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THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
eli istl LICHENS.
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we a British Museum ( Nat. “sl. ). Depl. o
A MONOGRAPH
OF
LIC HEWN S8
FOUND IN BRITAIN:
BEING
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE SPECIES IN THE
HERBARIUM OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY THE
Rev. JAMES M. CROMBIE, M.A.,
BIS. FG.S: se
PA hPa
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.:
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.
1894,
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
tacoma
PREFATORY NOTE.
Tue rearrangement of the British Lichens in the Herbarium of the
British Museum and the incorporation of a great series of specimens
made a revised Catalogue of these plants a necessity.
The large number of authentic specimens from Dillenius, Hudson,
Sowerby, Dawson Turner, T. Taylor, Salwey, Mudd, and Leighton
contained in the Herbarium supplied material for determining the
species of these lichenologists which does not exist Gewese ; while
the extensive series of British Lichens, including the collections of
Buddle, E. Forster, R. Brown, Carroll, Piggot, Holl, Crombie, and
Larbalestier, made it possible to determine with certainty the
geographical distribution of the species within the British Islands.
The Rey. J. M. Crombie, M.A., undertook the preparation of a
Monograph based on these materials. This volume contains descrip-
tions of half the known British species. The remainder (consisting
of the Lecideei, Graphidei, Pyrenocarpei, Peridiei, and Myriangiacei)
is so advanced that it may be expected to appear in 1895, and
will contain a complete index to the genera and species of the
whole work.
WILLIAM CARRUTHERS.
March 1894.
GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS
EMPLOYED.
Anaphyses—Filaments springing from the upper inner surface of the
hypotkecium.
Applicate—F orming the thalline border in many crustaceous lichens.
Arthrosterigmata—Jointed sterigmata.
Axial—Composed of the basal but enclosed filaments of the axis.
Basidia—The filaments bearing stylospores.
Cephalodia—Tubercles containing gonimia.
Cortex—The limiting tissue of the thallus.
Cretaceous—Consisting chiefly of oxalate of lime.
Crustacecus—F orming a more or less thickish crust, generally attached
by the whole under surface.
Cyphelle—Minute empty cavities on the underside of the thallus.
Determinate—W ith a distinct margin.
Diseoid—More or less basin-shaped.
Effuse—Without a clearly defined outline.
Endosp-re—iInner layer of wall of spore.
Epispore—Outer layer of wall of spore.
Epithallus—The external layer of the cortex.
Epithecium—The surface of the hymenium.
Evanescent—Reduced to mere gonidia scattered over the substratum.
Exciple proper—The hypothecium of a discoid apothecium.
Gonidia—T he green cells of the thallus.
Gonidimia— Green cells smaller than gonidia and with the cell-wall less
distinct.
Gonimia—Bluish-green naked granules.
Heteromerous—W ith the constituent elements stratified.
Homeomerous—With the constituent elements more or less mixed.
Hymenial gelatine—The colourless amyloid substance permeating the
hymenium.
Hymenium—The layer of thecz and paraphyses.
Hypophlaodal—Consisti g of a very thin film often concealed beneath
the bark of trees and between the interstices of rocks.
Hypophylline—Consisting of the root-like filaments or rhizine.
Hypothallus—The basal tissue, being hypophylline, applicate, and axial.
Hypothecium—The fundamental structure bearing the fructification.
vill
Isidia—Coral-like papille with dark apices.
Medulla—The usually colourless internal tissue.
Muriform—With transverse and irregular longitudinal divisions.
Nuclear—Roundish, with an apical pore.
Ostiole—An apical pore.
Paraphyses—Slender filaments among the thece.
Peridiotd—Roundish, without a pore.
Peridium—The hypotheciam of a peridioid apothecium.
Podetium—An erect cylindrical thallus terminated by the fruit.
Polari-bilocular—With a loculus at each end.
Pycnides—Conceptacles bearing stylospores.
Pyrenium—The hypothecium of a nuclear apothecium.
Scyphus—A dilated cup-shaped fruit borne on a podetium.
Soredia —Powdery masses of gonidia and hyphe.
Stylospores—Asexual spores.
Thalamium—The paraphyses.
Thece—The spore-sacs.
Thecitum=Hymenium.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
The solutions employed are :—(1) Hydrate of potash, denoted by the
symbol K, and composed of equal weights of caustic potash and water ;
(2) Hypochlorite of lime, denoted by CaCl, and composed of chloride of
lime and about half its weight of water; (3) Iodine, denoted by I, and
composed of iodine 1 grain, iodide of potash 3 grains, and distilled water
1 oz. For the sake of brevity, symbols are employed to express the
reactions. The explanation of a few examples will be found sutticient to
explain the rest. Thus CaCl+crimson indicates the immediate pro-
duction of a crimson coloration upon the application of the solution
CaCl. CaCl— means that no reaction occurs with this reagent.
Kf+yellow means a faint yellow reaction with solution K. The
reaction of the cortex is placed above that of the medulla; thus,
gE Goel means that the reaction of the cortex is yellowish and
ange J
that of the medulla orange. K(CaCl)+violet means that K alone
gives no reaction, but when it is followed by the application of CaCl
a violet colour is produced. On the other hand, the reaction given by K
may be neutralized by the addition of CaCl, in which case it is expressed
by K+(CaCl)—. A more or less fuscescent colour produced by K
or CaCl is disregarded, as not being a true reaction, and has the negative
sign.
c
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND
GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS.
Family I. EPHEBACEI Nyl. Thallus slightly turgid when
moist, cellular within ; gonimia tunicated, not moniliform.
Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. Thallus filamentoso-fruticulose ;
gonimia variously connate: apothecia biatorine or lecideine.
1. Gonionema Nyl. Thallus fibrillose, tubuliform ; gonimia con-
nate in one continuous series: apothecia biatorine, with simple
Spores and paraphyses; spermogones with simple sterigmata and
minute oblong spermatia.
2. Spilonema Born. Thallus fruticulose, cylindrical, often pul-
vinate ; gonimia connate in transverse layers: apothecia lecideine,
with simple or 1-septate spores and articulate paraphyses ; spermo-
gones with jointed sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia.
Tribe 1. PYRENOPSEI Nyl. Thallus thinly granulose, rubri-
cose within ; gonimia simple or connate: apothecia lecanorine or
pyrenocarpous.
3. Euopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate; gonimia simple
or nodulose: apothecia lecanorine, with articulate paraphyses and
simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and minute
oblong spermatia.
4, Pyrenopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate or subsquamu-
lose ; gonimia simple or nodulose: apothecia pseudo-pyrenocarpous,
with simple paraphyses and spores; spermogones with simplish
sterigmata and minute oblong spermatia.
Tribe 11. HOMOPSIDEI Nyl. Thallus either fruticulose, with
seriate gonimia; or squamuliform or granulose, with subsolitary
gonimia: apothecia pyrenocarpous.
Subtribe EPHEBEI Ny]. Thallus fruticulose, intricate, dice-
cious or moncecious; gonimia nodulose: apothecia pyrenocarpous,
with or without paraphyses.
5. Ephebe Fr. Thallus dicecious ; gonimia 2-4 in each nodule:
apothecia in thalline incrassations, with simple or 1-3-septate spores
and no paraphyses; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and
shortly cylindrical spermatia.
B
2 BRITISH LICHENS :
6. Ephebeia Nyl. Thallus moncecious; gonimia 2-4 in each
nodule: apothecia in thalline incrassations, with constantly simple
spores and distinct paraphyses ; spermogones with simplish sterig-
mata and shortly cylindrical spermatia.
Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. Thallus pyrenopsidian, contain-
ing syngonimia; gonimia without order: apothecia peridieine.
7. Magmopsis Nyl. Thallus furfuraceo-squamulose ; syngonimia -
glomerulose or granuloso-difform, gonimia moderate: apothecia
small, with 1-septate spores; spermogones not seen rightly deve-
loped.
Family 11. COLLEMACEI Nyl. Thallus turgid when moist;
sometimes with cortical layer; gonimia moniliform; medulla not
discrete.
Tribe I. LICHINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or radiately laci-
niate, or squamuloso-difform ; gonimia elongately moniliform,
subconnate: apothecia lecanorine or lecideine.
8. Lichina Ag. Thallus fruticuloso-cespitose ; gonimia arranged
chiefly under the cortical layer: apothecia lecanorine, terminal,
with simple spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and oblong
spermatia.
9. Lichiniza Nyl. Thallus squamuloso-difform, with subglobose
papille; gonimia moniliform and radiate in the thalline globules :
apothecia lecanorine?, terminal, with simple spores; spermogones
unknown.
10. Pterygium Nyl. Thallus radiately laciniate; gonimia ar-
ranged chiefly under the cortical layer, usually moniliformly con-
crete: apothecia lecideine, with septate spores; spermogones with
jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia.
11. Leptogidium Nyl. Thallus fruticulose; gonimia monili-
formly concatenate: apothecia subbiatorine, with simple spores;
Spermogones not seen rightly developed.
Tribe II. COLLEMEI Nyl. Thallus membranaceous, lobate,
rarely granulose, subsquamulose, or fruticulose; gonimia monili-
form; cortical layer distinct or none: apothecia lecanorine, or
rarely pyrenocarpous.
12. Synalissa Fr. Thallus fruticulose or granulose; gonimia
usually scattered amongst the filaments; cortical layer obsoletely
cellular : apothecia lecanorino-endocarpoid, with simple spores ;
spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong spermatia.
13. Schizoma Nyl. Thallus lineari-laciniate ; gonimia arranged
chiefly under both surfaces in roundish cells: apothecia unknown ;
spermogones with subsimple sterigmata and pistillari-bacillar sper-
matia.
SYNOPSIS. 3
14, Collema Wigg. Thallus membranaceo-lobate, rarely granu-
lose; gonimia moniliform; cortical layer absent: apothecia leca-
norine, with multilocular, rarely simple spores; spermogones with
jointed sterigmata, rarely with simple sterigmata, and straight sper-
matia.
15. Collemodium Nyl. Thallus variously lobed or subfruticulose ;
cortical layer somewhat distinct ; gonimia scattered, partly moni-
liform ; apothecia lecanorine, rarely biatorine, with variously septate
spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia.
16. Leptogium Gray. Thallus membranaceo-lobate, granulose,
rarely fruticulose ; gonimia usually moniliform ; cortical layer
distinct: apothecia lecanorine, with variously divided, rarely simple
spores; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia.
17. Dendriscocaulon Nyl. Thallus fruticulose, with solid axis,
branches covered with minute leprarioid lacinie, containing goni-
mia: frutification unknown.
18. Collemopsis Nyl. Thallus granulato-areolate, glaucous-green
within; gonimia submoniliform: apothecia lecanorine or pseudo-
pyrenocarpous, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish
sterigmata and oblong spermatia.
Tribe II]. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. . Thallus fibrillose, gonimia moni-
liform ; cortical layer distinct: apothecia pyrenoid.
19. Pyrenidium Nyl. Thallus stellato-divided, cortical layer
cellular: apothecia innate, with 3-septate spores ; spermogones un-
known.
Family 111. LICHENACEI Nyl. Thallus not gelatinous,
with a gonidial, rarely gonimic layer; medulla more or less dis-
tinct.
Series I. HPICONIODEI Nyl. Apothecia with the spores at
length usually naked and pulverulent on their surface.
Tribe I. CALICIEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded, some-
times none: apothecia stipitate, capituliform or sessile.
20. Sphinctrina Fr. Thallus none proper: apothecia subsessile,
globoso-turbinate, black, with simple blackish spores ; spermogones
with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia.
21. Calicium Pers. Thallus granuloso-pulverulent: apothecia
stipitate, globoso-turbinate, black, with simple or 1-septate, brownish-
black spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and oblong
spermatia.
22. Stenocybe Nyl. Thallus obsolete: apothecia stipitate, tur-
binato-clayate, black, with normally 3-septate, blackish spores, not
in a mass; spermogones not rightly known.
B2
4 BRITISH LICHENS :
23. Coniocybe Ach. Thallus pulverulent: apothecia stipitate,
globoso-pulverulent, yellowish, with simple, colourless or yellowish
spores; spermogones with simplish sterigmata and cylindrical,
straight spermatia.
24. Trachylia Fr. Thallus granulose: apothecia cupuliform,
sessile, black, with 1-septate, blackish spores; spermogones with
simplish sterigmata and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia.
Tribe IT. SPHHRROPHOREI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose, branched:
apothecia terminal, innate, closed, at length open and variously
dehiscent.
25. Spherophorus Pers. Thallus cespitose: apothecia globose,
with spherical violet-black spores ; spermogones with simplish short
sterigmata and oblong spermatia.
Series II. CLADODEI Nyl. Apothecia terminal on podetia,
rarely sessile, biatorine, rarely lecanorine.
Tribe III. BHOMYCETEI Nyl. Thallus horizontally expanded:
apothecia substipitate.
26. Gomphillus Nyl. Thallus gelatinoso-conglutinate: apothe-
cia stipitate, clavato-capitate with filiform multiseptate spores ; sper-
mogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia.
27. Beomyces Pers. Thallus crustaceo-granulose or subsqua-
mulose: apothecia stipitate or sessile, biatorine, with simple or
1-3-septate spores ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and straight
spermatia.
Tribe IV. PILOPHOREI Ny]. Thallus verrucoso-granulate with
rigid podetia: apothecia cephalodine on the podetia, with paraphyses
prolonged into the hypothecium.
28. Pilophorus Fr. fil. Thallus bearing cephalodia: apothecia
subglobose, black, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish
sterigmata and curved or straight spermatia.
Tribe V. STEREOCAULEI Nyl. Thallus cespitose, podetiiform,
solid: apothecia terminal or lateral, lecideine or rarely lecanorine.
29. Stereocaulon Schreb. Thallus bearing cephalodia; podetia
covered with fragile granules: apothecia brownish or blackish, with
3-9-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and sub-
bacillar, straight or slightly curved spermatia.
30. Leprocaulon Nyl. Thallus not bearing cephalodia, with
pseudo-podetia, which are more or less leprose: apothecia and
spermogones unknown.
SYNOPSIS. 5
Tribe VI. CLADONIEI Ny]. Thallus foliaceous or fruticulose,
with fistulose podetia: apothecia terminal on the podetia, rarely
sessile on the basal thallus, biatorine.
31. Pycnothelia Duf. Thallus granuloso-crustaceous, podetia
clavate, papilleeform, glabrous: apothecia brown, with simple spores;
spermogones with simplish sterigmata and curved spermatia.
32. Cladonia Hill. Thallus foliolose or squamulose; podetia
branched or scyphose, pulverulent and squamose: apothecia brown
or scarlet, with simple spores; spermogones with simplish sterig-
mata and cylindrical straight or somewhat curved spermatia.
33. Cladina Nyl. Thallus leafless ; podetia ascyphous, branched,
smoothish: apothecia brown, with simple spores ; spermogones with
simplish sterigmata and straight or usually curved spermatia.
Series II]. RAMALODET Nyl. Thallus efoliolose, fruticulose
or filamentose : apothecia generally lecanorine or parmelioid.
Tribe VII. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Thallus simplish or branched,
internally with filamentose medulla: apothecia often irregular,
adnate, terminal or lateral.
34. Roccella DC. Thallus fruticulose from a common base:
apothecia normally lecanorine, blackish, with 3-septate spores;
spermogones with simplish sterigmata and arcuate spermatia.
Tribe VIII. SIPHULEI Nyl. Thallus podetiiform, simple or
fruticulose, internally with filamentose or fistulose medulla: apo-
thecia not rightly known.
30. Thamnolia Ach. Thallus subulato-stipitate, internally fistu-
lose: apothecia unknown ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and
cylindrical, slightly apically incrassate spermatia.
Tribe IX. RAMALINEI Nyl. Thallus fruticuloso-foliaceous,
rounded or compressed, with woolly medulla : apothecia lecanorine,
scutellate.
36. Ramalina Ach. Thallus ramoso-laciniate, medulla arach-
noid: apothecia terminal or lateral, subconcolorous, with 1-septate
spores ; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and straight
cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical spermatia.
Tribe X. USNEEI Nyl. Thallus very much branched, rounded
or compressed, with firm medullary axis: apothecia parmelioid,
peltate.
6 BRITISH LICHENS:
37. Usnea Dill. Thallus filamentose, internally with chondroid
axis: apothecia terminal or lateral, the margin often ramuloso-
ciliate, concolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish
sterigmata and straight spermatia.
Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI Nyl. Thallus much branched, rounded
or compressed, with woolly medulla: apothecia parmelioid, scutelli-
form.
38. Alectoria Ach. Thallus usually filamentose and intricately
branched; medulla arachnoid or lacunose: apothecia terminal or
pseudo-terminal, discolorous, with simple or very rarely murali-
divided spores; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and
acicular straight spermatia.
Tribe XII. CETRARIEI Nyl. Thallus fruticulose:or foliaceous,
with white woolly medulla: apothecia parmelioid, marginal, obliquely
affixed.
39. Cetraria Ach. Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, rarely fistulose :
apothecia subconcolorous, with simple spores; spermogones with
simple sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia.
40. Platysma Nyl. Thallus fruticulose or membranaceo-lobed :
apothecia discolorous, with simple spores ; spermogones with simplish
or pauci-articulate sterigmata, and various (not cylindrical) sper-
matia.
Series IV. PHYLLODEI Nyl. Thallus foliaceous, usually
depressed, lobate: apothecia generally parmelioid or lecanorine,
discolorous.
Tribe XIII. PARMELIEI Nyl. Thallus frondosely dilated, or
lobate, or laciniate, with woolly, rarely solid medulla: apothecia
parmeleine rarely lecanorine.
41. Evernia Ach. Thallus laciniose or much branched, flaccid ;
medulla arachnoid or partly chondroid: apothecia lateral with simple
spores; spermogones with pauci-articulate sterigmata and acicular
straight spermatia.
42. Parmelia Ach. Thallus variously lobed or laciniate, usually
fibrilloso-rhizinose, rarely glabrous beneath; medulla woolly, lax:
apothecia superficial, with simple spores ; spermogones with pauci-
articulate sterigmata and acicular apically fusiformi-incrassate
spermatia.
43. Parmeliopsis Nyl. Thallus stellato-laciniate, sparingly rhizi-
nose beneath ; medulla woolly, lax: apothecia superficial, with simple
spores ; spermogones with simple sterigmata and cylindrical arcuate
spermatia.
SYNOPSIS. 7
Tribe XIV. STICTEI Nyl. Thallus large, membranaceo-lobed,
cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath; gonidial layer containing go-
nimia or true gonidia; medulla woolly: apothecia lecanoroid or
parmeleine.
Subtribe I. STICTINEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of goni-
mia in plurilocular nodules.
44, Stictina Nyl. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and cyphellate
beneath : apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, usually with
septate spores ; spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata and
apically incrassate spermatia.
45. Lobarina Nyl. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellate beneath:
apothecia lecanoroid, with 3-septate spores; spermogones as in
Stictina.
Subtribe Il. EUSTICTEI Nyl. Gonidial layer consisting of
gonidia or gonidimia (in Licasolia).
46. Lobaria Hoffm. Thallus scrobiculose, ecyphellate beneath :
apothecia lecanoroid, with 1—3-septate spores ; spermogones innate,
with jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate spermatia.
47. Sticta Schreb. Thallus rhizinoso-tomentose and cyphellate
beneath: apothecia lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine, with variously
septate spores ; spermogones as in Lobaria.
48. Ricasolia De Not. Thallus often entirely glabrous and very
rarely cyphellate beneath: apothecia parmeleine, with septate spores;
Spermogones in mastoid prominences, with jointed sterigmata and
apically thickish spermatia.
Tribe XV. PELTIGEREI Nyl. Thallus frondosely dilated,
fragile ; cortical layer usually wanting on the lower surface ; gonidial
stratum consisting either of gonidimia or usually of gonimia:
apothecia peltiform.
Subtribe I. PELTIDEI Nyl. Thallus bearing cephalodia;
gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia: apothecia variously situated.
49. Peltidea Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti-
nuous on the underside: apothecia marginal on the upper surface,
with septate spores ; spermogones unknown.
50. Solorina Ach. Thallus with the cortical layer not conti-
nuous on the underside: apothecia scattered and innate on the
upper surface of the thallus, with bilocular spores ; spermogones
unknown.
Subtribe II. PELTIGERINEI Nyl. Thallus destitute of cepha-
lodia; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia: apothecia variously
situated.
8 BRITISH LICHENS :
51. Nephromium Nyl. ‘Thallus with the cortical layer con-
tinuous on the lower surface: apothecia marginal, adnate to the
underside of the thallus, with septate spores; spermogones with
jointed sterigmata and apically incrassate and obtuse spermatia.
52. Peltigera Willd. Thallus with the cortical layer not con-
tinuous on the lower surface: apothecia marginal on the upper
surface of the thallus, with septate spores ; spermogones unknown.
Tribe XVI. PHYSCIEI Ny]. Thallus stellato-orbicular, rarely
fruticulose, internally with woolly medulla; gonidial layer con-
sisting of true gonidia: apothecia lecanorine.
53. Physcia Schreb. Thallus laciniate or lobed, more or less
fibrilloso-rhizinose beneath: apothecia usually with bilocular spores:
spermogones with jointed sterigmata and oblongo-cylindrical, rarely
acicular spermatia.
Tribe XVII. GYROPHOREI Nyl. Thallus usually mono-
phyllous, umbilicately affixed, internally with woolly medulla;
gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia sublecanorine or
lecideine.
54. Umbilicaria Hoffm. Thallus monophyllous, naked beneath :
apothecia sublecanorine, simple, with spores solitary or 2nz, murali-
divided ; spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical, api-
cally obtuse spermatia.
55. Gyrophora Ach. Thallus monophyllous or subpolyphyllous,
naked or rhizinose beneath; apothecia lecideine, compound, and
somewhat gyrose, with spores 8nz, simple; spermogones as in the
preceding.
Series V. PLACODET Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, sometimes
evanescent, rarely hypophleodal ; medullary layer not filamentose :
apothecia lecanorine, or lecideine, or lirellzeform.
Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous
(sometimes effigurate), rarely obsolete or none proper; gonidial
layer consisting of gonidia, rarely of gonimia: apothecia lecano-
rine, lecideine, or biatorine.
Subtribe I. PANNARIEI, Nyl. Thallus with the gonidial
layer consisting of gonimia.
56. Pannaria Del. Thallus squamulose or granulose, rarely
laciniose: apothecia lecanorine, with simple spores; spermogones
with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight spermatia.
SYNOPSIS. 9
57. Pannularia Nyl. Thallus squamulose or granulose: apo-
thecia biatorine or lecideine, with simple or 1—3-septate spores ;
spermogones with jointed sterigmata and ‘cylindrical straight sper-
matia.
58. Coccocarpia Pers. Thallus typically monophyllous: apo-
thecia biatorine, adnate, with simple spores; spermogones as in
the preceding.
59. Leproloma Nyl. ‘Thallus submonophyllo-lobed; cortical
layer absent ; gonidial layer consisting of gonimia: apothecia and
spermogones unknown.
Subtribe II. LECANOREI Nyl. Thallus normally crustaceous ;
gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia.
60. Lecanora Ach. Thallus squamulose, or radiate, or granulose,
rarely leprose or evanescent: apothecia lecanorine, occasionally
biatoroid, with simple, rarely septate spores; spermogones with
simple or jointed sterigmata, and variously cylindrical, straight, or
arcuate spermatia.
61. Dirina Fr. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or rimulose:
apothecia tuberculoso-lecanorine, with 3-septate spores; spermo-
gones with simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia.
Subtribe III. PERTUSARIET Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con-
tinuous; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia more
or less enclosed in thalline verruce.
62. Pertusaria DC. Thallus verrucoso-unequal or smoothish :
apothecia endocarpoid or lecanoroid, with large simple spores ;
spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular, straight sper-
matia.
63. Varicellaria Nyl. Thallus thin or subleprarioid: apothecia
subglobose, at length depressed, variolarioid, with very large
1-septate spores: spermogones not yet seen.
Subtribe IV. THELOTREMEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, con-
tinuous or areolate or pulverulent; gonidial layer consisting of
true gonidia: apothecia urceolato-impressed, with double margin.
64. Phlyctis Wallr. Thallus thinly crustaceous or pulverulent :
apothecia erumpent, rotundato-difform, with large murali-divided
spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and short, slender,
straight spermatia.
65. Thelotrema Ach. Thallus thinly crustaceous, continuous:
apothecia at length open, with a proper and a thalline margin, and
murali-diyided spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and
short straight spermatia.
10 BRITISH LICHENS:
66. Urceolaria Ach. Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate :
apothecia urceolato-impressed, with a proper and a thalline margin,
and spores septately murali-divided ; spermogones with somewhat
branched sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia.
Subtribe V. LECIDEEI Nyl. Thallus variously crustaceous,
pulverulent, or none proper; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia
(rarely of chrysogonidia): apothecia patellulate.
67. Lecidea Ach. Thallus squamose, areolate, pulverulent, or
none proper: apothecia biatorine, gyalectoid, or lecideine, with
simple or variously septate spores; spermogones with simple or
simplish sterigmata and acicular, straight or arcuate, or shortly
eylindrical spermatia.
68. Odontotrema Nyl. Thallus macular, indistinct: apothecia
thelotremoideo-lecideine or gymnotremoid, with simple or thinly
3-septate spores ; spermogones not observed.
Tribe XIX. GRAPHIDEI Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, con-
tinuous, often but little visible, rarely wanting ; gonidial layer con-
sisting of gonidia: apothecia lirelline or rotundate.
69. Xylographa Fr. Thallus maculate, hypophlceodal : apothecia
lirelline or oblong, with simple spores ; spermogones with simple
sterigmata and acicular curved spermatia.
70. Agyrium Fr. Thallus maculate, scarcely visible: apothecia
oblong or rotundate, with simple spores ; spermogones not known.
71. Lithographa Nyl. Thallus crustaceous or evanescent: apo-
thecia lirelline, with simple spores ; spermogones not yet seen.
72. Opegrapha Humb. Thallus usually hypophlceodal or obsolete :
apothecia lineari-lanceolate, subrotundate or linear, with 1- or
multi-septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and
cylindrical, straight or arcuate spermatia.
73. Platygrapha Nyl. Thallus thin or obsolete: apothecia
plane, simple, with spurious thalline margin and septate spores;
spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical, straight or
slightly curved spermatia.
74. Stigmatidium Mey. Thallus distinct, crustaceous, thickish :
apothecia punctiform or elongate, with variously septate spores ;
spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight spermatia.
75. Arthonia Ach. Thallus thin, or hypophleodal and eva-
nescent, rarely wanting, internally sometimes with chrysogonidia :
apothecia roundish or difform, plane or tumid, with variously
septate spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata, and cylindrical,
straight or curved spermatia.
SYNOPSIS. 11
76. Graphis Adans. Thallus thin, epiphlcodal or hypophleodal :
apothecia linear, divided or simple, innate at the base, with pluri-
locular spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and straight
or slightly curved spermatia.
77. Chiodecton Ach. Thallus thin or thickish, pulverulento-
verrucose: apothecia in the thalline verruce, substellato-radiate,
often confluent, with 3-septate spores; spermogones with simple
sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia.
78. Glyphis Ach. Thallus usually hypophleodal or obsolete,
with large scattered verruce: apothecia in the thalline verruce,
rotundate or elongate, compound, with plurilocular spores; sper-
mogones not yet seen.
79. Melaspilea Nyl. Thallus thin or obsolete: apothecia
arthonioid, superficial, with l-septate spores; spermogones with
simple sterigmata and straight spermatia.
Series VI. PYRENODETI Nyl. Thallus peltate, crustaceous,
hypophleodal, or evanescent: apothecia nuclear, the hymenium
enclosed in a pyrenium, with an apical ostiole.
Tribe XX. PYRENOCARPEI Nyl. Thallus various, often
maculate or obsolete ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidia, rarely
of gonimia: apothecia pyrenodeine, often destitute of paraphyses,
the epithecium constricted, punctiform.
80. Normandina Nyl. Thallus squamulose, squamules thin,
rounded; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia: apothecia
immersed, with septate spores; spermogones not seen.
81. Endocarpon Hedw. Thallus peltate, or squameform, or
areolate ; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia: apothecia immersed
or somewhat prominent, with simple spores; spermogones with
jointed sterigmata and short straight spermatia.
82. Verrucarina Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, areolate, mucoso-
gelatinous, containing gonidimia: apothecia immersed or some-
what prominent, with simple spores; spermogones with simple
sterigmata and short straight spermatia.
83. Verrucaria Pers. Thallus squamulose, or areolate, or pul-
verulent, or obsolete, containing gonidia: apothecia semi-immersed
or sessile, with entire or dimidiate pyrenium, and simple or variously
septate or murali-locular spores; spermogones with simple ste-
rigmata and various spermatia.
84. Thelenella Nyl. Thallus epiphleodal, thin, containing
gonidia: apothecia innate, with immersed pyrenium and pluri-
locular spores; spermogones with simple sterigmata and filiform
eylindrical spermatia.
12 BRITISH LICHENS:
85. Thelopsis Nyl. Thallus scarcely any visible, containing
chrysogonidia: apothecia tuberculoso-spherical, with entire py-
renium and numerous 3-septate spores ; spermogones not seen.
86. Obryzum Wallr. Thallus none proper: apothecia on the
thallus of Collemei, endocarpoid, with simple or septate corniculate
spores ; spermogones unknown.
* 87. StrigulaFr. Thallus maculate, hypophleodal, seldom effigu-
rate, containing platygonidia: apothecia subinnate, with the
pyrenium usually depressed, and with simple or 1—3-septate spores ;
spermogones with thin straight spermatia.
88. Melanotheca Fée. Thallus scarcely any: apothecia yverru-
carioid, numerous and confluent in the pyrenia, with septate
spores; spermogones not observed.
Series VII. PERIDIODEI Nyl. Thallus thin, often wanting:
apothecia peridieine, without any ostiole.
Tribe XXI. PERIDIEI Nyl. Thallus thin, maculate or none
proper: apothecia forming a peridium.
89. Thelocarpon Nyl. Thallus crustaceous, thin, verrucose, or
rarely none: apothecia immersed in the thalline verruce, with
numerous simple spores ; spermogones unknown.
90. Endococcus Nyl. Thallus none proper: apothecia minute,
globulose, with 1-septate spores; spermogones with thin straight
spermatia.
91. Mycoporum Flot. Thallus maculate or obsolete: apothecia
rotundato-difform, containing many hymenia conjoined as in a
common exciple, with variously septate spores; spermogones not
observed.
Family IV. MYRIANGIACEI Nyl. Thallus unstratified,
entirely cellular; thalamium cellular, with superimposed theciferous
cavities: fructification not discrete.
92. Myriangium Mont. & Berk. Thallus noduloso-pulvinate:
apothecia sublecanorine, with irregularly septate spores; spermo-
gones not seen.
TABULAR CONSPECTUS. 13
TABULAR CONSPECTUS
OF THE
FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND GENERA OF BRITISH LICHENS.
Family I. EPHEBACEI.
Genera,
Mrbe 1) Sre0siPwer ...........-. 1. Gonionema Nyl.
2. Spilonema Born.
tripe Tl. PYRENOPSEL..........'.. 3. Euopsis Nyl.
4, Pyrenopsis Nyl.
Tribe IIT. Homorsmrt .......... 5. Ephebe Fr.
6. Ephebeia Nyl.
ape LY. Macmorser ...........- 7. Magmopsis Nyl.
Family II. COLLEMACEI.
Mees. PACKING 25. A652 ov ess 8. Lichina Ag.
9. Lichiniza Nyl.
10. Pterygium Nyl.
11. Leptogidium Nyl.
meres 10, Coummer .......-..-. 12. Synalissa Fr.
13. Schizoma Nyl.
14, Collema Wigg.
15. Collemodium Nyl.
16. Leptogiwm Gray.
17. Dendriscocaulon Ny].
18. Collemopsis Ny]l.
Mepe til, PYRenmimt..........2.. 19. Pyrenidium Nyl.
Family 1IJ. LICHENACEI.
Series I. EPICONIODEI.
Meera. CATICIED: 2... os. die arainias 20. Sphinctrina Fr.
21. Calicium Pers.
22. Stenocybe Nyl. -
23. Coniocybe Ach.
24, Trachylia Fr.
Tribe II. SPH#ROPHOREL...... ... 25. Spherophorus Pers.
14
BRITISH LICHENS:
Series Li. CLADODEI.
Tribe IIT. BaomyceTeEI .......... 26.
27
Tribe LV. PiLoPHoOREL.< 22. ac see 28.
Tribe V. STEREOCAULEI .......... 29.
30
Prbe Vi. Oriapening <“) 522500) ok
32
33
Genera.
Gomphillus Nyl.
. Beomyces Pers.
Pilophorus Fy. fil.
Stercocaulon Schrebs—
. Leprocaulon Nyl.
Pycnothelia Duf.
. Cladonia Hill.
. Cladina Nyl.
Series HI. RAMALODEI.
Tribe VIL, RocckIter ........:. 34.
Tribe VALE SrHULEL 2 ls. et
ribs, * LX: (RAMARINED ©. oo... ae 36.
Trihex X... QEnmet.. 35.4 704 ee 31.
Tribe XI. ALECTORIEI .......... 38.
Tribe XIU. GermaRrer 2.6. ec. s 39.
40
Series IV. PHYLLODEI.
Tesibe KL. Pasmenres 2... 41.
Tribe XIV. Stricter.
Subtribe I. Stectenee .... 44.
Subtribe II. Hustictei.... 46.
. Ricasolia De Not.
Tribe XV. PrtricEReEt.
Subtribe I. Peltidez...... 49, Peltidea Ach.
50. Solorina Ach.
Subtribe II. Péltigerinet .. 51. Nephromium Nyl. _
52. Peltigera Willd.
Pris AVES Paves °S. 72s: 53. Physcia Schreb.
Tribe X VII. GyRoPHOREI ........ 54. Umbilicaria Hoftm.
Series V. PLACODEI.
Tribe XVIII. Lecano-LectpEEI.
Subtribe I. Pannarie ...... 56.
Subtribe II. Lecanorei...... 60.
Roccella DC.
Thamnolia Ach.
Ramalina Ach.
Usnea Dill.
Alecioria Ach.
Cetraria Ach.
. Platysma Nyl.
Evernia Ach. =
. Parmelia Ach.
. Parmeliopsis Ny}:
Stictina Nyl.
. Lobarina Nyl.
Lobaria Hoftm.
. Sticta Schreb.
. Gyrophora Ach.
Pannaria Del.
. Pannularia Nyl.
. Coccocarpia Pers.
. Leproloma Nyl.
Lecanora Ach.
. Dirina Fr.
TABULAR CONSPECTUS.
Series V. PLACODEI (continued).
Subtribe III. Pertusariet ....
Subtribe IV. Vhelotremet ....
Subtribe V. Lecideer
Mribe XLX. GRAPHIDET ....-...«:
Series VI. PYRENODEI.
. Normandina Nyl.
. Endocarpon Hedw.
. Verrucarina Nyl.
. Verrucaria Pers.
4, Thelenella Nyl.
. Thelopsis Nyl.
. Obryzum Wall.
. Strigula Fr.
. Melanotheca Fee.
Tribe XX. PyYRENOCARPEI
me whe © ae
15
Genera.
. Pertusaria DC.
. Varicellaria Nyl.
. Phlyctis Wallr.
. Thelotrema Ach.
. Urceolaria Ach.
. Lecidea Ach.
. Odontotrema Nyl.
. Xylographa Fr.
. Agyrium Fr.
. Lithographa Nyl.
. Opegrapha Humb.
. Platygrapha Nyl.
. Stigmatidium Mey.
. Arthonia Ach.
. Graphs Adans.
. Chiodecton Ach.
. Glyphis Ach.
. Melaspilea Nyl.
Series VII. PERIDIODEI.
Tribe XXI. PeRmDIel ....
89. Thelocarpon Nyl.
90. Endococcus Nyl.
91. Mycoporum Flot.
Family IV. MYRIANGIACEI.
92, Myriangium
Mont. & Berk.
CATALOGUE
OF
BRITISH LICHENS.
Family I. EPHEBACEI Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 223.
Thallus fruticulose, granulose, rarely. subsquamulose, slightly
turgid and gelatinous when moist, dark in colour, cellular in
texture (without any medullary filaments), cells minute; gonimia
somewhat large, gonidioid, tunicated, subglobose, glaucous, variously
arranged, not moniliform. Apothecia biatorine, lecideine, lecanorine
or pyrenocarpous ; paraphyses various, sometimes wanting: spores
8ne, rarely numerous, usually ellipsoid or suboblong, simple, rarely
l-septate, colourless. Spermogones immersed in the thallus or
enclosed in thalline tubercules, sterigmata generally simple or
simplish, spermatia usually very minute, oblong.
Nylander, in originally distinguishing this family in Flora 1875, p. 103,
named it Byssacer Fr.; but as the old genus Byssus in the Michelian
acceptation referred to Chroolepa, which have gonidic thalli, this has
been named Ephebace?.
The family (the diagnosis of which I owe to Nylander) is well cha-
racterized by the absence of medullary filaments, and by the nature of
the gonimia, which are tunicated or involved in a gelatinous cellular
stratum. On the tunic being ruptured, the gonimia, each of which has
a very thin parietal membrane (more especially visible when suffused
with ammonia, Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 48), become free. Various genera re-
cently separated from Alge belong to this family; and no doubt, with
further knowledge, others will be transferred to it.
Tribe I. SIROSIPHEI Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges.
(1876), p. 192; efr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76.
Thallus minute, byssoid, filamentoso-fruticulose, gonimia (siro-
gonimia) tunicated, variously connate; medullary filaments none.
Apothecia minute, biatorine or lecideine; paraphyses thickish or
slender ; spores Sn, ellipsoid, simple or rarely 1-septate, colour-
less. Spermogones innate ; sterigmata simple, rarely articulate.
The various genera composing this tribe (of which Nylander has sup-
te the diagnosis) consist of minute algoid plants, whose true re-
ations have for the most part, until recently, been but little understood.
In addition to those here described there are others which, occurring
only in a sterile or imperfectly developed condition, do not admit of a
c
18 EPHEBACEI. [GONIONEMA.
satisfactory diagnosis, and are consequently omitted. Among these are
several species of Svrosiphon, e.g. S. saxicola Naeg., S. alpinum Kiitz.,
S. pulvinatus Bréb., S. ocellatus WKiitz., which occur in Great Britain and
Treland. According to Nylander, in Lamy Mt. Dor. p. 1 (note), Raco-
dium ebeneum (Dillw.), which from general appearance might be sup-
posed to belong to this tribe, has no analogy with Strosiphon, but is
quite different in struc-
ture, containing gonidia,
and is probably some
peculiar sterile Lepraria.
1. GONIONEMA Nyl.
Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii.
(1855) p. 163; Syn. 1.
p- 88.—-Thallus byssaceo-
fibrillose, tubuliform, in-
tricate; gonimia sub-
moniliformly connate in
one continuous series.
Apothecia biatorine or
gyalectoid; spores 8ne,
simple, paraphyses slen-
der; hymenial gelatine
(especially the thecz)
bluish, becoming wine-
rigmata simple, slender ;
red or tawny wine- a
coloured with iodine. Nien *) anyasid
Spermogones lateral, or / If fi } K\ |
terminal, globose; ste- f Ai ! | y) |
AHR | h KN
/ Mya | \ |
spermatia oblong, very Wy M iN |
minute. ; | NO)
Various Scytonemas |
probably belong to this eae
genus. If this be so, the ax iG
more recent name must Gy
give place to that of
Scytonema <Ag., in its
stricter sense.
Care Wic.s. SE
Fig. 1.
Gonionema velutinum Nyl.—a. Filaments with
two apothecia, x 30. 0. Vertical sections of
two apothecia, x 30. ¢. Filaments with
three spermogones, X 30. d. Short frustule of
1. G. velutinum Nyl.
Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii.
(1855) p. 163.—Thallus
very thin, densely pan-
nose, intricate, brownish
when moist, dark-brown
when dry. Apothecia
minute, terminal, ap-
g- Theca and paraphyses, x 390.
thallus, and d' transverse section of the same,
x 350. e. Apex of a filament containing a
meiogonimium, x 200, and e’ fragment of a
syngonimium composed of four gonimia,
x 350. f. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
h. Three
spores, X 500.
pressed, somewhat concave, dark-brown, pale within, the margin
tumid; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-0,015 mm. long,
0,006-0,007 mm, thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 88, t. 1. f. 11; Leight.
GONIONEMA. | SIROSIPHEL. 19
Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 8, t. 4. ff. 1-6; Lich. Fl. p. 11,
ed. 3, p. 9; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1—Polychidium velutinum Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 ; Lichen velutinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 218.
The thallus is very densely matted together, and sometimes spreads
extensively over the substratum. When young and infertile it is
with difficulty distinguished from some species of Scytonema. The
apothecia, which are reddish when young, seem to be very rare in this
country, nor are the spermogones often met with; they are nearly
turbinate, pale reddish, the spermatia being 0,002 mm. long, 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in mountainous districts— Distr. Local
and scarce in North Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland; no
doubt often overlooked elsewhere—B. M.: Near Barmouth and Cader
Idris, Merionethshire ; Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. Ben Cruachan,
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glen Callater,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
2. G. compactum Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.—Thallus thinly
filamentose, dark-brown, filaments ascending and crowded, forming
a subascending tomentum. Apothecia globulose, reddish, the
epithecium rather indistinct: spores oblong, 0,010—0,015 mm. long,
0,006-0,008 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—
Scytonema compactum Ag. Disp. Alg. (1812) p. 39; Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 364. Hassallia compacta Hass. Br. Freshw. Alg. p. 232,
t. 68. f. 3. Strosiphon compactus Ktz., Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 9.
The recent discovery of the fructification in N.W. England has defi-
nitely placed this plant among Lichens. It differs from the preceding in
the filaments, which are often curved, being more erect and branched
towards the apices, and in the apothecia being globular, with the epi-
thecium less distinct and the spores somewhat larger. The spermogones
are globoso-adnate, with spermatia thin, 0,001 mm. long, 0,005 mm.
thick.
Hab. On moist rocks in upland and subalpine districts.—Distr. Pro-
bably not unfrequent, though seen only from N. Wales, N.W. England,
S. and Central Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Lyn Aran, Dolgelly,
Merionethshire; Mardale, Westmoreland (frt.); Wastdale Lake, Cum-
berland ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Near Kylemore Lake, co. Galway.
2. SPILONEMA Born. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226;
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89.—Thallus minute, fruticulose, often pulvinate ;
gonimia 2 or 3, or several together, arranged in more or less regular
series throughout the rounded thallus. Apothecia small, lecideine,
lenticular; spores simple or 1-septate, paraphyses thickish, arti-
culate; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones
tuberculose, with jointed sterigmata, spermatia shortly cylindrical.
This differs from Gontonema chiefly in the characters of the gonimia,
paraphyses, and sterigmata. Some plants agreeing in the structure of
the thallus and the apothecia with Spzlonema, but the spermogones of
which have not been detected, may also, for the present, be referred here,
though eventually they may be found to belong to Strosiphon (vide Cromb.
c2
20 EPHEBACEI. [SPILONEMA.
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331), which most probably is a distinct genus.
Spilonema would then contain only one species, viz. S. paradorum. From
Ephebe, though differing but slightly in the structure of the thallus, Sp7-
lonema is readily distinguished by the fructification.
1. S. paradoxum Born. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iv. (1856) p. 226,
t. 1, 2.—Thallus fruticulose, branched, thin, cylindrical, pannoso-
intricate, the branchlets subsecund, dark-brown or brownish-black,
usually opaque. Apothecia small, terminal, somewhat convex, im-
marginate, black ; spores oblong, simple, 0,009 mm. long, 0,004 mm.
thick, hypothecium blackish ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then
Fig. 2.
Spilonema paradorum Born.—a. Thalline branch with apothecium, x 30.
a’. Three branches with spermogones, X30. 6. Fragment of trunk and
larger branch, and 4’, branchlets, x 200. c. Very thin section of thalline
trunk, and c’ transverse section of the same, x 200. d. Section of apothe-
cium, x 30. e¢. Theca and paraphyses, x 330. (f. Spores, x 500. g.
Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, X 500.
dark-violet with iodine.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 89, t. 2. f. 4; Mudd,
Man. p. 35; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 9,
t. 4. ff. 7-11; Lich. Fl. p. 11, ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1;
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331.— Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 347.
In an infertile or immature state this is difficult to distinguish from
some species of allied genera. The thallus bears a considerable resem-
blance, when fully developed, to Ephebe pubescens, but is rather smaller,
SPILONEMA. | SIROSIPHET, 21
while the moncecious fructification, the apothecia, and the spermogones
prevent all confusion between them. The apothecia are rarely seen in British
specimens, though the spermogones are not unfrequent; they are minute
black tubercules, with sterigmata 4-6-articulate, spermatia 0,002-0,0025
mm. long, 0,005-0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and subalpine tracts.—Distr.
Local and scarce in N. Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland ;
though no doubt it will be detected in other similar localities.—B. M. :
Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
2. §. revertens Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 601.—Thallus effuse, mi-
nutely coralloideo-compact, in somewhat small, verruculose pul-
vinuli, black or brownish-black. Apothecia lecideine, adnate, some-
what convex, immarginate, black, dark-greyish within; spores
oblong, simple, 0,008—0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; para-
physes thickish, incrassate and denigrate at the apices; hymenial
gelatine bluish, the apices of the thece deep-blue with iodine.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 331; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 11.
In this species the pulvinuli are more or less crowded, and in a young
or poorly developed state are frequently somewhat discrete. Sirosiphon
saxicola Naeg. in great part is apparently a sterile leprarioid condition
of this plant. In the only British specimen seen the apothecia are but
sparingly present. On the thallus of the same specimen pycnides are
also visible, which are minute, globose, immersed, colourless, with some-
what curved stylospores.
Hab. On moist schistose rocks in subalpine districts.—Distr. Very
local and rare, at least in a mature condition, being known only from the
Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth-
shire.
3. §. scoticum Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 82.—Thallus effuse, mi-
nutely coralloid, in small, compact, verrucose, somewhat convex
pulvinuli. black or brownish-black. Apothecia minute, thinly
margined, black, epithecium impressed or slightly convex, vaguely
obscure, hypothecium colourless ; spores oviformi-oblong, 1-septate,
0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick, paraphyses somewhat slender;
hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece violet with iodine.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 105; Lich. Brit. p. 1; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 12, ed. 3, p. 11. )
The pulyinuli are usually discrete, though occasionally approximate,
on the crustaceous thalli, or the decayed mosses on which the plant
occurs. It is closely allied to the preceding, but is well distinguished by
the apothecia and the spores. The sterile thallus seems to be not un-
common ; but the apothecia are very rare. As in S. revertens, no sper-
mogones have yet been detected, so that both species are only temporarily
placed in Spilonema.
Hab. On mica-schist rocks, and on dead mosses (also on Stereo-
caulon condensatum) in subalpine tracts.—Distr. Probably not un-
frequent in the mountainous districts of our Islands, though known only
from N. Wales, N. England, and the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Llyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Lawers
and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
22 EPHEBACEI, [EUOPSIS.
Tribe Il. PYRENOPSET, Ny]. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges.
1876, p. 192 (efr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76).
Thallus effuse, thinly granulose or subsquamulose, rarely sub-
fruticulose, within rubricose ; gonimia tunicated, single or several
in gelatino-cellular, nodulose and variously arranged syngonimia ;
medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia small or minute, lecano-
rime or pyrenocarpous, paraphyses jointed or simple; spores 8ne,
very rarely numerous, simple, ellipsoid, colourless. Spermogones
innate, with simplish sterigmata.
This tribe differs considerably in external appearance alike from the
preceding and the following, though in the structure of the thallus and
the character of the gonimia it nearly agrees with them. Both genera of
which it consists occur in Britain, and may readily be recognized by the
blood-red colour of the thallus, which becomes apparent when it is
moistened.
3. EUOPSIS Nyl.
Flora. 1875, p. 363
(cfr. Cromb. Gre-
villea, v. p. 76).—
Thallus thinly crus-
taceous, fragile,
granulato - areolate:
gonimia simple or
several in nodulose
syngonimia. Apo-
thecia lecanorine,
small or moderate,
paraphyses articu- Fig. 3.
late; spores 8ne ; Euopsis hemalea Nyl.—a. Section of the thallus, x 200.
hymenial gelatine 0. Two gonimia, x 350. c. Two syngonimia,
bluish with iodine. «x 350. d. Section of apothecium, x 30. e. Sec-
Spermogoncs with oh of Eas of hymn, with tees apd pare
oblong minute sper- —snermogone, x 30. 4%. Sterigmata and spermatia,
matia, x 500.
The old genus Pyrenopsis Nyl. has lately received so many additions
that it has been broken up by its author into several genera. The
present genus is well distinguished from Pyrenepsis by the lecanorine
apothecia and the jointed paraphyses.
1. E. hemalea Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.—Thallus indeter-
minate, granulose, thinnish, verrucoso-diffract, dark blood-red.
Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, somewhat shining, subcon-
colorous, or rather paler, the thalline margin thin, at length
excluded ; spores simple, 0,0]1-16 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick ;
hymenial gelatine, especially the thecse, deep-blue with iodine.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10.—Pyrenopsis hemalea Nyl., Strn.
Grevillea, ii. p. 71; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332; Leight.
EUOPSIS. | PYRENOPSEI. 23
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 15. Collema hemaleum, Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp.
(1826) p. 117.
' The thallus occasionally occurs in small patches intermixed with other
crustaceous lichens, but generally by itself, and spreading to a moderate
extent over the substratum. Sometimes a sterile and less developed,
though very similar, plant occurs which probably belongs to this species.
The apothecia are usually numerous and crowded, becoming when old
convex and darker in colour.
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in subalpine and alpine tracts—
Distr. Local and scarce among the S.W. Grampians, Scotland and
in N.W. Ireland—B. M.: Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire. Connemara, co. Galway.
2. E. granatina Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 363.—Thallus effuse, thin,
granulose, rimoso-diffract, reddish-brown or rubricoso-reddish, the
granules somewhat plane, opaque, ruguloso-nodulose, contiguous,
rotundato-difform. Apothecia small, shining, several in each thalline
granule, subconcolorous, whitish within, the margin thin, entire ;
spores simple or spuriously l-septate, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045-
55. mm. thick; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, bluish with
iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 10.—Pyrenopsis granatina Nyl,
ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 15.
Lecanora granatina Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 90.
Distinguished from the preceding by the paler colour of the thallus, the
nodulose and irregularly rotundate granules, and the apothecia. In manner
of growth it is similar to Pyrenopsts hematopis, and is little conspicuous
except in wet weather. The apothecia become at length nearly biatorine,
with excluded margin.
Hab. On granitic rocks and schistose boulders in alpine localities —
Distr. Very local and rare among the mountains of N. Wales and the
S. and W. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Llyn Aran, near Dolgelly,
Merionethshire. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire.
4. PYRENOPSIS Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 164;
Syn. i. p. 97 (¢fr. Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193).—Thallus
thinly crustaceous, granulose or subsquamulose, rarely subfruticulose;
gonimia simple or several in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia sub-
lecanoroid or pseudo-pyrenocarpous, small or minute, paraphyses
simple, slender; spores Sn, very rarely numerous; hymenial
gelatine bluish or wine-red with iodine. Spermogones with oblong
minute spermatia.
As re-arranged by Nylander, this is a very natural and well-defined
genus, in consequence of Ewopsis having been raised into a separate genus
and Collemopsis relegated to the Collemacei. It is at once distinguished
from Euopsis by having the disc of the apothecia subclosed, and by the
paraphyses not being articulate. More recently it has been divided by
Nylander into two subgenera, viz. Eupyrenopsis Nyl. and Cladopsis Nyl.,
ot which only the former occurs in this country.
1. P. hematopis Fr. fil. N. Ac. Reg. Soc. Se. Upsal. ser. 3, iii.
(1861) p. 284.—Thallus effuse, crustose, opaque, verrucoso-unequal,
24 EPHEBACET. | PYRENOPSIS.
thickish, diffracto-rimose, dark- or rubricose-brown, within sub-
concolorous or darker in the lower portion. Apothecia superficial,
urceolate, minute, subconcolorous or slightly darker, the margin thick,
elevated, entire; spores Sn, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm.
thick ; hymenial gelatine, especially the thecz, bluish with iodine.—
Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 14, ed. 3, p. 14.—Collema hamaleum, var. hematopis,
Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 117.
From Euopsis hemalea, with which it here grows associated, this is
externally distinguished by the thicker thallus and the minute urceolate
apothecia. With us it is not usually seen with apothecia, though, when
present, these are numerous. The spermogones in otherwise sterile
plants are frequent, with very minute ellipsoid spermatia.
Hub. On shady mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Ex-
tremely local and rare, among the S. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.:
Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
2. P. fuscatula Nyl. Mém. Soe. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 143.—
Thallus effuse, noduloso-granulate, dark-brown or brownish-black,
the granules agglomerate and confluent in somewhat depressed glo-
merules, which are more or less discrete and irregularly scattered.
Apothecia small, somewhat impressed, concolorous, the margin con-
nivent ; spores 8ne, 0,008—0,010 mm. long, 0,0045—-0,0050 mm.
thick; epithecium yellowish ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet,
with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 14; Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 332.
This is a small species, characterized chiefly by the noduloso-graniform
thallus, which either spreads moderately over the substratum, when the
glomerules are more discrete, or more frequently occurs in small inter-
rupted patches. The apothecia are rarely met with rightly developed,
though the spermogones are more common ; they are very minute, with
spermatia oblong or oblongo-cylindrical, 0,002 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm.
thick.
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.—Distr.
Rather local and rare, having been found only in ihe Channel Islands,
N. Wales, and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: La Moye
and Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Barmouth, Merionethshire.
Island of Lismore, Argyleshire.
3. P.subareolata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 27, nomen.—Thallus
effuse or subeffuse, thinnish, diffracto-areolate, blackish, areola some-
what plane. Apothecia small, innate, subconvolorous, the epithecium
impressed ; spores 8nz, 0,015 mm. long, 0,008 mm. thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine-—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 271.—To this also apparently is referable Verrucaria
imbrida Tayl. Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) p. 153.
This species is comparable with P. concordatula Nyl., from which,
among other characters, it at once differs in the smaller spores. The
British specimens seen are not very typical, the apothecia being sparingly
present, minute and scattered, but for the most part not well developed.
Hab. On moist schistose rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very
PYRENOPSIS. | PYRENOPSEI. 25
local and scarce, in N. Wales and S. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Barmouth,
Merionethshire. Near Killarney, co. Kerry.
4. P. phylliscella Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 102.--Thallus effuse,
squamulose, dark-brown, squamules somewhat subyerrucoso-unequal,
subadnate, aggregate but not contiguous, rotundato-difform. Apo-
thecia endocarpoid, very minute, 5-15 in each thalline squamule ;
epithecium punctiform, concolorous, with thin thalline margin ;
spores Sn, oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,005—7 mm. long, 0,003 mm. thick ;
paraphyses few ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thecze dark-violet with
iodine. —Cromb. Grevillea, ili. p. 190; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 14.
The squamules of the thallus are composed of minute aggregate
granules, which are usually distinct from each other, though here and
there becoming contiguous. Its nearest ally is P. tasmanica Nyl., rather
than any of our British species, though at first sight it somewhat resembles
P. fuscatula, The apothecia are numerous and crowded in the fertile
squamules, and the spermogones are not unfrequent, with spermatia
thin, oblong, or fusiformi-oblong.
Hab. On quartzose boulders in subalpine streams.— Distr. Extremely
local and scarce, among the Central Grampians, Scotland—B. M.:
Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
5. P. homeopsis Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 342.—Thallus effuse, thin,
subgranulose, unequal, subareolate, reddish-brown. Apothecia
minute, lecanoroid, concolorous, pale within, the margin connivent,
epithecium narrow, colourless; spores Sne, 0,011-18 mm. long,
0,007-10 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine red
or tawny wine-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869,
p- 48; Lich. Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15, ed. 3, p. 14.
This is closely allied to P. grumulifera, Nyl., from which it differs
chiefly in the larger spores and gonimia, as also in the thallus being
internally paler, especially under the apothecia. In the few specimens
gathered, the thallus, except in one instance, was associated with Lecanora
Jrustulosa, and for the most part sterile.
Hah. On mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Dizstr. Very local
and rare, having been found only on two of the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—
B, M.: Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
6. P. furfurea Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.—
Thallus effuse, thinnish, granulato-areolate, brownish-black or black,
when moist rubricosely blackish or rubricosely reddish. Apothecia
minute, at length nearly urceolariform, the margin tumid; spores
Sn, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14.—Collema
furfureum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865,
p. 286; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17.
According to Nylander, i hit., this somewhat anomalous species
is perhaps referable rather to the genus Phylliscum, to which it approaches
in the structure of the thallus. ‘ This, which superficially is rubricoso-
reddish, asin Pyrenopsis, is internally colourless, velatinose, and excavated
with minute, frequent, cellular cavities, among which are scattered
somewhat large, oblong, simple, glaucous gonimia, as in Phylliscum, which
26 EPHEBACEI. [ PYRENOPSIS.
are enveloped in a thickish gelatinose tunic.”. The apothecia are rare in
the few British specimens gathered, and the spores are seldom well deve-
loped. We have not detected any mature spermogones on our specimens,
though these would determine more definitely the place of this species, as
the spermatia in the Phylliscodei (Nyl. Flora, 1887, p. 153) are elongate
and arcuate.
Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine places.— Dist. Very local
and rare, having been found only very sparingly among the 8. Grampians.
—B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Tribe IJ. HOMOPSIDETI Nyl. ev Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges.
1876, p. 193; Flora, 1887, p. 133.
Thallus variable in form and texture, being either (1) fructi-
culose, with gonimia seriate, and chiefly contiguous or seriately
connate in the branches and branchlets, or (2) squamuliform or
granuloso-continuous, uniform, with gonimia (haplogonimia) some-
what large and subsolitary, or large and solitary, always gelatinoso-
involute; medullary filaments wanting. Apothecia pyrenocarpous,
innate in thalline protuberances, externally more or less eminent,
or immersed and without any external protuberance ; spores simple
or rarely l-septate; paraphyses slender or none. Spermogones
inclosed in thalline protuberances, or immersed and without any
protuberance ; spermatia either shortly cylindrical, straight (the
sterigmata simple), or elongate, thin, arcuate (the sterigmata
simple, somewhat short).
This tribe comprises various small brown or blackish plants, agreeing
in the common character of having pyrenocarpous apothecia, though in.
other respects differing considerably in the several genera. According
to the form and texture of the thallus, the arrangement of the gonimia,
and the presence or absence of thalline protuberances enclosing the
fructification, it is divided into two subtribes, viz. Ephebei and Phyllis-
codet. To the latter, according to Nylander i ltt., belongs Collema
granuliforme Nyl.=Phylliscodium granuliforme Nyl., which, although
recorded (erroneously) by Leighton (Lich. Fl. ed. 5, p. 22) from Galway,
has not been gathered in our Islands.
Subtribe EPHEBET Ny). ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876,
p- 193; Flora, 1887, p. 133.
Thallas small, byssvid, fructiculoso-ramose ; gonimia tunicated,
in nodulose syngonimia. Apothecia minute, pyrenocarpous, in
ellipsoid or pyriform incrassations of the thallus, paraphyses distinct
or none; spores Sn, ellipsoid, simple or 1—3-septate, colourless.
Spermogones innate in globular or shortly ellipsoid thalline tubercles,
with slender, simplish sterigmata.
The thallus in its younger and immature state is entirely Sirosiphoid
in structure; so that this subtribe might briefly be defined as consisting
of “pyrenocarpous sirosiphoid Ephebacei.” Its two genera are well
distinguished from each other by the anatomical characters of the
apothecia.
EPHEBE. | HOMOPSIDEI, 27
5. EPHEBE Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 256; Nyl. Syn. i. (1858)
p. 85, emend. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 124).—
Thallus usually dicecious, cylindrical, intricate ; within longitudinally
cellular; gonimia chiefly towards the surface, 2-4 in each nodule.
Ephebe pubescens Ny|.—a. Thalline branchlet, with apothecia, x30. 6. Thalline
branchlet, with spermogones, X30. c. Sterile branchlets, x30. d. Trans-
verse section of thallus, and d', longitudinal section of thallus, x 200. ¢. Four
syngonimia, X350. /. Section of thalline receptacle of three apothecia, x 30.
g- ee thecr, X350. 4h. Five spores, x500. 7. Sterigmata and spermatia,
x 500.
Apothecia solitary or aggregate, paraphyses none; spores simple
or 1-—3-septate; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged with iodine.
Spermogones with long sterigmata and shortly cylindrical spermatia.
This differs from the following genus in the generally dicecious
thallus, and more especially in the absence of paraphyses and in the septate
spores. The apothecia in both genera have the “ pyrenium” (7. e. the
“ perithecium,” in its former but erroneous acceptation, vide Nyl. Flora,
1875, p. 102) either colourless or slightly dark. In both also the sper-
mogones have the appearance of young apothecia.
28 EPHEBACEI. [ EPHEBE.
1. E. pubescens Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 90, t. ii. ff. 1, 17-20.—
Thallus much branched, decumbent, slightly rugulose, somewhat
shining, olive-green or brownish-black, branches very slender,
capillary at the apices. Apothecia minute, pale; spores simple or
l1-septate, 0,011-0,016 mm. long, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick; hy-
menial gelatine either not tinged, or obsoletely violet-coloured (the
thecee tawny-yellow) with iodine.—Mudd, Man. p. 34; Leight. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 10, t. 4. ff. 12-14; Lich. FI. p. 12,
ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1; Grevillea, v. p. 124.—Cor-
nicularia pubescens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406. Lichen pubescens
Linn. Fl. Suec. (1745) n. 1126, pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 2318.
Lichen evilis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 894 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47.
Lichen scaber Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 562. Conferva atrovirens
Dillw. Br. Conf. p. 60, t. 25. Girardia atrovirens Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 287. Scytonema atrovirens Ag. Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 78.
Stigonema atrovirens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 363; Hass. Br. Freshw.
Alg. p. 227, t. 66. f. 1.— Probably several of these synonyms
relate to other species, the specimens seen being infertile.
This grows in close, matted, irregular tufts, which often spread exten-
sively over the substratum. When young it is more or less suberect,
becoming at length decumbent or prostrate. From Parmelia lanata, var.
reticulata, with which it was frequently confounded by the older authors,
it is externally distinguished when sterile by its softer, transversely rugose
thallus, and when fertile by the apothecia, which apparently are rare in
Britain. The spermogones, which are more frequent, are lateral, the
sterigmata usually simple, 0,005 mm. long. 0,C01 mm. thick.
Hab. On moist shady rocks, especially by streams, in upland and sub-
alpine situations.— Distr. General and for the most part abundant where
it occurs in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.:
Near Ivy Bridge and Chagford, Devonshire; Roughton, Cornwall; Bar-
mouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Llanberis, Carnarvon-
shire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale and near Kendal,
Westmoreland; Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Appin and Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay
and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Achallater and Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire;
Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Dublin Mts.; Coach-
ford, near Cork; Glengariff and Cromaglown, co. Kerry; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
6. EPHEBEIA Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 6 (cfr. Cromb. Greyillea,
vy. p. 125).—Thallus moneecious, cylindrical, intricate ; internally
as in the preceding genus. Apothecia solitary, paraphyses deter-
minate, slender, slightly incrassate at the apices ; spores constantly
simple ; hymenial gelatine wine-reddish with iodine. Spermogones
discrete, internally as in Ephebe.
From Ephebe, with which it was formerly confounded, this has now
been separated, on account chiefly of the apothecia having distinct para-
physes and conspicuous anaphyses (vide Nyl. /. c.), as also constantly simple
spores. These characters seem sufficiently important to entitle it to rank
as a distinct genus.
EPHEBEIA. | MAGMOPSEI. 29
1. E. hispidula Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 321.—Thallus decumbent,
very much branched, rugulose, opaque, spinulose or verruculose
towards the apices, olive-green or dark-brown. Apothecia ex-
ternally subgloboso-tuberculose, pale, the epithecium impressed ;
spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xii. p. 89: Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Cor-
nicularia hispidula Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 617. Cornicularia
pubescens 3. hispidula Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 406.—To this belongs
also Ephebe spinulosa Fr. fil. fide Nyl. 1. c.
The thallus is somewhat stellately expanded, with the branches verti-
cillately proliferous. From Ephebe pubescens it differs in being hispid and
moncecious, as also in the structure of the apothecia. Of the few British
specimens seen, only one is sparingly fertile.
Hab. On damp quartzose and schistose rocks in subalpine districts.—
Distr. Apparently local and scarce, being known only from N. Wales, and
the S. and Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merioneth-
shire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perth-
shire.
Subsp. E. Martindalei Cromb. ex Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 104.—
Thallus scarcely spinulose : apothecia with the receptacle smarag-
dine above (or somewhat bluish in thin section); spores 0,009—
14 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 89;
Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
This differs from the type, of which, as suggested by Nylander (/. c.), it
is almost a variety, in the nearly smooth thallus and the colour of the
receptacle. From Ephebe pubescens it could consequently with difficulty
be distinguished in a sterile condition.
Hab. On moist rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very local and
scarce, haying been gathered only in N.W, England.—B. M.: Mardale,
Westmoreland.
Tribe IV. MAGMOPSEI Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103.
Thallus pyrenopsidian, consisting of syngonimia; gonimia mo-
derate, without order. Apothecia forming a peridium; spores
Sn, oviform, in oblong thece. Spermogones not seen rightly
developed.
This is a somewhat peculiar tribe, distinguished from all others in this
family by the apothecia (if not parasitic, as Nylander is now rather
inclined to think) constituting peridia—that is, a closed pyrenium without
any true ostiole. It consequently holds an analogous relation among
the Ephebacei to Peridiet among the Lichenacet. From the Phylliscodei
it differs in the characters of the apothecia and the gonimia.
7. MAGMOPSIS Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103.—Thallus indeter-
minate; syngonimia glomerulose or granuloso-difform, greenish-
yellow, gonimia pale-glaucous or concolorous with the rest of the
thallus. Apothecia small, the peridium (under the microscope)
30 COLLEMACEI. [ MAGMOPSIS.
dark violet-blackish ; spores 1-septate, colourless; hymenial gela-
tine not tinged with iodine.
From Pyrenidium, with which it is comparable, this differs in having
the thallus pyrenopsoid and indeterminate; while from Verrucarina, to
which it has some resemblance, it differs in the apothecia not presenting
a true pyrenium. The genus as yet includes only two species, of which
one has been detected in Britain.
1. M. argilospila Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 10.
—Thallus scattered, subfurfuraceous, very thin, olive-black. Apo-
thecia innate, minute, peridium sufficiently thin, violet-black ;
spores 0,022—26 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender,
sparingly present.—Verrucaria argilospila Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 15.
Verrucaria arenicola Leight. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 155; Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 470.
The plant spreads extensively over the substratum in small, scattered,
more or less distinct macul&. In structure the thallus is densely and
minutely cellular, each cell containing a minute subglobose gonimium.
The apothecia in the specimens seen are numerous, and are more con-
spicuous where the thallus is semi-obliterated.
Hab. On sandy and clayey soil in upland tracts.—Distr. Local and
scarce, in W. England; though it no doubt occurs elsewhere.—B. M.:
Shelton Rough, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
Family II. COLLEMACEI Ny1. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854)
p. 8; Syn. i. p. 88 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76).
Thallus foliaceous, or fruticulose, or crustaceous, turgid and
gelatinous when moist, black, brown, dark olive, leaden, rarely
glaucescent ; gonimia somewhat small, nakedly conjoined, monili-
form ; medulla not distinct, but confused with the gonimic layer.
Apothecia most frequently lecanorine, occasionally biatorine, rarely
endocarpoid, hypothecium colourless ; spores 8nz, rarely numerous,
very rarely 4ne, ellipsoid, ovoid or fusiform, simple or septate, or
variously divided, colourless, very rarely brown. Spermogones
usually with jointed sterigmata, occasionally with simple sterigmata,
and short oblong spermatia.
This family, as now limited by Nylander, comprehends plants which in
most essential respects are more closely related to each other than those
referred to it in his previous classification. “It consists of a higher type of
lichens than the £phebacei, being superior in structure, and for the
most part in figure, with the gonimic granules not or scarcely ever simple,
but more or less (that is, two or several) moniliform (hormogonimia,
Nyl.). The thallus also, when moistened, is more turgid, and though
still somewhat Algoid in external appearance, is almost always much
better developed.” In regard to the anatomical structure of the thallus,
Nylander, in his observations on “ gonidia &c.”’ (Flora, 1877, p. 359), has
pointed out that (in the higher genera at least) the whole thallus is to be
regarded as one syngonimium. This syngonimium, he adds, in litt., ori-
ginates either from a single primitive gonimium, or from the coalescence of
several gonimia into one syngonimic body.
LICHINA. | LICHINEI. 31
Tribe I. LICHINET Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1854) p. 8;
Syn. i. p. 88, Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 193.
Thallus small, fruticulose or radiato-laciniate, firm or fragile ;
gonimia elongato-seriately moniliform, subconnate. Apothecia
small, lecanorine, lecideine or sub-biatorine, paraphyses slender or
thickish; spores 8nz, ellipsoid, simple or septate. Spermogones
tuberculose, with simple sterigmata or jointed sterigmata.
The principal characteristic of this tribe is to be found in the gonimia
being moniliformly arranged through long series. They are also much less
connate than in Gonionema, so that the affinities of the tribe are rather with
this family. Of the four genera of which it is composed, only one is at
all common in Great Britain. i
8. LICHINA Ag. Syn. Alg. (1817) p. xii; Tul. Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 3, xvil. (1852) p. 87; Nyl. Syn. p. 88.—Thallus fruticulose,
cartilaginous, dichoto-
mously branched, within lan =
parallelly lineari-cellu- % \\ \
lar; gonimia arranged 1 |#% ) \ \
chiefly under the cortical oy NS)
layer, bluish or glaucous-
bluish. Apothecia ter-
minal, in globose thalline
receptacles, lecanorine ;
spores simple, colourless ;
paraphyses slender, not
crowded ; hymenial gela- 3 b
tine not coloured with
iodine. Spermogones
terminal, with simple
long sterigmata and ob-
long spermatia.
This small genus, though
fucoid in appearance, be-
longs in all essential cha-
racters to Lichens. The
few species of which it
consists are strictly social
in their habit, and often
extensively cover the other-
wise barren maritime rocks.
It is in various respects Fig. 5.
somewhat parallel among Lichina pygmea Ag—a. Section of apothecium
the Collemacei to Sphero- (1) and of a spermogone (2), x30. 6. Section
phorus amongst the Li- of thallus, X2U0. ¢. Gonimia, x 350. d. Theca
chenacei. The apothecia nd paraphysis, x350. ¢. Two spores, x 500.
aretruly lecanorine,though ./ Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
pyrenodean in appearance, while the spermogones are often situated
around them.
32 COLLEMACEI. [ LICHINA.
1. L. pygmea Ag. Syn. Alg. 1817, p. 9; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 91, t. ii.
f. 16.—Thallus somewhat small, cxespitosely branched, greenish- or
brownish-black ; branches erect, compressed upwards, obtuse at the
apices. Apothecia small, concolorous, the ostiole slightly open or
_ irregularly dehiscent; spores 0,022-29 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm.
thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 388; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 96; Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 270; Grev. Scot. Crypt. t. 219; Tayl. in Mack. Fl.
Hib. ii. p. 170; Mudd, Man. p. 33, t. i. f. 1; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 2; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. iv.
f. 21; Lich. Fl. p. 13, ed. 3, p. 11.—Fucus pyqmeus Light. FI.
Scot. ii. (1777) p. 964, t.32; With. Arr. ed. 3, p.100; Turn. Hist.
Fue. t. 204. ff. a-h; Eng. Bot. t. 1322. Fucus pumilus Huds. FI,
Angl. ed. 2, p. 584.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 260; Larbal. Cesar.
n. 51; Cromb. n. 1.
This plant, which is about half an inch or a little more in height,
might certainly, at first sight, be taken for a diminutive Fucus. The
fructification, however, sufficiently shows its true systematic place; and
indeed, considering that Lightfoot (/. c.) pointed out how nearly it was
related to Lichens, it is strange that it should have been so long referred
to the Algz. Both the apothecia and the spermogones are numerous,
the latter with spermatia ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, about 0,003 mm.
long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks exposed to the action of the tide in maritime districts.—
Distr. General and common on all the more rocky coasts of the Channel
Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland, but apparently not occurring in the
N.E. of Scotland.—B. M.: Islands of Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney.
Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Isham rocks, near Torquay, Bigbury Bay, and
Boveysand Bay, Devonshire; Mount’s Bay, St. Minver, and Scilly Isles,
Cornwall; near Peel, Isle of Man; near Whitehaven, Cumberland.
Near Caroline Park, Edinburgh; Loch Creran and Island of Mall,
Argyleshire. Near Castlefreke, co. Cork: coast of Connemara, Galway.
2. L. confinis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1823, p. 105.—Thallus rather small,
densely cxspitosely branched, olive- or brownish-black; branches
erect, rounded, subfastigiate. Apothecia small, concolorous, the
ostiole slightly open or irregularly dehiscent ; spores 0,022-29 mm.
long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p.270; Tayl.in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 170; Mudd, Man. p. 34; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2;
Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. 4. f. 22;
Lich. Fl. p. 13, ed. 3, p. 12.—Lichen confinis Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p- 208; Eng. Bot. t. 2575. Fucus pygmeus 3. minor Turn. Hist.
Fuc. t. 204. ff. i-0. Lichina pumila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 388.
Lichina pygmea 3. minor Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 98.—Brit. Exs. :
Larbal. Cesar. n. 1; Lich. Hb. n. 281.
From L. pygmea, to which it is subsimilar, this is distinguished by
being considerably smaller, scarcely 3 in. high, even in favourable situa-
tions, and by having the branches more crowded and not compressed.
The apothecia are frequent, though in situations farther removed from
tidal action it often occurs infertile. The spermogones, especially in
otherwise barren specimens, are very abundant, with spermatia 0,0030-
35 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
LICHINA. | LICHINEL. 33
Hab, On intertidal rocks, and on those which are only washed by
the spray of the sea, in maritime districts.—Distv. General and very
abundant where it occurs on most of the rocky coasts of the Channel
Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland; more frequent on the N.E. of
Scotland.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney. White-
sand Bay, Mount’s Bay, near Anthony, Gerrans, Land’s End, and Scilly
Islands, Cornwall; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Southerndown, Glamorgan-
shire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Puffin Island, Anglesea; Port Soderick,
Isle of Man; Morecambe Bay, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland.
Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; [sland of Mull and Loch Creran, Argyle-
shire. Kenmare, co. Kerry; coast of Connemara, co. Galway; Bally-
castle, co. Antrim.
9. LICHINIZA Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6.—Thallus minutely
squamulose, squamules adnate, difform, chestnut-brown, with pro-
minent darker globules or subglobose papille; gonimia sordid-
yellowish, radiately arranged in the thalline globules in monili-
form series. Apothecia lecanorine?, terminal. Spermogones not
seen.
Though differing in external appearance from the preceding genus,
this nearly agrees with it in texture. This, however, as observed by
Nylander, is cellular, thinner, and more irregular, while the gonimia
are differently coloured. Its true place, in the absence of rightly developed
apothecia and of the spermogones, is rather uncertain, though it is most
probably allied to Lichina.
1. L. Kenmorensis Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 6.—Apothecia minute,
terminal on and concolorous with the thalline globules, lecanorine? ;
“spores Sne, ellipsoid, simple, colourless.”—-Cromb. Grevillea, x.
p. 22.—Synalissa Kenmorensis Holl, MS. (1872).
The thallus is effuse and apparently widely spreading. In the speci-
mens seen by me only a single young apothecium was visible, similar in
external appearance to the young apothecia of Lichina. Dr. Holl
informed me that the spores were seen by him in a better-fruited spe-
cimen, though not well developed.
Hab. On moist mica-schist boulders in upland mountainous situa-
tions.—Distr. Very local and rare, having been found only in one
locality in the 8. Grampians.—B. M.: Shores of Loch Tay, Kenmore,
Perthshire. ;
10. PTERYGIUM Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. i. (1854) p. 328; Syn.
i. p. 92; Lich. Scand. p. 24.—Thallus appressed, thinly divided,
radiate at the circumference, polished in section; gonimia
often moniliformly concrete, arranged chiefly under the cortical
layer; thin section of thallus bluish on the lower side. Apo-
thecia lecideine; spores 8nz, ellipsoid or oviform, septate, colour-
less; hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, bluish with iodine.
Spermogones with long jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia.
dD
34 COLLEMACEL. _ [preRyerum.
Fig. 6.
Pterygium eentrifugum Nyl.—a. Longitudinal section of thallus, x 275.
b. Transverse section of the same. c. Vertical section of a spermogone,
x42. d. Jointed sterigmata.
This genus is analogous to Pannwaria among the Lichenacei, from
which, however, it is distinguished by the absence of a hypothallus. In
this country few species have occurred, but probably others will be
detected.
1. P. centrifugum Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. i. (1854) p. 328; Syn. .
i. p. 92, t. ii. ff. 11-15.—Thallus small, laciniato-radiate, centrifu-
gal, dark- or chestnut-brown, often blackish in the centre; lacinize
divaricato-multifid, plane or somewhat convex, narrow, crowded,
very thinly longitudinally rugulose. Apothecia unknown. 4a
Externally this looks like a small Physeia near to dark vars. of Ph.
obscura ; but its anatomical structure is essentially different. The thallus
is only about 4 inch in diameter (even smaller in the only British spe-_
cimen seen), and is more or less centrifugal. The gonimia are pale-
greenish, often moniliform towards the upper surface. No apothecia
have yet been detected, but the spermogones (not present in our spe-
cimen) are known; they are tuberculose, usually blackish above, with
multi-articulate sterigmata; spermatia straight, slightly acute at the
apices, 0,005-0,006 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine hilly district.— Distr. Extremely
local and scarce, having been found only very sparingly in S.W. England. .
—B. M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire.
2. P. pannariellum Nyl. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Not. iv. (1859)
p. 236; Flora, 1869, p. 41.—Thallus moderate, laciniato-radiate
PTERYGIUM. | LICHINEI. 35
at the circumference, subcoralloideo-multifid or microphylline and
usually diffracto-globulose in the centre, dark-olive or olive-brownish-
black, opaque ; lacinie thin, plane, multifid, imbricately crowded,
obsoletely rugulose. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex,
black ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,015—20 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm.
thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 12.
This is externally somewhat like Pannaria triseptata Nyl., but differs
in the absence of a hypothallus, and in the laciniz being radiate at the
circumference and usually digitate at the apices; the spores also are
somewhat smaller. In the only fertile British specimen seen the apo-
thecia are sparingly present.
Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very local and
scarce amongst the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summit of Craig
Calliach, Perthshire.
3. P. Lismorense Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 108.—Thallus
thin, subfurfuraceous, thinly or obsoletely radiate, adnate, variously
confluent, blackish or olive-black. Apothecia small, thinly mar-
gined, black, dark within; spores oviform, 1-septate, 0,010—0,011
mm. long, 0,005—0,006 mm. thick; epithecium bluish-black ; hypo-
thecium cellular, and (with the perithecium) violet-blackish ; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish, then dark-yellowish with iodine.—Nyl. Flora,
1877, p. 221; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 12.—Brit. Exs: Cromb.
ne 161.
The thallus spreads rather extensively, though not continuously, over
the substratum. In its younger state the radii are more discrete at the
circumference. It is allied to P. asperellum Nyl., from which it differs
in the thallus and the smaller spores.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime tracts—Déstr. Local and scarce
in the 8.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Island of Lismore, Argyleshire.
11. LEPTOGIDIUM
Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 195
(cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v.
p- 76).—Thallus minute,
fruticulose, branched,
somewhat fragile; goni-
mia moniliform; cortical
layer cellular, distinct.
Apothecia subbiatorine ;
spores S8ne, ellipsoid,
simple, colourless; hyme- = Fig. 7. a
nial gelatine bluish with Leptogidium dendriscum Nyl.—a. Thalline
Sas branch and branchlet, x 30. 6. Transverse
iodine. Spermogones not section of a branch, x 200. ce. Apex of a
seen rightly developed. bifurecate branchlet, showing the moniliform
: chains of the gonimia, x 200. d. Two
This genus, recently in- series of gonimia, x 350.
stituted by Nylander, is
Dpe
36 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTOGIDIUM.
rather difficult to arrange in the series. From the gonimia, it seems
to have its most appropriate place in this tribe.
1. L. dendriscum Nyl. Flora 1873, p. 195 (note).—Thallus very
much branched, intricate, slender, rounded or obsoletely compressed,
opaque, greenish, or pale-yellowish at the base. Apothecia small,
pale or pale-red, the epithecium at length somewhat convex ; spores
0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006—8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 337; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 13.—Leptogium dendriscum Nyl.
Syn. i. (1858) p. 135. Leptogiwm Moore Hepp, Carroll, Journ.
Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. FL
p. 27. Ephebe byssoides Carring. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vii. p. 411,
t. 10. f. 2.
This is one of the exotic lichens which find their way from sub-
tropical regions to the S.W. of Ireland. It has a somewhat general
resemblance to Leptoyium muscicola, near to which it was originally
placed by Nylander; but the gonimia and other characters remove
it from Leptogium to an inferior position in the family. The apothecia
are not visible in any of the Irish specimens, the organs described as
such being spermogones. These, however, though not unfrequent as
minute pale-brown tubercles, have not been seen rightly developed.
Hab. On mossy trunks of trees in moist upland situations—Dzstr. Very
local and rare in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Glengariff and Glena, Killarney,
co. Kerry.
Tribe Il. COLLEMETI Nyl. Mém. Soe. Se. Nat. Cherb. ii.
(1854) p. 9; Syn. i. p. 93 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 76).
Thallus usually membranaceous, lobed, laciniate or microphylline,
occasionally fruticuloso-ramose, rarely crustaceous or granulose ;
gonimia glaucous-green, more or less moniliform ; cortical layer
either cellular or indistinct. Apothecia lecanorine, sometimes
biatorine, rarely endocarpoid; spores 8ne, rarely numerous, ellip-
soid, ovoid or rarely fusiform, usually septate and divided, occa-
sionally simple, colourless. Spermogones with the sterigmata ar-
ticulate, occasionally simple or subsimple, and oblong, ellipsoid or
bacillar spermatia. ;
This extensive tribe (notwithstanding its recent limitation) consists of
genera diverse in various particulars, yet sufficiently connected by mutual
links. It contains the best-developed members of the family, and in
number of species, if not in their frequeney of occurrence, is very well
represented in our Islands. The plants for the most part very greedily
imbibe moisture, and we often find a marked contrast in the appearance
of the thallus when moist or dry.
12. SYNALISSA Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 297; Nyl. Syn.
i. p. 93.—Thallus pulvinate, thinly crustaceous or fruticuloso-
divided ; gonimia (speirogonimia) either solitary or few, usually
scattered among the filaments: cortical layer obsoletely cel-
toy r ae
s
Sar Ss; 1
SYNALISSA. | COLLEMET. 37
lular. Apothecia terminal, innate, lecanorino-endocarpoid, conco-
lorous; spores ellipsoid or ovoid,
usually S8nz, occasionally nu-
merous, simple, colourless ; hy-
menial gelatine variously tinged
with iodine. Spermogones ter-
minal or subterminal, with
simplish sterigmata and oblong
spermatia.
Distinguished from Ompha-
laria, which does not occur in our
islands, chiefly by the gonimic
eranules; these are in pairs
between the thalline filaments or
affixed to their branchlets. Only
two species occur with us, rarely,
and generally in poor condition.
1. §. symphorea Nyl. Syn.
i. (1858) p. 94, t. 3. f. 2.—
Thallus fruticulose, fastigiately
divided, opaque, black ; branches
short, rounded, erect, obtuse at
the apices, sometimes only no-
dulose. Apothecia minute,
punctiformi - impressed, _—at Fig. 8.
length dilated, subconcolorous, Synalissa symphorea Nyl.—a. Section of
the thalline margin tumid; thallus with an apothecium, x 30.
ic mats b. Section of a spermogone, x 30.
spores 8—24nx, ellipsoid or c. Syngonimia between the filaments,
spherical, 0,009-11 a long, x 850. d. Gonimia affixed to a race-
0,006-7 mm. thick; hymenial _mosely divided filament, x 350. e. Spo-
gelatine not tinged with iodine. riferous theca with three paraphyses,
Seen Man. 'p.. 35, t. 1. 350. /. Four, apores, x BOO.
f.2: Oromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16, ed. 3, p. 13.—Synalissa vulgaris Thwaites,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, iii. p. 219. Collema symphoreum DC. FI.
Fr. ii. (1805) p. 382. CC. synalissa Ach., Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 108
The thallus in our specimens is generally only noduliform. Elsewhere
it often occurs amongst the squamules of Lecidea lurtda, and further
research may discoyer it in Britain also similarly associated. A reference
to fig. 8 will show the peculiar arrangement of the gonimia affixed to
the branchlets of the filaments. The apothecia are very rare in Great
Britain, and the spermogones are only seldom seen, with spermatia
0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
Local and rare, having with certainty been gathered only very sparingly
in §.W. England, and in the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland; the Irish plant
being very doubtful.—B. M.: Portland island, Dorsetshire; Anstey’s
Cove, Torquay, Devonshire ; St. Vincent’s rocks, Gloucestershire. Bar-
‘caldine, Argyleshire.
38 COLLEMACEI. [SYNALISSA.
2. §. intricata Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534.—Thallus effuse, fruti-
culose, radiate, laciniato-multifid, pitch-black, lacinize rounded,
intricate, narrow, somewhat obtuse or slightly nodulose at the
apices ; apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ Bot. 1885, p. 195.—
Omphalaria intricata Arn. Flora, 1869, p. 254.
This peculiar plant was referred by Nylander to Nematonostoc (Flora,
1883, p. 104); he afterwards placed it in this genus with which it agrees
in the character of the spermogones. At the same time the gonimia
are hormogonimia and not speirogonimia, and so it may be a distinct
genus, which Nylander proposes to term Synalissina. It may readily be
known by the radiate thallus, giving it the aspect of a Pterygium. The
apothecia have not been discovered, but the spermogones in the British
specimens are not uncommon.
Hab. On moist granitic rocks in upland hilly districts—Distr. Ex-
tremely local and rare, having been gathered only in S. Scotland.—B. M.:
Black Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire.
13. SCHIZOMA Ny]. ex Cromb. Grevillea, v. (1877) p. 108 (note).
—Thallus lineari-laciniate, internally at length
composed of a firm gelatine, through which run @E@ SO Se
thin, short, frequent tubules variously arranged, -© 6° 977 9%
but chiefly longitudinally; gonimia nearly mo- “~_— ~/ |
derate, in subrotund cells, situated chiefly =— S~~/) a
under either surface, but also sparingly seen ~~
smaller and scattered. Apothecia unknown. —— ~ —@~, 7
Spermogones innate, or indicated externally by = — 7
a somewhat prominent thalline ostiole; sterig- b@ 4 82° See
mata subsimple; spermatia minute, pistillari- “—
bacillar. (Nyl. in litt.) a
9 f
This approaches in the structure of the thallus to _,{ }\( \
Collemodium, from which it differs in the tenuity Rh) } } y ea
of the tubules in the nearly obliterated cavity. Wy Ay} ap ke
This character and that of the spermogones en- Y
title it to rank as a distinct genus; though only
the discovery of the apothecia would definitely Fig. 9.
determine its place in the family, which is pro- §¢hizoma lichinodeum
bably between Omphalaria and Collema. The Nyl.—a. Section of
gonimia are with difficulty expelled from the cells thallus, x 200. >.
so as to be seen free. Sterigmata. c. Sper-
matia.
1. S. lichinodeum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 108, note.—
Thallus small, loosely adnate, lineari-laciniose, brownish-black,
laciniz plane or subcanaliculate, ligulate, simple or more frequently
2—3-divided, obtuse at the apices, naked, or sometimes sprinkled
with concolorous isidiose globules. Apothecia not yet seen.—
Collema lichinodeum Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 293; Carroll, Journ. Bot.
iii. p. 287: Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3,
p. 15; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.
The thallus is normally orbicular, with the lacinie slightly suberect
SCHIZOMA. | COLLEMEI. 39
towards the extremities. In Journ. Bot. 1874, /. ¢., it was observed that
this species probably constituted a separate genus, though, as neither form
of fructification was then known, it might be retained as an anomalous
section of Collema. I have since detected the spermogones in Great
Britain, and I hope the apothecia may be also discovered. The de-
.seription of the thallus of Collema radiatum Somm. (possibly an Ompha-
laria) and its habitat given by Sommerfelt, Lapp. p. 121, as well as the
account of its internal structure and of the spermogones given by Fr. fil.,
Lich. Arct. p. 288, do not at all correspond with our plant; the two can-
not be identical. On the thallus is rarely seen a parasitic fungus, viz.
Spheria schizomatis Cromb., which must not be mistaken for the apothecia.
Hab. On decayed mosses and the ground in crevices of rocks in alpine
places.— Distr. Extremely local, being confined apparently to one or two
of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B.M.: Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach,
Perthshire.
14. COLLEMA Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. (1780) p. 89; Nyl.
Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 164,—Thallus usually
orbicular or suborbicular, membranaceo-lobed, very rarely squamu-
lose or granulose; gonimia moniliform, cortical layer not discrete.
Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8n, simple or generally multilo-
cular, colourless ; hymenial gelatine usually bluish, rarely wine-red
with iodine. Spermogones more or less immersed, sterigmata
shortly articulate, rarely simple; spermatia straight, obtusely in-
crassate at either apex.
As now limited, this genus is more compact than formerly, though it
still includes several species, diverse in thallus and fructification, as
will be seen from the following sections. These differences, however,
are not of sufficient importance to warrant its division into several genera.
In various species a thin section of the thallus, when dry, becomes
reddish or blood-red with iodine, in consequence, as Nylander observes,
of the gonimia being so coloured. In the species in which the spermo-
gones have been detected, except in those belonging to Section A, the
spermatia are identical in size, viz. 0,0035-0,0040 mm. long, 0,0007 mm.
thick, or vary so slightly that the difference is scarcely perceptible. There
is every reason to believe that some Nostocs are undeveloped states of
different species of this and perhaps also of the following genus.
A. LEMPHOLEMMA (Koerb.
Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 400).
—Thallus thinnish, dif-
form; gonimic granules
moniliform. Apothecia
innate; spores simple;
spermogones with simple
sterigmata.
a. Hymenial gelatine wine-red G wes
with iodine. Fig. 10.
1. C. chalazanum Ach. Lich. Collema myriococcum Ach.—a. Section
a ee Be, of an apothecium, xX 30. 5. Two
Univ. (1810) p. 630.—Thallus thece and a paraphysis, x 350. ¢. Two
pulvinate, thinnish, difformi- spores, x 500. d, Sterigmata, and
lobate or laciniate, crenulato- e, spermatia, x 500.
40 COLLEMACEI, [COLLEMA.
granulate at the circumference, blackish-green or black. Apothecia
small, reddish, the margin somewhat tumid ; spores ellipsoid, 0,020
—24 mm. long, 0,008-13 mm. thick (or sometimes rather smaller),
paraphyses slender, scarcely articulate—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 104;
Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.4; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 17, ed. 3, p. 16.—To this apparently is referable C. maritimum
Tayl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 194.
In a moist state, when not fully developed, this might readily be taken
for a Nostoc. The thallus, which is variable, is closely agglutinate to
the substratum, with the lobes corrugato-difform, plicate, appressed, and
usually more or less verrucoso-granulose. The apothecia, though nume-
rous, are inconspicuous in the “ary plant, being submersed in ‘the small
thalline verruce. The spermogones are not unfrequent, with simple
cylindrical sterigmata ; spermatia thin, cbtuse at either apex, 0,0025 mm.
long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Apparently local and rare in S.W. England, N. Wales, the S.W.
Highlands, Scotland, and in 8.W. Ireland. —B. M.: Lipsom Hill, near
Plymouth, Devonshire ; Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire; near Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire.
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
2. C. chalazanodes Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 293.—Thallus ditformi-
lobate or laciniate, crenulato-lobed at ae margins, dark-green or
blackish. Apothecia small, reddish, the thalline margin tumid ;
spores in clavate thec, ellipsoid or subglobose, small, 0,012—-17
mm. long, 0,008-15 mm. thick. — Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869,
p- 105; Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17, ed. 3, p. 16.
This is distinguished from the preceding species, to which it is closely
allied, by its much smaller and often subglobose spores. In the few
British specimens seen, the apothecia are numerous, but no spermogones
are visible.
Hab. Among mosses on old walls in wooded upland tracts.—Distr.
Very local and scarce in W. England, though it may occur in mountain-
ous districts, as in Scandinavia, where it was discovered.—B. M.: Bradley
Wood, Newton Bushell, S. Devon; Coln Rogers, Gloucestershire.
3. C. myriococcum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 638.—Thallus
imbricato-lobed, or at length almost crustaceo-difform, olive-green
or blackish ; lobes crowded, complicate, crisp. Apothecia minute,
numerous, aggregate in thalline tubercles, somewhat concave, red-
dish, the thalline margin tumid; spores in cylindrical thece,
globose or subglobose, 0,009-12 mm. in diameter when globose,
or 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. thick, when subglobose.
—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 104, t. iv. f. 21; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 146; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 16. —Lichen myriococcus Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 127.— Brit. Ews.: Oromb. n. 3.
This differs from C. chalazanum chiefly in the thallus being larger, the
lobes more develcped, the apothecia more aggregate, and the : spores more
COLLEMA. | COLLEMET. 41
globose. The apothecia are generally abundant, almost obliterating the
thallus, and becoming like it blackish when dry. The preceding species
is intermediate between this and C. chalazanum.
Hab. Among mosses on old walls in shady places in upland districts.
—Distr. Very local, though plentiful where it occurs in W. England,
S. Wales, and N.E. Ireland, probably elsewhere overlooked.—B. M.:
Near Cirencester, Stroud, and Ablington, Gloucestershire; Pembroke-
shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim.
b. Hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.
4. C. confertum Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 330.—Thallus small,
turgidly squamulose, blackish-brown; squamules crowded, usually
eyathoid or podetiiform, almost all fertile. Apothecia small, urceo-
lato-impressed, one at the summit of each thalline squamule or
lobule, subconcolorous, the margin tumid; spores ellipsoid or
fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,017-23 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick;
paraphyses slender.— Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx.
p. 209; Lich. Fl. p. 18, ed. 3, p. 16; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4;
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.—Collema turgidum var. confertum Ach.
L. U. (1810) p. 634.
The peculiar squamulose thallus and the situation of the apothecia at
once distinguish this from other British species of Collema. It is allied
to C. lepideum Nyl., a West-African plant, and the two form a distinct
group, characterized by the thallus and the reaction of the hymenial
gelatine. No authentic British specimen has been found in recent years;
and indeed the plant is known only from the original specimen sent by
Turner to.Acharius, and from two fragments in Herb. Kew and Brit.
Mus.
Hab. Amongst mosses on the ground in maritime tracts.—Distr. Known
only from E. England.—B. M.: Dunwich, Suffolk.
B. EUCOLLEMA Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, @
p- 333. — Thallus variously lobed, Ds ® se :
rarely entirely granulose; gonimic Dp
granules usually moniliform. Apo-
thecia lecanorine ; spores septately Fig. 11.
divided, irregularly murali-locular, Collema pulposum Ach.
ovoid or ellipsoid; hymenial gelatine Six spores, x 500.
bluish with iodine ; spermogones with
jointed sterigmata. BN A
D ee So AN
©
a. Thallus entirely granulose. FY
Leo)
5. C. terrulentum Nyl. Flora, 1874, eas
Fig. 12.
p. 306. — Thallus small, scattered, thin, (oyna melenum Ach.
granulose, olive-brown or brownish-black. Four spores, x 500.
Apothecia small, concave, reddish-brown,
the thalline margin thickish, entire; spores ellipsoid or oblong,
submurali-divided (usually with 5 transverse septa), 0,018-24 mm.
42 COLLEMACEI. [ COLLEMA.
long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22; Journ.
Bot. 1874, pp. 140, 333 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 25.
This rather inconspicuous plant is characterized by the apparently
constantly granulose thallus. The only specimen gathered occurred in
small scattered pulvinuli, most of which were infertile. The nature of
the thallus and the form cf the spores separate it from Leptogiwm micro-
phyllum, to which it bears a general resemblance. The apothecia are at
first somewhat urceolate.
Hab. On the bark of an old ash-tree in a wooded upland district.—
Distr. Known only from the S.W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Shores
of Loch Katrine, Perthshire.
b. Thallus acervulato-aggregate or pulvinato-congested.
6. C. ceraniscum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353.—Thallus small,
ceespitose, smooth, opaque, pulvinato-congested, laciniato-divided,
dark olive-greenish or olive-brown, divisions subrotundato-com-
pressed, ceranoideo-dissected, somewhat obtuse and nodulose at the
apices, erect or ascending. Apothecia small, somewhat concave,
brownish-black, the thalline margin thin, smoothish ; spores (4-)
Snee, ellipsoid, rounded at both apices, 2-6 transversely seriate and
loculose, 0,027-34 mm. long, 0,018-21 mm. thick; paraphyses
slender; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thece more intensely so)
with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 6; Journ. Bot. 1874, pp. 140, 333; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24, ed. 3,
p- 17.—Collema ceranoides Mudd (non Borr.), Man. p. 4, pro parte.
This very distinct species (of which Nylander has given me the above
amended diagnosis) has the appearance of a larger condition of Synalissa
symphorea. The thallus, which forms small pulvinuli, is often pale olive
at the base, and has the gonimia moniliform. The apothecia, which are
subconcolorous with the thallus, are not at all numerous in the specimens
seen. ‘¢Thecharacter of the thallus with its crowded nodulose dark apices,
and the form of the spores which are internally as if grossly botryoso-
eranulose, prevent this species being confounded with any other” (Nyl.
in litt.).
Hab. On damp shaded rocks among small mosses in alpine places.—
Distr. Found only very sparingly among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
c. Thallus macrophylline, variously lobed.
7. C. auriculatum Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 98.—Thallus
dilated, slightly rigid, roundly lobed, more or less granulate, opaque,
sordid glaucous-green or olive-brown; lobes irregulariy repando-
crenate, transversely rugulose (I+ blood-red). Apothecia moderate,
scattered, concave, at length nearly plane, reddish-brown, the margin
thick, entire ; spores ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-septate, with a few longi-
tudinal septa, 0,022-27 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 17.—To
this belongs Collema dermatinum Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716.
f. 2 (lower fig.). Var. membranacea Kremp., Cromb. Journ. Bot.
COLLEMA, | COLLEMEI, 43
1874, p. 333, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17, is a slightly thinner
state of the species.
The thallus is membranaceous in texture, and has rather small gonimia.
From the allied species it is readily distinguished by the transversely
rugulose lobes, and by the reaction with iodine in a thin section of the
thallus, which takes place immediately on application. In the British
specimens the apothecia are very rare.
Hab. On rocks and old walls, chiefly calcareous, in upland districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, in
the S.W. Highlands and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Paignton,
S. Devon; Sherbrook and Cole Heath, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Island of
Anglesea; Ashgill Foree, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin,
Perthshire.
Subsp. C. granosum Ny]. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 11.—
Thallus smaller, thickish, more rigid, somewhat smooth or granu-
late; lobes more elongate, variously incised, imbricate in the
centre, crenate at the margins. Apothecia and spores as in the
type.—Collema dermatinum Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716. f. 2 (two
upper figs); Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.212; Mudd, Man. p.36. Leptogewm
dermatinum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 29, ed. 3, p. 32. Lichen granosus
Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii. (1789) p. 131, t.10. f. 2. Lrchenoides gelu-
tinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et granosum Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19.
f. 244.
This is well distinguished as a subspecies by the smaller subcoriaceous
thallus and by the more incised, imbricate lobes. The apothecia are
sessile and numerous on our fertile British specimens.
Hab, On calcareous rocks and walls in upland districts — Distr. Local
and scarce in W. England, N. Wales, and S8.W. Iveland.—B. M. : Cheddar
Cliffs and opposite St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, Somersetshire ; near
Cirencester, Biearistershiro; Pentragaer, Oswestry, Shropshire. Dun-
kerron, co. Kerry.
8. C. furvum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 650.—Thallus roundly
lobed, more or less granulate on both sides, dark greenish-brown or
olive-black (I+ blood-red when dry); lobes irregularly complicate,
usually undulate and crisp, entire. Apothecia moderate, somewhat
scattered, plane, brown, the margin entire; spores ovoid or ellipsoid,
3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-locular, 0,018-24 mm. long,
0,009-11 mm. thick.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72; Mudd, Man. p. 36 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24, ed. 3, p. 17.
Lathagrium furvum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 400. Lichen furvus Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 132. Collema granulatum Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 211;
Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.110. Lichen granulatus Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 536, pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, p. 73, pro parte:
Eng. Bot. t. 1757. Lichenoides gelatinosum lobis crassioribus fusco-
viridibus Dill. Muse. 138, t. 19. f. 22.—-_ Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 102.
The thallus, usually of moderate size, is either naked or more
frequently granulato-furfuraccous, from the presence of numerous isidia,
occasionally giving origin to young lobules. By our older authors
44 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.
it was mixed up with similar species, especially C. granuliferum. It
is more likely to be confounded with states of C. flaccidum, but may
be readily and certainly recognized by the reaction with iodine in a thin
section of the thallus. The apothecia become, in old age, convex, dark,
and immarginate.
_ Hab. On rocks and old walls, chiefly calcareous, rarely on the ground
in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local and rare in Great Britain
and Ireland.—B. M.: Walthamstow and Ilford, Essex; East Barnet, |
Middlesex; Ditcham and Babbicombe, Devonshire ; near Marlborough,
Somersetshire ; Rodmorton and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire: Lud-
low, Shropshire; Garregwn rocks, Denbighshire; Rokeby, Durham;
Kirby Lonsdale, Westmoreland; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Appin,
Argyleshire ; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form tuneforme Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.—
Thalline lobes rather longer, more deeply incised ; otherwise as in
the type.—Collema tuneforme Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211 ; Mudd, Man.
p- 36. Lichen tuneformis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 132; Dicks. Crypt.
fasc. iv. p. 25. Lichenoides gelatinosum folits latioribus tunifor-
mibus Dill. Muse. 142, t. 19. f. 29 a, B.
This differs merely in the longer, more deeply incised lobes, which are
also somewhat rugose. Like the species, it may be either naked or
granulato-furfuraceous. It is very rare in a fertile condition.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.
—Distr. Seen only from W. and N. England, the S8.W. Highlands,
Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Winson, Gloucestershire ;
Teesdale, Durham. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co.
Kerry.
9. C. flaccidum Ach. Syn. (1814) p.322.—Thallus broadly lobed,
opaque, smoothish or blackish-granulate, dark-green or brownish-
green (I—); lobes flaccid, discrete, round, flexuose, with entire
margins. Apothecia moderate, scattered, plane, reddish-brown, the
margin thin, entire; spores ovoid or broadly fusiformi-oblong,
3-septate, often becoming 5-septate, 0,023-28 mm. long, 0,007—10
mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 107; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 72; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb;
Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 25, ed. 3, p. 23.—Lathagrium
flaccidum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.400. Synechoblustus flaccidus Mudd,
Man. p. 42. Lichen flaccidus Ach, N. Act. Stock. v. (1795) p. 14,
t.1.f.4. Lichen rupestris With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76.—Brit. Eus.:
Leight. n. 345.
From the preceding, which it resembles, this is distinguished by the
flaccid thallus, which gives no reaction with iodine. It is generally
expanded, rather thin, loosely affixed to the substratum, and usually
sprinkled, or when old nearly covered, on the upper surface with black
pulverulent granules. The apothecia, which are rare in this country, are
scattered, and from concave become somewhat convex.
Hab, On old walls, rocks, and trunks of trees, in shady places in upland
districts.— Distr. General, and common where it occurs, in Great
Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Pyecombe, Sussex; St. Johns, Isle of
Wight; near Plymstock, East Lyn, Kingskerswell, and Cockington,
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 45
Devonshire; Boconnoc, Camelford, and St. Minver, Cornwall; near
Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Lyn
Gwernan, Merionethshire ; Nant Gwynant, Carnaryonshire; Rievaulx,
Yorkshire; near Kendal and Windermere, Westmoreland; Keswick,
Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; King’s Park, Edin-
burgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Killin, Kenmore, Kinnoull Hill, and
Craighall, Perthshire; Den of Glammis, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Mallow, co. Cork ;
Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry.
d. Thallus microphylline, variously lobed.
10. C. pulposum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 311. Thallus thickish,
subimbricato-lobed, olive-brown or dark-greenish; lobes nearly
entire or repando-crenate, often plicate (I+reddish), Apothecia
moderate, concave or plane, reddish or dark-red, the margin thick,
entire; spores ovoid, usually 3-septate, or also with longitudinal
septules, 0,016-24 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man.
p. 38 pro p., t. i. f. 3; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 18, ed. 3, p. 18.—Lichen pulposus Bernh. Schrad. Journ. (1799)
i.p.7, t. 1. f.1. Lichen crispus Eng. Bot. t. 834. Lichenoides
gelatinosum foliis imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Musc. 140, t. 19. f. 26 ¢.
— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 4.
From allied species this is distinguished by its thick, pulpy thallus,
the repand, crenate, and often plicate lobes, and by the entire margin of
the apothecia. Frequently seen in a rudimentary nostocine condition,
and then not conspicuous unless in wet weather, when the thallus swells
considerably. The apothecia are chiefly central, numerous, sometimes
becoming confluent, and slightly convex, with thin recurved margin.
Hab. On the ground and old walls, chiefly calcareous, in maritime and
upland districts.—Distr. General in the Channel Islands, and in most
parts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: St. Saviour’s Hill, Island of
Guernsey. Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Shoreham, Kent; Lewes and Hurst-
pierpoint, Sussex; Undercliff and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Ply-
mouth and Torquay, Devonshire; St. Minver, Cornwall; Preston, Wilt-
shire; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Tetbury and Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Norton, Worcestershire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ;
Teesdale, Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland ; near Whitehaven, Cumber-
land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire. Great Island, co. Cork ;
Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form compactum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 109.—Thalline lobes
densely complicato-imbricate, somewhat rugose ; apothecia reddish.
—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 3383; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 18.
—Collema compactum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 313.
The closely imbricate and rougher thallus distinguishes this form,
which, however, is connected with the type by intermediate states, de-
pending on the nature of the habitat. When fertile, the apothecia are
numerous and become darker with age.
Hab, On the ground in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Local and
scarce in a typical condition, having been observed only in W. England
and in the 8. and W. Highlands, Scotland.—b. M.: Kemble, Glouces-
tershire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ;
Killin, Perthshire.
46 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.
Var. 3. pulposulum Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.—
Thallus smaller, granuloso-lobulate, scattered or but little developed.
Apothecia rather small, numerous: spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong,
3-septate, with 1 or 2 longitudinal septules, 0,020—28 mm. long,
0,007-0,010 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 19.—Collema
pulposulum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn, Bord. xxv. (1864) p. 7.
A distinct variety well characterized by the granulose, dispersed thallus,
and the form of the spores. It is much smaller than the type, though
externally similar.
Hab. On old walls in shady upland situations.— Distr. Local and scarce
in W. England, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
11. C. tenax Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 314.—Thallus imbricato-
lobed, thickish, dark-glaucous or dark-greenish ; lobes round, obtuse,
inciso-crenate or subpalmate at the margins (I+reddish). Apo-
thecia moderate, innate, concave, reddish, the margin entire, scarcely
prominent ; spores ovoid or oblong, 3-septate, with a longitudinal
septum, 0,018—25 mm. long, 0,009-10 mm. thick—Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 39; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 333.—
Collema pulposum var. tenax Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.4; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 19, ed. 3, p. 19. Enchyliwm tenaw Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397.
Lichen tenax Swrtz. N. Act. Ups. iv. (1784) p. 249.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 105, 290; Mudd, n. 1; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 201.
Distinguished from C. pulposum by the inciso-dentate or subpalmate
thalline lobes, the innate apothecia, the less prominent receptacle, the
larger spores, and the reaction with iodine. The apothecia are usually
scattered and not numerous.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks, and on the bare ground in upland
districts.—Distr. Local and rather scarce where it occurs, throughout
England, in 8. Wales, the 8. and W. Highlands, Scotland, and in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Runton and Cromer, Norfolk; near Ightham,
Kent; Reigate, Surrey; Luccombe, Isle of Wight; the Mendips, Somer-
setshire; Hathrop Castle, Gloucestershire; near Bewdley, Claines, and
Malvern, Worcestershire; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shropshire; Tenby,
Pembrokeshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Brigsteer,
Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin and Island of Lismore,
Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire. Kylemore, co. Galway.
Var. £2. coronatum Koerb. Par. (1865) p. 413.—Thallus rather
thinner and more appressed ; apothecia sessile, plane or slightly con-
vex, with subentire margin, often large and confluent.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Collema pulposum var. cristatum Mudd, Man,
p- 39. Collema cristatum Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 208; Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108. Lichen cristatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 821; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 75. Lichenoides
gelatinosum foliis imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 26,
A, B, D. Lichenoides foliis pilosis crassiortbus, obscure virentibus
Dill. in Ray, Syn. 74. 68.
lod
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 47
Hudson’s specific name has priority, but as it might be confounded
with C. cristatum Hoftm., I have not used it. Similarly C. multiflorum
var. palmatum Hepp, is rejected on account of the homonym Leptogium
palmatum (Huds. ).— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 106.
A well-marked variety, distinguished by the apothecia being sessile.
They are generally more numerous than in the type, sometimes becoming
large and proliferous, with the subentire or subgranulate margin ob-
literated.
Hab. On the ground and on walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. General in 8., W., and N. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands,
Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Amberley, Sussex ; near Claver-
ton, Somerset ; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shrop-
shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire. Campsie Glen, near Stirling; Appin, Argyleshire;
Killin, Perthshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Blackstone Bridge, co,
Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
12. C. glaucescens Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p.100.—Thallus
thin, appressed, lobed, sordid-green or dark-olive ; lobes small, round
or oblong, approximate or scattered, entire or slightly crenulate.
Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane, reddish-brown or red; the
thalline margin thin, scarcely prominent, entire or slightly crenate ;
spores usually 4nz (6nze), ovoid, 5-septate, with several longitudinal
septules, 0,027-38 mm. long, 0,014-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xv. (1866) p. 11.—Collema limosum Ach., Borr. in Eng.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2704. f. 1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 21, ed. 3, p. 19. Collema pulposum y. limosum Mudd, Man.
p. 39.
This is readily recognized by the agglutinate and somewhat evanescent
thallus, and by the appressed, thinly and often indistinctly margined
apothecia. Its chief characteristic, however, is in the spores, which at
once distinguish it from states of the allied species. The apothecia are
at first slightly concave, and when the lobes are scattered are single in
each fertile lobe.
Hab. On moist clayey soil in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr.
Local and rare in S.W. and N. England, as also in the W. Highlands,
Scotland ; probably overlooked when the thallus is evanescent.—B. M. :
Near Southend, Essex ; Croham Quarry, Kent; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ;
Wootton-under-Edge, and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Bulstrode,
Buckinghamshire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Hawford and Norton, Worces-
tershire; Coatham Marshes, near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Miln-
thorpe, Westmoreland. Fort Augustus, Inverness-shire.
13. C. crispum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 311.—Thallus_lobato-
divided or subradiate, dark-green or brownish-black ; lobes some-
what erect, granulate and crowded in the centre, depressed and
dilated at the circumference, the larger granulato-crenate at the
margins (I+reddish). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large,
plane, reddish or dark-red, the margin crenato-granulate; spores
ovoid, usually 3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-locular,
48 COLLEMACEI. [CoLLEMA,
0,016-24 mm. long, 0,007—11 mm. thick.—Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2716. f.1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 212; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 110; Mudd, Man. p. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3, p. 19.—Lichen crispus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p. 126. Lichen crispus of our older authors belongs to C. cheilewm.
— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 106; Mudd, n. 2.
This is allied to C. pulposum, but differs in the form of the granulate
lobes, and especially in the crenato-granulate thalline margin of the
apothecia. From C. cheileum, which in fructification it closely resembles,
it is distinguished by the central lobes being more developed, erect and
ageregate. The apothecia are usually central, generally crowded, and
sometimes large.
Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil, and the tops of old walls,
chiefly in upland districts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce, at least in a fertile
condition, in the Channel Islands, Great Britain and Ireland.—B, M.:
Shores of the Island of Herm. The Downs, Sussex ; St. Lawrence and
Sandown, Isle of Wight; near Torquay, 8. Devon; St. Minver, Corn-
wall; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Coatham Marshes, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Subsp. C. ceranoides Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—
Lobes in the centre imbricate, ascending, dilated upwards, some-
what proliferous, fastigiate. Apothecia with subentire or granulate
margin; spores 3-septate, 0,017-25 mm. long, 0,008—9 mm. thick.
—Collema pulposum var. ceranoides Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 333; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. Collema ceranoides Borr. in
Eng. Bot. Suppl. (1831) t. 2704. f. 2; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209;
Mudd, Man. p. 41 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 23.
Having regard merely to the imperfect portion of the plant figured in
E. B. Suppl., this might be taken for a well-marked species. More
perfect specimens, however, in which the lobes at the circumference are _
depressed and more typical, show that it is to be viewed rather as a sub-
species of C. crisyum, well distinguished by the thallus and apothecia.
It is usually seen only in a sterile condition.
Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous soil, sometimes on shell-sand, in
maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Rather local and scarce, in the
Channel Islands, and S. and W. England.—B. M.: Island of Herm,
Henham, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; The Downs, Halmaker, and Rotting-
dean Cliffs, Sussex; Babbicombe Downs, Devonshire ; St. Minver and
near Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire.
Form cristatulum Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334.—
Thallus microphylline, lobes crowdedly granulato-crenate. Apothecia
small; spores 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 3, p. 20.
This is a smaller and less developed state of C. ceranoides, from which
probably it ought not to be distinguished. As in the type, the apothecia
are but sparingly present.
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 49
Hab. On sandy soil in maritime tracts—Dzistr. Local and rare; the
Channel Islands and 8.W. England.—B. M.: Coast of Herm. St. Minver,
Cornwall. ;
14. C. concinnum Flot. Linnea, 1849, p. 361; 1850, p. 157.
—Thallus somewhat small, orbicular, variously inciso-lobed, olive-
brown or dark-glaucous ; lobes narrow, round, more or less ascending
or depressed. Apothecia submoderate, plane, reddish, the margin
entire; spores ovoid, 3-septate or submurali-locular, 0,014-20 mm.
long, 0,006—-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.
From C. crispum this is distinguished by the smaller thallus and spores.
The British specimens belong chiefly to 8. deplanatum Flot., with the
lobes depressed, but this is evidently a mere state. The apothecia are
numerous, nearly moderate, or smaller, with the margin sometimes in-
curved.
Hab. On rocks and wall-tops in maritime districts.— Distr. Local and
rare in 8.W. England, N. Wales, and W. Ireland; but no doubt occurring
elsewhere.—B. M.: Plymouth, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Barmouth, Merionethshire. Achanure Castle, co. Galway.
15. C. cheileum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 630.—Thallus imbri-
cato-lobed or crenato-granulose, greenish-black or dark-olive ; lobes
round, or minute and crenate, varieusly divided. Apothecia mode-
rate, or somewhat large, plane, dark-reddish, the thalline margin
granulato-crenate ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 3-septate or submurali-
divided, 0,025-40 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 208; Mudd, Man. p. 40, t.i. f.4; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 20, ed. 3, p. 20.—Lichen cheileus Ach. Prodr.
(1798) p. 134. Enchylium crispum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396.
Lichen crispus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 820;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.76. Lichen marginatus Bernh., Dicks. Crypt.
fase. iv. p. 25. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, crispuin et
rugosum Dill. Muse. 139, t. 19. f. 23.—Hudson’s name, Lichen eris-
pus, has priority, but to set aside the established name of Acharius
would lead to great confusion.— Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, n. 3; Larb.
Cesar. n. 52, Lich. Hb. n. 203.
The thallus is occasionally somewhat effuse, and varies in the character
of the lobes, being either determinate and orbicular, lobate, with the lobes
very small in the centre and explanate at the circumference, or some-
times little developed and crenato-granulose. ‘The gonimia are usually
seattered, though some are occasionally moniliform, and the filaments
are but scanty. The apothecia are chiefly central, with the margin
persistent.
Hab, On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks, chiefly in
upland situations.—Distr. General and usually common in the Channel
Islands, and most parts of Great Britain and Ireland, but frequently
barren.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Thetford, Norfolk; Wal-
thamstow, Essex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; near Plymouth, Devonshire;
St. Minver, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Milton, Ox-
fordshire; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Cradley, near Malvern,
Worcestershire; Oswestry, Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merioneth ;
E
50 COLLEMACEI. [ COLLEMA.
Pinchingthorpe, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kendal, Westmoreland; near
Whitehaven, Cumberland. Near Edinburgh; near Glasgow; Appin,
Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; near Aberdeen; Fort William, Inver-
ness-shire. Mallow, and near Cork ; Tullywhee Bridge, co. Galway.
Form 1. nudum Ny]. Syn.i.(1858) p. 111; Lich. Scand. p. 31.—
Thallus platyphyllous, lobate, usually naked; otherwise as in the type.
—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 20.—Collema crispum var. nudum
Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 25.
This form is more distinctly and broadly lobed, and but sparingly, if at
all, granulose.. The colour of the thallus and of the apothecia is usually
paler.
Hab. On the mortar of old walls in upland situations.—Dvzst. Loeal
and scarce in S. and W. England, the W. and 8. Highlands, Scotland,
and S. Ireland—B. M.: Near Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Torquay, §.
Deyon; near Cirencester and Burton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire ;
near Farlow. Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form 2. monocarpon Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 111.—Thallus micro-
phylline, or nearly obliterated, visible chiefly about the apothecia.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.—Collema monocarpon Dut. ex
Nyl. 1. c.
The thallus is more or less scattered and microphylline, but often is —
scarcely visible, except as a granulate margin to the apothecia. In perfect
specimens it is occasionally more developed at the circumference.
Hab. On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks in mari-
time and upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and 8.W. Eng-
land, no doubt overlooked elsewhere ——B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight;
near Hastings, Sussex ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
e. Thallus variously laciniate.
16. ©. granuliferum Ny]. Flora, 1875, p. 103.—Thallus imbri-
cato-laciniate, firm, sprinkled with isidiose globules, dark olive-
green or blackish, lacinie usually somewhat erect and crowded in
the centre, beneath often longitudinally and crowdedly plicatulo-
rugulose when dry. Apothecia moderate, slightly concave or plane,
the thalline margin at length subcrenate, isidiose; spores ovoid,
3-septate, sometimes with 1—2 longitudinal septules, 0,024-32 mm,
long, 0,008-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 191; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Collema pulposum var. granulatum Mudd,
Man. p. 38. Lichen granulatus pro parte of our older authors.—Brit.
Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 204.
In the thallus and the fructification this species is subsimilar to C.
melenum, but is at once distinguished by the peculiar isidiose globules
with which it is sometimes almost entirely covered. A larger anda
smaller condition occurs, to the former of which is to be referred C. flac-
cidum, var. microlobum Nyl., ex Carroll, Journ, Bot. 1868, p. 100, Cromb.
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 51
Lich. Brit. p. 5, and C. subplicatile, var. meizolobum Nyl., Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 354; but these are connected by intermediate states, The
apothecia are rare and scarcely seen in the larger condition.
Hab, On calcareous walls and rocks, rarely among mosses on the
ground in upland districts.— Distr. Probably general and common in the
hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.:
Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Plymouth, Elburton, Paington, Ogwell, and
near Kingsbridge, 8. Devon; St. Minver, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs,
Weston-super-Mare, and Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; Leigh Woods,
near Bristol, Gloucestershire ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Beaumaris, Island
of Anglesea; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shrop-
shire; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland.
Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; S. of Fort
William, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry; near Kylemore and
Recess, Connemara, co. Galway.
17. C. melenum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 636.—Thallus de-
pressed. lacero-laciniate, greenish- or olive-black (1 wine-red in thin
section); laciniz more or less elongate, somewhat broad and imbricate,
the margins elevated, undulate, crisp and crenate. Apothecia mode-
rate, sessile or slightly elevated, submarginal, plane, reddish-brown
or blackish, the thalline margin somewhat granulate ; spores ovoid,
2-3-septate and irregularly divided, 0,021-27 mm. long, 0,009—
11 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 37; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5
pro parte; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 19 pro
parte, ed. 3, p. 20.—Lichen melenus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.130. C.
auriculatum var. pinguescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 353 ; Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1873, p. 133; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17 (c¢fr. Nyl. Flora,
1883, p. 534).
The depressed orbicular thallus, and the form of the laciniz readily
distinguish this from the allied species. In favourable situations it 1s
often considerably expanded, and then in old plants becomes centrifugal.
The apothecia are not uncommon, generally numerous, situated
towards the margins, and at length slightly convex and concolorous
with the thallus. On the sterile thallusis rarely seen a parasitic Obryzum,
which must not be confounded with the spermogones.
Hab. On caleareous rocks and old walls in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, the W., Central, and N.
Highlands of Scotland.—B.M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; Kendal, Westmoreland; near Alston, Cumberland. Island of
Lismore and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch,
Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Coygach,
Sutherlandshire.
Form 1. marginale Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 637.—Thallus
elongato-laciniate, lacinize narrow, canaliculate, the margins crisp
and crenate. Apothecia marginal, scattered, the thalliine margin
prominent and entire —Mudd, Man. p.37; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 334 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Collema marginale Hook. Fi.
Scot. ii. p. 71; Engl. Fl. v. p. 210; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109.
Enchylium marginale Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 397. Lichen marginalis
E2
52 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 534; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35;
Eng. Bot. t. 1924. Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, Jacobew mari-
time divisura Dill. Musc. 140, t. 19. f. 25.
This differs from the type in the form of the laciniz, the situation of
the apothecia, and their entire margin. The thallus also is not so dark
when growing, and the apothecia are more scattered, and concave when
young,
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—
Distr. Probably general, though as yet seen only from W. England, N.
Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and S. Ireland.—B.M.: Near
Torquay, Devonshire ; Pentregaer, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near
Wrexham, Denbighshire ; near Settle, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ;
near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Appin, Argyle-
shire; Gairloch, Ross-shire. Middleton, co. Cork; Dunkerron, co.
Kerry; Loughcooter, co. Galway.
Form 2. jacobeifolium Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 637.—Thallus
deeply laciniate; laciniz lacero-pinnatifid, radiate, narrow, canali-
culate, the margins crisp. Apothecia marginal, the thalline margin
subentire—Mudd, Man. p. 37; Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1874, p. 334 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Lichen jacobeefolius Schrank, Fl.
Bay. (1789) i. p. 530.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 2.
Very closely allied to the preceding, differing in the more deeply
divided, radiating, narrower laciniz, and the subentire thalline margin of
the apothecia. The fructification is very rarely present in the British
specimens.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Local and rare,
in the Channel Islands and 8. England; it no doubt occurs elsewhere.—
B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Isle of Wight.
Form 3. gyrosum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 638.—Thallus
gyroso-complicate ; lacinize approximate, subequal, crisp and crenate
at the margins. Apothecia scattered, marginal, the thalline margin
entire or slightly granulate-——Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.—Lichen gyrosus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p- 135.
This form (identified from a specimen of Acharius in Linn. Soc.) is
not unlike C. cristatum, and differs from the type in the gyrose lacinie,
which are plicate, densely approximate, and nearly even at the margins,
The apethecia are scattered, but are very rare in a fully developed con-
dition.
Hab. On the ground among calcareous rocks in upland situations.—
Distr. Very local and scarce, in Central England and among the Central
Grampians, Scotland—B.M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire. Craig Tul-
loch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Subsp. C. hypergenum Ny]. Flora, 1876, p. 232.—Thallus lacero-
laciniate ; lacinize somewhat narrow and short, the margins crisp and
crenate. Apothecia marginal or submarginal, approximate, the
thalline margin entire; spores 0,026-386 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.
+
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 53
Approaches f. marginale, but distinguished by the larger spores, which,
as observed by Nylander /. ¢., entitle it to rank at least as a subspecies.
In the only two specimens seen by me the apothecia are numerous, and
almost crowded in the centre.
Hab. On caleareous rocks in upland districts.—Distr. Found only in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Tullywhee Bridge, co. Galway.
18. C. cristatum Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 101.—Thallus
intricately laciniate, thickish, olive- or blackish-green ([+red);
laciniz short, undulato-crisp, inciso-crenate at the margins. Apo-
thecia rather large, somewhat plane, reddish-brown, the thalline
margin at length crenulate; spores fusiformi-oblong, somewhat
narrower at both apices, 3-septate, irregularly murali-locular, 0,026—
34 mm. long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 225;
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.—
To this belongs as an old state Collema subplicatile Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 147, non Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297, which latter belongs
to the section of C. chalazanum. As already observed, Lichen crista-
tus Huds., Linn., &c. is a variety of Collema tenax.
From the closely allied C. melenum this differs in the imbricato-aggre-
gate iaciniz with inciso-dentate margins, in the larger apothecia with
crey.ulate thalline margin, and in the slightly different spores. These
discinguish it in its typical condition, though whether they make it speci-
fially distinct is doubtful. The apothecia, when fully developed, are of
considerable size, and only sparingly present.
Hab. Among mosses on old walls and on rocks in maritime and up-
land districts — Distr. Found only in W. England, the W. Highlands,
Scotland, and S.W. Ireland—B. M.: St. Michael’s Tor, Devonshire:
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ;
Killin and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
19. C. polycarpon Koerb. Par. (1865) p. 417.—Thallus small,
radiato-laciniate, appressed, dark-green or reddish-black (I+ pur-
plish-red) ; lacinize narrow, short, complicate, suberect in the centre,
more expanded and depressed at the circumference. Apothecia
small, numerous, plane, or at length somewhat convex, dark-red or
blackish, the thalline margin thin, entire: spores oblong or fusi-
formi-ellipsoid, more constantly 3- rarely 5-septate, locular, 0,918—
27 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. (1873)
p- 132, 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.—Collema
multifidum ¢. polycarpon Scher. Spic. (1842) p. 532. Collema
stygium Scher. Spic. p. 544, Lich. Helv. n. 484: Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 23. Nylander
observes in litt. that while C. stygium Del., may be the plant of
Scherer, it is probably not pure, and is besides only a MSS. name,
while that of Scherer and Arnold is C. polycarpon (conf. Flora,
1883, p. 105).—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 103; Larb. Lich. Hb, n. 1.
Micht be taken for a smaller state of C. melenum, but the characters
given separate it. The apothecia are usually abundant over the thallus,
and sometimes are so numerous as almost to obliterate the lacinie,
ot COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMA.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland hilly districts.—Dvstr.
Local and scarce in W. England, the S.W. Highlands, Scotland, and
N.W. Iveland.—3B. M.: Cleeve Hill, Somersetshire ; Shipton and near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Kendal, West-
moreland. Appin, Argyleshire. Kylemore, co. Galway.
C. SYNECHOBLASTUS (Trevis. Nuov.
gen. Collem. 1853).—Thallus variously
lobed. Apothecia lecanorine, rarely
biatorine ; spores narrow or fusiform,
usually pluriseptate (not muriform) ;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.
Spermogones with jointed sterigmata.
20. C. Laureri Nyl. e« Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1873, p. 132.—Thallus inciso-lobed, \
smooth or slightly granular, dull olive-
black (I+reddish, when dry); lobes some-
what dilated, rounded, ascending, crowded, Fie. 13
imbricate and undulate in the centre, more a ;
or less depressed at the circumference, erect Collema nigrescens, Ach.
and nearly entire at the margins. Apo- Mire epores =e
thecia moderate, sessile, plane, reddish-brown or dark-red, the
margin entire or slightly crenate; spores lineari-oblong, obtuse at
both apices, 3-septate, straight, 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 22.—Synechoblastus complicatus Mudd, Man. p. 44, t. 1. f. 6.
Synechoblastus Laurert Flot. in Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 414.
Externally subsimilar to C. polycarpon, but distinguished by the broader
lobes, and especially by the spores being more obtuse. The thallus
radiates from the centre, and according to Koerber is white-fibrillose- on
the underside. The apothecia are scattered and chiefly marginal. We
have seen only a small specimen very sparingly fertile.
Hab. On limestone walls in upland districts.— Distr. Local in N. Eng-
land, where according to Mudd it is abundant near the High Force Inn,
Teesdale ; if really British, should be detected elsewhere.—B. M. : Tees-
dale, Durham.
21. C. nigrescens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 646.—Thallus sub-
monophyllous, roundly lobed, radiately rugoso-plicate, olive- or black-
ish-green (I+ reddish, when dry); lobes broad, smooth or granulose,
depressed at the circumference, more or less ascending in the centre,
entire or slightly crenate at the margins. Apothecia small, plane,
at length convex, crowded, the margin entire; spores fusiformi-
cylindrical, pluri-septate, 0,0034-42 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick.—
Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 71; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tayl. in Mack.
F). Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.6: Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24,
ed. 3, p. 24.—Synechoblastus nigrescens Mudd, Man. p. 42, t. i. f. 5.
Lathragium nigrescens Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 399. Lichen nigrescens
Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 450 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 74; Eng. Bot.
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 5)
t. 345. Lichen vespertilio Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 840. Lichenoides
gelatinosum membranceum tenue nigricans Dill. Muse. p. 138, t. 19.
f.20. Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum tenue, nigres-
cens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 72. 53.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 109 ;
Cromb. n. 104.
This is readily recognized by the nearly monophyllous, rugose, thinnish
thallus, lacunose beneath, and by the small crowded apothecia. The
thallus, which is orbicular and appressed at the circumference, is not
inaptly likened by Dillenius to a “ bat’s wing,’ whence the specific name
of Lightfoot; when growing more luxuriantly it sends forth smaller
lobes. Sometimes in old age it is nearly obliterated, only the smaller
lobes with the apothecia being apparent, when it might be mistaken for
the next species. The apothecia are chiefly central, and in otherwise
barren specimens the spermogones are usually abundant.
Hab, On the trunks of old trees, chiefly poplars and willows, in mari-
time and upland wooded districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon
in the Channel Islands, Great Britain, and Ireland, but chiefly in the
Western tracts—B. M.: Noirmont, Rozel, and St. Ouen’s Bay, Island
of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near Ryde, Carisbrook Castle, and
Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Fairlight Glen, Hastings, Henfield, Hurstpier-
point, and Beeding, Sussex; Torquay, Paignton, Sidmouth, Totnes,
Bolt Head, and Cornworthy, Devonshire; Boconnoc, near Penzance,
and the Lizard, Cornwall; Kemble, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Barrow Hill, Malvern, and Broadwas, Worcestershire; Aberdovey,
Merionethshire ; near Guisboro’, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; near Callander, Loch Tay,
and in Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Glen Dole, Forfarshire; Gairloch and
Applecross, Ross-shire. Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Powerscourt, co. Wick-
low; Killarney and Muckross, co. Kerry.
22. C. aggregatum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ii. (1854)
p. 318; Syn. i. p. 115, t. ii. f. 9.—Thallus small, lobate and plicate,
somewhat rigid, difform, greenish-black or olive-brown (I+ red) ;
lobes rather short, sometimes crenate, and often granuloso-crispate
at the margins. Apothecia moderate, crowded, plane or slightly
convex, red or dark-red, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores
rarely 6ne, fusiformi-cylindrical, straight or curved, pluri-septate,
0,033-65 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26, ed. 3, p. 25.—Synechoblastus agqregatus
Mudd, Man. p. 43. Enchylium fasciculare 3. aggregatum Gray, Nat.
Arr. 1. p. 398. Collema fasciculare var. aggregatum Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 648. Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuberculis con-
glomeratis Dill. Muse. 141, t. 19. f. 273.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb.
n. 105.
From the closely allied C. nigrescens this is distinguished by the thallus
being much smaller, more rigid, and not radiately rugose, and by the
shorter, not rounded nor appressed lobes. It is occasionally leaden-
coloured when dry, and often but little developed. The apothecia in
fertile specimens are usually numerous and crowded.
Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of old trees in wooded upland
tracts.— Distr. Found only in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, the
W. Highlands of Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: High Rocks,
56 COLLEMACET. [ COLLEMA.
Tunbridge Wells, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest and Henfield, Sussex ; New
Forest, “Hampshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ingleby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Areyleshire ; near Killin and Aberfeldy, Perth-
shire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. O’Sullivan's Cascade and. Derry-
cuintry, Killarney, co. Kerry.
23. C. fasciculare Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 639.—Thallus sub-
crenato-lobulate, brownish-green or dark-green (1+ blood-red);
lobules rounded, usually in erect, small, subpedicellate tufts, dilated
upwards. Apothecia small, very numerous and crowded, biatorine,
somewhat convex, reddish, the margin thin, undulate ; spores fusi-
form, normally 3- sometimes 1-septate, 0,016-29 mm. long, 0,004-6
mm. thick.—Collema fasciculare Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 210; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 334; Leight. Lich.
Fi. “ed. 3, p. 24. " Enchylium fasciculare Gray, Nat. ‘Are, i. p. 398.
Lichen fascicularis Linn. Mant. 1. (1771) p. 153; Lightf. Fl. Seot.
ii. p. 841; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 76; Eng. Bot. t. 1162. Synechoblastus conglomeratus (Hoffm.)
Mudd, Man. p. 48. Collema conglomeratum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 23. Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuber-
culis conglomeratis Dill. Muse. t. 19. f. 27 a.
Distinguished by the thalline lobules of the thallus being fasciculate,.
except (in entire specimens) at the immediate circumference, where they
are crenate and sterile. ‘The apothecia are so crowded as sometimes to
render the thallus invisible except when moistened; so that in dry
weather it is very apt to be overlooked.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded upland districts.—Distr.
Local, and not common where it occurs, in the mountainous tracts of W.
Britain; not detected in Ireland. B.M.: St. Leonard’s Forest and Hen-
field, Sussex; near Barmouth, Merioneth; Nant Glyn, Denbighshire ;
Ambleside, Westmoreland. Loch Katrine, Kenmore, and Den of Aber-
feldy, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire.
24, C. multipartitum Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxvi. (1814) t. 2582.—
Thallus laciniate, radiate, olive-brown or olive-black ; laciniz nar-
row, multifid, somewhat convex, undulate and twisted, lobato-
“vided at the apices, the lobes divergent. Apothecia moderate,
plane or convex, dark-reddish, the thalline margin thickish, entire ;
spores cylindrical, often somewhat curved, normally 3-septate and
variously oleoso-locular, 0,028-48 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick;
paraphyses thick, pauci-articulate—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 116, 6. 11. f. 8;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 108: Cromb.
Enum. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26, ed. 3, p. 24.—Synechoblastus
multipartitus Mudd, Man. p. 43.—Brit. Evs.: Bohl. n. 70.
From states of C. melenum, especially form jacobeifolium, with which
it might be confounded, this is distinguished by the radiating thallus
which is often centrifugal, and by the convex, undulate, or twisted
laciniz. The laciniz «are sometimes rather discrete, and radiate con-
tinuously from the centre, while at other times they are more or less
broken up and dispersed. As observed by Nylander (Syn. p. 117), the
internal structure of the thallus is nearly similar to that of C. cheilewm,
COLLEMA. | COLLEMEI. 57
the gonimia being not moniliform but glomeruloso-congested. The apo-
thecia are usually scattered over the whole thallus almost to the apices of
the laciniz.
Hab. On shady calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland
districts— Distr. Sparivgly here and there in Great Britain, S. and W.
Ireland.—B. M.: Mendip Hills and near Yatton, Somersetshire ; Dovedale
and Buxton, Derbyshire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Nant Glyn, Denbigh-
shire; Settle, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Haversham Head and
Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Achosragan
Hill, Appin, and island of Lismore, Argyleshire; shores of Loch Tay and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Middleton, near Cork; Kenmare and O’Dono-
ghue’s Prison, Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway.
25. C. isidioides Nyl. ea Arn. Flora, 1870, p. 232.—Thallus
granuloso-aggregate (isidioid), blackish, in subpulvinate glomeruli.
Apothecia and spermogones unknown.—Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 95;
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
The place of this species in the genus is uncertain in the absence of
fructification. Detected by Arnold in the Bavarian Alps, Nylander
observes that the “thallus consists of a congeries of syngonimia (sub-
globose or oblongo-ditform), with the filaments often indistinct.”
Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr. Gathered
only in N.W. England (Warton Craig, Westmoreland).
15. COLLEMODIUM Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
t. xxv. (1878) p. 341; Nyl. Flora, 1875 (ut. subgenus)—Thallus
small or submoderate,
variously lobed or
subfruticulose ; corti-
eal layer somewhat
distinct ; gonimia
more or less scattered,
partly moniliform.
Apothecia urceolate,
lecanorine, rarely bi-
atorine; spores 8nz,
ovoid or ellipsoid, Beet
: g. 14.
colourless, variously Collemodium fluviatile Nyl.—a. Vertical section
septate and divided ; of thallus, X275. 6. Gonimie granules sepa-
hymenial _—_ gelatine rated from the cells.
deep blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and
straight spermatia obsoletely incrassate at either apex.
Instituted by Nylander for various plants previously arranged chiefly
under Collema. From Collema it differs in the cortical layer being
distinct, though usually but slightly apparent. It thus forms a transition
between Collema and Homodium, a subgenus of Leptogiwm to which it
is closely related. The fructification is similar to that of Leptogium.
1. C. biatorinum Ny]l. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—
Thallus effuse, minutely granuloso-lobulate, imbricate, brown or
58 COLLEMACEI. | COLLEMODIUM.
brownish-green. Apothecia biatorine, small, gyalectiform, brown
or reddish, the margin thickish, entire ; spores ovoid, 3—4-septate
and sparingly longitudinally divided, 0,025-30 mm. long, 0011-12
mm. thick.—Collema biatorinum Ny). Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. sér. 3,
i. (1857) p. 268; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 5, Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21, ed. 3,
p- 25.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 282.
Closely resembles Leptogium pusillum, from which it differs chiefly in
structure and the purely biatorine apothecia. Internally the thallus
presents scattered cavities, each containing 1 or 2 gonimic granules,
with traces of tubiform canals. The apothecia are scattered, or more
or less crowded.
Hab. On cretaceous soil and the mortar of old walls in damp places in
maritime and upland tracts——Distr. The Channel Islands, S. and W.
England, plentiful where it occurs.—B. M.: Coast of the island of
Alderney. Near Maidstone, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; Reigate hill,
Surrey; Wadebridge, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.
2. C. microphyllum Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr. t. xxx.
(1883) p. 337.—Thallus effuse, microphylline, imbricato-lobed,
often verrucoso-diffract, dark-green or olive-brown; lobes minute,
ascending, granulato-crenate, somewhat dilated at the circumference.
Apothecia small, crowded, urceolato-concave, reddish-brown, the
thalline margin entire, tumid, subconcolorous; spores ovoideo-
ellipsoid, usually 3-septate, becoming murali-locular, 0,016-24 mm.
long, 0,008-0,01L0 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12.—
Leptogium microphyllum Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 330.
Collema microphyllum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 630; Borr. Eng.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2721; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208; Mudd, Man. p. 41;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.22. Enchylium mi-
crophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Leptogium fragrans Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 8 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30 pro parte, ed. 3,
p. 30. Collema fragrans Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 208. Hnchylium fragrans
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 396. Lichen fragrans Eng. Bot. t. 1912.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 258; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 2.
According to Nylander 7 litt. the gonimia are partly moniliform and
partly without order, with interwoven filamentose elements. From
Sowerby’s original specimen it appears that Lichen fragrans E. B. is
merely a state of this, and the fragrance from which it obtained its trivial
name was, as observed by Borrer, accidental. The apothecia are minute,
numerous and crowded.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly Ash and Elm in shady upland
situations.— Distr. In the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England; not
yet known from Scotland or Ireland:—B. M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, Island
of Jersey. Near Bury, Suffolk; Copthall, Essex ; Southwick, near Lewes,
and Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Wimpole Park,
Cambridgeshire; Claines, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire;
Garn, Denbighshire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Leven’s Park,
Kendal, Westmoreland.
_ COLLEMODIUNY. | COLLEMEI. o9
3. C. fragile Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—
Thallus small, rosulate, laciniato-lobed, dark olive-green or olive-
brown ; lobes convex, granuloso-unequal, radiate and crenate at the
circumference. Apothecia minute, urceolate, at length somewhat
plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin entire, thickish; spores
ovoid, variously divided, about 0,029 mm. long, 0,013 mm. thick.—
Leptogium fragile Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. y. (1857) p. 333 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 27. Collema
fragile Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 109; Mudd, Man.
p- 38.
:
The thallus is almost stellato-laciniate, with the lacinie irregularly
arranged and variously divided ; the gonimic granules are rarely monili-
form. With its radiating lacinie, it somewhat resembles young states of
Collema multipartitum. In the British specimens the apothecia are only
sparingly present.
Hab, On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr.
Only sparingly in S. and N. England and in 8S.W. Ireland.—B. M.:
Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S. Devon; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. Dun-
kerron, co. Kerry.
4. C. plicatile Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883)
p. 337.—Thallus somewhat small, laciniato-lobed, olive- or leaden-
brown ; lobes thickish, slightly rugulose, erect or ascending in the
centre, plicate towards the circumference, often crisp at the margins,
more or less granuloso-furfuraceous. Apothecia smail or nearly
moderate, somewhat concave or plane, reddish-brown, the thalline
margin thick, entire; spores ovoid, 3-septate, and irregularly murali-
locular, 0,018-30 mm. long, 0,008-16 mm. thick—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xv. p. 12.—Leptogium plicatile Nyl., Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1874, p. 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30. Collema plicatile Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 38; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 22. Enchylium plicatile Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 897. Lichen plicatilis Ach. N. Act. Stock. xvi. (1795) p. 11,
t.1.£.2. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et gra-
nosum Dill. Muse. 140, t. 19. f. 24 s—p.— Brit. Exvs.: Cromb. n. 106.
This, as observed by Nylander (Leptogium firmum Lich. Scand. p. 34),
resembles J. stnwatum, but the thallus is thicker, very thinly or incon-
spicuously cellulari-corticate. The apothecia, which are scattered, are
not very numerous in our British specimens.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls, rarely on trunks of trees, in
maritime and upland districts——Dzstr. Local and scarce in S. and W.
England, rare in the W. Highlands of Scotland and in 8.W. Ireland.—
B. M.: Near Maidstone, Kent; Shoreham, Beeding, and Lewes, Sussex ;
Babbicombe and Plymouth, 8S. Devon; Mendip Hills, Somersetshire ;
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Near Appin House, Argyleshire.
Ardtully, co. Kerry.
Form minus Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—Thallus smaller,
laciniz narrower, rather longer, when dry somewhat angulose ;
60 COLLEMACEI, [ COLLEMODIUM.
otherwise as in the type.—Leptoyium plicatile f. minor Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 31.
This form evidently depends upon the nature of the habitat. It is
rarely fertile.
Hub. In depressions of dry rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—
Distr. Local and rare in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W:
“eae M.: Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Near Killarney, co.
erry.
Var. 6. hydrocharum Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.
—Thallus thicker, rigid, greyish- or glaucous-greyish ; lobes repand,
somewhat rugulose, depressed. Apothecia central, scattered, the
thalline margin entire.—Leptogium plicatile var. hydrocharum Ny).
Flora, 1875, p. 802. Collema pulposum var. hydrocharum Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. Parmelia
hydrocharum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 222.
Distinguished by the colour of the thicker thallus and the more de-
pressed lobes, which are somewhat discrete at the circumference. No
fractification is visible in our only British specimen.
Hab. On damp calcareous rocks in upland districts —Déstr. Only
among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Perth-
shire.
5. C. fluviatile Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—
Thallus inciso-lobed, thin, greyish-green or dark greyish-glaucous ;
lobes somewhat erect, oblong, subrepand, flexuoso-complicate, simple
or proliferous. Apothecia small, submarginal, elevated, plane or
somewhat concave, dark-red, the thalline margin entire, paler ;
spores ellipsoid, usually 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm.
thick.—Leptogium fluviatile Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 32. Collema fluviatile Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.5; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 24. Collema multipartitum B. fluviatile Tayl. in FI.
Hib. uu. p. 109. Enchylium fluviale Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 397.
Lichen fluviatilis Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 536; With. Arr.
ed..3, lv. p. 77; Eng. Bot. t. 2039. Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis
angustioribus tuneformibus Dill. Musc. 142, t. 19. f. 28. Leche-
noides gelatinosum opuntioides Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 72. 58.
This approaches in habit small states of Leptogium tremelloides. It is
distinguished from the preceding species by the form of the lobes and of
the smaller spores. In texture, as observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 112),
the thallus is entirely cellular, the cortex being composed of spheroid
cells, with the gonimia either single or usually 4-agglomerate in each
cavity. Only a few of the British specimens seen are sparingly fertile.
Collema rivulare Ach,, according to Nylander in tt., is only a state of this
with shorter and simple lobes ; this state occurs in this country.
Hab. On moist rocks and boulders of streams in upland mountainous
situations.—Dist. Found only sparingly in W. and N. England, N.
Wales, 8.W. and Central Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: St.
Minver, Cornwall; River Elwy, Denbighshire; Snowdon, Carnarvon-
COLLEMODIUM. | COLLEMEI. 61
shire ; Malham Cove, Yorkshire. Bonnington Falls, near Lanark; near
Leven, Fifeshire ; River Isla, near Ruthven Wood and Lochearn, Perth-
shire. Ardtully, Kenmare, co. Kerry.
6. C. glebulentum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.
—Thallus effuse, thickly isidiose, glomuloso-diffract, sublobate, and
membranaceous at the circumference, olive-brown or blackish ; lobes
very small, subentire or lacerate at the margins. Apothecia and
spermogones unknown.—Leptogium glebulentum Nyl. Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 272.
A peculiar plant externally diverse, but nearly allied to the pre-
ceding. The thallus is rather thin, except where it is covered with the
granuloso-crustose isidia, by which it is almost obliterated, unless at the
circumference. Apothecia and spermogones are absent in the few speci-
mens seen.
Hab. On moist limestone rocks in subalpine and alpine localities —
Distr. In 8S. and N. Grampians, Scotland, rare——B. M.: Above Loch-
na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
7. C. turgidum Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878)
p- 342.—Thallus thickish, roundly lobed, naked or granulate, dark-
olive or reddish-black ; lobes turgid, rugulose, ascending and some-
what imbricate in the centre, concave and undulato-plicate at the
circumference. Apothecia moderate, urceolate or at length some-
what plane, reddish-brown or dark-brown, the thalline margin
turgid, more or less granulate; spores oblungo- ovoid, 3-septate and
murali-locular, 0,023-32 mm. long, 0,010-12 mm. thick.—Lepto-
togium turgidum Nyl. Cromb. Lich. brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 28, ed. 3, p. 33. Collema turgidum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810)
p. 634; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd, Man. p. 38.—Brit. Evs.:
Leight. n. 257; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 42.
From all states of Collema pulposum or Collemodium plicatile this is
distinguished by the peculiar sublobato-fruticulose thallus, which when
dry appears as if minutely verruceformi-lobed. The apothecia, which
are sessile and normally urceolate, are usually numerous.
Hab. On limestone and brick walls, also on calcareous and cretaceous
soil, in upland tracts—Dvstr. General, though nowhere common, through-
out England, rare in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, not seen from Ire-
land.—b. M.: Dunwich, Suffolk; Chelsfield, Kent; Reigate Hill and
Shiere, Surrey; near Hastings, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Ply-
mouth, Devonshire; Wadebridge, Cornwall; Chew Magna, near Bristol,
Somersetshire; Charfield, Gloucestershire; Sevenhampton, Wiltshire ;
Barrington Hill and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Tetsworth, Oxtordshire ;
near Shiifnal, Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire.
Var. (3. depressum Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—Thallus
depressed, somewhat rosulate, very small, much scattered. Apothecia
minute.
This peculiar variety evidently depends upon the nature of the habitat,
aud is probably a starved form of the type. Although the thallus is
little developed, the apothecia are rather numerous.
62 COLLEMACEI. [COLLEMODIUM.
Hab. On calcareous stones in upland situations.—Distr. Very local in
S.W. England.—B. M.: Near Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
8. C. Schraderi Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 12.—
Thallus effuse, cxespitoso-fruticulose, somewhat erect, dichotomously
branched, dull olive-green or dark reddish-brown; branches sub-
linear, irregularly sulcato-rugose and somewhat angular, dilated in
the middle, constricted at the base and at the apices. Apothecia
lateral, small, concave, reddish, the margin entire, paler; spores
ellipsoid, 3—-5-septate and submurali-divided, 0,023—33 mm. long,
0,011-15 mm, thick.—Leptogium Schraderi Mudd, Man. p. 49;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 34.
Polychidium Schraderi Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p.402. Collema Schradert
Eng. Bot. t. 2284; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213. Lichen Schraderi
Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. i. (1799) p. 22, t. 2. f. 5.—Brit. Eas. :
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 4.
This usually forms smal}! tufts which shrivel up very much in a dry
condition. The branches, which are at first appressed, become nearly
erect and fastigiate at the apices, being paler at the base. It has monili-
form gonimia. It is rarely seen fertile, and the apothecia are few.
Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous soil, rarely on the mortar of old
walls in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. General, though no-
where very common in England (chiefly in the S.), very rare amongst
the S.W. Grampians, Scotland, and rare in the Channel Islands, in N,
and S. Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Herm ; Moulin Huet, Island of Guern-
sey. Caistor Church, Norfolk; Martham, Suffolk; Shiere, Surrey;
Shanklin, Isle of Wight; The Downs and near Brighton, Sussex; Bab-
bicombe and near Plymouth, 8. Devon; St. Minver, Cornwall; Cheddar
Cliffs and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; near Siddington, Glou-
cestershire ; Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire; Island of Anglesea, N. Wales;
near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lyon, Perth-
shire. Blackrock, near Cork; Muckross, Killarney, and Dunkerron, co.
Kerry ; Dawros, co. Galway ; Sheep Walk, co. Armagh.
16. LEPTOGIUM Gray, Nat. Arr. i. (1821) p. 395; Nyl. Mém.
Soc. Cherb. (1855) p. 165, emend.—Thallus microphylline, fruticulose
or rarely granulose, sometimes foliaceous and macrophylline, in-
ternally cellular or with tubular interwoven cavities ; gonimia more
or less moniliform; cortical layer more or less distinct, usually
formed of a simple series of cells. Apothecia lecanorine or biatoroid ;
spores Sn, more or less oblong, variously septate and divided,
colourless ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine. Spermogones
immersed, with shortly articulate sterigmata and straight spermatia
obsoletely incrassate at both apices.
As now limited, this genus, though better defined than formerly, is
still closely related to Collema. It is distinguished by the thallus in the
foliaceous species being thinner and less turgid when moist, by the apo-
thecia being often biatoroid, and more especially by having a distinct
cortical layer, though sometimes entirely cellular within. The spermo-
gones, as in Collema and Collemodium, have the spermatia identical in
size, viz. 0,0035-0,0040 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mw. thick. According
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 63
to the anatomical structure of the thallus and the character of the apo-
thecia, it is divided by Nylander into four subgenera, all of which occur in
our Islands.
Subgen. HOMODIUM Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297 (efr. Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 12).—Thallus microphylline, granulose, or variously
lobed or fruticulose, entirely cellular within ; gonimia rarely in part
moniliform. Apothecia urceolate or biatoroid; spores variously
septate and divided.
Fig. 15.
Leptogium tenuissimum Koerb.—a. Thalline lacinix, x80.
section of thallus, x 200.
d. Spores, x 500.
6. Transverse
ec. Section of apothecium (when dry), 380.
Fig. 16.
Leptogium muscicola Fr.—a. Thalline branch, x50.
spermogone, x30. 4. Transverse and longitudinal sections of thallus, x 200.
c. Spores, x500. d. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
a’. Branchlet with a
64 COLLEMACEI. [ LEPTOGIUM.
1. L. rhyparodes Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.—Thallus diffuse,
thin, furfuraceous or subgranulato-unequal, diffract, brownish-red
or blackish-brown (I++ wine-red). Apothecia small, at first con-
cave, becoming somewhat plane and at length biatorine with ex-
cluded margin, concolorous or reddish; spores ovoid or ellipsoid,
attenuate at one or the other apex, submurali-divided, 0,020-35
mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 35, ed. 3, p. 26.—
Collema psorellum Ny). Flora, 1865,p. 602; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1866,
p. 22; Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26; vzde Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 335.
The thallus, which has the gonimia more or less scattered, sometimes
spreads extensively, and occasionally becomes almost evanescent. The
apothecia are at first urceolate and sometimes at length subbiatorine.
Occasionally specimens growing on moist shady rocks are more obscure
and less developed with nearly biatorine apothecia; this state is
Collema psorellum Nyl.
Hab. On damp rocks and stones (schistose) in subalpine and alpine
.ocalities.—Distr. Very local and rare among the S. Grampians, Scot-
and.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, on the summit and above Loch-na-Gat,
Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
2. L. tenuissimum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 419.—
Thallus effuse, squamuloso-granulose, olive- or brownish-green ;
squamules laciniato-dissect or crenato-incised, congested into a dense
crust. Apothecia moderate or large, urceolate, reddish-brown, the
margin entire, thick, paler; spores ovoid or oblong, narrower at
either apex, irregularly murali-locular, 0,024-34 mm. long, 0,011—
13 mm. broad.—Mudd, Man. p.46; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 35, ed. 3, p. 26.—Collema tenutssimum Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 213. Polychidium tenuissimum Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p.401. Lichen
tenuissimus Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) t. 2. f. 8; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 61; Eng. Bot. t. 1427.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 4.
Well distinguished by the external character of the thallus from the
allied species of the subgenus, and by the internal structure from states
of L. lacerum var. pulvinatum, which it resembles. The apothecia,
usually sparingly present, have the margin sometimes slightly connivent,
and are often comparatively large and deeply urceolate.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime and
upland districts——Dzstr. Sparingly here and there throughout England,
very rare in Scotland and Ireland—B. M.: Near Norwich, Yarmouth,
Norfolk ; Reigate Hill, Surrey; Hastings and Twineham, Sussex ; San-
down, Isle of Wight; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Snowdon, Carnarvon ;
near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
near Cramond, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Middleton, co. Cork.
3. L. humosum Nyl. Mém. Soe. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. i.
(1858) p. 119.—Thallus effuse, thinnish, consisting of lobulate gra-
nules closely aggregate (with larger lobules here and there inter-
mixed), brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, somewhat
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMET. 69
concave, concolorous ; spores 4—8n, plurilocular or variously sep-
tate, ovoid or oblongo-ovoid, 0,020-34 mm. long, 0,008-16 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—To this Nylander (¢n litt.)
refers Leptogium tetrasporum Fr. fil. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1864, p. 276.
As observed by Nylander, /. ¢., this has externally the appearance of
Lecidea uliginosa Ach., from which it is far removed by the structure of
the thallus and apothecia, It is near the preceding species, from which
it is distinguished by the less-developed thallus and the smaller con-
colorous apothecia. In the British specimens the apothecia are few, with
the spores usually 4nze, ovoid, 0,027-34 mm. long, 5013-16 mm. thick.
Hab. On mortar of walls in a maritime district.—Distr. Rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Port Gorey, [sland of Sark.
4. L. pusillum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. i.
p. 121.—Thallus very minute, lobulato-granulose, thin, adnate,
olive- or greenish-brown. Apothecia minute, concave, elevated,
reddish, prominent in the thalline exciple, the margin of which is
concolorous with the epithecium ; spores ovoid or narrowed at either
apex, 3—4-septate, 0,018-26 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, ed. 3, p. 27.—
Brit. Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 54.
An inconspicuous plant, apt to be overlooked. Scarcely any of the
gonimia are moniliform. The British specimens are usually little deve-
loped and more or less effuse (form effuswm Nyl.). The apothecia are very
small and somewhat scattered.
Hab. On mortar of old walls in maritime districts —Distr. Local
and rare in the Channel Islands and in S. and W. England.—B. M.:
St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey ; St. Peter's Port, Island of Guernsey.
Shiere, Surrey; Freshford, near Bath, Somersetshire; Kemble, Glou-
cestershire.
5. L. subtile Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 90; Syn. 1.
p- 121.—Thallus effuse, very minutely divided, somewhat laci-
niato-dissect or granuloso-crenate, dark- or brownish-green. Apo-
thecia minute, gyalectoid, pale-brown or reddish, the margin thin,
entire, subconcolorous; spores ovoid, 3—5-septate, with longitu-
dinal septules, 0,020-23 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.—Mudd,
Man. p. 46, t. 1. f.8; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. dl, ed. 3, p. 29.—Collema subtile Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111.—Polychidium subtile Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 401.—Lichen subtilis Schrad. Spic. (1794) p. 95; Dicks. Crypt.
fase. iv. p. 28; Eng. Bot. t. 1008.
The more distinctly laciniate thallus when fully developed, and the
much smaller and thinly margined apothecia, distinguish this from LZ,
tenuissimum, with which it agrees in its entirely cellular structure. The
spores also are smaller, with fewer loculi. The apothecia are generally
numerous and somewhat crowded.
Hab. On cretaceous rocks, on the ground, rarely on the roots of old
trees, in upland districts.—Distr. Pretty general, though not very com-
mon, in 8. and W. England; rare in the Channel Islands, N. England,
F
66 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTCGIUM.
the S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Jreland.—B. M. :
The Grove, Island of Jersey. Near Hale End, Epping Forest, Essex ;
Shiere, Surrey; Folkestone, Kent; West Downs and Henfield, Sussex ;
Shanklin, Luccombe, and Bonchurch, Isle of Wight ; near Withiel, Corn-
wall; Clevedon, Somersetshire; near Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucester-
shire; Colwall, Herefordshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Clova, Forfarshire. Dunkerron, co.
Kerry.
6. L. amphineum Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 32.—Thallus ad-
nate, very thin, or subcrustaceous, unequal, olive or brownish-green.
Anpothecia small, concave, dark-reddish, the margin thickish ; spores —
ellipsoid or ellipsoideo-ovoid, 3-septate and variously divided,
0,023-27 mm. long, 0,009-0,011 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1874, p. 133; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 29.—Collema amphineum
Ach. ex Nyl. lc.
Differs from Z. humosum in the more continuous and equal thallus,
and in the structure of the spores, and from ZL. suétile, of which it seems
a subspecies (Grevillea, xv. p. 12),in the more crustaceous thallus and
larger spores. The plant spreads thinly over the substratum, and with
us is sparingly fertile.
Hab. On the ground, rarely on roots of old trees, in shady places in
maritime.and upland tracts——Distr. Found only sparingly in S. and W.
England.—B. M.: Henfield, Sussex ; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall;
Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Newbury, Worcestershire.
7. L. minutissimum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122; Kerb. Par.
(1865) p. 423.—Thallus thinly membranaceous, minutely lobed,
smooth, olive-green or leaden-brown ; lobes imbricate, inciso-crenate
at the margins. Apothecia minute, concave, reddish-brown, the
margin thin, entire, or sometimes at length subcrenulate; spores
oblongo-ovoid, irregularly murali-locular, large, 0,024—-0,030 mm.
long, 0,009-0,015 mm. thick.—Collema minutissimum Florke,
Deutsch. Lich. (1815) n. 99. Leptogium lacerum var. crenatum
Nyl., ew Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22. Leptogium subtile f. lati-
usculum Nyl. ex Josh. Grevillea, iv. p. 43; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 29. Leptogium sinuatum var. crenulatum Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1874, p. 336; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 40. Leptogium fragrans
Mudd, Man. p.46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, pro parte. Collema fra-
grans Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 107.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 107.
This species, little understood by British authors, looks like a diminu-
tive state of L. lacerum, though at once separated by the texture of the
thallus. From the closely allied LZ. subtile it is distinguished by the
more developed thallus and the larger spores. The apothecia, which are
numerous and crowded, are gyalectiform and superficial.
Hab. On the ground, rarely on trunks of old trees, in upland districts.
—Distr. Local and rather scarce in S., W., and N. England, rare in S.
Treland.—B. M.: Halstead, Kent ; Butler’s Holt, Buckinghamshire; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Bantry,
co. Cork.
LEPLOGIUM. | COLLEMELT. 67
8. L. cretaceum Nyl. Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. sér. 3, 1. (1857)
_p. 270; Syn. i. p. 120.—Thallus rosulato-lobulate or stellato-laci-
niate, olive-brown or dark-olive ; the lobes unequal, crenate, almost
imbricate. Apothecia small, nearly biatorine, concave or gyalecti-
form, pale reddish-brown, the margin entire, paler ; spores ovoid,
3-7-septate, with longitudinal septa, 0,022-40 mm. long, 0,011-
17 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 45; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 27.—Enchylium cretaceum Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 398. Collema cretaceum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 210. Lichen
cretaceus Eng. Bot. (1800) t. 738.
This plant appears at first as minute, very thin, olive or dark stelle,
somewhat immersed and distinct. These become more prominent, ap-
proximate and confluent, till it attains the perfect state. It is occasionally
seen in an isidiomorphous condition. The gonimia are rarely moniliform.
The apothecia, seen only in the best developed specimens, are small in
the scattered, and moderate in the confluent rosule.
Hab. On cretaceous and siliceous nodules in moist shady places in
upland tracts.—Distr. Confined to the Chalk and Oolite districts of 8.
and W. England ; probably in its young state often overlooked.—B. M.:
Near Folkestone, Kent; Plumpton and West Dean, Sussex; Reigate
Hill, Surrey ; Isle of Wight; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; near Northleach,
Gloucestershire ; Stokesay, Shropshire.
9. L. microscopicum Nyl. Bull. Soc. a,
Bot. Fr. iv. (1857) p. 920; Syn. i. “GA
p. 122, t. 4. f. 17.—Thallus effuse, very
minute, fruticulose, erect, branched,
olive-brown, dark-brown or blackish;
branches slender, elongato-papillate, un-
equally rounded, somewhat constricted a
or attenuate at the base. Apothecia ;
very minute, scattered, concave, pale
brown or brownish-red, the margin
smooth, entire ; spores ovoid or oblong,
3—5-septate, and murali-locular, 0,022-
27 mm. long, 0,009-14 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336;
Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 3,
p- 34.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 7.
(ey
In its earlier stages of growth this has oe) (22)
the appearance of a Sirosophon. The thal- se Qe
lus is cellular, and the gonimia are often C&> eo
3-moniliform. Though resembling a mi- CSD Gy
aps ence Ms)
nute state of LZ. lopheum, it is distin- Os) -
guished by its peculiar habit and the Fig. 17.
form of the spores. It is very rarely Leptogium microscopicum Nyl.
fertile. On the thallus is occasionally —d. Thallus, x30. 5. Sec-
seen a parasitic Obryzum described here- tion of apothecium, x30.
after. ce. Three spores, x 500.
Hab. On slaty rocks, but chiefly on chalk pebbles and calcareous walls,
F2
68 COLLEMACEI. [ LEPTOGIUM.
sometimes also on the trunks of old trees (willow and ash) in maritime
and upland districts.—Distr. Local, though common where it occurs, in
the Channel Islands, S. and W. England, and S.W. Highlands, Scotland.
—B. M.: Rozel and coast of the Island of Jersey. Shiere, Surrey (in
fruit); near Maidstone, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex; Cheddar Cliffs,
near Porloch and Yatton, Somersetshire ; Weston-super-Mare (in fruit),
Brinscomb, and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern and Aston,
Worcestershire ; Blaxton, Yorkshire; Eden, Westmoreland. Barcaldine,
Argyleshire.
10. L. placodiellum Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.—Thallus small,
somewhat firm, adnate, granulate or granulato-areolate, placodioideo-
radiate at the circumference, olive or dark-olive, the radii and gra-
nules convex. Apothecia not seen rightly developed—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Leptogium diffractum Kremp. Flora,
1861, p. 258, is a prior name, but had previously been given to a
species of Collema.
This resembles a small condition of Collemodium fragile, but it is readily
distinguished from this and allied species by its placodioid appearance.
In one British specimen young apothecia are sparingly present.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland hilly districts—Dizstr. Extremely
local and scarce, in W. England.—B. M.: Cleeve Hill, Somersetshire.
11. L. muscicola Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122.—Thallus pulvi-
nate, filamentoso-fruticulose, rounded or slightly compressed, dark-
brown or olive-black; branches minute, cylindrical, suberect or
decumbent, intricate, somewhat obtuse at the apices. Apothecia
subterminal, moderate, appressed, brownish-red, the margin thin,
entire, pale; spores 1-septate (bilocular), oblongo-fusiform, 0,023—
27 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick.—-Nyl. Syn. i. p. 1934, t. iv. ff. 11-
15; Cromh. Lich. Brit. p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27, ed. 3, p. 34.
—Polychidium muscicola Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 402; Mudd, Man.
p- 49, t. 1. f.9. Collema muscicola Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111. Lichen
muscicola Sw. N. Act. Ups. iv. (1784) p. 248; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii.
t. 6. f. 9; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46; Engl. Bot. t. 2264.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 395; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 122.
This plant is unlike any of the Collemez, resembling when dry and sterile
some young and paler state of Parmelia lanata. The thallus is composed
of somewhat large elongate cells, which become smaller and subangular
at the surface, the gonimic granules, which are scanty, being here and
there aggregate in the cells. The branches, which are rigid when dry,
are numerous and intricate, the lower ones sometimes anastomosing.
The apothecia are horizontal, very much broader than the branches,
while occasionally one is common to two or three of the branches.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and walls, in maritime, upland, and
subalpine districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in mountainous
regions, chiefly of W. Pritain, rare in the Channel Islands, and in E. and
W. Ireland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. South Brent, Bottor
Rock, and near Hunter Tor, Devonshire; Cader Idris, Drews-y-nant and
Ty Gwyn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Llanberis Pass and Snowdon,
4
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 69
-Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea; near Oswestry, Shrop-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan and Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; Ben
Lawers and near St. Fillans, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire. Luggelaw, co. Wicklow ; Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Subgen. 2, EULEPTOGIUM Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 1383.—
Thallus more or less foliaceo-membranaceous, cellulari-corticate on
both surfaces; internally with entangled tubular cavities; gonimia
moniliform. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores variously divided.
z ODON0GOO7
Fig. 18.
Leptogium lacerum Fr.—a. Fragment of a thalline lacinia showing the fimbri-
ature, X 30. 0. Texture of section of the thallus, x 200. c. Section of a
young apothecium in dry state, x 30, and c’, the same of an older apothe-
cium. d. Theca with a paraphysis, x 350. ¢. Spores, x 500. f. Section
of thallus (moistened) with two spermogones, x 30. g. Sterigmata and
spermatia, X 500.
12. L. lacerum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. (1821) p. 401.—Thallus thin,
lacero-laciniate, longitudinally rugulose, olive-brown or leaden ;
lacinie subimbricate, subascending, crisp and ciliato-dentate at the
margins. Apothecia small, scattered, concave, brownish- or pale-
red, the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores ovoid, or narrowed
at either apex, irregularly murali-locular, 0,034-48 mm. long,
0,010-16 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 122, t. ii. f. 6; Mudd, Man.
70 COLLEMACEI, [LEPTOGIUM.
p. 47; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 28.
—COollemal acerum Hook. FI]. Scot. 1. p. 72; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111. Lichen lacerus Sw. in Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 113. Lichen lacer Eng. Bot. t. 1982. Lichen tre-
mella With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 72. Lichen tremelloides Lightt. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 842 ;, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 537. Lichenoides pellu-
cidum, endivie foliis tenuibus crispis Dill. Muse. 143, t. 19. f. 31 a, B.
Lichenoides sawatile tenue rufescens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 77. 89.
—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 5, pro parte; Larb. Cesar. n. 4.
Easily recognized by the thallus and laciniz. The thallus is more or
less effuse, often interrupted by fresh growths of the living musses upon
which it is developed ; in a moist condition’ it is very delicate and sub-
pellucid. The apothecia, which are rather rare in British specimens, are
sparingly and irregularly scattered.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and old walls in shady places in
maritime and upland districts——Dvstr. Pretty. general, but not very
common, in the Channel Islands and most parts of Great Britain and
TIreland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Near Cambridge; Shiere,
Surrey ; Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Buckfastleigh and Morleigh, Deyon-
shire ; Penzance and near Withiel, Cornwall; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset-
shire; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Seddington, Bedfordshire ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Broadwas and Aliric, Worcestershire ;
Garn Dingle, Denbighshire ; Cotteral Clough, Lancashire; near Kendal,
Westmoreland ; Mulgrave Castle, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Keswick, Cum-
berland. Near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Killin
and the Ochills, Perthshire; Glen Dole, Forfarshire; Corriemulzie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Blarney and Kil-
worth, co. Cork ; Killarney and Dingle Bay, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co.
Galway.
Form fimbriatum Nyl. Syn. i. (1858) p. 122.--Thallus larger ;
laciniz broader, densely fimbriate and ciliate at the margins, the
cilie very much branched. Apothecia much scattered—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 335; Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 468, ed. 2,
p- 28.—Collema fimbriatum Hoftm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 104.
Lichenoides pellucidum, endivie folits tenuibus crispis Dill. Muse.
143, t. 19. f. 31 c—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 108; Mudd, n. 5, pro
parte.
From the type this differs chiefly in the densely fimbriato-ciliate
margins of the laciniz, though both states occasionally occur in the same
specimen. With us, as elsewhere, it is rarely seen fertile.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and old walls, chiefly in upland tracts.
—Distr. Seen only in S., W., and N. England, in 8, Scotland, and the
W. Highlands.—B. M.: Luccombe, Isle of Wight; near Totness and
Tavistock, Devonshire; Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire; Chalford and
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Broadwas, Worcestershire; Barmouth,
Merionethshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Barcaldine and Inverary, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire; 8, of
Fort William, Inverness-shire.
Subsp. 1. L. pulvinatum Nyl. Flora, 1878, p.345.—Thallus small,
pulvinate, dark-brown; lobes minute, much crowded, denticulato-
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 71
laciniate. Apothecia small, somewhat rare.—Cromb. Journ. Linn.
Soc., Bot. xvii. p. 567.—Leptogium lacerum B. pulvinatum Mudd,
Man. p. 47; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 33, ed. 3,
p- 28. Collema pulvinatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 104.
