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MNUALMI 


ov 


.  I 


WILLIAM  A.  B. 


I   / 


GOVERNOR  OF  THE  STATE  I 


ADDBB8SED  TO  THB 


oiale  rniJr  lessen 


JAimART  11,  1856. 


r 


HADISON: 

OAlKUrS  *  PROUOMT,  PAIHTK 

1856. 


MESSAGE. 


FMow  OUizena  of  the  Senate  and  AaseinUy  : 

It  is  again  obligatory  upon  me  to  comply  with  thaft  provision  of 
our  Oonatitation  vhich  requires  the  GoverDor  to  communicate  to 
the  Legislatare,  the  condition  of  the  State  and  recommend  for 
oonaideration  sach  meaenres  as  in  his  judgment  are  expedient. 
We  haye  greater  oanse  to  congratulate  onrdelves  at  this  time  upon 
the  happy  and  prosperous  condition  of  our  State  and  pcopld,  than 
at  any  other  period  of  our  history.    The  anticipations  of  the  most 
aaagoine  as  to  onr  future  increase  in  weahh,  population  and  re- 
souroeb  of  every  description,  have  been  exceeded  by  the  progress    ' 
made  tberein  during  the  past  year.    Wisconsin   having  within 
herself  every  element  cf  greatness  atd  power  posee^Ecd  by  the 
ot}ier  States  of  the  Union,  our  experience  of  the  pa&t  has  render* 
ed  certain  the  assurance  that  the  future  must  iner7itably  kad  to    > 
their  development  with  a  rapidity  only  equaled  by  that  of  the< 
progress  already  achieved,  and  to  a  degree  which  at  no  distant 
day^^^l  1*^°^^^  ^^^  ^cond  to  bi^t  few  in  our  wide  spread  ooa- 
federacy.    We  hare  the  clearest  evidence  of  the  adaptation  of 
oaz  soil  and  climate  to  the  w^nts  and  wUhes  of  those  who  ohooae    .- 
im  forsake  the  older  States  and  countries,  in  order  to  create  for 


& 

A  Btatement  in  detail  of  the  disbarBements  for  the  past  year,  .will 
be  fonni  in  th^  reports  of  the  proper  officers,  as  will,  also,  in  the 
report  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  ah  estimate  of  the  amount  prob- 
ably neeeseary  to  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  daring  the  present 
year.  The  latter  amount  is  stated  at  $274,044  60,  which  it  ia 
proper  here  to  add,  inclndes  the  unpaid  appropriations  of  the  last 
SQSsien,  attK>tinting  to  $94,003  12,  the  re-imborBement  of  the 
Treasury  for  over  payments  on  account  of  General  Fund  $13,- 
646  38,  and  every  other  probable  liability  upon  the  Treasury  for 
the  term  stated. 

This  also  includes  estimates  for  the  completion  of  the  main 
building  of  the  Penitentiary  and  the  probable  additions  to  the 
kuildiogs  §0T  the  Blind  and  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylums. 

To  meet  which  liabilities  the  resources  are  stated  as  follows,  vis: 

State  tax  levied  and  equalized  under  act  of  1855.  $350,000  00 

Bank  Tax,  (estimated,)  80,000  00 

Bail  &  Plank  Bead  tax  (estimated)  11,000  00 

Hiscellaneous  reaourcej,        do  21,476  54 

Total,  $412,476  64 

Deduct  amount  estimated  to  be  drawn,  274,044  50 

Estimated  surplus  in  Treasury  January 

1, 1857,  $188,482  04 

Here  it  will  be  seen  is  a  prospective  surplus  of  $138,432  04,  of 
which  amount  $100,000  00  will  unquestionably  reach  the  Treas- 
ury duriug  the  present  year.  For  what  purpose  a  state  tax  of 
over  $250,000  00  was  levied  by  the  last  Legislature  I  have  never 
been  able  to  underetand,  unless  it  was  with  a  view  to  create  par- 
tisan clamor  for  political  ends,  which,  to  all  conversant  with  the 
history  of  politics  in  this  state  during  the  past  year  must  seem, 
kt  least,  quite  probable. 

That  the  people  should  be  required  for  such  objects  to  pay  an 
unnecessary  amount,  is  wrong  in  the  extreme,  and  in  violation 
of  the  established  principle  ^  that  all  moneys  not  required  for 


iie  enrrent  expenses  shoxild  remain  in  the  hands  of  ihe  people.* 
The  bill  providing  for  this  tax,  it  is  true,  received  my  approval : 
but  it  was  under  circumstanced  rendmng  it  imperative,  owing  to 
its  pasBage  just  upon  the  very  close  of  the  eession,  and  too  late 
to  secure  action  upon  another  and  more  appropriate  one,  had  I 
seen  proper  to  return  it  without  my  sanction.  Under  the  circum- 
Btsoces,  I  regarded  it  as  far  better  that  the  bill  should  become  a 
Jiw  dian  that  no  law  of  its  character  should  be  paBsed,  to 
the  neglect  of  that  proviaion  of  our  constitution  which  is  as 
feUows:  '^The  Legislature  shall  provide  for  an  annual  tax  suf* 
ficient,  with  its  other  resources,  to  defray  the  estimated  expenses 
of  the  State  for  each  year.'' 

The  School  and  University  funds  under  the  charge  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners,  provided  by  the  Constitution,  have,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  Commissioner's  Beport,  been  largely  increased  within 
the  past  year.  The  aggregate  principal  of  the  school  fund  on  the 
Slst  December  was,  $1,897,269  SO,  and  of  the  University  fund 
f  181,870  10,  showing  an  increase  of  the  former  in  the  year  1855 
of  $227,010  63,  and  of  the  latter  during  the  same  period  of  $20,- 
729  49.  This  is  evidence  of  the  energy  and  fidelity  with  which 
the  management  of  th^  educational  funds  of  the  State  has  been 
conducted. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  Secretary's  Beport,  that  the  accumulated 
interest  on  account  of  the  school  fund  since  the  last  annual  appor- 
tionment  amounts  to  $17,478  98.  This  added  to  the  amount  due 
and  payable  prior  to  the  10th  day  of  March  next,  all  of  which,  if 
collected^  will  be  then  subject  to  apportionment  by  the  State  Su* 
perintendent  to  the  various  common  schools,  makes  a  total  of 
$150,287  83. 

Our  claim  to  the  five  per  centum  of  the  nettproceeds  arising  from 
the  sales  of  government  lands  and  belonging  to  the  school  fund, 
IS  yet  unadjusted,  and  the  money  withheld  by  the  government.— • 
Efforts  have  been  made  to  procure  an  adjustment  of  this  claim, 
while  counter  efforts,  it  is  believed,  have  been  put  forth  by  some 


I 


10 

£todk0  $1,215,000 ;  Specie  $88,808,75 ;  vtuMng  total  amoimt  of  m- 
enrities  aside  from  individual  bonds  $1,249,898,75.  Total  amount 
of  circnlatiog  notes  ontstan'ling  on  Jannarj  1st  was  $1,158,584,  of 
vbich  $477,063,  was  issued  in  the  year  1855,  and  during  whioh 
lime  the  sum  of  $261,121  was  returned  for  cancellation.  The 
amount  of  State  tax  due  and  collected  from  Banks  during  the 
tame  period  was  $23,970,83.  Those  which  hare  closed  business, 
it  is  gratifying  to  state,  have  ample  means  deposited  with  the 
Oomptroller  to  redeem  their  notes  at  par  on  presentation,  clearly 
indicating  that  the  law  under  which  they  were  established,  was 
well  detised. 

