varieties 27

Sand cherries 301

Stone fruits 272

Strawberries, American 413

Strawberry tree 483

Subtropical fruits, some rare 482

Tamarind 483

Tree, tomato 484

Variation, bud 27

Varieties, reproduction of 27

Walnuts 454

black 456

White sapota 484

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