Lichen tremelloides y Lightf. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 842; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 73. Luchenoides tenue crispum, foliis exiguis surrectis Dill.
Muse. 146, t. 19. f. 344, et Lichenoides tenue crispum et veluti
aculeatum p. 146, t. 19. f. 35.—Brit. Hvs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 55;
Lich. Hb. n. 241.
This, which might almost be regarded as a distinct species, is dis-
tinguished by the minute, crowded, denticulate laciniz ; it furms pulvi-
nate tufts which are either determinate or somewhat spreading. The
apothecia, which are seldom seen, are chiefly central.
Hab. On rocks and old walls, occasionally on the ground, among
mosses in upland and subalpine tracts.—Dist. Frequent in the Channel
Islands, Great Britain and Ireland, usually plentiful where it occurs.—
B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Cromer, Norfolk; Epping Forest,
Hssex ; Shiere, Surrey; Bonchurch and Luccomhe, Isle of Wight; near
Plymouth, Devonshire; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Chalford
and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Malvern Hills, Broadwas, and
Alfric, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merioneth-
shire; Clee Hills, Shropshire; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Stavely,
Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; 8S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Inchi-
gagein, co. Cork; near Armagh, co, Antrim.
Subsp. 2. L. lopheum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 13.
—Thallus very small, pulvinate, greenish-black ; lobes minute, very
much crowded, ciliato-dissect or ramoso-fimbriate, the branchlets
eylindrical. Apothecia unknown.— Leptogium lacerum var. lopheum
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 34, ed. 3, p. 29.
Parmelia scotina y. lophea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 2388.
Probably a distinct species, differing from the preceding subspecies in
the cylindrical branches and smaller thallus, which is composed of minute,
irregularly laciniate and ramulose denticulate lobes. With us, as else-
where, it is sterile.
Hab. On decaying stumps of old trees in maritime tracts.—Distr.
Found but sparingly in N. Wales and in the W. Highlands of Scotland.
—B. M.: Barmouth, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
13. L. scotinum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 122; Nyl. Syn. i.
(1858) p. 123.—Thallus laciniato-lobed, plicate, reticulato-rugulose,
dark glaucous-green or brownish lead-coloured ; lobes rounded, some-
what crowded, suberect and entire at the margins. Apothecia small,
concave, brownish-red, the margin smooth, elevated ; spores ovoid,
irregularly murali-locular, 0,024—41 mm. Jong, 0,008—0,016 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p., 8, pro parte—Leptogium sinuatum
Mudd, Man. p. 47, pro parte; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 37, pro parte, ed. 3,
p- 39, pro parte. Lichen scotinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 128.—Brit.
Ezs.: Mudd, n. 6, pro parte ; Cromb. n. 109, pro parte.
72 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTOGIUM.
In anatomical structure similar to the preceding species. Externally at
once distinguished by the rounded lobes of the thallus, with the margins
entire, or occasionally obsoletely and sparingly crenate. The apothecia
are usually numerous, and must not be confounded in their younger
condition with the spermogones.
Hab. Among mosses on old walls and boulders, chiefly in maritime
and upland tracts.—Distr. General and common where it occurs in most
of the hilly tracts of Great Britain; not seen from Ireland—B. M.:
Hoyle Sands, near Penzance, Cornwall; Chew Magna, Somersetshire ;
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire; Garn, Denbigh-
shire ; Lake Ogwen and Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; High Force Inn,
Teesdale, and near Stanhope, Durham ; Whitehaven, Cumberland; by
the Kent, Westmoreland. Appin and island of Lismore, Argyleshire ;
Killin, Ben Lawers, and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
Var. 5. sinnatum Malbr. Bull. Soc. Nat. Rouen, 1866, p. 365.—
Thallus smaller, lobes sinuato-incised, laciniate, crisp, the margins
depressed, crenate and denticulate; otherwise as in the type.—Lep-
togium simuatum Mudd, Man. p. 47, pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 37, pro parte, ed. 3, p. 39, pro parte; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12,
pro parte. Collema sinuatum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.110. Lathagrium sinuatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 400. Lichen sinuatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 530;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.75; Eng. Bot. t. 772. Lichen tremelloides y
Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 842. Lichenoides tenue crispum, foliis parvis
depressis Dill. Musc. 145, t. 19. f. 33.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 6,
pro parte ; Cromb. n. 109, pro parte.
s
This has been confounded with the type, though it presents distinctive
characters. The smaller thallus, the form of the lobes, and their denti-
culato-crenate margins probably entitle it to rank as a subspecies. It is
often sterile; the apothecia are numerous when present.
Hab, On earth-covered mossy walls and rocks in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Not very general nor common in Great Britain, chiefly
in the W.; rare in S. and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Caistor, Norfolk ; Stor-
rington, Sussex ; near St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight; Chagford, Devon-
shire; Garn, Denbighshire; Pentregaer, Oswestry, Shropshire ; Wear-
dale and near Stanhope, Durham. Appin, Argyleshire; Bowling; Dum-
bartonshire ; Killin, Perthshire; near Forres, Elgin. Blarney, co. Cork ;
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form Polinieri Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 336.—Thallus pale
greenish. Apothecia somewhat scattered; otherwise as in the type.
—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30.—Collema Polinieri Del. ex Nyl.
Syn. i. (1858) p. 123.
_ Distinguished by the bright green colour of the thallus, which is per-
sistent both in a moist and dry condition. The apothecia also are paler
and not very numerous.
Hab. oe lage mosses on shady walls, rarely on rocks, in upland situa-
tions.—Distr. Very local and scarce in 8. England, N. Wales, the S.W.
Highlands of Scotland, and in S. Ireland—B. M.: Henfield, Sussex;
Garn, Denbighshire. Appin, Argyleshire. Blarney, co. Cork; Blackwater
Bridge, co, Kerry.
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 73
Var, y. crenatum Nyl. Flora, 1875, p.106.—Thallus small, smooth
or subsmooth ; lobes short, crowded, somewhat crenato-incised at
the margins. Apothecia small, scattered—Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
p. 13.
A marked variety, at once distinguished by the entirely smooth thallus,
only a few lobes here and there being slightly rugulose. Its small
crowded lobes suggest LZ. pulvinatum. Inthe only fertile specimen seen,
the apothecia are but few.
Hab. On the ground among schistose rocks in subalpine localities.—
Distr, Extremely local and scarce among the S. Grampians of Scotland.
—B. M.: Craig Vore and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
14. L. palmatum Mont. Pl. Cell. (1840) p. 128, in Webb & Berth.
Canar.—Thallus laciniate, thin, greenish- or glaucous-brown; laciniw
sublinear, suberect, corniculato-convolute. Apothecia small, sessile,
pale-red, the thalline margin elevated, entire, concolorous ; spores
ellipsoid or attenuate at the apices, variously septate and divided
(irregularly murali-locular), 0,028-40 mm. long, 0,016-18 mm.
thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p.126; Mudd, Man. p. 48; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 34, ed. 3, p. 31.—Collema palmatum Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 210. Scyteniwm palmatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 398.
Lichen palmatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 536; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 74; Eng. Bot. t. 1635. Lichenoides pellucidum fuseum
corniculatum Dill. Musc. 143, t. 19. f. 30. Lichenoides gelatinosum
tenerius laciniatum ex fusco purpurascens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3,
72. 54.
The thallus is czespitose, moderate or small, often tinged purplish, and
rather brittle when dry. It somewhat resembles var. 8 of the preceding
in the herbarium, but is distinguished by its nearly erect laciniz, revo-
lute at the margins. The apothecia are rare, and are but few when
present. On the thallus is sometimes found the parasitic Obryzum cor-
niculatum.
Hab. Among mosses and short grass in sandy and gravelly places in
maritime and upland tracts—Dzstr. General in the Channel Islands and
Kngland, rare in Scotland and Ireland.—B. M.: St. Brelade’s Bay,
Island of Jersey; Island of Herm. Yarmouth, Norfolk; Hale End,
Epping Forest, Essex ; near Stony Cross, New Forest, Hants; Swanage,
Dorsetshire ; Lustleigh Cleeve, Bottor Rock, and near Okehampton,
Devonshire; Hales End, near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Coatham, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire. Sands of Barrie, Forfarshire; Castleton of Braemar.
Aberdeenshire. Luggelaw, co. Wicklow.
15. L. tremelloides Gray, Nat. Arr. i. (1821) p. 400.—Thallus
lobed, thin, somewhat smooth, dull olive-green or glaucous leaden-
coloured ; lobes oblong, imbricate or crisp, entire at the margins.
Apothecia moderate, urceolate or plane, reddish or pale-red, the
margin thick, entire ; spores ovoid, or often ellipsoid, narrowed at
either apex, 3-septate, irregularly murali-locular, 0,021-27 mm.
long, 0,008—9 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 124, t. i. f. 7; Mudd,
Man. p. 48; Cromb. Lich. Brit..p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 28,
74 COLLEMACET. [LEPTOGIUM.
ed. 3, p. 31.—Collema tremelloides Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 1. p. 111. Lichen
tremelloides Linn, fil. Suppl. Pl. (1781) p. 450; Eng. Bot. t. 1981.
Lichen cochleatus, Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) t. 2. f. 9; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 74.—Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 3.
Differs from Z. lacerum in the larger smoothish thallus, leaden-coloured
when dry, in the more rounded lobes with entire margins, and in the
elevated, larger apothecia. The cortical layer is formed of rather large
angular cells. Sparingly fertile in S.W. England and W. Ireland.
Hab. Among mosses on moist rocks in maritime and mountainous
districts.— Distr. General, and usually plentiful in the Channel Islands,
S. and W. Britain, and E. and S.W. Teclased ces M.: St. Peter's Valley,
Island of Jersey. St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight; near Brixkam, Saltash,
Haberton, Conworthy, Wembury, and Totness, S. Devon; St. Issey and
near Penzance, Cornwall; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth and Har-
lech Castle, Merionethshire; Garn, Denbighshire; Llanberis Pass, Car-
naryonshire; Island of Anglesea. Dumbarton Castle, Dumbartonshire ;
Appin and Island of Mull, Argyleshire. Dunkerron Mt., Blackwater,
and Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore and Doughbraugh Mts., co. Galway.
Form polyphyllum Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 32.
—Thalline lobes smaller, more divided and complicated, naked or
isidiiferous.
The thallus of this polyphyllous form when densely covered with isidia,
as it usually is, is form pechneum (Ach. Syn. p. 343), Cromb. Greyillea,
xv. p. 15. Not seen fertile.
Hab. On damp rocks among mosses in maritime districts.— Drstr. Local
and scarce in S. England, the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W.
Treland.—B. M.: Near Torquay, S. Devon. Island of Mull, Argyleshire.
Near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway.
Subgen. 3. STEPHANOPHORUS Flot. Linnea, 1843, p. 16.—
Thallus crowdedly plicatulate; apothecia with the thalline recep-
tacle plicato-rugose.
16. L. ruginosum Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 13.—
Thallus membranaceous, roundly lobed, plicate, longitudinally and
crowdedly rugose, brownish- or greenish-lead-coloured, brownish-
black-furfuraceous on the upper surface; lobes complicate, undulate,
the margins entire or crenulate. Apothecia somewhat large, slightly
concave or plane, red or brownish-red, the thalline margin thick,
rugoso-plicate or furfuraceo-granulate ; spores ellipsoid or attenuate
at both apices, 3—5-septate, and also sometimes longitudinally divided,
0,020-37 mm. long, 0,010-17 mm. thick.—Collema ruginosum Dut.
in Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 251. Leptogium chloromelum Mudd
(non Nyl.), Man. p. 48; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 254; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 32, ed. 3, p. 32.
This can scarcely, even in an infertile state, be mistaken for any other
British plant. It has sometimes been confounded with two exotic —
_LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 7)
species, viz. L. Brebissoniit Mont., and L. chloromelum Nyl.; but it is quite
istinct from both. According to Nyl. (in ditt.), L. Brebissonii has the
thallus less plicatulo-corrugate, and is moreover whitish- or greyish-
downy beneath; while L. chloromelum (an American species) has the
thallus and receptacle less corrugate, the latter being Fa a The
specimens found in this country are sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks among mosses in mari-
time and mountainous districts.— Distr. Sparingly in N. Wales and S.W.
Treland.—B. M.: Garth, near Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire.
Eagle’s Nest and Dinish, Killarney, co. Kerry.
Subgen.4. MALLOTIUM Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 644.—Thallus
membranaceo-lobed, cellulari-corticate above, tomentose beneath ;
gonimia moniliform. Apothecia lecanorine; spores subellipsoid,
murali-divided.
17. L. saturni-
num Nyl. Syn. i.
(1858) p. 127. — ONG
Thallus large, sub- © [0 {0 oN
monophyllous and SO S082
lobato-incised, or peek = Boo
polyphyllous and ©<)/8\%)\| /{ So
sinuato-lobed, roun- e\ \\e ) N%
ded and entire at §&\\@
the margins, olive- a
or leaden-brown,
above smooth or Fig. 19.
slightly furfurace- Leptogivm saturninum Nyl.—a. Vertical section of
ous. beneath greyish a superficial portion of the tomentose thallus,
res) densely pags x275. 0. Sterigmata, and c¢, spermatia, x 275.
tose. Apothecia moderate, plane, reddish-brown, thalline receptacle
cupular and somewhat prominent, margin thin, entire; spores ellip-
soid, 3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-multilocular, 0,020-
22 mm. long, 0,010-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 29, ed. 3, p. 82.—Mallotium saturninum Gray,
Nat. Arr. 1. p. 399; Mudd, Man. p. 44. Collema saturninum Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211. Lichen saturninus Dicks.
Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 21, t. 6. f. 8; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60;
Eng. Bot. t. 1980.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 5; Dicks. Hort. Sic.
n, 24.
Though elsewhere a large plant, spreading extensively with firm thal-
_lus, with us it is smaller, thinner, and less polyphyllous. In damp shady
situations it often beeomes blackish above when dry, contrasting with the
colour of the under surface. When smaller and furfuraceous it resembles
Collema flaccrdum, from which it may always be recognized by the
minutely cellular cortical layer, and by the whitish down of the under
surface. The apothecia are very rare in Britain.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, generally ash, by streams in upland
mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in the 8. and W. High-
a
o
76 COLLEMACEI. [LEPTOGIUM.
lands, Scotland.—B. M.: Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay,
Glen Lyon, Fortingall, Loch Earn, and Craighall, Perthshire; Clova,
Forfarshire ; Lochaber, Inverness-shire.
18. L. Hildenbrandii Ny]. Syn. i. (1858) p. 127.—Thallus small
or moderate, monophyllous, nearly orbicular, somewhat lobed and
undulate, opaque, slightly rugulose, brownish-green or leaden-brown,
beneath greyish-white, with somewhat long, fasciculate rhizine.
Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, the thalline margin entire ;
spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, becoming irregularly murali-multilocular,
0,016-24 mm. long, 0,09-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 336.—Collema Hildenbrandii Garov. Lich. It. (1837) n. 1. Le
chen saturninus Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1. (1791) p. 84.
Distinguished from L. saturninum, to which itis closely allied, by being
more monophyllous, usually smaller, and especially by being fibrilloso-
rhizinose on the under surface. In the few British specimens the thallus
is rather small, and the apothecia are few and scattered.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees by streams, in upland mountainous
districts.—Drstr. Only in N. England and the S. Grampians of Scotland.
—B. M.: Teesdale, Durham. Glenample and Craighall, Perthshire ;
Clova, Forfarshire.
19. L. Burgessii Mont. Pl. Cell. (1840) p. 129, in Webb. & Berth.’
Canar.—Thallus large, laciniato-lobed, complicate, greenish- or
leaden-brown, lobes crowded, somewhat imbricate, crenulate, or mi-
nutely lacerate and crisp, beneath greyish and more or less minutely
tomentose. Apothecia moderate or large, concave or at length some-
what plane, reddish-brown or dark-red, the thalline margin sub-
foliaceous, crisp and laciniate; spores ellipsoid, frequently attenuate
at both apices, 3—5-septate, and irregularly murali-multilocular,
0,030-40 mm. long, 0,013-17 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30, ed. 3, p. 33.—WMallotium Burgessii Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 399 ; Mudd, Man. p. 45. Collema Burgessi1 Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p.110. Lichen Burgessii Lightf. Fl). Scot. 1. (1777) p. 827, t. 26;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 538; Eng. Bot. t. 300; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 57.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 6; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24.
This is the largest of the British Colleme?, and may at once be recognized
by the parmelioid thallus and the foliaceous thalline margin of the apo-
thecia. Where the plant is rare, it is orbicular and of moderate size, but
where it is plentiful it spreads extensively, and is often somewhat pur-
plish. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming in old plants
nearly plane, and blackish, with the thalline margin more or less oblite-_
rated.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees near water (lakes and rivers), rarely
found on old walls, in wooded upland districts.—Distr. General, and
usually common, in the mountainous tracts of W. Britain ; very abundant
in the W. Highlands of Scotland, rarer in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ivy
Bridge and Lidford, S. Devon; Nannau, near Dolgelly, Cwm-Bychan and
Barmouth, Merionethshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Mardale, Westmore-
LEPTOGIUM. | COLLEMEI. 77
land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Johnstone, Moffat, and Rae
Hills, Dumfriesshire ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; The Trosachs,
Glen Lochay, and Glen Falloch, Perthshire ; Lochaber, {nverness-shire.
Eagle’s Nest, Cromaglown, Dinish, and Derrycuintry, Killarney, co. Kerry ;
Connemara, co. Galway.
PsEUDO-GENUS.
17. DENDRISCOCAULON Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus
fruticulose, much branched, the axis solid, branches covered towards
the apices with minutely divided furfuraceous laciniz, containing
gonimia, which are more or less scattered. Apothecia and spermo-
gones unknown.
This pseudo-genus, as indicated by Nylander (Flora, 1876, p. 578), is
only a leprarioid condition of “Leptogium,” so that we have both gonimic
and gonidic leprarioid thalli. In internal structure the furfuraceous
lacinize are somewhat like those of the subgenus Homodium.
1. D. bolacinum Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus cespitose,
erect, branches compressed, isabelline; laciniz crowded, leproso-
pulvinate, dark greenish.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 13.—Homo-
dium bolacinum Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvi. p.228. Lepto-
gium bolacinum, Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 359. Collema atro-
ceruleum e. bolacinum Scher. (non Ach.) Enum. 1850, p. 249.
According to Nylander (Stiz. Lich. Hyperb. p. 6) this peculiar plant is
identical with Cor'nicularia Umhauensis Auersw., Hedwigia, 1869, p. 113,
and constitutes the glomeruli of Ricasolia glomuli fera. It resembles
Leptogium lopheum, and v ery rarely occurs growing independently.
Hab. Among mosses on old trees, rarely on rocks, in upland tracts.—
Distr. As an independent plant very local and scarce in the 8. Highlands
of Scotland.—B. M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; near Taymouth, Perth-
shire.
. COLLEMOPSIS Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 17 (note), cfr. Cromb.
ton ourn. Bot. 1874, p. 332. —Thallus crustaceous, thin, granulato-
areolate, more or less loosely affixed to the substratum, glaucous-
green within; gonimic granules submoniliform. Apothecia urceo-
lato-innate, small, the margin usually tumid and connivent; spores
Sne, ellipsoid, simple, colourless ; paraphyses usually simple, slender;
hymenial gelatine bluish or wine-red with iodine ; spermogones with
simplish sterigmata, and oblong minute spermatia.
Nylander separated this genus from Pyrenopsis and placed it amongst
the Collemei because of the texture and colour of the thallus and the sub-
moniliform gonimia. It embraces various genera of authors, as Pyrenopsis
Nyl. pro parte, Psorotichia Mass., Porocyphus Korb.,&c. ‘Of these, Psoro-
tichia, had it not been informal (for it should evidently have been written
Tichospora), ought probably to have been preserved” (Nyl. in litt.). Some
species very much resemble Pannulari ia, but are distinguished by the
absence of a hypothallus. Collemopsis evidently holds ‘the same “place
among the Collemacei as Pannularia among the Lichenacei.
78 COLLEMACEL. [ COLLEMOPSIS.
1. C. Schereri Nyl. ex
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 332.— Thallus subeffuse,
thinnish,areolato-granulose,or
minutely granuloso-squamu-
lose, brownish-black or black-
ish. Apothecia small or nearly
moderate, plane, lecanorine
(with distinct thalline margin),
brownish- or reddish-black ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,014—-21 mm.
long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ;
hymenial gelatine pale blue @ »
and then tawny with iodine. .
—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 25.—Pyrenopsis Schereri
SD
Fig. 20.
Nyl. olim, Cromb. Lich. Brit. Collemopsis Schereri, Nyl.—a. Section of a
: : : ~ small portion of the thallus, x200. 3.
= 2; ee eee P ae Gonimia, x 350. c. Section of an apo-
annarva Scilverert Mass. IvC. — thecium, X30. d. Theca with a para-
Aut. Lich. (1852) p. 114.— physis, x350. ¢. Spores, x500. ff.
Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 2. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
This is often less developed, with the thaMus granulose and diffract,
though when fully developed it is more squamulose and continuous. The
apothecia, for the most part, are very numerous and crowded, sometimes
nearly obliterating the thallus, smaller, and becoming somewhat convex
and immarginate in the less developed, or moderate, plane, with persis-
tent margin in the best developed conditions.
Hab. On cretaceous pebbles and limestone walls and rocks in moist
shady upland situations.—Distr. Local, though plentiful, in S., W., and
Central England, amongst the Central and N. Grampians of Scotland,
and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Maidstone, Kent; Box Hill and Shiere,
Surrey ; Bathampton Downs and Babington, Somersetshire ; Chalford and
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire; Egremont, Cum-
berland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Kylemore, co. Galway.
2. C. lecanopsoides Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.—
Thallus thin, opaque, granuloso-areolate, or nearly continuous, some-
what scabrous, dark-brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small,
urceolate, concolorous, the margin prominent, connivent; spores 4—
Snz, ellipsoid, 0,012—20 mm. long, 0,006-11 mm. thick, paraphyses
slender, not crowded ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35.—Pyrenopsis lecanopsoides Ny}. Flora, 1866,
p. 374; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 254; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15. Collema pyrenopsoides Nyl. Mém. Soe.
Cherb. v. p. 89; Syn. i. p. 203. Lecanora pyrenopsoides Nyl. Bot.
Not. (1853) p. 163.
This, as Nylander observes (Syn. p. 103), is at first sight not unlike
C. fuliginea (Wahl.), and also has considerable resemblance to obscure
COLLEMOPSIS. | COLLEMEI. 79
and less developed conditions of Lecanora cervina. In this country it
Sometimes occurs associated with the preceding species, from which it is
distinguished by the thallus and the apothecia; though neither of these
are well developed in the British specimens.
Hab. On caleareous rocks in maritime and upland tracts of mountainous
regions.— Distr. Very local and rare in S.W. Ireland (near Kenmare, co.
Kerry) and the Central Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.
3. C. furfurella Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.—
Thallus effuse, very thinly furfuraceo-granulose, or scattered in
small furfuraceous verruce, brownish-black or blackish, with some-
what larger, convex granules intermixed. Apothecia minute, sub-
pyrenodeo-lecanorine, impressed in the larger granules, concolorous ;
spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick ;
paraphyses discrete; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.—
Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 453; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35.—Collema
furfurellum Ny). Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Not. iv. (1859) p. 229 ;
Lich. Scand. p. 28; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17.
The anatomical structure of the thallus shows this plant, at one time
regarded by Nylander as a distinct section of Collema, to be a Collemopsis.
The thallus and fructification distinguish it from the allied species. The
apothecia are numerous, though the spores are rarely found fully deve-
loped. The spermogones are only ‘sparingly visible, the spermatia being
thin, oblongo-cylindrical.
Hab. On moist schistose rocks in alpine places.—Diustr. Found very
sparingly amongst the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Above Loch-na
Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
4. C. Arnoldiana Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 305.— Thallus effuse, thin,
maculate, granulose, olive-brown or dark-brown. Apothecia small,
biatorine, somewhat prominent, impressed in the centre, reddish or
dark-red, the margin paler; spores ellipsoid, oleoso-locular, 0,017—
20 mm. long, 0,010—0,0105 mm. thick; paraphyses articulate ;
hymenial gelatine slightly bluish, then pale wine-red with iodine.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 359 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.—
Physma Arnoldiana Hepp, Flora, 1858, p. 94.
This somewhat resembles Leptogium biatorinum, but is smaller, thinner,
and with different spores. The thallus is minutely cellular, lax, and
indistinct in texture. The apothecia, which are nearly cyalectiform, are
either somewhat scattered or approximate. Verrucaria Flotoviana Hepp,
Flecht. n. 92 pro parte, Collemopsis Flotoviana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1874, p. 147, scarcely differs from this species.
Hab. On calcareous stones in shady upland situations.— Distr. Appa-
rently local and rare in S. and W. England—B. M.: Near Shiere,
Surrey; near Cirencester and Chalford, Gloucestershire.
5. C. oblongans Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 305.—Thallus subeffuse,
thin, granuloso-crustaceous, confluent, brownish-olive. Apothecia
80 CoLLEMACEI. [ COLLEMOPSIS.
minute, somewhat concave, bright- or reddish-testaceous, the margin
thickish ; spores oblong, simple or spuriously 1-septate, 0,016-30
mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine obsoletely bluish,
becoming very faintly wine-red with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, iii.
p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.
At first sight this might be taken for a Lecidea belonging to the
Gyalectas, and only a microscopical examination makes its true relations
apparent. It differs from the preceding in the colour of the thallus and
in the spores. The apothecia are sometimes not very well developed, as
is not unfrequently the case with lichens growing in similar situations.
Hab. On the ground in shady crevices of limestone rocks in upland
tracts.— Distr. Only very sparingly in N.W. England.—B. M.: Haver-
brack Hill, Westmoreland.
6. C. diffundens Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 332.—
Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-squamulose, black, opaque ; squamules
subfurfurous, small, variable. Apothecia small, innate, somewhat
plane or often gyalectoid, reddish, pale within; spores ellipsoid,
0,011-23 mm. long, 0,007—-11 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, dis-
crete ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.—Pyrenopsis diffundens Nyl. Flora,
1865, p. 602; Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 92; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16. Collema diffractum Nyl. Carroll,
Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287.
The thallus and fructification sufficiently distinguish this from other
British species. I have not seen an authentic specimen, and the plant
has been vainly searched for at Maidstone, Kent, where it was originally
found. Specimens somewhat aberrant have been gathered elsewhere.
Hab. On sandstone and schistose rocks.— Distr. Very local and scarce
in S.E. England and N. Wales.—B. M.: Near Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire.
7. C. leptogiella Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 220.—Thallus effuse, thin,
minutely subcoralloideo-furfuraceous, olive-brown. Apothecia lep-
togioid, minute, lurid-testaceous, slightly margined, the epithe-
cium somewhat impressed or at length subplane; spores ellip-
soid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,610-17 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ;
paraphyses slender, or somewhat slender, thicker at the apices;
hymenial gelatine tawny wine-reddish with iodine.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, vi. p. 18; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 36.
This peculiar species departs in various respects from the rest, and
belongs almost to a proper genus. The thallus is confusedly cellular,
with the gonimia nearly moderate. The branchlets, which resemble
those of Leptogium microscopicum, though shorter, are subpapillifurm.
In the only specimen seen by me, the apothecia are fairly numerous, the
margin being usually very thin.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in upland districts.—Diéstr. Very local and
rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Kylemore, co. Galway.
PYRENIDIUM. | PYRENIDEI. 81
Tribe III. PYRENIDIEI Nyl. ew Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 337; Flora, 1875, p. 103.
Thallus maculate, radiately appressed; cortical layer distinct ;
gonimic granules moniliformly coherent. Apothecia pyrenoid ;
spores 4nz, septate, brown; paraphyses scarcely any. Spermo-
gones unknown.
A singular tribe, holding amongst the Collemacei an analogous place
to the Pyrenodei amongst the Lichenacet. In this respect the family
very appropriately closes with it; for the genus Oryzvm, with its
pyrenocarpous apothecia, is now
known to be entirely parasitic, and
must be removed. The Pyrenidiei 1.
consist of a single genus with a sin- u
gle species; further research may
bring others to light. a
19. PYRENIDIUM Nyl. Flora.
1865, p. 210.—Thallus minute,
stellato-divided, fibrillose, the
cortical layer cellular, distinct.
Apothecia innate, scarcely promi-
nent; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 3-
septate, brownish; paraphyses
slender, few or obsolete; hyme-
nial gelatine not tinged with
iodine.
ig. 21.
Having regard only to the thal- " aes ne ae
lus, this genus might be supposed Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl.—a. Thal-
to be allied to Leptogium; but the ae gee 30. i b. air
form of the apothecia separates it en- Py erie ihe pee a8 a 7, es
ete ears nimia. ¢,¢'. Vertical sections of two
reason to doubt that the apothecia spokes (iene ane rae
with a small portion of crustose
really belong to the thallus and not thallus. Ff. Theca with spores, x 350.
to a parasitic fungus. g. Two spores, 500.
1. P. actinellam Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 210.—Thallus adnate,
thinly crusteform, thinly stellato-fibriliose at the circumference,
the fibrille equally cylindrical, sparingly branched, but usually
effuse, and entirely covered by or almost entirely composed of
somewhat erect fibrille, sordid- or dark-olive (I+ wine-red). Apo-
thecia minute, scarcely prominent, almost entirely innate, the
pyrenium entirely black ; spores 0,020-24 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm.
thick.—Carroll, in Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 286; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36, ed. 3, p. 37.
The thallus of this species (of which I give Nylander’s emended
diagnosis) forms small macule on the substratum, which are more
or less scattered, or at length confluent. When sterile it is externally
very similar to states of Leptogium microscopicum; but under the
microscope its fibrille are seen to be equally cylindrical, while in
G
82 COLLEMACEI. [PYRENIDIUM.
L. microscopicum they are unequal. In the few authentic specimens
seen, the apothecia are sparingly present; and the other specimens,
referable to this or another species, are sterile.
Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime and
upland districts.— Distr. Very sparingly in 8. and 8.W. England.—B.M. :
Box Hill and ? Shiere, Surrey; ? near Brighton, Sussex; Anstey’s Cove,
Torquay, S. Devon.
Family IIT. LICHENACEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii.
(1854) p. 10; Syn. i. p. 141.
Thallus polymorphous, filamentose, foliaceous, squamose, crus-
taceous, pulverulent, or obsolete, or none, varying from mem-
branaceous to coriaceous and from filmy to tartareous, extremely
variable in colour, white, greyish, yellowish, reddish, brown,
blackish, but little or non-gelatinous; gonidial layer usually
distinct, formed of true gonidia or rarely of gonimic granules.
Apothecia either stipitate or sessile, lecanorine, patellate, lecideine,
or pyrenoid, very variable in colour, but rarely concolorous with
the thallus. Spermogones either immersed or prominent, with
simple or articulate sterigmata and various spermatia.
_ The plants belonging to this, by far the largest family of Lichens, are
very variable with respect both to the thallus and the fructification.
They differ from the preceding families in being only very occasionally
gelatinous, and especially in having, except in a comparatively few
instances, a distinct stratum of bright green, rarely orange, gonidia.
The apothecia in most cases have the thalamium furnished with para-
physes, which are generally distinct. In the lower genera some plants
approximate to the Ascomycetous Fungi.
Series I. Epiconiodei Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 141.
Thallus either (1) horizontally expanded and crustaceous, some-
times none proper, with the apothecia usually stipitate, capituliform,
occasionally sessile, or (2) fruticuloso-erect, with the apothecia
in terminal capitula of the thallus, nuclear, at length widely
open; spores naked, usually collected into a pulverulent mass on
the surface of the mature fructification.
Though in other respects varying considerably, the two tribes which
constitute this series agree in having the spores, except in a few species,
accumulated as a conglutinate powder or sporal mass (mazedium,
Ach.) on the surface of the mature fruit. It is only in the young
apothecia that the spores are seen in thecz ; when more advanced, they
occur only free in the mazedium.
Tribe I. CALICIEI Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 141.
Thallus horizontal, crustaceous, granulose, or obsolete, or none
proper. Apothecia stipitate, capituliform, or sessile; spores 8na,
in evanescent thecs, spherical or oblong, simple or variously septate,
t
SPHINCTRINA. |} CALICIET. 83
brownish or blackish, paraphyses usually little developed ; hy menial
gelatine scanty. Spermogones punctiform, black, the sterigmata
somewhat simple.
This tribe consists of rather small plants, some of which are parasitic
and readily overlooked, while others are conspicuous from their brig tly
coloured thalli, The apothecia sometimes have the stipes abnormally
branched, and occasionally the capitulum is proliferous,
20. SPHINCTRINA Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 120 (ut genus Fun-
gorum) ; De Not. Giorn. Bot. It.
1846, p. 314.—Thallus none
proper. Apothecia parasitic,
chiefly on the thalli of Pertusa-
ric, globoso-turbinate, sessile or
substipitate, somewhat shining,
black, proper margin thick,
connivent; thecz subpersistent,
sporalmass black; spores simple
(very rarely 1-septate), black-
ish ; hymenial gelatine usually
more or less tinged with iodine.
Spermogones with acicular ar-
cuate spermatia.
The few species belonging to
this genus are distinguished by
Fig. 22.
the apothecia being parasitic, Sphinctrina turbinata,Fr.—a. Apothecium
sessile or subsessile, and shining, (in dry state), x 30. 5. Longitudinal
At first sight they look like section of two apothecia, x30. c. Theca
minute fungi; but their ana- 21 paraphyses, x 350. d. Spores,
tomical structure places them x500. e. Section of spermogonium,
x30. f. Sterigmata and spermatia,
among the lichens. <500.
1. §. turbinata Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 366.—Thallus none.
Apothecia small, globose or globoso-turbinate, shortly stipitate, or
often almost sessile, the sporal mass usually protruded; spores
simple, glebose or subglobose, small, 0,003-8 mm. in diameter ;
hymenial gelatine pale bluish, then sordid dark-coloured with
iodine.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 142, t. v. f. L; Mudd, Man. p. 255, t. iv.
f. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 38, ed. 3,
p. 38.-—Calicium turbinatum Pers. Fung. Suppl. (1797) p. 59.
Calicium sessile Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 128 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2520 ;
Sm. Eng. Fl. y. p. 138. Acolium stigonellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 482. Lichen gelasinatus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 8, t. 31.—Brit.
Ees.: Leight. n. 132; Mudd, n. 241.
This is readily recognized upon the host by the numerous, sometimes
crowded apothecia, which vary somewhat in size. The spermogones,
scattered amongst the apothecia, are not unfrequent, with spermatia
0,012-15 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the thallus of Pertusaria communis, and sometimes of P.
fallax, on the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in maritime and upland
é2
84 LICHENACEL. [SPHINCTRINA,
wooded tracts.— Dist. General and not uncommon in England ; rare in
S. and Central Scotland and in 8. Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of
Jersey; Guernsey. Yarmouth, Suffolk; E ping Forest, Essex ; Shiere,
Surrey ; Sibertswold, Kent ; Henfield and St. Leonard’s Forest, "Sussex ;
Ventnor, Isle of Wieht ; New F orest, Hants; near Withiel, Cornwall ;
Chedworth Woods and Oakley Park, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; :
near Worcester; Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Hay W ood, Herefordshire ;
near Ayton, Clev eland, Yorkshire ; Leven’s Park, W Eatrorcland: New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Roseneath, Dumbartonshire ; Craigforth,
Stirling ; ‘Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire. Blarney end Ardrum, co. “Cork ;
Curraghmore, near W aterford ; Glenstale, co. Tipperary.
2. §. anglica Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 143, t. v. f. 3.—Thallus (if
proper) effuse, thin, granuloso-unequal, greyish-brown or olive-
green, or evanescent. Apothecia small, scattered, substipitate,
globose or globoso-turbinate; spores simple, globose, sometimes
ellipsoid or oblong, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine—Mnudd, Man. p. 255; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 38, ed. 3, p. 38.—Calicium
microcephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 130; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p- 138. Phacotitum (errore Phacotrum) microcephalum Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 482. Lichen microcephalus Eng. Bot. t. 1865.—In giving
the specific name of anglica, Nylander (1. c.) observes that the older
name microcephala is not suitable to the apothecia.
Differs from S. turbinata in the apparently (though very doubtfully)
proper thallus, in the more stipitate apothecia, and the larger spores. In
the original specimen figured in E. B., the thallus is partly subtartareo-
granulose and partly subevanescent ; put I have never seen the fertile
plant 2 situ, though I have observed a similar sterile thallus in many
places. The spermogones appear to be rare, and sparingly scattered,
with spermatia as in S. turdinata, or slightly lar ger.
Hab. On old rails, especially oak, in shady situations in maritime and
upland tracts.—Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities in S. and Central
England.—B. M.: Caistor, near Yarmouth, Norfolk; Ardingley and
Albourne, Sussex ; T'wycross, Leicestershire.
3. §. microcephala Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 91.—
Thallus none. Apothecia minute, sessile or substipitate, globose
or globoso-turbinate; spores simple, fusiformi-ellipsoid, somewhat
large, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine
faintly bluish with iodine. __Nyl. Syn: 1. p. 144, toy. to 2 ‘Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 39, ed. 3, p. 38. —Sphinetrina
turbinata (3. mierocephala Mudd, Man. p. 256. Calicium micro-
cephulum Tul. Mem. Lich. (1852) p. 78, t. 15. f. 20.
Also closely allied to S. turbinata, but may readily be distinguished on
microscopical examination by the form and size of the spores. In our
British specimens the apothecia, which are smaller than in the preceding
species, are usually rather scattered, as are also the spermogones.
Hab. On the thallus of Pertusaria melaleuca in shady woods in mari-
time tracts.—Dzstr. Only in the Channel Islands and the S. coast of
SPHINCTRINA. | CaLICIEI. 85
England, though no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Rozel, Island
of Jersey. Near Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hampshire.
4. §. Kylemoriensis Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Thallus
none proper. Apothecia minute, very shortly stipitate or subsessile,
the stipes slender, pale; capitulum turbinato-globose, black or
blackish, somewhat shining ; spores simple, globulose, dark-brown,
0,004—6 mm. in diameter ; hymenial gelatine pale bluish and then
sordid with iodine.—Calicitum Kylemoriense Larb. ew Leight. Linn.
Trans. n. ser. Bot. 1878, p. 242, t. 23. ff. 12-14; Lich. FI. ed. 3,
p. 42.
This “very beautiful new species” (Leight.) is intimately allied to
S. turbinata, from which it differs merely in the paler (though often con-
colorous) stipes, the smaller capitulum and spores, as also in the saxi-
colous habitat. It is probably not a distinct species.
Hab. On rocks in maritime tracts. Parasitic on the thalli of Lecanora
parella and L. nitens.—Distr. Local and rare, in the Channel Islands and
in N.W. Ireland.—B. M+: Island of Sark. Kylemore, co. Galway.
21. CALICIUM Pers. Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 20; Nyl.
Syn. i. p. 145.—Thallus thin, granulose, pulverulent or evanescent,
very rarely squamulose, or none proper. Apothecia stipitate, rarely
subsessile, black; capitulum globose or turbinate; thecze evanescent;
sporal mass umbrine or black ; spores spherical, ellipsoid or oblong,
simple or septate, brown or blackish; hymenial gelatine rarely
tinged with iodine. Spermogones with short, oblong spermatia.
The species of this genus are very rarely parasitic, and by this, as well
as by the stipitate apothecia, the genus is distinguished from Sphinctrina.
For the most part the plants spread extensively over the substratum,
though the thallus often becomes evanescent. It is divided into two
subgenera, founded on the character of the gonidia.
Subgen. ALLODIUM Nyl. Flora,
1880, p.392.—Thallus with cylindrical
gonidimia ; spores spherical, simple, 9
brownish, sporal mass umbrine. =
1. C. trichiale Ach. Lich. Univ. &
(1810) p. 242.—Thallus thinnish,
minutely granuloso-squamulose, grey-
ish-yellow or greyish-glaucous (K— ).
Apothecia somewhat small, scattered
or crowded, stipes usually slender, |;
black ; capitulum globoso-lenticular,
black, beneath greyish-suffused, at
length naked ; spores 0,0025-45 mm.
Fig. 23.
, : a Calicium trichiale Ach.—a. Go-
in diameter.—Mudd, Man. p. 259; nidimia, x 350. _b. Apothe-
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. cium, X 30. c. Vertical sec-
Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3, p. 40.—Cali- tion _of upper portion of an
cium eruginosum 3. cerulescens Turn. apothecium (moistened), x 30.
d. Theca and paraphysis, x
& Borr. Lich. Br. p. 156. 350. e. Spores, x 500
f. Spermatia, x 500.
86 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM.
From other British species of the genus this is distinguished by the
oblongo-cylindrical gonidimia, similar to those of Coniocybe furfuracea.
The thalline squamiform granules are either somewhat scattered and
minute, or more crowded and larger. In this more developed state,
which is rare in Britain, the apothecia are usually less crowded, with the
stipes firmer and shorter.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and decaying pales (fir) in shady up-
land tracts.—Déistr. Only in one or two places in 8. and N. England, 8.
Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Menstrie, New Forest, Hants;
Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Binnie Woods, Haddingtonshire.
Tervoe, co. Limerick.
Subsp. 1. C. cinereum Nyl. ew Norrl. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn.
(1876) p. 10.—Thallus granulose, greyish or whitish. Apothecia
with the stipes often brownish and partly greyish-suffused, capitulom
beneath greyish or white-suffused ; spores 0,003-5 mm. in diameter.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicium trichiale var. cinereum
Nyl. ew Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41,
ed. 3, p. 40. Calicium cinerewm Pers. Icon. (1799) p. 38, t. 14.
This subspecies is distinguished by the more granulose thallus and the
differently coloured stipes. The apothecia are usually more scattered.
Hab. On the bark of old oaks in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Only
in S. Ireland.—B. M.: Deer Park, Castlemartyr, co. Cork.
Subsp. 2. C. stemoneum Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn.
(1876) p. 10.—Thallus thinnish, leprose, greyish- or greenish-yellow.
Apothecia black or brownish-black ; stipes short or elongate, dark-
brown; capitulum grey-pruinose beneath, or nearly naked; sporal
mass umbrine or reddish-brown; spores as in the type.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicium trichiale var. stemoneum Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 243; Nyl. Syn. i. p. 150, t. v. f. 15; Mudd, Man.
p- 260; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3,
p- 40. Calicium eruginosum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 156; Eng.
Bot. t. 2502; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Phacotium aruginosum
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 227; Mudd,
n. 248.
Distinguished chiefly by the thin leprose thallus and the colour of the
stipes. The stipes is short and stout, or elongate and slender, accord-
ing to the habitat. The sterile plant may not be unfrequent in some
parts of Englaud, but fertile specimens are rare.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, stumps and pales in shady lowland
and upland situations.—Dzstr. Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. Eng-
land.—B. M.: Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Cuckfield, Sussex ; Kenwick,
Worcestershire ; Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
_ CALICIUM. ] CALICIEI. art
Subgen.EUCALICIUM Cromb. Grevillea, xyv.(1886) p. 14.—Thallus
with globulose gonidia ; spores globose or ellipsoid, simple or 1-septate.
a. Spores globose, very rarely oblong, simple, brownish ;
sporal mass umbrine.
2. C. chrysocephalum Ach.
Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 15.—Thal-
lus thickish, granulate, granules
usually conglomerate, citrine or
bright greenish-yellow. Apothe-
cia scattered ; stipes rather short,
slender, black or blackish-brown ;
eapitulum turbinato - lentiform,
black, beneath and at the margin ci-
trino-suffused ; spores 0,003-6 mm.
in diameter.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.
11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 39, ed. 3,
p- 39.—Cyphelium chrysocephalum
Mudd, Man. p. 261. Phacotium Ao
chrysocephalum Gray, Nat. Arr. “ye
i. p. 484. Lichen chrysocephalus °
Turn. Linn. Soc. Trans. vii. (1804) ths
p. 88, t. 8. f. 1; Eng. Bot. a
t. 2501. Caliciwm chrysocepha- VOD
J
lum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 134, pro
Fig. 24.
parte; Mudd, n. 251.
Readily distinguished by its bright
yellow thallus, which in British
specimens is persistent, and by the
colour of the margin and of the under-
side of the capitulum, but the latter
Calicium quercinum Pers.—a. Goni
dia, x 350 diameters.
thecium, x 30. cc. Section of
apothecium (moistened), x 30.
d. Theca and paraphyses, x 350.
e. Spores, x 500. f. Vertical section
of a spermogonium, X 30. g. Ste-
b. Apo-
disappears in old plants. The apo- Tigmata, and / spermatia, x 500.
thecia are more or less scattered, rarely here and there aggregate, and as
if subsessile.
Hab. On old pales and barn-doors in maritime and upland tracts,—
Distr. Local and scarce in a few localities throughout England; very
rare in S. and Central Scotland.—B. M.: Bury, Suffolk ; Walthamstow,
Essex; Penshurst, Kent; Bolney, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest,
Hants; Downton Castle, Herefordshire ; Hatfield, near Worcester; Hay
Park, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Rosedale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Falls
of Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
Form 1. melanocephalum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 147, t. v. f. 19.—
Apothecia fasciculately branched; stipes black; capitulum black,
citrino-suffused only at the margin; spores globose or ellipsoid,
pale-brown, 0,004-16 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich.
FL. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 39; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Brit. Exvs.:
Leight. n. 134, pro parte.
From the type, with which it grows associated, this is distinguished
88 LICHENACEI, [CALICIUM.
by the fasciculate apothecia, the colour of the capitulum, and move
especially by the rather variable spores.
Hab, On old pales in upland tracts——Distr. Extremely local and
scarce in W. England.—B. M.: Downton Castle, Herefordshire.
Form 2. filare Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 239.—Thallus some-
what scattered. Apothecia fasciculate, stipes more elongate, slender,
with smaller capitulum.
This form, which seems constant, differs in the thallus not being con-
tinuous, and in the longer stipes and the smaller capitulum, characters no
doubt resulting from the habitat.
Hab. On the bark of old firs in moist upland situations.— Distr. Very
local and rare among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Aberfeldy and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
3. C. pheocephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 145.—
Thallus thickish, granulose, granules small, subsquamiform, plicato-
congested, crenate, pale-greyish or dark- yellowish. Apothecia
small ; stipes rather short, slender, blackish or pale-brown ; capitulum
turbinato-lentiform, greenish-yellow-pruinose, sporal mass somewhat
plane ; spores 0,003-5 mm. in diameter.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 39.—
Cyphelium pheocephalum Mudd, Man. p. 261. Lichen phoocephalus
Turn. Linn. Soc. Trans. vii. (1807) p. 260, t. 6. f. 1. Phacotium
trabinellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. Lichen trabinellus Eng. Bot.
t. 1540.
The granuloso-squamulose thallus by which this plant is characterized
varies somewhat in thickness and in colour according to the habitat.
Although variable in other countries, all the British specimens are typical.
The apothecia are usually very numerous, and subsessile in thicker
thalli.
Hab. On old boarded builtins, rarely on pales, in upland wooded tracts.
—Distr. Local and scarce in 8., E., and W. England. —B. M.: Laken-
ham, near Norwich, Norfolk ; Bruisyard, Suffolk ; near Colchester , Essex ;
Hurstpierpoint and ATbourne, Sussex ; Hay Park, near Ludlow, Shrop-
shire.
4. C. aciculare Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 119.—Thallus very thin,
subleprose, greyish or obsolete. Apothecia minute, crowded ; stipes
short, very slender, dark-brown ; capitulum obconico-turbinate, more
or less citrino-suffused, sporal mass usually much protruded ; spores
0,003-4 mm. in diameter.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40, ed. 3, p. 40.—
Calicium pheocephalum var. aciculare Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12.
Lichen acicularis Eng. Bot. (1812) t. 2385. Calicium chlorellum
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 146; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140; Mudd,
Man. p. 262, t. iv. f. 107. Phacotium hispidulum Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 483.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 170; Mudd, n. 252; Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 81; Bohl. n. 98.
Allied to the preceding species, but differing in the thin, subleprose, or
nearly evanescent thallus, the minute, numerous, and crowded apothecia,
the longer and narrower capitulum, and the protruded sporal mass. The
~~
-
Sat
CALICIUM. | CALICIEL 89
citrine colour of the capitulum is sometimes confined to the margin, and
in the herbarium is frequently obliterated.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr.
Very local and scarce in S., E., and N.W. England.—B. M.: Bury, Suffolk;
Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire; Esher, Surrey; Bolney, Sussex; New
Forest, Hants ; Kempsey, Worcestershire ; Brantsdale and Bousdale Gill,
Cleveland ; Levens, Westmoreland.
5. C. arenarium Ny]. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1876)
p. 345.—Thallus none proper. Apothecia parasitic, somewhat
small; and scattered, stipes more or less elongate, stout, rusty-
brown, yellowish-suffused ; capitulum globoso-lentiform ; spores
oblong, simple or faintly 1-septate, 0,006-11 mm. long, 0,0025-
35 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14. —Cyphelium arenarium
Hampe in Mass. Miscell. (1856) p. 20. Coniocybe citrina Leight.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xix. (1857) p. 130, t. 8. ff. 7-9.
Cyphelium citrinum, Mudd, Man. p. 261. Calicium citrinum Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44.—Brit. Evs.:
Leight. n. 269.
The colour and general aspect of the fructification as well as the sterile
thallus of the host give this species the appearance of a state of Conio-
cybe furfuracea. The spores are not fully developed in specimens growing
in shady places.
Hab, Parasitic on the thallus of Lecidea lucida on stones in shady walls
in upland districts — Distr. Rather local and scarce, having been gathered
only sparingly in Wales, N. England, and the Central Highlands, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Croesfaen, Monmouthshire; between Corwen and Bala,
Merionethshire ; near Dent, Yorkshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire.
6. C. melanophzeum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1816) p. 276, t. 8. f. 8.
—Thallus thickish, granulose, yellowish-white or cream-coloured
(K +red), sometimes nearly obsolete. Apothecia moderate, scattered ;
stipes moderate or somewhat long, stout, black ; capitulum turbinate,
black ; sporal mass occasionally protruded; spores 0,0025-0,008 mm.
in diameter.—Mudd, Man. p. 259; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 41.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 315.
In general appearance this seems allied to C. trichiale, but the form of
the gonidia and the chemical reaction afford definite marks of distinction.
The apothecia are irregularly scattered and generally not numerous in
British specimens.
Hab. On the trunks of old firs and decorticated oaks, rarely on decay-
ing posts in wooded upland tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in S., E,, and
N. England; very rare in Central Scotland.—B. M.: Epping Forest,
Essex ; Leith Hill, Surrey; Ardingley, Sussex; New Forest, Hants;
Oakley Park and Hailey Wood, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Louns-
dale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blair-
drummond, near Stirling, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
Var. @. ferrugineum Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 172.--Thallus
granuloso-conglomerate or nearly leprose. Apothecia large, sessile,
the stipes immersed in the crust ; spores 0,004-11 mm. in diameter.
—
90 LICHENACEI, —- [CALICIUM.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicium trichiale y. ferrugineum
Mudd, Man. p. 260, t. iv. f. 106; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 41, ed. 3, p. 41.—Calicium ferrugineum Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Br. (1839) p. 136; Eng. Bot. t. 2473; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p. 139.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 249.
The gonidia separate this from C. trichiale, to which it has been referred
by recent authors because of the appearance of the thallus. Nylander (a
litt. 1875) regards it as a variety of C. melanopheum, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the large subsessile apothecia. The thallus is frequently
more or less sprinkled with irregular rusty spots. It is often sterile;
when fertile the apothecia are numerous, and sometimes 2-3 or more be-
come confluent.
Hab. On old pales, rarely on decorticated oaks, in shady lowland and
upland tracts.—Distr. Pretty general, and common where it occurs,
throughout England, chiefly in the 8—B.M.: Framlingham and
Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Walthamstow, Essex; near Mill Hill,
Middlesex ; Elstree, Herts; near Reigate, Surrey ; New Forest, Hants;
Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Ragley Park, Worcestershire ;
Gopsall Wood, Leicestershire ; Moor Park and Hay Park, near Ludlow,
Shropshire ; near Ingleby, Yorkshire.
Subsp. C. brunneolum Nyl. ev Norrl. Medd. Soc. F. et Fl. Fenn.
(1876) p. 10.—Thallus effuse, very thin, macular, greenish- or grey-
ish- white, often evanescent (K +red). Apothecia small, numerous ;
stipes elongate, very slender, dark-brown or blackish; capitulum
small, globoso-lenticular, brown; sporal mass reddish-brown or fer-
ruginous ; spores 0,0025-42 mm. in diameter.—Cromb. Greyillea,
xv. p. 14.—Calicium trichiale 6. brunneolum Mudd, Man. p. 260 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 41.
Calicium brunneolum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 279, t. 8. f. 12.
—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 252; Mudd, n. 250.
As this agrees in the form of the gonidia, the thalline reaction, and in
general appearance with C. melanopheum, Nylander regards it as being
only a subspecies. It is distinguished by the smaller and more numerous
apothecia, the elongate slender stipes, the colour of the capitulum and
sporal mass.
Hab. On old decorticated trees and stumps in shady upland districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce in S. and N. England.—B. M.: Leith Hill,
Surrey ; New Forest, Hants; Crowle, near Worcester ; Ingleby Park and
Brantsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Hexham, Northumberland.
7. C. elassosporum Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 441.—Thallus effuse,
thinnish, glaucous or glaucous-greenish, becoming somewhat obso-
lete. Apothecia small, numerous ; stipes elongate, slender, blackish;
capitulum small, globoso-lenticular; sporal mass umbrine; spores
0,0025 mm. in diameter, or even smaller—Cromb. Grevillea, iv.
p. 180; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.41.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 111.
Similar to more robust states of the preceding subspecies, but differs in
the smaller spores and gonidia. The gonidia are conglomerate in difform
syngonidia. The thallus, which spreads extensively, becomes more or
CALICIUM. | CALICIEI. 91
less evanescent and visible only around the apothecia, which are either
scattered, or more frequently approximate, with the stipes occasionally
once-branched.
Hab. On decorticated trunks of alders in mountainous districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce, among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Glen Lochay, Perthshire.
b. Spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, rarely simple, black ;
sporal mass blackish.
8. C. hyperellum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 93.—Thallus granulose
or leprose, greenish-yellow. Apothecia moderate, usually nume-
rous; stipes elongate, firm, black; capitulum globoso-lentiform,
black, beneath usually somewhat reddish ; spores sometimes nar-
rowed at either apex, 1-septate, 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm.
thick.—Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 140; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 77; Mudd, Man. p. 258, t. iv. f. 105;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 42, ed. 3, p. 42.—
Phacotium hyperellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483. Lichen hyperellus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 85; Eng. Bot. t. 18382. Coralloides fungi-
forme arboreum nigrum vix crustosum Dill. Muse. 78, t. 14. f. 3B.
— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 23; Bohl. n. 61; Mudd, n. 245.
In favourable situations this spreads exteusively, though more fre-
quently it occurs in small, interrupted patches. Nearly agrees with
C. chrysocephalum in the colour of the thallus, though the colour of the
apothecia and the spores are very diverse. Often infertile; when preseut
the apothecia are generally very numerous.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in upland wooded dis-
tricts— Distr. Pretty general and common in England, rare in Wales;
very rare in 8. and Central Scotland and in N. and W. Ireland.—B. M.:
Ickworth and Bury, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex; Penshurst Park,
Kent; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; Chedworth
Woods and Sapperton, Gloucestershire ; Hendlip, Worcestershire ; Gop-
sall Park, Leicestershire ; Derbyshire; near Ludlow and Almond Park,
near Shrewsbury, Shrepshire; Builth, Brecknockshire; Welshpool,
Montgomeryshire; Ingleby and Brantsdale, Yorkshire; Leven’s Park,
Westmoreland ; Catterlen, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire; Aberfeldy, Perthshire. Killarney,
co. Kerry.
Form J. viride Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 153.—Thallus thin, leprose or
granulato-pulverulent, greenish-yellow, the stipes occasionally very
short; capitulum often greenish- or greyish-pulverulent, black
beneath.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.— Calicium viride Pers. Ust.
Ann. vii. (1794) p. 20.
This form is distinguished by the more pulverulent thallus and the
colour of the capitulum above, though this latter character is not always
present. The stipes is occasionally very short, so that the apothecia are
almost sphinctriniform (=form sesszle Cromb.)—a condition which is
referred to by Turner and Borrer in Lich. Br. p. 142.
Hab, On trunks of old trees and on pales in wooded upland situations.
92 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM.
—Distr. Local and scarce in E., S., and W. England, and among the S.
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : New Forest, Hants; Sapperton, Gloucester-
shire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Form 2. baliolum Ny]. Syn. i. (1860) p. 153.—Apothecia larger,
the stipes thicker and compressed at the base.—Cromb. in Grevillea,
xv. p. 14.—Calicium baliolum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 238.
Differs from the type merely in the stipes. In the only British speci-
men the apothecia are numerous and some are nearly sessile.
Hab, On old pales in wooded upland districts.—-Distr. Only in S.W.
England.—B, M.: Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants.
9. C. quercinum Pers. Tent. (1797) p. 59.—Thallus thin, granu-
lose, or nearly smooth, or leprose, greyish-white or scarcely any.
Apothecia moderate, numerous ; stipes somewhat long, stout, black ;
capitulum turbinato-lentiform, white-pruinose, at length naked,
beneath grey-pruinose ; spores somewhat constricted in the middle,
1-septate, 0,005-9 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. 1.
p. 155, t. v. f. 25; Mudd, Man. p. 257; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 43, ed. 3, p. 48.—Calicium clavellum Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 138 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. Lichen clavellus Eng.
Bot. t. 1465. Phacotium clavieulare Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483.—
Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 244; Bohl. n. 95.
When fully developed the thallus is subtartareous, but frequently it is
but little visible. In all conditions, however, the species is readily recog-
nized, even when the disk is naked, by the grey pruina of the capitulum
beneath, which in a growing state is always persistent. The apothecia
are frequent, and the spermogones are usually abundant and crowded.
Hab. On old pales and the decayed trunks of trees in wooded
upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce throughout England; very rare
in S. Scotland; not known in Ireland.—B. M.: Lakenham, Norfolk;
Henfield, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Birkland, Notting-
hamshire ; Hay Park, Ludlow, Shropshire; Baysdale, Cleveland, York-
shire ; Hexham, Northumberland. Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire.
Var. 3. lenticulare Ny]. Syn. i. (1860) p. 156.—Thallus thin, gra-
nuloso-leprose, whitish, or scarcely any, or obsolete. Apothecia
moderate, numerous; stipes somewhat robust, black; capitulum
tubiformi-dilated, entirely naked, concolorous ; spores as in the type
or slightly narrower.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13.—Calicium lenti-
culare Ach. Vet. Ak. Hand]. 1816, p. 262, t. 8. f. 4— Brit. Exs.:
Cromb. n. 112 pro parte.
This differs chiefly in the form and colour of the capitulum, which is
not pruinose. It is a very distinct variety; perhaps it should rank asa
subspecies.
Hab. On old oak pales in wooded upland tracts——Distr. Local and
scarce in S. and W. England, and in N. Wales.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey ;
New Forest, Hants; Lewes, Sussex; Bovey Tracey, $. Devon; Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland.
CALICIUM. | CALICIFI. 93
Form 1. chlorodes Ny). ev Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 14.—
Thallus effuse, thinnish, granuloso-leprose, greenish-yellow. Apo-
thecia small, scattered ; stipes short, black.
The colour of the thallus, if not abnormal, would render this a very
distinct variety. The apothecia are smaller and usually more slender
than in var. /enticulare, but in other respects quite similar.
Hab. On old pales in upland tracts.—Distr. Found only sparingly in
E. and 8. England.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; near Shiere, Surrey ;
near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon.
Subsp. C. curtiusculum Ny]. Flora, 1879, p. 360.—Thallus effuse,
granulate, whitish. Apothecia black ; stipes short ; capitulum len-
tiform, white-pruinose at the extreme margin; spores 0,006-10
mm. long, 0,0035—-45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, viil. p. 114.—
Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 82.
As indicated by Nylander (7. c.), most probably a subspecies of C. guer-
cinum, differing in the short stipes and in the marginal pruina. The
apothecia, sometimes nearly sessile, are numerous and crowded.
Hab. On bark of old firs, and on pales in shady lowland tracts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in S. and E. England—B, M.: Near Lewes,
Sussex ; Oakington, Cambridgeshire.
10. C. pusillum Florke, Deutsch. Lich. (1815) n. 188.—Thallus
maculate, greyish or whitish, obsolete or none. Apothecia small,
entirely black, the stipes slender; spores 1-septate, 0,005—0,010 mm.
long, 0,0025-0,005 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 157 ; Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.
Looks like a minute variety of C. quercinum, but is constant to its own
type. Analogous modifications occur in almost all the other species,
though usually on the same plant as their types. The very few British
specimens have the thallus obsolete and apothecia minute and scattered.
Hab. On decorticated firs in wooded situations.—Distr. Extremely
local and scarce in S. Ireland.—B. M.: Deer Park, Castlemartyr, co.
Cork.
11. C. curtum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 148.—Thal-
lus very thin, granulose, greyish or obsolete. Apothecia small,
black; stipes short, usually somewhat stout; capitulum turbi-
nato-cylindrical, white-pruinose at the margin; sporal mass gene-
rally much protruded; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0,007-14 mm.
long, 0,004-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine frequently bluish with
iodine.—Eng. Bot. t. 2503; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140 ; Mudd, Man.
p- 257; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 44, ed. 3, p. 48.—Calicium quercinum,
subsp. curtum Nyl.,Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.13. Phacotiwm curtum Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 485.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 133; Mudd, n. 243;
Cromb. n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb. nn. 83, 321; Bohl. n. 99.
The most common of the British Calicie, and often spreads extensively,
though sometimes the thallus is evanescent. From C. quercinum it
94 LICHENACEI. [CALICIUM,.
differs chiefly in having the capitulum slightly pruinose only at the mar-
gin, and the spore-mass very much protruded, giving the apothecia “a
miniature resemblance to a painter’s brush” (Turn. & Borr. /. ¢.). The
apothecia are very numerous and crowded, varying considerably in size
even in the same specimen. The spermogones are frequent, somewhat
prominent, black, and often congregate.
Hab. On old pales and the decayed trunks of trees, chiefly oaks, in
wooded upland districts —Distr. General, and plentiful where it occurs,
in most parts of Great Britain, but local and scarce in the Channel
Islands and Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bury, Suffolk; Wal-
thamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Balcombe and Shiere, Surrey ;
near Hythe, Kent; Bolney, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants;
Braydon Forest, Wilts ; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire ; Gopsall Park and Brad-
gate Park, Leicestershire; Hay Park, Herefordshire; Hatfield, near
Worcester ; Oswestry and Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Aberdovey, Merio-
nethshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham.
Barcaldine and Glen Falloch, Argyleshize; Killin, Craig Calliach, and
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Countesswell’s Wood, near Aberdeen. Castle-
martyr, co. Cork.
12. C. trachelinum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 272, t. 8. f. 7.
—Thallus very thin, granulose, greyish-white, or often obsolete.
Apothecia moderate, or somewhat large, scattered or crowded; stipes
short and stout, or elongate and slender, black ; capitulum turbinato-
globose, reddish beneath ; spores slightly constricted in the middle,
l-septate, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm. thick—Mudd, Man.
p. 258; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 43, ed. 3,
p. 42.—Cualicium claviculure y. trachelinum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 91. ~
Calicium spherocephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 152; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41; Sm. Engl. Fl. vy. p. 141; Tayl. in Mack. Fl.
Hib. ii. p. 77. Phacotium spherocephalum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 483.
Lichen spherocephalus Eng. Bot. t. 414. Coralloides fungiforme
arboreum nigrum vie crustosum Dill. Musc. 78, t. 14. f. 3 4.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 270; Mudd, n. 246; Cromb. n. 112 pro parte.
Readily recognized by the colour of the underside of the capitulum.
Occasionally, as in other species, it is more or less suffused with a
yellowish lepraria, which remains when the proper thallus has disappeared.
The apothecia are usually very numerous, and the stipes when elongate
is sometimes flexuose. The spermogones are generally present and
abundant.
Hab, On the trunks of old trees, occasionally on pales, in maritime
and upland districts.—Distr. Not very general nor common, throughout
England, rare in N. Wales, 8. and Central Scotland, and in 8. W. Ireland.
—B. M.: Earsham, Norfolk; Lea Bridge Road, Essex ; Henfield, Sussex;
New Forest, Hants; Chedworth Woods, Gloucestershire; near Wor-
cester ; Pophills, Warwickshire ; Pen-y-law, near Oswestry, Salop; Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone,
Durham; Leyen’s Park, Westmoreland. Ben Lawers and Den of Dup-.
plin, Perthshire; Mar Lodge, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Castle Bernard
Park, co. Bandon.
Form hemipheum Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Apo-
thecia with the stipes reddish above, or sometimes entirely reddish.
—Var. remiplodum (errore) Nyl., Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 43.
CALICIUM. | CALICIEL. 95
This differs from the type in the upper portion or the entire length of
the stipes being concolorous with the underside of the capitulum. It
is probably an accidental state. Leighton erroneously describes it as
haying a whitish margin.
Hab. On decaying wood in upland tracts—Distr. Very rare and local
in W. England.—B. M.: Cricklade, Wiltshire.
Var. 3. xylonellum Nyl. Syn. ii. (1860) p. 155.-—Capitulum
blackish, usually more globose, the margin inflexed, sometimes
brownish.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Caliciwm «xylonellum Ach.
Meth. (1803) p. 92, Suppl. p. 14. Calicium spheerocephalum
B. crustosum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 153.
Though looking distinct, this is only a variety of C. trachelinum,
differing, amongst other minor and less constant characters, in the colour,
form, and coarctate margin of the capitulum.
Hab. On old pales in upland wooded tracts.—Distr. Very local and
scarce in HE. and 8. England, and (fide Nyl. lc.) in S.W. Iveland.—
B. M.: Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants.
13. C. parietinum Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 260, t. 8. f. 1 a, B.
—Thallus very thin, maculate, greyish-white, or none visible.
Apothecia minute, scattered ; stipes somewhat short, slender,
black ; capitulum lenticular or subturbinate, blackish, sporal mass
compact; spores fusiformi-ellipsoid, simple, about 0,007-11 mm.
long, 0,003-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicium
subtile Mudd, Man. p. 258; Cromb. Enum. p. 13; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 44, ed. 3, p. 44. Calicium debile Eng. Bot. t. 2462; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 151; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Strongylium
debile Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 484.—As it is extremely doubtful if
Caliciwm subtile Pers. is this species, I have employed the name of
Acharius.— Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 314; Mudd, n. 247.
The thallus, even when best developed, forms only a very thin, widely
spreading film, which often becomes obliterated. The minute, scattered
apothecia, the slender stipes, the form of the capitulum, the rather com-
pact mazeedium, and the simple spores distinguish it from its British
allies.
Hab. On the trunks of decorticated dead trees, and on old timber of
outhouses in upland districts.— Distr. Local and rare in S. and N. Eng-
land.—B. M.: Henfield, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.
Form minutellum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 159.—Thallus whitish.
Apothecia minute, capitulum often greyish-suffused beneath.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Caliciwm minutellum Ach. Vet. Ak.
Handl. 1816, p. 118, t. 5. f. 2.
This differs from the type in the colour of the thallus, the constantly
minute apothecia, and the colour of the underside of the capitulum. In
the only British specimen this last character is scarcely apparent.
96 LICHENACEI. [CALIcIUM,
Hab. On old pales in upland tracts.—Distr. Only sparingly in 8.
England.—B. M.: Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire.
14. C. populneum De Brond. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) i.
p. 638.—Thallus hypophleodal, macular, subleprose, pale or whitish.
Apothecia minute, scattered, entirely black, somewhat shining ;
stipes very short, slender ; capitulum turbinate; spores 1-septate,
blackish, 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick-——Mudd, Man.
p. 257, t. iv. f. 104; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44;
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicium curtum B. populinum Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Br. p. 149; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 140. Calicowm
triste Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 138.
The thallus is somewhat smooth and shining, appearing as a very thin
film. From C. parietinum, which it somewhat resembles, distinguished
by its place of growth, the minute, fragile apothecia and the larger
spores.
Hab. On the smooth bark of poplars in wooded upland tracts —Distr.
Only sparingly from the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland and 8.W. Ireland.
—B. M.: Airds, Appin, Argyleshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
15. C. diploellum Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 161.—Thallus effuse,
very thin, greyish-white, but doubtfully proper. Apothecia minute,
scattered, entirely black; stipes very short; capitulum turbinate,
open: sporal mass scarcely prominent; spores simple or at length
1-septate 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ.
Bot. 1868, p. 100; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 138; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 39, ed. 3, p. 39.
Apart from other marks of distinction, this may be recognized by its
very small size, being the most minute of all Caliciez, so that it is very
liable to be overlooked. Itis closely allied to C. disseminatum, a European
species, which has not yet been detected in Great Britain.
Hab. On the bark of holly in upland wooded districts — Distr. Ex-
tremely local and scarce, in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cromaglown, Kil-
larney, co. Kerry.
16. C. retinens Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 161.—Thallus effuse, thin,
subfarinaceous, opaque, whitish. Apothecia minute, sessile, leci-
deiform, black; sporal mass indistinct; spores oblong or oblongo-
cylindrical, conspicuously 1-septate, 0,008-11 mm. long, 0,0025-
35 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish-rubricose.—Leight. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, i. p. 482; Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 44;
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.
It is doubtful if the thallus be really proper. This may be decided
by additional specimens. With its lecideiform apothecia and indistinct
mazedium and definitely 1-septate spores it seems referable to Trachylia;
but it rather presents, according to Nylander, i Jitt., an affinity with
species of the present genus, especially in the longer spores. At the
same time it shows that there are no decided limits for the two genera.
Hab. On the trunk of an old oak in a maritime district.— Distr. Met
with only once, and very sparingly, in the Channel Islands, on the coast
of Jersey.
ck
STENOCYBE. | CALICTEI. 97
22. STENOCYBE Nyl. Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84, ex Stiz. St. Gall.
Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 196.—Thallus macular, thin, usually obsolete,
or probably none proper. Apothecia stipitate, scattered, black, the
capitulum turbinato-clavate ; paraphyses slender, short ; sporal mass
none ; spores oblongo-fusiform, normally 3-septate, dark-brown or
blackish ; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish with iodine. Spermogones
not rightly known.
Distinguished from Calicium by the surface of the capitulum, which is
without any accumulated sporal mass, the pluriseptate spores, and the
more slender and shorter paraphyses. The absence of a mazedium
entitles it to rank as a distinct genus, as originally proposed by Nylander,
a position to which he has again restored it. All the plants are minute
and inconspicuous.
1. §. euspora Nyl. ev Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Thal-
lus scarcely any proper, or very
diffuse and obsolete. Apothecia
distantly scattered, very small,
black; stipes slender; capitu-
lum clavate; spores 3—5—7-sep-
tate, 0,018-36 mm. long, 0,007—
11 mm. thick; paraphyses thin,
crowded. — Calicium eusporum
Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xv.
(1856) p. 549; Carroll, Journ.
Bot. 1865, p. 287, pro parte.
Stenocybe major Nyl. Bot. Not.
1854, p. 84 (nomen ineptum).
This has hitherto been confoun-
ded by British authors (following
Mudd) with S. trajecta. From this
it is distinguished by the smaller
and more scattered apothecia and
especially by the smaller spores.
Hab. On old stumps of holly in f Fig. 25.
mountainous situations. — Distr.
: , Stenocybe euspora Nyl.—a. An apo-
Extremely local and rare in S.W. thecium, X30. 6. Section of upper
Treland.— B. M.: Mangerton, co. portion of an apothecium, x30. ec.
Kerry. Theca and paraphysis, X350. d.
Spores, x 500.
2. §. trajecta Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p, 272.—Thallus
effuse, very thin, or obsolete, or none proper. Apothecia small,
blackish ; stipes short and robust, or more elongate and slender;
capitulum truncato-clavate, with the margin inflexed; spores 2 (4)-
locular, or at length 3-septate, very large, 0,044-70 mm. long,
0,014-20 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, somewhat crowded.—
Calicium trajectum Nyl. Flora, i865, p. 211; Carroll, Journ. Bot.
1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p 13; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 46.
i
98 LICHENACEI. [STENOCYBE.
Stenocybe eusporum Mudd, Man. p. 256, t.iv. f. 103. Calicium
eusporum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18. Calcium septatum Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 45, ed. 3, p. 45. Sphinetrina septata Leight. Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xix. (1857) p. 132, t. 8. ff. 20-24. The
specific name of Leighton, though having priority, is quite inappli-
cable in this genus.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 242; Leight. n. 228;
Cromb. n. 9.
There has been considerable difficulty about this plant, owing to the
variable character of the spores, which, as already observed, has led to its
being confounded with the preceding. The thallus is so thin as to be
scarcely distinguishable from the bark upon which it grows, and is usually
evanescent or none proper. The apothecia are generally numerous, some-
times 2-3 congregate, with the stipites varying in length from y% to
i inch, and occasionally, when more elongate, becoming branched.
Hab, On the bark of holly, and also parasitic on the thallus of Thelo-
trema lepadinum and Graphis elegans in upland wooded districts.—Distr.
Local, though common where it occurs, in S. and N. England and in 8.
and W. Ireland. B. M.: Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ingleby
Park and Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Glenbower Wood and
near Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Ture Mt., Killarney, co, Kerry; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
3. S. byssacea Nyl. Bot. Not. 1884, p. 84.—Thallus scarcely any
visible, or obscure and obsolete. Apothecia small, much scattered,
blackish ; stipes very slender, sometimes branched ; capitulum cla-
vato-tubiform ; spores simple or at length 1—3-septate, 0,015-23 mm.
long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses few; hymenial gelatine
scarcely tinged with iodine.— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 14.—Calicioum
byssaceum Fr. Sched. Crit. i. (1824) p. 6; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873,
p- 132; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 45.
Closely allied to the two preceding species, but smaller and more
slender, with the apothecia very much scattered and the spores smaller.
Unless after a shower of rain, it is scarcely visible, and is consequently
overlooked. The apothecia are frequently branched, becoming occasion-
ally somewhat fasciculate.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of old alders in upland wooded
districts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce in W. England, N. Wales, and among
the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Hay Park, Ludlow, Shropshire ;
Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire. Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
23. CONIOCYBE Ach. Vet. Ak. H. 1816, p. 288; Nyl. Mém. Soc.
Cherb. iti. (1855) p. 168.—Thallus effuse, leprose, thin, or scarcely
any distinct; gonidial layer consisting of gonidimia, various in
form. Apothecia stipitate, globoso-pulverulent, yellow or pale,
stipes usually elongate: sporal mass copiously accumulated on the
capitulum ; spores spherical, simple, colourless, or pale-brownish,
mixed with the paraphyses; spermogonia with simplish sterigmata,
and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia.
CONIOCYBE. | CALICIEL. 99
In the type of the apothecia this has the same relation to Caliciwm that
Biatora has to Eulecidea, It differs from Calicium in the pulverulent
globose capitulum and in the constantly spherical form of the spores,
although, as already observed, it closely approaches subgen. Allodium.
1. C.furfuracea Ach. Vet. Ak.
Handl. 1816, p. 288.—Thallus
leproso-pulverulent, greenish-yel-
low or sulphur-coloured. Apo-
thecia small or moderate, conco-
lorous, or rarely greyish-pruinose ;
stipes elongated, slender, sul-
phureo-pulverulent; capitulum
globose, sporal mass yellow or
pale-umbrine; spores 0,0025-30
mm. in diameter; paraphyses at
length branched.—Mudd, Man.
p- 262, t. iv. f. 108; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 46, ed. 3, p. 45.— Calicium
furfuraceum Turn. & Borr. Lich.
frp. 109; Sm: Eng. Fi. v.
p- 142. Beomyces furfuraceus
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78.
Trichia furfuracea, With. Arr. " -
ed. 3, iv. p- 398. Mucor furfu- Fig. 26.
raceus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 3 (1764) Coniocybe furfuracea Ach.—a. Apo-
p- 1655. Strongylium capitella- thecium, x30. 8. Vertical section
tum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 485. of the capitulum, x 30. ce. Theca
Lichen capitatus Sm. Eng. Bot. 2"4 paraphysis, x350. d. Spores,
: 7 are x 500. e. Vertical section of a sper-
t. 15389.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. mogone, X30. f. Sterigmata and g
n. “225; Cromb. n. 10; Bohl. spermatia, «500.
n. 62.
The thallus, which is more or less effuse, and internally has oblongo-
cylindrical gonidimia, occasionally becomes nearly evanescent. The sti-
pites are very weak, and consequently more or less flexuose; while in
old age they are denudate and become brown or blackish The apothecia
when present (for the thallus is very frequently infertile) are numerous,
scattered, or crowded. Our fig. (6) shows the brown axis of the stipes
ascending into the cupula, left white in the figure, and the pale brownish
pulvinate subcolumelliform hypothecium. The spermogones are apt to
be overlooked, being nearly concolorous with the thallus.
0000) ‘
—SEED 7.
Hab. On the roots of decayed trees and on dead twigs, occasionally on
the ground and decayed mosses, rarely on rocks in shady upland places.—
Distr. General throughout England, rare in N. Wales, 8. and Central
Scotland, rare in EK. Ireland (near Belfast). B. M.: Near Bury, Sutfolk ;
Walthamstow, Essex; Esher, Surrey; Lyndhurst, New Forest, and
Blackwater, Hants ; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; near Malvern Wells
and Alfrick, Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; South Wing-
field, Derbyshire ; Oswestry and Church Stretton, Shropshire ; near Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; Peel, Isle of Man; Brantsdale, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
HZ
100 LICHENACEI. [CONIOCYBE.
Durham; Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. Calderbank, near Glasgow ;
Blair Athole and Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
Form fulva Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 382.—Stipes short, some-
what stout, capitulum hemispherical ; otherwise as in the type.—
Mudd, Man. p. 262; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 46; Cromb. Gre-
villea, xv. p. 14.—Mucor fulvus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 3 (1764) p. 1655.
This form differs only in the shorter, stouter stipes and the form of the
capitulum. Where the plant is abundant, transition-states may be seen
in the same specimen.
Hab. On dead stems and mosses on walls and on the ground in up-
land tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, and amongst
the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Oswestry, Shropshire. Blair
Athole, Perthshire.
2. C. sulphurea Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 14.—
Thallus effuse, leprose, very thin, greyish or greyish-white, often
obsolete. Apothecia small, sulphureo-pulverulent ; stipes short, very
slender ; capitulum minute, globose; sporal mass yellow; spores
0,0025-0,003 mm. in diameter.— Lichen sulphureus Retz. Vet. Ak.
Handl. 1769, p. 249. Coniocyhe furfuracea ¢. sulphurella Fr. Mudd,
Man. p. 262; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47,
ed. 3, p. 46.
Though regarded as a variety of the preceding, differing chiefly in the
colour of the thallus and the smaller apothecia, this appears to be specifi-
cally distinct. It definitely and constantly preserves its own proper type,
and it has smaller gonidimia. In the British specimens the thallus is
well developed, with the apothecia somewhat scattered.
Hab, On semiputrid trunks of old oaks in wooded upland tracts.—
Distr. Extremely local and scarce, in S. and N. Engiand.—B. M.: New
Forest, Hants; Teesdale, Durham.
3. C. pallida Fr. Sched. Crit. i. (1824) p. 3.—Thallus very thin,
leproso-pulverulent, white, often obsolete. Apothecia small; stipes
moderate, stout, hyaline or yellow, rarely brownish above ; capitu-
lum globose ; sporal mass white or pale; spores 0,004—-10 mm. in
diameter.—Mudd, Man. p. 262; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3, p. 46.—Calicitum pallidum Pers. Ust. Ann.
(1794) p. 20, t. 3.ff£.1,2. Calicium peronellum Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Br. p. 158; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 141. Phacotiwm cantherellum Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 484. Lichen cantharellus Eng. Bot. t. 2557.
This may easily be recognized from the preceding, to which in the
colour of the thallus it approximates, by the hyaline and stout stipes,
and the colour of the sporal mass.
Hab. On stumps and trunks of old decayed trees in shady places in
upland tracts.—Distr. Oaly a few localities in Central and N. England,
though what appears to be the barren thallus has been met with else-
where.—B. M.: Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland.
CONTOCYBE. | CALICLEL. 101
4. C. hyalinella Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 93; Syn.
i. p. 164, t. v. f. 40.—Thallus obsolete. Apothecia small; stipes
slender, hyaline, brownish above; capitulum globose ; sporal mass
white or pale-reddish: spores minute, 0,0025-0,004 mm. in dia-
mcter.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3,
p. 46.
Occasionally there are traces of a very thin, whitish, and leprose thal’us,
but it is doubtful if this be proper. It is closely allied to C pallida, but
differs in the more slender stipes, and in the spores being at least half
the size.
Hab. On indurated stumps of trees in wooded upland districts —
Distr. Found only very sparingly in N. England.—B. M.: Brantsdale,
Yorkshire.
24. TRACHYLIA Fr. Vet. Ak.
Handl. 1821, p. 324, pro parte; Ny.
Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 167;
Lich. Scand. p. 44 (note).—Thallus
granulose, or-rarely subleprose, or
wanting. Apothecia sessile, cupu-
liform, open, black, with thin pro-
per margin; sporal mass more or
less accumulated, black ; spores 1-
septate, rarely pluri-septate and
irregularly divided, ellipsoid, black-
ish or brownish-black: hymenial
gelatine scanty and scarcely tinged
with iodine. Spermogones with ob-
long or ellipsoid spermatia.
Distinguished from the allied genera 4
by the apothecia being constantly |, , ij Fig. 27. R
sessile, almost lecideiform, and the ye : Bs ek te Fr.—a. Ver-
ellipsoid spores. As already noted Ptr eae oe an roe
under Calicium vretinens, transition spores) saad e mes his, 2 ae
forms are not wanting, and Trachylia ¢ Older (free) mignon x 500.
may not be generically distinct. The @, Vertical section of a spermo-
gonidia are globulose. gonium, X 30. ¢. Sterigmata
and spermatia, 500.
1. T. tigillaris Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 282.—Thallus effuse,
granulose, or granulato-areolate, or concrescent, usually rimose,
yellowish-green or citrine (K—). Apothecia small, plane, innate,
black, the margin prominent, at length excluded ; spores 1-septate,
0,015—25 mm. long, 0,008—11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 14;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 48, ed. 3, p. 47.—Acolium tigillare Gray, Nat.
Arr. 1. p. 452; Mudd, Man. p. 254. Calicium tigillare Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 182; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 139. Lichen tigillaris
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 67; Eng. Bot. t. 1530.
There is a striking contrast between the colour of the thallus and of
102 LICHENACEI. [TRACHYLIA.
the apothecia in this species. In damp shady places it is greener but
barren, so that it may be taken for a brightly coloured state of some sub-
concolorous lichen. Scattered amongst the ordinary granules are larger
and more prominent ones bearing the apothecia, which in our speci-
mens are few and small. The spermogones are frequent, punctiform,
minute, blackish, the sterigmata very short, the spermatia 0,005-7 mm.
long, 0,0025-35 mm. thick.
Hab. Qn old pales, generally about gardeus, very rarely on trees, in
lowland and upland districts—Dzstr. Very local, at least in a well-
developed state, having been gathered only sparingly in the Eastern
counties of England, and now extinct in several of the recorded localities.
B. M.: Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Walthamstow, Loughton, and Col-
chester, Essex; Herringfleet, Suffolk.
2. T. tympanella Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 282.—Thallus effuse,
granulose or granuloso-conerescent, moderate or thinnish, grey or
greyish-white (K+). Apothecia moderate or large, elevato-xessile,
plane, black, slightly grey-pruinose or naked, the margin promi-
nent, black, often white-pruinose, at length evanescent; spores
1-septate, 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 48, ed. 3, p. 47.—Acolium tym-
panellum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482; Mudd, Man. p. 254, t. iv.
f.101. Caliccum tympanellum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 89; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 184; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 1389. Lichen inquinans
Eng. Bot. t. 810.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 88; Mudd, n. 240;
Cromb. n. 114.
With its sessile apothecia this might readily be taken for some Lecidea
(such as L. premnea). The thallus, which is thickish with the granules
confluent, or very thin (nearly evanescent), spreads extensively over the
substratum, but occasionally; when surrounded by other lichens, it is
small. The apothecia are very numerous, at first somewhat protuberant,
but at length plane, large—the largest in the tribe. When touched the
mazzedium, which is sometimes considerably protruded, stains the fingers
with an inky colour.
Hab, On old posts and pales, rarely on the bark of trees in upland
districts.— Distr. General, and usually plentiful, in various parts of
England, and rare in E. Ireland.—B. M.: Earsham, Norfolk; Yarmouth
and Ickworth, Suffolk ; Walthamstow and Colchester, Essex ; Totteridge,
Middlesex; Elstree, Herts; Penshurst and Lydd, Kent; Albourne,
Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Wootton Basset, Gloucestershire ;
near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Harboro’
Magna, Warwickshire; Derbyshire; Oswestry, Haughmond Hill, and
near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Rosedale, Yorkshire. Curraghmore, co.
Waterford.
3. T. stigonella Fr. Sum. Veg. (1846) p. 282.—Thallus none
proper. Apothecia parasitic, small or moderate, scarcely prominent,
plane, black, naked, the margin prominent, concolorous, or some-
times pruinose, at length evanescent; spores 1-septate, obtusely
rounded at either apex, 0,009-17 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 49, ed. 3, p. 47.—
TRACHYLIA. | CALICIEI. 103
Acolium stigonellum Mudd, Man. p. 254. Calicium stigonellum
Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 88, pro parte. Calicium sessile 3. marginatum
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 128; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 138.—Brit.
Exs.:; Leight. n. 226; Cromb. n. 11.
This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is distinguished by
the smaller and constantly naked, somewhat scattered apothecia, and by
its being entirely parasitic.
Hab. On the thallus of various Pertusari@, on old oaks, in upland
woods.— Distr. General, though not common, throughout England.—-
B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex ; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Oakley Park, near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire ; Hendlip, near Worcester ; Gopsall Wood, Lei-
cestershire ; Llanforda, Shropshire; Easby Wood and Ingleby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Leven’s Park, near Kendal, Westmoreland; Teesdale,
Durham.
Tribe ll. SPH HROPHORETI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb.
iii. (1855) p. 168; Syn. i p. 169.
Thallus vertical, fruticuloso-divided or ramulose, subgloboso-
incrassate at the apices, within entirely filamentose. Apothecia
terminal, innate, at first closed, at length with the thalline receptacle
irregularly lacero-dehiscent ; sporal mass copious, black ; spores 8ne,
in evanescent thece, simple or 1l-septate, spherical or ellipsoid,
blackish or brown. Spermogones terminal, black or pale.
This is closely allied to the preceding tribe. Their thalli are no doubt
very different in form and texture; but the fully developed fructification
of the Spherophore: is similar to that of the Calicier.
25. SPHAROPHO-
RUS Pers. in Ust. Ann.
vii. (1794) p.23. (Sphe-
rophoron Ach. Meth.
(1803) p.134.)—Thallus
cespitoso - fruticulose,
branched, smooth, fra-
gile; medullary layer
white, woolly ; cortical
layer corneous, some-
whatshining. Apothecia
situated on the dilated
apices of the primary
axes, paraphyses very
scanty; spores covered Fig. 28.
with a black pigment. Spherophorus coralloides Ach.——a. Vertical section
Spermogones black with of an apothecium (in dry state), x30. 5. Theea
short, jointed sterigmata and paraphyses, x 350. c. Three spores (two of
. which are naked), x500. d. Vertical section of
and oblong spermatia. a spermogonium, X30, ¢. Arthrosterigmata
and spermatia, x 500
Ror
©)
a ee =
}
a\
+)
js
\
a
—
104 LICHENACEI. [SPH ZROPHORUS.
This small genus is distinguished from other fruticulcse lichens by the
thallus and apothecia. The fructification, though at first apparently
pyrenocarpoid, is at length entirely as in this series. The black powder
ot the spores is easily rubbed off, so that it is sometimes not visible in
herbaria specimens.
1. S. compressus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 135.—Thallus fruti-
culose, erect, irregularly branched, whitish (K—, medulla I—);
branches short, compressed, much divided, naked or more or less
laterally and minutely fibrillose. Apothecia moderate, oblique,
globoso-depressed; the receptacle lacero-dehiscent, or at length
discoid and open; spores spherical, 0,007-11 mm. in diameter.—
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232; Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 487; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 115; Mudd, Man. p. 264;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 49, ed. 3, p. 48—
Lichen fragilis Huds. Fl. Angi. i. p. 460 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot.
li. p. 888 pro min. parte; Eng. Bot. t. 114. Coralloides alpinum
coralline minoris facie Dill. Muse. 116, t. 17. f. 340. Lichenoides
non tubulosum, ramulis nigris scutellis terminatis Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, 66. 13.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 254; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 205;
Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23.
This, as observed by Turner and Borrer (/. c.), “is a singularly elegant
and beautiful lichen in point both of shape and of colour, especially in its
fertile state, when the striking whiteness of the thallus is relieved by the
jetty black of the large open cistule.’’ In moist places the main branches
are occasionally of a glaucous colour, and rarely, as stated by Lightfoot
l.c., ‘tinged with a bright-red colour” (becoming, however, darker
when dry), “so as to resemble very strongly Corallina rubens Linn.”
The compressed and normally whitish thallus and the oblique discoid
apothecia distinguish it from the following species. The apothecia are
but sparingly seen in British specimens, and the spermogones are seldom
present. They are tuberculose and brownish-black, situated on the main
branches, or more rarely on the apices of the fibrille, with spermatia
ellipsoid, 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hah, On rocks and boulders in shady places in upland tracts—Distr.
General, though not common. in Great Britain; rarer in W. Ireland and
the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Tunbridge Wells,
Kent; Ardingly, Sussex ; Dartmcor, Devonshire; Cromford Moor, near
Matlock, Derbyshire; Craigforda, near Oswestry, Shropshire; Aberdovey
and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Farndale, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Dur-
ham; Wark, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Lorne, Argyleshire ; the
Trossachs and Loch Tay, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Countess-
wells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Turk Mt. and
Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
2. §. coralloides Pers. Ust. Ann. 1. (1794) p.23.—Thallus unequally
and somewhat loosely branched, suberect or ascending, greyish-
white or reddish-brown (K —, medulla 1+ bluish); branches rounded,
numerous, rather short, with compound lateral fibrille. Apothecia
globose, moderate, the receptacle persistent, semi-globose and irre-
gularly dehiscent above; spores spherical, 0,009-15 mm. in dia-
SPH EROPHORVUS. | SPHZROPHOREI. 105
meter.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 487; Leight.
Br. Angi. Lich. 7, t.i. f. 1; Lich. Fl. p. 47, ed. 3, p. 48; Mudd,
Man. p. 264, t. v. f. 109; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 156.—Spherophoron
coralloides a. lavum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232. Lichen globiferus Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 887; Eng. Bot. t. 115; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40.
Lichen globosus Huds. Fl. Angl.i. p. 460. Coralloides eupressiforme
capitulis globosis Dill. Muse. p. 117, t. 17. f. 385. Lichenoides non
tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie cinereo-fuscum Dill. in Ray,
Syn. ed. 3, 65. 9.—Lichen globiferus Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 133 is
a prior name, but being merely the Latin equivalent of Spherophorus
cannot be retained, nor the still older name—Lichen globosus Huds.
—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 253; Leight. n. 316; Bohl. n. 5.
Notwithstanding the specific name, this plant is not nearly so “ coral-
linoid” as the preceding, from which it is distinguished by the rounded
and laxly branched thallus, the shorter branches, and the persistent sub-
globose receptacle of the apothecia. It occurs in extensive patches,
varying in colour from glaucous in shady to brownish or even reddish in
exposed habitats, the branches being somewhat shining in the upper portion,
and the larger ones more or less indistinctly articulate. The apothecia
are chiefly on the main branches, and remain closed for a considerable
time. Our figure (p. 105) illustrates their structure: a is a section of the
thalline receptacle with an apothecium. In the receptacle is an external
pale stratum—the c:rtex. In the apothecium there is (1) the columellar
brown hypothecium, which is blackish above ; (2) a bluish-white stratum,
which is the hymenium; and (3) a very thick external black stratum,
which is the mazedium. The spermogones are terminal either on the
sterile branches or on the fibrille, and are similar to those of S. com-
pressus, though more frequent.
Hab. On rocks and boulders, rarely on the mossy roots of trees, from
maritime to alpine regions —Dvstr. General and common in the hilly and
mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, rarer in the Channel
Islands —B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Tunbridge Wells,
Kent; Ardingly, Sussex; Vixen Tor, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Hay Tor,
Dartmoor, Devonshire ; between Arthur’s bed and Wring Cheese, near
Penzance, and Helminton, Cornwall; Buckstcne, near Monmouth ; Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Cromford
Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Caer Caradoc and Pentregaer, Cswestry,
Salop ; Llanberis and Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Cader Idris. Cwm
Bychan, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Kildale
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale and Eglestune, Durham ; Kent-
mere, Westmoreland ; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Pentland Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Fdin-
burgh ; Inverary and Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; the Trossachs, Craig Cal-
liach, Ben Lawers, Falls of Bruar, and near Loch Ericht, Perthshire ;
Reeky Linn and Clova, Forfarshire; hills at Nigg, Kincardineshire ;
Craig Coinnoch and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis,
Inverness-shire; near Forres, Elginshne; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
Devis Mt., co. Antrim; Willarney, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
Form congestus Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. (1878) p. 349.—
Thallus small, firm, the branches short, erect, densely aggregate.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xy. p. 10.
106 LICHENACEI. [SPH ZROPHORUS.
This singular form occurs in compact tufts, sometimes very closely
appressed to the substratum, and is probably only a stunted condition of
the type. It resembles the following species, but is distinguished by the
fibrillose and subfasciculate branches, and by the reaction of the medulla
with iodine. It is never seen fertile.
Hab, On naked boulders in subalpine regions.—Distr. Very local and
scarce among the Grampians and in the N.W. Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
hills of Applecross, Ross-shire.
3. S. fragilis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 135.—Thallus densely czspi-
tose, sparingly and dichotomously branched, nearly erect, greyish-
white, brownish or lurid-greyish (K+ yellowish, medulla 1—);
branches rounded, fastigate, naked, not fibrillose. Apothecia ter-
minal, globose, black ; receptacle irregularly dehiscent above ; spores
spherical or globoso-ellipsoid, 0,007-16 mm. in diameter.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 487; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 51, ed. 3, p. 49.—Spherophoron coral-
loides (3. fragile Mudd, Man. p. 264. Lichen fragilis Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 1154; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 888 pro parte; Eng. Bot.
2474. Spherophoron coralloides /3. cespitosum Turn. & Borr, Lich.
Br. p. 111; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232; Leight. Br. Angi. Lich. p. 8,
t.i.f. 2. Coralloides alpinum, Coralline minoris facie Dill. Muse.
116, t. 17. f. 34 4, B.
Though regarded as a variety of S. coralloides, this is distinguished by
the smaller and densely cespitose thallus, the fastigiate efibrillose
branches, and the chemical reactions, though that with K is but little
visible in darker-coloured thalli. It is usually pulvinate, and even when
best developed scarcely an inch in height, frequently glaucous towards the
apices and lurid near the base of the branches, occasionally reddish,
suffused on the surface with peroxide of iron. The apothecia are less
regularly globose than in the preceding species, the fertile branches being
more or less protruded. It is most frequently sterile. The spermogones
are common, with spermatia oblongo-cylindrical, very minute, 0,003 mm.
long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On mossy (also naked) rocks and boulders in upland, subalpine,
and alpine situations.—Distr. General and common in the hilly and
mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, reaching to the highest
summits of the Scottish Grampians—B. M : Ardingly Rocks, Sussex;
Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, 8. Devon; near Liskeard,
Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Craigforda, near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Island of Anglesea; Helsby, Cheshire; Farndale, Yorkshire ; Egleston
and Teesdale, Durham; Ennerdale, Cumberland ; the Cheviots, North-
umberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dum-
bartonshire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, near Crieff, and Loch Ericht,
Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Callater,
Loch-na-gar and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire ; Culbin, Forres, Elginshire; hills of Applecross, Ross-
shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Killarney, co. Kerry; Malin Head,
co. Antrim; Connemara, co. Galway.
GOMPHILLUS. | BRHOMYCETEL. 107
Series II, Cladodei Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 174.
Thallus either horizontally expanded and crustaceous, or usually
erect and foliaceous. Apothecia terminal on podetia, rarely sessile
and without podetia, biatorine, rarely Jecanorine (mazedium none);
spores usually Snx, oblong, simple, or elongate and septate, very
rarely murali-divided.
The genera in this series are very diverse, both in external form and
internal structure ; but there are various important points of connection
which warrant their being thus associated. This arrangement is more
natural than one which places some of them far apart from the others.
Tribe WI. BH OMYCETEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855)
p. 168 (ut Beomycez) ; Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. (1872)
p. 320.
Thallus various, either horizontally ex-
panded and crustaceous, or also vertically
ascending and podetiiform. Apothecia
either sessile and biatorine, or depressed hi See
- ee . ~ ee ae ae
and difform, or podetiiformi-stipitate, pale 7
or reddish ; spores Sne, oblong, simple or \y d
1—3-septate, colourless. Spermogones with
arthrosterigmata, very rarely with simple
sterigmata. —Cj._
This tribe, as observed by Nylander (Syn. ¢
i. p. 174), is composed of genera differing con-
siderably in the thallus and apothecia. The
affinity of these genera, however, seems to be
with each other in this Series, rather than
with the Zecanoret or Lecideet, in which, for
the most part, they have been variously placed
by authors.
26. GOMPHILLUS Nyl. Mém. Soc.
CO ore eee ee
Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 1866; Syn. i. p. 175. H
—Thallus very thin, consisting of spheri- H
cal gonidia of moderate size, and of irre- 4 b
gularly filamentose elements gelatinosely q
conglutinate. Apothecia stipitate, clavato- a
capitate, corneous; spores Sne (the thece
not distinct), filiform, multiseptate, para- ;
physes not discrete; hymenial gelatine not ™phillus calicioides Nyl.
tinged with iodine. Spermogones some- Soa fo pf
what prominent; sterigmata simple, mi- shorter spore, x 500. ¢.
nute; spermatia slender, cylindrical, Section of a spermogone,
straight. x 30. d. Sterigmata
and spermatia, x 500.
Fig. 29.
This peculiar genus differs in many ways
from the others belonging to this tribe. Though showing a slight
108 LICHENACEI. [GOMPHILLUS,
superficial resemblance to the Calicte?, yet, unless it constitutes a separate
and intermediate tribe, it may, from its general habit, be referred as an
aberrant genus to the Beomycetet.
1. G. calicioides Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857)
p. 146; Syn. i. p. 175, t. 7. f. 3.—Thallus very thin, somewhat
varnished, effuse or obsolete, greyish or greyish-green. Apothecia
small, pale; stipes narrowly canaliculate ; capitulum subturbinate,
dark or blackish; spores very long, cylindrical, fasciculately con-
stipate in vertical canaliculi of the thalamium, 60—-100-septate,
0,160-0,200 mm. long, and sometimes of even greater length.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 52, ed. 3, p. 50.—
Beomyces calicioides Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 636.
This plant has a somewhat fungoid aspect, but analysis shows it to be
a lichen. The thallus is normally orbicular; but is at length more or
less widely spreading. Its varnished appearance and the numerous
beeomycetoid apothecia easily distinguish it. The frequent spermogones
are brownish-black, the spermatia about 0,001 mm. long, scarcely
0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on the ground in upland situations.
— Distr. Only in N. Wales and N.W. Teland.—B. M.: Barmouth,
Merionetkshire. Letter Hill, co. Galway.
Form microcephalus Ny]. Syn. i. (1860) p. 175 —Apothecia
smaller, more shortly stipitate-—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 254;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 52, ed. 3, p. 50.—Beo-
myces microcephalus Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. (1836) p. 78.—
Brit, Exs.; Cromb, n. 115.
In this form, differing from the type only in the smaller apothecia, the
stipes is occasionally so short that the apothecia are almost sessile on
the thallus.
Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on trees and boulders in shady places
in wooded upland tracts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce in the W. Highlands,
Scotland, and in S.W. Irveland.—B. M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Di-
nish, Turk Mt., Muckruss, Cromaglown and Dunkerron, Killarney, co.
Kerry.
27. BHXOMYCES Pers. Ust. Ann. 1794, p. 19; Nyl. Syn. i.
p- 175.—Thallus crastaceous, granuloso-pulverulent or squamose.
Apothecia sessile or stipitate, opaque, biatorine, the stipes formed
of the constricted extended hypothecium and of longitudinal fila-
mentose elements; hypothecium pale; spores usually Sne (in
elongato-cylindrical thecz), ellipsoid or fusiform, simple or septate,
colourless ; paraphyses slender, not very discrete ; hymenial gelatine
either not tinged, or pale bluish with iodine. Spermogones tuber-
cular, with jointed sterigmata and straight, cylindrical spermatia.
Although the apothecia are more or less stipitate, this genus, were it
not for the spermogones, might be included amongst the Lecedeei. No
doubt the spermogones equally differ from those of this series, so that
4
«
BXOMYCES. | REOMYCETEI. 109
the general habit, looking towards the Cladonias, must determine its
place. The differences in the thallus and apothecia in some species are
not sufficient to separate them generically, though they place them in
different sections of the same genus.
A. EUBAZOMYCES Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Apothecia
stipitate, solid or subarachnoid within, veiled or naked, immarginate.
Fig. 50.
Beomyces roseus Pers.—a. Vertical section of an apothecium (in dry state),
x 30. 6. Theca and paraphysis, x 350. ¢. Spores, x 500. d. Section of
a spermogone, X 30. ¢. Arthrosterigmata and spermatia, <x 500.
a. Apothecia solid within, naked.
1. B. rufus DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 342.—Thallus effuse, thin-
nish, leproso-granulose, greenish-white or glaucescent, the granules
sometimes depressed (K+ yellow). Apothecia small or moderate,
plane or convex, reddish- or brownish-flesh-coloured (K—); stipes
moderate or short, subcompressed, whitish ; spores 6—Snz, oblongo-
ellipsoid, simple, 0,006-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick; para-
physes often slightly branched; hymenial gelatine not tinged with
iodine.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 65; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 1387; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fi.
p- 52, ed. 3, p. 50.—Lichen rufus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 443;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.p.14. Beomyces rupestris Pers., Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Beomyces lignorum Pers. Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 413, pro parte. Lichen byssoides, Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 133;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.808; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p.527; Eng. Bot.
110 LICHENACEI. [BROMYCES.
t. 373. Beomyces byssoides Mudd, Man. p.63. Lichen fungiformis
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14, pro parte. Coralloides fungiforme saxatile,
pallide fuscum Dill. Muse. 78, t. 14. f.4. Lichenoides fungiforme
terrestre, capitulis fuscis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, 70. 39.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 178; Mudd, n. 30; Larb. Cesar. n. 6; Cromb.
n. 12; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 43.
Usually spreads very extensively, though often subdeterminate. It
varies somewhat in thickness, being either moderate and granulose, or
thinnish and almost leprose, and also in colour from greenish-white to
dark-greyish, according to substratum and exposure. These minor and
accidental differences gave rise to the enumeration of supposed species,
none of which, however, can rank even as forms, The apothecia are
usually very numerous, simple, or conglomerate, with the stipes occa-
sionally branched, and when dry sulcato-corrugate.
Hab. On sandy and gravelly soil, occasionally on rocks and stones,
rarely on rotten wood, in shady upland situations.—Dzstr. General and
common in most parts of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands,
but chiefly in hilly and mountainous tracts.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of
Jersey ; Island of Sark. Epping Forest, Essex; Hornsey Wood, Mid-
dlesex ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; Ightham Common, Kent; Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; Isle of Wight; near South Brent, Devonshire ; Penzance,
Withiel and near Bocconoc, Cornwall; Ampthill, Bedfordshire; Mal-
vern, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Bishop’s Castle,
Shropshire; Welshpool, Montgomeryshire ; Barmouth and_Dolgelly,
Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Eglestone, Durham; Keswick, Cumberland; Grayrigg Forest, West-
moreland ; Hexham, Northumberland; Ashby, Cumberland. New Gal-
loway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Leadhills, Lanarkshire; Pentland Hills,
near Edinburgh; Ashburn, Gourock, Renfrewshire ; Craig Calliach, Ben
Lawers, and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; near
Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Mangerton and Killarney, co. Kerry; Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 6. subsquamulosus Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 463.—Thallus
determinate, granuloso-squamulose in the centre, squamulose at the
circumference. Apothecia sessile, minute, simple or conglomerate,
dark-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Baomyces rufus ff. ses-
silis et carneus Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.16. Var. carneus Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 53, et f. sessilés, ed. 3, p. 51. Beeomyces lignorum Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 413 pro parte.—Brit. Ews.: Larb. Cesar. n. 7; Cromb.
n. 116.
Distinguished by the more squamulose thallus and smaller apothecia.
It is subsimilar to B. carneus Flork., which does not occur in our Islands,
and which, though generally regarded as a var. of B. rufus, is a distinct
species. In B. carneus the thallus is squamulose, with the squamules
contiguous, incisu-crenate, the podetia distinctly, though shortly stipitate,
and the thalline reaction K-+yellow, and then immediately saffron-red
(vide Ny]. Flora, 1877, p. 462). In this variety the thallus is usually
orbicular and moderate in size, with the apothecia minute and scattered,
though two or three often become conglomerate, and in a dry state
entirely sessile.
Hab. On sandy and peaty soil, rarely on putrid wocd, in exposed mari-
BHXOMYCES. | BEHOMYCETEL. 111
time and upland situations.—Dist. Local and scarce in the Channel
Islands, S. and S.W. England; more plentiful among the Grampians.—
B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. Dartmoor, Devonshire ; near Bodmin,
Cornwall. Menstrie Glen, near Stirling; Glen Lochay, Schiehallion, and
Rannoch, Perthshire ; Glen Girnac, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
2. B. placophyllus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 323, t. 7. f. 4.—Thallus
orbicular, crustaceo-imbricate and corrugato-plicate in the centre,
squamoso-lobed and crenate at the circumference, glaucescent or
whitish (K+yellow). Apothecia moderate or small, slightly con-
vex, reddish- or brownish-flesh-coloured (K —); stipes short, com-
pressed, white, often divided at the apex; spores 8ne (or 6ne),
oblongo-ellipsoid, simple, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,002-4 mm. thick;
hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 137;
Mudd, Man. p. 63; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 53, ed. 3, p. 51.
In general aspect the sterile plant resembles Physcia pityrea, but the
thallus is opaque and more entire, glaucous when moist, and the habitat
is entirely different. The apothecia, which are very rare and seldom fully
developed in Great Britain, are central, several being aggregate and
almost confluent on the divided apex of the stipes.
Hab. On gravelly soil among heaths in upland moorland districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of N. Wales, N. Eng-
land, and S. and N. Scotland, more frequent among the Grampians.—
B. M.: Corwen, Cader Idris, and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Eglestone,
Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Ben Lawers and Falls of Bruar, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Ach-na-druim, Ross-shire ; near
Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
b. Apothecia subarachnoid within, veiled.
3. B. roseus Pers. Ust. N. Ann. i. (1794) p. 19.—Thallus granu-
loso-crustaceous, effuse or determinate, white (Kf+yellow). Apo-
thecia nearly globose, moderate, rose- or pale flesh-coloured (K+
orange); stipes short, rounded, white; spores 8nz (or 6ne), fusi-
formi-oblong or fusiform, simple or sometimes obsoletely 1-septate,
0,011-26 mm. long, 0,0025-0,003 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ;
hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the apices of the thece pale
bluish with iodine.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
meee, om. Ene. Fl. v. p. 137; Mudd, Man. p. 63, t.i. f. 12;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53, ed. 3, p. 51.
Lichen Beomyces Eng. Bot. t. 374. Lichen ericetorum Linn. Huds.
Fl Angl. p. 443 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 809 pro
parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.p.14. Coralloides fungiforme carneum,
basi leprosa Diil. Muse. 76, t. 14. f. 1. Lichenoides fungiforme,
cerusta leprosa candida capitulis et pediculis incarnatis Dill. in Ray,
Syn. ed. 3, 70. Lichen ericetorum Linn. Suec. (1755) would have
priority, but it refers chiefly to B. eruginosus—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. d99; Mudd, n. 31; Cromb. n. 117.
112 LICHENACEI. [ BEOMYCES.
This is at once distinguished by the colour and form of the apothecia
and by their internal structure. The thallus, when sterile, often spreads
extensively, and is then more continuous and aspersed with large rosy-
white or white cephalodine granules, when it is Variolaria terricola Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 115. The apothecia are not common in this
country ; but the spermogones are frequent on otherwise barren thalli.
They are somewhat large, tuberculiform, at first covered by the cortical
layer, the conceptacle blackish above, with elongate jointed sterigmata
and straight spermatia 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On sterile gravelly or turfy soil on upland moorlands.—Distr.
General, though not common in a fertile state, in most of the moun-
tainous and more hilly tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.:
Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex; Toy Hill, Kent; Lyndhurst Moor,
Hants; St. Breock Down and Tregawn, Cornwall; Montgomeryshire ;
Cader Idris, near Barmouth, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Wapley
Hill, Herefordshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; the Cheviots, Northumber-
land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Leadhills, Lanarkshire ;
Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Sheriffmoor, Stirling; Glen
Lochay, Ben More, Craig Tulloch, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Baldovan
Woods and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Near Clonmel, Co. Tipperary.
B. ICMADOPHILA (Trevis. in Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 26).—Apo-
thecia sessile, lecanoroid, at length biatorine, solid within.
a
la \ alt
Fig. 31.
Beomyces eruginosus DC.—a. Section of an apothecium (in dry state), x30.
b. Two thece and a paraphysis, x 350. c. Spores, x500. d. Section of a
spermogone, X30, e. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
‘BEOMYCES. j BXOMYCETET. 1138
4. B. eruginosus DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 343.—Thallus effuse,
granulato-rugose or subleprose, glaucescent or whitish (K+ yellow).
Apothecia elevato-superficial, moderate, or somewhat large, obso-
letely rugulose, sublecanorine with evanescent thalline margin, or
at length biatorine, flesh-coloured, soft (K+ orange) ; spores 6nze
or Sn, fusiform, 1-3-septate, 0,U13-27 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm.
thick; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish with iodine.—Lichen cerugi-
nosus Scop. Fl. Carn. i. (1760) p. 78. Lemadophila cruginosa
Mudd, Man. p. 64, t.i.f.13. Baomyces iemadophilus Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 54, ed. 3, p. 52. Lecidea tema-
dophila Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 473; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 39; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen icmadophila Erhr., With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 15. Lichen ericetorum Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 pro parte; Eng.
Bot. t. 372.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 209; Mudd, n. 32; Cromb.
n. 118; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 44.
This plant in moist shady localities is of a beautiful green colour,
becoming yellowish when long preserved in herbaria. The apothecia are
generally numerous, often much crowded and almost confluent, undu-
late when dry, rarely substipitate, occasionally entirely lecanorine, with
depressed thalline margin. The spermogones are inclosed in the thalline
granules in colourless conceptacles; the spermatia slender, somewhat
thickened at either apex, 0,004 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Though much difference exists as to the place of this species, it is anato-
od and chemically a Beomyces, as observed by Nylander, Lapp. Or.
p- 108.
Hab. On moist turfy soil, on decayed Sphagna in bogs, and on putrid
trunks of trees, in upland and subalpine districts —Dzstr. Somewhat
local, but plentiful where it occurs, in the hilly tracts of England and North
Wales, more frequent in those of Scotland, especially among the Gram-
pians; rare in S. and W. Iveland.—B. M.: Near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ;
Ardingly, Sussex; Ampthill, Bedfordshire; Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire ; Matlock, Derbyshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island
of Anglesea; Guisboro’ Moor and Houghton Moor, Cleveland, York-
shire ; Teesdale, Durham; Alston Moors, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills and Swanston Hill, near Edinburgh ;
Appin, Argyleshire; Blairdrummond, near Stirling; Glen Falloch, Ben
Lawers, and Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ;
Glen Callater and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus
and Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Pass of
Keiman Eigh-Wist and Gongaumbarra, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ;
Connemara, co. Galway.
Tribe IV. PILOPHORETI Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, v.
(1876) p- of fe
Thallus formed of rigid, cylindrical, fistulose or internally arach-
noid and externally granulose podetia, usually also granulose or
pulveraceous at the base. Apothecia terminal, capituliform, black ;
paraphyses prolonged directly into the hypothecium; spores 8ne,
ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermogones with nearly simple ste-
rigmata.
The single genus of which this tribe consists has been arranged by
I
114 LICHENACEI. [ PILOPHORUS.
authors among the Stereocaulei or the Cladonici. On account of the
peculiar texture of the apothecia Nylander has established for it a sepa-
rate tribe, distinguished by the character of the paraphyses.
28. PILOPHORUS
Fr. fil. Comm. Ster.
(1857) p. 40; Tuck.
Syn. Lich. New Eng.
(1848) p. 46 (ut sec-
tio Stereocauli). Pilo-
phoron Nyl. Syn. i.
p- 228.—Thallus at
the base (when pre-
sent) granulose or
somewhat _ pulveru-
lent, bearing cephalo-
dia ; podetia rigid, cy-
lindrical, simple or
sparingly branched;
usually fistulose, in-
ternally filamentoso-
arachnoid, externally
covered with a granu-
lose cortex; gonidia
moderate, greenish-
yellow. Apothecia
capituliform or often
subglobose,solid with-
in, corneous ; para- Fiz. 32,
physes thickish = Pilophorus cereolus Nyl—a. Vertical section of an
moderate, blackish at apothecium, x30. ‘}. Vertical section of a spermo-
the apices, forming a __ gone, x30. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
thick subhymenial a a ee d. joes Ppa
- _ . or an apothecium, . é. eca an para-
canta thes which PVs! x350. f Spores, x50
have the wall thickened at the apices, ellipsoid or oblongo-ellip-
soid; hymenial gelatine scarcely (except at the apices of the thecz)
tinged bluish with iodine. Spermogones affixed to the apices of the
podetia, black; spermatia bacillar, straight or slightly curved.
W.G.s St - ey d
This genus is well characterized by the paraphyses being prolonged into
the hypothecium, and forming a subhymenial stratum nearly thrice as thick
as the hymenium. The rest of the hypothecium is formed of confused
obliterated cells. The cephalodia, which are adnate and in the form of
testaceous tubercules, are internally densely and minutely cellular, with
“the gonimia bluish-green, shortly ellipsoid or subglobose, glomerulosely
arranged or moniliformly joined” (Nyl. Z. ¢.).
1. P. cereolus Nyl. ev Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1875) p. 198:
Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 55 pro parte.—Thallus effuse at the
base, forming a verrucoso-granulose or pulverescent crust, greyish-
a
PILOPHORCS. | PILOPHOREI. 115
white; podetia short, erect, simple, verrucoso-granulate or sub-
pulverulent (K+ yellowish). Apothecia small, subglobose, para-
physes thickish ; spores ellipsoideo-fusiform, 0,016-0,022 mm. long,
0,004-0,005 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Stereocaulon
cereolus Ach. Meth. p. 316; Borr. in Engl. Bot., Suppl. t. 2667.
S. cereolinum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl.
Hib. ii. p. 83. Lichen (Isidium) cereolus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 89.
Stereocaulon condensatum var. cereolinum Ach. pro parte, Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro parte. To this also belongs P. fibula (non
Tuck.) Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1869, vol. iv. p. 201; Lich. FI.
p. 76, ed. 3, p. 69 pro parte—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 383; Larbal.
Lich. Hb. n. 5.
When sterile, this closely resembles Stereocaulon pileatum, from which,
when fertile, it is easily distinguished by the simple spores. The basal
thallus is normally granuloso-diffract, sometimes becoming more or less
pulyeraceo-delitescent. The podetia vary somewhat in length and thick-
ness, and at times become more or less glabrous. The apothecia are
typically solitary, and in old plants, as observed by Acharius (Lich. Univ.
p- 583), become compound and conglomerate. On the basal thallus there
oceur frequent cephalodia, which are tuberculose, brownish, with the
gonimia glomerulosely arranged. It is intimately allied to P. fibula
Tuck. (Nyl. er Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15), a similar American plant
which (er Nyl. in Hitt.) differs in the thicker spores (0,018-0,025 mm.
long, 0,007-0,008 mm. thick).
Hab. On moist shady rocks in upland and subalpine situations.—
Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous tracts of N. England, N.
Wales, S.W. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, among the Grampians, and
in W. Iveland.—B. M.: Cader Idris and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Tees-
dale and Eglestone, Durham; Borrowdale, Cumberland. New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; hills of Applecross,
Ross-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Kylemore and Salrock Road, Conne-
mara, co. Galway.
2. P. strumaticus Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140
(nomen).—Thallus determinate or subeffuse at the base, verrucoso-
granulate, greyish-white; podetia short, stoutish, verrucoso-granu-
late (K+yellowish). Apothecia moderate or submoderate, sub-
globose, beneath as if strumosely appendiculate, paraphyses mode-
rate; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,018—0,024 mm. long, 0,006—0,009
mm. thick.
Differs from the preceding in the thallus being firmer, not pulverescent,
and especially in the peculiar form of the apothecia, resulting from the
turgescent perithecium. The podetia are simple, somewhat crowded,
occasionally very short, so that the apothecia appear subsessile. The
cephalodia are similar to those of P. cereolus.
Hab. On shady ledges of schistose rocks in subalpine districts.— Distr.
Local and scarce in N. Wales, among the Grampians, and in the N.W.
Highlands, Scotland —B. M. : Cader Idris, Merioneth. Glen Lyon, Perth-
shire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
12
116 LICHENACEI. [ STEREOCAULON.
Tribe V. STEREOCAULETI Nyl. Mem. Soe. Cherb. iii.
(1855) p. 170.
Thallus caespitose, erect or decumbent, with solid fruticulose
podetia, to which are affixed fragile, more or less evanescent gra-
nules, usually bearing cephalodia, internally with chondroid axis.
Apothecia lecideine, rarely lecanorine, terminal and lateral, para-
physes discrete ; spores Snze, sometimes 6nze, variously septate, very
rarely solitary and murali-divided, subfusiform, cylindrical or oblong,
colourless. Spermogones immersed, with simple sterigmata.
Though resembling the Spherophorei in the fruticulose habit, this
tribe is far separated by the granulose thallus and by the structure of the
apothecia. From the preceding, to which it is closely allied, it differs in
the absence of the thick subhymenial stratum. As observed by Nylander
(Lapp. Or. p. 177), it precedes, like the Pilophorez, the Cladoniei, since
the granulose thallus expresses a lower type in the series.
29. STEREOCAULON Schreb. Gen. Pl. (1791) p. 768; Nyl. Syn.
i. (1860) p. 230.—Podetia branched, somewhat rounded, covered oy
sprinkled with gra-
nules of various forms, eee me
internally with a car- / NSA
tilaginous axis formed
of longitvdinal conglu-
tinate chondrohyphe,
to which are affixed
the external portions c
of the thallus, viz. a
corticali-gonidial and
an arachnoid medul-
lary layer. Apothe-
cia biatorine, blackish- eS )
brown or pale brown- WH d
ish, rarely lecanorine, \ (|
black : hypothecium me MW 9922 oF
colourless; spores Sn Fig. 33.
or One (in subclavate Stereocaulon coralloides Fr.—a. Vertical section of
thecie), fusiformi-cylin- an apothecium, x30. 0. Theca and paraphysis,
drical, 3- or pluri-sep- 350. c¢. Spores, x500. d. Vertical section
tate; paraphyses dis- of a young spermogone, x30. e. Sterigmata,
tinct, slender or mode- ae
rate ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral
or subterminal in pale conceptacles, blackish at the apices, with
spermatia aciculari-bacillar, straight, or longer and slightly curved.
Many plants belonging to this genus have an elegant appearance with
their fruticulose granulate podetia and numerous brown or dark apothecia.
The podetia, especially in barren specimens, are sometimes whitish
sorediato-capitate. The apothecia, which arise from the granules, are at
first punctiformi-impressed, and then lecanoroid, becoming immediately
lecideine (biatorine), Our British species, which belong to the subgenus
Eustereocaulon, have the thalline reactions kK +yellow, CaCl=, except in
S. coralloides, where the chondroid axis is K+ yellow.
STEREOCAULON. | STEREOCAULEI. 117
a, Thallus evanescent at the base; podetia branched ; cephalodia
sessile, glomeruliform or verrucose.
1. §. coralloides Fr. L. Suec. Exs. (1817) n. 118; Sched. Crit.
iv. p. 24.—Thallus somewhat small or usually moderate; podetia
cxspitosely united at the base, erect or ascending, branched, the
axis glabrous ; podetial granules digitately branched or subfibrillose,
greyish. Apothecia moderate, terminal and lateral, at length glo-
bose and immarginate, brown or dark-reddish ; spores 3- (rarely
5-7-) septate, fusiformi-cylindrical, 0,0022-40 mm. long, 0,0025-
40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 77,
ed. 3, p. 69.—Stereocaulon paschale [3. corallinum Mudd, Man. p. 65,
t.1. f. 14. Stereocaulon paschale Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 411; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 333; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
li. p. 83; Mudd, Man. p. 65; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro parte ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 77 pro parte. Lichen paschalis Huds. Fl. Angl.
p- 460 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 886 pro parte; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 44 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 282. The above synonyms
show that this has been confounded with S. paschale—Brit. Evs.:
Leight. n. 148; Cromb. n. 119; Bohl. n. 14.
Readily distinguished by the mode of growth and the form of the
elegantly divided granules. The podetia are very closely adnate to the
substratum, and the apothecia are numerous. The cephalodia are greyish,
sometimes cesio-greyish, opaque, verrucose, minutely eranulate on the
surface, with the gonimia in gelatinous nodules. The spermogones are at
first simple, afterwards compound, with the spermatia 0, 005-6 mm. long,
0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and old walls in upland and subalpine dis-
tricts.—Distr. General and common in the hilly and mountainous tracts
of Great Britain, rare in Ireland.—B, M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ;
between Arthur’s bed and Wring Cheese, and near Helminton, Cornwall ;
Black Edge, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Abdon Burf and near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Cader Idris and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Teesdale, Dur-
ham; near Stavely, Kendal, and Ambleside, Westmoreland; W astdale,
Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Leadhills, Lanark-
shire ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawer s, Blair Athole, and
Loch "Rannoch, Perthshire; Sidiaw Hills, Balgay Wood, and Glen Isla,
Forfarshire ; Craig Nich, Glen Callater, Glen Derrie, and Glen Dee,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Forres, Elginshire ; Ben Nevis and Loch-
aber, Inverness-shire ; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney, co.
Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
2. §. Delisei Bory in Dub. Bot. Gall. i. (1830) p. 619.—Thallus
small, podetia loosely czespitose, branched, the axis thinly arachnoid
or often naked; podetial granules situated chiefly towards the
apices, crenate or digitately divided, whitish, pulverulento-dissolved,
sorediato-conglomerate on the apices. Apothecia unknown.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—S. coralloides subsp S. Delisei
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 242, t. 7. f. 17.
The granules at first resemble those of S. coralloides, but at length
become pulverulent and sorediite at the apices. Our British specimens,
which are without cephalodia, have the podetia scarcely 3 in. high, with
ean
Te” . LICHENACEI. _ [STEREOCAULON.
the axis naked and the granules almost entirely pulverulent. They are
quite sterile as in W. France, the only other region in which the plant
has hitherto been detected.
Hab. Among mosses on granitic boulders in upland districts.— Distr.
Sparingly among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Near Loch
Each, Rannoch Moor, Perthshire.
3. S. paschale Fr. Stirp. Femsj. (1825) p. 35.—Thallus mode-
rate or somewhat large; podetia stipate or subdispersed, erect or
subdecumbent, very much branched, the axis somewhat compressed,
at first arachnoid, speedily becoming nearly glabrous; podetial
granules squamulose, crenate, greyish-white or whitish. Apothecia
moderate, terminal or subterminal, plane or convex, brown or dark- %
brown; spores usually 3-, sometimes 5-9-septate, fusiformi-cylin- j
drical, 0,018-40 mm. long, 0,0935-45 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i.
p. 242, t. 7. ff. 18-28; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15; Lich. Brit.
p- 17 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 77, ed. 3, p. 70 pro parte.—
Lichen paschalis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1153 pro parte.
As already stated, S. coralloides has for the most part been confounded
with this by British authors. The podetia are but loosely adherent to the
substratum, and often become nearly free. From S. coralloides it differs
also in the podetia being stipate (not cespitose) and in the granules
being smaller and less distinctly dactyloid-divided. It is essentially a
plant of cold climates, where it frequently spreads extensively ; but in
this country it is one of our rarest lichens. The apothecia are not very
numerous, and are usually situated at or near the apices of the podetia.
The cephalodia are verrucose, greyish, with the gonimia glomerulose,
often moniliform. The spermogones are not uncommon, with spermatia
0,0045-55 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and the ground in alpine tracts.— Distr.
Very sparingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Upper Glen
Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
4. §. evolutum Graewe ev Fr. fil. Bot. Not. 1865, p. 181.—
Thallus somewhat small or moderate ; podetia ceespitose, very much
and divaricately branched, especially towards the apices, glabrous ;
podetial granules ramuloso-divided, stipate and very much crowded
at the apices, greyish-glaucous or whitish. Apothecia terminal,
moderate or somewhat large, at first somewhat plane and thinly
margined, pale- or dark-brown; spores firm, oblong or oblongo-
fusiform, obtuse, 3-septate, 0,018—28 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 359 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 72.
This also has been confounded with S. paschale—Brit. Exs.:
Cromb. n. 120.
Intermediate between S. coralluvides and S. paschale, but sufficiently
distinguished from both by the constantly 3-septate spores. The podetia
are usually suberect, pretty closely adherent to the substratum, and in
large plants less aggregate. The apothecia in old plants become tuber-
culato-difform, and often burst asunder. The cephalodia (which are not
very frequent) and the spermogones are as in 8. coralloides.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous districts,—
STEREOCAULON. | STEREOCAULEI. 119
Distr. General and common in W. and N. England, N. Wales, among
the Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Widdi-
combe, and Wistmain’s Wood, Devonshire ; Plynlimmon, Cardiganshire ;
Cader Idris, Llyn Bodlyn, Dolgelly, and Garth, Merionethshire ; Tees-
dale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyle-
shire; Crianlarich, Ben Lawers, aud near Loch Eagh, Rannoch, Perth-
shire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-
shire; near Forres, Elginshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cahir and
Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry; Connemara, co. Galway.
5. §. tomentosum Fr. Sched. Crit. iii. (1824) p. 20 pro parte;
Fr. fil. Comm. Ster. (1857) p. 29.—Thallus moderate or somewhat
large ; podetia solitary or loosely czespitose, depressed or ascending,
rounded, the axis densely tomentoso-arachnoid, divaricately branched,
the branches often subdistichous; podetial granules scarcely any
below, crowded above, inciso-crenate, rounded, greenish-white or
cxsio-greenish. Apothecia small, terminal and lateral, concave,
becoming subglobose, brown or dark-brown ; spores 3-, rarely 5—7-
septate, fusiformi-bacillar, 0,022-37 mm. long, 0,002-3 mm. thick.
—Mnudd, Man. p. 65; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 87, ed. 3, p. 70.—Brit. Exs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24.
The podetia, usually somewhat robust, are loosely affixed to the sub-
stratum or subfree. The tomentum, by which the plant may generally
at once be recognized, becomes more or less evanescent in age. The
cephalodia are minute, verrucoso-glomerulose, greyish, sometimes erugi-
nose, with the gonimia minute, conglomerate, and for the most part
moniliform. The apothecia are rather rare in this country, but the
spermogones are more common, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001
mm. thick.
Hab. Amongst gravel in stony places in maritime and subalpine dis-
tricts.— Distr. Local and scarce in S., W.,and N. England, the E. coast of
Scotland, and here and there among the Grampians.—B. M.: Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; Helvellyn, Cumberland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Sands
of Barrie and Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Glen Lui Beg, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
6. §. alpinum Laur. in Fries, Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 204.—
Thallus somewhat small; podetia congested, adherent at the base,
erect, the axis thinly tomentose ; podetial granules whitish, verru-
exform and conglomerate, or the lower ones squamulose and inciso-
crenate. Apothecia few, usually terminal and dilated, somewhat
plane or at length convex, dark-red or brownish-black ; spores as in
the preceding.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Stereocaulon tomen-
tosum var. alpinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 78, ed. 3, p. 71. Stereocaulon paschale y. alpinum Mudd, Man.
p. 66.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 7.
Though regarded as a variety of S. tomentosum, this seems to be a
distinct species. The generally small podetia are more erect and con-
gested, with their branches less divaricate; the granules are whitish,
more turgid and verrucoso-conglomerate ; the tomentum, which is whitish
and more sparingly present, is at length entirely evanescent; and the
120 LICHENACEI. [STEREOCAULON.
apothecia are more scattered, usually larger and terminal. In this country
it is rarely and very sparingly fertile.
Hab, On the ground and on boulders in subalpine districts.—Distr.
Local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians and in W. Iveland.—
B. M.: Ben Lawers and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Morrone and Benna-
boord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore and Connemara, co. Galway.
7. S. denudatum Flérke, Deutsch. Lich. Lief. iv. (1819) p. 13.
Thallus somewhat small or moderate ; podetia nearly erect, slender,
smooth, loosely aggregate, somewhat simple or branched above,
attenuate at the apices, the axis naked; podetial granules subpel-
tate, at first subrounded, then applanate and depressed in the
middle, whitish or greyish-white, darker in the centre, the margin
usually crenulate, white. Apothecia small, lateral, plane or some-
what convex, brownish; spores elongato-fusiform, 3— (rarely 5—) 7-
septate, 6,026-46 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man.
p- 66; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 79, ed. 3,
p- 71.—Coralloides crispum et botryforme alpinum Dill. Muse. 114,
t. 17. £. 33. Lichenoides non tubulosum, cinereum ramosum totum
crustaceum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 66.11. S. paschalis pro parte
of some authors.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 244.
Easily distinguished from other British species by the subpeltate gra-
nules with whitish margin, and by their paucity or absence towards the
apices of the podetia. The cephalodia are olive-brown, somewhat shining,
glomerulose or verrucose, with the gonimia sordid glaucous-green. In
this country the apothecia are rare, nor are the spermogones very fre-
quent, the spermatia being 0,008-9 mm. long, 0,005 mm, thick. On the
podetia are commonly seen the pulvinuli of Sirosiphon saxicola Naeg.
Hab. On rocks and boulders from upland to alpine situations.—Distr.
General and frequent in the more mountainous districts of Great Britain
and Ireland: very abundant among the Grampians in Braemar.—B. M. :
Cawsand Beacon and Sharpitor Rock, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Plynlim-
mon, Cardiganshire ; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvon-
shire; Island of Anglesea; Mynydd-y-Myffe, Shropshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Stavely Head, Westmoreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Ben
Lawers and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfar-
shire; Glen Candlic, Cairn Drochit and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Island of Skye; Applecross, Ross-shire; Lairg,
Sutherlandshire, Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, Connemara, co, Gal-
way.
Form 1. validum Laur. in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 205.—Thallus
larger, ceespitose ; podetia thicker, divided towards the base into
elongate branches; granules aggregate and sometimes discoid.
This is larger, with more robust and ceespitose podetia, and crowded
and often somewhat large granules. It occurs only sterile.
Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very local and
scarce, among the 8. Grampians.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Form 2. capitatum Flot. in Koerb. Syst. (1856) p. 13.—Podetia
sorediate and somewhat turgid at the apices. Apothecia arising
from the soredia.
—
STEREOCAULON. | STEREOCAULEI. 121
The sorediate apices of the podetia and their branches distinguish this
form from the type. In the only fertile British specimen seen the apo-
thecia are small and very sparingly present.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions.—Distr. Local and
scarce, having as yet been found only in N. Wales, among the Gram-
pians, and in the N.W. Highlands of Scotland, though probably to be
detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire. Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Braemar, Aberdeenshire; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire.
6. pulvinatum Flot. Lich. Sil. (1842) n. 16 y.—Thallus densely
pulvinato-czspitose ; podetia short, fastigiately and intricately
branched ; podetial granules turgid, nodulose, crowded. Apothecia
small, extremely rare—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Stereo-
caulon paschale e. pulvinatum Scheer. Spic. (1883) p. 274. Stereo-
caulon tomentosum var. botryosum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 78, ed. 3, p. 71. Stereocaulon paschale y. alpinum
var. botryosum Mudd, Man. p. 66. Stereocaulon botryosum Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 233.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 387.
In Herbaria frequently confounded with other species, more especially
S. alpinum form botryosum, which apparently does not occur in Britain.
It is loosely affixed to the substratum, and the granules are sometimes
almost crustaceo-confluent. In this country, as elsewhere, it is very
rarely seen fertile.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine situations — Distr, Rather
local in N. Wales, N. England, among the Grampians, Scotland, and in
S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Llyn Howel and
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers, Craig Cal-
liach, Ben Vrackie, and near Loch Eagh, Rannoch, Perthshire; Morrone
and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Connor Cliffs, co. Kerry.
6. Thallus persistent at the base; podetia subsimple; cephalodia
sessile, glomeruliform or verrucose.
8. §. condensatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 11.(1795) p. 180.—Thallus
rather small ; podetia very short, or almost none, simple or sub-
simple, somewhat robust, the axis at first slightly arachnoid and
then more or less glabrous ; granules squamulose, czespitosely con-
gested at the base, scattered on the podetia, crenulate, glaucous or
greyish-white. Apothecia moderate, terminal, at length convex,
often confluent, brownish or dark reddish-brown ; spores 3—7-septate,
fusiformi-cylindrical, 0,020-36 mm. long, 0,0015-25 mm. thick.—
Mudd, Man. p. 66; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 79, ed. 3, p. 71.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, n. 33; Leight. n. 295.
The thallus often spreads extensively, forming an effuse, granulose
crust, and the podetia are often almost entirely wanting. The cephalodia
are yerrucose, dark-greyish, adnate towards the base of the podetia, the
gonimia glomerulosely arranged. The apothecia sometimes occur also on
the basal granules, and. the spermogones are frequent, with spermatia
about 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the ground and on turf-covered walls in maritime, upland,
Sas
122 LICHENACEI. [STEREOCAULON.
and subalpine tracts.—Distr. General and common in all the mountainous
regions of Great Britain and Ireland, rare in the Channel Islands.—
B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Mildenhall, Suffolk; near
Buxton, Derbyshire ; Battersby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; Housesteads, Northumberland. Doune, near Stirling; Auchter-
house, Forfarshire ; Aberfeldy and Glen Fender, Perthshire; Portlethen,
eer; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Mangerton, co.
<erry.
Form condyloideum Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 66.—Thallus
submoderate ; podetia rather longer, more or less branched, branches
shortly ramuloso-divided at the apices——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 80, ed. 3, p. 72.—Stereocaulon condyloideum
Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 51; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 237.
This differs in being somewhat larger, with the podetia more frequently
and distinctly branched. The apothecia, which are usually aggregate and
terminal, are sometimes also infixed on the subterminal branchlets.
Hab. On turf-covered walls in upland districts —Dzrstr. Local and
scarce in N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Housesteads, Northumberland. Ben Lawers and Glen Fender, Perth-
shire.
9. S. pileatum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 582; Fr. fil. Lich.
Scand. p. 51.—Thallus small; podetia very short, erect, slender,
simple or sometimes sparingly branched, the axis glabrous ; granules
squamulose or corallino-verruceform, usually conglomerate at the
base, scattered on the podetia, greyish. Apothecia terminal, pileate,
somewhat plane, at length slightly convex, brown or reddish-brown ;
spores 3-septate, fusiform, obtuse at either apex, 0,018-30 mm.
long, 0,0040-45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Stereo-
caulon condensatum var. cereolinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 79, ed. 3, p. 72. Stereocaulon cereolinum
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233 pro parte: Mudd, Man. p. 67. Stereocaulon
cereolus Borr. Eng. Bot., Suppl. t. 2667 descr. pro parte.—Brit.
Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 6.
From S. condensatum, of which it has been regarded as a variety, this
is distinguished by the short and often nearly naked podetia, and by the
structure of the apothecia. It still more closely resembles Pilophorus
cereolus (Ach.), from which, however, it differs in the spores. The
podetia are closely affixed to the substratum, and are often in barren
plants sorediato-capitate at the apices. The cephalodia, which are
situated towards the base of the podetia, are verrucose, olive-brown or
dark-greyish, with the gonimia somewhat large or moderate, glomerulose.
In the British specimens the spermogones are sparingly present.
Hab. On mountainous rocks in subalpine districts.—Dzstr. Rare and
local in N. Wales, N. England, in 8.W. Scotland, the W. Highlands,
and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris and Dolgelly, Merioneth-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Wastdale, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Glen Ample and Glen
Lochay, Perthshire. Connemara, co. Galway.
LEPROCAULON. | STEREOCAULEI. 123
30. LEPROCAULON Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv.
(1878) p. 352.—Thallus minute, subpodetiform, subleproso-granu-
lose, not bearing cephalodia, the pseudo-podetia czespitosely con-
gested, simplish. Apothecia and spermogones unknown.
This pseudo-genus, containing a single species, separated by Nylander
from Sterevcaulon, is hut a fruticulescent Lepraria. It may be placed
here on account of its superficial resemblance to Stereocaulon, to which,
however, it is not even allied (vide Flora, 1876, p. 578).
1, L. nanum Nyl. ea Lamy, /. c.—Thallus minute, leproso-granu-
lose at the base; granules very small, glaucous-white or suberugi-
nose ; pseudo-podetia very short, slender, filiform, caespitoso-con-
gested, somewhat simple or sparingly divided towards the apices,
the branches often subfastigiate, obsoletely arachnoid, often glabrous
(K—).—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 15.—Stereocaulon nanum Ach.
Meth. (1803) p. 315; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 411; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p. 233; Mudd, Man. p. 67; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 80, ed. 3, p. 73.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 284.
“ Stereocaulon nanum is not a Stereocaulon, but, so far as I have seen in
nature, only a Lepraria (Leprocaulon). The thallus is imperfect, and it
has no right to be referred to Stereocaulon” (Nylander i Uitt.). This
view is confirmed by the absence of the yellow reaction with K, charac-
teristic of that genus.
Hab. Tn crevices of rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous dis-
tricts.— Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in the Channel
Islands, N. Wales, W. and N. England, amongst the Grampians, Scot-
land, and rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey ;
Island of Guernsey. Near Kingsbridge and Totness, Devonshire; La-
morna and Helminton, Cornwall: near Alfrick, Worcestershire; Oswestry,
Shropshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth-
shire; Teesdale, Durham. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Balmerino, Fife-
shire; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Den of Balthayock and Reeky Linn,
Forfarshire ; Falls of Lui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Learmont, co. Derry.
Tribe VI. CLADONIKEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii.
(1854) p. 11; Syn. 1. (1860) p. 186.
Thallus foliose, fruticulose or czespitose, erect or ascending, con-
sisting of fistulose or subfistulose podetia, with usually a gonidial-
cortical layer, and generally also of horizontal leaflets or squa-
mules at the base, sometimes also on the podetia, containing gonidia
and corticate only above, or very rarely of crustaceous basal gra-
nules; medullary layer formed principally of filamentose agelu-
tinate longitudinal elements. Apothecia cephalodine or biatorine,
typically terminal on the podetia, rarely affixed to the leaflets, often
aggregate (‘‘ symphicarpous ”), variously coloured (not black) ; spores
Sn, simple, oblong, small, colourless ; paraphyses somewhat short,
occasionally bifurcate. Spermogones generally protuberant on the
podetia ; sterigmata slender, simple or sparingly branched.
124 LICHENACEI. [PYCNOTHELIA.
As limited, this is a very natural tribe, readily known by the form of
the thallus and the character of the variously coloured, but never normally
‘black, apothecia. The five genera of which it is composed, as constituted
by Nylander (two of which, viz. Heterodea and Cladia, are exotic), while
closely related to each other, are separated by the basal thallus and the
podetia. The species are fur the most part very social in habit.
31. PYCNOTHELIA
Duf. Bory Ann. Sc. Phys.
(1821) vi. p. 45; Ach.
Lich. (1810) p. 571 (ut
sectio Cenomyces), —
Thallus crustaceous at
the © base, persistent ;
podetia papilleform,
simple or branched, cor-
ticate, glabrous. Apo-
thecia small, terminal on
the podetia; spores Sne,
oblong, simple, colour-
less; theci, especially
the apices, bluish with
iodine. Spermogones Fig. 34.
normally terminal on the Pyenothelia papillaria Duf.—a. Sections of
podetia, conical; sper- apothecia, X30. 6. A theca and paraphysis,
matia cylindrical, and x 350. c¢. Spores, x500. d. Section of a
spermogone, X30. ¢. Sterigmata and sper-
somewhat acute at either 1
matia, x 500.
apex, or slightly arcuate.
Though usually regarded as a section, or at most a subgenus of Cla-
dona, this seems a distinct genus characterized by the crustaceous thallus
and papillate podetia. The texture of the thallus is entirely that of
Cladonia (vide Nyl. Syn. i. pp. 188, 189).
1. P. papillaria Duf. Bory Ann. Sc. Phys. (1821) viii. p. 46.—
Thallus granulose at the base, forming a more or less effuse crust,
whitish or pale yellow-greyish ; podetia short, clavato-cylindrical or
cylindrical, very fragile, egranulose, simple or subsimple, white or
glaucous (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia at first somewhat plane
and marginal, at length convex, solitary or aggregate, brown or
reddish-brown ; spores 0,009-0,014 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick.—
Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p. 241; Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 424; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 18; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55, ed. 3, p. 52.—Cladonia papillaria
Mudd, Man. p.52; Brit. Clad. p. 34. Cenomyce papillaria Tayl. in
Mack, Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen papillaria Ehrh. Phyt. (1780)
n. 100; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 13; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45;
Eng. Bot. t. 907. Coralloides minimum fragile, Madrepore instar
nascens Dill. Muse. 107, t. 16. f. 28.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 208 ;
Mudd, n. 22, Clad. n. 80; Cromb. n. 121.
The thallus in more barren habitats is somewhat determinate, and
the podetia are often subverruceform, usually somewhat scattered, though
PYCNOTHELIA. | CLADONIEI. 125
occasionally numerous and crowded. The apothecia in this country are
extremely rare, at least in a rightly developed cordition. The spermo-
gones, however, are frequent, with spermatia 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0005
mm. thick.
Hab. On the ground in dry exposed places of upland and subalpine
moorland districts.—Dzistr. General, but nowhere common, in the hilly
and mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Mouse-
hold Heath, Norwich, Norfolk ; Bournemouth, Hants; Dartmoor, Deyon-
shire; St. Breock, Cornwall; Llandrindod Hill, Radnorshire; Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Bennaboord, Morrone (frt.), and above Loch Callater, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire; near
Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Doneraile Mts., co. Cork; Kilkee, co. Clare;
Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form molariformis, Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Podetia longer,
thicker, divided towards the apices, the branches short, subpapillate,
subfastigiate.— Var. molariformis Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870)
p- 18.—Cladonia molariformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 117.
A luxuriant and robust form, with the podetia erowded and branched,
and the basal crust but little visible. Nylander observes (Lich. Scand.
p- 50) that it occurs more frequently in Central than in Northern Europe;
and this corresponds with its distribution in Great Britain. With us the
apothecia do not occur, and the spermogones are less frequent than in
the type.
Hab, On the ground among rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Very
local, though common where it occurs, in 8. England.—B. M.: Ardingly
Rocks, Sussex.
2. P. apoda Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 211 (note), 1878, p. 241.—
Thallus thin, thinly granuloso-crustaceous,white or whitish ; podetia
small, erect, ellipsoideo-vesiculose or subgranuliform (K+ yellow,
CaCl—). Apothecia sessile, small, often aggregate, plane, immar-
ginate or somewhat convex, rusty-red or red-ochraceous ; spores
fusiformi-oblong, 0,007—0,010 mm. long, 0,004 mm. thick ; epithe-
cium reddish-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 97; Leight. Lich.
FI. ed. 3, p. 544.
From the preceding well distinguished by the apothecia being sessile
on the basal thallus. The podetia, which are few, are seen only in an
abortive condition. A singular character of the plant is that the spermo-
gones usually occur inclosed in the hymenium, without any distinct con-
ceptacle. The spermatia are slightly arcuate, 0,008-0,012 mm. long,
0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On the ground in a maritime district.— Distr. Very local and rare,
in N.W. lveland (near Kylemore, co. Galway).
126 LICHENACEI. [ CLADONIA.
32. CLADONIA Hill.
Hist. Pl. (1751) p. 91 U
pro parte; Hoffm. D. Fl. <I os
ii. (1795) p. 114; Nyl. iy IN
za Cc
Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. j
Fenn. Forh. n.s. v.(1866) Y|
p- 110.—Thallus _laci- h
niato-foliaceous or squa- o- =
moso-foliolose at the base ; &@& ‘aN
podetia branched or scy- ; f
phiferous, more or less ; ; r
pulveraceous or squa-
mose, entire or with the Fig. 35.
axils and scyphi perfo- Cladonia pyxidata Fr.—a. Vertical section of
rate. Apothecia termi- an apothecium, x30. 6. Theca and _para-
nal, at first somewhat physis, ee c. Spores, wee d. a
1 ined. b section of a spermogonium, X80. e. Sterig-
Bee eae ee aoe mata, and f, spermatia, x 500.
convex and immarginate ;
spores Sn, oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually situated
on the ee of ae peat conical ; spermatia equally cylindrical,
somewhat curved or straight.
The species of this genus are for the most part very variable. They
are consequently so connected by intermediate states and forms (the
result to a certain extent, perhaps, of hybridism) that it is sometimes
difficult to separate them. Unfortunately, also, the chemical thalline
reactions, apart from the characters of the basal thallus and the podetia,
are not of decided value here *.
Sometimes there is seen a thin extended hypothalline-filamentose
patch, in which originate the basal squamules. The thallus is loosely
affixed by these filaments to the substratum, and in some instances, where
they decay, it becomes free. The spores and the spermatia of the dif
ferent species do not vary much in size, the former being 0,008-0,015 mm.
long, 0,003-0,004 mm. thick, and the latter 0,008-0,012 mm. long, scarcely
0,001 mm. thick. The genus may, for convenience, be divided into the
following sections from the colour of the apothecia. Some plants of this
and the following genus, when growing in dry exposed places, become
more or less cervine or brownish, whence vars. spadicea, fuscescens, &c.,
of authors.
Our islands are peculiarly rich in Cladonias; further research will no
doubt bring additions to light, as well as extend the distribution of some
already detected.
* Nylander says :—‘“ The genus Cladonia is not well adapted to show the
excellence of reactions, on account of the tinctorial particles being often but
sparingly present, by reason of the tenuity commonly of the cortex.” —‘ Flora,’
1886, p. 101.
7
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 127
A. PHAZOCARPAS.—Apothecia brown or pale.
a. Macrophylline.—Thallus foliaceo-laciniose ; podetia usually
little developed.
1. C. endiviefolia Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 212.—Thallus large
and rigid at the base; lacinie multifid, long, flexuose, generally
crenulate at the rounded apices, yellowish or glaucous-green, beneath
pale straw-coloured or whitish ; podetia small, cylindrical, simple,
rarely irregularly scyphiferous, arising from the upper surface of
the lacinize (Kf+ yellowish, K(CaCl)+deeper yellow). Apothecia
more or less confluent, pale or brown; spores oblong, 0,011-13 mm.
long, 0,0035-0,004 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 52; Brit. Clad.
p- 2; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55, ed. 3, p. 53.
—Seyphophorus endivifolius Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242; Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 418. Cenomyce endivifolia Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62.
Lachen endwifolius Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 17; With. Arr.
iy. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 2361.—Brit. Hvs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24.
The basal thallus is larger than in the other species, the lacinize being
often 1—2 inches long and } inch broad. The yellowish-green colour of
the upper and the paler yellow of the under surface, turned up in dry
weather, render this a beautiful plant. It varies in size, and the smaller
and more divided states are with difficulty distinguished from other
species. The apothecia are extremely rare and little developed in this
country.
Hab. On dry sandy (usually calcareous) soil among mosses and short
grasses, chiefly in maritime districts.—-Dist. Local and scarce, in a few
localities in E. and 8, England.—B, M.: Hemsby, near Yarmouth, Suf-
folk; Banstead Downs, Surrey ; Newhaven, Sussex (fruit).
2. C. alcicornis Floerke, Clad. (1828) p. 23.—Thallus somewhat
large and rigid at the base ; lacinie multifid, often almost palmately
divided, more or less blackish-fibrillose at the margins, glaucous-
green or yellowish, beneath whitish straw-coloured or nearly white ;
podetia arising from the upper surface of the laciniz, small or
moderate, usually narrowly scyphiferous, scyphi cristate at the
margins (K—, K(CaCl)+deep yellow). Apothecia often confluent,
brown; spores as in the preceding species—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 18; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59, ed. 3, p. 56.—Cladonia endiviefolia
p. alcicornis Mudd, Man. p. 52; Brit. Clad. p. 3. Scyphophorus
alcicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 242; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Ceno-
myce alcicornis Hook, Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62. Lichen aleicornis Lightt.
Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 872 pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 13892. Lichen
foliaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 35. Coralloides seyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilagi-
nosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 124. Lichenoides cartilaginosum,
tubulis et pyawidulis exiguis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 70. 38.—Brit.
Fas.: Leight. n. 15; Mudd, Clad. n. 1; Larb. Cesar. n. 56.
In its typical condition this may be distinguished from the preceding
by the more divided, narrower, and congested thallus, which is sometimes
pale rose-coloured beneath, and by the blackish fibrillose margins of the
128 LICHENACEI. ; [CLADONIA.
laciniw. States, however, occur, as if intermediate between them, in—
which these characters are not so evident. With us it is rare in a fertile
condition. The podetia are occasionally wanting, and then the apothecia
and the spermogones are sessile on the laciniz.
Hab. In dry sandy places amongst mosses and heaths in maritime and
upland districts —Dirst. Here and there throughout Great Britain, chiefly
in S. England and the Channel Islands; rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.:
Quenyais, Island of Jersey; Island of Sark; Jerbourg, Icart Point, and
L’Ancresse Bay, Island of Guernsey. Hunstanton, Norfolk; Aldgrave,
Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex ; the Downs, near Brighton, Sussex; Isle
of Wight; near Torquay, 8. Devon; Withiel and the Scilly Islands,
Cornwall ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth and Anglesea, N. Wales;
near Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ;
Island of Lismore; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; the Links, Old Aber-
deen. Glengariff, co. Cork.
3. C. firma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii. (1861) p. 755.—Thallus
laciniato-squamose at the base; lacinie constipate, suberect, very
minutely subareolato-insculpt, firm, crenate, naked, or at times
fibrillose at the margins, and crenato-incised, yellowish or glaucous-
greenish above, beneath pale yellowish or whitish or obsoletely
rose-coloured and white-suffused; podetia small, narrowly scyphi-
ferous (K—, K(CaCl)-+ yellow, often ferrugineous). Apothecia more
or less confluent, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia
alcicornis var. firma Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 191.—Brit. Eaxs.: Larb.
Cesar. n. 57; Cromb. n. 122.
Though originally regarded by Nylander as a variety of C. aleicornis,
yet “it constitutes a proper species more certainly than many others in
this genus” (Bull. Soc. Bot. l.c.). It differs from C. aletcornis in the
lacinie being constipate, thicker, simpler, and more ascending, firmer
when growing, but rather brittle when dry. The podetia and apothecia,
which are very like those of the preceding, are not uncommon, The
spermogones also are frequent, and are often sessile on the leaflets.
Hab. On sandy soil and on the ground amongst rocks in maritime
districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in the Channel Islands and in
S. England.—B. M.: Noirmont, Warren, and Quenvais, Island of Jersey ;
Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Lydd,
Kent ; Brighton Downs, Sussex ; Start Point, S. Devon.
Form gracilescens Cromb.—Thallus small; laciniz very narrow,
much divided, more or less crenate at the apices; podetia narrow
and narrowly scyphiferous. Apothecia not seen.—Cladonia alci-
cornis f. gracilescens Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111.
A well-marked form, perhaps a variety, of this rather than of the pre-
ceding species, characterized by the smaller thallus and the much more
slender and divided laciniew. It closely approaches to var. gentilis Ach. of
C. alcicornis, but differs in the marginal fibrille being not “long and
simple ” but shortly fasciculate. In the only entire specimen seen the
podetia, which are but sparingly present, are substerile and only spermo-
goniiferous.
Hab. On the ground among rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very
sparingly in S. Wales.—B. M.: Lydstep, Pembrokeshire.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 129
b. Microphylline.—Thallus typically small, variously squamulose.
a’. Scyphophore.—Podetia normally scyphiferous.
4, C. pyxidata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 216.—Thallus foliaceo-
squamulose at the base; squamules small, firm, glaucous-green or
greyish, whitish beneath ; podetia short or somewhat elongate, con-
tinuously corticate or verrucose, scyphiferous ; scyphi large, eyathi-
form, often proliferous (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, brown
or reddish-brown, sometimes symphicarpous ; spores oblong, variabie
in size, 0,008-14 mm. long, 0,003-0,0045 mm. thick,—Mudd, Man.
p. 53 pro parte; Brit. Clad. p. 7 pro parte; Cromb. Enum. p. 18
pro parte; Grevillea, xi. p. 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3,
p. 56.—Scyphophorus pyaidatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238; Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 456. Cenomyce pywxidata Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 62.
Lichen pyxidatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1151; Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 869 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 386; Eng. Bot. t. 1393. Cladonia coccifera Tayl. in Mack. FI.
Hib. ii. p. 81 pro parte. Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis
Dill. Muse. 79, t. 14. f. 6c,1-u. Lichenoides tubulosum pyaidatum
cinereum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 68. 28 pro parte.— Brit. Ews.:
Mudd, Clad. n. 6; Bohl. n. 32.
This is with us, as elsewhere, a very variable species, giving rise to
many marked forms and varieties, besides others enumerated by authors
which are simply states and do not deserve distinctive names. Among
these latter are :—simpler Roth., with “the scyphi larger and spermo-
goniiferous at the margin ;” staphylea Ach., with “the apothecia pedi-
cellate on the margin of the scyphi;” syntheta Ach., with “the margin
of the seyphi proliferous ;” costata Florke, with “the podetia denudate
and longitudinally furrowed.” Where the plant spreads extensively, one
or other of these may be met with on the same specimen. In the type
the basal squamules occasionally become nearly obsolete, and the apo-
thecia are comparatively rare.
Hab. On the ground, old walls, rocks, and about the roots of trees in
maritime, lowland, and upland districts.—Dvzstr. General and common
throughout Great Britain, and no doubt also in Ireland, though specimens
have not been seen; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of
Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; Hampstead Heath, Middlesex; New
Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward and near Bodmin,
Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Alston and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire ;
Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Den of Mains, Forfarshire;
Duniris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, A ber-
deenshire ; south of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire,
Form 1. lophyra Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 29.—Podetia short,
turbinate; scyphi crisp, squamuloso-foliaceous at the margins,
Apothecia large, sessile or pedicellate among the squamules.—
Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 8; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cenomyce
pyxidata 8. lophyra Ach, Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 535.
The squamulose margins of the scyphi and the position of the apothecia
K
130 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA,
distinguish this form. In the British specimens the apothecia are very
sparingly present, though the spermogones are not uncommon.
Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Local
and scarce in S.W. England and the Highlands of Scotland; probably
overlooked.—B. M.: St. Breock, Cornwall, Barcaldine, Argyleshire ;
Rannoch, Perthshire.
Form 2. epiphylla Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 50.—Podetia ex-
tremely short or wanting. Apothecia subsessile on the basal squa-
mules, conglomerate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, x1.
p. 111.—Cladonia pywidata B. chlorophea g. epiphylla Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 9. Lichen epiphyllus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 185.
This distinct form, or probably variety, is characterized by the podetia
being abortive or nearly so, and by the apothecia being consequently
more or less sessile on the basal thallus. A single British specimen has
been seen; it has a few very minute, scattered podetia.
Hab. On the ground in upland tracts.—Distr. Extremely local and
scarce in E, England; not recently found.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex.
Var. 6. pocillum Fr. Sum. Veg. (1845) p. 110.—Squamules at
the base somewhat large, firm, usually appressed, subimbricate,
pale-greyish ; podetia short, turbinato-scyphiferous, corticate, gra-
nulato-verrucose. Apothecia small, dark-brown.—Mudd, Man.
p. 53; Brit. Clad. p. 7; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18; Grevillea, x1.
p. 111.—Beomyces Pocillum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 336, t. 8. f. 6.
In this variety the basal thallus, which is occasionally orbicular, is as if
crustaceo-appressed to the substratum, and is sometimes of a cervine or
lurid-cervine colour (form cervina Nyl. Syn. p. 195), The pedetia are
more or less scattered, and the apothecia, rare in our specimens, are mar-
ginal on the scyphi.
Hab. On sterile soil on banks and heaths in maritime and upland
tracts.—Distr. Probably general and common, though seen only from
comparatively few localities in England, Scotland, and the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Bodmin, Corn-
wall; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Barmouth, N. Wales; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tongland,
Kirkcudbrightshire; Killin and Rannoch, Perthshire; Durris, Kincar-
dineshire ; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen
Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Var. y. chlorophea Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 70.—Squamules at
the base somewhat small; podetia elongato-turbinate, greenish or
sulphur-coloured, granulato-pulverulent, scyphiferous ; scyphi usually
narrow, simple or variously proliferous.—Mudd, Clad. p. 8; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Ceno-
myce chlorophea Florke in Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1826) p. 180.— Brit.
Ews.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 7-11; Leight. n. 399; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 206.
Characterized by the granulato-pulverulent podetia, in which it ap-
proaches C. jimbriata. When less developed the basal squamules are
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL. 131
often also pulverulent at the margins. It is not uncommon in a fertile
condition, the apothecia being often confluent.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and old walls in maritime and
upland districts.—Dzstr. General and common in Great Britain, and
probably also in Ireland, though no specimens have been seen ; rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Wootton Common, Nor-
folk; Epping Forest, Essex; Chislehurst, Kent; Leith Hill, Surrey ;
Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton,
Cornwall; Adderbury Church, Oxfordshire; Hale End, Malvern, Wor-
cestershire ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth-
shire; Ayton, Newton, and Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Mor-
peth, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland
Hills, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Rannoch and Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and
Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire ;
Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
Form 1. lepidophora Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 70.—Podetia
densely covered with minute, crowded, inciso-crenate, glaucous-grey
squamules.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 111.—Cladonia pywidata p.
chlorophea c. phyllophora (Wallr.) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 9.
This form seems quite distinct from the type, but the younger podetia
are as in it granulato-pulverulent. Its distinctive character no doubt
depends upon age and the nature of the habitat; in the type itself podetia
sometimes occur bearing a few scattered squamules. In the few speci-
mens seen the apothecia are not numerous,
Hab. On old brick walls and thatched roofs in lowland districts.—
Distr. Probably general, though seen only from Central and W. England,
N. Wales, and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Lechlade, Oxfordshire; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Conway, Carnarvonshire. Kinnordy, For-
farshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen.
Form 2. myriocarpa Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 111.—
Podetia somewhat short, subturbinate; scyphi subdilated, proli-
ferous from the margins, the prolifications narrow, multifid. Apo-
thecia sessile, small, aggregato-confluent.—Cladonia pyaidata var.
fimbriata f. myriocarpa Coem. Clad. Belg. (1863) n. 53 ; Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 10.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 58.
A well-marked form, referred to C. fimbriata by Coemans, but belonging
to this variety of C. pyxidata, from which it is distinguished by the pro-
lifications of the scyphi. The apothecia in well-fruited specimens are
very numerous and crowded, from pale-brown becoming reddish-brown.
Hab. On the ground and on wall-tops in maritime and upland situa-
tions.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, W. England
S. Scotland, and the 8. and N. Grampians.—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay,
Island of Jersey. Ozleworth Park, Gloucestershire; Malvern and Bewd-
ley, Worcestershire. Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Achmore,
Killin, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
5. C. leptophylla Flérke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 19.—Thallus
squa mulose at the base, pale-greenish ; squamules small, scattered,
K2
1382 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA.
rounded, entire or slightly crenate; podetia rarely present, short,
slender, glabrous, simple, sometimes bifid at the apices, ascyphous
(K—,CaCl—). Apothecia solitary, turgid, capitate, brown; spores
0,010-12 mm. long, 0,003-35 mm. thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xi.
p. 111.—Cladonia pya«idata subsp. leptophylla Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p-18; var. leptophylla Leight. Lich. Fl. p.61, ed. 3, p.57. Cladonia
cariosa [3. leptophylla Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6. Cladonia squamosa
f. leptophylla Mudd, Man.p. 57. Helopodium leptophyllum Gray, Nat.
Arr.i. p.416. Cenomyce leptophylla Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568.
Scyphophorus microphyllus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Lichen micro-
phyllus Eng. Bot. t. 1782.
This anomalous plant resembles C. cariosa, but beside other characters
differs in the absence of any thalline reaction. It is near C. py.xidata;
but the form of the thallus and of the podetia (which when dry become
shrunken and somewhat costate) entitle it to rank as a species; it was so
regarded by the older authors, and more recently by Nylander (‘ Flora,’
1874, p.70). The apothecia are nearly hemispherical, and much broader
than the podetia.
Hab. In moist places amongst heaths in wooded upland tracts.—Distr.
Very sparingly in 8, England and 8.W. Scotland; probably overlooked
elsewhere.—b, M.: Tilgate Forest, Sussex. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire.
6. C. pityrea Florke Clad. (1828) p. 79.—Thallus squamulose
at the base; squamules minute, often evanescent, greyish-green
above, white beneath; podetia somewhat short, slender, entirely
furfuraceo-granulate, obsoletely and irregularly scyphiferous, greyish-
white ; scyphi narrow, little evolute or divided, fimbriato-radiate
and often proliferous at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
moderate or small, subpedicellate or sessile, pale- or dark-brown.—
Cromb. Greyillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pyaidata subsp. pityrea
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.18. Cladonia pywidata p. pityrea Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p.57. Capitularia pityrea
Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. i. (1810) p. 182. Coralloides
parum ramosum, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Muse. 97, t. 15. f. 20.—Cla-
donia pyxidatavar. symphicarpa Cromb. (non Ach.) Lich, Brit. p. 18;
Grevillea, xi. p.111, is an obscure state of this.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd,
Clad. nos. 27-29, 16 pro parte, and 38; Larb. Cesar. n. 8.
Resembling generally C. fimbriata and var.chlorophea of C.pyxidata, yet
so constant as to deserve to rank as a proper species. It is distinguished
by the furfuraceo-pulverulent podetia and the minutely fimbriate narrow
scyphi, which are pervious ornon-pervious. The apothecia are small and
marginal on the scyphi, or large and subpedicellate, becoming dark in old
age.
Hab, On the ground among mosses and on dead stumps of trees in
upland situations.—Dzst7. Local and scarce in S. and N. England, and
among the Grampians, Scotland; rare in N.W. Ireland and the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. New Forest,
Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, near Bodmin, Cornwall;
Loundsdale, Guisboro’ Moor, near Roseberry, Ayton Moor, and Black
CLADONIA. | CL‘ DONIEI. 133
Banks, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Appin, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire; near Ballater, Aberdeenshire ;
Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Kylemore, co, Galway.
Form hololepis Flérke Clad. (1828) p. 83.—Podetia somewhat
short, densely squamuloso-furfuraceous ; squamules fragile, more or
less pulverulent ; scyphi irregularly fimbriate or divided.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea j. hololepis
Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 16 (non Exs. n. 33).
This differs in the minutely squamuloso-furfuraceous podetia somewhat
elongate when sterile. Though distinct, it is only a form, as in the type
a few minute squamules are occasionally present. In the only British
specimen the apothecia are somewhat numerous.
Hab. On the ground amongst decayed heaths in upland districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce in the S. Highlands, Scotland, though no
doubt occurring elsewhere.—B. M.: Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.
7. C. acuminata Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. (1876)
p- 12.—Thallus minutely squamulose at the base; squamules
greenish-grey above, white beneath; podetia slender, somewhat
elongate, cylindrico-subuliform, simple or branched, acuminate at
the apices, granulato-furfuraceous, greyish-white (K+ yellowish,
CaCl—). Apothecia terminal, small, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, x1.
p- 112.—Cladonia pyxidata p. pityrea e. acuminata Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 15 (non Exs. n. 20). Cenomyce pityrea b. acuminata Ach.
Syn. (1814) p. 254. Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebriortbus
Dill. Musc. 104, t. 16. f. 27 5.
Till recently this was regarded by authors as a variety of C. pityrea.
In addition, however, to the more elongate, subulate, apically acute
podetia, with their terminal apothecia, it is at once separated by the
thalline reaction with K. Of the two specimens gathered in this country,
one is fertile.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine districts.—Distr,
Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W,
Ireland (Connemara, Galway).—B. M.: Head of Glen Callater, Brae-
mar, Aberdeenshire.
8. C. Lamarkii Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447.—Thallus squamulose
at the base ; squamules small, crenate, greyish-green above, whitish
beneath ; podetia moderate, granulato-furfuraceous, scyphifero-pro-
liferous, the seyphi not pervious, digitately divided at the margins,
fureato-radiate at the apices (Kf+yellowish, then ochraceous,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1876, p, 360; Grevillea, xi. p. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 54.—Cladonia Lamarkii Del. fide Nyl.1.¢. Cladonia pyxidata
p. pityrea c. fascicularis Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 15.
From the two preceding species this is distinguished by the scyphi and
by the reaction with K. In the few British specimens the podetia are
rather short (about 4 in. long), occasionally somewhat fasciculate, with
134 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA.
the scyphi proliferous from the margins. The apothecia do not usually
occur.
Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in
S.W. England, 8.W. Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Near
Widdicombe, Devonshire; Bodmin, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
Form Isignyi Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 447.—Podetia densely squa-
muloso-foliaceous. Apothecia moderate, dark-brown.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xv. p. 44.—Cladonia pywidata wu. pityrea k. d’ Isiqgnyt Mudd,
Brit. Clad. p. 16. Cladonia Isignyi Del. fide Nyl. 1. ¢.
The podetia are usually covered with folioles except towards the apices,
where they are more or less squamulose. In perfect specimens the basal
thallus is more developed than in the type. With us it is rarely well-
fertile.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of trees in
maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Local and rare in the Channel
Islands and the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Grosnez Common,
Island of Jersey. Near Falls of Tummel, Perthshire.
9. C. cariosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. (1827) p. 272.—Thallus
squamulose at the base ; squamules minute, crenato-incised, greyish-
glaucous above, white beneath; podetia rather short, somewhat
stout, simple or branched, at first smooth, becoming granulato-ver-
rucose, partly denudate, and then almost white carioso-cancellate,
greyish-glaucous or glaucous; scyphi digitately divided into sub-
fastigiate branches (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia turgid, some-
what large, subconfluent, brown; spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,004—5
mm. thick.—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 6; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 55.—Cladonia gracilis K. cariosa
Mudd, Man, p.55. Cenomyce cariosa Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2761;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Lzchen cariosus Ach. Prodr.
(1798) p. 198. Coralloides .fungiforme fuscum, basi foliacea Dill.
Muse. 77, t. 14. f. 2.— Brit. Kxvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 5.
Easily known by the carioso-cancellate podetia, which, with the other
characters, show it to be a very distinct species. The basal squamules
are sometimes very small or evanescent, and minute squamules are rare
on the podetia. These latter are crowdedly and longitudinally sulcate or
subfissured, and usually corymbosely divided at the apices. The apo-
thecia are cccasionally entirely sessile and subconfluent on the podetia.
Hab. On clayey and sandy soil in maritime and upland wooded dis-
tricts—Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, the
W. Highlands of Scotland, and S8.W. Ireland—B. M.: Horsemunden,
Kent; Wyre Forest and Bewdley, Worcestershire ; Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch-
aber, Inverness-shire.
10. C. fimbriata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 222.—Thallus squa-
mulose at the base; squamules minute, greyish-green above, white
beneath, occasionally evanescent; podetia usually somewhat elon-
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 135
gate, cylindrico-subulate or tubsform, scyphiferous, very thinly
pulverulent, white or glaucous-white; scyphi with the margin
usually erect and crenate, regular or variously proliferous (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia brown, simple or confluent.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 19; Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Cladonia pyxidata 3. fimbriata
Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 61, ed. 3,
p. 57. Scyphophorus fimbriatus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 243; Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 419. Cenomyce fimbriata Hook. FI. Scot. il. p. 62 ;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen fimbriatus Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 870; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.387; Eng. Bot. t. 2438. Coralloides
scyphiforme gracile, marginibus serratis Dill. Muse. 84, t. 14. f. 8,
et Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis, p. 79, t. 14. f. 64, B.
Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis Dill. in Ray,
Syn. ed. 3, 69. 30.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. nos. 325, 376, 377 ; Mudd,
n. 1, Clad. nos. 14, 15, 17, 18; Bohl. n. 24.
From C. pyxidata, to which it is allied, this differs in the podetia being
whitish-pulverulent, often more extended, with narrower scyphi. In
these respects it is constant, and may with propriety be regarded as speci-
fically distinct. It is a very variable plant in the characters of the
podetia. Sometimes they become denudate, and in this case are often
longitudinally ribbed (form costata Flérke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.58); and at other times they are once or twice
proliferous (form prolifera Ach., Mudd, /. c.). The scyphi also are occa-
sionally unequally denticulate at the margins (form denticulata Flérke,
Mudd, Man. p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 10), and more rarely are cyathiform,
with the margin squamulose (pterygota Flérke, Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p. 11). These, however, are mere states of the type resulting from the
nature of the habitat, and more than one of them may at times be seen
on the same specimen. In this country the apothecia are rarely well
developed.
Hab. On the ground, roots of trees, and among mosses on old walls in
maritime, lowland, and upland districts.— Distr. General and common in
Great Britain and Ireland, though seen but from comparatively few
localities, the more typical condition being rarer—B. M.: Epping Forest,
Essex ; Dorking, Surrey; New Forest, Hants; Truro, Cornwall; New-
market Heath, Cambridgeshire; near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire ;
Barmouth, Merionethshire; Aber, Carnarvonshire; Over, Cheshire ;
Ayton and Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmore-
land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Royal Botanic Gardens and
Braid Hills, Edinburgh; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin and
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Castle-
ton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; Lairg,
Sutherlandshire. Kylemore, co. Galway.