The  Penitentiary  is  among  the  objects  which  will  require  your 
attention.  About  the  usual  appropriation  for  expenses  will  be 
necessary,  and  some  amendments  of  the  law  regulating  its  man- 
agement, I  think  it  important,  should  be  made.  The  main  build- 
ing  which  has  been  commenced  and  prosecuted  to  a  considerable 
extent,  mainly  by  convict  labor,  should,  in  my  jndgfaient,  be  com- 
pleted during  the  present  year,  thus  obviating  the  excessive  incon- 
venience that  now  exists  in  the  way  of  the  proper  management 
of  the  prison  and  control  of  those  for  whose  safe  keeping  and  dis- 
oipline  it  was  established. 

The  Oomtnissioner  estimates  the  amount  necessary  for  this 
purpose  at  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  over  and  above  what 
can  be  derived  from  convict  labor.  His  report,  to  which  I 
refer  you  for  more  definite  information  concerning  the  condition 
and  wants  of  the  prison,  will,  I  trust,  receive  the  attention  it 
^nerits. 

The  Geological  survey  of  the  State  has  been  continued  by  and 
mnder  the  direction  of  Mr.  Percival  during  the  past  year.  His 
xeport,  which  will  be  laid  before  you  at  an  early  day,  is  of  great 
Tal-ue,  not  only  from  the  accurate  details  given,  but  from  the  great 
amount  of  information  contained  in  it,  interesting  to  the  Geologist 
as  well  as  to  the  practical  miner.  There  is  much  credit  due  to 
Professor  Percival  for  the  untiring  industry  with  which  he  haa 


11 

proMcoted  the  rarvej,  and  the  yery  thorough  maimer  in  which  it 
has,  coDBideriDg  the  time  and  great  extent  of  country  to  be  ex- 
amined, been  condacted.  The  benefits  already  received,  and 
which  wiJi  hereafter  accrne  to  the  State,  from  examinations  of 
ihiB  kind,  condacted  by  scientific  men,  whose  attainments  and 
ebarscter  are  a  guarantee  as  to  the  correctness  of  their  conclu- 
Bioos,  will  bear,  not  even  the  most  distant  proportion  to  the  amoont 
expended  yearly  in  order  to  secure  them.  We  have  reason  to  be* 
lieye  that  the  mineral  resources  of  our  State  will  continue  to  be 
as  they  now  are,  one  of  the  most  important  elements  of  our  pros- 
perity, and  the  accurate  and  intelligent  examination  now  progress- 
ing will,  in  all  probability,  lead  to  ascertaining  the  fact  that  our 
mineral  wealth  is  more  generally  diffused,,greater  in  quantity,  and 
much  more  varied  as  to  the  qualities  of  the  metals,  than  has  here- 
tofore been  supposed. 

In  my  last  annual  message  I  stated  that  it  was  intended  to  pro- 
secute the  survey  Korth  of  the  Wisconsin  river  to  the  copper 
mines  of  Lake  Superior.  Owing  to  the  length  of  time,  however, 
necessarily  employed  by  the  Geologist  in  the  more  settled  por- 
tions of  the  State,  he  found  himself  UQable  to  carry  out  his  inten- 
tion in  this  respect,  and  was  obliged  to  forego  the  visit  to  the  Su- 
perior country  until  another  .  season,  when  that  region  will  be 
examined  by  him.  An  attentive  perusal  of  his  report  will  ex- 
hibit to  you  much  of  the  valuable  information  which  his  expe- 
rience and  examination  has  enabled  him  to  gather  since  submitting 
Ids  former  communication  upon  the  same  subject. 

In  my  first  annual  message  I  took  occasion  to  urge  upon  the 
LdgislaturOj  not  oikly  the  propriety  but  the  absolute  necessity  then 
existing  for  the  erection  of  a  State  Lunatic  Asylum.  During 
the  session  whidi  bad  then  commenced,  an  act  was  passed  for 
that  purpose,  under  which  the  site  was  procured,  and  a  contract 
was  entered  inta  for  the  necessary  building.^),  in  accordance  with 
the  plans  adopted  by  the  commissioners  in  charge.  In  my  suc- 
ceeding message  the  subject  was  again  brought  to  the  notice  of  the 


i2 


'  LegtdF&tute,  ftiid  while  it  was  urged  that  suiiable  proyieioh  tie 
made  (or  forwarding  the  work,  the  way  to  provide,  the  nie'aos 
•therefor,  was,  as  I  judge,  clearly  pointed  out.  That ' Legieta- 
HxCre  seemed  to  utterly  disregard  the  Importance  of  sucli  au  ihaii- 
tution,  and  the  urgent  necessity  for  its  erection,  and  instead  of 
endeavoring  to  adopt  the  means  proper  for  its  advancement, '  ap- 
pi^iared  to  l^eek  only  those  at  command  which  might  retard  its 
progress ;  and  in  a  very  hasty  manner  proceeded  to  repeal  tHe 
Ikw  under  which  the  work  had  'been  commenced,  making  at  the 
ttame  time  tio adequate  provision  for  discharging  the  liabilities  of 
the  State  already  incurred.  The  plans  adopted  for  the  buitd- 
ings  to  be  erected  Were  then  and  are  still  considered  to  bo  more 
tfearly  perfect  than  any  other  yet  proposed  for  an  Institafon  of 
that  character,  being  the  same  which  several  of  the  States  have 
adopted  for  such  purposes,  and  which  have  been  approved  by  tlie 
experience  of  the  most  eminent  persons  who  have  made  the  {>ro-  ' 
per  treatment  of  the  insane  their  special  study. 

« 

A  far  greater  necessity  exists  now  than  did  then  for  the  prose- 
cution of  this  important  work.  The  census  returns  of  June,  1^55, 
Ishow  that  there  was  at  that  time  in  the  State  the  number  of  two 
hundred  and  forty  of  that  unfortunate  class  which  the  Institution 
was  designed  to  relieve.  The  number  of  those  thus  entitled  to 
our  sympathy  and  assistance  is  constantly  increasing,  and 
the  condition  of  each  one  so  afflicted  daily  becoming  more  hope- 
less, and  their  claims  upon  the  Legislature  consequently  more 
urgent.  It  must  b^  borne  in  inind,  also,  that  the  number  of  this 
class  has  probably  been  underrated,  as  the  means  necessary  to 
obtain  full  statistics  with  regard  to  this,  and  all  other  matters  it 
interest,  were  not  contained  in  the  census  bill  passed  at  the  laat 
session.  It  was  totally  inadequate  to  accomplish  any  of  the  enSs 
proper  to  be  attained  through  the  medium  of  a  census,  and  wb 
have  therefore  good  reason  to  believe  that  a  greater  number  than 
that  mentioned  are  at  this  time  suffering  from  the  want  of  proper 
treatment. 


18. 

.   » 

la  mj  meseagie  ,iipon  the  re  turn  pf  the  fint  biU  of  the  last  lea? . 
sion,  wbic\i  provided  for  an  xinponditiozial  repeal  of  thelawnnder,, 
which  thie  work  h<ul  been  commenced,  I  did^  ae  will  be  seen  b7 
a  refereDce  to  tl^e  AssembI j  Jonirnals,  object  to  the  hastj  and, 
unquali/ied  action  of  the  Legislature. 

•¥7  yy^yf^  9B  to  the  propriety  of  malwg  prQyiaion  for  the  ere«- 
doji^pf  an  A^jlmn  £>r  the  inBane^  ha,ye  beeii  too  frequently  ex* 
pr^^e^  loTeqnire  .from^  mp  heii»  wy  ezteaded  retti$rk8.  Ibo«a  , 
"wi/ilch  I  have  had  occasion  to  pat  forth  heretofore  are  uochAngad. 
and  reiterated.  The  State  still  holds  the  lands  purchased  for.  tba  , 
site,  aa  well  as  a  considerable  amount  of  materials  necessary,  to  h^, 
nsed  in  tli^ .erection  of  such  a  building,. and  it  is  to  be  b<^ped  that 
at  the  present  session,  you  wiU  provide  by  law.  for  the  immediate 
re'<^Oinmencement  of  the  work,  upon  the  grounds  and  plans  pro* 
yided^  and  tb^t  ^o  mere  partjzan  feieling,  such  as  evidently  eoQr 
troUed  the  action  of  the  majority  of  the  last  Legislaturoi  will  be. 
countenanced  by  you  in  your  deliberations.  ' 

Means  which  may  be  made  applicable  for  this  purpose  are  at  your 
eommand,  without  resorting  to  direct  taxation — means,  too,  which 
are  being  daily  lessened  in  consequence  of  there  existing  no  ade- 
quate provision  of  law  for  their  protection,  I  refer  to  the  swamp 
and  Overflowed  lands — provision  fur  the  disposal  of  which  was 
reconQ  mended  by  me  in  my  last  annual  message,  together  with  the 
dUpoaition  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  thereof  for  this  purpose,  or 
Bucii.partof  the  Btime  as  might  be  necessary  to  effect  the  object 
desired.  I  respectfiiny  invite  jour  attention  to  ^that  portion  of 
the  niatnunent  referred  to,  as  expressing  the  opinions  I  still  enter-^ 
taio^not  only  with  regard  to  the  necessity  existing  for  the  erection 
of  snehan  Institution,  bat  also  as  to  the  means  which  may  prc^erly , 
be  employed  for  that  purpote.  Notwithstanding  the  law  of  the 
laat  aesaioQ  was  intended  to  protect  these  lands  against  trespass 
and  waste,  there  hare  been  extsnaive  depredations  committed  and' 
great .qi^antities  of  timber,  which  constitutes  the  chief  value  of  a 
great  portion  ot  the  aame^  earned  away.    I  e^nsider  that  I  have- 


14 

■ 

reason  for  believing  tbe  people  to  have  expressed  themselves,  hj. 
their  vote  at  the  recent  election ,  as  not  unfavorable  to  the  imme- 
diate constraction  of  the  work,  and  that  they  will  approve  of  yoar 
action,  should  you  now  proceed  to  authorize  its  further  proseoa* 
tion,  under  such  restrictions  as  you  may  deem  advisable. 

In  thie  connection  I  am  reminded  of  a  provision  incorporated 
into  the  act  intended  for  the  protection  of  the  swamp  and  over- 
flowed lands,  being  that  portion,  of  the  law  which  authorizes  the  ' 
pre-emption  of  the  same.  I  recommend  the  immediate  repeal  of 
so  much  of  the  law  as  extends  the  right  of  pre-emption,  and  guar- 
rantees  to  any  party  making  a  certain  amount  of  improvement 
upon  the  land,  the  right  to  purchase  the  same  at  f  I  Sj6  per  acre, 
whenever  the  land  shall  be  brought  into  market.  Of  course  such 
repeal  cannot  and  ought  not  to  affect  any  rights  already  acquired 
under  the  law.  That  class  of  lands  valuable  for  the  timber  upon 
them,  are  being  pre-empted  and  the  timber  taken  off,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  State  holds  no  security  that  the  lands  will  ever  be 
paid  for,  as  the  pre-emptors  are  not  bound  to  purchase :  there  be- 
ing simply  an  obligation  on  the  part  of  the  State  to  sell,  without 
any  corresponding  one  on  the  part  of  the  pre-emptor  to  receive  the 
same  at  any  price.  The  State  realizes  nothing  under  the  opera- 
tion of  this  law,  as  there  i's  no  existing  prevision  for  their  sale,  and 
it  amounts  in  effect  simply  to  a  license  to  the  pre-emptor  to  com- 
mit such  waste  upon  the  land  as  ho  may  see  fit. 

The  Institutions  established  for  the  Blind,.and  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
.are  in  their  usual  prosperous  condition  and  deserving  the  contia- 
nance  of  Legislative  favor*  For  more  definite  information-  con-  • 
cerning  their  condition  and  wants,  I  invite  an  examiaation  of  the 
reports  of  the  respective  Boards  of  Trustees,  and  in  additidn  there* 
to,  I  recommend  that  cQmmittees  of  the  Legislature  be  created 
for  ^he  purpose  of  visiting  and  reporting  at  the  present  eeesion  in 
reference  more  particularly  to  the  propriety  add  necessity  of  as- 
tending  the  buildings  duriAg  the  present  year*  Large  appropria- 
tions fof  this  purpose  are  asked  by  the  Trusteepi  and  in  oider  that 


15 

jon  maj  act  xindemtaiidiDglj,  it  setms  to  me  Irighlj  proper  that 
an  examiiiatioii  hj  a  committee  of  yonr  own  bodj  should  be 
made.  The  ceDsna  returns  show  that^there  wad  within  this  State 
on  the  ftrat  dsj  of  Jane  last^  of  Deaf  and  Dnmb  persons  two  hnn« 
died,  and  of  Blind  one  hundred  and  twentj-fivei  olearlj  demon- 
strating that  the  nnmber  of  those  who  do  at  present  and  wilt 
heresAsr  require  the  benefits  <^  each  of  the  Institutions  men- 
tioDed,  18  sufficient  to  demand  the  'erection  of  buildings  far  more 
eztensiye  than  are  at  present  provided. 

The  means  for  this  purpose  can,  in  my  judgment,  be  readily 
and  properly  deri^red  from  the  same  sourcCi  which  I  hare  on  the 
present  and  f  oimer  occasions  recommended  to  be  appropriated 
for  the  erection  of  an  Asylum  for  the  Insane.  That  some  general 
system  foz^e  building  of  charitable  institutions  should  be  adopted, 
there  can  be  no  doubt|  and  I  seriously  commend  the  subject  te 
yonr  attention. 

The  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Improvement  Company,  although  not 
reqnired  by  any  law  to  submit  an  annual  report,  have  seen  proper, 
in  view  of  their  operations,  to  famish  information  which  appears 
to  be  of  sufficient  importance  to  the  State  to  justify  me  in  laying 
it  before  you.  Since  the  company  took  possession  of  this  valua- 
ble improvement  it  appears  that  they  have  expended  nearly  (600  - 
000  in  forwarding  the  work,  providing  boats  and  fixtures,  and  pay- 
ing the  debts  resting  against  the  same  when  they  took  possession  of 
it.  They  have'been  fortunate  in  associating  m  en  of  capital  and  high 
standing  with  them  in  this  enterprise,  by  which  means  the  early 
completion  of  this  improvement  is  rendered^certain. 