Var. 3. conista Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 51.—Podetia short,
subturbinate, pulverulent, greenish-grey ; scyphi simple, the margin
subentire.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pyxidata y.
jimbriata b. conista Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Scyphophora conista
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Cenomyce fimbriata (3. conista Ach. Syn.
(1814) p. 257.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 13.
Differs in the size and form of the podetia, and in their simple (never
136 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA.
proliferous) scyphi. As these characters seem to be constant, it may be
regarded as constituting a distinct variety rather than a less developed
form. The apothecia, which are “ marginal and minute” (Ach.), do not
occur in our British specimens.
Hab. On the ground and tops of walls in upland districts —Dvtr.
Probably not unfrequent, though seen only from a few localities in S. and
N. England, N. Wales, 8. and N.E. Scotland, and the S. Grampians.—
B. M.: Lanivet, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Easby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Killin, Perthshire ;
Countesswells, near Aberdeen.
Form exigua Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia very
short, whitish- or greyish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, simple, brown
within, the margin entire.—Lichen pywidatus n. eviguus Huds. Fl.
Angl. ed. 2 (1778), p. 552. Scyphophora conista B. ewilis (Ach.),
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421. Lnchen filiformis var. 2, With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 39. Coralloides scyphis humilibus, intus fuscis Dill.
Muse. 86, t. 14. f. 11.
Probably only an accidental state, differing in the entire margin of the
scyphi and their bright-brown colour in the interior, though, as indicated
by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 535, cfr. Meth. p. 338), this may become
blackish in age. In the British specimens seen, which are sterile, the
podetia are numerous and crowded.
Hab. On the ground upon upland heaths.—Dztr. Apparently very
local and scarce in E, England.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex.
Var. y. tubeformis Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 22.— Podetia some-
what elongate, cylindrical, pulverulent, white, scyphiferous ; scyphi
narrow, regular, entire or slightly crenulate at the margins.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 19.—Cladonia pywxidata var. fimbriata f. tubeformis
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58. Cladonia pyxidata E. tube-
formis Mudd, Man. p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 10. Cladonia pyaidata
var. tubeformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1791) p. 122.—Brit. Exvs.:
Leight. n. 377; Mudd, n. 7.
The cylindrical and usually more elongate podetia, with their narrower
scyphi, distinguish this variety, which is most frequently seen only in a
juvenile condition. In this country, as elsewhere, the apothecia are
apparently very rare, though the spermogones are occasionally visible.
Hab. On the ground and rotten stumps in wooded upland tracts.—
Distr. Not very general nor frequent, occurring only here and there in
England, N. Wales, and Scotland; not seen from Ireland.— Distr. Wal-
thamstow, Essex; New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon;
St. Breward, Cornwall; Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire; Shrewsbury,
Shropshire; near Worcester ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craigforth, Stirling; Glen
Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen.
Form macra Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia short,
cylindrical, slender, whitish-pulverulent ; scyphi narrow, the margin
entire.—Cladonia pyxidata 3. fimbriata F. macra Mudd, Man.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 137
p. 54, Brit. Clad. p. 9. Capitularia pyxidata c. macra Flérke in
Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810) p. 290.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 12.
The much shorter and slender podetia and the narrow scyphi cha-
racterize this form, which is entirely referable to the above variety.
With us it is scarcely, if ever, seen fertile.
Hab, On putrid trunks in upland localities —Distr. Found only in E.,
S.W., Central, and N. England, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and S. Ire-
land.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; near Bodmin, Cornwall ; Charn-
- wood Forest, Leicestershire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire. Castlemartyr, co. Cork.
Var. 6. carneopallida Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 195.—Podetia mode-
rate, narrow, scyphiferous, whitish or greenish-white-pulverulent ;
scyphi narrow, crenate and sometimes proliferous at the margins.
Apothecia small, pale flesh-coloured.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—
Cladonia pyxidata 6. carneopallida Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 11. Capi-
tularia py«idata y. carneopallida Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr.
li. (1810) p. 304. Cladonia carneola Mudd, Man. p. 56 (excl.
syn.).
Somewhat similar to the preceding variety, from all states of which it
differs in the colour of the apothecia. In this respect it approaches to
C. carneola Fr., with which it has occasionally been confounded. The
two British specimens seen are only sparingly fertile.
Hab, On putrid trunks of trees in upland woods.— Distr. Seen only
from E. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Epping
Forest and Snaresbrook, Essex.
Subsp. C. fibula Nyl. ex Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
(1876) p. 12.—Podetia elongate, slender, simple, subcylindrical,
white-pulverulent; scyphi narrow or none (K—, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia small, brown, usually aggregate——Cromb. Grevillea, xi.
p- 112.—Cladonia pyxidata e. cornuta k. fibula Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p. 13. Lichen fibula Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 194. Scyphophora fim-
briata 6. fibularia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420.
The form of the podetia, which are 1-2 in. long, warrant this being
regarded as a subspecies. In the British specimens the podetia are
usually ascyphous and well-fertile. From it apparently descend the
varieties and forms that follow, all of which are connected by inter-
mediate states.
Hab. On decaying stumps and on the ground among mosses in wooded
upland districts——Dvzstr. Gathered only very sparingly in S.W. England,
S. Scotland, the 8. W. Highlands, and among the S. Grampians.—B. M. :
Dartmoor, Devonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.
Form abortiva Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—Podetia
elongate, rather thicker, white-pulverulent, obtuse or obscurely
seyphiferous at the apices; scyphi subcrenate and somewhat dila-
138 LICHENACET, [CLADONTA,
cerate. Apothecia not seen.—Cladonia pyaxidata y. fimbriata k.
abortiva Mudd, Brit. Clad. p.11. Seyphophora fimbriata y. abortiva
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420. Capitularia pywidata 6. longipes B.
abortiva Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. 11. (1810) p. 294.
Seems to be only a form of this subspecies, next to which it was
placed by Acharius, Syn. p. 255. It is distinguished chiefly by the apices
of the podetia and by being always sterile. In the British specimens the
scyphi are not well developed, and only a few spermogones are visible.
Hab. On semiputrid stumps in upland districts.—Distr. Local and
scarce in N. England and the S.W. Highlands, Scotland.—B, M.: Near
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
Var. 3. subcornuta Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.
—Podetia elongate, simple or sparingly branched above, white-
pulverulent, subulate and more or less cornute at the apices——Cla-
donia fimbriata subsp. subcornuta Nyl. in Flora, 1874, p. 318. Cla-
donia pyxidata B. fimbriata A. cornuta Mudd, Man. p.53; Brit. Clad.
p. 12. Scyphophora fimbriata n. cornuta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 420.
Lichen cornutus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 8766; Eng. Bot. t. 1836.
Coralloides vix ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15.
f. 14 pv, r.— Brit. Hxs.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 19, 20, 21; Bohl. n. 48.
Distinguished from C. fibula by the form of the apices of the ascyphous
podetia. In this it closely resembles states of C. cornuta, with which it
has often been confounded, but is distinguished by the podetia being
pulverulent throughout. Only spermogones are present in our specimens,
Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts.—Dzstr. Appa-
rently not very common in Great Britain and Iveland.—B. M.: Epping
Forest, Essex ; Ayton and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham. Leadhbills, Lanarkshire; Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells,
near Aberdeen ; Kinnordy Moss, Forfarshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire. Near Cork; Blaris Bridge, Belfast, co. Antrim; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Form 1. nemoxyna Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Podetia
slender, branched; branches divided, subuliform. Apothecia not
seen.— Cladonia pyxidata e. cornuta 1. nemoxyna Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p.- 13. Scyphophora fimbriata §. nemoxyna Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 420.
Beomyces radiatus 3. nemoxynus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 342. Coral-
loides scyphiforme cornutum Dill. Muse. 92, t. 15. f. 16 8, D, B.
Differs in the subuliformi-branched podetia, with the branches usually
of unequal length. It occurs only spermogoniiferous.
Hab, On the ground among heaths in upland tracts.—Distr. Local and
scarce in EK. and N. England and among the 8. Grampians, Scotland ;
probably to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ;
Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Killin, Perthshire.
Form 2. tortuosa Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—
Podetia somewhat stout, flexuose, divaricately branched ; branches
short, subulate, or thickened and obtuse at the apices.—Cladonia
CLADONIA. | CLADONIET. 139
pywidata e. cornuta c. tortuosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 12. Cenomyce
tortuosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 622.
The contorted podetia and the often incrassate apices of their branches
distinguish this form. The podetia are frequently also more or less
squamulose and furfuraceous in the lower portion, In our specimens a
few young apothecia only are present.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts— Distr. Seen
only from Central England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire. Countesswells, near Aberdeen.
Var. y. radiata Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—
Podetia elongate, subulate or scyphiferous ; scyphi narrow, radiate
or radiato-fimbriate at the margins.—Cladonia fimbriata var. radiata
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.19. C. pyaidata var. fimbriata f. radiata
Mudd, Man. p. 53, Brit. Clad. p. 13. Scyphophora fimbriata [.
radiata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p.420. Cenomyce radiata Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Lichen radiatus Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. (1771)
p. 122; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38; Eng. Bot. t. 1835. Cladonia
pyxidata var. fimbriata f. cornuto-radiata Scher., Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 62, ed. 3, p.58. Lichen pywidatus p Huds. Fl. Angi. ed. 2,
p- 555. Coralloides scyphiforme cornutum Dill. Muse. 92, t. 15.
f. 16 c, ¥, c.— Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 23; Leight. n. 376; Bohl.
n. 47.
This is distinguished by the radiate margins of the scyphi; but the
ascyphous podetia are very similar to those of the preceding variety,
with which it seems to be confluent. In luxuriant specimens the scyphi
are expanded, with the subulate fimbrize more elongate. The apothecia
are not present in our specimens, but the spermogones are frequent.
Hab. On the ground in upland districts—Distr. Probably general in
hilly tracts of Great Britain and Ireland, though as yet seen only
from comparatively few localities—B. M.: Near Norwich, Norfolk;
St. Breock, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth and Aber-
dovey, Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. ‘ongland,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Kinnordy Moss,
Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen.
Aghalee bog, N.W. of Lough Neagh, co. Londonderry ; Killarney, co.
Kerry.
11. C. gracilis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 119.—Thallus
sparingly squamuloso-foliolose at the base; squamules olive-green
or brownish above, whitish beneath, often evanescent; podetia
elongate, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or branched, subulate
or scyphiferous at the apices; scyphi narrow, denticulate at the
margins, pale-greyish or pale-greenish, occasionally subspadiceous
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia either pedicellate or sessile, moderate,
brown or reddish; spores oblong, 0,009-0,012 mm. long, 0,0035-—
0,004 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 62, ed. 3, p.58. Cladonia gracilis d. chordalis Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p- 17; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. C. gracilis y. hybrida ¢. chordalis
Mudd, Mann. p. 55. Scyphophorus gracilis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 239.
140 LICHENACEI. [CLADONTA.
Cenomyce gracilis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 82. Scyphophora ecmocyna (3. gracilis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 421.
Lichen gracilis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152; Huds. Fl. Angl.
p- 457; Leight. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 37;
Eng. Bot. t. 1264. Coralloides scyphiforme serratum elatius, cau-
libus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. 88, t. 14. f. 130,p. Lichenoides
pyxidatum cinereum elatius, ramulis pyxidatum desinentibus Dill.
in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 32.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 296; Mudd,
nos. 10, 11, & 16 (pro parte), Clad. nos. 34, 37; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 207.
A very variable plant. The form here described is Cladonia chordalis
Flérke, Clad. p. 34. The basal thallus is rarely visible except in young
plants, becoming for the most part speedily obsolete. It is a social
plant, often spreading extensively, with the podetia 2-4 in. long, simple
or more or less branched, and frequently blackish at the base. The apo-
thecia are rare; when present they are numerous and occasionally con-
glomerate.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in maritime and
upland districts.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Great
Britain and probably also Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.:
Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Wootton Common, Norfolk; Epping
Forest, Essex; Lydd, Kent; Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance,
Cornwall; Wokingham Heath, Berkshire; Worcester Beacon, Worces-
tershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth and Dolgelly,
Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland and Farndale, Yorkshire ;
Eglestone, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Lamplugh, Cum-
berland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Manor Head, Peebleshire ;
Largs, Ayrshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Glen Ample,
Blair Athole, and Rannoch, Perthshire; Kinnordy and Kirriemuir, For-
farshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; Forres, Elginshire ;
Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Ballynascreen Mt., co, Tyrone;
Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form 1. abortiva Scher. Spic. (1823) p. 33.—Podetia subuliform,
recurved or hooked at the apices, and there verrucose, infuscate :
substerile-—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 17; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3,
p- 59; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Brit. Hws.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 36.
Probably an accidental state, resulting from the abortive apothecia
deforming the podetia.
Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Seen only from N.
England and the Central Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt occurring else-
where.—B. M.: Highcliffe, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Rannoch, Perthshire.
Form 2. spinulifera Cromb.—Podetia slender, dark spadiceous,
somewhat rugulose, with frequent short spinules ; scyphi with the
margins spinulose.
A peculiar and probably accidental form, analogous to var. spinosa
of C. furcata. The only specimen yet gathered is sterile.
Hab. On moors in upland situations.—Distr. Found only in S8.W.
England.—B, M.: Near Newton Abbot, 8. Devon.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL. 141
Form 3. aspera Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 30.—Podetia more or
less clothed with foliolose squamules ; squamules crenate or crenato-
incised at the margins.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Capitularia
gracilis yar. aspera Florke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr, ii. (1810) p. 333.
—Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 402.
Differs in the more or less squamulose podetia, which are usually
ascyphous. The British specimens are in a stunted condition, with
podetia short (scarcely more than 1 in. high), subulate and sterile.
Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Local and searce in
Central and N. England.—B. M.: Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ;
Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland.
Var. f. hybrida Scher. Spic. (1823) p.32.—Podetia more or less
elongate, robust, sparingly branched, usually scyphiferous ; scyphi
subdilated or proliferous at the margins. Apothecia moderate.—
Mudd, Man. p. 55, Brit. Clad. p. 17 ; Cromb. Greyvillea, xi. p. 112.
—Cladonia hybrida Hoftm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 119 pro parte.
Cladonia gracilis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.19. Coralloides seyphiforme
serratum elatius, caulibus gracilibus glabris Dill. Muse. 88. t. 14.
f. 13, B.
A robust plant, with the podetia for the most part scyphiferous. As
noticed by Nylander (Syn. p. 196), it approaches vars. of pyzxidata, of
which at first sight it looks to be a more extended form. In the few
British specimens the apothecia are sparingly present.
Hab. On mossy rocks and among mosses on the ground in mountainous
districts.—Distr. Local; the Grampians, Scotland, probably not uncom-
mon.—B. M.: By Loch Tay, Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfar-
shire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. C. gracillima Norrl. Hb. Lich. Fenn. ix. (1882) n. 424,—
Podetia elongate, very slender, crowded, subulate or scyphiferous,
much branched above; branches divided, shortly subfurcate at the
apices: scyphi very narrow, denticulate at the margins (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.
Distinguished by the slender podetia being densely czespitose, much
and intricately branched, especially in the upper portion, and by their
apices being somewhat furcate, resembling C. furcata. Found only ina
substerile condition.
Hab. On mossy boulders in upland fir woods.—Distr. Very local and
scarce in N. England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: The Cheviots, North-
umberland. Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen.
12. C. cornuta Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 225.—Thallus sparingly
foliolose at the base; leaflets lobato-crenate or none; podetia elon-
gate, corticate and glabrous in the lower portion, pulverulent towards
the apices, subuliformi-cornute or a few sometimes narrowly scyphi-
ferous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown; spores as in the
preceding species.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.18; Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—
142 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA.
Cladonia gracilis var. cornuta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62, ed. 3, p. 58.
Lichen cornutus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152.—This is not Lichen
cornutus of British authors: vide C. fibula var. subcornuta and
C. macilenta,
Though by some regarded as a variety or subspecies of C. gracilis, yet
from the podetia being corticate only to beyond the middle and then more
or less pulverulent upwards, it may rank as a distinct species. The basal
leaflets are not unfrequently present ; and the podetia, which are 2-4 in.
high, are quite naked. In British specimens the apothecia and spermo-
gones are extremely rare.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground on heaths and in woods in upland
tracts.— Distr. Seen only from N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Sherriffmuir, near Stir-
ling; Rannoch and Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
Form clavulus Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 225.—Podetia short,
somewhat turgid, corticate from below the middle; scyphi none.
A stunted, stouter form, with the podetia sometimes pulverulent
throughout, except towards the base. It apparently never occurs scyphi-
ferous or fertile.
Hab. On turf-walls in upland districts.—Dizstr. Extremely local and
scarce among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Glen Quoich, Braemar.
13. C. ochrochlora Flérke, Clad. (1821) p. 75.—Thallus foliaceo-
squamulose at the base ; squamules laciniato-crenate, greenish above,
white beneath ; podetia somewhat short, cylindrical, glabrous in the
lower portion and pale greenish-grey, pulverulent above and whitish
or ochroleucous, obtuse and truncate at the apices or narrowly
scyphiferous, with the margins dentato-radiate (K—, CaCl—).
Apothecia small, pale brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.— Cla-
donia gracilis var. ochrochlora Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59.
C. pywxidata §. ochrochlora Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 14.—Brit. Exs.:
Mudd, Clad. 24-26.
This approaches in some respects subsp. C. fibula, and in others
C. cornuta ; but as it constantly preserves its own type, it may be regarded
as distinct. The podetia are occasionally sparingly squamulose (var. phyl-
lostrota Florke), and the scyphi are rarely proliferous. In this country
it seldom occurs fertile, though the spermogenes are not uncommon.
Hab. On putrid trunks and turfy soil in wooded upland districts —
Distr. Somewhat local and rare in 8.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland,
and in the W. Highlands.—B. M.: Near Beckey Falls, 8. Devon; near
Bodmin, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ;
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway,
Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ;
S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire.
Form ceratodes Florke, Clad. (1821) p. 77.—Podetia slender,
cylindrical or somewhat ventricose, simple, subulate at the apices.—
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL =| 143
Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 112.—Cladonia pywidata £. ochrochlora
a. ceratodes Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 14.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 23.
This differs chiefly in the form of the apices of the podetia, and appa-
rently never occurs with apothecia,
Hab. On putrid trunks and turf-walls in shady upland districts.— Distr.
Apparently local and scarce in 8.W. and N. England and among the
Central Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Beckey Falls, 8S, Devon; near Bod-
min, Cornwall; Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumber-
land. Rannoch, Perthshire; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
14. C. verticillata Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 26.—Thallus foliaceo-
squamulose at the base; leaflets few, small, laciniiform, crenato-
incised, dark-olive or greyish-green; podetia corticate, glabrous,
elongato-turbinate, scyphiferous, glaucous- or brownish-green ;
scyphi regular, plane, denticulate at the margin, at length repeatedly
proliferous (2-4 times) from the somewhat elevated centre (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 63, ed. 3, p. 59.—Cladonia gracilis subsp. verticillata Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 19. Cladonia cervicornis 3. verticillata Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p. 5. C. gracilis B. verticillata Mudd, Man. p. 54. Scyphophora
verticillata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 418. Cladonia py«idata var. verti-
cillata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 122. Lichen pyxidatus f.
pro parte, Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 552; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 36.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum proliferum Dill. Muse. 80. t. 14.
f. 6p-w; in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 29.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 3.
From C. gracilis, of which some make it a variety or subspecies, this is
distinguished by the scyphi being at length 2-4 times proliferous from
the centre, the uppermost scyphus being shorter and narrower. It
approaches also C. verticillaris Mont., but is well separated by the basal
thallus. In this country it is rarely fertile.
Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr, Local and scarce in S., W., and N. England, very rare in Scotland
andin N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway), as also in the Channel Islands ;
though it is no doubt more generally distributed.—B. M. : Noirmont, Island
of Jersey. Broadwater Forest, Sussex ; St. Breock, Cornwall; Delamere
Forest, Cheshire; Ayton Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Swinhope Fell, Northumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ;
Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
Form laciniolata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 112.—
Laciniz elongate and narrow at the base; podetia with the scyphi
laciniolose at the margins.
This may be a distinct variety. It is a luxuriant plant, with the apo-
thecia numerous and dark brown.
Hab. On exposed rocks in moist places in upland districts.— Distr.
Found only sparingly in 8.W. England and the 8.W. Highlands, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Carn Galva, near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine,
Argyleshire. "
144 LICHEN ACEI. [CLADONIA.
15. C. cervicornis Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 195.—Thallus foliaceo-
squamulose at the base; leaflets large, laciniiform, crenate or inciso-
crenate, or variously multifid, ascending, firm, dark olive-green or
glaucous-green above, whitish or brownish-black beneath ; podetia
short, smooth or subverrucose, scyphiferous ; scyphi simple or irre-
gularly proliferous, more or less squamulose (K+ yellowish, CaCl— ).
Apothecia small, sessile, brownish-black.—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 4;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57, ed. 3, p. 54.—Cladonia gracilis subsp. cervi-
cornis Mudd, Man. p. 54; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19. Scyphophorus
cervicornis Sm. Eng. Fl. v.2p. 242; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81.
Lichen cervicornis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 184, Eng. Bot. t. 2574.
Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosis Dill,
Muse. 87, t. 14. f. 12 8.
Though generally resembling less proliferous states of the preceding
species, this differs in the more developed laciniz, the shorter podetia,
and in the chemical reaction with K. The thallus at the base is densely
cxspitose, with the leaflets nearly erect, somewhat thickened, in old
plants rimoso-reticulate above and the podetia are often but little deve-
loped, or entirely wanting (form basima Cromb.). The apothecia are
sessile on the margins of the scyphi, and are either simple or conglo-
merate, becoming blackish in age.
Hab. On the ground among rocks and on heaths in maritime and
upland regions.— Dist. General and usually plentiful in hilly and moun-
tainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ; rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Pleimmont, Guern-
sey. Rusthall Common, Kent; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Bolt Head,
Devonshire ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton, Somerset-
shire; Worcester Beacon, Worcestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire; Rhew-
ereidden, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Cardiganshire ; Island of Anglesea ;
Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Moffat, Dum-
friesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyleshire; The
Trossachs, Rannoch, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Lion’s Face and Ben-
naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; near
Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Carig Mt. and
Killarney, co. Kerry; Kylemore, co, Galway.
Form stipata Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 239.—Squamules at the base
elongate, sublinear, crenato-incised and deeply divided, erect, stipate ;
podetia and apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876,
p. 3860; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 55.
Differs only in the basal thallus. The podetia and apothecia very
rarely occur.
Hab. On the ground among rocks in upland districts— Distr. Rare
and local in N. Wales, the Central Grampians and the N.W. Highlands,
Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland (Kylemore, co. Galway).—B. M.: Aber-
dovey, Merionethshire. Loch Eagh, Rannoch, Perthshire; hills of Apple-
cross, Ross-shire.
16. C. sobolifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66; Not. Sallsk. pro F. et
Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 176 (note).—Thallus foliaceous
at the base; leaflets somewhat narrow, inciso-crenate, czspitose,
CLADONTA., | CLADONTEL. 145
glaucous-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia short, cylindrical,
glabrous, subverrucose or somewhat foliaccous, scyphiferous, greyish-
green or glaucous-white ; scyphi dilated, proliferous from the centre
and from the denticulate margins (K —,CaCl—). Apothecia small,
simple or conglomerate, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—
Cladonia verticillata var. sobolifera Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 3, xvii. p. 411, Lich. Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p.19. Cenomyce cladomorpha var. soholifera Del. in Dub. Bot.
Gall. (1830) p. 631. Coralloides scyphiforme, marginihus radiatis
et fohatis Dill. Muse. 85, t. 14. f. 94, 8. Lichenordes pywidatum,
marginthus eleganter folatis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 69. 33.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 14; Mudd, n. 9 pro parte, Clad. n. 2; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 322. .
Very closely allied to C. cervicornis, from which it is at once separated
by the reaction with K. In other respects it is distinguished chiefly by
the somewhat smaller (rarely nearly as large) and less ceespitose thallus,
by the margins of the seyphi and the prolifications, which are often 2,
rarely 3, in which respect it more resembles C. verticillata. From this
also it seems distinct, and preserves its own type. The podetia are ocea-
sionally sparingly foliaceous, and the apothecia are usually numerous.
Hab. On mossy boulders, rocks, and the ground in upland districts.—
Distr. Somewhat local in 8., W., and N. England, the Highlands of
Scotland, S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands; no doubt often over-
looked.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey. Near Dawlish and
Hunter Tor, S. Devon; St. Breock and Helminton, Cornwall; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Rhewereidden and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Ayton
and Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland.
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen
Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen; Glen
Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Ballyedmond, co. Cork.
17. C. macrophylla Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 299.—Thallus squa-
muloso-feliaceous at the base; squamules large, glaucous above,
whitish beneath, crenate at the margins ; podetia moderate or some-
what elongate, cylindrical, ascyphous or often with narrow scyphi,
rough with smaller glaucous squamules, becoming at length carious
(K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia brown, generally confluent ;
spores 0,008—0,011 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xi. p. 113.—Cladonia ventricosa 3. macrophylla Scheer. Spic. (1833)
p. 316.
In old age the podetia (which are ther often blackish at the base, as
are also the basal squamules at their base) become more or less carious,
and thus somewhat resemble those of C. cartosa. From C. decorticata
Flérke, with whick it has sometimes been confounded, and which pro-
bably also occurs in this country, it differs in the larzer squamules and the
chemical reaction. In the only fertile British specimen the apothecia are
aggregate and deformed.
Hab. On earth-covered boulders and ledges of rocks in wooded moun-
tainous regions.— Distr. Apparently very local and scarce among the S.
and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Head
of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
iL
146 LICHENACEI. [ CLADONIA.
18. C. degenerans Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 41.—Thallus squa-
mulose at the base ; squamules few, small, crenato-incised, glaucous-
green above, white beneath ; podetia moderate, glabrous, often sub-
yerrucoso-unequal, scyphiferous, whitish or pale-greenish, black and
whitish-punctate at the base; scyphi often radiato-pedicellate or
proliferous at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat
large, brown, or pale reddish-brown ; spores 0,010—11 mm. long, |
0,0035 mm. thick—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 64, ed. 3, p. 59.—Cladonia degenerans b. euphorea Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 17. Cladonia gracilis ¢. degenerans Mudd, Man. p. 55.
Capitularia degenerans Flérke in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. ii. (1810)
p. 308.
A very variable plant, which approaches in its varieties and forms
several other species. In general it may readily be distinguished from all
of these, with which it might be confounded, by having the podetia,
which in age become blackish in their lower portion, whitish corticali-
punctate at the base. Its most typical state, as observed by Nylander
(Lich. Seand. p. 54), is form euphorea Ach. (Syn. p. 259), which has
ulmost the habit of C. gracilis and presents the above characters. The
only British specimen as yet seen is sterile.
Hab. On the ground in moorlands in subalpine mountainous regiors.—
Distr. Found only very sparingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Head of Glen Gairn, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 1. haplotea Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 42.—Podetia moderate,
usually proliferously divided above, scyphiferous, scarcely or rarely
squamulose ; scyphi cristato-divided at the margins.—Mnudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 18 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19.—Cladonia gracilis 6. dege-
nerans a. haplotea Mudd, Man. p.55. Cenomyce gonorega a. aplotea
Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 258.
The podetia in this form are from 1 to 2 in. high, naked, or occa-
sionally, especially at the margins of the scyphi, sparingly squamulose.
In the few British specimens, the apothecia, which are minute, reddish-
brown, are only sparingly present.
Hab. On the ground in subalpine and alpine regions.—Dzstr. Appa-
rently local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Pass of
Leny, Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire,
Form 2. granulifera Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 113.—
Podetia moderate, densely verrucoso-granulose, simple, or shortly
branched above, obscurely scyphiferous.
Seems to be intermediate between the type and the following variety,
and is well characterized by the minute crowded granules with which
the blackish podetia are clothed throughout. The apothecia in the only
specimen seen are somewhat large and dark-brown, but are visible only
on a single podetium,
Hab. On the ground in alpine situations.—Distv. Met with only once
and very sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.—b, M.: Cairm-
gorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
CLADONTA., |} CLADONIET. 147
Form 3. pleolepidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54.—Podetia
simple or sparingly branched above, usually somewhat curved,
ascy phous, densely covered with rigid squamules. Apothecia nume-
rous, dark-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 91.
The podetia, which Nylander (/. c.) describes as being 2-5 in. long, are
with us much smaller, from 3 to 1 in. Occasionally, where less squamu-
lose, they are white-punctate. In the twe specimens gathered the apo-
thecia are more or less aggregate,
Hab, Among short mosses on the ground in alpine places.— Distr.
Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Near
the summit of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. 6. anomea Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 43.—Podetia short,
slender, rugose and more or less squamulese; scyphi usually ra-
diately divided. Apothecia either sessile or pedicellate, dark brown.
—Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 64, ed. 3, p. 60.—Cladonia gracilis 6. degenerans ¢. anomcea
Mudd, Man. p. 55. Seyphephorus anomeus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 238.
Cenomyce anomea Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen anomeus Eng.
Bot. t. 1867. Beomyces anomeus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 349.—
Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 32 (atypical).
This variety is distinguished by the pedetia, which are from $ to 1 in.
high, being either densely or partially covered with squamules, and by
the form of their scyphi. As observed, however, by Nylander (Syn.
p- 200), the podetia are scarcely scyphiferous, but rather radiato-partite
(cfr. Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 552). The apothecia are either simple or con-
glomerate, becoming in age somewhat large.
Hab. On the ground on heaths and on rotten wood in upland situa-
tions.— Distr. Apparently locai and scarce in 8.W. and N. England, in S.
Seotland, and among the Grampians; no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—
B. M.: Lakenham, Norfolk; near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Dartmoor,
S. Devon; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Burton Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Glen Cal-
later and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 1. C. trachyna Nyl. ea Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl.
Fenn. Forh. n.s. x. (1873) p. 319.—Podetia elongate, or mode-
rate, cylindrical, squamulose, scyphiferous, sordid-whitish ; seyphi
denticulato-preliferous and radiato-cristate at the margins. Apo-
thecia minute, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia
degenerans f. trachyna Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18. Beomyces trachynus
Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 348.
From the preceding varieties and forms this differs in the form of the
seyphi, which give it semewhat the appearance of C. crispata. This and
its general habit seem to entitle it to rank as a subspecies. The podetia
are normally from 3 to 5 in. long; but they sometimes occur less developed.
The apothecia are at length dark brown, but our more elongate states are
only spermogoniiferous.
Hab. On heathy ground amongst mosses in upland and subalpine
rezions.—Distr. Local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians.—
B. M.: Rannoch, Perthshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
5)
i
148 LICHENACEI. [CLADONTA.
Form subfurcata Ny]. ev Norrl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. n. s. x. (1873) p. 320.—Podetia elongate, subulate, sub-
stipate, fastigiate, branched upwards, granulato-unequal on the
surface, brownish. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi.
p. 113.
This very peculiar form is as if an hybrid between C. degenerans and
C. furcata, to which latter, but for the granulate podetia, it might be
referred as a variety. The absence of any reaction with K keeps it
distinct from Cladonia stricta. In this country, as elsewhere, it is always
sterile.
Hab. On moist peaty ground in subalpine tracts.—Dizstr. Found only
very sparingly among the N. Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Upper Glen
Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 2. C. coralloidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 54.—Thallus
small, somewhat pulvinate; podetia short, branched above, sub-
flexuose, verrucose or granulate on the surface, ascyphous. Apo-
thecia small, crowded, brown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45.—Cla-
donia furcata subsp. coralloidea Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 1138.
Cladonia coralloidea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 5. Cenomyce coralloidea
Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 528.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 4.
Though receding in various respects from the type, this, according to
the specimen from Acharius in Herb. Linn. Soc., is most probably to be
regarded as a subspecies of C. degenerans. It is not unlike C. furcata
var. palamea (Ach.), but at once differs from this by having a distinct
basal thallus. The only British specimens seen agree with the plant of
Acharius, except that the podetia are partly subsquamulose. The apo-
thecia seem to be not unfrequent.
Hab. On the ground on wet heaths in mountainous districts.— Distr.
Very local and scarce in N. England and among the S. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Baysdale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.
19. C. lepidota Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s.
v. (1866) p. 176.—Thallus squamulose at the base: squamules
somewhat large, crenato-incised, pale glaucous above, white beneath ;
podetia robust, pale, foliolose or squamuloso-foliolose; scyphi
usually narrow, irregular, difform or cristato-divided (K+ yellow,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown, conglomerate.—Cenomyce gono-
rega {. lepidota Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 259.
From C. degenerans, of which it has usually been regarded as a variety,
this differs in being more robust and paler, in having the podetia squa-
nmiwose with the squamules larger (as also at the base), and in the
reaction with K. The type, however, does not occur in our Islands, Lut
only the following form.
Form hypophylla Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 113.—Thallus
foliaceo-squamulose, subcspitose, greyish-white or greenish-grey,
white beneath ; podetia obsolete (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
small, sessile, dark-brown. — Cladonia degenerans f. hypophylla
CLADONIA, } CLADONIEI. 149
Nyl. Lich. Seand. (1861) p.54; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 18 pro parte. —
Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, n. 9 pro parte, Clad. n. 18,
A rather anomalous plant, which, if it does not descend from C. cervi-
cornis, with which it somewhat agrees in the character of the basal
squamules, is most probably referable to this species. The apothecia,
which in the absence of rightly developed podetia are sessile on the leaf-
lets, are numerous.
Hab. On the ground among rocks in upland distriets.—Distr. Some-
what local, though not uncommon where it occurs in N. Wales, N. Eng-
land, 8. Scotland, and among the Grampians. —B. M.: Plinlimmon, Car-
diganshire ; Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed,
Denbighshire; Battersby and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Damyat,
near Stirling ; Craig Calliach and Loch Eagh, Perthshire; Lion’s Face
and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
b', Ascyphe.—Podetia not scyphiferous.
20. C. turgida Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 11. (1795) p. 124.—Thallus
foliaceous at the base; leaflets large, laciniiform, variously divided
and crenate, sometimes few or evanescent, glaucous-green or whitish,
white beneath ; podetia levigato-corticate, turgid, elongato-turbinate
or cylindrical, subscyphiferous or perforate at the apices, the margin
dentato-radiate, glaucous or pale-green (Kf+yellowish, CaCl—),
Apothecia brownish-red or pale; spores oblong or oblongo-fusiform,
0,010-15 mm. long. 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54.—Lichen turgidus Ehrh.
Crypt. (1793) n. 297.
When rightly developed (for the podetia are occasionally absent), this
isa very distinct species, which at first sight might be referred to the macro-
phylline section. As stated, however, by Nylander (Syn. p. 205), its
true affinity is with C. furcata in the present section. In the only two
British specimens the podetia are here and there sprinkled with smaller
leaflets. There are no apothecia present, but the spermogones are abun-
dant.
Hab. On the ground among heather in subalpine regions.—Distr.
Extremely local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
21. C. furcata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. i. (1793) p. 115.—Thallus
squamulose at the base or evanescent; podetia slender, elongate,
glabrous, sparingly branched, glaucous-white or brownish-green,
not perforate or subpervious at the axils, the branches somewhat
erect, attenuato-subulate and divergenti-furcate at the apices (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, subglobose, brown or reddish-brown ;
spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0034-40 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i.
p. 205, t. 1. f£. 3; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65,
ed. 3, p. 60.— Cladonia furcata /3. subulata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 236 ;
Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23. Cenomyce furcata (3. subulata
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 1. p. 80. Cla-
donia subulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 414. Lichen subulatus Linn.,
150 LICHENACET. [CLADONIA.
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 881; With. Arr. iv.
p- 42. Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rariortbus Dill. Muse.
102, t.16.£.26. Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum minus crustaceum,
minusque ramosum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 17.—Brit.
Exs.: Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. 50, 51.
This, even its more limited Nylanderian conception, is a very variable
species as to the podetia, the differences in which give rise to the fol-
lowing subspecies, varieties, and forms. As observed by Nylander (@. «.),
it approaches on the one hand C. gracilis and on the other Cladina rangi-
ferina. The type, as above described, is Lichen subulatus of Linnzeus
‘and other authors, whieh in general appearance is somewhat similar to
C. gracilis (chordalis), from which it is at once distinguished by the
apically furcate podetia. These are at times dark-brown (form spadicea
Pers., Ach.) and at other times white (form epermena Ach.), aceording to
nature of habitat, the latter state occurring chiefly on eretaceons and
calcareous soil. When fertile, as it rarely is with us, the branches are
usually subfastigiate at the apices, with the apothecia either solitary or
cymoso-aggregate. For the anatomical texture of the thallus, ede Nyl.
l. ¢.
Hab. On the ground on moorlands and in woods in upland tracts.—
Distr, Probably general and common in Great Britain and Ireland, though
seen from only a comparatively few localities —B. M.: Epping Forest,
Essex ; near Widdicombe and Bovey Tracey, 8S. Devon; Temple Moor,
Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton and Newton, Cleveland, York-
shire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Clova,
Forfarshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus,
Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form exilis Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 23.—Podetia very slender,
short, simple or sparingly branched, once or twice furcate at the
apices. Apothecia small, aggregate, dark-brown.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xi. p. 113.—Cladonia furcata var. tenwissima Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 20 pro parte.— Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 53.
This apparently descends from var. tenwissima Florke, of which pro-
bably it is only a more stunted state, bemg from 3 to 1 in. high. In
fertile specimens the podetia are somewhat thicker and but sparingly
branched, with very rarely a few minute scattered squamules. The
apothecia are usually somewhat numerous.
Hab. On sterile ground in upland moorlands.—Divstr. Local and searee
in N. England, 8. Scotland, and among the Grampians; no doubt to be
detected elsewhere—B. M.: Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ;
Hill of Fare, Aberdeenshire.
Var. (5. corymbosa Nyl. Syn. (1860) p. 207.—Podetia thickish,
usually efoliolose, here and there longitudinally fissured, as also at
one or the other side of the apices, which are radiato-ramose or
subcorymbose. Apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20,
Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Cenomyce allotropa var. corymbosa Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p.556.—To this also seems referable the following :—
Cenomyce furcata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. G4; Cladonia fureata Gray.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIET, 151
Nat. Arr. i. p. 414; while it is also Cladonia furcata pro parte of
more recent authors.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. nos. 46, 47 ; Leight.
n. 401; Bohl, n. 23.
The more or less (sometimes sparingly) fissured podetia and the form
of their apices characterize this variety. The podetia, which are fre-
quently subspadiceous, vary in length from 1 to 5 in., and in our British
specimens are usually somewhat slender and rarely sparingly foliiferous.
ith K the reaction, at least in paler specimens, is often slightly yellow,
quickly turning to brownish. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia
being numerous on the subcorymbose apices.
Hab. On the ground and on turf-walls in wooded upland districts.—
Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in England, N. Wales, S. Scotland,
and 8. Ireland; more frequent, however, among the Scottish Grampians.
—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Winchfield, Hants; Dartmoor, Devon-
shire ; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Ayton
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Gal-
loway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Ran-
noch, Perthshire. Countesswells, near Aberdeen; Glen Dee, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe and Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire.
Near Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. y. spinosa Hook. in Sm. Eng. FL. vy. (1833) p. 236.—Podetia
moderate, rigid, glabrous, decumbent; branches lax, curved and
flexuose, here and there spinulose. Apothecia small, dark-brown.—
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 1. p. 80; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 3, xxiii. p. 413, Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60 ; Cromb. Grevillea,
xi. p. 113.—Lichen spinosus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 459; Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45. Cladonia furcata
6. subulata d. spadicea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 23. Coralloides spar-
sum, caulibus tortuosis et spinosis Dill. Muse. 101, t. 16. f. 25.—
Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 52.
This differs in the rather lax, irregularly branched and curved podetia,
bearing scattered, short, erect or recurved spinules. The podetia, which,
though rigid, are brittle, are often subspadiceous, but when paler in
colour they usually give with K a distinct yellow reaction. It is rather
rare in fruit, the apothecia being either simple or sparingly aggregate.
Hab. On the ground in moorlands and upon turf-walls in upland
districts.— Distr. Probably general and common throughout Great Britain
and Ireland—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; Dartmoor, Devonshire ;
Newmarket Heath, Cambridgeshire ; Brandon Hill, Leicestershire ; A ber-
dovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; the Cheviots, Northumberland; Harris Moor, Cumberland.
Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Baldovan, Forfarshire; Durris,
Kineardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen ; near Inverey, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire: Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Seymourhill Bog, near
Belfast, co. Antrim.
Subsp. C. racemosa Nyl. ex Norrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. n.s. x. (1873) p. 320.—Podetia elongate, stoutish, irregularly
branched, more or less squamulose, the branches short, erect, furcate
at the apices (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, aggregate, brown.
162 LICHENACEL. [CLADONIA,
—Cromb. Grevillea, x1. p. 113.—Cladonia furcata 3. racemosa Mudd,
Man. p. 37, Brit. Clad. p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60. Cladonia racemosa Hofim. Deutsch.
Fl. ii. (1795) p. 114; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 414. Cenomyce race-
mosa Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 64. Cladonia furcata Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 236. Lichen furcatus Huds. FI. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot.
ii. p. 881; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.45. Coralloides corniculis brevi-
oribus et crebrioribus Dill. Musc. 104, t. 16. f. 27 B, c.—Lichenoides
tubulosum cinereum, ramosius et crustaceum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3,
67. 18.— Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 48.
Well distinguished by its general habit and the squamulose podetia,
which are occasionally, however, somewhat slender (form tenxuior Cromb.).
By Acharius and others it was regarded as a distinct species; but it is
scarcely entitled to rank otherwise than as a subspecies or probably only
as a variety of C. furcata. In this country the apothecia seem to be
rare. :
Hab. On the ground in moorlands, usuaily on damp peaty soil in
upland districts —Dzstr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and in 8.W.
Treland.—B. M.: Malvern, Worcestershire; Rhewgreidden and Dolgelly,
Merionethshire ; Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway,
Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire; Glen Cal-
later, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney,
co. Kerry.
Form 1. recurva Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 147.—Podetia usually
more folioso-squamulose, the branches short, recurved, subfurcate
and subulate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cladonia furcata 3.
racemosa B. recurva Mudd, Man. p. 58; Brit. Clad. p.22. Cladona
furcata var. recurva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3, p. 60. Cladonia
recurva Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 115. Lichen furcatus B.
Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 882 ; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.45. Coral-
loides corniculis breviorihus et crebrioribus Dill. Muse. 104, t. 16.
f.27p. Lichenosides tubulosum virescens, ramosius et foliosum, sum-
mitatibus arcuatis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, 67. 19.—Brit. Exvs.:
Mudd, Clad. n. 49.
The more or less densely squamulose podetia and their recurved apices
are the characteristics of this form. Ina very young state it sometimes
occurs with the basal thallus well-developed and the podetia very short.
In our specimens the apothecia are seldom seen.
Hab. On the ground in moorlands and on turf-walls in maritime and
upland situations.— Distr. Occurs only here and there sparingly in Great
Britain ; not seen from Ireland—B. M.: Bolt Head and near Torquay,
S. Devon; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ;
Farndale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Cal-
liach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Hills of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Glen
Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 2. palamea Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 91.—
Podetia somewhat turgid and curved, noduloso-rngose, usually some-
what dilated and subdigitutely divided at the apices.—Beonyees
spinosus p. palaneus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 859.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIET, 153
A very anomalous form, distinguished by the podetia being rougher
and here and there nodulose, as also by the form of their apices. In our
British specimens the apothecia are small and but sparingly present.
Hab, On the ground in upland localities. — Distr. Very local and scarce
in 8. and W. Eng!and.—B. M.: Near Shiere, Surrey ; Brighton Downs,
Sussex; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire. :
22. C. pungens Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 156.—Thallus squa-
mulose, evanescent at the base; podetia slender, erect or ascending,
much and divaricately branched, glabrous or subverruculose, greyish-
or sometimes brownish-white; branches attenuato-subulate and
divergenti-furcate at the apices, which are often reddish-brown
(K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brownish ; spores 0,010-13
mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 235; Leight. in Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii.
p. 406, Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 53; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—
Cladonia furcata 6. pungens Mudd, Man. p. 58, Brit. Clad. p. 23;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.20. Lichen pungens Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 202,
Eng. Bot. t. 2444. Lichen rangyiferinus B. sylvaticus Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Il. Scot. i. p. 879. Lichen rangiferinus
var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Coralloides fruticuli specie
candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 16. f. 30 4,
Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie candicans, cor-
wiculis rufescentibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 15.— Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 16; Mudd, n. 16 pro parte, Clad. nos. 54, 55;
Cromb. n. 123.
In general appearance this resembles smaller states of Cladina sylvatica,
with which it was frequently confounded by the older authors. Its
affinities, however, are entirely with C. fucata, though, apart from the
reaction, there are sufficient diversities in habit and the character of the
podetia to entitle it to rank as a distinct species. It forms densely con-
gested and intricate tufts, which sometimes spread extensively. The
podetia, which are often of a brownish colour, are rather fragile, small,
and attenuate at the subpungent apices. It is comparatively rare in fruit,
though in some situations the apothecia are abundant and more or less
conglomerate.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime and
upland situations.—Distr. General and common in most parts of Eng-
land; apparently much rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands—B. M.: Island of Sark. Near Hemsby, Norfolk; Epping
Forest, Essex; Esher, Surrey; Shoreham, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Isle of
Wight; Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance and St. Merryn, Corn-
wall ; Bretch, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Dovedale,
Derbyshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Delamere Forest, Cheshire ;
Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Ayton and Clitirigg, Cleveland, York-
shire ; Windermere, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland. New Gal-
loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen. Warrenscourt and
Macroon, co. Cork.
Form 1. nivea Koerb. Syst. Lich. (1855) p. 55.— Podetia erect,
crowded, very white——Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45.—Beomyces
pungens 3. niveus Ach, Meth, (1508) p. 354,
154 LICHENACEI. [ CLADONIA.
Differs merely in the snow-white colour of the podetia, which become
brownish at the apices. The only British specimens seen are sterile.
Hab. On mossy rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Very
locai and scarce in N. England and the S8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—
5B. M.: Windermere, Westmoreland. Head of Loch Creran, Barcaldine.
Argyleshire.
Form 2. foliosa Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 156.—Podetia erect or
decumbent, more or less sprinkied with minute leaflets.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 56, ed. 3, p. 54: Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Cla-
donia furcata KE. pungens c. foliosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 24. Coral-
loides fruticuli specie candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse.
110, t. 16. f. 30 c, p—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 56; Leight.
n. 374.
Except in the foliaceous podetia this form is also entirely similar to
the type. It appears to be very rarely fertile, the apothecia when present
being usually simple and dark-brown.
Hab. On the ground in upland situations ——Dzistr. Somewhat local,
though plentiful where it occurs, in England ; not yet seen from Scotland
or Ireland.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Kent: Basingstoke, Hants;
near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Pentregaer,
Oswestry, Shropshire; near Redcar, Yorkshire; near Hartlepool, Dur-
ham; Windermere, Westmoreland.
Subsp. C. muricata Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.—Podetia some-
what turgid, rugose, sparingly branched, glabrous or squamulese,
simple and obtuse or shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia small,
dark-brown.—Cladonia furcata var. muricata Nyl. Syn.i. p. 207.
Cenomyce muricata Del.in Dub. Bot. Gall. 11. (1830) p. 622. Lichen
deformis Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 pro parte. Corallvides crassius
subincanum, calicibus dentatis Dill. Muse. 95, t. 15. f. 18 3 (deformed
state). Lichenoides tubulosum magis ramosum, maxime difforme
Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 68, n. *23.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 369.
This is amore robust and less-branched piant, having the podetia either
erect or prostrate, with the cortex rugoso-unequal, usually more or less
squamulose (form /epzdota Del.), and occasionally variously difform. It
somewhat resembles states of subsp. C. racemosa, but it has with K the
reaction of C. pungens, of which it forms a well-marked subspecies. The
apothecia are extremely rare in our British specimens.
Hab. On the ground in upland situations. —Distr. Local, though some-
what plentiful where it occurs, in S., Central, and W. England.—B. M. :
Shiere, Surrey; Basingstoke, Hants; near Amberley, Sussex; Thetford
Road, Gloucestershire; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire.
23. C. crispata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s.
v. (1866) p. 110.—Thallus foliaceous at the base; leaflets small,
incised and crenate, greyish- or greenish-white, sometimes evanes-
cent; podetia somewhat turgid, glabrous, sometimes 3—4-, usually
repeatedly, branched, concolorous or pale-greyish or subspadiceous,
, ae
Peaks
CLADONIA. | CLADONIET. 155
the apices and the axils infundibuliform, pervious, the apertures
eristate at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown or
reddish.—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65, ed. 3,
p- 61.—Cladonia furcata a. erispata Mudd, Man. p. 57, Brit. Clad.
p- 22. Baomyces turbinatus &. crispatus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 341.
Coralloides perforatum minus, molle et tenue Dill. Muse. 99, t. 16.
f, 22 8.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 45.
Though regarded by some authors as the type of C. fwrcata, the
glabrous proliferous podetia, the characters of their apices and axils, and
the cristate margins of the apertures at once separate it from all the
varieties and forms of that species and render it specifically distinct. In
this country the apothecia are rare, though the spermogones are not
unfrequent.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland and subalpine moorland
districts —Distr. Local and rare in N. England and among the Gram-
pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Kildale Moor and Lounsdale, Cleveland, York-
shire. Ben-y-gloe Mountains, Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen
Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. C. furcatiformis Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 318.—Podetia
slender, very much branched, cespitoso-fruticulose, the scyphi cris-
tato-ciliate at the margins.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 113.— Brit.
Exs.: Mudd, n. 12.
Distinguished as a subspecies by the characters of the podetia and
their scyphi. The only British specimen seen is not very typical, and is
quite sterile.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts.— Distr. Appa-
rently extremely local and scarce in N. England, though it no doubt
occurs also in the Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ingleby Park, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.
24. C. cenotea Scher. Spic. (1823) p. 35.—Thallus nearly efo-
liolose or with small lobato-crenate squamules at the base; podetia
cylindrical, whitish or greyish-pulverulent, repeatedly proliferous,
the axils and apices often dilated, scyphoid and pervious, the aper-
tures (usually brownish within) denticulate (K—,CaCl—). Apo-
thecia small, brown or pale; spores moderate.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xi. p. 113.—Beomyces cenoteus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 345,
The pulverulent podetia, with their pervious axils and apices, readily
distinguish this from C. crispata. They are glabrous and corticate at the
base, and from being repeatedly proliferous have a branched appearance.
In the few British specimens seen the apothecia are very rare.
Hab. On putrid stumps of trees in wooded upland situations.— Distr.
Very local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland, where it is con-
fined apparently to some of the remnants of the old Caledonian Forest.—
B. M.: Black Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Brae-
mar, Aberdeenshire.
}. glauca Nyl. in Zw. Lich. Heidelb. (1883) p. 12.—Podetia
moderate, glaucous, furfuraceous or here and there sprinkled with
156 LICHENACEI. [CLADONIA.
minute glaucous squamules, slightly pervious at the axils and lacero-
radiate, the apices subulato-furcate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 45,
xi. p. 113 (ut subsp.).—Cladonia glauca Floérke, Clad. (1828)
p. 140.
Differs perhaps as a subspecies in the colour of the podetia and the
form of their apices. In our only two British specimens the podetia are
almost entirely furfuraceous, with a few scattered squamules towards
the base. The apothecia, which are small, dark-brown, are very rarely
present.
Hab. Among mosses on putrid stumps in mountainous districts.—
Distr. Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales and the 8.W. Highlands
of Scotland—B. M.: Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Glen Creran,
Argyleshire.
25. C. scabriuscula Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 447.—Thallus squa-
mulose at the base, the squamules small, often evanescent ; podetia
cespitose, slender, erect or curved, scabrid, more or less minutely
squamulose, divaricately branched, greyish-white, the branches
subalternate, recurved and furcate at the apices (K+yellowish,
CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, terminal, brown.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61.— Cenomyce
scabriuscila Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. 11. (1830) p. 623.
This approaches on the one hand subsp. C. racemosa f. reewrva (tenuior )
and on the other subsp. (. adspersa of the following species. From
both, however, it is separated by the podetia and the reaction with K,
so that it may with propriety be regarded as holding an intermediate
specific place. In our British specimens there are only a few young
apothecia.
Hab. On mossy rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Found only in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, 5. Scotland,
and the W. Highlands.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Near
Beckey Falls, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall. New Galloway,
Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber,
Inverness-shire.
26. C. squamosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. (1795) p. 125.—Thallus
foliaceo-squamulose at the base; squamules crenate or inciso-
crenate, greyish-white or pale above, white beneath ; podetia cylin-
drical, branched, more or less covered with minute leaflets or furfu-
raceous squamules, the axils pervious, dentate and proliferous at
the apertures; apices somewhat furcate or, when fertile, radiato-
cristate, subcorymbose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, pale or
reddish-brown : spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—
Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p. 19; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 61.—Scyphophorus sparassus Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Cenomyce sparassa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Schasmaria sparassa Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. $16. Lichen sparassus Eng. Bot. t. 2362.—Brit. Evs. :
Mudd, n. 13; Cromb. n. 124; Larb. Cxsar. n. 10 pro parte.
:
]
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 157
Well distinguished by the minutely foliaceo-squamulose podetia (which
in old age become subdenudate) and by their perforate axils with dentate
or sublacerate margins. The podetia vary in height from 1 to 3 inches,
and are slender or somewhat turgid, simple or repeatedly branched. It
is not very common in fruit, but when present the apothecia are cymoso-
aggregate, at first plane and margined, at length convex and immarginate.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in wooded, maritime,
and upland tracts.—D/str. General, and usually plentiful where it occurs,
chiefly in the hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain and Ireland ;
rare in the Channel Islands:.—B. M.: Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey.
Epping Forest, Essex; near Beckey Falls, Devonshire; St. Breock, Corn-
wall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ;
Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Ingleby Park,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; West Allen Carrs,
Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Ar-
gyleshire; Bracklin Bridge, Rannoch, and Loch Tay, Perthshire ; Durris,
Kincardineshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus
Woods and Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Black Mountain, near Belfast,
co. Antrim; Doneraile Mts., co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Form 1. ventricosa Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 231.—Podetia stout,
subyentricose, the axils and apices dilated, open, infundibuliform.—
Mudd, Man. p. 56, Brit. Clad. p. 19; Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—
Beomyces sparassus |}. ventricosus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 347.—
Lichen ventricosus Huds., as will subsequently be seen, is not, as
supposed by authors, referable to this form.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd,
Clad. n. 40.
Probably this is to be regarded as but a more robust state of the type
(with which it is sometimes confluent) depending upon the nature of the
habitat. The podetia are much branched, with the branches often as if
seyphiform. It is but sparingly seen fertile.
Hab. Among mosses on moist rocks in wooded upland districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in N. Wales, N. England, and the S8.W. High-
lands of Scotland.—B. M.: Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Aberdoyey,
Merionethshire; Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire. :
Form 2. cucullata Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—
Thallus with the squamuiles at the base and on the podetia minute,
narrowly laciniate, crenulate and cucullato-revolute.—Cromb. Journ.
Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii. p. 558; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.— Ceno-
myce cucullate Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 626. Cladonia
squamosa B. microphylla Mudd, Man. p. 56. Coralloides scyphi-
forme foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosis Dill. Muse. 87, t. 14.
f. 12 p.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 14, Clad. nos. 33, 50.
Differs in the form of the smaller squamules, which give it a rather
fine appearance. In the British specimens the podetia are usually short
and sterile, rarely more elongate aud fertile.
Hab. On mossy boulders and putrid trunks in wooded upland districts.
—Distr. Local and rare in W. and N. England, N. Wales, 8. Scotland,
the W. Highlands, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Withiel, Cornwall ;
158 LICHENACTI. [| CLADONTA.
Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire. Tong-
land, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-
shire. Leenane, near Kylemore, co. Galway.
Subsp. C.adspersa Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—
Podetia moderate, somewhat slender, squamuloso-furfuraceous,
sparingly branched ; branches subsimple, usually recurved, subulate
or fureately divided at the apices (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small,
dark-brown.—Cladonia adspersa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.
Cladonia fureata var. adspersa Flérke, Deutsch. Lich. (1821)
n. 198; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61.
Though regarded by authors as belonging to C. fureata, var. recurva of
which it closely approaches, Nylander now refers this to C. sguamosa as
a subspecies well characterized by the podetia. With us, as elsewhere,
the apothecia are very rare, but the spermogones are frequent.
Hab. Among mosses in woods and on shady rocks in upland districts.
— Distr. Local in England and Ireland; more general in the Highlands
of Scotland.—B. M.: Shanklin Downs, Isle of Wight; Epping Forest,
Essex ; near Oxford ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Inglismaldie Wocds, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, near Aberdeen, and
Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
Connemara, co. Galway.
27. C. subsquamosa Ny]. ea Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xvii.
(1880) p. 560.—Thallus foliaceo-squamulose at the base ; squamules
small, inciso-crenate, pale or greyish-green above, white beneath ;
podetia somewhat short or more elongate, branched, minutely squa-
mulose in the lower portion, granulate above, furcate, or radiato-
cristate and subecorymbose at the apices (K-+ yellow and then crim-
son, CaCl—). Apothecia small, reddish-brown.—Cladonia delicata
var. subsquamosa Ny]. ev Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvii,
(1866) p. 407; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 59,
ed. 3, p. 55.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, n. 14; Larb. Cesar. n. 10 pro
parte ; Leight. n. 405; Bohl. n. 16.
A somewhat variable plant, approaching in some of its smaller states
C. delicata, with which it agrees in the thalline reaction. In its larger
states again it is subsimilar to C. sguamosa, from which it can rightly be
distinguished only on the application of K, The apothecia in our speci-
mens are rarely present.
Hab. On rotten stumps of trees and among mosses in maritime and
upland districts—Distr. Rather local in the Channel Islands, S.W. and
N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, among the Grampians, and in E. and
W. Iveland.—B. M.: Noirmont Bay, Island of Jersey. Ightham Com-
mon, Kent; Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Penzance, Cornwall; Hay
Coppice, Herefordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Kildale and Ingleby,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland ; Bellingham Woods, North-
umberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire ;
Rannoch, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inver-
ness-shire. Kelly’s Glen, near Dublin; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Leenane,
Connemara, co. Galway.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 159
Form tumida Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Podetia
turgid, ventricose, the axils and apices dilated, infundibuliform.
This is analogous to form ventricosa of C. squamosa, with which but
for the reaction it might readily be confounded. It is apparently but
rarely fertile.
Hab. On moist shady rocks among mosses in upland tracts.—Distr.
Loeal and scarce in S. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and in the S.W.
Highlands.—B. M.: High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Dolgelly,
Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire.
28. C. asperella Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Thallus
squamulose at the base, the squamules minute, inciso-crenate, sub-
evanescent ; podetia elongate, slender, erect, whitish or greyish-
white, glabrous, squamulose or furfuracoo-pulverulent, proliferously
and variously branched, the axils and apices pervious, denticulate
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, conglomerate, brown.—Cladonia
squamosa (3. asperella Flérke, Clad. (1828) p. 132; Mudd, Brit.
Clad. p. 20.—To this fide Nyl. is referable also Cenomyce speciosa
Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 626.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 41.
From subspecies C. adspersa, which it closely resembles, this differs in
the erect podetia and their fasciculate branches, which are subulate or
truncate at the apices. It may thus with propriety be regarded as a
distinct species rather than as a subspecies of C. sguamosa. In the very
few British specimens the podetia, which are 2-33 In. iong, are sparingly
foliiferous throughout, with the apothecia rarely present.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and heaths in upland districts — Distr.
Apparently very local and scarce in N. England.—B. M. : Stozdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.
Form polychonia Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Podetia
glabrous and furfuraceo-pulverulent, the. axils dilated and radiato-
proliferous.—Cladonia squamosa f. polychonia Florke, Clad. (1828)
p- 186; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 20.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 42,
Differs in the absence of any folioles on the podetia (except occasionaliy
towards their base) and in the form of the axils. The apothecia are very
rare.
Hab. On the ground in upland heaths.— Dist. Rare and local in N.
England; probably to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Baysdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.
29. C. cespititia Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 8.—Thallus squamulose-
foliaceous at the base: leaflets small, ascending, laciniato-lobed,
crenate or eroso-lacerate at the margin, densely caespitoso-congested,
pale-green above, white beneath; podetia very short, naked, cylin-
drical, simple or divided, pale (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia conglo-
merate either on the podetia or on the leaflets, flesh-coloured or
reddish ; spores 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick—Cromb.
Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—-Cladonia squamosa subsp. cespititia Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p.20. Cladonia squamosa e. cerspititia Mudd, Man. p. 57,
160 LICHENACET, [CLADONIA.
Brit. Clad. p. 21. Cladonia pyxidata var. cespititia Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 60, ed. 3, p. 57. Scyphophorus cespititius Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p. 236; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 417. Lichen cerspititius Eng. Bot.
t. 1796. Beomyces cespititius Pers. in Ust. Ann. i. (1794) p. 155.
— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 44; Larb. Cesar. n. 2; Bohl. n. 72;
Leight. n. 368.
Though appearing as if descending from C. sguamosa, yet preserving as
it constantly does its own type, this may rightly be regarded as a distinct
species. At first sight, as observed by Nylander (Syn. p. 210), it looks
almost as if it were a foliolose species of Beumyces, or, when the apothecia
are sessile, as if it were a squamulose Lecidea with reddish aputhecia.
When more developed, it forms erect imbricate tufts of moderate size,
and when less developed and with the squamules more scattered (terri-
cole) it is rather widely expanded. The podetia, which arise from the
upper surface of the laciniz, are naked or occasionally subverrucose, and
often so short that the apothecia and the spermogones are apparently
sessile on the leaflets.
Hab, Among mosses on the trunks of trees and on rocks, on thatched
roofs, and also on the bare ground in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr.
General and common throughout Great Britain; rare in 8. and W.
Ireland and the Channel Islands—B. M.: Belcroute Bay, Island of
Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; Hornsey Wood,
Middlesex; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near
Beckey Falls, S. Devon; St. Breward, Cornwall; Oaksey, Wiltshire ;
Malvern, Worcestershire; near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Stableford, Shrop-
shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Beaumaris, Island cf Anglesea; Cliff
rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin,
Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ;
Loch Linuhe, Inverness-shire. Junscombe Wood, co. Cork; Killarney,
co. Kerry. .
30. C. delicata Florke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 7.—Thallus
cxespitosely foliaceous at the base; leaflets minute, narrowly eroso-
laciniate, granulato-leprose at the margin, greenish-white or brownish-
grey ; podetia short, slender, somewhat thickened upwards, simple
or shortly divided at the apices, granulato-furfuraceous or minutely
squamulose (K-+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia generally conglo-
merate, brown or pale; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,030-15 mm.
long, 0,0085-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 58, ed. 3, p.55.—Cladonia squamosa 6. delicata Mudd,
_Man. p. 56. Helopodium deitcatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 416.
Lichen delicatus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. (1793) n. 247; Eng. Bot. t. 2052.
Scyphophorus parasiticus (Hoffm.) Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 237. Ceno-
myce parasitica Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80.—Brit. Evs.:
Mudd, n. 15, Clad. n. 43; Leight. n. 382.
From the preceding species, to states of which it bears considerable
resemblance, this is distinguished by the microphylline thallus, the sub-
leprose margins of the leaflets, and the granulate or squamulose podetia.
More especially, however, and at once, it may with certainty be recog-
nized by the reaction with K. In suitable habitats it spreads somewhat
extensively, and is generally fertile. The apothecia are small, but are
seldom seen simple.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEL. 161
Hab. On rotten rails and stumps of trees in upland districts — Distr.
Somewhat scarce, occurring here and there throughout England, rare
in 8. Scotland and in the 8. and W. Highlands; not yet seen from
Ireland.—B. M.: Edgefield, Norfolk; Chelsfield, Kent; St. Leonard's
Forest, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Crown East Wood,
near Worcester; Aymestry, Herefordshire; Bagot’s Park, Staffordshire ;
Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Easby Wood and Kildale, Cleveland, York-
shire; Wastdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Killin, Perthshire.
B. ERYTHROCARPA.—Apothecia scarlet.
31. C. coccifera Scher. Spic. (1823) p. 24.—Thallus squamulose
or subfoliaceous at the base; squamules somewhat firm, crenate or
incised, greyish-green ; podetia somewhat short, glabrous, unequally
granuloso-corticate, subsimple, scyphiferous, greenish- or whitish-
yellow ; scyphi subregular, dilated (Kf+yellow, K(CaCl)+ yellow).
Apothecia sessile or pedicellate, often confluent; spores oblong or
oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xi. p. 114; Mudd, Man. p. 60, t. i. f. 11 pro parte; Brit.
Clad. p. 28 pro parte. Scyphophora coccifera Gray, Nat. Arr. 1.
p- 423. Cenomyce coccifera Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. p. 81 pro parte. Lichen cocciferus Linn. Sp. Pl.
(1753) p. 1151; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 866; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 39; Eng. Bot. t. 2051. Cladonia cornucopioides Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66, ed. 3, p. 62. Coralloides scy-
phiforme, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. 7 a—r, e-1.
Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis amene coccineis Dill. in
Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 85.—Lichen cornucopioides Linn. Sp. Pl.
p- 1151 (post cocciferum), according to the specimen in his own
Herb., is not referable to this plant.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 23, Clad.
nos. 65, 66; Leight. n. 404 & 375 pro parte; Bohl. n. 40.
Tn various respects this resembles C. pyzidata of the preceding section,
but is at once distinguished by the scarlet apothecia, which, however, in
old age (and also in herbaria) frequently become denigrate. When
sterile, the colour of the podetia, the less dilated margins of the scyphi,
and the chemical reactions prevent it from being confounded with pyzv-
data. It is a somewhat variable species with respect to the podetia,
which are either regular and simple (sfemmatina Ach.), or proliferous
from the margins (evtensa Ach.), occasionally becoming in old plants
costate. “The basal squamules are sometimes small or rarely subeva-
nescent. When fertile the apothecia are occasionally expanded and
nearly cover the whole interior of the scyphi.
Hab. On sterile soil and turf-walls, chiefly upon moorlands from mari-
time to subalpine tracts.—Dzstr. General and not uncommon in most
arts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.:
Le Gouffre, Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; Shanklin, Isle of
Wight; St. Breward and near Wadebridge, Cornwall; Shotover Hill,
Berks ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ;
Cwm Bychan, Dolgelly, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Battersby
Moor, Ayton Moor, and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; the Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud-
M
162 LICHEN ACEI. - « [CLADONTA:
brightshire ; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyleshire: Glen
Lochay, near Tummel Bridge, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova
Mts., Forfarshire; Countesswells, and Scotston Moor, near Aberdeen,
Glen Clunie and. Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Done-
raile Mts., co. Cork; Side Devis, near Belfast, co. Antrim; Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Form 1. asotea Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 29.—Podetia obco-
nico-scyphiform ; scyphi proliferous (or aggregato-proliferous) from
the centre.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Scyphophora asotea
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Beomyces coceiferus y. asoteus Ach.
Meth. (1803) p. 332. Coralloides scyphiforme, tubercults coceiners
Dill. Muse. 82, t. 14. f. 7 k—m.
This differs in the form of the podetia, which are often phyllophorous,
and in the prolitications of the seyphi, which are sometimes 2-3 repeated,
and thus present an analogy to those of C. sobolifera. As observed, how-
ever, by Acharius, Syn. p. 269, it grows along with the type and probably
occurs on the same thallus, so that it can be considered only as a form.
In our British specimens the apothecia are generally expanded.
Hab. On peaty soil among mosses in mountamous districts —Distr.
Apparently very local and scarce in N. England, and among the Central
and N. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Alston Moors, Cumberland. Ran-
noch, Perthshire ; Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 2. cornucopioides Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 71.—
Podetia somewhat short, more or less squamoso-foliaceous ; scyphi
proliferous both from the centre and the margins, foliiferous. Apo-
thecia conglomerate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Seyphophorus
asotea [3. cornucopioides Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 423. Cenomyce coc-
cifera 3. cornucopioides Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen cornuco-
pioides Huds. FI). Angl. p. 456 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. i1. p. 860
pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40 pro parte. Beomuces cornu-
copioides Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 333. Cladonia coccifera e phyllo-
coma Florke, Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 67, ed. 3, -
p. 62.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 23 pro parte, Clad. n. 67; Leight.
n. 379 pro parte.
In the prolifications of the scyphi this unites in itself the position of
those of the type (eatensa) and of form asotea. Its mest characteristic
mark is the development of the podetial squamules into folioles on the
margins of the scyphi, crowning as it were the usually crowded apothecia.
Hab. Among mosses on boulders and walls in upland mountainons
situations.— Distr. Rather local and scarce in N. England, 8. Scotland,
and among the Grampians.—B.M.: Wrekin Hill, Shropshire: Battersby
Moor and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Rannoch, Perthshire; Countesswells,
near Aberdeen ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. (. inerassata Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 71.—Thallus
minutely squamulose and verrucose at the base; podetia short, ver-
rucoso-grauulate, simple and subcylindrical or sparingly divided at
CLADONIA. | CLADONTEI. 163
the incrassate apices ; scyphi not (or scarcely) developed. Apothecia
small, crowded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92.—Cladonia incrassata
Flérke, Comm. Clad. (1828) p. 21. Cladonia macilenta form deminuta
Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.
This apparently descends from C. coccifera, of which it is probably
only a peculiar and diminutive condition. The podetia are usually about
2 lines, rarely 4 in. high, with the scyphi either not at all developed or
very narrow. The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length more or
less confluent.
Hab. On peaty soil and putrid stumps of trees in mountainous districts.
—Distr. Found only sparingly in the 8.W. and Central Highlands of
Scotland.—B. M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Rannoch, Perthshire.
Subsp. C. pleurota Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 114.—Pode-
tia turbinato-scyphiferous, pulverulent, yellowish-white or pale-
greenish; scyphi dilated, subentire or rarely proliferous at the
margins. Apothecia solitary, subpedicellate——Cladonia cornuco-
pioides subsp. pleurota Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.21. Cladonia cornuco-
pioides form pleurota Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed. 3, p. 62. Cladonia
coccifera 3. pleurota Mudd, Man. p. 60; y.deformis b. pleurota Brit.
Clad. p. 30. Scyphophora pleurota Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 424.
Capitularia pleurota Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, p. 218. Scypho-
phorus coceiferus Hook. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240.
Though sometimes regarded as a variety of C. deformis, its affinity is
undoubtedly with C. cocezfera, to which it holds a somewhat analogous
relation as C. fimbriata to C. pyxidata. Since, however, as pointed out
by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 59, it occurs also with the podetia corticate
at the base, it can scarcely be regarded as a distinct species. The podetia
in states with larger scyphi have the margin at length sinuate and
radiate. With us it is only smaller and less typical states that are
usually seen, and the apothecia are rarely present.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in shady places, on moorlands,
and in woods in upland districts— Distr. Apparently local and scarce in
S.W. and N. England, the W. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and S.W,
Treland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ; St. Breward, Cornwall; Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
32. C. bellidiflora Flirke, Clad. (1828) p. 95.—Thallus foliaceo-
squamose at the base; leaflets somewhat firm, variously divided or
crenato-incised, straw-coloured above, white beneath; podetia cor-
ticate, subsimple, squamoso-foliaceous. cylindrical, or scyphiterous,
often somewhat ventricose in the middle, straw-coloured or greyish-
green ; scyphi narrow, sometimes divided when not rightly deve-
loped (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat large, often conglo-
merate; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72, ed. 3, p. 65.
Cladonia coccifera |3. bellidiflora Mudd, Man. p. 60, Brit. Clad. p. 29.
Sceyphophorus bellidiflorus Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 240; Gray, Nat.
Arr. 1. p. 424. Cenomyce bellidiflora Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64;
Tayl. in Mack. Tl. Hib. i. p. 82. Lichen bellidiflorus Ach. Prodr.
mu 2
164 LICHENACEI. [ CLADONIA.
(1798) p. 194; Eng. Bot. t. 1894. Lichen cornutus e. Lightf. FI.
Scot. li. p. 876. Coralloides viv ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill.
Muse. 90, t. 15.f. 14%. Coralloides scyphiforme, ossis femoris facie
Dill. Muse. 91, t. 15. f. 15.—To this also is referable Cladonia
vestita Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xix. (1867) p. 117,
Lich. Fl. p. 67, ed. 3, p. 62.
From C. coccifera this differs in the longer (2-8 in.), slender, and more
squamulose podetia, as also in the absence of any chemical reactions.
As observed, however, by Fries fil. (Lich. Seand. p. 65), specimens from
more arctic regions are with K (CaCl) distinctly yellowish. This is also
occasionally the case with specimens growing at high altitudes on the
Scottish mountains, whence C. vestita Leight., which is nothing typical,
and differs in the diagnosis from var. vestita Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 541.
The basal squamules or leaflets are often glaucous and occasionally some-
what large, while the podetia are frequently brownish at the base and
sometimes proliferous. The apothecia are usually numerous, of a fine
scarlet colour, though occasionally, as in the other species of this section,
becoming denigrate.
Hab. On peaty soil among mosses in upland, but chiefly in subalpine
and alpine districts of mountainous regions.— Dist. Local and scarce in
W. and N. England and N. Wales; more frequent among the Scottish
Grampians ; doubtful in E. Ireland —B. M.: Hustyn Down, Cornwall;
Diffwys, near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; the Cheviots, Northumberland.
Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire; near
Loch Phadrig in Glen Callater, and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Form 1. gracilenta Florke, Clad. (1828) p. 99.—Podetia elon-
gate, slender, branched : scyphi dilated, dentato-radiate ut the mar-
gins, substerile—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21.—Cladonia coccifera [.
llidiflora b. gracilenta Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 29. Cenomyce cocco-
cephala é. gracilenta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 542.
Differs only in having the podetia more slender, branched (2-4
divided), and in being substerile, with the apothecia seldom rightly
developed.
Hah, On the ground in subalpine moorlands.— Distr. Apparently local
and scarce in N. England, and among the Central and N. Scottish Gram-
piaus.—B. M.: Kilhope Law, Northumberland. Rannoch, Perthshire ;
near Loch Phadrig, Glen Callater, and on Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire.
. Hookeri Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 221.—Podetia glabrous,
unequally corticate, esquamulose, or occasionally here and there with
a few small squamules. Apothecia large——Cromb. Grevillea, xi.
p- 114.—Cladonia Hookeri Tuck. Syn. (1845) p. 55.
Characterized by the naked or almost entirely naked podetia- In the
only British specimen seen these are about 1 in. high, robust, entirely
esquamulose, with the apothecia somewhat large, conglomerate, and
having a few minute squamules intermixed.
Hab. On the ground in subalpine moorlands.—Distr. Very local and
rare, having been seen only from one locality among the N, Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 165
33. C. deformis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 120.—Thallus
foliaceo-squamulose at the base; leaflets moderate or somewhat
large, pale-green above, whitish beneath ; podetia elongate, turgid,
simple, efoliolose, tubeformi-scyphiferous, sulphureo-pulverulent ;
seyphi regular or difform, crenato-dentate or irregularly proliferous
at the margins (Kf+ yellowish, K(CaCl)+yellow). Apothecia dis-
crete or conglomerate; spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 68, ed. 3,
p. 63.—Cladonia coccifera 6. deformis Mudd, Man. p. 61, Brit. Clad.
p. 80. Scyphophorus deformis Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 244; Gray, Nat.
Arr. 1. p. 442. Cenomyce deformis Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 63. Lichen
deformis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152; Eng. Bot. t. 1394.— Lichen
deformis of Hudson and our older authors is referable to the next
species.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 25, Clad. n. 68; Bohl. n. 39.
From var. pleureta of C. cornucopoides, with which it is comparable,
this is distinguished by the elongate, more turgid, and differently coloured
podetia. These are sometimes nearly fissured throughout, more or less
corticate, and when sterile are cornute. The apothecia, which are at
length conzlomerate, are very rare in Great Britain, and are seldom seen
rightly developed.
Hab. On the ground among heaths in wooded upland tracts.— Distr.
Not very general nor common in W. and N. England, more frequent
among the Scottish Grampians, especially in Braemar; not seen from
Treland.—B. M.: Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Guisboro’ Moor and
Loundsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Alston,
Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perth-
shire; Linn of Dee, Ben-naboord, and Loch Phadrig, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; near Forres, Elginshire.
Form 1. gonecha Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. £22.—Podetia longer,
gradually incrassate upwards from the base; the scyphi dilated,
irregular, lacero-radiate. Apothecia somewhat large, confluent.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Bwomyces deforms y. gonechus Ach.
Meth. (1803) p. 335.
This form is characterized by the larger, turgid podetia, and by the
irregular form of the scyphi. The only British specimens gathered are
sterile.
Hab, On peaty soil amongst stunted heaths on subalpine mvorlands.—
Distr. Very local and rare among the N. Grampians and in the N.W.
Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Bullochbuie Forest, Braemar, A berdeen-
shire; Ben Ferrog, Inverness-shire.
Form 2. pulvinata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 60.—Thallus
pulvinato-congested at the base, the podetia short, narrow, curvate-
flexuose and lacero-fissured, substerile.-—Cromb. Greyillea, xy. p. 46.
—Cenomyce pulvinata Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 54.
The small pulvinate basal thallus, consisting of minute imbricate leaf-
lets, and the less developed, curved, and fissured podetia are the dis-
tinctive marks of this form, which, however, is connected with the type
by intermediate states. It is never seen with the apothecia rightly
developed.
166 LICHENACEI, [CLADONIA.
Hab. On peaty soil and decayed trunks of trees in upland situations. —
Distr. Found only in N. England and among the Scottish Grampians.
—B. M.: Eglestone, Durham. Rannoch and Craig-y-barns, Dunkeld,
Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothie-
mu:chus Woods, Inverness-shire.
34. C. digitata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. i. (1795) p. 124.—Thallus
foliaceous at the base, the leaflets roundly lobed or crenato-incised,
pale-green above, beneath whitish and usually pulverulent; podetia
subcylindrical, simplish, rarely divided, scyphiferous, white- or
yellow-pulverulent in the upper portion, corticate and subrugulose
at the base ; scyphi usually narrow, the margin incurved, entire or
irregularly divided and shortly proliferous (K+yellow, CaCl—).
Apothecia small and discrete, or Jarge and confluent; spores 0,009-
11 mm. long, 0,0035-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63.—Cladonia coccifera e. digitata
et &. digitato-radiata Mudd, Man. p. 61, ¢. digitata Brit. Clad. p. 31.
Scyphophora digitata Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 422. Lichen digitatus
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1152. Lichen deformis Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 458 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 38. Coralloides crassius subincanum, calicibus dentatis Dill.
Muse. 95, t. 15. f. 18 a (atypica)—Lichen digitatus of our older
authors is not this, but a variety of the following species.— Brit.
Exws.: Mudd, Clad. n. 76 (juvenilis). =
From the preceding this is distinguished by its different habit, the
colour of the more corticate podetia, and the incurved margin of the
scyphi. It is often somewhat macrophyllous at the hase. The podetia,
which are 1-2 in. long, not unfrequently arise from the margins or the
surface of the leaflets, and are either naked or with a few smaller and
scattered leaflets chiefly towards the base or at the apices. Im sterile
specimens they are often cornute or subulate. With us the apothecia
are rare.
Hab. On putrid trunks of trees among mosses in wooded upland
districts.— Distr. Local and rather scarce in W. and N. England, N.
Wales, and among the W. and N. Scottish Grampians; not seen from
Treland.—B. M.: Malvern, Worcestershire ; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth-
shire; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ;
near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire; Glen Muick and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemurchus Woods, and by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
Form 1]. brachytes Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 61.—Thallus
large at the base ; podetia short, simple, somewhat slender; scyphi
regular, narrow. Apothecia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xy. p. 46.—
Beomyces bacillaris {. brachytes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 329.
Differs in the more developed basal thallus and in the slender, narrow,
usually substerile podetia. Our British specimens are only sparingly
spermogoniiferous.
Hab, On old fir-trunks in upland wooded districts.— Distr. Found only
among the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Mar Forest, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
ee
a a.
a i ee dl)
ae a
CLADONIA. } CLADONTEL, 167
Form 2. cerucha Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 61.—Podetia simple,
subventricose, slightly attenuate at the apices; scyphi minute,
narrow.-—— Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 46. —Cenomyce digitata ec. cerucha
Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 268.
The more turgid and almost cornute podetia and the very small
narrow scyphi distinguish this form from the type. It is very rarely seen
with the apothecia well developed, but occurs for the most part in a
spermogoniiferous or substerile condition,
Hiab, Among mosses on putrid stumps in upland wooded districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce in N. England, 8. Scotland, and the N.
Grampians.—B. M.: Windermere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire; Ballockbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 3. monstrosa Nyl. Tich. Scand. (1861) p. 61.—Podetia
large, thickened, the scyphi difform and divided, shortly branched or
subproliferous. Apothecia moderate.—Cromb. Greviliea, xi. p. 114.
—Scyphophora digitata (3. monstrosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 422.
Cenomyce digitata e. monstrosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 268.
Evidently but an accidental monstrosity, characterized by the more
turgid podetia and the abnormal form of the seyphi. In the few British
specimens the apothecia are but sparingly present.
Hab. On decaying trunks of trees in wooded mountainous districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-
shire.
35. C. macilenta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 126.—Thallus
squamuloso-foliaceous at the base, the squamules small, incised or
erenato-lobed, glaucous-greenish or glaucous-greyish above, white
beneath; podetia cylindrical, slender, simple or sometimes shortly
divided at the apices, ascyphous or rarely narrowly and minutely
scyphiferous, whitish- pulverulent (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
small, terminal, solitary or tuberculoso-confluent.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Cladonia digitata subsp. macilenta
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69, ed. 3, p. 63. Lichen macilentus Ehrh. Pl.
Crypt. (1793) nu. 257. Cladonia coccifera yn. macilenta e. filiformis
Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p.32. Cenomyce filiformis Sm. Eng.
Fl. y. p. 239; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Lichen filiformis
Relh. in Eng, Bot. t. 2028; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38. Scypho-
phora bacillaris Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 422 pro parte. Lichen tubi-
formis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 871 pro parte. Coralloides vie
ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 4.—Coralloides
scyphis gracilibus tubiformibus, Pedicularis folio Dill. Muse. 85,
t. 14. f. 10 8.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, nos. 26 pro parte, 29, Clad.
n. 79; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 283.
In its typical state this is distinguished from the preceding by the
smaller basal squamules, which are esurediate beneath, and by the slender
ascyphous or minutely scyphiferous podetia, which are pulverulent
throughout. It is very variable as to the basal thallus and the pode-
tia, the differences in which give rise to the following varieties and
168 LICHENACEI. [CLADONTA,
forms. The apothecia are not very common in a rightly developed con-
dition.
Hab. Among mosses on old trunks of trees and on the ground in
wooded upland districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in most
parts of Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.
——B. M.: Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants; Lustleigh, Devonshire ;
near Withiel, Cornwall; Bradgate Park, Leicestershire ; Cromford Moor,
near Matlock, Derbyshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Ayton and
Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. Bareal-
dine, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Craig-y-Barns near Dunkeld, and
Falls of Bruar, Perthshire; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling; Craig Cluny,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire.
Form 1. styracella Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thallus
foliolose at the base, the leaflets minute, thin, lobed, subimbricate
or somewhat scattered; podetia simple, slender, subuliform, white-
pulverulent, the seyphi very minute with entire margin, Apothecia
not seen rightly developed.cCromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Beo-
myces bacillaris y. styracellus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 330. Cladonia
coccifera e. macilenta {. subulata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32.—Brit.
Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 74; Leight. n. 297.
Differs chiefly in the thinly lobed basal folioles and in the s:mpl r
podetia, which are attenuate upwards. The minute scyphi are rarely
present, and the apothecia occur only in a young state.
Hab. On mossy trunks of old trees in mountainous districts.— Distr.
Local and rare in S., W., and N. England, more frequent among the
Scottish Grampians; rare in the Channel Islands and in 8.W. Ireland.—
B. M.: Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall; Lounsdale, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Nesscliff, Shropshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tum-
mel, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Turk Mt.,
Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form 2. clavata Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 334.—Podetia thickish,
simple, subventricose, cornute at the apices, white-pulverulent. Apo-
thecia few, minute.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Subsp. Cladonia
macilenta f. clavata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64. Baomyces
deformis (3. clavatus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 334. Cladonia coceifera
e. macilenta 1. monstrost Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 33. Lichen cornutus
p. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876. Coralloides viv ramosum scyphis
obscuris Dill. Muse. 90, t. 15. f. 14 B, c.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 79; Leight. n. 403.
This form is as it were only a more turgid state of the preceding, with
which also it agrees in the length of the clavato-ventricose podetia
(though these are sometimes thick and stunted), which render it easily
distinguished. It is apparently everywhere extremely rare with rightly
developed apothecia.
Hab. On the ground among mosses on heaths and on the dead stumps
of trees in wooded upland districts —Dist7. Found only in S., W., and N.
England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians, Scotland—B, M.: New
Forest, Hants; Long Mynd, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ;
Westerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Whitehaven, Cumberland.
Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
CLADONIA. | CLADONTEI. 169
Form 3. scolecina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thalius
with the basal squamules minute, greyish, partly granulose or gra-
nuloso-dissolved ; podetia very short, somewhat ventricoso-subulate,
greyish-granulose. Apothecia minute, solitary or 2-3-aggregate.—
Jromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21, Grevillea, xi. p. 114.—Baomyces scolecinus
Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 324, t. 7. f. 2.
A well-marked form distinguished by the short podetia (2-3 lines in
height) and by the granulose squamules. The apothecia, which Acharius
(Lich. Univ. p. 548) erroneousiy describes as “brown,” are apparently
extremely rare ; so that the plant is generally spoken of as sterile.
Hab. On old decaying pales and dead wood of trees in lowland and
upland tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and Central England.—
B. M.: Walthamstow, Essex ; Chichester, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ;
Gopsall Park, Leicestershire.
Var. 5. scabrosa Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878)
p- 357.—Thallus granuloso-squamulose at the base; squamules
greyish or glaucous, beneath white; podetia short, cylindrical,
simple or short and variously divided above, ascyphous, greyish-
white or glaucous, entirely granuloso-rugose. Apothecia small,
discrete or confluent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia coc-
cifera e. macilenta e. scubrosa Mudd, Brit. Clad. (1865) p. 32.—
Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 73.
Well characterized by the crowdedly rugose basal and podetial squa-
mules, which give it a peculiarly scabrid appearance. The podetia are
from + to 4 in. long, of moderate thickness, and often divided towards
the apices. In the simple podetia the apothecia are rarely present ; but
in those more divided they are frequent and numerous,
Hab. On putrid stumps and on turf-walls in wooded upland tracts.—
Distr, Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England and N. Wales, but more
frequent among the Scottish Grampians; not seen from Ireland. —B. M.:
Epping Forest, Essex; Ardingly, Sussex; near Bodmin, Cornwall;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Meri-nethshire ; Bridel Gill, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Ar-
gvleshire ; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
Form intumescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv.(1886) p. 46.—Podetia
more elongate, turgid, densely and coarsely granulato-squamulose,
simple and rarely obscurely scyphiferous at the apices.— Cladonia
macilenta form incrassata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92.
Differs in the much thicker podetia, which are from } to 1 in. in length.
They are also occasionally obscurely scyphoid at the apices, the scyphi
being coarsely granular within. When present the apothecia are minute
and discrete.
Hab. On turf-walls in shady upland situations.—Distr. Found only
among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Rannoch,
Perthshire ; near Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. y. coronata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Thallus
folioloso squamulose at the base, the leaflets pale-greenish above,
-
170 LICHENACEI, [CLADONIA.
multifid and crenate; podetia somewhat thickish, pulverulent and
squamulose, either digitately branched or with narrow proliferous
scyphi at the apices. Apothecia moderate, or smaller aud conglo-
merate.—Cromb. Greyillea, xv. p. 46.—Beomyces digitatus |}. coro-
natus Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 333. Cladonia diyitata var. macilenta
f. polydactyla (Flérke) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70, ed. 3, p. 64, et forma
coronata p. 65.—Cladonia coceifera n. macilenta A. polydactyla
Mudd, Man. p. 62, Brit. Clad. p. 32. Scyphophorus digitatus Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 240. Cenomyce digitata Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63.
Lichen digitatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 39; Eng. Bot. 2439. Lichen pyxidatus e. digitatus Huds. Fl.
Angl. p. 457. Coralloides cornucopioides incanum, scyphis cristatis
Dill. Muse. 94, t..15. f. 17 s— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 274; Mudd,
nos. 27, 28, Clad. nos. 77, 78, 72 pro parte; Bohl. nos. 7, 8.
Often confused with C. digitata, from which it is well distinguished by
the podetia. It differs from the other varieties and forms of this species
in the more developed basal leaflets, and in the more or less squamuloso-
foliaceous podetia, which are either ascyphous and digitately branched, or
apically narrowly scyphiferous and proliferous. It usually occurs well-
fruited.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground, on boulders, and about the roots
of old trees in wooded upland districts.—Distr. General and usually
plentiful where it occurs in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great
Britain, and probably also of Ireland—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex;
St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Ivy Bridge and near
Totness, Devonshire; near Bodmin, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth, olgelly, and
Aberdovey, Merionethshire: Baysdale, Ingleby, Lounsdale, and Kildale,
Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay,
Falls of Bruar, and Loch Rannoch, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire ;
Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry ;
Connemara, co. Galway; Devis Mt., co. Antrim.
Form 1. ventricosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 46.—Podetia
thick, somewhat turgid above, narrowly scyphiferous, variously
branched at the margins. Apothecia not seen rightly developed.—
Lichen ventricosus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 457; Lightf. Fl. Scot.
ii. p. 875; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 38. Coralloides cornucopioides
incanum, scyphis cristatis Dill. Muse. 94, t. 15. f. 17 3B, c.—Though
there is no specimen of Lichen ventricosus in any of the old herbaria,
yet from their references to the figure of Dillenius there is little
doubt that this was the plant intended by the above authors.
This seems to be only a larger and thicker form of var. coronata, some-
what analogous to form monstrosa of the preceding species. As Lightfoot
1. c, remarks, “it resembles in miniature a pollard tree with its lop on.”
In the only recent British specimen seen referable to this form, as in that
in Herb. Dill., there are no apothecia visible, but only decclorate spermo-
gones.
Hab, On peaty soil in upland moorlands.— Dist, Local and scarce in
CLADONIA. | CLADONIEI. 17]
N. England, but no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Kildale
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Form 2. carcata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 62.—Podetia
moderate, granulato-pulverulent and partly squamulose, simple or
subdivided at the apices; apothecia solitary or conglomerate.——
Cromb. Tich. Brit. p. 21; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70 pro parte, ed. 3,
p- 64 pro parte (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115).—? Cenomyce
earcata Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 568.
The original specimen gathered in England by Turner having disap-
peared from Herb. Ach., at Helsingfors, it is v ery doubtful what Acharius
really meant by his car cata, which in Syn. p. 266 he refers to Cenomyce
bacillaris as a variety. If really referable to this latter, Nylander suggests
in litt. that it may be the same as his var. subcoronata. Probably,
however, it is nothing very typical, and if belonging to the present variety,
is only a simpler condition, and such as sometimes occurs in this country.
Hab. On mossy boulders in wooded mountainous districts.—Distr.
Very local and scarce (at least in its more characteristic state) in S.W.
and N. England and the Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, 8.
Devon ; W. ark, Northumberland. Barcaldine, Argy leshire; Falls of
Bruar, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. 6. ostreata Nyl. Lich. Par. (1855) n. 108, Syn. i. p. 225.
—Thallus with the basal squamules ascending, subimbricate,
usually subrotundate, white-pulverulent at the margin and on the
under surface ; podetia small, white-pulverulent, the scyphi narrow.
Apothecia minute, very rare.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cla-
donia digitata var. macilenta f. ostreatiformis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70,
ed. 3, p. 64.—Brit. Exvs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 69; Leight. n. 37/1.
Readily recognized by the basal squamules bearing a very considerable
resemblance to those of Lecidea ostreata, from which when sterile it is
distinguished by the different reaction with K. In our British specimens
the podetia are usually short, somewhat cornute at the apices, or when
better developed narrowly scyphiferous. The apothecia are extremely
rare, though the spermogones are not unfrequent.
Hab. On old mossy stumps of trees in upland wooded districts.— Dist,.
Found sparingly only here and there throughout England.—B. M.:
Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest, Hants; Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
36. C. bacillaris Nyl. ex Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot. xvii.
(1880) p. 559.—Thallus minutely squamulose at the base; squa-
mules incised and crenate, greyish-white above, white beneath ;
podetia slender, cylindrical, simple or shortly branched at the apices,
very rarely narrowly scyphiferous, greyish-white, granuloso-pulve-
rulent (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, discrete or contluent.—
Cromb. Greyiliea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia Bilwliaaea var. bacilluris
Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvii. p. 417 pro parte; Lich.
Fl. p. 71, ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte. Cladonia Floerkiana var. bacillaris
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. Scyphophora baciilaris Gray, Arr. i.
p- 422 pro parte. Baomyces bacillaris Ach. Meth. (180: 3) p. 329.
172 LICHENACEI, [CLADONIA.
Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta a. clavata Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 31.
Coralloides ramulosum, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Muse. 96, t. 15.
f. 19 c.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 70; Bohl. n. 80.
From C. macilenta (typical), to which it is similar and with which it
has usually been confounded, this species is at once separated by the
absence of any reaction with K. In other respects it differs in the
podetia being more slender and granuloso-pulverulent. Our British
specimens are but rarely well fertile.
Hab. On the bare ground and turf-walls in upland situations.—-Distr.
Seen only from a few localities in S. England, the Scottish Grampians,
and N.W. Ivreland.—B.M.: Bournemouth, Hampshire; Wadebridge,
Cornwall. Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Hills at Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Near Kylemore, co. Galway.
Form pityropoda Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xi. (1883) p. 115.—
Podetia somewhat thick, granuloso-rugose, simple or shortly divided
at the apices.
This form, which is distinguished by the thicker and coarsely granulose
podetia, is analogous to var. scabrosa of Cl. macilenta, Our British spe-
cimens are for the most part well-fruited.
Hab. On the ground and turf-walls in upland tracts.—Distr. Local
and scarce in N, England, among the Grampians, Scotland, and in N.
Treland.—B. M.: Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyle-
shire; Rannoch, Perthshire. Colin Glen, near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Con-
nemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. subcoronata Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 92.
—Podetia thickish, granulato-squamulose, somewhat simple or digi-
tately branched towards the apices.—Coralloides ramulosum, tuber-
culis coccineis Dill. Muse. 96, t. 15. f. 19 a, 8.—Lichen digitatus pro
parte as it appears of our older authors.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 72 pro parte.
Differs in the podetia being more or less squamulose and often digi-
tately divided, so that it has a considerable resemblance to states of var.
coronata of the preceding species. The British specimens seen are well
fertile.
Hab. On the ground in upland moorlands —Distr. Local and rare in
S.W. and N. England, among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W.
Treland ; no doubt overlooked elsewhere.—B. M.: Near Hunter Tor,
Dartmoor, Devonshire; St. Breward, Cornwall; Ingleby Park, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. Letter Hill, Conne-
mara, co. Galway.
37. C. Floerkeana Fr. Sched. Crit. iii. (1824) p. 18.—Thallus
squamulose at the base; squamules small, inciso-lobed or crenate,
greenish-white above, white beneath, often evanescent; podetia
cylindrical, slender, corticate, glabrous, simple or shortly divided at
the apices, greyish-white, greyish-green or brownish (K—, CaCl—),
Apothecia moderate, usually conglomerate; spores 0,008-10 mm.
long, 0,008 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115, Lich. Brit.
CLADONIA, | CLADONIEI. 173
p. 21 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 71 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 65 pro
parte.—Cladonia coccifera y. Floerkeana Mudd, Man. p. 61 pro
parte, Brit. Clad. p. 33 pro parte.
Closely allied to C. bacillaris, from which it is distinguished by the
glabrous corticate podetia, which are often blackish at the base. It is
almost always abundantly fertile, and the fine scarlet, often confluent
“apothecia render it one of our most beautiful species.
Hab. On peaty ground in subalpine mountainous moorlands.—Distr.
Local and rare in its typical state, having been found only in a few places
in the Scottish Highlands and S.W. Iveland—B. M.: Acbrosagan Hill,
Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Head of Glen Callater,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form trachypoda Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—
Podetia rather shorter, more or less yerrucoso-squamulose.—Cromb.
Greyillea, xi. p. 115.—Cladonia coccifera e. macilenta b. carcata
Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 32.—To this is also referable Cladonia Floer-
keana var. bacillaris Leight. pro parte.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 71; Larb. Lich. Hb. o. 84.
Usually not rightly distinguished from the type, this differs in the
ge being either partly verrucose or entirely squamulose. Interme-
iate states, however, in which the squamules are but sparingly present
(though probably from abrasion), are frequent in herbaria.
Hab. On the ground, generally on peaty soil in upland and subalpine
mountainous regions.— Distr. Not unfrequent in Great Britain and [re-
land; very abundant among the Scottish Grampians—B. M.: Epping
Forest, Essex; Leith Hill, Surrey; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Bardon
Hill, Leicestershire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Baysdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Sheriffmuir,
near Stirling; Craig Tulloch and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Canlochan Glen,
Clova, Fortfarshire ; Cairnma ‘Earn, Kincardineshire; Hill of Fare and
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross,
Ross-shire. Doneraile Mts., co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; near Kyle-
more, co. Galway.
33. CLADINA Nyl.
Not. Siillsk. pro F. et FI. 7 \\ \)p He
Fenn. Forh.n.s. v. (1866) Ne OS)
p- 110.—Thallus wanting eh Eat
at the base; podetia . Rie >
fruticulose, very much a“ \/ | (:)
branched, more or less mn Mi / aT }
smooth, glabrous; scyphi gee i d We i)
none or narrow. Apo- uf. AY
thecia terminal on the a’ ete A
apices of the branches, Fig. 36.
biatorine, small, pale or ‘
: _ Cladina rangiferina Ny|.—a, a’. Vertical sections
brown ; spores 8nie, sin of two apothecia (the lower juvenile), x30.
long, simple, colourless ; b. Theca and paraphysis, X350. c. Spores,
thecze, especially the api- = 400. d. Vertical section of a spermogone,
eee Ye AE Maj . permoze
ces, bluish with iodine. 30. ¢. Sterigmata, and/, spermatia, x 900.
174 LICHENACEI. [CLADINA.
Spermogones terminal, conical; spermatia cylindrical, somewhat
curved or straight.
Distinguished from Cladonia by the absence of a basal thallus*, and by
the podetia being naked, usually ascyphous, with the cortex not pul-
veraceo-fatiscent. The species are extremely social, some of them in
Arctic and Antarctic regions forming the most characteristic feature of.
the vegetation, as also on the higher moorlands and mountains of more
temperate climes.
1. C. rangiferina Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
n. s. v. (1866) p. 110.—Podetia very much branched, cylindrical,
somewhat slender, opayue, subperforate at the axils, more or less ver-
ruculoso-scabrous, subtomentose, greyish or greyish-white ; branches
short, divaricate or subdeflexed, subsecund, the apices nodding when
sterile, erect and subcorymbose when fertile (K+ yellow, CaCl—),
Apothecia small; spores oblongo-fusiform, 0,010-15 mm. long,
0,0035 mm. thick.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii.
p. 418; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina rangiferina Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia rangiferina Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 235; Mudd, Man. p. 58; Brit. Clad.
p. 24. Cenomyce rangiferina Hook. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 65; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Lichen rangiferinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 877;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41; Eng. Bot. t. 173. Coralloides mon-
tanum fruiicult specie ubique candicans Dill. Muse. 107, t. 16.
f. 29 a-p. Lichenoides tubvlosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie
ubique candicans Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 66, n. 14.—Under this our
earlier, and some more recent, authors include also the following
species.
This, with C. sylvatica, is the familiar “ Reindeer Moss.” By the
separation of that species it is not so variable as it was formerly regarded.
The podetia are elongate, 53-5 in. and sometimes more in length, densely
stipate, subsmooth or granuloso-unequal, more or less tomentose, tricho-
tomously branched, with the branches closer at the apices. In dry and
more exposed situations they occasionally become greyish-brown. With
us the apothecia are comparatively rare, but the spermogones are more
frequent.
Hab. On the ground, usually in boggy places, on moorlands and
mountains from upland to subalpine regions.—Dzstr. Not general nor
common in Great Britain, and not yet seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Tre-
vello Carne, near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Delamere Forest, Cheshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; the
Cheviots, Northumberland. Glen Lochay, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch
Moor, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch and Glen Callater,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Forest, and Glen Nevis, Inver-
ness-shire.
Form gigantea Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878)
p. 358.—Podetia more elongate, thickish, granuloso-unequal, whitish
* In Medd. Soe. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 32, Dr. Wainio affirms that both
C. sylvatica and C. uncialis do very rarely occur with a basal thallus ; but this
certainly requires further proof.
—
*
.
CLADINA. } CLADONIET. L795
and partly greyish-brown, the branches erect at the apices.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Lichen giganteus Bory, Voy. ili. (1803)
p. 83.
Distinguished by the longer (4-8 in.) and thicker podetia, and is con-
nected with the type by intermediate states. Of the few British speci-
meus only one is sparingly fertile.
Hab. Among mosses on subalpine heaths.— Dist. Found only once
and sparingly among the N. Grampians.—B M.: Glen Derrie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
2. C. sylvatica Ny]. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s.
y. (1866) p. 176.—Podetia much branched, cylindrical, slender,
opaque, subperforate at the axils, glabrous, at length verruculoso-
scabrous, pale straw-coloured or whitish; branches short, divaricate
or subdefiexed, the apices subsecund, nodding when sterile, erect
and subcorymbose when fertile (K—, K(CaCl)+ yellow). Apothecia
and spores as in the preceding species.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 3, xvii. p. 418; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina
sylvaticu Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72, ed. 3, p.66. Cladonia rangiferina
B. sylvatica Mudd, Man. p. 59, Brit. Clad. p. 25. C. sylvatica
Hoftm. Deutsch. Fl. 1. (1795) p. 114. Coralloides fruticuli specie
candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Muse. 110, t. 19. f. 30 B.—
As already noticed, Lichen sylvaticus of Hudson and Lightfoot is
referable to Cladonia pungens.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. v.57; Mudd,
nos. 19, 20, Clad. nos. 57, 58; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos.- 242, 243;
Bohl. n. 6.
Apart from the etomentose podetia this differs but little in external
form and appearance from C. rangiferina, of which it has generally been
regarded only as a variety with somewhat uncertain characters. By the
aid of the chemical reactions, however, we are now able to distinguish it
in all its different states, and to assign to it its proper specific value. In
this country it is comparatively rare in a fertile condition.
Hab. On the ground in forests, on moorlands and mountains from
lowland to alpine regions.—Dzstr. General and frequent throughout
Great Britain and no doubt also Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands;
often constituting in otherwise sterile tracts the greater part of the
vegetation.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. North Wootton Common,
Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex ; Shanklin Downs, Isle of Wight; New
Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Tregawn, Cornwall; Farnham
Royal Common, Bucks ; Nettlehead Wood, Oxfordshire ; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire ; Wyre Forest, Worcestershire; Haughmond Hill,
Shropshire; Barmouth and IRhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Ayton and
Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire: Windermere, Westmoreland ; the
Cheviots and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills near Edinburgh; Ben Cruachan,
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Kinnoul Hill and Moncrieffe Hill, near Perth,
and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Countesswells
Wood, near Aberdeen, Mar Forest and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Rothiemurchus and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Lairg, Suther-
landshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Connemara, co. Galway; Arklow,
co, Wicklow.
176 LICHENACEL,. [CLADINA.
Form 1. tenuis Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878) p. 358.
—Podetia somewhat short, very slender, much and intricately
branched.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 92.— Brit. Ews.: Mudd, Clad.
n. 08 (Vix).
Has very much the aspect of Cladonta pungens, from which, as well
as from an analogous form (tenuis Floerke) of C. rangiferina, not yet
detected in Britain, it differs in the absence of any reaction with K. It
is from 1 to 14 in. high, and with us occurs only sterile.
Hab, On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Seen only from a
few localities in 8S. and N. England, and 8. and Central Scotland.—
B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; Kildale Moor, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire (atypical). Near Castle Douglas, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Rannoch, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire.
Form 2. lacerata Nyl. ev Norrl. Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
(1876) p. 14.—Podetia moderate, very shortly branched, perforate
or lacerate at the axils.—Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cenomyce
sylvatica 0. lacerata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. 11. (1830) p. 621.
The lacerate axils of the rather stouter and shortly branched podetia
distinguish this form. The apothecia are rare.
Hab. In moist sandy places and on moorlands in maritime and upland
districts. — Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, 8. W. England,
S. Scotland, and the Central and N.E. Grampians.—B. M.: Quenvais,
Island of Jersey. Near Bodmin, Cornwall. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire; Moor of Rannoch, Perthshire; Hills at Nigg, Kincardine-
shire.
Var. 3. grandis Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 92.—Podetia
robust, inflato-cylindrical, flexuose, much branched, pale straw-
coloured, the branches short, somewhat drooping and brownish at
the apices.-—Cladonia rangiferina var. grandis Florke, Clad. (1828)
p. 169; Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 25.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 60.
Well distinguished by the much stouter podetia with their shorter
branches. Although regarded by some authors as a distinct species s. n.
Cladonia arbuscula Wallr., it holds only a somewhat analogous relation
to the type as forma gigantea does to the preceding species. It varies in
length from 3 to 5 in., and occasionally has the podetia very robust and
less branched. The few British specimens are only sparingly fertile.
Hab. On the ground in elevated moorlands in mountainous regions.—
Distr. Sparingly in N. England, 8. Scotland, and among the Gram-
pians.—B. M.: Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barend Moss, New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Rannoch
Moor, Perthshire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form portentosa Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii.
(1866) p. 419.—Podetia very thick, difform, lacerate, verruculoso-
scabrid, very shortly branched, the branches turgid and denticulato-
cristate at the apices—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22, Grevillea, xi.
p. 115.—Cladina sylvatica form portentosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 73,
CLADINA. | CLADONIEI. 177
ed. 3, p. 67. Cenomyce portentosa Duf. Ann. Se. Physigq. t. viii.
(1821) p. 69.
The turgid deformed podetia and the form of their apices distinguish
this. Apparently, however, it is only an abnormal and stunted condition
of the preceding variety. It is very rarely fertile.
Hab, In moist places on moorlands in upland districts —Distr. Local
and scarce in S.W. and Central England, in S. Scotland, and among the
Grampians.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Moor of Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. y. alpestris Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. n.s.
v. (1866) p. 176.—Podetia slender, somewhat soft, intricately and
divaricately branched, the branches and branchlets very densely
thyrsoid.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 119;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina sylvatica f. alpestris Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 73, ed. 3, p.67. Cladonia rangiferina (3. alpestris
Mudd, Man. p. 59, Brit. Clad. p. 25. Lichen rangiferinus alpestris
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458; Lightf. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 877. Coralloides montunum, fruticuli specie ubique
candicans Dill. Musc. 107, t. 16. f..29 5, r.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 85.
A well-marked variety, which alike in a young and mature state
appears to be constant to its characters. It is ea-ily recognized by the
densely thyr:oid apices of the podetia, which are usually shorter than in
the type. With us it is very seldom fertile.
Hab. In moist places of woods and moor'ands in upland and subalpine
regions.— Distr. Local and scarce in England and Ireland; more frequent
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Rhewereidden, N. Wales; Windermere, Westmoreland. Glen
Lochay, Perthshire; Hil! of Ardo, near Aberdeen, and Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Ballytore, co.
Kildare; Kylemore, co. Galway.
Form pumila Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. (1866)
p- 419.—Podetia short, slender, very much branched, rather fragile,
densely cxspitoso-pulvinulate-—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Grevillea,
xi. p. 115.—Cladina sylvatica f. pumila Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 73,
ed. 3, p. 67. Cenomyce rangiferina —. pumila Ach, Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 566.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, Clad. n. 52.
The much smaller size (1-2 in. high) and the cespitose pulvinate habit
distinguish this form. It approaches states of Cladonia pungens, from
which the absence of any reaction with K keeps it distinct. It rarely
occurs in a fertile condition.
Hab. In dry bare places on heaths and on turf-walls in upland dis-
tricts.— Distr. Rather local and scarce in Great Britain, ard not seen
from Ireland; probably often overlooked.—B. M.: Broadwater Forest,
Sussex ; Charnwood Forest. Leicestershire ; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth-
shire; Burton Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Ran-
noch, Perthshire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchua,
Inverness-shire.
N
178 LICHENACEI. [CLADINA.
3. C. uncialis Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v.
(1866) p. 111.—Podetia cylindrical, somewhat close, glabrous or
verruculose, shining or subopaque, shortly and dichotomously
branched, more or less perforate at the axils, straw-coloured or
ereenish-straw-coloured, the apices erect, subulate or (2-5) denti-
culate when sterile, digitato-radiate when fertile; scyphi none
(K—, K(CaCl)+ yellowish). Apothecia small, pale or brown ; spores
oblongo-fusiform, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina uncialis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 3,
p- 67. Cladonia uncialis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Sm. Eng. FL.
v. p. 238; Mudd, Man. p. 59. Cenomyce uncialis Hook. FI. Scot.
ii. p. 64; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78. Lichen uncialis Linn. Sp.
Pl. (1753) p. 1153; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 880; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44; Eng. Rot. t. 174. Cladonia
stellata Scheer., Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 26. Coralloides perforatum
minus molle et tenue Dill. Muse. 99, t. 16. f. 22 a,c,p. Lichenoides
tubulosum cauliculis mollioribus et crassioribus, minus Dill. in Ray,
Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 21.—Brit. Evs.: Bohl. nos. 15, 31.
Though the podetia are usually glabrous, yet when the plant grows at
high altitudes and in exposed situations they often become subyranulato-
unequal, as also in the following forms. In the type the podetia are of
nearly equal thickness throughout, and vary in height from 1-3 inches.
The apothecia are very rare with us, nor are the spermogones frequent.
Hab. On the ground among mosses on moorlands and mountains from
upland to alpine regions—Distr. General and common throughout
Great Britain, and probably in Ireland ; usually associated with the two
preceding species.—B. M.: Yarmouth, Suffolk; Reigate Heath, Surrey ;
near Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; near
Respring, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Hartlebury
Common, Worcestershire; Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ;
Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire: The Cheviots, Northumberland.
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ;
Craig Calliach and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Hill
of Ardo, near Aberdeen, Glen Callater and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; near Rothiemurchus and Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Lairg,
Sutherlandshire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Coachford, near Cork ;
Erris, co. Mayo; Kylemore, co. Galway.
Form 1. bolacina Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 22.--Podetia
short, slender, usually very much and somewhat intricately branched,
imperforate at the axils——Cromb. Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Cenomyce
uncialis y. bolacina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.559.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n.58; Mudd, n. 17, Clad. n. 61.
Ceespitosely pulvinate in habit, and distinguished by the smaller and
much more branched podetia, which are scarcely 1 in. long. They are
occasionally “adspersed with a verruceform lepra” Del. rugoso-ver-
rucose with brown points” Scheer., var. leprosa (Del.), which appears
to be caused by a fungus. It is rarely fertile.
Hab. In dry places among mosses on moorlands in upland districts.—
Distr. Apparently local and scarce in N. England, N. Wales, and among
the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Cleve-
CLADINA. | CLADONIEI. 179
Jand, Yorkshire. Rannoch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire (in both localities also /eprosa (Del.)).
Form 2. adunca Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. (1880)
p. 560, Grevillea, xi. p. 115.—Podetia elongate, thickened upwards,
sparingly branched, perforate at the axils ; branches subfastigiate,
subulate, furcate, or stellato-dentate at the apices.—Cladina uncialis
f. adunca Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 75, ed. 3, p. 68. Cladonia uncialis
B. adunca Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 64.
Cludonia stellata 3. adunca Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 26. Baomyces
aduncus Ach. Meth.(1803) p. 353. Cladonia uncialis [3. elatior Fr.,
Mudd, Man. p.59. Lichen uncialis var. (3, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p- 595; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 880; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44.
Coralloides perforatum majus, molle et crassum Dill. Muse. 98, t. 16.
f.21. Lichenoides tubulosum, cauliculis molliorihus et crassioribus,
majus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 20.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd,
n. 21, Clad. n. 62.
Larger than the type, usually 3-4 in. in length, with the podetia
softer, thicker, more open at the axils, and subfastigiate at the apices,
which are somewhat variable in form. The apothecia are very rare in
our specimens.
Hab, On the ground in damp places on moorlands and mountains in
upland and subalpine districts.— Distr. Probably general in Great Britain;
apparently rare in 8. Ireland.—B. M.: Esher, Surrey ; Dartmoor, Devon-
shire; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth-
shire; Battersby Moor and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; The
Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Ben Crua-
chan, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Clova
Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Doneraile Mts., co. Cork.
Form 3. turgescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 22.—Podetia
thick, turgid, sparingly branched, perforate at the axils; branches
subtruncate, fastigiate, stellato-denticulate at the apices.—Cladina
uncialis f. turgescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 75, ed. 3, p. 68. Cladonia
uncialis c. turgescens Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 244; Mudd, Man.
p- 59. Cladonia stellata 3. adunca b. turgescens Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p- 27. Cladonia unealis 8. turgida Scheer., Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 235.
Perhaps a more turgid state of the preceding, with which it seems to
be confluent, though differing also in the subtruncate apices. The podetia,
which are 2-3 in. in height and often more than 3 mm. in thickness, are
sometimes much deformed. In our British specimens the apothecia are
rare.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and on turf-walls in upland moor-
lands.— Distr. Local and scarce in 8. and W. England, S. Scotland, and
among the Grampians.—B, M.: Aldershott, Hants; Cwm Bychan, Merio-
nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers and Ran-
noch, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Hill of Ardo, near Aber-
deen ; Moor of Morrone, Braemar; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
Form 4. obtusata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
n. s. Vv. (1866) p. 111.—Podetia decumbent, short, turgid, simplish
nN 2
180 LICHENACEI. [CLADINA.
or very shortly branched; the branches obtuse, usually imperforate
and shortly denticulate at the apices. Spores 0,008—9 mm. long.
—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 561.—Cladina uncialis
f. obtusata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 68. Cenomyce uneialis 3.
obtusata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 559. Coralloides imperforatum
corniculis brevissimis crispis Dill. Muse. 100, t. 16. f. 12.
The short (4 in. to 1 in. long), inflated, decumbent podetia, with their
thickened and frequently dark brown apices, characterize this form. In
more branched specimens the podetia are somewhat aggregate, but when
simpler they are often somewhat discrete, owing to the nature of the
habitat. The apothecia are extremely rare, and even the spermogones
are seldom visible.
Ha. In peat bogs on upland and subalpine moorlands. —Distr. Appa-
rently local and scarce in N. Wales, S. Scotland, among the Grampians,
and in 8.E. and N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Craig Calliach and Moor of Rannoch,
Perthshire; Glen Candlic and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Kylemore, co. Galway ; Achavanagh, co. Wicklow.
4. C. amaurocrea Nyl. Not. Siallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
n. s. v. (1866) p. 111.—Podetia slender, close, erect, glabrous, subu-
late, more or less branched, sparingly and narrowly scyphiferous,
straw-coloured or whitish straw-coloured ; scyphi dentato-cristate, or
subulato-spinulose at the margins, often proliferous, rarely perforate
at the axils (K—, K(CaCl)+ yellow). Apothecia somewhat small
or moderate, brown or pale-testaceous ; spores oblong, 0,009-12 mm.
long, 0,0035 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22.—Cladina
amaurocrea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74, ed. 3, p. 67. Cladonia amauro-
crea Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27. Capitularia amaurocrea Florke in
Web. et Mohr, Beitr. 1. (1810) p. 334.— As observed in Greyillea,
xi. p. 115, var. myriocrea (? Florke) Mudd, Brit. Clad. p. 27, Exs.
n. 18, is referable to some condition of Cladonia furcata rather than
to this species ; but the specimens seen are imperfect.
From the closely allied C. uncialis this, when well developed, is easily
known by the podetia being scyphiferous, more slender, and close. When
ascyphous, as it often occurs, it 1s apt to be confounded with that species,
though even then it must be regarded as distinct. With us the apothecia
are yery rare, and the spermogones only occasionally present.
Hab. On the ground in moist places amongst heaths in upland and
subalpine regions.— Distr. Found sparingly among the Grampians, Scot-
land, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Ben-
naboord and Glen Dee (frt.), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Subsp. C. destricta Nyl. ex Norrl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh, xiii. (1873) p. 321.— Podetia short, more or less verrucose, not
close, but vaguely directed, much branched, ascyphous, straw-coloured
or greenish-grey ; branches short, subulate or furcate at the apices.
Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360, Grevillea,
xi. p. 115.—- Cladonia amaurocreea t. destricta Ny]. Scand. (1861) p.59.
< senate
CLADLNA. | CLADONIEI. 181
Cladonia amaurocrera c. depressa Muda, Brit. Clad. p. 28.—Brit.
Exs.: Mudd, n. 18, Clad. n. 64. To this is probably referable Mudd,
Clad. n. 63, as an atypical state.
Well distinguished as a subspecies by the vaguely directed ascyphous
podetia. It appears on the summits of the higher Grampians in the form
of rotundate tufts of moderate size, and along with a small form of Lyco-
podium Selayo L. often constitutes the scanty vegetation of the granitic
and schistose detritus. The débris of the podetia, broken by the tread of
sheep or the red deer, may be found extensively scattered over the ground
(cfr. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p.23). It is never fertile.
Hab. On sterile moorlands and mountains from upland to alpine regions.
—Distr. Local in N. Wales, N. England, and 8. Scotland; but usually
abundant among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar.—B. M.:
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Baysdale and Guisboro’ Mocrs, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Morrone and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire. .
Series ILI. Ramalodei Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170.
Thallus fruticulose or filamentose, erect or pendulous, rounded,
compressed, or angulose, corticate on both sides, destitute of leaficts,
granules or basal crust, internally hollow or solid. Apothecia
usually lecanorine, rarely lecideine or difform ; spores ellipsoid and
simple, or oblong and 1—3-septate; paraphyses either not discrete
or sometimes discrete. Spermogones with stcrigmata either simple
or pauci-articulate, and straight, rarely curved spermatia.
This series is distinguished from the preceding by the naked thallus
and the absence of a basal crust. Though more compact and better
limited than Cladode?, the tribes and genera of which it is composed differ
considerably from each other. There are, however. close and: important
links which render the series a very natural one.
Tribe VIL. ROCCELLEI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855)
p. 170.
Thallus subsimple or branched, rounded or compressed, subcarti-
Jaginous, erect, or at length somewhat pendulous, internally entirely
filled with a filamentose medulla. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine,
or irregular, lateral or terminal, adnate or innate; spores 8ne (or
6nz). oblongo-fusiform, 5-septate, colourless ; paraphyses discrete.
Spermogones immersed: sterigmata simple or subsimple.
A distinct tribe, comprising two small genera, one of which, Comlea,
is exotic. The species are maritime, occurring on rocks, occasionally on
trees, chiefly in warm regions, where they occupy the p'ace of the mari-
time Ramalinas of colder climates, towards which in habit and various
characters they approach. They yield a valuable purple dye—the well-
known “ Orchill ” of commerce.
182 LICHENACEI. [ROCOELLA,
34. ROCCELLA DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 334.—Thallus sub-
fruticulose, usually opaque and smoothish, somewhat tough, atten-
uate at the apices, con-
eolorous on both sides,
medullary layer dense.
Apothecia lateral, leci-
deine or irregular,naked
or pruinose; hypo-
thecium thick, black ;
spores oblong or fusi-
form, straight or curved;
hymenial gelatine wine-
red or wine- yellow,
or sometimes slightly
bluish with iodine.
Spermogones lateral,
with acicular, curved
spermatia.
The thallus is more or
less fruticulose from a
common base,and insome
species is of considerable
size. It is whitish, rarely Fig. 37.
brownish, in colour, and
fe Shoaeh -sawictiaee Roecella phycopsis Ach.—a. Section of external
? 2 ~©S portion of the thallus, showing the cortical and
from tenuity becoming gonidial layers and a small exterior portion of
flaccid. Thecortical and the medulla, x200. &. Gonidia, x350. ¢. Ver-
gonidial systems, as ob- tical section of an apothecium, X30. d. Theca
served by Nylander,Syn. and _paraphysis, X350. e. Spores, x500. ff
i. p. 256 (cfr. Flora, 1866, Vertical section of a spermogone, X 30. g.
p- 198), form a confluent Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
layer, the cortex, which
is destitute of an epithallus, consisting of medullary filaments thickened
towards the surface and there densely parallel, external to which are seen
granular elements, while internally and immediately beneath the cortex
are the gonidia. The apothecia are lecideine or variously deformed, often
as in Darina, sometimes as in Chiodecton, with the paraphyses slender or
nearly mcderate, and not unfrequently bifurcate.
1. R. phycopsis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 440.—Thallus
rounded or slightly compressed, very much branched and densely
cespitose, whitish or glaucous-brown, more or less sorediiferous ;
branches subsimple or dichotomously divided (Ca Cl+ reddish, sore-’
dia —,medulla [+ bluish). Apothecia small, lecideine, black, naked
or slightly pruinose, somewhat prominent or appressed ; spores fusi-
formi-oblong, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn.
i. p. 259, t. 8. f. 3; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 426; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 81, ed. 3, p. 74.—Woccella tinetoria p.
phycopsis Mudd, Man. p.75. Lichen fucoides Dicks. Crypt. fase. 11.
p- 22. Lichen Roccella With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Roccella tine-
toria Sm. Eng. Fl. vy. p. 221; Mudd, Man. p. 75; Leight. Lich. Fl.
—— a
ROCCELLA. | ROCCELLEI, 183
p- 81, ed. 3, p.74. Lichen Roccella Eng. Bot. t. 211, is true Roccella
tinctoria DC. (minor), but the figure is drawn from an exotic speci-
men.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 48; Larb. Cesar. n. 11; Lich. Hb.
n. 122; Cromb. n. 14.
States with the branches more elongate and scarcely sorediiferous have
been confounded with ZR. tixctoria, whose range, however, does not extend
so far north as our islands. It differs in its smaller size (1-3 inches in
height), the less opaque thallus, which is more thinly branched and sore-
diiferous (not farinaceous) on the surface, as also in the smaller lecideine
apothecia. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain. The spermogones,
which are occasionally present in our specimens, have the sterigmata
slender and the spermatia arcuate, 0,013-16 mm. long, scarcely 0, O01 mm.
thick. Our fig. 37 shows that the globulose or ellipsoid gonidia are
simple, or two or more concatenate. The papillzform cells of the cortex
are sprinkled with the powder (granulations) of the pigmentary matter,
Hab. On rocks, rarely on walls in maritime localities —Distr. Not un-
common in the Channel Islands and in §. England; extremely rare in
S8.W. Scotland—B.M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, La Moye and Noirmont,
Island of Jersey ; Petit-Bot Bay, Island of Guernsey. Godshill Church
and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Portland Island, Dorsetshire ; Bolt Head,
Lynmouth, and Valley of “Rocks, Lynton, Dev onshire ; Tintagel Castle,
Lamorna Cove, Pentire and St. Minv er, Cornwall ; St. Mary’s, Scilly
Islands. Millport, Cumbrae Island, Frith of Clyde.
Form tenuior Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 74.—
Thallus somewhat elongate, very slender, much branched towards
the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Roccella fuciformis (errore) f.
tenuior Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47.
Differs from the type in the more slender, elongate, and apically
branched thallus. It is plentifully sorediate, but apparently never fertile.
Hab. On rocks in maritime situations.— Dist. Local and scarce in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey.
2. R. fuciformis DC. Fl. Fr. i. (1805) p. 335.—Thallus com-
pressed, much branched, glaucous-white or glaucous-brown, often
sorediiferous ; branches dichotomously laciniate (Ca Cl—, soredia
+reddish, medulla I+bluish). Apothecia moderate, superficial,
lecanorine, black, pruinose, the thalline margin at length nearly
excluded ; spores fusiform or oblongo-fusiform, (),020—30 mm. long,
0,004—6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr, i, p. 426; Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 222; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 83; Mudd, Man. p. 76, t. 1.
f.18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 82, ed. 3,
p. 7A. Lichen fuciformis Linn. Sp. Pi. (1753) p. 1614; Dicks.
Crypt. fase. ii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Eng. Bot. t. 728.
Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium, corniculis longioribus et acutioribus
Dill. Muse. 168, t. 23. f. 61.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 171; Larb.
Cesar. n. 12; Lich. Hb. n. 123; Cromb. nos. 15, 125.
From R. phycopsis, with which in this country it is usually found asso-
ciated, this differs in its compressed, broader, generally longer thallus,
and in the fructification. It varies considerably in size, occasionally
184 LICHENACEI. [ ROCCELLA.
attaining a length of 6 inches or more. The apothecia are rare in Britain,
though numerous when present. They are dirinean in appearance, super-
ficial, somewhat prominent, chiefly marginal, with the pruina at length
evanescent. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,012-15 mm. long,
scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Local though plentiful
where it occurs in the Channel Islands and in 8. England; very rare in
the islands of S.W. Iveland.—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay, Beauport Bay, and
St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg and Petit-Bot Bay, Island
of Guerusey. Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Logan Rocks, near Land’s End,
Tintagel, the Lizard and Lamorna Cove, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly
Islands.
Tribe VIII. SIPHULETI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857)
p. 97;-Syn. i. p. 261.
Thallus podetiiform, simple or fruticuloso-divided, somewhat
tough, usually opaque, often affixed to the substratum by radical
branchlets, internally either with a dense filamentose medulla or
fistulose. Apothecia not rightly known. Spermogones (in so far
as detected) innate.
This small tribe is composed of three genera, Siphula, Endocena, and
Thamnolia. The last only is found in Britain. As the apothecia are un-
known, the systematic place aud even the value of the tribe are somewhat
uncertain. Stphula is near to Roccella and Thamnolia to Cladonia.
30. THAMNOLIA
Ach. in ltt. 1819; ex
Scher. Enum. (1850)
p. 245. Thallus
formed of stipites or
podetia which are cy-
lindrical or somewhat
compressed, subulate
or cornute, imperfor-
ate,simple or somew hat
branched, acute at the
apices, internally fistu-
lose; cortical layer
composed of small cells
laxly united. Apothe-
cia not rightly known.
Spermogones innate,
pale, with long jointed
sterigmata; spermatia Thamnolia vermicularis Scher. —a. Longitudinal
cylindrical, obsoletely section of thallus, x 200. 6. Vertical section of
thickened at either 2 Spermogone, X 30. c. Sterigmata and sper-
matia, X d500.
Fig. 38.
apex.
The fistulose podetia and the gonidia ally this to Cladonia; the sper-
mogones are similar to those of Beomyces, while the continuity of the
‘
tie
ae eS ae SS. LALO CUS
THAMNOLLIA. | SIPHULEI. 185
cortical layer separates it from the former. The apothecia have been
described by some authors as similar to those of Roccella, and by others
to those of Cladonia, but both are apparently erroneous.
1. T. vermicularis Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 243, t. ix. £ 7.—
Thallus prostrate, ascending or erect, simple or bifurcate, smooth
or longitudinally rugulose, somewhat dispersed or stipitate, chalky-
white or whitish (K+yellow): apothecia unknown. —Mudd, Man.
p- 68; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed. 3, p. 75.
—Cladonia vermicularis Sm. Eng. Fl. vy. p. 234; Mudd, Brit. Clad.
p- 34. Cenomyce? vermicularis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 65. Cerania
vermicularis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 413. Lichen vermicularis Sw. in
Linn. fil. Meth. Musc. (1781) p. 119; Dicks. Crypt. fasc. ii. t. 6.
f. 10; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41; Eng. Bot. t. 2024.—Brit. Evs. :
Cromb. n. 13.
Easily recognized by the form and habit of the thallus, somewhat
resembling small white worms, whence its trivial name. The stipites are
simple, but sometimes more or less shortly branched. The apothecia
have not yet been certainly detected; for in the absence of any fertile
specimen it is very doubtful whether the “ tubercules” figured by
Dickson, /. ¢., corresponding to those described by Swartz, be really the
fructification. Massalongo, Flora, 1856, p. 234, and Fries til. Lich. Arct.
. 161, represent the apothecia as being Cladonieme, but this is still very
doubtful. The spermogones are also very rare. They are somewhat
large, lateral, margined by the thallus, entirely white or colourless, with
spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. On the thallus
occasionally are found two parasites, Microthelia vermicularia Linds., and
Endocarpon Crombiei Mudd, both of which are evidently fungi.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and heaths in subalpine and alpine
regions.—Distr. Very local and rare on the mountains of N. Wales and
N. England ; general and plentiful on all the higher Grampians and the
N. Highlands of Scotland; not seen in Iveland.—B. M.: Cader Idris,
Merionethshire ; Skiddaw, Cumberland. Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach,
and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Clova Mts. and Canlochan, Forfarshire ;
Lochnagar, Morrone, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, and Cairntoul, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire; Ben Luighal, Sutherland-
shire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire.
Var. 3. taurica Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 244.—-Thallus ventri-
coso-subulate, suberect, recurved, and cornute at the apices, often
divergently branched, the branches cornute and subulate.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Lichen tauricus Wulf. in Jaeq. Coll. ii.
(yoo) p. 177, t. 12. f. 2.
Differs in the more turgid and erect stipites, and in the form of their
apices. Like the type it is never found with apothecia, though, as
observed by Nylander, Lich. Scand. p. 68, it occurs spermogoniiferous.
Hab. On the ground in alpine places.—Dist. Extremely local and
rare, having been found only on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B, M.: Near the summit of Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
186 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA.
Tribe [IX. RAMALINET Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand.
sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 103.
Thallus fruticulose, laciniose, or filamentose, rounded or com-
pressed, erect or pendulous, internally with woolly arachnoid me-
dulla. Apothecia lecanorine, scutellate, terminal or lateral ; spores
Sn, l-septate, suboblong, straight or slightly curved, colourless ;
paraphyses discrete. Spermogones immersed or slightly prominent ;
sterigmata subsimple or pauci-articulate, with long anastomosing
filaments intermixed.
This tribe, under which Nylander in his former arrangement included
Alectoria and Evernia, is now, in its more limited acceptation, regarded
by him as quite distinct, on account of marked analytical differences,
more especially of the thalamium, while the structure of the spermogones
is entirely peculiar (vide Ramal. Monogr. /. c.). The exotic genus Ramalea
Nyl. externally resembling Ramalina, ought, from the type of the sper-
matia, to be relegated to the Cladunie:; while Dactylina and Dufourea,
neither of which occur in Britain, are also excluded from this tribe.
36. RAMALINA
Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) 0)
p. 122.—Thallus ces- | ko A go
pitoso-fruticulose, foli- lneve! LS) ae \U
aceo-complanate or \| CQ) > ¢
rounded, § somewhat \ les ~ (E>
shining or subopaque, hia ' “3
soft or rigid, solid or OS 7a | }
fistulose, ramoso-lacini- att \_/
ate,concolorous on both
sides ; medullary layer
arachnoid, becoming
sometimes very lax, cor-
tical layer composed
either of indistinct cells
or of longitudinal con-
wossss
glutinate filaments.
Apothecia scattered,
opaque, subconcolorous Fig. 39.
with thallus ; hypothe- Ramalina fraxinea Ach.—a, Longitudinal section
cium colourless ; spores of (one side of) thallus, x 200. 4. Theca and
small; paraphyses thin _ paraphysis, X350. c. Spores, x500. d. See-
or moderate, thicker or tions of two spermogones, x30. e. Sterigmata
clavate at (He eee and spermatia, x 500. (Also on the left a
: ae ’ fragment of the anastomosing spermogonic fila-
hymenial gelatine blu- _ ments.)
ish, then violet with
iodine. Spermogones scattered ; spermatia straight, cylindrical, or
oblongo-cylindrical.
The species of this genus, formerly little understood, have recently had
new light thrown upon them by the minute researches of Nylander. He
, a,
ee
Nt a ee ee ee a ee ee
RAMALINA. | RAMALINEI. 187
has shown that the chemical reactions of the medulla with K, the differ-
ences in the receptacle of the apothecia, the form and size of the spores
and spermatia, afford invaluable aid in the discrimination of species. The
number of species have been consequently largely increased, and varieties
more definitely referred to their species. As compared with other Euro-
pean countries, the genus has a very fair number of species and varieties
in Great Britain, all belonging to Nylander’s Section C, which is charac-
terized by the spermogones having pale or colourless conceptacles.
a. Thallus attenuate, fruticulose, subrounded or subcompressed ;
cortical layer filamentose.
1. R. thrausta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870)
p- 116.—Thallus elongate, pendulous or prostrate, filiform, sub-
rounded, here and there compressed, very much branched, smooth,
somewhat shining, pale straw-coloured ; laciniz very slender, densely
interwoven, the apices unequally capillari-attenuate (medulla K—).
* Apothecia superficial, sessile, minute, plane, pale, the margin very
thin; spores straight.”—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 71; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 470, ed. 3, p. 83.—Ramalina calicaris, var. thrausta
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro
parte. Alectoria thrausta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 596.
The thallus, which is somewhat Alectorioid, is very fragile when dry,
and in the few British specimens gathered is destitute of the soredia,
with which it is elsewhere sometimes sprinkled. The apothecia, which
are not well known, are absent from our specimens, which are also without
spermogones.
Hab. On sandy soil amcng short heath in maritime tracts.—Distr.
Very sparingly in one spot on the N.E. coast of Scotland.—B. M.: Bay
of Nigg, Kincardineshire (now extinct).
6. Thallus compressed, longitudinally striato-nerved or subcostato-
unequal; cortical layer filamentose.
2. R. calicaris Ny]. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870)
p- 131.—Thallus subrigid, compressed, linear or lineari-laciniate,
pale glaucous or greyish green, lacinie# sublacunosely longitudinally
neryoso-rugose, usually canaliculate (medulla K—). Apothecia
pedicellate, marginal and terminal, small or moderate, pale flesh-
coloured or glaucescent, the receptacle rugose beneath; spores
straight, ellipsoid, 0,010—16 mm. long, 0,005—7 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 47; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 83.—Ramalina calicaris y. canaliculata Fr. Mudd, Man.
p- 73, t. 1. f. 17; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 92. Ramalina fastigiata p.
calicaris Hook. F1. Scot. ii. p. 68 pro parte; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 85. Lobaria calicaris Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 11. (1795) p. 139
pro parte. Lichen calicaris Huds. F\. Angi. p. 451 pro parte ; Lightf.
Fi. Scot. ii. p. 834 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 pro parte.
Lichen fastigiatus Eng. Bot. t. 890 (upper fig.). Ramalina fastigiata
Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p. 225 pro parte. Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et
canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62 a.—Lichenoides arboreum
188 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA,.
ramosum, angustioribus cinerco-virentibus ramulis Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, p. 75, n. 81.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 44; Cromb. n. 21.
Length of the thallus rather variable. The lacinie generally attenuate,
sometimes considerably so, often give forth transverse laciniole# from one
or both margins. The apothecia are frequent on the reflexed apices of
the lacinie. The spermogones are also common, with spermatia oblongo-
cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees in lowland and upland dis-
tricts.— Distr. Genera! and common in Great Britain; rare in the Channel
Islands and in Ireland—B. M.: St. Aubin’s, Island of Jersey. Lydd,
Kent; New Forest, Hants; near Totnes, S. Devon; near Respring “and
Penzance, Cornwall ; Dynevor Castle, Carma thenshire ; Pyle, Glamor-
ganshire ; Old W indsor, ‘Berkshire ; Gopsal! Park, Leicestershire ; Oswes-
try, Shropshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire; Island of Anglesea: Airy-
holme Woods, Clev eland, Yorks hire; near Stavely, W estmoreland : The
Cheviots, Northumberland : Wastdale, Cumber! ‘and. Pentland Hills,
near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Kenmore,
and Abernethy, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood and near Arbroath, Forfar-
shire ; Countesswells Woods and Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire; 8. of Fort
William, Inverness-shire; Loch Shin, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim.
Var. 5. subampliata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 132.—Lacinie broader, longitudinally sublacunosely ner-
voso-rugose, canaliculate. Apothecia marginal and terminal, the
receptacle rugose; spores as in the type. — Leight. Ann. Mag. "Nat.
Hist. ser. 4, ix. p. 129; Lich. Fl._ed. 2, p. 471, ed. 3, p. 84.—
Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170,
t. 23. f. 62 n.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 42 pro parte.
Externally like a narrow state of R. fravinea, but distinguished by the
form of the spores.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland tracts.—Déetr.
Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England. N. Wales, and in 8.W.
Scotland.—B. M.: Beeding Priory, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshbire ;
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
Var. y. subfastigiata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 132.—Lacinie broader; longitudinally nervoso-rugose.
Apothecia terminal, the receptacle rugose ; \
Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, ix. p. 129; Lich. FI. ed. 2,
p-. 471, ed. 3, p. 54.
In the character of the thallus and the situation of the apothecia this
resembles larger states of R. fastigiata, but is distinguished by the a
of the spores.
Hab. On trees and rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Dvustr.
S.W. England, 8. Wales, the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.
B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall; Llandrindod, Radnorshire. Appia,
Argyleshire. Coachford, co. Cork.
RAMALINA. | RAMALINEI. 189
3. R. farinacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 606.—Thallus sub-
rigid, roundly or planely compressed, sublacunose or obsoletely
neryoso-plicate, white straw-coloured or pale-glaucous; lacinie
linear, attenuate, sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K—). Apo-
thecia pedicellate, small, terminal and lateral, plane or convex,
glancescent or pale-testaceous, the receptacle smooth beneath ; spores
straight, ellipsoideo-oblong or fusiformi-ellipsoid, 0,008-16 mm.
long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 472, ed. 3, p. 84.—Ramalina
calicaris e. farinacea Mudd, Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 93. Lichen farinaceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 833; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.50; Eng. Bot. t. 889. Lichenoides seqgmentis angus-
tiorthus, ad margines verrucosis et pulverulentis Dill. Muse. 172,
t. 23. f. 63 B, c.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 40; Mudd, n. 45; Cromb.
n. 22.
The thallus, which varies somewhat in the length and breadth of the
laciniz, is more or less sprinkled with white-pulver rulent, round or oblong
marginal soredia. Occasionally these are almost absent, when it seems
to merge intu the preceding. The apothecia, which are small, are rare
in this < country, as well as the spermogones, which are similar to those of
R. calicaris.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in wooded lowland and
upland districts.— Distr. General and usually plentiful throughout Great
Britain; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M. :
Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Loughton, Epping Forest, Essex:
Shiere, Surrey ; Glynde, Sussex ; Lydd, Kent; Lyndhurst, New Forest,
H:nts; Carrisbrook, Isle of W ight; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ;
Madingley, Cam! ridgeshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; SL Seee and Broad-
was, Worcestershire; Causew ay, Warwickshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car-
marthenshire ; Island of Anglesea; Bettws-y- -Coed, Denbighshire; near
Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshi hire ;
Teesdale and Eglestone. Durham ; Stay ely, near Kendal, W estmoreland :
Alston, Cumberland. New Gallow ay, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near Edin-
burgh; Appin, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Finlarig, Craig Calliach,
Blaeberry Hill, Balthayock Woods, Perthshire ; Baldovan W ood, For-
farshife ; Countesswells W oods, near Aberdeen and Invercauld, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ;
Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form 1. pendulina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 607.—Thallus
more lax, longer and pendulous, the lacinie rather broader.—
Cromb. Grevillea, 1886, p. 47.—Parmelia farinacea y. pendulina
Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 264.
A mere luxuriant form, which is but sparingly fertile.
Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded districts.—D*st. Local and
rare in S.W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.— B. M.: New
Forest, Hampshire.
Form 2. phalerata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 607.—Thallus
small ; lacinize short, somewhat broad, usually proliferous at the
190 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA,.
apices and margins; soredia large. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb.
Grevillea, vii. p. 141.—Parmelia farinacea 6. phalerata Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 264. Lichen farinaceus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50.
Lichenoides segmentis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulve-
rulentis Dill. l. ¢. D, E.
Probably a stunted state ; in size and general aspect like small condi-
tions of R. fastigiata, but separated by the soredia. It is apparently
always sterile.
Had. On the trunks of trees.—Dzestr. Only one locality in S. England;
no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Stowe Park, Buckingham-
shire.
Subsp. R. intermedia Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv.
(1878) p. 380 (obs.).—Thallus smaller, smooth, not nervose ; other-
wise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p.47.—Ramalina inter-
media Del. ex Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. iv. (1870)
p. 166; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 132; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 90. —Brit, Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 248,
Distinguished by the generally smallersize and especially by the smooth
thallus. From BR. subfarinacea, which it closely resembles, it at once
differs in the absence of any reaction with K on the medulla or the
soredia. The apothecia are very rare, and in our specimens the spermo-
gones are absent.
Hab. On the branches of shrubs in maritime districts.—Dzistr. Local
and scarce in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the W. Highlands of
Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Moulin Bay, Island of Sark.
Near Penz ance, Cornwall; Annet Island, Scilly (frt.). Black Island,
Appin, Argyleshire. Tillery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
4, R. fraxinea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 602.—Thallus sub-
rigid, compressed, sublineari-laciniate, greenish-grey ; laciniz longi-
tudinally rugose or nerved, or partly also transversely rugulose,
somewhat attenuate towards the extremities (medulla K—). Apo-
thecia pedicellate, moderate or large, carneo-testaceous or glaucous,
concave or plane, marginal and superficial, the receptacle unequally
rugose; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,011-16 mm.
long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 ; Sm. Eng. Fl.
v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 2,
p. 472, ed. 3, p. sta caasing es calicaris a. fravinea Mudd, Man.
p- 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen
fraxineus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) P. 1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 541
pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 56 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1781.
Lichenoides longifolium rugosum rigidum Dill. Muse.- 165, t. 22.
f. 59 a, B. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum scutellatum, majus et
rigidius, colore virescente Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 79 pro
parte.—Brit. Exvs.: Bohl. n. 21 pro parte ; Leight. n. 38 pro parte ;
Mudd, n. 42 pro parte.
The varied length and breadth of the laciniw give rise to several
varieties and forms. The common and typical condition is that described
(var. tenieformis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603). From R. calicarts it may be
recognized by the always broader rugose laciniz, by the rugose receptacle
- RAMALINA. ] RAMALINEI. 191
of the larger apothecia, and especially by the form of the spores. The
ee are usually very abundant, and are often scattered on both sides
of the thallus. The spermogones are also frequent, with spermatia
0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab, On the trunks of old trees in open places, and in forests in low-
land and upland districts.—Dist. General and common where it occurs
throughout Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland.—B. M.: Epping
Forest, Essex; near Glynde, Sussex; Brading Downs, Isle of Wight;
New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Clungunford and near Shrews-
bury, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Winder-
mere, Westmoreland: Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Roslin and near Edinburgh,
Midlothian; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Reeky
Linn, Forfarshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Invercauld,
Craig Coinnoch, and Glen Clunie, Braemar; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. 3. ampliata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 603.—Thallus
dilated, lanceolato-difform, or broadly lobed, obtuse at the apices,
longitudinally costato-rugose, transversely subreticulato-rugose.
Apothecia and spores as in the type.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872,
p- 72; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. 86.—Parmelia
fraxinea y. ampliata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 259. Lichenoides longi-
folium rugosum rigidum Dill. Muse. 1. ¢. c.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 38 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 286; Bohl. n. 21 pro parte.
The laciniz are more dilated and coarsely rugose, though when younger
they more resemble the type. Occasionally the thallus is stunted and
deformed. The apothecia are usually abundant, often superficial, large,
and when young rather concave. The spermogones are very frequent on
deformed states.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oak and ash, in wooded upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain; not observed in
Ireland.—B. M.: Brandon, Sutfolk; Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest,
Hants; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Bartonbury, Gloucestershire; Darnley,
Derbyshire ; Alfric, Worcestershire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth
and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham;
East Allendale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire.
Form monophylla Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.—Thallus
simple, very broad, oblongo-rotundate, subreticulately costato-
rugose. Apothecia as in the preceding.
Its simple thallus gives this a leaf-like appearance, but probably it is
not constant. The apothecia are numerous and chiefly superficial.
Hab. On an aged oak in a wooded upland district.—Distr. Observed
only in 8. England.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants.
Var. y. calicariformis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 186.—Thallus attenuate ; laciniz longitudinally rugose
or nerved and sparingly transversely rugulose. Apothecia marginal
and subterminal, the receptacle rugose; spores curved, 0,010-17
mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.
192 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA,
Externally like R. calicaris, but distinguished by its curved spores.
The apothecia are small and numerous; the spermatia are 0,0055-45 mm.
long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the branches of trees in upland situations.—Disir. Gathered
only very sparingly in W. England and N. Wales.—B. M.: Near Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland.
5. R. fastigiata Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 603 pro parte.—
Thallus subrigid, subcompressed or intlato-hollow, smoothish or Jon-
gitudinally unequal and nervoso-rugose, pale straw-coloured or
greenish-white ; lacinie short, subfastigiate, crowded (medulla
K—). Apothecia terminal, peltato-sessile, plane or conyex, small
or moderate, pale-testaceous or glaucous, the receptacle somewhat
rugose beneath ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, curved, 0,009-17 mm.
long, 0,005—7 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p. 406; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11.
p. 85; Leight. tate Fl. ed. 2, p. 473, ed. 3, p. 86.—Ramalina
calicaris 3. fastigiata Mudd, Moc! p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25;
Teight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichen fastiyiatus Pers.-in Ust. N. Ann.
i. (1794) p. 256; Eng. Bot. t. 890 (lower figs.). Lichen calicaris
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 834 pro
parte. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill.
Muse. 160, t. 21. f.55 8. Lichencides coralliforme, rostratum et
canaliculatum Dill. Muse. 170, t. 23. f. 62c.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
ae oe ag n. 43; Larbal. Caesar. n. 60; Lich. Hb. n. 287;
Bohl. n. 2
Although Nylander (Mon. Ram. p. 39) considers this to be scarcely
more than a variety or subspecies of the preceding, yet its constant
characters induce me to treat it as a species. From young states of
R. fraxinea it is distinguished by the thallus being ceespitose, erect, more
contracted and subfastigiately divided. Externally it approaches R, cali-
caris var. subfastigiata, “but the spores are more typically curved. The
apothecia are usually very numerous and the spermogones rare, with
spermatia 0,0035 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks, and more especially on the branches, of trees in
wooded maritime and upland districts—Dustr. General and common in
Great Britain, seldom seen in the fir woods of the Highlands; rare in
Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey.
Epping Forest and Copthall Green, Essex ; Penshurst, Kent; Beeding
Priory, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; near Ryde, Isle of W ivht 3
near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Eversden Wood, Cambridgeshire ; Charnwood Forest. Leicestershire ;
Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury,
Shropshire; Causeway, Warwickshire; Aberdov ey, Merioneth, and Angle-
sea; near Over, Chesnie aedeagal Yorkshire; Teesdale; Durham ;
Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, ( ‘umberland. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Yester House, Haddington; Roslin and Bonally, Mid-
Lothian; Bowling Bay, Dumbarton; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Loch
Tay, Blaeberry Hill, and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Abergeldie and
Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ;
near Strathpeffer, Ross-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Derriquin, co,
Kerry.
7. Ao
RAMALINA. | RAMALINET. 193
Form minutula Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 37.—Thallus
very small, ceespitoso-erect, very much branched, non-sorediiferous,
somewhat shining. Apothecia never seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii.
p- 141.—Ramalina farinacea a. minutula Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
p- 606. Lichenoides segmentis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et
pulverulentis Dill. Musc. 172, t. 23. f. 63 4,
Referred by Acharius and most authors to &. farinacea, this is rightly
placed by Fries fil. (/. c.) under the present species. Probably a young
and barren state.
Hab. On pales, chiefly larch, in wooded upland districts.—Distr. Local
in 8. England, 8., N.E., and N. Scotland; no doubt often overlooked.—
B. M.: New Forest, Hants. Swanston, near Edinburgh; Park, near
Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
6. R. polymorpha Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 600.—Thallus
rigid, compressed, nervoso-unequal or longitudinally sublacunose,
moderate, subopaque, granuloso-sorediate, sublineari-laciniate, glau-
cous or greensh-white ; laciniz plane, subsimple, often somewhat
broad (medulla K—). Apothecia marginal, concave, small, pale-
yellow or glaucescent, the receptacle rugoso-unequal or smoothish ;
spores oblong, straight or substraight, 0,011—-16 mm. long, 0,004-5
mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47; Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ;
Leight. Lich. F]. ed. 3, p. 474 pro parte, et var. ligulata, ed. 3, p. 87
pro parte.—Lichen polymorphus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 178.
A variable species, of which ligulata Ach. (Meth. p. 265), Lich. Univ.
p- 600, is the type. From all states of R. cuspidata, with which it
agrees in the reaction of the medulla, it is distinguished by the con-
colorous globuloso-granulose soredia, more or less scattered over the
thallus. It has not occurred with us fertile.
Hab. On exposed rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce
on the N.E. coast of Scotland.—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardine-
shire.
Var. B. emplecta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 601.—Daciniz
attenuate, very much branched, acuminate, granulate. Apothecia
not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2,
p- 475 pro parte, ed. 8, p. 87 pro parte.-—Parimelia polymorpha
e. emplecta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 267.
Distinguished by the narrower and much branched lacinia#, which are
also more erect, and somewhat rounded and acuminate at the apices.
The soredia are not crowded in our specimens, which are always sterile.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local
and scarce in the N. Grampians, Scotland—_B. M.: Near Loch Callater,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. R. capitata Ny]. ex Cromb. Grevillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.—
Thallus small, with the laciniz lineari-divided, branched, obtuse and
capitato-sorediate at the apices. Apothecia terminal or subterminal,
the receptacle beneath at length nervoso-rugose or costato-nervose ;
spores oblong, slightly curved or substraight.—Ramalina poly-
0
194 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA.
morpha e. capitata Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 601; Nyl. Bull. Soe.
Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 149. Ramalina polymorpha
Sm. Eng, Fl. v. p. 229.
Distinguished by the lacinize, which are esorediate at the sides, and by
the situation of the apothecia. The apices of the laciniz are subfasti-
giate, with the soredia globuloso-granulose, or partly pulverulent, whitish
and convex. It should perhaps, as Nylander suggests (J. c.), rank as a
distinct species, intermediate between 2. polymorpha and R. pollinaria,
In this country it is always sterile.
Hab. On weathered granitic boulders in mountainous regions. —Distr.
Local and scarce in N. England and in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Teesdale, Durham. Ben-naboord, Aberdeenshire.
7. R. pollinaria Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 608.—Thallus sub-
erect, somewhat elongate, subflaccid, subcompressed, sublacunoso-
unequal, and longitudinally rugose towards the base, lacero-laciniate,
slightly shining, pale straw-coloured or glaucescent ; lacinie plane,
sublinear, variously divided, with white farinose, scattered soredia
(medulla K—). Apothecia subterminal, moderate, concave, pale or
glaucous, the receptacle unequal beneath ; spores oblong, straight or
slightly curved, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Sm. Eng. Fi. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl.
Hib. ii. p. 85 pro parte; Mudd, Man. p. 74; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 95, ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 87.—Lichen
pollinarius Westr. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 56; Eng. Bot. t. 1607
(descr. pro parte). Lichen farinaceus var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
50. Lichenoides lacunosum lacerum, angustius Dill. Muse. 163,
t. 21. f.57 , r.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 46 pro parte; Cromb. n. 130.
Related to R. farinacea as well as to the preceding species, but dis-
tinguished from both by the lacinie and the soredia. The laciniz are
variable, the typical form being that described (elatior Ach. Lich, Univ.
. G08). The soredia are numerous, though occasionally they occur only
towards the apices, sometimes rendering the thallus inflated on the oppo-
site surface. In this country the apothecia are rarely met with. The
spermogones, which are also rare, haye the spermatia cylindrical, about
0,004 mm. long, and 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, rarely on rocks, in
wooded maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. General and common in §.
and W. England, local in N. Wales and the Channel Islands; very rare
in S. Scotland; not seen from Ireland—B. M.: La Roche, Jersey ;
Island of Sark. "Waltham Abbey, Essex ; near Maidstone, Kent; Hen-
field and near Lewes, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Ryde, Isle of
Wight; Plymouth and Streat, Devonshire; Pentire, The Lizard, and
near Penzance, Cornwall; Fresco Island, Scilly; Stowe Park, Bucking-
ham ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; near
Skelton, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Salisbury
Crags, Edinburgh.
Form humilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 608.—Lacinie short,
aggregate, complicate, often flexuose; soredia large, usually con-
fluent. Apothecia very rare—Trom). Joara. Bot. 1872, p. 73
he 2
—_
RAMALINA. | RAMALINEI, 5
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 8, p. 88.—Lichenoides cornutum
bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Vill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55 2.—
Brit. Evs.; Leight. n. 41 pro parte; Larb. Lich, Hb. n. 208.
Distinguished by the subpulvinate thallus, which in its smaller states
is often almost covered by the confluent soredia. With us it is never
seen fertile.
Hab. On trees, pales, barn-doors, occasionally on rocks and stones, in
maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Local, though plentiful where it
occurs, throughout England; very rare in 8. Scotland.—B. M.: Near
King’s Lynn, Norfolk; Lakenham, Suffolk; Penshurst, Kent; near
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Gopsall,
Leicestershire. Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh.
¢. Thallus usually transversely or subreticulately unequal ;
cortical layer amorphous or subamorphous.
8. R. evernioides Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100, Bull.
Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. p. 153.—Thalius suberect, crowdedly
reticulato-rugose, or reticulato-scrobiculose, or thinly rugulose and
partly plane, compressed, subopaque, variously laciniate, whitish or
greenish straw-coloured; laciniz difform and variously divided,
more or less soredioso-lacerate (medulla K—), Apothecia moderate,
concave or somewhat plane, pale-testaceous or pale-glaucous, the
receptacle rugose beneath; spores oblong, slightly curved, 0,010-15
mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 88.—Lichen pollinarius
Eng. Bot. t. 1607 (fig. et descr. pro parte). Lichenoides lacunosum
lacerum, latius Dill. Musc. 163, t. 21. f. 57 a, 8, c.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 41 pro parte ; Mudd, n. 46 pro parte ; Cromb. n. 131.
The thallus is somewhat soft and often pliciform from rugosity. It
varies considerably in size as well as in the breadth and divisions cf the
laciniz. The apothecia occur sparingly in this country, and the spermo-
gones, which are not frequent, are somewhat scattered, with spermatia
0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick,
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland dis-
tricts.—Distr. General and common in 8. and W. England and §. and E.
Treland; rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Scotland.—B. M. :
Dixcart, Island of Sark. Near Walthamstow, Essex; near Reigate,
Surrey ; Eridge, near Tunbridge Wells and Worthing, Sussex; Lydd,
Kent; Testwood Park (frt.) and near Lyndhurst (frt.), New Forest,
Hants; Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Isington, 8. Devon; Endellion and
Tintagel, Cornwall; Bourton-on-Water, Gloucestershire; Stowe Park,
Buckinghamshire; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Ingleby, Cleveland, York-
shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim.
Form monophylla Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 73.—Thallus
pendulous, simple, broad, oblongo-rounded, very rugose, the margin
entire. Apothecia not seen.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 88.
Apparently distinct, with a simple, leaf-like thallus. It has the same
relation to the type as the analogous form of var. ampliata has to
Rt. fravinea. The soredia are rather large, and the thalline reticulations
02
196 Lt 2HENACEI. [RAMALINA.
distinct and prominent. In the specimens gathered, which were old and
sterile, the thallus is of a sordid-brown colour.
Hab. On the trunks of old oaks in open places in a wooded tract.—
Distr. Local and scarce in S. England. M.: New Forest, Hants.
d. Thallus firm, solidly corticate, subroundly compressed or super-
ficially unequal ; cortical layer externally amorphous, internally
filamentose.
9. R. scopulorum Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 604.—Thallus
rigid, more or less compressed and: shining, smoothish or longitu-
dinally unequal, lineari-laciniate, pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured;
lacinie sublinear, attenuate (medulla K + yellowish, then rusty-red).
Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal and subterminal, moderate, pale-
testaceous or pale-glaucous, the receptacle somewhat smooth ; spores
oblong, straight, 0,012-19 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick.— Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63; Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 225; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85; Mudd, Man. p. 74;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 91, ed. 2, p. 476,
ed. 3, p. 88.—Lichen scopulorum Retz. Obs. Bot. fase. iv. (1791)
p- 30; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57;
Eng. Bot. t. 688.—Most of these references belong only in part to
this species, from which until recently 2. cuspidata was not clearly
distinguished. It is also the Lichen calicaris pro parte of the older
British authors.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 247; Bohl. n.112.
Recognized by the shining, rigid, cartilaginous thallus and the chemical
reaction of the medulla. It varies in length, and is often little branched.
The apothecia are common and usually abundant, though in shady places
it is generally sterile. The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia
oblongo-cylindrical, 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Dirst. General and common on
most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain and the Channel Islands, pro-
bably also of Ireland.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island of Jersey;
Islands of Guernsey and Sark. Bolt Head, 8. Devon; St. Michael's
Mount, Land’s End, and Lamorna Cliff, Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly
Islands; Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Port Soderick, Isle of Man;
Holy Island, Northumberland. Solway Frith, Kirkcudbrightshire; Isle
of May, Frith of Forth; Ailsa Craig, Frith of Clyde; Island of Mull
and Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Applecross,
Ross-shire ; Orkney Islands.
Var. 3. incrassata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 15.—Thallus smaller, thickish, rigid, subopaque, tuber-
culoso-difform, shortly laciniate, sparingly divided (medulla K+
yellow and then rusty-red)—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 89.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 324.
A small, thick, stunted, and deformed plant, with the thallus scarcely
shining and less divided, and with broad, short lacinie. It is often
tuberculoso-rugose from the numerous prominent spermogones, The
apothecia in British specimens are sparingly present.
Hab, On rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local and rare in the
tes
RAMALINA. | RAMALINEL 197
Channel Islands, 8.W. England, and N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: La Moye,
Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall. Near Renvyle, Conne-
mara, co. Galway.
10. R. subfarinacea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 66.—Thallus caspi-
tose, suberect, shining, smoothish, rigid and fragile when dry, pale-
greenish or greenish-grey ; lacinie lineari-attenuate, short, roundly
_ compressed, usually much divided towards the apices, pulverulento-
sorediiferous (medulla and soredia K+ yellowish and then rusty-
red). Apothecia small, marginal and subterminal, at length con-
vex, the receptacle subsmooth; spores oblong, straight, 0,012-15
mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 47.—
Ramalina scopulorum var, subfarinacea Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1872, p. 74; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 2, p. 476, ed. 3, p. 89. Rama-
lina calicaris 3. thrausta Mudd, Man. p. 73; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94
pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25.—-Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 23 ;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 323.
This looks as if related to 2. farinacea, but the structure of the cortex
and the chemical reaction, as well as the general habit and place of
growth, show its affinity to be rather with 2. scopulorum, to which it
holds the same relation as R. farinacea has to R. calicaris. Sometimes
it spreads extensively over the substratum, while at other times it occurs
only in small tufts. It is very rarely fertile in Great Britain, the spermo-
gones having the spermatia as in the preceding species.
Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
General, and common where it occurs, on the rocky sea-coasts of the
Channel Islands and Great Britain, also in the mountainous tracts of
England and Scotland; no doubt also in Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe,
Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark and Alderney. Near Plymouth, Ivy
Bridge, and Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall (frt.) ;
Annet Island, Scilly (frt.); Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; near Dol-
gelly and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire ; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomery-
shire; Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Long Mynd, Shrop-
shire ; Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Staveley, Westmoreland ;
near Hexham, Northumberland ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Black Island
(frt.) and Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire; Banchory
Devenick, near Aberdeen; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Applecross,
Ross-shire.
11. R. cuspidata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 158.—Thallus rigid, subcompressed and slightly shining,
smoothish or longitudinally unequal, lacunose and tuberculate,
lineari-laciniate, pale-greyish or pale straw-coloured ; lacinie
simple or dickotomously branched (medulla K—). Apothecia with
the receptacle sometimes striatulate; spores substraight or slightly
subcurved, 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1872, p. 74; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 477, ed. 3, p. 89.—
Ramalina scopulorum 3. cuspidata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) », 505.
Ramalina scopulorum (3. cornuata Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 407.
Lichen siliquosus Huds. F]. Angl. p. 460 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40.
Coralloides fasciculare verrucosum et veluti siliquosum Dill. Muse.
119, t. 17. f. 38.—Lichen siliquosus, from specimens in herbaria,
198 LICHENACEI. [RAMALTINA,.
is merely an accidental state of this species.—Brit. Evs. : Leight.
»
m2.
This differs from 2. scopulorum chiefly in the absence of any chemical
reaction of the medulla. The thallus is variable in size and in the
character of the laciniew, and is often roughish with spermogoniiferous
pustules. The apothecia, except in the occasionally striatulate receptacle
and the size of the spores, are, as well as the spermogones, similar to
those of R. scopulorum, though often congested and difform.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime districts, rarely on hills at a
distance from the sea.—Distr. General and abundant on all the rocky
coasts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also of Ire-
jand-—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Leigh Tor, Dartmoor, near Ply-
mouth, Wembridge, and Torquay, Devonshire; Land’s End, Tintagel,
the Lizard, Lamorna, St. Breock, and Pentire, Cornwall; Tenby, Pem-
brokeshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; South Stacks,
Island of Anglesea; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire ; Holy Island, Northumber-
land; St. Bees, Cumberland. Solway Firth, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Rivel-
ston and Cramond Island, near Edinburgh; Innerkip, Renfrewshire ;
Bunks of the Tay and Turin Hill, Forfarshire ; Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire ;
Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Great
Island, Cork ; Ardglass, co. Down.
Form minor Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870)
p. 159.-Thallus small, erect ; lacinie simplish, slender, subulate.
Apothecia small, terminal or subterminal.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii,
p. 141.
A much dwarfed condition, being only } in. to 1 in. in height, with the
lacinie often black at the apices. The apothecia are small and usually
numerous,
Hab. On dry exposed rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local, though
plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England, and
in N.E. Scotland ; probably to be detected elsewhere.—B. M. : The Vale,
Island of Guernsey. Wembury, Devonshire; Fowey and near Penzance,
Cornwall ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ; St. Bees,
Cumberland, Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Var. f. crassa Del. ev Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand, sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 159.—Thallus somewhat small, thick, subopaque, tuber-
culoso-difform, rigid, shortly laciniate ; laciniz dilated, sparingly
divided (medulla K—). Apothecia chiefly terminal.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90.
Analogous to var. incrassata of R. scopulorum, from which it differs in
the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla. The thallus is
sometimes terebrate in old plants. Our British specimens are rarely
fertile.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime tracts.—Dzstr. Local and
scarce in the Channel Islands, S. and N. England, and in N.E. Scotland.—
B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall; St. Bees,
Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Subsp. R. breviuscula Nyl. F lora, 1873, p. 66.—Thallus small,
depressed, firm, often subpulvinato-stipate ; lacinie short, congested,
RAMALINA, | RAMALINEI, 199
turgid, variously difform (medulla K—). Apothecia small or nearly
moderate, the margin of the receptacle subcrenate.-—Cromb. Gre-
Villea, vii. p. 141.—2amalina cuspidata f. breviuseula Nyl. Bull.
Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. (1870) p. 159. Ramalina poly-
morpha f, depressa Cromb, Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 72; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed, 2, p. 475, ed. 3, p. 87. Ramalina scopulorum, (3. polymorpha
Mudd, Man. p. 74. 2. polymorpha pro max. parte, Leight. Lich.
Fl. and Cromb. Lich. Brit.; ? Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib, ii. p. 84.—
Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 73; Mudd, n. 47.
This subspecies is somewhat variable in size, and in some of its smaller
states is closely appressed to the substratum. The broader laciniz, which
are occasionally convex, are often covered with spermogoniiferous yer-
ruce and young apothecia; the former have been mistaken by British
authors for the granulose soredia of 2. polymorpha. It is usually in-
fertile.
Hab, On rocks in maritime tracts and on mountains.— Dist. Not gen-
eral nor common in the Channel Islands, S., W., and N. England, on the
N.E. coast of Scotland, and probably also among the Grampians.—B. M.:
Coast of Guernsey and Island of Sark. Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor,
Devonshire; Tintagel and Polperro, Cornwall; Gower Peninsula, Gla-
morganshire ; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomeryshire; near Thirsk and on top
of Roseberry, Yorkshire. Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Form gracilescens Cromb. Greyillea, vii. (1879) p. 141.—Thallus
very small, pulvinato-congested, laciniz short, slender, shortly
divided at the apices, which are finely incurved or revolute. Apo-
thecia not seen.
The charaeters given separate this form, which otherwise agrees with
the type. No apothecia have been seen, but spermogones are sparingly
present.
Hab. On boulders and walls in maritime tracts.— Distr, Local and rare
in the Channel Islands and S. England, but may occur elsewhere.—
B. M.: Island of Sark. Near Brighton, Sussex.
12. R. Curnowii Cromb. ev Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 441.—Thallus
fruticulose, subrigid, slender, rounded or somewhat compressed,
shining, sparingly branched and but slightly interwoven, pale glau-
cous (medulla K—), Apothecia terminal and lateral, small or nearly
moderate, convex, pale, geniculato-adnate, the receptacle smooth ;
spores ellipsoid, straight, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Grevillea, iv. p. 186; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90.—
Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 129; Larb. Cesar. n. 13.
Allied to R. cuspidata, though, as stated by Nylander J. c., the colour
of the spermogones might lead us to place it in the section of R. carpa-
thica. ‘The thallus, which is moderate or more or less elongate (from 2 to
6 inches in length), is blackish towards the base, and the laciniw, for the
most part simplish (rarely branched towards the apices), are usually
narrow, though varying somewhat in breadth. When fertile the apo-
thecia are numerous. The blackish spermogones are frequent, with sper-
matia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick,
200 LICHENACEI. [RAMALINA,
Hab, On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local though plen-
tiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and 8.W. England.—B. M.:
Mont Orgueil, Island of Jersey. Near Land’s End and Penzance, Cornwall;
St. Mary’s, Scilly.
13. R. geniculata Hook. & Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 655.
—Thallus moderate or somewhat small, subrounded or subcom-
pressed, smooth, or obsoletely longitudinally subnervose, czespitosely
and subfastigiately branched, pale or pale straw-coloured, often
terebrate with scattered perforations, fistulose within; branches
usually attenuate (medulla K—). Apothecia small, terminal or sub-
terminal, pale-testaceous or glaucous-white, the receptacle smooth
or rugulose; spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, straight (or obso-
letely slightly curved), 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004—7 mm. thick.
—Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv. p. 163; Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1876, p. 360 ; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 90.
Resembles R. pusilla Le Préy., a plant found in Portugal but not
reaching our Islands: it is distinguished by the cortical texture and the
shining, smooth, and more freely divided thallus. To the following species
also it presents several points of alliance. It is interesting as one of the
exotic plants which extend to W. Ireland. In the British specimens the
apothecia, which are appendiculate, are very sparingly present.
Hab, On stems of shrubs (thorns) in maritime districts — Distr. Ex-
tremely local and scarce in N.W. Ireland, though we may expect to find
it in the S.W. also.—B. M.: Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
14. R. minuscula Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iv.
(1870) p. 164.—Thallus small, subrounded, shining, soft, subpel-
lucid, very finely longitudinally striatulate, czespitosely branched,
straw-coloured or pale straw-coloured, branches attenuato-ramulose
(medulla K—). Apothecia small, terminal, plane or convex, yel-
lowish flesh-coloured or glaucous, the receptacle smoothish beneath ;
spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, straight, 0,009-0,015 mm. long,
0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 142.—Ramalina
calearts f. minuscula Nyl. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v.
(1866) p. 114.
This might be taken for a small, narrow state of F. fastigiata, or for a
young condition of R. calicaris. It is, however, a very distinct species,
differing from the preceding in the smaller and softer thallus, which is
scarcely more than j inch in height; it occasionally presents small scat-
tered oblong perforations. In British specimens the apothecia are very
rare.
Hab. On the branches of stunted larches, and erratic on rocks in
a wooded mountainous district.— Distr. Very local and scarce, found only
among the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar,
Averdeenshire.
<a
USNEA. | USNPEI, 201
Tribe X. US NEEI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855) p. 170.
Thallus fruticulose, somewhat rounded, rarely angulose, erect or
pendulous, internally with a firm chondroid axis. Apothecia leca-
norine, peltate, terminal or lateral; spores 8ne, small, simple,
colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed ; sterig-
mata simple or subsimple.
A natural tribe, distinguished from its allies by having internally a
solid axis (as in Stereocaulon), which readily separates from the cortical
layer. Comprising only three small genera, two of which, Newopogon
and Chlorea, do not occur in Great Britain, it is with us, as in most other
countries, marked by the abundance of the species of Usnea.
37. USNEA Dill. Muse. (1741) p. 56 pro parte; Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 306.—Thallus filamentoso-elongate, or tibrilloso-ramulose
with patent branches, concolorous on both sides; chondroid axis
composed of densely conglutinate filaments, cortical layer fragile
and often diffract. Apothecia concolorous or subconcolorous with
Fig. 40.
Usnea florida Ach.—a. Longitudinal section of the thallus, x 200. 4. Vertical
section of a young apothecium (with thalline receptacle), x30. c. Theea and
paraphysis, X350. d. Spores, X500. e. Transverse section of the thallus,
showing above a spermogone (beneath which is a section of the medulla),
x30. f. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
the thallus, often with ramuloso-ciliate margin; hypothecium colour-
less; spores small, ellipsoid; paraphyses stipate in the dense
hymenial gelatine, which is bluish with iodine. Spermogones
lateral, slightly protuberant, in colourless conceptacles ; spermatia
straight, cylindrico-acicular, slightly incrassate towards the base.