From  Green  Bay  to  Lake  Winnebago  it  may  indeed  be  said 
that  the  work  is  about  completed.  This  section  was  very<  proper- 
ly regarded  ,at  the  commencement,a8  the  great  burthen  of  the  whole 
undertaking.  Surveys  of  the  Upper.Fox/iver,  and  of  the  Wisconsia 
below  the  Portage  Canal,  have  been  made  and  preparations  per« 
fected  for  opening  the  successful  navigation  of  the  whole  Improve- 
ment from  Green  Bay  to  the  Mississippi  river,  during  the  present 


16f 

7f^i  uppp  Aplw  fftr  more  extranve  than  Aefirigitial' one  adapted< 
hji^tiip  9f\k\hontie$  of  thfi  State.  Tbd  liabilities  growing  out  of  and»> 
connected' with  this  work,  which  at  one  time  threatened  to  become 
a^ltl^rthen  upon  the  State^  have  been  mainly  cancelled.  Thne  the 
SifU^rha6  boen  relieved  from  snch  liability  and  the  consequent  an- 
nqyi^noe.  in  managing  a  public  work  of  great  magnitude,  and  0e^ 
cuTQBthe  adfi^antages.  of  one  among  ite  most  important  internal 
impriovements  with  ita  vast  natural  tribntarieB,  while  at  the  same 
time  those  whose  capital  and  enterprise  have  secured  its  comple* 
tion,  must  certainly  reap  a  rich  reward. 

Thefostering  care  of  the  Legislature  should  be  extended  in  every 
con^itutional  and  proper  manner  towards  those  enterprizes  which 
are  calculated  to  benefit  the  whole  State,  by  the  opening  of  com- 
mjonicfttions  between  difiifrent  points  within  it,and  as  a  consequence, 
in  various  ways,  adding  to  its  wealth  and  resources.  Experiei  ce 
has  shown  the  wonderfal  advantages  intimately  connected  with 
our  railroad  system,  although  still  in  its  infancy  ;  and  it  is  incum- 
bent upon  the  Legislature  to  keep  alive  a  sense  of  secnrify,  so  far^ 
as  its  own  action  may  tend  to  do  so,  in  those  who  control  them  here, 
or  sachabroiid,  as  may  be  interested  in  their  permanence  as  a  se- 
cure means  of  investment  All  Legidlation  which,  by  interfering 
with  chartered  rights^  or  by  whatever  means  a  sense  of  insecurity  is 
induced,  is  unwise,  as  having  a  direct  tendency  to  deter  capitalists 
from  commencing  those  very  necessary  improvements,  without 
which  we  would  be  comparatively  isolated;  and  is  unjust  because 
it  interferes  with  rights  already  guarranteed  by  the  State,  and 
by  which  action  individuals  may  become  sufiferers.  I  regret  that 
I  have  not  more  extensive  statistical  data  at  command,  by  which  the 
rate  of  increase  in  the  business  of  the  roads  now  in  operation 
in  our  State,  conld  be  accurately  exhibited.  From  such  as  I  have 
been  able  to  obtain  I  am  satisfied  that,  during  the  past  year,  it  has 
been  nearly  fifty  per  cent  in  the  amount  of  legitimate  business 
yielding  receipts.  Those  now  in  operation  in  our  State,  although  , 
their  cost  of  construction  is  but  moderate  compared  with  mos^  , 


IT 

eastern  roads  yield ,  as  has  been  ascertaioed^  far  greater  nett  eam- 
ings  in  proportion  to  their  extenL 

This  ia  gratifjing,  and  not  only  AimisheB  strong  assnrance  of  tlM 
(Htfety  of  0aeh  investments  in  oar  State,  bnt  affords  ample  grounds 
for  tlie  ojfinioti  that  every  legitimate  enterprise  of  the  cbaraoMr 
raferrod  to,  will,  in  oonseqnence,  be  nltimately  carried  forward  to 
•^MDpletion.  That  this  will  be  the  reealt  I  am  confident,  provided 
(be  Legielatare  does  not  throw  unneceesary  obstacles  in  the  way, 
or  engender  a  feeling  of  inseenrity  in  capitalists  by  reckless  Leg- 
idation  or  direct  interference  with  chartered  rights. 

I  deemed  it  my  dnty,  as  I  have  on  all  occasions  like  the  pre- 
sent, to  urge  upon  the  last  Legialatare  the  propriety  of  memof  ial- 
iaii^  Congcess  in  relation  to  the  improvement  of  onr  rivers  and 
Jkarfoore,  by  appropriations  for  that  purpose  by  the  General 
Govemvient  ThsA  body,  however,  neglected  to  act  in  accordande 
with  my  reoommendation,  and  no  step  was  taken  in  i elation 
to  it  I  ttnst  that  you  will  not  omit  to  fi>rward  a  re^pectfal 
memorial  npon  this  subject,  setting  forth  onr  views  and  wi^ihcs  re 
lative  to  the  same,  and  urging  Congress  either  to  grant  us  the* 
means  necessary  to  the  attainment  of  the  end  sought,  or  remove 
those  disabilities  under  which  we  now  labor  and  which  aro  efTectnal 
in  preventing  our  remodjing  the  evils  ourselves.  There  se?  d  to 
me  to  be  a  peculiar  impropriety  in  the  course  thus  far  pnreu  d  by 
the  Greneral  Oovernment  towards  the  Korth  Western  States *of 
the  \Iuioii  in  this  respect.  Wliile  onr  commerce  is  snffeiing  from 
i&e  dangers  inseparable  to  exposed  navigation  and  the  vast  in- 
terests of  the  whole  Lake  trade  jeoparded  to  an  unnecessary  de 
groe,  thereby,  Congress  has,  while  continuing  to  make  appropria. 
tions  to  assist  the  sea  board,  neglected  to  furnish  means  in  any 
degree  adequate  to  answer  the  demands  which  the  West  have  ielt 
just  fied  in  urging  upon  it.  The  injustice  of  such  ;»  denial  woc4d 
be  less  apparent  if  Congress  would  place  those  States,  more  imme* 
diatcly  interested,  in  an  attitude  which  would  enab'e  them  to 
carry  forward   the   necessary  improve  ..ents  themselves.     Ba^ 


18 

fuch  a  coarse  of  policy  has  been  pursued  by  the  Oeueral 
OoYemment  thus  far,  that  while  we,  in  common  with  the  en- 
tire  West,  have  paid  our  proportion  of  the  amount  adequate  to 
prosecute  to  completi(m  those  works,  of  improrement  deemed 
necessary  for  the  seaboard,  we  have  not  only,  been  denied  tl^ 
same  privilege  of  calling  upon  the  National  Treasury  for  oUr  im- 
mediate benefit,  but  have  been  and  are  resting  under  disabilities 
which  only  Congress  have  it  it  their  power  to  remove,  and  which 
interpose  an  effectual  barrier  to  the  completion  of  improvements 
required  for  the  safety  and  ccnvenieDce  of  our  own  commercial 
interests. 

The  commerce  of  the  great  Lakes  has  long  since  attained  »  na- 
tional consequence,  and  the  interests  of  the  East  and  the  whole 
country  are  interwoven  by  its  relations  to  a  degree  that  must 
.  necessarally  be  affected  by  every  disaster  to  it.  Thus  far  we  have 
had  but  little  to  thank  the  General  Government  for,  save  those 
benefits  resulting  from  Democratic  institutions,  and  of  which  we 
are  all  the  common  recipients.  Saving  those  embraced  in  donations 
for  special  purposes,  we  have  paid  into  the  United  States  Treasury 
the  fixed  value  of  every  acre  of  land  now  or  heretofore  owned  by 
the  State  or  its  citizens,  and  of  this  amount  thus  promptly  ad- 
vanced the  whole  country  has  received  the  benefit.  These  Veflec- 
.  tions  are  rendered  yet  more  galling  by  the  fact  tbat  while  other 
States  have  been  admitted  upon  a  much  more  liberal  footing,  with 
regard  to  the  public  lands,  we  have  been  denied  not  only  the 
necessary  appropriations  we  consider  our  due,  but  also  those 
monies  belonging  to  the  state  by  the  plainest  principles  of  equity, 
have  been  withheld  for  reasons  entirely  insufficient  and  unsatis- 
factory. 

The  general  government  still  owns  nearly  or  quite  one  third 
•f  the  domain,  embraced  within  the  boundaries  of  the  State, 
while  it  does  not  afford  any  assistance  to  our  treasury,  or  lighten, 
in  the  smallest  degree,  the  burdens  of  our  taxation.  I  trust  these 
facts  will  be  by  you  fully  expressed  in  a  memorial  to  Congress 


'■1» 

f  1  .  .  , 

upon  thid  BUbjeet,  andthftt  ^ott  'will  uif  d  onnreiptdBeiibitf TBI  \!Mft9 
to  moTO  prompt  and  efficient  action  than  heretoftnre  has  b<eea 
arOBBed,  ^th  bdt  few  exception^^  in  our  behalf. 

In  Qiis  oonneolion  I  will  also  re^omixiend  your  ipomoraUaiog 
Oongren  upon  another  eabject^  which  in  my  judgment  may  be  in 
tbe  fttere  of  Taat  importtooe,  not  only  to  our  owaStat^i  but  to 
the  entire  oonntiy.    I  refer  to  the  projected  Bail  Soad  to  the 
iboree  of  the  Facifio.    I  know  of  no  enterprise  bo  well  calcnlated 
to  add  to  the  reBonrces  of  the  whole  conntry,  nor  any  which  catt 
approximate  to  it  in  the  rapidity  with  which  it  would  develope  ther 
same.    It  would  become  literally  a  "  Highway  of  Nations,"  and 
the  treasures  of  either  hemisphere  would  seek  a  passage  acroB* 
it,  to  find  their  mart  in  the  other.    The  increase  of  material-wealth 
in  the  country  by  the  opening  up  of  the  almost  boundless  regionsof 
the  West,  will  set  calculation  at  defiance,  and  while  this  will  add  to 
our  power  as  a  people  it  will  also  furnish  another  link  in  the  chain 
which  binds  ub  together  as  a  common  whole.    As  this  is  a  matter 
in  which  the  entire  Union  is  concerned,  it  might  not  be  thought 
proper  to  indicate  in  the  memorial  any  particular  locality  for 
either  the  terminus  or  route  to  be  pursued  by  the  same.    I  hate^ 
however,  given  the  subject  some  attention,  and  have  arrived  at  the 
conclusion  that  the  most  fevorable  route,  taking  every  subject  in- 
to conBideration,  must  start  from  some  point  on  the  Lakes,  or  at 
the  head  waters  of  our  Western  rivers,  and  connecting  with  the 
XiBkes.    It  is  from  thence  that  the  products  of  the  Eastern  coun* 
tries,  crossing  our  Oontinent,  as  well  as  those  the  growth  of  our 
own  soil  and  labor,  can  radiate  to  every  point  of  consequence  in 
the  Union  more  readily,  by  means  of  the  extensive  water  com- 
jnnnications  there  afforded,  and  the  chain  of  rail  roads  also  brought 
in  connection,  than  from  any  other  point  which  can  be  designated 
upon  the  map  of  the  Western  country. 

I  would  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  for  a  long  tim)e  past 
attempts  have  been  made  by  lawless  iadividuals  to  destroy  Uvea 


r 


£0 


f  i^d  i^perty  by  plAcing  obstructloop  upon  the  tr«ck|i  of  railro^Si 

cras4  in  Bome  in»jtaQces  a  eerious  destruotion  of  property  ha^  b^en 

caused  by  bucIi  meaD3,  though  fortunately  no  lives  Jiave  b^n 

sacrificed.    This  is  a  matter  which  demands  your  attention  at 

r  once,  and  by  the  in|f0s[tio!t  of  iieav^y  fines  and  the  cobHneiaeDt 

^'  of  the  offenders  foi:  a  long  term  in  the  state  br  county  prisoBs^  yDu 

'  may  possibly -do  much  towards  checking  tb«  spirit  of  wiioleiflde 

^  destruction  and  murder  which  has  thna  exhibited  itselE 

1    .     . 

f     Knmerous  Kilitary  Companies  are  being  formed  throughout 

.,  the  State,  and  the  applioationa  for  arms  and  equipments  have  ^• 

I  ceeded  the  supply  furnished  by  the  General  Government    The 

i  spirit  thus  evinced  it  would  be  well  to  foster,  and  by  a  cede 

.'of  laws  applicable    more  particularly  to  the  uniformed  mili- 

**  tary,  render  it  still  qiore  useful  if  called  upon  to  act    The  arms 

<  furnished  by  the  United  States  Government,  consisting  of  orduaace 

,  Btores  adapted  to  their  wants,  arc  of  a  superior  quality^  and  enough 

.  ha3.  already  been  supplied  us  to  furnish  a  very  respectable  force 

i  with  the  various  munitions  of  war.     In  order  to  render  the  Mili- 

'  tary  Companies  entitled  to  the  use  of  these  arms,  of  essential  ser- 

^  vice  in  time  of  need,  it  is  highly  necessary  that  some  system  ajp' 

4  plieable  to  them  be  devised  and  adopted  by  the  Legislature.  1 1 

.  do  not  recommend  the  passage  of  a  law  which  would  involve  any 

,  considerable  consumption  of  time  .or  money  by  those  composing 

.  the  different  companies,  but  I  have  no  doubt  that  a  simple  code 

..  free  from  such  objections,  and  binding  upon  those  enrolling  tliem- 

.  selves,  could  be  framed,  which  would  add  greatly  to  the  cflBoicn- 

r  cy  of  the  military  in  every  respect,  should  an  emergency  arise 

,  calling  for  their  intervention.    The  power  of  the  various  military 

•  and  civil' officers  of  the  State  to  control  the  force  of  the  former, 
;  under  our  present  imperfect  system,  is  liable  to  be  brought  in  ques- 
tion, and  serious  evils  may  possibly  arise  therefrom.     Where  the 
officer  is  made  fully  to  understand  the  limit  of  his  power,  and  the 

'  soldier  the  certain  extent  of  his  duty,  we  may  readily  count  upon 

*  effectual  service  from  both. 


91. 