202 LICHENACEI. [USNEA.
The species are more or less social, occurring in wooded regions, chiefly
in old woods (though sometimes saxicole and lignicole), where, with their
pale-greenish or yellowish thalli often very considerably elongate, they
form, especially when fertile, a fine ornament to the trunks and branches
of the trees, covering them as if with a ‘‘ shaggy fleece.” The limits of
many species have been little understood by recent authors, the earlier
writers having in this respect a more accurate judgment. Accordingly,
modern lichenologists, following Fries, have usually included several dis-
tinct species as varieties under Usnea barbata Fr., supposing that they
were connected by intermediate states. Nylander has, however, again
separated these, and pointed out that there are sufficient external and
anatomical differences to entitle them to rank as distinct species—one of
the more important characters being the size of the spores. Nearly all
the species are often sorediiferons, especially in barren specimens; while
on the thalli of several “cephalodia” are not unfrequent. These are
lateral, pale, or at length brown, tuberculoso-pulvinate, solid, internally
dense (with no distinct gonimic layer), and composed of thin, interwoven
filamentose elements (vide Nyl. Syn. i. p. 266). The spermogones are
rare and covered by the thallus, on which they appear as slight protuber-
ances, with spermatia 0,009 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. In the
British species the cortical layer usually gives a more or less yellowish
reaction with K, but is untinged by CaCl. Frequently, however, the
positive reaction is very faint or even wanting in portions of the same
specimen, so that it cannot be employed for the discrimination of species,
as Dr. Stirton has done (Scottish Naturalist, vi. p. 101 e¢ seq.).
1. U. florida Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 307 pro parte.—Thallus erect,
rounded, scabrous, very much branched, pale-greyish or greyish-
green; branches patent, nearly simple, with crowded horizontal
fibrils. Apothecia plane, moderate or large, pale or somewhat glau-
cous, ciliate at the margins, the cilia long, fibrillose, radiating ;
spores shortly ellipsoid, 0-007-11 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick.
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl.
vy. p. 226; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555. Usnea bar-
bata a. florida Mudd, Man. p. 69, t. 1. f. 15; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83, ed. 3, p.75; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 86. Lichen floridus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1154; Huds. Fl.
Angl. p. 463; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50; Eng. Bot. t. 872.
Usnea vulgatissima tenuior et brevior, cum orbiculis Dill. Muse. 69,
t. 13. f. 13. Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus cum orbiculis Dill.
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 6.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 16.
Easily recognized by its constantly erect habit, and the horizontal
fibrils with which the branches are covered. The thallus is usually rigid
and more or less scabrid. "When several plants grow in proximity they
form, with their large and numerous apothecia, a striking object on the
forest trees, and present the appearance of a small parasitic shrub. The
apothecia are terminal and smooth, though in age they become rugulose
and shortly fibrillose on the underside.
Hab. On the branches of trees, rarely erratic on rocks, in upland
woods and forests —Distr. General and not uncommon in Great Britain,
but more frequent and fruiting more freely in the Southern tracts ; rare
in the Chanvel Islands; not seen from Ireland, though said by Dr. Taylor
USNEA. | USNEEI, 203
(1. c.) to be common.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Near Lydd, Kent ;
New Forest, Hants; Lydford and near Totnes, Devonshire ; Bocconoc
and near Penzance, Cornwall; Hay Coppice and Whitfield, Herefordshire ;
near Porthogo, Breconshire ; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; Hafod,
Cardiganshire; Island of Anglesea; Gibside Woods, Durham; Ambleside,
Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Pentland Hills,
near Edinburgh; near Inverary, Argyleshire; Stronaclachan Woods,
Killin, Perthshire ; Durris Woods, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Woods,
near Aberdeen, and Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar; Lochaber, Inverness-
shire.
2. U. hirta Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 133.—Thallus some-
what small, nearly erect, ceespitose, crowdedly branched, densely
and minutely fibrillose, greenish- or yellowish-white; branches often
covered with verrucoso-pulverulent soredia. Apothecia small, pale,
the margin with short radiating fibrils; spores shortly ellipsoid,
0,006-8 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick——Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ.
Bot. xvii. p. 555.—Usnea barbata (3. hirta Mudd, Man. p. 69;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76.
Usnea piicata y. hirta Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. FI. Scot.
ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86.
Lichen hirtus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1155; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 895; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.46. Usnea vul-
gatissima tenuior et brevior, sine orbiculis Dill. Muse. 67, t. 13. f. 12.
—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 1 pro parte; Mudd, n. 35.
Distinguished from the preceding, which it resembles in habit, by
being much smaller (usually about 1-2 inches in height), more cespitose,
branched and fibrillose. Occasionally it is very small and pulvinate, and
is sometimes only sparingly sorediiferous. The apothecia are very rare
in Great Britain, and are found only on the smaller conditions, Minute
cephalodia, however, are not unfrequent on the main branches.
Hab. On old pales (oak and larch), and occasionally on the branches of
trees in wooded tracts.— Dzstr. General in maritime and upland districts,
sometimes abundant, especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland ;
apparently rare in Ireland and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.; Island of
Guernsey. Walthamstow, Essex; Lydd, Kent; near Lewes, Sussex ;
near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; Coryton,
S. Devon ; near Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gop-
sall, Leicestershire; Rowter Rocks, Derbyshire; near Oswestry and
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Bettws-
y-Coed, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby, Cleveland, York-
shire; near Hexham, Northumberland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland
Hills, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perth-
shire; Muchills, Kincardineshire; Park, near Aberdeen; Mar Forest,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Wood, Inverness-shire ; Lairg,
Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim.
3. U. dasypoga Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 202.—
Thallus elongate, pendulous, scabrous, sparingly branched, greyish-
white or pale-greyish ; the branches long, divergent, simplish, with
short, patent, crowded fibrille. Ayothecia small or nearly mode-
204 LICHENACEI. [USNEA.
rate, concave, pale or flesh-coloured, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins ;
spores shortly ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 555.—Usnea barbata é. dasy-
poga Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 84, ed. 3, p. 76. Usnea plicata y. dasypoga Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 312. Usnea barbata Hook. FI. Scot. i. p. 70 pro parte ;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231 pro parte. Lichen barbatus Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 462; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 890; Eng. Bot. t. 258. f. 2. Usnea
barbata loris tenuibus fibrosis Dill. Muse. 63, t. 12. f. 6.—The specific
name of barbatus Linn. having been applied to the aggregate species
of recent authors, it is better to adopt the later name in order to
prevent confusion. ;
Distinguished from U. florida by the elongate, pendulous thallus with
its long divergent branches, and by the smaller and fewer apothecia.
The thallus, as is the case in other species, is in old plants sometimes
very sparingly articulate towards the base, and occasionally also con-
sists merely of one or two elongate branches, which at first sight are not
unlike those of U. dongissima Ach., which dves not occur in this country.
It is often widely spreading and cephalodiiferous, and from its appear-
ance is best entitled to the name of “bearded.” With us it is very
rarely seen in fruit; when present the apothecia are scattered and chietly
subterminal,
Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly firs, in wooded upland tracts.—
Distr. Somewhat local in 8. and N. England, N. Wales ; more common
among the Grampians, Scotland ; not seen from Ivreland.—B. M.: Dart-
moor, Lydford, and near Totnes, S. Devon; near Dolgelly and Rhew-
ereidden, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Teesdale Forest, Dur-
ham; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Loch Ard, Killin, and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Mar Forest, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire,
Var. (3. plicata Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus smooth, sub-
dichotomously branched; branches lax, entangled, subarticulate,
very sparingly or non-fibrillose, the ultimate ones capillary. Apo-
thecia somewhat small, concave or at length plane.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xv. p. 48.—Usnea barbata y. plicata Mudd, Man. p. 69 pro
parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85
pro parte, ed. 3, p. 76 pro parte. Usnea plicata Gray, Nat. Arr. 1.
p. 403 (excl. vars.); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70; Sm. Eng. Fl. p. 226.
Lichen plicatus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 257
(atypical, and referable rather to dasypoga).—As there is no speci-
men of Lichen plicatus in Herb. Linn., it is very doubtful if this be
the plant he intended by that name.
This, regarded by Nylander as a variety of U. dasypoga, has been little
understood by lichenologists. It is distinguished by the thallus being
quite smooth, very sparingly fibrillose (in its more typical state efibril-
lose), and the branches more lax and entangled. The older branches are
somewhat articulato-diffract, and the ultimate ones attenuate, filiform.
Only one of our British specimens is quite typical and well fertile.
Hab. On the branches of trees, chiefly larch, in wooded mountainous
USNEA. | USNEEI. 205
regions.—Distr. Local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; near Corriemulzie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire (typical); Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-
shire ; Dulcie, by the Findhorn, Morayshire,
Var. y. scabrata Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 299.—Thallus rough with
more or less crowded, slightly elevated papillie ; branches somewhat
strict, nearly efibrillose. Apothecia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xy.
p. 48.—Usnea scabrata Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 103; Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 27.
Differs from the preceding variety in having the branches scabrid and
not subarticulate. From U. ceratina, which it also resembles, it is dis-
tinguished by the absence of patent branches. The British specimens are
short, about 6 inches long, often verrucoso-sorediiferous, and are for the
most part sterile.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of larches in mountainous woods.—
Distr, Probably general in the fir forests of the Scottish Highlands,
though seen only from a few localities in S. Scotland and among the
Grampians.—B. M.: New Galloway, Kirkecudbrightshire ; Stronaclachan
Woods, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; near Corriemulzie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
4. U. ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 610.—Thallus elon-
gate, subpendulous, rigid, papilloso-scabrous, at length verrucoso-
sorediate, much and variously branched, pale-greyish or yellowish ;
the branches patent, diffuse, more or less fibrillose. Apothecia
moderate or somewhat large, slightly concave, concolorous, some-
times pruinose, the margin with long, stout, recurved cilia, the
receptacle beneath papilliferous ; spores 0,007—9 mm. long, 0,005-7
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 554.—Usnea
barbata var. ceratina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 3, p.77. Lichen plicatus Huds. Fl. Argl. p. 461;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 889; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50. Usnea
vulgaris loris longis implexis Dill. Muse. 56, t. 11. f.1. Muscus
arboreus, Usnea officinarum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 64, n. 1—
Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 36.
Generally confounded by British authors with var. plicata of the pre-
ceding species, from which it is readily distinguished by the numerous
apillz or short fibrils, which give it so very rough an appearance. It
1s very variable in size, mode of branching, and degree of fibrillosity,
while in old plants it is sometimes sparingly articulate at the base. The
apothecia in this country are seldom present.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees in upland woods.— Distr.
General and common in 8., W., and N. England, in N. Wales, and the
Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands.—
B. M.: Lydd, Kent; Bexhill, Sussex; Isle of Wight ; Lyndhurst, New
Forest, and Woodcote Wood, Hampshire; Beckey Falls, S. Devon;
Roughton and Bocconoc, Cornwall; Annet Island, Scilly ; near Malvern,
Worcestershire; Nannau, near Dolgelly, and Harlech, Merionethshire;
Hafod, Cardiganshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland,
206 LICHENACEI. [ USNEA.
Yorkshire ; Ashgill Woods and Lamplugh, Cumberland. Stronaclachan
Woods and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Aber-
deen; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus
Woods, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn, Morayshire.
Var, (3. scabrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 620.—Thallus
smaller, erect or suberect, subcespitose, more or less fibrillose, papil-
loso-scabrid, verrucoso-sorediate: otherwise as in the type.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 34; Leight. n. 1
pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 285.
When erect and fibrillose this is not unlike U. florida, from which it
differs in the papille and prominent verrucose soredia, with which it is
more or less covered. It 1s 38-5 inches in length, and is rarely fertile,
though cephalodia are often present.
Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, also on stunted shrubs and
rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Rather local, though
plentiful where it occurs in $., W., and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland,
and the 8.W. Highlands; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay,
Island of Jersey. High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, and Lydd, Kent ;
St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; near
Lydford, 8. Devon; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Haughmond, Hill, Shrop-
shire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, York-
shire; Calder Abbey, Cumberland.. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Appin, Argyleshire.
Form ferruginascens Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club, iv. (1885)
p. 60.—Thallus erect, small, deep rusty-red. Apothecia not seen.—
Usnea florida f. rubiginea (non Mich.), Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 403 ;
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3,
pili:
Evidently an accidental condition, abnormally coloured by some kind
of maceration. The main branches are occasionally sparingly articulate
towards the base. It is always sterile.
Hab. On trees and shrubs in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr.
Hainault Forest, Essex ; Lydd, Kent ; St. Leonard’s Forest and Maple-
hurst, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; Falls of Beckey, S. Devon;
Withiel, Cornwall. Near Belfast, co, Antrim.
5. U. articulata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 185.—Thallus
pendulous, nearly smooth, flaccid, very much and dichotomously
branched, pale-greyish or pale-yellowish ; branches elongate, arti-
culato-constricted, the articulations ventricose, discrete ; branchlets
slender, fibrillose and entangled. Apothecia small, pale, somewhat
sparingly fibrilloso-ciliate—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii.
p. 554.—Usnea barbata (3. articulata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 (e); Mudd, Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85, ed. 3, p. 77. Lichen crticulatus
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1156; Huds, Fl. Angl. p. 462; With, Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 48, et var. 2 barbatus; Eng. Bot. t. 258. f.1. Usnea
barbata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea capillacea nodosa Dill.
(o>
USNEA. } USNEEI. 207
Muse. 60, t. 11. f.4. Lichenoides quod Museus arboreus nodosus
Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 65, n. 4.—Brit, Lvs.; Cromb. n. 17; Dicks.
Hort. Sic. n, 24.
Apparently a distinct species, easily recognized by the articulate thal-
lus and the long capillary fibrils of the lateral branches. The rest of the
thallus is sometimes nearly efibrillose, and the articulations, few or
many, are caused by the transverse rupture of the cortical layer. In this
country the apothecia have never been met with, the supposed fruit of
the older writers being merely the “ cephalodia,’ which are sometimes
very frequent and occasionally conglomerate.
Hab. On the trunks of aged trees in old shady woods and forests in
upland districts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce at the present day in Great
Britain, though before our old woods and forests were so extensively
felled it seems to have been much more frequent—B. M.: Charlton
Forest, Sussex; near Appuldurcomb and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; New
Forest, Hants; near Exeter, Arton, Beckey Falls, Devonshire ; Liskeard,
Cornwall; Enfield Chace, Hertfordshire; near Stockenchurch, Oxford ;
Cwm Bychan, near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Burnley, Lancashire,
Stronaclachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill Woods, Forfarshire ;
Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire.
Form intestiniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.—
Thallus prostrate, thick, and inflated, here and there coarctate and
ventricose; branchlets short, attenuate, flexuoso-interwoven.—
Usnea barbata d. intestiniformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 625.
Usnea barbata 3. articulata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Usnea arti-
culata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86.
This singular state, evidently depending on the habitat, differs in the
articulations being very much swollen and the branchlets much shorter.
It is always infertile.
Hab, On the ground in sandy tracts in maritime districts.—Distr.
Local and scarce in 8.W. England and S.E. Ireland; not recently
gathered—B. M.: Exmouth Warren, Devonshire. Malahide, near
Dublin,
Tribe XI. ALECTORIET Nyl. Flora 1869, p, 444.
Thallus fruticulose, rounded or compressed, erect or pendulous,
decumbent or prostrate, internally with lax, arachnoid medulla, or
entirely hollow. Apothecia lecanorine, scutelliform, lateral or
pseudo-terminal ; spores usually 8nx, small or moderate, simple,
colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones immersed or
superficial ; sterigmata pauci-articulate.
As instituted by Nylander this is a well-defined and natural tribe. It
is allied to the preceding and following tribes. Of its three genera, Du-
Fourea and Dactylina do not occur in our Islands,
208 LICHENACEI. [ ALECTORTA,
38. ALECTORIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 592 pro parte;
Nyl. Syn. p. 277.—Thallus filamentose, often intricately branched,
concolorous on both Lae a
: : a / ‘
sides, somewhat shi- __
ning ; medullary layer |
loosely arachnoid or
lacunose, not readily «
separating from the
cortical layer, which
is corneous, formed of
subparallel filaments =
closely conglutinate.
Apothecia discolorous,
or rarely subconcolo-
rous with the thallus,
rarely with ciliate
margin; hypothecium
colourless ; spores Sn Fig. 41.
and small, or 2-4nzx Alectoria ochroleuca Nyl.—a. Vertical section of
and larger, very rarely a young apothecium, x 30. 6. Theca and
> paraphysis, X 350. c. Spores, xX 500. d.
murali- divided, : el- Longitudinal section of thallus with a sper-
lipsoid, sometimes mogone, X 30. ¢. Sterigmata and spermatia,
at length becoming x 500.
brown ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones lateral,
inclosed in thalline tubercles, the conceptacles externally blackish ;
spermatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate towards either apex.
The species of this genus are characteristic of mountainous regions, and
several occur in great abundance in suitable localities. In some the thallus
becomes at length free from the substratum, because of the decay and
death of the lower portion, which does not, however, prevent them from
freely vegetating.
a. Apothecia lateral or pseudo-terminal; spores 2—-4nx, somewhat
large, colourless or at length brown. (£ualectoria Fr. fil.
Gen. Heterol. (1861) p. 48.)
1. A. ochroleuca Ny]. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1837) p. 98.—Thal-
lus cespitoso-fruticulose, rigid, erect, rounded or somewhat com-
pressed, smooth, or here and there lacunoso-impressed, much and
divaricately branched, ochroleucous or whitish straw-coloured ;
branches attenuate, the apices recurved and usually blackish
(Ket yellowish Gacl—). Apothecialarge, innato-sessile, at length re-
pand, bright brownish-red or brownish-black, the margin inflexed
or excluded; spores 0,028-42 mm. long, 0,014-24 mm. thick.—
Mudd, Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. FIL.
p- 87, ed. 3, p. 79.—Cornicularia ochroleuca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229. Lichen ochroleucus Ehrh. Beytr.
iii. (1789) p. 82; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 19; With. Arr, ed. 3, iy.
p. 46 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 2374.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 126.
ALECTORTA. ] ALECTORIET. 209
Grows in large tufts with the thallus at length free, is often sprinkled
with small whitish soredia, and has the fertile branches thicker. It
varies somewhat in the degree of blackness with which its normally pale
yellow colour is diversified, this being confined to the apices of the
branchlets, as is usually the case with us, or extending over the greater
portion ofthe thallus, as in Arctic regions. In Great Britain the apothecia
are extremely rare, having been seen in only a single specimen. The
spermogones, which are seldom present with us, are minute, punctate,
colourless within, with spermatia 0,007-8 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil in alpine places. Dystr. Confined
to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, on or near their summits.—
B. M.: Cairngorm and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; ? Clova Mts.,
Forfarshire.
Form tenuior Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 232.—Thallus smaller,
decumbent, the branches more slender, somewhat entangled and
concolorous at the apices. Apothecia small, pale reddish-brown.—
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—Lichen sarmentosus Eng. Bot.
t. 2040 (smaller fig.).
This form depends no doubt upon the habitat. It bears a general re-
semblance except in colour to the terminal branchlets of var. cincinnata
of A. sarmentosa, to which belongs the specimen from Morrone cited in
Journ. Bot. 7. c. and quoted in Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88as var. erinalis. In
the only specimen seen there is but a single young apothecium visible,
which is rather lateral than pseudo-terminal.
Hab. On sterile ground in alpine places.—Distr. Seen only from one
of the loftier mountains of the N. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ben
Luighal, Sutherlandshire.
2. A. sarmentosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 595.--Thallus
pendulous or prostrate, elongate, complicate, very much and remotely
branched, compressed at the axils, whitish-straw-coloured, the
apices attenuate, long, concolorous (K_, K (CaCl eadish)
Apothecia smail, lateral, badio-reddish or brown; spores 3—4ne,
0,015-36 mm. long, 0,014-30 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—Lichen sarmentosus
Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1795, p. 212, t. 8. f. 2. ?Usnea loris longis
dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus Dill. Muse. 59, t. 11. f. 2.
Distinguished by the form of the thallus and the situation of the apo-
thecia. The thallus, which varies in thickness, is rounded or here and
there somewhat compressed, smooth or more or less lacunoso-foveolate,
with the branches divaricate or dichotomous. Our only known British
specimen belongs to the usual alpine and thicker condition. It has only
a few apothecia and no spermogones.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine situations.—Distr.
Known only from one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairn-
gorm, Banffshire.
Var. f§. cincinnata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 282 ; Flora, 1869, p. 244.
—Thallus prostrate, sarmentose, intricate, unequally compressed,
thickened, impresso-lacunose, remotely branched, pale greenish
=
.
210 LICHENACEL. [ALECTORIA.
sulphur-coloured ; branches very much divaricate, long, attenuate,
concolorous or sparingly blackish at the apices (K_, CaCl, 4+ vedi
Apothecia lateral, becoming brownish-black, the margin entire.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.—Alectoria ochroleuca var. cincinnata
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88, ed. 3, p. 79. Evernia ochroleuca b. cin-
cinnata Fr. L. E. (1830) p.22. Alectoria ochroleuca var. sarmentosa
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24. Alectoria sarmentosa Gray, Nat. Arr. 1.
p- 408; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 68; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd,
Man. p.70. Lichen ochroleucus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte.
— As specimens in herbaria show, this was mistaken by our earlier
and some later writers for A. sarmentosa (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1872, p. 232).— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 18.
The thallus often bears large foveolate and scrobiculate concolorous
excrescences, and usually is here and there tinged of a bluish-black colour.
The apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones are very
rarely seen.
Fab. On the ground in alpine places, creeping loosely over mosses and
the stems of Azalea procumbens—Distr. Very local, though somewhat
plentiful on a few of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben-
naboord, Morrone, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
b. Apothecia lateral; spores Sn, small, colourless (Bryopogon Link.
Handb. (1833) p. 164 pro parte).
3. A. divergens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 71.—Thallus cespi-
tose, erect or prostrate, robust, rigid, and fragile, somewhat rounded
or subangular, shining, often much branched, brownish-chestnut-
coloured ; branches dichotomously diverging (K~, CaCl deep + ed"
Apothecia bright-brown, the margin usually crenulate or rough ;
spores 0,008-10 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick.—Cromb, Journ.
Bot. 1873, p. 1383; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 78.—Cornicularia
divergens Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 303.
This is like larger states of Cetraria aculeata, from which, however, it is
well distinguished by being more robust, not spinulose, by the medullary
reaction with CaCl, and the nature of the spermogones. In the few
specimens gathered in Britain the thallus is less developed than in those
from Arctic regions, and is destitute of the white points which elsewhere
are sometimes present, arising from the rupture of the cortical layer.
The apothecia have as yet been detected only in N.E. Asia.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in alpine places.—Distr. Found
only on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairngorm,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
4. A. nigricans Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p.71.—Thallus cespi-
toso-fruticulose, erect or ascending, rigid, somewhat rounded, dicho-
tomously and intricately branched, livid- or chestnut-black, paler
towards the base, opaque, branches more or less deflexed at the
apices, the axils somewhat lacunoso-impressed (K
CaCl
+-yellow at base’
+-reddish)" Apothecia lateral, moderate, badio-brownish, the
ALECTORIA. | ALECTORIET. 211
margin thin, at length excluded; spores 0,021-35 mm. long, 0,015
—20 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 287; Cromb. Lich,
Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87, ed. 3, p. 78.—Cornicularia
ochroleuca (3. nigricans Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 615.—Brit. Evs. :
Cromb. n. 19.
The thallus, which is at length free, and, except in colour, like that of
A. ochroleuca, is often blackish almost throughout, though sometimes
only towards the apices. When long preserved in herbaria it becomes
reddish, avd tinges the paper of the same colour. The apothecia have
been found only in Labrador and Arctic N. America. With us the sper-
mogones are not uncommon. They are somewhat protuberant, most
frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001
mm. thick.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks, in alpine and sub-
alpine situations.— Distr. Somewhat local, but usually plentiful on several
of the higher Grampians, Scotland ; very sparingly on mts. in N. Wales ;
doubtfully on those of N. England—B. M.: Cwm Bychan, Merioneth-
shire; The Glyders and Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire ; ? Teesdale,
Durham. Ben Lawers and Mael Girdy, Perthshire; Ben-y-Gloe and
Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole ; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Ben Macdhui,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
5. A. jubata Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233.—Thallus
elongate, pendulous, filiform, subrounded, somewhat rigid, much
branched, sorediiferous, olive-brown or brownish black, rarely
paler; branches entangled, smooth, subconcolorous at the apices
(K_,CaCl_). Apothecia innato-sessile, affixed to geniculations of
the thallus, small, plane or convex, the margin entire, at length
excluded ; spores 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 408: Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p.67; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd, Man. p. 70 pro parte;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 pro
parte, ed. 3, p. 80.—Lichen jubatus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1155
pro parte; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461 pro parte: Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 891 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.46; Eng. Bot. t. 1880 pro
parte. Usnea jubata nigricans Dill. Muse. 64, t. 12. f. 7. Lichen-
oides quod Muscus corallinus sawatilis feniculaceus Dill. in Ray Syn.
p. 65, n. 7.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 72; Mudd, n. 37; Cromb.
n. 128 (pallidior); Bohl. n. 83.
The thallus of this well-known plant, of which the type is A. prolixva
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 592, is in its young state suberect, as it frequently
appears on old fir pales. Usually it is more or less sprinkled with whitish
or greyish soredia, which are especially abundant in the less elongate or
suberect states. It is one of our most social lichens, frequently along
with Usneas completely covering the trunks and branches of firs in
Highland woods and forests. The apothecia are extremely rare in Great
Britain, owing, no doubt, to so many old forests having been felled. The
spermogones, which are also very rare, are inclosed in scattered thalline
tubercles, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,005 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, chiefly pine and larch,
as also on boulders among mosses, in wooded upland and subalpine regions.
r2
212 LICHENACEI. [ALECTORIA.
—Distr. General in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain—
very abundant amongst the Grampians, Scotland; rare in Ireland.—B. M.:
St. Leonards, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants ; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon-
shire; Helminton and Roughton, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire ; Gamlingay Park, Cambridgeshire ; near Kingley, W arwickshire ; :
near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmovth,
Merionethshire ; Baysdale and near Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham ; Keswick and Alston, Cumberland ; The Cheviots,
Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Beld Craig,
Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Appin,
Argyleshire; Glen Falloch, Killin (frt.), Ben Lawers, and Knock of
Crieff, Perthshire; Deerbill Wood, Forfarshire (frt.); Countesswells
W ood, near Aberdeen; Ballochbuie Forest, Craig Cluny, and Mar Forest,
Braemar; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis, and Glen Morriston, Inver-
ness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Killiney Hills, near Dublin; Luggle-
law, co. Wicklow; near Innishowen, co. Donegal.
Var. @. lanestris Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.593.—Thallus some-
what small, prostrate, rather soft, very sparingly sorediiferous,
brownish-black or blackish ; branches short, slender, densely en-
tangled. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233.—
Lichen jubatus Eng. Bot. t. 1880 (upper fig.).
This variety, which superficially resembles Parmelia lanata, is well
distinguished by the smaller, denser, more tender thallus, and by the
almost entire absence of soredia. The fructification has apparently never
been observed, even in countries where the plant is more common.
Hab. On old fir pales in mountainous districts.—Distr. Local and. rare,
in W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland; no doubt to be
detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Helsby Hill, Cheshire. Killin, Perthshire ;
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
Form tenerrima Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.—Thallus
smaller, very much branched ; branches short, very slender, fragile,
soft and much interwoven.
At first sight might readily be mistaken for an Ephebe. It is always
sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of old birch trees in upland situations.— Distr.
Very local and rare among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 1. A. chalybeiformis Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48.—
Thallus subfiliform, prostrate, flexuose, rigid, divaricately branched,
sparingly sorediate, olive- or brownish-black (or dark leaden-
coloured), often a little paler at the apices; branches short, remote
(K—, CaCl_). Apothecia not seen.—Alectoria jubata var. chaly-
beiformis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 592; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd, Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 24: Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 89, ed. 3, p. 80.—Alectoria chalybei-
formis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 408. Lichen chalybeiformis Linn. Sp.
Pl. (1753) p. 1155; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Usnea rigida hor-
sum vorsum extensa Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f.10. Lichenoides caule
vigido, instar fili chalybei Dill in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, un, 2.—
Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 245.
a
i
7
f
ALECTORIA. | ALECTORIEI. 213
The simpler, less intricate thallus, which is usually more compressed at
the axils, more shortly and remotely branched, thicker, flexuose and less
sorediate than in A. jubata, entitles this to be viewed as a subspecies.
The apothecia have never been detected, and the spermogones are absent
in our specimens.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in upland and mountainous
districts — Distr. General and not uncommon in England and N. Wales ;
he among the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland.—
. M.: Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Eridge Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells,
Sussex; Templemore and Dartmoor, Devonshire; near Malvern and
Herefordshire Beacon, Worcestershire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ;
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; Battersby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Gateshead Fell, Durham; Suddale, Westmoreland. Ben
Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova
Mts., Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Cluny, Lochnagar, and Ben-
naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inver-
ness-shire.
Subsp. 2. A. subcana Nyl. ev Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—
Thallus pendulous, filiform, subelongate, much branched, greyish-
white (K—, CaCl_); soredia small, somewhat prominent, whitish.
Apothecia not seen.
Very similar in colour to A. implera f. cana, for which but for the
absence of any reaction it might readily be mistaken. The thallus is less
elongate, more slender, with the branches less entangled than in A. jubata,
while the soredia also are different. It has not been found fertile.
Hab. On the branches of old firs in wooded mountainous tracts.— Distr.
Very local among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire ; Glen Derrie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
6. A. implexa Nyl. ev Norrl. Med. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. i.
(1876) p. 14.—Thallus pendulous, elongate, filiform, subrounded,
very much branched and entangled, slender and flaccid, greyish-
yellow or greyish-white, with whitish or greyish scattered soredia
(K+yellowish’ GaGl—). Apothecia as in the preceding species.
Usnea implexa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 184. Alectoria
cana Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88. Alectoria capillaris Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1872, p. 233; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.—This is the
Lichen jubatus pro parte of Linneeus and of some of the older British
authors.
Similar in habit to A. jubata, of which it has usually been considered
a variety, but from which it is separated by the more slender and differ-
ently-coloured thallus, and especially by the reaction. It has a still closer
resemblance to A. sarmentosa f. crinalis Ach., with which, in countries
where both are frequent, it is apt to be confounded. It is often almost
entirely esorediate. It is very rarely fertile, and the few British speci-
mens are sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of old firs in mountainous districts.—Distr. Very
local and rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : York-
shire. Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Mar Forest,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire.
214 LICHENACEI. [ ALECTORIA.
7. A. bicolor Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 98.—Thallus
filiform, erect, very much and divaricately branched, densely intri-
cate, black or brownish-black ; branches short, slender, rounded,
patent, subfibrillose, the apices usually somewhat curved and pale-
brown (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia lateral, small, blackish; spores
shortly ellipsoid, 0,007-8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Mudd,
Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 86, ed. 3,
p- 78.—Cornicularia bicolor Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p.405 ; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p.69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 229. Lichen bicolor Ehrh. Beytr.
iii. (1789) p. 82; Eng. Bot. t. 1853. Lichen lanatus Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 461 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.892; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57.
Usnea lane nigre instar saxis adherens Dill. Musc. 66, t. 13. f. 8.
Muscus coralloides lane nigre instar, sais adherens Dill. in Ray,
Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 3.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 39; Cromb. n. 127.
Though allied to A. jubata, of which it has been regarded as a variety,
yet, in the absence of any intermediate states, this is a very distinct
species. The apices of the thallus, which is at length free, are frequently
concolorous with the branches (var. melaneira Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 614);
but this evidently results from exposure. The apothecia have been
gathered only in the Himalaya Mts. The spermogones are very minute,
more frequent towards the apices, with spermatia 0,008 mm. long, about
0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and boulders among mosses in upland and subalpine
tracts.— Distr. Frequent and sometimes abundant in mountainous tracts
of W. and N. England, N. Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, but
apparently very rare in N.E, Ireland.—B. M.: Hay Tor and Lustleigh
Cleeve, Dartmoor, Walkington, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Capel
Arthog, Llyn Bodlyn, and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Island of Angle-
sea; Farndale, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmore-
land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben-A’an, near Taymouth,
Ben Lawers, Ben More, Glen Lyon, Corrie Uachlar, Rannoch, and Ben-
y-Gloe, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim.
Tribe XII. CETRARIETI Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. iii.
(1855) p. 172; Syn. 1. p. 297.
Thallus subfruticulose or foliaceous, compressed or rarely rounded,
erect, ascending, or appressed, occasionally sparingly rhizinose be-
neath, internally filled with a white woolly medulla. Apothecia
lecanorine, marginal, obliquely affixed to the laciniz ; spores 8ne,
small, simple, colourless; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones
enclosed in setuliform apiculi or biack papille; sterigmata subsimple
or pauci-articulate.
In habit and general appearance this tribe approaches some of the
Alectoriei, though in more important respects it is allied to the Par-
meliet. Having regard, however, to the usually fruticulose thallus,
the situation of the apothecia, and the character of the spermogones,
it is entitled to be separated from both. Most of the European species are
found in Britain.
CELRARTA. | CETRARIEI. 215
39. CETRARIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 292 pro parte; Nyl. Syn.
i. p. 298.—Thallus fruticulose, erect or ascending, more or less rigid,
laciniose, rarely fistulose, concolo-
rous on both sides; epithallus
somewhat shining; medullary o yh Z
layer with the filaments loosely (sa
interwoven, or in the fistulose \
species arachnoid, scanty, intri- hy
cate within; cortical layer inter-
nally formed of longitudinal tubes, d ¢
externally cellular, Apothecia igs
subconcolorous with the thallus, - Fig. 42.
marginal, adnate on the front of
the apices of the laciniew, usually i se
with entire, sometimes with cre- heb ee i ape pene alithl Ming
Jat: ee Bennhaai ical section of a spermogone, KOU.
mivate = margin ; ypotheclum —d., Sterigmata and spermatia, x50.
colourless; spores subellipsoid ;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones marginal,
spinuliform ; sterigmata simple ; spermatia cylindrical, moderate or
somewhat short.
Cetraria Islandica Ach.—a. A theca,
This genus is especially characteristic of sub-arctic or alt-alpine regions,
The thallus, which is of a lighter or darker spadiceous colour, becomes at
length free from the substratum. In most species the apothecia are very
rare or unknown in this country, and even the spermogones, which are
more frequent than the apothecia, are seldom seen in herbaria specimens,
in consequence of the spinules in which they are enclosed being
abraded.
1. C. Islandica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 293.—Thallus subfoliaceous,
exspitose, variously laciniate, subcanaliculate, more or less ciliato-
spinulose at the margins, shining, pale-chestnut-coloured or dark-
chestnut-brown, usually with impressed white soredia at the back,
often stained of a blood-red colour at the base (K_, CaCl_).
Apothecia adnate on the upper surface of the apices of the lacinie,
large or moderate; the margin thin, entire or crenulate, at length
excluded ; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 483; Hook. FI. Scot.ii. p.51; Sm. Eng. Fi. v.
p. 221 ; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 155; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96, ed. 3, p. 91.—Cornicularia Islandia, Mudd,
Man. p. 77, t.1.f. 19. Lichen Islandicus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p- 1145 a; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 829; Eng.
Bot. t. 1330; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides rigidum
eryngii foliis referens Dill. Muse. 209, t. 28. f. 1114, in Ray, Syn.
ed. 3, p. 77, n. 90.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 51; Leight. n. 42 pro
parte.
The thallus of the “Iceland Moss” varies considerably in colour, being
sometimes almost entirely greyish-white, and in the character of the
laciniz. The fertile laciniz are broader at the apices than the barren.
The apothecia, which are seldom met with in this country, are usually of
moderate size, and become at length somewhat deformed. The spermo-
216 LICHENACEI. [CETRARIA.
gones are situated at the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia
0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. A parasitic fungus, Spheria cetra-
rucola Nyl., is occasionally seen on the thallus; in Lapland it has been
seen also on C. Aiascens,
Hab. On the ground among heath, and in stony places in upland, sub-
alpine, and especially in alpine situations.—Distr. Not general nor com-
mon on the mts. of N. Wales, N. England, S.W. Ireland, and 8S. and N.
Scotland, but very plentiful amongst the Grampians, especially in Brae-
mar, where it occurs in fruit on some of the loftier summits: occasion-
ally descending to low altitudes on more exposed upland heaths.—B. M.:
Wootton Common, Norfolk; Stockton Forest, Langwith Moor, and Sten-
shall Common, Yorkshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Cwm Bychan,
Merionethshire; Teesdale, Durham. Cheviot Hills, Roxburghshire;
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Mael Graedha and Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Clova Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Hills of Nigg, near
Aberdeen ; Morrone, Lochnagar and Ben Macdhui, Braemar: Ben Neyis,
Inverness-shire. Slieve Donard, co. Down; Mangerton, co. Kerry.
Form platyna Fr. Lich. Europ. (1851) p. 37.—Lacinie rather
broad, subsimple and sparingly denticulate at the margins. Apo-
thecia large.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96,
ed. 3, p. 91 pro parte. Cetraria platyna Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 229.
Cetraria Islandica f. dilatata Norrl., Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot.
1880, p.575. Lichenoides rigidum eryngii foliis referens Dill. Muse.
209, 4. 28. £111 p:
Varies in colour like the type, with the laciniz occasionally 1 inch in
breadth. The apcthecia are usually rather Jarge and few, with the mar-
gin generally excluded. From the paucity of the marginal cilia, the
spermogones are rarely seen.
Hab, On the ground among heaths in alpine places.— Distr. Local on
the loftier Grampians, chiefly in Braemar, at high altitudes, where it is
not uncommon.—B. M.: Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Ben Macdhui, Cairn-
gorm, Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
2. C. crispa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. (1878) p. 362.
—Thallus somewhat small, czespitose, erect or depressed, pale-chest-
nut or chestnut-brown ; lJacinie crowded, rather narrow, canalicu-
late, densely ciliate and connivent at the margins, often reddish at
the base (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia small, submarginal, the margin
persistently denticulate; spores as in the preceding species, or slightly
smaller.—Cromb. Greyillea, xv. p. 48.—Subsp. Cetraria crispa,
Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 73. Cetraria Islandica 3. erispa Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 513; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 97, ed. 3, p. 92. Cornicularia Islandica (3. crispa, Mudd, Man,
p- 77. Lichen Islandicus /3 Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 830; Huds. Fl.
Angl. ed. 2, p.539; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54. Lichenoides eryngit
folia referens, tenwioribus et crispioribus foliis Dill. Muse. 212, t. 28.
f. 112.— Brit. Evs.; Mudd, n. 52; Leight. n. 42 pro parte.
Smaller, and somewhat pulvinate, with narrower and more ciliate laciniz
than C. Islandica, of which it was considered a variety, but is now sepa-
rated as a species by Nylander. The apothecia are very rare in Britain.
——
CETRARIA. | CETRARIEI, 217
Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine and alpine districts.—
Distr. Local in N. Wales, N. England, and 8. Scotland, more frequent
among the Grampians, especially in Braemar.—B. M.: Snowdon and
Carnedd Llewellyn, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Pentland Hills,
near Edinburgh ; Mael Graedha, Ben Lawers, and Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Katelaw, Forfarshire: Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Form subtubulosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 48.—Lacinie
interruptedly tubulose, with the suture ciliato-spinulose. Apothecia
not seen.—Cetraria Islandica f. subtubulosa Fr. Lich, Eur. (1831)
p. 37.
A modification of the preceding, which scarcely deserves to rank as a
separate form. The thallus is only sparingly branched, and is never seen
fertile.
Hab. On mossy ground among boulders in alpine places.-—Distr. Local
and uncommon on a few of the higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. : Kate-
law, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
3. C. hiascens Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 98.—Thallus densely
cxespitose, subfoliaceous, canaliculate or somewhat plane, opaque, pale-
or dark-brown, with white impressed soredia at the back, often stained
yellowish-brown at the base ; laciniz narrow, sparingly ciliato-spinu-
lose, much and repeatedly dichotomously branched at the apices (K~ >
CaCl, dish): pothecia adnate to the upper surface of the apices
of the laciniz, elevated, moderate, subconcolorous, the margin some-
times denticulate; spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 48.—Cetraria aculeata b. hiascens Fr. Lich. Europ.
(1831) p. 36. Cetraria Delisei (Bory), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97, ed. 3, p. 92.
Differs from C. crispa in the laciniw and the chemical reaction of the
medulla. The thallus, which is rather brittle when dry, varies consider-
ably in colour and in the length of the lacinie, being dark and short in
Brita. Neither the apothecia nor the spermogones occur in this
country.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine places.—Distr. Ex-
tremely local and rare on the summits of two of the loftier N. Grampians,
Scotiand.—B. M.: Lochnagarand Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
4. C.aculeata Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. (1825) p. 239.—Thallus cespi-
toso-fruticulose, rigid and somewhat fragile, fistulose, erect, some-
what rounded or anguloso-unequal, or somewhat compressed, sub-
lacunose, very much and irregularly branched, bright- or dark-
brown; branches divaricate, more or less blackish-spinulose (K —>
CaCl_). Apothecia subterminal, concolorous, small or moderate,
the margin spinuloso-denticulate ; spores 0,005—9 mm. long, 0,003-—
4 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97,
ed. 3, p. 92.—Cornicularia aculeata Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p.405 ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 228; Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 86; Mudd, Man. p. 77 (incl. (5. celocaula Flott.). Lichen acu-
218 LICHENACEI. [CETRARIA.
leatus Schreb. Fl. Lips. (1771) p. 125. Lichen Islandicus y Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539. Coralloides fruticult specie fuscum, spino-
sum Dill. Muse. p. 112 pro parte. Lichenoides non tubulosum ramo-
sissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigrescens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3,
p- 66,n.10 pro parte.—Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, n. 50; Leight. n. 3;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 163.
A very distinct species, variable in size and degree of spinulosity, and so
giving rise to several forms. The apothecia are not common in Britain,
and the spermogones are but occasionally seen. They are very minute,
blackish, situated on the apices of the marginal cilia, with spermatia 0,004
mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the ground in sandy and gravelly places among grasses and
heath of moorlands in upland and subalpine tracts.—Distr. Not very
general nor common, though occurring here and there in most parts of
Great Britain; rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—
B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. North Wootton, Norfolk; Reigate
Heath, Surrey ; Lyndhurst Common, Hampshire ; Dartmoor, Devonshire;
Malvern Hills and Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire ; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Over, Cheshire; Farn-
dale, Yorkshire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Gateshead, Durham ;
Kilhope Law, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Glen Lochay, Ben Lawers, and Birnam
Hill, Perthshire; Baldovan Woods and Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Culbin, Elgin-
shire.
Form 1. hispida Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. (1880)
p- 561.—Thallus smaller, more slender and intricate, densely caespi-
tose. Apothecia numerous.—Lichen hispidus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
(1777) p. 883; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 452.
Cetraria aculeata var. muricata Ach., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93. Coralloides fruticuli specie
fuscum, spinosum Dill. Muse, 112, t. 17. £.31 4.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 4; Mudd, n. 49.
Grows in low dense tufts, about 3 to 1 inch high, and occasionally
spreads very extensively. The thallus is densely branched, more or less
spinulose, and is often darker in colour than in the type. Usually well
fertile with crowded apothecia, which are sometimes comparatively large.
The spermogones in otherwise barren specimens are numerous.
Hab. On the ground of mocrlands in upland and subalpine districts. —
Distr. Frequent in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great Britain—
more especially in the Central Highlands of Scotland ; very rare in S.W.
Ireland.—B. M.: Hainault Forest, Essex ; Wokingham Heath, Bucking-
hamshire; Lydd, Kent; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Scilly Islands, Corn-
wall; Black Edge, near Buxton, Derbyshire; Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Breid-
den, Montgomeryshire; near Beverley and Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kent-
mere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Asby, Cumberland, New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ;
Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch, Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills,
Montrose links, and near Cortachy, Forfarshire; Glen Dee and Glen
Muick, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Kil-
larney, co. Kerry.
CETRARIA. | CETRARIEI. 219
Form 2. acanthella Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100.—
Thallus as in the type, but very much spinuloso-denticulate through-
out. Apothecia few.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 96; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 98, ed. 3, p. 93.—Cornicularia spadicea y. acanthella
Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.612. Coralloides fruticuli specie fuscum,
spinosum Dill. Muse, 112, t. 17. f. 31 3.
Distinguished by the entirely hispido-spinulose or setulose thallus. In
this country the apothecia are very rare. The spermogones are frequently
present in herbaria specimens.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts.—Distr. Local
and scarce in W. and N. England, N. Wales, and among the N. Gram-
pens, Scotland.—B. M. : Clifton, near Bristol; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ;
arndale, Yorkshire; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland. Clova Mts.,
Forfarshire; Hill of Ardo near Aberdeen, 8S. of Lochnagar, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire.
5. C. odontella Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 230.—Thallus densely fru-
ticuloso-ceespitose, depressed, narrowly laciniate; laciniz plane, linear,
thin, palmately ramoso-divided, spinulose at the margins, spadiceous,
chestiuut-brown or pale spadiceous, paler at the base, or sometimes
blood-coloured (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia terminal, concolorous,
the margin denticulate ; spores 0,007-010 mm. long, about 0,0045
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—Lichen odontellus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 213.
This usually forms minute depressed tufts, and somewhatresembles form
hispida of the preceding species, but is distinguished by the plane thin
laciuiz. The thallus closely allies it to C. crispa, from which it is, however,
separated by the characters given. In the only specimen found in this
country, apothecia and spermogones are absent.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks in alpine tracts.—Distr. A single
specimen from the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
40. PLATYSMA Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100; Syn. i.
. 301.—Platisma, Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii.
(1795) p. 138 pro minima parte (ut sectio Zo-
PA
° = SP. a5
barie).—Thallus fruticulose or membranaceo- Ss Wig
dilated, erect, ascending or appressed, more or b K y ¢
less rigid, lobed or laciniate, concolorous on both |
sides or discolorous ; medullary layer with the
filaments loosely interwoven ; cortical layer more
or less cellular, very rarely with tubulose cavities.
Apothecia discolorous from thallus, marginal
or submarginal, rarely adnate on the back of Fig 43.
the apices of the laciniz, the margin entire or
crenulate; hypothecium colourless; spores sub- —_— Nyl.—a. Section of
ellipsoid ; hymenial gelatine bluish withiodine. _—_ upper portionof the
Spermogones marginal, globulose; sterigmata thallus, x200. 4.
Platysma commixtum
Vertical section of a
spermogone, X30.
c. Sterigmata and
spermatia, x 500.
somewhat simple or pauci-articulate ; sper-
matia various (not cylindrical).
220 LICHENACEI. [ PLATYSMA.
Well distinguished from Cetraria by the form of the spermogones,
though in one section the form of the spermatia indicates some affinity.
The thallus is at length free, or affixed to the substratum by a few rhizine,
and is more variable in colour than in Cetraria, When it is membrana-
ceo-dilated, as it sometimes is, it resembles Parmelia, but is separated
by the spermogones.
A. Spermatia slightly incrassate or clavate at the obtuse apices.
a. Thallus erect, becoming free, concolorous on both sides,
the lacinizw elongate.
1. P. nivale Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1867) p. 295.—
Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-expanded, sinuato-laciniate, pale
straw-culoured or ochroleucous, usually tinged brown-ochraceous at
the base ; laciniz canaliculato-patulous, reticulato-lacunose, dentate
at the apices (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate on the front of
the lacinie, subterminal, moderate, yellowish flesh-coloured, the
margin crenulate; spores small, 0,007-9 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm.
thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 302, t. 8. f. 33; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 93.— Cetraria nivalis Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 221;
Mudd, Man. p. 78. Lichen nivalis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1145 ;
Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot.
t. 1994. Lichenoides lacunosum candidum glabrum, endivie crispe
facie Dill. Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 564.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 43;
Mudd, n. 53; Cromb. n. 24.
This beautiful species, so characteristic of Arctic and Alpine regions,
often forms dense tufts, occasionally of considerable size. The apothecia
do not occur in this country, but the spermogones are occasionally seen.
They appear as black marginal papillae, with sterizgmata subsimple, or
2-3-articulate, and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab, On the ground among mosses and on bare detritus in alpine places.
—Distr. Rather. local, though plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland,
chiefly in Braemar. —B. M.: Ben Law ers, Perthshire ; Bassies, Clov a,
Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Morrone, Ben Avon, Ben Macdhui,
Cairngorm, Cairntoul, sources of the Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire.
2. P. cucullatum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1867)
p. 295.—Thallus fruticuloso-erect, foliaceo-complanate, smooth,
canaliculato-laciniate, pale ochroleucous, usually tinged purplish at
the base ; laciniz sinuato-divided, the margins connivent, undulate,
naked, somewhat recurved at the apices (K_~, CaCl_). Apothecia
adnate on the back of the lobes, subterminal, often dilated, pale
flesh-coloured, the margin thin, or at length excluded; spores
0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870,
p- 96; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94.—Cetraria cucullata
Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen cucullatus Bellard, Obs. Bot. (1788)
p. 54, Lichenoides marginibus coéuntibus et velut tubulosum Dill.
Muse. 162, t. 21. f. 56 n.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 132.
In Great Britain this occurs only in small, scattered tufts. It differs
if
A
PLATYSMA. | CRTRARIEL, 221
from the preceding in the narrower lacinia, connivent at the margins,
and when fertile in the position of the apothecia. With us it is sterile.
Hab. On the ground among mosses in alpine places.— Distr. Known
only from the summits of some of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: Cairotoul and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
b. Thallus subascending or appressed, more or less closely
adherent, subdiscolorous ; Jacinize somewhat narrow.
3. P. sepincola Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856)
p- 295.—Thallus small, smooth, laciniato-lobed, olive- or chestnut-
brown, beneath paler; laciniz decumbent or ascending, somewhat
plane, the margins undulato-sinuate or crenate (K_—, CaCl_),
Apothecia submarginal, adnate, small or moderate, dark-brown or
subconcolorous, shining, the margin thin, crenate; spores ellipsoid
0,006-10 mm. long, 0,005—6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26
pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 94 pro parte.
—Lichen sepincola Ehrh. Phyt. (1730) n. 90; Eng. Bot. t. 2386.
f. 2.—To this, from specimens in herbaria, is not referable the
Lichen or Cetraria sepincola of other British authors, which refers
to the following species.
A small plant, with the thallus rosulate, pulvinate, or sometimes effuse,
and generally smaller when fertile than when barren. The small and
crowded apothecia are rare in this country, as also the spermogones,
which have the spermatia 0,006 mm. lonz, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On old pales and branches of trees, mostly firs, in mountainous
districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce, in the N. ‘trampians, Scotland ;
very doubtfully in N. England—B. M.: ? Teesdale, Durham. Glen
Quoich and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
4. P. ulophyllum Ny]. Flora, 1869, p. 442.—Thallus moderate,
smooth or isidio-furfuraceous, lacero-laciniate, greyish- or pale chest-
nut-brown, beneath paler ; lacinize subappressed or ascending, some-
what narrow, variously divided, the margins undulato-crisp and
white sorediato-pulverulent (K_, CaCl. ). Apothecia submarginal,
small, the margin subcrenulate or entire ; spores as in the preceding
species.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 75.—Platysma sepincola var.
ulophyllum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 100, ed. 3, p. 95. Cetraria sepin-
cola 3. ulophylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 297. Cetraria seepincola
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 432; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl.
vy. p. 220 ; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen sepincola Dicks. Crypt. fase.
im, p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, 1. v. p. 73; Eng. Bot. t. 2386. f. 1.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 45; Mudd, nos, 55, 56.
From P. sepincola, of which it has generally been regarded a variety,
this is distinguished by the longer and broader, sometimes isidio-furfu-
raceous lacinie, which when fully developed are somewhat flaccid, and
by their crisp sorediate margins. The states by which it has been sup-
osed to be connected with the preceding are merely young and non-
isidiiferous conditions of this plant. The small apothecia have only once
been met with in this country rightly developed.
222 LICHENACET. [PLATYSMA.
Hab. On old pales and firs, very rarely on boulders, in hilly and
mountainous districts.— Distr. General and not uncommon in S., W.,
and N. England and the Highlands of Scotland; not seen from Ireland.
—B.M: Between Yarmouth and Caistor, Suffolk; near St. Leonards
and Ifield, Sussex ; Hay Tor, Devon; Bardon Hill and Gopsall, Leicester-
shire; Oteley Park, Ellesmere, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth-
shire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale,
Durham; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Glen Falloch, Killin, Ben Lawers, Glen Lyon, and Falls of Bruar, Perth-
shire ; Deerhill Wood and Kinnoul Wood, Forfarshire ; Morrone and Linn
of Quoich (frt.), Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Loch Ennich, and
Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
5. P. diffusum Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 247.—Thallus orbicular, ap-
pressed, closely adherent, isidioso-rugose in the centre, naked and
sinuato-lobed at the circumference, greyish- or brownish-white,
beneath pale brown, with a few long rhizine; lacinize narrow, ap-
planate, multifid, rounded and crenate at the apices (K+ deep yellow,
CaCl_). Apothecia small, subopaque, reddish-brown, the margin
crenulate and sorediate; spores ellipsoid, 0,006—9 mm. long, 0,005
—6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 234; Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 95.—Parmelia diffusa Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 442. Lichen
diffusus Web. Spic. Fl. Gott. (1778) p. 250; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii.
17, t. 9. f.6; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32. Parmeliopsis aleurites
(Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.37. Parmelia aleurites Hook. F1. Scot.
ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Mudd, Man. p. 98; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 130. Lichen aleurites Eng. Bot. t. 858.—To this is referable
Parmelia horrescens Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. p. 144 pro parte (cfr.
Cromb. Grevillea, vii. p. 98).—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 47; Mudd,
n. 71; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23.
Not unlike Parmeliopsis aleurites Nyl., but the spermogones place it in
this genus. The thallus is often densely isidiiferous almost throughout,
only the apices of the lacinie being naked. It usually occurs sterile ;
when present the apothecia are elevated and numerous. The spermogones
are large, black, marginal and tubercular, with spermatia 0,004 mm. long,
about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On old pales, rarely on stumps of felled trees in wooded lowland
and upland districts.— Dist». Somewhat local in England, N. Wa'es, and
the Highlands of Scotland; rare in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Henham,
Suffolk; Penshurst, Kent; Wakehurst, Sussex; Croft Castle and near
Hereford, Herefordshire; near Windsor, Berkshire; Stoke Park and
Sotterly Park, Buckinghamshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry
and Ellesmere, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Baysdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Lorne, Argyleshire; Inverarnan and
Crianlarich, Perthshire ; Glee Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemur-
chus, Inverness-shire. Askew Wood and Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
6. P. Fahlunense Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 309.—Thallus suborbi-
cular, appresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceo-brownish or
brownish-black, beneath blackish, with a few rhizine at the cir-
cumference ; lacini# narrow, multifid, sinuate, subcanaliculate
PLATYSMA. | CETRARIEI. 223
seliowich” CaCl~). Apothecia moderate, brownish-red, the
receptacle externally plicato-rugose, the margin granulate; spores
ellipsoid, 0,005—11 mm. long, 0V04—6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 95.—Parmelia Fahlunensis
Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53; Sm. Eng. Fl.
yv. p. 206; Mudd, Man. p. 100 pro parte. Lichen Fahlunensis Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 110; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 532 pro parte; Eng.
Bot. t. 653 (descript. non fig.) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30 pro parte.
Lichenoides tinctorium atrum, foliis minimis crispis Dill. Muse. 188,
t. 24. f. 81.—The specimens in Herb. Linn. named Lichen Fahlu-
nensis belong to the next species, as do specimens in the Herbaria of
our older authors. ‘To prevent the greatest confusion I have used
the name applied by Acharius to this plant, and by which it has
been usually designated.
The thallus is parmelioid, occasionally somewhat expanded, with the
laciniz more or less subascending. The apothecia are elevated, at first
urceolate, at length becoming somewhat plane. The spermogones are
frequent, brownish-black, in protuberant marginal papille, with spermatia
slender, elongate, 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places.—Distr.
Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England, and N. Wales; more frequent
among the Grampians, Scotland, especially in Braemar; not seen in
Ireland.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Cader Idris, Merio-
nethshire ; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben More and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben Macdhui, Aber-
deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
7. P. polyschizum Nyl. Flora, 1862, p. 82 (not.), 1869, p. 442.—
Thallus orbicular, appressed, thickish, smooth, laciniato-divided,
greyish- or dark-olive-brown, beneath paler or dark; laciniz short,
narrow, imbricately crowded, subcanaliculate, slightly elevated at the
margins, and rotundato-crenate at the apices (K_,CaCl_). Apo-
thecia and spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1882, p. 272.
This might be taken for a panniform condition of P. Fahlunense, with
which it agrees in the form of the spermatia, but it is at once separated
by the absence of any reaction of the medulla. The thallus when mois-
tened is of a greenish colour, and varies beneath from osseous-white to
dark-spadiceous. In perfect specimens the lacinie are broader, planer,
and less divided at the extreme circumference. When fertile the apo-
thecia and spermogones are occasionally numerous and crowded.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Extremely local
and scarce on one of the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben-
naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
B. Spermatia ellipsoid. Thallus subascending, closely affixed, sub-
concolorous; laciniz rather narrow.
8. P. commixtum Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 310, t. 8. f. 33.—Thallus
suborbicular, adpresso-imbricate, smooth, laciniate, spadiceous or
spadiceo-brownish, beneath nearly concolorous, with a few rhizinz
224 LICHENACET. | PLATYSMA.
towards the circumference; laciniz somewhat ascending, much en-
tangled, subplane or plane, crisp (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia mode-
rate, brownish-red, the receptacle smoothish, margin nearly entire ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,005-11 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Carroll,
Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 22; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 101, ed. 3, p. 96.—Lichen Fahlunensis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753)
p. 1143; Eng. Bot. t. 653 (fig. only).—Vide sub P. Fahlunensi.—
Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 25; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23.
Often confounded with the preceding, from which, apart from the
characters of the thallus and the receptacle of the apothecia, it is distin-
guished by the absence of any chemical reaction and by the form of the
spermatia. The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, sometimes be-
coming large in old age. The spermogones usually very numerous, have
short, simple sterizmata, and spermatia oblongo- or fusiformi-ellipsoid,
0,003-4 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and boulders chiefly in alpine situations.— Distr. Rather
local, being confined to N. Wales, 8. Scotland, and the Grampians, espe-
cially those of Braemar, where it is plentiful.—B. M. : Carnedd Llewelyn
and the Glyders, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Ben Lawers and Hills near Amulree, Perthshire; Katelaw, Forfarshire ;
Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Form tenuisectum Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1886) p. 49.—Lacinie
narrower and more intricately crowded.—Cetraria commixta f. tenui-
secta Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 109.
Connected with the type by intermediate states, and probably not con-
stant; always sterile.
Hab. On rocks in alpine situations—Distr. Local and scarce on the
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Brae-
mar, Aberdeenshire.
C. Spermatia acicular, cylindrical, slightly incrassate at one apex.
a. Thallus suberect or appressed, somewhat loosely affixed,
concolorous ; laciniz narrow or dilated.
9. P. juniperinum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857)
_295,—Thallus ascending, lobato-laciniate, citrine or greenish-
yellow on both sides, or somewhat paler beneath ; medulla intensely
citrine ; laciniee crowded, eroso-crenate, crisp, concave (K_, CaCl _).
Apothecia adnate to the front of the lacinie, moderate, badio-
reddish or badio-brownish, the margin corrugate or denticulate ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn.
i. p. 312, t. 8. f. 84; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 275 Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 102, ed. 3, p. 96.—Cetraria juniperina Gray, Nat. Arr. 1, p. 432;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v.-p. 220: Mudd, Man. p. 79. Lichen juniperinus
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1147. Lichen juniperinus Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 452; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 836, apparently refers to some state
of Physcia parietina, as observed in Eng. Bot. 194, and With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 34 (cfr. Cromb. Journ, Bot. 1872, p. 234).
PLATYSMA. | CETRARIEL, 225
Our few authentic specimens are typical, though smaller than in
countries where it is more plentiful. ‘The apothecia do not occur in
these, and the spermogones are rarely seen. They are minute, marginal,
with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of aged pines in mountainous woods.—Distr. Ex-
tremely local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland ; very doubtfully in
N. England.—B. M.: ? Near High Force Inn, Teesdale, Durham (frt.).
Clova, Forfarshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire.
10. P. pinastri Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 442.—Thallus depressed,
roundly lobed, greenish-yellow; lacinize plane, somewhat broad,
sometimes imbricate,the margins intensely citrino-sorediate; medulla
deep citrine (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia as in the preceding species,
but very rare.—Platysma juniperinum, subsp. pinastrt Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1872, p. 234. = Plutysma juniperinum var. pinastri Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97. Cetraria
pinastrt Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482. Cetraria juniperina (3. pinastri
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 pro parte ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220 ; Mudd,
Man. p. 79. Lichen pinastri Scop. Fl. Carn. ii. (1772) p. 382;
Dicks. Crypt. fase. ili. p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Eng. Bot.
t. 2111.
This holds the same relation to P. juntperinum, of which it has usually
been considered a variety, as P. wlophyllum does to P. sepincola, except
with respect to size. It is distinguished from the preceding by being
smaller, with broader and more appressed lobes, and by the bright citrine-
coloured marginal soredia. The colour of the medulla in both species, as
observed by Nylander, /. c., depends upon the presence of vulpuline.
Neither apothecia nor spermogones are seen in our British specimens.
Hab. On the trunks of old firs and on larch pales in upland wooded
districts.— Distr. Very local and rare in E. and N. England, and in the
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Framlingham, near Norwich, Norfolk ;
Holwick, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland.
Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Woods of Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
b. Thallus subascending, somewhat loosely affixed, discolorous ;
laciniz dilated.
11. P. glaucum Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1857) p. 295.
—Thallus foliaceo-expanded, ascending, smooth or lacunoso-rugulose,
laciniate or laciniato-lobed, glaucous-grey or pallescent, beneath
brownish or blackish, paler at the circumference; lacinize more or
less ascending, sinuate, crenate, or lacerate, often sorediate at the
margins (KtY ee CaCl_). Apothecia marginal, adnate,
moderate or somewhat large, reddish-brown, the margin thin, evan-
escent; spores ellipsoid, 0,006—-9 mm. long, 0,035-50 mm. thick.—
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 314, t. 8. f 35; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 102, ed. 3, p. 97.—Cetraria glauca Gray, Nat. Arr, i.
p. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154; Mudd, Man. p. 79, t.1. f. 20. Lichen
glaucus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1148; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 838; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53; Eng. Bot.
Q
226 LICHENACEI, [PLATYSMA.
t. 1606. Lichenoides endiviw foliis crispis splendentibus, subtus
nigricantibus Dill. Muse. 192, t. 25. f. 96.—Brit. Ewvs.: Mudd,
n. 54; Leight. n. 44; Bohl. n. 79.
The thallus often spreads extensively over the substratum to the ex-
clusion of all other lichens. It varies in colour from ivory-white above
to pitch-black beneath, and also in the length and breadth of the laciniz ;
when more depressed it is often somewhat parmelioid. The apothecia,
which in old plants become large and deformed, are rare in this country ;
nor are the spermogones very common, at least in dried specimens. They
are papilloso-tuberculose, with sterigmata 2—4-articulate, and spermatia
about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On trunks of trees, wails, rocks, and on the ground, in upland
and subalpine localities—Dvstr. General and usually plentiful in the
mountainous tracts of Great Britain; very abundant and luxuriant in the
Central Highlands of Scotland; not very frequent in Ireland ; rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Sprous-
ton and at Sall, Norfolk; High Beech, Epping Forest, Essex ; New Forest,
Hants; Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Lamorna
and Helminton, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall Park, Leices-
tershire; near Matsock, Derbyshire; Craigforda near Oswestry, Shrop-
shire; near Barmouth, and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Island of Anglesea;
Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale and Cronkley Fell, Durham;
Stavely Head, Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Karkeudbrightshire ; near Loch Skene, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Pentland
Hills and Swanston Wood, near Edinburgh; near Inverary and Loch
Creran, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers, Loch Earn, and Birnam Hill,
Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Wood,
near Aberdeen; Glen Callater and Lion’s Face, Braemar; near Forres,
Elginshire; Glen Nevis and Loch Ennich, Inverness-shire; Hills ot
Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney, Lough Brui and Finnchey Bridge,
co. Kerry.
Form 1. fallax Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 314.—Thallus either
whitish maculate or almost entirely whitish beneath, the laciniz
often more or less dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia as
in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103, ed. 3,
p. 98.—Cetraria glauca (3. fallaw Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 ; Sm. Eng,
Fl. v. p. 220; Mudd, Man. p. 80. Lichen fallaw Web. Spicil. FI.
Germ. (1778) p. 244; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 13; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p.53; Eng. Bot. t. 2373. Lichenoides membranaceum, tube Fallo-
piane cemulum Dill. Muse. 165, t. 22. f. 58.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 55,
Distinguished by the colour of the under surface of the thallus, which is
sometimes variegated with black and white, and at other times is almost
entirely whitish. With us it is very rarely fertile, the state in which
the laciniz are dissecto-fimbriate (corallotdea Wallr., Leight. Lich. Fl.
il. c.) being here as elsewhere always sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in shady woods, rarely on moist rocks,
in upland districts.—Diéstr. Rather local and scarce in 8., W., and N, Eng-
land, in Central Scotland, and’in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall; Garth, Dolgelly, Merionethshire ;
Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Near Inverary, Argyleshire ; Glen
Falloch, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Glen
Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire.
PLATYSMA. | CRTRARIET, 227
Form 2. ampullaceum Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii.
(1880) p. 572.—Thallus vesiculoso-inflated either towards the
apices of the laciniw, or here and there throughout. Apothecia
never seen.—Jichen ampullaceus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1146;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 61. Lichenoides
tinctorium glabrum vesiculosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 82. Li-
chenoides saxatile tinctorium foliis latioribus non pilosis, vesiculas
proferens Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 71.
A monstrosity, caused by the presence of the parasite Abrothallus
Smithii, The portions of the laciniz which are the host become more or
less bullato-inflated (var. budlata Scheer. Enum. p. 13). These “inflated
vesicles” were mistaken by Dillenius and older authors for apothecia.
Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Local and scarce in
N. England (where it was originally detected near Coln, in Lancashire),
and among the N. Grampians.—B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire.
Var. 3. tenuisectam Cromb. Grevillea xv. (1886) p. 49.—Thallus
dark-glaucous or brownish-black above, blackish beneath; lacinie
short, narrow, much divided and crowded.
A distinct variety, presenting a panniform aspect. The darker colour
of the thallus is probably owing to the habitat. It is seen only ina
sterile condition.
Hab. On exposed boulders in mountainous regions.—Distr. Rather
local, though not uncommon in W. England, N. Wales, among the
Grampians, and the N.W. Highlands of Scotiand.—B. M.: Stiperstones,
Shropshire; Clougha, Lancashire; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Crian-
larich and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire.
12. P. lacunosum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 100;
Syn. i. p.314.—Thallus foliaceo-expanded,reticulato-lacanose, broadly
laciniate, or laciniato-lobed, glaucescent or greyish-white, beneath
blackish or pale-brown towards the circumference; laciniz crenato-
undulate and incised, rotundate at the apices (K*+3M0w'sh, Gaqy—),
Apothecia elevated, moderate or large, reddish-brown, the margin
entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,006—8 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—
Carroli, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 103, ed. 3, p. 98.—Cetraria lacunusa Ach. Meth. (1803)
p. 295.
Distinguished from the preceding, some states of which it closely re-
sembles, by the much broader and rounded laciniz, with their reticulato-
rugose upper surface. The thallus is frequently more or less isidiiferous,
sometimes densely so, when growing in moist places. On dry exposed
rocks it is of a dark-chestnut colour, as if it had been scorched. The
apothecia have not been found in this country, but the spermogones,
which are similar to those of Pl. glaucum, occasionally occur.
Hab. On shady rocks in subalpine districts.— Distr. Local in the S.W.
and Central Highlands of Scotland, chiefly among the Grampians.—B.M.:
Glen Falloch. Ben Lawers, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny
and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-shire.
Q2
228 LICHENACFI. [EVERNIA.
Series IV. Phyllodei Nyl. Mém. Soe. Cherb. ii. (1854)
p. 12> Sy. poste
Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or variously laciniate or stel-
late, rarely fruticulosely czespitose, corticate on both sides, or some-
times only on the upper surface ; beneath discolorous, very rarely
subeoncolorous, affixed to the substratum by rhizine, internally
woolly, very rarely solid. Apothecia either peltiform or lecanorine,
or lecideine and gyrose: spores usually 8ne, ellipsoid or fusiform,
simple or variously divided ; paraphyses either discrete or conglu-
tinate. Spermogones innate, with jointed sterigmata; spermatia
acicular or cylindrical, straight.
A well-marked Series comprising the best developed of all lichens,
many of which from their large size are conspicuous objects in their
various habitats. Though the tribes are as to thallus and tructitication
rather diverse, yet there are mutual links by which in both of these
respects they are closely connected. The foliaceous and usually horizontal
appressed thallus at once distinguishes it from the preceding and the
following Series.
Tribe XIII. PARMELIET Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 445
(cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77).
Thallus horizontally expanded, or occasionally erect or ascending,
Jaciniate or laciniato-lobed, beneath discolorous ; gonidial layer con-
sisting of true gonidia. Apothecia parmeleine, sessile or sub-
pedicellate ; spores usually Sne, ellipsoid or rarely oblong, simple,
colourless ; paraphyses not discrete. Spermogones innate ; sterig-
mata pauci-articulate ; spermatia acicular, fusiformi-incrassate at
either apex, or very rarely cylindrical, long and arcuate.
According to Nylander’s recent arrangement, this tribe includes four
genera, of which Lverniops?s occurs only in subtropical America. Most of
the European species of the other genera are met with in Great Britain.
41. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 84; Nyl. Syn. i. (1860)
p- 283, Flora, 1869, p. 445.—Thallus erect or ascending, or pros-
trate or pendulous, applanate or somewhat rounded, laciniately
divided or very much branched, opaque or subopaque, somewhat
soft or flaccid, rhizinze none or very few ; medullary layer without
any cavities, arachnoid or partly chondroid, cortical layer thin,
formed of obliterated cells. Apothecia lateral, with entire thalline
margin ; hypothecium colourless, thecz small, clavate ; spores Sne,
small, simple, colouriess; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.
Spermogones immersed or somewhat superficial ; spermatia acicular,
straight, somewhat acute at the apices, and towards either apex
very thinly fusiformi-incrassulate.
Nylander with most authors placed Lvernia near Alectoria, on account
EVERNIA. | PARMELTEI. 229
of the typically fruticulose thallus, but he now more correctly refers it
to the Parmele. ‘The structure of the apothecia, the presence of rhizinie
sparingly in one of the species, and other characters ally it to Parmelia,
from which, as Nylander observes (Flora /. ¢.), it se arcely differs gene-
rically, Indeed in Parmelia we have sometimes the same fruticulose
habit, as in P. Kamtschadalis ; while in the section of P. physodes (and
the species of Lvernia approach very near to P. vittata) the thallus is
similarly glabrous beneath.
1. E. prunastri Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 442 —Thallus at first
ascending, then more or less pendulous, sublacunoso-rugose, laciniate,
greenish-white above, beneath white, subcanaliculate ; laciniae much
and dichotomously divided, lineari-attenuate, usually involute and
frequently sorediiferous at the margins CRP bora CaCl_). Apo-
thecia subpedicellate, moderate, chiefly lateral, reddish-brown, the
margin inflexed ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,0045-60 mm. thick.
—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 495; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61; Sm. Eng. FI.
y. p. 224; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Mudd, Man. p. 72;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.—
Lichen prunastri Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452;
lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 835; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52; Eng. Bot.
t. 859. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill.
Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 554. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus
et mollius, colore candicante Dill. in Ray, Syn. p. 75, n. 80.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 36; Mudd, n. 41; Larb. Caesar. n. 59; Lich. Hb.
n. 246; Bohl. n. 6-4.
Varies considerably according to age and habitat, but always easily
recognized. The thallus in old plants is covered with white conflnent
soredia on the margins, which are sometimes also sparingly scattered
over the surface of the lacinize (form sorediata Ach.). The apothecia are
rare in this country, and the spermogones are also seldom seen. They
are externally black, colourless within, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long,
about 0,005 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly firs, and on hedge
bushes, in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. General and usually plentiful
in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; rarer inthe Channel Islands ;
abundant in old fir woods in the Grampians, Scotland, where also it is
frequently fertile—bB. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey. Epping
Forest and near W althamstow, Essex ; Shiere, Surrey; Lydd, Kent ;
St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, near Bor ey
Tracey, 8. Devon; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Cirenceste:,
Gloucestershire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; near Milton, ‘Oxfordshire -
Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Bank House, Derbyshire ; Malvern, Wor-
cestershire ; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan,
Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Gibside Woods, Durham ; Lounsdale, Clev eland, Yorkshire; Hall Mil’,
Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Currie, near Edin-
burgh; Falls of Clyde, Lanark; near Glasgow ; Appin, Argylesbire ;
Killin, Aberfeldy, and Blaeberry hill, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, For-
farshire ; Countesswells Woods, near Mherdecn, and Ballochbuie Forest,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Inverness-shire ; Caw-
dor woods, Nairnshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ;
near Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
230 LICHEN ACEI, [EVERNIA.
Form retusa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 443.—Thallus czespitoso-
erect, shortly laciniate; laciniz crowded and retuso-emarginate ati
the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot.
xvii. p. 569.—Parmelia prunastri B. retusa Ach. Meth. (1803)
p. 257. Lichenoides cornutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum
Dill. Muse. 160, t. 21. f. 55.
Grows in dense tufts } to 1 in, in height, and often spreads extensively.
it occurs only sterile, and is more or less sorediiferous.
Ha}. On old pales, chiefly larch, in upland and sometimes in lowland
districts.— Dist. Seen from only a few localities in 8S. England, E. and
N. Scot'and.—B. M.: Near Millhill, Middlesex. Park, near Aberdeen ;
Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
Var. 3. stictocera Hook. in Sm. Eng. Fl. v. (1883) p. 224.—-
Thallus decumbent, subpendulous or prostrate, subcompressed,
greenish sulphur-coloured, concolorous on both surfaces; lacinize
somewhat narrow, attenuate at the apices, often with minute brown
or blackish tubereles. Apothecia very rare.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
p- 74; Mudd, Man. p.62; Cromb. Lich. Br. p. 25 ; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 91, ed. 3, p. 83.—Lichen stictoceros Sm. Eng. Bot. (1802) t. 1353.
Evernia prunastri var. gracilis Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 83. Lichen prunastri Huds. Fl. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 541; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53 pro parte. Lichenordes
corniculatum candidum molle, segmentis angustis Dill. Muse. 159,
t. 21. f. 54.
Distinguished by the narrower (in corticole plants rather broader),
more cylindrica) lacmize, and especially by being concolorous on both
surfaces. It approaches EF. divaricata, whieh does not occur in our
Islands. The laciniz occasionally put forth transverse lacinioli, are but
sparingly sorediate, and sprinkled, chiefly at the apices, with peculiar
foreign (algoid ?) tubercles (not true cephalodia). The apothecia are
extremely rare, and are seen only on corticole specimens.
Hab. On bare sandy soil, and on heather in sandy soil in maritime
tracts, rarely on the trunks of aged firs in mountainous districts.— Distr.
Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. England, and on the Gram-
pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey. Lydd Beach,
Kent; Exmouth Downs, 8. Devon. Stronaclachan and Finlarig Woods,
Killin, Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire.
2. KE. furfuracea Fr. Lich. Eur, (1531) p. 26.—Thallus ascending,
pendulous, or prostr:te, laciniose, fzrfuraceous, greyish or greyish-
green; beneath subcanaliculate, black er cesio-black, with a few
rhizine at the base; laciniz much and dichotomously branched,
lineari-attenuate, ineurved at the margins (Keo. CaCl—).
Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate or large, concave, badio-reddish,
the margin thin, intlexed ; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm,
thick.—Mudd. Man. p.71; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p, 24; Leight. Lich,
Fl, p. 90, ed. 3, p. 82.-—Borrera furfuracea Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 435;
Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 54; Sm. Eng, Fl. v. p. 223. Parmelia fur-
furacea, Vay). in Mack. Fl. Hib, ii. p. 144. Lichen furfuraceus Linn,
EVERNIA, | PARMELIET, 231
Sp. Pl. (1753) p.1146; Huds. Fl. Angl. p.450; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 832; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.56. Lichenoides cornutum amarun,
superne cinereum, inferne nigrum Dill. Muse, 157, t. 21. f.52.— Brit.
Kes.: Leight. n. 37; Mudd, n, 40.
The furfur with which the thallus is usually covered above, and the
different colours of the upper and the lower surfaces, readily prevent this
being confounded with Z. prunastrt. Occasionally, when growing on the
tops of stone wulls, it is somewhat orbicular, depressed, and loosely
adnate, with a very few obscure rhizinwe towards the point of attachment.
The variations in the laciniv give rise to the several forms described
below. The apothecia, which at length become plane and large, are
rarely seen in Britain. The spermogones and spermatia are as in the
preceding species.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, old pales, walls, and sometimes rocks, in
upland districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous
tracts of Great Britain ; most frequent in the Central Highlands of Scot-
land; apparently very local in Lreland.—b. M.: New Forest, Hants ;
Dartmoor and South Brent, Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall ; Chester-
field, Darley, and near Buxton, Derbyshire ; near Oswestry, Caer Caradoc,
and Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of
Anglesea; Arkindale and Farndale, Yorkshire; Kglestone, Durham ;
Kentmere, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Chillingham Park, Northumber-
land. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Swanston Wood, near Edin-
burgh ; Glenfalloch, Argyleshire; Blaeberry Hill, Glen Lochay, Killin,
and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood and Johnston Hill, Forfar-
shire; Invercauld, Auchindryne, and Castleton, Braemar ; Glen Nevis,
Inverness-shire. Lough Bray, near Dublin.
Form 1. nuda Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 74.—Thallus
smaller ; laciniz shorter, broader, somewhat plane, pale or here and
there subviolet, naked.—Borrera furfuraceu /3. nuda Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 500.
A smaller plant, with the thallus entirely glabrous and the lacinize
broader. The apothecia are not present in our specimens.
Hab, On old pales and the trunks of birches in upland situations.—
Distr. Found only sparingly in the 8S. W. Highlands and the N. Grampians,
Scotland.—B.M.: Crianlarich, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.
Form 2. scobicina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 73.—Lacinie
broader, densely isidioso-furfuraceous or isidioso-fibrillose ; other-
wise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 90.—Parmelia furfuracea y. scobicina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255.
Differs chiefly in being crowdedly isidiiferous; the thallus is usually
dark greyish, and the laciniz less branched, broader and lacero-laciniate
towards the apices. It is rarely fertile; the apothecia occasionally have
both the margin and the back of the receptacle minutely isidiose.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, old pales, and stone walls in upland
districts.— Distr. Rather local, though plentiful in W. and Central
England; but chiefly in the Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Gopsall,
Park, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Jillin and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus,
Inverness-shire.
232 LICHEN ACEI. [EVERNTA.
Form 3. ceratea Nyl. Lich. Seand. (1861) p. 73.—Thallus de-
eumbent; laciniz narrow, convex and subcylindrical, acuminate,
subglabrous.—Cromb. Grevillea, vi. p. 21.—Parmelia furfuracea
f. ceratea, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 255,— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 139.
Distinguished by the form of the more naked laciniz : but intermediate
states occur, in which these characters are less marked. With us it is
always barren, though Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 501) says the apothecia
ehiefly occur in this form.
Hab. On rocks and old walls in upland distriets— Distr. Seen only
from a few localities in S.W., Central, and N. England, S. and N.E.
Scotland, and the S.W. Highlands.—B. M.: Hunter Tor, Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; Helminton, Cornwall; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Winder-
mere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland. Pertland Hills, near Edin-
burgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; near
Countesswells, Aberdeen.
42. PARMELIA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 153 pro parte; Nyl. Syn.
i. (1860) p. 375.—Thallus foliaceous, horizontally expanded or
rarely ascending, variously
lobed and laciniate; epi-
thallus somewhat shining,
beneath usually fibrilloso-
rhizinose ; medullary layer
woolly, composed of fila-
ments loosely interwoven;
cortical layer thin, formed
of minute cells with thick-
ened walls. Apothecia scat-
tered, scutellitorm, with thal- se
line margin; hypothecium = =y
colourless, thecze short, the Q S
wall thickened above ; spores ))
usually 8ne. ellipsoid, simple,
colourless ; hymenial gelatine
bluish with iodine. Spermo- )
gones generally scattered, ———
at length slightly prominent, Oe:
blackish; sterigmata 2-5-
articulate; spermatia acicular, wos.ss ri
fusiformi-incrassate at either Fig. 44.
ee Parmelia periata Ach.-—a. Fragment of the
The species vary in habit, thalamium anda gee ee _6. ra
but are for the most part hori- Fe ga c. Vertica weit 2 a
zontally expanded, and rarely ')22US,. with two spermogones, X uD
ow p d. Sterigmata and spermatia, 500.
fruticulose. In no other Senus ¢ Three ponidia, x 350
are the reactions of more value : :
in discriminating species, which were often not distinguished from
each other, or were regarded merely as varieties, forms, and states.
:
}
{
i}
it
Hf
d
PARMELIA. | PARMELIET. 233
It may be divided into the following sections (or subgenera) and sub-
sections, according to the presence or absence of rhizinee and the colour of
the thallus.
A. RHIZINOSAS.—Thallus more or less distinctly fibrilloso-
rhizinose beneath (subgenus /Hyporhizia Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
(1887) p. 74).
a. Glaucescentes.—Thallus normally grey, greyish-white or
glaucous.
1. P. perlata Ach. Meth. (183) p. 216.—Thallus orbicular or
expanded, imbricato-lobed, smooth, glaucous- or greyish-white ;
beneath somewhat shining, brownish-black or blackish, paler at the
circumference, with short scattered rhizine; lobes rounded, often
white-sorediate towards the margins ce ellow, CaCl_ ).
yellow,
Apothecia moderate or large, scattered, badio-reddish, the margin
thin, entire; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.—
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 437; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52; Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Mudd, Man. p. 92;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3, p. 119.
—Lichen perlatus Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1767) p. 712; Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 839; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv.p. 68. Lichenoides glaucum perlautum, subtus nigrum et cirrhosum
Dill. Muse. 147, t. 20. f. 39, a, 8, D, E.— Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 76,
$92; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 291.
Several species were included under this which have been definitely
separated by the chemical reactions of the medulla. P. perlata is now
seen to be a much less variable plant than was supposed, though the
thallus varies in the presence or absence of soredia. The apothecia are
very rare in this country, nor are the spermogones often seen. When
present, they are scattered, minute, blackish, with spermatia about
0,005-6 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. General and often plentiful in most parts of Great Britain
and in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland.—B. M.: Islands
of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. St. Leonard’s Forest, near Brighton,
Henfield, and Arundel, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Isle of
Wight; Torquay, South Brent, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and !{racombe,
Devonshire; Bocconoc, near Penzance, and Withiel, Cornwall; near
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire; Wrighton Park, Herefordshire ; Haughmond Hill, Shrop-
shire; Llanbedr, Barmouth, and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Bousdale
Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Stavely, Kendal, and Windermere, West-
moreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Inverary and Bar-
caldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire ; 8. of Fort
William, Lochaber, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near
Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Subsp. P. ciliata Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 247.—Thallus moderate
or large, imbricato-lobed, smoothish, often isidiiferous, white or
234 LICHEN ACEI. [PARMELIA.
glaucous-white, beneath black, glabrous, rugulose, the lobes eroso-
crenate and ciliate at the margins (Re ee ee CaCl7). Apo-
thecia moderate or large, scattered, elevated, urceolato-subpedicellate,
badio-reddish, the margin frequently eroso-crenate and sometimes
ciliate ; spores as in the preceding.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 74.—
DParmelia perlata ,3. ciliata Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129, ed. 3, p. 120. Lobaria
perlata var. ciliata DC. Fl. Fr. 1. (1805) p. 403. Parmelia pro-
boscidea Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143. Parmelia perforata
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 200 pro parte. Lichen perforatus Eng. Bot.
t. 2423 pro parte.—As Nylander observes (Flora, 1869, p. 91), this
should perhaps be referred to P. erintta Ach.—JBrit. Exs.: Larb.
Cesar. n. 17; Lich. Hb. n. 86; Leight. n, 112; Cromb. n. 30.
Differs from the type in being frequently more or less coralloideo-
isidiiferous (form evcrescens Arn.) and in having the lobes, which are
occasionally dissected at the margins (form déssectula Ny]. in Leight. Br.
Fl. iii. p. 120), fringed with elongated cilia, which are sometimes shorter
or almost wanting. These differences, and the character of the margins
of the apothecia, entitle it to rank at least as a subspecies, if not as
a distinct species. In this country, as in most other parts of Europe, the
apothecia are rare. They are usually scattered, though sometimes two or
three are congregate and smaller,
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, as also on rocks and boulders in shady
places in maritime and upland districts—Dist7. General in 8. and
W. England and N. Wales; rarer in the W. Highlands of Scotland,
W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: E. coast of Jersey; Island
of Guernsey. High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex; Isle of Wight; Lustleigh Cleeve, Hay Tor, Lydford, and Bolt
Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall ; St. Mary’s,
Scilly Islands; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Nannau, and Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire; River Elwy, Carnarvonshire; Keswick and
Eskdale, Cumberland; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway,
Kirkcudbrightshire; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire; shores of Loch Tay, Perthshire; Lochaber, Inverness-
. shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron Mts., Killarney, and Dinis,
co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
2. P. olivetorum Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s.
vy. (1866) p. 180.—Thallus expanded, roundly lobed, smooth,
ereyish-green ; beneath blackish, very sparingly and shortly rhi-
zinose, lobes elevated, crisp, incurved, thickened and white-sorediate
at the margins (KTYeUow CaCl] ,.q)- Apothecia moderate, reddish-
brown, the thalline margin entire; spores 0,014-18 mm. long,
,0,007-12 mm. thick.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130, ed. 3, p. 121.—
Parmelia perlata /3. olivetorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 458.
From the sorediate states of P. perlata this is at once distinguished by
the different reaction of the medulla with CaCl. The soredia are minute,
confined to and bordering the margins of the lobes. When growing, and
in wet weather, it is of a greenish colour, resulting from the cortical layer
being subhyaline (Nylander, Pyr. Or. p. 16). Neither apothecia nor
spermogones are present in our British specimens.
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI, 255
Hab. On the trunks of trees and on rocks in wooded maritime and
mountainous districts.—Distr. Apparently very local and rare in 8S. Eng-
land (Danny, Sussex, fide Nyl.), in N. Wales, aud the 8.W. Highlands,
2. M.: Drews-y-nant, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire.
3. P. cetrarioides Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 290.—Thallus large,
orbicular or expanded, subcoriaceous, smoothish, roundly lobed,
glaucous-white ; beneath brownish-black or blackish, paler at the
circumterence, with few and short rhizine ; lobes broad, crenate,
elevated, crisp and sorediate at the margins Ces eee: CaCl_ ,
medulla K(CaCl)f+reddish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio-
reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,012-14 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128, ed. 3,
p- 119.—Purmelia perlata var. cetrarioides Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall.
(1829) p. 6u1.
Near to P. olivetorum, but usually (at least with us) a larger plant, and
with a different medullary reaction with CaCl. It also resembles states
of Platysma glaucum, trom which the sparingly rhizinose under surface
separates it. In some habitats, as also in herbaria, the thallus becomes
brownish and the soredia form a fine narrow border on the margins of the
lebes. The apothecia in this country are extremely rare, and only once
seen fully developed. ‘The spermogoues also are seldom present.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in wooded maritime
and uplaid distiicts.—Disty. Rather local and scarce in N. Wales,
S. Scutland, and the W. Highlands; rare in the Channel Islands.—
B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hampshire; Isle of
Wight; Dartmoor and Bickleigh Vale, Devonshire; Helminton, Corn-
wall; Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and near Barmouth (iruit), Merionethshire ;
Island of Anglesea. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyle-
shire; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
+. P. perforata, Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 217.—Thallus suborbicular,
membranaceous, imbricato-lobed or lobato-laciniate, smooth, mi-
nutely reticulato-rimulose, whitish or glaucous-white, beneath
brownish-black or black, with black dense rhizinz ; lobes crenato-
sinuate or sinuato-divided, often white-sorediate and occasionally
ciliate at the margins Hse algo eee CaCl_). Apothecia
moderate, perforate in the centre, badio-reddish or brownish-red, the
margin entire; spores 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.—
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 123.—Lichen perforatus, Wult. in Jacq.
Coll. i. (1786) p. 116, t.3; Eng. Bot. t. 2423 (mid. fig.). Parmelia
reticulata, Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Parmelia perlata,
p. ciliata, Mudd, Man. p. 92 pro parte. Lichenoides glaucum, foli-
vrum laciniis crinitis, Dill. Muse. 149, t. 20. f. 42 s.—Brit.Ews.:
Cromb. n. £9; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 250.
Closely allied to P. perlata, but with the appearance of P, ciliata,
which, as already intimated, has been frequently confounded with it by
236 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA.
British authors. From both, it may at once be distinguished by the per-
forate apothecia, and, when infertile, by the minutely reticulate rimulose
thallus. The apothecia are extremely rare in our islands, nor are the
spermogones present on our specimens.
Hab. On mossy rocks and the trunks of old trees in maritime districts.
— Distr. Rather local, though plentiful, in S.and W. England, N. Wales,
the W. Highlands of Scotland, the Channel Islands, and W. Ireland,
where it has once been gathered sparingly fertile—B. M.: Near Fort
Essex, Island of Alderney; Island of Guernsey. St. Leonard's Forest,
Sussex ; Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire; Carisbrook and near Ryde, Isle of
Wight; South Brent, Devonshire; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall;
Dolgelly, Nannau, and Tan-y-Croes, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea.
Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry (fruit) ; near Kylemore,
Connemara, co. Galway.
5. P. levigata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 212.—Thallus suborbicular,
membranaceous, laciniato-lobed, glaucous-white or whitish; be-
neath blackish and black-fibrilloso-rhizinose ; laciniz divaricately
sinuato-multifid or sinuato-incised, often subimbricate and whitish
tuberculato-sorediate at the apices, smooth or smoothish (K*Y =
CaCl_, medulla K (CaCl) f+red). Apothecia moderate or large,
badio-reddish, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate or sore-
diate; spores 6-Snz, 0,012-13 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 ; Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 200; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 139, ed. 3, p. 128.—Parmelia sinuosa 3. laevi-
gata, Mudd, Man. p. 92. Lichen levigatus, Sm. in Eng. Bot. xxvi.
(1808) t. 1852.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 69; Larb. Cesar. n. 64,
Lich. Hb. n. 124; Cromb. n. 141.
The thallus is loosely attached to the substratum, often much ex-
panded and generally divided into narrow approximate lacinie. The
soredia occur at the apices, but are occasionally scattered over the surface
of the laciniz. From the allied species it is well separated by the thal-
line reactions. The apothecia are very rare, occurring chiefly in the
smaller corticole states, but the spermogones are not uncommon. They
are minute, dark-brown or blackish, irregularly scattered, with spermatia
about 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and trunks of trees, chiefly in maritime and
mountainous districts.—Distr. Somewhat local, though usually plentiful
in S. and W. England, N. Wales, W. Highlands, Scotland, W. Ireland,
and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey and Guernsey.
New Forest and Bournemouth, Hampshire; Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor,
Lynton, and Bolt Head, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Corn-
wall; near Dolvelly, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire: Llan-
beiis and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; Beaumaris, Island of Anglesea;
Asby, Cumberland. Inverary and Barcaldine. Argyleshire ; Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire ; Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Ross-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry ;
Gougaumbara, co. Cork ; Connemara, co. Galway.
6. P. xanthomyela Ny]. Flora, 1874, p.306.—Thallus externally
similar to that of P. lavigata (K+yellow), medulla sulphureous
(K+ yellowish). Apothecia moderate or large, badio-reddish, the
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL. 237
receptacle reticulato-verrucose, the margin inecurved, verrucose ;
spores 6—Snee, 0,016-19 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—Parmelia endochlora, Leight. Lich. FI.
(1871) p. 140, ed. 3, p. 133. Parmelia MeMillana, Stirt. Grevillea,
iii. p. 79.—Indicated by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 290) as a variety
of P. comparata, to which it is closely related. I have therefore
retained his specific name in preference to that of Leighton, whose
diagnosis of the plant is misleading.
Distinguished from the preceding by the colour of the medulla. The
thallus is smooth and unequal, thin or moderate, often whitish-sorediate
at the apices of the lobes, the soredia becoming dark-greyish inage. The
reaction of the medulla with K, which is pale yellowish (not ‘ yellowish-
brown,” Leight.), is especially seen under the microscope. It is very rarely
fertile in this country, the apothecia becoming very large, with the thalline
margin obliterated.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in shady wooded upland districts.—Dist.
Local and scarce in N. Wales, the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland, and W.
Ireland.—B. M.: Nannau, Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Glen Croe and
Barealdine, Argyleshire. Askew Wood, Dunkerron, co. Kerry (frt.) ;
near Kylemore, co. Galway.
7. P. revoluta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, iii. (1868)
p. 264.—Thallus orbicular, moderate, smoothish, narrowly sinuato-
lobed, glaucous-white or whitish; beneath blackish-fibrillose, at
length nearly glabrous, the lobes cucullato-revolute and usually
tuberculato-sorediate at the apices (Kt¥¢lowish, CaCly eadish)-
Apothecia nearly moderate, badio-reddish, the margin entire or
obsoletely crenate ; spores 6—Sne, 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-12
mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75.—Parmelia tiliacea var.
revoluta, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132, ed. 3, p. 129. IJmbricaria revo-
luta, Florke, D. Lich.(1815)p. 15.—To this also are referable Parmelia
laevigata var. subsinuosa, Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129, and P. tili-
acea var. sublevigata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132, ed. 3, p. 122.—P. sub-
levigata Nyl. is an exotic species, which does not occur in Europe.
—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n, 202 (s.n. P. Forsteri Borr.),n. 357 ; Mudd,
n. 68; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 293.
Distinguished from P. levigata by the cucullato-revolute apices of the
narrower and more approximate lobes, by the chemical reaction of the
medulla with CaCl alone, and by the larger spores. These characters
warrant us in regarding it as a species, and not as a variety of P. levigata.
The tuberculose soredia, with which the apices of the lobes are frequently
covered, are whitish, becoming in age dark-greyish. In this country it is
but very seldom seen in fruit. The spermogones are as in the former
species.
Hab. On rocks and trees among mosses in maritime and mountainous
districts Distr. General, but not common in S., W., and N. England ;
rarer in 8. Scotland and the W. Highlands, as also in W. Ireland; rare
in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. St. Leo-
nards Forest, Sussex ; Isle of Wight; near Lyndhurst and Bournemouth,
Hampshire ; Isham, Torquay, Ullacomhe, near Bovey Tracey, and Lyn-
ton, Devonshire; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Aberdovey, Bar-
’
238 LICHENACET. [PARMELIA.
mouth, Dolgelly, and near Harlech, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ;
Oswestry, Shropshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
Castlebernard Park, Bandon, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Letterfrack,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. rugosa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus
somewhat expanded, the lobes broadly linear at the circumference,
more or less rugose. Apothecia with the thalline margin at length
rugose; spores 0,013-15 mm. long, about 0,008 mm. thick. —Par-
melia tiliacea var. rugosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153. P. levigata var.
rugosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 128. Parmelia rugosa Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ti. (1836) p. 145.
A well-marked variety, agreeing with the type in the reaction of the
medulla, but differing in the rugose thallus and margin of the apothecia,
and in the broader (less revolute) lobes, which are rarely and sparingly
sorediiferous at the apices. The apothecia are very rare.
Hab. On rocks in maritime distiicts—Distr. Local in 8.W. England,
N. Wales, the W. Highlands, Scotland, and 8.W. {reland.—B. M.: Corn-
worthy, Devonshire ; The Lizard, Cornwall; Barmouth (fruit), Dolgelly,
and Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire. Barcaldine,
Argyleshire. Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry.
Form panniformis Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus
more or less rugose ; lacinie short, narrowly dissected and congested.
Apothecia not seen.
Forms a somewhat densely imbricate crust, from the short lacinize
being much divided and aggregate. It occurs only sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, near the base, in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Local and searce, in 8. W. England and the W. Highlands,
Scotland.—B. M.: Pentire, Cornwall. By Loch Linnhe, Inverness-
shire.
Var. y. concentrica Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus
panniform, free, spherical, growing in involved concentric layers.
Apothecia not seen.— Parmelia tiliacea var. concentrica Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 133, ed. 3, p. 122. Purmelia levigata var. concentrica Crome.
Lich. Brit. p. 33. Parmelia sinuosa y. concentrica Mudd, Man.
p. 96. Parmelia saxatilis var. concentrica Leight. in Garden. Chron.
1856, pp. 84,172. Parmelia sinuosa var. erratica Linds. Mem.
Sperm. p. 218.-—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 232.
This curious variety occurs on the ground in a free condition as small
globular balls. There is no reason to suppose that it is free ab initio, but
that, after being detached, it assumes this form from accidental cireum-
stances (cfr. Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 307). Though it has been re-
ferred to different species, the thalline reactions, in conjunction with the
general aspect of the plant, show that it belongs to 2. revoluta, produced
no doubt by a panniform condition of this species.
Hab. On the ground in maritime and upland tracts.—Dvstr. Extremely
local and rare in S.W. England.—B. M.: Melbury Hill, near Shaftes-
bury, Dorsetshire.
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 239
&. P, tiliacea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 215.—Thallus orbienlar,
membranaceous, appressed, smoothish or partly rugulose, laciniato-
lobed, pale greyish-glaucous, subpruinose ; beneath brownish black
and black-fibrillose ; lobes short, subimbricate, rounded and sinuate-
+yeilowish , CaCl
erenate at the margins (K* ). Apothecia mode-
+-red
rate, crowded, concave or nearly Sine: badio-reddish, the margin
subentire; spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm, thick.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204 pro parte ; Mudd, Man.
p. 93, t. ii. f. 28; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 pro parte ; Leight. Lich.
Fi. p. 131 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 121 pro parte.— Lichen tiliaceus Hoffm.
Enum. (1784) p. 26 pro parte, t. xvi. f. 2; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii.
p. 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 292.
Well distinguished from both the preceding species by having the
thallus more closely appressed and somewhat pruinose, with the lacinize
more contiguous, narrow ly sinuate and crenate at the mareins. As men-
tioned by Acharius /. c., the lobes towards the centre of the thallus are
more rugose (var. rugosula Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 121, ed. 3, p. 121), especially
seen in old plants. “The apothecia are chiefly central, and the spermogones
are not uncommon. They are rather prominent, brownish-black, with
spermatia 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, S. and N.
England, N. W ay not yet seen in Scotland, nor with certainty in Ire-
land. ae M.: Petit Port, Island of Jersey. Esher, Surrey; “Glynde,
Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wieht ; Lymington, Hampshire ; near Exeter
and Iisham, Torquay, Devonshire : ; Near Barmouth and Harlech, Merion-
ethshire ; Clapdale, Yorkshire ; near Sendal, Westmoreland.
Subsp. P. carporhizans Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1857) p. 75.—
Thallus similar to that of P. tiliacea (ee oe CaCl ea) Apo-
thecia moderate, often excentrically perforate, badio-reddish, the
receptacle beneath black-setulose, the margin subentire or slightly
crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,00%—1i mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.
—-Parmelia carporhizans Tayl. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847)
p. 163; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 272. Parmelia tiliacea Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 33 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131 pro parte, ed. 3,
p. 121 pro parte. Lichen tiliaceus Eng. Bot. t. 700.
When sterile, scarcely to be distinguished from P. tiliacea, but at least
a good subspecies, characterized by the short, blackish, setulose fibrils with
which the thalline receptacle of the fruit is densely clothed beneath. In
this respect, as pointed out by Taylor J. ¢., it is analogous to Physcia ulo-
thrix. The apothecia are plentiful when they occur, and frequently be-
come perforate, though the perforations are not exactly in the centre, as
in P. perforata.
Hab, On the trunks of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts.
— Distr. Local but not uncommon in S. England and the Channel Islands.
—B. M.: Near Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Lymington, Hampshire
Chagford, Ashburton, and Cornworthy, S. Devon; Dunster ote
Somersetshire.
240 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA.
9. P. scortea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 461.—-Thallus orbicular,
subcoriaceous, smooth, somewhat shining, very thinly isidiose in the
centre, sinuato-lobed, greyish-white or whitish; beneath rugose,
brownish, densely black-fibrillose; lobes short, rounded, undulate,
inciso-crenate at the margins (K+¥ellowish, CaCly edaish)? APO-
thecia moderate, scattered, reddish-brown, the margin subentire;
spores 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p-. 203.—Parmelia tiliacea var. scortea Mudd, Man. p. 93; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131, ed. 3, p. 122. - Lichen
scorteus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p.119; Eng. Bot. t. 2065.— Brit. Exs. :
Leight. n. 87 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 18.
Closely allied to P. tiliacea: but its thicker and less appressed thallus,
its normally whiter colour, the central isidia, the form of the lobes, and
the more scattered apothecia warrant us in regarding it, with the older
authors, as a distinct species, in which light also it is now viewed by
Nylander (Pyr. Or. p. 5). The isidia, which are greyish, becoming
blackish in age, though chiefly central, are sometimes sprinkled over the
thallus nearly to its circumference. In this country, as elsewhere, the
apothecia are very rare, and even when present are but few. The sper-
mogones, which are more common, are similar to those of P. tiliacea.
Aab. On trees and old pales, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in England (chiefly in the South), the
Channel Islands, and Wales; very rare in 8.W. Scotland and in 8. Ire-
land.—B. M.: L’Etacq, Island of Jersey; Island of Sark. Near Bury
St. Edmunds, Suffolk; near Lewes and Henfield, Sussex; Shanklin,
Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Bolt Head, Devonshire ; Stone-
henge, Wilts; Harboro’ Magna and Newbold-on-Ayon, Warwickshire ;
Twycross, Leicestershire; Little Stretton, Shropshire; Holyland, Pem-
brokeshire ; Jolgelly and near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of
Anglesea; Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Eglestone, Durham ;
near Stavely, Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Dumfries; Castle Douglas,
Kirkcudbrightshire. Askew Wood and Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form concrescens Cromb.—Thallus orbicular, small, isidiose ;
lobes very short, narrowly dissected and crowded. Apothecia un-
known.
A panniform condition, referred to in Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 153, as
approaching var. concentrica of P.revoluta. It is, however, neither spherical
(but only somewhat convex) nor free ; while the isidia and other cha-
racters show that it belongs to P. scortea. The specimens seen are
sterile.
Hab. In crevices of stone walls in a maritime district—Dzrst7. Ex-
tremely local and rare in 8. W. England.—B. M.: Bolt Head, 8. Devon.
10. P. saxatilis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204.—Thallus orbiculari-
expanded, membranaceous, subimbricate, reticulato-rugulose, often
somewhat isidioso-scabrid, greyish-white or glaucous-grey, beneath
black, rhizineo-fibrillose ; laciniz sinuato-incised or sinuato-lobed,
peels awiane . (ko tyellowish, ee 3
retuse at the apices ; (Fellow shpin ekselesls CaC1_). Apothecia
moderate or somewhat large, badious or brownish, the margin thin,
a
PARMELTA. | PARMELIET. 241
entire or crenulate; spores 0,014-19 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm.
thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53; Sm.
Eng. Fi. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 144; Mudd,
Man. p. 94; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 137,
ed. 3, p. 126.—Lichen savatilis Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1142;
Hads. Fl. Angl. p. 531; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 816; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 33; Eng. Bot. t. 603. Lichenoides vulgatissimum
cinereo-glaucum laciniosum et cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 118, t. 24.
f. 834. Lichenoides crusta foliosa, superne cinereo-glauca, inferne
nigra et cirrhosa, scutellis nigricantibus Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3,
p. 72, n. 16.—Under the type was included also the following form
by most of our earlier authors.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 203 pro
parte ; Cromb. n. 27.
This well-known species is readily recognized by the reticulato-rugu-
lose thallus. Often very widely spreading, it is one of the largest plants
of the genus, and though sometimes subsmooth is usually isidioso-scabrid
on the rug. It is.seldom fertile, the apothecia, which are at first urceo-
late and moderate, becoming at length large and flexuose. The spermo-
gones, which are not uncommon, are very minute, black, with spermatia
0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick. The parasites Dothidea homosteyia
Nyl. and Abrothallus parasiticus Nyl. (Lichen parasiticus Sm. Eng. Bot.
t. 1866) are often met with on the thallus of this species and of the form
here described.
Hab. On trees, walls, rocks, and boulders in upland and subalpine,
sometimes in lowland districts.—Dzstr. Local throughout Great Britain;
rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B M.: Island of
Guernsey. Near Brighton, Sussex; Basingstoke, Hampshire; near Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Wrekin Hill, Shrop-
shire; Lambeth, 8. Wales; Island of Anglesea; Stavely, Westmore-
land. Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Abernethy, Black Wood
of Rannoch, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Cortachy, Forfarshire; Por-
tlethen, Kincardineshire; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Form furfuracea Scher. Spic. (1840) p. 455.—Thallus much
expanded, greyish-white, densely covered with greyish-brown
isidia : otherwise as in the type.— Mudd, Man. p. 95; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 138, ed. 3, p. 127; Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii.
p. 573.—Parmelia horrescens Tay]. in Mack, Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144
pro parte.—Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et
cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 830, p.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 46 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 211; Bohl. n. 11.
Remarkable on account of the isidiose furfur with which itis frequently
covered and which obliterates the lobes except at the circumference,
giving it a panniform appearance. Smaller and sterile states in this con-
dition, and some very sparingly isidiiferous, are the form panniformis
(Cromb. Greyillea, xv. p. 75). The thallus is often dark-grey, and occa-
sionally becomes centrifugal from the decay of the central portions, when
it may present merely a narrow circumferential border. The apothecia,
which are frequent, have the thalline margin sometimes exasperate with
the isidia.
Hab, On rocks, walls, and trees, chiefly in upland districts — Distr.
R
242 LICHEN ACEI. [PARMELTA.
General and common in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, espe-
cially in the Scottish Highlands; apparently rare in 8. and W. Ireland
and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Alderney. Eridge Rocks
and Ardingley, Sussex; New Forest, Hampshire; near South Brent,
Devon; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Savernake Forest,
Wiltshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Black Edge, Buxton, Derbyshire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Lambeth,
S. Wales; Barmouth and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland. Dal-
mahoy Crags, near Edinburgh; near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ;
Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and near Dunkeld, Perthshire; Clova
and Cortachy, Forfarshire; Crathes, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Callater, Mor-
roue, and Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire. Lambay Island, near Dublin; near Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ;
Kylemore, co. Galway.
11. P. suleata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. (1836) p. 145.—
Thallus orbiculari-expanded, membranaceous, smoothish, not isidii-
ferous, irregularly imbricate, reticulato-sorediate, greyish or glau-
cous-white, the soredia sulciform, rotundato-oblong or linear, mar-
gined, whitish CS eee blood-rea, C2C1_). Apothecia and
spores as in the preceding species.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 75.—
Parmelia saxatilis var. sulcata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 138, ed. 3, p. 126. Parmelia saxatilis 3. leucochroa
(Walir.) Mudd, Man. p. 94. Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-
glaucum, lacunosum e cirrhosum Dill. Muse. 188, t. 24. f. 83 B.—
— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 203 ; Mudd, n. 66; Cromb. n. 28.
Distinguished from P. sazatilis by the soredia and the absence of isidia.
The thallus often spreads extensively and varies in the breadth of the
lacinize ; short and broad states are form roseformis Ach. (Lich. Univ.
p- 470). The apothecia are moderate, and sometimes have rather smaller
spores than in the preceding species. They are comparatively rare in
Britain as elsewhere, nor are the spermogones frequent in our specimens.
Hab. On trees and old walls, chiefly in maritime and upland districts.—
—Distr. General and usually plentiful in Great Britain and Ireland ; rare
in the Channel Islands; fertile chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex ; New
Forest, Hants; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; near Cirencester and
Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Darley, Derbyshire; Grimsbury Green,
Northamptonshire ; Ludlow, Shropshire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwick-
shire ; near Hopton, Cheshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kendal, West-
moreland; near Hexham, Northumberland. Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Preghorn and Craig Lochart, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ;
Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire; Den of Murtle, near Aberdeen ;
S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Iostellan,
co. Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Var. 3. levis Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 389.—Thallus smooth, eso-
rediate, glaucous- or greyish-white ; beneath black, densely rhizineo-
fibrillose ; lacinie narrow, more divided and discrete, greyish or
brownish at the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1375, p. 140.
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL. 245
A peculiar variety, which, notwithstanding the smooth thallus, is from
its general aspect referable to P. suleata rather than to P. savatilis. At
the same time it is well distinguished by the esorediate thallus which is
but loosely affixed to the substratum, and by the form of the lacini.
The under surface is occasional'y covered to the very extremities of the
lacinize with numerous densely crowded black rhizine (form hirsuta
Cromb./.c.). In the British specimens neither apothecia nor spermogones
are present.
Hab, On the trunks of old firs and on granite walls in upland locali-
ties.—Distr. Found only in two localities amongst the Grampians, Scot-
land.—b. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire.
12. P. omphalodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204.—Thallus orbi-
cular, expanded, submembranaceous, somewhat shining, smoothish,
dark-brown, brownish-black or purplish-black; beneath black,
densely rhizineo-fibrillose; laciniz subtruncate at the apices
ee ore CaCl_). Apothecia dark-badious, mode-
+yellow, then rusty red,
rate or large; otherwise as in P. sawatilis——Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 440; Hook. FI. Seot. ii. p. 53; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in
Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 145.— Parmelia saxatilis ¢. omphalodes Mudd,
Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138,
ed. 3, p. 127. Lichen omphalodes Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1148;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 818; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 34; Eng. Bot. t. 604. Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium,
foliis pilosis purpureis Dill. Muse. 185, t. 24. f. 80, in Ray, Syn.
ed. 3, p. 74, n. 70.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 7; Mudd,n. 67; Larb.
Cesar. n.19; Bohl. n. 18.
Though by some recent authors regarded as a variety of P. savatilis, it
is entitled to rank as specifically distinct. It varies in colour from brown
or greyish-brown to nearly black, and is often, as observed by Hooker,
Eng. Fl. /.c., marked with pale zigzag cracks. In the darker thalli
the reaction of the cortical layer with K is less distinct. It often
spreads extensively, almost covering the larger and otherwise naked
boulders, and is somewhat variable. The apothecia are not unfrequent,
sometimes numerous and very large, becoming in old age angulose and
fiexuose, often with slightly smaller spores as in P. sudcata. The spermo-
gones, which are also common, are usually more prominent than in
P. saxatilis, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime, upland, and alpine tracts.—
Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain; very abundant
in the Highlands, Scotland, to the summits of the higher mountains;
apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands—B. M.: Beauport
Bay, Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Dartmoor, Hay Tor, and Lustleigh
Cleeve, Devonshire ; Temple Moor, near Penzance, and Helminton, Corn-
wall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Bar-
mouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Conway Mt., and Cwm Idwal,
Carnarvon; Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Eglestone and Teesdale,
Durham ; Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Cheviots, Northumberland. Moffat,
Dumfriesshire ; Dalmahoy Crags, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine and Appin,
Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, Rannoch, near Dunkeld and Aber-
nethy, Perthshire; Canlochan, Forfarshire; near Invereauld, Craig
R2
244 LICHENACEL. [PARMELI1A.
Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Dee, Braemar ; near Aviemore, and Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron and Caher, co.
Kerry.
Form c#sio-pruinosa Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876)
p- 206.—Thallus and the thalline margin of the apothecia czsio-
pruinose.—Cromb. Jourr. Bot. 1882, p. 272.—subsp. Parmelia
omphalodes f. cesiopruinosa Nyl. ex Norrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et
Fl. Fenn. Foérh. xiii. (1873) p. 324.
This differs merely in the presence of the czsiovs pruina, which,
however, at length becomes more or less obsolete, and the thallus is
sometimes of a bluish tint. The few British specimens yet seen are
sterile.
Hab, On rocks in alpine situations.—Dvstv. Found only on two of the
S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summits of Craig Calliach and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire.
Var. 3. panniformis Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 204 pro parte.—Thallus
more or less effuse, the laciniz much narrower, shortly dissected
and imbricate. Apothecia small or submoderate.—Nyl. ew Stiz. St.
Gall. Nat. Ges. (1876) p. 206; Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 73.—Par-
melia saxatilis var. panniformis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 139, ed. 3, p. 128.
Forms a densely imbricate and congested crust which is somewhat
effuse. It is usually less shining than the type. The apothecia are
occasionally present, but are not numerous.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.—Disér.
Not general, though plentiful in 8.W. and W. England, N. Wales, 8.
Scotland, and on the Grampians.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and Did-
worthy, Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Llyn
Gwrionydd, Merionethshire. Stiperstones Hill, Shropshire. New Gal-
loway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ; Ben More, Ben
Lawers, and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire; Morrone and
Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Form 1. glomulifera Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 307.—Thal-
lus with scattered, isidioid, nodulose, dark-brown or blackish
glomeruli.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 126.
Only var. panniformis with a few glomeruli, subsimilar in appearance,
though differing in structure, to those of Ricasolia amplissima. These
abnormal growths are probably peculiar to sterile states of the plant.
Hab. On boulders in subalpine tracts.—Dzstr. Rare and local on the
mts. of N. Wales and the Scottish Grampians—B. M.: Cym Idwal,
Carnarvon. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 2. subconcentrica Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 306.—
Thallus panniform, subspherical, growing involved in concentric
layers.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. p. 128.
A peculiar state analogous to P. revoluta var. concentrica, though the
few specimens gathered were not so globular. As observed in Journ.
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEL. 245
Bot. l.c. it evidently originates from the nodular excrescences on the
thallus of the preceding form becoming detached.
Hab. On the ground in alpine situations.—Distr. Found only on one
of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, A berdeen-
shire.
13. P. Borreri Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 148, t. 13.
p. 2.—Thallus suborbicular, cartilagineo-membranaceous, appressed,
imbricato-lobed, rugoso-sorediate, glaucous-grey or pale whitish-
grey; beneath brownish or pale, subfibrillose, glabrous at the cir-
cumference ; lobes broad, rounded, sinuate, the soredia white-punc-
tiform (K + Yellow CaCl, ..g, soredia CaCl+red). Apothecia
large, badio-reddish, the margin elevated, inflexed; spores 0,011—
15 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147; Mudd, Man. p. 94, t. ii. f. 29; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 133, ed. 3, p. 122.—Lichen
Borrert Eng. Bot. t. 1780. Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus
nigrum et cirrosum Dill. Muse. 147, t. 20. f.39¢. Parmelia red-
denda Stirt. in Scottish Naturalist, 1878, p. 298; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 199, is an accidental state, in which the medulla (not the
soredia) gives no reaction with CaCl (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, 1881,
p. 26).— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 231; Larb. Cesar. n. 20.
Similar to P. sulcata, from which it is distinguished by the thicker,
more rigid, smoother, less imbricate, appressed, differently coloured
thallus, and by the form of the soredia. These appear as numerous, ir-
regularly scattered, often impressed and pseudo-cyphelloid, whitish
punctate verruce, giving it a rough aspect. The thalline reactions, the
smaller spores, and the spermogones render it very distinct. In this
country the apothecia are rare and chiefly central, becoming irregularly
perforate in old age. The spermogones have the spermatia lageniform,
0,0045 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick.
Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks, in maritime and upland
wooded districts.—Dzst7. General in S. and W. England; rare in 8.
Scotland, 8. and S.W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Rozel,
Island of Jersey ; near Jerbourg, Guernsey. Near Bury, Suffolk ; Wal-
thamstow, Essex ; Maidstone, Kent; near Brighton and Henfield, Sussex ;
Ryde and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Basingstoke and Lyndhurst, Hamp-
shire ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Kemble, Gloucestershire ;
near Oxford and Charlton Camp, Oxfordshire; Hindlip and Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Harboro’ Magna, Warwick-
shire; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Dynevor Castle, Car-
marthenshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Dumfries; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire. Riverston, co. Cork; near Limerick ;
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
b. Ochroleuce.—Thallus normally yellowish green, or pale
straw-coloured.
14. P. caperata Ach. Meth. (1802) p. 216.—Thallus expanded,
imbricato-lobed, rugulose, pale yellowish-green or ochroleucous :
246 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA.
beneath black, paier and glabrous at the circumference, with few
rhizine ; lobes sinuato-laciniate, rounded, subcrenulate at the mar-
gins (K * yellowish, CaCl —). Apothecia moderate, badio-reddish,
the margin crenulate and often pulverulent; spores 0,017—20 mm.
long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 437; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 146; Mudd, Man. p. 101, t.1i. f. 30 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122, ed. 3, p. 114.—Lichen caperatus Linn. Sp.
Pl. (1753) p. 1147; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 543; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 58; Eng. Bot. t. 654. Lichenoides caperatum, rosacee
expansum, e sulphureo virens Dill. Muse. 193, t. 25.f.97. Lichen-
oides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo virescente, inferne nigra et
levi Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 62.—Brit. Ewvs.: Leight.
n. 77; Mudd, n. 73; Cromb. n. 140; Larb. Cesar. n. 63; Lich.
Hb. n. 251; Bohl. n. 123.
The thallus, which is normally orbicular, frequently spreads exten-
sively. It is usualiy undulato-plicate, and often more or less granuloso-
pulverulent, except at the circumference. The apothecia, which are
comparatively rare, are usually scattered, but occur chiefly towards the
centre of the thallus.. The spermogones are minute, infuscate, with
spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab, On the trunks of:old trees, on boulders, and on old pales, in
lowland and upland tracts—Distr. General and abundant in most parts
of England; rarer in Ireland, the Channel Islands, and in Scotland,
where apparently it rarely extends beyond the S. Grampians.—B. M.:
St. Brelade’s and Boulay Bay, Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Waltham-
stow and Hainault Forest, Essex; near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Lewes,-
Hastings, and near Brighton, Sussex; Lyndhurst and near Lymington,
Hampshire; Carisbrook and Ryde, Isle of Wight; Ivy Bridge, Torquay,
Newtcn Bushell, and Totnes, 8. Devon; Boeconoc, Penzance, and Withiel,
Cornwall; St. Mary’s, Scilly; Elstree, Herts; near Malvern, Worcester-
shire ; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Cwm Bychan and
near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Island of Angle-
sea; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Keswick and Ashby, Cumberland; Tees-
dale, Durham ; Stavely, Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland.
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; King’s Park, Swanston Wood,
tivelstone and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Airds, Appin, Argyle-
shire ; Blairdrummond, Aberfoyle, Kenmore, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Rostellan, co. Cork ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
15. P. sinuosa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 207.—Thallus suborbicular,
membranaceous, divaricato-lobed, smooth, yellowish; beneath blackish
and black-fibrillose, paler towards the circumference ; laciniz nar-
row, sinvato-pinnatifid, dilated and often sorediate at the apices;
the sinuses wide, circular (Kf nears then ved, C2C1_). Apothecia
moderate, subplane, dark-brown, the margin thin, smooth, entire ;
spores 0,011-20 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick.—Gray. Nat. Arr.
i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149; Mudd, Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 136, ed. p. 125.—Lichen sinuosus
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 247
Sm. Eng. Bot. xxix. (1809) t. 2050.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 8.
Often confounded with smaller states of P. levigata, to which it is
closely allied, but is distinguished not only by the reaction with K, and
the larger spores, but also, and at first sight, by the yellow thallus, which
is usually smaller, more divided, and somewhat closely affixed to the
substratum. The apothecia are extremely rare in our Islands, and
when present are but few and central.
Hab. On trunks of trees and boulders in maritime upland districts.—
Distr. Rather local and very sparingly in S. and W. England, N. Wales,
S. and W. Scotland, W. Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.:
Island of Guernsey. Bournemouth, Hampshire ; Ullacombe, Devonshire ;
Barmouth, Ty Gwn, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea.
Brodrick Castle, Island of Arran; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Nevis,
Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Macroone, co. Cork;
Cromaglown and Dunkerron (fruit), co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
16. P. dissecta Nyl. Flora 1882, p. 451.—Subsimilar to P.
levigata, but the thallus yellowish, much smaller and thinly-dis-
sected, isidiiferous, with short rhizinze on the under surface (me-
dulla K(CaCl)+red), Apothecia unknown.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
p. 74.
This also is closely allied to P. levigata, to which Nylander (Syn. i.
p- 384) originally referred it as a variety. It has been raised by him to
specific rank because it constantly preserves its own type. I have not
seen a British specimen; according to Nylander it is not unfrequent in
‘rance.
Hab, On rocks in(?) upland situations.—Distr. Extremely local and
rare in Ireland (fide Nyl.).
17. P. conspersa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 205.—Thallus orbicular,
expanded, appressed, laciniato-divided, shining, somewhat smooth,
greenish-straw coloured; beneath brown, with short black rhizinz ;
lacinie plane sinuato-incised and crenate at the margins
get hits then red. C2C1_). Apothecia moderate, spadiceous or
brownish, the margin entire and inflexed ; spores 0,008-12 mm.
long, 0,005-8 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook, FI.
Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i.
p. 143; Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 124.—Lichen conspersus Ehrh. in Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 118; Eng. Bot.t.2097. Lichen centrifugus Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 445; Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 814; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 32 pro parte. Lichenoides tmbricatum viridans, scutellis badiis
Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 75 4.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 78; Larb.
Cesar. n. 65; Cromb. n. 26.
Often spreads rather extensively, though always preserving an orbi-
cular outline. It is occasionally somewhat glaucous, and specimens rarely
oceur in which the medulla is partly tawny-yellow, the result evidently
248 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA,.
of maceration. In the centre the laciniz are convex and subrugose.
The apothecia are numerous, chiefly central, becoming somewhat large
and flexuose. The spermogones are abundant, black, irregularly scattered
over the surface of the thallus, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, about
0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On old walls, rocks, and boulders in maritime and upland regions.
—istr. General and common in Great Britain, especially in mountainous
tracts ; rarer in the Channel Islands; apparently rare in Ireland. —B. M.:
Islands of Jersey and Sark. Dartmoor, Ivy Bridge, and Temple Moor,
Devonshire; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Malvern Hills,
Worcestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Llanbedr, Barmouth, Cader Idris, and Dolgelly, Merioneth-
shire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris,
Island of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near Mof-
fat, Dumfriesshire; Ayrshire; Inverary, Crinan Canal, and Appin,
Argyleshire ; Loch Ard, Ben Lawers, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Durris,
Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron, co.
Kerry.
Form isidiata Leight. Lich. Fl. i. (1871) p. 185.—Thallus co-
vered with densely crowded isidia, except at the circumference ;
otherwise as in the type.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 125.—Jmbri-
caria conspersa f, isidiata Anzi Cat. Lich. Sondr. (1860) p. 28.
Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badiis Dill. Muse. 180,
t. 24. f. 75 B.— Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 79 pro parte; Bohl. n. 110.
Easily recognized by the densely isidioid thallus, in which the laciniz
are often scarcely visible. It is usually infertile, and when present the
apothecia are not numerous.
Hah, On rocks and boulders in upland districts —Distr. Rather local
in 8.W., W., and N. England, in Wales and 8. Scotland, more frequent
in the S. and W. Highlands; apparently rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.:
Dartmoor, Devonshire; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Here-
fordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Pont-nedd-Vechan, Breck-
nockshire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
near Kendal, Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling; Ben
Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Crathes,
Aberdeenshire.
Var. (3. stenophylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 206.—Thallus some-
what effuse: lacinie longer, narrower, more divided and imbricate.
Apothecia smaller, rare—Mudd, Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 135, ed. 3, p. 124—Brit. Ewvs.: Leight.
n. 79 pro parte.
Well distinguished by the form of the lacinizw. It occasionally pre-
sents an almost pannifoim aspect, and is normally glabrous, though some-
times sparingly isidiiferous. The apothecia are very rare in British
specimens.
Hab, On boulders and old walls in upland districts—Dizstr. Local and
scarce in S., Central, and W. England, in N. Wales, in the S.W. High-
lands and 8. Granipians, Scotland; rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near
Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shrop-
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 249
shire; Llaneltyd, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Coe Coch, Snowdon,
Carnarvonshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Inverary and Appin,
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry,
18. P. Mougeotii Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 46.—Thallus small,
orbicular, appressed and closely adnate, shining, greenish or greyish-
yellow, usually with yellowish-white tuberculose soredia; beneath
rugose, brownish-black ; rhizine not visible ; laciniz narrow, lineari-
multifid, slightly convex, sub-diffract in the centre, explanate at the
apices, transversely rimose (Kj yellowish, CaCl). Apothecia
minute, reddish-brown, the margin sulphureo-pulverulent ; spores
0,008-10 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick——Mudd, Man. p. 102;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34.—Parmelia conspersa f. Mougeotiit Leight.
Lich. FJ. p. 136, ed. 3, p. 125. Lichen incurvus Eng. Bot. t. 1375
(et descr. pro parte).— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 143; Mudd, n. 74;
Cromb. n. 143; Larb. Lich. Herb. nos. 87, 251.
Closely allied to P. conspersa, but distinguished by the frequent presence
of scattered soredia and by being much smaller in all its parts, though the
individual plants sometimes become confluent. The thallus is frequently
ereyish or dark in the subcrustaceous centre, and the laciniz are occa-
sionally more discrete at the circumference. The apothecia, which are
rare in this country, as elsewhere, are few and scattered. The spermo-
gones, which are not frequent, are very minute, brownish-black, with
straight, short, subcylindrical spermatia, 0,005-6 mm. long, about
0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly granite and gneiss, in maritime
and upland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and Ive-
land; most frequent, perhaps, on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. ML:
Thetford Warren, Norfolk ; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; Charnwcod
Forest, Leicestershire ; near Barmouth and Capel Arthog, Merioneth-
shire ; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Near Kendal,
Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill,
Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Durris,
Kincardineshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire (frt.) ; and Glen Dee, Braemar.
Curraghmore, co. Waterford; Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co.
Galway.
Form dispersa Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus
indeterminate, diffract ; the laciniw very narrow, short, discrete, and
more or less scattered. Apothecia not seen.
This form no doubt is due to the normal evolution of the thallus being
arrested, so that it grows in an interrupted manner. It is but sparingly
sorediate, and is always sterile.
Hab, On schist rocks in shady situations in subalpine tracts.—Distr.
Local and scarce in the W. Highlands, Scotland—b, M.: Achosragan
Hill, Appin, Argyleshire.
19. P. incurva Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. (1826) p. 82.—Thallus
orbicular or expanded, appressed, stellato-laciniose, subopaque,
greenish straw-coloured or ochroleucous, with somewhat large,
250 LICHENACFI, [PARMELIA.
subglobose, sulphureous soredia; beneath dark, with blackish
rhizine ; laciniw narrow, multifid, somewhat convexo-compressed,
incurved at the apices (K_,CaCl_). Apothecia small, reddish-
brown, the margin subentire; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6
mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 149; Mudd, Man. p. 102 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 140 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 129 pro parte.—Lichen ineurvus Pers.
in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 24. Parmelia recurva Ach., Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 442; Hock. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54. Lichen multifidus, Dicks.
Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16, t. 9. f. 7; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28.
Easily recognizable from the allied species by the incurved apices of the
lacinie. The thallus, which is usually widely expanded, often becomes
subcrustaceous and dark in the centre, where also, in very old plants, it
sometimes decays like P. centrifuga, a plant not found in Great Britain.
The apothecia are very rare in this country, and when present are not
rightly developed. The spermogones, however, are frequent, giving the
thallus a black punctate appearance, with spermatia 0,005-7 mm. long,
about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On granitic rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine places.—
Distr. Local in S.W. Ireland and 8. Scotland ; more frequent among the
N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Craig Coimnoch, Glen Candlic, Ben-naboord, Morrone, and Upper Glen
Dee (fruit), Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron Mt., co. Kerry.
e. Olin aceo-nigricantes.—Thallus normally oliye-brown or
brownish-black.
20. P. acetabulum Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 601.—Thallus
orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, unequal or rugulose, subopaque,
imbricato-lobed, glaucous- or lurid-olivaceous ; beneath paler and
sparingly black-fibrillose; lobes rounded, appressed at the circum-
ference, ascending and undulate in the centre (K
joilaseen then red,
CaCl). Apothecia moderate or large, rungose, badio-reddish, the
margin crenulate, inflexed: spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm.
thick.—Mudd, Man. p.99; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.35; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 136, ed. 3, p. 125.—Lichen acetabulum Neck. Delic. (1768)
p- 506. Parmelia corrugata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Hook. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 201. Lichen corrugatus Eng. Bot. t. 1652. Lichenoides
acetabulis cutaneis et rugosis Dill. Muse. 185, t. 24. f. 79.— Brit.
Exs.: Cromb. n. 142; Leight. n. 362.
The thicker thallus, the larger lobes, and rugose apothecia readily dis-
tinguish this from our other species of this subsection. Elsewhere it grows
widely expanded, though this state is rare in Britain. The apothecia, which
are not frequent in this country, become rather large in very old plants.
The spermogones, generally very abundant, are at length confluent, and
form rugosities on the thallus, with the sterigmata often branched and
jointed, and the spermatia about 0,007 mm. long, 0,001 mm, thick.
Hab, On the trunks of old trees in woods and parks in lowland
districts —Distr. Not general nor common throughout England, chiefly
PARMELLIA. | PARMELIEI. 251
in the S.; very local in Central Scotland; not seen from Ireland.—
B. M.: Saham Wood, Norfolk; near Bury, Suffolk; Epping Forest,
Essex; Broome Park, Kent; St. Leonard's Forest, Poynine’s Hill, and
Beeding Priory, Sussex; near Netley Abbey, Hampshire ; Somerford
Keynes, Wiltshire; near Cirencester and Fairford, Gloucestershire ; near
the Ketch, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Stokesley,
Cleveland, Yorkshire. Auldbar, Forfarshire.
21. P. olivacea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 213.—Thallus orbicular,
membranaceous, appressed, rugulose or minutely corrugate, laciniato-
lobed, subopaque, olive-brown or badious-umbrine ; beneath nearly
concolorous, paler at the circumference, obsoletely fibrillose ; lobes
radiating, plane, rounded, crenate (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia mode-
rate, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin entire or nearly entire;
spores 0,011-19 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Nyl. Syn. i.
(1860) p. 395; Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 24; Lich. Brit. p. 35 pro
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 115 ee parte. _
Pecieuides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill. Mies. 182, t. 94. £. 77 A.
—Lichen olivaceus and Parmelia olivacea of owr older authors belong
to one or other of the following allied plants.
Several species, now rightly separated, have been included here by
authors. As limited, it is readily recognized by the rugulose thallus and
the entire margin of the apothecia. It isa plant of a more boreal type
than any of its immediate allies. The apothecia are chiefly central and
crowded, the margin of the receptacle becoming less smooth and entire
in age. The spermogones are minute, black, immersed or prominent,
with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0, 001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, birch and alder, in wooded upland dis-
tricts— Distr. Very local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Abergeldie and Glen Clunie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
22. P. exasperata Ny]. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. n. s.
y. (1866) p. 120 (note).—Thallus orbicular, membranaceous, mi-
nutely and densely rugoso-papillose, olive-brown ; beneath paler,
sparingly fibrillose ; lobes more or Jess obliterated in the centre,
appressed, rounded and inciso-crenate at the circumference (K_
CaCl_). Apothecia small, or at length somewhat large, chestnut-
coloured, the margin elevated, verrucose and papillose ; spores shortly
ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xvi. p. 572.—Parmelia olivacea subsp. exasperata
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35; var. ewasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 123,
ed. 3,p. 115. Collema exasperatum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 645.
Parmelia olivacea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 488; Hook. FI. Scot. ii
p- 52; Eng. Fl. ii. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 148;
Mudd, Man. p. 99 pro parte. Lichen olivaceus Huds. Fl. Angl.
p- 446; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 819 pro parte; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv.
p- 389; Eng. Bot. t. 2180. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis ampliori-
bus verrucosts Dill. Musc. 184, t. 24. f. 78. Lichenoides crusta
foliosa scutellata, pullum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 60.—
252 LICHENACEI. [PARMELTA.
Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 72; Leight. nos. 263, 356; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 327; Bohl. n. 86.
Readily distinguished from P. olivacea, of which it is generally regarded
as a variety, by the papillato-exasperate thallus and the verrucoso-papillose
margin of the apothecia. With us the apothecia are comparatively rare,
though plentiful when present. The spermogones are very abundant on
the papille, when these are not abraded, with spermatia 0,008—-11 mm.
long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. General and usually common in the W. tracts of Great Britain and
Ireland.—B. M.: Bury, Sutfolk ; New Forest, Hants; Withiel, Cornwall ;
Pembridge, Herefordshire; Cricklade, Wiltshire; Crowle, Worcester-
shire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshive; Eglestone, Durham, near Stavely, Westmoreland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Castleton of
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Kilravock,
Nairnshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Glencar and Mangerton, co. Kerry ;
Ki'lerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
23. P. subaurifera Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 22.—Thallus orbicular,
thinly membranaceous, closely appressed, glabrous or thinly fur-_
furaceous in the centre, laciniato-lobed, olive-brown or umbrine,
yellow-sorediate, medulla yellow ; beneath blackish, shortly fibrillose ;
pallets CaCl] Niveddeeh)> Apothecia small,
dark chestnut-coloured, the margin subentire, often yellow-sorediate ;
spores 0,011-13 mm. long, 0,007—-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 572; Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Lichen olivaceus, var. 3,
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 25. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus
Dill. Muse. 182, t. 23. £. 777 c.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 210,
From the allied species this differs at once in the yellow medulla and
the small yellow soredia with which the thallus is everywhere efflorescent.
Our British specimens are, with one or two exceptions, less well developed
than those from Scandinavia—the thallus being smaller, the medulla less
distinctly yellow, and having only in one instance a few young apothecia.
The spermogones, which also seem to be very rare with us, have the sper-
matia 0,005 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab, On the trunks of trees and branches of shrubs, chiefly oak and
firs, in maritime and upland districts—Dzstr. Local and scarce in Eng-
land, N. Wales, the Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland; no doubt
often overlooked.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; near Tooting, Surrey;
Lydd, Kent ; Henfield, Sussex ; near Penzance, Cornwall ({rt.); Whim-
pole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Grimsbury Green, Northampton ; Gopsall
Park, Leicestershire ; Kempsey, Worcestershire : Aberdovey, Merioneth-
shire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Glen
Lochay, Perthshire ; Wills Braes, Forfarshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire ;
Applecross, loss-shire. Kylemore, co. Galway.
24. P. prolixa Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 35.—Thallus
suborbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, laciniate, dark-olive or
blackish-umbrine ; beneath blackish or black, moderately fibrillose ;
lacinie narrow, subimbricate, much and variously divided, somewhat
lobes plane, crenate (KL
a
PARMELIA. | PARMELTEI. 253
convex, crenato-incised and but slightly dilated at the apices (K—
CaCl_). Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, subconcolorous,
the margin entire or subentire; spores 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-
6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Parmelia olivacea vars.
prolixa et dendritica (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed 3, p. 115.
Parmelia olivacea y. proliva Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 214.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 365.
Generally regarded as a variety of P. olivacea, but separated by the
form of the laciniz and by the smaller spores. The thallus is usually
smooth, but sometimes rugulose, as is also the margin of the apothecia.
The apothecia are rare in Britain, but the spermogones are not unfrequent.
They are at length somewhat prominent, with spermatia scarcely 0,007
mm. long, and about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts— Distr. Local and
scarce in W. England and Wales; here and there in Scotland and in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Caer Caradoc,
Shropshire ; Llandegley Rocks, Radnorshire ; Moel-y-Golfa, Montgomery-
shire; Douglas Head, Isle of Man. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Connemara, co. Galway.
Subsp. 1. P. sorediata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus
smaller, adnate, sprinkled towards the centre with whitish or
brownish-white, verrucoso-prominent soredia; laciniz somewhat
plane (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia small; spores 0,010-12 mm. long,
0,005-6 mm. thick.—Parmelia stygia b. sorediata Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 471.
Distinguished by the pulvinate soredia with which the thallus is more
or less sprinkled towards the centre or occasionally almost throughout.
It is of small size (scarcely more than 1 in.), frequently opaque, with the
laciniz contiguous. The apothecia, which are small and scattered, are
very rare in Britain as in other countries.
Hab. On rocks in upland mountainous districts.— Distr. Very local and
rare in W. England and among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 2. P. Delisei Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 67.—Thallus larger, pale-
olive, the laciniz broader at the circumference (K(CaCl)_ ary;
+f reddish
Apothecia and spores as in P. proliva.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873,
p- 153; Grevillea, x. p. 25.—Parmelia Delisei Leight. Lich. F1. ed. 3,
p. 129. Parmelia olivacea var. Delisei Dub. Bot. Gall. (1829)
p- 602. Parmelia olivacea var. aquiloides Linds., Mudd, Man. p. 99.
—Tuchen olivaceus pro parte and Parmelia olivacea pro parte of the
older and some more recent British authors.—Brit. Exs.: Leight.
n. 291 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 328; Bohl. n. 109 pro parte.
The characters of the thallus and the chemical reaction make this a
distinet subspecies. In old plants the apothecia become large, crowded,
and somewhat flexuose.
254 LICHENACEI. [PARMELIA.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
Local in 8. and W. England, N. Wales, Central Scotland, S. Ireland, and
the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Shank-
lin, Isle of Wight; Wembury, Devonshire; near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea ; Isle of Man; Stavely,
Westmoreland. Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; King’s Park, Stirling.
Mizen Head, co. Cork.
(3. isidiascens Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 8.—Thallus more or less
sprinkled with olive-brown verruczeform isidia, which become .whitish-
sorediate at the apices; otherwise as in the type-—Cromb. Grevillea,
x. p. 25.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 291 pro parte; Bohl. n. 109 pro
parte.
Well characterized by the often crowded and at length thickish isidia,
which sometimes nearly cover the thallus, and give it an almost panni-
form appearance. It is rarely seen fertile, the apothecia being but few,
with the margin sometimes rugose with isidia.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, 8S. England, N. Wales, and
Central Scotland.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Near Pen-
zance and Helminton, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Island of
Anglesea; Isle of Man. King’s Park, Stirling.
25. P.fuliginosa Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 346.—Thallus orbicular or
suborbicular, membranaceous, appressed, laciniato-lobed, umbrine-
badious or olive-black, fuliginoso-furfuraceous or black-isidiose, be-
neath blackish, sparingly fibrillose; lobes plane, crenate (K_:
CaCly ea): Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, pale- or dark-
brown, the margin thickish, slightly crenulate ; spores 0,009-12 mm.
long, 0,005—6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 134, ed. 3, p. 123.—Parmelia olivacea var. fuliginosa Fr. in
Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 602. Parmelia olivacea y. furfuracea
Scheer., Mudd, Man. p. 100. Lichenotdes olivaceum, scutellis levibus
Dill. Muse. 182, f. 77 8. ,
Readily recognized by the peculiar black, setuloso-papillose isidia,
which are sometimes so dense as to cover the whole thallus and obliterate
the lobes, except at the immediate circumference ; otherwise sufficiently
separated from the preceding species by the chemical reaction of the
medulla with CaCl. ‘The apothecia are rare in this country, especially on
saxicole specimens, and the spermogones are very rarely visible.
Hab. On rocks and walls, also on old pales, rarely on trees, in maritime
and upland districts. —Distr. Probably general, though not common, in
the mountainous regions of Great Britain and Treland.—B. M.: Penzance
and near St. Breock, Cornwall; Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worces-
tershire ; Borthwynog, near Dolgelly and Rhewegreidden, Merionethshire ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Haughmond Hill and Stiperstones, Shrop-
shire ; near Ayton, Yorkshire ; Stavely, Kendal, Westmor land. New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Gleu Lochay and Blair Athole, Perth-
shire ; Glen Shee, Forfar shire ; Portlethen and Durris, Kincardineshire ;
Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
near Abernethy, Elgin. Near Cork; Dawros River, Connemara, co.
Galway.
pie
PARMELIA. | PARMELTEL, 255
Var. 3. letevirens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. vi. 1872,
p- 272.—Thallus orbicular or effuse, greenish-olive or greenish-
brown, more or less covered with concolorous isidia (medulla CaCl+
red). Apothecia and spores as in the type.—Cromb. Greviliea, x.
p- 26.—Imbricaria olivacea y. letevirens Flot. Lich, Sil. (1829)
n.90. Parmelia fuliginosa f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 123.
Parmelia Borreri f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 479.
Though differing in the colour of the thallus and of the isidia, the
reaction of the medulla shows that this is only a variety of P. fuliginosa.
States occur in which there is scarcely any trace of isidia (form denudata
Cromb., probably referable to subsp. y/abratula Lamy, as in Greyillea, xv.
. 75). In herbaria specimens the isidia often become abraded, rendering
the thallus white-punctate. The apothecia are not uncommon, but the
spermogones are rarely seen.
Hab. On old trees and pales, rarely on walls, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in E. and N. England, N. Wales, the
Highlands, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Hopton, Suffolk ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; near Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merio-
nethshire; Devil’s Bridge, Cardiganshire; Kendal and Levens Park,
Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin and head of Loch Awee,
Argyleshire; Loch Ard and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Durris, Kincar-
dineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Derryclare and near Kyle-
more, co. Galway.
26. P. stygia Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 203.—Thallus orbicular,
appressed, somewhat shining, smooth, imbricate, olive-brown or
blackish ; beneath pitch-black, paler at the margins, with but few
rhizine ; laciniz sublinear, palmato-multifid, convex, incurved at the
apices (K_,CaCl_). Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, sub-
concolorous, the margin granulato-crenate; spores 0,008-10 mm.
long, 0,006—7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202; Mudd, Man. p. 100; Cromb.
lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124, ed. 3, p. 116.—
Lichen stygius Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1143; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii.
p- 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30; Eng. Bot. t. 2048.—Brit. vs. :
Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte.
Somewhat resembles Platysma Fahlunense, but distinguished by the
form of the laciniz, the character of the spermogones, and the absence of
medullary reaction with K. It is generally fertile, though the apothecia
are rather scattered and not numerous. The spermogones, which are
frequent, are immersed, with spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick,
constricted in the middle and somewhat obtuse at the apices.
Hab. On rocks and boulders, granitic and quartzose, in subalpine and
alpine regions.— Distr. Local and rare, being confined to a few of the
higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben More, Perthshire ; Lochnagar,
Ben-naboord and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, In-
yerness-shire.
27. P. alpicola Fr. fil. Nov. Ac. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal. (1861)
p- 157.—Thallus orbicular or expanded, somewhat appressed and
adnate, subopaque, blackish-olive or dark-grey ; beneath very black,
256 LICHENACEI. [PARMELTA.
with few rhizine ; lacinis narrow, convex, rugoso-plicate, imbricate
: : : rellowi aa
and complicate, incurved at the apices (K £t¥*ovsh, Caci—),
Apothecia small, concave, or at length slightly convex, blackish, the
margin entire; spores subglobose or ellipsoid, 0,007-12 mm. long,
0,005-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 357; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.—Parmelia disereta Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 36. Parmelia physodes var. discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127.
Parmelia stygia var. minor Ny). ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35. Parmelia encausta var. stygioides Linds.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxii. p. 224; Mudd, Man. p. 99. Lichen
encaustus Eng. Bot. t. 2049.—As pointed out in Grevillea, vii. p. 98,
this ought rather to be called P. atrofusca (Scher.).—Brit. Evs.:
Cromb. n. 82; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25 pro parte.
Looks intermediate between P. stygia and P. encausta, being sometimes
confounded with the latter. The presence of rhizine very rarely on
the under surface in very young plants shows that it belongs to this
Subsection. The thallus varies in colour from nearly pitch-black to dark-
grey, the laciniz being often torulose. It is generally fertile, the apo-
thecia being scattered and at length somewhat large. The spermogones
are black, minute, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long, about 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. On granitic and quartzose boulders in alpine places.— Distr. Local
and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland; very rare in N.W. Iveland.—
B. M.: Ben More and Cairn Gowar, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ;
Cairn Drochit, Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire. Co, Mayo.
28. P. lanata Wallr. Fl. Germ. iii. (1831) p. 529.—Thallus ex-
panded, decumbent, loosely appressed, setaceo-filiform, dichotomously
and intricately branched, olive-brown or brownish-black, somewhat
shining; beneath paler, with minute rhizine ; branches unequal,
rounded, slender, flexuose, furcate at the apices (K_, CaCl_).
Apothecia lateral or subterminal, nearly moderate, plane or convex,
concolorous, the margin subentire or granulato-unequal; spores
0,007-11 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick—Mudd, Man. p. 101;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124.—Alectoria lanata
Leight. Lich. Fi. ed. 3, p. 80. Cornicularia lanata Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 405; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69: Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 87. Lichen lanatus, Linn. Sp. PI.
(1753) p. 1153; Eng. Bot. t. 846 (middle fig.). Usnea caspitosa
ewilis, capillacea atra Dill. Muse. 66, t. 13. f. 9.—As already observed
the Lichen lanatus of our older writers is Alectoria bicolor.
A species entirely Alectorioid in habit, so that it might be referred
to Alectoria. The presence, however, of rhizinz on the under surface
of the thallus, the crenulato-undulate margin of the apothecia, and
the distinctly Parmelioid character of var. 8 show that it belongs to
this genus. The thallus is often suberect, and in favourable situations
spreads extensively. The apothecia are rare, but the spermogones are
frequent and sometimes so abundant as to render the thalline filaments
torulose or noduloso-unequal. They are immersed, with sterigmata
i
PARMELIA. | PARMELIFI. 25
usually almost simple and spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick,
slightly subacute at the apices.
Hab, On rocks and boulders, very rarely on gravelly soil, in subalpine
and alpine localities—Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. and N. England
and in N. Wales; more frequent on the Grampians, Scotland ; rarer in
W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor Tors, Devonshire ; Cader Idris, Merion-
ethshire; Snowdon, N. Wales; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Ben More, Mael Girdy, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Clova Mts. and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Loch Phadrig, Lochnagar, Mor-
rone, Cairngorm, and Ben-naboord (frt.), Braemar; Ben Nevis, Inver-
ness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Mangerton, Killarney, and
MacGillicuddy’s Reeks, co. Kerry; Doughbruagh Mts., Connemara, co.
Galway.
Var. (. reticulata Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 72 —Thallus
orbicular or suborbicular, closely appressed, black or blackish, opaque ;
branches short, slender, very much entangled, subimbricate, dicho-
tomously reticulate, shortly furcate at the apices. Apothecia con-
colorous, with the margin often ciliate.—Lichen reticulatus Wult. in
Jacq. Coll. ii. (1788) t. 9. ff. 6, 7. Alectoria lanata var. parmelioides
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 233: Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 81
(inel. var. subciliata). Parmelia lanata var. subciliata Ny|., Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 35 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125. Lichen pubescens Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 132; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.893; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 48. Coralloides tenuissimum nigrescens, mundi muliebris instar
tectum Dill. Muse. 113, t. 17. f. 32.— Brit. Exvs.: Cromb. n. 20.
A well-marked variety, which in its normal condition with its parme-
lioid habit looks like a distinct species. Transition states, however, exist,
and old plants gradually assume more of the characters of the type. The
thallus, which is aptly compared by Dillenius to “ black lace,” occasionally
becomes centrifugal. It is not uncommon in a fertile condition, the apo-
thecia being usually numerous, with the margin often ciliate with spinu-
liform papille.
Hab. On quartzose rocks and boulders in alpine localities. — Distr. Con-
fined to some of the higher Grampians, Scotland, where it is plentiful —
B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Morrone, Glen
Callater, Cairngorm, and Glen Candlic, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
29. P. tristis Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. ser. 3, i. (1856) p. 304:
Flora, 1872, p. 548.—Thallus cespitoso-fruticulose, cartilaginous,
erect, rigid, somewhat roundly compressed, sparingly distichously
branched, pitch- or brownish-black; branches subfastigiate, at-
tenuate (K_.,CaCl_). Apothecia plano-convex, moderate, sub-
concolorous, the margin entire or fimbriate; spores 0,008—-11 mm.
long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 71.—Platysma
triste Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99, ed. 3, p. 94.
Cornicularia tristis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 69; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 228; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86:
Mudd, Man. p. 76. Lichen tristis Web. Spicil. (1788) p. 209;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Eng. Bot. t. 720. Lichen radiatus
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 559. Lichen corniculatus Lightf. Fl. Scot.
s
258 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA.
ii. p. 383. Coralloides corniculatum, fuct tenwioris facie Dill. Muse.
p: 118, 4. 17. £37.
Somewhat resembles a small Fucus, and has been placed by authors in
different genera, though by some regarded as a proper genus. The typically
depressed or subdepressed thallus, as observed by Nylander /. c., and the
nature of the spermogones, induce us to refer it to Parmelia, near P. la-
nata, to which in various respects it has a marked affinity. The thallus
is closely and umbilicately affixed to the substratum, oyer which it occa-
sionally spreads in large patches, though usually it occurs in small and
scattered tufts. The apothecia, which are common, are subterminal on
short deflexed ramules ; the spermogones are numerous, prominent, with
spermatia 0,005 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous districts.—Dzstr. Local in
W.and N. England and in Wales; more frequent in the Highlands,
Scotland, especially on the N. Grampians; rare in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.:
Dartmoor, Devonshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Sugar Loaf Mt.,
Monmouthshire; The Glydirs, Snowdon, and Moel Siabod, Carnarvon-
shire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Durham; Crickley Scar,
Yorkshire ; Mardale, Westmoreland; The Cheviots, Northumberland;
Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben More,
Ben Lawers, and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., head of the White
Water, and Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen; near
Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, Morrone, Glen Callater, Glen Dee, and Ben-
naboord, Braemar; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
B. ERHIZINOS.—Thallus glabrous beneath (subgenus
Hypogymnia Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 537).
30. P. physodes Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 250.—Thallus moderate
or somewhat large, substellate, loosely adnate, smooth, imbricato-
laciniate, glaucous-white; beneath brownish-black, paler at the
circumference, rugose, naked : laciniz multifid, linear, sinuate, some-
what plane, the apices subinflated, imperforate (Kyyellow, CaCl_ >
medulla K (CaCl)+red). Apothecia subpedicellate, moderate, badio-
reddish, the margin entire ; spores 0,006—8 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm.
thick—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204;
Mudd, Man. p. 96; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 125, ed. 3, p. 116.—Physcia physodes Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436.
Lichen physodes Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144; Huds. Fl. Ang.
p- 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 882: With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32;
Eng. Bot. t. 126 (middle fig. pro parte). Lichenoides ceratophyllon
obtusius et minus ramosum Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. 494, B; in
Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 85.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 48 pro parte ;
Cromb. n. 31.
Readily recognized by the naked under surface and the more or less
inflated apices of the lacinie. The thallus is normally orbicular, but at
length becomes expanded, varying considerably in the character of
the laciniz, and thus presenting several forms and varieties. The apo-
thecia are not frequent in Britain; they are urceolate, and small when
young, at length large, plane and flexuose. The spermogones are very
o-4
PARMELIA. | PARMELIEI. 259
abundant and crowded in otherwise sterile specimens, and are minute,
black, punctiform, with spermatia 0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm.
thiek.
Hab. On trees and old walls in maritime and upland districts—Distr.
Not general nor common throughout Great Britain ; probably occurs in
Ireland ; fertile chiefly in the Gram ians, Scotland. ins 5 M.: Hay Tor,
Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Black Edge, Bux-
ton, and Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire ; Lickey Hills, Wor-
cestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Stormy Dow n, Glamorganshire ;
Nannau, near Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan, Garth, near Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire; Island of Anglesea ; Gateshead Fell, Durham ; near Kendal, West-
moreland. Near Inverar y, Argyleshire ; Crianlarich, Killin, Ben Law ers,
and Moncrieffe Hill, Perthshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen ; Castleton,
Morrone, and Glen Derry, Braemar; Rothiemurchus W oods, Inverness-
shire ; Unst, Shetland.
Form 1. labrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 493.—Lacinie with
the apices ascending, somewhat dilated, recurved and sorediate.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro ee —Parmelia physodes f. recurva
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117. Parmelia physodes Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. io. ” Lichen physodes Eng. Bot. t. 12
(upper fig.). Lichenoides ceratophyllon obtusius et minus ramosum
Dill. Muse. p. 154, t. 20. f. 49 c.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 48 pro parte,
n. 389; Mudd, n. 70; Cromb. n. 144; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 290;
Bohl. n. 13.
Differs only in the recurved and sorediate apices of the lacinize. As
noticed by Acharius /. ¢. these, in consequence of being ruptured beneath,
dilated and inflated, present a pulverulent and verrucose small lip. It is
& mere condition, depending on age or nature of habitat, and not a variety ;
indeed it is difficult to find old specimens of the normal type of the species
in which some of the laciniw have not these characters, so that Acharius
subsequently (Syn. p. 218) with propriety regarded it as a mere state.
The apothecia are for the most part plentiful, becoming large in old age.
Hab. On trees, old pales, rocks and walls,in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain,
probably also of Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands; fruiting freely in
the Highlands, Scotland. cay M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey ; Tsland of
Guernsey. Walthamstow and Epping Forest, Essex ; Millhill, Middle-
sex ; Ardingley Rocks, Sussex; New Forest, ‘Hampshire ; ; Withiel and
Penzance, Cornwall ; Sandy, Bedfordshire ; near Cambridge ; Charnwood
Forest and Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Church Stretton, W Tekin Hill, and
Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Cader Idris, and near Dolzelly,
Merionethshire ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, W. est-
moreland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Dalry, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near
Glasgow ; Swanston Wood, Edinburgh: Killin and Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Coun-
tesswells Woods, near Aberdeen; Invercauld, Morrone, and Glen Candlic,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods and Glen Morriston,
Inverness-shire; Forres, Elgin; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Near Cork ;
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form 2. tubulosa Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 97.—Lacinie lax,
ascending, tubulose, turgid and sorediate at the apices. Apothecia
very rare.—Parmelia ceratophylla e. tubulosa Scher. Enum, (1850)
52
260 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA.
p. 42. Parmelia physodes var. labrosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36
pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126, ed.3, p. 117. Lichen physodes
Eng. Bot. t. 126 (lower fig.).—Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, n. 70 pro parte ;
Leight. n. 48 pro parte.
A more distinct form than the preceding, with which it has sometimes
been confounded. It is readily recognized by the thallus, and by the
soredia beiny protuberant on the apices of the laciniz. In this country,
as elsewhere, it seems to occur chiefly in a sterile condition.
Hab. On trees and stone walls in maritime and upland situations.—
Distr. Not very general nor common in Great Britain; not seen from Ive-
land.—B. M.: Lustleigh Cleeve, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel,
Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Sweeny, Shropshire; near
Monmouth; Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbigh-
shire; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Kendal,
Westmoreland; Asby, Cumberland (fruit). New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire; Ben Lawers, Killin (fruit), and Abernethy, Perthshire ;
Durris, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen; Rothiemurchus Woods,
Inverness-shire.
Var. 6. platyphylla Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 251.—Lacinie rather
broad, subconcrete, rugoso-plicate, roundly lobed and inciso-crenate
at the circumference. Apothecia very rare.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 126, ed. 3, p. 117.— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 329.
Usually smaller, though thicker than in the type. In the centre it is
rugose plicate and scarcely laciniate, the laciniz being more distinct and
depressed at the circumference. Occasionally it is more or less sorediate
at the apices of the lacinize. As observed by Acharius /. c., the whole
thallus has a monophyllous appearance; but transition forms are not
wanting. It is very rarely fertile, the spermogones, however, being not
unfrequent.
Hab. On old pales and stone walls in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Seen from several localities in Great Britain, Ireland, and
the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd,
Kent; New Forest, Hampshire; Brading, Isle of Wight; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire; Aberdovey and near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Killin,
Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers (fruit), and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Guthrie,
Forfarshire ; near Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Park, near Aberdeen; Rothie-
murchus, Inverness-shire. Near Cork.
Form fuscescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 75.—Thallus
rather smaller, opaque, esorediate, brownish ; otherwise as above.—
Parmelia physodes var. obscurata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.—According to Nylander, Flora, 1881,
p- 537, var. obscurata Ach. is P. austerodes Nyl., a subspecies of
P. vittata.
Fyidently referable as a form to var. platyphylla, with which, except
in being somewhat smaller, constantly esorediate, and especially in the
colour of the thallus (owing probably to being suffused with salt-water),
it in other respects agrees. In the few specimens gathered neither apo-
thecia nor spermogones are visible.
Hab. On old pales in maritime districts.— Distr. Local in 8.E. England
and N.E, Scotland.—B. M.: Lydd, Kent. Near Cove, Kincardineshire.
PARMELLIA. | PARMELIE1, 261
31. P. vittata Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 106.—Thallus somewhat ex-
panded, lineari-laciniate, loosely adnate, smooth, greyish-glaucous ;
beneath naked, black; lacinize elongate, divaricately divided, some-
what plane, dark-brown or blackish at the margins(K+9*0 Caci—).
Apothecia pedicellate, large, badio-reddish, the margin thin, entire
or inflexed; spores 0,004—6 mm. long, 0,0035—45 mm. thick. —Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 76.—Parmelia physodes 3. vittata Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 251; Mudd, Man. p. 96 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 36 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 126 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 117
pro parte.
Formerly regarded by authors as a variety of P. physodes, but now
separated by Nylander on account of the smaller spores and shorter sper-
matia. The thallus does not apparently become sorediiferous at the
apices of the laciniz, and in our specimens is of a glaucous-brown colour.
Neither apothecia nor spermogones occur in Britain. These latter organs
have the spermatia 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0006 mm. thick.
Hab. On the ground in alpine places— Distr. Found only on one of
the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar, A ber-
deenshire.
32. P. encausta Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 202.—Thallus suborbicular,
appressed, corrugate, narrowly laciniate, unequal, greyish-white or
greyish-glaucous ; beneath black, naked; laciniew crowded, multifid,
complicate, convex or somewhat rounded, only slightly inflated at
the apices (K{ yellow, CaCl~). Apothecia adnate, moderate or small,
badio-reddish, the margin crenulate or subentire ; spores 0,007-10
mm. long, 0,005—7 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Mudd, Man. p. 97;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36.—Parmelia physodes var. encausta Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 117. Lichen encaustus Sm. Trans.
Linn. Soe. i, (1791) p. 83.
Sometimes regarded as an alpine var. of P. physodes; but in the
absence of any well-marked intermediate states it may be considered
distinct. In regions where the plant is common, the thallus varies con-
siderably in colour and in the character of the laciniz, but the very few
British specimens are sufficiently typical. The apothecia are more or less
scattered, at first concave, then plane, and in old plants flexuose. The
spermogones are frequent, minute, black, with spermatia 0,007 mm. long,
about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On granitic boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Found on one of
the higher N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cairntoul, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire.
33. P. pertusa Scher. Spic. (1840) p. 457.—Thallus orbicular,
plano-appressed, glabrous, sinuato-laciniate, glaucous-white: be-
neath black, rugose, naked; lacinie multifid, convex, minutely
perforate, dilated and crenato-incised at the apices (K¥ yellow,
CaCl_ ). Apothecia central, small, reddish-brown, the margin
entire, inflexed; spores 2-4nex, 0,0045-60 mm. long, 0,022-28
mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 129,
ed. 3, p. 120.—Lichen pertusus Schrank, Fl. Bavar. ii. (1789)
262 LICHENACEI. [ PARMELIA.
n.1513. Parmelia terebrata (Hoffm.), Mudd, Man. p.97. Parmelia
diatrypa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 150. Physcia diatrypa Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 486. Lichen diatrypus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 1248.— Brit. Exs.:
Leight. n. 264; Larb. Cesar. n. 66; Cromb. n. 145.
In general appearance like small states of P. physodes, from which,
apart from the chemical reaction of the medulla and the number of the
spores, the peculiar perforations in the laciniz at once distinguish it.
The thallus is usually sprinkled with round whitish soredia (form
soredvobola Nyl.). In this country it has not occurred fertile. The sper-
mogones, which are very seldom present in our specimens, are as in
P. physodes.
Hab. On rocks among mosses and on the trunks of trees in maritime
and upland districts.—Dvstr. Local in the Channel Islands, S.W. Eng-
land, N. Wales, S. Scotland and the W. Highlands, in 8.W. and N.
Ireland.—B. M.: Bonne Nuit, Island of Jersey. New Forest, Hants;
Bolt Head and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire ; near Penzance and
Tregawn, Cornwall; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; foot of
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Bal-
lachulish, Argyleshire. Pass of Keim-an-Eigh, co. Cork ; Glenmore Lake
and Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Connemara, co. Galway; Cushendun, co.
Antrin.
43. PARMELIOPSIS Nyl. Z—
Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 105(ut =f
sectio Parmeliz) ; Not. Siillsk. |
pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. ha
n. ser. y. (1866) p. 121.— Ny) :
Thallus small, thin, appressed, vi) SE
stellate; beneath sparingly “Ug ee 9 eX
fibrilloso-rhizinose. Apothe- OL
cia small, parmelioid ; para- aS
physes not discrete; spores
Sn, simple, more or less e
ellipsoid, colourless; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish with oi!
iodine. Spermogones_ scat- C
tered, at length slightly pro- (7, 3
minent; sterigmata short, a
simple ; spermatia long, aci- RS "ny
cular, arcuate.
A small genus separated from :
Parmelia on account of its € was.ss.
spermatia, which are like those Fig. 45.
of Squamaria in the Lecanorei, Parmeliopsis ambigua Nyl.—a. Vertical
but the thalius shows that it Section of a young portion of thallus,
belongs to this tribe. Two of with a rhizina beneath, x 200. b. Ver-
its three European species occur rere: dias ee ae G.
: Sara ae 4.3 eca, X300. d. Spores, X500. e.
a ingly in Great Britain. Vertical section of thallus with a spermo-
gone (on the left beneath, a rhizina),
x 30. f. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500,
yeas
PARMELIOPSIS. | PARMELIEI. 263
1. P. ambigua Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh, n. ser. v.
(1866) p. 121.—Thallus stellato-orbicular, appressed, closely adnate,
imbricato-laciniate, opaque, straw-coloured, ‘sulphureo-sorediate ;
beneath brownish-black ; laciniz somewhat narrow, plane, multifid
(K_—, CaCl_). Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex, the
margin entire or obsoletely crenulate; spores oblong or ovoid-
oblong, often somewhat curved, 0,007—11 mm. long, 0,0025-35 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37.—Parmelia ambigua Borr. Eng.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two lower figs.); Hook. Fl. Scot. il. p. 55 ;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127, ed. 3, p. 118.
Lichen ambiguus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iv. (1790) p. 239. Parmelia
diffusa Mudd, Man. p. 103.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 373; Mudd,
n. 75; Cromb. n. 146.
The thallus is not unlike that of Parmelia Mougeotii, and is more or
less sprinkled with soredia, which are normally convex and often con-
fluent. In this country the apothecia are rare. The spermogones, which
are more frequent, are very minute, blackish, sparingly scattered, with
spermatia 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,005 mm. thick.
Hab. About the roots of fir trees, and occasionally on old fir pales, in
wooded, upland, and mountainous districts.— Distr. Local, though common
where it occurs, in S., Central, W., and N. England, N. Wales, the Central
Highlands, Scotland ; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Ightham, Kent ;
Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Ingleby Greenhow, Yorkshire. Killin,
Perthshire; Kinnordy, Forfarshire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Larig Grue, Bantfshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
2. P. aleurites Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus stellato-orbi-
cular, closely appressed and adherent, laciniato-lobed, greyish-white,
whitish pulverulento-sorediate ; beneath brownish-black, sparingly
fibrillose; lacinis somewhat convex and rugoso-plicate in the
centre, plane and linear at the circumference ( K tyellow, Cacl—).
Apothecia small or nearly moderate, concave or somewhat plane,
brownish- or reddish-spadiceous, shining, the margin slightly crenu-
late: spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, usually somewhat curved,
0,011-12 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872,
p- 234.—Lichen aleurites Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 117. Parmelia
ambigua Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two upper figs.). Par-
melia hyperopta Mudd, Man. p. 91; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 478,
ed. 3, p. 119.
Externally little different, except in colour, from the preceding. The
thallus, which is sometimes dark-greyish, is sprinkled towards the centre
with white, scattered, roundish soredia. In the very few British sneci-
mens there are only one or two small apothecia with subentire margin.
The spermogones, also rarely present, have the spermatia 0,0023-30 mm.
long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old firs near the roots and on old fir pales in
mountainous districts —Distr. Very local and scarce in the N. Gram-
pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Derry and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Larig Grue, Banffshire.
264 LICHENACEL.
Tribe XIV. STICTEI Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 332, ut subtribus
Parmelieorum ; Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, 11. (1867) p. 498.
Thallus frondosely dilated, lobate or lobato-laciniate, loosely
attixed to the substratum ; the under surface usually with tomentose
rhizine, and also pulverulent or sorediiform cyphelle (pseudo-
cyphelle), or true urceolate or thelotremoid cyphelle; gonidial
layer consisting either of gonimic granules or of true gonidia.
Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine; spores 8n, fusiform, usually
1- or 3-septate, generally colourless or sometimes pale-brownish ;
paraphyses discrete, usually more or less articulate, moderate, or
thickish ; hymenial gelatine (especially the apices of the thece)
blue with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterigmata.
The plants of this tribe are for the most part the largest and best
developed of all lichens. With these “patricians of lichens,” as they
were termed by Drs. Taylor and Hooker (Hook. Journ. Bot. 1844, p. 635),
the ascending series in Nylander’s classification culminates. The thallus,
which in itsearlier stages of growth is orbicular, is usually widely expanded,
of a coriaceo-membranaceous texture, and frequently, when wet, emits au
odour as of hemp. In a few species peculiar cephalodia occur either on
the upper surface, on the margins, or on the lower surface of the thallus
(vide Nyl. Syn. d. c. p. 335). The great majority of species are found in
warm climates or in the Southern hemisphere; most of the European
ep Riess
TAT NTT THN
spears : 3 a Rate Oe
Fig. 46.
Lobaria pulmonaria Hoffin.—a, Vertical section of thallus, x200, 6. Gonidia,
x 390. c. Vertical section of a small apothecium, x30. d. A theca and
paraphysis, X850. e. Three spores, x 500. f. Vertical section of a spermo-
gone, X30. g. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
be ae ed
STICTET. 265
Fig. 47.
Ricasolia amplissima Leight.—a. Vertical section of a young apothecium, x30-
b. A theca and paraphysis, * 550. c. Spores, x 500. d. Vertical section of
a spermogone, X30. ¢. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
species occur in the more humid tracts of our islands. The tribe has
been divided by Nylander into the following 2 subtribes, comprising
5 genera, founded upon differences in the structure and character of the
thallus, the presence or absence of cyphelle, and the nature of the apo-
thecia.
Subtribe [. S7JCTINET Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360.
Thallus either eyphellate or ecyphellate beneath; gonidial layer
consisting of gonimia arranged in pluri-locular nodules. Apothecia
lecanoroid, rarely parmeleine.
Distinguished by the nature of the gonidial layer, which separates it
as a very distinct subtribe. The plants are easily recognized by this
layer presenting under the lens, or even to the naked eye, a bluish or
leaden-bluish appearance.
44. STICTINA Nyl. Flora, 1860, p. 66, Syn. i. p. 333.—Thallus
variously lobate or laciniate, often sorediiferous ; beneath cyphellate
or pseudocyphellate, with simple rhizinee (r/izohyphe Nyl.); gonimia
often 2-3 moniliform. Apothecia usually with septate spores.
Spermogones innate, not prominent, with spermatia somewhat short,
obtusely and slightly thickened at either apex.
266 LICHENACEI. [STICTINA.
This has been divided into two subgenera, viz. Eustictina and Parmo-
stictina, the former characterized by lecanorine and the latter by parme-
leine apothecia. ‘These characters would justify their being regarded
as genera; but gonidia are protruded into the thalline margin of some
species of Sticta, “though their apothecia can scarcely be regarded as truly
parmeleine (Nylander, Flora, 1875, p. 363). Of “Par mostictina, repre-
sented by the exotic Stictina hir. suta, we have no species in our islands.
Subgenus EUSTICTINA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—
Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudo-cyphellate. Apothecia leca-
noroid.
a. Pseudocyphellate.—Thallus with white or yellow pseudocyphelle.
1. S. intricata Nyl. Var. 6. Thouarsii Nyl. Syn. i. (1860)
p. 335.—Thallus somewhat expanded, rigid, glabrous, sinuato-lobed,
lurid-brown or pale-brown; beneath tomentose, blackish-brown,
paler at the circumference, with white pseudocyphelle ; lobes short
and broad, sprinkled on the surface, and especially on the margins,
with simple, or verrucose, or coralloid casio-white soredia. Apo-
thecia not seen rightly developed.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114, ed. 3,
p. 108.—Sticta intricata var. Thouarsii Mudd, Man. p.90. Stictina
Thouarsii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31. Sticta Thouarsit Del. Stict.
(1822) p. 90, t. 8. f. 29. Sticta crocata 3. Tayl. in Mack. FI.
Hib. ii. p. 151.— Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 33.
Though appearing distinct, the relation of this plant to S. intricata
(Del.) is so intimate as scarcely to warrant its separation. It is,
however, distinguished from the type by its short and broader lobes, as —
also by the soredia with which it is often copiously sprinkled. With us
young apothecia were once very sparingly met with, but no mature spores
have occurred.
Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders, and the trunks of old trees in
maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and rare in S.W. Eng-
land, N. Wales, the 8. and W. Grampians, Scotland, and 8., W., and N.
Treland.—B. M.: Near Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Dev onshire ; near Dolgelly
and Barmouth, Merionethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Inverary, head of Loch Awe, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Tay,
Perthshire ; S. of Fort W iene Inverness-shire. Cromaglown and Kil-
larney W oods, co. Kerry; Glenarm, co. Antrim ; Fenagh, co. Carlow ;
Maam, Turk Mts., co. Galway.
2. S. crocata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 338.—Thallus moderate,
somewhat shining or nearly opaque, often reticulato-lacunose,
broadly lobed, dark olive-green or lurid-brown ; beneath brown or
blackish tomentose, with moderate rhizinee and yellow pseudo-
cyphellz ; lobes variously divided and crenate, scrobiculato-unequal,
citrino-sorediate. Apothecia scattered or nearly marginal, mode-
rate, blackish, the margin crenate, at length nearly excluded ;
spores 1-septate, ablonzo- fusiform, brown, 0,020-32 mm. long,
0,009-10 mm. thick. —CGromb. Lich. Brit. p- 31; Leight. “A Fl.
p. 114, ed. 3, p. 108.—Sticta crocata Gray, } Nat. Arr. i. p. 430;
Hook, FI. Scot. ii. p- 58; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205; Tayl. in “Mack.
bee
STICTINA. | STICTEI. 267
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Mudd, Man. p. 89. Lichen erocatus Linn. Mant.
(1771) p. 310; Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 22; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 52; Eng. Bot. t. 2110.—Brit. Avs.: Cromb. n. 34; Dicks. Hort.