I  irart  tbat  aay  fttrtber  legiaktiosi  mpoA  the  sulifect  of  4  Pro* . 
hibiliciry  lAqnor  Law  will  be  di^^coaQteiiaDced  by  joa.    The  ex- 
perie&e&of  other  States  bae  clearly  demoDStrated  tbe  inutility^ 
and  vieuHis  t^ideney  of  eaok  lawB^  wbererer  there  has  beea  aa  t 
endeavor  to  enforce  them,  and  the  highest  judicial  tribanala  . 
therein  have,  upon  the  fullest  examination,  decided  the  very 
priDc/ple  of  prohibition,  as  well  as  the  concomitant  provisions 
necessary  to  its  enforcement,  to  be  in  violation  of  some  of  the  . 
most  cherished  rights  of  the  people.    I  do  not  believe  that  any 
law  which  would  prove  efficacious  as  a  preventive  to  the  use  of 
wines  and  liquors,  can  be  so  framed  as  not  to  interfere  materially 
with  those  privileges  or  natural  rights  which  the  citizen  retains  to 
himself  under  our  Constitution  ;  and  I  am  further  of  opinion,  that , 
if  it  were  possible  to  avoid  these  objections, — judging  from  the 
experience    of   other  States,  —  the    evils  sought  to  be    cured  * 
would  not  be  remedied  in  any  material  degree  by  such  enact-  . 
ments.     On  the  other  hand,  1  am  firmly  convinced  that  they 
would  only  tend  to  increase  the  very  evils  they  attempt  to  pre-  . 
vent,  by   substituting  legislation  in  place  of  the  power  which  . 
pnblic  opinion  and  innate  moral  sense  should  exert,  and  which  can 
alone  ever  prove  sufficiently  powerful  to  attain  the  end  sought  by 
sucb  laws.    iTo  attempts  at  compulsory  measures  have  proved 
snccessful  in  inducing  men  to  abstain  from  the  full  gratification 
of  their  appetilee.    If  the  sense  of  responsibility  to  himself,^ to 
iboia  dependent  upon  hitn^  and-  to  aoeiety,  oannot  prevent  a  mBxx'^ 
from  yielding  to  the  itiflnenoe  of  sach  desires^  legislation^  how-  > 
ever  stringesity  will  be  exerted,  in  vain.    The  moral  influenee  i 
wbicb  eveTy  man  in  his  awn  proper  ^sphere  may  ex%Tt^  by  a  course 
of  condnct  oonsistent  with  jost'prineipieet  in  relation  to  euch  mat> 
tefSy  will  produce  a  wider,  itiore  perniuuient,  and  beneficial  effetot 
than  any  i^ialation. 

The  question  involved  herein,  after  having  been  submitted  to  th^ 
people  of  this  State,  and  aQted  upon  in  various  forms  by  the  legis-  . 
latore,  was  a^in  placed  ijq  issue  during  the  recent  canvasS)  apid 


SB 

the  niajoHty  bare,  in  th^  most  utmiiBtlJceable  ntannBr,'  Bii 
thdr  condemnation  of  the  principle  sought  to  be  enforoed,    Thia, 
in  my  opinion,  sbould  be  deemed  conclusive  upon  your  body,  ; 
and  anyaction  relative  to  the  subject  referred  to,  prevented  by  all  • 
proper  means. 

Section  3,  Article  4,  of  the  Constitution  required  the  Legisla- 
ture to  provide  by  law  for  the  enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  State  in  the  year  1855.  The  law  passed  in  pursuance  thereof 
evidently  failed  to  accomplish  the  full  object  intended,  judging 
from  the  total  census  returns,  which  show  the  aggregate  popula- 
tion on  the  first  of  June  to  have  been  552,451.  Although  this 
result  exhibits  an  increase  in  population,  that  is^  at  least,  very 
flattering,  being  a  gain  of  nearly  250,000  since  1850 ;  yet  it  is 
probable  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  the  State  on  the  first  day 
ef  June  was  at  least  60,000  more  than  was  returned.  At  the 
time  it  was  a  source  of  regret  with  me,  as  it  has  ever  since  been, 
that  the  law  did  not  make  more  efficient  provision  for  the  enumer- 
ation of  the  inhabitants,  together  with  some  provision  for  the  ' 
collecting  of  statistics  concerning  our  manufactures,  products 
and  general  resources,  as  these  would  have  furnished  proof  of  ' 
our  increasing  prosperity,  and  formed  valuable  data  upon  which 
to  base  many  useful  calculations. 

£y  the  same  section  of  the  Constitution,  it  was  made  your  duty 
at  the  present  session  to  apportion  and  district  anew  the  members 
of  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  according  to  the  number  of  inhabi-  • 
tautfi  shown  by  the  census.  The  Constitution  fixes  the  maximum 
of.  the  Assembly  at  one  hundred  members,  ahd  of  the  Senate  at 
not  more  than  one^third,  nor  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  number 
of  the  Assembly.  In  my  judgment,  the  present  number  in  eack 
house  is  sufficiently  large  for  our  present  necessities,  amd  ample' 
for  all  our  wants  until  the  expiration  of  five  years,  at  which  time, 
the  Constitution  provides  for  again  re-districting  the  State.  That 
even  a  smaller  number  than  at  present  is  allowed  would  quite  as  • 
well  subserve  the  interests  of  the  people,  I  ain  firmly  convincefl, 


28 

as  the  tendency  would  be  to  lessen  the  length  of  the  sessions  and 
more  definitely  fix  the  responsibility  upon  individual  memben— 
thereby  ensaring  a  greater  regard  for  the  conseqnenceB  of  their 
actS}  and  more  careful  deliberation  in  framing  them. 

Our  State  Agrienltnral  Society  during  (he  past  year  has  given 
gratifying  evidence  of  its  ntility.  The  practical  ability  connected 
irith  the  more  recent  [management  of  its  affairs  has  given  en- 
couragement to  those  engaged  in  agricultural  and  mechan* 
ical  pursuits — thus  stimulating  that  desire  to  excel,  which  not 
only  is  necessaiyfor  the  well  being  of  those  immediately  engaged 
therein,  but  tends  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  the  State  at  large.  All 
reasonable  encouragement^  should  be  extended  by  you  for  the 
advancement  of  its  objects. 

The  State  Historical  Society  is  another  instance  where  a  mere 
tf£9e  of  Legislative  aid  has  yielded  ample  reward.  It  will  be  seen 
by  the  report  of  the  Committee  that  the  library  of  this  Society" 
now  contains  2116  volumes,  being  an  increase  of  over  one  hundred' 
per  cent,  during  the  p&st  year.  In  addition  to  this,  very  numerous 
mA  valuable  collections  other  than  books  have  been  added.  Should 
the  Legislature  see  proper  to  aid  this  society  in  putting  forth,  in 
improved  style^  their  annual  publication,  it  would  tend  greatly  to 
facilitate  the  objects  for  which  the  Society  was  establiahed. 

I  feel  it  incumbent  upon  me  to  once  more  urge  upon  the  Legiv- 
latnre  the  propriety  of  instituting  investigations  as  to  the  con- 
dnct  of  the  different  officers,  having  in  charge  the  interests  of  the 
State.  The  plainest  principles  of  justice  dictate  that  when  men 
in  their  positions  are^aecused  of  doing  a  wrong,  and  of  violating 
tilie  laws,  as  they  are  liable  to  be,  without  good  cause,  some 
mode  should  be  provided  whereby  these  alledged  infractions  of 
right  mi^t  be  disproved^  if  improperly  made,  and  in  sucn  a  man- 
ner as  would  be  satisihctory  to  all.  It  is  also  due  to  the  people 
that  such  matters  as  cannot  properly  be  embraced  within  the  lim- 
its  of  an  official  report,  should  be  eicamined  by  those  whose  busi- 


84 

ness  it  is,  as  their  representatiyeB)  to  take  care  of  their  interests. 
While  I  sball  always  discouDtenance  and  oppose  n)ere  partizan 
action,  and  disapprove  of  all  bills  gotten  np  and  passed  for  similar 
ends,  I  will  lend  my  aid  whenever  called  upon' to  forward  such 
inquiries,  properly  instituted,  as  the  people  have  a  right  to  demand 
of  their  representatives,  and  the  latter  the  right  to  ask  of  Cb« 
officers,  who  are  supposed  to  be  able  to  fiirni«h  the  information 
desired.  I  therefore  recommend  that  a  law  be  passed  rendering 
it  obligatory  upon  the  presiding  officers  of  the  two  houses  to  ap- 
point a  joint  standing  committee  at  the  commencement  of  each 
session  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  investigate  the  affAird''of  every 
department  of  the  Government,  and  report  the  result  of  their  la* 
bors  during  the  session  then  convened. 

I  must  renew  the  recommendation  contained  in  my  last  annual 
message  relating  to  the  time  of  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature ; 
I  also  refer  you  to  tbat  document  as  containing  viewe  in  mj 
opinion  pertinent  to  the  subjects  of  excessive  legislation  and  the 
great  necessity  of  a  revision  of  our  laws*  My  former  recom* 
^ndation  in  relation  to  county  standard  weights  and  measures^ 
is  also  one  of  sufficient  moment,  in  my  judgment,  to  merit  yow 
Intention. 

As  one  of  the  number  of  confederate  states  composing  the 
Union,  we  not  only  feel  a  deep  interest  in  every  thing  connected 
with  onr  welfare  as  a  nation,  but  we  have  a  voice  in  the  decision 
of  whatever  may  occur  affecting  us  nearly  or  remotely,  and  one< 
that  is  entitled  to  respect,  as  that  of  a  part  of  the  common  wbolei 
equally  concerned  with  the  others  in  the^condition  of  the  entire: 
country.  As  such,  the  people  of  Wisconsin  have  lung  looked 
anxiously  at  the  threatening  aspect  of  public  affairs,  and  have 
sympathised  deeply  with  those  whose  fears  for  the  continuanoe 
of  our  beloved  Union,  have  caused  them  to  battle  energetically  for 
the  maintainanco  of  those  principles  contained  in  the  Constitution^ 
which  the  founders  of  our  government  deemed  of  such  viral  ini-> 
portance.    As  patriots  and  sincere  lovers  of  these  institutionF| 


S5 

* 

upon  the  permanence  of  wbiqh  reatB  the  hope  and  trnst  of  man« 
kind  for  free  government,  thejhave  deplored  the  action  of  blind 
fanatice  and  iuttJorant  bigots,  aided  by  unscrupulous  politiciansi 
wik^  hAJB  eofnbined  to  o^iterthrow  (&«n3,  reckleea  of  ererytliing 
M(?6  the  Mdfl  the  J  vmh  to:  attain.  Many  irere  led  to  join  ikeia/ 
ffott  mocavee  of  mistaken  pbilaothropy,  «nd  the  enthnsiaam  of 
the  iiour  added  te  thar  nnaabers,  and  to  tlH)  oomseqaent  danger 
wkiA  threatened  the  Unioii.r 

Those  comprising  the  DemocrMic  party  arrayed  themselves  at 

once  in  oppc^sitlon  to  such  as  were  conteoding  for  the  prevaleuce 

of  a  principle  whicbf  if  adopted,  would  have  shut  out  from  a  voice 

in  public  affairs  all  those  whose  residence  among  us  was  not  deter* 

mined  by  the  accident  of  birth,  and  as  readily  presented  an  un* 

daunted  front  to  those  who,  under  the  cover  of  specious  pretexiS|. 

would    have  sacrificed  the  vnion  of,  the  jStates  to  accomplish. 

ends  which  must  have  resulted  disastrously  to  the  cause  of  hu-' 

manity  and  of  free  goi^iemtnebt.    Happily  for  all  of  the  most 

dierished  interests  of  mankind,  the  struggle  promises  to  termfnaite' 

in  favor  of  those  whose  desire'  it  is  to  continue  the  Mesdibgs  of- 

elTil  and  rcjligioos  liberty  to  onr  I'ace  forever. 

It  ia  appareu^  that  this  country  oiwes  mueh  more  than  is  gemr^ . 
ally  coqceded  to  foreign  eip^iaiioU)  ai)d  th<e  reaults  following  th^ra . , 
tronju    To  its  patient  labor^  a,ad,  ifi  jJxe:  operai^iop  of  the  u^iater.i 
minds  of  tbose,  yfhf>  ^t  tlie  cofume^joement  of  our  hjstoij^  sought , 
(his  country  as  a  refuge  £ro^  t]jrranny,  iy^e.f^re,indj»bted  for  most  of- 
the  blefia*ngs  whi^h  we  now  ^eig^y^    A  little  .reflection  will  con« 
TiD<$e  UDj  cpndid  n^ind  9! ..tl^i^^^^id  to  day  the  existence  of  apow-  ^^ 
erfal  party,' eutartaining  such,  principleif  as  tend  to  result  in  dis- 
firancbic^ing  £>rei£uer8|  i^sa  sponger  argument. than  has,  heretofore 
been  eu:»ployed  against  the, capacity  of  man  fbf  self  government. , 
If  a  people  can  be  a^  Uinc^ed  to  their  own  interesta,  and  so  jncon*^ 
aiateot  in  action,  with  refiurence  to  the  first  principles  of  tbis  gov- 
enuadDty  It  betrays  an  evident  wapt  ofjudgmeut  which  riiould  | 
rwolt  in  iheijr  vassalage.    "Wihen)  howeys^^  th^  excitement  of  the . 

4 


2C 

•  '     •  t  -  .      •     •' 

xnomeiit  has  paBsed,  and  time  is  taken  for  reflection^  the  people 

seldom  or  never  are  mistaken  in  their  conclnsions. 

« 

We  have  seen  an  ezemplificatioti  of  this  in  the  result  every* 
where  of  those  elections  by  which  the  people  were  enabled  to  ex- 
press their  sentimemts  apon  the  exciting  topics  of  the  day,  and  a*' 
healthy  tone  of  the  public  mind  was  thereby  manifested,  which 
was  highly  encouragiDg  to  the  patriot  and  the  lover  of  Oonstitai 
tional  liberty.  The  broad  principle  which  underlies  our  whole 
system  of  Government,  that  man  is  capable  of  self-control  and 
guidance  in  matters  of  civil  polity,  has  gained  ground  and  been 
strengthened  by  every  contest  it  has  had  with  the  advocates  of 
the  opposite  doctrine,  and  I  sincerely  trust  and  believe  that  the 
diy  IB  not  far  distant  when  the  servile  theory  of  those  who  com- 
bat it,  will  be  surrendered,  as  not  being  in  accordance  with  this 
prominent  principle  of  our  Constitution. 

We  have  much  reason,  when  looking  back  upon  the  few  yeara . 
which  have  intervened  between  the  formation  of  our  Territorial 
government  and  the  pi-esent  moment,  to  congratulate  ourselven* 
upon  the  progress  made  during  that  period*  The  time  is  within 
the  memory  of  many  who  are  yet  taking  part  in  the  active  duties 
of  life  in  our  midst,  when  the  Indian  encamped  upon  the  site  of 
our  Capitol ;  and  those  among  us  who  witnessed  that  period  were 
then  pioneers,  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood.  To-day,  after  experi- 
encing all  the  reverses  incident  to  the  formation  of  a  new 
State,  we  can  look  around  us  and  behold  a  ripe  civilization, 
with  all  its  appliances,  on  every  hand.  Populous  cities  and 
cultivated  districts  at  present  cover  the  sites  pf  Indian  vil- 
lages, and  adorn  regions  where  the  evidences  of  man's  industry 
were  then  widely  separated  and  limited  in  extent.  In  the  brief 
period  which  h&g  passed  away  since  the  white  man  commenced 
his  improvements,  we  have  had  opportunity  to  observe  changes* 
greater  and  more  rapid  than  any  which  have  taken  place 
throughout  even  the  growing  West.  We  have  now  the  substan- 
tial tesults  Mt^ndatit  Upon  labor^  enterprize,  and  capital,  and  have 


IT 

hIbo  all  the  elements  ci  future  greatness,  in  the  extent  of  our  ter- 
ritory, in  its  agricnltnral,  mineral,  and  other  resources,  to  a  de- 
gree which  promiseB  more  for  the  future  than  we  at  this  day  can 
wen  estimate.    The  advantages  of  our  climate,  soil,  and  commer- 
cial position  hare  been  so  well  improved,  that  we  may  fairly 
claim  to  rank,  even  now,  as  a  power  of  consequence  among  our 
mter  States.    While  we  thus  congratulate  ourselves  upon  the 
benefits  of  which  we  have  been  the  recipients,  we  should  remem- 
ber that  all  the  blessings  we  hope  for,  are  dependent  upon  the 
will  of  'Hha  who  commands  the  seed  time  and  harvest,  and  upon 
whom  we  must  rely  for  everything  connected  with  our  existence 
in  the  fdture,  as  individuals  and  as  a  people. 