Sic. n. 24.
The plant is sprinkled with scattered, citrine soredia, situated on the
reticulations and on the margins, which contrast with its otherwise
darkish colour. The medullary layer is either white or white-citrine.
In this conntry neither apothecia nor spermogones occur.
Hab, Among mosses on trees and rocks in moist shady places, generally
ravines, in subalpine tracts.—Distr. Extremely local in 8.W. England
and §. Scotland, more frequent in the W. Highlands; scarce in 5.W.
and N. Ireland.—B. M.: Walkham River and near Vixen Tor, Dart-
moor, Devonshire; Carn Galva, pear Penzance, Cornwall. Dalmahoy
hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary, Glen Falloch, and head of Loch Awe,
Argyleshire ; ravine at foot of Ben More, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ;
Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire. Pigeon Island in the river Kenmare,
co. Kerry ; Cushendall, co. Antrim.
b. Cyphellate.—Thallus with thelotremoid or urceolate cyphelle.
3. §. fuliginosa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 347.—Thallus moderate
or small, monophyllous, somewhat rigid, smoothish or unequal,
nearly opaque, roundly lobed, cervine or greyish-brown; beneath
tomentose, pale-brown, with whitish or pale cypheilz ; lobes gene-
rally broad and rounded, sprinkled with small brownish-black or
black, coralloid isidia. Apothecia small, scattered, plane or slightly
conyex, reddish-brown, the margin at first piloso-ciliate ; spores
1_3-septate, fusiform, colourless, 0,027-40 mm. long, 0,0U7-8 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 116, ed. 3,
p. 109.—Sticta fuliginosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 152; Mudd, Man. p. 88. Lichen fuliginosus Dieks. Crypt. fase.
i. (1785) p. 13; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot. t. 1103.
Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulverulentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill.
Muse. 198, t. 26. f. 100 4.—Brit. Eas.: Leight. n. 142; Larb.
Cesar. n. 61; Cromb. n. 133.
The thallus, which in the larger states expands from a centre, is with
us generally smoothish, seldom rugose. It is often covered with the
blackish efflorescent isidia, by which at once it may be distinguished
from the allied species. The apothecia, which are rare in Great Britain,
are at length ssmewhat biatorine.
Hab. On mossy trunks of old trees and on rocks in moist shady places,
especially by waterfalls, in upland districts ——Distr. General and not un-
common, though almost confined to the Western part of Great Britain ;
apparently rare in W. Ireland and the Channel Islands—B.M.: La
Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey. Lydd, Kent;
Isle of Wight; Walkhampton and Ivy Bridge, near Lustleigh and More-
ton, between Chudleigh and Ashburton, and at Beckey Falls, S. Devon;
Boconnoc, Launceston, Camelford, Withiel, and near Penzance, Cornwall;
Annet Island, Scilly ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Whitecliffe Rocks, near
Ludlow, Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Dolgelly and Aberdovey,
268 LICHENACEL. [SLICTINA.
Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, Denbighshire; near Bangor,
Carnarv onshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Ambleside and near Rydal, West-
moreland ; Keswick and Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kork-
cudbrightshire ; ; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Inverary, Appin, and head
of Loch Awe, Argyleshire; Leny Falls near Cailander, Glen Lochay, and
Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Craig “Cluny, Braemar, Aber deenshire ; Apple-
cross, Ross-shire. Killarney, co. Kerry; near Kylemore, co. Galway.
4. S. limbata Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 346.—Thallus moderate
or small, monophyllous, scarcely rigid, smooth or very slightly
scrobiculato-unequal, somewhat or but little shining, roundly lobed,
glaucous-lurid or pale cervine-brown; beneath pale, more or less
tomentose with whitish cyphellz ; lobes broad and rounded, sprinkled
on the surface with scattered cisio-greyish soredia, and densely
similarly sorediate towards the margins. Apothecia unknown.—
Leight. ‘Lich. Fl. p-, 115, ed: Sp. 108. ~Stictina fuliginosa subsp.
limbata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 30. Sticta limbata Gray, Nat. Arr. 1.
p- 431; Hook. FI. Scot. i. p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in
Mack. FI. Hib. 11. p. 152 ; Mudd, Man. p. 88. Lichen limbatus Sm. in
Eng. Bot. xvi. (1803) t. 1104. Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulveru-
lentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill. Muse. t. 26. f. 100 B, c.—Brit.
Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 15; Cromb. n. 35.
Distinguished from the preceding by the paler thallus, the absence of
isidia, and the presence of greyish or sordidly cesious soredia. The
thallus is usually small, and is either strictly monophyllous or sublobate
at the circumference. The fructification 1s not known; the parasite
Abrothallus Welwitzschii, sometimes found on the thallus, might be
mistaken for apothecia.
Hab. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on shady rocks among mosses
in wooded upland regions.— Distr. General and not uncommon, though
chiefly in the W estern portions of Great Britain and Iveland; rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of
Guernsey. Near Ryde, Isle of W ight ; Lydd, Kent ; Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; Shaugh, Ilsham Walk, Torquay, Dartmoor, and near
Exeter, Devonshire; Boconnoc, Withiel, near the Tavy, and near Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Hafod, Car diganshire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws-
= -Coed, Denbighshire ; Capel Curig and near Bangor, Carnarv onshire ;
Island of Anglesea ; near Stav ely, Kendal, W estmoreland ; Teesdale,
Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Thornthwaite: Cumbertente
New Galloway , Kirkcudbrightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ;
Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; 'T urfin Hill, near Edinburgh ; Inverary
and Appin, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, and Glen
Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Island of Skye. Near Bel-
fast, co, Antrim; Aghada, Cork Harbour, and Castlebernard Park, Ban-
don, co. Cork ; Cromaglow n, Killarney, and Old Dromore, co. Kerry.
5. S. sylvatica Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 348.—Thallus large,
rather rigid, subopaque, scrobiculato-unequal, laciniato-lobed, cer-
vine or greyish-brown ; beneath tomentose, brown or brownish,
paler at the circumference, with pale cyphelle; lobes variously
divided, rounded, crenulate, above slightly furfuraceous, the divisions
STICTINA. | _ STICTEI. 269
obtuse at the apices. Apothecia small or moderate, scattered, plane
or slightly convex, the margin naked; spores as in S. fuliginosa.
—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 116, ed. 3, p. 109.
—Sticta sylvatica Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 482; Hook. FL. Scot. ii.
p. 59; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 207; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152;
Mudd, Man. p. 87. Lichen sylvaticus, Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762)
p. 453; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 848; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 71; Eng. Bot. t. 2298. Lichenoides polyschides villosum et
scabrum, peltis parvis Dill. Musc. 199, t. 27. f. 101.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 109; Cromb. n. 134.
Also intimately allied to S. fuliginosa, from which it may be recog-
nized by the more deeply divided thallus, the narrower lobes which are
bifid or trifid towards the extremities, and the generally more naked or
slightly furfuraceous upper surface. It is usually a larger plant, and
spreads more extensively over the substratum. With us it is always
sterile.
Hab. On mossy rocks, old walls, and about the roots of trees in shady
places by lakes and riv ers in upland districts.—Distr. Not very general,
though usually plentiful, in the West of Great Britain and Treland ;
abundant in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland —B. M.: Lydford, Widde-
combe, Meavy, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Bigbury, Devonshire ; Boconnoe
and near Penzance, Cornwall; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hafod, Car-
diganshire, Dolgelly, Barmouth, and Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire ;
Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire ; Island of Anglesea; Eglestone, Durham;
Mardale, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Nor-
thumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrichtshire ; Reld Craig, Moffat,
Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Callender rock, near
Stirling ; Inverary, Appin, and Barcaldine, Argy leshire ; ; Falls of Leny,
of Moness, and in Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; “Recky Linn, Forfarshire ;
Craig Cluny and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort
William, and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire; Cawdor Woods, Nairn.
Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry; near Kylemore and Derryclare, Conne-
mara, CO. Galway ; ; near Carrickfergus, co. Antrim.
6. §. Dufourei Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. 2 sér. ii. (1867)
p. 590.—Thallus small, thin, smooth, laciniato-lobed, glaucous or
glaucous-brown ; beneath slightly tomentose or nearly naked, pale-
brown, often reticulately rugose, with whitish or pale cyphelle ;
laciniz minutely dissecto-fimbriate at the margins. Apothecia un-
known.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p. 110.—Stictina sylvatica
subsp. Dufourei Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. Sticta Dufowret Del. Stict.
(1826) p. 78, t. 6. f. 22. Sticta elegans Deak. Mudd, Man. p. 89.
Sticta ciliata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.152. 8S. fimbriata Tayl.
Jour. Bot. 1847, p. 180.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 173 ; Cromb. n. 135.
Looks intermediate between S. fuliyinosa and S. sylvatica, and pos-
sesses some characters in common, but is distinguished from both by the
characters given in the diagnosis. It is easily recognized by its fim-
briate margins. It is met w ith in a less typical condition, with darker
thallus and more entire mar coins. It has not been seen fertile.
Hab. On mossy rocks and trees in maritime and upland wooded tracts.
—Distr. Local and rare in S.W. England, N. Wales, the W. Highlands
of Scotland (less typical), and S.W. Treland.—B. M.: Near Torquay, and
at East Llyn, Devonshire; Pentire, near the Lizard, and Liskeard, Corn-
270 LICHENACEI. [STICTINA.
wall; Ty Gwyn, Dolgelly, Merionethshire. Tongland, Kirkeudbright-
shire; Barcaldine, Lorne, Argyleshire. Askew Wood and Hyde's
Cottage, Killarney, co. Kerry.
45. LOBARINA Nyl. Flora 1877, p. 233.—Thallus broadly
lobed, scrobiculose ; beneath partly tomentose, gibbous, ecyphellate ;
gonidial layer consisting of gonimia. Apothecia lecanoroid, with
3-septate spores. Spermogones as in the preceding genus.
Formerly included under Stictina, but separated because the thallus is
scrobiculose above, and destitute of cyphellee beneath. It consists of a
single species common with us, as it is in most parts of Northern
Europe.
1. L. scrobiculata Ny]. Flora 1877, p. 233.—Thallus dilated,
rigid, subopaque or opaque, more or less reticulately scrobiculose,
usually sprinkled with whitish or cwsio-white soredia, broadly
lobed, glaucous-yellowish ; beneath gibboso-unequal, tomentose, pale-
brown, the gibbi naked, white; lobes rounded, undulate and more
or less crenate at the margins. Apothecia small, scattered, red or
brownish-red, the margin thick, entire, inflexed: spores fusiform,
3-7-septate, colourless, 0,050-80 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 76-—Stictina scrobiculata Nyl. in Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 30; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117, ed. 3, p. 110. Streta
scrobiculata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 59:
Eng. Fl. p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Mudd, Man.
p. 87, t. 1. f. 26. Lichen scrobiculatus, Scop. Fl. Carn. (1772)
p- 384: Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 850; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 59: _
Eng. Bot. t. 497. Lichen verrucosus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 545.
Lichenoides pulmoneim villosum, superficie scrobiculata et peltata
Dill. Muse. 216, t. 29. f. 114. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine-
reum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75,
n. 77.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 201; Mudd. n. 65; Larb. Cesar.
n. 14, Lich. Hb. n.. 325; Cromb. n. 36.
A well-marked species, not likely to be confounded with any other in
the tribe. In young plants the thallus is orbicular, less scrobiculose and
sorediate. The lobes are occasionally more or less white-sorediate
at the margins. The naked gibbi of the underside of the thallus are
due to the faveole of the upper surface; and the rhizine which
constitute the tomentum are brown, pale, or greyish. In this country it
is rather rare in a fertile condition. More frequently the apothecia
appear in an abortive state, constituting the host of Célidium stic-
tarum, Tul.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on moist shady rocks, chiefly near
streams and lakes in maritime and upland districts —Diéstr. General and
common in most parts of Great Britain; plentiful in the W. Highlands,
Scotland, apparently rare in S. and W. Ireland, and in the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of
Guernsey. Tunbridge Wells and Lydd, Kent; Hastings, Sussex ; Quarn
Wood, Ryde, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; South Brent, Ivy
Bridge, and Dewerstone Rock, Devonshire ; Helminton, Liskeard, Tre-
gawn, near the Tavy and Lamorna, Cornwall; Bryer Island, Scilly;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Hay Cop-
LOBARINA. | STICTEI. 271
pice, Leicestershire ; Cader Idris, near Dolgelly, and Barmouth, Merion-
ethshire; Trefriw and Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea;
Oggeray Gill, Cleveland, near Halifax and Castie Howard, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmoreland ; Keswick and Calder Abbey,
Cumberland; Cheviots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Turtin Hill, near Kdin-
burgh ; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire ; near Inverary, head of Loch Awe,
and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, Loch Conn,
Glen Lochay, Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ;
Craig Coinnoch and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis and
S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Hill of the Doon, Nairn, Moray-
shire. Castlebernard, co. Cork; Muckross, Killarney, co, Kerry; Kyle-
more and near Renvyle, Connemara, co. Galway.
Subtribe I]. LUSTICTET Ny). Flora 1879, p. 360.
Thallus either cyphellate or ecyphellate beneath ; gonidial layer
consisting of gonidia or gonidimia. Apothecia lecanoroid or par-
meleine.
Separated from Stzetinec by the nature of the gonidial layer. In other
respects the two are very similar, several of their species being distin-
guirhable from each other only by the gonidia.
46. LOBARIA Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 138 pro min.
paite; Nyl. emend. Flora, 1877, p. 233.—Thallus laciniato-divided,
scrobiculose; beneath partly rhizinoso-tomentose (with rhizohyphe),
gibberoso-unequal, ecyphellate ; gonidial layer consisting of true
gonidia, bright-green or yellowish-green. Apothecia lecanoroid,
with 1—3-septate spores ; spermogones as in the preceding genera.
This has the same relation to Sticta that Loburina has to Stictina, and
is similarly distinguished by the scrobiculose upper, and the ecyphellate
lower surface of the thallus. It includes a very tew species.
1. L. pulmonaria Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. i. (1795) p. 146; Cromb.
Grevillea, xv. p. 76.—Thallus dilated, rigid, somewhat shining or
subopaque, reticulato-foveolate, laciniato-lobed, often sorediiferous,
sometimes isidiiferous, olive-green when moist, pale cervine or
lurid-brown when dry ; lobes sinuato-lobulate, retuso-truncate at the
apices ; beneath bullato-unequal or papular, whitish, between the
papule ochraceo-testaceous and rhizineo-tomentose. Apothecia
moderate, submarginal, red, the margin often ruguloso-crenate, con-
colorous, at length excluded; spores 1—3-septate, 0,018-30 mm.
long, 0,005-9 mm. thick.—Sticta pulmonaria Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 58; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 206; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151;
Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 82. Lichen pulmonarius Linn. FI. Suec.
(1755) p. 1087; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 449 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 831; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54; Eng. Bot. t. 572. Sticta
pwulmonacea Ach. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Mudd, Man. p. 87, t. 1.
f. 25; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 118, ed. 3,
p- 11l. Lichenoides pulmonewm retrculatum vulgare, marginibus
peltiferis Dill. Muse. 212, t. 29. f. 113. Lichenoides peltatum arbo-
272 LICHENACEL. [LOBARIA.
reum maximum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 86.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 74: Mudd, n. 64; Cromb. n. 37.
The familiar “ Tree Lungwort,” when fully developed, is one of the
largest, as it is one of the most common, of the British species of this
tribe. ‘Tt varies considerably in the breadth and divisions of the lobes,
old plants being much broader and less laciniate, The thallus, which
hangs loosely from the trunks on which it grows, is more or less shining,
especially i in young plants, while the laciniz are often whitish sorediate
and isidiate at the 1 margins. Usually also seriately arranged soredia and
occasionally isidia are present in the cost between the faveole. States
in which the isidia are numerous and crowded form the variety papillaris
Del. Stict. p. 144, t. 17. f. 63. With us it is comparatively rare in a
fertile condition, though the apothecia are sometimes very numerous.
Hab. On the trunks of forest trees, especially old oaks, in mountainous
regions, rarely on mossy rocks in maritime districts.—Dzstr. General and
for the most part plentiful i in the Channel Islands, the more Western
tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland; fruiting more freely in
the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey;
Island of Guernsey. Near Loughton, Essex; near Lydd, Kent; Ryde
and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants ; Lydford, Tot-
nes, Buckfastleigh, and Ivy Bridge, Devonshire ; Boconnoe, Pentire, St.
Minver, and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bryer Island, Scilly ; Chedworth
Woods, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Bagley W ood, near Oxford ;
Charnvood Forest, Leicestershire; near Ludlow, Shropshire. Cader
Idris, Rhewgreidden, Aberdovey, and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; near
Dolgelly, Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Conway and Devil’s Bridge,
Carnarvonshire ; Beaumaris, [sland of Anglesea ; Kildale, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham; near Grassmere, West-
moreland ; Cheviots, Northumberland ; Patterdale and Calder Abbey,
Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dum- —
friesshire ; Pentland Hills and Turtin Hill, near Edinburgh; Inverary, head
of Loch Awe, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Loch
Katrine, and Killin, Perthshire; R eeky Linn, Lundie Craigs, and Clor a,
Fortarshire ; Dunottar Castle, Kincardineshire ; Craig Cluny and Cor-
riemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire;
Applecross, Ross-shire. Dinish and Ronayne’s Island, Killarney, co.
Kerry ; Lough Inagh, co. Galway.
Var. pleurocarpa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 450 (Cromb. Exs, n. 137), isa
state in which the apothecia are abortive, tuberculoso-difform and brown-
ish-black in consequence of being the host of Celdium stictarum, Tul.
In the Museum herbarium there are specimens showing this condition
from the following localities:—Bocconoc, Cornwall ; Hafod, Cardigan-
shire; Cwn By chan, Merioneth. Appin and head of Loch Awe, Argyle-
shire; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn.
Form 1. hypomela Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—Thallus
with the interstices of the under surface reticulate with black rhi-
zine. Apothecia with the thalline margin rugoso-crenulate—Sticta
pulmonacea var. hypomela Del. Stict. (1825) p- 144, t. 17. f. 64;
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 352.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 136.
Approaches L. retiyera (Ach.), an exotic species, in the character of the
thallus beneath, which probably results from the habitat, the type itself
at times having the rhizine dark brown. With us it is seldom well
fruited.
LOBARIA. ] STICTEI. 273
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy rocks in maritime and
mountainous districts.—Dist7. Seen only in a characteristic state from
S.W. England, N. Wales, the 8. and W. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. :
Bryer Island, Scilly, Cornwall; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire. Inverary
and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire; by Loch Linnhe,
Inverness-shire.
Form 2. aggregata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1877) p. 76.—Thallus
with cephalodioid tubercles, either simple or small and aggregate,
testaceous or somewhat dark.—Sticta pulmonacea var. aggregata
Del. Stict. (1825) p. 123, t. 17. f. 62.
Differs from the state pleurocarpa in bearing, not apothecia, but peculiar
tubercles, which are rarely present on the under surface of the thallus.
Hab. On the trunks of old oaks in wooded mountainous districts.—
Distr. Found only in the 8.W. Highlands, Scotland. —B. M.: Inverary,
Argvleshire.
47. STICTA Schreb. in Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. (1791) p. 768;
Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 351; Flora, 1875, pp. 303, 363.—Thallus
lobate or laciniate, often more or less sorediiferous, beneath with
simple rhizine (rhizohyphe), cyphellate or pseudocyphellate ; goni-
dial layer consisting of gonidia. Apothecia lecanoroid or parmeleine,
with variously septate spores. Spermogones as in the preceding
genera.
Distinguished from Lobaria by the thallus being cyphellate beneath
and not scrobiculose above. From the character of the apothecia it may,
like Stictina, be divided into two subgenera, viz. Eusticta and Parmosticta,
the former with lecanorine and the latter with parmeleine apothecia.
Nearly all the species are exotic, but one seen nowhere else in Europe
occurs in Great Britain.
Subgenus EUSTICTA Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 76.—
Thallus beneath cyphellate or pseudocyphellate. Apothecia leca-
noroid.
a. Cyphellate.—Thallus cyphellate beneath, the cyphellz
thelotremoid or urceolate.
1. §. damzcornis Nyl. form latior Cromb: Grevillea, xv. (1887)
p. 76.—Thallus expanded, smooth, slightly shining, laciniate, pale
brownish-red ; beneath tomentose, dark brown, paler at the circum-
ference ; lobes somewhat broadly dilated, sinuate, dichotomous and
retuso-truncate at the apices. Apothecia moderate, chiefly marginal,
reddish-brown, the margin entire or obsoletely crenulate; spores
fusiform, 1—3-septate, 0,026-36 mm. long, 0,008—11 mm. thick.—
Sticta damecornis a. macrophylla Mudd, Man. p. 89; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lick. Fl. p. 119, ed. 3, p. 112. Sticta macro-
phylla Hook. in Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 150; Borr. in Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2697.—The specific name
macrophylla, having been previously given by Delise (1825) to an
r
274 LICHENACEI. [sTicTa.
exotic variety, cannot be retained for our British form.—Brit. Evs.:
Cromb. n. 38.
Differs from the type chiefly in having the lobes more broadly dilated,
and approaches var. Canariensis Ach. It is a very interesting British
form of an exotic lichen, which has not been found elsewhere in Europe.
In fertile specimens the apothecia are numerous, chiefly marginal, but
sometimes also sparingly scattered.
Hab, On shady rocks in maritime and upland districts— Distr. Very
local, though somewhat plentiful in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Turk Cascade,
Killarney Woods, Cromaglown, co. Kerry ; near Bantry, co. Cork.
Subgenus PARMOSTICTA Nyl. Flora, 1875, pp. 303, 363.—
Thallus beneath with pulverulent sorediiform pseudocyphelle ;
apothecia truly parmeleine (with gonidia present throughout, even
to the extreme margin of the receptacle).
2. S. aurata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 277.—Thallus expanded,
opaque, or but slightly shining, lobato-divided, reddish-brown or
red ; beneath shortly tomentose, brownish-black in the centre,
brownish at the circumference ; lobes sinuato-incised, crenato-undu-
late, and generally citrino-pulverulent at the margins. Apothecia
large, subpedicellate when young, marginal or submarginal, dark
brown, the margin thin, usually inflexed; spores 3-septate, fusi-
form, brownish, 0,024-28 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 205; Mudd, Man. p. 90;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 119, ed. 3, p. 112.—
Lichen auratus Eng. Bot. t. 2359. Lichenoides lacunosum rutilum,
marginthus flavis Dill. Muse. 549, t. 84. f. 12.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb.
n. 39; Leight. n. 261; Larb. Cesar. n. 16.
The thallus with us is smooth and usually little expanded. The
pseudocyphellz and the medullary layer are citrine. In this country
neither apothecia nor spermogones have been detected.
Hab. On trees, rocks, and heather in maritime localities.— Distr. Local
and scarce in S.W. England, chiefly in the Channel and Scilly Islands.
—B.M.: Near the Eperquerie, Island of Sark; Jerbourg, Island of
Guernsey. Near Shanklin, Ryde, and Ventnor, Isle of Wight; coasts
of Devonshire and Cornwall ; Fresco Island and Bryer Isiand, Scilly.
Form subglaucescens Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p.76.—Thallus
pale brownish-glaucous, bright-green when moist ; otherwise as in
the type.
Though differing merely in the peculiar colour of the thallus both in a
dry and wet condition, this must rank as a well-marked form.
Hab. On the branches of old apple-trees in maritime districts. —Distr.
Very rare in one locality of S.W. England.—B. M.: The Undercliff,
Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire.
48. RICASOLIA De Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i. (1846) p.178; Nyl.
Syn.1.(1860) p.355.—Thallus frondose, lobed or laciniate, very rarely
RICASOLIA. | STICTEI. 270
sorediiferous ; beneath with fasciculate rhizinw, or sometimes nearly
glabrous, very rarely with cyphellee; gonidial layer composed of
gonidimia. Apothecia parmeleine, usually scattered; spores vari-
ously fusiform, septate. Spermogones in mastoid prominences, with
jointed sterigmata ; spermatia shortly cylindrical, somewhat thick-
ened and obtuse at either apex.
Distinguished from the preceding genera of the tribe by the fasciculate
rhizine, the nature of the gonidia, and the situation of the spermogones.
Most of the species are natives of equinoctial regions ; of the three which
occur in Europe two are plentiful in our Islands.
1. R. amplissima Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 120.—Thallus orbi-
cular, expanded, rigid, opaque, smooth or rugose in the centre,
glomuliferous, laciniato-divided, glaucous-green or pale-brown,
laciniz crowded, sinuato-lobed ; beneath pale, with brownish rhizine,
cyphelle none (Kt¥*!wish, Cac] =). Apothecia large, concave, or
at length plane, reddish, the margin entire, inflexed or granulate ;
spores elongato-fusiform, (1-)3-septate, colourless, 0,32-60 mm.
long, 0,006—-7 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 112.—Lichen
amplissimus Scop. Fl. Carn. u. (1772) p. 386. Ricasolia glomu-
lifera Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. Sticta glomulifera Mudd, Man.
p- 91. Purmelia glomulifera Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 436; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p.52; Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p.198. Lichen glomuliferus Lightt.
Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 853; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.57; Eng. Bot.
t. 293. Lichen laciniatus Huds. Fl. Angl. (1762) p. 449. Lichen-
oides subglaucum cumatile, foliis tenacibus, eleganter laciniatis Dill.
Muse. 197, t. 26. f. 99.—Hudson’s specific name has priority, but
having fallen into oblivion is not adopted.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 110; Larb. Cesar. n. 62; Cromb. n. 138.
One of the largest lichens, spreading in favourable situations exten-
sively, and scmetimes enveloping a large portion of the trunks of trees
with an unbroken covering. It is easily recognized by the almost con-
stant presence of the dark-green glomeruli of Dendriscocaulon bolacinum
on the upper surface of the thallus. The apothecia are somewhat rare,
but are generally abundant when present. Occasionally they are abortive,
small and crowded, appearing as if cephalodine. The spermogones in
otherwise sterile plants are frequent, prominent, the ostiole brown, with
spermatia 0,005 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly ash and oak, rarely on rocks in
maritime and upland districts —Dvstr. Not very general, though usually
plentiful, chiefly in the western tracts of Great Britain; rare in S.W. and
N. Ireland and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Near Rozel, Island of
Jersey; Jerbourg, Island of Guernsey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark.
New Forest, Hampshire; Manaton Moor, Brent Tor, and Ivy Bridge,
Devonshire ; Boconnoc and near Launceston, Cornwall; Llanforda, near
Oswestry, Shropshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; near Delgeily, Barmouth,
Aberdovey, and Llanbedr, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; Sedburgh
and Windermere, Westmoreland; Horsleyhope Denes, Durham; Kes-
wick, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Minto Crags,
Roxburghshire ; Mugdock Castle, near Glasgow ; Loch Long, near Ros-
neath, Inverary, and Barcaldine House, Argyleshire; Loch Katrine, Glen
Ta
276 LICHEN ACEI. [RICASOLTIA.
Lochay, and Kenmore, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochaber, Inver-
ness-shire. Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerry; Glenarm, co, Antrim.
2. R. letevirens Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 121.—Thallus orbi-
cular, expanded, scarcely rigid, smooth or rugulose, somewhat
shining, laciniato-lobed, bright-green or pale-brown, or lurid;
beneath tomentose, pale, the rhizine concolorous or white, ecyphel-
late ; lobes roundly crenate and undulate at the margins, cyphelle
none (K~,CaCl_). Apothecia large, scattered, reddish, the margin
granulato-rugulose, inflexed ; spores fusiform, l-septate, at length
pale-brown, 0,026— 44 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 113.—Lichen letevirens Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. (1777)
p- 852; Eng. Bot. t. 294; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. icasolia
ati Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32. gs herbacea Gray, Nat. Arr.
. p- 431; Mudd, Man. p. 91, t. 11. f. 27. Parmelia herbacea Hook.
FL Scot. 11. p.52; Sm. Eng. PL Vv. p. 200; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
i. p. 141. Tachen harbaceus Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2 (1778) p- o44;
Eng. Bot. t. 294; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 58. Lichenordes lane
virens, scutellis fulvis Dill. Muse. 195, t. 25. f. 98. Lichenoides
arboreum cinereo-virens, tenue et lave ubique, scutellis minoribus Dill.
in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p.7 73, n. 64,— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n.75; Cromb.
n. 40; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 326.
Also a widely expanded plant, though not so much as the preceding.
The thallus, which is somewhat thinly membranaceous, is of a bright
green colour, but in drying it becomes greyish-green and then lurid-
brown. The apothecia are common, as are also the spermogones, which
are similar to those of R. amplissima.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and occasionally on mossy boulders,
in maritime and upland situations.— Distr. General and common in the
hilly and mountainous regions of Great Britain; rare in W. Ireland and
the Channel Islands; abundant in the S.W. Highlands, Sectland.—B. M.:
Near Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Shanklin and Appuldur comb, Isle of Wight.
New Forest, Hampshire; Ivy Bridge, South Brent, near Totnes, Beckey
Falls, and near Haberton, 8S. Devon; Boconnoe and St. Minver, Cornwall ;
Bryer Island, Scilly; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire ; Derbyshire; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey, and Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anele-
sea; Baysdale, Cleveland: Yorkshire ; near Eelestone, Durham; Winder-
mere and near Stockgill, Westmoreland; Calder Abbey, Cumberland.
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; near Inverary,
Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Bracklin Falls, Glen
Lochay, and Craighall, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; Cawdor Woods,
Nairn; Applecross, Ross-shire. Killarney and Cromaglown, co. Kerry ;
near Kylemore, co. Galway.
Tribe XV. PELTIGERETI Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. 11. (1854)
p. 13; Syn. i. p. 315: Flora, 1882, p. 457.
Thallus frondosely dilated, membranaceons, the cortical layer dis-
tinctly cellular, usually wanting beneath; gonidial layer consisting
of gonidimia, or more frequently of gonimia. Apothecia peltiform,
—_———
-PELTIDEA. | PELTIGEREI. 277
marginal and adnate either to the upper or the lower surface, or
innate and scattered on the upper surface of the thallus ; spores
Snee, rarely 4ne or 2ne, colourless, septate and fusiform in the
marginal apothecia, brown, ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered
apothecia; paraphyses discrete, articulate, usually thickish. Sper-
mogones (in su far as known) immersed in the thallus, with jointed
sterigmata.
Nylander points out the analogies of this tribe in various respects to
Sticter (Pyr. Or. p. 51 note); but being less developed, it occupies an
inferior place. The thallus for the most part is without a cortical layer
on the lower surface, where also it is destitute of cyphelle. It is a small
tribe, though most of the species are widely distributed in the colder and
more temperate regions of the globe. In Nylander’s recent arrangement
it is divided into the two following subtribes, distinguished from each
other by anatomical characters (¢fr. Flora, 1884, p. 219).
Subtribe I. PELTIDET Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 457, 1884, p. 219.
Thallus bearing cephalodia ; gonidial layer composed of gonidimia.
Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe.
Well characterized by the thallus being cephalodiiferous and gonidi-
miose. Of the three genera, Nephroma, Peltidea, and Solorina, the tirst
does not occur in Great Britain. It is distinguished from the others by
the thallus being continuous beneath, with the apothecia adnate on its
lower surface. ‘lhe cephalodia are variable in their position, being either
epigenous or hypogenous or endogenous; when rhizine are present, they
are composed of fasciculate filamentose elements.
49. PELTIDEA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 282 pro parte; Nyl. Flora,
1866, p. 116.—Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on
the under surface,
which is nerved and
erhizinose. Apothe- 9
cia adnate on the
marginal lobules of \\
\{ fen
the upper surface of | nae PN
the thallus,ascending | | \\ \ Vi A
or horizontal; spores | na \\ \ \\\
3- or pluri-septate, Tif] \\ \\r 114
fusiform ; hymenial \| ay \\LEH LI
gelatine bluish with Ir \ WUT |
iodine. Spermogones || : WY
unknown. ) b oy \T/
A small genus dis- l/
tinguished from Pelti- y 7
gera of the following Z a
subtribe by the pre-
sence of cephalodia, Fig. 48.
and by the nature of
the gonidia. It con- Pyitidea aphthosa Ach.—a. Section of (entire) thallus,
tains only two species, x 200. 6. Gonidimia, x 350. ¢. Theca and para-
both of which oceur in __ physis, x 350. d. Three spores, x 500.
our Islands.
278 LICHENACEI. [ PELTIDEA.
1. P. aphthosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.516.—Thallus broadly
membranaceous, thin or moderate, smooth, somewhat shining, bearing
cephalodia, bright grass-green when moist, glaucous-green or lurid-
glaucous when dry; beneath either reticulately blackish-nervose or
almost continuously brownish-black, with broad whitish margin ; the
rhizine long, blackish. Apothecia rotundate, moderate or large,
ascending, reddish-brown, the margin inflexed and lacerate ; spores
8ne, fusiform, 3—7-septate, colourless or pale-brown, 0,060—-92 mm.
long, 0,005—6 mm. thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 428 ; Hook. Fl. Scot.
il. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28.—Peltigera aphthosa Mudd, Man. p. 81;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101. Lichen aphthosus Linn. FI.
Suec. (1755) p. 1098 ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 847; Huds, Fl. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 547; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70; Eng. Bot. t. 1119.
Lachenoides digitatum lete-virens, verrucis nigris notatum Dill. Muse.
199, t. 27. f. 106.—Some of the above include no doubt also the
following variety.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 321; Cromb. n. 147.
The epigenous cephalodia distinguish this from other species of the
tribe. They are patelliform or verrucoso-unequal, pale, either superticial
or slightly impressed, usually numerous and sprinkled over the whole
upper surface of the thallus. The underside is sometimes continuously
blackish, with confluent nerves (form verrucosa Web.); but this seems
to be an accidental state resulting from the nature of the substratum. In
this country it is rarely seen in fruit; the old apothecia become rather
large.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders, as also on turf walls in
moist shady upland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in W. and N. Eng-
land and 8. Scotland; more plentiful in the Grampians, Scotland, where
it fruits more freely; rare in N. Ireland—B. M., Stouts’ Wood, Glou-
cestershire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Craigforda, Herefordshire; Llyn
Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Llanberris, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham ;
near Kendal, Westmoreland; Walla Crag, Cumberland ; The Cheviots,
Northumberland. Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire; near Inverary and
Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Blair Athole, Den of
Rechip, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Invercauld,
and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Lochaber,
Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. leucophlebia Not. Sillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. v.
(1866) p. 117.—Thallus less dilated, paler, more opaque ; beneath
entirely whitish ; the nerves distinct, whitish or pale. Apothecia
rare; spores 3-septate, 0,052-0,066 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm. thick.
—FPeltigera aphthosa, var. leucophlebia Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 323.
— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 58.
Differs in the usually smaller thallus, the colour of its upper and under
surfaces, and in the pauci-septate spores. Nylander (Syn. /. c.) observes
that it had somewhat the habit of Peltigera rufescens (this, however, is
less marked in our British specimens), but with the peculiar cephalodia
of this species. In this country it is always sterile.
Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks in upland districts.— Distr. Local
and rare in 8.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland, and the S. and W.
~
PELTIDEA. | PELTIGEREI. 279
Highlands; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ;
White Force, Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh; near
oth Argyleshire; the Ochills, Rannoch, and the Trossachs, Perth-
shire.
2. P. venosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 282.—Thallus small, simple,
ascending or suberect, ovate or nearly flabelliformi-lobate, somewhat
shining, smooth, bright-green when moist, pale-greyish or greenish-
brown when dry ; beneath bearing cephalodia, white, with prominent
black or brownish-black nerves ramifying from the base. Apothecia
suborbicular, plane, horizontal, somewhat large, brownish-black, the
margin crenulate, evanescent $ spores 6—Sne, fusiform, 3-septate,
colourless or pale-brown, 0,030-0,045 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm.
thick.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28.—Peltigera venosa Mudd,
Man. p. 84, t. 1. f. 23 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 111, ed.3, p.101. Lichen
venosus Linn. FI. Suec. (1755) n. 1097; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 844;
Huds, Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 545; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Eng.
Bot. t. 887. Lichenoides parvum virescens, peltis nigricantibus
planis Dill. Muse. 208, t. 28. f. 109.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 42;
Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25.
A small plant, easily recognized by the simple or slightly lobed flabelli-
form thallus and the horizontal fructification. The hypogenous cepha-
lodia, which from their position are very apt to be overlooked, are usually
visible upon the brown tomentose nerves. They ‘are granular, carti-
laginous, glaucous or glaucous-grey (at length becoming dark or blackish ),
small, superficial, subglobose or somewhat depressed, not unfrequently
crowded, and contain gonimia of moderate size and moniliform, in the thin
cellular texture ” (Nyl. Flora, ut supra). The apothecia, which are large
in proportion to the size of the thallus, are horizontal, and more connected
with the upper than the lower surface of the margin of the thallus.
Hab. On turf walls and on the ground in fissures of rocks in upland and
alpine situations.— Distr. Local and rare in W. England, N. Ireland, and
the hilly tracts of S. Scotland; more general in the Grampians, especially
in Breadalbane.—B. M.: Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire.
Kirkmichael and near Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Habbie’s How, Pentland
Hills, near Edinburgh; Menstrie Glen, near Stirling; Stronaclachan and
Finlarig, Killin, Ben Lawers and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire ;
Reeky Linn and Clova, Forfarshire. Near Belfast, co, Antrim.
50. SOLORINA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p.27; Nyl. Flora, 1834,
p. 219.—Thallus fragile, the cortical layer not continuous on the
under surface, which is sometimes obsoletely nervose and rhizinose.
Apothecia innate, rotundate or oblong, scattered on the upper
surface of the thallus; spores 6—Snx, 4ne, or 2ne, fusiformi-
oblong or ellipsoid, bilocular, brownish or reddish-brown ; hymenial
gelatine (and the thece) bluish with iodine. Spermogones un-
known.
The rhizinose thallus and innate fructification separate this from the
preceding genus, The apothecia are at first covered with a thalline veil,
230 LICHENACEI. [SOLORINA.
which at length forms an evanescent margin, All the species are normally
terricole, the thallus being closely adnate to the ground. With the excep-
tion of S. octospora, all the
European species have been
found in Britain.
1. 8. crocea Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 149.—
Thallus orbicular, thickish,
appressed, more or less
smooth, laciniato - lobed.
undulate at the margin,
dark-greenish when moist,
reddish- or cnnamon-
greyish when dry; _ be-
neath (as also the medulla)
deep orange- or saffron-
enloured, villoso - nervose,
indistinctly subrhizinose.
Apothecia moderate, plane,
rotundate or oblong, tumid,
dark brownish-red ; spores
6-8nze, oblong or fusi-
formi - oblong, brownish, Fie. 49
ee Solori ata Nae 2 Gonidimia, x 350
12 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. © i hes aa paraphysis, x 350. c. Three
Arr. i. p. 429; Hook. Fl 3 =
a spores, x 5U0.
Scot. i. p. 36: Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 214; Mudd, Man. p. 85; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106.—Lichen croceus Linn. Fl. Snee.
(1755) p. 1101; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 856; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p. 548; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68; Eng. Bot. t.49. Lachenoides
subtus croceum, peltis appressis Dill. Muse. 211, t. 30. f. 120,—
Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 46; Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 50.
A beautiful plant, readily distinguished by the saffron-colour of the
underside of the thallus, which, even when growing, is generally per-
ceptible from the margins being more or less subfree and upturned. The
apothecia are at first slightly immersed and rounded, then plane, oblong,
and at length difform and somewhat large. On the thallus is occasionally
seen the parasitic fungus, Spheria lichenicola DeNot.
Hab. On the ground, and in fissures of rocks and boulders in alpine
places.— Distr. Rather local and scarce towards the summits of some of
the higher Scottish Grampians, abundant on the top of Ben Lawers; very
rare on the mts. of S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire ;
Ben More, Benteskerney and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts., For-
farshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, Ben-naboord, and Ben Macdhui, A berdeen-
shire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Brandon Mts., co. Kerry.
2. §. saccata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 149.—Thallus orbi-
cular, submembranaceous, smooth or subsmooth, lobato-divided,
pale-greyish or pale-brownish, occasionally white-pruinose ; beneath
Tuper ers
\ A .
SOLORINA. | PELTIGEREL. 281
white, spongioso-tomentose, affixed by long scattered rhizinz ; lobes
rounded, incised, or slightly crenate at the margins. Apothecia
urceolato-depressed, moderate, brown or blackish-brown, immar-
ginate ; spores tne, ellipsoid or oblong, reddish-brown, 0,032—50 mm.
long, 0,018-27 mm. thick.— Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p.36; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.214; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 153; Mudd, Man. p. 85, t.i. f. 24: Cromb. Enum. p, 29; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 112, ed. 3, p. 106.—Lichen saccatus Linn, F]. Suec. (1755)
p- 1102; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 855; Huds. Fl. Angl. ii. p. 548 ;
Eng. Bot. t. 288; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 67. Lichenvides lichenis
facie, peltis acetabulis immersis Dill. Muse. 221, t. 30. f. 121.—Brit.
Exs.: Mudd, n. 63; Leight. n. 111; Cromb. n. 47; Bohl. n. 4.
The thallus, which is bright green when moist, becoming in old herbaria
specimens reddish-brown, varies somewhat in texture according to habitat,
and is sometimes more or less white-pruinose (form prauinosa Fr. Lich.
Eur. p. 49). The saccato-impressed apothecia, which in old plants are
occasionally somewhat large, render this species easily recognized, though
without examination of the spores it might be confounded with S. bispora.
Hab. On the ground and decayed mosses, in crevices of rocks, rarely on
the mortar of old walls, in moist shady places, in upland and subalpine
districts — Distr. General, but not common, chiefly in W. and N. Eng-
land, N. Wales, and on the Grampians, Scotland; scarce in 8.W. and N. |
Ireland. —B. M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; near Buxton, Derby-
shire; Apes Tor, Staffordshire; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shrop-
shire ; Whernside and Bolton Woods, Yorkshire; Cwm Bychan,
Merionethshire ; Garn, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea ; Teesdale,
Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Head of
Loch Awe and Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers,
Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Canlochan Glen, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny,
Carr Rocks, and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Bandon Hill, co.
Kerry ; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo; near Belfast, co. Antrim.
3. §. spongiosa Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288.—
Thallus suborbicular, squamulose, dark-green when moist, greyish-
brown when dry ; squamules small, suberect, minutely inciso-lobed
and crenate, at length becoming granulato-crustose. Apothecia
deeply urceolate, becoming nearly plane, dark chestnut-coloured or
almost blackish, bordered externally by a thinnish, granulate,
thalloid margin; spores 4nz, ellipsoid, brownish, 0,030--0,050 mm.
long, 0,018-0,023 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30.—Collema
spongiosum Sm. Eng. Fl. vy. p. 214. Polychidium spongiosum Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 402. Lichen spongiosus Sm. Eng. Bot. 1805, t. 1374.
Solorina limbata (Somm.), Mudd, Man. p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 113, ed. 3, p. 107.
A singular-looking plant, sometimes regarded as a variety of S. saccata,
with which perhaps it is connected by intermediate states, traces of the
normal thallus being occasionally seen around the apothecia. It differs,
however, from it in the squamulose thallus, and more slightly in the mar-
gined apothecia and the thinner spores. The large and sometimes numerous
apothecia become nearly plane when old.
Hab. On the ground among rocks, and on turf walls, in upland districts:
—Distr. Rather local and scarce, chiefly in N. England, among the
282 LICHENACEI. _ [SOLORINA.
S. Grampians, Scotland (where it is plentiful); rare in N.E. Ireland.—
B. M.: Buxton Dale, Derbyshire ; Whernside and Guisboro’ Moor, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Fin-
larig, Killin, near Tummel Bridge and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Glen-
arift, co, Antrim.
4. S. bispora Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 331, t. 8. f. 42.—Thallus
orbicular, somewhat small, subcoriaceous, subsmooth, lobato-divided,
pale-greyish or brownish-green, white-pruinose ; beneath white,
spongioso-tomentose, with long scattered rhizine ; lobes rounded or
incised and somewhat crenate at the margins. Apothecia urceolato-
depressed, small or moderate, brown or dark-brown, immarginate ;
spores 2ne, reddish brown, ellipsoid, 0,065-88 mm. long, 0,033-
42 mm. thick.-—Stirt. Grevillea, ii. p. 60; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 107.
This differs from S. saccata in the white-pruinose thallus, the two-spored
thecz, and the much larger spores. The thallus is also rather smaller,
often somewhat rugulose, and thicker; and the apothecia are usually
smaller. A variety limbata, described in Nyl. Syn. 2. ¢, which is
analogous to S. spongiosa, has not been detected in Great Britain.
Hab. On the ground in alpine districts.— Distr. Local and rare on the
S. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Subtribe Il. PELTIGERINEI Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 457;
1884, p. 219.
Thallus destitute of cephalodia; gonidial layer consisting of
gonimia. Apothecia and spores variable as in the tribe.
This also contains three
genera—Nephromium, Pelti-
gera, and Solorinina—parallel
to those of the preceding
subtribe, except that the thal-
lus is gonimiose and without
cephalodia. Solorinina is
exotic.
51. NEPHROMIUM Nyl.
Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857)
p- 101 (nota); Syn. i. (1860)
p- 318.—Thallus _ fragile,
naked or villose beneath,
the cortical layer there
continuous and nerveless ;
gonidial layer with the
gonimia usually moniliform,
Apothecia reniform, adnate Fig. 50.
to the lower surface of the Nephromium levigatum Nyl.—a. Section of
margin of the thallus, with thallus, x 200. 4. ‘Iwo syngonimia,
thalline margin ; thece cla- x 350. c. Theca and paraphysis, x 350.
d, Spores, x 500. e. Vertical section of
vate; spores Sn, (1)}-3- two spermogones, x 30. f. Sterile
septate, fusiformi-oblong, and spermatia, x 500.
SO ——<—<—i— ee ere
a
NEPHROMIUM. | PELVIGEREI. 283
usually brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper-
mogones marginal, pale; spermatia somewhat incrassate at either
apex, and obtuse.
Distinguished from the allied genera by the position of the apothecia
and the cortical layer being continuous on the nerveless under surface.
When rhizinz are present, they are composed of non-fasciculate filaments.
Most of the European species and varieties occur in this country, though
some of them only very sparingly.
1. N. tomentosum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 101, Syn. i.
p. 319.—Thallus suborbicular, lobate or Jaciniato-lobate, glabrous or
thinly tomentose, livid-glaucous or livid-chestnut or lurid-brown ;
beneath pale, villose (medulla white, K—). Apothecia moderate, tes-
taceo-red, or reddish-brown, the receptacle crenulato-unequal and
villose at back ; spores colourless or brownish, 0,020-24 mm. long,
0,006—7 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p.28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105, ed. 3, p. 99.—Peltigera
tomentosa Hoftm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 108. Mephroma resu-
pinata Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 426; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61; Sm. Eng.
FI. v. p. 216.
Readily distinguished by the villosity of the under surface of the
thallus. The upper surface also is not unfrequently thinly tomentose, and
sometimes also more or less sorediate, though these characters do not
appear in our few British specimens. The apothecia are somewhat nume-
rous, and the spermogones, which are occasionally present, have the sper-
matia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in rocky upland situations.— Distr. Very
local and rare, on the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Craig Cluny,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. N. rameum Ny]l. ew Norrl. Medd. Siillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. i.
(1876) p. 18.—Thallus smaller, thinner, somewhat broadly lobed,
glaucous, lobules appressed, expanded ; the under surface pale, vil-
lose, with white papille (pseudocyphelle). Apothecia smaller.—
Nephromium tomentosum var, rameum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 106, ed. 3,
p. 100. Nephroma ramewm Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 18, t. ii.
fig. 3.
The more or less pseudo-cyphellate under surface (the papille usually
being numerous) gives this the rank of a subspecies. The apothecia are
smaller, but internally similar to those of the type. There are no spermo-
gones on the only British specimen I have seen.
Hab. On the branches of old trees (birches) in wooded upland districts.
—Distr. Extremely local and rare on the N. Grampians, Scotland, in
Braemar and ( fide Leight. /. c.) Forfarshire ; not observed in recent years.
—B. M.: Near Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
2. N. levigatum Nyl. Mém. Scc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 101,
Syn. i. p. 320.—Thallus suborbicular, rotundato-lobed, smooth,
subopaque, sinuato-crenate at the margins, chestnut- or livid-
brown; beneath glabrous and slightly rugulose, pale (medulla
284 LICHENACEI. [NEPHROMIUM.
white, K—). Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the
receptacle crenulato-unequal at the margin and depresso-granulate
at the back; spores 0,U2U-—24 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 104, ed. 3, p. 99.—Nephroma
levigatum Ach. Syn. (1817) p. 242; Mudd, Man. p. 81. Mephroma
resupinata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154. Lichen resupinatus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 843; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 71. Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis ferrugineis Dill.
Muse. 206, t. 28. f. 1054. Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in
aversa foliorum superficie locatis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 91.
—Most of these synonyms refer no doubt to XV. lusitanicum. Lichen
resupinatus of the older authors included other species, so that it
cannot be retained.
Distinguished from the preceding by the absence of tomentum on the
upper and by the naked under surface of the thallus. The thallus is gene-
rally of moderate size, and rarely expanded. The apothecia are usually
numerous, though comparatively small, and the spermogones have the
spermatia 0,0035-0,040 mm. long (fide Nyl.).
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy boulders in mountainous
districts —Distr. Local and scarce in N, England and in the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: Keswick, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth-
shire; Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
3. N. parile Ny]. Flora, 1885, p. 47.—Thallus orbicular, mem-
branaceous, rotundato-lobed, smooth, subopaque, crisp and césio-
sorediate at the margins; beneath naked, rugulose, brownish-black
(medulia white, K—). Apothecia very rare, on short lobes; spores
as in WV, levigatum.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77.—Nephromium
levigatum var. parile Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 105, ed. 3, p. 99. Nephroma laevigatum (3. parile Mudd, Man.
p- 81. Nephroma parile Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 427; Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 220. Lichen parilis Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 164, Eng. Bot. t. 2360.
Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis ferrugineis Dill. Muse. 206, t. 28.
f. 1058, c.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 41.
Though regarded by more recent authors as a variety of the preceding,
this differs in the sorediate margins, the colour of the under surface, and
especially in the size of the spermatia. These, according to Nylander in
litt., are 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick; so that it must again be
raised to its specific rank. The soredia, which are normally marginal,
are occasioually also more or less scattered over the surface, becoming
blackish in age. It rarely occurs fertile, and never so with us.
Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders, and about the roots of old trees, in
wooded upland districts.— Distr. Local in 8. and W. England, in 8. Scot-
land and among the Grampians, in S.W. and N. Ireland.—B. M.: Ivy
Bridge, Hennock, near Bovey Tracey, Lustleigh Cleeve, and Totnes, 8.
Devon; Cound Moor and Craigforda, Shropshire ; Dolgelly, Twll Du, and
Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Braith-
waite, Cumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Craig
Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Caledonian Canal, Inverness-shire.
Near Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
;
‘
.
4
:
:
:
OF ay #
Minas ’
NEPHROMIUM. | PELTIGERET. 225
4. N. subtomentellum Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147.—
Thallus subcoriaceous, somewhat expanded, rotundato-lobed, opaque,
rugulose, sinuato-lobed at the margins, dark lurid-brown; beneath
rugulose, obsoletely tomentellose, brown (medulla white, K—).
Apothecia moderate, dark-red, the receptacle coriaceo-rugulose or
thinly areolato-granulose ; spores 0,020—24 mm. long, 0,006—-7 mm.
thick.— Nephromium levigatum var. subtomentellum Ny]. Not. Siillsk.
F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s. vy. (1866) p.116; Leight. Lich. Fl..ed. 3,
p. 99.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 149.
Distinguished by the rugnlose thallus and receptacle, and by the obsolete
tomentum of the under surface, which with the size of the spermatia show
that it is a good species. The apothecia are numerous, occasionally rather
large and crowded. The spermogones, which are more frequent than in
any of the other British species, have the spermatia (ex Nyl. in Uitt.)
0,0025-0,0030 mm. long, 0,0010 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of old ash trees in mountainous regions.— Distr.
Local and scarce in N. Wales, and among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Rhewgreidden, Merionethshire. Head of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ;
Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.
5. N.lusitanicum Nyl. Flora, 1870, p.38.—Thkallus suborbicular,
rotundato-lobed, smooth and somewhat shining, crenate, crisp and
undulate at the margins, livid-chestnut or chestnut-brown ; beneath
glabrous, somewhat rugulose, pale (medulla yellow, K-+ purplish).
Apothecia small or moderate, reddish-brown, the receptacle crenato-
laciniate, incurved, the back minutely depresso-areolate ; spores
0,020-24 mm. long, 6.006-7 mm. thick.—Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1870, p.41; Lich. Fl. p. 106, ed. 3, p. 100.—Nephromium
levigatum f. lusitanicum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28. Nephroma lusi-
tanicum Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 323. Lichen resupinatus Eng. Bot.
t. 305 ; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71.—Brit. Evs. : Mudd, n. 57;
Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23; Leight. n. 107; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 288.
Similar to NV. levigatum, except in the colour of the medulla and the
chemical reaction. These differences, however, are of sufficient importance
to warrant our regarding it with Scherer as a distinct species. With us
it is mach more common than N. leviyatum, and is generally fertile.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and on mossy rocks and boulders in
maritime and upland wooded districts.—-Distr. General and common in
S., W.,and N. England, N. Wales, in 8S. and Central Scotland, and in N.
aud S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Brechou and Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Lydd, Kent; Lustleizh Cleeve and near Totnes, S. Devon; near Res-
pring, Launceston, Liskeard, Penzance, and St. Austell, Cornwall; Mal-
vern, Worcestershire; Pentregaer near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth
and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon; Island of
Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Mardale, West-
moreland ; Keswick and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland. New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire: near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Dumbarton
Castle, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine, Inverary, and head of Loch Awe,
Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Pass of Leny, Perthshire; Reeky Linn,
Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Cawdor Woods,
Nairn; Loch Linnhe, Fort George, and Falls of Foyers, Inverness-shire ;
286 LICHENACEI. [NEPHROMIUM.
Applecross, Ross-shire. Fairhead, co. Antrim; Luggelaw, co. Wicklow ;
Killarney, co. Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway.
Form panniforme Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 77.—Thallus
lobulato-dissected, closely imbricate, the lobules small, crowded,
beneath dark-brown. Apothecia small.
Has the appearance of other panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens.
The apothecia, which in the specimens seen are with one exception very
sparingly present, are small and confined to the larger lobules.
Hab. On the mossy trunks of trees, and on boulders in maritime and
upland districts.— Distr. Lozal and scarce in S.W. England and the W.
Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine,
Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire.
8. Hibernicum Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 100.—
Thallus with the medulla white (K+ purplish). Apothecia with the
back of the receptacle smoothisn. Otherwise as in the type.
A very distinct variety, if not subspecies, characterized by the white
or whitish medulla, in which respect it resembles VN. levigatum. The
chemical reaction, however, shows it to belong to WV. lusitanicum. In the
specimens seen the apothecia have the back of the receptacle smooth or
subsmooth; though as this occurs also in younger and muscicole states of
the type, it can scarcely be regarded as of diagnostic value.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees among mosses on rocks in maritime
tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in W. England, the W. Highlands of
Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Walkingham, Devonshire ;
Launceston, Cornwall; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire; by Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Doughbruagh Mts., co. Galway.
52. PELTIGERA Hoffm. Deutsch. FI. ii. (1795) p. 106 pro parte;
Nyl. emend. Flora, 1866, p. 116.—
Thallus fragile, opaque or somewhat
shining, the cortical layer not conti-
nuous on the under surface, which is
generally nerved; gonidial layer
composed of gonimia. Apothecia
adnate on the front margin of the
thalline lobules, ascending or hori-
zontal; spores (6—)8nz, 3- or pluri-
septate, fusiform, colourless ; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish with iodine.
Spermogones not known.
a was.se
As previously observed, this is well ie ie
separated from Peltidea, by the goni- Peltigera canina, Hoffm.—a. A syn-
miose and ecephalodiiferous thallus. gonimium, x350. 6. Free gori-
From the preceding it is distinguished ia, x450. ¢. Spores, x 500.
by the cortical layer not being conti-
nuous beneath, and by the position of the apothecia. The rhizine also,
when present, are composed of fasciculate filaments. All the European
species occur in onr Islands, and for the most part in considerable quantity.
PELTIGERA. | PELTIGEREI. 287
1. P. malacea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 44.—Thallus moderate,
smooth, opaque, thickish, usually very minutely punctato-tomen-
tellose, or obsoletely adsperso-pulverulent, livid-brown when moist,
greyish-glaucous or glaucous-brown, or partly brownish when dry ;
beneath densely tomentose, with confluent nerves and without
veins, brownish-black, broadly whitish at the margin. Apothecia
moderate, orbicular, or nearly transverse, vertically adnate, brownish-
red, the margin crenulate; spores elongato-fusiform, 3—5-septate,
0,058-74 mm. long, 0,005—6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102 pro min. parte.—Peltidea
malacea Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 240 pro parte.
A very distinct species, though having a superficial resemblance to
some states of P. rufescens. The apothecia, which are not very numerous
in our few British specimens, are adnate on short, somewhat broad thal-
line lobules.
Hab. Among mosses on rocks and about the roots of trees in moun-
tainous regions.— Distr. Gathered only in the S.W. Highlands and the
N. Grampians, Scotland; may be found elsewhere.—B. M.: Inverary,
Argyleshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
f. microloba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot., xxv. (1878), p. 378.
—Thallus smaller, more divided; the lobes short, crisp, narrow.
Apothecia smaller, at length incurved.
Smaller in all its parts, and might be mistaken for P. polydactyla var.
hymenina. In consequence of the thallus being more repeatedly lobed,
the apothecia are more numerous than in the type.
Hab. Among mosses on walls in upland tracts of mountainous dis-
tricts.— Distr. Found only in the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen
Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.
2. P. canina Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106.—Thallus
large, impresso-unequal, opaque, more or less adpresso-tomentellose,
of moderate thickness, roundly lobed, brownish-green when moist,
greyish when dry; beneath whitish, with prominent, concolorous or
pale nerves, and long white rhizine. Apothecia moderate. sub-
rotundate, at length revolute, brown or brownish-red, the margin
nearly entire ; spores elongato-fusiform, 5—5-septate, 0,066-70 mm.
long, about 0,004 mm. thick—Mudd, Man. p. 52, t. 1. fig. 22;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107, ed. 3, p. 101.—
Peltidea canina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153. Lichen
caninus Linn. Fl. Suec. (1755) n. 1109; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. u. p. 845; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Eng. Bot.
t. 2299. Lichenoides digitatum cinereum, latuce foliis sinuosis Dill.
Muse. 200, t. 27. f. 102 8. Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum
majus, foliis divisis Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 78.—Most of
the above, however, include also the following variety.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 141; Mudd, n. 59.
The most common and best-known species of the genus, easily dis-
tinguished by the large thallus, with its tomentellose and (when dry)
288 LICHEN ACEI. [PELTIGERA.
ash-coloured upper surface, and its whitish under surface with long white
rhizine. The lobes are of moderate size, though many usually compose
an individual plant, which then spreads extensively. It is common in
fruit, especially with younger apothecia, nor do these attain any great
size in age. On the margins of the lobes pyenides are occasionally seen.
These are tubercular, brownish-black, the conceptacle colourless beneath; ,
stylospores oblong, 0,009-0,012 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick (vide Nyl.
syn. 1. t. 1. f. 27).
Hab. Among mosses on the ground, the tops of old walls, on boulders
and about the roots of trees in lowland and upland situations.—Distr.
General and common throughout Great Britain, and probably Ireland ;
rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest,
Essex; New Forest, Hants; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall;
Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire ; Clee Hills,
Shropshire; near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumber-
land. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ;
Glen Lochay and Biair Athole, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ;
Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Forres,
Elginshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near
Belfast, co. Antrim; Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. 8. membranacea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 324.—Thallus
thinner, more glabrous (subtomentellose), roundly lobed, the fertile
lobes short. Apothecia small.—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 108.—Peltidea canina y. membranacea Ach. Lich. Uniy.
(1810) p. 518.—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 45.
Distinguished by the thallus and apothecia, the characters of which,
according to Nylander zn /itt., entitle 1t probably to rank as a subspecies
(cfr. Zw. Lich. Heidel. p. 20). It is not frequent in fruit, and even
when present the apothecia are but few.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground in shady places in maritime, low-
land, and upland districts Distr. Not very general, though common
where it occurs in Great Britain, and perhaps also in Ireland.—B. M.:
Near Penzance, Cornwall; Hyde Park, London (olim); Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; near Conway, Carnarvonshbire; Island of Anglesea;
Patterda'e, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Killin and Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Strathmartin, Forfarshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Rostellan, co. Cork; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway.
3. P. rufescens Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 107.—Thallus
moderate, somewhat thickish, subtomentellose, roundly lobed, crisp,
greenish- or greyish-brown when moist, pale, pale-cervine or
greyish-red when dry; beneath with thick coarse dark or brownish
nerves and few rhizine. Apothecia moderate, rotundato-oblong, at
length revolute, red or brownish-red, the margin denticulate ; spores
elongato-fusiform, 3—-5-septate, 0,042-72 mm. long, 0,004—5 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 108, ed. 3,
p. 102.—Peltigera canina [3. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 82. Peltidea
rufescens Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 216. Lichen
rufescens Eng. Bot. t. 2300; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405; Lichen
rufus (errore) p. 70. Lichen caninus B. rufescens Lightf. Fl. Scot.
ii. (1777) p. 846; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Peltidea crispa
PELTIGERA. | PELTIGEREI. 289
(Ach.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428. Lichenoides digitatum rufescens,
foliis latuce crispis Dill. Muse. 203, t. 27. f. 103. Lichenoides pel-
tatum terrestre rufescens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 88.—
Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 48; Bohl. n. 87.
The smaller, smoother, more crisp thallus, and the difference of
colour, as also the darker or brownish veins of the underside, distinguish
this from P. canina, to which it is intimately allied. Whether it is to
be regarded as specifically distinct is doubtful, since intermediate states
occur by which they may be connected, The apothecia when present
are numerous, though it is often sterile.
Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks and the stumps of felled trees in
maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Rather local and uncommon
in the Channel Islands, W. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. High-
lands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Near
Totnes, S. Devon; Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Hafod, Cardiganshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Windermere and near
Kendal, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine,
Argyleshire; Rannoch, Perthshire; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire. Rosscarbery, co. Cork.
Form pretextata Floirke in Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 123.
—Thallus with the lobes isidiiferous or minutely squamulose at the
margins ; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot.
xvi. p. 574.—Peltigera canina, var. y. limbata (non Del.) Mudd,
Man. p. 83. P. canina var. crispa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102.
P. canina form lepidophora (non Nyl.) Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77.
— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 60; Leight. n. 262; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 46;
Bohl. n. 30.
Well marked by the isidioso-subgranulose excrescences by which the
margins of the lobes are bordered (often densely), and which may be
also scattered here and there upon their surface. It is not uncommon in
fructification, the apothecia sometimes becoming large. Pycnides similar
to those of P. canina are frequent on the marginal squamules.
Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks and walls, rarely on the ground,
generally near water, in upland districts—Dzstr. Somewhat local, but
common in Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands;
plentiful on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey.
Lustleigh and Widdecombe, 8. Devon ; Bocconoc, Cornwall; near Wor-
cester ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Easby and Sowerdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Keswick, Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, and
Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; 8. of Fort William, Inverness-shire; Island of Skye. Kil-
larney, co. Kerry ; Glendalough, Connemara, co. Galway.
4. P. spuria Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 108.—Thallus small,
subsimple, digitately lobed, ascending or suberect, adpresso-tomen-
tellose, smooth, greyish-green ; beneath whitish, with coarse con-
colorous nerves and a few short rhizine. Apothecia small, sub-
rotundate, at length oblongo-revolute, brown or reddish-brown, the
margin crenulate or denticulate; spores aciculari-fusiform, 3-7.
U
290 LICHENACEI. [PELTIGERA.
septate, 0,056-75 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 103; Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 574.—
Peltigera rufescens subsp. spuria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29. Peltidea
spuria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215. Lichen spurtus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p- 159; Eng. Bot. t. 1542. Peltigera canina e. pusil/a Koerb.,
Mudd, Man. p. 83. Lichenoides digitatum cinereum, Latuce foliis
sinuosis Dill. Muse. 200, t. 27. f. 102 a—n.
Differs from the preceding in the small digitately lobed thallus, the
paler nerves, the smaller apothecia, and the longer spores. It so resembles
P. polydactyla that it might readily be confounded with some of the
states of that species. The thallus, which is sometimes pruinose, often
grows in a scattered manner; the apothecia are numerous, nearly all the
lobes being fertile.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, as also on the
stumps of felled trees in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Some-
what local in S., W., and N. England, N. Wales, on the Grampians,
Scotland; not yet observed in Ireland—B. M.: Sotterley, Suffolk ;
Epping Forest, Essex ; Ightham, Kent; near Ryde and Shanklin, Isle of
Wight; the Sussex Downs and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Totnes, 8.
Devon; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridge-
shire ; near Bicester, Oxfordshire ; - Charnwood F¢ orest, Leicestershire ;
Oswestry and Church Stretton, Shropshire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Ynysfaig, N. Wales. Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs
and Falls of Tummel, Perthshire ; Durris , Kincardineshire ; Corriemulzie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
5. P. scabrosa Fr. fil. N. Act. Reg. Soe. Se. Upsal. ser. 3, t. iii.
(1861) p. 145.—Thallus moderate, subcoriaceous, very finely and
minutely scabrid, roundly lobed, opaque, pale-lurid or greyish-pale,
beneath whitish, subreticulate, with pale, nearly confluent nerves,
blackish in the centre. Apothecia moderate, subrotundate, at
length revolute, brownish-red or dark-chestnut, the margin sub-
crenulate; spores 0,068-80 mm. long (or even longer), 0,004—
0,005 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
A distinct species allied to P. rufescens, but differs in the minutely
scabrous not tomentellose thallus, and in the more elongate spores.
From P. scutata it is distinguished not only by the larger thallus and
apothecia and the form of ‘the lobes, but also by the almost verrucose
epithallus, and the more septately divided spores. It is a plant of a
boreal type, and is fertile only in subarctic regions.
Hab, Onturf-covered walls ina mountainous region.— Distr. Extremely
local and scarce on the N. Grampians, Scotland.—Bb. M.: Between Cor-
riemulzie and Inverey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
6. P. polydactyla Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 106.—
Thallus thinnish, digitato-lobed, ascending or suberect, glabrous
and shining, smooth or obsoletely impresso-unequal. glaucous-green
when moist, livid- or pale-glaucous or pale-brown when dry, beneath
nearly glabrous, whitish or white, reticulate with coarse blackish-
brown nerves, which are pale-reddish towards the circumference.
Apothecia small, longitudinal, brown or reddish-brown, the margin
PELTIG ERA. | PELTIGHURET, 291
irregularly crenulate ; spores attenuato-fusiform, thinly 3-7-septate,
0,060-81 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 83;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 109, ed. 3, p. 103.—
Peltidea polydactyla Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p- 61; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 220; Tayl. in Fl. Hib.ii.p. 154. Lichen
polydactylon Neck. Meth. Muse. (1771) p. 85; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 69. Lichen caninus y. polydactylon Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 846;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon
Dill. Muse. 207, t. 28. f. 107.—To a state of this belongs also the
following :—Peltidea pellucida Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 429.
Lichen caninus 6. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Lichenoides mem-
branaceum pellucidum, peltis diyitatis geminatis Dill. Muse. 208,
t. 28. f. 108.— Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 148; Bohl. nos. 56, 71.
This approaches P. rufescens, but is distinguished by the numerously
lobed thallus with its glabrous and shining upper surface, and by the
form of the smaller apothecia. These are usually abundant, adnate or
elongate and attenuate lobes, and at length become revolute. Sometimes
they occur two together (geminate) on each fertile lobe, in which state
it is represented in Dill. /. c. (Peltidea pellucida Ach.). On the margins
of the lobes pyenides occasionally occur, with stylospores oblong, oblongo-
fusiform or almost ovoid, 0,007—-0,012 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm, thick.
Hab. Among mosses and short grass in shady situations in maritime
and upland districts——Dist. General and usually plentiful in most parts
of Great Britain; rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.:
Island of Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; High Rocks, Tunbridge
Wells, Kent; Dartmoor and near Totnes, Devonshire; near Penzance
and Withiel, Cornwall; Milton, Oxfordshire; Gogmagog Hills, Cam-
bridgeshire ; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire; near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Aberdovey and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Island of
Anglesea; Hglestone, Durham; Lamplugh, Cumberland. New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Auchindenny Woods, near Edinburgh ; Bar-
caldine, Areyleshire ; Glen Lochay and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Cor-
riemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire; near
Forres, Elgin; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown, Killarney, co.
Kerry; Kylemore, co. Galway.
Form 1. collina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus smaller,
the lobes narrower, crisp at the margins. Apothecia as in the type.
—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104.
—Lichen collinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 162,
Easily recognized by the lobes. The thallus is rather fragile when
dry, and the apothecia are not numerous.
Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground and old walls in upland tracts.
— Distr. Local and rare on the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland, and in W.
Ireland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere—B. M.: Glen Lochay,
Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form 2. microcarpa Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 327.—Thallus small,
the fertile lobules short, narrow, subbifid. Apothecia minute.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 77.—Peltidea polydactyla y. microcarpa
Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 520.
v2
292 LICHENACEL, [PELTIGERA.
The shorter fertile lobules and the minute and often numerous apothecia
are the distinguishing marks of this form, which is perhaps only a starved
condition.
Hab. On the ground among short mosses in upland districts.—Distr.
Probably not rare in the mountainous regions of Great Britain, though
as yet seen only in W. England and the Scottish Highlands—B. M.:
Oswestry, Shropshire. Appin, Argyleshire; Killin, Perthshire ; Apple-
cross, Ross-shire.
Var. 6. lophyra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus
brownish; lobes scarcely ascending, rounded, beneath subvenose,
brown or brownish-black. Apothecia smail, rotundato-oblong or
sometimes transverse.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29.—Peltidea hori-
zontalis y. lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 516.
Distinguished by the roundly-lobed thallus, scarcely veined beneath,
and the form of the apothecia. In the only British specimen seen these
are transverse, whence it was considered by Acharius as a variety of
P. horizontalis, from which, however, it otherwise entirely differs.
Hab. On decayed mosses upon boulders in upland districts.—Dzistr.
Very local and scarce on the 8. Grampians, Scotland (though recorded
from England by Acharius)—B. M.: Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire.
Var. y. hymenina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 90.—Thallus with
paler subconfluent veins on the under surface. Apothecia rotun-
dato-oblong.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 104.—Lichen polydactylos var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 69. Peltidea hymenina Ach. Meth. (1808) p. 284.
Differs in the character of the thallus beneath, and in the form of the
fructification. The thallus when dry is cervine-coloured, and the apo-
thecia are generally but sparingly present.
Hab. Among mosses on the ground and about the roots of old trees in
upland wooded districts —Distr. Not general nor common in the hilly
and mountainous tracts of W.and N. Ireland, N. Wales, and the W.
Highlands of Scotland; rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Bocconoe, Corn-
wall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Hope
Bowdler and High Rock, Bridgenorth, and near Caer Caradoc, Shrop-
shire ; near Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; hil-
dale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Alston,
Cumberland. Kenmure, near Glasgow; Inverary and Appin, Argyle-
shire; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Dawros River, Con-
nemara, co. Galway.
7. P. scutata Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 110.—Thallus small,
thinnish, sinuato-lobed, more or less minutely depresso-granulate,
undulato-crenate, crisp and ceesio-sorediate at the margins, greyish-
green when moist, pale-greyish or greyish-red when dry; beneath
whitish, with pale-brown nerves and modcrate whitish rhizine.
Apothecia small, suborbicular, ascending, brown or reddish-brown,
the margin crenate and inflexed; spores elongato-fusiform, usually
3-septate, 0,044-60 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 104.—Peltigera polydactyla var. scutata Cromb. Lich.
PELTIGERA.] ~*~ PELTIGEREI. 293
Brit. p. 29. Peltigera canina 6. seutata Mudd, Man. p. 83. Peltidea
scutata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60 ; Sm
Eng. Fl. vy. p. 215. Lichen scutatus Decks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1793)
p. 18; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71; Eng. Bot. t. 1834. Lichenoides
subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Muse. 205, t. 27.
f. 104 c.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 262 pro parte; Cromb. n. 44.
Well characterized by the sinuato-lobed thallus, minutely granulate
above, and by the crisp and usually sorediate, though sometimes naked,
margins; otherwise it is closely allied to P. polydactyla. The apothecia,
which are rare, are adnate on very short lobes, and become dark-brown
or blackish in dried plants.
Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of trees, rarely on turf walls, in
wooded upland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous
tracts of W. and N. England, S. and N. Wales, S. and Central Scotland ;
apparently rare in N.E. and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of
Wight ; Elburton, Kingsbridge, South Brent, and near Harberton, Devon-
shire; Tregawn and Withiel, Cornwall; near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
near Edwinsford, Carmarthenshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Dolgelly and
Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire; Hoggart’s Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Ambleside, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Col-
linton Woods, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ;
The Trossachs and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; 8. of Fort William, Inver-
ness-shire ; Glenferness, Nairnshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim ; Killarney,
co. Kerry.
8. P. horizontalis Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 107.—Thallus
expanded, rotundato-lobed, smooth or obsoletely impresso-unequal,
somewhat shining, sinuato-crenate and slightly undulate at the
margins, dull- or brownish-green when moist, pale-glaucous or pale-
brown when dry; beneath white and reticulate with black or
brownish-black subyillose nerves, which are pale at the circum-
ference ; rhizine few, scattered, blackish-brown. Apothecia large,
orbicular or ellipticai, transverse, plane, reddish- or blackish-brown,
the margin subcrenulate; spores 6—Snx, fusiform, 3-septate,
0,030-42 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 84;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 110, ed. 3, p. 104.—
Peltidea horizontalis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11.
p. 60; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 153.
Lichen horizontalis Linn. Mant. (1771) p. 132; Huds, Fl. Angl.
p- 543; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 849; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 72;
Eng. Bot.t.888. Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis
Dill. Muse. 205, t. 28. f. 104 .4,8.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 108;
Mudd, n. 62; Cromb. n. 45; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 249; Behl. n. 37.
The thallus sometimes spreads very extensively, and, except in its
larger size, is similar to that of P. rufescens. From this as well as from
the other species of the genus, the horizontal apothecia and the deter-
minately 3-septate spores render it very distinct. The apothecia are
usually very numerous, and occasionally become somewhat large.
Hab. On shady rocks and the mossy stumps of felled trees in upland
districts. —Distr. General though not very common in the mountainous
tracts of Great Britain, and probably of Ireland; most frequent on the
294 LICHENACEL. [PELTIGERA.
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Betchworth, Surrey; Eridge Rocks and
near Henfield, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Dartmoor, Isham Walk,
Torquay, and near Totnes, 8. Devon; Pentire, Cornwall; Leigh Woods,
near Bristol, Gloucestershire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Mal-
vern, Worcestershire; Oswestry and Whitecliffe Rocks, Shropshire ;
Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon-
shire; Stogdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal,
Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Northumberland.
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Swanston, near Edinburgh ; Bowl-
ing Bay, Dunbartonshire; Dunoon and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Loch
Katrine, near Caliander, Kenmore, Craighall, and Dunkeld, Perthshire ;
Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; near
Forres, Elgin. [allarney,-co. Kerry.
Form muscorum Schl. ea Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 21.-—Thallus
thinner, less roundly lobed, the lobes smaller, narrower. Apothecia
small.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 105.
Differs in being considerably smaller in all its parts. The apothecia
are also fewer, at least in our British specimens.
Hab, Among mosses at the roots of old trees in upland districts —
Distr. Local and scarce in 8.W. and N. England, on the 8. Grampians,
Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Paington, 8. Devon; near
Whitehaven, Cumberland. Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire. MKylemore
Lake, co. Galway.
Tribe XVI. PH YSCIETI Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2,
vii. (1872) p. 322 (cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 77).
Thallus foliaceous or sometimes fruticulose, usually stellato-
orbicular; gonidial layer consisting of true gonidia. Apothecia
lecanorine ; spores 8nze, subellipsoid or oblong, variously bilocular,
or l-septate, rarely quadrilocular, brown or colourless; paraphyses
discrete. Spermogones innate; sterigmata usually pluri-articulate ;
spermatia cylindrical or oblongo-cylindrical, occasionally obsoletely
incrassate at either apex, very rarely acicular.
Consists of a single genus, formerly included under Parmeliez, but
recently separated by Nylander as a distinct tribe. From the less deve-
loped thallus and the type of the apothecia it occupies an inferior place
in the Series.
53. PHYSCIA Schreb., Linn. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, t. ii. (1791) p. 768 ;
Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 406.—Thallus horizontally expanded, or some-
times ascending, variously lobed or laciniate ; beneath discolorous,
very rarely concolorous, more or less fibrilloso-rhizinose ; medullary
layer woolly, composed of filaments loosely interwoven, cortical
layer cellular, or with longitudinal cellular cavities. Apothecia
sessile or pedicellate, rarely concolorous with the thallus; hypo-
thecium colourless, rarely brownish-black ; hymenial gelatine bluish
with iodine. Spermogones generally scattered, becoming at length
wT
tmgirrg dt go tee eens
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET, 295
somewhat prominent, yellowish or blackish ; sterigmata very rarely
subsimple.
The species of this genus are diverse in habit, some being everniiform,
a few subplacodioid; but the larger number are parmelioid, They also
vary somewhat in the structure of the cortical layer, the form of the
spores, and the spermatia.~ They agree, however, in what is more essential,
the lecanorine apothecia. The colour of the thallus, here closely connected
with differences in the fructification, enables us to arrange them under
two sections, which are almost entitled to be regarded as subgenera.
A, FLAVESCENTES.—Thallus yellowish. Apothecia concolorous ;
spores polari-bilocular (the loculi usually connected by a
thin tube), colour-
less. Spermogones
yellowish, with sper- LD ~
matia oblongo-ellip- G7 Q\ f a
soid. — Xanthoria Fr. € < ) (2 \D 6A)
OR ‘ > \ KS { /
Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 243 6 low =y | les
pro parte. ye 0) \o/ Wily s
1 P.flavicans DC.F. |. \P\7 8
Fr. ii. (1805) p. 189.— 7, ~ WV? BS
Thallus subfruticuloso-fila- © }, in C 3 5
mentose, czspitose, very {~) pit:
much and _ intricately “4 4
branched, yellow or orange- {|
yellow; beneath concolorous isle
or subconcolorous, subcana- a
liculate; branches somewhat
rounded, slender, attenuate, :
furcellate at the apices wa
(Kt Pepi, CaCl). Apo- Fig, 52.
thecia lateral, small or Physcia parietina, De Not.—a. Vertical section
moderate, plane, orange- of thallus, x 200. 6. Thecaand paraphysis,
coloured. the margin thin, * 220. ¢ Spores (mostly from the living
b Dd ?
a ati, - ae plant), x 500. d. Section of spermogone,
subcrenulate ; spores some- yx 30. ¢. Jointed sterigmata and spermatia,
times simple, 0,012-18 500. /f. Spores of P. ciliaris DC. x 500.
mm. long, 0,007-11 mm.
thick—Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii. f. 33; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 180.—Parmelia flavicans
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera flavicans Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 57; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 224. Lichen flavicans Sw. FI.
Ind. Occid. iii. (1788) p. 1908; Eng. Bot. t. 2113. Borrera leta
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 485. Lichen vulpinus (non Linn.) Huds. FI.
Angel. p. 462; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 896; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 49. Usnea capillacea citrina, fruticuli specie Dill. Muse. 73,
t.13.f.16. Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus tenuissimus Dill. in
Ray Syn. p. 65, n. 8.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 169; Mudd, n. 84;
Larb. Cesar. n. 21; Cromb. n. 48.
A beautiful plant, easily recognized by the somewhat elongate orange-
296 LICHENACEI. [ PHYSCTA.
coloured thallus, which is generally more or less sprinkled with yellowish-
white soredia. Sometimes it is paler towards the base and on the under
surface ; when growing in moist shady places it is somewhat greenish. It
varies considerably in size occasionally spreading rather extensively, but
frequently stunted in small densely czespitose tufts. The apothecia are
extremely rare in Great Britain, and when they occur are few and small.
The spermogones, which are more frequent, are scattered, usually some-
what prominent, with spermatia asin P. parietina, but rather thinner and
pistillar.
Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes on
rocks and walls, chiefly in maritime districts— Distr. Usually plentiful
where it occurs, in S. and W. England, N. Wales, in S. Ireland, and
formerly in S.W. Scotland (Ailsa Craig).—B. M.: Islands of Sark, Alder-
ney, and Guernsey. Lydd, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Fairlight Glen
near Hastings, and Lewes, Sussex ; Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
near Ventnor, Ryde, Appuldurcombe, and Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; near
Totnes, Lydford, Widdecombe, South Brent, and Torquay, Devonshire ;
Bocconoc, Penzance (frt.), Withiel, and Bude, Cornwall; Malvern Hills,
Worcestershire ; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Holyhead,
Island of Anglesea. Lambay Island, co. Dublin; Whiting Bay, co.
Waterford ; near Cork, Castlebernard Park, Bandon, and Cape Clear, co.
Cork.
2. P. chrysophthalma DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 401.—Thallus
cxspitoso-fruticulose, rigid, lacero-laciniate, yellow or yellowish-
white; beneath whitish, laciniz narrow, ascending, divaricato-
multifid, plane or concave, the apices fibrilloso-ramulose or spinose
(KtP™Ple CGaci—). Apothecia subterminal, moderate or large,
concave or somewhat plane, orange-coloured, the margin fibrilloso-
ciliate ; spores 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141, ed. 3, p. 131.—Borrera
chrysophthalma Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 435; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 233;
Mudd, Man. p. 112, t. ii. f. 34. Lichen chrysophthalmus Linn.
Mant. ii. (1771) p. 311; Eng. Bot. t. 1088. Lichenoides pulmo-
narius minimus subluteus, receptaculis florum coronatis, mali aurantit
coloris (Mich.) Dill. Muse. 74, t. 13. f. 17.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 394; Larb. Cesar. n. 22; Bohl. n. 122.
Much smaller than the preceding, from which it is readily distinguished
by the thallus and fructification. With us it occurs only in small scat-
tered tufts, and is but little variable. It is generally well fruited, the
apothecia being sometimes numerous and crowded. The spermogones are
scattered towards the extremities of the laciniz, with the spermatia a
little more slender than in the following species.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in orchards, rarely on old
pales, in maritime districts —Distr. Rather local and scarce, in the
Channel Islands, S. England, and 8. Ireland; very doubtful in S.W.
Scotland—B. M.: Rozel and St. Brelade’s, Island of Jersey; Islands of
Sark and Guernsey. Near Brighton and Lewes, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle
of Wight; Isham Walk, near Torquay, S. Devon. Carrigalim and Kil-
britain, co. Cork ; Muckrone, co. Kerry.
Form 1. Dickieana Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 410.—Thallus small,
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEI. 297
glaucous-white. Apothecia small or moderate, nearly plane, with
entire thalline margin.—Mudd, Man. p. 112; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. 131.—Physcia villosa, var.
Dickieana Linds. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. t. xxii. (1867) p. 254.
Apparently but an accidental state of the type,-depending upon the
nature of the habitat. It is distinguished by the pale thallus and the
entire margin of the apothecia, which latter character, however, some-
times occurs in the type itself.
Hab, On shady rocks in maritime districts—Distr. Very local and
rare in the Channel Islands (?) and in N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Newcastle,
co. Down.
3. P. parietina De Not. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Turin, ser. 2, x. (1849)
p- 387.—Thallus suborbicular, appressed, imbricato-lobed, smooth,
yellow ; beneath paler or pale-whitish, sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose ;
lobes somewhat plane or concave, rounded and crenate at the mar-
gins (Kf violet-purplish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, concave or
plane, subconcolorous, the margin entire or nearly entire ; spores
0,612-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 113;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 142, ed. 3, p. 131.—
Parmelia parvetina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 52; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141.
Lichen parietinus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1148; Huds. Fl. Angl.
p-. 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 822; Eng. Bot. t. 194; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 34. Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et scutellis luteis
Dill. Muse. 180, t. 24. f. 76. Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata,
flavescens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 59.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 10; Mudd, n. 85; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 9; Bohl. n. 12.
A very common and well-known plant, easily recognized by its bright-
yellow, smooth, appressed thallus. At first sight it looks as if it were a
Parmelia, but its essential characters are those of this genus. It varies
considerably in colour and in the character of the laciniz, which give
rise to the forms and varieties described. With us, as elsewhere, it is
commonly fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and crowded, with
the margin somewhat thickish and inflexed or thin and entire. The
spermogones are not very frequent in the type. They are usually more
or less congregate, inclosed in thailine protuberances, with spermatia
0,0025 mm. long, 0,0915 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, old pales, and walls, in mari-
time, lowland, and upland districts.—Distr. Very general and plentiful
throughout Great Britain and probably Ireland —B.M.: Bury St. Ed-
munds, Suffolk; Edgeware, Middlesex; Lydd, Kent; Lewes, Sussex ;
Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; Plymouth, Devonshire; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Windsor, Berkshire ; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire ;
near Worcester; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Grimsbury Green,
Northamptonshire ; Matlock and Buxton, Derbyshire; near Shrewsbury,
Shropshire ; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Levens, West-
moreland; Hexham, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbright-
shire ; near Stirling; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Dundee, Forfarshire ;
Drum and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Abernethy, Banffshire ;
298 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA.
Applecross, Ross-shire. Carrigalue, co. Cork; Muckruss, Killarney, co.
Kerry.
Form 1. virescens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 366.—
Thallus pale-greenish. Apothecia scattered, the margin thin, entire,
greenish—Form viridescens Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii.
p. 572. Lichen parietinus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34.
Differs from the type in the colour of the thallus, which evidently
results from the habitat, since in the herbarium it again partially reverts
to the normal colour. The reaction with K is also less distinct or scarcely
any. The apothecia are few, but it is rarely seen fertile.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in moist shady places in upland districts.
—Distr. Among the S. and E. Grampians, Scotland no doubt to be de-
tected elsewhere.—B. M.: Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Drum, Aberdeen-
shire.
Form 2. cinerascens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 133.—
Thallus greyish-white. Apothecia with the margin greyish, entire
or somewhat inflexed.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 73.
The colour of this form also depends upon the nature of the habitat.
It may be considered as a dealbate condition, having the reaction with K
fainter than in the type. It usually occurs fertile, with the apothecia
fairly numerous.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly elms, in shady places of mari-
time and lowland districts.—Distr. Somewhat local and rare in §S. and
Central England, in S. Scotland, and in §. Ireland.—B. M.: St. Leonard’s
Forest and near Brighton, Sussex; Lymington, Hants; Ilsham Valley,
Torquay, Devonshire ; Windsor, Berkshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire. Cramond,
near Edinburgh. Carrigaloe, near Cork.
Var. 3. aureola Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 411.—Thallus orbicular,
plicato-rugose, vitelline or golden-yellow ; lobes concrete, dilated,
plicate and inciso-crenate at the apices. Apothecia with the margin
at length crenulate-—Mudd, Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 143,
ed. 3, p. 132.—Parmelia aureola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 487 ;
Syn. p. 210.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 212.
Distinguished by the plicato-rugose and more closely lobed thallus,
which is also occasionally somewhat granulate in the centre, and there
also frequently more or less zonately centrifugal. When fertile the apo-
thecia are numerous, the margin becoming crenate, in this respect also
differing from the type.
Hab, On trunks of trees and on walls in maritime and upland districts.
—WDistr. Only here and there throughout England, in 8. Wales, and in
FE. Scotland.—B. M.: near King’s Lynn, Norfolk; Withiel, Cornwall ;
Buxton, Derbyshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ;
Kendal, Westmoreland. Near Edinburgh ; Cove, Kincardineshire ; near
Aberdeen,
Form congranulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.—Thallus
————
PHYSCIA, | PHYSCIEI. 299
clothed with small, prominent, crowded granules. Apothecia con-
cave, the margin thickish, inflexed and crenate.
A rather peculiar form referable to this variety, with which it agrees,
except in the granulose thallus and the concave apothecia. It isallied to
var. subgranulosa, Nyl. (Flora, 1876, p. 281), but is larger and more
granulose. The granules are usually so numerous as almost to obliterate
the lobes, unless at the circumference, and upon them are frequently
seen the young apothecia and the spermogones. It was apparently a
spermogoniiferous state of this that Weddell (Bull. Soc. Bot. 1869, p. 193)
describes as subvar. tumida (fr. Leight. Lich. Fl. iii. p. 133). In the
agai seen the apothecia are constantly concave, and do not become
plane.
Hab. On trunks of trees and rocks in maritime, lowland, and upland
districts.— Distr. Local and rare in §., Central, and N. England.—B. M.:
Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; St. Minver, Cornwall; Great Comberton,
Worcestershire ; Weardale, Durham.
Var. y. ectanea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856)
p- 306.—Thallus imbricato-laciniate, deep tawny-yellow or orange-
red; laciniz narrow, multifid, plane or convex, impresso-unequal.
Apothecia small or moderate, the margin entire or subentire.—Mudd,
Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143, ed. 3, p. 182.—Parmelia
parietina, 3. ectanea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 464 pro parte.
Physcia parietina var. aureola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38.—Lichen
fulvus Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 16, is perhaps referable to this
variety.— Brit. Has.: Larb. Cyesar. n. 1.
Distinguished by the thallus being less determinate, intenser in colour,
and by the narrow and more divided laciniz. States of it sometimes
oceur which at first sight closely resemble Lecanora elegans. In speci-
mens which are less closely appressed to the substratum, the under sur-
face of the thallus, at least towards the circumference, is occasionally
subconcolorous with the upper. The apothecia, which are usually nume-
rous, have the margin generally entire, though sometimes slightly
crenulate.
Hab. On dry rocks in maritime, rarely in mountainous districts. —
Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in the Channel Islands,
SW. and N. England, 8. and N. Wales, in E. Scotland, and S.W. Ire-
land.—B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Bolt Head,
Devonshire; Penzance, Cornwall; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; Isle of Man; Fern Islands, Northumberland ; St. Bees,
Cumberland. Cramond, near Edinburgh; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ;
Peterhead and on the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire. Near Black-
water Bridge, co. Kerry.
4, P. polycarpa Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883)
p- 359—Thallus effuse, subpulvinate, greenish-yellow ; lobes short,
granulato-conglomerate and granulato-crenate at the margins
(K-+purple). Apothecia small or nearly moderate, numerous,
crowded, the margin turgid, entire; spores 0,011-15 mm. long,
0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—P. parietina
£. polycarpa Mudd, Man. p. 113; Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 38; Leight.
300 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA.
Lich. Fl. p. 144, ed. 3, p. 183. Squamaria candelaria 3. polycarpa
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.198. Psoroma poly-
carpum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lichen polycarpus Ehrh. Exs.
(1785) n. 187; Eng. Bot. t. 1795.—Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 265;
Mudd, n. 86; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 47.
Characterized by the less developed granulato-conglomerate thallus,
which occasionally spreads somewhat extensively, and by the crowded
apothecia, which may be so numerousas almost to cover the lobes except
at the immediate circumference. The spores are somewhat smaller than
in P. parietina. In less favourable habitats it occurs in small, orbicular,
isolated patches.
Hab. On old pales and trees, chiefly larch, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Found here and there throughout Englaud, in N. Wales,
and in the Central Highlands of Scotland; not yet seen in Ireland.—
B. M.: Yarmouth, Suffolk; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Kemble,
Gloucestershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicester-
shire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Island of Anglesea; Redcar, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; near Hexham, Northumberland. Finlarig and near
Lawer’s Inn, Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire.
Form lobulata Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.—Thallus
effuse, scattered, pulvinate, yellowish-orange ; lobes very. short,
roundly crenate. Apothecia minute, numerous ; spores 0,012-17
mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Physcia parietina e. lobulata Mudd,
Man. p. 113; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Lecanora lobulata Florke,
Deutsch. Fl. Exs. (1821) n. 14.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 86.
Probably a starved state of the type, with which it often grows associ-
ated, and from which it differs in the smaller and usually more scattered
thallus and in the minute apothecia. Occasionally the thallus is only
sparingly visible around the apothecia.
Hab, On old pales in upland districts.—Distr. Only in N. England and
among the S. and N.E. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cleveland, York-
shire. Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire.
5. P. lychnea Nyl. e# Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 288.—Thallus
effuse, microphylline, ascending or erect, lacero-laciniate, orange-
coloured or tawny-yellow; beneath paler; laciniz narrow, dissecto-
multifid, crowded, entire and usually granuloso-pulverulent at the
margins (KtVolet-purplish, (¢]—), Apothecia subterminal, scat-
tered, moderate, concolorous, the margin entire or crenate; spores
0,011-17 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xy.
p- 78.—Physcia parietina subsp. lychnea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38.
Physcia parietina pw. lychnea Mudd, Man. p. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 143, ed. 3, p. 132. Parmelia candelaria var. lychnea Ach. Meth,
(1803) p. 187. Lichen candelarius Eng. Bot. t. 1794 pro parte.
Lichen concolor Dicks. pro parte, and also probably Lichen candelarius
pro parte of our older authors.—Grit. Ewvs.: Leight. n. 11; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 162.
The thallus occasionally spreads very extensively over the substratum.
Though sometimes growing associated with P. parietina, yet it is entitled
’
r
*
P
N
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEI. B01
to be regarded as distinct, on account of its manner of growth, its being
much smaller in all its parts, and the absence of transition forms, It is
not very common in a fertile condition; but the apothecia when present
are numerous.
Hab. On rocks, walls, old pales, and the trunks of trees in maritime
and upland districts.—Distr. Rather local and not common in Great
Britain ; apparently rare in N. Ireland.—B. M.: Hay Tor, Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; near Penzance and St. Austell, Cornwall; Windsor Park,
Berkshire; Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire; Colwall, Herefordshire ;
Malvern, Worcestershire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Aberdovey,
Merionethshire. Lawers, Killin, Perthshire; Findhaven Hill, Forfar-
shire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Co. Antrim.
Form perfusa Nyl. ex Lamy Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 382.
—Thallus smaller, widely expanded, densely stipate. Apothecia
moderate.
As stated by M. Lamy, /.¢., this has the appearance of a granular
crust, though composed of minute, very crowded, thalline lacinize. Our
British specimens are well fertile.
Hab. On granitic walls of gardens and houses in maritime and upland
situations.— Distr. Local, in N.E. Scotland and among the N. Grampians.
—B. M.: Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.
Var. 6. pygmza Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 108.—Thallus
small, determinate ; lacinize erect, narrowly divided, often almost
rounded, the margin usually granuloso-pulverulent. Apothecia
moderate; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.—Bor-
rera pygmea Bory in Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 73.
Well distinguished from the type, with which, however, it is confluent
through intermediate stages, by the very much smaller (almost minute)
thallus, and by the nearly rounded laciniz. The thallus in our specimens
is in small, discrete nodules, and the apothecia, which are numerous, are
somewhat large in proportion to the size of the plant.
Hab. On exposed granitic walls in an upland district.— Distr. Extremely
local and scarce, among the 8. Grampians, Scotland B. M.: Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.
B. CINERASCENTES.—Thallus greyish or whitish, rarely brown.
Apothecia brownish or blackish ; spores 1-septate, brown or
dark-brown ; spermogones black, with spermatia cylindrical or
slightly thickened at either apex, rarely acicular.—Euphyscia
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.
a. Spermogones with cylindrical or subcylindrical spermatia.
6. P. intricata Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 11.—Thallus expanded,
cxespitose, suberect, roundly compressed, laciniate, densely puberulo-
villose, greyish-glaucous or greyish-brown ; beneath greyish-white,
subcanaliculate ; laciniz divaricately branched, very much en-
tangled(K_,CaCl_). Apothecia lateral, sessile, moderate, plane or
302 LICHENACEL. [ PHYSCIA.
sometimes slightly convex, brownish-black, the margin black, entire ;
spores dark-brown, 0,018-26 mm. long, 0,011-15 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 144, ed. 3, p. 133.
—Borrera intricata Mudd, Man. p. 104. Lichen intricatus Desf.
Fl. Atl. ii. (1800) p. 420, t. 258. f. 3. Borrera Atlantica Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 435; Sm. Eng. Fl.y. p.223. Lichen Atlanticus Sm.
in Eng. Bot.t. 1715. Lichenoides subhirsutum teres, scutellis parvis
nigris Dill. Muse. 157, t. 21. f. 51.—Brit. Hvs.: Mudd, n. 76;
Cromb. n. 49.
A well-marked species, at first sight somewhat resembling narrower
states of P. villosa, which does not occur so far north as the British Isles,
but differing from it at once in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus
sometimes spreads extensively, and the laciniz vary somewhat in length.
As observed by Nylander (Syn. i. p. 409), the whitish villosity of the
thallus, which occasionally becomes more or less evanescent, consists of
hollow filaments scarcely articulate. The apothecia are extremely rare
in this country, but the spermogones, which have the spermatia 0,003-4
mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick, are more frequent.
Hab. On rocks and trunks of old trees in maritime districts.—Dwutr.
Only in S. England, in one or two places on the coast of Sussex.—B. M.:
Bracklesham in Selsey Island, near Chichester, and cliffs near Hastings
(fruit), Sussex.
7. P. ciliaris DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 396.—Thallus diffuse, sub-
ascending or decumbent, loosely adherent, lineari-laciniate, greenish-
grey or greyish-brown ; beneath pale, canaliculate ; laciniz multifid,
imbricato-intricate, the margins, especially towards the apices,
ciliate, with long fibrils(K~, CaCl_). Apothecia pedicellate, large,
csio-pruinose or naked, brownish-black, the margin entire, crenate
or ciliate; spores oblong, 0,030-50 mm. long, 0,018-24 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 145, ed. 3,
p. 1383.—Borrera ciliaris Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 434; Hook. FI. Scot.
ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 226; Mudd, Man. p. 105. Lnchen
ciliaris Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 828; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 55; Eng. Bot.
t. 1352. Lichenoides hispidum majus et rigidius, scutellis nigris
Dill. Muse. 150, t. 20. f. 45. Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cine-
reum, scutellis nigris, foliorum extremitatibus hispidis et prilosis Dill.
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 67.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 77; Leight.
n. 364; Cromb. n. 50; Larb. Caesar. n. 68; Lich. Hb. n. 125;
Bohl. n. 38.
A rather variable plant as to thallus and apothecia. The thallus may
have the lacinie longer or shorter, broader or narrower, often more or’
less white-pulverulent, with pale or sordid flexuose cilia. In colour it
varies from greyish to greyish-brown or cervine according to nature of
habitat, but when moist it is constantly greenish. States occasionally
occur in 8. England with the lacinize approaching to var. erinalis (Schl.,
Scher.), but not sufficiently typical. The apothecia, when present, are
plentiful, becoming at length naked and darker, with the receptacular
margin very variable, being frequently with us in the same specimen
;
_ PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET, 303
entire, inflexed, denticulate, or proliferous. In this last condition it is
digitately fimbriate with laciniole, whence var. actinota (Ach. Meth.
p- 256). The spermogones, which are usually very numerous, are large,
prominent, scattered or aggregate, from pale-brown becoming blackish,
with spermatia cylindrical, 0,004—5 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. In other-
wise sterile specimens they are sometimes much elevated, rendering the
thallus yerrucoso-papillate, whence var. verrucosa (Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 497).
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks and elms, in cultivated
lowland, rarely upland districts —Dzstr. General, and plentiful where it
occurs, in England, much scarcer in the Channel Islands and FE. Scot-
land; apparently very local and rare in N. Wales and FE. Ireland.—
B. M.: Islands of Jersey, Sark, and Guernsey. Norwich, Norfolk;
Bury, Suffolk; near Colchester and Walthamstow, Essex; Hythe, Kent;
Dorking, Surrey; Glynde, Sussex; Winchester, Hants; near Ryde, Isle
of Wight; Elburton and Newton Bushell, S. Devon; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; near Farringdon and Windsor, Berkshire ; near Swin-
don, Wiltshire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ;
Overthrope, Northamptonshire ; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Moor
Park, Herefordshire ; Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire ; Clungun-
ford, Shropshire ; Hopton, Cheshire ; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton,
Cleveland, and Dalby, Yorkshire; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham; Kendal,
’ Westmoreland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Rossyln Woods, Mid-
lothian ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Foulis, Baldovan, Auldbar, and
Melgund Castle, Forfarshire ; Midmar Castle, Aberdeenshire. Oakpark,
near Carlow, co. Carlow.
Var. 3. saxicola Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 106, Syn. i.
p. 414.—Thallus smaller, more appressed, greenish- or dark-cervine ;
laciniz narrow, with sordid or brownish-black marginal cilia.
Apothecia naked.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 22; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 38 ; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 146, ed. 3. p. 134.—Borrera ciliaris
var. /3. saxicola Mudd, Man. p. 105.
The darker colour of the’ more appressed thallus and the narrower
laciniz distinguish this variety, which sometimes occurs where the type
is unknown. In this country it is only sterile, in which condition it is
Parmelia ciliaris vay. y. melanosticta Ach. Meth. p. 255, :
Hab. On rocks and walls (rarely on bare sandy soil) in maritime and
mountainous regions.— Distr. Local aud scarce in the Channel Islands,
S., W., and N. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and in S.W. Ire-
land.—B. M.: Quenvyais, Island of Jersey. Withiel, Cornwall; Buxton,
Derbyshire ; near Little Malvern, Worcestershire; Holyhead, Island of
Anglesea; near Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Sybil
Head, co. Kerry.
8. P. leucomela Mich. Fl. Bor.-Amer. (1803) p. 356.—Thallus
diffuse, subceespitose, lineari-laciniate, whitish or glaucous-white ;
beneath white, subgranulose, subcanaliculate or plane; lacinie
narrow, lax,subascending, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins (KTyellow,
CaCl} yellow). Apothecia lateral, pedicellate, moderate, plane, czsio-
pruinose, the margin radiating; spores often subquadrilocular,
304 LICHENACEI. [ PHYSCIA.
0,035-63 mm. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149, ed. 3, p. 138.—Borrera leucomela Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 434; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 223; Mudd, Man. p. 104.
Lichen leucomelas Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 3 (1764) p. 1613; Eng. Bot.
t. 2548. Lichenoides angustifolium planum, crinibus nigris Dill.
Muse. 156, t. 2. f. 50.—Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 166; Larb. Cesar.
n. 69; Cromb. n. 150.
Closely allied to P. ciliaris, but well distinguished by the simpler
whiter laciniz and by the constantly dentate-coronate margin of the
apothecia. The marginal cilia, which are usually short in our specimens,
are generally blackish or partly brownish, according to exposure. The
apothecia do not occur in this country, and the spermogones, which are
similar to those of the preceding, are but rarely present.
Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, rarely on mossy
trunks of trees, in maritime districts.—Distr. Confined to the Channel
Islands and S. coasts of England and Ireland.—B. M.: Quenvais and St.
Owen’s Bay, Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark and Alderney. St. Leonard's
Forest, Sussex; Babbicombe and Bolt Head, S. Devon; The Lizard and
Kynance Cove, Cornwall; Bryer and Trescoe Islands, Scilly. Ballycotton
and Cape Clear Island, co. Cork.
9. P. speciosa Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 307.
—Thallus appressed, stellato-laciniate, cxesio- or greyish-white,
greenish-white when wet; beneath whitish, with whitish or sordid-
whitish fibrillose rhizine ; laciniz narrow, multifid, plane subimbri-
cate, with whitish or sordid marginal cilia, the apices dilated, obtuse,
usually somewhat ascending and sorediiferous (K{yellow, CaCl_ ).
Apothecia sessile, moderate, brown, the margin incurved, entire or at
length crenulate; spores Snz, oblong, 1-septate, colourless, 0,025—
36 mm. long, 0,012-19 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 138.—Borrera speciosa Mudd, Man.
p. 107. Parmelia speciosa Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot.
li. p. 55; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149
pro parte. Lichen speciosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. (1789) p. 119;
Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (upper fig.).
Muscicolous states, in which the thallus is more diffuse and the laciniz
narrower and more discrete, have somewhat the appearance of P. leuco-
mela, while corticolous and saxicolous states, in which they are closer and
more imbricate, are somewhat similar to P. aipolia. With us it never
occurs in a typical condition, but only sorediiferous, as elsewhere in
Europe. In the more imbricate states the marginal cilia are but very
sparingly present or entirely absent ; and when growing in more exposed
situations these, as well as the rhizinz, become blackish. Specimens
with the latter character are referred by Leighton (Lich. F1. ii. p. 159)
to var. hypoleuca(Ach.). The apothecia have not been detected in Great
Britain ; but the spermogones occasionally occur in 8. W. England.
Hab. On mosses, rocks, and trees, chiefly in maritime districts —Distr.
Local and scaree in the Channel Islands, in 8S. and W. England, the W.
Highlands of Scotland, and in 8.W. and N.E. Ireland.—b. M.: Rozel,
Island of Jersey; Islands of Alderney and Guernsey. St. Leonard’s
Forest, Sussex; Bolt Head, Devonshire; The Lizard, Kynance Cove
beet
re
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEI. 305
and Roughton, Cornwall; Barmouth, Cwm Bychan, and Llyn Bodlyn,
Merionethshire. Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Argyleshire ; Glen Fal-
loch, Perthshire. Dunkerron and Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. 3. hypoleuca Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 417.—Thallus usually
firmer, with the lacinize more closely imbricate; beneath white,
here and there hispid with black rhizine, the marginal cilia black.
Apothecia with the margin of the receptacle crenate or radiato-
fimbriate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Purmelia speciosa var.
hypoleuca Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 211. Parmelia speciosa Tayl. 1. ¢.
pro parte. Lichen speciosus Eng. Bot. t. 1979 (lower figs.).
An exotic variety which finds its way to S.W. Ireland. The thallus
in our British specimens is more sorediate than in the type; and the
margin of the apothecia, which are somewhat large and crowded, is
thickish, crenate, and densely pulverulent.
Hab. On rocks in shady upland situations.—Distr. Extremely local
and rare in 8.W. Ireland.—B, M.: Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
10. P. pulverulenta Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856)
p. 808.—Thallus suborbicular, somewhat firm, substellato-appressed,
opaque, multifido-laciniate, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, more or
less white-pruinose ; beneath rough with dense blackish fibrillose
thizine ; laciniz plane, obtuse and crenato-incised at the apices
(K_, CaCl_). Apothecia sessile, large, concave or plane, brownish-
black, czesio-pruinose or naked, the margin thick, inflexed, entire,
pruinose: spores oblong, 0,020-36 mm. long, 0,012—20 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3, p. 135.
—Borrera pulverulenta Mudd, Man. p. 110. Parmelia pulverulenta
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 443; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55; Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p- 201: Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.141. Lichen pulverulentus
Schreb. Spic. (1771) p. 128. Lichen stellaris 6. Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 448; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare,
seymentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71 4
pro parte. Lichenoides arboreum, crusta foliosa virescenti, tenuiter et
eleganter dissecta, scutellis nigris Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 73
pro parte.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 49; Mudd, n. 82; Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 10; Bohl. n. 69.
This may generally be recognized by the pruina, with which, when
growing and in a dry state, it is more or less covered. As noticed, how-
ever, by Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 474), when wetted the pruina disappears
both in the thallus and apothecia, the former being then greenish and the
latter black; but when again dried the pruina returns in both. The
colour in a dry state varies in recent specimens from pale greyish to
greyish brown, and, as observed by Lightfoot (J. c. p. 825), specimens
after being kept for some years in paper (or in herbaria) turn to a russet-
grey (or ceryine). In other respects the thallus and apothecia vary con-
siderably in character, giving rise to the subspecies, forms, and varieties
which follow. The apothecia are generally somewhat scattered, though
x
306 LICHENACEL, [PHYSCIA.
numerous, and the spermogones, which are not uncommon, have the
spermatia equally cylindrical, 0,006 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, and on old pales, rarely
erratic on stone walls, chiefly in cultivated lowland and upland districts.
—Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain and probably
Ireland, becoming rare in N. Scotland; rare in the Channel Islands.—
B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Epping Forest,
Essex ; Edgeware, Middlesex ; Hurstpierpoint and Lewes, Sussex ; near
Ryde, Isle of Wight; Wembury, Devonshire ; near Withiel, Cornwall ;
Bourn, Cambridgeshire; Milton, Oxfordshire ; Bolton Abbey, Lincoln-
shire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Moor Park, Herefordshire; Crowle,
Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Anglesea,
N. Wales; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Middleton, Teesdale, Durham;
Kendal, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire; near Edinburgh; Appin,
Argyleshire; Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cults, near Aberdeen,
and Abergeldie Castle, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross House, Ross-shire ;
Carrigaloe and Aghada, co. Cork; Ballynegarde, co. Limerick; Dun-
kerron, co. Kerry.
Form 1. panniformis Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. (1880)
p- 571; Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus with the lacinize short,
crowded, densely imbricate. Apothecia small.—Lichenoides glaucum
orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24.
f. 71d.
One of those panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens which have
recently been noted, forming as it were a thickish congested crust, the
lacinize presenting their normal appearance only at the extreme circum-
ference of the thallus in entire specimens. In the fertile plants seen, the
apothecia are few and small, with the receptacular margin thickish.
Hab. On the trunks cf old trees in upland districts—Distr. Only in
W. England and among the Central Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Har-
boro’ Magna, Warwickshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Form 2. deminuta Cromb. Journ. Bot- 1882, p. 273.—Thallus
effuse, more or less diffract, the lacinize minute. Apothecia very
small, pruinose.
Probably only a starved condition of the preceding form, in which the
laciniz are either somewhat congested or scattered. In our few speci-
mens the apothecia are, with one exception, very sparingly present.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees in maritime and upland dis-
tricts — Distr. Only sparingly in S. and W. England, 8. Wales, and the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Shanklin and Appuldw-
combe, Isle of Wight; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Dolgelly,
Merionethshire.
Form 3. argyphea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 104.—Thallus
entirely white-pruinose ; lacinize somewhat firm and slightly dilated
at the circumference. Apothecia constantly pruinose, the receptacle
often unequal or sometimes subcrenulate-—Cromb. Journ. Linn. Sce.
Bot. xvii. p. 571.—Parmelia pulverulenta f. argyphea Ach. Lich.
DL TEE PEEL SOR Le Oy eee
t
|
|
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEL. 307
Univ. (1810) p. 474. Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, segmentis
latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 24. f. 71 3.
The milk-white pruina with which the thallus and apothecia are
covered is often but little dense. It has somewhat the appearance of
subsp. pityrea, from which it at once differs in the absence of soredia.
The apothecia are rare in the British specimens.
Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Very local and scarce in 8. England, the Central Grampians,
Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Isle of Wight. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire. Adare, co. Limerick.
Var. 3. subvenusta Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. vi.
(1872) p. 285.—Thallus more or less pruinose. Apothecia mode-
rate or somewhat large, pruinose, the receptacle crowned at the
base.—Physcia pulverulenta f. laciniolata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872,
p- 358. P. pulverulenta var. venusta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147 pro
parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte. Lichen pulverulentus Eng. Bot.
t. 2063. Lichen stellaris (3. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 824; y. Huds. Fl.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 534; var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31. Lichenoides
scutellis limbo cinereo crispo cinctis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75.
Distinguished by the lacinioli or lobules which crown the base of the
receptacle, in which respect it is subsimilar to subsp. venusta. Occa-
sionally the thallus also is more or less covered with minute suberect
lobules. The apothecia are generally numerous, and, in entire specimens,
some have the receptacle nearly or quite naked.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Somewhat local and scarce in England; rare in S. Scotland and
among the S. Grampians.—B. M.: Norwich, Norfolk; Hentield and
Glynde, Sussex ; Respring and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Kemble, Wilt-
shire; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; near Cambridge; Oswestry,
Shropshire; Levens, Westmoreland. Ravelrig, near Edinburgh ; Fin-
larig, Killin, Perthshire.
Var. y. angustata Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, 1. (1856)
p- 308.—Thallus somewhat small, pale greyish-red or subcervine,
epruinose ; laciniz narrow, discrete, beneath densely blackish-hispid
with rhizinie. Apothecia rather small, naked or pruinose, brown
or brownish-black.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 147, ed. 3, p. 185.—Borrera pulverulenta B. angustata Mudd,
Man. p. 110. Lichen angustatus Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 77, t. 11.
f. 2.
The narrow discrete lacinize and the numerous rhizine render thisa
well-marked yariety. In its typical condition, as noticed by Acharius,
Lich. Univ. p. 474, the laciniz are continuous from the centre to the cir-
cumference; but intermediate states occur in which the laciniz are shorter
and not so continuous, as is usually the case in Britain. The apothecia
in our specimens are not very numerous.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in upland districts —Drstr. Local and
x2
308 LICHENACEL. [ PHYSCTA
rare in S. England and S.W. Scotland —B. M.: Appuldureombe, Isle of
Wight; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, and
Wembury, S. Devon. Near Creetown, Kirkcudbrightshire,
Var. é. subpapillosa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Thallus
greyish-white, pruinose, almost entirely subgranulato-unequal or
subpapillato-granulate. Apothecia nearly moderate, pruinose, with
turgid margin.
A very singular and, if constant, well-marked variety, which is so ab-
normal that at first sight it would scarcely be referred to this species.
In the single specimen seen the thallus has only one or two short laciniz
here and there visible at the extreme circumference. There are but two
apothecia present, in which the margin is also slightly subpapillate.
Hab, On the trunk of an old tree in a lowland tract—Diustr. Seen
only from E. England.—B. M.: Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk.
Subsp. 1. P. venusta Nyl. ea Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv, (1878)
p. 383.—Thallus cervine or cervine-greyish, epruinose, somewhat
narrowly incised. Apothecia moderate, the margin crowned with
horizontal thalline lacinioli.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia
pulverulenta var. venusta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 147 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte. Parmelia venusta
Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 211, t. 8. f. 5.
Differs in the colour of the naked thallus, the narrower lacinie, and the
coronate margins of the apothecia, which entitle it to rank as a subspecies.
It is to be noted, however, that states occasionally occur evidently
belonging to this subspecies in which the receptacular margin is nearly or
almost denudate (form ecoronata Cromb.). The apothecia in the British
specimens are not numerous, though somewhat crowded.
Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded upland situations.— Distr. Local
and scarce in 8.W. England, 8.W. Scotland, the S. and W. Highlands,
and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Isham, Torquay, 8. Devon. New Gallo-
way, Kirkeudbrightshire ; by Loch Tay, Kenmore, Perthshire ; 8. of Fort
William, Inverness-shire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Ballynegarde, co.
Limerick.
Subsp. 2. P. pityrea Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878)
p- 383.—Thallus subeffuse, thinner, appressed and adnate, greyish-
white or subcervine ; lacinizs somewhat short, sorediate at the mar-
gins (K7~, CaCl_). Apothecia small, pruinose, the margin crenulate
or sorediato-lacerate ; spores 0,024-28 mm. long, 0-015-18 mm.
thick—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia pulverulenta var.
pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146, ed. 3,
p- 135. Parmelia pityrea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201. Lichen pityreus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 124; Eng. Bot. t. 2064. Borrera pulveru-
lenta vy. grisea (Lam.} Mudd, Man. p.111. Lichenoides glaucum
orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 177, t. 23.
PHLYSCIA. | PHYSCIEL. 309
f. 71c.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 83; Leight. n. 370; Cromb. n. 51 ;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 48,
Well characterized by the thinner, more adnate thallus, the shorter and
marginally sorediate laciniz, and the smaller apothecia with their usually
sorediate thalline margin. These characters, more especially the soredia,
which are sometimes very abundant and obliterate the lacinie in the
centre of the thallus, make it a distinct subspecies. In our specimens
the apothecia, which are central, are not often present ; and the spermo-
gones, which are similar to those of the type, are also but rarely seen.
Hab, On the trunks of trees, rarely on old walls, in maritime, lowland,
and upland cultivated tracts.—Dzstr. General and common in most parts
of England ; apparently rare in Scotland and the Channel Islands; not
et with certainty gathered in Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey.
saham Wood, Norfolk; near Bury, Suffolk; High Beech, Epping
Forest, Essex ; Basingstoke, Kent ; Glynde, Sussex; Lymington, Hants ;
Ryde and Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; near Cheltenham and Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire ; Edgeware, Middlesex; near Elstree, Herts;
Pampisford, Cambridgeshire; near Adderbury, Oxfordshire; Malvern
and near Kempsey, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ;
Ludlow Park, Shropshire; Aberdovey, N. Wales; Carlton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyleshire; Blair-
drummond, near Stirling ; Glen Ample, Perthshire ; Drum, near Aberdeen.
Subsp. 3. P. muscigena Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 418.—Thallus de-
pressed at the circumference, more or less ascending in the centre,
livid-chestnut or cervyine-brown, usually cvsio-pruinose ; laciniz
somewhat short, dilated and diserete (K_,CaCl—). Apothecia with
the thalline margin crenate ; spores 0,024-30 mm. long, 0,011-15
mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia pulverulenta var.
muscigent Leight. Lich. Fl. Suppl. p. 479, ed. 3, p. 136. Parmelia
museigena Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 472.
Distinguished by the laciniz, the crenate margin of the apothecia, the
smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. These differences, however,
are scarcely sufficient to warrant our regarding it, with some older and
more recent authors, as a distinct species, but only as a well-marked sub-
ae of this very variable plant. In the only British specimen gathered
the apothecia, which are elsewhere very rare, are not present, nor are the
spermogones visible.
Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in a subalpine region.— Distr.
Found only on the summit of one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
11. P. subdetersa Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 344.—Thallus orbicular,
moderate, pale-cervine, subnaked or here and there yellowish-sore-
diate ; laciniz somewhat short (K—); medulla yellow (K+deeper
yellow). Apothecia unknown.
Well distinguished from P. pulverulenta var. detersa Nyl. (which has
not occurred with us) by the colour of the medulla. It approaches
P. enteroxantha Nyl|., a Pyrenean plant, but differs in not being white-
pruinose and in the medullary reaction. It is never seen fertile.
310 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA
Hab. Among mosses on rocks in subalpine regions.—Distr. Only very
sparingly in W. England and the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
12. P. aquila Ny]. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 309.
—Thallus suborbicular, appressed, narrowly laciniate, chestnut-
brown; beneath pale and sparingly blackish-fibrillose ; lacinie multi-
partite, somewhat convex, explanate at the circumference, imbri-
cato-congested (K~_, CaCl_). Apothecia adnate, moderate, con-
cave or somewhat plane, brownish-black, the margin tumid, sub-
crenate; spores 0,030-44 mm. long, 0,018-25 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 3, p. 142.—Borrera
aquila, Mudd, Man. p. 111. Parmelia aquila Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 203; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Lichen aquilus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p. 109; Eng. Bot. t. 982. Lichen pullus Lightf. Fl, Scot. i1. p. 825,
Lichen fuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p.533. Lichen obscurus With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. Lichenoides angustifolium fuscum, seutellis
pullis Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. f. 69.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 144;
Larb. Cesar. n. 23; Dicks. Hort. Sic. 25; Bohl. n. 111.
Easily recognized by its chestnut-brown, narrowly laciniate thallus,
and by its saxiculous habitat. The thallus, of which the cortical layer
presents intricate tubulose cavities, is sometimes widely expanded, in
which case in old plants it occasionally becomes zonately centrifugal.
States occasionally occur with us passing into var. st¢ppea (Ach.), but not
sufficiently typical. The apothecia are common, sometimes very nume-
rous and crowded, with the spores often thicker at one or the other apex.
The spermogones also are not unfrequent.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts, rarely on hills at some distance
from the sea in upland tracts.—Dzstr. General and not uncommon on
most of the rocky coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands; very abundant on the coast of Kincardineshire in N.E. Scotland.
—B. M.: Petit Port, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Near
Chichester, Sussex; Torquay, Bolt Head, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, and near
Okehampton, Devonshire; Temple Moor, Stoneyford, Penzance, The
Lizard, Roche rocks, and Helminton, Cornwall; Mynydd-y-Myfyr, near
Oswestry, Shropshire; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth and
Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Holyhead,
Island of Anglesea; Douglas Head, Isle of Man; Holy Island, North-
umberland ; Barrowmouth, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbright-
shire ; King’s Park and Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh ; Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Peterhead, Aberdeenshire.
Ballycotton and Mizen Head, co. Cork; Kenmare River, co. Kerry ;
Connemara, co. Galway; Ardglass, co. Down.
13. P. stellaris Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.—Thallus orbicular,
stellari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, white, greyish or glaucous-
white ; beneath whitish, with greyish fibrillose rhizine ; laciniz sub-
linear, convex, contiguous (K* ellow, GaQ]—). Apothecia submode-
: "
, ual bad
re SS eee i ee Ss ig
ee ee ee ee ee eee eee te
‘al Tee nd
PHYSCTA. | PHYSCTEI. 311
rate, sessile, brownish-black, ciesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline
margin entire or crenate ; spores 0,016—24 mm. long, 0,008—11 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Parmelia stellaris Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 55 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 201 pro parte. Lichen
stellaris Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1144: Ach. Prodr. p.111. Borrera
obscura (3. chloantha (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p.110. Physcia retro-
gressa Stirt. Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85 vix differt.—As
observed by Acharius (Meth. p. 209) the synonymy was then (as it
still is) for the most part doubtful. It is, however, the plant of
Linnzeus according to specimens in his herbarium.—Brit. Evs.:
Mudd, n. 81.
Distinguished from P. pulverulenta and its varieties by the smaller,
ey thallus, which does not become greenish when “moist, and by
e smaller spores. It has been almost alw ays confounded with the fol-
lowing species, and especially with its var. 8. The apothecia are nume-
rous, chiefly central, with the margin often flexuose. The spermogones
are not unfrequent, with spermatia “equally cylindrical, 0,0045 mm. long,
scarcely 0,001 mm. thick. It is a variable plant, presenting the varieties
and subspecies to be described.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees by roadsides, and in avenues
of lowland and upland tracts.—Distr. Seen only from a very few localities
in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt overlooked else-
where.—B, M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland, Y orkshire. F inlarig, Killin,
- Perthshire ; Monaltrie House, Ballater, Aberdeenshire.
Var. B. leptalea Nyl. Syn. i. (1860) p. 425.—Thallus narrowly
laciniate ; lacinice discrete, appressed, fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins,
the cilia whitish or brownish; otherwise as in the type.-—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 140.—Lichen
leptaleus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 108. Borrera hispida Mudd, Man.
p- 106. Lichenoides hispidum minus et tenerius, scutellis nigris Dill.
Muse. t. 20. f. 46, a, B, D.
Differs in the narrower, more discrete, and marginally ciliate lacinie.
It must not be confounded, as has sometimes been done, with less forni-
cate states of the following subspecies. The apothecia, which are not
unfrequent, vary similarly to those of the type.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland
districts —Distr. Occurs only here and there throughout England, in
N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland; rare in Ireland —B. M.: St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lymington, Hants; Brading, Isle of Wight ;
Bolt Head, 8. Dev on ; near Penzance, ‘Cornw all ; Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea ; near Gainsford, Dur-
ham. Near Edinburgh; Appin, Argy leshire ; Killin and Blairdrummond,
Perthshire ; Auchterhouse, Forfarshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen. Carri-
galoe, Cork Harbour.
Var. y. subobscura Nyl. Sillsk. F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. iv.
(1859) p. 239 ; Syn. 1. p.426.—Thallus greyish or greyish-brown,
beneath white oa scarcely any rhizine ; lacinize short, narrow,
the marginal cilia blackish or dark ; otherwise as in the preceding
312 LICHENACEI. [PHYSCIA.
variety.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 141; Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
p- 78.
Might be taken for a state of P. obscura or P. c@sia esorediate, from
both of which it is readily distinguished by the marginal cilia. It is
closely allied to the preceding variety, from which it differs in the colour
of the thallus and of the cilia, and in the almost entire absence of rhizinee
on the under surface. In the few British specimens there are no apo-
thecia.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Only in the Channel
Islands, the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland; no doubt
to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Bareal-
dine, Argyleshire. Leenane, co. Galway.
Subsp. 1. P. tenella Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 306.—Thallus subeffuse,
narrowly laciniate; laciniz ascending, usually tubuloso-inflated or
fornicate at the apices, white fibrilloso-ciliate at the margins.
Apothecia small or moderate, the margin entire or crenulate.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Physcia stellaris var, tenella Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 141. Borrera
hispida 3. tenella Mudd, Man. p. 106. Parmelia tenella Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.147. Borrera tenella Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 434;
Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 56; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 222. Lichen tenellus
Scop. Fl. Carn. (1760) p. 1406; Eng. Bot. t. 1351; With. Arr,
ed. 3, iv. p. 56. Lichen ciliaris 3. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 538;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p.828. Lichenoides hispidum minus et tenerius,
scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 152, t. 20. f. 46, oc, e— Brit. Eus.:
Leight. n. 174; Mudd, n. 78; Cromb. n. 151; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 330; Bohl. n. 20.
Looks at first sight as if it were a distinct species. It is readily recog-
nized by the hooded-like apices of the ascendant laciniz, though these
finally become sorediate. The thallus and the marginal cilia, which are
either simple or variously divided, often become darker-coloured in age,
or when growing in dry exposed places. The apothecia are not unfre-
quent, and the spermogones are often numerous.
Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees, old walls, and occasionally
boulders in maritime and upland districts.—Dist. General and common
in Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—
B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Earsham, Nor-
folk; Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk ; Walthamstow, Essex; Shanklin, Isle
of Wight; Plymouth, Devonshire; near Penzance and Withiel, Corn-
wall; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Grims-
bury Green, Northamptonshire ; Buxton, Matlock, and Darley, Derby-
shire ; Herefordshire Beacon and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond
Hill, Shropshire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; near Usk, Monmouthshire ;
Dolgelly and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; near
Stokesley and Kildale, Cleveland; Croft Head, Westmoreland ; Holy
Island, Northumberland; near Asby, Cumberland. Swanston Wood,
near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Montrose, Forfarshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Dromoreland, co. Clare.
bh pie a
i
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIET. 313
Form exempta Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 140.—Lacinize
shorter, broader, imbricate, naked or very sparingly and shortly
ciliate; otherwise as above.—Parmelia tenella var. exempta Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera tenella y. evemta Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 499.—As noticed by Taylor, 7. ¢., his specimen was
referred by Borrer to P. erosa.
Seems to be merely a modification of the type, from which it is distin-
guished, at least as a well-marked form, by the characters of the laciniz.
Our only British specimen is sterile.
Hab. On the trunks of willows in upland situations.—Distr. Seen only
sparingly from S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ballynegarde, co, Limerick.
14. P. aipolia Nyl. Flora, 1870, p. 38.—Thallus orbicular, stel-
lari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, whitish ; beneath concolorous with
greyish-brown rhizinz ; lacinize somewhat plane, narrow, subcon-
tiguons, discrete, and with the apices crenulate at the circumference
(KT yellow, CaCl). Apothecia submoderate, somewhat convex,
brownish-black, czesio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire ;
spores 0,016-26 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1870, p. 97.—Lichen aipolius Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 112.
Physeia stellaris var. acrita Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39. P. aipolia
form aerita Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 571. Lichen
stellaris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 (ex specimine in Herb. Huds.).
Lichenoides cinereum, segmentis angustis stellatis, scutellis nigris
Dill. Muse. 176, t. 23. f. 70, a, x.
Frequently not distinguished, even as a variety, from the preceding, to
which it is subsimilar. The planer, more divided laciniz, which are
discrete at the circumference, and especially the positive reaction of the
medulla, well characterize it and raise it to its Acharian specific rank.
In its typical condition (a. acrita Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 477) the thallus is
entirely smooth in a young state, but at length becomes slightly rugose
in the centre. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia being chiefly
central.
Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees in cultivated tracts, often in
orchards, rarely on old pales, very rarely on calcareous walls, of maritime,
lowland, and upland districts.—Dist, Rather local in S. and N. England,
N. Wales, the 8. W., Central, and N. Highlands of Scotland, and in N.W.
Treland.—B. M.: Near Lewes, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Isham
Valley, Torquay, S. Devon ; Penzance, Cornwall; Hafod, Cardiganshire ;
Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Appin, Argyle-
shire; Killin and foot of Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar,
- Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Kylemore and Lough Inagh,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 6. anthelina Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 78.—Thallus
narrowly laciniate, beneath with black rhizine; lacinie more dis-
crete, somewhat convex. Apothecia submoderate, crowded or scat-
tered, at length slightly convex, the thalline margin entire.—
314 LICHENACEI. . _ [payscra.
Physcia stellaris var. aipolia f. anthelina Nyl. Lich, Scand. p. 111.
Lichen anthelinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 111. 7
The narrower and more discrete laciniz, which are either entirely
smooth or somewhat rugose, distinguish this variety. In what Acharius
subsequently (Lich. Univ. p. 478) regarded as the more typical state, the
laciniz are continuous from the centre to the circumference, when it is
entirely analogous to var. angustata of P. pulverulenta. In the few British
specimens the apothecia are numerous.
Hab, On the trunks and branches of trees in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in S. England and 8.W. Ireland.—
B. M.: Henfield, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Ilsham Valley,
near Torquay, Devonshire. Muckruss Demesne, Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. y. cercidia Nyl. ew Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878)
p. 884.—Thallus whitish or greyish-white, somewhat rugose, be-
neath with blackish rhizine ; lacinie contiguous, somewhat convex,
short, difform and crowded in the centre, plane and broader at the
circumference. Apothecia modcrate or somewhat large, plane, the
thalline margin at length crenulate.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—
Parmelia aipolia B. cercidia Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p.478. Physcia
stellaris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 (excl. var. acrita); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 151, ed. 3, p. 140. Borrera stellaris Mudd, Man. p. 109.
Parmelia stellaris Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 142. Lichen stellaris
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 824; With. Arr. iv. p, 31 pro parte; Eng.
Bot. t. 1697.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n.6; Mudd, n.79; Larb. Lich.
Hb. no. 161.
A larger and coarser plant with somewhat of the aspect of P. pulveru-
lenta. It differs from the type in the colour of the rhizine and in the
more contiguous, convex, and rugose laciniz, which are at times as if
imbricato-squamose in the centre. The apothecia are often very nume-
rous and crowded, sometimes nearly obliterating the thallus, when they
become flexuose and deformed.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, very rarely on calcareous walls, in
cultivated tracts from maritime to upland districts.— Distr. General and
plentiful in most parts of Great Britain; apparently rare in S. Ireland
and in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Yarmouth,
Norfolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Edgeware, Middlesex; near Elstree,
Herts; Reigate, Surrey; Glynde, near Hastings, and Henfield, Sussex ;
near Ryde, Isle of Wight; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; near Nails-
worth, Gloucestershire; Madingley Park, Cambridgeshire; Twycross,
Leicestershire; Pixham, near Worcester, and North Malvern, Worcester-
shire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ; Aber-
dovey, Merionethshire ; Clungunford and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ;
near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kendal and Windermere, Westmore-
land; Alston, Cumberland ; near Hexham, Northumberland. Troquain,
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Melrose, Roxburgh; near
Edinburgh; Inverary Castle, Argyleshire ; Blair Drummond, near Stir-
ling; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Camperdown, Forfarshire; Cults,
near Aberdeen, and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Fort William,
Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Near Cork; Dunkerron, co,
Kerry.
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEL. 315
15. P. melops Duf. (sub Purmelia) ex Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 16.—
Thallus orbicular, stellari-appressed, multifido-laciniate, more or less
cxsio-greyish; lacinie narrow, contiguous, convex (KTyellow,
CaCl_). Apothecia small, plane, the thalline margin entire or at
length slightly crenulate; spores as in the preceding species.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
Closely allied to P. aipolia, from which it differs chiefly in the darker
exsious thallus. Our single British specimen is sterile, with the thallus
not well developed. According to Nylander /. c. it isa widely distributed
saxicolous plant in the mountainous regions of Europe.
Hab. On a calcareous wall among dead mosses in a maritime moun-
tainous district— Distr. Seen only in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland ;
no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Appin, Argyleshire.
16. P. tribacia Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 48.—Thallus orbicular or
subeffuse, moderate, shortly laciniate. glaucous-white or white,
sprinkled with small, subglobose, concolorous soredia, usually slightly
subfarinaceo-suffused ; beneath whitish, with a few concolorous
fibrillose rhizinz ; lacinie crowded, imbricate, digitato-crenate at
the apices (K+*0" Cac]—). Apothecia moderate, scattered,
blackish, the thalline margin subentire or subcrenulate; spores
oblong, 0015-20 mm. long, 0,008—11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea,
xv. p. 78.—Borrera cesia /3. tribacea Mudd, Man. p. 107. Sgqua-
maria tribacia Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194 pro parte. Psoroma tribacium
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 445. Lecanora tribacia Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 415.
A plant little understood by authors, allied to P. stellaris, with which
it agrees in the reactions. It differs, however, in the thallus being
generally covered with a thin farina, in the presence of soredia, and in
the more crowded laciniz being digitately crenate at the apices. In the
soredia it approaches P. cesia, but differs in all other essential characters.
The apothecia are not present in the British specimens (ef. Ach. l. ¢.).
Hab. On fruit-trees of orchards in maritime districts. —Distr. Confined
to a few localities in S. England and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: St.
Martin’s, Island of Jersey. Lymington, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall.
17. P. tribacoides Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 307.—Thallus orbicular,
small, shortly laciniate, whitish, sprinkled with small, subglobose,
white soredia, sparingly subfarinaceo-suffused; beneath whitish,
nearly naked ; iaciniz narrow, crowdedly imbricate, digitato-crenate
PCE SS
at the apices (KTyellow, CaCl_). Apothecia not seen rightly
developed.—Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 140.
Subsimilar to the preceding species, from which, besides other charac-
ters, it at once differs in the reaction of the medulla with K. In the
specimen gathered there are only two young apothecia.
i aa Pops F
316 LICHENACEI. [ PHYSCIA.
Hab, On the smooth bark of a young tree in a maritime district.—
Distr. Extremely local and rare, in S, England.—B. M.: Near Ryde,
Isle of Wight.
18. P. erosa Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 152.—Thallus subor-
bicular, moderate, shortly laciniate, greyish or glaucous-white ;
beneath whitish, sparingly fibrilloso-rhizinose ; laciniz crowdedly
imbricate, more or less ascending, rounded and eroso-lacerate or at
length pulverulent at the apices (K fyellow, CaCl] yellow). Apo-
thecia moderate, brownish-black, the thalline margin subentire ;
spores oblong, 0,014-20 mm. long, 0,007—-10 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 358; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 139.—Par-
melia erosa Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. 1837, t. 2807. Borrera cesia
y. albinea (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 108, t. 11. f. 31; Cromb.
Lich, Brit. p. 39. Squamaria tribacia Sm. Eng. FI. ii. p. 194 pro
parte.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 266; Larb. Cesar. n. 24; Lich. Hb.
n. 294,
A well-marked species somewhat resembling P. tribacia, from which
it is well distinguished by the efarinose and esorediate thallus, the apices
of the laciniz, and the different chemical reactions. The apothecia,
which with us are extremely rare, are chiefly central, numerous, with the
thalline margin at length subcrenate.
Hab. On trees, walls, and rocks in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Not very general nor common throughout England and in the
Channel Islands ; rare in 8. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands and 8. Gram-
pians ; not yet seen in Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, St. Quen’s, and La Moye,
Island of Jersey ; Jerbourg and Moulin Huet, Island of Guernsey. Bex-
hill and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Porchester, Hants; Plymouth and
Wembury, 8S. Devon; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; St. Mary’s,
Scilly ; near Swindon, Wilts; Malvern, Worcestershire; Nannau, Dol-
gelly, Barmouth, and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; near Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; near Staveley, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
19. P. astroidea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856)
p. 308.—Thallus orbicular, thin, closely adpressed, granulose or
leprose in the centre, laciniato-effigurate at the circumference,
greyish-white ; beneath whitish, black fibrilloso-rhizinose ; lacinize
narrow, contiguous (KT yellow, CaCl] yellow). Apothecia innato-
sessile, small, concave or plane, brownish-blackish, naked or prui-
nose, the thalline margin inflexed, crenulate; spores ellipsoideo-
oblong, 0,017-26 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 3, p. 189.—Borrera
astroidea et B. Clementi Mudd, Man. p. 108, t. u. f. 32. Parmelia
astroidea Clem. Ens. Add. (1807) p. 302. Squamaria Clementi
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 196. Parmelia Clementi Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc.
ix. p. 146, t. 13. f.1; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 439; Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Lichen Clementi Eng. Bot. t. 1779.—Parmelia
{
‘
7
‘
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEI. 317
columnaris Tayl. in Fl, Hib. ii. p. 144, is a more granulose state.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 324.
Easily recognized by the thallus being often almost entirely granulose
or leprose, with the laciniz visible only at or towards the circumference.
With us it is but seldom and sparingly seen with apothecia. The sper-
mogones apparently do not occur in Britain.
Hab, On the trunks of trees, often in orchards, and on tiled roofs in
maritime and lowland districts —Dzistr. Somewhat local and scarce in
S. and Central England, N. Wales, 8S. Ireland, and the Channel Islands ;
not seen from Scotland.—B. M.: St. Martin’s, Island of Jersey ; Island of
Guernsey. Epping Forest, Essex; near Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells,
Kent; near Lewes, between Henfield and Brighton, and Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex; near Southampton, Hants; Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Plymouth,
Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall; West Haddon, Northamptonshire ;
near Barmouth, Merionethshire. Tervoe, co. Limerick; Carrigalim, near
Cork.
Form elegans Nyl. ew Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 139.—
Thallus glaucous-white ; lacinie finely isidioso-fimbriate at the mar-
gins. Apothecia not seen.—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 88.
The peculiar fimbriate margins of the laciniz, which are not leproso-
granulose, render this a somewhat distinct form. It does not occur
fertile.
Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.—Diéstr. Found only very
sparingly in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Kylemore Lake, co. Galway.
20. P. cwsia Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. (1856) p. 308.
—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, stellate, multifido-laciniate,
seesio-white or greyish-white, sprinkled with cxsious subglobose
soredia; beneath pale and sparingly fibrillose ; laciniz narrow, con-
vex, contiguous, slightly dilated at the apices (K{yellow, CaCl_ ).
Apothecia sessile, small, concave or plane, black, naked or pruinose,
the thalline margin thickish, entire or crenulate; spores oblong,
0,016-23 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39.
—Physeia stellaris var. cesia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 152, ed. 3, p. 141.
Borrera cesia Mudd, Man. p. 107. Squamaria cesia Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 196. Parmelia cesia Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 443 ; Tayl.in Mack.
F). Hib. ii. p. 147. Lichen cesius Hoffm. Enum. (1784) p. 65,
t. 12. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 1052. Lichen Psora Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii.
p- 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 26. Lichenoides cinereum, segmentis
argutis stellatis, scutellis nigris Dill. Muse. 176, t. 24. f. 70 c.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 323.
Distinguished from its more immediate allies by the pulvinate cesious
soredia, which are scattered regularly over the thallus and rarely become
confluent. The apothecia are chiefly central and not of frequent occur-
rence.
Hab, On walls, roofs, and boulders in lowland and upland districts.—
Distr. General though not common in England; much rarer in Scot-
318 LICHENACEI, [PHYSCIA.
land ; rare in the Channel Islands and N. Wales; not seen from Ireland.
—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Acle, Norfolk; Walthamstow, Essex ;
Richmond House, Surrey; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; near
Oxford; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Harboro’ Magna, Warwick-
shire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near
Kendal, Westmoreland; near Hexham, Northumberland. New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Edinburgh; Kirkfield, Lanarkshire ;
Appin, Argyleshire ; Dunblane, Perthshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form teretiuscula Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 112.—Lacinize
narrower, More discrete, somewhat convex ; otherwise as above.—
Parmelia cesia B. teretiuscula Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 479.
Differs from the type only in the minor characters of the laciniz, and
intermediate states are not wanting. The British specimens are sterile.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Seen
only from W. England and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Penzance, Cornwall ;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
21. P. obscura Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, 1. (1856) p. 309.
—Thallus orbiculari-stellate, closely appressed and adnate, dark or
greyish-brown ; beneath black-fibrillose ; lacinie narrow, plane or
slightly convex (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia sessile, small, blackish-
brown, naked, the margin entire ; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,015—
25 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte— Borrera
obscura Mudd, Man. p. 109 pro parte. Lichen obscurus Ehrh. Pl.
Crypt. (1785) n. 177. Parmelia cycloselis Ach., Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p- 444 pro parte; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202 pro parte. Lichen cyelo-
selis Eng. Bot. t. 1942.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb, n. 252.
In its typical condition, which has seldom been rightly described, the
thallus is entirely esorediate, with the margins of the lacinie efibrillose.
The form chloantha (Ach. Syn. p. 217), with “ pale-greyish thallus and
laciniz lacerato-dentate at the margins,” has not yet occurred with us,
though recorded by Leighton, /. c., as British. In our specimens the
apothecia are fairly numerous. The spermogones are more frequent,
with spermatia oblong, 0,005 mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in upland situations.—Dzstr. Seen only
from a very few localities in England and the 8. Grampians, Scotland ; no
doubt frequent but overlooked.—B. M.: Brockenhurst, New Forest,
Hants; near Cambridge ; near Ledbury, Herefordshire. Finlarig, Killin,
Perthshire.
22. P. lithotea Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 354.—Thallus orbicular,
appressed, parrowly laciniate, glaucous- or dark-brown, furfuraceo-
or granuloso-sorediate ; beneath black-fibrillose; lacinie plane,
closely imbricate, subciliate at the margins (K_, CaCl_). Apo-
thecia central, blackish ; spores as in the preceding species or slightly
<.
PHYSCIA. | PHYSCIEL 319
smaller.—Physcia obscura subsp. lithotea Cromb. Grevillea, xv.
p- 78; form lithotea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.137. Parmelia cyclo-
selis (3. lithotea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 199.
Subsimilar to P. obsewra, but differs in being firmer, more or less furfu-
raceous, and especially in the cellular structure of the cortex, which
consists of rounded cells, being more distinct. In age nearly the whole
thallus and the margins of the lacinie are covered with a dark furfur.
The state sciustra (Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 49) differs merely in being
darker and sorediate only at the margins of the laciniz. The apothecia
when present (for it is usually sterile) are small and few.
Hab. Tn depressions of rocks which are frequently moistened by the
sea and by lakes and streams in maritime and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, N. Wales (jide Leight.), among
the 8. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near New-
ton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Loch Dochart and Ken-
more, Perthshire. Connemara, co. Galway.
23. P. ulothrix Nyl. Flora, 1875, pp. 360, 442.—Thallus orbicu-
lari-stellate, greyish-glaucous or dark-brown, sometimes sublivid,
esorediate ; beneath black-fibrillose ; lacinie discrete, narrow, linear,
multifid, plane, ciliate at the margins, the cilia rigid, horizontal
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, dark-brown, the thalline mar-
gin entire, at length inflexed, the receptacle at the base black-
fibrillose ; spores oblong, 0,015—25 mm. long, 0,009-12 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Linn. Soc. Journ. Bot. xvii. p. 571.— Physcia obscura var.
ulothrix Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; Leight Lich. Fl. p. 149, ed. 3,
p- 187. Borrera obscura ¢. ulothrix Mudd, Man. p.110. Parmelia
ulothria Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.146. Lichen ulothriv Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 113. Lichen virellus Eng. Bot. t. 1696 (lower
fig.). Lichen ciliatus Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 16; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 30. Lichen stellaris var. 4, With. l. c. p. 31. Lichen-
vides viride, segmentis angustis distortis, scutellis pullis Dill. Muse.
178, t. 24. f. 724.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 80.
Usually regarded by more recent authors as a variety of the preceding ;
this was rightly viewed by Acharius asa distinct species, as warranted
more especially by the peculiar character of the marginal cilia and in a
minor degree by the radiating fibrillose receptacle of the apothecia. In
this latter respect, as already observed, it is analogous to subsp. Parmelia
carporhizans, though in old plants this character is less apparent. When
sterile it is readily distinguished by the horizontal marginal cilia of the
thallus. The apothecia are numerous and often crowded, and the spermo-
gones, which seem to be rather rare, are as in P. obscura.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on old pales and walls in maritime
and upland districts.— Distr. Occurs only here and there in England, 8.
Scotland and the Highlands. and S. Ireland.—B. M.: Lakenham and
near Yarmouth, Norfolk; Brighton and Albourne, Sussex; near Pen-
zance, Cornwall: Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leiceste1-
shire ; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Worcester. New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire ; Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, and Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire. Carrigaloe, near Cork.
320 LICHENACEI. [ PHYSCIA.
Var. 3. virella Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 78.—Thallus subeffuse,
pale greyish-green, here and there greenish- or yellowish-sorediate ;
laciniz short, imbricate, with horizontal cilia at the margins. Apo-
thecia small or submoderate, the receptacle black-fibrillose at the
base.—Physcia obscura var. virella Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148, ed. 3,
p. 137. Borrera obscura y. virella Mudd, Man. p. 110. Parmeha
virella Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 202. Lichen virellus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p. 108; Eng. Bot. t. 1696 (two upper figs.). Lichenoides viride,
segmentis angustis distortis, scutellis pullis Dill. Musc. 178, t. 24.
f. 72 3.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 80; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 126.
Overlooking the character of the marginal cilia of the laciniz and of
the receptacle of the apothecia, lichenologists have associated this distinct
variety with P. obscura. As suggested by Nylander zm ltt., and confirmed
by a specimen from Acharius in Herb. Linn. Soc. (fragmentary and
abraded, though sufficient for recognition), it entirely belongs to this
species: It differs from the type in the thallus being more effuse, often
less closely appressed, paler in colour, and sprinkled with, or at times
almost covered by, roundish soredia, as also in the shorter and usually
more imbricate lacinie. When wet it is of a bright-green colour, and
when growing associated with P. parietina it is suffused with chryso-
phanic acid, when the thallus and soredia are more or less yellowish (form
flavescens Cromb.). It then gives a purplish reaction with K, which,
however, is quite abnormal. To this state is referable Physcta endococ-
cina (non Koerb.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 359; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 142. The cilia of the laciniz and the apothecia (frequently
absent in the latter, as they occasionally are in the type itself) are at first
pale, speedily becoming brownish, and at length in old plants blackish.
The apothecia and the spermogones are frequent in our specimens.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on walls, in maritime and up-
land districts.—Distr. Not uncommon in most parts of England; appa-
rently rare in N. Wales, Scotland, and 8.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Kennet and
Ickworth, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex ; Heniield and near Brighton,
Sussex; Ryde, Isle of Wight; Isham, Torquay, Devonshire; Newlyn
Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall; near Cirencester and Honeybourne, Glouces-
tershire ; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Darley, Derbyshire ; Aber-
dovey, Merionethshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Hexham,
Northumberland. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig, Killin, ard Glen
Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Jillaloe, co. Cork; Lyons, near
Dublin.
b. Spermogones with long acicular spermatia.
24. P. adglutinata Nyl. Flora, 1862, p. 355.—Thallus small,
orbicular, closely agglutinate, imbricato-stellate, sordid greenish-
grey ; beneath blackish, scarcely fibrillose at the margins; laciniz
very narrow, multifid at the circumference, subleprose in the centre
(K—, CaCl_). Apothecia small, plane, brownish-black, the thalline
margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, 0,014-21 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 137.—
Borrera obscura e. adglutinata Mudd, Man. p. 110; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 149. Lecanora adglutinata Florke Deutsch. Lich. iv. (1815) p.7 ;
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146. Parmelia elwina Gray, Nat. Arr.
PALYSCTA. | PHYSCIEI. 321
i. p. 439. Squamaria eleina Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 197. Lichen
eleinus Eng. Bot. t. 2158..—Brit. Hvs.: Cromb. n. 152; Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 49.
The thallus is often leproso-pulverulent in the centre, and sometimes
subeffuse, through the confluence of several plants. Irom states of P.
obscura, of which it has frequently been considered as a variety, it at
once differs in the form of the spermatia. The apothecia are chiefly
central. The spermogones, which are not uncommon, are olive-brown,
hon spermatia long, acicular, about 0,018 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on walls, in maritime and lowland
districts. —Distr. Probably not uncommon throughout England and W.
Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands; apparently absent from Scotland.
—B.M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey. Norwich, Nerfolk ; Walthamstow,
issex ; Glynde, Hurstpierpoint, and between Henfield and Brighton,
Sussex; Lymington, Hants; Penzance, Cornwall; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Kendal, Westmoreland. Killarney, co, Kerry ; Kylemore, co. Galway.
Form sorediata Nyl. ew Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 138.—
Thallus leproso-sorediate almost throughout, glaucous-white ; laciniz
more dilated at the circumference and there only esorediate. Apo-
thecia not seen.— rit, Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 127.
Apart from the paler colour and the broader lacinie this differs only
in the much more sorediate thallus, in which respect it resembles var.
subvirella Nyl. (Pyr. Or. p. 63), which does not occur in our Islands.
The specimens seen are sterile.
Hab. On walls and trees in upland districts.— Distr. Only sparingly in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Letterfrack and Letter Hill, Connemara, co.
Galway.
Tribe XVII. GYROPHORET Nyl. Mem. Soc. Cherb.
iii. (1855) p. 175; Lich. Scand. p. 112.
Thallus membranaceo-foliaceous, monophyllous or subpolyphyllous,
peitate, umbilicately affixed in the centre to the substratum, cor-
ticate on both -surfaces; internally with white lax filamentose
medulla ; gonidial layer containing gonidia. Apothecia either leca-
noroid, or lecideine and gyrose, black; spores solitary or usually
8nee, oblong or ellipsoid, simple or murali-divided, colourless or
brown; paraphyses discrete. Spermogones either immersed or
somewhat prominent, with jointed sterigmata.
The systematic position of this tribe has been variously regarded by
authors. There is no doubt, however, that this is its true place as indi-
cated by the character of the vegetative and reproductive organs, though
the structure and form of the apothecia are rather peculiar. It is a very
natural tribe, comprising two genera, the distinctive characters of which
have recently been definitely pointed out by Nylander. The species are
all saxicolous, characteristic of cold regions, and for the most part very
brittle when dry. e
322 LICHENACEI. [ UMBILICARTA.
4. UMBILICARIA
Hoffm. Pl. Lich.(1795)
p- 109 pro parte; Nyl.
Flora, 1875, p. 303.
—Thallus efribrillose
beneath. Apothecia
lecanoroid, with thal-
line receptacle, con-
taining no gonidia;
hypothecium brown-
ish-black; spores soli-
tary, 2ne or 8ne,
brown or colourless,
murali-locular or sim-
ple; hymenial gela-
tine bluish and then
wine-red with iodine.
Spermogones some-
what prominent; sper-
matia short, cylin-
drical.
Formerly distinguish-
ed from the following
genus by different au-
thors on insufficient
grounds, this has been
definitely separated by Fig. 53.
Nylander on account of
: Umbilicaria pustulata Hotfm.—a. Vertical section of
the peculiar type of the ~ thallus, x200. 8. Vertical section of apothecium,
apothecia. These are 430. ¢. Atheca and paraphysis, X350. d. Two
in a certain way leca- spores, X5(0. e. Vertical sectin of thallus with a
norine, but not trulyso; —spermogone, X30. /f. Sterigmata and spermatia,
for though they present x500.
externally a thalline re-
ceptacle composed of the cortical and medullary layers, they do not con-
tain gonidia (vide Nyl. Flora, /.¢.). As to the structure of the thallus,
will be seen from fig. 53a@ that this consists of four layers. These
are—(1) an epithalline layer more or less developed or evanescent
(whence the presence or absence of pruina on the upper surface); (2) a
corticali-gonidial layer, the gonidia occupying the lower half of the more
darkly delineated portion; (3) a white medullary layer; and (4) a cor-
tical layer on the under surface, of which the upper portion is chondroid
(sometimes partly wanting) and the lower (blackish) cellular (fr. Nyl.
Flora, 7. c.). The spermogones have the spermatia in all the species of
nearly the same size, viz. 0,004 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
The genus is divided into two subgenera, founded upon differences in
the cortical texture.
Subgen, 1. LASALLIA Mérat (Fl. Par. (1836) p. 202 pro parte).
—Thallus papulose above, lacunoso-foveolate beneath, internally
with the chondrohyphe wanting in the lower concave portion of
the pustules. Apothecia with the spores solitary or 2nz, murali-
divided, brown.
UMBILICARIA. | GYROPHORET. 323
1. U. pustulata Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 111.—Thallus
large, monophyllous, inciso-lobed at the circumference, papulose,
pale-greyish or greyish-brown, subpruinose, sprinkled with large
fuliginoso-floccose glomeruli; beneath deeply lacunoso-foveolate,
naked, brownish or greyish-pruinose, very minutely rimuloso-areo-
late (K_, CaCl ie dish): Apothecia moderate, superficial, scattered,
somewhat plane ; spores large, solitary, 0,028-70 mm. long, 0,018-
34 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 219; Mudd, Man. p. 115, t. ii,
f. 35; Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 294; Cromb.
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 576.—Gyrophora pustulata Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42; Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Br. p. 232; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 155; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 154, ed. 3, p. 143. Lichen pustulatus
Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1150; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454; Lightf, Fl.
Scot. u. p. 858; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 64; Eng. Bot. t. 1285.
Lichenoides pustulosum cinereum et veluti ambustum Dill. Muse. 226,
t. 30. f. 131.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 166; Larb. Cesar. n. 25;
Cromb. n. 52; Bohl. n. 125.
The peculiar pustular and isidio-glomerulose upper, and the deeply
pitted under surface of the thallus at once distinguish this from the other
British species of the tribe. The thallus, which is greenish when moist,
is normally orbicular, becoming at length irregular in shape, and often
attains a very large size. The apothecia, which are rare in Britain, are
seattered among the glomeruli chiefly towards the circumference, and
are at first concave, then plane or convex, with the margin at length
excluded.
Hab. On rocks and boulders, rarely on old walls, in mountainous dis-
tricts.— Distr. Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the
Channel Islands, S. and W. England, 8. Scotland, the W. Highlands
and Shetland, Scotland, and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: La Moye, Island
of Jersey ; Island of Guernsey. Blackstone Rock, near Bovey Tracey,
Hay Tor and Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall ;
Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Caer
Caradoc, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Capel Curig and
Nant Gwynant, Carnarvonshire; Nepha, Westmoreland; Wastdale,
Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Loch Sligachan and
Loch Corruisk, Isle of Skye; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Sandy Loch,
near Lerwick, Shetland. Mizen Head and Glengariff, co. Cork; near
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Subgen. 2. AGYROPHORA Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 247.—Thallus
epapulose above, efoveolate beneath, internally with the chondro-
hyphe continuous in the cortical layer of the lower surface. Apo-
thecia with the spores 8ne, simple, colourless.
2. U. atropruinosa Scher. Ser. Mus. Helv. vi. (1829) p. 109,
t. 12-14.—Thallus moderate, monophyllous or subpolyphyllous,
rigid, thinly areolato-rimulose or rugoso-areolate, brownish-black,
greyish-pruinose in the centre; beneath smoothish or very finely
granulato-areolate, black or partly paler, often pruinose (medulla
K—,CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat prominent, nearly moderate,
x2
324 LICHENACEI. [ UMBILICARIA.
plane ; spores often obsoletely curved, 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,005-6
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.
Differs very much from U. pustulata in the external appearance of the
thallus, though agreeing with it in the character of the apothecia. It is
well characterized by the somewhat rigid thallus having the upper sur-
face minutely areolate and the lower smooth and glabrous, as also by the
apothecia being constantly lecanoroid and not becoming gyrose. The few
British specimens are smaller than those of more boreal regions. They
are, however, well fertile, the apothecia being numerous, though some-
what small.
Hab. On granitic boulders in exposed alpine places.— Distr. Found
only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Summit of Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
55. G@YROPHORA Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 110; Nyl. Flora, 1875,
p. 303.—Thallus naked or fibrillose
beneath. Apothecia lecideine, usually
more or less gyroso-plicate; hypo-
thecium usually brown: spores 8ne,
simple, colourless; hymenial gela-
tine bluish and then sordid wine-red
with iodine. Spermogones immersed ;
spermatia short, cylindrical.
Distinguished from Umbilicaria by
the apothecia being lecideine, with the
perithecium differing in texture from
the cortex. The structure of the thallus
scarcely differs from that of subgen.
Agyrophora. The apothecia are
either simply lecideine or beautifully
gyroso-complicate, each individual epi-
thecium being narrow and margined.
The spermogones have the spermatia
similar in size to those of Umbilicaria.
In several cases the chemical reaction
of the medulla with CaCl affords a valu-
able aid in the discrimination of spe-
cies otherwise with difficulty separable
from each otuer. Fie. 5
fig. O4.
Gyrophora cylindrica Ach.—a.
1. G. grisea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. Vertical section of thallus,with
(1839) p. 236.—Thallus monophyl- . /stera! povtion, of @ spermo-
lous, thin, minutely areolato-papillate, oe pene apothecium, X30.
somewhat lobed and crenate at the c. Theca and _paraphysis,
margins, greyish-white or mouse- x 300. d. Three spores, x 500.
coloured; beneath finely granuloso- ae ites and sperneaes
areolate, scabrous, naked or sparingly
fibrillose in the centre, blackish or greyish (K_, CaCl) ea): Apo-
thecia at length conyex, immarginate, gyroso-plicate ; spores 0,014-18
OT ee
GYROPHORA. | GYKOPHOREI, 325
mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 120; Cromb. Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 575.—Umbilicaria grisea Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 157, ed. 3, p. 147. Umbilicaria varia n. grisea Leight. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 288. Lichen griseus Sw. in Westr.
Vet. Ak. Handl. 1793, p. 52. Gyrophora murina Ach. Eng. Bot.
t. 2486 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 478; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218. Lichen
Dilleniti With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63. Lichen deustus Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 455. Lichenoides coriaceum cinereum, peltis atris compressis Dill.
Muse. 219, t. 30. £117. Lichenoiles savatile foliis minus divisis,
cinereo-fuscum Dill. in Ray, Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 66,
Has its nearest ally in G. hirsuta Ach., which is unknown in this
country. It is easily recogaized from the allied British species by the
colour of the thallus, which is geuerally monophyllous, and by the cha-
racters of its upper and lower surfaces. With us it is not seen fertile.
Hab. Oa rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Found only very sparingly
in the Channel Islands and S.W. Eugland (Hb. Buddle).—B. M.:
Beauport, Island of Jersey. St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, Gloucestershire.
There is also a specimen marked ? Glyder Vawr, N. Wales, where it is
not likely to have been gathered.
2. G. proboscidea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105.—Thallus mono-
phyllous, somewhat thin, nearly moderate or small, crenate or
slightly lobed at the margin, reticulato-rugose (especially in the
centre), blackish-brown or blackish, greyish-pruinose in the centre ;
beneath smooth, naked, pale-greyish or partly dark-greyish (K_,
Cacitreddishy A nothecia at first thinly margined and somewhat
plane, at length immarginate, convex, gyroso-plicate ; spores 0,012-
18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Eng. Bot. t. 2484; Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 476; Hook. Fl. Seot. ii. p. 41: Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br.
p- 222; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217; Mudd, Man. p. 118.—Umbilicaria
proboscidea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3,
p- 147. Lichen proboscideus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 147. Umbili-
caria varia @. deusta Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii.
p. 289. Lichen deustus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 861 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63.
Distinguished from allied species by the thallus being more or less
reticulato-corrugate on the upper surface, with the rug more distinct in
the centre and less visible towards the circumference, where it is some-
times nearly smooth. The thallus is closely appressed to the sub-
stratum, thinnish, somewhat rigid and brittle, varying in other respects
as in the forms and variety that follow. It is generally well fertile, with
numerous and small, or fewer and nearly moderate apothecia. The
spermogones are rare, with the spermatia about 0,004 mm. long, 0,001
mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and stone walls in upland and subalpine regions.—
Distr. Somewhat local in N. Wales, N. England, and in S. Scotland;
general and plentiful amongst the Grampians ; reported also (but doubt-
fully) from S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire ; Snow-
don, Carnarvonshire ; Cardiganshire ; Teesdale, Durham. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Ben’ Lawers and Ben More, Perthshire; Clova,
326 LICHENACE]. [GYROPHORA.
Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Lochnagar, near Invereauld, Glen Callater
and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis and Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire.
Form 1. fimbriata Mudd, Man. (1860) p. 118.—Thallus sparingly
fibrillose at the margins and on the under surface; otherwise as
above.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.— Umbilicaria proboscidea form
Jimbriata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed.3, p.147. Gyrophora deusta
2. fimbriata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 222.
Seems always to grow associated with the type, of which it is probably
to be regarded only as a state, since at times similar conditions occur in
the variety. The fibrille are usually very few, though occasionaily
they are more numerous.
Hab, On rocks and stone walls in upland and subalpime districts.—
Distr. Local and rare in N. Wales and N. England; more common
among the Grampians, Seotland—B. M.: Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Swinhope Fell, Durham. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire ;
Craig Coinnoch, and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form 2. exasperata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105.—Thallus deeply
plicato-corrugate, the plicze crowded, undulate, and subreticulate——
Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.— Umbilicaria proboscidea var. exasperata
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40. Gyrophora deusta y. corrugata (Hoftm.),
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 222. Unmbilicaria varia @. deusta e.
corrugata Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 290. Gyro-
phora proboscidea ec. corrugata Mudd, Man. p. 118. Umbilicaria
proboscidea {. corrugata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160, ed. 3, p. 148.—
The trivial name corrugata Hoffm. (Pl. Lich. (1794) p. 65) has
priority ; but I have retamed that of Acharius im order to prevent
confusion with G. corrugata (Ach.} Nyl.
Differs in the very prominent reticulate rug of the upper surface,
which are nearly a line in height, and which “ look like a series of erect
curled squamules” sometimes developing into small lobules. These
occur chiefly towards the centre of the thallus (except in smaller plants),
beyond which it is usually very rugose, “almost papillese.” To this
latter state belongs var. mesenteriformis (non Wulf. nec Scher.), Turn.
& Borr. 2. e., Leight. dl. cc., Mudd, Man. p. 118. The few British specimens
are sparingly fertile. :
Hab, On rocks and boulders in alpine places.—Disfr. Very scarce
among the N. Scottish Grampians—B. M.: Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
Var. 3. deplicans Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 163.—Thallus
brown-fuliginous, scarcely greyish in the centre, continuously rugese
or rugulose on the upper surface.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.
—Umbilicaria proboscidea var. deplicans Ny1. Lich. Scand. (1861)
p. 116.
Well distinguished from the type by the absence of reticulate plice.
In the few British specimens the under surface and the margins are more
or less fibrillose, so that in this respect they are analogous to form jim-
i
GYROPHORA. | GYROPHOREL, 327
briata of the type. It somewhat resembles G. arctica, but at once differs
in the smaller and thinner thallus. The apothecia are numerous, though
small, in our specimens.
Hab. On granite rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very local and
rare among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—b. M.: Head of Glen Callater
and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
3. G. cylindrica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 107.—Thallus monophyl-
lous or polyphyllous, moderate or somewhat small, thickish, smooth,
sinuato-lobed, greyish or greyish-brown, usually greyish-pruinose,
black-fibrillose at the margins ; beneath pale, here and there blackish,
more or less fibrillose(medulla K—,CaCl—). Apothecia at first sessile,
plane, then pedicellate, and at length subglobose, gyroso-plicate,
thinly margined ; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.42; Sm. Eng. Fl.
v. p. 218; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155 ; Mudd, Man. p. 119.
—Umbilicaria cylindrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 161, ed. 3, p. 148. Lichen cylindricus Ach. Prodr. (1798)
p- 148. Gyrophora proboscdea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 219.
Umbilicaria varia w. proboscidea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
xvill. p. 291. Lichen proboscideus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 551 ;
Eng. Bot. t. 522 (two upper figs.); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 65.
Lichen crinitus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 360. Lichenoides corneum,
marginibus eleganter fimbriatis Dill. Muse, 218, t. 29. f. 116 a.—
Brit. Fxs.: Leight. n. 95; Mudd, n. 88.
Well distinguished from the preceding by the thallus being smooth,
paler beneath and ciliate at the margins, as also by the absence of any
medullary reaction. It is commonly monophyllous but often also poly-
phyllous, very unequally lobed, naked or sometimes covered with a
cxesious pruina. In other respects it isa rather variable plant, giving
rise to the forms and varieties that follow. The apothecia are usually
numerous, as are also the spermogones, especially in otherwise sterile
specimens,
Hab, On rocks and boulders from upland to alpine situations.—Distr.
Rather local in the mountainous tracts of W. and N. England and N.
Wales; general and plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland ; local in
W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire ; Dolzelly and Cwm Bychan,
Merionethshire ; Glyder Vawr, Carnarvonshire; Cronkley Scarr,
Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and near Aberfeldy, Perth-
shire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Ben-naboord, Morrone, and near Invercauld,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Mangerton and
Brandon Mts., co. Kerry ; Connavyalla, co. Cork.
Form 1. denticulata Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 107.—Thallus with
the margins lacero-laciniate, coarsely fringed and denticulate ; other-
wise as in the type-——Mudd, Man. p. 119.—Umbili:aria cylindrica
var. denticulata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162, ed. 3, p. 149. Umbilicaria
varia t. proboscidea b. denticulata Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 2, xviii. p. 293. Gyrophora proboscidea 3. denticulata Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 219. Lichen proboscideus Eng. Bot. t. 522 (two
lower figs.). Lichenoides corneum, marginibus cleganter fimbriatis
Dill. Muse. 218, t. 29. f. 116 sz.
328 LICHENACEI, [GYROPHORA.
Differs only in the marginal cilia being coarser, larger, and usually less
numerous and scattered. In all probability it was this form Linneus
had in view when he applied the trivial name of proboscideus, from the
resemblance of the bristles (when magnified, as in Eng. Bot. lowest fig.)
to the proboscis of the elephant beetle (vide Eng. Fl. /.¢.). The apothecia
in our specimens are generally but sparingly present.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine mountainous
districts — Distr. Not very general nor common in W. and N. England,
among the Scottish Grampians, and in E, Ireland.—B. M.: Llanberris,
Snowdon, and Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham ;
The Cheviots, Northumberland. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Lochnagar
and above Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-
shire. Sleive Donard, co. Wicklow.
Form 2. denudata Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 119.—Thallus sub-
monophyllous or polyphyllous, naked or nearly naked at the margins.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.—Umbilicaria cylindrica var. denu-
data Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162, ed. 3,
p. 149. Umbilicaria varia «. proboscidea c. denudata Leight. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 293. Gyrophora proboscidea y.
denudata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. (1839) p. 219.
Descends apparently from the precediag, from which it differs only in
the entire or almost entire absence of marginal cilia. Occasionally, how-
ever, one or two very short denticulate cilia are here and there visible,
especially when it is more polyphyllous. The thallus is at times some-
what rugose ; the apothecia are numerous and occasionally pedicellate.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions.— Distr. Sparingly in
N. Wales, N. England, among the Scottish Grampians, and in 8.W.
Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Snowdon, N. Wales;
The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Ben-naboord, Braemar. Brandon Mt., co. Kerry.
Form 3. fimbriata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 224.—Thallus
polyphyllous, shortly and densely black-ciliate at the margins, oeca-
sionally sparingly fibrillose beneath—Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 477;
Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 74.—Umbilicaria cylindrica var. fimbriata
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40. Lichen proboscideus var. 2, With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 60.
A rather elegant form, which is constantly polyphyllous, and easily
recognized by the lobes being densely pannoso-ciliate at the margins. The
apothecia are occasionally pedicellate, smaller than in the type, and some-
times but slightly plicate.
Hab, On rocks and boulders, chiefly quartzose, in upland and sub-
alpine districts-—Dzstr. Local and rare in S.W. and N. England, more
common among the Scottish Grampians, especially in Braemar.—B. M.:
Dartmoor, Devonshire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers and near
Amulree, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire ; above Invercauld, Morrone,
Loch Phadrig, and head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. /3. Delisei Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1871) p. 159.—Thallus
larger, firmer, sparingly fibrillose or subnaked at the margins ;
beneath more or less brownish-hirsuto-rhizinose. Apothecia pedi-
aii Mee ea
GYROPHORA. | GYROPHORET. 329
cellate, large, numerous, much gyroso-plicate.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1882, p. 273.—Umbilicaria cylindrica var. Delisei Despr. fide Nyl.
Lich. Seand. (1861) p. 117.
A well-marked variety, distinguished by the characters of the thallus
and of the apothecia. In the few British specimens seen the thallus is
thick, shortly fibrillose or nearly quite naked at the margins, beneath of
a somewhat pale pink colour and rhizinose, especially towards the cir-
cumference. The apothecia are large, crowded, and much gyroso-plicate.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine places.—Distr. Only on the
summits of two of the loftiest Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Ben-naboord,
Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Var. y. tornata Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 157.—Thallus
polyphyllous, complicate, more or less rugose on the upper surface ;
lobes congested, ascending, undulate, crisp, naked or subnaked at
the margins.—Gyrophora tornata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 222,
t. 2. f.13. Gyrophora proboscidea 6. exasperata Turn, & Borr. Lich.
Br. p. 219. Umbilicaria varia t. proboscidea d. exasperata Leight.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xvii. p. 294. Gyrophora cylindrica
d. exasperata Mudd, Man. p. 119. Uwmbilicaria cylindrica form
ewasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162, ed. 3, p. 149.
Characterized by the smaller, subeffuse, polyphyllous thallus and the
congested ascending lobes, which are nearly naked at the margins. In
the British specimens the apothecia, which are small, are but rarely
present.
Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions.—Distr. Very
sparingly in W. and N. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Falcon Clints, Teesdale, Durham, Cairn Ture, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire.
4. G. erosa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 103.—Thallus monophyllous,
thin, rigid, rugose, densely cribrose, erose or eroso-laciniate at the
margins, olive-brown or brownish-black; beneath naked, usually
thinly granulose, pale-brown (K_, CaCl_). Apothecia somewhat
prominent, at first plane and thinly margined, at length convex and
immarginate, gyroso-plicate; spores 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7
mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79 (pro parte).— Lichen erosus
Weber, Spic. Fl. Gott. (1778) p. 259.—Gyrophora erosa of other
British authors belongs entirely to the following species.
Easily known by the peculiar reticulato-perforate upper surface and the
usually finely lacero-laciniate margins of the thallus. It is also generally
marked above by flexuose anastomosing black, indented lines, whence it
appears as if insculpt with rivulose sutures. The apothecia are small,
numerous, at first but very slightly, afterwards more plicate.
Hab. On rocks in alpine regions.— Distr. Very local and rare on one or
two of the higher Scottish Grampians.—B. M.: Lochnagar, Morrone,
and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
5. G. torrefacta Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 74.—Thallus
monophyllous, somewhat thickish, plicato-rugose, scarcely cribrose,
330 LICHENACEL. [GYROPHORA.
usually little or non-eroso-laciniate at the margins, olive-brown or
brownish-black ; beneath lacunulose or trabeculose, granulose, more
or less fibrillose, pale-brownish (K(CaCl)) ddish)? Apothecia and
spores as in the preceding species.—Lichen torrefactus Lightf. Fl.
Scot. ii. (1777) p. 862; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62. Umbilicaria
erosa var. torrida (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41. Gyrophora
erosa Eng. Bot. t. 2066; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 229; Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; Hook. Fl. Scot. . p. 42; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p- 218; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155; Mudd, Man. p. 117.
Umbilicaria erosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 pro parte; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 158, ed. 3, p.145. Umbilicuria varia e. erosa Leight. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 284. Lichen polyrhizos Huds. Fl.
Angl. p. 455. Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peltis atris ver-
rucosis Dill, Muse. 118, t. 30. f. 118.—Brit. Ewvs.: Bohl. n. 19.
This has often either been confounded with or regarded as a variety of
G. erosa, to which it is closely allied. It differs, however, in the cha-
racters of the upper and lower surfaces of the thallus, as also in the reaction
of the medulla. For these reasons it has been raised to specific rank by
Nylander (Flora, 1869, p. 387, s. n. Umbilicaria torrida (Ach.), Nyl.).
Where the plant is abundant, the thallus is sometimes more or less deeply
laciniato-divided at the circumference (form subdividens Nyl. ex Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273), and the lacunoso-trabeculose and _ fibrillose
under surface is aptly compared in Eng. Bot. to “shavings.” The apo-
thecia are numerous, becoming when old large and beautifully gyroso-
plicate, almost as in G. polyrrhiza.
Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.— Distr.
General and common in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain
and Ireland.—B. M.: Walkhampton and Dartmoor, Devonshire; Cader
Idris and near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvon-
shire ; Swinhope Fell, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Goatfell, Island of Arran; Ben Cruachan,
Argyleshire; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Katelaw and
Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch and Ben-naboord, Braemar, A ber-
deenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire. Killarney Mts. and Mangerton,
co. Kerry; Curslieve, co. Mayo; Doughruagh Mts., co. Galway.
6. G. hyperborea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 105.—Thallus mono-
phyllous, moderate, thin, unequal, papuloso-rugose, more or less
lacerate at the margins, olive-brown or blackish-brown; beneath
glabrous, sublacunoso-unequal, blackish or brownish-black, usually
somewhat greyish (K_, Cali ea) Apothecia at first simple,
lirelleform, at length gyroso-complicate; spores 0,013-16 mm.
long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 227; Mudd,
Man. p. 117.—Umbilicaria hyperborea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria varia y. hyper-
borea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 282. Lichen
hyperboreus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1794, p. 89, t. 2. f. 2. Lichen
pullus Dicks. Crypt. fase. li. p. 23. Lichen Jacquini With. ? Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 62.
a
AL LPN ALL LLL ALA LL OLLIE LIL LL LLL EE
GYROPNORA. | GYROPHOREI. 331
A very distinct species having a general resemblance to G. erosa, but
differing in the upper surface being papuloso-rugulose and imperforate,
and in the lower being darker, egranulose, and lacunose, It is also fur-
ther separated by the reaction of the medulla. It is usually fertile, the
apothecia being numerous and very variable according to age.
Hab. On rocks and large boulders in alpine situations.— Distr. Not yet
with certainty gathered, except on a few of the higher Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Ben More, Breadalbane, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone,
and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Lochaber, Inver-
ness-shire.
7. G. arctica Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 106, t. 2. f. 6—Thallus mono-
phyllous, moderate or somewhat large, thick, rigid, slightly lobed,
irregularly crenate and reflexed at the margins, crowdedly granulato-
corrugate, brownish or blackish-brown, often pale greyish; beneath
minutely granulato-rimulose, pale, blackish in the centre (K_, CaCl
4rea): Apothecia at length convex, gyroso-complicate; spores
0,012-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 2485; Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 477.—Gyrophora
proboscidea 3. arctica Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217. Gyrophora hyperborea
B. arctica Mudd, Man. p.117. Umbilicaria arctica Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157, ed. 3, p. 145. Umbilicaria
varia 6. arctica Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 283.
Lichenoides atrum, Corti Persict instar exasperatum Dill. Muse. 220,
t. 30. f. 119.
By some authors (as subsequently by Acharius himself, Syn. p. 65)
this has been regarded only as a variety of G. proboscidea ; while others
have viewed it as being a variety rather of G. hyperborea, with which it
agrees in the reaction of the medulla. From both of these, however, it
is sufficiently separated by the characters of the thallus to entitle it to
specific rank. The few British specimens are only of moderate size,
though sufficiently typical. With us the apothecia are extremely rare,
and have only once been met with.
Hab. On rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Found only with certainty
on one or two of the Scottish Grampians in Braemar.—B. M.: Ben-
naboord, Aberdeenshire.
8. G. polyphylla Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 214.—Thallus
monophyllous or polyphyllous, small or moderate, somewhat rigid,
smooth or subsmooth, irregularly lobed, black or brownish-black ;
beneath naked, smooth, black (K_, CaCl, f. reddish): “Apothecia
small, at first plane, thinly margined, at length convex, immar-
ginate, only slightly gyroso-plicate; spores 0,013-18 mm. long,
0,007-8 mm. thick.—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 217; Mudd, Man. p. 116,
t. ii. f. 36; Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 576.— Gyrophora
glabra B. polyphylla Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11.
p. 41. Umbilicaria polyphylla Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 155, ed. 3, p. 143. Umbilicaria varia a. polyphylla
Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 278. Lichen poly-
phyllus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1150; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455 ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 863; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 65; Eng.
332 LICHENACEL. [GYROPHORA.
Bot. t. 1282. Lichenoides tenue pullum, foliis utrinque glabris Dill.
Musc. 225, t. 30. f.129.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 313; Mudd, n. 87;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 331.
A rather variable plant in its manner of growth, whence different states
have been regarded by authors as more or less distinct varieties. In
nature, it is originally monophyllous, consisting of a single small peltate
leaf (form monophylla Turn. & Borr. 1. c.; Leight. Wl. cc.), which subse-
quently becomes more or less lobed and polyphyllous. Sometimes the
lobes become deeply divided and jacerate at the margins (form Jacera
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156, iii. p. 144; Mudd, Man. p. 116; Cromb. Enum.
p.41). At other times the upper surface is occasionally marked by a few
undulating cracks with black interstices (form swcata Turn. & Borr. 1. ¢.;
Leight. Lich. Fl. U. ce). Both of these, however, are but mere states,
and may be seen in tke same specimen, so that they are not entitled to
be regarded as distinct forms. The apothecia seem to be extremely rare
in Great Britain.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls in upland and subalpine districts.
— Distr. General and not uncommon in the mountainous regions of Great
Britain; apparently rare in those of E. Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; near St. Clear, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire ; Cader Idris, Cellfawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Carnedd
Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire; Ingleby and Battersby Moors, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; between Hyshope and Wasterly, Durham; Kentmere, West-
moreland; near Wallington, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire; Ben Lawers, near Taummel
Bridge, and Craig-y-Barns, Dunkeld, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Clova
Mts., and Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Morrone,
and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Luggelaw, co. Wicklow.
Form 1. glabra Nyl. ev Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 212.—
Thallus larger, monophyllous, somewhat firm, slightly rugulose, the
margin undulate and unequally inciso-lobed.—Gyrophora glabra
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 476; Hook. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 41. Lichen glaber
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 144 pro parte. Lichen anthracinus Dicks,
Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 19; With. Nat. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63.
Differs in the rather thicker, less smooth, and larger thallus (2-3 in.
broad), which is not polyphyllous, though more or less lobed at the cir-
cumference. Elsewhere the normally brownish-black colour of the thallus
merges into greyish (leaden-black), but this is not visible in our few
British specimens. With us it is always sterile.
Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland mountainous districts.—Diostr.
Seen only sparingly among the Grampians, Scotland, and in E. Ireland;
no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B,. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Loch Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lough Bray, near Dublin.
Form 2. congregata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 214.—
Thallus very small, the lobes clustered and curled, with the margins
erect or reflexed, entire or lacerate.——Cromb. Grevillea xy. p. 79.—
Umbilicaria polyphylla form congregata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156,
ed. 3, p. 144. Umbilicaria varia a. polyphylla b. congregata Leight.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xvili. p. 279.—Brit. Ews.: Leight.
n. 65.
PR ———EeEEyEE
GYROPTORA. | GYROPTHORET. 333
A small form with the thallus pulvinate, polyphyllous, and the lobes nu-
merous, congested, and variable at the margins. It is connected with the
type by intermediate states, and is but rarely seen in its more charac-
teristic form. Apparently it never occurs in fruit.
Hab, On rocks in upland mountainous tracts.—Distr. Found only (in
a typical state) in W. and N. England.—B. M.: Arcoll Hill, Caer Ca-
radoc, and The Wrekin, Shropshire ; Howden Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
9. G. flocculosa Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 217.—Thallus
monophyllous or polyphyllous, moderate or small, thin, opaque, sub-
smooth or obsoletely papuloso-unequal, often more or less squamu-
lose, reflexed at the margins, olive-black or blackish-brown, black
furfuraceo-floccose ; beneath naked, subconcolorous, lacunose or im-
presso-punctate (K_, CaCl eq): Apothecia plane, thinly margined,
at length convex, immarginate, usually only slightly complicate ;
spores sometimes slightly curved, 0,018—27 mm. long, 0,007—9 mm,
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 79.—Gyrophora polyphylla 3. floc-
culosa Mudd, Man. p.116. Umbilicaria flocculosa Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 41; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156, ed. 3, p. 144. Umbilicaria
varia (3. flocculosa Leight. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 280,
t.x. f.4. Lichen flocculosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ili. (1789) p. 99,
t.i.f. 2. Gyrophora deusta (Linn.) Eng. Bot. t. 2483; Hook. Fl.
Scot. 11. p. 42; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 218; Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 478.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 219.
Though generally regarded as a variety of the preceding, the different
characters of the thallus and the larger spores render it as distinct a
species as most of the others in the genus. It may at once be recognized
by the peculiar flocculose and usually more or Jess squamulose upper
surface of the thallus, which is sometimes paler in colour, lacunose
beneath (form brotera, Ach. Meth. p. 103), and occasionally in old plants
becomes subcribrose at the margins. The apothecia are extremely rare
in Great Britain, and are sparingly visible only in one or two specimens.
Hab. On rocks and walls in upland and subalpine districts.—Distr.
Rather local in W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, S. Scotland, and
among the Grampians; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Whitwick Rocks,
Leicestershire ; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cader Idris and Cellfawr,
near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Eglestone, Durham. New Galloway,
Kirkccdbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Achrosagan Hill,
Appin, and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova,
Forfarshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Lochaber,
Inverness-shire.
10. G. polyrrhiza Krb. Par. (1859) p. 41.—Thallus monophyllous
or subpolyphyllous, small or nearly moderate, smooth, unequally
lobed, crenate and undulate at the margins, greenish-copper-coloured ;
beneath black, papilloso-granulose, reticulate, densely fibrilloso-
pannose (K_, CaCl { reddish), Apothecia at first simple, orbicular or
lirellaeform, plane, immarginate, becoming at length convex and very
much gyroso-complicate ; spores 0,008—11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm.
thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 119.—Umbilicaria polyrrhiza Cromb. Lich.
334 LICHENACEI. [GYROPHORA.
Brit. p. 41; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 159, ed. 3, p. 146. Lichen polyr-
rhizos Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1151; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 864;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 64. Gyrophora pellita Ach., Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Br. p. 240; Gray, Nat. Arr. 1, p. 478; Hook. FI. Scot. i. p. 42;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 219; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. p. 155. Lichen
pellitus Eng. Bot. t. 931. Lichen velleus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454.
Lichenoides pullum superne glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum
Dill. Musc. 226, t. 30. f. 1380.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 89.
Somewhat similar to G. polyphylla, but differs at once in the black
hirsute fibrillee of the under surface. The upper is somewhat shining,
and is occasionally sprinkled with a few small, irregular tufts of black
fibres. The apothecia, which are very rare in this country, are finely
gyroso-complicate, resembling, as stated in Sm. Eng. Fl. d. ¢., “the finest
and most beautiful filagree-work.”
Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine districts. — Distr.
Somewhat local and scarce in W., N. England, and N. Wales; general
and plentiful among the Scottish Grampians; rare in KH, Ireland (co.
Wicklow).-—B. M.: Dartmoor, Devonshire; Helminton, Cornwall;
Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Cwm Bychan and near Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ;
The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh; Aberfeldy, Amul-
ree and Glenshee, Perthshire; Cortachy and Clovya, Forfarshire; Loch-
nagar, Loch Phadrig, Glen Callater, and Glen Dee, Braemar, A berdeen-
shire; near Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis, and Ben Ferrog, Inverness-shire.
Form luxurians Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 159.—Thallus
polyphyllous, lobulate or somewhat laciniate and crisp at the
margins, beneath subnaked.—Cromb. Grevillea xv. p. 79.—Umbili-_
caria polyrrhiza var. luxurians Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 147. Gyrophora pellita 3. luwurians Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 228.
As its trivial name denotes, this is a more luxuriant state of the type,
with the thallus more divided, the lobes often much congested, crisp at
the margins, and much less (or scarcely) fibrillose on the under surface.
It is not seen fertile.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and stone walls in mountainous districts.
Distr. Only in 8.W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—
B.M.: Walkhampton and Sharpitor, S. Devon. Ben Lawers and near
Tummel Bridge, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire.
ee ——rrmrrrT.rC
PLACODEI. 335
Series V. Placodei Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. vii. (1355) p. 175.
Thallus variously crustaccous, sometimes evanescent, rarely en-
tirely wanting ; medullary layer, when present, usually cretaceous.
Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine or biatorine, or lirellaeform ; para-
physes discrete or coherent, rarely not distinct. Spermogones with
various sterigmata and spermatia.—Placodew Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb.
li. (1854) p. 13,
A very extensive series comprehending by far the largest number of
Lichens. It is very variable in the characters of the thallus and fructifi-
cation, though the tribes of which it is composed are in both these respects
related to each other by connecting links. The less developed thallus,
the absence of a distinctly filamentose medullary layer, and the inferior
type of the apothecia distinguish it from the preceding series. The thallus
is rarely hypophlceodal, and the apothecia are rarely parasitic.
Tribe XVIII. LECANO-LECIDEET Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 458.
Thallus crustaceous; laciniate, squamose, granulose or pulveru-
lent, sometimes but little visible, occasionally absent ; internally
rarely entirely cellular, containing gonidia, rarely gonimia ; hypo-
thallus more or less distinct. Apothecia lecanorine, lecideine or
biatorine, occasionally diffurm., Spermogones with jointed or simple
sterigmata.
This comprises the numerous species of the Lecanoret and Lecideei,
formerly in the Nylanderian arrangement regarded as distinct tribes.
They are now, however, more naturally united into a single tribe from
the circumstance that in some instances lecanorine apothecia are not to
be distinguished from lecideine ; while in certain cases normally biatorine
apothecia occur in species otherwise entirely referable to the Lecanoret.
he tribe is primarily divided into six subtribes (one of which, Heppiei,
does not occur in Great Britain), differing from each other in the fructifi-
cation.
Subtribe I. PANNARIET Ny]. Flora, 1882, p. 458.
Thallus squamulose or granulose, rarely monophyllous, cellular in
texture, containing gonimia, which are usually somewhat monili-
form. Apothecia either lecanorine or biatorine, rarely lecideine ;
spores 8nz, colourless, simple or variously septate; paraphyses
discrete, often thickish, generally articulate. Spermogones with
jointed sterigmata.
A subtribe well characterized by the structure of the thallus. Since it
contains gonimia it holds much the same position in this as the Peltigerei
in the preceding series, though the texture is otherwise very different.
56. PANNARIA Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 606; Nyl.
emend. Flora, 1879, p. 360.—Thallus laciniately divided or squa-
mulose. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, simple ;
hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with
spermatia somewhat short, cylindrical, slightly thickened and obtuse
at either apex.
336 LICHENACET, [ PANNARIA.
Owing to the separation of the following genus formerly included in it,
this is now much better limited both in the character of the thallus and
of the apothecia. Most of the species are exotic; but, with a few ex-
ceptions, those which are European occur in this country.
i ei eatin i ee
Fig. 55.
Pannaria rubiginosa Del.—a. Vertical section of thallus with bypothalline
filaments, x 200. 5. A theca and paraphyses, X350. c. Spores, x500. d.
Jointed sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
1. P. rubiginosa Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall.(1803) p. 606.—Thallus
orbicular, membranaceous, appressed, smooth, laciniate at the cir-
cumference, livid-glaucous or pale; laciniz# somewhat plane, inciso-
lobulate and crenate, crenulate and silvery-white at the margins ;
hypothallus spongioso-tomentose, bluish-black. Apothecia mode-
rate, plane, red or reddish-brown, the thalline margin crenulate,
silvery-white ; spores ellipsoid, often somewhat acuminate at the
apices, 0,017-30 mm. long, 0,006-0,011 mm. thick; hymenial
gelatine bluish with iodine-—Mudd, Man. p. 122; Cromb. Lich. ;
Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 164, ed. 3, p. 150.—Parmelia ru-
biginosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53. Par-
melia plumbea (3. affinis Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen
rubiginosus Thunb. Fl. Cap. (1794) p. 176. Squamaria affinis Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 196. Lichen affinis Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 24, t. 12.
f. 6; Eng. Bot. t. 983.— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 234; Cromb. n. 53 ;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 11.
A rather beautiful plant, well marked by the silyery-white margins of
the laciniz and by the bluish-black hypothallus. In the centre the
i
a
PANNARIA. | LECANO-LECIDERI. 337
thallus is often squamoso-imbricate, and at the cireumference the lacinis
are approximate and radiating. ‘The apothecia are chiefly central, nume-
rous and crowded, becoming larger and deformed in age, with the margin
at length flexuose.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely among mosses on walls and
rocks, in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. General and usually
plentiful in most of the mountainous tracts of Great Britain, and probably
also of Ireland.—B.M.: Island of Guernsey. Appuldurcombe, Isle of
Wight; near Totnes, 8. Devon ; Bocconoc and near Respring, Cornwall;
Hay Coppice, Herefordshire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Teesdale and
Kglestone Woods, Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland; Keswick and
Ennerdale, Cumberland. Inverary, Head of Loch Awe and Appin, Ar-
gyleshire ; Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Glen Falloch and Glen
Lochay, Perthshire; Corriemulzie Falls, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of
Fort William, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron and
Old Dromore, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co, Galway.
Var. (3. ceruleo-badia Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 122.—Thallus
exsio-pulverulent towards the centre, bluish-white ; laciniz pulve-
rulent at the margins. Apothecia small, appressed, the thalline
margin pulverulent; spores 0,016-0,020 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm,
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thee at length wine-reddish)
with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 164, ed. 3, p. 151.—Lichen
ceruleo-badius Schl. Cent. 2 (1805), n. 71. Pannaria rubiginosa
var. conoplea (Ach.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42. Parmelia plumbea
y. tumescens Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb.
n. 54; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 11.
Looks almost a distinct species, but is connected with the type by in-
termediate states. It is, however, in its most characteristic form, well
distinguished by the densely granuloso-pulverulent (in old plants sore-
diate) thallus, with the laciniz often visible only at the immediate cir-
cumference. With us it is rarely fertile, and, even when present, the
apothecia are few and scattered.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees In maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. General and not uncommon in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N.
England, N. Wales, W. Scotland, and 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe,
Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Charlton Forest, Kent; St.
Leonard’s Forest, and Black Down, Sussex; Newton Bushell, and near
South Brent, Devonshire; Withiel, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire; Teesdale Forest, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay,
Killin, Aberfeldy, and Den of Rechip, Perthshire ; 8. of Fort William,
Inverness-shire ; Glenfernes, Nairnshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Kil-
larney, co. Kerry. :
2. P. brunnea Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1853) p. 324; Lich.
Seand. p. 123.—Thallus suborbicular, granulato-squamulose, cervine
or greyish-brown; squamules small, crenate, densely imbricate ;
hypothallus thin, arachnoid, greyish-white. Apothecia moderate
or somewhat large, plane, red-testaceous or reddish-brown, the
thalline margin crenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,015-28 mm. long,
0,007-11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bright-blue, then sordid-
bluish with iodine—Mudd, Man. p. 124, t. ii. f. 87; Cromb, Lich.
Z
338 _LICHENACEI. [PANNARIA,
Brit. p. 42.—Lecanora brunnea Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 51. Psoroma
brunnewm Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446. Lichen brunneus Sw. N. Act.
Upsal. iv. (1784) p. 247; Eng. Bot. t. 1246. Lecidea coronata
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 182; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p.127. Pan-
naria pezizoides (Weber), Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165, ed. 3, p. 151.
Lichen pezizoides Weber, Spicil. (1778) p. 200, seems doubtfully
referable to this species, but denotes rather the following.—Brit.
Exs.: Mudd, n. 90; Cromb. n. 55; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 14.
Easily recognized from its British allies by the thallus and apothecia.
The thallus is occasionally somewhat extended, and varies in colour ac-
cording to the substratum and exposure, The apothecia are numerous
and crowded, becoming somewhat flexuose, and vary in colour like the
thallus. When growing on mosses in shady situations, it is czesio-greyish
with the squamules less imbricate and with paler apothecia; it is then
Lichen coronatus Ach. Prodr. p. 75; Pannaria brunnea var. coronata Nyl.,
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; efr. Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 32. At high altitudes
again it is much darker in colour (as are also the apothecia) with the
hypothallus blackish.
Hab. On the ground and among rocks on decayed mosses, seldom on
semiputrid stumps, in upland, rarely in alpine situations.—Distr. General
and not uncommon in maritime and mountainous districts of Great Britain
and Ireland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Barmouth, and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth-
shire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Gwydir and Glyder Vawr, Car-
narvonshire ; Battersby Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ;
Mardale, Westmoreland; Whitehaven, Cumberland; The Cheviots,
Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Roslin
Castle, Midlothian; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine and
Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers, and Den of Rechip,
Perthshire ; Corriemulzie and Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 8S. of
Fort William, Inverness-shire. Brandon Mt., Turk Mt., Cromaglown
and Dunkerron, co. Kerry; Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway. i
3. P. nebulosa Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. ii. (1853) p. 324; Lich.
Scand. p. 125.—Thallus indeterminate, thinly granuloso-crustose,
greyish or dark czsio-greyish ; granules imbricato-congested, crenate.
Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, crowned with the
granulose thallus, red or reddish-brown, internally pale-whitish ;
spores ellipsoid or fusiformi-oblong, 0,015-24 mm. long, 0,006—9
mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish and then wine-red with
iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 168, ed. 3,
p. 153.—Psora nebulosa Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 1. (1795) p. 166.
Pannariabrunnea var. coronata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 166, ed. 3, p. 152;
Mudd, Man. p. 124. Lichen pezizoides Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 10,
t. 2.f.4; With. Arr.iv. p 21; Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2801. Lecanora
coronata Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. n. 151, is only the type with paler
margin of the apothecia (vide Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 32).—Brit. Ews.:
Leight. n. 235; Larb. Cesar. n. 26; Lich. Hb. n. 13.
Distinguished from the preceding by the colour of the granulose erus-
taceous thallus and by the smallerspores. The thallus sometimes spreads
extensively, is but loosely coherent and very friable. The apothecia,
which are usually numerous, are superficial or innate, becoming at length
PANNARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 339
convex and often with the thalline margin obliterated (form biatoroidea
Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43).
Hab, On earth-covered walls and hedge-banks, rarely on decaying
stumps, in maritime and upland districts.—Diéstr. Rather local, though
plentiful where it occurs in the Channel Islands, here and there through-
out England; scarce in N. Wales, Scotland, and S, Ireland.—B. M. :
Quenvais and St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of Jersey; Islands of Sark,
Guernsey, and Alderney. North Wootton, Norfolk; Epping Forest,
Essex; near Bovey Tracey, 8S. Devon; St. Germains, Penzance, and
Withiel, Cornwall; near Malvern, Worcestershire; Hay Forest, Here-
fordshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Egle-
stone, Durham; near Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; Loch Tay and Killin,
Perthshire. Co. Cork.
4. P. Hookeri Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 109 ; Syn. ii.
p. 32.—Thallus radioso-crustaceous, appressed, greyish or greyish-
brown, granuloso-corrugate in the centre, radiately lineato-plicate
or only lobulato-effigurate at the circumference; hypothallus thin,
black. Apothecia nearly moderate, plane, black or blackish, in-
ternally pale, the thalline margin usually crenulate; spores ellipsoid,
0,014-15 mm. long, about 0,009 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then sordid-red with iodine.—Mudd, Man. p. 125; Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 43.— Lecanora Hookeri Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51.
Lichen Hookeri Eng. Bot. xxxii. (1811) t. 2283. Pannaria leuco-
lepis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165, ed. 3, p. 151.
Squamaria leucolepis Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194.— Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 267.
~ An interesting species well characterized by the colours of the thallus
and apothecia, as also by the nature of its habitat. The thallus when
perfect is orbicular, placodioid, sometimes leaden-greyish, with the hypo-
thallus little visible and at length evanescent. It is usually well fertile,
with numerous, crowded apothecia, which in old plants are entirely black,
Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Very local
and rather scarce on the summits of a few of the S. Grampians, Scotland ;
reported also by Leighton, but very doubtfully, from NW. Ireland (Con-
nemara, co. Galway).—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Mael Graedha and Craig
Calliach, Perthshire.
Var. 6. leucolepis Ny]. Syn. ii. (1870) p. 33.—Thallus squamu-
lose, greyish-white or lurid-greyish ; squamules subimbricate, sub-
erenate, sometimes slightly striate towards the circumference.
Apothecia black, the thalline margin subentire or at length subcre-
nate; spores about 0,015-19 mm. long, 0,008-10 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43.
Usually confounded with the type by British and other authors, but
distinguished by the less developed thallus and by the size of the spores.
The apothecia also are fewer, with the thalline margin less crenulate.
Hab. On decaying mosses upon rocks in alpine situations.— Distr. Ex-
tremely local and scarce on the summit of one of the S. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
zZ2
340 LICHENACEI. [PANNULARIA.
57. PANNULARIA Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 360, 1. c. 1882, p. 458.
—Thallus squamulose or granulose. Apothecia biatorine, rarely
lecideine : spores 8ne, ellipsoid or oblong, simple or variously sep-
tate, colourless; hymenial gelatine
variously tinged with iodine.
Spermogones with spermatia as
in the preceding genus, but
sometimes shorter.
Differs from Pannaria in the less
developed thallus and the different
type of the apothecia, though
occasionally these have a lecanoroid
appearance. In some respects it
might not inappropriately be re-
ferred to the subtribe of the Lecidee?,
but its true affinities are rather with
Pannaria. d
1. P. lepidiota Nyl. ex Stiz. shag
St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336. Pannularia nigra Nyl.—a. Vertical
re : : Pal a: section of a yvoung apothecium,
ihalns ee ee x30. &.A theca and paraphysis,
mulose, lurid, lurid-brown or X350. ¢. Spores, x500. d, Brit
cervine; sguamules moderate, septate spores of P. psotina Nyl.,
imbricato-congested, firm, crenu- x 500.
late, often ascending at the margin, whitish beneath, more congested,
smaller and granulato-crenulate in the centre. Apothecia biatorine,
nearly moderate, plane or convex, dark-red or brown, internally pale-
whitish ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,015—23 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm.
thick ; hymenial gelatine at first faintly bluish, then wine-red with
iodine —Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 43.—Lecidea carnosa 3. lepidiota
Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 174. Lichenoides granosum
subglaucum, tuberculis planis nigricantibus Dill. Muse. 544, t. 82.
f. 2.
Looks as if intermediate between Pannaria rubiginosa var. 8 and the
following species, but is separated from the former by the biatorine apo-
thecia, and from the latter by the more developed thallus and the larger
spores. The thallus in its more typical state is pulvinato-acervulate with
the squamules thickish and granulato-crenate; but it is often for the
greater part granulose and lurid-cesious in the centre. The apothecia
are elsewhere sometimes crowned with the thalline granules, and thus
have a lecanoroid aspect. The only British specimen seen is sparingly
fertile.
Hab. Overspreading decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations,
—Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one of the S. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
2. P. microphylla Ny]. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336.—
Thallus subdeterminate, squamuloso-crustaceous, areolato-diffract,
cervine or livid-grey ; squamules minute, crenate, closely imbricate,
often whitish at the margins ; hypothallus brownish-black. Apo-
thecia small, biatorine, usually convex, brownish or reddish, intern-
er"
PANNULARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 341
ally pale or whitish ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,010-17 mm. long,
0,005-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine somewhat bluish and then
wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xiii. p. 44.—Pannaria
microphylla Mudd, Man. p. 123; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 166, ed. 3, p. 152. Lichen microphyllus Sw. Vet Ak.
Handl. (1791) p. 301. Lichen escharoides Eng, Bot. t. 1247? Le-
cidea coronata (3. escharoides Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 182.—Brit. Evs. :
Larb. Cesar. n. 71; Lich. Hb. n. 89.
Closely allied, as already intimated, to the preceding, but with an in-
ferior type of thallus and smaller spores. ‘The thallus is often effuse, and
at times forms a thickish diffract crust. The apothecia are either scat-
tered or approximate, somewhat plane or usually convex, rarely in a young
state lecanoroid.
Hab. On rocks, seldom on the ground, in maritime districts.—Distr.
Local and rare in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, the S.W. High-
lands of Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ;
Islands of Sark and Guernsey. Near Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine,
Argyleshire. Connemara, co. Galway.
Form cheilea Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 43.—
Thallus dark-cervine, the squamules concolorous at the margins.
Apothecia subinnato-sessile, somewhat plane, crowned by the
thallus; spores ellipsoideo-oblong, spuriously 1-septate.—Pannaria
microphylla var. cheilea Ny]. Syn. il. p. 35. Pannaria cheilea Nyl.
in Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 155. Massalongia cheilea Mudd, Man.
p- 126.
Differs from darker states of the type in the margins of the squamules
not being whitish, in the apothecia being lecanoroid, though often at
length biatorine, and in the spuriously septate spores. It is scarcely, ac-
cording to Nylander in Zitt.,to be considered as a distinct variety, but only
as a form.
Hab. On damp schistose rocks in maritime districts —Destr. Very local
and scarce in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S8.W. Ireland.—
B. M.: Loch Creran, Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Western Blasquet Island
and Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry; Kilkee, co. Clare.
3. P. triptophylla Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336.
—Thallus thinly microlepideo-granulose or minutely and crowdedly
coralloideo-squamulose, greyish-brown or leaden-greyish; hypo-
thallus bluish-black or blackish. Apothecia biatorine, small, plane
or convex, brown or reddish-brown, usually paler at the margin,
internally brownish-black ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 0,012-19 mm.
long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine intensely bluish
with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 58.—Pannaria triptophylla
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 167, ed. 3, p. 152; Mudd, Man. p. 123; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p.42. Lepidoma triptophyllum Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 462.
Lecidea microphylla Hook. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 41. Placodiwm miero-
phyllum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 198. Parmelia plumbea ¢. microphylla
ET a! a &
B42 LICHENACEI. “[PANNULABIA.
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142. Lichen microphyllus Eng. Bot.
t. 2128.— Brit. Ews.: Cromb. n. 153.
Externally subsimilar to P. microphylla, but differs in the less firm,
squamulose thallus, and more especially in the infuscate hypothecium.
It forms a thin or thinnish crust, with the squamules at first plane and
adnate on the hypothallus, becoming at length granulose and diffract, the
squamules being visible only at the immediate circumference. The
thallus varies somewhat in colour accor ding to situation, becoming more
or less blackish, whence form nigricans Leight. Lich. Fi. ed. 3, p. 155.
The apothecia are scattered and occasionally darker in colour, but are
seldom present in our specimens.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded upland districts. —Distr.
Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the mountainous
tracts of W. Britain and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Lydford, Hustyn’s
Wood, and Lynton, Devonshire; St. Breock, Cornwall ; Barmouth, Cwm :
Bychan, and Harlech, Merionethshire ; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; :
4
m4
Island of Anglesea. Kentmere, Westmoreland. New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Inverary, Barcaldine, and Appin, Argyieshire; Crianla-
rich, Loch Katrine, and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; - Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Ross-shire. Glen Bower Woods
and Glengariff, co. Cork; Turk Mt. and Dinish, Killarney, co. Kerry. ;
Var. #. incrassata Nyl. ec Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) |
p- 389.—Thallus thick, densely coralloideo-stipate, brownish-black ;
hypothallus spongioso-rhizinose. Apothecia very rare, convex,
brownish-black.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Pannaria tripto-
phylla var. incrassata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v.
(1866) p. 124. Pannaria lasiclla Stirt. Scot. Nat. iv. p. 164.
Distinguished by the darker, much thicker thallus (4-6 mm. thick), and
by the peculiar hypothallus. It has only recently been met with ina
fertile condition.
Hab. On the trunks of old ash trees, rarely on mossy ground among
rocks, in upland wooded districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in the S.W.
Highlands, and among the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen |
see Barcaldine, Argyleshire (frt.); Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth- f
shire
4. P. nigra Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 336.—
Thallus subdeterminate, minutely coralloideo-granuloso-crustaceous,
usually diffracto-areolate, thinnish, dark-greyish-black, brownish-
black or black; hypothallus bluish-black. Apothecia lecideine,
small, plane or slightly convex, black, internally pale-whitish, the
margin entire, concolorous ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate (or simple
and oleoso-locular), 0,011—-18 mm. long, 0,005-—7 mm. thick ; hypo-
thecium brownish-black, paraphyses thick ; hymenial gelatine deep-
bluish and then dark-violet with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xii.
p- 58.—Pannaria nigra Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. L168, ed. 3, p. 154. Lecothecitum nigrum Mass., Mudd, Man. p. 175
pro parte. Collema nigrum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 207; Tayl. in Mack,
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 107. Placynthium nigrum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 395.
Lichen niger Huds. Fl. Ang]. ii. (1778) p. 524; With. Arr. iv. p. 10;
Eng. Bot. t. 1161.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 366.
ee — —— ee
to Sa:
5
i
PANNULARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 343
Allied to P. triptophylla, of which it has sometimes been considered as
a variety; but it is specifically distinct by the less developed thallus, the
type of the apothecia, and by the spores not being definitely simple. The
thallus, which forms a crowdedly diffracto-areolate crust, at times sub-
ramuloso-divided, is normally determinate, and is very distinctly limited
by a broad, conspicuous hypothallus. Occasionally it is of a dark-brownish
colour, as are also the apothecia, whence var. 8 fuscwm (Hepp.) Mudd,
Man. /. c. The apothecia are numerous, scattered or approximate,
sometimes becoming convex with evanescent margin.
Hab, On calcareous rocks, mortar of walls and flint pebbles, in mari-
time, lowland, and upland tracts.—Distr. General and common through-
out Great Britain, and no doubt also in Ireland; rarer in the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: Gorey, Island of Jersey. Shiere, Surrey; Glynde,
Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, and Paington,
S. Devon; St. Minver, Commwall; near Cromford and Buxton, Derby-
shire ; near Stroud, Gloucestershire ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ;
Llanymynech Hill and Bridgenorth, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire ; Eglestone, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland; near Whitehaven,
Cumberland. Appin, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross,
Ross-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim.
Subsp. P. psotina Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.—Thallus
as in the type. Apothecia internally pale; spores occasionally
3-septate (the septa thin); hypothecium almost entirely colourless
(or partly pale-brownish).—Pannaria nigra subsp. psotina Nyl. ex
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p.133. P. psotina Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3,
p- 156. Pannaria nigra var. psotina Ach., fide Ny. Lich. Scand.
(1861) p. 126. Lecothecium nigrum Mudd, Man. p. 175 pro parte,
t. iii. f. 65 (middle fig.).—Brit. Hws.: Mudd, n. 144.
Differs in the internal colour of the apothecia and in the spores being
rarely triseptate. In our specimens the thallus is subeffuse, with the
hypothallus rather narrow and at times little visible. In Flora, 1876,
p 239, Nylander seems inclined to regard it as a proper species.
Hab. On mortar of walls and calcareous rocks in maritime and lowland
districts.— Distr. Only here and there in England and the Channel
[slands ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: The Vale, Island
of Guernsey. Eastbourne, Sussex ; near the Horse, Windsor Great Park,
Berkshire; Bilsdale, Yorkshire. Hexham, Northumberland; White-
haven, Cumberland.
5. P. triseptata Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.—
Thallus subdeterminate, granuloso-crustaceous, diffracto-areolate,
brownish-black; hypothallus blackish, not very distinct. Apo-
thecia lecideine, small, thinly margined, black or dark-reddish-
brown, internally whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm.
long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hypothecium blackish or brown; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish with iodine-—Pannaria nigra var. triseptata
Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 126; Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh.
v. p. 125; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43, subsp. triseptata Nyl. ex Cromb.
Grevillea, i. p. 171.
344 LICHENACEI. [PANNULARIA.
Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs at once in the determi-
nately 3-septate and larger spores. At first sight it looks almost like
Pterygium pannariellum, but it is not distinctly radiate at the cireum-
ference, and is more detinitely separated by the presence of a more or less
visible hypothallus. ‘The apothecia are rather scattered and not numerous
in the British specimens.
Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in subalpine and alpine regions.—
Distr. Only sparingly among the S. and Central Grampians, Scotland.—
B.M.: Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire.
6. P. melantera Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.—Thallus
effuse, diffracto-squamose, black, beneath bluish-black ; squamules
thickish, minutely papillose. Apothecia small, sessile, plane or
somewhat convex, the margin shining; spores oblong, 1—3-septate
or simple, 0,03-0,045 mm. long, 0,0045—-0,005 mm. thick ; hypo-
thecium brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece tawny with
iodine.— Pannaria melantera Stirt. Scot. Nat. 1879, p. 16; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 544.
Said by Dr. Stirton, 7.c., to be similar to P. dolichotera Nyl., a Scandi-
navian plant, but with longer spores. Evidently it would differ also, ac-
cording to the diagnosis given, in the more squamose thallus and the
distinct hypothallus. In the absence, however, of any specimen, I regard
it as a doubtful species (probably only subsp. P. psotina).
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in an (?) alpine situation—Dzéstr. Found
only on the 8. Grampians, Scotland (Ben Lawers, Perthshire).
7. P. carnosa Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1884) p. 62.—Thallus sub-
determinate, squamuloso-lobed, livid- or cervine-brown; lobes
variously divided or crenato-incised, imbricate or ascending and
congested, usually granuloso-crenate at the margins, whitish beneath;
hypothallus brownish-black, evanescent. Apothecia biatorine, small
or slightly concave, reddish-brown or dark-red, the margin paler ;
spores oblong, oblongo-fusiform or rarely ellipsoid, simple or obso-
letely 1-septate, 0,016-31 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick ; hymenial
gelatine yellow (the apices of the thecz deep bluish) with iodine.—
Pannaria carnosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 155. Massa-
longia carnosa Mudd, Man. p. 126, t. ii. f. 39. Lichen carnosus
Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1790) p. 21, t. vi. f. 7; With. Arr. iv. p. 33;
Eng. Bot. t. 1684. Pannaria muscorum (Ach.) Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 43. Squamaria muscorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Lecanora
muscorum Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p.51; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139.
Psoroma muscorum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb.
n. 154; Leight. n. 393.
Readily recognized from other British species by the colour of the more
distinctly squamulose thallus and by the variable narrow spores, The
thallus is thinnish, usually spreading somewhat extensively over the sub-
stratum, but at times smaller, determinate, and bordered by the hypo-
thallus. The apothecia are generally small and numerous, sometimes
fewer and moderate, with the spores occasionally obsoletely brownish.
Hah. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in maritime and moun-
tainous districts.—Dzsty. Local, though plentiful, in 8.W., W., and N,
PANNULARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 345
England, N. Wales; more general among the Grampians, Scotland; rare
in IX. Ireland.—B. M.: Near South Brent, Devonshire ; Penzance, Corn-
wall; Cader Idris, Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan, and Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire; Oswestry, Shropshire; Teesdale, Durham. Head of Loch Awe,
Argyleshire; Foot of Ben More, Glen Lochay, and Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Lochaber,
Inverness-shire. Kippure Mts., co. Dublin.
Var. 3. determinata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 44.—
Thallus microphylline, paler, livid, crenato-lobate. Apothecia small,
the margin yellow-testaceous; spores determinately 1-septate,
brownish, 0,026-36 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Pannaria car-
nosa Var. determinata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169, ed. 3, p. 156. Pan-
naria muscorum var. determinata Nyl. Scand. (1861) p. 128 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 43.
Differs in the less developed thallus (resulting probably from the hab-
itat) and in the regularly septate, larger, brownish spores, which some-
times present several spurious septa.
Hab. On moist soil in upland districts.—Distr. Apparently very local
and rare in N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Carnlough, co. Antrim.
8. P. delicatula Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—
Thallus thin, adnate, minutely granuloso-crustaceous, brown. Apo-
thecia biatorine, small, somewhat convex, immarginate, brownish-
black (reddish when moist); spores fusiformi-vermicular, straight
or substraight, 7—9-septate, 0,040-76 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ;
paraphyses yellowish-brown at the clavate apices, hypothecium
colourless ; hymenial gelatine (and the thecz) bluish with iodine.—
Pannaria delicatula Nyl. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866)
p. 181. Arctomia delicatula Fr. fil. N. Act. Reg. Soc. Sc. Upsal.
(1861) p. 387.
A minute but very distinct species, well characterized by the peculiar
spores. ‘The thallus is more or less adnate, closely appressed to the sub-
stratum, and scarcely visible except in wet weather. The apothecia,
which, though small, are large in proportion to the size of the granules,
are either scattered or crowded, and when moistened are of a bright wine-
red colour. Originally included by Th. M. Fries among the Collemacei, it
is entirely referable to this genus.
Hab. On decayed mosses in alpine situations.—Distr. Extremely local
and scarce among the 8. Grampians, Scotland, and (fide Nyl. in litt.) on
the Mts. of N.W. Ireland (Connemara, Galway).—B. M.: Ben Lawers,
Perthshire”
58. COCCOCARPIA Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. (1826) p. 206;
Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 41.—Thallus monophyllous or submonophyllous,
lobato- or laciniato-divided at the circumference. Apothecia biato-
rine, adnate; spores ellipsoid or oblong, simple, small ; hymenial
gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with short,
cylindrical spermatia.
Intimately allied to Pannaria, but differs in the type of the thallus and
346 LICHENACEI. [coccocaRPIA.
apothecia. Like Pannularia, it might almost be included among the
Lecideet (vide Nyl. and Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. xx. p. 51); but its
more appropriate place is in this subtribe. It comprises only a few
species, which, with a single exception, are natives of warm regions.
1. C. plumbea Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 109; Lich.
Scand. p. 128.—Thallus orbicular, coriaceo-membranaceous, sub-
monophyllous, adnate, radiato-incised and radiately plicato-rugose
at the circumference, the margins broadly expanded and crenate,
livid-greyish or livid leaden-coloured ; hypothallus thickish, tomen-
tose, leaden-bluish. Apothecia small, plane or convex, reddish-
brown, the margin thin, entire, paler; spores ellipsoid, simple,
Fig. 57.
Coccocarpia plumbea Nyl.—a. A theca and paraphysis, 350. 6. Three spores,
x 500. c¢. Vertical section of two spermogones, X30. d. Jointed sterigmata
and spermatia, x 500.
0,016-30 mm. long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish
with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48.—Pannaria plumbea Mudd,
Man. p. 121; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170, ed. 3, p. 154. Placodium
plumbeum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.197. Parmelia plumbea Hook. FI. Scot.
ii. p. 53; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 142. Lichen plumbeus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777) p. 826, t. 26
(lower fig.) ; With. Arr. iv. p. 60; Eng. Bot. t. 353. Lichen ceru-
lescens Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 531. Lichenoides tenue et molle,
Agarici facie Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. f. 73.— Brit. Ews.: Leight. n.
233; Cromb. n. 56; Larb. Cesar. n. 72 pro parte ; Lich. Hb. n. 253.
A well-marked and easily recognized plant, varying in diameter from
5 to 6 inches, and occasionally still more expanded. The thallus is often
COCCOCARPIA. | LECANO-LECIDFEI. OAT
concentrically rugulose towards the circumference, is very rarely partly
panniform, and occasionally bears pale rhizinz on the under surface. The
apothecia are small in proportion to the size of the thallus, though some-
times moderate, occasionally having the appearance of being compound,
while rarely they are proliferous, with the margin crenate and inflexed.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, seldom on mossy boulders and walls,
in maritime and upland wooded regions.—Distr. General and common,
especially in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and Ireland; scarce
in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Islands of
Guernsey, Crevichou, and Alderney. Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight;
~ South Brent and Bolt Head, Devonshire ; near Penzance, Bodmin, Pentire,
ll as )hUmL
S| =< ST
gn ae,
|
.
Bocconoe and Respring, Cornwall; Cader Idris, and near Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; Aber, Carnarvonshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ;
Eglestone, Durham; Keswick and Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Appin, and Head of Loch
Awe, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay, and Killin, Perthshire ;
Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; S. of Fort
William, Inverness-shire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Cromaglown and
Blackwater Bridge, co. Kerry ; Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. myriocarpa Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 128.—Thallus
microphylline or granulose in the centre. Apothecia rather small,
numerous, often margined by the granulose thallus.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 43.—Pannaria plumbea /3. myriocarpa Mudd, Man. p. 122;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 154. Parmelia plumbea var. myriocarpa
Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. (1830) p. 606.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb. n. 57 ;
Larb. Cesar. n. 72 pro parte.
Differs in the smaller, less developed thallus, which is frequently gra-
nulose almost throughout, and is thus analogous to var. 8 of Pannaria
rubiginosa. The apothecia are usually crowded, and in a young state are
often crowned by greyish thalline granules (form Jlecanoroidea Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 44).
Hab, On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland wooded re-
gions.—Distr. Rather local in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the W.
Highlands, and N.E. Scotland ; rare in the Channel Islands and S. Ireland.
—B. M.: Island of Jersey. Throwleigh, Totnes, and near Hopton, Devon-
shire ; near Penzance, Cornwall ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire ; Island
of Anglesea; Teesdale, Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland. Near
Campsie, Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; The Trossachs,
Aberfeldy, and Killin, Perthshire ; S. of Fort William, Inverness-shire ;
Cawdor Woods, Nairn. Deer Park, Castlebernard, co. Cork.
Subtribe HW. LECANORET Ny)l. Flora, 1882, p. 458.
Thallus squamulose, granulose or pulverulent, internally contain-
ing gonidia. Apothecia typically lecanorine; spores Snx, rarely
numerous, simple or variously divided ; paraphyses discrete. Sper-
mogones usually with jointed sterigmata.
Well distinguished from the preceding subtribe by the gonidial layer
consisting of eugonidia. It is very variable in the characters of the thallus
and fructification, sometimes, in the latter respect, passing as it were into
the subtribe of the Lecideei.
348 LICHENACEI. [LEPROLOMA.
59. LEPROLOMA Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus mono-
phyllo-lobate, submembranaceous, soft, pulverulent on the surface,
containing gonidia. Apothecia and spermogones unknown.
A pseudo-genus separated by Nylander from Amphiloma (now restricted
to exotic species) on account of the thallus being leprarioid and always
sterile. Indeed in Lich. Scand. p. 129, he had said in regard to the single
species of which it consists, “it is possible that our lichen may be a de-
graded state of a type which we do not yet know.” In the absence of
fructification, its systematic place is quite uncertain.
1. L. lanuginosam Nyl. /. c.—Thallus orbicular or subeffuse,
granuloso-pulverulent in the centre, white or yellowish-white, lobes
subimbricate, adpresso-adnate (K —); hypothallus tomentose,
bluish-black.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Amphiloma lanugi-
nosum Mudd, Man. p. 126; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 170, ed. 3, p. 156. Squamaria lanuginosa Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 53. Parmelia lanuginosa Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 53; Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 439; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148. Lichen lanugi-
nosus Ach. Prodr.(1798) p.120. Lichen membranaceus Dicks. Crypt.
fase. ii. p. 21,t. 6.f.1; With. Arr. iv. p. 61.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n. 5d; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 332.
The thallus, which is moderate, cr at times somewhat expanded, is
occasionally granuloso-pulverulent almost throughout, so that the lobes
are nearly obliterated. It is never seen except sterile, though apothecia
have been described both by Dickson and Acharius; by the former as
being “ few, minute, pale-yellow,” and by the latter as ‘‘ minute, reddish,
with pulverulent margin.” Apart from the discrepancy as to colour, these
evidently were not the true fructification.
Hab. On decayed mosses on shaded rocks, chiefly granitic and schistose,
in maritime and upland situations.—Dizstr. General and not uncommon
in the mountainous tracts of Great Britain and probably also of Ireland ;
rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; Island of
Guernsey. Lustleigh Cleeve, S. Devon; Roche Rock, Cornwall; Bardon
Hill, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Longmynd Hill and
Stiperstones, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Falcon Clints,
Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Wastdale, Cumberland. Black
Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbarton-
shire ; Achrosagan Hill, Appin ; The Trossachs and Craig Calliach, Perth-
shire; Canlochan, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire. Bonane, near
Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
60. LECANORA Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 77; Nyl. emend. Not.
Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus radiato-
laciniate, squamulose, granulose, rarely leprose or evanescent. Apo-
thecia lecanorine, occasionally biatoroid; spores usually 8ne,
seldom numerous, ellipsoid or oblong, rarely fusiform, simple or
sometimes locular or septate, usually colourless ; hymenial gelatine
variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with jointed, rarely
simple sterigmata and various spermatia.
i ae eee ee
=
—
LECANORA. | F LECANO-LECIDEEI. 349
A large genus comprising several subgenera, formerly ranking as
distinct genera, but not sufficiently differing to warrant this arrangement.
Indeed, so intimately are they related that Nylander seems at times in-
clined to regard them as only leading sections. Some of these with bia-
toroid apothecia have sometimes been arranged under the Lecideei; but
in most cases the apothecia are, at least in a young state, lecanorine, with
the margin containing gonidia. In other instances the character of the
spermogones indicates their true relation.
Subgenus 1. PSOROMA Ny). Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh.
y. (1886) p. 125.—Thallus squamulose or subgranulose, internally
cellular. Apothecia lecanorine; spores 8n, ellipsoid, simple ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. Spermogones
with jointed sterigmata and short cylindrical spermatia slightly
thickened at either apex.—Psoroma Ach. Prodr, (1798) p. 91 pro
minima parte ; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1885) p. 322.
At once distinguished by the entirely cellular structure of the thallus.
Most of the species are exotic, and of the few which are European, only
one occurs in this country.
="
2
A) oYa) OO 9
“00 OMe2°S'0 8
pro — Fonoghharee<ce
c= Qgg0o “OS OSs
a A
Fig. 58.
Lecanora (Psoroma) hypnorum Ach.—a. Vertical section of thallus, x 200.
b. Spores, X500. c¢. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
1. L. hypnorum Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 193; Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro
F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus indeterminate, squa-
muloso-granulate, yellowish-brown or tawny-yellow; squamules
minute, crenate or granulate (K—). Apothecia moderate or some-
what large, at first urceolate, then plane, red or brownish, the thal-
line margin granuloso-crenate; spores often somewhat acute at
either apex, 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,008-11 mm. thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xii.
p. 60; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 189.
350 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
—Psoroma hypnorum Hoftm. Deutsch. FI. 11. (1795) p. 166 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 163, ed. 3, p. 149; Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 445. Pannaria hypnorum Mudd, Man. p. 124. Squa-
maria hypnorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Lichen hypnorum Dicks.
Crypt. fasc. ii. p. 14; With. Arr. iv. p. 22; Eng. Bot. t. 740.—
Brit. Evs.; Larb. Cesar. n. 70; Cromb.n. 58 pro parte.
Internally somewhat resembling more developed states of Pannaria
brunnea, with which it is confounded in some of our older herbaria, but
is definitely separated by the texture of the thallus. The plant is more
or less effuse, with the squamules either somewhat discrete, or imbri-
cately crowded, or sometimes little developed—according to the habitat.
The “hypothallus is very rarely visible, and only in corticolous speci-
aa where it is thin, greyish or ereyish- brown (vide Nyl. Pyr. Or.
125). The apothecia are generally numerous, becoming larger in old
inn
Hab, Among mosses on the ground, rocks, and walls in maritime and
upland districts.—Distr. Rather local in England, N. Wales, and the
Channel Islands, more frequent in Scotland ; not recorded from Ireland.
—B.M.: Grosnez, Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Yarmouth,
Suffolk; Respring, Cornwall; Tresco, Scilly Islands; Hale’s End, near
Malvern, W orcestershire ; Aberdov ey, Merionethshire ; Eglestone, Dur-
ham; The Cheviots, Northumberland. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ;
Hills above Greenock, Renfrewshire; Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Killin,
Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Glen Fender, Perthshire ; Clova and near
Dundee, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis,
Inverness-shire.
Form deaurata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866)
p. 125.—Thallus bright-yellow or tawny-yellow. Apothecia rather
large, with concolorous thalline margin.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 44.Psoroma hypnorum form deaurata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 121 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44. Lecanora lepidora (3. deaurata Ach. Lich.
Uniy. (1810) p.418.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 58 pro parte,
Differs merely in the more yellowish thallus and the normally larger
apothecia. When the thallus is less developed it is more luxuriant at the
margins of the apothecia.
Hab. Among mosses on boulders and walls in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Seen only from N. Wales and the Highlands of Seot-
land.—B. M.: Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire. Appin, Argyleshire ; Glen
Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subgenus 2. SQUAMARIA Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F.
Forh. v. (1866) p. 125.—Thallus radiately laciniate or cartila-
gineo-squamose. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8ne, ellipsoid,
simple, colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Sper-
mogones with simple sterigmata and long, arcuate, spermatia,—
Squamaria DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 374; Nyl. Mém. Soe. Cherb. iii.
p: 177:
LECANORA, | LECANO-LECIDEEI. B51
Characterized by the type of the thallus, which is comparable with
that of Parmeliopsis, and by the structure of the spermogones, which are
immersed, their ostioles being concolorous with the thallus.
Fig. 59.
Lecanora (Squamaria) crassa Ach.—a. A theca and paraphysis, x 350.
b. Two spores, 500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
2. L. crassa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 413.—Thallus indeter-
minate or suborbicular, subcartilaginous, loosely adpressed, thick,
squamoso-imbricate, pale-livid or pale-yellowish ; squamules some-
what depressed, roundly lobato-crenate (K—). Apothecia mode-
rate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex, reddish-brown, the thalline
margin entire, at length excluded ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellip-
soid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xviii. p. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51.—Squamaria crassa Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 193; Mudd, Man. p. 127; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 171, ed. 3, p. 157. Psoroma crassum Gray, Nat.
Arr. i, p. 444. Lichen crassus Huds. Fl. Ang]. ed. 2(1778), p. 530 ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1893. Lichen cartilagineus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p- 815;
With. Arr. iv. p. 29. Lichenoides cartilagineum, scutellis fulvis
planis Dill. Muse. 179, t. 24. £.74.—Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n.5; Larb.
Cesar. n. 73; Lich. Hb. n. 333; Cromb. n. 157; Bohl. n. 2;
Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 24.
The largest British species of the subgenus, with the thallus usually
very much expanded, rarely smaller and somewhat orbicular, often here
and there whitish. With us it is much less variable than it is in warmer
regions, presenting only the following form. It is usually well fertile, the
apothecia becoming rather large in age.
Hab, On the ground and on rocks, chiefly calcareous, in maritime and
upland districts. —Dzstr. General and common in England and Wales;
rarer in Scotland, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Quenyais,
Island of Jersey; Islands of Herm and Guernsey. Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex; Berry Head, 8. Devon; St. Merryn, Cornwall; Cleeve Hill and
_ Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire ; St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol, Gloucester-
shire; Pont Eynon, Glamorganshire ; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Aber-
dovey, Merionethshire ; Snowdon and Great Orme’s Head, Carnaryon-
352 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
shire ; Rhyl, Flintshire ; Beaumaris and Puffin Island, Anglesea; Llan-
gollen, Denbighshire; Dovedale, Derbyshire; Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Eglestone, Durham ; Whitbarrow, Westmoreland. Arthur’s Seat, Edin-
burgh ; Black Isle and Island of Lismore, Appin, Argyleshire. Morning-
ton, co. Meath; Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form melaloma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 414.—Thallus with
the squamules rounded and subentire, here and there blackish at the
margins.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 91.
Differs in the squamules being less crenate and more or less blackish at
the margins. It is often, however, confluent with the type, from which it
is scarcely to be distinguished unless as a state.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.—Dzstr. Apparently
only in W. and Central England.—B. M.: Near Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Durdham Downs, near Bristol, Gloucestershire.
3. L. lentigera Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 423.—Thallus orbi-
cular, crustaceo-foliaceous, moderate, loosely appressed, areolato-
squamose in the centre, radiato-lobed at the circumference, whitish
or pale-whitish, subpruinose; lobes plane or somewhat concave, un-
dulato-crenate (K —). Apothecia adnate, pale-testaceous, the thal-
line margin thin, entire; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-12 mm.
long, 0,045—-0,005 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xii. p. 61.—Squa-
maria lentigera Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195; Mudd, Man. p. 128, t. ii.
f. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3,
p. 159. Placodium lentigerum Gray, Nat. Arr.i.p. 447. Lichen lenti-
gerus Weber, Spicil. (1778) p. 192; Dicks. Crypt. fase. 1. p. 11 ; Eng.
Bot. t.871 ; With. Arr. iv. p. 27.
Closely allied to Z. crassa, into which, as observed by Nylander (Lich.
Scand. p. 131), it seems to pass in the South of France. It is, however,
distinguished by the thallus being smaller (at least twice as small), thin-
ner, and differently coloured ; while it is also effigurato-radiating at the
circumference. The apothecia are numerous, submoderate, at length sub-
biatorine, with the thalline margin excluded.
Hab. On cretaceous soil in maritime and upland tracts.— Distr. Found
only sparingly in S. and E. Central England ; now almost extinct.—B. M. :
Isle of Wight, Hampshire ; Newhaven, Sussex ; Gogmagog Hills and New-
narket Heath, Cambridgeshire.
4. L. chrysoleuca Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 411.—Thallus
lobato-squamose, peltato-affixed, ochroleucous or whitish-straw-
coloured ; beneath sordid-pale, broadly blackish towards the circum-
ference ; squamules firm, imbricate, lobed, plane, crenate or crenato-
incised at the circumference (K —). Apothecia moderate, generally
crowded, concave or plane, reddish-flesh-coloured, the thalline margin
thin, flexuose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p. 44.—Squamaria chrysoleuca
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 158. Lichen chrysoleucus Sm. Trans.
Linn. Soc. i. (1791) p. 82, t. 4. f. 5.
ECANORA. ] LPCANO-LECIDEET. Be
A well-marked species which is rather variable in different regions.
Though recorded by Leighton, /. c. fid2 Dr. Stirton, it is a very doubtful
British plant, and is not at all likely to have occurred in the locality spe-
cified, since it is certainly absent on the higher mts. of the vicinity.
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr, Re-
ported as gathered on Ben Brecht, Argyleshire.
5. L. cartilaginea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 415.—Thallus
expanded, cartilaginous, imbricato-laciniate, somewhat shining, pale
ochroleucous or greenish-straw-coloured ; laciniz narrow, linear or
sublinear, whitish beneath, slightly dilated, dichotomously divided
or inciso-lobed or crenate at the apices (K —). Apothecia large,
somewhat plane, fleshy- or tawny-testaceous, the thalline margin
entire or crenulate; spores oblong or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,011—-16
mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—
Squamaria cartilaginea Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2802 ; Mudd, Man.
p- 128; Cromb. Enum. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172, ed. 3, p. 158.
Lichen cartilagineus Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1795) p. 133, t. v. f. 4.
Intermediate between the preceding and the following species, to the
one or other of which it approaches in different regions, but differs from
both in the characters of the laciniz. In our British specimens the thallus
is pulvinate, as it usually is elsewhere. The apothecia are numerous, be-
coming at length irregularly lobed and angulose.
Hab. On a single rock in a maritime locality— Distr. With certainty
only in N. Wales, though reported also from Yorkshire (fide Leighton).—
b. M.: Near the outlet of Llyn Bodlyn, above Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire.
6. L. saxicola Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 431.—Thallus orbi-
cular, moderate or somewhat large, appressed, areolato-crustaceous
in the centre, radiate at the circumference, greenish- or pale-ochro-
leucous ; radii contiguous, plane or subplicate, crenate at the apices.
Apothecia small or moderate, plane or somewhat convex, pale- or
brownish-testaceous, the thalline margin thin, entire or crenulate ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xii. p. 61; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140.—Squa-
maria saxicola Sm. Eng. Bot. v. p. 197 ; Mudd. Man. p. 129; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 173, ed. 3, p.158. Placodium
sawicolum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447. Lichen sawicola Poll. Pl. Pal.
(1777) p. 225; Eng. Bot. t. 1695. Lichen muralis Dicks. Crypt.
fasc. 1. p. 11; With. Arr. iv. p. 29.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 145;
Mudd, n. 92; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 213; Bohl. n. 55.
A rather variable plant which may be recognized from its British allies
by the thallus being thinner, radiate, appressed, and areolate in the centre.
Sometimes it is less appressed when it is rather thicker (approaching LZ.
cartilaginea), and occasionally it is effuse and somewhat scattered. The
apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming flexuose and difform
from mutual pressure, with the margin at times flexuoso-crisp. Other
and more marked differences in the thallus and apothecia give rise to the
varieties and subspecies that follow.
ZA
354 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, sometimes on flints, tiled roofs,
rarely on oak pales, in maritime and upland districts—Distr. General,
though somewhat scarce where it occurs, in the Channel Islands and
England ; rarer in Scotland and Jreland.—B. M.: Fliquet Bay, Island of
Jersey; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey; Island of Sark. Thetford
Warren, Norfolk; Yarmouth, Suffolk; near London, Middlesex ; Shiere,
Surrey; Penshurst, Kent; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; near Bovey Tracey,
S. Devon; Penzance, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Bed-
fordshire; Ross, Herefordshire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Bridge of
Ludlow, Haughmond Hill, Oswestry, and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire ; Bar-
mouth and Cader Idris, Merionethshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ;
Island of Anglesea; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Kglestone,
Durham; Kendal and Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Wark and
Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Arthur’s Seat and Dalmahoy Hiil, Edinburgh; Kyles of Bute,
Arran; Burntisland, Fifeshire; near Connel Ferry, Argyleshire; Ben
Lawers, Perthshire ; Forfarshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Kilcully, near Cork ; near Belfast, co. Antrim.
Var. 3. diffracta Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 133.—Thallus
almost entirely areolato-diffract ; areole angular, usually blackish
at the margins. Apothecia dark-reddish.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 44.Squamaria saxicola var. diffracta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 173, ed. 3, p. 159. Lichen diffractus Ach. Prodr.
(1798) p. 63. Squamaria saxicola var. areolata Leight. Mudd,
Man. p. 129.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 81; Mudd, n. 93.
In this variety the radii, which are constantly plane, are visible only at
the immediate circumference, the rest of the thallus being entirely areo-
late. The apothecia in our specimens are but sparingly present, with
the thalline margin subcrenate and at length nearly obliterated.
Hab. On rocks in upland and subalpine situations——Dvzstr. Local and
scarce in S.W., W., and N. England, and among the 8. and N. Grampians,
Scotland —B. M.: St. Minver, Cornwall; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ;
near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Craig Guie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. y. versicolor Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 226.—Thallus
whitish-yellow, more or less suffused with white. Apothecia with
the thalline margin often white-pulverulent—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvili. p. 44.—Squamaria saxicola var. versicolor Leight. Lich, Fl.
p- 174, ed. 3, p.159. Lichen versicolor Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii.
(1794) p. 24.
Differs in the colour of the usually smaller thallus, and in the character
of the thalline margin of the somewhat crowded apothecia. Rarely it
occurs with only the petipheral radii visible and scattered over the sub-
stratum (form distans Cromb.), but this is quite accidental.
Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in maritime and hilly tracts.—-
Distr. Rather sparingly in W. England, Wales, the 8.W. Highlands
and the Central Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Chance’s Pitch, Malvern,
Worcestershire ; St. David's, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth.
Tsland of Lismore, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 855
Form dispersa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 159.—Thallus
pulvinate, the pulvinuli more or less distantly scattered, rounded,
tunid, convex, white-suffused. Apothecia innate, minute, crowded.
A peculiar form which at first sight seems very distinct, but is
connected with the type by the state already noticed. The apothecia are
numerous, becoming angulose from mutual pressure.
4Zab, On calcareous rocks in a maritime district.—D*str, Only in
N. Wales and apparently very rare.—B. M.: Great Orme’s Iead, Carnar-
vonshire.
Subsp. L. albomarginata Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p- 147.—Thallus thicker, less appressed, with the radii broader,
subimbricate, white at the margins. Apothecia somewhat large,
the thalline margin thickish, inflexed or crenate, white.— Lecanora
saxicola var. alhomaryinata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 159. Squa-
maria saxicola var. alhomarginata Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F.
Forh. xi. (1871) p. 181.
Entitled to rank as a subspecies on account of the marked difference in
the characters of the thallus. In the only entire British specimen seen
the thallus is orbicular and moderate, the apothecia being somewhat
crowded in the centre.
Hab. Incrusting decayed mosses on rocks and walls in upland situa-
tions. —Distr. Local and scarce in 8S. and W. England.—B. M.: Near
Lewes, Sussex; Cheshire.
7. L. pruinifera Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. 13 (1866) p. 368,
not. 2.—Thallus orbicular, opaque, whitish, subfarinaceous on the
surface, placodioid at the circumference (CaCl+red). Apothecia
moderate, casio-pruinose, the thalline margin subcrenate or some-
times entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm.
thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly tawny-yellow with
iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Lecanora pruinosa
Chaub. in St. Amand. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 495 has priority, but was
previously applied to another species of the genus.
Near var. 8 of the preceding species, but at once differing in the sub-
farinaceous thallus, the pruinose apothecia, and the chemical reaction.
In our only British specimen the thallus is small and the apothecia few.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland tract.—Déstr. Found only
very sparingly in W. England.—B. M.: Cleve Hill, Somersetshire.
Subgen. 3. PLACOPSIS Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. t. xv. (1862)
p. 376.—Thallus crustaceo-adnate, more or less effigurate at the
circumference, cephalodiiferous, the cephalodia externally placo-
dioid, internally containing gonimia. Apothecia lecanorine; thece
cylindrical; spores 8nz, oblong or ellipsoid, simple; paraphyses
slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermvgones with
simple sterigmata and arcuate or substraight spermatia.
2a2
356 LICHENACEI. [ZECANORA.
Allied to subgenus Sguamaria, under which the species have usually
been included, but distinguished by the cephalodia, which are constant in
all the species (most of which are exotic) under all conditions of growth.
8. L. gelida Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 428.—Thallus orbicular,
closely adnate, rimoso-areolate in
the centre, laciniato-radiose at the
circumference, sordid-white or pale-
greyish (K+yellow, CaCl + red) ;
cephalodia scattered, greyish- or
brownish-flesh-coloured. Apothe-
cia moderate, adnate, concave or
plane, pale-testaceous, the thalline
margin thick, entire; spores ellip-
soid, 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,006—-8
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xv. p. 232; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 50; Tayl. in Mack. FI.
Hib. ii. p. 140.— Squamaria gelida ;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 195; Mudd, Fig. 60.
Man. p. 129; Cromb. Lich. Brit. 2¢¢a%97@ (Placopsis) gelida Ach. —a.
p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 174, ed.3, 4 Sonmie slomerula and gamma
p. 159. Placodium gelidum Gray, 500. c. Sterigmata and aa
Nat. Arr. i. p.448. Lichen gelidus matia, x 500.
Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 133;
Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 19 ; With. Arr. iv. p.26; Eng. Bot. t. 699.—
Brit. Exs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 25; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 50,
Easily recognized amongst British Lecanoret by the cephalodiiferous
thallus, which is usually of moderate size, greyish-flesh-coloured when
moist, and occasionally sprinkled with greyish or greyish-olive, impressed
soredia. The cephalodia, which are more or less numerous according to
the development of the thallus, are depresso-verrucarioid, at length radi-
ato-rimose, internally with the gonimia glomerulose, or often several moni-
liform. The apothecia, when present (for the thallus is often sterile), are
usually sparingly scattered. A young sterile state, with the thallus little
developed and scattered and bearing a few young cephalodia, is form dis-
persa (non Fr.), Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171; Leight. Lich. F1, iii. p. 160.
Hab. On rocks, granitic, schistose, and old red sandstone, in upland and
subalpine districts —Dzistr, Rather local in England and Wales, more
frequent-in Scotland, and probably also in Ireland.—B., M.: St. Austell,
Cornwall; Cader Idris, Dolgelly, and Llyn Bodlyn, Merionethshire ;
Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Knock
Morton Screes, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Loch
Awe, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch,
Perthshire ; Clova and Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Glen Caudlic and Glen
Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis, and Fort
Augustus, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron,
and Connor Cliffs, Dingle, co. Kerry; Letterfrack and Recess, Conne-
mara, co. Galway ; Carnlough, co. Antrim.
:
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 397
Subgen. 4. PLACODIUM Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. F.
Forh, v. (1866) p. 126.—-Thallus radiating, usually effigurate at the
circumference. Apothecia often at length subbiatorine ; spores Snie,
ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, very
rarely simple or subsimple; hymenial gelatine (especially the
thece) bluish with iodine. Spermogones with shortly jointed
sterigmata, and straight, oblong or bacilliform spermatia.— Placo-
dium DC. Fl. Fre ii. (1805) p. 377; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii.
p177.
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Fig. 61.
Lecanora (Placodium) callopisma Ach,—a. Vertical section of thallus, x 200.
6. Three spores, x 500. c. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
Known by the more or less radiose thallus (which is variously yellow,
very rarely whitish), by the usual mode of division of the spores, and by
the short arthrosterigmata. The spermogones are externally somewhat
prominent, with the ostioles in the yellow thalli orange-yellow.
9. L. fulgens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437; Nyl. ew Hue,
Reyue Bot. 1886, p. 21.—Thallus orbicular, submonophyllous,
adnate, opaque, laciniato-divided at the circumference, pale yellow
or citrine; laciniz crenate or crenato-Jobulate (K+ reddish-purplish).
Apothecia small, plane or convex, orange-coloured, K+ purplish, the
thalline margin concolorous, at Jength obliterated; spores simple,
0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Placodium fulgens Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 447; Mudd, Man. p. 131; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p. 164. Squamaria fulgens Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen fulgens Sw. N. Act. Upsal. iv. (1794) p. 246 ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1667 ; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 24.—Brit. Ewvs.: Larb.
Cesar. n. 27; Lich. Hb. n. 296; Cromb. n. 155.
From the simple spores this might be referred, as has often been done,
to subgenus Sywamaria. Its true place, however, is shown by the
398 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
structure of the spermogones. The thallus, which is of moderate size, is
often thinly white-pruinose, especially towards the centre, but becomes
citrine when moistened. The apothecia, which are chiefly central, are in
age subbiatorine. The spermogunes have the spermatia 0,003 mm: long,
0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On caleareous soil, shell-sand, and in the crevices of rocks in
maritime tracts.—Distr. Local, though not uncommon where it occurs in
the Channel Islands, S. England, and S. Wales.—B. M.: Queny-is,
Island of Jersey; Island of Guernsey. Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight ;
Newhaven and "Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex ; Bray Hill, St. Minver,
Cornwall; Stackpole Court and Lydstep, Pembrokeshire.
10. L. elegans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 485.—Thallus orbi-
cular, appressed, stellato-radiate, thickish, orange- or tawny-red ;
laciniz subdiscrete, multifid, convex, torulose (K+ purplish). Apo-
thecia moderate, adnate, somewhat concave or nearly plane, conco-
lorous (K+ purplish), the thalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid or
oveid, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006-—9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvii. p. 44; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte-—Placodium elegans
Mudd, Man. p. 131, t. ii. f. 41; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 178, ed. 3, p. 163. Squamaria elegans Sm. Eng. Fl.
v. p- 195. Lichen elegans Link, Ann. Bot. i. (1794) p. 37.—This
is the plant of most British authors only in so far as relates to the
diagnosis (evidently borrowed from Acharius) given by them, the
localities and habitats cited being clnefly erroneous.
A beautiful lichen, somewhat resembling Physcia parietina var. ectanea,
but is of an Arctic or Alt-alpine type. From tke other species of the
subgenus it is easily recognized by the thallus being distinetly corticate
on both sides. Elsewhere in Europe it is rather variable, presenting
several well-marked varieties, of which only one has been met with in
this country. The few British specimens seen are rarely fertile, the
spermogones also being rare, with spermatia 0,C05-4 mm. long, 0,CO1
mm. thick.
Hab. On granitic rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Only very spar-
ingly among the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Lochnagar and
Cuirngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. 6. tenuis Ach. Syn. (1815) p. 183.— Thallus small, thin ;
laciniz narrow, discrete. Apothecia small.Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1885, p. 195.—Lichen elegans 3. tenuis Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. (1812)
p- 417. Lecanora elegans form minor Cromb. Journ. Linn. Soe.
Bot. xviz. p. 571. Placedium elegans /3. discreta (Scher.), Mudd,
Man. p. 131. Lichenoides tenuissimum, scutellis exiguis miniates
Dill. Muse. 175, t. 24. f. 68.
Differs in the much smaller thallus, the narrower subfiliform discrete
radii, and the smaller apothecia. In most British specimens the thallus is
minute, with the radii somewhat scattered, and very sparingly fertile.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in subalpine situations —Détr. Very local
and scarce in S. Wales, N, England, and among the N. Giampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: W himbold Rocks, near New Radnor, Radnorshire ;
East Allendale, Northumberland. Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 39
11. L. murorum Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 443; Nyl. Flora,
1883, p. 106.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, usually whitish-
suffused, subrimoso-areolate in the centre, plicato-radiose at the
circumference, vitelline-yellow or citrine; radii somewhat turgid,
crenate and often also inciso-plicate at the apices (K + purplish).
Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, tawny-yellow, orange-
coloured or concolorous with the thallus (K + purplish) ; the
thalline margin entire, paler or concolorous; spores 0,009-15 mm.
long, 0,004-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 140
pro parte.—Plucodium murorum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175 pro parte,
ed. 3, p. 161 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 pro parte ; Mudd,
Man. p. 132 pro parte; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 pro parte. Squa-
maria murorum Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194 pro parte. Lichen murorum
Hoffm. Enum. (178+) p. 63; Eng. Bot. t. 2157 (lower fig.). Lichen
Jlavescens Huds. Fl. Ang. p. 445 pro parte.
A species until recently little understood and very imperfectly limited,
so that the trivial name of mwrorum, as applied to it by British and other
authors, is, to a great extent, a nomen vagum. It appears under two con-
- ditions of growth—a larger, with the thallus more developed and extended
(var. 8 m+jor Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 416) ; and a smaller, with the thallus
rosulate and stunted (var. pulrinata Mass. Symm. Lich. p. 13). Both
states are usually well fertile, the apothecia being numerous and often
crowded. The spermogones have the spermatia oblongo-bacilliform,
0,050-55 mim. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and mortar of walls in maritime and lowland
districts— Distr. No doubt general and common, though seen only from
a few localities in Great Britain —B. M.: Glynde, Sussex ; Anstey’s Cove,
Torquay, S. Devon; St. Austell, Cornwall ; near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham: Wark-
worth Castle, Northumberland. Morningside, near Edinburgh; Appin,
Argyleshire; near Aberdeen.
Var. 3. corticicola Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xii. (1866) p. 366.—
Thallus smaller, more contracted and less developed, vitelline-yellow
or greyish-green. Apothecia numerous, congested; spores (often
subsimple) 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xvi. p. 44.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 52.
From the structure of the spores probably referable rather to the next
subspecies, as suggested by Dr. Arnold (Flora, 1875, p. 153), though also
approaching subsp. L. tegularis in external aspect. The plant, as descrihed
by Nylander, differs from the British specimens in the thallus being
greyish-green, when the reaction with K is less distinct.
Hab. On the trunk of an elm and on old timber in lowland districts.—
Distr. Apparently very rare in S. and E. England.— B. M.: Windsor
Great Park, Berkshire ; Great Willbraham, Cambridgeshire.
Subsp. 1. L. decipiens Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 81 (nota), 1883,
p- 106.—Thallus moderate, crowdedly verrucose in the centre, the
verruce often efflorescent with concolorous soredia, peripheral radii
360 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
rather narrow, imbricate. Apothecia small, the thalline margin
entire, or at length subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid,
often somewhat curved, 2-locular (with K polari-bilocular), 0,010-16
mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.—Martind. Naturalist, 1887, p. 359.
—Physcia decipiens Arn. Flora, 1866, p. 529, 1875, p. 153, t. v.
figs. 2, 3.—Placodium decipiens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3,
p. 162, refers chiefly to the following subspecies.
Characterized by the central thalline verruce, the narrower radii, and
more especially by the spores, the true structure of which, howeyer, as
in many other instances, becomes apparent on the application of K. The
typical condition here described, represented by Arnold’s Lich. Exs.
n. 445, may, as suggested by Nylander (Flora, 1883, 7. c.), be the original
Lichen murorum of Hoffmann. In the very few British specimens seen,
the apothecia are few and not well developed. The spermogones, how-
ever, are more frequent with spermatia oblongo-bacilliform, 0,030-85
mm. long, 0,0007-9 mm. thick. It is, as noted by Martindale, J. ¢., a
somewhat variable plant, and the specimens (well fertile) issued by
Larbalestier (s. n. var. camboricum Larb.) are referable to a state in
which the thallus becomes effuse, or nearly so, the peripheral lobes being
very irregularly produced.
Hab. On walls in lowland distriets.—Déstr. Local in S., W., and E.
England.—B. M.: Shoreham, Kent ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Milton Church, Cambridgeshire.
Subsp. 2. L. tegularis Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus some-
what small, short, plicato-radiate at the circumference, diffracto-
areolate in the centre, naked or suffused, vitelline, pale-yellow, or
miniate. Apothecia small, concave, then plane, concolorous or sub-
concolorous with the thallus, the thalline margin entire ; spores as in
the type, or occasionally somewhat smaller (0,009—0,011 mm. long,
0,0035—-45 mm. thick)—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—Lichen
tegularis Ehrh. Exs. n. 304 (1785). To miniate states are referable
pro parte Squamaria miniata Sm. Eng. Fl. ii. p. 195. Placodium
murorum y. miniatum Mudd, Man. p. 132; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175, ed. 3, p. 162 (ut sp. propr.).
Lichen elegans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (two left-hand figs.).— Brit. Exs.:
Leight. n. 207; Mudd, n. 95; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 51.
A smaller and rather variable plant, distinguished from the type and
the preceding subspecies, with both of which it is subconfluent, by the
characters given. The thallus is at times somewhat scattered with the peri-
pheral radii little distinct. It is always well fertile, the apothecia being
numerous and varying in colour like the thallus. The spermogones have
the spermatia either as in the type or a little smaller (0,002-3 mm. long,
0,0007-8 mm. thick). It is to vermilion-coloured states that the trivial
name miniata (Hoffm.) has more especially been applied; but as other
species growing in dry and exposed habitats, especially calcareous, have
similarly coloured thalli, the name cannot with propriety be used either
in a specific or varietal sense.
Hab. On rocks and walls, very rarely on old timber, from maritime to
upland situations.— Distr. Here and there throughout. Great Britain;
rare in the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B, M.: Rozel,
—_P
i
————— ee
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 361
Island of Jersey. Near Glynde, Sussex; Kemble, Gloucestershire ;
Weston, Oxfordshire ; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Broughton Castle, Westmoreland. The Trossachs, Perth-
shire ; Cove, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen.
Form Arnoldi Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 106.—Thallus very small,
epruinose, cinnabarine, shortly and narrowly radiose, diffracto-
areolate in the centre. Apothecia minute, concolorous with the
thallus.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 44.—LZecanora Arnoldi Wedd.
Bull. Soc. Bot. xxiii. (1876) p. 96. ZL. miniata Tayl. in Mack. FI.
Hib, ii. p. 140.
Only a minute condition of the type with naked miniate thallus and
apothecia. The three British specimens seen are well fertile.
Hab, On dry calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.
—Distr. Only in N.E. England, the N. Grampians, Scotland, and S8.W.
Treland.—B. M.: Hartlepool, Durham. Morrone, Aberdeenshire. Dun-
kerron, co. Kerry.
Var. 6. obliterascens Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.—Thallus small,
slightly and narrowly radiate at the circumference, vitelline. Apo-
thecia small, plane or convex, the thalline margin at length often
obliterated ; spores 0,008-0,011 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
According to Nylander /. c., apparently only a variety of this sub-
species. In our British specimens, it occurs on the substratum in small
scattered patches, which occasionally have a tendency to become con-
fluent. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, almost obliterating
the thallus.
Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts,
—Distr. Found only in N. England, the Central Grampians, and N.E.
Scotland.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Bassenthwaite,
Cumberland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Cove, Kin-
cardineshire.
12. L. dissidens Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 298.—Thallus orbicular,
appressed, somewhat small, stellato-radiate, vitelline; lacinie
narrow, plane or somewhat convex, discrete, subfree at the circum-
ference (K+purplish). Apothecia small, plane, concolorous (K+
purplish), the thalline margin subentire or crenulate ; spores
0,009-0,016 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, iv.
p- 180.—Placodium murorum form dissidens Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 161. Lichen flavicans With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 25 pro parte.—
Lichen elegans Eng. Bot. t. 2181 (right-hand fig.).
Looks like a variety of Z. elegans, but is distinguished by the colour
(rarely subminiate) of the planer lacinie. It approaches states of
subsp. L. tegularis, but the laciniz are more discrete, and the thalline
margin of the apothecia usually more or less crenate. The British
specimens are well fertile.
Hab. On slate roofs of outhouses and on brick walls in lowland and up-
land tracts —Distr. Found only here and there in England, but probably
362 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
not uncommon.—B. M.: Near Groombridge, Sussex; near Stroud and
King’s Stanley, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Brigsteer, Westmoreland.
13. L. callopisma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 437.—Thallus
orbicular, closely adnate, smooth, radiato-lobed, bright-yellow, often
very thinly white-suffused; lobes rimoso-areolate in the centre,
dilated and nearly plane at the circumference (K+ purplish). Apo-
thecia subsessile, plane or slightly convex, orange-coloured (K+
purple); the thalline margin thickish, flexuose or subcrenulate,
paler; spores broadly citriformi-ellipsoid, 0,008-15 mm. long,
0,006-10 mm, thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. p. 45.—Placodium
callopismum Mudd, Man. p. 133, t.ii. f.42; Cromb, Enum. p. 45;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176,ed. 3, p. 162. Lichen murorum Eng. Bot.
t. 2157 (upper fig.). Lichen candelarius 5. Lightf. ? Fl. Scot. ii. p.811.
Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Muse. 236,
t. 18. f. 18 A, C.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 113; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 164.
Subsimilar to Z. murorum, but well distinguished by the form of the
peripheral radii, and more especially by the shape of the spores. The
apothecia are generally numerous, becoming convex, with the thalline
margin at length excluded. The spermogones, which are rarely present,
have the spermatia bacilliform, 0,040-50 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and the mortar of walls, often on old ruins, in mari-
time and upland Gistricts.—Dzstr. Rather local in Great Britain; not
seen from lreland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of
Guernsey. Framlingham, Suffolk; near Torquay and Plymouth, S.
Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire ; Quy Churchyard, Cambridgeshire; near Bonsall, Tong Priory,
and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire. Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Subsp. L sympagea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.—Thallus smaller,
somewhat shining, smoothish, or rugulose in the centre ; lacinize
narrow, contiguous, convex, incurved and subcrenate at the apices
(K + purplish). Apothecia somewhat small.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xviii. p. 45.—Lichen sympageus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 105. Pla-
codium callopismum var. plicatum (Wedd.), Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177,
ed. 3, p. 163. In Herb. H. Davies there is a specimen with miniate
thallus s. n. Lichen fulvus Dicks., but vide supra p. 299. According
to Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 47) it is Lichen aurantius Pers. in Ust.
Ann. Bot. ii. p. 14, which, being only another form of the prior
trivial name Lichen aurantiacus Lightf., cannot be retained in
Lecanora.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, nos. 94, 96; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 15,
Externally often more resembling states of subsp. L. tegularis, but
definitely separated by the form of the spores. From the type it differs
so much in the lacinizw, that it is well entitled to rank at least as a
subspecies. The thallus, also, is usually smaller, often more or less
shining and waxy-looking (miniate in maritime situations), with the
apothecia fewer and smaller.
Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, and on mortar of walls in mari-
time (chiefly) and upland districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 305
in Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and probably also in Lreland.—
B.M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey ; coast of Alderney. Reigate,
Surrey ; Glynde and Peasemarsh, Sussex; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ;
Torquay and North Lynton, Devonshire; St. Maws, Corowall ; near
Buxton and Cromford, Derbyshire; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ;
near Southerndown, Glamorganshire ; Manorbeer, near Tenby, Pem-
brokeshire; Island of Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire ; near Hartle-
ie Durham; Arnbarrow, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland.
sland of Lismore, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; West Water, Fifeshire ;
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen.
Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Cleghan, Connemara, co. Galway,
Var. (3. brevilobata Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 99.—Thallus moderate,
unequally diffract, or verrucoso-areolate in the centre, shortly or
obsoletely lobulate at the circumference. Apothecia and spores as
in the type.
Differs in the thalline characters given, the laciniz being also more dis-
erete at the apices. The two Buitish specimens seen are but sparingly
fertile.
Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Very
rare in N.W. England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Foreshield, Alston,
Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
14. L. cirrochroa Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 181; Ny]. Not. Sallsk.
pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. y. p. 126.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate,
narrowly laciniate, bright orange-yellow, verruculose and citrino-
sorediate towards the centre, radiate at the circumference, internally
citrine; radii minute, somewhat convex, occasionally whitish-
pruinose at the margins (K+ purplish), Apothecia minute,
scattered, plane, orange-coloured (K+ purple), the thalline margin
subentire ; spores 0,013-18 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Placodium cirrochroum Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lecanora linearis
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260, according to a specimen from him-
self in Hb. Brit. Mus., is only a very young state.
Easily recognized by being internally citrine and superficially more or
less citrino-sorediose. The thallus is small, rarely moderate (through the
confluence of several thalli), with the radii slender. Specimens in which
the radii become diffract and scattered (e. g. Taylor’s plant) closely
approach L. obliterans Nyl. (Flora, 1874, p. 7) and show that this, as
suspected by Nylander, /. c., is probably only a variety. With us it is
always sterile. ;
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.— Distr,
Rather local and scarce in 8.W., Central, and N. England, in N. Wales;
rare in the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians, Scotland, as also
in 8.W. Ireland.-—B. M.: Sidmouth, Devonshire; Yatton and Weston-
super-Mare, Somersetshire ; Dovedale, Derbyshire ; Great Orme’s Head,
Carnaryonshire ; Arnbarrow and near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ; Alston
Cumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
15. L. lobulata Somm. Suppl. Lapp. (1526) p. 104; Nyl. Flora,
1873, p. 105.—Thallus subeffuse, areolutu-verrucose, thin, scarcely
364 LICHENACEI. [ LECANORA.
effigurate at the circumference, bright-yellow or orange-red (K+
purplish). Apothecia minute, numerous, plane or convex, con-
colorous (K+ purple), thalline margin entire; spores 0,010-14 mm.
long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p.45.— Placodium
murorum |3. lobulatum Mudd, Man. p. 132; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45.
—Var. obliteratum (Pers.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 161.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 268; Cromb. n. 156; Larb. Cesar. n. 74;
Lich. Hb. n. 295.
Distinguished from all the preceding species by the less developed and
almost non-radiate thallus. In a young state it is orbicular and slightly
effigurate, but becomes indeterminate (often spreading extensively), with
the peripheral radii indistinct. When the colour is more miniate, it is
Lichen obliteratus Pers. Ust. Ann, Bot. ii. p. 15 (miniatus auctorum pro
parte). The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, usually almost
obliterating the thallus, becoming at length convex and immarginate.
The spermogones have the spermatia oblong, 0,002-3 mm. long, 0,0005-7
mim. thick.
Hab, On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Here and there through-
out Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands; very abundant on
the coast of Kineardineshire.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey ; West
Coast of Guernsey; Island of Alderney. Ilsham, Torquay, Devonshire ;
St. Maws, Cornwall; North Cliff, Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown,
Glamorganshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea;
Douglas, Isle of Man; St. Bees, Cumberland; Arnbarrow, Westmore-
land. Appin, Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Peterhead,
Aberdeenshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Upper Lake, Killarney, co.
Kerry ; Ardglass, co. Down.
16. L. scopularis Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 105.-—-Thallus orbicular,
somewhat small, firm, naked, radiately divided at the circumference,
verrucoso-areolate in the centre, vitelline ; radii narrow, contiguous,
convex (K + purplish). Apothecia small, numerous, plane, con-
colorous (K+ purple), the thalline margin entire ; spores 0,009—0,017
mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
Approaches L. lobulata, but differs especially in the distinctly placodioid
thallus. In the single fertile British specimen seen, the apothecia are
numerous, with the thalline margin persistent. The spermogones are
rarely present, with spermatia oblong, about 0,0025 mm. long, 0,0005
mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Dzstr. Found only
very sparingly in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
17. L. miniatula Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 98.—Thallus small,
orbicular, plane, closely adnate, thinly rimoso-areolate, slightly
subeffigurate at the circumference, deep tawny-vermilion-coloured
(K + purplish). Apothecia minute, concolorous (K + purple), the
thalline margin entire; spores 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,004—5 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
Subsimilar to LZ. lobulata (obliterata), but differs in the subeffigurate
thallus, the smaller apothecia, and more especially in the smaller spores.
It probably, however, descends from subsp. ZL. tegularis, of which it
LECANORA.|] LECANO-LECIDEET. 365
would then be a variety. The thallus at length becomes indeterminate
in consequence of the confluence of several “thalli. The apothecia are
numerous and crowded ; but the spermogones are not present.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in a subalpine district.—Distr. Found only
eee | in a single locality among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
orrone Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
18. L. granulosa Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxx. (1883)
p. 373.—-Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, minutely diffracto-
granulose, shortly subradiate at the circumference, yellow-vitelline ;
granules usually crenulate, scattered, or agglomerate, but not con-
tinuous (K+ purplish). Apothecia small, concolorous (K+ purple),
the thalline margin entire, at length subcrenulate; spores 0,010-16
mm. long, 0,006-8 mm, thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—
Amphiloma granulosum Miill, Arg. wn Soc. Phys. et Hist. nat.
Geneéyv. xvi. (1862) p. 330.
Not unlike less developed states of Z. cirrochroa, as observed by
Miller 7. ¢., but differing entirely in the crenulato-granulose and non-
efflorescent thallus. It is only sparingly effigurate “at the extreme cir-
cumference, with the radii rugose, plane or convex. In the two British
specimens seen, the apothecia are but few, with the thalline margin at
times evanescent.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a hilly district.—Distr. Only very
sparingly in W. England.—B. M.: Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire.
19. L. teicholyta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 425; Nyl. Flora,
1873, p. 197.—Thallus subdeterminate, thin, entirely pulverulento-
granulose or occasionally radiato-lobed or crenate at the circum-
ference, czsio-greyish or greyish-white (K—). Apothecia small
or submoderate, plane, orange- or tawny-red (K+ deep purple),
the thalline margin thickish, undulate, whitish; spores ellipsoid,
0,012-16 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p- 45.—Lecanora arenaria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212. Callopisma arenarium Mudd, Man.
p. 139. Lichen arenarius Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 27.—Lecanora
cesiorufa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189. Lichen cesiorufus Eng. Bot.
t. 1040. Rinodina rubricosa Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 452.— Brit. Exs.:
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 96,
Easily recognized by the cesio-greyish, subpulverulent thallus and the
saffron-red colour of the apothecia. The thallus is usually subeffuse,
forming a loose crust, rarely determinate and slightly radiating at the
circumference. It is at times almost entirely evanescent, when it is
Lichen arenarius Pers. in Ust. Ann. vii. (1794) p. 27. The apothecia,
which are innato-sessile, are scattered or occasionally a few congregated.
Hab. On sandstone rocks and walls, rarely on bricks, in maritime and
lowland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in S.E. and W. England,
and in 8S. Wales.—B. M.: Strumpshaw, Nortolk ; Bury St. Edmund's,
Suffolk ; Maidstone, Kent; Fairlight, Hastings, Sussex ; Isle of W icht ;
near Hereford ; near Monmouth ; ‘Wisbech and W aterbeach, C ambridge:
near Lydstep, Pembrokeshire.
366 LICMENACEI. [LECANORA.
20. L. Lallavei Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1880, p. 347.
—Thallus determinate, thickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, subeffigu-
rate at the circumference, chalky-white (K—). Apothecia small,
subinnate, at first lecanorine with thin thalline margin, at length
biatorine and immarginate, bright-rusty- or blood-red (K+dark
crimson); spores ellipsoideo-oblong, polari-bilocular, 0,008-12 mm.
long, 0,004-7 mm. thick —Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 212 (pro parte).—Callopisma Lallave: Mudd,
Man. p. 139, t. i. f. 44. Lecidea Lallavei Clem. Ess. (1807)
p- 295.
Allied to the preceding species, but differs in the more tartareous, milk-
white thallus, and the at first lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is
sometimes described as limited by a thin, dark hypothallus, but this
apparently belongs to a plant with which, at times, it grows associated.
The apothecia are numerous and often crowded.
Hab. On caleareous rocks and walls in maritime districts.— Distr. Seen
only very sparingly from 8S. and 8.W. England and S.E. Ireland —
B. M.: Isle of Wight, Hampshire; St. Austell, Cornwall. Lower Glan-
mire Road, co. Cork.
Subgen. 5. LEPROPLACA Nyi. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus
leprose, soft, vitelline, sublobate. Apothecia and spermogones un-
known.
Entirely leprarioid, having much the same relation to Placodium as
Leproloma to Amphiloma.
21. L. xantholyta Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus subleprose,
thin, crenulato-subeffigurate at the circumference, golden-citrine-
coloured (K+ purplish), internally white—Cromb. Grevillea, vii.
p. 112, xviil. p. 45.
While in some respects allied to L. e’rrochroa, with which it occasionally
grows associated (as also with LZ. callopisma), it at once differs in being
internally white. The thallus spreads extensively over the substratum
and is always sterile.
Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.
Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, in 8S.W., Central, and
N. England, N. Wales, and the Central Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.:
Swanage, Dorsetshire; Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devonshire; Bath-
ampton Downs, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; View Edge,
near Stokesay, Shropshire; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Scout
Sear, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Subgen. 6. CANDELARIA (Mass.), Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 454
(cfr. Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45).—Thallus subeffigurate or en-
tirely granulose, yellow or vitelline. Apothecia lecanorine; spores
Sne or numerous (12-16—2ne), ellipsoid, simple or apically
bilocular, rarely 1-septate; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the
apices of the thece bluish with iodine. Spermogones with long
simple sterigmata and straight spermatia.
os.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 397
Subsimilar in the colour of the thallus and apothecia to subgenus
Placodium, but differs, among minor marks of distinction, in the absence
of chrysophanic acid, and more essentially in the character of the sterig-
miata,
Lo
ae
Fig. 62.
(1) Lecanora (Candelaria) laciniosa Nyl.—a. A theca and paraphysis, x 350.
6. Three spores, x 500. ¢. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500. (2) Lecanora
medians Nyl.—d. A theca and paraphysis, X 390. e¢. Three spores, x 5U0.
a. Thece polyspored.
22. L. crenata Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. F. Forh. v. (1886)
p. 130.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate, crenato-granulose,
narrowly radiato-effigurate at the circumference, citrine-yellow,
opaque; radii convex, crenato-ineised (K—). Apothecia moderate,
somewhat plane, pale-citrine or livid-yellow (K—), the thalline
margin crenate; spores 20—40nz (or more), ellipsoid or oblong,
simple or obsoletely l-septate, 0,009-0,015 mm. long, 0,004-7 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130,
ed.3, p. 166. The specific name crenulata Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp.
p- 416, has priority, but cannot be retained, because of the previous
homonym of Dickson.
Looks like a Placodium, but the absence of any reaction, the number
of the spores, and the nature of the sterigmata place it in this subgenus.
In the two British specimens seen, the thallus is not very well developed,
and only one is sparingly fertile.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local and rare in
N. Wales and N.E. Scotland—B. M.: Aberdovey, Merionethshire.
Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
23. L. laciniosa Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 45+.—Thallus suborbicular
or effuse, minutely laciniato-divided, greenish-yellow ; lacinize mul-
tifid, subimbricate, crowded, the margins crisp, more or less granu-
loso-pulverulent (K—). Apothecia small, subsessile, tawny-yellow
(K—), the thalline margin entire or granulate; spores (10—100nz)
ellipsoid, simple, eften subpolari-bilocular, variable in size, 0,006-
0,014 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p. 45.
368 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
—Physcia parietina 6. laciniosa et ¢. concolor Mudd. Man. pp. 113,
114. Parmzelia parietina e. laciniosa Duf. in Fr. Lich. Eur, (1831)
p. 73. Physcia candelaria Mudd, Man. p.114. Lecanora candelaria
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 139; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3,
p- 167. Squamaria candelaria Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 194. Psoroma
candelarium Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 445. Lichen candelarius Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811 pro parte;
With. Arr. p. 27 pro parte ; Eng. Bot. t. 1794. Lichen concolor Dicks.
Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18, t. ix. f. 8 pro maxima parte.—Lichen cande-
larius of Linneus and the older authors is a nomen vagum including
species belonging to different genera and cannot be retained.
Lichen concolor Dicks. pro parte must also be rejected in order to
prevent confusion with Lecanora concolor Ram. In Lamy, Lich.
Mt. Dor. p. 65, Nylander proposes the name concolorans, but, as he
states, Lich. Scand. p. 108, that Parmelia laciniosa Duf., according to
original specimens, is eutirely this species, Dufour’s name must be
adopted.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 12; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 53.
Closely resembles states of Physcia lychnea, with which it has often
been confounded. It is, however, well distinguished by the absence of
any reaction and by the number of the spores. The apothecia are not
usually present in the British specimens. Var. granulosa Leight. Ul. ce.
Exs. n. 12, is only a stunted, more granulose state, of common occur-
rence.
Hab. On trunks of trees and on old pales, rarely on walls, in maritime,
lowland, and upland districts—Dzstr. General and common in Great
Britain; apparently rare in Ireland and the Channel Islands.——B. M.:
St. Lawrence, Island of Jersey; Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. Wal-
thamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Penshurst Park, Kent; Lyndhurst,
New Forest, Hants; near Penzance, Cornwall; Stowell Park, Glonces-
tershire ; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire; Cherry Hinton, near Cam- —
bridge ; Berwick, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Barmouth, Merio-
nethshire ; Stokesley, Yorkshire; near Keswick, Cumberland; Levens
Park, Westmoreland. Doune Castle and Killin, Perthshire; Dunrris,
Kincardineshire; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Fort William
and Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Limerick; Blackrock, near
Cork; Killarney and Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
24, L. vitellina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 403.—Thallus effuse,
subareolate, granulose, vitelline or yellow-vitelline; granules minute,
crenate or sublobulate or verrucoso-glomerate, usually crowded
(K—). Apothecia submoderate, sessile, plane or convex, tawny- or
livid-yellow (K—), the thalline margin entire or granulato-crenu-
late; spores (12-24-32ne) ellipsoid or oblong, simple or obsoletely
l1-septate (or apically 2-locular), 0,008-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 180, ed. 3,
p- 186; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 192; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49; Tayl. in
Mack. FI]. Hib. ii. p. 188.—Callopisma vitellinum Mudd, Man. p. 135.
Lichen vitellinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 155; Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv.
p. 23; Eng. Bot. t. 1792. To this is also referable var. corruscans
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 369
tromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167.—
Parmelia vitellinu 3. corruscans Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 177.—Brit.
Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 214, 297, 298; Bohl. n. 78.
The thallus forms a thinnish, continuous or subdiffract crust, and
generally spreads somewhat extensively over the substratum. In its
more typical state, with the thalline granules and those of the margin of
the apothecia distinctly crenate, it is var. corruscans Ach, Lich. Univ.
p- 149 (vide Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 141). When growing on maritime
rocks, both the thallus and apothecia at times give an abnormally
brownisb-red reaction with K, the result probably of being suffused with
salt water. The apothecia are numerous, generally crowded and then at
times anguloso-difform, yellow suffused, and often yellow-olivaceous,
Hab. On rocks, walls, and on the earth in their crevices, also on trees
and old pales in maritime, lowland and upland situations.——Distr. Gene-
ral and common in most parts of Great Britain, the Channel Islands, and
no doubt also of Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of
Guernsey and Sark. Near Cromer, Norfolk; Yarmouth, Suffolk; Wal-
thamstow, Essex; Dartmoor, Devonshire; St. Minver, Cornwall; Ma-
dingley, Cambridgeshire; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Malvern Hills,
Worcestershire; Longmynd, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire ;
Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumber-
land; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Stockstield, Northumber-
land. Craigleith, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; Killin and
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Will’s Braes, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kin-
cardineshire; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim;
Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 6. aurella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 177.—Thallus with
the granules scattered, often subevanescent. Apothecia minute, the
thalline margin entire or at length excluded.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167 —Verrucaria aurella
Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1791) p. 197.
Differs from the type, with which it may be confluent, in the less
contiguous, more or less obliterated thallus, and in the much smaller
apothecia which frequently become biatoroid.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr.
Apparently local in the Channel Islands, the 8.W. Highlands, and the
S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Achro-
sagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire.
Subsp. L. xanthostigma Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn.
Forh. v. (1866) p. 130.—Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose. Apothe-
cia small.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvili. p. 45.—Lecanora xanthostigma
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1832, p. 273. L. citrina 3. wanthostigma Ach.
Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 403. Lichen citrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 upper
fig
Characterized by the thinner, more leprose thallus, which at times is
somewhat scattered. Nylander observes /. c. that it may be a distinct
species. In the fertile British specimens the apothecia are numerous, at
length convex, with the thalline margin obliterated.
2B
370 LICHEN ACEL. [LECANORA.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded districts—Distr. Only in
S. and W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Wal-
thamstow, Essex; Glynde, Sussex; near Bradford, Wiltshire; Windsor
Great Park, Berkshire.
b. Thece 8-spored.
25. L. medians Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. (1866) p. 367.—
Thallus orbicular, minutely granulose or leproso-granulose in the
centre, plicato-radiose at the circumference, opaque, vitelline-yellow
or citrine, greyish-white in the centre (K—). Apothecia moderate,
plane, sordid-yellow or yellowish-brown (K—); the thalline margin
entire or crenulate, citrine ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, simple, or oc-
casionally 1-septate, 0,011-17 mm. long, 0,0045-65 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3,
p- 189.—Placodium medians Ny]. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. ix. (1862)
p. 262.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 59.
Externally subsimilar to LZ. murorum, to which at first sight it seems
allied, but differs in the absence of any reactions and in the structure of
the spores. The thallus is at length somewhat expanded, becoming
almost leproso-dissolved in the centre, which is inspersed with citrme
granules. It is seldom fertile, though when present the apothecia are
numerous.
Hab, On calcareous rocks and walls in lowland and upland districts.—
Distr. Sparingly in Central and W. England.—B. M.: Pimbury Park,
Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire; Denny
Abbey, Cambridgeshire.
26. L. epixantha Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. t. xxv. (1864) p. 8.
—Thallus effuse, thin, granulose, yellow-vitelline or greenish-grey
(K—), often subevanescent. Apothecia small, sessile, plane or
slightly convex, yellowish-orange or greenish-yellow (K—); the
thalline margin thin, subcrenulate, pale-yellow; spores 8ne,
oblong or ellipsoid, simple, at length polari-locular, 0,012-21 mm.
long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 213.—Lecanora vitellina vars. epixantha
et octospora Nyl., Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; var. epixantha Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 181, ed. 3, p. 167. Lecidea epivantha Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 208.
Externally scarcely distinguishable from Z. vitellina, but differs defi-
nitely in the number of the spores. The thallus is entirely absent when
the plant grows, as it often does, mixed up with other lichens. At times
the thalline margin of the apothecia is at length excluded.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.— Distr.
Seen only from a few localities in S. England, Wales, and S. Ireland; no
doubt overlooked elsewhere, especially when athalline.—B. M.: Hastings,
Sussex; Cheddar, Somersetshire; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire. Giant's
Stairs, co. Cork.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 371
Subgen. 7. EULECANORA Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et FI.
Fenn. Férh. n. s. v. (1866) p. 127.—Thallus crustaceous, granulose
or leprose, very rarely radiate. Apothecia lecanorine or lecideoid ;
spores occasionally numerous, simple or variously septate, rarely
brown; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermo-
gones with jointed or simple sterigmata and various spermatia.
The largest subgenus of Zecanora and in several respects confluent
with the preceding subgenera. According to the structure of the apo-
thecia and spermogones it is divided into different sections, most of which
have been viewed as distinct genera by sporologists.
A. Spores 8nz (rarely 8—16nz), polari-bilocular, b
rarely simple or l-septate, colourless ;
hymenial gelatine, especially the thece, QF
bluish with iodine. Spermogones with v8
jointed sterigmata and straight spermatia.
(Hucaloplaca Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 172.)
a. Apothecia brightly coloured. (Callopis- ()
mella Wedd. Mém. Soe. Cherb. t. xix. p. 276.) a
27. L. citrina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810)
p- 402; Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xiii. p. 366. Fig. 63.
—Thallus effuse, granuloso-leprose, rimoso-sub- — Lecanoracerina Ach.
areolate, citrine (K + purplish). Apothecia —a, A spore, X
moderate, plane or somewhat convex, orange- sie Ng Mapa =
sterigmata and
yellow (K + purple); the thalline margin thin, spermatia, x 500.
entire, at length obliterated; spores ellipsoid, ;
polari-bilocular, colourless, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,005—8 mm. thick.
—Sm. Eng. Bot. ii. p. 192; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138;
Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 61.—Placodium citrinum Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 177, ed. 3, p. 163. P. murorum subsp. citrinum Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 45; var. e. citrinum Mudd, Man. p. 132. Lichen
citrinus Eng. Bot. t. 1793 (three lower figs.). Verrucaria citrina
Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 198 pro parte. Lichen candelarius
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 27 pro
parte. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Muse.
136, t. 18. f. 18 8 —Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 86; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 86.
Differs at once from L. (Placodium) murorum, of which it has fre-
quently been regarded as a variety, in not being radiate at the circum-
ference, while connecting states are never found. The thallus occasionally
spreads extensively, varying somewhat in thickness, at times subevane-
seent, and is often of a greenish-yellow colour when growing in shady
places, and in old plants is partially more or less greyish-citrine. The
apothecia when present (for the pent is often sterile) are generally
numerous, at first somewhat innate, becoming at length convex, with the
thalline margin excluded.
Hab. On the mortar of walls, rarely on rocks, very rarely on old
trunks of trees, chiefly about towns and yillages, in maritime, lowland,
2382
372 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA.
and upland tracts.—Distr. General and common in the Channel Islands,
and throughout Great Britain; apparently rare in W. Ireland.—B. M.:
Islands of Jersey and Sark. Norwich, Norfolk; Wimpole Park, Cam-
bridgeshire ; Bonchurch and St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight; Torquay,
Devonshire ; Withiel, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near
Windsor, Berkshire ; Oswestry, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near
Monmouth; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Hexham, Northumberland ; Lam-
laugh, Cumberland. Near Edinburgh; Gourock, Renfrewshire ; Cupar,
Fifeshire ; King’s Park, Stirling; near Doune, Perthshire; Wills Braes,
Forfarshire ; Nigg, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen. Dunkerron, co.
Kerry ; near Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway.
Form depauperata Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 45.— Thal-
lus effuse, little developed, the granules minute, very much scattered.
Apothecia small; otherwise as in the type.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 128.
The thallus is but sparingly visible, and at times inspersed here and
there over what seems to be Pannularia nigra, upon which the fructifi-
cation then looks as if parasitic.
Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Seen only from the
Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Alderney, Kyle-
more, Connemara, co. Galway.
28. L. flavocitrina Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 461.—Thallus indeter-
minate, thinnish, minutely squamulose, citrine-yellow; squamules
appressed, more or less citrino-pulverulent (K+purplish). Apo-
thecia small, somewhat concave or plane, biatoroid, orange-yellow
(K+purple), the margin entire, paler; spores ellipsoid, polari-
bilocular, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,006 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea,
xylii. p. 45.
Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs in the character of the
thallus and in the biatoroid apothecia. The squamules are either
entirely citrino-pulverulent, or only so at the margins. The specimen
seen is well fertile, with occasional traces of a thalline margin to the
young apothecia.
Hab. On schistose walls in an upland situation.— Distr. Only in N.W.
England (Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland).
29, L. incrustans Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 405; Nyl. Flora,
1883, p. 106.—Thallus effuse, crustaceous, verrucose, more or less
diffract, pale-yellow, subpulverulent (K+ purplish). Apothecia
small, plane or slightly convex, deeper yellow, pruinose (K + purplish),
the thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo-
cular, 0,008-13 mm. long, 0,004-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xviii. p. 45.
A plant seldom rightly discriminated. It is allied to LZ. citrina, from
which it may be recognized by the paler thallus and apothecia. In the
only British specimen seen, the apothecia are numerous with the thalline
margin persistent. The spermogones have the spermatia oblong or
subellipsoid, 0,020-25 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick,
LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 373
Hab. On schistose walls in a maritime district—Distr. Only very
sparingly in N.E. Scotland; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.:
Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
30. L. aurantiaca Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1858) p. 112;
Lich. Scand. p. 142.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thinnish,
granulato-verrucose, unequal, yellowish or pale-lemon-coloured (K+
purplish) ; hypothallus dark-greyish, limiting the thallus, often
obsolete. Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or somewhat convex,
orange-coloured (K+ deep violet), usually biatorine with entire
proper margin; the thalline margin thin, crenulate, speedily ex-
cluded ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,007
-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46.—-Lecanora auwrantiaca
var. salicina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. 206. Callopisma
aurantiacum a. salicinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Lecidea aurantiaca
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 186; Tayl.in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129; Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 476. Lichen aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. (1777)
p- 810 pro parte. Rinodina salicina Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456.
Lichen salicinus Eng. Bot. t. 1305. Lichen flworubescens Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 443 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15 pro parte—
I have retained Lightfoot’s specific name, instead of the more deter-
minate one L. salicina Ach., owing to its being generally accepted,
though it includes also the subspecies that follows.— Brit. Evs.:
Mudd, n. 99; Leight. n. 212; Bohl. n. 118.
A yery distinct species which cannot be confounded with any of its
allies. The thallus is somewhat variable in colour, being occasionally
whitish or greyish (when the reaction is less distinct), and at times is
almost evanescent. The apothecia are numerous, though chiefly central,
and except in a very young state are biatoroid. In otherwise sterile
plants the spermogones are especially frequent and papilleform, with
spermatia 0,005-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. tlick. This state is
described by Acharius (Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p. 148) as var. microthelia
(cfr. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 456).
Hab. On the trunks of trees, chietly poplars, ash, and willows, also on
old pales, in maritime, lowland, and upland situations.—Dzstr. General
and common in England, probably also in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland ;
rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Hadiscoe,
Suffolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Halstead, Kent; Sussex; near St.
Helen’s and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; Isham Valley, Torquay, and
near Plymouth, 8. Devon; Cornwall; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ;
Malyern and near Crowle, Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ;
Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Black Mount, Abergavenny,
Monmouthshire; Garn, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale,
Durham; Hexham and Wansbeck, Northumberland; Levens, West-
moreland. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire; near
Edinburgh; Connel Ferry, Argyleshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ;
Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Clon-
mel, co. Tipperary ; Ballynegard, co. Limerick.
Subsp. 1. L. erythrella Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 549.—Thallus
effuse, thin, or submoderate, areolato-diffract, or rngose and rimose,
yellow or orange-yellow (K+ crimson). Apothecia biatorine (rarely
374 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA,
lecanorine), saffron-coloured or tawny-orange.—Cromb. Greyillea,
xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora aurantiaca var. erythrella Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 217, ed. 3, p. 207 Lecanora erythrella
Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 186. Lecidea erythrella
Tayi. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 180. Rinodina erythrella Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 456. Lichen erythrellus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 43; Eng.
Bot. t. 1993. Callopisma aurantiacum /3. flavovirescens Mudd, Man.
p. 137. Lichen flavorubescens Huds. Fl. Angl. i. p. 443 pro parte ;
With. Arr. iv. p. 15 pro parte. Lichen aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot.
ii. p. 810 pro parte.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 100; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 20.
Distinguished by the areolate and more developed thallus, which is
often widely expanded. The colour also is of a deeper yellow, though in
shady places it is at times yellowish-green. The apothecia, which are
numerous, are also smaller, more convex, with the thalline margin very
seldom visible, even in young plants.
Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland localities.— Distr.
Somewhat local, though plentiful where it occurs in the more hilly tracts
of Great Britain; apparently rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Hastings,
Sussex; Saltash and Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devonshire; near Pen-
zance, Cornwall; North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Craig-y-Rhiw,
Oswestry, and Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire;
Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brigsteer, Westmoreland; Alston,
Cumberland. Appin and Glen Orchy, Argyleshire; Killin, Ben Lawers,
Kinnoul Hill, and Biair Athole, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire ;
Castleton of Braemar and Morrone, Aberdeenshire. Kylemore Lake,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. inalpina Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus thin,
paler or whitish ; otherwise as in the type-—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p- 45; Lich. Brit. p. 46 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218 pro
minima parte, ed. 3, p. 207 pro minima parte.—Callopisma auran-
tiacum y. inalpinum Mudd, Man. p. 137 pro minima parte. Leca-
nora inalpina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 388,
Differs in the colour of the thallus, which in our few specimens is
rather scattered and pale-yellowish. By British authors it has not been
rightly distinguished from L. pyracea.
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in upland situations.—Dizstr. Local and
searce in N.W. England and the 8. Grampians, Scotlarid.—B. M.: Harris
Moor, near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.
Form rubescens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus
thinnish, pale-yellowish or whitish. Apothecia convex, reddish-
saffron-coloured.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecidea auran-
tiaca {3. rubescens Ach, Meth. (1803) p. 69.
Only a form of the above variety characterized by the convex, differently
coloured apothecia.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a subalpine region.—Distr. Very sparingly
on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:‘Ben Lawers Perthshire.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 375
Subsp. 2. L. irrubescens Ny]. Flora, 1874, p. 318.—Thallus
effuse, thin, scattered, tawny-yellow, at times subevanescent. Apo-
thecia subminute, biatorine, sessile, becoming convex and immargi-
nate, orange-red,—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.
Differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. The only
British specimen (fragmentary) is in Hb. Salwey s. n. Lecidea picta Tayl.,
which Scherer (Enum. p. 149) referred to his var. 8. rubescens (non Ach.).
It is, however, identical with that of Anzi, Lich. min. rar. n. 135, upon
which Nylander founded this subspecies.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous district.—Distr. Seen only
very sparingly from N. Wales.—B. M.: Near Barmouth, Merionethshire.
31. L. crenulatella Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 461.—Thallus subeffuse,
thin, unequal, rimose, citrine-coloured (K+purple). Apothecia
moderate, plane, zeorine, subconcolorous (K+purple), the thalline
margin when present finely crenulate; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilo-
cular (the loculi moderate), 0,016—20 mm. long, 0,008-9 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.
Well characterized by the double margin of the apothecia. It comes
near subsp. L. erythrella, but, as Nylander Jl. c. observes, is scarcely to
be subjoined under this. The thallus is little visible in the single speci-
meni seen, but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally crowded.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very local
and scarce in N.W. England (Arnside, Westmoreland).
32. L. ochracea Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 46.—
Thallus determinate, thinnish, continuous or obsoletely rimoso-
areolate, ochrey-yellow (K+ crimson). Apothecia small, sessile,
biatorine, at first concave, then plane, tawny-saffron or orange-
coloured (K+purple), the margin thin, paler: spores ellipsoid,
polari-bilocular, usually with longitudinal tube, 0,011—12 mm. long,
0,006—-7 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218, ed. 3, p. 208.—
Callopisma ochraceum Mudd, Man. p. 138, t. 2. f. 43. Lecidea
ochracea Scher. in Nat. Anz.1819, p. 11. Lecidea icterica Tayl.
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 150 (fide Leight. 7. ¢.).
Closely allied to LZ. awrantiaca, but distinguished among other cha-
racters by the constantly biatorine apothecia and the smaller spores.
The structure of the latter definitely separates it from L. tetrasticha Nyl.,
to which externally it is almost similar and for which it is often
mistaken. It is usually limited by a more or less distinct whitish hypo-
thallus, and is always well fertile.
Hab, On cal-areous rocks in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Very
local and rare in S.W. England, S. Wales, the 8.W. Highlands of Scot-
land, and ?S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Hope Cove, near Kingsbridge, S.
Devon; Giltar Point, Tenby, Pembrokeshire. Island of Lismore,
Argyleshire.
33. L. ferruginea Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856)
p. 322.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thinnish, areolato- or
376 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
yerrucoso-unequal, or subsmooth, greyish or greyish-white (K+
purplish). Apothecia small or submoderate, biatorine, plane or at
length «convex, bright rusty-red (K+purple), the proper margin
thin, undulate, subpersistent ; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, with
longitudinal tube or none, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,006—9 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. (forma corticola)
p. 219, ed. 3, p. 208.—Callopisma ferrugineum Mudd, Man. p. 139.
Lecidea ferruginea Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 184 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128 pro parte; Lichen ferrugineus Huds. Fl. Angl.
(1762) p. 444; Eng. Bot. t. 1650. Lecidea cesio-rufa Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 473 pro parte; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 39 pro parte. Lichen
vernalis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 805 pro parte. Lichenoides leprosum,
tuberculis fuscis et ferrugineis Dill. Musc. 126, t. 18. £. 4 pro parte.
— Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 95; Bohl. n. 108.
Easily recognized by the colour of the apothecia. In its typical state
it is corticolous, seldom, at least in this country, saxicolous. The thallus
varies considerably in thickness; when it is little developed the greyish-
black hypothallus is here and there visible, It is usually well fertile,
with numerous apothecia, which are occasionally proliferous. They are
rarely crowned by the thallus when thicker and verrucose, whence form
sublecanorina Ny]. Flora, 1873, p. 197, which occurs also in the variety.
Hab. On trunks of trees, very rarely on schistose rocks, in maritime
and upland situations.—Distr. General in most parts of England; rarer
in Scotland and Ireland; very rare in the Channel Islands. B. M.:
Island of Guernsey. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Epping Forest and
Widdington, Essex ; Hurst, St. Leonard’s Forest, Lewes and Brighton,
Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Isle of Wight ; near Plymouth, Devonshire;
near Bocconoc, St. Minver, and Penzance, Cornwall; Oswestry, Shro
shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Cleveland, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Largs, Ayrshire ;
near Stirling; Finlarig and Kenmore, Perthshire. Kenmare and Glen-
more Lake, co. Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. festiva Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143.—Thallus thin
or thinnish, greyish or dark, rimuloso-areolate, often evanescent.
Apothecia small, with the proper margin entire, flexuose or crenu-
late, at length convex and immarginate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ;
Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—L. ferruginea forms saxicola, festiva Leight.
Lich. Fl. pp. 219, 220, ed. 3, pp. 208, 209. Callopisma ferrugi-
neum [3. festiva Mudd, Man. p. 139. Lecidea cesio-rufa f. festiva
Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 44. Lichen erenularius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 405 (errore erenulatus p. 22). Lecanora ferruginea var. erenu-
laria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. +7.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 85; Mudd,
n. 102; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 165.
When best developed almost confluent with the type. The thallus is
very rarely whitish (in the darker states K —), and is frequently entirely
absent. The apothecia are small or minute, at times crowded, with the
margin often inflexed and more or less crenulate, wheace Lichen crenu-
larius With.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts—Distr. Not
unfrequent and plentiful where it occurs in Great Britain and
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 377
Treland ; not seen from the Channel Islands,—B. M.: Hastings, Sussex ;
Kingsbridge, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Malvern, Worcester-
shire; Croesfaen, near Monmouth; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Llan-
dyssil, Cardiganshire ; South Stacks, Holyhead Mt., Anglesea ; near Rose-
berry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham; White-
haven, Cumberland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Barcaldine and Head
of Loch Awe, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs,
Forfarshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; The Khoil, near Ballater,
Aberdeenshire. Near Inniscarra, co. Cork; Kilkee, co. Clare; near
Kylemore, co. Galway.
34. L. ferruginascens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427.—Thallus effuse,
thin, areolato-diffract, whitish (K-+purplish), often evanescent.
Apothecia small, biatorine, plane and margined, or at length convex
and immarginate, rusty-ochraceous or tawny-ferrugineous (K+
purple); spores obloug, polari-bilocular, with longitudinal tube,
0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xviii.
_ ip. 40.
Allied to var. 8 of the preceding species, but differs in the colour of
the apothecia and in the spores, which, as observed by Nylander J. c.,
often appear simple in the recent plant. In the British specimen seen
the apothecia become at length rather dark.
Hab. On schistose rocks in an upland situation —Distr. As yet only
very sparingly in N.W. England —B. M.: Near Kendal, Westmoreland.
35. L. fuscoatra Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 427.—Thallus effuse,
thin, minutely areolato-diffract, sordid-greyish (K + purplish-violet).
Apothecia small, nearly plane, lecanorine, rusty-red (K + purplish),
the thalline margin distinct, entire; spores polari-bilocular, 0,011—
15 mm. long, 0,006—9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvill. p. 45.
—Lecanora ferruginea var. fuscoatra Cromb, Lich. But. p. 47;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209. Biatora ferruginea 6. fusco-
atra Bayrh. Uebers. (1849) p. 82.
Apparently specifically distinct from L. ferruginea, differing at once in
the definitely lecanorine apothecia. Our few british specimens are well
fertile.
Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime districts—Dist7. Only very
sparingly in N.W. England, the 8.W. Highlands, and N.E. coast of
Scotland.—B. M.: North of Douglas, Isle of Man. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
36. L. concilians Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388.—Thailus subdeter-
minate, granuloso-areolate, dark-greyish (K—). Apothecia moderate
or small, rusty-brown or brownish-black, at first lecanorine, plane,
with thin thalline margin, at length convex, biatorine, immarginate
(K+dark purplish); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,012-17 mm.
long, 0,006-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecanora
ferruginea forma concilians Ny. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 143; Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209
(obs.).—To this is referable the British specimens of L. diphyodes
378 LICHENACEL. [LECANORA.
(non Nyl.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 1383; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 213.
A peculiar species known only from Scotland and Norway. It is now
regarded by Nylander as distinct trom ZL. ferruginea in its limited accep-
tation on account of the typically lecanorine apothecia. Specimens in
which these are darker-coloured, and with a few exceptions entirely
biatorine in appearance, closely approach Z. nigricans Tuck., which,
however, has the thallus little developed.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime tract.—Distr. Extremely local
in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
37. L. cesiorufa Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388.—Thallus subdeter-
minate, rimoso- or diffracto-areolate, rugose, thickish, cxesio-greyish
(Kf+purplish), Apothecia moderate, biatorine, at first concave,
then plane, rusty-orange-coloured (K+purple), the margin pro-
minent, entire or inflexed, paler; spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular,
with longitudinal tube, 0,014-16 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ;
hypothecium lax; paraphyses slender, jointed towards the apices ;
hymenial gelatine at length wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Journ,
Bot. 1882, p. 273. It may be Lecidea cesio-rufa of British authors
pro parte.
Well separated from ZL. ferruginea, with which until recently it has
usually been confounded, not merely by minor differences of the thallus
and apothecia, but more especially by the hypothecium, the cells of which
are much less compact (fide Nyl. in litt.). The numerous apothecia are
at times undulate and subcrenulate at the margins.
Hab, On rocks, chiefly sandstone and schist, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in the Channel Islands,
S.W. and W. England, 8. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and S.W.
Treland.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of
Sark. The Lizard, Cornwall; Hollybush Hill, Malvern; St. Bees,
Cumberland. Rerwick, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Edinburgh ; Island of
Lismore, Argyleshire. Kilkee, co. Clare.
38. L. pheocarpella Nyl. Flora, 1880, p. 388 nota.—Thallus
indeterminate, thin, macular, greyish-white, often nearly obsolete
(K—). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane, brown or dark-brown,
often slightly zruginoso-suffused (K+ purple), colourless within,
thinly margined; paraphyses moderate, brownish at the apices;
spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube,
0,014-18 mm, long, 0,006-11 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix.
p. 60.—Lecanora nigricans (non Tuck.), Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 49.
Near Z. nigricans (Tuck.), with which it was at one time joined by
Nylander as a state (Lapp. Or. p. 123), but is now regarded by him as
distinct. Like others of the more immediately allied species it looks
almost a variety of LZ. ferruginea. The biatorino-lecideine apothecia in
the only British specimen gathered are frequent.
Hab. On the trunk of a fir-tree in a mountainous region.— Distr. Only
among the N. Grampians, Scotland, where probably it is not rare.—
B. M.: Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 379
39. L. atroflava Nyl. in Zwach Lich. Heidelb. (1813) p. 83.—
Thallus subeffuse, smooth, thin, rimoso-diffract, continuous, um-
brine-blackish (K—). Apothecia small, plane, biatorine, ochraceo-
ferruginous (K+ purplish), the margin entire, paler; spores ellip-
soid, polari-bilocular, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 45.—Lecidea atroflava Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p- 185; Turn, Linn. Trans. ix. (1808) p. 142, t. 11. f.2. Lichen
atroflevus Eng. Bot. t. 2009. Lecanora scotoplaca Nyl. Flora, 1876,
p. 232. Lecanora ferruginea var, scotoplaca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 209.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335.
Near to L. cestorufa, but apparently a distinct species. The thallus,
usually more or less effuse, is at times when associated with other crus-
taceous lichens (e.g. Lecanora campestris) well determinate. The apo-
thecia are numerous and crowded, whence it has often been confounded
with var. holocarpa of L. pyracea.
Hab. On siliceous rocks, usually exposed flints, in maritime, rarely
upland tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in S. and E. England, N. Wales,
and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ryde, Isle of Wight; Beechy Head and
the Downs, Sussex; Lyddbeach, Kent; Thetford Warren, Norfolk.
Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea. Near Kylemore, Con-
nemara, co. Galway.
40. L. Turneriana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—
Thallus thin, areolato-rimose or diffract, the areole verrucoso-
unequal, dark-grey or brownish-black (K—). Apothecia small,
plane or somewhat convex, biatorine, reddish-yellow, the margin
thick, entire, persistent, paler yellow (epithecium K + purplish);
spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,007—10 mm.
thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 209.—Lecidea Turneriana Ach.
Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206.
Has the aspect of L. pyracea, but differs in the colour of the thallus and
apothecia, and especially in the thicker spores. The thallus varies from
dark-grey to deep-brown, passing into black; but in our specimens it is
but sparingly visible. The apothecia are usually scattered, though here
and there a few are crowded, the epithecium being at times of a darker
colour.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Distr. Seen only sparingly from
S. Wales, N.W. England, and N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: St. David’s, Pem-
brokeshire ; Barrowmouth, Whitehayen, Cumberland. Kylemore and
Killerey Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
41. L. albolutescens Nyl. Flora, 1851, p. 177—Thallus thin,
subfarinaceous, continuous or somewhat scattered, whitish (K—).
Apothecia moderate, prominent, orange-coloured, subbiatorine, thickly
margined, the margin externally thalline and whitish, but orange
on the upper portion, epithecium unequal (K+ purplish); spores
ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,007-10 mm. thick,
the loculi large.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 22.
Not to be confounded with Z. pyracea, from which it at once differs in
the larger, thickly margined apothecia and the larger spores. As observed
380 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
by Nylander 7. c. it is more allied to Z. Turneriana, from which it
probably descends. The thallus is effuse, with no distinct hypothallus,
and at times becomes evanescent (form ecrustacea Johns.). The apothecia
are numerous, at times somewhat crowded, and at length angulose.
Hab. On granitic rocks in upland tracts.— Distr. Only very sparingly
in N. England.—B. M.: Tyneside, Bywell, Northumberland ; Scalegill,
Cumberland.
42. L. cerina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 390.—Thallus deter-
minate, thin, smoothish or granulato-unequal, greyish-white (K+
crimson), limited by a thin bluish-black hypothallus. Apothecia
lecanorine, moderate, somewhat plane, pale waxy-yellow (K+ crim-
son), the thalline margin thin, entire, persistent; spores ellipsoid,
polari-bilocular, often with longitudinal tube, 0,012-18 mm. long,
0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses tawny-yellow at the apices.—Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 136; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 190; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 47; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220, ed. 3, p. 209.—Callopisma
cerinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Rinodina cerina Gray, Nat. Arr. 1.
p. 456. Lichen cerinus Ehrh. Exs. (1785) n. 216; Dicks. Crypt.
fase. ili. p. 14; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 24; Eng. Bot. t. 627.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 83; Mudd, n. 97; Cromb. n. 60; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 167.
A very variable plant as to the th«llus and fructification, but readily
known from its allies by the colour of the hypothallus and the regularly
lecanorine apothecia. The thallus is often almost or entirely evanescent,
though even then it always margins the apothecia. These are usually
fairly numerous, sessile, occasionally of a paler colour, with the spores at
times more broadly ellipsoid. From it descend the forms and subspecies
that follow.
Hab. On the trunks of trees and on old pales in maritime, lowland, and
upland districts.—Dzstr. General and common in the Channel Islands
and England ; apparently rare in N. Wales, S.W. and Central Scotland,
and S. Ireland—B. M.: Rozel, Island of Jersey; Islands of Guernsey
and Sark. Coltishall, Norfolk; near Colchester and Widdington, Essex ;
Maidstone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New
Forest, Hants; Plymouth, S. Devon; Tregawn and Truro, Cornwall;
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cherry Hinton and near Quy, Cam-
bridgeshire ; Oswestry and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Island of
Anglesea; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Derwent River, Durham; near Kendal,
Westmoreland ; Wansbeck, Northumberland. Largs, Ayrshire; Blair
Drummond and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire. Near Cork; Killarney, co.
Kerry ; Adare, co. Limerick.
Form 1. cyanolepra Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.—Thallus
thin, evanescent; hypothallus chiefly present.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 220, ed. 3, p. 210.—Patellaria cyanolepra DC. FI. Fr. ii. (1805)
p. 560.
Well marked by the very distinct predominating hypothallus, upon
which the proper thallus is only very sparingly here and there visible.
The apothecia at times appear to arise from the hypothallus, but have a
distinct greyish thalline margin.
Sa iia
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 381
Hab. On the smooth bark of ash and poplars in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Sparingly in S. and W. England, and among the Central
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New Forest,
Hants; Withiel, Cornwall. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Form 2. albiseda Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 144.—Thallus
very thin, white. Apothecia bright-yellow, the thalline margin
thin, white.— Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.
A peculiar form, differing in the colours of the thallus, the apothecia,
and their thalline margin.
Hab. On old pales in upland districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly
in S. England and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: near Lewes, Sussex. Dun-
kerron, co. Kerry.
Var. 3. stillicidiorum Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 112;
Lich. Scand. p. 144.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulose or
leprose, greyish-white ; hypothallus obsolete. Apothecia small,
yellowish- or olive-green, or dark olive, pruinose, the thalline
margin undulate, pale-greyish.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210.—Callopisma cerinum y. stillicidiorum
Mudd, Man. p. 135. Rinodina stillicidiorum Gray, Nat. Arr, i.
p. 456. Lichen stillicidiorum Hornem. Fl. Dan. (1792) t. 1063.
f.2. Lecanora chloroleuca Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. Eng. Fl.
v. p. 190. Lichen chloroleucus Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 13873.— Brit. Exs. :
Bohl. n. 94.
Probably rather a subspecies (cf. Norrl. Medd. Sallsk. pro F. & Fl.
Fenn. i. p. 22), differing in the absence of a hypothallus, the colour of
the fructification, and in the habitat. The thallus spreads rather exten-
sively and the apothecia are numerous, with the thalline margin rarely
subpulverulent.
Hab. Incrusting masses, on calcareous rocks, in upland and subalpine
situations.— Distr. Local, though not uncommon where it occurs in
S.W., Central, and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands and among
the Grampians, Scotland; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Egle-
stone, Durham; Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; near Skelton, Cumberland.
Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig
Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 1. L. chlorina Nyl. ea Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv.
(1878) p. 505.—Thallus effuse, thickish, granuloso-verruculose or
areolato-rimulose, verdigris- or dark-green; hypothallus not dis-
tinct. Apothecia darker cerine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—
Lecanora cerina var. chlorina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221, ed. 3, p. 210.
Callopisma cerinum (3. chlorinum Mudd, Man. p. 136. Zeora cerina
var. chlorina Flot. Lich. Siles. (1849) p. 216.—Brit. Ews.: Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 22.
Distinguished as a subspecies by the more developed thallus, its very
different colour, and by the darker apothecia. The hypothallus is con-
fused with the thallus. In the few British specimens the apothecia are
382 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
numerous, though elsewhere it often occurs sterile (fide Fr. fil. Lich.
Scand. p. 174), in which condition it has probably been overlooked in our
country.
Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations.—Déstr. Local and scarce in
N. England and N.W. Irveland.—B. M.: Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Levens Park, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland. Near Lough
Corrib and Great Killery, co. Galway.
Form cyanopolia Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s,
v. (1866) p. 128.—Thallus subleprose or depresso-granulate and
rimoso-diffract, sordid greyish or sometimes czesio-bluish. Apothecia
lecanorine, somewhat concave, at length biatorine, pale-yellowish-
orange.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Lecanora cerina f. eyano-
polia Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 211.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 23.
Apparently referable to this subspecies, with which it agrees in habitat,
but differs in colour and in the tha'line margin of the apothecia being at
length excluded. Our only specimen seen is well fertile.
Hab. On wet stones in upland districts—Dzstr. Only sparingly in
N.W. Irveland.—B. M.: Between Lough Feagh and Lough Muck, Con-
nemara, Galway.
Subsp. 2. L. hematites Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112.—
Thallus subeffuse or determinate, contiguous, verruculose, greyish ;
hypothallus bluish. Apothecia submoderate, plane, rusty-red, the
thalline margin thickish, persistent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.
—Lecanora hematites Charb. in St. Am. Fl. Agen. (1821) p. 492;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 212.— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 56,
Often regarded as a distinct species, but scarcely with propriety, since
it differs from the type chiefly in the colour of the apothecia. The thallus
is somewhat small, often confused with and at times limited by the hypo-
thallus. The apothecia, in the few specimens seen, are numerous and
crowded.
Hab. On the smcoth bark of young trees and their branches, chiefly
in orchards, in maritime and lowland districts—Dzstr. Found only
sparingly in S.W., E., anc_ W. England; no doubt to be detected
elsewhere.—B. M.: Isham, Torquay, 8. Devon; Cherry Hinton, Cam-
bridgeshire ; near Worcester.
43. L. cerinella Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 370; Flora,
1872, p. 427.—Thallus thin, sordid-greyish, little visible (K+
yellowish). Apothecia minute, subbiatorine, bright-yellow (K+
purplish); spores 8-12—16ne, ellipsoid, indistinctly bilocular, with
thin septum, 0,009-0,011 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.
Looks as if it were a small variety of ZL. cerina, but is distinct by the
minute apothecia and the pluri-spored thece. On the application of K,
the spores at once assume a placodine form, and are seen to be polari-
bilocular with longitudinal tube.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 383
Hab, On branches of trees in lowland districts.— Distr. pe pag
very local and scarce in E. England (near Cambridge) ; no doubt to be
detected elsewhere.
44. L. biloculata Nyl. Flora, 1878, p. 248.—Thallus effuse, very
thin, unequal or rugulose, whitish or glaucous-white, somewhat
shining (K—CaCl—). Apothecia minute, adnate, lecideoid, plane
and thinly margined, at length conyex and immarginate, black
(K—); spores ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, brownish, 0,015-18 mm.
long, 0,008 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish-black ; paraphyses
thickish, dark-brown at the clavate apices, hymenial gelatine deep
blue with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Lecidea polo-
spora (nomen ineptum); Leight. Trans. Linn. Soc. n. s. Bot. i.
(1878) p. 241, t. xxxiii. figs. 4-6; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 313.
A rather inconspicuous plant, with quite the aspect of a Lecidea allied
to L. myriocarpa, as observed by Leighton //. e. According to Nylander
apud Hue Rey. Bot. 1886, p. 29, it is in reality a Lecanora of this
section. It evidently, however, departs from it in the colour of the
apothecia and the spores, as also in the absence of any epithecial
reaction with K. In the small specimen seen, it is only sparingly present
associated with Lecanora rugosa and Lecidea parasema.
Hab. On an old hawthorn tree in a maritime tract.— Distr. Extremely
local and rare in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ballinahinch, near Kylemore,
co. Galway.
45. L. pyracea Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n.
ser. y. (1866) p. 129.—Thallus effuse, very thin, granulato-leprose,
greyish-white, often obsolete (Kf+reddish in thin section) ; hypo-
thallus thin, whitish. Apothecia small or minute, somewhat plane
or convex, yellow-orange-coloured (K+ crimson), with the thalline
margin speedily excluded ; or biatorine with the proper margin thin,
paler yellow; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, polari-bilocular,
with longitudinal tube, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte; Leight.
lich. Fl. p. 221 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte—Parmelia
cerina & pyracea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 176.—Brit. Exs.: Leight.
n. 118; Mudd, n. 101; Larb. Lich. Hb. n, 132,
In some respects allied to L. cerina, from which it differs chiefly in the
less developed thallus and the biatoroid apothecia. The thallus is usually
sparingly visible, and at times entirely wanting. The apothecia are
numerous, at first with thin, evanescent or obsolete thalline margin, so
that they are seldom seen lecanorine. It is a rather variable plant, and
hence the British variety, forms, and subspecies that follow.
Hab. On rocks and stones, rarely on trees and old pales from maritime
to subalpine tracts.—Dvstr. Here and there in England and Wales, the
Scottish Grampians and N.W. Ireland ; no doubt often overlooked.—B. M.:
Hastings and the South Downs, Sussex ; near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near
Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; St. Merryn, Cornwall; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; near Cambridge; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Ingle-
borough, Lanbraugh, and near Kasby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley,
Kendal, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland. Ballachulish,
384 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus and near Fort
William, Inverness-shire. Ballynahinch, Connemara, co. Galway ;
Westport, co. Mayo.
Form submersa Nyl. Flora, 1885, p. 43.—Thallus thin, dark, at
length rimuloso-diffract; otherwise as in the type.—-Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.
Differs merely in the character of the thallus, which is probably owing
to the habitat. I have not seen a British specimen.
Hab. On stones in streams in upland situations.—Dvstr. Very sparingly
in N.W. Ireland (near Kylemore, Connemara, co, Galway).
Var. 6. pyrithroma Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 367.—
Thallus paler, often scarcely visible. Apothecia somewhat convex,
deep-yellow or reddish; spores 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47.—Lecidea
rupestris (>. pyrithroma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 206.—Brit.
Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335.
Differs chiefly in the size of the spores. It usually occurs athalline and
mixed up with other crustaceous lichens, so that it is apt to be over-
looked.
Hab. On rocks, walls, and flints in lowland and upland tracts.—Distr.
Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain and N.W. Ireland.
—B. M.: Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Park, near Aberdeen; Craig
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway.
Form picta Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 47.—Thallus thin,
greyish, evanescent. Apothecia concave, then plane, pale greenish-
dun coloured, yellow-pruinose, the proper margin thickish, inflexed.
—Lecidea picta Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 130.—Leca-
nora pyracea var. pyrithroma Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222, ed. 3,
p. 212.—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 55.
Only a form of var. 8, distinguished chiefly by the bright-yellow
pruina with which the fruit is covered. In specimens long preserved
in Herbaria this disappears. The apothecia are minute or somewhat
small, numerous and usually crowded.
Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Dzstr. Local and
scarce on the S. Scottish Grampians and in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Ben
Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire. Carig Mt., co. Kerry; Lettermore,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. y. lactea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 352.—Thallus
thinnish, amylaceous, chalky-white. Apothecia small, orange-red, at
length convex and immarginate.—Cromb. Greyillea, xix. p. 60.—
Callopisma luteo-album var. lactewm Mass. Sched. Crit. (1855)
p. 133.
A good variety characterized by the colour of the thallus and of the
apothecia. Massalongo, /. c., describes the latter as scattered; but, in the
specimens seen, they are here and there congregate. It isa very doubtful
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL, 385
British plant, though there are two specimens from Mr. Mudd in Herb.
Brit. Mus. purporting to have been gathered in the locality cited.
Hab, On calcareous rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Ouly in ? N.E.
England. b. M.: Hartlepool, Durham.
Subsp. holocarpa Nyl. Lich. Scand (1861) p. 145.—Thallus nearly
obsolete. Apothecia contiguous, crowded, vitelline or yellow-
orange ; spores 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-10 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 46; Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte; var. holocarpa
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte.—Callo-
pisma luteoalbum B. holocarpum Mudd, Man. p. 127 pro parte.
Lichen holocarpus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 284.
Occasionally there are visible slight traces of a thin, dark-greyish,
granulose or subfurfuraceous thallus, which, however, is probably not
proper. The apothecia are very numerous and crowded, so that, from
mutual pressure, they become angular.
Hab, On old pales, very rarely on rocks, in lowland and upland situa-
tions.— Distr, Seen only from a few localities in Great Britain —B. M.:
Near Ayton, Cleveland and Rowecliff, Loftus (saxicolous), Yorkshire ;
Morpeth, Northumberland. Achmore, Killin, Peithshire.
46. L. vitellinula Nyl. Flora, 1863, p. 305.—Thallus subeffuse,
very thin, yellowish or vitelline-yellow (K+purplish). Apothecia
small, biatorine, plane, margined, at length convex, vitelline (K+
purplish); spores polari-bilocular with longitudinal tube, 0,009-
0,012 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. (1882)
p. 273. 3
Closely allied to Z. pyracea, from which it differs chiefly in colour and
in the size of the spores. The thallus is at times nearly evanescent, and
the apothecia are usually numerous. Only saxicolous in Britain.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and hilly tracts.—Distr. Onl
sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N. England, the S.W.
Highlands of Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of
Jersey; Sidmouth, Devonshire; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somer-
setshire ; Overend, Egremont, Cumberland, Island of Lismore, Argyle-
shire. Carrigogumal, co. Limerick.
47. L. luteoalba Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878)
p- 398.—Thallus effuse, thin, leprose, greyish-white (K—),
often almost obsolete. Apothecia minute, biatorine, orange-yellow,
at first innate, plane, with paler entire proper margin, at length
convex and immarginate (K+ purplish); spores ellipsoid, 1-septate,
0,009-11 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not very
discrete ——Cromb. Grevillea, xvill. p. 46.—Callopisma luteo-album
Mudd, Man. p. 136 pro parte. Lecidea luteo-alba Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 475; Hook. FJ. Scot. i. p. 40. Lichen luteo-albus Turn.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. (1804) p. 92; Eng. Bot. t. 1426. Lecanora
pyracea var. ulmicola (DC.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222, ed. 3, p. 211.
Lecidea ulmicola Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 185.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 84;
Mudd, n. 98; Cromb. n.61; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 168; Bohl. n. 76.
2¢
386 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Often confounded with or regarded only as a variety of ZL. pyracea, to
which it is externally similar, though definitely separated by the dis-
tinctly-septate spores. It spreads extensively over the substratum, the
thallus being frequently evanescent. ‘The apothecia are very numerous,
and at times much crowded with a thalline margin rarely visible in their
earlier stage of growth. Though normally a corticolous plant, it at
times occurs on chalk, mortar, and limestone (very rarely in Britain),
when it is form rupestris (? Scop.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 145; Leetdea
ulmicola Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. p. 129.
Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly elms, rarely on rocks, from mari-
time to upland situations.—Distr. General in most parts of England,
apparently rare in N. Wales, Scotland, and 8S. Ireland.—B. M.: Great
Glenham and near Sotterly, Suffolk; Hale End, Epping Forest, Essex ;
Eynsford, Kent; Lewes and Glynde, Sussex; near Ventnor, Isle of
Wight; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Mill Hill, Middlesex ;
Elstree, Herts; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire ; Stowe Park, Bucking-
ham; Wimpole Park, Cambridgeshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; near
Worcester and at North Malvern, Worcestershire ; Island of Anglesea ;
near Masham, Yorkshire ; Leven’s Bridge, Westmoreland ; Meldon Park,
Wansbeck Valley, Northumberland. Doune Castle, near Stirling;
Pitfour, Aberdeenshire. Castle Connell, co. Limerick; Rostellan, co.
Cork; Inisfallen, Killarney, co. Kerry. The saxicolous state has occurred
only in the following localities in S. and N. England and S.W. Ireland :—
South Downs, Sussex; Newton Abbot, S. Devon; Ingleborough, York-
shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
48. L. phlogina Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 112; Lich.
Scand. p. 141.—Thallus effuse, very thin, minutely granuloso-
leprose, citrine or yellowish-green ; granules globular, often some-
what scattered (K+ purplish). Apothecia small, biatorine, plane or
at length convex, yellowish-orange : spores elliptico-oblong, polari-
bilocular, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006—-9 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1871, p. 178; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 223, ed. 3, p. 213.—Par-
melia citrina var. phlogina Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 180.—-Brit. Evs. :
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 57.
Sometimes viewed as merely a corticolous state of L. citrina, but allied
rather to L. pyracea, from which it is at once distinguished by the very
different thallus. The apothecia are generally rather scattered.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, ash and elm, rarely on old posts from
maritime to upland districts—Dzst7. Found only in a few localities in
the Channel Islands and England—B. M.: St. Clement’s Bay, Island of
Jersey. Near Ryde, Isle of Wight; near Hastings, Sussex ; Penzance,
Cornwall; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Pampisford, Cambridgeshire ;
near Worcester; Alston, Cumberland.
Var. (3. lutea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 142.—Thallus leproso-
pulverulent, whitish-citrine or pale-luteous. Apothecia pale-orange :
spores 0,011-12 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xviii. p. 46.—Lecidea epivantha var. lutea Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
p. 209.
A peculiar variety, differing in the more pulverulent, paler thallus, the
aler apothecia, smaller spores, and the nature of the habitat. The few
British specimens are well fertile.
ln edie
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 387
Hab. On vegetable detritus in maritime districts.—Distr. Only very
sparingly in 8. England and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M-:
Luccombe Cove, Isle of Wight; Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex. Airds,
Appin, Argyleshire.
49. L. irrubata Nyl. ev Norrl. Medd. Siillsk. pro F. & Fl. Fenn.
i. (1876) p. 22.—Thallus determinate, thin, rimose or rimoso-
areolate, sordid or greyish (K—). Apothecia adnate, small, biato-
rine, somewhat plane or convex, immarginate, yellow-reddish (K +
purplish); spores ellipsoid or ovoid, simple, 0,009-0,011 mm. long,
0,005-6 mm. thick.; paraphyses scanty.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii.
p- 58.—Lecanora calva var. irrubata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47.
Lecidea irrubata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
li.p.128. Lecanora rupestris forma viridi-flavescens (Wulf.) Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 204. Lecidea rupestris y. viridiflavescens
Mudd, Man. p. 194. Lichen rupestris Eng. Bot. t. 2245.— Brit.
Eexs.: Leight. n. 119 ; Mudd, n. 161; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 100.
Usually arranged by authors among the Lecideei owing to its simple
spores and biatorine apothecia. Its true place, however, is among other
biatorine species of this section, as shown by the spermogones. From
the more developed thallus, which is usually limited, it is to be regarded
as the specific type rather than the subspecies that follows. The apo-
thecia are numerous, usually small, rarely submoderate. The spermo-
gones, which are externally black-punctate, have the spermatia cylindrical,
about 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks, siliceous and cretaceous stones, and the
mortar of walls in maritime and upland localities.—Dist. Not uncommon
in England; not seen from Wales; apparently rare in Scotland and
Ireland.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; Beachy Head, Sussex ; Anstey’s Cove,
Torquay, and Cornworthy, 8. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Bath-
ampton Downs, Somersetshire; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Norton,
near Worcester; Whitecliffe Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Bonsall,
Derbyshire ; Bilsdale and near Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Beamish,
Durham; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland.
Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Kirkland,
Fifeshire. Killarney, co. Kerry; Ben Bulben, co. Sligo; near Kylemore,
co. Galway.
Subsp. L. calva Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx. (1883)
p. 379.—Thallus effuse, very thin, whitish, or scarcely any. Apo-
thecia small or moderate, convex, vitelline or tawny-yellow ; spores
0,009-0,014 mm. long, 0,005-8 mm. thick; paraphyses thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Lecanora calva Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 47. Lecanora rupestris form calva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3,
p. 203. Lichen calvus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii, (1790) p. 18, t. 6. f.4;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 14; Eng. Bot. t. 948. Lecidea rupestris
(? Scop.) Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 472; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl.
in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128: Mudd, Man. p. 193.
Often spreads extensively with the thallus indistinct, being confused
with the substratum. The apothecia are at times somewhat large, and
then more convex, immarginate and scattered.
202
388 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Hab. On calcareous rocks, rarely on flints in maritime and mountainous
districts.— Distr. Rather local, though common where it occurs in Great
Britain ; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Reigate, Surrey ; Lydd Beach,
Kent; Peasemarsh and near Lewes, Sussex; Isle of Wight; Cunning
Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire; Island of Anglesea; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry,
Shropshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland ; Bywell,
Northumberland. King’s Park, Edinburgh; Achrosagan Hill, Appin,
and near Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth-
shire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form incrustans Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.—Thallus
very thin, white, usually evanescent. Apothecia minute, immersed,
plane or slightly convex, thinly margined.—Lecanora rupestris
forma incrustans Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191, ed. 3, p. 203. Lecidea
rupestris (3. incrustans Mudd, Man. p. 194. Patellaria inerustans
DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 361.
Differs in the smaller, immersed, margined apothecia, which, if a con-
stant character, would render it a distinct variety. At times, however,
these in the same specimen become at length somewhat prominent and
immarginate, so that it can rank only as a form.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Seen only from 8.W. England, the S.W. Highlands, and the N.
Grampians, Scotland, though reported also by Leighton from W. England
(Ludlow, Shropshire).—B. M.: Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, S. Devon.
Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. L. Siebenhaariana Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1874,
p- 215.—Thallus effuse, rimoso-areolate, unequal, whitish or greyish.
Apothecia small, adnate, convex, at first orange-coloured, at length
sordid-olive or brownish tawny-yellow, internally dark ; spores as
in the type-—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.—Biatora Sieben-
haariana Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 207.
Characterized by the differently coloured apothecia and the dark hypo-
thecium. This, as observed by Fries fil., Lich. Scand. p. 425, in the
young apothecia is usually violet-rose-coloured, then becoming more and
more brownish, though in these it at times presents the natural colour of
the type. The thallus is at times almost evanescent and visible only
around the apothecia, which are small and scattered, or minute and
several congregate.
Hab, On moist mica-schist rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Very
sparingly on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Summits of
Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
50. L. nivalis Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. & Fl. F. Forh. v. (1866)
p. 129.—Thallus effuse, very thin or slightly granulate, whitish or
greyish-white (K+ purplish). Apothecia small, adnate, ochraceous
or orange-coloured, at first plane with an evanescent thalline mar-
gin, at length somewhat convex, biatorine with thin, entire proper
margin (K+ purplish) ; spores oblongo-cylindrical, simple or faintly
1-septate, 0,024-38 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses
*
4b
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI, 389
moderate, often divided at the apices.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865,
p- 288; Cromb., Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3,
p. 217.—Zeora nivalis Koerb. Sert. Sudet. (1853) p. 1. Lecanora
fuscoluteolina Mudd, Man. p. 153.
Externally resembles Z. fulvolutea Nyl., a Scandinavian plant not yet
detected in Great Britain, but differs at once in the spores, which with
K are seen to be thinly 1-septate. The apothecia are usually numerous,
crowded, and for the most part biatoroid. ~
fab. On decayed mosses upon rocks and boulders in alpine places.—
Distr, Very sparingly on one or two of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Ben Lawers and Ben Cruachan, Perthshire.
51. L. tetrasticha Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 307.—Thallus subdeter-
minate, deplanate, thin, areolato-rimose, vitelline or yellowish-
white (K+ crimson). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first concave,
then plane, thinly margined, or at length subimmarginate, orange-
ochraceous (K+purplish); spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 4-locular or
3-septate (the transverse loculi retracted), 0,014-18 mm. long,
0,006—-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight.
Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 224.
Subsimilar, as noted by Nylander /.¢., to subsp. Z. erythrella, but
differing in the paler thallus and the different spores. It still more closely
resembles Z. ochracea, with which it is often confounded, but is widely
separated by the spores, which ally it to LZ. Brebissonit (Fée), a South-
American plant. The British specimens are well fertile.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland situations.— Distr.
Local in 8.W., Central, and N. England, and the S8.W. Highlands of
Scotland.—B. M.: Ilsham, Torquay, and near Plymouth, 8. Devon;
Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire; near Bonsall, Derbyshire ; Malham
Tarn, Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland, Island of Lismore, Argyle-
shire.
52. L. refellens Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458.—Thallus thin, con-
tinuous, unequal, greyish, minutely greenish-sorediate (K—).
Apothecia small, plane, pale-reddish ; the thalline margin thin, sub-
pulverulent, at length excluded ; epithecium yellowish (K—) ; spores
polari-bilocular, with a longitudinal tube, variable, 0,009-11 mm.
long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish_—Cromb. Grevillea,
1878, p. 111; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 213.—Brit. Evs.: Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 24.
A singular species of this section, externally not unlike Z. Sambuct,
distinguished at once from its allies by the absence of any reaction of the
epithecium. It is a rather inconspicuous plant, the thallus being but
sparingly visible in the few specimens seen, The apothecia are numerous,
becoming at length subbiatorine.
Hab. On the trunks of poplars in a mountainous district— Distr. Only
very sparingly in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Cleghan, Connemara, co.
Galway.
390 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
b. Apothecia blackish (Pyrenodesmia Mass. Mon. Blast. p. 119
pro parte).
53. L. candicans Scher. Spic. (1828) p. 119.—Thallus orbicular,
adnate, squamoso-radiose, subareolate and plane in the centre,
plicato-lobate at the circumference, glaucous- or greyish-white,
naked or pulverulent (K—). Apothecia small, appressed, plane or
slightly convex, brownish-black, more or less pruinose (K—); the
thalline margin thickish, entire, persistent ; spores ellipsoid, 1-sep-
tate, 0,007-14 mm. long, 0,004—7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvii. p. 46.—Placodium candicans Mudd, Man. p. 133; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176, ed. 3, p. 164. Sgua-
maria candicans Sm, Engl. Fl. v. p. 195. Lichen candicans Dicks.
Crypt. fase. iii. (1793) p. 15, t. 9. f. 5; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17;
Eng. Bot. t. 1778. Lecanora epigea Ach., Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 50.
Placodium epigeum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 446.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n, 218.
A very distinct species, which can be confounded with no other British
lichen, unless perhaps with Lecidea canescens (Dicks.), saxicolous, from
which it is at once distinguished by the type of the apothecia and the
absence of any thalline reaction. The thallus is small or submoderate,
with the radi roundly dilated and crenate at the circumference, and
without any visible hypothallus. It is usually well fertile, the apothecia
being chiefly central and somewhat scattered.
Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Here and there throughout England; very rare in N.
Wales and the 8. W. Highlands of Scotland; not seen from lreland.—
B. M.: Near Beachy Head, Sussex ; Portland Island and Swanage, Dor-
setshire ; ; Cleeve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Buxton and near Cromford, Derbyshire. Near Oswestry
and Llany mynech Hill, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire ;
Teesdale and Eglestone, Durham ; Arnbarrow and Helsington, West-
moreland. Near Shean Ferry, Argyleshire.
Var. (3. Cesatii Nyl. ew Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. (1889) p. 46.—
Thallus densely white-pruinose, the radii narrow, somewhat convex.
Apothecia czsio-pruinose, the margin at length subobliterate.—
Placodium Cesatii Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164. Ricasolia Cesatit
(Garoy.) Mass. Mem. Lich. (1853) p. 47, t. 8. f. 46.
Distinguished by the more pruinose thallus and apothecia, the narrower,
more convex circumferential radii, which are also somewhat incurved at
the apices. The only British specimen seen is well fertile.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in an upland district.—Distr. Only very
sparingly in W. England.—B, M.: Sherborne, Gloucestershire,
54. L. chalybea Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 60.—Thallus orbicular,
adnate, smooth, diffracto-areolate in the centre, radioso-diffract and
subefligurate at the circumference, whitish- or greyish lead-coloured
(K+ pale violet), usually limited by a blackish hypothallus. Apo-
thecia small, innate or immersed, plane, black, naked or pruinose
(K —); the thalline margin thin, entire, depressed ; spores ellipsoid,
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 391
polari-bilocular, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Placodium chalybeum Mudd, Man. p. 134 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165.
Purmelia chalybea Duf, in Fr. Lich, Eur. (1831) p. 125.—Brit. Evs.:
Cromb. n. 59.
Easily recognized by the colour of the thallus, which is somewhat
thickish, small or considerably expanded, occasionally somewhat lobed or
lobato-crenate at the circumference. The apothecia are numerous and
crowded, becoming, when moistened, turgid, somewhat prominent, and
livid-brown.
Hab, On calcareous rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. —
Distr, Local in 8.W. and N. England, N. Wales, and the Central Gram-
ians, Scotland—B. M.: Babbicombe, Devonshire ; Llanymynech Hill,
hropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire ; Penhill, Yorkshire ;
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
55. L. variabilis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 369.—Thallus
determinate, adnate, thinnish, diffracto-areolate, greyish-brown or
lurid-grey (K+violet), usually limited by a thin blackish hypo-
thallus. Apothecia submoderate, shghtiy prominent, plane or con-
vex, black, subpruinose (K—); the thalline margin entire, usually
white-suffused ; spores broadly ellipsoid, polari-bilocular, 0,013-16
mm. long, 0,007—0,0L0 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.
Placodium variabile Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179, ed. 3, p. 165. Lichen
variabilis Pers. in Ust. Ann. (1794) p. 26.
Similar to the preceding species, but distinguished by the thinner,
darker non-effigurate thallus, the more prominent apothecia, and the
rather larger spores. In the British specimens the hypothallus is only
sparingly visible. The apothecia, which when moistened are livid-brown,
are usually numerous, at times crowded and somewhat angulose.
Hab, On caleareous rocks in upland hilly situations.—Distr. Seen only
from W. and Central England, and (fide Leight.) N.W. Ireland (Conne-
mara, Galway).—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; Grove
Lane, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire.
Var. 3. ecrustacea Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.
—Thallus indistinct. Apothecia small, lecideoid, subinnate, at
length immarginate ; otherwise as in the type.—Placodium variabile
var. ecrustacea Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 139. P. Agardhianum
Hepp (non Ach.), Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 165.
Differs in the absence of a thallus and in the character of the apothecia.
But for the form of the spores it might be taken for a Lecidea.
- Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts. —Distr. In
S.W., N.W. England, and S. Wales.—B. M.: Anstey’s Cove, Torquay,
S. Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ;
Lamplugh, Cumberland.
392 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
B. Apothecia biatorino-lecanorine ; spores 8nz, 1-septate, colourless ;
hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones
with shortly jointed sterigmata and straight short spermatia.
56. L. holophea Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. viii. (1861) p. 755.—
Thallus determinate, squamulose, lurid-brown or cervine-chestnut ;
squamules firm, difform, subcontiguous or somewhat imbricate,
repand or obtusely crenate at the margins (K—,CaCl—). Apo-
thecia small, adnate, at first plane, with entire thalline margin,
at length convex and biatoroid, dark-brown or concolorous with
the thallus: spores sometimes 6n, oblongo-fusiform, 0,014-18 mm.
long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses moderate, slightly incrassate
and infuscate at the apices, hypothecium colourless; hymenial
gelatine and especially the apices of the thece bluish with iodine.
—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 217.—Psoroma holophea Mont. in
Hist. Nat. Canar. (1840) p. 113. Thalloidima sublurida (Nyl.),
Mudd, Man. p. 172.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 380.
Micht readily be taken for a Lecidea allied to L. lurida, were it not
that the young apothecia, seldom present in our specimens, are distinetly
lecanorine. Its true place is also well indicated by the character of the
spermogones, which are not unfrequent. Our Herbaria specimens, owing
to the fragile nature of the habitat, are chiefly fragmentary, but in the
few which are perfect the thallus is small, orbicular, and well fertile.
Hab. On the ground in crevices of rocks and walls in maritime, very
rarely upland districts.—Diéstr. Local in the Channel Islands, S. and W.
England, S. and N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Moulin Huet Bay, Island of
Guernsey. Pulborough, Sussex ; Bradstone churchyard and near Prawle
Point, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Bridgenorth, Shrop-
shire. Ardglass, co. Down ; Sybil Head, co. Kerry; Coast of co. Clare.
Var. $. glaucopsora Ny]. Flora, 1868, p. 164; cfr. p. 473.—
Thallus subeffuse, squamuloso-crenate, granuloso-squamulose or
subleprose, glaucous- or greyish-white (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia
moderate, livid-brown, the thalline margin subentire ; spores fusi-
form, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender,
clavate and brownish at the apices——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218.—Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Cesar.
n, 79.
Only a well-marked variety, though differing from the type in colour,
the less developed thallus, and some other minor characters. It is rather
variable in texture, becoming at length almost entirely leprose, the squa-
mules being only here and there visible. The thalline margin of the
rather scattered apothecia is persistent. The spermogones are not un-
frequent with spermatia 0,003 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts——Dist. Only sparingly in the
Channel Islands and S.W. England.—B. M.: Grosnez Common, Island
of Jersey ; Saint’s Bay, Island of Guernsey ; Island of Alderney. Near
Endellion and Penzance, Cornwall.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 393
57. L. leucospeirea Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 473.—Thallus thinly
squamulose, white, opaque, the squamules subcrenate, adnate,
scattered, often granuliform (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia plane,
brown, subopaque, the thalline margin entire, white; spores oblong
or ovoideo-oblong, 1-septate, 0,011—13 mm. long, about 0,0035 mm.
thick ; paraphyses slender, yellow-infuscate at the apices ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then violet-coloured, with iodine-—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 48; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227, ed. 3, p. 218.
- Allied to var. 6 of the preceding species, with which it agrees in the
spermogones and other analytical characters, but differs in the white,
scattered, little developed thallus and in the form of the smaller spores.
Nylander says that it may be only a subspecies of Z. holophea, which in
some habitats may readily pass into dissimilar secondary types. The
fragmentary specimen seen is but sparingly fertile.
Hab, On gravelly soil in a maritime district.— Dist. Very rare in one
of the Channel Islands.—B, M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey.
58. L. Ralfsii Cromb. Grevillea, ii. (1873) p. 13.—Thallus sub-
determinate, thin, continuous or slightly rimulose, frequently
rimoso-subcolliculose, smooth, leaden-grey or dark olive-green (K—,
CaCl—); hypothallus dark. Apothecia rather small or minute,
biatoroid, sessile, somewhat prominent, plane, brownish or dark-
reddish-brown, the margin thin, at length excluded ; spores oblongo-
ellipsoid, often slightly constricted in the middle, 0,018-23 mm.
long, 0,006—9 mm. thick ; paraphyses discrete or subdiscrete, jointed,
brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet-
coloured, with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220 (excl. syn.
L. actea).—Lecidea Ralfsii Salw. Ann. Penzance Nat. Hist. Soe. ii.
(1853) p. 144. Biatorina Muddu (Salw.), Mudd, Man. p. 178.
Lecidea Muddii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 315.
Lecanora jeyuna Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 442; Cromb. Grevillea, iv.
p. 181. Lecidea subdiluta Leight. Trans. Linn. Soe. Bot. i. p. 145,
t. 22. figs. 13-16; Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.340.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich.
Hb. nos. 134, 346.
A species hitherto not well understood, as may be inferred from the
variety of synonyms, originating in slight differences of the thallus and
apothecia which depend upon age or habitat. In general appearance of
the thallus, as noticed by Nylander /. ¢., it approaches ZL. gibbosa, and in
that of the apothecia it is subsimilar to Lecidea coarctata. From the
presence of gonidia in the margin of the apothecia and from the structure
of the spermogones, it is a true Lecanora of this section. It often grows
associated with ZL. prosechoides and is usually well fertile. The spermo-
gones are frequent, with spermatia ellipsoideo-oblong 0,002 mm. long,
0,0006 mm. thick.
Hab, On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local
in the Channel Islands, S.W. and N.W. England, the S.W. Highlands
and N.E. Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland —B.M.: Boulay Bay, Island of
Jersey. Scilly Islands, the Lizard and near Penzance, Cornwall; Barrow-
mouth, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Bay of Nige, Kincardine-
shire. Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
394 LiCHENACEI. [LECANORA,
59. L. spodomela Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 572, 1886, p. 101.—
Thallus effuse, thin, opaque, subleprose, rimoso-diffract, greyish-
brown (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, blackish, the thalline
margin subentire; spores ellipsoid, usually 1-septate, 0,611-16 mm.
long, 0,006-7 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, brown at the clavate
apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then violet, with iodine.—Cromb.
Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 221.
A peculiar plant having the aspect of some ally of Z. sophodes. In
the two specimens seen the thallus is rather scattered and little visible,
being overrun by a foreign plant, but the apothecia are frequent.
Hab. On sandstone rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce
in N.W. Treland.—B, M.: Killery Bay and Kylemore Lake, Connemara,
co. Galway.
C. Apothecia lecanorine or sublecideine ; spores Sn, very rarely
16—24nve, ellipsoid, 1- very rarely 3-
septate, brown or blackish, often 2-
nucleolate; hymenial gelatine bluish
with iodine. Spermogones with jointed
sterigmata and moderate, straight sper-
matia. (Jtinodina Stiz. Beitr. Flecht. ~ |
(1862) p. 169.) :
Fig, 64.
p- 356.—Thallus determinate or subdeter-
minate, granulate or granulato-areolate,
moderate or thinnish, olive- or greyish-
brown (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, Zecanora reboris Nyl.—
blackish, limiting the thallus. Apothecia $A snore, x800.. 0
: ointed sterigmata and
small, plane, usually crowded, brownish- — gyermatia, x 500.
black, the thalline margin entire; spores,
0,012-20 mm. long, 0,006—-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p- 46; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 pro parte; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 188
pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 224 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 314 pro parte-—Lichen sophodes Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 67. Rinodina exigua y. horiza Koerb. Mudd, Man.
p. 143.—Brit. Hvs. : Mudd, n. 109.
Usually not rightly separated by authors from Z. exiyua and L.
roboris. The thallus is generally small, macular, thin, distinctly limited
by the hypothallus, rarely thickish and more expanded. It isalways well
fertile, the apothecia being chiefly central and becoming angulose from
mutual pressure.
60. L. sophodes Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) i
!
Hab. On trunks of trees, especially ash, in wooded maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Local and scarce in 8., W., and N. England, and in 8.
Wales.—B. M.: New Forest, Hampshire ; near Anstey’s Cove, Torquay,
S. Devon; Kemble, Wilts; Donat, Glamorganshire ; Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire.
Var. 3. malangica Cromb. Grevillea, xviil. (1889) p. 46.—
Thallus effuse, rimuloso-diffract, dark olive-green or blackish, fur-
LECANORA., | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 395
furaceous on the surface. Apothecia minute, scattered; spores
0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Forma melangica Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 214. Rinodina leprosa * malangica Norm, Spec.
loc. (1868) p. 103.
A very distinct variety, or probably subspecies, differing in the cha-
racters given of the thallus and apothecia, As observed by Th. M. Fries
(Lich. Scand. p. 201), it is very dissimilar in habit to the type, but transi-
tion-states are not wanting.
Hab, On trunks of old trees in an upland tract.—Distr. Only sparingly
in W. England.—B. M.: Haughmond Hill, Shropshire,
Subsp. L. levigata Nyl. ea Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. (1882)
p- 358.—Thallus effuse, thin, scattered, or scarcely any visible.
Apothecia rather small, usually lecideoid; spores 0,014—-20 mm.
long, 0,007-10 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—JL.
sophodes /3. laevigata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 357; Cromb, Lich.
Brit. p. 49; form Jevigata Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 3, p. 215.
Characterized by the little developed thallus, the type of the smaller
apothecia, and the thicker spores. The thallus is often evanescent when
the apothecia at length appear as if sublecideine (var. lecideina Nyl. olim,
in Herb. Mus. Fenn. p. 87). This is the ordinary condition of the plant
in this country, where it does not, as elsewhere, occur corticolous.
Hab, On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations, —Distr.
Only sparingly in a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.:
Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Carrigaloe, co. Cork; Lettermore, Con-
nemara, co. Galway.
61. L. exigua Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 197.—Thallus subeffuse, thin,
unequal, subgranulate or scattered, whitish, pale-greyish or dark
(K—, CaCl—): hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small, plane or
conyex, crowded, black or blackish ; the thalline margin thin, often
somewhat crenulate, whitish; hypothecium colourless; spores
0,011-18 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 46; Sm. Eng Fl. v. p. 187.—Rinodina exigua Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 450; Mudd, Man. p. 143 pro parte. Lecanora sophodes var.
exigua Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; form exigua Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 224, ed. 3, p. 214. Lnchen eaiguus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 69;
Eng. Bot. t. 1849. Lichen pericleus (non Ach.) Eng. Bot. t. 1850.
Lecanora periclea Sm. Eng. FI). v. p. 187; Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib.
ii. p. 133. Rinodina periclea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 pro parte.
R. exigua 6. periclea Mudd, Man. p. 143.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n.
107; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 169, 261.
Probably descends from L. sophodes, with which at times it seems sub-
confluent, but differs in the colour of the more effuse thallus, and especi-
ally in the smaller spores. It usually spreads extensively, but at times
when associated with other crustaceous lichens it is much smaller, though
scarcely limited by a distinct hypothallus. It is always well fertile.
396 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Hab. On trees, old pales, rocks, walls, and tiled roofs in maritime,
lowland and upland districts.—Dzstr. Not uncommon in England and
the Channel Islands ; apparently rare in N.E. Scotland, E. and N.W.
Treland, though probably often overlooked in both these countries.—B. M. :
Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Chateau Point, Island of Sark; The Vale,
Guernsey. Yarmouth, and near Brandon, Suffolk ; Epping Forest, Essex ;
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ; Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; Lyndhurst, New Forest,
Hants; near Bristol, Somersetshire; Charfield, Gloucestershire; near
Worcester ; Weston, Oxfordshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth,
Aber-ty-Gyn, N. Wales; Port Soderick, Isle of Man; near Newton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire: St. Bees, Cumberland. Portlethen, Kincardine-
shire. Portmaronock, near Dublin; Kylemore and Cleghan, Connemara,
co. Galway.
Form demissa Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1822, p. 359.—Thallus
thin, leproso-granulose, greenish-brown or pale, often evanescent.
Apothecia minute, somewhat prominent, the thalline margin at
length obliterated.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—Rinodina meta-
bolica 3. demissa Keerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1885) p. 124.
Distinguished by the colour of the thallus, and more especially by the
minute, emersed, at length immarginate apothecia. In the very few
British specimens these are numerous and here and there crowded.
Hab. On rocks in maritime tracts.—Distr. Only sparingly in 8. Eng-
land.—B. M.: Shanklin and near Luccomhe, Isle of Wight.
Var. 3. lecideoides Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1889) p. 46.—
Thallus very thin, macular, greyish-white, usually evanescent.
Apothecia small, lecideine, black or blackish, the margin dark-
brown, at length obliterated ; spores 0,016—20 mm. long, 0,008—11
mm. thick-—Lecanora sophodes var. lecideoides Nyl. Lich. Scand,
(1861) p. 149; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215 pro minima
parte.
Might readily be taken on a cursory inspection for Lecidea myriocarpa,
as observed by Nylander 7. c., but differs at once in the colour of the
margin of the apothecia and in the whitish hypothecium. He also sug-
gests that it probably descends from Lecanora confragosa, with which it
agrees rather than with Z. exigua in the size of the spores. The absence,
however, of any reaction with K connects it with the present species,
The thallus is but little visible in the few British specimens.
Hab. On old palings in an upland situation—Dzstr. Apparently only
among the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth-
shire.
62. L. subexigua Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 308.—Thallus effuse,
subsmooth, unequal, rimose, pale-greyish or sordid-yellowish (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane, black, the thalline margin
thickish, entire ; spores 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick.-—
Cromb. Grevillea, iii. p. 22; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220.
Subsimilar to the preceding species, but differs in the characters of the
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 397
thallus and apothecia, and more especially in the smaller spores. The
two specimens seen are well fertile.
Hab, On granitic rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Only very
sparingly in S.W. England.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall.
63. L. roboris Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 412.—Thallus determinate
or subdeterminate, thinnish, continuous, granuloso-unequal, whitish
or greyish-white (K+ yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus black, often
indistinct. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, blackish, the
thalline margin at length crenate; spores 0,015-18 mm. long,
0,006-9 mm. thick.—Duf. Hb. fide Nyl. Mém. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb.
t. ii. (1854) p. 326; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 46.—L. sophodes
forma roboris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215.—Brit. Evs. :
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 260.
Often confounded with Z. sophodes, but distinct in the colour and more
especially in the reaction of the thallus with K, as also in the larger apo-
thecia and their crenulate margin. The thallus at times is somewhat
effuse, with the hypothallus visible only here and there at the cireum-
ference. The apothecia are generally numerous, though not crowded.
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly oaks, very rarely on the stems of heather,
in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Not unfrequent in England ;
rare in N. Wales, 8. and N.W. Ireland ; not seen from Scotland. —B. M.:
East coast of Jersey; D’Ixcart, Island of Sark. Yarmouth, Suffolk;
Epping Forest, Essex ; Danny, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Isham,
Torquay, Devonshire ; Launceston and Penzance, Cornwall; Savernake
Forest, Wilts; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; near Worcester ; near
Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Tees-
dale, Durham; Calder Abbey, Cumberland ; Felton Woods, Northum-
berland; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland. Carrigaloe, near Cork ; Dough-
ruagh mt., Connemara, co. Galway.
64. L. confragosa Nyl. ex Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxy.
(1878) p. 404.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulose or verrucoso-areo-
late, greyish- or sordid-white, the granules scattered or subcon-
tiguous (K + yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus usually obsolete. Apo-
thecia sessile, submoderate, plane, brownish-black or nearly black,
the thalline margin at length inflexed and crenulate; spores ellip-
soid, obtuse at the apices, 0,018—23 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm. thick.
—tLeight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 222.—L. sophodes var. confrayosa
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.49 pro parte. Purmelia confragosa Ach. Meth.
Suppl. (1803) p. 33.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Cesar. n. 28; Lich. Hb.
n. 301.
Looks almost a saxicolous state of Z. roboris, but differs in the less
continuous thallus and in the larger spores. In the British specimens
the thallus, which rarely has a greyish-green tinge, is but seldom con-
tinuous, and the hypothallus is scarcely visible. The apothecia are
numerous, here and there crowded, and then almost obliterating the
granules. Subsp. LZ. crassescens Nyl. was erroneously recorded as British
in Greyillea, xviii. p. 46.
Hab. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland tracts.—
Distr. Sparingly in the Channel Islands, S. England, N.E. Scotland, S.E.
398 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
and N. Ireland.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. Near Hastings,
Sussex. Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Near Crookhaven, co. Cork;
Doughruagh mt. and Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway; Ardglass,
co. Down.
65. L. milvina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 358.—Thallus effuse,
moderate or thickish, granuloso-areolate or areolato-ditfract, verru-
culoso-unequal, brownish or brownish-black (K—, CaCl—); hypo-
thallus thin, black. Apothecia minute, plane, crowded, brownish-
black, the thalline margin depressed, entire; spores ellipsoid,
0,0L4—-20 mm. long, 0,007-12 mm. thick.—Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2662. f. 1; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.187; Mudd, Man. p. 144; Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 216 pro parte.
—Parmelia milvina Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 34.—
Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 25,
As observed by Acharius (Meth. /.c.), this is quite distinct from L.
sophodes in the darker, effuse thallus, the place of growth, and its general
aspect. It differs also in the rather larger spores, and, as it constantly
reserves its own type, may with propriety be regarded as a good species.
‘he apothecia are for the most part crowded and angulose.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Local in the
Channel Islands, 8.W. England, the 8.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland,
as also in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey. Near
Penzance, Cornwall. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; 8. of Bay of Nigg, Kin-
cardineshire. Maam Turk mts., co. Galway.
66. L. atrocinerea Nyl. Lich. Par. (1854) n. 43; Flora, 1872,
p- 247.—Thallus determinate, verrucoso- or granulato-areolate,
smooth, greyish-white or dark-grey (K+yellow, CaCl+ reddish) ;
hypothallus black, persistent. Apothecia moderate, at first innate,
then sessile, plane or at length convex, dark-brown or blackish, the
thalline margin thin, subentire, at length obliterated; spores
0,020-30 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1870, p. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 216.—Rinodina
atrocinerea Mudd, Man. p. 144, t. 2. tig. 49. Lecidea atrocinerea
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 174. Lichen atrocinereus Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii.
(1793) p. 14, t. 9. fig. 2; With. Arr. iv. p. 19; Eng. Bot. t. 2096.
Lecanora milvina Tay]. in Mack. Fl. Hib. 11. p.134 saltem pro maxima
parte.— Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 146.
Not unlike Z. confragosa, from which it has generally not been rightly
discriminated. It differs, however, in the firmer, usually more continuous
thallus, in the constantly entire thalline margin of the apothecia, in the
larger spores, and more definitely in the thalline reaction with CaCl. In
younger plants the thallus is distinctly limited by a subplumoso-radiating
hypothallus, and is then only subcontinuous. It is always well fertile,
the apothecia often becoming lecideoid. The spermogones are frequent,
with spermatia 0,007-9 mm. long, scarcely 0,002 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Dizstr. Rather
local in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England, N. Wales, the S.W.
Highlands and N.E. Scotland, and in 8. Ireland.—B. M.: Island of
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 399
Guernsey. Crown Hill, near Plympton, 8S. Devon ; near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Lyth Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Holyhead,
Island of Anglesea. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardine-
shire. Near Cork; Cliffs of Moher, co, Clare ; Dunkerron and Carig mt.,
co. Kerry.
67. L. teichophila Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878)
p. 405.—Thallus subdeterminate, moderate, verrucoso-areolate, dark-
greyish (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, plane,
black, the thalline margin thick, entire or often subrugose ; spores
ellipsoid, 0,018—25 mm. long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 273.—L. sophodes var. teichophila Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. t. xiii. (1866) p. 8367. Rinodina eaxigua (3. metabolica (non Ach.)
Mudd, Man. p. 143. Lecanora sophodes torm metabolica Leight.
Lich, FI. p. 225, ed. 3, p. 215.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 108.
Also approaches ZL. confragosa in various respects, but differs in the
darker thallus, and more especially in the larger, thicker spores. The
apothecia are numerous and often crowded, with the thalline margin
scarcely or but little prominent.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.— Distr.
As yet seen only from a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland.—
B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Holly Bush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire. The Trossachs, Perthshire. Connemara, co, Galway.
68. L. coniopta Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 19.—Thallus indeterminate,
moderate or thickish, unequal, rimoso-diffract, brownish-grey or
dark-brown (K —, K (CaCl)+reddish). Apothecia moderate, innate,
black, at first plane, slightly margined, at length convex, immargi-
nate, internally whitish; spores ellipsoid, slightly constricted,
J-septate, brownish-black, 0,015-20 mm. long, 0,008—10 mm. thick ;
epithecium brown, paraphyses moderate, subarticulate ; hypothecium
colourless.—Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 141; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 216.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 158.
Closely allied to Z. sciudes Nyl., a plant of the FE. Pyrenees, though from
the evanescent thalline margin of the apothecia, which is visible only in
their earliest stage of development, it has the appearance of a Lecidea
allied to Z. coniops. The apothecia occur chiefly towards the centre of
the thallus and are somewhat scattered. The spermogones are abundant,
black, punctate, with spermatia thinly bacillar, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,005 mm.
thick.
Hab. On eneissic and granitic rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Local,
though plentiful, in the Channel Islands, 8.W. England, and N.E. Scot-
land.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey. Near Penzance, Cornwall.
Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
69. L. Bischoffii Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 217.—
Thallus effuse, thin, leproso-farinose or rimuloso-granulose, greyish
or brownish (K—, CaCl—), often indistinct. Apothecia minute, at
first plane with entire thalline margin, at length convex and im-
400 LICHENACEL, [LECANORA.
marginate, brownish-black ; spores broadly ellipsoid, very obtuse at
the apices, with a broad transverse septum, 0,016-20 mm. long,
0,008-12 mm. thick; paraphyses not very discrete, brownish at the
clavate apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece violet-coloured,
with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 141; Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 220.—Psora Bischoffii Hepp, Lich. Europ. (1853) n. 81.
Well distinguished from the allied species by the broad septum of the
spores. In our few British specimens the thallus is little visible, but the
apothecia are numerous. When these are immarginate the plant has
entirely a lecideine appearance.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.— Distr, As yet only in
W. England and the Central Grampians, Scotland ; no doubt overlooked
elsewhere.—B. M.: Rodmarton and Stroud Road, Gloucestershire; En-
nerdale, Cumberland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Var. 3. immersa Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360.—Thallus
evanescent. Apothecia foveolato - immersed, somewhat plane,
blackish, the margin brownish, involute.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 221.—Rinodina Bischoffii B. ummersa Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865)
p- 79.
A rather inconspicuous plant, differing from the type in the immersed
apothecia, with their usually involute margin. The thallus is generally
contused with the stone, but when visible it is whitish and macular.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in hilly tracts——Déstr. Local
and scarce in S.W. England.—B. M.: Yatton and Weston-super-Mare,
Somersetshire.
70. L. colobina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 358.—Thallus sub-
determinate, thinnish, granulato-pulverulent, cxsio- greyish or
greyish-black (K+purplish). Apothecia minute, adnate, somewhat
plane, blackish ; the thalline margin entire, thickish, czesio-greyish ;
spores oblongo-ellipsoid, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle,
.0,016-20 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; epithecium K+ purplish.
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 273.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb,
n. 91.
A good species, readily distinguished from its immediate allies by the
different reactions. In the single British specimen seen the thallus is
leprose, dark, and the aputhecia only sparingly present.
Hab. On the trunks of old elms in a lowland district.—Distr. As yet
only very sparingly in E. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.
—B. M.: Near Cambridge.
71. L. Conradi Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh,
xi. (1871) p. 182.—Thallus subeffuse, verrucoso- or subleproso-
granulate, thinnish, griseous or greyish-brown (K—, CaUl—),
Apothecia moderate, plane, blackish-brown, opaque, with the
thalline margin rugulose or obsoletely crenulate, at length convex
and immarginate ; spores 4-locular, the cells nucleolate, 0,026-32
2
LECANORA. } LECANO-LECIDEEI, 401
Closely resembles L. turfacea var. archea Ach., which does not occur
in our Islands, but differs in the character of the spores. The thallus,
which elsewhere varies in thickness, is in our specimens thin and at times
almost obliterated The apothecia are either scattered or crowded, the
young spores being 1-septate.
Hab. On decayed turf and the ground, rarely on old excrements of
sheep, in maritime and upland districts— Distr. Local and sparingly in
the Channel Islands, E. England, and S. Wales.—B. M.: La Moye, Jersey ;
Islands of Sark and Jethou. Thetford Warren, Norfolk.
72. L. diplinthia Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. t. xix. (1863) p. 316.—
Thallus indeterminate, thin or thinnish, unequal or subgranulose,
pale-greyish or pale-whitish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane,
brown (internally pale), the thalline margin entire ; spores ellipsoid,
4-locular (the two apical loculi simple, the two central each with 2
or sometimes 3 transverse cells), 0,023-34 mm. long, 0,012-16 mm.
thick ; paraphyses scarcely discrete.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 230, ed. 3,
p. 222.
An interesting plant, formerly known only corticolous from New
Granada, 8S. America. It is allied to the preceding species, but differs in
the character of the thallus, and in the smaller apothecia with their entire
thalline margin. The two British specimens seen are fragmentary, but
with numerous, crowded apothecia.
Hab. On the ground in fissures of rocks in a maritime district. —Diés¢r.
Extremely local and scarce in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: The
Eperquerie and D’I[xcart Bay, Island of Sark.
73. L. umbrinofusca Nyl. Flora, 1860, p. 389.—Thallus deter-
minate, thin, subcontinuous or obsoletely rimulose, umbrine-brown
or umbrine-blackish (K—,CaCl—); hypothallus subplumoso-radi-
ating, leaden-coloured, usually limiting the thallus. Apothecia
lecideoid, minute, adnate, black, submarginate ; spores brown,
0,010-11 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick; epithecium brown ; hypo-
thecium colourless.—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23.
Looks quite a Lecidea, though the young apothecia are sublecanorine.
The spermogones have not been seen, but it evidently belongs to this
section, near to L. grisegfusca Nyl., a Finland plant, to which it seems
closely related. It forms small, dark macule upon the substratum,
which here and there become subconfluent. ‘The single specimen seen is
well fertile.
Hab. On siliceous stones in an upland tract.— Distr. Found only very
sparingly in E. England.—B. M.: Thetford Warren, Norfolk.
74. L. equata Nyl. Flora, 1884, p. 392.—Thallus effuse, thin,
2nd
402 LICHENACET. [LECANORA.
greyish-white, often scarcely visible or entirely obsolete (Kf+ yel-
lowish, CaCl—) ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small, lecideoid,
thinly margined, at length convex, blackish or dark-brown, whitish
within ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 0,016—20 mm. long, 0,010-11 mm.
thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvii. p. 47.—Lecidea equata Nyl. olim, Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874,
p. 149. Lecidea coniops var. 3. equata Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
p. 071.
A rather inconspicuous plant, having, like others of this section, entirely
the appearance of a Lectdea, but with gonidia intruded into the margin of
the apothecia. The single small British specimen is quite typical and
well fertile.
Hab. On granitic rocks in a maritime locality.—Diéstr. Only very
sparingly in S.W. England.—B. M.: Near Penzance, Cornwall.
75. L. polyspora Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. xi.
(1871) p. 182.—Thallus determinate, very thin, granulato-verrucose
or smoothish, whitish or greyish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia minute,
adnate, brownish-black or blackish, at first plane with thin con-
colorous or paler margin, then convex and immarginate ; spores
12-24ne, oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, straight or slightly curved,
0,013-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete,
yellowish-brown at the subclavate apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xyiii.
p- 47.—Rinodina polyspora Fr. fil. Nov. Act. Reg. Soe. Sc. Upsal.
ser. 3, vii. (1861) p. 226. Rinodina sophodes Koerb., Mudd, Man.
p. 142.
Looks like a small Lecidea, though, as the apothecia have gonidia in-
truded into their margin, it is evidently a Lecanora, as is shown also by
the structure of the spermogones. From all the allied species it is well
distinguished by the polyspored thece.
Hab. On the smooth bark of an alder in a wooded mountainous
district—Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the S. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
76. L. isidioides Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 115.—
Thallus effuse, thin, subsquamuloso-stellate, whitish or greyish-
white ; squamules minute, simple or divided, cylindrical or slightly
compressed, isidioid, the divisions often slightly constricted (K+
yellowish, CaCl—), Apothecia small or moderate, plane, dull-
purplish or brownish-black, the thalline margin tumid, entire or
somewhat crenulate; spores oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, 1-septate,
occasionally slightly constricted in the middle, brownish, 0,026—30
mm. long, 0,013-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 224, ed. 3, p. 214.—Borrera isidioides Mudd, Man,
p. 106. Parmelia isidioides Borr. Eng. Bot., Suppl. t. 2808.
A very interesting endemic species, well characterized by the peculiar
isidioid, stellate thallus. In its general aspect it looks almost a Physcia,
and though placed here by Nylander probably constitutes a distinct
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI. 403
section of ecanora. The thallus is rather scattered, greenish-grey when
moistened, usually but sparingly fertile; though in one corticolous frag-
ment the apothecia are somewhat numerous.
Hab. On mossy and naked trunks of trees in upland situations. — Distr.
Extremely local and scarce in N. Wales, where it has not recently been
met with.—B, M.: Cwm Bychan and Crafnant, Merionethshire.
D. Thallus placodioid. Apothecia lecanorine; spores Sn:e, ellipsoid,
rarely subglobose, simple, colourless ; paraphyses jointed.
Spermogones with simple or shortly jointed sterigmata and
cylindrical, moderate, straight spermatia.
77. L. melanaspis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 427; Nyl. Flora,
1873, p. 18, nota.—Thallus suborbicular, adnate, thinnish, areolate
or verrucoso-rugose in the centre, radiato-laciniate at the circum-
ference, greyish or leaden-greyish, the radii convex, multifid (K—,
CaCl—-). Apothecia small, appressed, plane, at length convex, the
thalline margin entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-13 mm. long,
0,008-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with
iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 201.—Lecanora alphoplaca var.
melanaspis Stirt. Scottish Naturalist, iv. p. 28.
Differs from L. alphoplaca (Wahl.), the typical species of this section,
of which it has sometimes been made a variety, and which is not found
in Britain, in the negative reaction with K, among other distinctive cha-
racters of the thallus and apothecia. I have, however, seen no British
specimen, and regard it as of doubtful occurrence in the locality re-
corded.
Hab. On rocks in a mountainous region.— Dist. Said to have been
found in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland (Ben Brecht, Argyleshire).
78. L. cireinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 425—Thallus orbi-
cular, closely adnate, verrucoso-areolate in the centre, radiato-plicate
at the circumference, greyish or greyish-white, the radii contiguous,
narrow, somewhat plane or convex(K — or + yellowish). Apothecia
small or submoderate, innate, at first suburceolate, then plane,
brown or dark-brown, the thalline margin thin, entire; spores ellip-
soid, 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0065-85 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then reddish with iodine.—JZ. circinata Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 195, ed. 3, p. 179: Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 50. Squamaria circinata Mudd, Man. p. 130; Sm. Eng. FI. v.
p. 196. Placodium circinatum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 448. Lichen
circinatus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 25, Eng. Bot. t.
1941.—A well-marked species, of which the type apparently does
not occur in Britain, but only the peculiar form subcircinata Nyl. in
litt., differing merely in the thalline reaction (K+yellow, then
saffron-red). This being but a supplementary reaction, the plant
is not now regarded by Nylander as constituting a distinct species as
in Flora, 1873, p. 18, subsp. Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p.47.—Lichen
2D2
404 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
subimbricatus Relh. Fl. Cantab. 1785, p. 427; With. Arr. ed. 3,
av. p. 18.
The thallus is small or moderate (1-4 inches in diameter), often
greyish-brown, rarely somewhat leaden-coloured, and at times in old
plants becomes centrifugal. In some situations the thallus is reddish-
grey with the apothecia brownish-red, when it seems tu be var. 8. myr-
rhina Fr. (non Ach.) Lich. Eur. p. 124; Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. p. 47.
This, however, evidently arises from its being suffused either with
peroxide of iron or with urine, so that it is only an accidental state. Our
British specimens are well fertile, the apothecia, though central, being
numerous, occasionally crowded and then subangulose. The spermogones
are frequent, dark-brown, with simplish sterigmata and spermatia
0,006-7 mm. long, about 0,001 mm, thick.
Hab. On rocks and walls, usually on the coping of bridges, in lowland
and upland districts—Distr. Here and there throughout England, in N.
Wales, reported also from S.W. Scotland (Cathkin) ; very rare in the
Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey.
Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Clare Hall Bridge, Cambridge ; near Stroud,
Gloucestershire ; Hale’s End, Malvern and Pershore Bridge, Worcester-
shire; near Congerstone, Leicestershire ; Oversley Bridge, Warwickshire ;
Garn Bridge, Conway Castle, Denbighshire; Barnard Castle and Egle-
stone, Durham ; Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland.
79. L. circinatula Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 100.—Thallus small, ap-
pressed, diffract, radiately divided at the circumference, the radii
plane, dark-greyish or brownish-grey (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia innate, submoderate, plane, dark-brown, the thalline margin
thin, entire; spores Sn, ellipsoid, about 0,007 mm. long, 0,005 mm.
thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then
tawny wine-red with iodine——Cromb. Greyillea, xii. p. 89.
Closely allied to Z. circinata, from which it is distinguished by
the different reaction and by the smaller thallus and spores. The apo-
thecia are numerous and crowded except at the immediate circumference.
The spermogones have the sterigmata slender, 2-5-jointed, with straight
bacilliform spermatia, 0,0035-45 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On siliceous stones in a maritime district—Dizstr. Only very
sparingly in S. England.—B. M.: Near Beachy Head, Sussex.
E. Apothecia lecanorine or at times biatoroid; spores 8nz, very
rarely 8-l16ne, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless; hymenial
gelatine variously tinged with iodine. Spermogones with
simple sterigmata and acicular, arcuate, very rarely straight
spermatia.
a. Thallus normally subeffigurate, K—.
80. L. galactina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 424.—Thallus sub-
orbicular, appressed, verrucoso-diffract, lobato-crenate at the circum-
ference, opaque, subpulverulent on the surface (K—). Apothecia
moderate, or somewhat small, adnate, somewhat plane, pale- or
brownish-testaceous, white-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin
at length crenulate and often flexuose; spores ellipsoid or oblong,
—_ —,
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 405
0,009-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, dis-
crete, not clavate at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish, then
sordid with iodine.-—Mudd, Man. p. 149; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p.206,ed. 3, p. 189.—Parmelia galactina Ach, Meth.
(1803) p. 190. Lichenoides crustoswm, orbiculare, incanum Dill.
Muse. p. 135, t. 18. f. 17 38.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n.116; Leight. n.
400.
A common plant overlooked by our older authors and rarely appearing
in their herbaria s. n. Lichen muralis, along with L. savicola. At first the
thallus is orbicular, small, and squamarioid in appearance ; but it is often
little developed, and frequently at length is indeterminate. The apothecia
are numerous, crowded towards the centre, and thus often angulose. It
is in other respects a rather variable plant, presenting the form and sub-
species that follow.
Hab, On walls and rocks, chiefly calcareous, from maritime to upland
districts.— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain ;
rare in the Channel Islands and in SE. and N.W. Ireland.—B. M. :
Island of Sark; Rozel, Jersey. Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Holloway,
London; Stanmore, Middlesex ; Crystal Palace, Surrey ; Peasemarsh and
Hastings, Sussex ; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall ; Cleve
Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Charnwood Forest, Leices-
tershire ; Great Malvern, Worcestershire; Shiffnal and Oswestry, Shrop-
shire; Island of Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. King’s
Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort
William, Inverness-shire. Near Cork; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co.
Galway.
Form verrucosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 190.—Thallus
pulvinate, white, the pulvinuli thickish, convex, verrucose, scattered.
Apothecia small, immersed, crowded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 67.
Differs in the form of the thicker, dispersed thallus, and in the innate
apothecia, resulting probably from the nature of the habitat. It no doubt
descends from var. deminuta (Stenh.) Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195,
and is subconfluent with Hepp, Zvs. n. 901 (left-hand specimen).
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Dz¢str,
Only a few localities in Wales, N.W. England, and the N. Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: Mumbles, near Swansea, Glamorgan ; Great Orme’s
Head, Carnarvonshire; Asby, Westmoreland. Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 1. L. dissipata Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.—
Thallus macular or indeterminate, very sparingly visible, consisting
chiefly of a blackish, subleprose hypothallus. Apothecia small,
pale-livid, slightly white-suffused ; the thalline margin white, opaque,
subentire or obsoletely crenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long,
0,004—6 mm. thick ; paraphyses not well discrete.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xyill. p. 67. .
A peculiar lichen, the only one which with a state of the type occurs
in the immediate suburbs of London. In our British specimens, which
406 LICHENACET. [LECANORA.
are evidently referable to Nylander’s plant, the thallus at first appears as
small scattered ink-like stains upon the substratum, which at length be-
come confluent, so that it spreads extensively without any distinct limits.
For the greater part it is only hypothalline, but here and there a few thal-
line verruce are present, coloured blackish with smoke, as are also the
gonidia (form fumigata Cromb.). The apothecia are numerous and
crowded.
Hab. On composite walls and pillars of houses in lowland tracts.
—Distr. Confined apparently to the more open suburban districts of
London, where it is not uncommon.—B. M. : Camden Town and Notting
Hill, London ; Crystal Palace, Surrey.
Subsp. 2. L. dispersa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 291.—Thallus obsolete
or entirely wanting. Apothecia minute, more or less scattered,
pale-livid, subcarneous or blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline
margin white, entire or subcrenulate; spores 0,009-14 mm. long,
0,0045—-60 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender, usually slightly inerassate
at the apices.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora galactina
form dispersa Leight. Lich. FI. p. 206, ed. 3, p. 190.
A good subspecies, characterized chiefly by the absence of a distinct
thallus. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and as it occasion-
ally grows associated with less developed states of the type, it probably
descends from some of these. The apothecia are usually somewhat scat-
tered, though at times rather crowded in the same specimen.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only
here and there in Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: Ryde beach, Isle of Wight; Cirencester, Gloucester-
“shire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hartlepool, Durham ; Cunswick Scar,
Westmoreland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Cliffs of Moher, co. ‘Clare; Delphi, Connemara, co.
Galway.
81. L. urbana Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.— Thallus
subdeterminate, moderate, granulato-squamulose, white, opaque ;
granules depressed, crenate or subcrenate (K—). Apothecia mode-
rate, crowded, pale, more or less white-suffused, the thalline margin
subcrenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm.
thick; paraphyses thickish, jointed, not clavate at the apices; hy-
menial gelatine bluish, the thece at length sordid-violet or bluish
with iodine.— Lecanora galactina subsp. urbana Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot.
t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.
Differs from Z. galactina in the thicker, whiter thallus, the longer
spores, and more especially in the paraphyses being twice or thrice as
thick and distinctly articulate. In the British specimens the apothecia
are numerous, crowded, often subangulose, with thickish, slightly crenate
margin.
Hab. On mortar of old walls near towns in lowland districts.— Distr,
Only in S. England and S. Ireland ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—
B. M.: Near Dorking, Surrey; Folkestone, Kent; Lewes, Sussex,
Cork,
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 407
82. L. livida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 375.—Thallus indeter-
minate, pale-whitish or livid, squamuloso- diffract ; squamules adnate,
contiguous, moderate, usually crenulate at the margins(K—), Apo-
thecia minute, more or less immersed, several in each squamule,
plane or slightly convex, concolorous with the thallus or livid flesh-
coloured, the thalline margin entire, scarcely prominent; spores
ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gela-
tine faintly bluish, then tawny wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora galactina var. livida Ny]. in Cromb,
Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 190.
Now regarded by Nylander zm lift. as a distinct species allied to Z.
galactina rather than to L. saaicola, under which he mentions it, Lich.
Seand. p. 153, as belonging doubtfully to subgenus Sguamaria. From
the other species of this subsection it is readily distinguished by the
thallus and apothecia. Our few British specimens are well fertile.
Hab, On calcareous walls in upland districts Distr. Seen only from
N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Wansbeck
Valley, Northumberland. Appin, Argyleshire.
83. L. subluta Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 232.—Thallus indeterminate,
continuous or dispersed, thin, minutely granulose, whitish (K—).
Apothecia small, crowded, pale-yellow or yellow-sublivid, the thal-
line margin subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005-6
mm. thick; paraphyses not very distinct ; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 106; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190.
Evidently belongs to this subsection, though the spermogones have not
been detected. In the specimens seen the thallus is, with a single excep-
tion, somewhat scattered and developed chiefly about the apothecia.
These are numerous, and from mutual pressure often become difform.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Local in N.W.
Treland and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Recess and Dawros
River, Connemara, co. Galway. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Form perspersa Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 233.—Thallus obsolete.
Apothecia distantly scattered ; otherwise as in the type-—Cromb.
Greyillea, v. p. 106 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190.
Differs merely in the absence of a thallus (though traces of it are
rarely seen) and in the scattered apothecia, which are somewhat smaller.
Hab, On rocks in upland situations.— Distr. Only in N.W. Ireland.—
B. M.: Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway.
84, L. aipospila Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 385.—Thallus sub-
orbicular or expanded, tuberculose or papillate towards the centre,
radiately sulcate or crenulate at the circumference, thinnish or mode-
rate, brown or greyish-brown (K—); hypothallus dark, limiting the
thallus or obsolete. Apothecia sniall, innato-sessile on the papilla,
brown or blackish, at first plane with entire thalline margin, at length
408 LICHENACEI!. [LECANORA.
somewhat convex and sublecideine; spores ellipsoid or oblong, 1-
septate, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,004—6 mm. thick ; paraphyses sub-
moderate, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gelatine deep bluish, then
dark violet with iodine.—Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 2; Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 187; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228, ed. 3,
p. 219.—Lecania erysibe y.aipospila Mudd, Man. p.141. Parmelha
atpospila Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 36.—Brit. Ezs.:
Cromb., n. 159.
A well-marked species, easily recognized by the papillose thallus and
the situation of the apothecia. In herbaria specimens the thallus is
usually entirely verrucoso-unequal or papillate, but in nature it is some-
what radiate at the circumference, and more or less limited by the hypo-
thallus. When growing in drier situations, it becomes brownish-black or
almost black. The apothecia are situated chiefly on the central papille,
with the thalline margin eventually excluded. The spermogones are
prominent and frequent towards the circumference of the thallus, with
spermatia arcuate, 0,016-23 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.—Distr.
Local though plentiful in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.E. England,
N.E. Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Le Fret, Island of Jersey ;
Jerbourg, [sland of Guernsey. Tolpedn Penwith, near Penzance, Land’s
End, and the Lizard, Cornwall; Holy Island and Staples Island, North-
umberland. Portlethen and Cove, Kincardineshire ; near Peterhead,
Aberdeenshire. Shirky Island, co. Kerry.
Var. 6. maritima Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 158.—Thallus thin,
granulato-rugose, suberenate at the circumference, greyish, the hypo-
thallus scarcely visible; otherwise as in the type-—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 49; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229, ed. 3, p. 219.
Characterized by the epapillate, thinner, more continuous thallus, and
by the hypothallus being less distinct. Sommerfelt (Lapp. Suppl. p. 97)
eays that the thallus at length becomes griseo-blackish, but this does
not occur in our few specimens. The apothecia, which are situated on
the granules, are frequently sublecideine.
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very
local and searce in 8S.W. and W. England, and in N.E. Seotland.—B. M. :
Near Penzance, Cornwall; near Douglas, Isle of Man. Portlethen, Kin-
cardineshire.
85. L. poliophea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 398; Wahl. Fl.
Lapp. p. 410, t. 27. f. 3—Thallus subdeterminate, granulato-
papilloso-diffract or papilloso-verrucose, greyish- or greenish-brown
(K—); hypothallus fibrilloso-byssoid, whitish, often limiting the
thallus. Apothecia small, adnate, plane, dull-brown or brownish, the
thalline margin thin, crenulate; spores ellipsoid, simple,0,007-13 mm.
long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, the apices incrassate ;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine-——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 200.—Parmzelia poliophea Wahl.
in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 38. Lecanora spodophawa (Wahl.)
Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662. f. 3; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 187.— Brit,
Exs.: Cromb. n. 62.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 409
Differs from the preceding species in the colour of the thallus and hypo-
thallus, in the character of the thalline margin, and in the simple spores.
The papillee of the thallus, which is either orbicular or somewhat ex-
panded, are minute, very much crowded, rather fragile, and form a some-
what thickish and superficially granulose crust. In moister situations it
is more greenish, its usual condition with us; whence form spodophea
Cromb. (Parmelia spodophea Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 37). The
apothecia are numerous and crowded, with the thalline margin persistent
and (except in very young apothecia) always crenulate.
Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr.
Local, though usually plentiful in the Channel Islands, 8.W. England,
and N.E. Scotland—B. M.: Le Fret, Island of Jersey. Tolpedn Pen-
with, and near Penzance, Cornwall. Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
&. Thallus uniform, K+.
86. L. subfusca Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter-
minate, thin, subsmooth, or slightly rugoso-unequal, whitish (K+
yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate,
plane or somewhat convex, brown or reddish-
brown, opaque or somewhat shining, the = )\
thalline margin entire ; paraphyses slender, | ( ys
discrete, brownish at the apices ; epithecium ; X ee
non-granulose ; spores 0,011-16 mm. long,
0,007-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine by
bluish, then dark-violet (the thece dark
tawny-coloured) with iodine.—Cromb. Gre- | e
villea, xviii. p. 68.--L. subfusca form argen- \\
tata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.51; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186. LZ. subfusca y. Fig. 65.
glabrata Mudd, Man. p. 146 pro parte. Lecanora swhfusea Nyl.--
L. subfusca Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47, Sm. a. A spore and para-
Eng. Fl. y. p. 189, is a nomen vagum pro Sc lenges es on
maxima parte (ut videtur).— Brit. Evxs.: oo 500, re
Larb. Lich. Herb. n. 217.
A species until recently ill-defined and not well limited, several of
those which immediately fellow being either confounded with it or
viewed simply as varieties. These are now separated chiefly by dif-
ferences in the paraphyses and epithecium, and also, according to
Nylander /. c., in the size of the spermatia. The typical state includes
Lecanora subfusca a. argentata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 893, and y. glabrata
Ach. /. c., which do not differ from each other. The apothecia are usually
more or less crowded, rarely somewhat scattered. The spermogones have
the spermatia 0,016-19 mm. long (fide Nyl. in litt.), and in this, as in the
allied species, are black above.
Hab, On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and lowland
tracts.— Distr. Seen only from a very few localities in E., S., and W.
England ; no doubt to be detected elsewhere —B. M.: Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants ; Iisham, Torquay, 8. Devon; near Cambridge; Churchill,
near Worcester.
410 LICHENACEI, [ LECANORA,
Var. (3. campestris Ny]. Flora, 1873, p. 198.—Thallus granuloso-
verrucose, greyish-white or grey. Apothecia small or submoderate,
the thalline margin entire or at times subcrenulate.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xvili. p. 68.—L. subfusca [. campestris Mudd, Man. p. 147;
Cromb, Lich. Brit. p.51. LZ. subfusca forma argentata Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 186 pro parte. Lecanora subfusca Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 47 pro parte (7. e. saxicola); Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189 pro
parte (i.e. saxicola). Lichen punctatus Dicks. Crypt. fasc. ii. p. 15,
Eng. Bot. t. 450, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15, according to specimens
in Hb. Sowerby, is a young state of this variety with darker
apothecia.— Brit. Exvs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 99.
Ditfers from the type, of which probably it is only a saxicolous form,
in the thallus being more unequal (though transition-states are not
wanting) and in the thalline margin of the apothecia being occasionally
slightly crenulate. The thallus is rarely somewhat expanded and is
usually well fertile. It is at times the host of a parasitic Endococcus
hereafter to be described.
Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, from maritime to
upland districts—Dizstr. General and common throughout Great Britain
and Ireland, as also in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: St. Ouen’s Bay,
Island of Jersey; The Vale, Island of Guernsey. Near Yarmouth,
Suffolk; Hastings, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Anstey’s Cove,
Tcrquay, 8. Devon; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Stormy
Down, Glamorganshire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Barnsley Park, near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Grecha Mt., Isle of Man; near Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Helsington, Cumberland ;
near Kendal, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland. ? West
Water, Fifeshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lyon
and Glen Fender, Perthshire; Cove, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen.
Cork Harbour and Kinsale, co. Cork; near Kilkee, co. Clare; Bally-
nahinch, Dawros Bridge and Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway.
87. L. spodopheoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2, nomen.—
Thallus determinate, thinnish, rugulose, greyish (K + yellowish,
CaCl—); hypothallus whitish, byssino-radiating. Apothecia small,
plane, black-sanguineous, often crowded and angulose, the thalline
margin subentire or subcrenulate; spores ellipsoid, 0,012-16 mm.
long, 0,007—8 mm. thick; paraphyses moderate, subarticulate, sub-
clavate at the agglutinate apices; epithecium deep yellow-brown ;
hymenial gelatine (especially the thece) bluish with iodine.—Z, sub-
fusca var. spodopheoides, Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 171; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 188.
Approaches var. 8 of the preceding species, but the characters of the
hypothallus, apothecia, and paraphyses render it distinct. In the single
entire specimen gathered the thallus is but of moderate size, and is
distinctly limited by the hypothallus. The spermogones are frequent,
with spermatia 0,025 mm. long, 0,0006 mm, thick, fide Nyl., to whom I
owe also the diagnosis of the plant.
Hab. On a mica-schist wall in an upland district.—Distr. Very local
and rare in the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.
iis
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 411
88. L. allophana Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.-—Thallus
determinate, unequal, rugose or granulato-corrugate, whitish or
greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane or
slightly convex, brown or brownish-black ; the thalline margin entire,
at length suberenate and flexuose ; paraphyses slender, not discrete
at the apices ; epithecium continuous (not granulose) ; spores 0,013—
22 mm. long, 0,008-12 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the
thece violet-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—
L. subfusca form allophana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 200, ed. 3, p.185. ZL. subfusca yn. allophana Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 395. Lichen subfuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 pro parte ;
Eng. Bot. t. 219. Lichenoides crustacewm et leprosum scutellis sub-
fuscis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71 pro parte; Muse. 134, t. 18.
fig. 16.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 116 pro parte; Bohl. n. 35,
At one time Nylander, like some other authors, regarded this as the
type of ZL. subfusca. This is so far warranted also by its being Lichen
subfuscus Linn. (Fl. Suec. 1755, p. 409) pro maxima parte, according to
specimens in his own herbarium; but it is better to adopt the nomen-
clature of Acharius as having a definite signification. It differs from
L, subfusca chiefly in the more rugose thallus, the form of the thalline
margin of the apothecia, the more conglutinate paraphyses, the smaller
spores, and the size of the spermatia, which (jide Nyl. in litt.) are 0,018-
24 mm. long. —
Hab. On trunks of trees from maritime to upland districts.— Distr.
Not uncommon in England; apparently rare in N. Wales, the S.W.
Highlands of Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland ; probably often overlooked.—
B. M.: Bury St. Edmund s, Suffolk; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Lustleigh, 8. Deven; Windsor Great Park,
Berkshire ; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Worcester; near Shrews-
bury, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire. Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Inverary, Argyleshire. Castle-
connell, co. Limerick.
89. L. epibryon Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 155; Nyl. Flora, 1872,
p- 250.—Thallus subdeterminate, verruculose or granuloso-con-
crescent, white (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat large,
plane, brown or reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thin, entire,
often flexuose; paraphyses slender; epithecium non-granulose ;
spores 0,014—23 mm. long, 0,008—11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
bluish, the thece at length dark-wine-red with iodine.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora subfusca var. epibryon pro parte
Mudd, Man. p. 147; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 203, ed. 3, p. 187. Lichen epibryon Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 79.
Usually confounded by British authors with terricolous states of var. 8
of L. subfusca. It is, however, a plant of a more alpine type, and is well
characterized by the much larger apothecia and spores. The only British
specimen is well fertile; but the few spermogones visible have become
partially abraded. ‘These elsewhere (fide Nyl. in litt.) have the spermatia
0,015-18 mm. long.
Hab, On decayed mosses on the ground in mid-alpine situations.—
412 LICHENACEL, [LECANORA,
Distr. Extremely rare on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. :
Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
90. L. Parisiensis Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p. 368.—
Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, rugose or rugoso-granulate
or subverrucose, greyish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia mode-
rate, plane, brownish-black or rarely brown, naked or occasionally
cesio-pruinose; the thalline margin rugose or subcrenate ; para-
physes distinctly articulate, slightly thickened and brownish at the
apices ; spores 0,010-18 mm. long, 0,006—8 mm. thick; hymenial
gelatine bluish (the thee at length violet) with iodine.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178.—Lecanora subfusca forma Parisiensis
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3, p. 185.—In Flora, 1883, p. 107,
Nylander says that Lecanora subfusca ¢. horiza Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 394, belongs pro parte (7. ¢. the French specimen) to this
species, so that probably it ought to be called L. horiza (Ach.)
Nyl.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 116 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 58,
Distinguished from its more immediate British allies by the jointed
paraphyses. At times the thallus is small and distinctly limited by a
white hypothallus, and is then probably the var. horiza Ach. The apo-
thecia occasionally are partly conglomerate, smaller, with the thalline
margin subevanescent, a state which may be L. subfuscae. rufa Ach. Syn.
p. 157. The spermogones (fide Nyl. in itt.) have the spermatia 0,018-
28 mm. long.
Hab. On trunks of trees, seldom on old pales, in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Not unfrequent in England ; rare in S. Ireland; not seen
from Scotland or the Channel Islands.—B.M.: Walthamstow, Essex ;
Glynde, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; near Shanklin, Isle of Wight;
Iisham, Torquay, and near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Cherry Hinton,
Cambridgeshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Tullygreen, co. Cork.
91. L. rugosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter-
minate, thickish, granulato-rugose, whitish (K + yellowish, CaCl—).
Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, at first concave, then plane,
pale or brownish, sometimes slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin
thick, elevated, rugose or rugoso-crenate and inflexed; paraphyses
crowded, colourless; epithecium granulose ; spores 0,010-18 mm.
long, 0,007-10 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red
with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. p. 68.—JL. subfusca form
rugosa Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201, ed. 3,
p. 185. Lichen rugosus Pers. file Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 394
(sub L. subfusca 6. horiza). L. subfusca e. atrynea Mudd, Man.
p. 147 pro parte.
May be recognized in its more typical state by the character of the
thalline margin of the apothecia, which, with the granulose epithecium,
readily distinguish it from the preceding corticolous species. The apo-
thecia are at times crowded and angulose, and when also subpruinose
7
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 413
give it much the general aspect of states of Z. angulosa. It is a rather
variable plant, presenting the subspecies and varieties that follow.
Hab, On the trunks of old trees, from maritime to upland tracts.—
Distr. General but not common throughout Great Britain and Ireland ;
not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Ulia-
combe, near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
near Bakewell, Derbyshire; Hollybush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland; Calder Abbey and Alston, Cumber-
land; Levens Park, Westmoreland. Near Glasgow, Lanarkshire;
Pennycuick Glen, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Blair-
drummond, near Stirling; Killin, Perthshire; Cults, near Aberdeen.
Rostellan, co. Cork; Old Dromore and Killarney, co. Kerry; Tervoe, near
Limerick ; Derryclare and Lough Inagh, co. Galway.
Subsp. L. chlarona Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 107.—Thallus thin,
smoothish or subrugulose, whitish or greyish-white. Apothecia
small or submoderate, plane or slightly convex, pale or pale-brownish,
the thalline margin subentire or finely crenulate ; spores 0,009-
15 mm. long, 0,005—9 mm. thick.—Zecanora chlarona Cromb. Gre-
villea, xviii. p. 68. L. subfusca forma chlarona Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 203, ed. 3, p.188. LZ. albella form chlarona Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 51. L. subfusea y. glabrata (non Ach.) Mudd, Man. p. 147.—
Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 115; Mudd, nos, 112, 113 pro parte ; Larb.
Lich. Hb. nos. 256, 257.
Distinguished from the type by the thinner, smoother thallus, and the
non-rugose thalline margin of theapothecia. It so closely touches it, how-
ever, in other respects that Nylander /. c. does not regard it as specifically
distinct. This view is further confirmed by the occurrence of intermediate
states with difficulty referable to either. It is always well fertile, the
apothecia being numerous, often crowded, and becoming darker in age.
Hab. On the smooth bark of trees, occasionally on old pales, from
maritime to upland situations. — Distr. General and abundant in
England; apparently rarer in N. Wales, Scotland, and Irelanéd.—B. M.:
Epping Forest, Essex; Shiere, Surrey; Wrotham, Kent; Glynde,
Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ilsham, Torquay, and near
Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Withiel, Cornwall; near Cirencester, Glou-
cestershire ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire; Over and Babraham, Cambridge-
shire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Wrekin
Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham;
Wastdale, Cumberland. Near Glasgow; Appin, Argyleshire ; Finlarig,
Killin, Perthshire; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linnhe,
Lochaber, Inverness-shire. Near Cork; Upper Lake, Killarney, co,
Kerry.
Form pinastri Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—Thallus
subeffuse, thin, subleprose, greyish-white. Apothecia small, plane
or convex, brown, the thalline margin entire.—Lecanora subfusca
e. pinastri Scher. Enum. (1850) p. 74; Mudd, Man. p. 146.
Differs only in the less developed thallus and the entire thalline margin
of the apothecia. At times, however, it is a'most confluent with the
type, so that the differential characters given seem owing to the habitat.
he apothecia are either scattered or somewhat crowded.
414 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Hab. On trunks and branches of firs and on fir pales in maritime and
upland tracts.—Distr. Rather rare in England; not uncommon in
Scotland; not seen from Wales or Ireland.—B. M.: Near Leith Hill,
Surrey ; near Penzance, Cornwall; Buxton, Derbyshire; Ayton Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley, Westmoreland. West Lomond Hill,
Fifeshire; Achmore, Killin, Ben Lawers, and Blaeberry Hill, Perth-
shire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ;
Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, Ross-shire.
Var. 3. geographica Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p, 68.—
Thallus finely decussate throughout, with black hypothalline lines.
Apothecia subminute, plane or somewhat convex, brown.— L. sub-
fusca e. geographica Mass. Ric. Lich. (1852) p. 6.—Brit. Exs.:
Mudd, n. 113 pro parte.
A well-marked and rather fine variety. The numerous black lines with
which it is everywhere limited, so that the individual plants are of small
size, seem to belong to Lecidea parasema, with which it is always asso-
ciated in our specimens.
Hab. On shrubs and the branches of trees, chiefly ash, in wooded
maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Only here and there throughout
England, 8.W. Scotland, the S.W. Highlands, and the S. Grampians;
no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon;
Bathampton, Somerset; Desford, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcester-
shire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Airds, Appin, Argyleshire ;
Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire.
92. L. atrynea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250, nota 2.—Thallus deter-
minate or indeterminate, granulate or verrucoso-areolate, whitish or
greyish-white (K + yellowish, CaCl— ). Apothecia moderate or some-
what large, plane or at length convex, brown or corneous-brown, the
thalline margin crenulate, rarely subentire: paraphyses thickish ;
epithecium brown, granuloso-inspersed ; spores 0,011—18 mm. long,
0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish
(the thece violet) with iodine—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—
L. subfusca e. atrynea Mudd, Man. p. 147 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich,
Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203, ed. 3, p. 187. Lecanora sub-
fusca ¢. atrynea Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 395,
In some conditions this also closely resembles LZ. rugosa, of which, as
noted by Nylander (Flora, 1883, p. 107), it is almost a subspecies, The
British specimens, with a single exception saxicolous, are for the most part
not very typical. At times the apothecia are infested with Spheria epi-
cymotia Wallr., giving them much the aspect of those of L. cotlocarpa.
The spermogones have the spermatia (fide Nyl. in litt.) 0,020-30 mm. long,
80,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks, very rarely on trunks of trees, in maritime and upland
situations.— Distr. Found only in a few localities in Great Britain and
Ireland. B. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Buxton, Derbyshire; Bar-
mouth, Merionethshire ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland. Killin, Perth-
shire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen. Dinis Island, Killarney, co. Kerry.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDFEI. 415
Var. 3. cenisia Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. t. xxv. (1878)
p. 409.—Thallus more or less verrucose. Apothecia usually some-
what large and more convex, livid or yellowish-brown, slightly
greyish-pruinose,—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—Lecanora cenisia
Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 361.
Regarded by some authors as the type of the species, from which it
differs, though probably only as a form, in the character of the apothecia.
In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, these are but small,
not large as they are described by Acharius.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Only very
sparingly in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Var. y. melacarpa Nyl. ea Cromb. Grevillea, i. (1873) p. 171.—
Apothecia somewhat small, black; epithecium more or less in-
spersed ; spores 0,013-16 mm. long, 0,007—-9 mm. thick.—Z. sub-
fusca forma melacarpa Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 187.
A well-marked variety characterized by the colour of the apotheciay
which gives it much the aspect of the following species.
Hab. On mica-schist stones of a wall in an upland situation.— Distr.
Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
93. L. coilocarpa Nyl. ev Norrl. Medd. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
i. (1876) p. 23.—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thin, un-
equal or granulato-rugose, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellowish,
CaCl—). Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or at length
somewhat plane, brownish-black or blackish, the thalline margin entire
or subentire; paraphyses slender, discrete, dark-brown at the apices;
spores 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then violet-coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—
L. subfusca form coilocarpa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich.
FI. p. 202, ed. 3, p. 186 (excl. pinastri Scher.). L. subfusca 3. coilo-
carpa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 393.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 52;
Mudd, n. 111; Larb. Cesar. n. 77.
Often confounded with Z. atra, but closely allied to subspecies
L. chlarona, from which it differs in the colour of the apothecia and the
characters of the thallusand paraphyses. In corticolous plants, of which
I have seen no British specimens, though these no doubt occur in the
Scottish Highlands, the thallus is thin, but in saxicolous ones much
thicker and verrucoso-diffract. The apothecia in these are numerous and
at times crowded.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts—Dist;-.
Not uncommon in the Channel Islands and Great Britain; apparently
rare in 8. Ireland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; Chateau
Point, Island of Sark. Rusthall Common, Kent; Helmenton, Corn-
wall; Malvern, Worcestershire; Trellick, Monmouthshire; Barmouth,
Merionethshire; Cwm Ffynnon Llugy and Nant Francon, Carnarvou-
shire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
416 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Staveley, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland. Dalmahoy Hill, near
Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyleshire; The Trossachs, Perthshire; Baldovan,
Forfarshire ; near Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Lambay Island, co.
Cork.
Form pulicaris Nyl. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—
Thallus very thin or obsolete, whitish. Apothecia small, plane, at
length convex ; the thalline margin thin, entire, whitish.— Lecanora
pulicaris Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 336. Patellaria pulicaris Pers. Act.
Wetteraw. il. (1810), fide Ach. l. ¢.
The few British specimens are entirely ecrustaceous, and are limited
throughout by black hypothalline (?) lines. The apothecia are numerous,
though not crowded.
Hab. On old fir palings in upland mountainous districts — Distr. Ver,
local among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Blair Athole, Perthshire;
Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
94. L. gangaleoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 354.—Thallus sub-
determinate, verrucoso-areolate, greyish-white (K+ yellow, CaCl — ).
Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane, crowded, black; the thalline
margin thin, entire ; paraphyses moderate, epithecium not inspersed ;
spores 0,012-15 mm. long, 0,007-8 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine
bluish, the thece at length wine-coloured with iodine.-—Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 360; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 189.—Z. sub-
fusca forma gangalea (non Ach.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202, ed. 3,
p. 187, may be this pro parte.— Brit. Ers.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 19.
Like the preceding apt to be confounded with L. atra, from which it
is distngubad by the internal colour of the apothecia and by the arcuate
spermatia. From L. coilocarpa, which it more closely approaches, it differs
chietly in the darker apothecia and the thicker paraphyses. Its
nearest ally is L. atrynea, of which Nylander /. c. says it may probably
be a variety distinguished by the colour of the apothecia and
the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The apothecia are often crowded,
with the thalline margin occasionally slightly inflexed. The spermogones
are frequent, with spermatia 0,020-30 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks and walls in hilly and mountainous regions.—Dis¢r.
Seen only from a few localities in N. England, the Scottish Highlands,
and N.W. Ireland—B. M.: N. Derbyshire ; Bearmoor, Northumberland ;
Llanbedrog, Carnarvonshire ; Wastdale, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill,
Appin, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire. Letter
Hill and Ballinakill, Conaemara, co. Galway.
Subsp. L. schistina Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.—Thallus deter-
minate, continuous, smooth, rugulose, areolato-rimose, glaucous-
white. Apothecia moderate or somewhat large, black, opaque; the
thalline margin at length fiexuose, white; spores 0,011-14 mm.
long, 0,006-8 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 68.—LZ,
schistina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1182, p. 274.
Differs from the type more especially in the smoother deplanate thallus
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 417
and the character of the thalline margin of the apothecia. These in the
British specimens are somewhat large and at times scattered.
Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Only sparingly in the S.W. Highlands and the Central Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
95. L. intumescens Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855), p. 143.—
| Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length rimoso-areolate, whitish
(K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat convex, moderate,
brown or carneous, at times slightly livid-pruinose: the thalline
margin thick, entire, inflexed or suberenate, snow-white ; paraphyses
crowded, thick, yellowish-brown towards the apices; epithecium
granulose ; spores 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xii. p. 601.—L. subfusca forma intumescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202,
ed. 3, p. 186. Parmelia intumescens Rebent. Prodr. Fl. neom.
q (1804) p. 301. Lichen pallidus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 12.—Brit.
Exs.: Dicks. Hort. Sic. n. 23.
j
Easily distinguished from the allied species by the colour of the thalline
margin of the apothecia, though in this respect it is subconfluent with
states of Z. rugosa. From this, however, it differs in the thinner, smoother
thallus, the less crowded and more convex apothecia, the colour of the
paraphyses, and the thinner spores. The spermogones have the spermatia
(as in L. atrynea) 0,020-30 mm. long.
Hab. On smooth trunks and branches of trees in wooded maritime and
upland districts.— Distr. Local in Great Britain; very rare in S.W. Ire-
land.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, Bovey
Tracey, S. Devon; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Rhiwgreidden, Merio-
nethshire. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire ; Finlarig, Killin, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Tervoe, co. Limerick.
determinate or subdeterminate, thickish, areolato-diffract, verru-
culoso-granulate, white (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia large,
sessile, plane or somewhat convex, pale-testaceous, the thalline
margin thick, crenulate; spores oblong or ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,009—
11 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; paraphyses distinct, thick; epi-
thecium not inspersed ; hymenial gelatine persistently deep bluish
with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 182.
Distinguished from subspecies Z. chlarona by the thicker thallus, the
large, paler apothecia, the non-inspersed epithecium, and the reaction of
the hymenial gelatine. It has somewhat the aspect of states of Lecanora
pallescens, with which, however, it can scarcely be confounded. The
apothecia are either somewhat scattered or approximate and subconfluent,
occasionally slightly pruinose, with the thalline margin at length flexuose.
In the two British specimens seen the spermogones are ouly sparingly
present, with the spermatia rather longer than in subsp. L. chlarona.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in upland districts —Distr. Only in the
25
,
,
: 96. L. chlarotera Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 550, nota 1.—Thallus
;
418 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
S.W. Highlands of Scotland and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Glen Creran,
Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Letterfrack, Connemara, co. Galway.
97. L. prepostera Ny]. Flora, 1873, p. 19.—Thallus deter-
minate, thin, smoothish, areolato-rimose, whitish, darkly limited and
subfimbriate at the circumference (K+ yellow, then cinnabarine-
reddish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, blackish, opaque, glaucous-
suffused or subdenudate, the thalline margin rugulose or subcrenate ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses
slender; epithecium yellow-inspersed ; hymenial gelatine, especially
the thece, bluish with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevyillea, 1873, p. 141;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173.
Looks at first sight as if only a peculiar variety of LZ. atrynea, but is
well distinguished by the smaller spores, the reactions of the thallus and
hymenial gelatine. The two specimens seen by me are evidently an old
state of the plant, and though the apothecia are numerous the spores are
seldom present.
Hab. On basaltic rocks in.a maritime district —Distr. Extremely
local and rare in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of
Jersey.
98. L. albella Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p. 137; Nyl. Flora,
1872, p. 365.—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, whitish (K+
yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane or slightly convex, pale-
flesh-coloured, czsio-pruinose or naked, the thalline margin entire ;
paraphyses not very discrete ; epithecium granulose (CaCl—) ; spores
0,010-12 mm. long, 0,005—8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then nearly colourless or somewhat yellowish, the thece tawny
wine-red (their apices bluish) with iodine.—Gray, Nat. Arr. i.
p. 453; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191; Mudd, Man. p. 148; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 206.—Z. subfusca forma
albella Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. i. p. 204. Lichen albellus Pers. in Ust.
Ann. Bot. xi. (1794) p. 18; Eng. Bot. t. 2154.
In several respects allied to more than one of the preceding species, from
which externally it may be discriminated by the pale buff-coloured apo-
thecia, which are rather scattered or sometimes crowded. It is, however,
more definitely separated by the spermogones, which, as stated by Nylander
(Flora, 1872, p. 250, note 2), are pale above. The spermatia are
0,016-20 mm. long (fide Nyl. im litt.). It is a somewhat variable plant,
presenting the following forms.
Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. As yet only here and there sparingly in Great Britain and Ire-
land.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants; Falls of
Becky, S. Devon; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire; Hay Park, Hereford-
shire ; Island of Anglesea. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Killaloe, co. Clare.
Form 1. peralbella Nyl. ea Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361.—
Thallus as in the type. Apothecia small, pale-brownish, slightly
ptuinose ; hymenial gelatine blaish, then wine-red with iodine.—
a
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 419
Lecanora peralbella Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 365; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 206,
Originally regarded by Nylander as specifically distinct, this is now
viewed by him only as a form characterized by the reaction of the
hymenial gelatine.
Hab. On thorns and trunks of trees in a maritime district—Distr. Very
rare in N,W. Ireland.—B. M. : Killery Bay and Ballynahinch, Con-
nemara, co. Galway.
Form 2. subalbella Nyl. ex Hué, Rev. Bot. 1887, p. 161.—
Spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine
and the thece bluish, then darker with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvili. p. 68.—Lecanora subalbella Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 8365.—Lichen
rosellus Eng. Bot. t. 1651 (apotheciis magis convexis).
Only another form of Z. albella, though more distinct than the pre-
ceding, differing not merely in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine but
also in the slightly smaller spores and the slightly longer spermatia, which
Jide Nylander are 0,016-22 mm. long.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded maritime and upland tracts.—
Distr. Only sparingly in S. England.—B. M.: Netley Abbey, near Bartly
Lodge, and Bramble Hill, New Forest, Hants.
99. L. angulosa Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 364; Nyl. Flora,
1872, p. 250.—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, at length unequal
or rugoso-subrimose, greyish-white (K+yellow, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia small or submoderate, plane or slightly convex, crowded and
subangulose, pale-brown or sordid-pale, slightly czesio-pruinose
(epithecium CaCl+ yellow); the thalline margin thin, subentire or
somewhat crenulate, at length subevanescent ; paraphyses slender,
sabdiserete; epithecium granulose; spores 0,009-16 mm. long,
0,006-9 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with
iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 205.—L. albella subsp. angulosa
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; var. 3. angulosa Mudd, Man. p. 148,
L. subfusca var. angulosa Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 1, p. 204. Lichen
angulosus Schreb. Spicil. (1771) p. 186.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, nos.
114, 115.
Usually regarded as only a variety (or subspecies) of Z. albedla, this
essentially differs in the positive reaction of the epithecium with CaCl,
and in the black colour of the spermogones above. Among minor cha-
racters it also differs in the crowded angulose apothecia, especially in the
centre of the thallus, and in the rather larger spores. The spermatia are
shorter than in the preceding species, being (fide Nyl. zn litt.) 0,014-18
mm. long.
Hab, On trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Here and there in Great Britain and Ireland; not seen
from the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex; near Lewes
and Hastings, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey,
S. Devon ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cliffrigg and near Easby, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; Catterleen, Cumberland. Appin, ss aig ; Finlarig,
6 B .
420 LICHENACEI,. [LECANORA.
Killin, Perthshire. Near Belfast, co. Antrim; Castleconnell, co. Limerick ;
Killaloe, co. Clare.
Var. 8. chondrotypa Stiz. Bot. Zeit. 1868, p. 899.—Thallus as in
the type. Apothecia convex, often crowded, whitish or subcarneous,
the thalline margin excluded.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. p, 68.—
Lecanora chondrotypa Ach. Lich, Univ. (1810) p. 865. According
to Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 162) this is present in Hb. Acharius
s. n. Lichen glabratus Dicks., but as Dickson does not record it his
specific name cannot be retained.
Differs in the character of the apothecia, which, however, in a very
young state are plane with a distinct thalline margin.
Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded upland tracts.—Distr. Local
and scarce in 8. England.—B. M.: Bembridge, Isle of Wight; St. Leo-
nard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Ullacombe, Bovey
Tracey, 8. Devon.
100. L. glaucoma Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 362.—Thallus sub-
determinate, at first continuous, then rimoso-areolate, whitish or
glaucous-white (K+yellow, CaCl--); hypothallus thin, whitish.
Apothecia moderate, innate or appressed, plane or convex, carneous-
livid or livid-black, czesio-pruinose (CaCl + yellow); the thalline
margin thin or tumid, at length flexuose and obliterated ; spores
ellipsoid, 0,010-13 mm. loug, 0,006-7 mm. thick: paraphyses
somewhat slender, conglutinate ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, the
thece violet with iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 48; Sm. Eng. Fl.
vy. p. 189; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 185; Mudd, Man. p. 153;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed. 3, p. 204.—
Rinodina glaucoma Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 453. Lichen glaucoma
Eng. Bot. t. 2156. Verrucaria glaucoma Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. i.
(1795) p.172. Lichen rupicola (? Linn.) Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 806 ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 13.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 53; Mudd, n. 122; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 259.
A very variable plant as to the thallus and apothecia, whence the forms,
varieties, and subspecies that foll»w. It may, however, always be easily
recognized by the livid-pruinose apothecia. The thallus, which is rarely
cxsio-greyish, is thickish, more or less expanded, the hypothallus being
visible only in shaded situations at the circumference. It is usually well
fertile, the apothecia being numerous (at times aggregato-conglomerate),
with the pruina persistent (forma cinereopruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p, 216)
unless when accidentally rubbed off. The spermogones are frequent,
black-punctate, immersed, with spermatia arcuate, as in the allied species.
Both the thallus and the apothecia are the hosts respectively of two dif-
ferent parasites hereafter to be described.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls, granitic, schistose, and whinstone,
in maritime and upland situations, chiefly in mountainous districts —
Distr. General and common in Great Britain ; no doubt also in Ireland.
—B.M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; The Vale, Guernsey ; Island of
Sark. Near Folkestone, Kent; Bolt Head, 8. Devon; Valley of Rocks,
Lynton, N. Devon; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill,
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 421
Leicestershire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Pwllheli, Carnarvon-
shire; Island of Anglesea; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Cliffrigg,
Cleveland, and Ribbledale, Yorkshire ; near Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ;
Swinhope, Northumberland ; Catterleen, Cumberland. New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Kyles of Bute; Barcaldine and Ben Cruachan,
Argyleshire ; Killin, Perthshire; near Dundee, Forfarshire; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island
and Kinsale, co. Cork.
Form 1. decussata Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. (1890) p. 68.—
Thallus white or greyish-white, finely marked throughout with
black hypothalline (?) lines. Apothecia as in the type, with con-
colorous thalline margin.
Looks at first sight as if almost referable to LZ. calcarea, but has the
reactions of this species. In our two British specimens the spermogones
are very abundant, giving the thallus a black-punctate appearance. It
seems to be the plant alluded to by M. Lamy, Lich. Mt. Dor. p. 75.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Dzstr. Very spar-
ingly in the Channel Islands and N. England—B. M.: Chateau Point,
Island of Sark. Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland.
Form 2. complanata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879) p. 205.—
Thallus and apothecia in an uniform plane, the apothecia innate.—
Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p. 68.
Differs merely in the thallus andapothecia being smoothed down to the
same level, but is connected with the type by intermediate states, and no
doubt depends upon the nature of the substratum. Leighton describes
the apothecia as blackish; but this is accidental, and in other specimens
referable to this form they are of the normal colour.
Hab. On slate-rocks in maritime districts—— Dist. Only sparingly in
S. Wales, the W. Highlands of Scotland, and S.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Near
Towyn, Pembrokeshire. Ballachulish, Argyleshire. Kinsale, co. Cork.
Var. 6.inflexa Johns. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—
Thallus rimoso-areolate, greyish-white. Apothecia plane, crowded ;
the thalline margin prominent, thickish, snow-white, crenate and
flexuose.
A distinct variety characterized by the thalline margin of the apothecia.
These are for the most part aggregate and become angulose through
mutual pressure. It is scarcely referable to var. rugosa (Ach.) Fr. fil.
Lich. Scand. p. 271.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in an upland district—Dzustr. Very local in
N.W. England.—B, M.: Alston, Cumberland.
Var. y. Swartzii Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 159.—Thallus un-
equal, rimose or verrucoso-granulate, subradiate or at times byssinu-
radiate at the circumference. Apothecia subglobose, usually aggre-
gato-conglomerate, the thalline margin at length evanescent.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216, ed. 3, p. 205.—
422 LICHENACEI, [ LECANORA.
Lichen Swartzii Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 58, t. 1. fig. 2 (non bonum) ;
Dicks. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 23.
The form of the thallus at the circumference and that of the apothecia
are the distinguishing marks of this variety. In the former respect, how-
ever, the radii are visible only in entire specimens and are sometimes
absent even in the growing plant. The apothecia are occasionally much
deformed.
Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly
on the 8. and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Ben Cruachan, Argyle-
shire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Subsp. 1. L. subradiosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 549.—Thallus and
apothecia as in the type, but the former with different reaction.
Thallus CaCl] + orange passing into reddish. Apothecia (epithecium)
CaCl+ yellow.—Cromb, Grevillea, xix. p. 60.
Nylander /. c. says that this may be only a state of Z. glaucoma, mixed
up with which it frequently occurs in the I. Pyrenees, though not in
the very few British specimens as yet detected. These, apart from the
reactions, from a diagnosis given me by Mr. Johnson present no special
marks of distinction.
Hab. On stones of a wall in an upland district Distr. Very local and
scarce in N.E. England (Sinderhope, East Allendale, Northumberland),
Subsp. 2. L. bicincta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. vii. (1863) p. 398.
—Thallus as in the type. Apothecia glauco-pruinose, with double
margin, a thalline and within this a black proper margin; spores
0,011-14 mm. long. 0,007-8 mm. thick.—Lecanora bicincta Ram.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Mém. xiii. (1825) p. 248.
At least a good subspecies well characterized by the zeorine apothecia,
though in other respects agreeing with Z. glaucoma. The type does not
vccur in Britain, but only the variety that follows.
Var. 3. lecideina Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 68.—Apo-
thecia small, lecideoid, black, more or less pruinose, the proper
margin slightly prominent and flexuose.—Lecanora rimosa b. lecidina
Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 1. ZL. glaucoma var. cerulata (Flot.)
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215, ed’ 3, p. 204.
Probably only a form, as in the single British specimen seen a few
young apothecia are zeorine. Otherwise they are lecideine, convex and
ageregate, with the thalline margin obliterated.
Hab. On a quartzose rock in a mountainous district.— Distr. Found
only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.:
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
101. L. subcarnea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 365.—Thallus sub-
determinate, yellowish- white, rimoso-areolato-granulate (K+ yellow,
then deep orange-red). Apothecia moderate, plane or convex, some-
times conglomerate and difform, flesh-coloured or livid-testaceous,
i
F
LECANORA. ] LECANO-LECIDEE!. 425
thinly pruinose (epithecium CaCl—); the thalline margin undulate,
at length nearly obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 0,011-13 mm. long,
0,006-7 mm. thick; epithecium granulose, brown; hymenial
gelatine bluish, the thece violet with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 216, ed. 3, p. 205.—Leeanora glaucoma var. subcarnea Mudd,
Man. p. 153; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50. Lecidea subcarnea Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 184. Lichen subcarneus Sw. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1791,
p- 126. Lichen pallescens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 2, pro parte.
Usually regarded as a variety of the preceding species, but, among
other characters, at once differs in the reaction of the epithecium. The
thallus in entire specimens is subradiate at the circumference, but is
usually widely expanded. The apothecia are numerous, and occasionally
become substipitate.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland mountainous districts.—Distr.
Local in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, N. England, on the Grampians,
and in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey; [sland of
Alderney. Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Keighley and Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; near Porlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
102. L. fuscescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 552, nota 1.—Thallus
subdeterminate, thinly granulose, whitish or greyish (K+ yellowish,
CaCl—); hypothallus thin, brownish-black. Apothecia small or
submoderate, adnate or adnato-sessile, plane, thinly margined, pale-
brown or blackish, internally whitish; paraphyses submoderate,
blackish or brownish at the clavate apices; spores globular or sub-
globose, 0,006-9 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine
bluish, the thece at length wine-coloured or tawny-reddish with
iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 200.—Lecidea fuscescens Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 161.
Formerly regarded by authors as a Lecidea ( Biatora), this, as pointed
out by Nylander /. c., is in reality a Lecanora with gonidia intruded in
the margin of the apothecia. In a young state these are truly lecanorine,
though afterwards they become convex and immarginate so as to appear
biatoroid. In the British specimens, which are well fertile, the thallus
is rather scattered, with the hypothallus predominant. According to
Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 461) the spermatia are “long, acicular,
curved.”
Hab. On trunks of birch in a mountainous district.—Dzeir. Only
sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland—b. M.: Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
c. Thallus uniform, K—.
103. L. umbrina Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xiii. (1866) p..369.—
Thallus subeffuse, thinnish, granulato-unequal, sordid-greenish or
greyish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia somewhat small, plane, umbrine-
brown, at times slightly czesio-suffused; the thalline margin thin,
whitish, subcrenulate ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm.
thick ; paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the clavate apices ;
424 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA.
hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny-wine-coloured or violet with
iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 255; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p- 68; Lich. Brit. p. 51, pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3,
p. 191.—Lichen umbrinus Ehrh. Crypt. (1793) n. 246.
Easily recognized in this subsection by the colour of the apothecia.
The thallus, which is usually indeterminate, varies somewhat in thickness
according to the habitat. Rarely it is more or less scattered over the ~
substratum and little developed (clive-brownish hypothalline), when it
is forma subdistans Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. The apo-
thecia are at times subbiatorine. The spermogones have the spermatia
semicircular, 0,015-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks, occasionally on old pales, rarely on the ground in
maritime and upland districts:—Dzrstr. Only here and there in Great
Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of
Jersey. Lamorna Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall; Lydd, Kent; Aberdovey,
Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire;
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen and Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire.
otek)
Cliffs of Moher, co. Clare; Killery Bay, Connemara, co. Galway.
104. L. crennlata Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.
n.s.v.(1866)p. 181; Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse, very thin,
often scarcely visible, greyish-white (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia
small, scattered, brownish-grey, at times ceesio-suffused ; the thal-
line margin whitish, deeply crenulate; paraphyses thickish, jointed,
brownish at the apices; spores 0,010-16 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm.
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-coloured with iodine.—
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190 pro parte.—Z. umbrina subsp. crenulata
Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 59, form crenulata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51,
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207, ed. 3, p. 191. JZ. albella 6. crenulata
Mudd, Man. p. 148. Lichen crenulatus Dicks. Crypt. fase. iii.
(1793) p. 14, t. 9. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 930; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 17. According to a specimen from his own Herb. this is also
L. galactina 3. disperso-areolata (non Schaer), Mudd, Man. p. 149.
— Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 258.
Frequently confounded with subsp. dispersa of L. galactina, but distinct -
in the character of the paraphyses and in the smaller spores, as pointed
out by Nylander, who first definitely discriminated between them. From
the preceding species it is distinguished by the tessellato-crenate margin
of the apothecia,—the crenulations being deeply divided and separated
by a furrow, though in abraded specimens this character is scarcely
apparent. It differs also from it in the size of the spermatia, which (fide
Nyl. in litt.) are 0,011-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous, rarely sandstone, rocks in maritime and upland
situations. — Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S.W. and N. England,
the Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B, M.: Watcombe Bay,
S. Devon; Alfrick, Worcestershire; near Ayton and Carlton Beate
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Fglestone, Durham; Lamplugh, Cumberland ;
Teesdale, Durbam. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Oughterarde, co, Galway.
a powtiec aaa
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL, 425
105. L. Zostere Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 577.—Thallus effuse, very
thin, glaucous-grey, subevanescent (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
minute, plane, scattered or aggregate, reddish-brown, naked or
slightly pruinose ; the thalline margin thin, entire or subcrenate,
white-pulverulent ; spores 0,011-14 mm. long, 0,006—7 mm. thick ;
paraphyses very slender, discrete ; hymenial gelatine persistently
bluish with iodine.—Lecanora umbrina subsp. Zostere Nyl., Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148; forma Zostere Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 191.—Lecanora subfusca var. y. Zostere Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 158.
Allied to Z. umbrina, but differs in the pulverulent thalline margin of
the smaller apothecia, the size of the spores, the slender paraphyses, and
the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. It may be recognized from its
peculiar place of growth, though Nylander (Flora, l. ¢.) says that
LL. Hageni also occurs zostericolous in Jersey.
Hab. On old leaves of Zostera marina in maritime districts. Distr.
Sparingly in the Channel Islands, S.W. England, and 8.W. Jreland.—
B.M.: La Moye, Island of Jersey; The Eperquerie, Island of Sark;
Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey. Pentire and the Lizard, Cornwall. Kil-
kee, co. Clare.
106. L. Hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 367 (excl. vars.) ; Nyl.
Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse, very thin, leproso-verruculose,
greyish-white, often nearly obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
small, plane or at Jength convex, pale- or dark-brown, naked or
cxesio-suffused ; the thalline margin thin, subpersistent, crenulate or
subentire, white; spores 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ;
paraphyses thickish, jointed, brownish at the apices; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then sordid wine-coloured with iodine.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192.—Z. umbrina var. Hageni Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 51. LZ. albella y. Hageni Mudd, Man. p. 148.
Lichen Hageni, Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 57.—Brit. Evs.: Larb. Lich.
Hb. nos. 131, 219.
_A plant not rightly discriminated by most authors from ZL. umbrina.
Among other marks of distinction, however, as well as in general aspect,
it at once differs from this in the shorter spermatia, as pointed out by
Nylander, 7. c. These he gives in litt. as being 0,011-15 mm. long,
0,0005 mm. thick. The thallus frequently spreads extensively, and is
occasionally scarcely visible from the numerous crowded apothecia. These
at times become convex with the thalline margin excluded.
_ Hab, On trunks (usually decorticated) of trees, old pales, very rarely
on schistose rocks, from maritime to upland tracts.— Distr. Not uncommon
in England, rare in Scotland, Ireland, and the-Channel Islands; not seen
from Wales.—B. M.: St. Aubin’s Bay, Island of Jersey. Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; near Ryde, Isle of Wight ; Wellow, near Bath, Somerset ;
Windsor Great Park, Berks; Brandon, Suffilk; Wimpole Park, Cam-
bridgeshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumberland.
Inverary, Argyleshire ; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kin-
cardineshire (saxicolous). Castlemartyr, co. Cork; Ballynagarde, co.
Limerick.
426 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Form calcigena Nyl. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1876, p. 361
(nomen); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 192.—Thallus determinate,
thicker, areolato-diffract, greyish. Apothecia livid, subpruinose, the
thalline margin entire.
Differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. It is
probably a good variety, but has been seen too sparingly to decide.
Hab, On calcareous rocks in a maritime district—Distr. Very local
and scarce in N. W. Ireland.—B. M. : Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway.
107. L. Agardhiana Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 152; Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p- 138. Thallus effuse, thin, contiguous, smooth, opaque, dark-
greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, at first innate, concave,
with whitish entire thalline margin, at length sessile, convex, im-
marginate, brownish-black, slightly pruinose or naked (epithecium
HNo, rosaceous) ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010—-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm.
thick ; paraphyses thickish, brownish at the apices ; hymenial gela-
tine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviil. p. 69.
A plant, according to Nylander in litt., allied to Z. Hagent, though the
apothecia are at length lecideoid. In the few British specimens the
thallus is indistinct, so that they may be referred to a form ecrustacea
Cromb. The apothecia are numerous, though not crowded, and for the
most part epruinose. The spermogones are rarely present, with spermatia
0,012-15 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a maritime district. Distr. As yet only
in N. Wales.—-B. M.: Great Orme’s Head, Carnaryonshire.
108. L. prosechoides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus deter-
minate, thinnish, areolate-rimose, whitish or sordid-yellowish (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia small or moderate, plane, somewhat prominent,
brownish or blackish, the thalline margin subentire; spores
ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, occasionally 1-septate, 0,008-12 mm.
long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick; paraphyses discrete, moderate or
thickish, brownish or yellowish-brown at the clavate apices; hy-
menial gelatine persistently bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea,
iii. p. 82.—Lecanora umbrina subsp. prosechoides Ny]. in Cromb.
Lich. Brit. (1870), p. 51; forma prosechordes Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208,
ed. 3, p. 191. To this fide Nyl. m litt. is referable Lecanora
helicopis f. dilutior Nyl. Tich. Scand. p. 159, Carroll, Journ. Bot.
1866, p. 23, Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; also Parmelia subfusca var.
lainea Fr. Lich. Suec. Exs.n. 371. Lecanora prosecha (non Ach.)
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 224.—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 67; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 94.
At first regarded as a subspecies of LZ. umbrina by Nylander, this
differs in the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia, in the form of
the spores, and in the reaction of the hymenial gelatine. The thallus,
though determinate, is at times somewhat expanded, and varies in colour,
being paler in shady situations. The apothecia are numerous, with the
thalline margin occasionally at length obliterated. They are rarely the
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 427
host of Arthonia varians (Day.). The spermogones have the spermatia
arcuate, 0,022-23 mm. long, about 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose, very rarely cretaceous, rocks in maritime districts.
Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.W. England, Wales,
the 8.W. Highlands and N.E. Scotland, 8. and N.E. Ireland.—B. M.:
Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Vale Bay, Island of Guernsey. Between
Porlock and Lynton, Devonshire ; Penzance, Cornwall; Manorbeer, near
Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Southerndown, Glamorganshire; The Mowd-
doch and Barmouth, Merionethshire; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire, Port
Soderick, Isle of Man. Loch Creran, Argyleshire ; Portlethen, Kincar-
dineshire. Kilkee, co. Clare ; Ardglass, co. Down.
Form sublutior Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 456.—Thallus as in the
type. Apothecia pale-brownish.—Cromb. Greyillea, xix. p. 60
(lapsu s. n. dilutior).
Differs in the colour of the fruit, which probably arises from the habitat.
Tn the single British specimen the thalline margin of the apothecia is here
and there evanescent, so that they then appear biatoroid.
Hab. On moist schistose rocks in a maritime district. Dzstr. Ex-
tremely rare in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: near Cove, Kincardineshire.
109. L. prosechoidiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 3.—Thallus thin,
areolato-diffract, greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate,
blackish or brownish-black, at first with entire whitish thalline
margin, at length convex and immarginate; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-
12 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses rather coherent ;
hymenial gelatine bluish and then (especially the thece) violet or
subtawny with iodine—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195.
Approaches the preceding species, from which it differs more especially
in the less discrete paraphyses. Nylander, /. c., observes that it is
probably to be regarded only as a subspecies of Z. umbrina; but from
this it at once differs in the colour of the apothecia. In the single
British specimen the thallus is indeterminate and the apothecia are
numerous. The spermogones are only here and there visible, with
spermatia 0,016-22 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab, On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Extremely
local and scarce in N.E, Scotland.—B. M.: near Portlethen, Kincardine-
shire.
110. L. conferta Nyl. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. 1867, p. 314, nota 1.
—Thallus effuse, thin, granulato-unequal, greyish-white or greenish-
grey, often obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane,
crowded, subangulose, testaceous or pale-testaceous, with thin
crenulate thalline margin, or frequently subbiatorine ; spores 0,009
—15 mm. long, 0,0045-55 mm. thick; paraphyses submoderate,
brownish at the apices; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish (the thecz
dark-violet) with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora
umbrina var. conferta Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 97. L. Hageni
var. conferta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208, ed. 3, p. 192. Patellaria
conferta Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. (1830) p. 654.
428 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Closely related, like all the other plants of this subsection, to L.
umbrina, from which it differs in the characters given. In the British
specimen gathered the thallus is subgreenish and somewhat scattered,
with numerous, mostly subbiatorine apothecia,in which the paraphyses
are scarcely discrete.
Hab. On granitic stones of a wall ina lowland district—Distr. Only
sparingly in N.E. Scotland; no doubt tu be detected elsewhere.—B, M.:
Woodside, near Aberdeen.
111. L. mammillifera Stirt. Trans. Glasgow Soc. Nat. 1875;
p. 85.—Thallus minutely areolato-diffract, dark- or brownish-grey,
the areole plane (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia small, prominent,
convex, black or brownish-black, internally pale-greyish, the margin
(? thalline) obtuse, at length depressed ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008—010
mm. long, 0,007-0,0085 mm. thick; paraphyses few, discrete,
thickish, brownish at the clavate apices; hypothecium colourless ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny (especially the thecee) with
iodine.—Leight. Lich. FJ. ed. 3, p. 201.
I have seen no specimen of the plant, and as the author says nothing
as to its affinities or the character of the spermogones, it may not belong
to this section.
Hab. On rocks in a mountainous district —Distr. Very lccal on one of
the Central Grampians, Scotland (Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire).
d, Thallus usually more or less yellowish.
112. L. sulphurea Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 399.—Thallus
thickish, rimoso-areolate, greenish-sulphur-coloured, the areolz
tumid, smooth (K + yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus indistinct.
Apothecia moderate, at first innate, then protruded, biatorine, plane
or convex, difform, livid, olive- or livid-black, subpruinose, the thal-
line margin speedily excluded ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long,
0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete ; epithecium granulose,
brownish ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then sordid with iodime.—
Mudd, Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 198, ed. 3, p. 182.—Lecidea sulphurea Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 181;
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 38; Tayl.in Mack.
Fl. Hib. p. 127. Lichen sulphureus Hoffm., Enum. (1784) p. 32;
Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 12; Eng. Bot.
t. 1186, upper fig—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 114; Mudd, n. 121;
Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 61, 92; Bohl. n. 117.
Distinguished from the allied species chiefly by the colour of the thallus
aud by the biatorine, usually immarginate apothecia. It frequently
spreads extensively over the substratum, the thallus varying somewhat
in thickness. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, becoming more
or less confluent. The spermogones are punctiform, immersed, livid-black,
and often crowded.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime, upland, rarely mountainous
districts— Distr. General and common in most parts of Great Britain
and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands.\—B. M.: Island of Sark.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 429
Walthamstow, Essex; Hastings, Sussex; St. Minver and Penzance,
Cornwall ; Cheveley Park, Cambridgeshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ;
Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Barmouth and
Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea; Roseberry, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Wansbeck, Northumberland. Rerrick, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin,
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Portlethen, Winoardiicehres
Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork; Kil-
larney, co, Kerry ; Letter Hill, Connemara, co, Galway.
113. L. orosthea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 400.—Thallus
effuse, thin, areolato-rimulose or subpulverulent, yellowish-sulphur-
coloured (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, biatoroid, convex
or tuberculoso-difform, immarginate, subconcolorous with the thallus
or yellowish-flesh-coloured, sometimes sordid or subpruinose ; spores
ellipsoid or oblong, 0,009-16 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199, ed. 3,
p. 183 pro parte.—Lecanora varia subsp. orosthea Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 02. Lecidea orosthea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 470. Lichen orostheus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 38.
Approaches L. sulphurea, but differs in the thinner, paler, more or less
pulverulent thallus and the smaller apothecia. It grows chiefly on the
smooth sides of perpendicular rocks, is very widely effuse, and is either
entirely sterile or sparingly fertile. The apothecia are more or less scat-
tered, varying in colour according to degree of exposure.
Hab, On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland,
but is no doubt more widely distributed, though, from being so frequently
sterile and the nature of the habitat, specimens are rare in herbaria.—
B.M.: Land’s End, Cornwall ; Ennerdale, Cumberland. West Water,
Fifeshire; Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Croghane, co. Kerry ; co. Wicklow ; Kylemore, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. sublivescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus as in
the type. Apothecia often livid or livid-black, epruinose.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xvill. p. 69.—Lecanora varia var. symmicta form livescens
Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52.
Differs in the apothecia being naked, frequently variously livid, and
more especially in the habitat. In our specimens the thallus is usually
less pulverulent and rather darker. The apothecia are very numerous
and crowded, some at times appearing as if crowned by the thallus.
Hab. On the trunks of aged beech-trees in wooded upiand districts.—
Distr. Only «a few localities in 8. and E. England, where, however, it is
lentiful—B. M.: Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Highbeech,
pping Forest, Essex; Windsor Great Park, Berkshire.
114. L. epanora Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 377.—Thallus effuse,
granulose, thinnish, greenish-yellow, citrino-sorediate, the granules
globuloso-congested, contiguous or dispersed (K—, CaCl—); hypo-
thallus blackish or obsolete. Apothecia submoderate, lecanorine,
430 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
sessile, plane, brownish- or reddish-yellow; the thalline margin
tumid, flexuose or subcrenate ; spores ellipsoid, 0,008-11 mm. long,
0,005-7 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, tawny-yellow at the
apices ; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the thece bluish with
iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205, ed. 3,
p- 189.—Lichen epanorus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 39. Lecanora albo-
flavida Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260 ; Mudd, Man. p. 155.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 397.
Well characterized by the citrine soredia with which the thallus is
sprinkled throughout, and which often at length obliterate the subsqua-
mulose granules. In the British specimens the hypothallus is scarcely
visible, and the granules are more or less scattered. The apothecia are
present on a single specimen sparingly and not very well developed.
Hab, On rocks and walls, chiefly schistose, in maritime and upland
districts — Distr. Local in N. Wales, the S.W. and Central Highlands of
Scotland, and in 8. W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Dolgelly (fruit), and
Barmouth, Merionethshire. Baliachulish, Argyleshire; Glen Fender,
Blair Athole, Perthshire. Dunkerron, co, Kerry.
115, L. varia Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 161.—Thallus subdeterminate
or effuse, thinnish, areolato-verrucose or granulato-unequal, yellow-
ish-green or straw-coloured (K+ yellow, CaCl—); hypothallus in-
distinct. Apothecia numerous, moderate, sessile, plane or subplane,
concolorous with the thallus or pale-yellow or sublivid, often prui-
noso-suffused ; the thalline margin persistent, subentire, at length
angulose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005—6 mm. thick ;
paraphyses not discrete: epithecium granulose ; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then somewhat sordid with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p- 69; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 190 pro parte; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 137 pro parte ; Mudd, Man. p. 149 pro parte’; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192 pro parte, ed. 3,
p. 176 pro parte—Rinodina varia Gray, Nat. Arr.1.p.452. Lichen
varius Ehrh. Crypt. (1785) n. 68; Eng. Bot. t. 1666.—Brit. Ezs.:
Leight. n. 51; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 215; Bohl. n. 107.
A much less variable plant than its trivial name imports and as was
formerly supposed, in consequence of the separation by Nylander on ana-
tomical and other grounds of several species that follow. With us the
thallus is generally widely effuse and at times is very scanty. The apo-
thecia are often crowded, angulose, almost obliterating the thallus. The
spermogones, which are not unfrequent, are immersed, dark brown or
blackish.
Hab. On old pales and on the trunks of trees (chiefly pines) in mari-
time and upland districts.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain,
rare in the Channel Islands and apparently in Ireland.—B. M.: Island of
Guernsey, Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Walthamstow, Essex; Finchley,
Middlesex; Shiere, Surrey ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Lyndhurst,
New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, S. Devon; Elstree, Hertford-
shire; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Hay
Park, Herefordshire; Battenhall, near Worcester; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshire; near Shrewsbury, Shrop-
shire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Wark-on-Tyne and near Hexham,
at os niece ef tpl Sin eS ee
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 413
Northumberland. Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Crathie
and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
Carrigaline, co, Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form pleorytis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 161 (excl. syn.).—Thallus
determinate, thickish, granulate, yellow. Apothecia crowded, con-
eolorous, the thalline margin inflexed and crenulate.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xviii. p. 69.—Parmelia varia 3. pleorytis Ach. Meth. (1803)
p. 178.
Differs chiefly in the character of the thalline margin, which is as if
incised, This, however, is less visible in the young apothecia of the only
British specimen (fragmentary).
Hab. On old pales in an upland district.— Distr. Only very sparingly
in the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Lawers, Killin, Perthshire.
116. L. conizea Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse,
thickish, leproso-pulverulent, whitish-yellow (K+ yellow, CaCl—),
Apothecia lecanorine, small or moderate, plane or somewhat convex,
pale or pale flesh-coloured, at length brownish ; the thalline margin
entire or flexuose, somewhat thickish, pulverulent ; spores ellipsoid,
0,010-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then tawny-yellow with iodine.—Cromb. Trans. Essex Field Club.
iv. p. 64.—Lecanora varia var. conizea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193. Lecanora expallens var. 3. conizea Ach.
Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 374. Lecarora lutescens Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte. Lecanora sarcopis subsp. homopis (non Ny].)
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 1383. Lecidea farinaria Borr. Eng.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2727.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 163; Leight. n. 378.
Well distinguished from Z. varia by the paler, leprose thallus and the
pulverulent margin of the apothecia. In a young state the thallus is
thinnish, but subsequently becomes rather thick and spreads extensively.
The apothecia are numerous when present (for the plant is often sterile),
and become dark-brown and flexuose in age.
Hab. On old pales, chiefly oak, in lowland and upland districts — Distr.
Local in 8., Central, W. and N. England, but abundant where it occurs.
—B.M.: Albourne, Sussex; Finchley, Middlesex; Reigate, Surrey ;
Epping Forest, Essex; Elstree, Herts; Penshurst, Kent ; Gopsall Park,
Leicestershire ; Stableford, Shropshire ; Urpeth Valley, Durham; Asby,
Cumberland.
117. L. conizeoides Ny]. ex Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 195,—
Thallus effuse, somewhat thickish, leprose or subleprose, -pale- or
whitish-yellow (Kf+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia lecanorine,
submoderate, innato-sessile, pale-yellow or livid-brownish ; the thal-
line margin persistent, crenulate and often inflexed ; spores oblong,
0,009-11 mm. long, 0,005—7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then sordid with iodine.
Intermediate between Z. varia and L. contzea, to which latter the
thallus is almost similar, though the spores are more turgid. From Z,
432 LICHENACEL. [LECANORA,
varia it at once differs in the leprose thallus, though in all other respects
it nearly agrees with that species (Nyl. in litt.). The margin of the young
apothecia is leproso-pulverulent.
Hab. On old beeches (near the roots) and on aged pines in wooded
upland tracts.—Distr. Only a few localities in E., S., Central, and N.
England, but plentiful in these.—B. M.: Near Highbeech, Epping Forest,
Essex ; New F orest, Hampshire; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Overend,
Egremont, Cumberland,
118. L. expallens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 374.—Thallus
effuse, thin or thinnish, leproso-pulverulent, pale-sulphur-coloured
(K + yellow, CaCl+ orange-red). Apothecia small, lecanorine, sub-
innate, plane or slightly convex, pale-yellow or flesh-coloured, the
thalline margin thin, pulverulent, at length obliterated; spores
ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,011-16 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xvill. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199 pro parte,
ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte. —Lecidea expallens Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 181
(excl. ‘‘on rocks”); Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. °197. Lepraria
expallens Pers. fide Ach. 1.c. Lecanora varia ¢. orosthea Mudd, Man.
p. 150. Lichen vrostheus Eng. Bot. t. 1549.—Brit. Eas.: Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 216.
Easily recognized by the colour of the leprose thallus, which spreads
very extensively over the substratum. In more shaded habitats it is
somewhat thicker, whitish-sulphureous, sterile, and might readily be
taken for a “ Lepraria.” The apothecia, which are comparatively rare,
are usually somewhat scattered, though at times several are subcon-
fluent. The spermogones, which, however, are much more frequent in
the following variety, have the spermatia 0,020 mm. long, 0,0009 mm.
thick (fide Nyl. in liit.).
Hab. On the trunks of trees, firs and oaks, and on old pales in lowinell
and upland districts.—Distr. Here and there throughout England and in
N. Wales; rare in 8.W. and N.W. Ireland; not seen from Scotland,
though no doubt it exists there in a leprarioid. state.—B. M.: Thetford,
Norfolk ; Ickworth, Suffolk; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire; New Forest,
Hants; near Newton Abbot, Devonshire ; ‘Coleshorne and Oakley Park,
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; ~ Upton, W orcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merio-
nethshire ; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire; Island of Anglesea ; Airyholme
Wood and Ripon, Yorkshire; St. Bees, Cumberland. Ballynahinch,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. f. lutescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248.—Thallus minutely
granulato-pulverulent. Apothecia numerous, crowded, at length
convex, submoderate, sessile, with the thalline margin inflexed or
excluded. — Cromb, Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.— Lecanora lutescens
Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 164.—
Patellaria lutescens DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 354.—Brit. Exs.:
Cromb. n. 65.
Differs from the type, with which it has usually been confounded, in
the more granulose thallus, and the larger, sessile apothecia with epulve-
rulent thalline margin. These are often so numerous as almost to ob-
literate the thallus.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI. 433
Hab. On the trunks of trees and on old pales, especially fir, in mari-
time and upland districts.—Dist;. Probably general in (reat Britain,
usualiy plentiful where it occurs; rare in the Channel Islands and 8,
Ireland.—B. M.: Beauport Bay, Island of Jersey. Lydd, Kent; New
Forest, Hants; near Torquay and Totness, 8S. Devon; Roche, Cornwall ;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Ludlow, Herefordshire ; Bettws-y-Coed
and Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcal-
dine, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach and near Loch Tunmel, Perthshire ;
near Forfar; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells Wood, near A ber-
deen, and Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods,
Inverness-shire. Glenbower Wood and Castlebernard Park, co. Cork.
Var. y. smaragdocarpa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 248, nota 1.—
Thallus as in the type. Apothecia bright emerald-green.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.
From the peculiar colour of the apothecia to be regarded as a distinct
variety. [In the only British specimen the thallus is scarcely visible,
thouzh the apothevia are somewhat crowded, convex, with the margin at
length excluded.
Hab. On decorticated stumps of oak in an upland district.— Distr. Very
rare in Central England.—B. M.: Summit of the Chiltern Hills, Oxford-
shire.
Subsp. L. inversa Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus nearly as
in the type. Apothecia small, the thalline margin distinct, per-
sistent, subentire, epulverulent ; spores not seen.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xvii. p. 69.
As observed by Nylander /. c. the thallus (which is somewhat firmer)
agrees in the reaction with L. expailens, while the thalline margin of the
apothecia is subsimilar to that of Z. varia. Were the spores known, it
might probably be a distinct species.
Hab. On the branches of furze in an upland district.— Distr. Only a
fragmentary specimen from S.W. Ireland (s. n. Lecanore albo-flavida
Tayl. noy. sp.).—B. M.: Fmnechy River, co. Kerry.
119. L. symmicta Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 340; Nyl. Flora, 1872,
p- 249.— Thallus subeffuse, thin or very thin, subleprose or
minutely granulose, pale yellowish-green or whitish-straw-coloured
(K+yellow, CaCl+orange). Apothecia small, biatorine, at first
plane with thin, entire margin, speedily convex and immarginate,
pale-yellow or pale-testaceous, partly olivaceous; spores oblong,
0,011-14 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses slender, not
very well discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-yellow
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora symmicta
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183 (excl. vars.). Lecanora varia
£. symmicta Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 879; Mudd, Man. p. 150
- pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 1, p. 193 pro parte.
May be recognized from its more immediate allies chiefly by the con-
: 2F
434 LICHEN ACEI. [ LECANORA.
stantly biatorine apothecia and by the thalline reaction with CaCl. In
the few British specimens seen the thallus is comparatively small and
determinate; but the apothecia are numerous and occasionally 2-3-
aggregate. The spermogones are only very sparingly present, with sper-
matia 0,018-20 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On trunks of firs and on old pales in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Seen only from a few localities in S. England, N. Wales,
the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and S.E. Ireland; no doubt to be
detected elsewhere.-—B. M.: Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Island of
Anglesea. Appin, Argyleshire. Great Island, co. Cork.
Var. 3. sepincola Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse,
granulose or granuloso-unequal, at times subevanescent. Apothecia
biatorinc-lecideine, convex, sordid-reddish or blackish; spores
occasionally thinly 1-septate, 0,010-17 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm.
thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183; Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 69.—Lecanora varia var. sepincola Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 193.—Lecidea sepincola Ach. Syn. (1814)
p- do.
Evidently referable to this species, of which it is a good variety, dif-
fering in the colour of the apothecia and the rather longer, less simple
spores. The thalline reaction with CaCl at once keeps it distinct from
var. 8 of the following species, with which it might be confounded.
Hab. On old pales in upland situations.—Dist. Local in N. England
and among the Grampians, Scotland—B.M.: Hart, Durham; Lam-
plugh, Cumberland. Lillin, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.
120. L. symmictera Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse,
subleprose or subgranulose, yellowish-straw-coloured (K+ yellow,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, biatorine, convex, concolorous with the
thallus, pale or dark-olivaceous, the margin excluded; spores
oblong, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1878, p. 133;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.—Brit. Ews.: Mudd, n. 117; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 130.
Subsimilar to the preceding species, with which till recently it has
been confounded, but differs at once in the reaction with CaCl. In
Britain it is a much more common plant, with the thallus spreading
extensively and the apothecia numerous. The spermogones are fre-
quent with spermatia as in L. symmicta.
Hab. On old pales and the trunks of trees in maritime and_ upland
districts. —Diéstr. General in Great Britain ; rare in the Channel Islands ;
not seen from [reland.—B. M.: Beauport, Island of Jersey. Henfield,
Sussex ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon ;
near Penzance, Cornwall; near Minety, Wiltshire; Millhill, Middlesex ;
Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Island of Angle-
sea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens, Westmoreland. New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Blairdrummond, near Stirling; Finlarig,
Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg, Kincardineshire; Crathie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
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LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 435
Var. 5. aitema Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 229.—Thallus somewhat
thickish, leprose, bright yellow. Apothecia small or submoderate,
convex, lecideoid, black ; spores 0,012-17 mm. long, 0,0045-55
mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora varia var.
aitema Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.192. LZ. sym-
micta var. aitema ed. 3, p. 183. Lecidea aitema Ach. Lich. Univ.
(1810) p. 178. Lecanora varia £. denigrata (non Fr.), Mudd, Man.
p. 151.—Brit. Fxs.: Cromb. n. 66; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 255;
Mudd, n. 118.
Looks entirely as if a Lecidea, near L. parasema. It is, however,
only a variety of this species, with which it agrees in the reactions, but
differs in the more leprose thallus and the colour of the apothecia. The
thallus at times occurs in small determinate macule and is always well
fertile, the apothecia being colourless within. A state in which there
are few or no traces of a thallus, with the apothecia crowded and often
less convex, is form depauperata Cromb. Grevillea /. c.
Hab, On old palings in upland districts.— Distr. Not infrequent in Great
Britain ; not seen from Ireland or the Channel Islands.—B.M.: Near
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hampshire; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Dart-
moor, 8. Devon; near Millhill, Middlesex; near Gamlingay, Cambridge-
shire; Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland. Finlarig,
Kenmore, and Glen Lyon, Killin, Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perth-
shire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inverness-shire.
121. L. trabalis Nyl. Flora, 1877, p. 458.—Thallus effuse,
glebuloso-granulate, subverrucoso-diffract, thinnish or submoderate,
greyish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, adnate, some-
what convex, immarginate, pale-livid, sordidly pale-testaceous or
livid-blackish ; spores rarely spuriously 1-septate, oblong, 0,009--
0,014 mm. long, 0,0035-45 mm. thick; epithecium granulose,
paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish, then subincolorous
(the thecxe subpersistently bluish) with iodine.—Lecidea sepincola
var. trabalis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 35.
Allied to Z. symmictera, of which Nylander J. c. says it may perhaps
be a subspecies. In the British specimens, one of which was recently
determined by him, the thallus is chiefly dark-grey from age. The
apothecia are numerous and often difformi-connate.
Hab. On a decorticated stump of hornbeam oak in a wooded upland
tract.— Distr. As yet only sparingly in E. England.—B. M.: Highbeech,
Epping Forest, Essex.
122. L. piniperda Koerb. Par. Lich. (1865) p. 81.—Thallus
effuse, thin, verruculoso-leprose, whitish (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—).
Apothecia minute, plane or convex, subcarneous or brownish,
pruinose, the thalline margin pale, thin, entire, or suberenulate, at
length excluded: spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long,
0,004-5 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue, then tawny with
iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 133; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 174.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 176; Cromb. n. 160.
2¥2
436 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
May readily be distinguished from the altied species by the colour of the
thallus and of the minute apothecia. These are usually crowded, at first
concave, becoming in age convex and immarginate. The spermogones,
rarely visible in our specimens, have the spermatia 0,011 mm. long.
Hab. On old pales and the trunks of firs in lowland and upland situa-
tions.—Distr. Only a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland; no
doubt often overlooked.—B. M.: Near Millhill and Edgware, Middlesex ;
near Worcester; Tugford Churchyard, Shropshire. Appin, Argyle-
shire; near Loch Tummel, Perthshire. Maam, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. ochrostoma Koerb. Par. Lich. 7. ¢.—Apothecia sub-
biatorine, convex, yellowish- or rusty-red, epruinose, immarginate.
—Teight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 174 (excl. loc. cit.) ; Cromb. Grevillea,
xvili. p. 69.
Differs in the form and colour of the naked biatoroid apothecia. In
the few British specimens seen the thallus is almost obsolete.
Hab. On old pales in wooded districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in 8.
and W. England.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants: Braydon Forest, Wilt-
shire.
Subsp. L, glaucella Nyl. ev Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 60.
—Thallus glaucescent, at times subevanescent. Apothecia sub-
livid, glauco-pruinose, the thalline margin entire, subpersistent ;
spores 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,003-4 mm. thick.—Zecanora albella
var. glaucella Flot. Lich. Exs. n. 348 (1850).
Characterized by the colour of the thallus and apothecia, which entitle
it to rank as a subspecies according to Nyl. i Witt. The few British
specimens are well fertile.
Hab. On the bark of pine trees in an upland district.— Distr. As yet
only very sparingly in N.W. England.—B. M.: Staveley, near Kendal,
Westmoreland.
123. L. fugiens Nyl. Flora, 18738, p. 289.—Thallus effuse, very
thin, granulate, scattered, glaucous or pale-whitish-yellow (K +4 yel-
low, CaCl+orange). Apothecia minute, sessile, whitish-isabelline,
the thalline margin entire or sometimes crenulate; spores ellipsoid,
0,009-0,013 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; paraphyses slender ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then (especially the thece) tawny wine-
coloured with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 184.
Near LZ. piniperda (ex Nyl. l.c.), but is well distinguished by the
characters given. In the two specimens seen the thallus is scattered
with the granules scarcely, or rarely, concrescent. The minute apothecia
are scattered, or here and there a few together. The spermogones have
the spermatia arcuate, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Dvzstr. Extremely local and
scarce in the Channel Islands and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Rozel, Island
of Jersey. Near Salrock, Connemara, co. Galway.
a.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 437
124. L. metaboloides Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 250.—Thallus effuse,
subgranulose, thin, whitish, often evanescent (K+ yellow, CaCl—).
Apothecia small, biatoroid, at first plane and thinly margined, then
convex, immarginate, pale, livid-brown or blackish, naked or
slightly pruinose; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,007-11 mm. long,
0,0035 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine persistently bluish with
iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274. To this, fide Nyl.
Flora, 1881, p. 184, is referable Biatora sarcopisioides Mass. Rich.
Lich. (1852) p. 128; Lecidea minuta var. sarcopisioides Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 266, ed. 3, p. 264. This,
however, is a mere state of Nylander’s plant, whose name has a
wider and more definite signification. Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 162
pro parte,
Looks quite a Biatera, but the spermogones show its true relation.
It is a somewhat variable plant both as to thallus and apothecia, though
the differences in these merely indicate states resulting from habitat. The
thallus is seldom well developed, and usually is entirely obsolete. At
times it is dark-greyish with blackish apothecia (form obscurior Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 69). It spreads very extensively over the substratum,
and is always abundantly fertile.
Hab. On old pales, decorticated stumps of trees, rarely on stems of
gorse, in maritime and upland wooded tracts.—Distr. Sparingly in 8.W.
and N. England; abundant among the 8. and Central Grampians, Scot-
jland.—Bb. M.: Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hampshire;
Stiperstones, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale, Cumber-
land. Achmore, Glen Lochay and Finlarig, Killin; Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire.
125. L. polytropa Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81 pro parte; Nyl.
Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, granu-
lato- or rimoso-areolate, or subsquamulose, pale suiphur-coloured
or yellowish-green, often subevanescent (K+yellowish, CaCl—);
hypothallus, when present, thin, black. Apothecia small or
moderate, adnate, usually biatorine, at first plane with thin,
entire, subflexuose margin, at length convex, with the margin
excluded, yellowish-flesh-coloured or pale-testaceous ; speres ellip-
soid, 0,010-13 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses slender
or not well discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-
violet with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69; Mudd, Man.
p- 151; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197, ed. 3, p. 180.—Lecanora varia
var. polytropa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52. Lecidea polytropa Gray,
Nat. Arr. 1. p. 475; Sm. Eng. Fl. yv. p. 185. Lecidea Ehrhartiana
B. polytropa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 40. Lichen polytropus Ebrh.
Crypt. (1793) n. 294; Dicks. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 24%; Eng. Bot.
t. 1264 (two lower figs.).— Brit. Hws.: Leight. n. 179 (atypical).
Often regarded as only a saxicolous variety of ZL. varia, this has now
been definitely separated by Nylander on account of the different cha-
tacters it presents. At the same time it is a very variable species both as
to the thallus and apothecia. The thallus, which frequently spreads
extensively, varies in thickness and at times is scarcely, if at all, visible,
whetice var. acrustacea Schaer, Mudd, Man. p. 151; Leight. Exs. cit. A
438 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA.
condition of this with small apothecia is var. «. ¢llusoria Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 380, Cromb. Lich. Brit. 2. ¢. (non Leight. Lich. Fl. W. ¢.). The
apothecia are variable in size, usually very numerous so as almost to
obliterate the thallus, and at times in old plants several are conglomerate.
The spermcgones, which are also frequent, are punctiform, immersed,
dark-brown or blackish.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls in maritime and mountainous dis-
tricts— Distr. General in Great Britain and Ireland, plentiful among the
Grampians, Scotland; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye,
Island of Jersey. Bolt Head, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall;
Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Nesscliffe Hill, Shropshire ; Cliffrig, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham; Keswick, Cumberland. Appin,
Argyleshire, Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Inverness-shire. Kinsale, eo. Cork; Derryquin, near Dunkerron, co.
Kerry ; Doughruagh mts. ; Connemara, co. Galway.
Form 1. efflorescens Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 69.—
Thallus sprinkled here and there with pale-yellowish soredia.
Apothecia small, plane or somewhat convex, usually immarginate.
Apparently a rare condition not previously observed, but resulting no
doubt from the habitat. The soredia are yellowish with K. It is very
different from ZL. epanora.
Hab. On shaded stones of a schistose wall in an upland distriet.—
Distr. Only very sparingly on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Form 2. alpigena Schaer, Enum. (1850) p. 81. Thallus rimoso-
areolate, pale yellow. Apothecia large, appressed, plane or convex,
concolorous, the thalline margin paler, flexuose.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 197, ed. 3, p. 181.—Lecanora varia var. «. alpigena, Ach. Lich.
Univ. (1810) p. 381 (excl. vars.).
Evidently confluent with the type, differing chiefly in the larger paler
apothecia. These at length become convex, more or less aggregate, with
the thalline margin excluded.
Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine places.— Distr. Very rare on one
of the S. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Form 3. subglobosa Cromb.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulate,
greenish-yellow, often nearly obsolete. Apothecia small, numerous,
convex or subglobose, greenish-yellow or sub-brownish, immar-
ginate.—Lecanora polyptropa var. 6. conglobata (non Flot.) Mudd,
Man. p. 152, form conglobata (non Somm.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197,
ed. 3, p. 180. Lecanora varia var. polytropa form conglobata (non
Somm.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 152;
Mudd, n. 120.
In this form, as observed by Leighton //. c., the crowded apothecia are
yet distinct, though at times scattered and confluent. The thallus is
sometimes scarcely visible, when, except in the shape of the apothecia, it
differs little from the so-called var. w/usoria Ach. As the young apothecia,
B
:
.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 439
however, are plane and margined, it is, like the preceding form, confluent
with the type.
Hab, On rocks, boulders, and walls in upland and subalpine districts.
—Distr. Local in N. Wales, W. and N, England, and among the Gram-
a Scotland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merionethshire; near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Guisboro’ and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Ben
cgi and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.
Subsp. L. intricata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus deter-
minate, thinnish or submoderate, areolato-diffract, subeffigurate at
the circumference, yellowish-white or greyish-yellow (K+ yellowish,
CaCl—); hypothallus black, often limiting the thallus. Apothecia
small, adnate, plane or somewhat convex, lecanorine, or at length
often sublecideine, variable in colour, sordid-pale-testaceous, brown-
ish, olive or blackish ; spores ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-
12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—
Lecanora intricata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137; Leight. Lich.
Fi. p. 198, ed. 3, p.181. ZL. polytropa e.intricata, Mudd, Man. p. 152;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52. Lecidea intricata Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 185.
Lichen intricatus Schrad. Journ. Bot. (1881) p. 72.—Lichen poly-
tropus Eng. Bot. t. 1264, two upper figs. Lecanora polytropa y.
alpigena Mudd, Man. p. 152, is merely a state of this.—Brit. Ews.:
Leight. n. 153; Mudd, n. 119.
Well distinguished as a subspecies by the more distinct hypothallus
and the colour of the usually lecanorine apothecia, which, however, are
at length often lecideino-biatorine and immarginate. A lignicolous con-
dition, ditfering from the type merely in the thallus being more effuse and
the hypothallus less distinct, is rarely met with in the Highlands of
Scotland.
Hab. On rocks, boulders and walls, rarely on old palings, in maritime
and mountainous districts.—Distr. Somewhat local and much less com-
mon than the type, in N. Wales, N. England, among the Scottish Gram-
pians, and in W. Iveland.—b. M.: Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth-
shire; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire ; Bodbury Ring, near Church
Stretton, Shropshire; Ingleby and Kildale, Yorkshire; Eglestone,
Durham ; Staveley, Westmoreland; Swinhope, Northumberland. Crian-
larich, Killin, Ben Lawers, Craig Tuiloch, Perthshire; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-
shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Var. 6. leptacina Nyl. ew Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1882, p. 351.
—Thallus small, thin, granulato-squamulose, straw-coloured, the
granules smooth, crenate (K+yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia
moderate, plane, olive or blackish, obsoletely yellowish-suffused, the
thalline margin persistent, usually crenulate; spores 0,010-12 mm.
long, 0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xvii. p. 69.—Lecanora
varia subsp. leptacina Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 177. Lecanora leptacina Somm. Lapp. Suppl.
(1826) p. 96. Lecanora varia form terrestris Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193.
440 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA’*
Looks at first sight a distinct species, but is evidently referable to
subsp. intricata. It is, however, a very well-marked variety characterized
by the constantly lecanorine apothecia and the peculiar habitat. The
hypothallus also is not distinctly visible. The apothecia are numerous
and crowded.
Had. On tufts of mosses (Grimmias and Andrezas) upon boulders in
alpine places.—Distr. Only very sparingly on the summits of two of
the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
126. L. stenotropa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251.—Thallus subeffuse,
thin, yellowish-green; otherwise as in the preceding species.
Apothecia small, convex, immarginate, pale-yellowish ; paraphyses
thickish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm, long, 0,003-4 mm. thick;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordidly wine-coloured with iodine.
Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.
The thallus is little visible in the single authentic British specimen
(determined by Nylander) which, however, is well fertile. It differs
from LZ. poiytropa, of which it may be but a subspecies, only in the
thicker paraphyses and thinner spores.
Hab. On schistose stones of a wall in an upland district (associated
with Leeidea leucophea F\cerke).—Distr. Only very sparingly on one of
the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
127. L. subintricata Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 249.—Thallus effuse,
very thin, granulose, ochroleucous or sordid-greyish, often obsolete
(Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia small, plane or slightly con-
vex, biatoroid, variable in colour, yellowish, brown, olive, livid-
brown or blackish, the margin thin, entire or excluded; spores
ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,007-10 mm. long, 0,003-—4 mm. thick ; para-
physes slender; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb.
Journ. Bot, 1873, p. 133 (excl. form obscurior); Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 177 pro parte.—-Lecanora varia var. subintricata Nyl.
Flora, 1868, p. 478,— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 162 pro parte.
As observed by Nylander, this is intermediate in appearance between
Z. symmicta var. sepineola and L. polytropa subsp. intricata. It is,
however, well distinguished from both by the smaller spcres and the
character of the spermatia. The thallus, elsewhere somewhat variable,
is almost evanescent in the British specimens. Both apothecia and
spermogones are numerous, the latter with spermatia thinly acicular,
obsoletely or very slightly arcuate, 0,006-7 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab, On old pales in an upland district—Distr. As yet found only
among the Central Grampians, Scotland. B.M.: Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire,
128. L. sarcopis Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 176; Nyl. Flora, 1869,
p. 412.—Tballus subeffuse, thinnish or submoderate, granulose,
yellowish-grey or sordid-yeliow (K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 441
lecanorine, small, plane or slightly convex, reddish-flesh-coloured or
reddish, the thalline margin persistent, crenulate; spores ellipsoid,
0,008-12 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish
(the thece often persistently), then tawny-wine-red with iodine.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187 pro
parte, ed. 3, p. 174 pro parte.—Lecanora varia subsp. sarcopis
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.52 pro parte. Parmelia sarcopis Wahl, in
Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 40. To this is also referable L. sar-
copis subsp. homopis Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 251 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1881,
p. 184).
A plant apparently constant to its type, and from the characters given
sufficiently diverse from the others of this subsection. It is also, and
more especially, distinguished by the form of the spermatia. The apo-
thecia in our specimens are numerous, and the spermogones are not un-
frequent. These have the spermatia crescent-shaped, 0,009-11 mm. long,
0,0025 mm. thick (ea Nyl. in “tt.).
Tab, On old (indurated) pales in upland districts—Dzétr. Only
sparingly in N. England and the Scottish Highlands—B. M.: Near
Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Glen Dee,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Morriston, Inverness-shire.
129. L. effusa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 386.—Thallus effuse,
thin, subleprose, sordid-yellow (K+ yellowish, CaCl—), at times
subevanescent. Apothecia lecanorine, plane, pale-reddish-brown ;
the thalline margin thin, subpulverulent or subcrenulate, at length
convex, biatorine, immarginate ; spores 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-
7 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, vi. p. 21.—Lichen effusus Pers. in
Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 1. (1795) p. 174. Lecanora varia 2. sarcopis
Mudd, Man. p. 150 pro maxima parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro
maxima parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187, et ed. 3, p. 174 pro maxima
parte.— Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 161.
According to Nylander (Flora, 1872, p. 249) this may be only a variety
of the preceding with less developed thallus. It differs also in the
apothecia becoming biatoroid. The spermogones are as in JL. sarcopis,
but are less frequently seen, at least in our specimens.
Hab. On old pales, rarely decorticated stumps of trees, in maritime,
lowland, and upland tracts—Distr. Here and there throughout England;
rare in Scotland and the Channel Islands; not seen from Ireland.—
B. M.: Beauport Bay, Island of Jersey. Near Lewes, Sussex ; Lynd-
hurst, New Forest, Hants ; Penzance, Cornwall; Gopsall Park, Leicester-
shire; Norton, near Worcester; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Loch Katrine and Killin,
Perthshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
130. L, argopholis Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 346; Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 166,—Thallus subdeterminate, verrucoso-(glebuloso-)
granulate, firm, whitish-straw-coloured, whitish-yellow or whitish,
the granules continguous, imbricate, subcrenate at the circumference
(K+ yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or convex,
brownish-black, the thalline margin entire or crenate, persistent ;
442 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA.
spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,011-18 mm. long, 0,007—-9 mm. thick ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine.-—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196, ed. 3, p. 180; Sm. Eng. FL. v.
—Parmelia argopholis Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 32.
Varies considerably in the colour of the thallus, which in the British
specimens is usually whitish, so that these might be taken for
L. gangaleoides, but for the character of the thalline granules and the
often crenate margin of the apothecia. These are numerous and crowded,
becoming somewhat angulose. The spermogones are frequent with the
usual arcuate spermatia of this subsection.
Hab. On rocks in hilly and mountainous districts.—Dzstr. Apparently
local in 8.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the S.W. Highlands and the
S. Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cleve Hill,
Somersetshire; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Pugh Crag, Westmoreland;
Gunnerton Craggs, Northumberland. Achosrayan Hill, Appin, Argyle-
shire; Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire. Near Letter Hill,
Connemara, co, Galway.
131. L. frustulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 405; Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 166.—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, verrucoso-areolate
or glebuloso-verrucose, whitish-yellow or white-sulphur-coloured,
the glebules usually discrete, subradiately effigurate (K+ yellowish,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, sessile, plane vr somewhat convex,
brownish-black ; the thalline margin thickish, entire or subcrenulate,
at length excluded; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,010-12 mm. long,
0,005-6 mm. thick; paraphyses coherent, brownish at the apices ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid with iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot.
ii. p. 48; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 189: Mudd, Man. p. 145 ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196, ed. 3, p. 179.—Rinodina
frustulosa Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 451. Lichen frustulosus Dicks.
Crypt. fase. ii. (1793) p. 13, t. 8. f. 10; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19;
Eng. Bot. t. 2273.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 293; Cromb. n. 165,
Sometimes regarded as a variety of the preceding, to which it is nearly ©
related, but is sufficiently distinguished by the characters given of the
thallus and apothecia, as also by the altitude at which it grows in this
country. It is rather a fine plant, conspicuous by the colour of the
thallus amongst the darker cryptogamic vegetation with which it is
associated on the rocky ledges. At times it is well fertile, though the
apothecia are more or less scattered.
Hab. Ou mica-schist rocks in alpine situations—Dzstr. Only, with
certainty, on two of the S. Grampians, Scotland; reported by Dickson
from Yorkshire, but this is extremely doubtful, and by Leighton erro-
neously from the Island of Anglesea—B. M.: Summits of Craig
Calliach and Ben Lawers and above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire.
132. L. chloropheodes Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus
effuse, verrucoso-granulate, moderate, ycllowish-glaucous, the gran-
ules subdispersed or conglomerate (K+ yellow, K (CaCl) + orange-
red). Apothecia moderate, somewhat plane or convex, reddish-brown
7
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 443
or testaceo-reddish, the thalline margin thickish, crenate ; spores
ellipsoid, 0,009-11 mm, long, 0,006-8 mm. thick; paraphyses
moderate, granulato-inspersed, not very discrete, epithecium brown-
ish; hymenial gelatine bluish, then yellow (the thece tawny-
yellow) with iodine—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184.
More closely allied to L. subventvsa Nyl., a North-American plant,
than to any British species of this section. In the two specimens seen
the thallus is more or less scattered, with the hypothallus searcely visible.
The apothecia in these are either scattered or crowded; the spermogones
are seldom present.
Hal, On granitic rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Only sparingly
in the Channel Islands; (erroneously recorded by Leighton from N.W.
Ireland).— B. M.: Vale Castle, Island of Guernsey.
e. Thece polyspored.
133. L. Sambuci Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 168.—Thallus
effuse, very thin, granulose or subleprose, whitish or greyish, often
nearly evanescent (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia minute,
plane, brown or reddish-brown, the thalline margin persistent, more
or less crenulate, white ; spores 12-16—32nz (rarely 8nz), ellipsoid,
0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish,
then pale-violet with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186, ed. 3, p. 171.
A rather inconspicuous plant resembling LZ. Hageni, from which it is
well distinguished by the numerous spores. These in the single British
specimen seen are usually 12nz, though they vary in plants from other
countries from 8nz to 32nze in the same apothecium. The thallus,
when whitish, gives a positive reaction with K, as stated by Th. M. Fries
(Lich. Scand. p. 248), but this is scarcely visible in our specimen, in
which the thallus is nearly evanescent.
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly poplars, in upland tracts.— Distr. Very
sparingly among the 8. Grampians, Scotland, and in N.E. Ireland (co.
Armagh.).—B. M.: Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
F. Apothecia usually biatoroid; spores 8ne or 16ne, simple or 1-3-
septate, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with
iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate
spermatia. (Lecania Mass. Aleun. Gen. (1853) p. 12.)
134. L. erysibe Nyi. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 114, Lich.
Scand. p. 167.—Thallus effuse, thin, diffract, leproso-granulose,
greyish- or greenish-olive, or sordid-greyish (K—, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia small, innato-sessile, plane or convex, brownish-red or livid-
testaceous, the thalline margin little distinct or evanescent; spores
oblongo-ellipsoid, simple or often thinly 1-septate, 0,010-16 mm.
long, 0,004—6 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—
Cromb. Lich. brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228, ed. 3, p. 218.—
444 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA,.
Lecania erysibe Mudd, Man. p. 141 pro parte, t. ii. f. 47.—Lichen
erysibe Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 50.—L. erysibe 3. Rabenhorsti (Hepp),
Mudd, Man. /. c. is entirely confluent with the type-——Brit. Ezs.:
Mudd, nos. 104, 105.
A very variable plant, the differences in the thallus and apothecia of
which give rise to the forms, varieties, and subspecies that follow. With
its usually biatoroid apothecia it is at times not unlike Lecidea rubella
(Ehrh.), of which Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 196) makes it a variety.
The apothecia are occasionally aggregate, and become darker in age.
The spermogones, which are not very frequent in our specimens, have the
spermatia 0,015-18 mm. long, 0,0005 mu. thick.
Hab. On rocks, very rarely on decorticated trunks of trees, in maritime
and upland districts—Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain ;
apparently rarer in the Channel Islands and Ireland.—B, M.: St. Aubin’s
Fort, St. John’s and St. Brelade’s (lignicolous), Island of Jersey. Rot-
tingdean Cliffs, Sussex ; near Torquay, S. Devon; near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Norton, Worcestershire; near Ayton and Coatham, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; St. Bees, Cumberland. Island of Lismore and Barcaldine,
Argyleshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire. Lower Glanmire Road, co. Cork; near Kilkee, co. Clare;
co. Down.
Form cinereofusca, Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 69.—
Thallus very thin, greyish-brown. Apothecia minute, piane, at
length convex, dark-brown, slightly pruinose ; spores indistinctly 1-
septate, often 2-3-nucleolate.—Lecania erysibe var. 6. cinereofusca
Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 141, t. 2. f. 48.— Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 106,
Only a form with thinner thallus and smaller subpruinose apothecia,
the pruina disappearing in age. Apparently it is confluent with the type
and results from the habitat.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only
sparingly in S., W., and N. England.—B. M.: Hastings, Sussex; Crowle,
near Worcester; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Var. /3. sincerior Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 577.—Thallus subgranu-
late, areolato-rimose, pale-greyish or subochraceo-whitish. Apo-
thecia lecanorine, pale-brown, the thalline margin persistent.—
Cromb. Grevillea, v. p. 108; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 219.
Differs in the colour of the more granulate thallus and in the per-
sistently lecanorine apothecia. Nylander /. c. observes that it may rank
as a subspecies.
Hab. On schistose and arenaceous rocks and walls in maritime tracts.— —
Distr. Found sparingly in the Channel Islands, 8. and N. England, and
N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey. Hastings, Sussex ;
near Torpoint, 8. Devon; St. Bees, Cumberland; North Tyne, North-
umberland. Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway.
Subsp. 1. L, albariella Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 454.—Thallus areo-
lato-diftract, whitish-cream-coloured. A pothecia biatorine, small or
submoderate, brown or brownish-black; spores ovoid, 1-septate,
0,012-16 mm. long, 0,005-6 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine at length
LECANORA. | L¥CANO-LECIDREI. 445
violet-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecanora
albariella Nyl. Bot. Zeit. 1861, p. 338 (nota), cfr. Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. t.xxv. (1864) p. 63; Jones, Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, 1864, p.119;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229, ed. 3, p. 219.
Apparently a good subspecies, characterized by the differences given in
the thallus and apothecia. According to Nylander in litt., L. (Aspicilia)
lactea Mass. Symm. Lich. 1855, p. 26, is scarcely different. The two
British specimens seen are fairly typical and well fertile.
Hab. On calcareous (rarely arenaceous) rocks and mortar of walls in
maritime districts.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce in S. England and
N.E. Ireland.—B. M.: Isle of Wight, Hampshire ; near Eastbourne,
Sussex. Glenarm, co. Antrim.
Subsp. 2. proteiformis Nyl. Flora, 1881, p.538.—Thallus thickish
or somewhat thin, granuloso-verrucose, areolato-diffract or subpul-
verulent, glaucous-grey, greenish-brown or sordid-white. Apo-
thecia biatorine, at first plane and thinly margined, then convex
and immarginate, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown or blackish,
naked or pruinose ; spores 1-septate, 0,009-12 mm. long, 0,003-4
mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Biatora protei-
formis Mass. Sched. crit. (1855) p. 92.
Very variable in external appearance, but distinguished by the smaller
spores, which in our specimens are 0,010-11 mm. long, 0,0035 mm.
thick. These were erroneously referred by mein Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 148,
to L. lactea (Mass.), to which they are superficially subsimilar.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in upland tracts.—Distr. Only
sparingly in W. England.—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ;
near Painswick and Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
135. L. phzoleucodes Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 356 —Thallus effuse,
deplanate, areolato-diffract, whitish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
minute, convex, brown, biatoroid, the thalline margin speedily ex-
cluded ; spores 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,0U5 mm. thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Greyillea, viii.
p- 112.
Probably distinct from L. erysibe, to which in the apothecia it is sub-
similar, though differing in the longer spores. The thalline margin of
the apothecia, which are darker in age, is visible only in their young
condition. The spermogones, which are common, have the spermatia
arcuate, 0,016—20 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On a caleareous rock in a maritime district.— Distr. Local and
searce in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Island of Lismore,
Argyleshire.
136. L. Hutchinsia Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 336.—Thallus effuse,
thin, rimose or rimuloso-diffract, pale- or yellow-greyish (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, convex, biatoroid, the thin thalline
margin being speedily excluded, red-testaceous, whitish within ;
spores fusiform, usually distinctly 1-septate, 0,010-12 mm. long,
446 LICHENACFI. [ LECANORA,
0,003-4 mm. thick ; paraphyses thickish, somewhat jointed, thick-
ened and colourless at the apices; hypothecium colourless; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish, then often wine-red with iodine.—Carroll,
Journ. Bot. 1867, p. 255; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 226, ed. 3, p. 217.—Lecidea albocarnea Nyl. Flora, 1876,
p. 234 (cfr. Flora, 1879, p. 361); Cromb. Grevillea, 1876, p. 26;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 340.—Brit. Exvs.: Cromb. n. 164; Larb.
Lich. Hb. nos. 97, 133.
Looks like a Lecidea near L. spheroides, but is a true Lecanora allied
to the preceding species, as shown by the distinct thalline margin in very
young apothecia (seldom present in herbaria specimens) and by the cha-
racter of the spermogones. It is somewhat variable as to the thallus and
apothecia, whence the form and variety that follow. The spores are rarely
simple, or in the same apothecium obsoletely 1-septate, so that Nylander
ut supra named this state Lecidea albocarnea. ‘The spermogones have ~
the spermatia arcuate, thin, 0,014-22 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Local, though at times plentiful in the Channel Islands, 8.W.
England, S. Wales, S.W. and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Rozel, Island
of Jersey; Moulin Huet Bay, Island of Guernsey. St. John’s, Devon-
port, S. Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Goodwick Bay, Pembroke-
shire. Derryquin, Killarney, co. Kerry; near Kylemore and Dough-
ruagh mts., Connemara, co. Galway.
Form bellissima Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3 (1879), p. 217.—Thallus
thinnish, subgranulate. Apothecia rather small, usually congregate,
pale-rosaceous, slightly pruinose ; spores rarely simple.— Brit. Lvs. :
‘Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 97.
Differs in the more granulose thallus and the colour of the apothecia,
which occur for the most part in small, more or less scattered groups. It
is apparently the same as form congregalilis Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361,
Cromb. Grevillea, viii. p. 114, judging from the typical specimen seen of
the latter.
Hab. On shady walls in a maritime district—Distr. Very scarce in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Cleghan, near Kylemore, co, Galway.
Var. 6. accessitans Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus very thin,
leprose or subevanescent. Apothecia convex, immarginate; spores
usually simple.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 69.—Lecidea accessitans
Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 306; Cromb. Grevillea, 1876, p. 26; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 260.—Brit. Eas.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 224.
Characterized by the less developed thallus, which in the specimens
seen is scarcely visible, and by the spores being most frequently simple
(not definitely 1-septate).
Hab. On shady rocks in a maritime district—Distr. Only sparingly in
N.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Renvyle, Connemara, co. Galway.
137. L. umbraticula Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 205.-—Thallus effuse,
thin, subleprose, greenish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, some-
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 447
what plane, biatoroid, fleshy-yellow or subyellowish, colourless
within ; paraphyses submoderate ; epithecium colourless; spores
fusiform, simple, or at times thinly 1-septate, 0,008-16 mm. long,
0,002-3 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine wine-reddish with iodine.—
Cromb. Grevillea, vili. p. 28.
Allied to var. 8 of the preceding species, but differs in the thallus and
the thinner spores, the form of which Nylander says are as in Lecidea
globulosa. The single fragmentary specimen seen is well fertile. The
spermogones have the spermatia 0,014-19 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in a maritime district.— Distr. Ex-
tremely local and scarce in N. W. Iveland.—B. M.: Kylemore, Connemara,
co, Galway.
138. L. spodopheiza Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus deter-
minate, moderate, granuloso-verrucose, greyish, thinly white-fim-
briate at the extreme circumference (K—, CaCl—) Apothecia
small, somewhat plane, badio-reddish, the thalline margin subentire ;
spores oblong or fusiformi-oblong, simple or often spuriously 1-septate,
0,009-18 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; epithecium pale-brownish ;
hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then wine-coloured with iodine.—
Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220.
Has much the appearance of a young state of L. poliophea. In the
specimens seen the thallus occurs chiefly in small patches, which at times
become more or less confluent. The apothecia are only sparingly present,
with the thalline margin persistent and scarcely prominent except in a
oung condition. The spermogones have the spermatia 0,018-25 mm.
ong, scarcely 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On granite maritime rocks.—Dvystr. Confined to one of the
Channel Islands, and there very sparingly.—B. M.: Mont Orgueil, Island
of Jersey.
139. L. actza Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 290.—Thallus determinate,
moderate or thinnish, unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish-leaden-
coloured, bluish and thinly white-fimbriate at the circumference
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, somewhat prominent, at length
convex, biatorine, blackish; spores ellipsoid or subfusiform, 1-sep-
tate, 0,012-14 mm. long, 0,0045 mm. thick ; epithecium dark bluish ;
paraphyses thickish, jointed ; hymenial gelatine bluish (the thece at
length violet) with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevillea, ii. p. 89.
A peculiar species, externally similar to Z. Ralfsii’, but differing in the
character of the thallus at the circumference, and in the colour of the
epithecium. More important anatomical differences are the smaller
spores and especially the character of the spermogones, which latter
places it in this section. In the two fragmentary specimens seen the
apothecia are very sparingly present. The spermogones also are rare,
with the spermatia, 0,016-20 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very rare in one of the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey.
448 LICHENACEI. [LFCANORA.
140. L. syringea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1810, p.75; Lich. Univ.
p. 368.—Thallus effuse, very thin, or scarcely any visible, glaucous
or greyish-white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, sessile, at first
plane with thin, entire thalline margin, then convex and immargi-
nate, brownish or brownish-black, naked, or slightly ceesio-pruinose ;
paraphyses not discrete, brownish at the apices; spores 8-16ne,
oblong, or elliptico-oblong, obtuse at the apices (1)—3-septate, usually
somewhat curved, 0,012-16 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick ; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish, then wine-red or violet with iodine.—Cromb. |
Grevillea, xviil. p. 78.—Parmelia Hageni (3. syringea Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 163. Lecanora athroocarpa Dub. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53
pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 223 pro
ae L. athroocarpa var. fuscella Scie Cromb. Lich. Brit.
l.c.; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232, ed. 3, 1. c. Lecania fuscella Mudd,
Man. p. 140 (corticola), t. 11. f. 45. :
Though the specific name of Acharius is more circumscribed and refers
rather to a form of ZL. athroocarpa Dub. (Bot. Gall. ii. p. 669), it
may on the ground of priority be retained. The plant is somewhat
variable, at times not unlike Z. Hagen’ and again resembling some
Lecidea near L. vernalis, according to the character of the apothecia,
These are often crowded, and are then more or Jess biatoroid.
Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, chiefly poplar and maple,
in maritime and upland tracts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in S. and W.
England.—B. M.: Near Brading, Isle of W ight; Glynde, Sussex ; Brocken-
hurst and near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants: Isham, near Torquay,
S. Devon; near the Beck, Malvern, W orcestershire.
Form metabolica Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 169 (sub Z. athroo-
carpa).—Thallus very thin, whitish or greyish-white. Apothecia
minute, biatorine, dark-brown or nearly black.—JZ. athroocarpa
var. metabolica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232,
ed. 3, p. 224. Lecanora metabolica Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 351.
Only a form with smaller, darker, more constantly biatorine apothecia.
These in our specimens are also more scattered than in the type, —
which probably it is confluent.
Hab. On trunks and branches of maple in maritime districts.— Distr.
Extremely local in the Channel Islands and S. England.—B. M.:
Trinity, Island of Jersey. Brading, Isle of Wight.
141. L. Nylanderiana Nyl. ev Norrl. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
i. (1876) p. 24.—Thallus effuse, granulato-unequal, rimoso-areolate,
sordid-greyish-white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, at
first plane with thin thalline margin, at length convex and often
immarginate, brown or brownish- black, glauco-pruinose or occa-
sionally naked; spores 8ne, 3-septate, oblong or subfusiform,
straight (very rarely slightly curved), 0,014-20 mm. long, 0 0045
mm. ‘thick ; paraphyses jointed, brownish at the thickened apices ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.—Lecania
Nylanderiana Mass. Sched, crit. (1855) p. 152. L. caerulescens
Mudd, Man. p. 140, t. 2. f. 46. Lecanora athroocarpa form ceru-
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDFEI. 449
lescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231, ed. 3,
p. 223.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 294; Mudd, n. 103.
Closely allied to the preceding species, but among other characters,
apart from habitat, separated by the thecz being definitely 8-spored, the
spores themselves being normally straight. Mudd describes the thallus
of his plant, which is evidently only a state, as being leaden-greyish and
ruinose, both of which characters disappear in Herbaria specimens.
he apothecia are numerous and aggregate, with the margin, when per-
sistent, at length undulate and angulose from their confluence.
Hab, On old walls in upland situations.—Distr. Very sparingly in W.
and N. England.—B. M.: Preston, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
near Marske, Cleveland, Yorkshire. ‘
Var. §. ceruleorubella Cromb.—Thallus thickish, granuloso-
leprose, sordid-greyish or cxsious. Apothecia innato-sessile, scat-
tered, reddish or dark-red, the thalline margin whitish, persistent.
—Lecania cerulescens, var. (3. ceruleorubella Mudd Man. (1361)
p. 141.
Probably a good variety, judging from the two specimens seen. It is
characterized by the more pulverulent thallus, the less prominent, more
scattered apothecia and their persistent thalline margin, otherwise it is
similar to the type.
Hab. On old walls (arenaceous) in an upland district—Détr.
Extremely local and scarce in N. England.—B. M.: Near Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.
142. L. dimera Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Firh. xi.
(1871) p. 184.—Thallus effuse, very thin, greyish-white, or scarcely
any visible (Kf+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, biatorine,
convex, pale- or dark-brownish, naked, the margin thin, evanes-
cent; paraphyses not well discrete, brownish at the apices; epi-
thecium K+ pale rose-coloured ; spores Snze, oblong or subellipsoid,
l1-septate, usually somewhat curved, 0,012-18 mm. long, 0,004-6
mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-reddish or violet
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Lecanora athroocarpa
subsp. dimera Ny]. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 169.
Might readily be taken for L. syringea but for the number of the less
divided spores. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile,
the thallus forms small, somewhat scattered macule on the substratum.
The young apothecia are distinctly lecanorine, but the thalline margin
speedily disappears.
Hab. On the smooth bark of a poplar in an upland district.— Distr.
As yet only very sparingly in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
143. L. rhypariza Nyl. Ofvers. Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1860, p. 296;
Lich. Scand. p. 169.—Thallus effuse, granulose or granuloso-
squamulose, pale, or pale-lurid-greyish, the granules (or squa-
26
450 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
mules) sublobulato-concrescent or sub-dispersed (K+ yellowish,
then blood-red, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, occasionally
slightly convex, brown or reddish-brown, the thalline margin
entire, at length excluded; spores oblong or cylindrico-oblong,
simple, 0,021-27 mm. long, 0,006-7 mm. thick; hymenial gela-
tine bluish, then wine-red with iodine.
A very distinct species of which the type does not occur in this
country, but only the following form, which seems to descend from var.
castanea (Hepp), Nyl., also unknown in Britain.
Form curvescens Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh.
n. ser. v. (1866) p. 185 (nota).—Thallus very thin, minutely gra-
nuloso-squamulose, dark reddish-brown. Apothecia with the
thalline margin often inflexed ; spores fusiform, at times spuriously
1—3-septate, occasionally somewhat curved, 0,030-34 mm. long,
0,005-6 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 214, ed. 3, p. 199.—Pannaria curvescens Mudd, Man. (1861)
p- 125, t. 2. f. 38.
The thallus is visible only here and there upon the substratum, from
which, when less developed, it is scarcely distinguishable. The apothecia
are but sparingly present, with the thalline margin at length obliterated.
Hab. Encrusting mosses (Andrezas and Grimmias) in an alpine situa-
tion.—Distr. Extremely local and rare on one of the S. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
G. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores 8nz, simple, colourless. Spermo-
gones with simple sterigmata and long straight spermatia.
144. L. atra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 334 (excl. vars. 3, y) ;
Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. p.3836.—Thallus determinate,
somewhat thick, granulate or verrucoso-unequal, whitish or greyish-
white (K+ yellowish, CaCl—); hypothallus thin, blackish, limiting
the thallus. Apothecia moderate, sessile, plane or slightly convex,
black, internally blackish ; the thalline margin entire or suberenu-
late, often flexuose; spores ellipsoid, 0,010-15 mm. long, 0,006-8
mm. thick; paraphyses robust, not discrete, violet-coloured, darker
at the apices; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 47; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 186; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 183; Mudd, Man. p. 145 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 194, ed. 3, p. 177.—Rinodina atra Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 449. Lichen ater, Huds. Fl. Angl. i. (1762) p. 445;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 818; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 18; Eng. Bot.
t. 949. Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus
majoribus et minoribus, Dill. in Ray, Syn. 71, 43 pro parte, Muse.
133, t. 18. f. 15 a.—Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 16, 54,
Much resembles Z. subfusca var. coilocarpa and L. gangaleoides, which
are frequently mixed up with it in Herbaria.. From both of these, how-
a
LECANORA. | LFCANO-LECIDFEI. 451
ever, it is at once distinguished by the colour internally of the apothecia
and by that of the paraphyses. The thallus varies somewhat in thick-
ness and is often widely expanded. The apothecia are generally nume-
rous and somewhat crowded. The spermogones also are frequent, with
spermatia long, slender, somewhat straight, 0,018-26 mm. long.
Hab. On rocks, walls, and the trunks of trees from maritime to sub-
alpine regions.— Distr. General and common in Great Britain, as no
doubt also in Ireland. Apparently rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. :
Island of Sark. Near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Reigate Hill, Surrey ; Lydd
Beach, Kent; New Forest, Hants; Ilsham Walk, Torquay, Devonshire ;
St. Minver, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Cheveley Park and
near Newmarket, Cambridgeshire; Worcester and Malvern Hills, Wor-
cestershire; Woodfield, Monmouthshire; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Island
of Anglesea; Oswestry, Shropshire; Staveley Head, Westmoreland ;
St. Bees and Alston, Cumberland. Near Glasgow; Barcaldine and Appin,
Argyleshire; West Water, Fifeshire; Loch Tay, Craig Tulloch, Ben
Lawers, and Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ;
Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen. Near Cork; Killaloe, co. Clare; Dawros,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 6. grumosa Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 344.—Thallus
rimoso-granulate, czsio-greyish, leproso-fatiscent. Apothecia de-
pressed, subrimate.—Lichen grumosus, Pers.in Ust. Ann. xi. (1794)
p. 15.
Differs in the characters given of the thallus (which is usually thickish)
and of the apothecia. It is probably connected with the type by inter-
mediate states.
Hab. On rocks and walls in (?) maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
Only from two localities in S. Wales and N.W. England, though I believe
I have seen it also in N.E. Scotland (near Cove, Kincardineshire).—B. M.
Woodfield, Monmouthshire; Brougham Castle, Westmoreland.
? Var. y. subbyssoidea Stirt. Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. 1875, p. 85.
—Thallus granulose, greyish-black or nearly black, effigurate at
the circumference; hypothallus white, subbyssoid.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 178.
Doubtfully referable to this species, as I have indicated in Grevillea,
xviii. p. 70. tis at once separated by the colour of the hypothallus, and
is most probably referable to L. ganyaleoides. I have, however, seen no
specimen.
Hab. On rocks in an upland situation.— Dist. Only among the Central
Grampians, Scotland (Blair Athole, Perthshire).
H. Apothecia lecanorine ; spores Snz, simple, colourless ; hymenial
gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones with jointed sterig-
mata and bacillar spermatia.
145. L. badia Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 407.—Thallus inde-
terminate, granulato-areolate or subsquamulose, olive-brown or
dark-greyish-brown, somewhat shining (K—, CaCl—) ; hypothallus
262
452 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA.
thin, black. Apothecia small or moderate, appressed, plane or at
length somewhat convex, brownish-black or hbadious-brown, the
thalline margin entire or slightly crenulate; spores fusiformi-
ellipsoid, 0,009-15 mm. long, 0,004-6 mm. thick; paraphyses
robust, brownish at the apices.—Mudd, Man. p. 144, t. 2. f. 50;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212, ed. 3, p. 198.—
Rinodina badia, Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450. Lichen badius, Pers.
Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. (1794) p. 27.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 206 ;
Mudd, n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 334.
A well-marked species easily recognized by the colour of the thallus
and of the apothecia. It spreads extensively over the substratum, and is
always well fertile. In alpine situations the apothecia have the thalline
margin more or less flexuose. The spermogones are frequent, with sper-
matia 0,007—-0,010 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick. Very singularly the plant
was overlooked by our older authors, though in Sowerby’s herbarium it
appears s. n. Lichen sguamulosus from Teesdale (Lecanora squamulosa
Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109).
Hab. On rocks and boulders from maritime to alpine tracts.—Distr,
General and common in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in
the Channel Islands—B. M.: Noirmont, Island of Jersey; Island of
Guernsey. Bolt Head, 8. Devon: near Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon
Hill, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Long Mynd, Shropshire ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Llyn
Geirionydd, Carnarvon; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale and
near Eglestone, Durham; Blacklot and Stavely Head, Westmoreland ;
Ennerdale, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin,
Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg and Portlethen, Kinear-
dineshire ; Cairn Ture and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis,
Inverness-shire. Mount Leinster, co. Carlow; Kylemore Castle, co.
Galway ; Lurgedon Mt. and near Carnlough, co. Antrim.
Var. 6. cinerascens Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 170.—Thallus
paler, greyish, with the thalline margin of the apothecia conco-
lorous: otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 213, ed. 3, p. 198.
Differs only in colour; but this is so marked as to entitle it, in the
absence of intermediate states, to rank as a good variety.
Hab. On shady schistose rocks and walls in maritime and moun-
tainous districts.— Distr. Local in 8. Wales, the Central Grampians and
N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
Subsp. L. picea Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478.—Thallus and apothecia
pitch-black, shining; spores oblong, 0,007-11 mm. long, 0,004-5
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1869, p. 108; Lich. Brit. p. 54.—
L. badia form picea, Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 199.
Characterized by the colour of the thallus and of the apothecia, and
more especially by the smaller spores. This latter character keeps it
distinct from darker states of the type with which it might be con-
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 453
founded. In age the apothecia become somewhat large and convex, with
the thalline margin obliterated.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Only
sparingly among the Grampians, Scotland. — B. M.: Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
146. L. austera Nyl. Flora, 1874, p. 309.—Thallus subdeter-
minate, thin, unequal, rimose, cervine or cervine-badious (K—,
CaCl—); hypothallus thin, black, little visible. Apothecia mode-
rate or somewhat large, plane, badio-brownish, often proliferous ;
the thalline margin flexuose, often subcrenate, slightly shining ;
spores ellipsoid, about 0,009 mm. long, 0,007 mm. thick; para-
physes moderate, jointed; hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but
the thecz bluish with iodine.—Cromb, Grevillea, iii. p. 23; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 199.
Closely allied to the preceding species, but differing especially in the
less developed thallus and the much shorter spores. The only specimen
gathered is well fertile, the apothecia varying as above. The spermo-
gones also are frequent, with spermatia 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely
0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On weathered quartzose stones, in an alpine locality.— Distr.
Very local and scarce on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland —B. M. :
Summit of Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire.
147. L. atriseda Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856)
p- 337; Lich. Scand. p. 170.—Thallus areolato-granulate, brown or
dull-brown ; the granules contiguous or scattered, convex (K—,
CaCl—) ; hypothallus thin, black, often obsolete. Apothecia moderate,
at first immersed, then appressed, plane or somewhat convex,
brown or dark-brown; the thalline margin thin, entire: spores
ellipsoid, obtuse at the apices, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm.
thick; paraphyses rather stout, not very discrete, brownish at the
apices.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1871, p. 178.—Lecanora badia var.
atriseda Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 213, ed. 3, p. 198. Parmelia badia
y- atriseda Fr. N. Sched. crit. 1827, p. 6; Lich. Eur. p. 149.—
Lecanora nephea Somm. Suppl. Lapp. Or. (1826) p. 103, is an
abnormal state of this, fide Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 268, and is
therefore scarcely to be adopted, though having priority.
A good species, looking at first sight as if allied to Z. squamulosa. In
our few British specimens the thallus is determinate with the granules
sufficiently contiguous. The apothecia are numerous and crowded, at
times almost obliterating the verrucze. The spermogones, which are
sparingly present, are impressed, blackish at the apices, with spermatia
0,018-20 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts—Distr. Rare in Wales, N.
England, and the N. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Dolgelly, Merioneth-
shire; Ennerdale, Cumberland ; Morrone, Aberdeenshire.
454 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
148. L. nitens Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 335; Nyl. Flora, 1869,
p- 298.—Thallus indeterminate, thickish, subsquamulose, badious-
brown, shining (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black, little visible.
Apothecia moderate, appressed, plane, brownish-black, the thalline
margin entire, paler; spores oblong, 0,009—0,018 mm. long, 0,0035-
45 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Patellaria
nitens Pers. Ann. Wetter. ges. Nat. xi. (1810) p. 12.
Intimately related to L. badia, from which it differs chiefly in the form
and size of the spores, whence Nylander Z. ¢. is inclined to regard it as
specitically distinct. The specimens gathered are well fertile, with the
apothecia numerous, crowded, at times 2-3 confluent. As previously
observed (p. 85), it is one of the hosts of Sphinctrina kylemoriensis.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Very local,
though plentiful where it occurred in one of the Channel Islands.—B, M.:
Chateau Point, Island of Sark.
149. L. torquata Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856)
p- 338.—Thallus continuous, smooth, rimoso-diffract, pale-murine
or fumose (K—); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus. Apothe-
cia submoderate, sessile, brownish-black ; the thalline margin pale,
persistent entire, or flexuose ; spores narrowly ellipsoid, 0,005-7
mm. long, 0,003-5 mm. thick—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 147;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.—Parmelia torquata Fr. Pl. Hom.
(1825) p. 284.
In general appearance subsimilar to Lecidea kochiana, but separated by
the lecanorine apothecia. ‘These, according to Fries (Lich. Europ. p. 147),
are at times obsoletely pruinose, a character not apparent in the two
British specimens seen.
Hab. On moist rocks in a maritime district.—Dzstr. Only very spar-
ingly in the Channel Islands——B. M.: Island of Alderney.
I. Apothecia lecanorine: spores 8nz, pluriseptate, colourless.
Spermogones with simple sterigmata and arcuate spermatia.
(Hematomma Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 32.)
150. L. coccinea Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.—Thallus
effuse, thinnish or moderate, farinose or leprose, sulphur-coloured
or white-yellowish (K-+ yellow) ; hypothallus fibrillose, white.
Apothecia innate or subsessile, moderate, plane or somewhat con-
vex, crimson (K+ violet-purplish); the thalline margin whitish-
pulverulent, often little conspicuous ; spores elongato-fusiform,
3-7-septate, 0,030-60 mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick, paraphyses
not discrete; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Lichen
coccineus Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. (1785) p. 8, t. 2. f. 1; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 16; Eng. Bot. t. 223. Hamatomma coccinewm Mudd,
Man. p. 157. Lichen haematomma Ehrh. Hanoy. Mag. 1786,
p. 285; Eng. Bot. t. 486. Lecanora hematomma Hook. Fl. Scot.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDBET. 455
ii. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 190; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 136; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 232, ed. 3,
p- 224. Rinodina hematomma et KR. porphyria Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 457.—As the specimens published by Dickson are suffi-
ciently typical, his specific name has priority.—Brit, Evs.: Dicks.
Hort. Sic. n. 24; Leight. n. 214; Mudd, n. 130; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 339; Bohl. n. 120.
The thallus spreads very extensively and varies somewhat in thickness
and colour. In some other countries it occurs on the trunks of aged
trees, but it has not with certainty been found upon such in Great
Britain ; though what may be the sterile thallus has been noticed spar-
ingly on oaks in the New Forest. The apothecia are numerous, though
somewhat scattered, with the thalline margin often obliterated. The
spermogones, which are very minute, scattered, and slightly prominent,
might readily be mistaken for very young apothecia, with which they are
concolorous.
Hab. On shaded perpendicular rocks and boulders in maritime and
upland districts—Distr. Probably general and common in Britain and
the Chanel Islands, as also in Ireland; but from the nature of the
habitat specimens are with difficulty obtained.—B. M.: Rozel, Island of
Jersey; Islands of Guernsey, Brechou, and Alderney. Withyam and
Ardingley, Sussex; near Penzance, Cornwall; Stonehenge, Wiltshire ;
Acton Burnell and Nessclitf Hill, Shropshire; Moel-y-ygolfa, Montgo-
meryshire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire ;
Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Eglestone, Durham; Harlaw
Hill, Northumberland. Roslin, near Edinburgh ; Bowling Bay, Dumbar-
tonshire; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; West Water, Fife; The Trossachs
and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire. Near Belfast,
co. Antrim; Western Blasquet Island, co. Kerry.
Var. (3. saxetana Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.—Thallus
subcontinuous, thickish, white or whitish. Apothecia sessile, con-
vex, dark sanguineous ; the thalline margin obliterated.—Lecanora
hematomma form saxetana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58. Lecidea
saxetana Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1808, p. 269.
Distinguished by the less pulverulent, constantly whitish thallus and
by the darker biatoroid apothecia. It seems a distinct-variety rather than
a state of the so-called variety porphyria (Pers.), into which the type
passes in certain situations.
Hab. On the side of an exposed perpendicular rock in an upland dis-
trict.—Distr. Only very sparingly ou one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
151. L. elatina Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 387.—Thallus effuse,
thin, granulato-leprose, whitish or pale-yellowish (K-+yellow,
CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, sessile, brownish-testaceous (K—),
at first somewhat plane with thin entire thalline margin, then
convex and biatorine ; spores fusiformi-acicular, 3—5-septate, usually
456 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
curved, 0,045-50 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses slen-
der, not well discrete ; hymenial gelatine not tinged, but the thece
deep-blue with lodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1870, p. 28; Leight.
Lich. FI). p, 231, ed. 3, p. 223.
Presenting mucb of the habit of the preceding species; this differs
in the thinner, more leprose thallus, the colour of the apothecia, the re-
actions of the epithecium and hymenial gelatine, as also in being
constantly corticolous. The apothecia are scattered, with the thalline
margin speedily excluded, and become dark-brown in age. In young
apothecia the spores often appear to be simple, so that they have some-
times been described as simple or septate.
Hab, On the bark of old hollies in a wooded upland distriet.— Distr.
Only very sparingly in 8.W. Jreland.—B. M.: near Derrycuintry,
Killarney, co. Kerry.
K. Apothecia at first lecanorine ; spores 8nz, pluriseptate, colourless.
Spermogones with jointed sterigmata and cylindrical straight
spermatia. (Hematomma Mass. emend. Koerb. Syst. Lich.
Germ. (1885) p. 153.)
152. L. ventosa Ach, Lich. Univ. (1810) Wee
p- 399.—Thallus determinate, thick, firm, x
verrucoso-rugose, subareolato-diffract, sul-
phur-coloured or greenish-yellow, rarely | iy
greyish-white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia \/
moderate, appressed, plane or convex, ;
often difform, dark crimson or blood-red
(K-+ violet-purplish); the thalline margin
thin, usually speedily excluded ; spores
clongato-fusiform, somewhat curved or con- b
torted, 3-7-septate: paraphyses not dis- Fig. 66.
crete; hymenial gelatine deep blue with Lecanora ventosa Ach.—
jodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48; Sm. $+ 770 Spores, X 300.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 189; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. and spermatin, s¢500)
Hib. ii. p. 186; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 283, ed. 3, p. 225.—Heamatomma ventosum
Mudd, Man. p. 157, t. 11. f. 52. Rinodina ventosa Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 451. Lichen ventosus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1141; Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 806; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 527; Eng. Bot.
t. 906; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16. Lichen gelidus Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. i. p. 528, Liehenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis
margine exilt Dill. Muse. 133, t. 18. f. 14.—Brit. Exvs.: Leight.
n. 9; Mudd, n. 129; Bohl. n. 36; Dicks. Hort. Sic. v. n. 23.
A rather fine plant distinguished at once from its allies by the thicker
verrucose thallus. This is often considerably expanded and varies in
colour according to the nature of the habitat. The apothecia are
numerous, often variously deformed, more or less convex, usually biato-
rine in appearance, the thalline margin being chiefly visible only in their
a
Ss
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 457
very young state, though in alpine habitats it is more or less persistent.
The spermogones are frequent, prominent, agglomerate, black, and look
almost like foreign apothecia. On the thallus there is occasionally a
parasitic Endococcus afterwards to be described.
Hab. On exposed rocks and boulders, granitic and schistose, rarely red
sandstone from upland to alpine situations.—Distr. General in the more
mountainous regions of Great Britain, abundant on the Grampians,
Scotland; apparently very rare in Ireland; not seen in the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: Pew Tor, Dartmoor, Devonshire; Clee Hills, Shrop-
shire; Moel-y-Golfa, Montgomeryshire; Cader Idris, Merionethshire;
Penmaenmawr, Trefriw and Moel Siabod, Carnarvonshire; Kildale
Moor and Dent, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Gunnerton Crags,
Northumberland. North Berwick Law, Berwickshire; Achosragan Hill
and Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Ben Vrackie, and Birnam
Hill, Perthshire; Katelaw, Clova, Forfarshire; Hills at Nigg, Aber-
deenshire ; Lochnagar, Morrone, and Glen Callater, Braemar; Ben
Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Hills of Applecross, Ross-shire. Co. Wicklow.
Form levigata Johns. ex Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 60.—
Thallus areolato-diffract, substramineous ; the areole smooth, equal.
Apothecia small, depressed.
Differs in the characters given, and may be a good variety. The
specimen seen is too fragmentary, however, for deciding the point.
Hab. On rocks in an upland district—Diéstr. Extremely local and
scarce in N. England.—B. M.: Bowness Knolt, Ennerdale Lake, Cum-
berland.
Var. 6. subfestiva Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57.—
Thallus thickish, verrucoso-granulate, yellow-greyish. Apothecia
small, plane, usually more or less aggregate, rusty-red, biatoroid,
the proper margin thin, often inflexed, paler red.—Cromb. Linn.
Soc. Journ. Bot. xi. p. 490.
Differs in the colour of the smaller apothecia which look almost like
those of L. ferruginea var. festiva, for which, but for the different
thallus. the plant might readily be mistaken. It is only sparingly fertile,
the apothecia being scarcely prominent.
Hab. On schistose boulders in a mountainous district.—Distr. Found
only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
L. Apothecia urceolato-zeorine; spores distinctly 3-septate ; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish with iodine. Spermogones unknown.
153. L. rubra Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 389.—Thallus effuse,
thin, granuloso-pulverulent, white or glaucous-white (K —,CaCl—);
hypothallus whitish, little visible. Apothecia moderate, adnate,
concave, rosy-red or reddish flesh-coloured, occasionally slightly
pruinose, the thalline margin rugoso-crenulate ; spores oblong or
oblongo-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 0,016-23 mm. long, 0,005—-8 mm. thick ;
458 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA,S
paraphyses scarcely discrete, the apices incrassate-—Hook. Fl. Scot.
li. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p. 190; Leight. Angi. Lich. p. 86, t. 14.
f.1; Lich. Fl. p. 230, ed. 3, p. 222; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.58— |,
Phialopsis rubra Mudd, Man. p. 166, t. 3. f. 58. Rinodina rubra
Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 457. Verrucaria rubra Hoffm. Pl. Lich. 1.
(1793) p. 81. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2218.— Brit. Exs.:
Leight. n. 236; Mudd, n. 138; Cromb. n. 168.
Well characterized by the constantly 3-septate spores, which separate
it from all the other species of the genus, so that it has been placed by
sporologists in a distinct genus Phialopsis. From the form of the apo-
thecia it might at first sight be taken for a Gyalecta approaching
L. foveolaris ; but it is at once removed from this by their distinct thalline
margin. The thallus spreads very extensively over the substratum.
The apothecia are numerous, becoming at length dark-red. The spermo-
gones have not yet been detected.
Hab. On trunks of old elms, occasionally overspreading mosses on
walls and rocks in upland districts —Distr. Local in W. and N. England,
and on the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland; other localities from
which it has been reported being very doubtful—B.M.: Wigmore
Castle, Herefordshire; Craig-y-Rhiw, near Oswestry, Shropshire; near
Rievaulx, Bilsdale, and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
M. Apothecia lecanorine: spores 8ne or 4+—6ne, very rarely 2ne,
large, simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.
Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular straight
spermatia. (Ochrolechia Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 30.)
154. L. tartarea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 371, t. 7. £. 3—
Thallus orbiculari-expanded, thick, tartareous, granuloso- or ver-
rucoso-conglomerate, unequal, whitish or
greyish-white (K+ yellowish, the apices
of the verruce Ca€l+red):; hypothallus
white, often indistinct. Apothecia large,
concave, plane or tuberculato-convex,
rugulose, pale-testaceous (CaCl-+ reddish) ;
the thalline margin thick, entire or in-
flexed, at length undulate; spores 8ne,
ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,040-72 mm. long,
0,027-40 mm. thick; paraphyses thin,
not well discrete—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. a b
p- 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 191; Tayl. in Fig. 67.
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138; Mudd, Man, 2%#07@ tartarea, eae
Be =e : : spore, X350. 06. Sterig-
p. 156, t. ii, f. 3L; Cromb. Lich. Brit. mata’ “and spermatia,
p- 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187, ed. 3, x 500,
p- 175.—Rinodina tartarea Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 455. Lichen tartareus Linn. Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1141;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 23; Eng. Bot. t. 156. Lichenoides crustaceum et lepro-
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL, 459
sum, acetabulis majoribus luteis, limbis argenteis Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3,71. 46; Muse. 132, t. 18. f. 13.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 82;
Mudd, n. 128; Bohl. n. 10; Cromb. n. 69.
This, the “ Cudbear Lichen ” of Scotland, is a variable plant as to the
thallus and apothecia, whence the varieties and subspecies that follow.
The thallus, which often spreads extensively over the substratum, is
thick, at times very thick, rarely thinnish when the hypothallus is more
distinctly visible at the circumference. A state with the verruce sub-
globose, growing on Genista in Teesdale, was termed by Acharius var.
grandinosa, Lich. Univ. p. 372; Cromb. Enum. J. ¢.; Leight. Lich. FI.
l.c.; but this is a frequent character when corticolous, whence also var.
arborea (DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 364), Schaer, Enum. p. 80; Mudd, Man. p. 156
pro parte—The apothecia, which are numerous, are generally large and
occasionally become proliferous. The spermogones are abundant, ver-
ruceeform, often congregate, with spermatia 0,005-7 mm. long, 0,0005 mm.
thick ( fide Nyl.).
Hab. On rocks and old trunks of trees, rarely on tke ground, in mari-
time but chiefly mountainous districts to high altitudes.—Distr. General
and abundant in Great Britain and Ireland; rare in the Channel Islands,
—B.M.: Island of Alderney. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
Bolt Head and Dartmoor, Devonshire; Lamorna, near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Cader Idris and Aberdovey, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls, Den-
bighshire ; Clee Hill, Shropshire ; Highcliff, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland ;
The Cheyiots, Northumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Ayrshire; Pentland Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ; Kilmun,
Ben Cruachan, and Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Falloch, Finlarig,
Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, Amulree, Craig Vinean, and Craig Tulloch,
Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Koynoch, Morrone, Ben-
naboord, and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus
Woods and Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire ; Larig, Sutherlandshire ; Apple-
cross, Ross-shire. Clonmel, co. Tipperary ; Doughruagh mts., Connemara,
co. Galway.
Var. @. frigida Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 372.—Thallus effuse,
thin, papillate, subspinulose or granulate. Apothecia small or sub-
moderate, the thalline margin occasionally subspinulose.—Mudd,
Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188,
ed. 3, p. 175: Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 49 (ut var. y).—Rinodina fri-
gida Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 454. Lichen frigidus Sw. Meth. Muse.
(1781) p. 36, t. 2. f. 4; Eng. Bot. t. 1879; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 22. Lichen Upsaliensis Eng. Bot. t. 1634, Dicks. Crypt. fase. i.
p. 12, t. ii. f. 7, and Lecanora tartarea (3. Upsaliensis Sm. Eng. FI.
v. p. 191, denote only espinulose states of this variety— Brit. Exs.:
Cromb. n. 70.
Well distinguished by the thinner, more or less spinulose thallus, which
on peaty or detrital soil becomes somewhat granulose. It is usually well
fruited, especially at higher altitudes. A state with minute apothecia
occasionally occurs, and is form microcarpa Fy. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 254 ;
Cromb. Greyillea, xviii. p. 70.
Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground upon moorlands and mountains
460 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
from upland to alpine situations.—Distr. Local in E. and N. England,
N. Wales, and S. Scotland ; general and plentiful on the Grampians; not
seen from Ireland.—B. M.: Near Norwich, Norfolk; near Bury St. Ed-
mund’s, Suffolk ; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham. Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh: Ben
Cruachan, Argyleshire; Ben Lawers, Ben Vrackie, Blair Athole, Perth-
shire; Katelaw and Clova mts., Forfarshire; Morrone, Ben Macdhui,
Glen Dee and mts. about Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen
Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Var. y. gonatodes Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 372.—Thallus
subramulose, the branches divaricate, tortuous, gibbous, lobato-
verrucose, difform. Apothecia very rare; spores 0,036-40 mm.
long, 0,025-27 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 176 (exel.
ll. cit.); Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Lichen gonatodles Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 89.
A peculiar and well-marked plant, though probably only a monstrosity,
as observed by Acharius (Lich. Univ. /.c.), It is apparently extremely
rare in fruit, the spores having only been recently described by Nylander
(Lich. Noy. Zeland, p. 145) from specimens gathered in the Falkland
Islands.
Hab, On decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations. —Distr.
Only a single specimen found on the N. Grampians, Scotland (Leighton’s
specimens from Wales belong to var. 8).—B. M.: Summit of Ben Avon,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
Subsp. L. subtartarea Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 550.—Thallus more
or less variolose or at length leprose (K+yellow, the variole
CaCl + reddish). Apothecia somewhat small or submoderate
(CaCl+ reddish), the thallme margin inflexed.—Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1882, p. 274.—Lecanora tartarea subsp. pallescens f. leprosa Nyl.
Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. (1886) p. 135. Lecanora
tartarea forma leprosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.175. Var. (3. arborea
Mudd, Man. p. 156 pro parte. Lichenoides tartareum farinaceum,
scutellarum umbone fusco Dill. Muse. 132, t. 18. f. 12.
The reactions of the thallus and apothecia show that this belongs to
L. tartarea, of which it is a good subspecies. When sterile it is easily
recognized by the variolarioid thallus, which at times becomes almost
entirely leproso-dissolved (form /eprosa Nyl.l. c., Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1. c.).
The apothecia, seldom present, are few, usually small and difform, occa-
sionally crowned with the leprose thallus.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks in upland and subalpine
situations.— Distr. Probably common in Great Britain and Ireland,
though seen only from comparatively few localities—B. M.: Eridge
Rocks, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Falls of Beckey, S. Devon;
Roughton, Cornwall; Lynn Gwernon, Merionethshire ; Rosedale, York-
shire. New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Roslin, near Edinburgh ;
Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Craig Tulloch, and Ben Vrackie,
Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Ronayne’s Island, Kil-
larney, co. Kerry; Clonmel, co. Tipperary; Killerey Bay, Connemara,
co. Galway.
Te Seni Need Shee ase
7
a
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEFI. 461
155. L. parella Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 370 pro parte ; Nyl.
Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 185,—
Thallus subdeterminate or effuse, thickish, granulato-rugose, verru-
coso-granulate or rimoso-diffract, whitish or greyish-white (K—,
CaCl—); hypothallus white, usually little visible. Apothecia
moderate, concave, then plane, at length more or less convex, rugose
or verrucose, pale, naked or white-pruinose (epithecium K(CaCl)
+reddish), the thalline margin thick, entire (K(CaCl)—); spores
6—-8ne (rarely 2ne), ellipsoid or subglobulose, 0,048—88 mm. long,
0,025-46 mm. thick.—Cromb. pucaaer xvill. p. 70; Sm. Eng. FI.
vy. p. 191; Tayl. in Mack, Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 48; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 pro path: Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188
pro parte, ed. 3, p. 2U1 pro parte.—Z. pallescens a. parella Mudd,
Man. p. 155. Rinodina parella Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 453. Lichen
parellus Linn. Mant. (1767) p.132; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 530 ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 814; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17; Eng. Bot.
t. 727. Lichenoides leprosum tinctorium, scutellis lapidum caneri
figura Dill. Muse. 130, t. xviii. f. 10. Pertusaria incarnata Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 235 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1883, p. 534).— Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n.8; Mudd, n.125; Dicks. Hort. Sic. x.n. 23: Bohl.n. 54;
Larb. Cesar. n. 75; Lich. Hb. n. 300; Cromb. n. 166.
The Perelle d’ Auvergne of S. France, so that, as observed by Sir J. E.
Smith, Linnzus ought to have written the trivial name perellus as in
Eng. Bot. &c. The thallus, usually very widely expanded, varies con-
siderably i in thickness according to habitat, and when lignicolous and
corticolous is at times very scanty. The apothecia are numerous, often
crowded and anguloso- difform, almost obliter ating the thallus; they are
at first depresso-zlobulose and ‘poriform (the disc “being scarcely visible)
with very tumid thalline margin, a condition which in some situations
seems to be permanent (form por inoides Cromb. ). Lichen tumidulus Pers.
Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. (1794) p. 181, with shields crowded, tumid, the
margin thickish (zon Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 371), is only a corticolous (also
saxicolous) condition (var. tumidula Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 189, ed. 3, p. 202), not to be distinguished even as a form.
Hab. On rocks, walls, and trunks of trees, rarely on old pales, from
maritime to subalpine tracts.——Dzstr. General and common in Great
Britain and the Channel Islands; no doubt also in Ireland.—B. M.:
Boulay Bay, Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Greenwich
Park and near Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Ardingly Rocks, Peasemarsh,
and near Hastings, Sussex ; Penzance, Duloc, and St. Iss sey, Cornwall;
near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth, Merionethshivre ; Llandyssil,
Cardiganshire ; Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire ; Bardon Hill, Leicester-
shire: near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; :
Eglestone, Durham ; St. “Bees and Bassenthwaite, Cumberland ; Choller-
ford, Northumberland. Arthur’s Seat and Meadowbank W oods, Edin-
burgh ; West Water, Fifeshire; Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Areyle-
shire ; ’Sidlaw Hills and Baldov an, Forfarshire ; Ben Lawers, Aberfeldy,
and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Per thshire ; Portlethen and Cove, Kin-
cardineshire ; Morrone, Glen Callater, and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Glen Nevis, Lochaber, Inverness-shire ; Applecross, "Ros s-shire.
Annemount near Cork, and Kilbrittain near Bandon, co. Cork ; Killarney,
co. Kerry.
462 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Form 1. crenularia Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. (1890) p. 70.—
Thallus as in the type. Apothecia with the thalline margin rugoso-
crenulate.
Differs merely in the coarsely crenulate thalline margin of the apothecia,
which, however, is occasionally less distinctly visible in their juvenile
state, so that it is scarcely a variety.
Hab. On rocks and trunks of old trees in maritime and upland
situations.— Distr. Only a very few localities in Great Britain and
Treland.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Hale’s End, Malvern, Worcester-
shire; Wansbeck Valley, Northumberland. Island of Lismore, Argyle-
shire. Brandon mt., co. Kerry. ,
Form 2. nivea Cromb.—Thallus and the thalline margin of the
apothecia soft, snowy-white ; otherwise as in the type.
Apparently a well-marked form, which, if the characters given are
constant, would be a good variety. In the two small British specimens
the thallus is verrucoso-rugose and the apothecia concave with thick
thalline margin.
Hab, On the trunk of an old tree in an upland situation. Dzstr. Seen
only very sparingly from W. Ireland.—B. M.: Killaloe, co. Clare.
Var. 3. Turneri Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 113.—
Thallus more or less leproso-dissolved, whitish or greenish-white.
Apothecia submoderate, white-pruinose ; the thalline margin thick,
entire, white-pulverulent.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.54; forma Turneri
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190, ed. 3, p. 203.—L. pallescens y. Turneri
Mudd, Man. p. 155. Rinodina Turneri Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 454.
Lecanora Turneri Sm. Eng. Fl.v. p.191. Lichen Turneri Eng. Bot.
t. 857.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 127; Leight. n. 237.
A good variety characterized by the white-sorediate thallus and the
pulverulent margin of the apothecia. These are usually rather scattered,
with the thalline margin rarely subcrenulate (form suberenata Cromb.
Grevillea, xviii. p. 70).
Hab, On trunks of old trees in maritime and upland wooded regions.
— Distr. Here and there throughout England; rare in N, Wales, the
S.W. Highlands and N. Grampians, Scotland, as also in S. Ireland.—
B.M.: Epping Forest, Essex ; The Holmwood, Surrey; Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex; Carrisbrook and Bembridge, Isle of Wight; New Forest,
Hampshire; Gillingham, Dorsetshire; Ugbrook Park, Chudleigh, 8.
Devon; Savernake Forest, Wiltshire; near Barmouth, Merionethshire ;
near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egleston, Durham. By Loch Creran,
Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Old Deer
Park, Castlemartyr, co. Cork ; Muckruss, Killarney, co. Kerry.
156. L. pallescens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. sér. 2, t. ii.
(1868) p. 68.—Thallus determinate, thinnish, granulato-unequal,
whitish or greyish-white (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus white, limiting
the thallus. Apothecia submoderate, concave or somewhat plane,
LECANORA, ] LECANO-LECIDEFI. 463
rugulose, often thinly white-pruinose (epithecium K (CaCl) + red-
dish), the thalline margin somewhat thin, entire (K (CaCl)+red-
dish) ; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,054-64 mm. long, 0,030-34 mm,
thick.—Cromb. Greyvillea, xviii. p. 70.—-Lecanora parella forma
pallescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 189 pro parte ; ed. 3, p. 202 pro parte.
L. tartarea subsp. pallescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 pro parte.
Lichen pallescens Linn. F). Suec. (1755) p. 499. Lecanora pallescens
var. (3. tumidula Mudd, Man. p. 155.—Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 126;
Larb. Cesar. n. 76.
Similar to Z. parella, with which until recently it has been confounded,
but differs, though probably only as a subspecies, in the reaction of the
thalline margin of the apothecia, which also distinguishes it from all cor-
ticolous states of Z. tartarea. The thallus is usually somewhat zonate
at the circumference.
Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland situations.—Distr.
Seen from only a few localities in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: St. Lawrence, Island of Jersey. Near Hastings, Sussex ;
Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; New Forest, Hants; near Lustleigh, 8. Devon ;
Launceston, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Trefriw, Carnarvon-
shire; near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
Macroom Demesne, co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry.
157. L. Upsaliensis Nyl. ev Nérrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fi.
Fenn. Forh. xiii. (1873) p. 332; Flora, 1881, p. 454.—Thallus
effuse, thin, smooth or somewhat verruculose, glaucous- or greyish-
white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small or submoderate, concave or
at length plane, pale, more or less white-pruinose (K(CaCl)—) ; the
thalline margin thickish, entire ; spores 4-8nx, 6,055-58 mm. long,
0,026-38 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 192 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 176 pro parte—Lecanora parella
var. Upsaliensis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54. Lichen Upsaliensis Linn.
Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 1142.
Also closely allied to Z. parella, but differs in the nature of the habitat
and especially in the chemical reaction of the apothecia. The thallus is
at first very thin and smooth, but at length becomes thicker and
granulate. The apothecia are usually numerous with the disc coarsely
granulate.
Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground in alpine situations.— Distr.
Only very sparingly on a few of the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig
Calliach, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
158. L. geminipara Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 236.—Thallus
subeffuse, verrucose or papillose, greyish-white (K+ yellowish-red j ;
the papillz subglobose or somewhat angulose, at length sorediate at
the apices (CaCl+reddish). Apothecia on the apices of the papille,
concave, at length plane, purplish-black, naked ; the thalline margin
thick, inflexed or crenate; spores 2nex, ellipsoid, 0,022-24 mm.
long, 0,015--20 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii. p. 70.—Zecanora leprothelia Nyl. Flora,
464 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
1874, p. 16; Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274, is according to
Wainio and Arnold a sterile and less developed state of this plant.
A very distinct species which at first sight seems near L. oculata, but,
as rightly conjectured by Nylander /. c., from sterile specimens, belonging
to this section. The papille are scattered or here and there crowded,
becoming at times entirely leprose. In the very few British specimens
neither apothecia nor spermogones, the latter as yet unknown, are
present.
Hab. Overspreading decayed mosses on the ground in alpine places.
—Distr. Very local and rare on one of the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
N. Apothecia innate, lecanorine or rarely lecideine ; hypothecium
usually colourless; spores 8nze or 6nze (rarely 4nz or 2ne),
simple, colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with
iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and acicular,
straight or very rarely arcuate spermatia. (Aspicilia Mass. Rich.
(1852) p. 36 pro parte.)
a. Gonidial system composed of ordinary eugonidia (Pachyospora
Mass. Rich. (1852) p. 42 pro parte).
159. L. Bockii Fr. fil. Bot. Not. 1867, p. 105.—Thallus inde-
terminate, either minutely granulose with the granules variously
subglobose, or plane and areolato-diffract, olive-brown or brownish-
grey (K(CaCl) + reddish); hypothallus thin, black. Apothecia
sessile, small, at length angular or lineari-compressed, black, the
thalline margin entire; spores ellipsoid, 0,017-25 mm. long,
0,011-15 mm. thick; paraphyses slender; epithecium and hypo-
thecium brownish; hymenial gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine.
—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Parmelia Bockii Rodig. ea Fr.
Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 285.
A rather singular plant of this section both as to thallus and apothecia.
The subglobose verruce are usually discrete, and when rubbed are more
or less yellow-greenish at the apices. The apothecia are at length as if
gyroso-plicate, whence Fries (Lich. Eur. p. 151) observed that, if normal,
the plant would belong to a distinct genus. Its true systematic place,
however, is shown by Nylander, Flora, 1876, p. 253 (cfr. Flora, 1879,
p- 204), s. n. Lecanora sophodopsis, under which synonym the first com-
plete diagnosis is given. The British specimens in which neither the
thallus nor apothecia are well developed belong to a form pauperata
Nyl. in litt. The spermogones are here and there visible, with spermatia
straight, 0,0045 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose walls in an upland district.—Dzstr. Only sparingly
in N.W. England; no doubt to be detected elsewhere.—B. M.: Near
Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland.
160. L. superiuscula Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 355.—Thallus inde-
terminate, thin, squamuloso-areolate, greyish-brown or dark-
brown ; squamules minute, scattered, applanate or slightly convex,
nie a
|
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 465
erenulate (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, innate or slightly
emersed, plane or somewhat convex, blackish, the thalline margin
thickish; spores Snax, subellipsoid, simple, 0,010-14 mm. long,
0,007-8 mm. thick; paraphyses stout, discrete, brownish at the
apices ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea,
Vili. p. 112.
Allied to Z. complanata Koerb., of which it may be a subspecies, but
differs among other characters in the larger spores. The thallus spreads
very extensively over the substratum in the Scottish habitat, but was
only here and there well fertile. ~The spermogones, however, in the few
specimens gathered are plentiful, with spermatia arcuate, 0,018-25 mm.
long, 0,0006 mm. thick.
Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.—Distr. Only
sparingly on one of the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Above Loch-
na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
161. L. leucophyma Leight. Lich. Fl. (1871) p. 204: ed. 3,
p- 188.—Thallus subdispersed, thin, smooth, unequal, rimoso-
diffract, pale or pale-greyish, internally yellowish, sprinkled with
frequent mastoid papille (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate,
adnate, badio-reddish or brownish-black ; the thalline margin dis-
tinct, entire, at length flexuose ; spores ellipsoid, 0,025-27 mm.
long, 0,011 mm. thick: paraphyses slender; hypothecium colour-
less; hymenial gelatine bluish, the thece at length tawny-violet
with iodine.—Cromb. Greyvillea, xix. p. 57.
Easily recognized by the peculiar somewhat fragile papillze with
which the thallus is covered, and which are often of a pinkish colour.
With us it is for the most part only sparingly fertile, the apothecia be-
coming dark in aze. The spermogones are more common, with spermatia
minute, 0,0015 mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick. According to Nylander,
who describes it, ‘ Flora,’ 1879, p. 204, s. n. Lecanora acceptanda, its
affinity is with Z. complanata Koerb.
Hab. On micaceous rocks in alpine situations.— Distr. Local and scarce
on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summit of Ben Lawers and Craig
Calliach, Perthshire.
162. L. oculata Ach. Syn. (1814) p. 148.—Thallus effuse, more
or less dactylino-papillate, glabrous, white or greyish-white (K 4-
yellowish, then rusty-red, CaCl—). Apothecia innate in the
apices of the papille, moderate, somewhat concave or nearly plane,
naked, black; the thalline margin tumid, entire; thece subcylin-
drical; spores ellipsoid, 0,020—30 mm. long, 0,011—14 mm. thick ;
paraphyses branched (epithecium K-+ violet); hymenial gelatine
not tinged, but the thece bluish with iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 47: Mudd, Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 200, ed. 3, p. 173.—Rinodina oculata Gray, Nat. Arr.
i. p. 449. Jsidium oculatum Turn. and Borr. Lich. Br. p. 103
pro parte; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 232 pro parte. Lichen oculatus
Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 17, t. 6. fig. 3; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
we
OTE
466 LICHEN ACEI. [LECANORA.
A very distinct plant, which when less developed and sterile entirely
resembles isidioid states of a Pertusaria, in which genus it has been
placed by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Seand. p. 307) and to which probably it
really belongs. The peculiar papille are corallinoid, fragile, more or less
branched, at first short, then somewhat elongate, often bearing at the
apices dark brown verruc, which were mistaken for the fructification by
some older authors. In our Islands it is rarely well fertile. The spermo-
gones, however, are not unfrequent, with spermatia (fide Nyl.) 0,0035
mm. long, 0,0095 mm. thick.
Hab. On mosses upon the ground, rarely on schistose rocks in alpine
situations.— Distr. Local and scarce towards the summits of a few of the
higher mts. of the S. and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig
Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Cairngorm and Cairntoul,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form depressa Cromb.—Thallus epapillate, greyish-white.
Apothecia minute, adnate, numerous and crowded.
Perhaps only a stunted condition depending on situation, as a few very
short, simple papillz are here and there visible.
Hab. On the bare ground in an alpine locality—Distr. Very sparingly
on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.— B. M.: Summit of Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire. .
163. L. cinerea Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 99; Nyl. Not.
Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 136.—Thallus
determinate or subeffuse, rimoso-areolate or diffracto-areolate, grey
or greyish-white (K-+yellow, then rusty-red, CaCl—, medulla
I—); hypothallus black. Apothecia small or submoderate, im-
mersed and concave, at length sessile and plane, black, naked; the
thalline margin entire, subpersistent: spores Snve (rarely 6nz),
subellipsoid, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0,008—14 mm. thick: paraphyses
not discrete; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny or wine-red
with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. FL
p. 195, ed. 3, p. 172.—Aspicilia cinerea Mudd, Man. p. 162 pro
parte. Urceolaria cinerea Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 458. Lichen cinereus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 32; Eng. Bot. t. 1751.—As observed by
Acharius 1. ¢. this is scarcely Livhen cinereus Linn. Mant. 1. (1767)
p- 132, of which there is no specimen in his Herbarium ; nor is it
Lichen cinereus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525.
A good species, though often not well characterized nor rightly
limited. In this latter respect various others have been subsumed under
it which are now readily separated, apart from the other distinctive
characters, by their negative reactions with K. It is thus a much less
variable plant than was supposed, and is not so apt to be confused with
some of itsallies. The thallus,which is generally well fertile, occasionally
spreads extensively, but is usually limited by the hypothallus. A state
very rarely occurs in Britain on schistose rocks (Tremadoc, N. Wales, fide
Leighton) in which the thallus is greyish-ochreous, when it is form
ochracea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 8, p. 193 (Urceolaria cinerea y. ochracea
Schaer. Spicil. p. 72). The spermogones are frequent, with spermatia
0,016-21 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick.
See
ee ee
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 467
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous traets.— Distr.
Rather local, though plentiful where it occurs in Great Britain, Ireland,
and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Coupe, Island of Jersey ; Moulin
Huet Bay, Guernsey. Bray Hiil, St. Minver, Cornwall ; Cader Idris and
Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Teesdale, Durham.
Barcaldine, Argyleshire ; Glen Lochay, Killin, and Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Lambay Island, co. Cork; co.
Wicklow.
Form lepidota Leight. Grevillea, iii. (1875) p. 116; Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 173.—Thallus greyish-brown, squamuloso-areolate, the
squamules convex, often rugose. Apothecia innate, small; the
thalline margin persistent.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.
Differs in the more squamulose and darker thallus, which renders it a
good form, if not a distinct variety. Both apothecia and spermogones
are frequent in the specimens seen.
Hab. On maritime rocks and by lakes in mountainous districts.—
Distr. As yet only in the Channel Islands and N. Wales.—B. M.:
oa ai Island of Jersey. Llyn Dinas, near Beddgelert, Carnarvon-
shire.
Subsp. L. epiglypta Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 4.—Thallus rimoso-
areolate, dark-greyish, the areole plane. Apothecia at length
prominent, somewhat convex, the epithecium crowdedly corrugate
or ruguloso-insculpt : otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Grevilica,
xix. p. 57.
Well distinguished by the peculiar character of the epithecium, which
gives the fruit as it were a gyrose appearance. This, however, is not
visible in the young urceolate apothecia. The spermogones are frequent,
with spermatia straight, 0,015-23 mm. long, 0,0005-6 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and mountainous districts. — Distr.
Only very sparingly in N. Wales and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.
—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
164. L. intermutans Ny!. Flora, 1872, pp. 354, 429.—Thallus
determinate, diffracto-areolate, whitish or cesio-greyish (K+ yellow,
then rusty red, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, immersed, con-
eave, blackish ; the thalline margin entire, at length inflexed ; spores
usually 8nx, 0,023-34 mm. long, 0,009-0,015 mm. thick; hy-
menial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with iodine. — Cromb.
Grevillea, xix. p. 57.
Closely allied to the preceding species, but differs in the larger spores
and the much shorter spermatia, which are 0,007—9 mm. long, scarcely
0,001 mm. thick. Nylander says that the thallus in the E. Pyrenees is
at times milky-white, and often occurs insulated, from the intrusion of
rudimentary thalli of other species. In the single British (fragmentary)
specimen seen it is associated with Lecanora atra.
Hab, On schistose rocks in a maritime district—Dystr. Extremely local
and scarce in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Near Kylemore, Connemara, co.
Galway.
2082
468 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
165. L. alpina Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 94; Nyl. Flora,
1869, p. 413.—Thallus indeterminate, areolate or areolato-verru-
cose, greyish or leaden-greyish ; areola rounded or angulose (K+
yellowish, then reddish, CaCl—, medulla I+ bluish); hypothallus
black. Apothecia immersed or at length superficial, plane, reddish
or reddish-black; the thalline margin prominent, subpersistent ;
spores Sne, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0,009-13 mm. long, 0,006-8 mm,
thick; paraphyses not discrete, brownish towards the apices; hy-
menial gelatine deep blue, the thecz at length violet or wine-reddish
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57, non Leight. Greyillea, i.
p. 125.—Lecanora cinereo-rufescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59,
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 197, is entirely referable to this
species.
A well-marked plant differing at once from all states of ZL. cinerea,
with which it is so far comparable, in the positive reaction of the medulla
with iodine. In the single British specimen, which is well fertile, the
areole are contiguous, though in more northern regions they are often
discrete, when the hypothallus is more visible. The spermogones have
the spermatia cylindrical, straight, 0,004-6 mm. long, about 0,001 mm.
thick. A closely allied species or perhaps only a variety is L. Myrint
Nyl. Flora, 1869; p. 413 (Parmelia Fr. Sum. Veg. Scand. (1845) p- 108),
distinguished chiefly by the yellowish thallus, the black apothecia, and
the rather shorter spermatia. This is said by Leighton (Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 173) to have been gathered at Barmouth ; but the specimen in Hb.
Salwey referred to in Grevillea, i. p. 125, is from Norway.
Hab, On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.—Diustr. Very local
and scarce on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.
166. L. cinereorufescens Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. n. ser. v. (1866) p. 137.—Thallus subdeterminate, verrucose
or rimoso-areolate, pale or dark greyish (K—, CaCl—, medulla I+
bluish); hypothallus blackish. Apothecia small or submoderate,
at first innate and concave, then somewhat prominent and plane,
brownish- or dark-red; the thalline margin entire; spores 8ne,
ellipsoid, 0,012-24 mm. long, 0,007-16 mm. thick ; paraphyses sub-
moderate, brownish at the incrassate apices; hymenial gelatine
bluish, the theese wine-red with iodine-—Cromb. Grevillea, xix.
p-. 57.— Urceolaria cinereorufescens Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 677.
In some respects related to the preceding, but differs, among other
characters, in the negative reaction of the cortical layer with K. The
type has not yet occurred with us, but only the following form.
Form diamarta Nyl. 7. c—Thallus ochraceo-reddish. Apothecia
with the thalline margin often flexuose.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 197.—Lichen diamartus Wahl. Fl.
Lapp. (1812) p. 414. Zichen sinopicus Eng. Bot. t. 1776 (lower
magnified fig.).
ee eS eee
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 469
The colour of the thallus, as in other similar instances, depends upon
the presence of peroxide of iron in the substratum. In the British speci-
mens the apothecia are numerous and at times angulose from mutual
pressure. Only a few spermogones are visible, with spermatia 0,004-5
mm. long, about 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks in an alpine situation.—Distr. Only
on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Above Loch-na-Gat,
Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
167. L. recedens Nyl. Flora, 1879, p. 361.—Thallus determinate,
thick, subverrucoso-unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish (K—, CaCl—,
medulla I—). Apothecia small, innate, brownish-black, colourless
within; the thalline margin slightly prominent ; spores 8nie, sub-
globose or ellipsoid, 0,009-14 mm. long, 0,007-9 mm. thick ; para-
physes thick, jointed; epithecium brownish; hymenial gelatine
slightly bluish, then wive-red with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix.
p- 57.—Lecidea recedens Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. (1836) p. 117.
Lecanora subcinerea Nyl. Flora 1869, p. 82; Cromb. Journ. Bot.
1875, p. 140; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 197.—Brit. Exs.: Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 299 (macrior).
Well distinguished from the allied species by the subglobose spores
and the articulate paraphyses. It approaches ZL. cinereorufescens, but
from this it differs also in the thicker thallus, the negative reaction of the
medulla with iodine, and the shorter spores. Our British specimens are
for the most part well fertile. Though describing it as a Lecidea, Taylor
1. c. says that it is allied to Ureeolariu cinerea.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr. Only in
N. Wales, N. England, and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Llyn Bodlyn, Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; Holwick Scar, Yorkshire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry ;
Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway.
168. L. pelobotrya Somm. Lapp. Suppl. (1826) p. 99 ; Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 155.—Thallus determinate, tartareous, thickish, areolato-
verrucose, the verruce gibbose or somewhat plane, smooth, crowded,
whitish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia moderate, plane, slightly im-
mersed in the areol, brownish-black; the thalline margin rather
thick, inflexed; spores 4~-8ne, ellipsoid or oblongo-ellipsoid,
0,023-35 mm. long, 0,012-16 mm. thick; hypothecium brownish-
black or blackish ; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish
with iodine.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195.—Aspicilia pelobotrya
Mudd, Man. p. 164. Lecidea pelobotrya Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 80 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 298. Urceolaria pelobotryon Wahl. in
Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 31.
A rather peculiar species of this section, which from the dark hypo-
thecium might be taken for a Zecidea. The distinct thalline margin, how-
ever, of the apothecia in well-developed specimens shows that it is atrue
Lecanora. The thallus, which has a whitish evanescent hypothallus, is
at first plane and continuous, becoming at length thickish and verrucose,
470 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA,
and occasionally bears pale-reddish cephalodia similar to those of Leeidea
paneola, When growing in wet places by streams it is more expanded,
of a livid-grey colour, non-cephalodiiferous, with the thalline margin
of the apothecia usually obliterated (form rivularis, Cromb.), The
apothecia are somewhat scattered, innate or at length nearly superficial,
with the disc free at the circumference.
Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Only very
sparingly near the summits of two of the S. Grampians, Scotland —
B. M.: Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.
169. L. gibbosa Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. s.
v. (1866) p. 137.—Thallus determinate, thick, areolato-verrucose
or gibbous, greyish, dark-grey or dark-greenish-brown (K—,
CaCl—, medulla I—); hypothallus black, limiting the thallus.
Apothecia at first immersed and coneave, then emersed and plane,
submoderate, black, naked; the thalline margin entire or slightly
crenulate, persistent; spores 6—Sne, rarely 4ne, ellipsoid or sub-
globose, large, 0,021—38 mm. long, 0,012-24 mm. thick; paraphyses
not discrete; hymenia! gelatine pale-bluish, then tawny or sordid-
wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193, ed. 1, p. 209
pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55 pro parte.—<Aspicilia gibbosa
Mudd, Man. p. 162. Urceolaria gibbosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172;
Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p.458. Lichen gibbosus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 80.—
Lichen gibbosus Dicks. Crypt. fase. ii. (1790) p. 20, t. vi. f. 5; With.
Arr. ed. 3, p. 20, from the diagnosis and locality cited is evidently
not this species.— Brit. Exs.: Leight.n. 175; Cromb. n. 167; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 220.
A very variable plant presenting the varieties and subspecies that
follow: while several states of the type itself were by older authors
regarded as distinct species. In a young condition, especially when
silicicolous, the predominating hypothallus, black and radiately sub-
plumose, is everywhere visible, the thalline verrucee being more or less
scattered. It is then Lichen fibrosus Eng. Bot. t. 1739; Urceolaria
gibbosa var. 8. fimbriata Ach., Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 458. The same with
the verrucze here and there greenish-sorediiferous, owing no doubt to
habitat (moist flints), is Lecanora aspersa Borr. Eug. Bot. Suppl. t. 2728;
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 188. Another state, in which the thalline verruce are
subglobular and often discrete, is Lichen tuberculosus Eng. Bot. t. 1733;
Rinodina tuberculosa Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 452 ; Lecanora tuberculosa Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 188. Occasionally the thalline margin of the young
apothecia is coarctate or subcrenulate, whence forma porinoidea (Flot.
Lich. Siles. i. p. 128) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 194. All of these, how-
ever, where the plant is very abundant (as in the Kentish locality),
often pass into and are mixed up with each other in the same specimen.
The spermogones, especially in younger states of the plant, are very
frequent, with spermatia 0,009-0,012 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick
(fide Ny]. Lich. Pyr. Or. Obs. nov. p. 59).
Hab. On yocks and stones (chiefly flints) in maritime and hilly
districts.— Distr. Local, though plentiful, in S., W., and N. kngland ; rare
in Wales and in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland: not seen from Ireland
nor the Channel Islands.—B.M.: Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lydd Beach,
Kent; Lewes, S. Downs, St. Leonard’s, and Beachy Head, Sussex ;
f
:
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 471
Chesil Beach, Portland Island, Dorsetshire; Lyndhurst Moor, Hants;
Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Hereford Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Crossfaen, Monmouthshire ; Caer Caradoe and Longmynd, Shropshire ;
Eglestone, Durham. Appin, Argyleshire.
Var. /3. zonata Wainio, Medd. Soc. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. t. vi. (1881)
p- 168.—Thallus determinate, thinly rimoso-areolate, greyish
glaucous, effigurate at the circumference with concentrie and
parallel paler lines and limited by a very thin, black hypothallus.
Apothecia as in the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.—Sagedia
zonata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1809) p. 165; Lich. Univ. p. 329.
A distinct variety, usually overlooked by authors, but well charac-
terized by the thallus being more or less broadly zonate at the cireum-
ference. The lines with which it is there marked are at times whitish,
as stated by Acharius, but this apparently is the result of abrasion. A
young and less developed condition may be var. sguamata (Flot.) Fr. fil.
Lich. Scand. p. 276 (non Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 194, which is only
the so-called form porinotdea hypothalline).
Hab. On siliceous stones in maritime and upland situations.— Distr.
Extremely local and scarce in S8.E. England.—B.M.: Lydd Beach,
Kent; South Downs, Sussex.
Var. y. lusca Nyl. Pyr. Or. Obs. Nov. (1891) p. 59 (nota 1).—
Thallus thinnish, rimoso-areolate, subrugulose, greyish or dark-
grey ; hypothallus little visible. Apothecia somewhat small, often
flexuose; spores 0,016—-21 mm. long, 0,010-16 mm. thick.—
Lecanora lusca Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69 (nota 1); Cromb. Journ.
Bot. 1882, p. 274; subsp. lusca Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.
Now viewed by Nylander as only a variety of Z. gibbosa, differing in
the characters given and more especially in the rather longer spermatia,
which are 0,016-21 mm. long, 0,010-14 mm. thick. In other respects it
approaches subspecies L. subdepressa. The small apothecia are at times
numerous, crowded, and difform.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Only a
few localities in Great Britain and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Chateau
Point, Isle of Sark. Breidden mt., Montgomery; Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire; near Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Scale Hill, Lazonby,
Cumberland. Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; 8. of Bay of
Nigg, Kincardineshire.
Subsp. 1. L. depressa Nyl. Not. Sallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. n. s.
y. (1866) p. 137.—Thallus effuse, areolato-rimulose, greyish or
dark ; hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia somewhat small, subleci-
deine, at length plane; spores 0,018—24 mm. long, 0,008—0,014 mm.
thick.—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 210 pro parte,
ed. 3, p. 194 pro parte.—According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand.
p- 282) this is not Sagedia depressa Ach. (Lich. Univ. p. 327,
t. 6. f. 3), which has thalline reaction K+- and is a form of
L. cinerea.
Well characterized as a subspecies by the type of the apothecia, which
472 LICHENACEIL. _ [LECANORA.
only in a young state are more or less lecanorine. In the two British
specimens, the thallus is subolivaceous with the areola somewhat
gibbous at the circumference. They are well fertile, but the spermogones
are very rarely present.
Hab, Ov a mica-schist boulder in a mid-alpine situation.—Distr.
Extremely local and rare on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
Subsp. 2. L. subdepressa Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69.—Thallus
subdeterminate, thickish, rimoso-areolate, greyish or dark-grey ;
hypothallus indistinct. Apothecia small or submoderate, concave —
or somewhat plane, black; the thalline margin depressed, at length
excluded ; spores variable in size, trom 0,018-24 to 0,027-32 mm.
long, 0,011—-15 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57; Journ.
dot. 1885, p. 195 (ut sp. propr.).—Urceolaria rufescens Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132 pro parte.
Subsimilar to the preceding subspecies, but differs at once in the
longer spores and the more distinctly lecanorine apothecia. Nylander
says (Lich. Fret. Behr. p. 30) that the thallus in specimens from
Behring’s Straits is subradiate at the circumference, which is not the
case in ours. The apothecia are either somewhat scattered or at times
several and small in each areola. The spermogones have the spermatia
0,009-15 mm. long, scarcely 0,0001 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local but
lentiful where it occurs, in Great Britain and Ireland.—B.M.: Cader
dris and Camlan Valley, near Dolgelly, Merionethshire; Snowdon,
Carnarvonshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire ;
Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire. Cappamore, near Dunkerron, co, Kerry; Maam Turk mt.,
Connemara, co. Galway.
170. L. cesiocinerea Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus deter-
minate, thickish, arcolato-verrucoso-diffract, casio-greyish, greyish-
white or sordid- greyish (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black,
usually limiting the thallus. Apothecia submoderate, at first
immersed and concave, at length somewhat prominent and plane,
black or dark-olive ; the thalline margin thickish, entire, or sub-
entire; spores Snz, ellipsoid, 0,018-25 mm. long, 0,010-14 mm.
thick; hymenial gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine.—Leight.
Lich. Flora, ed. 3, p. 134; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. n. 204; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 60.
Usually confounded with Z. gibbosa, but now definitely separated by
differences in the thallus and fructification. At times it is widely
expanded with the hypothallus little visible. In shady habitats the
thallus is more czesious and but sparingly fertile. The spermogones (fide
Nyl.) have the spermatia 0,007—-11 mm. long, 0,0005-7 mm. thick.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts—Distr. Only
here and there throughout Great Britain and Ireland—B. M.: Roughton
and near Penzance, Cornwall; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Malvern
Hills, Worcestershire ; Longmynd, Shropshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland,
Barcaldine, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling; Glen Lyon and Ben
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 473
Lawers, Perthshire : near Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Kileully, near Cork; Kilkee, co, Clare; Doughruagh
and Maam mts., Connemara, co. Galway; Black mt., co. Antrim,
Form obscurata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus dark- or
olive-greyish. Apothecia and spermogones as in the type.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195.—Parmelia cinerea var. obscurata Fr. fil.
Lich. Suec. n. 343.— Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 175; Mudd, n. 135.
Variously placed by authors, but evidently referable to this species,
with which, except in the darker thallus, it entirely agrees. In this
respect, however, transition states at times occur.
Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine tracts.—Distr.
Found only in a few localities in Great Britain and 8.W. lveland.—
B. M.: Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cliff-
rige, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Reston Scar, Staveley, Westmoreland.
King’s Park, Stirling; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Mor-
rone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Killarney, co. Kerry.
171. L. Jevata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364, 1881, p. 183.—Thallus
determinate or effuse, very thin or thin, continuous or here and
there rimulose, smooth, somewhat shining, sordid-lurid-glaucous
(K—, CaCl—); hypothallus black, often indistinct. Apothecia
minute, concave, black, the thalline margin somewhat tumid,
prominent, entire or subcrenulate; spores 0,015—-24 mm. long,
0,009-14 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine pale-bluish, then tawny
wine-coloured with iodine.—Sagedia levata Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
t, 6.1. 5.
Generally regarded as only a variety of L. gibbosa, but distinct in the
much thinner, more continuous thallus and the minute apothecia. More
definitely, however, it is separated from it, and from all the allied species,
by the form of the spermatia. ‘These are slightly arcuate, 0,020-32 mm.
long, 0,0005 mm. thick ( fide Nyl. Lich. Fret. Behring, p. 31). In the
single British specimen the thallus is indeterminate, but Acharius (Syn.
p- 134) says it is now and then limited by a black serpentine (hypo-
thalline) line. Both apothecia and spermogones are numerous, the
former being here and there somewhat crowded.
Hab. On a damp quartzose riparian rock in a subalpine district.—
Distr. Extremely local and scarce among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
Bb. M.: Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
172. L. calcarea Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 102; Nyl.
Flora, 1869, p. 409.—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, tartareo-
farinose, continuous or rimoso-areolate, white-cretaceous or greyish-
white (K—,CaCl—, medulla I—); hypothallus white. Apothecia
immersed, at length somewhat plane, submoderate, czesio-pruinose ;
the thalline margin entire or rugoso-plicate; spores 2—6ne, rarely
8nz, ellipsoid or often subglobose, 0,018-30 mm, long, 0,014—
27 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, dark at the apices; hyme-
nial gelatine bluish, then sordid-yellow with iodine-—Cromb, Lich.
Brit. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. 209, ed. 3, p. 192.—Aspicilia cal-
474 LICHEN ACEI. [ LECANORA.
carea Mudd, Man. p. 161,t. 3. f.55. Urceolaria calearea Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132; Gray, Nat. Arr.
1.p. 459. Lichen calcareus Linn. Sp, Pl. (1753) p. 1140; Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 442; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 6 pro minima parte.
Lichen tessellatus Eng. Bot. t.553. Urceolaria tessellata Ach., Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 460.— Brit. Hvs.: Leight. n. 138; Mudd, n. 133;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 166.
Easily recognized among British species by the whitish or chalky-
white thallus. In its more typical condition it is a. concreta (Schaer.
Spicil. p. 73) Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 192 (tessellata, Ach.), with the
thallus determinate, often subeffigurate at the circumference, and the
areole contiguous, angulose. The apothecia are numerous, often crowded,
at times naked, with the proper margin at length discrete from the
thalline margin. The spermogones are frequent, dark-brown or blackish,
with spermatia aciculari-cylindrical, 0,007-9 mm. long, about 0,001 mm.
thick.
Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls, rarely granitic, in maritime and
upland districts —Dist7. General and common in limestone tracts of
Great Britain and Ireland ; not seen from the Channel Islands.—B. M.:
Burgh Castle, Suffolk; Peasemarsh, Sussex; Plymouth, 8. Devon; near
Penzance, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Cunning Dale,
near Buxton, Derbyshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Barmouth,
Merionethshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon; Island of Anglesea;
Bilsdale, Yorkshire ; Eglestone and Teesdale, Durham; Levens, West-
moreland. Appin and Island of Lismore, Argyleshire; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron,
co. Kerry ; Maam, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 8. contorta Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 554.—Thallus effuse,
white or greyish-white, the areole more or less discrete, elevated
in the centre, depressed and at times subeffigurate at the cireum-
ference. Apothecia immersed.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193.—
Aspicilia calcarea (3. contorta Mudd, Man. p. 162. Urceolaria
contorta Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 132. Lichen contortus Hoffm.
Deutsch. Fl. ii. (1795) p. 186.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 322.
Distinguished by the form of the discrete or subdiscrete thalline
areola. It usually spreads extensively over the substratum and is well
fertile.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime, but chiefly upland districts.—
Distr. Somewhat local in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.: Near
ae ell, S. Devon ; Symmond’s Yat, Herefordshire ; Ashwood Dale,
Derbyshire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-
shire ; ‘Teesdale, Durham. The Ochils, near Stirling; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. The
O’Donoghue’s Prison, Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form monstrosa Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 57.—Thallus
effuse, snow-white; areole discrete, scattered, rounded, convex,
entire at the margins. Apothecia abortive, minute, deeply im-
mersed.—JL, calcarea var. monstrosa Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxx.
(1883) p. 392.
——
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 475
Only a well-marked form of this variety, characterized by the isolated
areolw, in each of which there is a central umbilicus indic ‘ating the
abortive apothecia. Probably it may be only a very young condition.
Hab. On calcareous stones of a wall in an upland situation.— Distr.
Only very sparingly among the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B., M. :
Glen Fender, Blair Athole, - Perthshire.
Var. y. Hoffmanni Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. (1826) p. 102.—
Thallus thinnish or thick, contiguous or subcontiguous, glaucescent.
Apothecia elevated, moderate or somewhat lar ge, the margin often
rugoso-crenate; spores 0,021—34 mm. long, 0, 016— 18 mm. * thick. -
Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 57; Lich. brit. p. 54 pro parte; forma
Hoffmanni Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 209 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 193.
Urceolaria Hoffmanni Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 459 pro parte. Lichen
Hoffmanni Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 31; Engl. Bot. t. 1940.—Brit.
Fus.: Mudd, n. 134.
A very distinct variety, if not a subspecies, having much the general
aspect of L. gibbosa, but belonging to L. calearea, a as shown by the
spermatia, which in form and size are identical. From var. 8, with
which it has often been confused, it differs in the more contiguous and
differently coloured (at times subplumbeous) thallus and the less immersed
apothecia.
Hab, On rocks and walls (not exclusively calcareous ) in maritime, but
chiefly in hilly districts.— Distv. Only here “and there in Great Britain ; =
apparently rare in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Beachy Head, Sussex; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Chance’s Pitch, Mal-
vern, W orcestershire ; near "Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens,
Westmoreland. Ben Cruachan, Argy leshire ; Glen Fender, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire. Doughruagh mts., Connemara,
co. Galway,
173. L. verrucosa Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 113;
Lich. Scand. p. 156.—Thallus effuse, verrucoso-unequal, naked or
slightly pulverulent, white or glaucous-white (K—,CaCl—). Apo-
thecia immersed in the verruce, moderate, concave, at length
somewhat plane, blackish, naked or pruinose, the thalline margin
thick, entire, inflexed; spores subellipsoid, large, 0,030-62 mm.
long, 0,016-52 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete; hymenial
gelatine pale-bluish, then sordid-yellow or wine-red with iodine.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214, ed. 3, p. 200.—
Aspicilia verrucosa Mudd, Man. p. 164. Urceolaria verrucosa Ach.
Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 389—Brit. Evs.: Cromb. n. 73.
Characterized by the white, usually more or less farinose thallus, by its
place of growth, and by the large spores. The thallus varies somewhat
in thickness and colour according to the habitat, while on more sterile
soil it is smaller and determinate. The apothecia are numerous, at first
urceolate, then plane, the thalline margin rarely cbsolete, when the
proper margin, which is thin and blackish, becomes conspicuous.
Hab. Incrusting mosses on rocks, rarely on the ground (chiefly cal-
eareous), in upland and subalpine situations —Distr. Local in N. England
476 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
and on the S. and Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Cunswick Scar,
Westmoreland. Craig Calliach, above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, and
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
174. L. poriniformis Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 353—Thallus effuse,
thinnish, firm, rimoso-diffract, greyish or pale-grey (K+yellow).
Apothecia small, innate in convex, somewhat prominent verruce,
pertusarioid, pale or brownish; the epithecium pale, punctiformi-
contracted ; spores 6—Sne, ellipsoid, 0,070-80 mm. long, 0,034-50
mm. thick; paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine bluish, then
tawny-yellow with iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190, ed. 3, p. 203.—
Brit. Exs.; Cromb.n. 74.
Looks exactly like a Pertusaria, allied to P. ranthostoma Somm.
The characters, however, of the hymenium, of the thecz (which are
fugacious), and of the spores show that it is a Zecanora distantly related
to the preceding species. The thallus spreads somewhat extensively
with the fertile verruce scattered or approximate. Usually there is but
a single apothecium in each verruca, though not unfrequently there are 3
or 4, when the verruce are rather larger,
Hab, On schistose rocks and walls, rarely incrusting mosses, or on
trunks of old firs, in maritime and subalpine districts—Distr. Local and
scarce among the 8. and Central Grampians and on the N.E. coast of
Scotland—B. M.: Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; rear
Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
175. L. Dicksonii Nyl. ex Carroll, Journ. Bot. (1867) p. 255.—
Thallus determinate, thin, smooth, rimose or areolato-rimose,
ochraceo-ferruginous, opaque (K—, CaCl—); hypothallus thin,
black, limiting the thallus. Apothecia lecideine, small, innate,
concave, black, internally blackish (greyish in the centre), the
proper margin thick, black; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,011-14 mm.
long, 0,006—8 mm. thick ; hypothecium brownish-black ; paraphyses
not discrete, fuliginous towards the apices; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then wine-red with iodine——Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211, ed. 3, p. 196.—Lichen Dicksonii Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p.76. Lecidea melanophea Fr., Mudd, Man. p. 206.
Lecidea deri (non Web.) Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 122; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 178; Hook. Fl. Scot. ui. p. 38; Gray, Nat. Arr:
i. p. 466. Lichen Gderi Eng. Bot. t. 1117; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 11 pro parte.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 127; Cromb. n. 72.
By many authors regarded as a Lecidea, with much the aspect of
LI, deri, with which it has been confounded ; but its most appropriate
place is in this section. The peculiar colour of the thallus, as in various
other instances, is owing to suffusion with peroxide of iron. Typically,
according to specimens from Kerguelen Land, it is greyish (vide Linn.
Soc. Journ, Bot. xv. p. 190 s.n. Lecidea sincerula Nyl.). The apothecia
are numerous and at times somewhat crowded.
Hab. On rocks and walls, chiefly schistose, in mountainous regions.—
Distr. Somewhat local, though usually plentiful in Great Britain and in
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 477
S.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Fingle Bridge, near Chagford, S. Devon; Dol-
gelly and Rhiwgreidden, Merionethshire; Bettwys-y-coed, Deubighshire ;
Island of Anglesea; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Iglestone, Durham;
Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland. King’s Park,
Edinburgh; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glen Callater
and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Crogham and Maungerton, co.
Kerry.
Form atrata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.—Thallus only
here and there sparingly visible upon the predominating hypothallus.
Apothecia scattered, minute.—Gyalecta atrata Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl.
1808, p. 229.
A rudimentary, though apparently permanent condition in which
scanty traces of a ferruginous thallus are seen only around the apothecia,
which in the British specimens are numerous.
Hab. On quartzose rocks in an alpine locality Distr. Only very
sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
176. L. lacustris Fr. fil. Vet. Akad. Hand]. vii. (1867) p. 24.—
Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin, smooth, rimuloso-diffract,
pale testaceous or ochraceous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute,
urceolato-innate, reddish testaceous or brownish; the thalline
margin tumid or usually little distinct; spores 8nz, ellipsoid, 0,013—
18 mm. long, 0,006-9 mm. thick; paraphyses not discrete, slightly
brownish or yellowish at the apices; hypothecium colourless ;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then sordid-wine-red or tawny with
iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, i. p. 172; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195
(excl. forma punctata).—Lecanora gibbosa forma lacustris Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. i. p. 2103; subsp. lacustris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55.
Lichen lacustris With. Arr. ed. 3 (1796) iv. p. 21, t. 31. fig. 4.
Urceolaria Acharti Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 457; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p. 47; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132
(incl. var. 3). Lichen Acharii Westr. Eng. Bot. t. 1087. Aspicilia
epulotica Mudd, Man. p. 161 pro maxima parte.—Brit, Hvs.: Cromb.
Oo, fl.
The thallus is normally pale, almost white, but is usually more or less
ochraceous from being tinged with peroxide of iron. It often spreads
extensively over the substratum and is at times semi-aquatic. The
apothecia, which are numerous and often crowded, are at first minute,
immersed, rarely at length prominent, occasionally in age becoming sub-
moderate, plane, and distinctly margined by the thallus. Occasionally
the spores are rather thicker, 0,012 mm., when it is Lecidea subepulotica
Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. p. 537, a state which occurs also in Great
Britain and Ireland.—Var. 8. cyrtaspis (Ach.) Cromb. Grevillea, xix.
p- 58, does not belong to this species (¢fr. Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. p. 288),
‘Hab, On rocks (often inundated) in streams in upland and subaipine
districts.— Distr. Only here and there, though plentiful where it occurs, in
Great Britain and Iveland.—B. M.: Lyndhurst Moor, New Forest, Hants ;
Dartmoor, Devonshire; Withiel, Cornwall; Nannau, Dolgelly, and near
478 LICHENACELI. [LECANORA.
Barmouth, Merionethshire; Trefriw Falls, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale,
Durham. Appin and Glencoe, Argyleshire ; Glen Falloch and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Ballaghbeama Gap
and Dunkerron, co. Kerry ; Connor Cliffs, Dingle, co. Kerry; Ballynakill
and Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway.
177. L. flavida Hepp, Exs. (1860) n. 630; Fr. fil. Vet. Ak.
Handl. vii. (1867) p. 24.—Thallus effuse, very thin, rimoso-areolate,
subleprose, pale ochraceous or glaucous-grey (K—, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia very minute, innate, at first concave, then plane, black; the
thalline margin thin, entire; spores 8n, ellipsoid, 0,012-18 mm.
long, 0,007-11 mm. thick ; paraphyses not discrete, bluish towards
the apices; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 195.—Aspicilia ochracea (non Schaer.) Mudd, Man.
p- 163. Lecanora gibbosa forma lacustris Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1,
p- 210 pro parte.—Brit. Ews.: Leight. n. 292; Mudd, n. 136.
A rather inconspicuous plant which, in dry weather, might readily be
overlooked, but is well characterized by the characters given. When sub-
ochraceous, the black apothecia and the more leprose thallus at once
distinguish it from the preceding species; while the minute fruit, apart
from anatomical differences, definitely separates it from the ochraceous
state of LZ. calearea. The apothecia are usually very numerous.
Hab, On moist rocks and stones in hilly districts.—Distr, Found only
in N. England.—-B. M.: Cockshaw Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
178. L. Prevostii Fr. fil. Lich. Scand. (1871) p. 288.—Thallus
' effuse, very thin, continuous, whitish, greyish- or fleshy-white, often
obsolete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, deeply immersed, sub-
rotundate or variously difform, concave, carneous or pale-carneous,
the proper margin connivent, discrete from the thalline margin ;
spores ellipsoid, 0,014—22 mm. long, 0,009-11 mm. thick; para-
physes not discrete; epithecium colourless; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then sordidly wine-coloured with iodine.—Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 198; Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora epulotica var.
Prevostii Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 212.
Gyalecta goica Ach.? Leight. Angio. Lich. t. 15. fig. 1. Gyalecta
Prevostii Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 197.
At one time regarded by Nylander as a variety of the following species,
differing chiefly in the irregular foveolate apothecia. It belongs, how-
ever, to this subsection, from the character of the gonidia, which fide Th.
M. Fries (Lich. Seand. p. 289) are 0,009-16 mm. in diameter. In
the British specimens the thallus is usually confused with the substratum,
whence forma proletaria Fy. fil. /.c. Itis then, from the colour of the
very small, though numerous, apothecia, a rather inconspicuous plant.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in upland tracts of hilly and mountainous
districts.— Distr. Seen from only a few localities in W. and N. England,
as also from the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Bathampton Downs,
Somerset; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 479
Form melanocarpa Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 383.—-
Thallus as in the type. Apothecia at length emersed, prominent,
black, the thalline margin obliterated.—Cromb. Grevillea, xviii.
p. 58.—Hymenclia Prevostit var. 3. melanocarpa Krempelh. Lich. FI.
Bayer. (1861) p. 167. Lichen punctatus Eng. Bot. t. 450 (accord-
ing to the specimen figured in Hb. Sowerby and the diagnosis
given). Aspicilia epulotica var. 3. punctata Mudd, Man. p. 161.
Urceolaria cyrtaspis Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 458? U. Acharii var. /.
cyrtaspis Ach., Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172.
Though not described by Krempelhuber /. ¢., the British specimens
quite correspond with one from his own herbarium. Were it not that the
young apothecia are as in the type, it would form a good variety. When
the fruit is immersed it looks much like young states of Lectdea caleivora.
Hab. On caleareous rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Apparently
very local and scarce in 8.W. and N. England, as also on the Central
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Tees-
dale, Durham. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.
Var. /3. affinis Nyl. ev Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 385.—
Thallus thin, pale-flesh-coloured or subochraceous. Apothecia very
minute, at length slightly emersed, pale-testaceous, the thalline
margin persistent; spores 0,014-18 mm. long, 0,009-13 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Greyillea, xix. p. 58 (lapsu sub L. epulotica).—Hyme-
nelia affinis Mass. Geneac. Lich. (1854) p. 13; Symm. Lich. p. 23.
Regarded as a distinct species by Massalongo and others, this is only a
variety of L. Prevostiz, with which it is subconfluent, differing only in the
more emergent apothecia and the size of the spores. In the British
specimens the thallus is at times slightly ochraceous.
Hab. On calcareous and serpentine rocks in subalpine tracts.— Distr.
Extremely rare in N. England and on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.:
Teesdale, Durham. Craiz Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; the Khoil,
near Ballater, Aberdeenshire.
b. Gonidial system composed of chrysogonidia, large and concatenate,
with thickish, firm membrane or perigonidium. (Jonaspis Fr.
fil. Lich. Scand. i. (1881) p. 273.)
179. L. epulotica Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (i870) p. 55 (excl.
var.).—Thallus determinate or subeffuse, thin or very thin, con-
tinuous or rimulose, pale or pale-whitish (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
innate, somewhat concave, submoderate, pale or pale-rose-coloured ;
the thalline margin thickish, often circumcised from the thallus ;
spores ellipsoid or subgloboso-ellipsoid, 0,018—20 mm. long, 0,010-
11 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 212 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 197 pro parte.—Aspicilia epulotica
Madd, Man. p. 161 pro parte, t. 3. f. 54. Gyalecta epulotica Ach.
Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 151, t. i. f. 7 (secundum specimen primarium
ex Anglia).
Externally not unlike states of Z. lacustris, with which it is apt to be
480 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
confounded, but, among other distinctive characters, differs essentially in
the type of the gonidia, which fide Th. M. Fries (Lich. Seand. p. 289)
are 0,020-32 mm. in diameter. The British specimens are well fertile,
with the apothecia either scattered or several crowded (as in the figure
of Acharius) and then somewhat flexuose at the margin.
Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in upland and subalpine
districts—Distr. Very sparingly in N. England and among the
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Teesdale, Durham ; Mardale, Westmore-
land. Craig Calliach and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
180. L. chrysophana Nyl. ex Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881,
p- 385.—Thallus effuse, thin, rimuloso-areolate, sordid- or chesnut-
reddish, when dry at length dark green (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
minute, concave, blackish-green ; the thalline margin thin, at length
excluded; epithecium greenish; spores S8nz, ellipsoid, 0,009-12
mm. long, 0,005-7 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with
iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882, p. 274.—Aspicilia chrysophana
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 159.
Distinguished at once by the colour of the thallus and fruit from the
other British species of this subsection. The chrysogonidia (fide Arnold)
are 0,036-45 mm. long, 0,025-30 mm. thick. In our few specimens the
apothecia are rather scattered, though here and there a few are con-
gregate.
Hab. On quartzose rocks and stones in alpine situations.—Distr,
Extremely local and rare on two of the higher Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M.: Above Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
O. Apothecia lecanorine, not immersed; spores 8nzx, simple,
colourless. Spermogones with subarticulate sterigmata and
ellipsoid spermatia.
181. L. decincta Nyl. Flora, 1882, p. 452.—Thallus determinate,
thin, smooth, rimulose, umbrine, greyish at the circumference
(K —, CaCl—). Apothecia submoderate, plane, black, opaque,
internally subincolorous or brownish, the thalline margin not
prominent; spores 8ne, ellipsoid, 0,010-14 mm. long, 0,006-8
mm. thick; paraphyses discrete, submoderate, thicker and brown
towards the apices ; hymenial gelatine pale-blue and then (especially
the thecx) tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xu. p. 89.
Allied to L. intercincta Nyl., with which it constitutes a distinct
section (vide Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 531) characterized by the form of the
sterigmata and spermatia. From L. intercincta, which does not occur in
Britain, it differs chiefly in the colour of the thalline margin of the
apothecia and in the larger spores. In the single specimen seen the
apothecia are numerous, somewhat small, and the spermogones frequent,
with spermatia 0,0025-35 mm. long, 0,0015 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a hilly locality—Distr. Very local and
scarce in N.W. England.—B. M.: Red Screes, Westmoreland.
me
+
2 te i te, mie bad
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 481
P. Apothecia lecanorine, more or less immersed; thece myrio-
spored; spores (very rarely 8-32ne) simple, usually small,
colourless; hymenial gelatine variously tinged with iodine.
Spermogones with simple sterigmata and minute oblongo-
ellipsoid spermatia. (Acarospora Mass. Rich, (1852) p. 27
pro maxima parte.)
182. L. glaucocarpa Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. (1810) p. 151.—
Thallus squamulose, opaque, pale-livid or lurid-brown, white
beneath ; squamules somewhat erect or depressed, thickish, scattered
or rarely subimbricate, free and crenate at the margins (K —,
CaCl —). Apothecia somewhat large, nearly plane, ciesio-pruinose
or naked, thick, reddish-brown ; the thalline margin thick, entire ;
spores oblongo-bacillar, 0,003-6 mm. long, 0,0015-25 mm. thick ;
hymenial gelatine intensely and persistently bluish with iodine.-—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182, ed. 3, p. 168.—
Lichen glaucocarpus Wahl. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1806, p. 143, t. iv. f. 4.
A well-marked plant easily recognized by the characters of the thalline
squamules and of the apothecia. In the British specimens the thallus is
somewhat scattered, at times little developed and visible chiefly around
the apothecia (form discreta, Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bayer. p. 17). These
are occasionally somewhat aggregate with the margin flexuose. Itisa
somewhat variable plant, of which the British forms may be included
under the variety that follows.
Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—
Distr. Local in N. England and on the Grampians, Sectland.—B. M.:
Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shrophire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Lawers
and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Var. 6. depauperata Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134; Grevillea,
xix. p. 58.—Thallus obsolete. Apothecia sublecideine, variable in
size, naked or pruinose, scattered or crowded, the margin more or
less thickish.— Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 169.— Acarospora cervina y.
glaucocarpa *depauperata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 155.
Confluent with less developed states of the type, but differs in being
ecrustaceous and in the variable apothecia. According to the differences
in these it presents two well-marked forms.
Form 1. pruinifera Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.—
Apothecia moderate, scattered or crowded, czsio-pruinose, the
margin entire or undulate.—The trivial name pruinosa given to
this by Krempelhuber (Lich. Fl. Bayer. (1861) p. 172) is not to be
retained, having been previously applied to an allied species.
Characterized by the pruinose apothecia, which give it much the
appearance of L. pruinosa (Sm.) Nyl. When more crowded they often
become angulose.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts—Distr. Only
sparingly on the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. ,
41
482 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
Form 2. denudata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 58.—
Apothecia moderate or small, naked, brownish-red or chestnut-
brown, the margin entire.
The epruinose apothecia chiefly distinguish this form. Otherwise they
are in some specimens moderate and crowded (form conferta Cromb.
Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134) ; while in others they are small and somewhat
scattered (form conspersa Fr., “ apotheciis minoribus,” Cromb. Greyillea,
2 pit).
Hab. On calcareous aud schistose rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr.
Found only in N. England and the Central and N. Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M.: Near Dent, Yorkshire. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
183. L. squamulosa Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 554.—Thallus areolato-
squamulose, opaque, cervine, pale badious or badious-brown ;
squamules adnate, rounded at the margins, white beneath (K
(CaCl)—). Apothecia somewhat large, plane, reddish- or dark-
. brown, the thalline margin usually depressed; spores oblongo-
ellipsoid, 0,008-12 mm. long, 0,004-5 mm. thick; paraphyses not
discrete, occasionally jointed, brownish at the apices; hymenial
gelatine deep blue with iodine——Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 169 pro parte.—
Lichen squamulosus Schrad. Crypt. Exs. (1797) n. 153. Lecanora
cervina (Pers.), Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima parte.
Acarospora cervina a. squamulosa, Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro parte.
Readily distinguished from the preceding species by the closely
appressed thallus, the contiguous differently coloured squamules, as also
by the thinner spores. It is not very variable, presenting only the form
that follows. The apothecia are at first immersed and then become
superficial.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Apparently
very local and scarce in N. Wales, N.W. England, and on the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merionethshire; near Staveley, Kendal,
Westmoreland. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athoie, Perthshire; Craig Guie
and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Form albomarginata Cromb.—Thalline squamules densely white-
pulverulent at the margins ; otherwise as in the type.
Analogous to form mosaica, Duf., Nyl., of L. castanea (Ram.), a plant
which does not occur in this country.
Hab. On calcareous rocks in a subalpine district.—Distr. Extremely
rare on one of the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B, M.: Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.
184. L. percenoides, Nyl. ca Wedd. Bull. Soc. Bot. xvi. (1869)
p. 202.—Thallus verrucoso-squamulose, thickish, chestnut-coloured,
white- or ceesio-pruinose, the squamules convex, scattered or imbri-
cate (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia innate, concave, irregular, rounded
or difform, often crowded, reddish- or dark-brown, naked, the
thalline margin prominent, whitish ; spores ellipsoid, 0,004-6 mm.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 483
long, 9,002 mm. thick; paraphyses usually jointed; hymenial
gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—
Lecanora castanea (Ram.) form perceenoides Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. t. x.
(1863) p. 268.
Looks in some respects as if intermediate between LZ. glaucocarpa and
L, squamulosa, but is very different in the characters of the thallus and
the apothecia. The single British specimen is scarcely typical.
Hab, On calcareous rocks in an upland situation Distr. Found only
in 8.W. England.—B, M.: Near Yatton, Somersetshire.
185. L. peliocypha Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh.,
n. ser. v. (1866) p. 182.—Thallus areolato-diffract or verrucoso-
squamulose, thickish, somewhat shining, the squamules often
crenate, slightly convex, cervine-brown, blackish beneath (K(CaCl) — ).
Apothecia at first immersed, then plane or slightly convex, papillose
in the centre, reddish-brown, naked, the thalline margin persistent,
crenulate and flexuose; spores oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-5 mm.
long, 0,0010-15 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Puarmelia peliocypha
Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41.
A plant of an alpine type which might readily be confounded with the
following, especially with its variety, from which the negative reactions
of the thaJlus and the papillate apothecia keep it distinct. The single
fragmentary British specimen gathered is well fertile.
Hab. On an exposed granitoid boulder in an alpine situation.— Distr.
Only very sparingly on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: The
Braeriach, Braemar, Aberdeenshire,
186. L. fuscata Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus appressed,
areolato-squamulose, pale-chestnut or cervine-brown, opaque, the
squamules angular and sublobate, blackish beneath (K(CaCl) +
reddish). Apothecia at first punctiformi-impressed, minute, then
concave, small, difformi-angulose and rimose, reddish- or dark-brown,
the thalline margin thin, flexuose ; paraphyses not discrete ; spores
oblongo-cylindrical, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001—-0,0015 mm. thick;
hymenial gelatine (especially the thece) tawny wine-red with
iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58; Lich. Brit. p. 56 pro minima
parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186 pro parte, ed. 3, p. 17 pro parte.—
Lichen fuscatus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. (1794) p. 83. Acarospora
cervina (Pers.) Mudd, Man. p. 158 pro maxima parte. Lecanora
cervina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.56 pro parte. Psoroma cervinum Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 444. Lichen squamulosus Eng. Bot. t. 2011 (male).
Lecanora squamulosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 350; Sm. Eng. FI. y.
p- 187 pro parte.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 24; Mudd, n. 131.
Differs from LZ. sgwamulosa, from which it has frequently not been
rightly discriminated, in the form of the thalline squamules, their
chemical reaction, and the colour of their under surface, as also in the
character of the apothecia. As in all the allied plants the hypothallus is
212
484 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
absent, so that the thallus is indeterminate and developed directly from
the prothallus (cfr. Nyl. Pyr. Or. p. 34). The apothecia when present,
for the plant is often sterile, at times remain persistently punctiform.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls from maritime to upland districts,
—Distr. General and common in England; rarer in Scotland and the
Channel Islands; apparently very rare in S.W. Ireland—B. M.: La
Moye and L’Etacq, Island of Jersey: Island of Alderney. Gorleston,
Suffolk; near Hastings, Sussex; Morwell Rocks, Devonshire; near
Penzance, Cornwall ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Ankerdine Hill,
Worcestershire; Buckstone, near Monmouth, and Croesfaen, Monmouth-
shire; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Aberdovyey, Merionethshire; Llyn
Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire ; Oswestry and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ;
Ayton and Guisboro’ Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Eglestone, Durham ;
near Hexham, Northumberland; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland.
King’s Park, Stirling; Ballachulish, Argyleshire ; Craig Calliach, Perth-
shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; The Stocket, near Aberdeen ; Apple-
cross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Var. 6. peliscyphoides Ny]. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus and
apothecia as in L. peliocypha, but the thalline reaction K (CaCl) +
reddish. —Lecanora peliscypha Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1873, p. 134;
Leight. Lich. FI]. ed. 3, p. 172 (quoad loc. cit.).
A good variety entirely referable to this species, though externally
similar to the preceding, for which the British specimens were originally
taken. It is one of those lichens in which the Nylanderian reactions are
most useful for the discrimination of plants which otherwise might
readily be confounded.
Hab. On walls in a maritime distinct.-—Distr. Only in N.E. Scotland,
where in the locality given I believe it is plentiful—B. M.: About
Portlethen, Kincardineshire.
187. L. rufescens Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364, 1879, p. 356.—
Thallus squamulose, rimoso-areolate or areolato-glebulose, reddish or
reddish-brown (K(CaCl)—), dark beneath. Apothecia immersed,
small, one or several immersed in each areola, at first concave then
somewhat plane, the thalline margin irregular ; spores 0,003-4 mm.
long, 0,001 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny with
iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Urceolaria rufescens Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 178. Lecidea rufescens Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2657. Acarospora cervina y. rufescens Mudd, Man. p. 159.
Endocarpon smaragdalum 6. rufescens Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16,
t.4.f.4. Sagedia rufescens Turn. in Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
p. 329.
Often confounded with ZL. fuscata, but at once distinguished by the
negative thalline reaction. It is more nearly related to LZ. smaragdula,
of which it may probably be the more developed and typical condition,
The apothecia are at times numerous and crowded.
Hab. On rocks and walls, chiefly arenaceous, rarely schistose, in
maritime and upland districts—Distr. Only a very few localities in E.
and N. England, Wales, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. :
Gorleston, Suffolk; Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire. Appin, Argyleshire.
q
a eee eee
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 485
188. L. rhagadiza Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 178.—Thallus conti-
nuous, unequal, variously rhagadiosely fissured, dark-olive-greyish
(K(CaCl)—). Apothecia small, innate, concave or plane, reddish-
flesh-coloured ; paraphyses slender; spores oblongo-bacillar, about
0,0035 mm. long, about 0,0010 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
tawny-wine-coloured with iodine.-—Cromb. Grevillea, x. p. 23.
A peculiar plant, as observed by Nylander /. c., near L. rufescens, but
differs in the characters given of the thallus and apothecia. In the single
specimen gathered the thallus is well fertile.
Hab. On moist sandstone rocks in a maritime locality — Distr. Ex-
tremely local and scarce in N.W. England (Barrowmouth, Whitehaven,
Cumberland).
189. L. admissa Nyl. Flora, 1867, p. 370, et 1872, p. 364.—
Thallus indeterminate, adnate, anguloso-areolate, brownish- or dark-
red, the areole plane, contiguous, opaque, blackish beneath
(K(CaCl)—). Apothecia minute, impressed, somewhat angular,
subconcolorous, the thalline margin obtuse or little distinct ; para-
physes moderate, jointed ; spores oblong, 0,004—5 mm. long, 0,0010—
15 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then tawny wine-coloured
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Z. discreta Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte.
A good species well separated from ZL. rufescens, to which it is allied,
by the characters of the thallus and the fructification. The apothecia
are rarely solitary, but usually several slightly impressed in each areola.
In the Scottish locality the thallus was widely expanded, and, along with
the normal apothecia, bearing in the centre a few others, large, superficial
and deeply fissured at the margins.
Hab. On exposed schistose rocks in subalpine and alpine situations.—
Distr. Extremely local and rare in N. Wales and on one of the 8. Gram-
pians, Scotland.—B. M.: Y Fegle fawr, near Barmouth, Merionethshire.
Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
190. L. discreta Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 364.—Thallus verrucoso-
areolate, dark- or badious-brown, the areole turgid, discrete, subru-
gulose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, impressed in the areole,
at times slightly convex in the centre, concolorous, the thalline
margin obtuse; spores oblong, 0,003-4 mm. long, 0,001 mm. thick ;
paraphyses slender; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.—Cromb.
Grevillea, xix. p. 58; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 pro parte.—
Parmelia squamulosa y. discreta Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 41.
Lecanora admissa (non Nyl.) Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 185.
Characterized by the normally turgid and discrete thalline areole ;
though occasionally in the British specimens they are here and there
more depressed and subcontiguous, rarely several confluent. The apo-
thecia are usually solitary, but sometimes several in each areola.
Hab. On rocks in subalpine tracts.—Dzistr. Local and scarce in N.
England and on the N. Grampians, Scotland —B. M.: Teesdale, Durham,
Summit of the Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire,
486 LICHENACEI. [LECANORA.
191. L. smaragdula Nyl. Flora, 1872, p. 429.—Thallus squa-
mulose, greenish or greenish-brown, the squamules plane or slightly
convex, rounded, more or less discrete (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
minute, punctiform, immersed, solitary or several in each squamule,
dark-brown ; spores about 0,003-4 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm.
thick; hymenial gelatine pale blue, then tawny with iodine.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora fuscata var. smaragdula
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. LZ. squamulosa forma smaragdula Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p.169. Acarospora cervina 6. smaragdula et
n. privigna Mudd, Man. p.159. Endocarpon smaragdulum Wahl. in
Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 29; Hook. Fl. Scot.ii. p.44; Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 158 ; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 499; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 16,
t.4.f.3. Lichen smaragdulus Eng. Bot. t. 1512. Endocarpon rufo-
virescens Tay). in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 100.— Brit. Exvs.: Leight. n. 271;
Mudd, n. 132.
Looks distinct but, as already intimated, probably descends from Z. ru-
fescens, of which it would then be a subspecies characterized by the small,
scattered squamules and the minute apothecia. The former, however, are
at times more approximate and when much scattered are only sparingly
fertile.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts——Distr.
Rather local in Great Britain, rare in S.W. Ireland and the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Redruth, Cornwall; Wickwar,
Gloucestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Howden Gill and near Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumber-
land; near Kendal, Westmoreland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire; King’s
Park, Stirling, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; S. of Bay of Nigg, Kinear-
dineshire. Derriquin and Sybil Head, co, Kerry; near Kylemore, co,
Galway.
Form sinopica Nyl. ex Nérrl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. t. xiii. (1873) p. 332.—Thallus areolato-squamulose, rusty-
red. Apothecia black.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora
fuscata var. sinopica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. L. sguamulosa forma
sinopica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184, ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina
f. stnopica Mudd, Man. p. 160. Endocarpon sinopicum Wahl. in
Ach. Meth. Suppl. (1803) p. 30; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 159; Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 499. E. smaragdulum 3. sinopicum Leight. Angio.
Lich. p. 16, t. 5. f. 1. Lichen sinopicus Eng. Bot. t. 1776 (upper
fig.).
Differs merely in the colour of the more contiguous thallus and in the
darker apothecia, which are more frequently solitary in the squamules,
The ferruginous colour, as in other instances, is owing to suffusion from
peroxide of iron,
Hab, On rocks and boulders, chiefly schistose, in mountainous regions.
—Distr. Only in N. Wales and on the Scottish Grampians.— B. M. : Dol-
gelly, Merionethshire; Aber and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ; Island of
Anglesea, Achrosagan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire ; Killin, Ben Lawers,
and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire.
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 487
192. L. Heppii Nyl. Not. Siillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Forh. n.s. v.
(1866) p. 182.—Thallus effuse, very thin, continuous, greyish-white
or sordid-ochraceous (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, concave,
brown, the margin entire, at length inflexed ; epithecium gyalectoid-
impressed ; paraphyses slender, not discrete; spores oblongo-ellipsoid,
0,0040-45 mm. long, 0,0015-20 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then wine- or sordid-wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 57.—Lecanora squamulosa forma Heppii Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina ¢. Heppit Mudd, Man. p. 160.
Myriospora Heppii Naeg. in Hepp, Exs. (1853) n. 37. Lecanora
squamulosa forma privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 1, p. 185 pro parte.
—Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 196.
A rather inconspicuous plant very apt to be overlooked. Itis apparently
a distinct species, though its claims to be so have at times been questioned.
The thallus is often scarcely visible and, as observed by Th. M. Fries
(Lich. Scand. p. 218), is rarely minutely verruculose. The form of the
minute, usually numerous apothecia give it much the aspect of some
young Gyalecta,
Hab, On arenaceous and calcareous rocks and flints in maritime and
upland situations.— Dist. Only a few localities in England and 8. Wales.
—B. M.: South Downs, Hastings, and Bexley Hill, Sussex ; Lyndhurst,
New Forest, Hants; Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Llandrindod,
Radnorshire.
Q. Apothecia normally lecideine ; thee myriospored ; spores simple,
minute, colourless. Spermogones with simple sterigmata, at-
tenuate at the apices, and ellipsoid, very minute spermatia.
(Sarcogyne Mass. Geneac. (1854) p. 10.)
193. L. pruinosa Nyl. in
Cromb. Lich. Brit.(1870) p. 57. _ Z
—Thallus very thin, leprose, a %
greyish-white (K—, CaCl—), B aso
usually obsolete. Apothecia : 0 ;
moderate, appressed, plane, 0 i
reddish-black when moist, black %°350 re
and more or less ceesio-pruinose Ri ie,
when dry, whitish within, the iy | ‘i
margin thin, entire, sometimes Mae way
undulate; hypothecium thin, ey
subincolorous; paraphyses slen- ids
der, not discrete, brown at the
apices; spores oblongo-cylin- Fic. 68.
auical, ae eae oe > Lecanora pruinosa Nyl—A. A theca
scarcely 0,00 eee gees with paraphysis (separated by K),
hymenial gelatine bluish, then x350, B. Three spores, x 350.
wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. C. Sterigmata and spermatia, x 500.
Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora :
glaucocarpa forma pruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153, ed. 3, p. 168.
Lecidea pruinosa Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 179 ; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib.
488 LICHENACEI, [ LECANORA.
ii. p. 125. Biatorella pruinosa Mudd, Man. p. 191, t. 3. fig. 74.
Lichen pruinosus Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxii. (1811) t. 2244.—Brit. Evs. :
Leight. n. 300; Mudd, n. 160.
It is only occasionally that a thallus varying from whitish to dark
ereyish is distinctly visible, so that the plant is often described as ecrus-
taceous. Were it not for the character of the spermogones it might
readily be taken for a polyspored Lecidea. A state occasionally occurs on
chalk pebbles in which the apothecia are much smaller and subimmersed
as if calcivorous (var. immersa, Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 296).
Hab. On calcareous rocks and mortar of walls from maritime to upland
tracts.— Distr. General and common in Great Britain: probably also in
Treland.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; Lewes, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of
Wight; near Penzance, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near
Hereford; near Malvern and Whittington, Worcestershire; Harboro’
Magna, Warwickshire; near Corwen, Merioneth; Bilsdale, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; near Gainford, Durham; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland.
Appin, Argyleshire; King’s Park, Stirling; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; near Aberdeen. Dunkathal, co. Cork.
Form nuda Nyl. ev Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 423.
—Thallus little visible or entirely wanting. Apothecia small or
moderate, reddish-brown, epruinose.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.
Differs merely in the constantly naked apothecia, which probably
depends on habitat.
_ Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, rarely arenaceous, and mortar of
walls in upland situations.—Distr. Only here and there in Great Britain ;
but no doubt often overlooked.—B. M.: Egerton, Kent ; near Bovey
Tracey, S. Devon ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire.
Appin, Argyleshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perth-
shire; Applecross, Ross-shire.
Var. (. albocincta Cromb.—Thallus obsolete. Apothecia thinly
pruinose or naked, with a white pruinose epithalline margin ; other-
wise as in the type.
Looks entirely lecanorine and as if the type of the species, but has no
gonidia intruded in the spurious margin, which becomes evanescent in
age. It is probably the plant referred to by Th. M. Fries in Lich. Scand.
p- 407, s.n. Lecidea immersa var. B. atrosanguinea Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lapp.
p- 152; but as the latter /. c. says that the margin is “black,” I have
named it as above. The apothecia in the two British specimens seen are
here and there congregate when the epithalline margin is flexuose.
Hab. On the mortar of a wall in an upland district. —Distr. Extremely
local and scarce in W. England.—B. M.: Mathon, Malvern Hills, Wor-
cestershire.
194. L. eucarpa Nyl. Not. Siallsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. xi.
(1871) p. 184.—Thallus absent or scarcely any visible. Apothecia
large, lecideine, often aggregate, at first concave then plane, black,
dark-reddish when moist, reddish within, the margin black, persistent ;
hypothecium thin, blackish-brown ; spores oblongo-ellipsoid, 0,004—
5 mm. long, about 0,002 mm. thick ; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish
with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58.—Lecanora glaucocarpa
LECANORA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 489
forma eucarpa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183, ed. 3, p. 168. Lecidea
eucarpa Nyl. Bot. Not. 1863, p. 163.
Looks as if it descended from L. glaucocarpa (athalline), but from the
type of the apothecia it belongs to this section. These are either simple
and umbilicately affixed or sey eral connate in a common umbilicus. The
lower stratum of the hy pothecium, as observed by Nylander, is thin,
black. The peculiar fructification at once distinguishes it from all the
allied species.
Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Very local and
searce in the Channel Islands and those of S.W. England.—B. M.: West
coast of Guernsey. Scilly Islands, Cornwall.
™ 195. L. privigna Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 69.—Thallus obsolete.
Apothecia plane, small or submoderate, usually approximate, rounded
or angulose, brick-red when moist, blackish when dry, the margin
black, entire or flexuose, persistent; spores 0,003-4 mm. long,
0,0015 mm. thick; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses slender,
jointed, brownish at the conglutinate apices; hymenial gelatine
bluish, then sordid or slightly tawny with iodine.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xix. p. 58.—Lecanora fuscata var. privigna Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56.
L. squamulosa forma privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185, ed. 3, p. 170.
Lecidea privigna Ach. Meth. Lich. (1803) p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p- 184. Lichen simplex Eng. Bot. t. 2152 (two mght-hand figs.).—
Brit. Exs.: Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 254.
Apparently a distinct species intermediate as it were between L.
pruinosa form nuda and less plicate states of LZ. simpler. From both,
however, it differs in the characters given, though more nearly allied to
the latter. The apothecia are frequently in groups with the margin
constantly black.
Hab. On arenaceous and granitic rocks in maritime tracts.— Distr.
Only here and there in the Channel Islands, S. and N. England, and the
E. coast of Scotland.—B. M.: St. Brelade’s Bay, Island of J ersey ; Island
of Alderney. Tyneside, near Bywell, Northumberland. South of Bay
of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Old Machar, near Aberdeen.
196. L. hypophza Ny]. Flora, 1870, p. 34.—Thallus effuse, thin,
granulato-unequal, greyish or greyish-green (K —). Apothecia
submoderate, lecideine, blackish or dark-sanguineous, at first plane
with the margin subcrenulate or unequal, black, at length convex
with the margin excluded; paraphyses moderate or thickish, jointed,
amber-brown at the apices; hypothecium colourless, infuscate
beneath; spores oblong, 0,005-6 mm, long, 0,0015 mm. thick;
hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red or tawny-reddish with iodine.
—Cromb. Journ. Bot. p. 97; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186, ed. 3, p. 172.
Very near the preceding species, but differs in the character of the
paraphyses and the darker lower stratum of the hypothecium. It would
differ also externally in the presence of a thallus were this really proper,
which is rather doubtful. The two British specimens are well fertile.
Hab. On granitic stones of a wall in a lowland submaritime district.—
Distr. Extremely local and rare in N.E. Scotland.—B. M.: Near Old
Machar Cathedral, Aberdeen.
490 LICHENACEI, [LECANORA, |
197. L. simplex Nyl. in Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 57.—
Thallus obsolete. Apothecia lecideine, minute, plane, or concave,
variously corrugate or plicate, black, the margin flexuose and irre-
gularly crenate; spores very numerous, 0,003—6 mm. long, about
0,001—-2 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with
iodine.—Lecanora squamulosa form simplex Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185,
ed, 3, p. 170. Acarospora cervina t. simplex Mudd, Man. p. 160.
Lecidea simplex Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 179; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 124. Lichen simplex Day. Trans. Linn. Soe. li. (1794) p. 283,
t. 28. f. 2; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 5; Eng. Bot. t. 2152 (two left-
hand figs.). Linodina privigna Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 450.—Brit.
Exs.: Leight. nos. 272, 273.
Well characterized by the form of the fruit and the very minute spores.
Occasioually there are traces of a very thin, dark-brown or blackish
thallus, but this is evidently foreign. The apothecia are rather variable,
often crowded, rotundate or somewhat angular, with the disc, which is
constantly black even when moistened, but little visible. When more
rotundate with the disc rugose and the margin involute and rimulose, it
is form strepsodina (Ach.) (Opegrapha Persoonti y. strepsodina Lich.
Univ. p. 247). When more angulose and much gyroso-plicate as if gyro-
phoroid it is form complicata Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 58. Both of
these, however, pass into and are frequently mixed up with more typical
conditions.
Hab. On rocks, chiefly schistose and calcareous, in maritime and moun-
tainous districts.— Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain and
the Channel Islands; apparently rare in W. Iveland.—B. M.: La Moye,
Island of Jersey ; Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Buckfastleigh, Ash-
burton and Ilfracombe, Devonshire ; Tintagel, Withiel, and Penzance,
Cornwall; Barmouth, Dolgelly, and Capel Arthog, Merionethshire ;
Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Island of Anglesea; north of Douglas, Isle of
Man; Hexham, Northumberland. Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Argyle-
shire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; South
of Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire. Dunkerron, co, Kerry; Glencorbol, Connemara, co.
Galway.
Form herpes Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p.58.—Apothecia very
minute, punctiform, impressed.—Sarcogyne simplex var. herpes
Norm. Bot. Not. 1873, p. 34.
Readily overlooked from being scarcely visible to the naked eye.
Probably it is only a poorly developed state depending on the nature of
the substratum,
Hab. On shady schistose rocks in a maritime locality.—Distr. Only
very sparingly in the W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Ballachulish,
Argyleshire.
61. DIRINA Fr. Pl. Hom. (1825) p. 244; Nyl. Mém. Soe.
Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus crustaceous, continuous or rimulose,
containing chrysogonidia. Apothecia tuberculoso-lecanorine ; spores
Sn, fusiform, 3-septate, colourless; hypothecium thick, black ;
paraphyses slender, not very discrete; hymenial gelatine wine-
*
DIRINA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 491
red with iodine. Spermogones tuberculoso-immersed, with simple
sterigmata and acicular, arcuate spermatia.
A small genus closely allied to Leca-
nora, from which it differs chiefly in the
character of the hypothecium. In this
respect, as also in their form, the apo-
thecia resemble those of Roccella.
1. D. repanda Nyl. Mém. Soc.
Cherb. y. (1857) p. 116.—Thallus
determinate, thick, tartareo-farinose,
tuberculoso-unequal, subeffigurate at
the circumference, white (Kf+ yellow,
CaCl + red); hypothallus white.
Apothecia elevated, plano-depressed,
at first closed, then expanded and di-
lated, black, czesio- or white-pruinose;
the thalline margin thick, obtuse,
more or less inflexed; spores often NV iN \
slightly curved, 0,027-30 mm. long, STK | |
about 0,004 mm. thick.— Cromb. ;
Journ. Bot. 1871,p.178; Leight. Lich. Fig. 69.
Fl. p. 235, ed. 3, p. 226.—Parmelia Dirina repanda Nyl.—a. A theca
repanda Fr, Lich. Eur. (1831) and paraphysis, x 350. 0.
177 Three spores, x 500. c¢. Ste-
= Z rigmata and spermatia, x 500.
A plant chiefly of S. Europe and N. Africa which finds its way to a
few localities in our Islands. The peculiar apothecia are numerous, at
times crowded and difform with the thalline margin then flexuose. In
sterile specimens the spermogones are abundant, with sterigmata0,010 mm.
long, 0,001 mm. thick. The corticolous form (Zecanora Ceratonie Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 36], t. 7. f. 5) does not occur with us.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Only sparingly in the
Channel Islands, S.W. England, and N. Wales——B. M.: La Coupe and
Rozel, Island of Jersey. Portland Island, Dorsetshire; Great Orme’s
Head, Carnarvonshire.
Subtribe IIT. PERTUSARIET Ny]. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 177.
Thallus variously crustaceous, continuous; gonidial layer con-
taining typical eugonidia. Apothecia more or less inclosed in
thalline verrucz, punctiform or with the dise expanded and leca-
noroid; spores variable in number, simple. Spermogones with
simple sterigmata.
Arranged by many authors among the Pyrenocarpei from the fruit of
both being frequently subsimilar. As, however, the more developed
forms of the apothecia in Pertusariet resemble those of many Lecanoret,
its two genera are more appropriately included in this tribe.
62. PERTUSARIA DC. Fl. Fr. 1. (1205) p. 1389; Nyl. Mém.
492 LICHENACEI. [ PERTUSARIA.
Soe. Cherb. iii. p. 180.—Thallus continuous, verrucoso-unequal, or
smoothish, very rarely hypophlcodal. Apothecia endocarpoid or
lecanoroid; spores 1—4ne, 6—8ne,
large, ellipsoid or oblong, colourless,
rarely blackish, with a thick or
thickish epispore ; paraphyses lax or
coherent, variously branched and
arcuate ; hymenial gelatine, but chiefly
the thecx, deep-lilac with iodine.
Spermogones with acicular, straight
spermatia.
A natural and well-defined genus,
most of the European species of which
occur in our Islands, where also one or
two seem to be endemic. Several of the
plants included in it frequently occur
only in a variolarioid or isidioid state,
constituting the pseudogenera Variolaria
and Isidium of older authors. A few of
these enumerated by Turner and Borrer
in their ‘Lichenographia Britannica’
and subsequently figured in Eng. Bot.
Suppl., being very doubtful, are here
omitted.
A. Thece pauci-spored ; spores colour-
less.
a. Spores solitary.
1. P. bryontha Nyl. Lich. Scand.
(1861) p. 178; Flora, 1881, p. 538.
—Thallus effuse, thin, subgranulato-
unequal, white or whitish, white-sore-
diose (K+ yellowish, soredia CaCl+
reddish). Apothecia lecanorine, mode- oe
rate, at first urceolate, then subplane, Fig. 70.
prominent or substipate, opaque, Pertusaria communis DC.—
sordidly liver-coloured, or sordid- A 2-spored theca and para-
brownish, the thalline margin at physes, x 250.
length depressed or excluded; spores 0,150-0,230 mm. long,
0,050-70 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 240, ed. 3, p. 230.—Parmelia subfusca (3. bryontha Ach. Meth.
(1803) p. 167. Pertusaria macrospora Hepp, Mudd, Man. p. 277.
Looks almost a state of Lecanora epibrya, but is very different in the
structure of the fruit and the form of the spermatia. The apothecia,
which are at first pale, are in our few specimens at times somewhat
crowded. It is one of our rarest British lichens.
Hab. On the ground, encrusting mosses and decayed Carices, in alpine
places.—Distr. Extremely local and scarce on one or two of the N.
Grampians, Scotland—B. M.: Cairngorm and Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 493
2. P. dactylina Nyl. Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. t. vii. (1863) p. 447
(nota 1).—Thallus thin, unequal, papillato-dactyloid, white; pa-
pill erect, thickish, simple or rarely divided (K+ yellowish, then
reddish, CaCl—). Apothecia inclosed in the apices of the papille,
rarely lecanorine, sometimes sublecanorine, blackish, usually covered
with a thalline operculum; spores 0,125-220 mm. long, 0,065—
85 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 239,
ed. 3, p. 230.—Lichen dactylinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 89. Lichen
oculatus Eng. Bot. t. 1833, also of the older British authors pro
parte (vide sub Lecanora oculata).
Subsimilar to Zecanora oculata, but differs in the thicker and usually
larger papille. These are generally constipate and rarely once or twice
divided. The reaction with K is not always very distinct (efr. Nyl.
- Lapp. Or. p. 141). In the British specimens, which are usually sterile,
the apothecia are occasionally sublecanorine.
Hab. On the bare ground and overspreading decayed mosses in alpine
situations.— Distr. Local and scarce on the summits of a few of the
higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Morrone
and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
3. P. Hutchinsie Leight. Angio. Lich. (1851) p. 30, t. L1.f. 1.—
Thallus effuse, thin, minutely rugoso-unequal, whitish or cream-
coloured (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia lecanoroid, in small or sub-
moderate, crowded, difform verruce ; the ostiola large, brownish-
black, czsio-pruinose, depressed, lacerate at the margins; spores
0,08-12mm. long, 0,040—55 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p.277; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 59 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed. 3, p. 233.—Thelo-
trema Hutchinsie Borr. Eng. Bot. Suppl. (1831) t. 2652; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Br. p. 178; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 162; Tayl. in Mack. Fl.
Hib. ii. p. 103.
Externally somewhat resembles Lecanora verrucosa, with which it
agrees in habitat, but the structure of the apothecia is very different. From
Urceolaria scruposa subsp. bryophila, to which, as observed by Borrer, it is
also subsimilar, it is at once distinguished by the reaction with CaCl.
Its nearest ally in this genus seems to be P. panyrga (Ach.) Fr. fil. ;
but from this it differs among other characters in the thallus not becoming
papillate. It is apparently peculiar to Ireland.
Hab. On the ground incrusting mosses and heaths in an upland situa-
tion.— Distr. Extremely local and scarce in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: Hills
near Bantry, co. Cork.
4. P. melanochlora Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 70.—Thallus deter-
minate, thickish, rugoso-verrucose, subrimose, densely papillose,
aCl) +yviolet ose toloumett
papille short, thick, cylindrical, simple, sorediate at the apices.
Apothecia minute, several (2-5) inclosed in the apices of the papille ;
spores 0,180—250 mm. long, 0,075-100 mm. thick.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xix. p. 59.—Isidiwm melanochlorum DC. Fl. Fr. 1. (1805)
p. 326.
greyish-white or greyish-fumose (K (C
494 LICHENACEI. [ PERTUSARA.
A well-marked species readily recognized, even when sterile, by the
peculiar thalline papilla. The apothecia, recently described by Nylander,
from plants gathered in the EK. Pyrences, are seldom rightly developed in
the few British specimens. The spermogones, also rare in these, have
the spermatia bacillar, about 0,004-5 mm. long, scarcely 0,001 mm. thick
(fide Nyl.).
Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks in a mountainous region.— Distr.
Seen only sparingly from N. Wales.—B. M.: Barmouth, Merionethshire.
5. P. monogona Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71.—Thallus subdeter-
minate, rugose, areolatu-rimose, greyish-white (K + yellow, ne
saffron-orange). Apothecia at first innate in the areole, then
somewhat prominent, the thalline margin entire or subcrenate;
epithecium dilated, brownish, uneven, white-pulverulent ; spores
oblongo-ellipsoid, 9,150-235 mm. long, 0,070-80 mm. thick.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.
Nylander /. ec. says that this is subsimilar to P. dealbata, from which it
at once differs in the monospored thecee. The other characters given
sufficiently distinguish it from this and other British Pertusarias. In
our specimens the fertile verruce are numerous and here and there
crowded. The spermogones are not infrequent, with spermatia about 0,004
mm. long, nearly 0,001 mm. thick.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a mountainous region.— Distr, Extremely
local and scarce in N. Wales—B. M.: Cader Idris, Merionethshire.
6. P. multipuncta Nyl. Not. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl. Fenn. Férh. xi.
(1870) p. 185.—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thinnish,
granulato- or rugoso-unequal, rimose, whitish or greyish-white ;
fertile verruce small, prominent, usually white-sorediate (K—,
CaCl—, I + dark-bluish). Apothecia usually numerous in each
verruca, pale or blackish, czsio-pruinose, at length naked; spores
oblong or lineari-oblong, 0,106-140 mm. long, 0,028-68 mm. thick.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—Pertusuria multipunctata Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 236, ed. 3, p. 226. P. globulifera p. multipunctata
Mudd, Man. p. 274; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.59. Variolaria multi-
puncta Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 137, t. 10. f. 1; Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Br. p. 73; Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 490 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p- 170. Lichen multipunctus, Eug. Bot. t. 2061.—A saxicolous
state is Pertusaria sublactea Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi.
p- 474; Lich. Fl. p. 245, ed. 3, p. 236 (cfr. Nyl. Flora, 1883,
p. 534).— Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 262.
Has often externally the aspect of some Philyctis, as noticed by Th. M.
Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 309). From the other species of the genus it is
well separated by the more elongate spores. The verruce are usually
very numerous, though distinct, each with from 1 to 12 apothecia. The
thalline reaction with K is erroneously given by Leighton, there being
only visible at times a very faint yellow tinge immediately passing into
brown.
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 495
Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, very rarely on schistose rocks, in
maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Not uncommon in England and
Wales; rarer in Ireland; very rare in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.
—B.M.: Shiere, Surrey; St. Leonard’s Forest and Glynde, Sussex :
Isle of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; East Lynn, Devonshire ;
Boeconoc, Cornwall; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross, Leicester-
shire; Barmouth and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire ; Conway Falls,
Carnarvonshire ; Brantsdale, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Asby, Cum-
berland. Barcaldine, Argyleshire. Ravenscourt, co. Wicklow; Castle-
bernard, co. Cork; Cromaglown and Turk Mt., Killarney, co. Kerry ;
Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co, Galway.
Form 1. levigata Cromb.—Thallus thin, continuous or very
slightly rimose, scarcely subrugulose, the thalline verrucce depressed,
more or less scattered.—Variolaria multipuncta var. (3. levigata
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 73; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170.
V. constellata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 1138 pro parte.
Apparently only a less developed condition resulting from the nature
of the substratum.
Hab. On smooth bark of young trees in wooded upland tracts.—Distr.
Only a few localities in S. England and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.: St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Falls of Beckey, S. Devon.
Askew Wood, co. Kerry.
Form 2. fastigiata Cromb.—Thalline verrucze submoderate or
somewhat large, hemispherical, crowded, substipitate, fastigiate and
sorediate at the apices: otherwise as in the type.—Pertusaria fasti-
gata Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1870, vi. p. 474; Lich. Fl. p. 245,
ed. 3, p. 236. Isidium oculatum var, . fastigiatum Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Br. (1839) p. 103, fide Leight.; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 232. Vario-
laria polythecia Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113.
A well-marked form, if not a distinct variety, differing in the character
of the verrucee. Dr. Taylor /. c. says that it is “conspicuous by the
crowded and stalked apothecia placed in contact, like certain basaltic
columns.” In the few specimens seen the spores are very seldom well
developed.
Hab. On naked rocks and incrusting mosses in mountainous regions.
-—Distr. Found only in 8. and W. Ireland. (Bantry, co. Cork; Conne-
mara, co. Galway.)—B. M.: Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
7. P. globulifera Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 116.—
Thallus suborbicular, cartilagineo-membranaceous, verrucoso-rugose,
greyish or glaucous, white-sorediate, smoothish and zonate at the
circumference (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia inclosed in large thalline
verruce, which are at first globular, closed, slightly depressed at the
apices, corticate, at length lacero-dehiscent, pseudo-scutelliform,
white-sorediate; spores (rarely 2ne) 0,207-276 mm. long, 0,050—
80 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man. p. 273 (excl. vars.) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 59 (excl. vars.); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed.3, p. 233.— Variolaria
globulifera Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808) p. 189; Turn. & Borr.
496 LICHENACEI. [PERTUSARIA.
Lich. Br. p. 59; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 490; Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 169.
Lichen globuliferus Eng. Bot. t. 2008. Lichenoides candidum et
farinaceum, scutellis fere planis Dill. Muse. 131, t. 18. f. 11 B—
Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 263 pro parte.
The thallus, which usually spreads extensively, is somewhat depressed
at the circumference, where it presents zones of various shades, chiefly
brown and carneous. The fertile verrucze, of which the form and
ultimate development are aptly described by Turner and Borrer, /. ¢., are
not of common occurrence and are usually but few on the same plant.
More frequently the verruce are sterile, plane, with a thickish margin and
densely white-sorediate having a lecanoroid appearance. In this abortive
condition of the apothecia, which at times occurs on the same plant as
their normal state, it is form discoidea Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59;
Lichen discoideus Eng. Bot. t. 1714; Variolaria discoidea Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Br. p. 61, Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 168, Tayl. in Mack. FI. Hib. ii. p. 112,
PIL 7G el,
Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. General and common where it occurs in Great Britain ; appa-
rently rare in Ireland. 3B. M.: Yarmouth, Norfolk: Epping Forest,
Essex; Penshurst, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; St. Leonard’s Forest and
Danny, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Chudleigh and Beckey Falls,
S. Devon; Boconnoc and near Withiel, Cornwall; Savernake Forest,
Wilts; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Lambeth, 8.
Wales; Barmouth, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Craig-y-Rhiw
and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham. Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire; Inverary and by
Loch Creran, Argyleshire; Craigforth, Stirling; Glen Lochay, Killin,
and Blaeherry Hill, near Perth, Perthshire ; Murtle, near Aberdeen; by
Loch Linnhe, Inverness-shire. Castlemartyr and Macroom demesne,
co. Cork; Ashley Park, near Galway.
8. P. ophthalmiza Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 354.—Thallus effuse,
thin, smoothish, or slightly rugoso-unequal, greyish (K—, CaCl—) ;
fertile verrucze small, more or less crowded. Apothecia 1, rarely
2-3 in each verruca, lecanoroid, blackish, crowned with a rugose or
subleprose thalloid margin; spores 0,160-205 mm. long, 0,080—
100 mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 242, ed. 3, p. 2383.—P. globulifera subsp. ophthalmiza Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 59; var. ophthalmiza Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 180.
Well distinguished from the preceding, to which it has a superficial
resemblance, by the form of the fructification. It spreads extensively,
though interruptedly, over the substratum with no visible circumferential
line. The fertile verrucée are usually numerous, at times almost oblite-
rating the rest of the thallus,
Hab, On the trunks of aged pines in an upland district.—Dist. Only
sparingly in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Glen Falloch,
and Black Wood, Rannoch, Perthshire.
9. P. amara Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 22.—Thallus determinate,
rugoso-rimose, unequal, subpulverulent, greyish-white, brown and
zonate at the circumference (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia white-
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 497
pulverulent, in convex, thinly margined, at length immarginate
verruce (K-+yellow, K(CaCl)+ violet) ; spores 0,190-236 mm.
long, 0,050-070 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—Vario-
laria amara Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810) p. 324; Hock. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 46; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 491. Lichen fagineus Linn. Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 443 ?; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 807 ?; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 4
pro parte; Eng. Bot. t. 1713. Variolaria faginea Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Br. p. 64; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 169 (non Tayl. in Mack. FI.
Hib. ii. p. 112). Pertusaria faginea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 242, ed. 3,
p. 232. Lichenoides candidum et farinaceum, scutellis fere planis
Dill. Muse. 131, t. xviii. f. 11 C.—As Lichen fagineus of the older
authors is for the greater part a “‘nomen vagum,” the determinate
and very expressive trivial name of Acharius is here adopted.—
Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n. 263 pro parte.
As noticed by Acharius (/. c.) the taste of the whole lichen is very
bitter, almost as in Cinchona. It has at times been confounded with the
discoid state of P. globulifera, but the taste, the chemical reactions, and
the smaller verruce keep it distinct. The soredia are very numerous,
confluent, frequently almost obliterating the thallus except towards the
circumference. In Britain, as elsewhere, the apothecia are very rare in a
well-developed condition.
Hab. On trunks of old trees, chiefly beech and elms, occasionally ash,
in maritime and upland wooded tracts.—Distr. General and not un-
common in Britain; apparently rare in S.W. Ireland; not seen from the
Channel Islands.—B. M.: Great Glenham, Suffolk ; Hainault Forest and
near Gosfield, Essex ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants;
Lydford, S. Devon; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Minsty,
Wiltshire; Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Island of Anglesea; Teesdale,
Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland; Asby, Cumberland; Meldon
Park, Northumberland. Near Glasgow, Lanarkshire ; Craigforth, Stir-
ling; Airds, Appin, Argyleshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Craig
Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Applecross, Ross-shire. Dunkerron,
co. Kerry.
10. P. velata Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 179.—Thallus deter-
minate, smoothish or rugoso-unequal, rimulose, obsoletely radiato-
rugose or plicate towards the circumference, whitish or milk-white
(K—, CaCl+red). Apothecia submoderate, plane, lecanoroid, pale
or white-suffused, thinly veiled, in small, depressed, concolorous
verruce ; spores very large, 0,214-310 mm. long, 0,067-090 mm.
thick, or occasionally somewhat smaller.—Mudd, Man. p. 274;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241, et ed. 3, p. 232
pro parte.— Variolaria velata Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 490; Sm. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 170.—Parmelia velata Turn. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. (1808)
p. 143, t. 12. f.1. Lichen velatus Eng. Bot. t. 2062.
Might readily be taken fora state of Zecanora parella, but is at once
distinguished by the veiled apothecia and the thalline reaction with CaCl
From Pertusaria multipuncta, which it more distantly resembles, it
similarly differs in the reaction, as also in the form of the apothecia and
the larger spores. The fertile verruce are occasionally very numerous
and crowded,
2K
498 LICHEN ACEI. [ PERTUSARIA.
Hab. On trunks and branches of trees in wooded upland tracts.— Distr.
Very sparingly in S. England, N. Wales, and 8. Iveland—B.M.: St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; near Rusthall Common, Kent; Quarn Wood,
Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; East Lulworth, Dorsetshire; Ivy
Bridge, S. Devon ; Island of Anglesea, Castlemartyr, co. Cork.
Form aspergilla Cromb. Grevillea, xix. (1891) p. 59.—Fertile
verruce scattered, elevated, scarcely margined, white-pulverulent ;
otherwise as in the type.-—Variolaria aspergilla Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Br. p. 67; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 170; Eng. Bot. t. 2401; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 112. V. communis var. y. aspergilla Gray,
Nat. Arr. i. p. 491. Lichen aspergillus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 28?
Differs in the character of the verrucze ; while in the British specimens
seen the thallus is also thinner. Our plant, which is that of Turner and
Borrer pro maxima parte, may be different from that of Acharius and
other authors, who speak of it as only saxicolous.
Hab. On trunks of trees and pales in upland situations— Distr. Only a
few localities in 8. and Central England.—B. M.: Ickworth, Suffolk;
Sevenoaks, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; New
Forest, Hants ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Hay Park, Herefordshire.
11. P. reducta Stirt. Scottish Naturalist, iv. (1877) p. 28—
Thallus thin, rimuloso-areolate, greyish or greyish-brown (K+ yellow,
then deep red). Apothecia sessile, lecanorine, inclosed in mono-
carpous thalline verrucz, brown or reddish-brown, cesio-pruinose ;
spores 0,09-14 mm. long, 0,03-04 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich. FL.
ed. 3, p. 229.
The author says J. c. that it is “ closely allied to P. multipuncta;” but
from this it is widely separated by the type of the apothecia and the
thalline reaction. I have seen no specimen.
Hab. On trees in a mountainous region.—Distr. Local and rare in the
8.W. Highlands of Scotland (Ben Brecht, Argyleshire).
12. P. lactea Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 539.—Thallus determinate,
smooth, rimoso-areolate, subeffigurate at the circumference, greyish
or whitish (K—, CaCi+reddish). Apothecia lecanorine, small,
scattered, white, subleprose above, the thalline margin irregular ;
spores 0,0180-205 mm. long, 0,063-70 mm. thick.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xix. p. 59.—Variolaria lactea Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 492;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 46; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 62; Sm. Eng.
Fl. vy. p. 170; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. i. p. 113. Pertusaria lac-
tescens |3. lactea Mudd, Man. p. 272. Lichen lacteus Linn. Mant.
(1767) p. 132; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 526; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 5; Eng. Bot. t. 2410.
*
A plant whose systematic place was doubtful till the recent discovery
of the fructification, which renders it a very well-marked species. The
thallus, though orbicular, usually spreads very extensively over the sub-
stratum, varying somewhat in thickness, the sterile verruce being at
times numerous and subconfluent in the areole. With us it is very
rarely fertile.
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEL. 499
Hab. On rocks, granitic and schistose, in maritime and mountainous
districts.— Distr. Rather local in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel
Islands.—B. M.: Chateau Point, Island of Sark. Aberdovey and Cwm
Bychan, Merionethshire ; Island of Anglesea. Near Moffat, Dumfries-
shire; West Water, Forfarshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perth-
shire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
Blackwater, co. Kerry.
b. Spores normally 2ne.
13. P. communis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 230.—Thallus deter-
minate, membranaceo-cartilaginous, smoothish, rugose or verrucoso-
areolate, the verruce subglobose, difform, greyish or glaucous-white
(K ee CaCl—). Apothecia 1 or several, usually 2 in each
verruca ; the ostiola minute, punctiform (or slightly depressed), black
or blackish (epithecium K + violet); spores 2nz (occasionally solitary
or 3nz), 0,130—-160 mm. long, 0,045-65 mm. thick.—Leight. Lich.
HI. p. 238, ed. 3, p. 229; Angio. Lich. p. 27, t. 9. f£ 3; Cromb.
Lich, Brit. p.58; Mudd, Man. p. 275; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160;
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 196.—Porina pertusa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 45; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 495. Lichen pertusus Linn., Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p.525; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 802; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 15; Eng. Bot. t. 677. Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum,
cinereum, glabrum Dill. Muse. 128, t. 18. f. 9 pro parte.—According
to the specimens in his Herb. this is Lichen pertusus Linn. Mant.
ii. (1771) p. 184, but his specific name is not adopted as it has
fallen into desuetude.—Srit. Eas.: Mudd, n. 264.
The most common and widely distributed (at least in a fertile state) of
the British Pertusarias. The thallus is orbicular, limited by a pale,
zonate, narrow, rarely broad, hypothalline line, aud is but moderately
thick even when best developed. It is almost always very well fertile,
the verruce being numerous, often crowded, and then more or less coufluent
and difform by mutual pressure. The apothecia, as observed by Turner
and Borrer, vary from one to twelve in each verruca; while in old plants
they are often without spores. The ostioles are occasionally whitish, an
“immature” state called deucostoma by Schaerer (Enum. p. 229), owing
probably to the plant growing in shade, when the epithecium gives no
reaction with K.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on pales, in maritime, lowland
and upland tracts.—Distr. General and abundant in Great Britain; no
doubt also in Ireland and the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Islands of Sark
and Guernsey. Great Glenham, Suffolk; Epping Forest, Essex ; Shiere,
Surrey; Penshurst, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest and near Hastings,
Sussex; Appuldurcombe, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Ulla-
combe, near Bovey Tracey, and Lustleigh, 8. Devon; Withiel, Cornwall ;
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Millersdale,
Derbyshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merio-
nethshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; Island
of Anglesea; Church Stretton and Llanforda, Shropshire; Kildale and
near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Windermere,
Westmoreland; Calder Abbey, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Roslin and Colinton Woods, Midlothian Bid Glasgow ;
a2EK2Z
500 LICHENACEI. [ PERTUSARIA.
Barcaldine, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, S. of Loch Tay, Killin and
Balthayock Woods, near Perth, Perthshire ; Countesswells Woods near
Aberdeen, and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William,
Inverness-shire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Applecross, Ross-shire. Blarney,
co. Cork; Dunkerron, co. Kerry.
Form rupestris DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 320; Nyl. Flora, 1881,
p- 456.—Fertile verruce more or less aggregato-difform, verrucoso-
areolate ; otherwise as in the type.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (excel.
syn.); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 239, ed. 3, p. 230.—Pertusaria rupestris
Mudd, Man. p. 272. Var. 8. areolata Mudd (non Clem.), 1. ¢., is
merely a darker state——Brit. Evs.: Mudd, n, 259.
Only a saxicolous condition of the type, from which it scarcely differs
except in the thallus being usually more verrucose.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Only
sparingly in S. and N. England and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M.: Hastings, Sussex: Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near White-
haven, Cumberland; Island ot Lismore, Argyleshire; Aberfoyle,
Perthshire.
Subsp. P. areolata Nyl. ev Hue, Rev. Bot. 1886, p. 74.—
Thallus thickish, rimoso-areolate, rugose, shortly and more or less
densely papillate, greyish-white (K i yellow). Apothecia as in
the type.—Pertusaria areolata Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 456; Cromb.
Grevillea, xix. p. 59. Thelotrema pertusum var. areolatum Clem.
Ens. &c, Add. (1807) p. 300.
Often confounded with the preceding form, but differs in the character
of the thallus and in the reactions. As Nylander says, it may be a
distinct species. In the British specimens only a few scattered apothecia,
not well developed, are present.
Hab. On rocks and walls, schistose and arenaceous, in mountainous
districts.— Distr. Local among the Grampians and in the N.W. Highlands
of Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Calliach and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Hills of Applecross,
Ross-shire.
14. P. dealbata Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1870) p. 59 (excel.
syn. P. lactescens); Flora, 1880, p. 390.—Thallus subindetermi-
nate, granuloso-unequal or papillose, rimose or diffract, thickish or
somewhat thin, whitish or greyish-white (K+yellow, CaCl—,
I + pale blue
cium dark or sordid-glaucous, somewhat plane, suffused ; spores 2nz,
0,080-15 mm. long, 0,050-82 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii.
p- 57; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 238, et ed. 3, p. 228 pro parte.—P.
syncarpa et [3. dealbata Mudd, Man. p. 273. Lichen dealbatus Ach.
Prodr. (1798) p. 29. Variolaria chlorothecia Tayl. in Mack, FI.
Hib. ii. p. 114. Isidium paradoxum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br,
p. 97; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Variolaria corallina Gray, Nat.
Arr. i. p. 492; Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113.—Brit. Ezs.:
Leight. n. 320 ; Mudd, n. 261. 1
). Apothecia in globulose, pulverulent verruce ; epithe-
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEET. 501
The thallus spreads extensively and is occasionally of considerable
thickness. It is usually more or less covered with short, simple, con-
colorous papille which are at length fractured into rugose areole.
When fertile the verruce are generally aggregate, becoming irregularly
lacerate. It is, however, more frequently sterile, and is then at times
the host of the parasitic Spiloma spherale Ach., which occurs also on the
form.
Hab. On rocks, boulders, and walls in maritime and mountainous
regions.— Dist. Apparently general and common in Great Britain and
Treland ; rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Island of Sark. Dartmoor
Tors, Devonshire ; St. Austell, Cornwall; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ;
Barmouth, Aberdovey, and Cwm Bychan, Merionethshire; Island of
Anglesea; Oswestry and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Kildale Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham. Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire ;
The Trossachs, Crianlarich, Ben Lawers, and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ;
Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire. Dunkerron and Finnehy River, co. Kerry; Dawros River,
Connemara, co. Galway.
Form corallina Cromb. Grevillea, xii. (1883) p. 59.—Thallus
thick, densely papillose; the papille elongate, thin, simple and
branched.—P. syncarpa y. corallinum Mudd, Man. p. 273. Isidium
corallinum Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412: Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br.
p- 100; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 66; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231. Lichen
corallinus Linn. Mant. (1767) p. 131; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 526;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 808; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16 pro parte ;
Eng. Bot. t. 1541.
Differs from the type in the character of the isidioid papille. It is,
however, connected with it by intermediate states, so that perhaps it is
tu be regarded only as a luxuriant condition. It is never seen fertile.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Seen in
a typical state only from a few localities in Great Britain and Ireland.
—RB. M.: near Pont-ned-vechan, Brecknockshire; Barmouth, Merio-
nethshire; Island of Anglesea; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire;
Eglestone, Durham; Alston, Cumberland. Ben-y-gloe, Perthshire;
Baldovan Woods, Forfarshire. The Dargle River, co. Wicklow.
15. P. ceuthocarpa Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 200;
Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. p. 116.—Thallus determinate, thickish,
areolato-diffract, cream-coloured; the areola convex, undulato-
rugose (K +yellow, then deep orange-red).—Apothecia few, in sub-
globose, smooth, conglomerate verruce; the ostioles minute,
punctiform, blackish; spores 2ne, 0,150-170 mm. long, 0,057—
60 mm. thick—Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160; Mudd, Man. p. 271;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 28, t. 9. f. 4;
Lich. Fl. p. 237, ed. 3, p. 228.—Porina ceuthocarpa Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. 1. p. 102. Lichen ceuthocarpus Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxiii.
(1812) t. 2372.— Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 284.
Apparently an endemic species well distinguished by the characters
given. The areolie are at times plane, especially towards the circum-
ference, where the plant is limited by a dark-olive hypothalline margin,
502 _ LICHENACEI. [PERTUSARIA.
The verruce, occasionally very tumid, vary considerably according to the
number of the ostioles. These are usually 1, but sometimes 38, 4, 5, or
even more, appearing like minute, blackish subpapillate dots.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts — Distr. Rather
local in S.W. England, N. Wales, the 8.W. Highlands, and the 3.
Grampians, Scotland, as also in 8S. Ireland.—B. M.: Pentire, Lamorna,
near Penzance, Cornwall; Barmouth and near Dolgelly, Merionethshire.
Appin, Argyleshire; Craig Calliach, Perthshire. Lambay Island, near
Cork.
Form 1. microstictica Cromb.—Thallus sprinkled with short,
simple, concolorous papille, brownish at the apices.—Lichen
microsticticus Sm. Eng. Bot. xxxii. (1811) t. 2243. ILsidium
microsticticum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 94; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 66; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 774; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 231.—Brit.
Fxs.: Leight. n. 342.
A sterile condition analogous to form Westringii of P. concreta. The
papille, as noticed by Turner and Borrer, J. c., are minute, scattered,
rarely confluent, brittle, and when abraded leave a minute white im-
pression in the crust.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr, Spar-
ingly in the Channel Islands, N. Wales, and 8. W. Ireland.
Form 2. variolosa Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—Thalline
verruce sterile, transformed into white, pulverulent soredia.—
Var. (3. variolosa Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 271.—Brit. Evs.: Leight.
n, 341,
Though looking as if distinct, it is only one of those variolarioid con-
ditions so common in the plants of this genus.
Hab, On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Very local in N. Wales
and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.: Barmouth and Dolgelly,
Merionethshire. Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
16. P. coccodes Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 146.—
Thallus determinate or effuse, unequal, subleprose, rimulose or
rimose, at times verruculose, whitish, often limited by a dark line
at the circumference (K+yellow, then deep rusty red, CaCl—).
Apothecia usually several in scattered subglobose or nodulose
verruce: the ostioles punctiform, black, slightly prominent; spores
0,115-140 mm. long, 0,040-60 mm. thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 59. Pertusaria globulifera var. 6. coccodes Mudd, Man. p. 274.
Isidiwm coccodes Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 89; Sm. Eng. Fl. vy.
p- 230; Gray, Nat. Arr. i, p.412. Lichen coccodes Ach. Prodr
(1798) p. 10; Eng. Bot. t. 1511.
A distinct species, though by some authors mixed up with the
preceding, from which, apart from the habitat, it is sufficiently separated
by the characters given. The sterile thallus, which, when more leprose,
is apt to be mistaken for Lecanora porella, var. Turneri, is often some-
what isidioid with the isidia cylindrical, short and simplish. When
fertile, as it rarely is in the British specimens, the verruc are at times
as if glomerulose,
a
-
;
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 503
Hab. On trunks of old trees in upland districts.—Distr. Only here and
there throughout England; not seen in Scotland or Ireland.—B. M.:
Near Norwich, Norfolk; near Quendon, Epping and Hainault Forests,
Essex ; Albourne, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Salporton, Gloucester-
shire; Hay Park, Herefordshire ; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire,
Form bacillosa Nyl. ea Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878)
p. 425.—Thallus covered with numerous, long, isidioid papille
which are obtuse and branched..—Cromb, Grevillea, xix. p. 59.
Only a very luxuriant though well-marked condition of the type. It
is always sterile.
Hab. On the trunk of an old tree ina wooded upland situation —
Distr. Only very sparingly in S. England.—B. M.: Near Lyndhurst,
New Forest, Hants.
17. P. concreta Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. v. (1857) p. 117; Flora,
1876, p. 234.—Thallus determinate, continuous, thickish, rimose,
unequal, white or whitish, subeffigurate at the circumference
(K { yellow, then saffron-red). Apothecia immersed in convex,
variously confluent, thalline verruce, endocarpeid, colourless,
indicated externally by a dark punctiform ostiole ; spores 0,015—
25 mm. long, 0,052-080 mm. thick.—Cromb. Greyvillea, v. p. 25;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 227.
A rather interesting plant, forming, as obseryed by Nylander (Flora,
1. c.), the typical condition of “ Istdium Westringit,’ the relation of
which to the allied species had previously been very uncertain. On the
thallus of the Irish specimens, which are well fertile, traces occur here
and there of a few short abortive papille.
Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—Distr. Extremely
local and scarce in N.W. Iveland.—B. M.: Letterfrack, Connemara, co.
Galway.
Form Westringii Nyl. Flora, 1876, p. 234—Thallus more or
less densely papillose; papille at first minute, subglobose, then
elongate, subcylindrical, simple and branched, brown at the apices.
Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59—P. Westringii Leight. Lich. Fl.
p-. 236, ed. 3, p. 227 pro minima parte. Lichen Westringi Ach.
Vet. Ak. Handl. 1794, p. 179, t. 6. f. 1; Eng. Bot. t. 2204; Dicks.
Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 20. Isidium Westringii Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br.
p. 92; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 412; Hook. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 66; Sm.
Eng. Fi. v. p. 239.
Only a sterile isidioid condition, though at first sight appearing very
distinct. The papillz are sometimes 2-3 confluent, and in age the apical
globules become dark- or reddish-brown.
Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Here and there throughout Great Britain ; rare in the Channel
Islands and W. Ireland; probably often overlooked.—B. M.: Island of
Guernsey. Near St. Austell and Penzance, Cornwall; Barmouth and
Aberdovey, Merionethshire; Arkendale, Durham; Thornthwaite, near
-
504 LICHENACEL, [PERTUSARIA.
Keswick, Cumberland. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyleshire; Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire. Kylemore Lake, Connemara, co. Galway.
18. P. melaleuca Dub. Bot. Gall. t. ii. (1830) p. 673.—Thallus
subeffuse, thin, smoothish, rimuloso-verrucose, yellowish-cream-
coloured (K+ yellowish, K(CaCl)+ orange-red). Apothecia in con-
vexo-depressed, irregular verruce, lacerate at the margins, the
ostioles depressed, brownish-black, at length pseudo-disciform ;
spores 2ne, 0,072-75 mm. long, 0,023-25 mm. thick.— Mudd, Man.
p- 275; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 240, ed. 3, p. 230; Brit. Angio. Lich.
p. 29, t. 10. f. 3—Thelotrema melaleucum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br.
p- 183 ; Sm. Eng. Fl. v.p.161. Lichen melaleucus Eng. Bot. xxxv.
(18138) t. 2461.
The fertile verruce are for the most part scattered, at times 2-3 con-
fluent, very rarely crowded, with the ostioles 1 or more, and the margins
lacerate, inflexed and irregular. They thus appear lecanoroid, and give
the plant somewhat the aspect of young states of P. Wulfenui. From
this, however, it is definitely separated by the number of the spores.
Hab. On smooth trunks of trees in upland wooded situations.—Distr.
Found only in a few localities in S. and Central England and in N,
Wales.—B. M.: Shiere, Surrey; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New
Forest, Hants; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Barmouth, Merioneth-
shire.
19. P. pustulata Ny]. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, t. i. (1856)
441.—Thallus subeffuse, thinnish, subrimose, greyish-white
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia several, in small, convex verruce; the
ostioles punctiform, confluent, blackish; spores 2nz, 0,070—0,120
mm. long, 0,034-44 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59;
Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 30, t. 10. f.4?; Lich. Fl. p. 244, edo
p. 234 pro parte; Mudd, Man. p. 275 pro parte; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 60 pro parte.—Porina pustulata Ach. Lich. Uniy. (1810)
p. 309.
Often confounded with Z. leioplaca, from which, among other cha-
racters, it differs in the number of the spores. It has more the general
aspect of P. communis, but apart from the different thalline reactions,
the verruce are smaller and the ostioles less depressed. There is also a
leucostomous state (form swperpallens Nyl. Flora, 1886, p. 466) which
has been very sparingly gathered in Britain.
Hab. On trunks of trees in wooded upland situations.—Distr. Local
and scarce in E., S. and N. England, and N. Wales.—B. M. Epping
Forest, Essex; New Forest, Hants ; Hinton Abbey, Somersetshire ; Gil-
garron, Cumberland ; Dolgelly, Merionethshire,
B. Thecx pauci- or pluri-spored ; spores blackish.
20. P. lactescens Mudd, Man. (1861) p. 272 (excl. var. (3).—
Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, continuous, at length rugoso-
unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish or cream-coloured (K+ yellow, then
a
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 505
saffron-red, CaCl—). Apothecia rugoso-difform, innate in non-
prominent thalline areole, brownish-black, internally subincolorous ;
spores 2ne (rarely 3-4nze), olive-blackish (K+ violet), 0,090-—130
mm. long, 0,055-85 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—
P. spilomanthodes Nyl. Flora, 1881, p. 179; Cromb. Grevillea, x.
p. 23.—Brit. Exs.: Mudd, n. 260.
With the following well characterized by the blackish spores, though
Mudd erroneously describes them (in their immature state) as pale-
yellowish-green or pale-yellow. It comes very near P. spilomantha Nyl.,
a plant of the Eastern Pyrenees, but differs in the normally 2-spored
thece and the smaller spores. The apothecia are rather scattered in the
specimens seen.
Hab. On rocks and walls in upland districts——Distr. Only sparingly
in a few localities of N. England.—B. M.: Ayton Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland.
21. P. urceolaria Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand. vi. (1873)
p. 324 (nota).—Thallus effuse, thin, areolato-rimose, subpapilloso-
seabrid, greyish- or yellowish-white (K-+yellow, then orange-red,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, depressed, urceolariiform, black; spores
1—4ne, blackish (K+ violet), 0,100-140 mm. long, 0,050-75 mm
thick.—Cromb, Grevillea, xix. p.59; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 238
pro parte.
An endemic plant easily recognized by the urceolato-depressed apo-
thecia. It is allied to the preceding species, but differs in the thallus
being more or less rough with papillz and in the form of the fruit. The
two specimens seen are well fertile.
Hab. On granitic stones of a wall in a maritime district —Distr. Ex-
tremely local in one of the Channel Islands.—B. M.: La Moye, Island of
Jersey. .
C. Thece pluri-spored ; spores colourless.
a. Spores Sne.
22. P. Wulfenii DC. Fl. Fr. ii. (1805) p. 320.—Thallus deter-
minate or subeffuse, membranaceo-cartilaginous, thickish, plicato-
rugose, rimose, whitish- or greyish-yellow (Ki+ yellowish, K(CaCl)
+orange-yellow); fertile verruce crowded, irregularly depresso-
globose or difform. Apothecia with the ostiola dilated, confluent,
difform, sublecanoroid, blackish, undulate and subcrenate at the
margin (epithecium K+ violet); spores 0,058-85 mm, long, 0,028—
38 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—P. fallax (Ach.)
Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 160; Leight. Br. Angio. Lich. p. 29, t. 10.
f. 2; Mudd, Man. p. 276; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 240, ed. 3, p. 231. Lichen hymenius, Eng. Bot.
t. 1731. Thelotrema hymenium Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 185.
Porina hymenea Gray, Nat. Arr.i. p. 495. Porina fallax Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 102. Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum, cine-
reum, glabrum Dill. Muse. 128, t. 18. f. 9 pro parte.—Brit. Exs.:
Mudd, n. 266; Leight. n. 71.
506 LICHENACEI. [ PERTUSARIA.
In general appearance not unlike P. communis, but differs in the colour
of the thallus, the form of the apothecia, and more especially in the 8-
spored thecee. The thallus is at times widely expanded, and is often
almost entirely covered with the numerous crowded yerruce, which
from mutual pressure become much deformed. By the confluence of the
ostiola when there are more than one in the same verruca, the apothecia
assume a discoid aspect with a thick, inflexed, rugoso-crenate thalloid
margin. The spermogones are not unfrequent, with spermatia 0,013-23
mm. long, 0,0005 mm. thick.
Hab. On trunks of trees, chiefly in forests and large woods, from
maritime to upland districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in
England; apparently rare in Scotland and Ireland.—B. M.: Sotterly,
Ugley, and Yarmouth, Suffolk; Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex;
Penshurst, Kent; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; New Forest, Hants;
near Totnes and Lustleigh, 8S. Devon; Bocconoc and Withiel, Cornwall ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth-
shire; Trefriw, Denbighshire; near Conway, Carnarvonshire ; Oswestry
and Llanyblodwell, Shropshire; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale Forest, Durham; Keswick, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire ; Craig Calliach and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardine-
shire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Castlebernard Park, co,
Cork ; Dinish, Killarney, co. Kerry.
Form 1. carnea Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 424.—Thallus as in the
type. Apothecia with the dise protruded, tumid and flesh-coloured.
—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—Thelotrema hymenium var. y. car-
neum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1849) p. 185.
Evidently a monstrosity with abortive fructification. Though the
thallus is said by Turner and Borrer to be thin and filmy on the bark of
cherry and holly, yet when growing on beeches it is quite as in the type.
Hab, On the bark of trees in wooded upland tracts—Distr. Very local
and scarce in 8S. England.—B. M.: New Forest, Hants; Toy’s Hill,
Canterbury, Kent.
Form 2. sparsilis Nyl. ev Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, (1879) p. 232.
—Thallus scanty, whitish-yellow, the fertile verruce few, distantly
scattered ; otherwise as in the type.
A rather singular condition, depending probably upon the habitat. In
the few fragments seen the thallus is little visible.
Hab. On moist shady rocks in an upland situation.— Distr. Only very
sparingly in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway.
Var. 3. glabrescens Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71.—Thallus thin,
smoothish or slightly rugulose, yellowish-grey or greyish-green.
Apothecia with the epithecium subrimose, blackish.—Cromb. Gre-
villea, xix. p. 59.
Apparently a good variety characterized by the thinner, smoother
thallus and the form of the epithecium. In the single British specimen
the fertile verrucee are mostly somewhat scattered.
Hab. On the trunks of holly in a mountainous district—Distr. Only
in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, though probably to be detected else-
where.—B, M.: Barcaldine, Argyleshire.
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 507
Var. y. rupicola Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 71.—Thallus effuse, thickish,
areolato-verrucose, sulphur- or greenish-yellow colour; fertile ver-
ruce crowded, difform. Apothecia with the ostioles punctiform,
blackish, depressed.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 59.—Pertusaria
fallax var. {. sulphurea Mudd, Mann. p. 276; Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 231. Pertusaria sulphurea var. (3. rupicola Schaer. Enum,
(1850) p. 229.
Differs in the deeper colour of the thallus and in the habitat. In this
country it is very rarely fertile. The thallus is occasionally sprinkled
with small sorediose (abortive) verrucee, when it is Endocarpon sulphu-
reum Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 100, approaching subspecies P. flavi-
cans Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. p. 427.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions.—Distr. Only a
few localities in W. and N. England, the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland,
and W. Ireland.—B. M.: Dolgelly, Merionethshire ; Snowdon, Carnar-
vonshire; Island of Anglesea; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire.
Island of Lismore, Argyleshire ; The Trossachs, Perthshire. Dunkerron,
co. Kerry; Dawros River, Connemara, co. Galway.
23. P. lutescens Lamy, Bull. Soc. Bot. t. xxv. (1878) p. 427.—
Thallus subeffuse, thin, pulverulent, yellow, at times thinly zonate
at the circumferance ; sterile verruce transformed into concolorous
soredia (K (CaCl) + orange-yellow). Apothecia very rare, lecano-
roid, dilated, blackish, the margin tumid; spores 0,054-79 mm.
long, 0,028-40 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p.59.—Jsidium
lutescens Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. p. 87; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 230.
Lepraria lutescens Eng. Bot. t. 1529. Lepra lutescens Hoftm. Pl.
Lich. (1784) t. 23. ff. 1,2. Pertusaria fallax var. y. variolosa Fr.,
Mudd, Man. p. 276.
Has quite a leprarioid appearance when sterile, as it always is in this
country. By Th. M. Fries, who first described the fructification (Lich.
Scand. p. 312) it is regarded as only a variety of the preceding. From
this, however, it scarcely descends, while it differs in the much shorter
spores. The apothecia have as yet been found only in Sweden.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland
situations.— Distr. Seen from only a few localities in 8., W., and N.
England; probably often overlooked.—B. M.: Ickworth Park, Sutfolk ;
Epping Forest, Essex ; Ockham, Surrey; Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; New
Forest, Hants; Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Battersby, Cleveland, York-
shire.
24. P. carneopallida Anzi, Nyl. Flora, 1868, p. 478.—Thallus
hypophleodal, macular, pale or pale-glaucous (K—,CaCl—). Apo-
thecia erumpent, minute, pseudo-lecanorine, at first plane with a
thin, irregular, white, spurious margin, then pulvinato-convex,
immarginate; spores 8ne, 0,018-32 mm. long, 0,011—-20 mm.
thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xii. p. 60.—Lecidea carneopallida Nyl.
Bot. Not. 1853, p. 183; Lich. Scand. p. 196, t.1. f. 9. Lichen
cupularis With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 22 pro parte (7. e. “on trees”).
508 LICHENACEI. [PERTUSARIA.
A peculiar plant, looking, with its white spurious margin, as if allied
to Lecidea coarctata, but with all the essential characters of this genus.
Superficially it still more resembles Z. carneolutea (Turn.), but among
other characters at once differs in the simple spores. Nylander observes
(Lich. Scand. p. 197) that there are scanty gonidia towards the base of
the apothecia and that their margin consists chiefly of minute crystals of
oxalate of lime. In the two British specimens the thallus is almost
obsolete.
Hab, On the bark of alders in mountainous regions.—Distr. Seen only
from the S.W. Highlands of Scotland and N. Wales.—B. M.: Appin,
Argyleshire.
25. P. inquinata Fr. fil. Bot. Not. 1867, p. 108.—Thallus sub-
determinate, areolato- or verrucoso-rimose, greyish (K—, CaCl—),
Apothecia innate, one or several in each areola, the ostioles some-
what plane, variously flexuose, and rotundate, the margins irregular,
thin, persistent, paler; spores 0,025-30 mm. long, 0,014-18 mm.
thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 235; Cromb. Grevillea, xix.
p- 59.—Lecanora coarctata 6. inquinata Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810)
p- 393.
Might readily be taken for a Lecanora allied to L. gibbesa or L. cinerea,
as noted by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 311). The microscopical
characters of the apothecia, however, show its true place, though, with
the following, it has in other respects a connection with the Aspicilia
section of Lecanora. In the few fragmentary British specimens, which
are well fertile, the thallus is thinnish, though elsewhere it varies in
thickness, according to the nature of the substratum.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Very local
and scarce in N.E. England (Gunnerton Craggs, Northumberland), W.
Treland, and the S.W. Highlands of Scotland—B. M.: Barcaldine,
Argyleshire. Lettermore, Connemara, co. Galway.
26. P.nolens Nyl. Flora, 1864, p. 489.—Thallus determinate,
smooth, areolato-rimose, greyish (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia innate,
not prominent, two or more approximate, colourless within; the
ostioles plane, difform, rotundate or oblong, black, whitish at the
margins ; spores 0,030-42 mm. long, 0,015-22 mm. thick.—
Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 289; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 245, ed. 3, p. 235.
Probably not specifically distinct from the preceding, to which it is
intimately related ; though differing, among some minor characters, in the
larger spores. In his observations upon the original specimen gathered
by him, Admiral Jones (Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, May 1864) says :—* In
the beginning this plant might be supposed to be ‘ Urceolaria,’ but the
Urceolarian appearance is of short duration. There are no prominent
warts as in Pertusaria, but the nuclei are in masses, as in this genus, and
the ostioles are irregular in form with a white pulverulent margin.
Internally the plant is altogether a Pertusarta in asci, spores and
paraphyses.”
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Only very sparingly in
N.E. and W. Ireland.—B.M.: Glenarm, co. Antrim; Lough Feagh,
Connemara, co. Galway.
PERTUSARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 509
27. P. gyrocheila Nyl. Flora, 1865, p. 354.—Thallus deter-
minate, subgranuloso-unequal, rimoso-diffract, greyish (K + yellow,
CaCl —). Apothecia in thelotremoid tubercles, simple or at
length subgyrose, the thalline margin thick, subgyrose ; epithecium
glypholeceine, hymenium pale; spores 0,068-70 mm. long, 0,036-
50 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine and the thece bluish with
iodine.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1866, p. 23; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241, ed. 3, p. 232.
A very distinct species well characterized by the peculiar form of the
fructification. The thallus is small, with the fertile verruce more or less
scattered and crateriform. The very few specimens gathered are only
sparing fertile.
Hab. On mica-schist rocks in an alpine situation.— Distr. Extremely
local and scarce on one of the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Summit
of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
b. Spores normally 4ne.
28. P. leioplaca Schaer. Spicil. (1823) p. 66; Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p- 181.—Thallus subdeterminate, thin or rarely submoderate,
smooth or ruguloso-unequal, rimose, milk-white, yellowish-white
or whitish (K— or f+ yellowish). Apothecia in somewhat convex,
smooth, usually discrete verruce, the ostioles solitary or few
(1-3-5), punctiform, dark; spores usually 4nz (but variable in
number), oblongo-ellipsoid or subellipsoid, 0,042-75 mm. long,
0,020-88 mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 267; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 60; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 244, ed. 3, p. 234.—Porina letoplaca
Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1809, p. 159; Lich. Univ. p. 309, t. 7. f. 2.
Pertusaria communis var. 6. leioplaca Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br.
p- 197.— Brit. Exs. Leight. n. 230; Mudd, nos. 265, 267.
The thallus varies somewhat in thickness, becoming at times subcon-
crescent, when the verruce are more prominent. As noted by Th. M.
Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 316), the chemical reaction varies according to the
colour of the thallus, being little (or not) distinct when it is dealbate.
The apothecia are also variable, usually solitary, rarely 3 or 5 in the
verruce, with the spores at times 3-5-6-8nz, very rarely 2ne (ina
single British specimen).
Hab. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts.— Distr.
In most parts of Great Britain, no doubt also of Ireland; not seen from
the Channel Islands.—B. M.: Near Highbeach, Epping Forest; Ightham,
Kent; St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; Shanklin, Isle of Wight; New
Forest, Hants; Lustleigh, S. Devon; Withiel, Cornwall; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Woodbury Hill and Malvern, Worcestershire;
Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Gloddaeth, Carnarvonshire; Bettws-y-
coed, Denbighshire ; Island of Anglesea; Newton Wood and Sowerdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland. Barcaldine, Argyle-
shire ; Craig Calliach, Killin and Falls of Moness, Aberfeldy, Perthshire ;
Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-shire.
Enniskean, co. Cork ; McCarthy’s Island and Upper Lake, Killarney, co.
Kerry ; Renvyle Wood, Connemara, co. Galway.
510 LICHENACEI. [ PERTUSARIA.
Form hexaspora Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 182.—Spores
usually 6ne, 0,038-86 mm. long, 0,025-38 mm. thick. Otherwise
as in the type.
Differs merely in the thece being generally 6-spored, though in the
same apothecium they are occasionally 4-spored. Nylander (/.c.) says
the spores are rarely 3nz, which is not the case in our specimens.
Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland wooded situations.
—Distr. Only a few localities in S. and W. England.—B. M.: Shanklin,
Isle of Wight; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ullacombe, Bovey
Tracey, S. Devon; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
29. P. glomerata Schaer. Spicil. (1823) p. 66.—Thallus effuse,
thin, interruptedly plicato-verrucose, white or yellow-cream-coloured,
the fertile verruce subglobose, conglomerate (K+ bright yellow,
then cinnabar-red, CaCl1—). Apothecia usually solitary, the ostioles
punctiform or slightly dilated, generally somewhat prominent,
blackish ; spores 0,072-125 mm. long, 0,028-44 mm. thick.—
Mudd, Man. p. 277; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 237, ed. 3, p. 227.—Lichen glomeratus Schleich. Pl. Crypt. Cent.
iii. (1807) n. 77, fide Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 310 (sub Porina). Per-
tusaria glomulifera (Borr.) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243, ed. 3, p. 234,
Angio. Lich. p. 30, t. 11. f. 2, is only an old dealbate state in which
the reaction with K is absent.
An alpine plant well distinguished from its allies by the characters
given and by the habitat. The thallus, scarcely contiguous, is itself
white (K—), as noted by Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 315); but the
fertile verruce, which are occasionally 2-3 concrescent, are more or less
ochroleucous. The few British specimens are well fertile, the ostioles
being at times two and often subpapillate. The spermogones, rarely
present, have the spermatia aciculari-fusiform, 0,008-11 mm. long,
0,0005 mm. thick (fide Nyl.).
Hab. Incrusting dead mosses at high altitudes on mountains.— Distr.
Local and scarce on the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.: Craig Calliach
and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.
30. P. xanthostoma Fr. Lich. Eur. (1831) p. 427.—Thallus
effuse, thin, smooth, milk-white, the fertile verruce elevated,
depresso-subglobose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia punctiform, usually
1-2 in each verruca; the ostioles depressed, pale or pale-yellowish ;
spores ellipsoid or ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,060-76 mm. long, 0,034-40
mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1875, p. 141; Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 235.—Porina xanthostoma Somm. in Vet. Ak. Handl.
1823, p. 115.
Has at first sight a considerable resemblance to Lecanora poriniformis
Nyl. The verrucze sometimes occur 2-3 together, and the ostioles are
occasionally tinged pale-reddish. Rarely 1-5 apothecia are seen in
each verruca.
Hab. On old stems of Ericas in alpine and subalpine localities.— Distr.
Sparingly on the N. Grampians and in the N. Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M.: Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire.
VARICELLARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 511
63. VARICELLARIA Nyl. Mém.
Soc. Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117; Lich.
Scand. p. 182.—Thallus thinly crusta-
ceous, pulyeraceous or subleprarijoid.
Apothecia variolarioid or sorediiform
(in convex yerruce), pale, carneo-
punctate or suffused; thec ventri-
cose, monospored ; spores very large,
l-septate, colourless; —paraphyses
scanty, subdiscrete, slender, variously
arcuate. Spermogones not yet seen.
Among other characters well distin-
guished from Pertusaria by the septate
spores, which are also the largest observed
among lichens. Only a single species is
known, which has recently been recorded
as British.
1. V. microsticta Nyl. Mém. Soc.
Cherb. t. v. (1857) p. 117; Lich.
Scand. p. 183, t. i. f. 8.—Thallus
effuse or subdeterminate, unequal,
rimose or granulato-pulverulent, sub-
leprose, whitish (K—,CaCl—). Apo-
thecia moderate, prominent, rotundate,
above plane or unequal, often 2-3 x 350
confluent, white-suffused or denudate, Fig. 71.
concolorous within; spores ellipsoid Varicellaria microsticta Nyl.—
or ovoid, 0,225-0,350 mm. long, A spore, X350.
0,095-0,115 mm. thick; hymenial gelatine and the thece deep
blue (then often denigrate) with iodine.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1882,
p. 274.—According to Th. M. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 322) it is
Pertusaria rhodocarpa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 384, “sec. spec.
orig.” ; but as Koerber’s diagnosis by no means corresponds, the
specific name of Nylander must be adopted.
When sterile and less developed the plant looks quite like a leprarioid
or variolarioid state of some Pertusarta. The apothecia are innate in the
thalline glomerules, subglobose or at length depressed; in the two
British specimens they are only sparingly present in a rightly developed
condition.
Hab, On the ground in an alpine situation.— Distr. Extremely local
and scarce on one of the N. Grampians, Scotland ; though it probably
also occurs corticolous in the same district—B.M.: Ben Avon
Braemar, Aberdeenshire. ;
Subtribe IV. THELOTREMET Nyl. Lich. Scand. (1861) p. 183,
emend. apud Stiz. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1880, p. 394.
Thallus crustaceous, continuous, areolate or pulverulent, in-
ternally containing gonidia. Apothecia urceolato-impressed, often
with double margin; spores variable in number, plurilocular
512 LICHENACEL. [ PHLYCTIs,
or murali-divided. Spermogones with simple or slightly branched
sterigmata.
Differs from the preceding subtribe in the apothecia being usually more
open, and especially in the spores being murali-divided. It comprises 7
genera, four of which are entirely exotic, while Belonia Koerb., though
European, does not occur in Britain.
64. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg.
der Flecht. (1825) p. 527.—Thallus
thinly crustaceous, continuous or
pulverulent. Apothecia rotundato-
difform, usually suffused, erumpent,
the thalline margin irregularly
dehiscent or indistinct; hypo-
thecium colourless; spores large,
1—2ne, ellipsoid or oblong, murali-
divided, colourless; paraphyses
slender ; hymenial gelatine scarcely
tinged, but the thece bluish with
iodine. Spermogones with simple
sterigmata and_ short, slender,
straight spermatia. Fig. 72.
A small genus the plants belonging Philyctis agelea Koerb.—A. A 2-
to which are, from the appearance of spored theca and paraphysis, X
the fructification, readily overlooked. 250. B. Two spores, x30.
In some respects it approaches Pertu-
saria, but is definitely separated by the muriform spores. Of the three
European species two are found in this country.
1. P. agelea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 391.—Thallus
effuse or subdeterminate, thin, rugose or smoothish, often subleprose,
white or greyish-white (K+yellow, then deep-red). Apothecia
minute, blackish, white- or czsio-suffused; spores 2ne (3-4ne2),
ellipsoid, mucronate at the apices, 0,045-70 mm. long, 0,014-27
mm. thick.—Mudd, Man. p. 279, t. 5. f. 118; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 61; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 246, ed. 3, p. 237.—Thelotrema ageea
Gray, Nat. Arr. 1. p. 494 pro parte. Variolaria agelea Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 78; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p.171. Lichen ageleus
Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30; Eng. Bot. t. 1730. Variolaria con-
stellata Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 pro parte (ex specimine
ab ipso).— Brit. Evs.: Leight. n. 282; Mudd, n. 269.
Occasionally speads very extensively and then covers the lower portion
of the trunks of trees. The apothecia, which are scattered or more
frequently crowded, are at first entirely enclosed in thalline verruce and
at length leproso-coronate or almost covered by the thallus. The spermo-
gones are very seldom visible in the British specimens.
Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland situations.— Distr.
General and common in England; scarce in 8. Ireland ; not seen from
Scotland or the Channel Islands—B. M.: Ickworth, Svuffolk; near
Yarmouth, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Quendon,-and Rickhing, Essex ;
Penshurst, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; Glynde and Henfield, Sussex ; Caris-
PHLYCTIS. | LECANO-LECIDEEI, 513
brook, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Ilsham Walk, Torquay,
8. Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Huglith, near Church Stretton,
and Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth and Aberdovey. Merionethshire ;
Airyholme Wood and Hoggart’s Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire. Kits-
boro’, Riverstone and Castlebernard Park, co, Cork; Dunkerron,
Killarney, co. Kerry.
2. P. argena Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. (1855) p. 391.—Thallus
effuse, thin, smoothish or rugose, pulverulent, silvery-grey or
cream-coloured (K+yellow, then deep red). Apothecia minute,
brownish-black, czesio-suffused ; spores solitary, oblong or cylindrico-
oblong, very large, 0,100-0,140 mm. long, 0,027-50 mm. thick.—
Mudd, Man. p. 280; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 246, ed. 3, p. 237.—Variolaria argena Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 75; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 171. Lichen argenus Ach. Prodr.
(1798) p. 8; Eng. Bot. t. 1923.
Subsimilar to the preceding, from which it at once differs in the non-
apiculate spores. It usually cccurs only in a sterile condition, when it
is very apt to be overlooked. The apothecia are either scattered or
aggregate, and in the former case are with difficulty detected by the
naked eye.
Hab. On the trunks of old trees in upland tracts.—Distr. Local (at
least in fruit) in S. and W. England.—B. M.: Epping Forest, Essex ;
Ightham, Kent; New Forest, Hants; Haslemere, Surrey; Beckey Falls,
S. Devon; Burnham Beeches, Bucks; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Barmouth, Merionethshire ; Oswestry, Shropshire.
65. THELOTREMA Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 150 pro parte; Nyl.
Mém. Soe. Cherb. t. iii. (1855) p. 324.—Thallus thinly crustaceous,
continuous, containing chrysogonidia. Apothecia verruceform, at
first closed, then open, with a proper and a thalline margin ; spores
variable in number (1—4ne or 8ne), oblong or fusiform, usually
colourless ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine not tinged with
iodine. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and short straight
spermatia.
A genus well characterized by the fructification. Nearly all the
species are exotic and natives of warm regions. The three which occur
in Europe, one of which is confined to our Islands, belong to the sub-
genus Euthelotrema Nyl.
1. T. lepadinum Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 182 pro parte; Syn.
p- 115.—Thallus subeffuse or rarely determinate, thin, smooth or
slightly ruguloso-unequal, protuberant around the apothecia, whitish
or cream-coloured (K+ red,CaCl—). Apothecia submod erate, urceo-
lato-scutelliform, dark-brown or blackish, cesio-pruinose or naked ;
the proper margin lacerate, inflexed, the thalline margin thin, even ;
spores (4ne) 8n, oblongo-fusiform, colourless, 0,035-70 mm.
long, 0,011-16 mm. thick.—Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 31, t. 12. f. 1;
Lich. Fl. p. 247, ed. 3, p. 238; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61; Mudd,
Man. p. 278, t. 5. f. 116; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 180; Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 161; Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 494; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
21
514 LICHENACEI. [THELOTREMA.
p. 45.—Lichen lepadinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30. Lichen in-
clusus Eng. Bot. t. 678.—Brit. Exs.: Leight. n. 121; Mudd,
n. 268. ,
oD
dano5p,
Rt
nol)
Go
(os
()
w
0
ep
rele)
OO
Bom
OC.
|
%,
00
X28
SONOUCCCCOCSS
Fig. 73.
Thelotrema lepadinum Ach.—A. Section of apothecium, x30. B. Theca and
paraphyses, X250. C. Two spores, x 350.
The thallus varies somewhat in thickness, and at times, especially
when growing on holly, is determinate and marked by a narrow, black,
hypothalline line. In a young state the apothecia might be taken for
those of a Pertusaria, but when fully developed they are very different
in appearance. They are usually more or less scattered, but occasionally
in old plants become crowded.
Hab. On smooth bark of trees from maritime to upland tracts.— Distr.
General and common in England; rarer in Scotland; apparently very
rare in Ireland.—B. M.: Ugley and Walthamstow, Essex ; Ightham,
Kent ; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; New Forest, Hants; Isham Walk,
Torquay, S. Devon; St. Breock, Cornwall; Bagley Wood, Berks;
Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Hollybush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Cwm Bychan and Barmouth, Merionethshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire;
Haughmond Hill, Church Stretton, and Acton Burnel Hill, Shropshire ;
Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Calder Abbey,
Cumberland; Felton Woods, Northumberland. Foot of Ben Lomond,
Dumbartonshire; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Falloch and
Loch Katrine, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. River-
stone, co. Cork ; Killarney, co. Kerry.
Var. 8. scutelliforme Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 312; Syn.
p- 115.—Thallus effuse, thickish, unequal, at-times subpulverulent,
cream-coloured. Apothecia prominent, somewhat large, crowded,
Se |
THELOTREMA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 515
disc dilated, the thalline margin tumid, rugose.—Cromb. Grevillea,
xix. p. 60.
A good variety iy ore constant to the characters given. The
apothecia are often here and there aggregate in small protuberant
groups.
Hab, On trunks of old trees in wooded maritime and mountainous
tracts.—Distr. Only a few localities in 8. and N. England, N. Wales,
the S.W. Highlands of Scotland, and S. Ireland.—B. M.: New Forest,
Hants; Nannau, Dolgeliy, Merionethshire; Wark, Northumberland.
Loch Creran, Argyleshire. Glenstale, co. Tipperary; Derricuintry, Kil-
larney, co. Kerry.
Form rupestre Cromb. Lich. Brit. (1878) p. 61.—Thallus more
or less scattered, occasionally evanescent, otherwise as in the
variety.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 248, ed. 3, p. 238.—Var. rupestre
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Br. (1839) p. 180; Leight. Angio. Lich. p. 32,
t. 12. f. 2; Mudd, Man. p. 278. Var. scutelliforme Tayl. in Mack.
Fl. Hib. ui. p. 103.
A depauperate state rather than a distinct form, resulting no doubt
from the habitat. The thallus is at times subochraceous as noted by
Leighton, who, however, erroneously says that the spores are 1—-2ne.
Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations—Distr. Sparingly
in N. Wales, N. England, the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland, and W.
Treland.—B. M.: Llyn Bodlyn and Cammlan Valley, Merionethshire ;
Teesdale, Durham. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire. Kenmare Road,
Killarney, co. Kerry ; Kylemore and Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, co.
Galway.
2. T. subtile Tuck. Americ. Journ. Se. & Art, t. xxv. (1858)
p- 426; Nyl. Flora, 1864, p. 491.—Thallus macular, somewhat
shining, cream-coloured or whitish (K+ yellowish, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia erumpent, small, colourless, the thalline margin slightly
prominent, the proper margin often white-pulverulent ; spores Snex,
oblong, 10-13-locular, colourless, 0,040-56 mm. long, 0,009-0,010
mm. thick.—Carroll, Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 289; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 61; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 248, ed. 3, p. 239.—Brit. Exs.: Cromb.
n. 169; Larbal. Lich. Herb. n. 62.
An interesting plant, elsewhere found only in the United States of
America. At first sight it looks as if it were only 7. lepadinum with
filmy thallus and smaller apothecia; but its real affinity is with T. b:-
einctulum Nyl., an Australasian species, from which it differs chiefly in
the larger spores.
Hab. On smooth bark of trees in shady upland situations—Dztr.
Only sparingly in W. Ireland.—B. M.: Turk Mt., Cromaglown, Kil-
larney, and Lough Inchiquin, co. Kerry ; Lough Derryclare and Holly
Island, Lough Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway.
66. URCEOLARIA Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30 (ut tribus); Meth.
p- 141 (ut genus) pro parte; Nyl. Mém. Soc. Cherb. iii. (1855)
p- 180.—Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate, very rarely
obsolete ; hypothallus white. Apothecia urceolato-impressed, with
a proper and a thalline margin; hypothecium brown or blackish ;
516 LICHENACEI, [ URCEOLARIA.
spores 4-8nz, oblong or ellipsoid, septate and murali-divided, at
first colourless, then dark ; paraphyses slender ; hymenial gelatine
scarcely tinged or tawny with iodine. Spermogones with some-
what branched sterigmata and cylindrical spermatia.
A small but well-marked genus, whose systematic place has been
variously viewed by authors. Evidently, however, it is in this subtribe
as now definitely fixed by Nylander. From Thelotrema, to which it is
subsimilar in the structure of the apothecia, it differs chiefly in the
green gonidia of the thallus and in the form of the sterigmata.
Fig. 74.
Urceolaria scruposa Ach.—A, A theca with spores and a paraphysis, X 250,
B. Two spores, X350, C. Sterigmata and spermatia of subsp. U. bryophila,
x 500.
1. U. seruposa Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147; Lich. Univ. p. 338.—
Thallus determinate, tartareo-farinose, verrucoso-rugose, continucus
or areolatc-diffract, greyish or greyish-white (K —, CaCl ys red,
£ 4 blue): Apothecia moderate, black or blackish, usually cesio-
pruinose, the proper margin connivent, greyish-black, the thalline
margin thick, rugose or slightly crenulate on the inner side;
spores 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoideo-oblong, 0,026-38 mm. long,
0,012-15 mm. thick; paraphyses brown at the apices.—Mudd,
Man. p. 165; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234, ed. 3, p. 239; Tayl. in
Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 182; Sm. Eng. Fl. v. p. 172; Gray, Nat. Arr.
1, p. 459.—Lecanora scruposa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58. Lichen
scruposus Linn. Mant. ii. (1771) p. 131; Eng. Bot. t. 266; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19; Dicks. Crypt. fase. i. p. 11. Lichenoides
crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus et minoribus
Dill. Muse. 133, t.. 18. f. 15 B.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. nos. 54,
379; Mudd, n. 137; Cromb. n. 75; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 136,
An easily recognized species which can scarcely be confounded with
any other lichen. In some habitats it spreads rather extensively, while
it varies in the thickness of the thallus. The apothecia are also
variable in size, from punctiform becoming moderate or somewhat large,
and are either somewhat scattered or at times erowded. The spermo-
gones are not uncommon, with spermatia 0,005-6 mm. long, 0,001 mm.
thick.
URCEOLARIA. | LECANO-LECIDEEI. 517
Hab. On rocks and walls, very rarely on old wood, from maritime to
subalpine districts.—Distr. General and common in Great Britain; ap-
parently rare in the Channel Islands and in Ireland, though plentiful
where it occurs.—B. M.: Island of Guernsey. Livermere, Suffolk ;
Walthamstow, Essex; Kew Gardens, Surrey; Barton Mills, Sussex ;
near Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Lustleigh, 8S. Devon; near Padstow,
Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ;
Gozmagog Hill and Chevely Park, Cambridgeshire; near Buxton, Derby-
shire; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merio-
nethshire; Island of Anglesea; Oswestry, Gruishill, near Shrewsbury,
and High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shropshire; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Staveley, Westmoreland; Chesters,- North-
umberland ; Alston, Cumberland. New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
King’s Park and Craig Lockhart, Edinburgh; West Water, Fifeshire ;
Appin, Argyleshire ; Den of Mains, Forfarshire; Ben Vrackie and near
Dunkeld, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort
William, Inverness-shire. Kilcully, co. Cork; Loughcooter, co. Galway.
Form plumbea Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147.—Thallus greyish-
leaden-coloured. Apothecia usually small and naked ; otherwise as
in the type.
Characterized chiefly by the darker thallus, which is probably owing
to the nature of the substratum.
Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous soil in maritime and upland
situations.— Distr. Apparently local and scarce in S. and Central Eng-
land and the S8.W. Highlands of Scotland—B. M.: Near Hoathly,
Sussex ; Buxton, Derbyshire. Island of Lismore, Argyleshire.
Subsp. U. bryophila Nyl. ex Nérrl. Medd. Sillsk. pro F. et Fl.
Fenn. i. (1876) p. 27.—Thallus thinner, smoother, or less rugose,
greyish-white or whitish, often obsolete or scarcely visible. Apo-
thecia smaller, the thalline margin subevanescent; otherwise as in
the type.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.—U. scruposa var. bryo-
phila Mudd, Man. p. 165; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.50 ; forma, Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 235, ed. 3, p. 240. Lichen bryophilus Ehrh. Exs.
(1785) n. 236.—Brit. Evs.: Leight. nos. 359, 360; Larb. Lich. Hb.
nos. 63, 221.
A good subspecies distinguished by the characters given. The thallus,
which is usually somewhat effuse, is at times somewhat dealbate and
subpulyerulent, when it is var. 8. dealbata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 341. It
often grows upon the folioles and the podetia of forms of Cladonia
pyxidata either as a parasite or with scanty traces of a proper thallus,
and it is then Lecanora scruposa 8. parasitica Somm. Suppl. Fl. Lap.
p- 100 pro parte, form ecrustacea Nyl. Cromb. Greyillea, xix. p.60. This
condition, however, is scarcely entitled to rank even as a form.
Hab. Overspreading mosses and on Cladonia pyvidata in maritime
and upland tracts.—Dzstr. Not uncommon in Great Britain and Iveland ;
rare in the Channel Islands—-—B. M.: Quenvais, Island of Jersey.
Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Epping Forest, Essex: near Torquay and
on Lustleigh Cleeve, S. Devon; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall ;
Pembury Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Matlock, Derbyshire ;
Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth; High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shrop-
shire ; Lanbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eglestone, Durham. Island
of Lismore and Appin, Argyleshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, Ben Lawers,
518 LICHENACEI. [ URCEOLARIA.
Blaeberry Hill, and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone and Craig Guie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Deer Park, Belfast, co. Antrim; near Kilcully,
co. Cork; Killarney, co. Kerry ; Glen Inagh, Connemara, co. Galway.
2. U. gypsacea Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 338.—Thallus thick,
soft, continuous, rugoso-unequal, pulverulent, white (K—, CaCl i
red, I_). Apothecia moderate, black, cesio-pruinose ; the thalline
margin tumid, inflexed, the proper margin subrugose; spores
(rarely 2nx) 5-septate, muriform, ellipsoid, 0,033-57 mm. long,
0,016-24 mm. thick.—Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.—JU. scruposa
forma gypsacea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234, ed. 3, p. 239. Urceolaria
scruposa 3. albissima Ach. Meth. (1803) p. 147 (nomen informe).
Usually considered as only a variety of Z. urceolata differing in the
softer, white, pulverulent thallus, this has now been rightly separated
by Nylander on account of the negative reaction on the medulla with
iodine (vide Norrl. Fl. Karel. Oneg. p. 27). We have thus another
instance of the judgment of older authors being confirmed by modern
Sia tests. In the British specimens the apothecia are more or less
scattered.
Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland
tracts.— Distr. Only a very few localities in 8. and Central England,
S. Wales, and W. Ireland; probably often overlooked.—B. M.: The
Downs, Lewes, Sussex ; Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire; N. Derby-
shire. Aberdw Rocks, Brecknockshire. Glencorbot, co. Galway.
3. U. actinostoma Pers. ev Ach. Lich. Univ. (1810) p. 288.—
Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, smooth, rimoso-areolate, the
areolz more or less convex, greyish white (K—, CaCl-+ red, TT blue)
Apothecia minute, immersed, one or several in each areola, sub-
globose, at length explanate, biackish, cesio-pruinose, the proper —
margin finely plicato-striate; the thalline margin thick, entire or
slightly crenulate ; paraphyses very slender, intricate; spores 8nee,
ovoid or ellipsoid, 5—6-septate, muriform, 0,030-34 mm. long,
0,016—20 mm. thick.—Cromb. Journ. Bot. 1885, p. 196.
A singular species with much the aspect of a Verrucaria, in which
genus it was placed by Acharius (/.c.). In the essential characters,
however, of the fructification it is clearly an Urceolaria, the apothecia,
though long remaining as if verrucarioid, having the disk ultimately open,
plane and margined as in the other species of the genus, The British
specimens are scarcely typical, but belong rather to the following variety.
Var. 5. ce#sioplumbea Nyl. Flora, 1873, p. 70.—Thallus some-
what shining, greyish leaden-coloured ; otherwise as in the type.—
Cromb. Grevillea, xix. p. 60.
Differs in the characters given, though perhaps only as a well-marked
form depending on the habitat.
Hab. On rocks in maritime districts—Distr. Only very sparingly
in the Channel Islands and N.W. England.—B. M.: Chateau Point,
Island of Sark. St. Bees, Cumberland.
INDEX TO THE GENERA
Beomyces.......
Calicium .......
Derraria :......
Cladina.......-.
Cladonia .......
Coccocarpia .....
Mieloms......----
Collemodium ...
Collemopsis .....
Coniocybe.......
Dendriscocaulon
irtaa .. 2-2
Mphebe.......-.
Ephebeia .......
WMIOMBIS.......--
Hyernia .......
Gomphillus .....
Gonionema .....
Gyrophora .....
Lecanora .......
Leprocaulon .....
Leproloma .....
Leptogidium.....
Pyemiza .......
Meernerda.. 25s
Mowarina .......
Magmopsis .....
Nephromium ...
PAMMAMA . 25.63.
Pannularia .....
a a OR
aan eye 51a
ne, we
Givi 0:0 6/m
IN THIS VOLUME.
Page |
pil se O08 | Parmelia: «.-¢20.-.5«
eG EL 108 | Parmeliopsis........-
Ate 173 | Pertusarim «0.4.52
aoe Fae 126 | Phlyctis ...........
hes tera wh SA5_ | Physcia. ds < cowie < pias
Oe east ed 77, \eRteryeiuy, 5 eam oe oni
OEE 98 | Pycnothelia .........
ease aia 324 | Sphinctrina ........-
2A CE 348 | Spilonema.........-.
ite atch See 123.| Stenocybe ...5-. -..<
Beal 348 | Stereocaulon.........
iste 35... | Shisha! oc. cereete placent
Rar |) Peltier eek oe eae
515 | Peltigera....-..-.-0.
39 | Bilophoras. .. x2...
57 | Platysma ..........-
77 | Pyrenidium .........
490 | Pyrenopsis .......--
O7 | Bamalsnar iiss << seen.
SR eee OS |) Ricasoltaes.é:... <dvckeat:
99 "| Roccellamisrn.; «s)asickenere
ee. 298 | Bebizomtie.. 126 ae ae
167. |: Bolorimad. Soo. 3G
thes te 18 | Spherophorus .......
62: | (Stich tee
31 | Synalissa .........-.
Sey, | PWAMAOLIR Valente a els
OT.) Theletrema i. 2.0.5 =.
Beh galas O70), | Wrachy lias. «<0 s<.ete 213
99 | Umbilicaria «.....%->
989; | Ureeolaria <.<../an <<
aa ae Sar |) Maner Jocc5 sel aen«
Bos ves 249) | Varicellaria: .. 2.5...’
ee ed
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
= RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
ee eh
LIST OF THE CURRENT
NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS
OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of
Messrs. Loncmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row; Mr. Quaritcu,
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Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
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John Edward Gray. Pp. xii, 90. [With an account of the
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Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
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Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.
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Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
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Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the
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Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam-
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Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By John
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List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of
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Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection
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Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum :—
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oaiieisk rsatcs ete
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a, ie
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:
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BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.
Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
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Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
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[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885.
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Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
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Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
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Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picarie in the Collection of
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the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family
Picide. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv.,597. Woodcuts
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betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 17. 6s.
Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : containing
the families Rhamphastide, Galbulide, and Bucconide,
by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indicatoride,Capitonide,
Cuculide, and Musophagide, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484: 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 5s.
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Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5
Pp. xvii., 658: woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 10s.
Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columba, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salyadori.
Pp. xvii., 676: 15 coloured plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 12. 10s.
Vol. XXIT. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Pterocletes,
Galline, Qpisthocomi, Hemipodit), in the Collection
of the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.
Pp. xvi., 585: 8 coloured plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.| 1893, 8vo. 17. 6s.
Hand-List of Genera and Species of Birds, distinguishing those
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Cc. i—
Part II. Conirostres, Scansores, Columbe, and Galline.
Pp. xv., 278. [Table of Genera and Subgenera: Part II.]
1870, 8vo. 6s.
Part III. Struthiones, Gralle, and Anseres, with Indices
of Generic and Specific Names. Pp. xi., 350. [Table of
Genera and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. 8s.
List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray :—
Part III., Sections III. and IV. Capitonide and Picide.
[With Index.] Pp.137. 1868, 12mo. 1s. 6d.
Part IV. Columbe. [With Index.] Pp. 73. 1856,
12mo. Is. 9d.
Part V. Galline. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George
Robert Gray, F.L.S., &. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.| 1859, 8vo. 1s. 6d.
REPTILES.
Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbenians in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii. 80. [With an Alphabetical Index. ]
1844, 12mo., ls.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &e. :—
Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Pp. 79. 50 plates.
1855, 4to. 2/. LOs.
Supplement. With Figures of the Skulls.of 36 Genera.
Pp. ix., 120. 40 Woedcuts. 1870, 4to. 10s.
Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872, 4tc. 2s. Ed.
Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
henians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3s. 6d.
6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles
in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. By
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 738 Woodcuts and 6
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889,
8vo. 15s.
Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther, M.A., M.D.,
Ph.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv., 96. 55 Plates, and two Charts of the
Aldabra group of Islands, north-west of Madagascar. [With a
Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Living Gigantic Land
Tortoises.| 1877, 4to. 1l. 10s.
Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger :—
Vol. I. Geckonid#, Eublepharide, Uroplatide, Pygo-
podide, Agamide. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.
Vol. II. Iguanide, Xenosauride, Zonuride, Anguide,
Anniellide, Helodermatide, Varanide, Xantusiide,
Teiide, Amphisbenide. Pp. xiii, 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20s.
Vol. III. Lacertide, Gerrhosauride, Scincide, Anelytro-
pide, Dibamide, Chamzleontide. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 1/. 6s.
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopide, Glauconiida,
Boide, Ilysiide, Uropeltide, Xenopeltide, and Colubride
aglyphe, part. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. xiii., 448.
26 Woodcuts and ¥8 plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 12. 1s.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With
Geographical, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,
12mo. 4s.
BATRACHIANS.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi, 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical
Indexes.| 1858, 8vo. 6s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia, s. Ecaudata, in the Collection
of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert
Boulenger. Pp. xvi., 503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.| 1882, 8vo. 1/. 10s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8yo. 9s.
FISHES.
Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.R.S., &e. :—
Vol. III. Acanthopterygii (Gobiide, Discoboli, Oxuder-
cidx, Batrachide, Pediculati, Blenniidz, Acanthoclinide,
Comephoridz, Trachypteridez, Lophotidw, Teuthidide,
Acronuride, Hoplognathide, Malacanthide, Nandide,
Polycentride, Labyrinthici, Luciocephalide, Atherinide,
Mugilide, Ophiocephalide, Trichonotide, Cepolide,
Gobiesocidz, Psychrolutide, Centriscide, Fistularide,
Mastacembelide, Notacanthi). Pp. xxv., 586. Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, and
a Systematic Synopsis of the families of the Acanthop-
terygian Fishes.] 1861, 8vo., 10s. 6d.
Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Anacan-
thini. Pp. xxi. 534. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1362, 8vo. 8s. 6d.
Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluride, Characinide, Haplochi-
tonide, Sternoptychide, Scopelide, Stomiatide). Pp.
xxii., 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8s.
Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinide, Gono-
rhynchide, Hyodontide, Osteoglosside, Clupeide,
Chirozentride, Alepocephalide, Notopteride, Halo-
sauride). Pp. xx. 512. Woodeuts. [With System-
atic and Alphabetical Indexes.| 1868, 8vo. 8s.
Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotide, Symbranchide,
Murenide, Pegaside), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi,
Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Lep-
tocardii. Pp. xxv.,549. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Chondropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1851, 12mo. 3s.
Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore
Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 196. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
5 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.
[ With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.RS.,
&c. Pp. xii. 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.
List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the “ Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté pendant les années
** 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La Bonite,” and in the
“ Histoire naturelle des Mollusques Ptéropodes,” Par MM.
P.C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8d.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pteiffer.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodeuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Auriculide, Proserpinide, and Truncatellide in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodeuts. 1857, 12mo. 1s. 9d. :
List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. =
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &e.
Part I. Volutide. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
- Part II. Olivide. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. 1s.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection of
the British Museum. By M. Deshayes :—
Part 1. Veneride, Cyprinidae, Glauconomide, and Petri-
colada. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part IJ. Petricolade (concluded); Corbiculade. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.
BRACHIOPODA.
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Jsswed as “ Catalogue of
the Mollusca, Part IV.”| Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodeuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.
POLYZOA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part IIT. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
Rvo. 5s.
:
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9
CRUSTACEA,
Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.
Part I. Leucosiade. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S.,
&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d. ,
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the
Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,
&e. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index. |
1862, 8vo. 17. 5s.
INSECTS.
Coleopterous Insects.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum :—
Part V. Cucujide, &e. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued
as “List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I.” ]}
Pp. 25. 1851, 12mo. 6d.
Part VI. Passalide. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d.
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 174.
4Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Part IX. Cassidide. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of
Natural History, Stockholm. Pp.225. [With Index.]
1856, 12mo. 3s.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part I. Lycide. By Charles Owen
Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.
Pp. xvi., 234: 1 plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.,
F.LS. Pp. xiii.,648. [With Topographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of Halticide in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
(Edipodes. Part I. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates,
1860, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of Hispide in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part IL Pp. x. 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.
~ @ 80204. Ao
10 LIST ORF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Hymenopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. :—
Part I. Andrenide and Apide. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853,
2s. 6d.
Part II. Apide. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 6s.
Part III. Mutillide and Pompilide. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.
1855, 6s.
Part IV. Sphegide, Larride, and Crabronide. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,
6s.
Part V. Vespide. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, 6s.
Part VI. Formicide. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s.
Part VII. Dorylide and Thynnide. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[ With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s.
Descriptions of New Species of Hyrnenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.
[ With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinide and
Siricide. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 1/. 18s.
Dipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo.:—
Part II. Pp. 231-484. 1849. 3s. 6d.
Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an index to the four
parts, and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s.
Part V. Supplement I. Stratiomide, Xylophagide, and
Tabanide. Pp. iv., 330. 2 Cuts. 1854. 4s. 6d.
Part VI. Supplement II. Acroceride and part of the.
family Asilide. Pp. ii., 331-506. 8 Cuts. 1854. 3s.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilide. Pp. ii., 507-775.
1855. 3s. 6d.
Lepidopterous Insects.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum :—
Part I. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xiii., 62. 20
Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1877,
Ato. 21.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), Bi
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
&e.— continued.
Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii. 82.
41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1879, 4to. 27. 10s.
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 27. 10s.
Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 27. 4s.
Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124,
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List. ]
1889, 4to. 22.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iy., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 27.
Part IX. The Macrolepidoptcra Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893,
4to. 2. 2s.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyride in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.LS., &. Pp. vi., 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.LS., &. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycenide in the British Museum. By
W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 1/. 1s.
List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionide. By G. R. Gray, F.LS.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mv.:—
Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258-1507. 1855,
3s. 6d.
Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1036. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3s. 6d.
Part XX. Geometrites. Pp. 1-276. 1860, 4s.
Part XXI. —————— Pp. 277-498. 1860, 3s.
?
Part XXII. —— Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s. 6d.
Part XXIII. ————-__ Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. 6d.
Part XXTV. —————--_ Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. 6d.
Part XXV. ——————_ Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s.
Part XX VI. -— — Pp. 1478-1796. [With an
Alphabetical Index to Parts XX-XXVI.] 1862,
4s. 6d.
12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, &e.—continued.
Part XXVIII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863, 4s.
Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, 4s.
Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.
Part XXX. ——— Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII-XXX.] 1864, 4s.
Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.
Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 3822-706.
1865, 5s.
Part XX XIII. ——————_ Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.
1865, 6s.
Part XXXIV. ————— _ Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.
1865, 5s. 6d.
Part XXXV. —H—— Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.
[ With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI~XXXYV.]
1866, 7s.
Neuropterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. :—
Part I. (Phryganides—Perlides.) Pp. iv.,192. 1852,
2s. 6d.
Part II. Sialide—Nemopterides. Pp. ii. 193-476.
1853, 3s. 6d.
Part III. Termitide—Ephemeride. Pp. ii., 477-585.
1853, 1s. 6d.
Part IV. Odonata. Pp. ii., 587-658. 1853, 12mo. Is.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I.
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.
Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmide. By John Obadiah Westwood,
F.LS., &. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 37.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattariz in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &. Pp. 2389.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattariz in the Collection of the British
Museum. Gryllide. Blattarie. Locustide. By Francis
Walker, F.L.S., &c. 7 Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index. |
1869, Svo. 5s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 13
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.LS., &.—
Part II. Locustide (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustide (continued).—Acridide. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Acrididw (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.|] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Part V. Tettigide—Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
tarie.— Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distribution
_ of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116. [With
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Hemipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W.S. Dallas, F.L.S.:—
Part I. Pp. 368. 11 Plates. 1851, 12mo. 7s.
Part II. Pp. 369-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4s.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.,
&e. 8vo.:—
Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. ds.
Part IT. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., II., and a Summary of Geographical
' Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6d.
Part IV. Pp. 211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1571. 6s.
Part V. Pp. 202. ——- 1872. 5s.
Part VI. Pp. 210. ———-————~———-_ 1873. is.
Part VII. Pp. 213. ————-———————— 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. ——_—_-——_-—__—__—._ 1873. 6s. 6d.
Homopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. 6d.
VERMES.
Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird.
Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found; and
an Index of Genera and Species.| 1853, 12mo. 2s.
14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
ANTHOZOA.
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariide in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &. Pp. iv., 40.
2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 1s. 6d.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &. Pp. iv., 51.
14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Madreporariaa Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By
George Brook. Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, Explanation of Plates,
and a Preface by Dr. Giinther.] 1893, 4to. 1. 4s.
BRITISH ANIMALS.
Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &. Pp.
xii., 248. [With a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenide and Apide.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi. 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicide, and
Vespide in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.
A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collee-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
F.R.C.L. Ed., Lt.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, 8vo. 7s.
Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii. 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum; with Synonyma and References to figures.
12mo. :—
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. 2nd
Edition. By H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.
224. 1856, 12mo. 1s. 9d.
Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala, and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J.E.Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851, 12mo. 3s. 6d.
Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852, 1s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15
List of the Specimens of British Animals, &¢.—continued.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By Fr edeiiol
Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 18538, 12mo. 1s. 4d.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 12mo. 6d.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1853, 12mo. 1s.
PLANTS.
List of British Diatomacez in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &e. Pp. iv.,55. 1859, 12mo. Is.
FOSSILS.
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insec-
’ tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. |
1885, 8vo. 5s.
Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii.,324. 39 Woodcuts. [ With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Amblypoda.
Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea, Pp. xxiv.,235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.| 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systématic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodeuts. [| With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.| 1891, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Naturai History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Protero-
sauria, Pp. xxviii. 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Sys-
tematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia—continued.
Part Il. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. |
1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Catalogue.of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S.:—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474.
13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. {With Alphabetical Index,
and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889,
8vo. 21s.
Part Il. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and
Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinop-
terygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates.
| With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of
Genera and Species. | 1891, 8vo. 21s.
Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligoeas
and Eocene Mullusca in the British Museum (Natural History),
with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons
contained in other collections belonging to the Geological
Department of the Museum. By Richard Bullen Newton,
F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,
Bibliography, Correlation- table, Appendix, and Aiphabetical
Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S.:—
Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratide, Endoceratide,
Actinoceratide, Gomphoceratide, Ascoceratide, Poterio-
ceratide, Cyrtoceratide, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi.,
344. 51 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitide, Trochocera-
tide, Nautilide, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii, 407. 86
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. |
1891, 8vo. 15s.
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17
,
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii, 155. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
British Museum (Natural History), with an account of the
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),
and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] Pp.
xv., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4to. 25s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii. 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological aud Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 1/. 10s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in tne British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.RS.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Paleozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Palzontology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With alist of works
quoted, and an Index.| 1886, 8vo. 5s.
GUIDE-BOOKS.
( To be obtained only at the Museum.)
A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [By W.H. Flower.} With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 78.
1893, 8vo. 3d.
Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 4th Edition. Pp. 126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1892, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giuther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv. 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Echinoder-
mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodeutsand1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4d.
18
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries ofthe Department of Geology
and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry
Woodward. |—
Part I. Fossil Mammals ard Birds. Pp. xii., 108. 119
Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii., 109. 94 Woodcutsand 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology aud Paleontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward. }
2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4d.
Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthington
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4d.
A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 32. Plan. 18938, 8vo. 1d.
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. [By lL. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an
Index. 1894, 8vo. 6d.
The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum
(Natural History). New Edition. Pp. 32. With a Plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2d.
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher. ]
Pp. 91. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Metecrites represented in the Collection.| 1893, 8vo. 3d.
W. H. FLOWER,
Director.
* British Museum
(Natural History),
Cromwell Read,
London, S.W.
February idth, 1894.
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