In  conclusion,  I  tender  to  you  my  hearty  co-operation  in  all 
matters  calculated  to  promote  the  objects  for  which  you  are 
convened. 

Wic  A.  BABSTOW. 
EuBuuTAVJi  Dbpibticbrt, 
Ifadison,  January  11, 1866. 


•      .' 


«  <. 


'  ^ 


(   ' 


ANNUAL  REPOKT 


OF  THB 


SECRETARY  OF  STATE, 


OF  THB 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN, 


FOR  THE  TEAR  1855. 


MADISON: 

OAixma  A  FBoiTDFrr,  pbditebs. 

1856. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


Secbstaby's  Offiob, 
Mabibon,  Jan.  5th,  1856. 


WnxiAif  A.  Babstow, 

Oovemor  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin^ 

Sir : — Herewith  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit,  for  communica- 
tion to  the    Legislature,  the  Eighth  Annaal  Beport  from  this 

office. 

Very  respectfnlly, 

Tour  obedient  servant, 

ALEXANDER  T.  GRAY, 

Secretary  of  State. 


EEPOET. 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN, 

Secbetaby's  Office, 
Madi39N,  December  3lBt|  1855. 

To  the  Senate  and  Assembly : 

The  law  defining  the  duties  of  the  Secretary  of  StatCi 
(CSiapler  9,  Bevised  Statutes,)  provides  as  follows : 

*^  Sso.  19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  as 
auditor : 

**  1.  To  superintend  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  State,  and  to 
manage  tbe  same  in  the  manner  required  by  law. 

'^3.  To  keep  fair,  clear,  distinct,  and  separate  accounts  of  all 
the  revennes,  fands,  and  incomes  of  the  State,  and  also  of  all  ex- 
penditures, disbursements,  and  investments  thereof,  showing  the 
particolars  oi  every  expenditure,  disbursement  and  investment. 

<^3.  To  exhibit  to  the  legislature,  at  its  annual  meeting,  a 
complete  statement  of  the  funds  of  the  State,  of  its  revenues,  and 
of  the  public  expenditures  during  the  preceding  year,  with  a  de- 


tailed  estimate  of  expenditures  to  be  defrayed  from  the  treasaty 
for  the  ensuing  year,  specifying  therein  each  object  of  expendi- 
ture, and  distinguishing  between  such  as  are  provided  for  by  per- 
manent or  temporary  appropriations  and  such  as  are  required  to 
be  provided  for  by  law,  and  showing  the  means  from  which  such 
expenditures  are  to  be  defrayed.'' 

THB    FUlfDS. 

The  several  funds  of  the  State,  separate  and  distinct  accounts  of 
which  are  kept  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  as  auditor,  are  seven,  to 
wit: 

1—The  General  Fund. 

II — The  Judiciary  Fund. 

YCL-'The  School  Fund. 

IV — The  School  Fund  Income. 

Y-^The  Uhiver&ity  Fund. 

VI — The  University  Fund  Income. 

VII — The  Improvement  Fuud. 

They  are  formed  and  explained  as  follows,  to  wit : 

I.      THE    GKNfiBAL    FUND. 

This  fund  embraces  all  of  the  revenues  of  the  State^  the  avails 
of  which  are  applicable  to  the  payment  of  the  ordinary  expenses 
of  the  State  government,  and  is  derived  from  the  following  sources, 
to  wit: 

Arrearages  due  to  the  late  Territory; 
The  annual  taxes  levied  in  each  county  for  State  purposes ; 
The  semiannual  tax  charged  against  banks,  being  three  fourths 
of  one  per  cent  on  the  capital  stock  thereof; 
The  duties  received  from  hawkers  and  pedlars,  for  license ; 
And  from  the  Judiciary  fund. 

'.  The  expenditures  from  this  fund  are  authorized  by  permanent 
or  temporary  appropriations  of  the  legislaturef  and  by  the  several 
acts  requiring  the  Secretary  of  State  to  audit  certain  accounts. 


The  foUowiog  are  the  transactions  in  this  fund  for  the  fiscal 

year  ending  this  day : 

FIRST  AND  SECOND  QUARTERS. 

aaoBivTS. 

Adams  Connty  State  Tax  665  00 

Blown           do  3,741  14 

BofUo           do  132  50 

Bad  Ax          do  1,019  04 

Caiumel         do  2,102  86 

Crawford        do  824  01 

Columhia        do  0,082  89 

Clark              do  29^  67 

Dane               do  16,642  98 

Dodge            do  13,849  18 

Fond  da  Lac  do  10,694  36 

Onnt             do  9,123  12 

Oroen              do  7,819  58 

Iowa               do  6,405  64 

JeSeraoo          do  8,934  50 

JaciEeon           do  315  78 

Kenoaha         do  7,676  28 

LaCroaae       do  *                                     %U1  09 

La  Fayette     do  5,000 

llEIwaakee      do  23,118  11 

Maraihon        do  482  03 

Manitowoc      do  3,655  59 

Maiqnette      do  5,217  42                '^ 

Momoe          do  227  50 

Ottokee         do  3,445  SS 

Outagamie     do  1,919  09 

OooDto           do  805  62 

Herce            do  70  56 

Portage          do  *                                     434 

Badne       [   do  9,800 

Bidiland         do  1,865 

Bock              do  16,761  27 


8 


Shobovgan 

do 

Sauk 

do 

Shawanaw 

do 

St.  Croix 

do 

Trempelftau 

do 

Wankejba 

do 

Waushara 

do 

Washington 

do 

Walworth 

do 

Waupacca 

do 

"Winnebago 

do 

Banks 

SiataTax 

Hawkers  and  Pedlars- 

4o 

Telegrapha 

do 

Railroads 

do 

Plrnk  Roads 

do 

Clerks  of  Circuit  Courts    do 


Total, 


6^00 

5,099  es 

50 

J287  38 

122  5a 

11,007  22 

902  80 

6,247  50 

11,029  54 

100 

5,253  95 

15,943  25 

350 

32  50 

4,695  03 

69  L  82 

92  00 

1239,910  24 

DISBURSSUBHTS. 

John  Q  A^dams^  per  diemi  Senator, 

£  B  Bowen, 

do 

do 

Coles  Bashford, 

do 

do 

Amasa  Cobb, 

do 

do 

Charles  Clement, . 

do 

do 

Kelson  Dewey, 

do 

do 

Charles  Dunn, 

do 

do 

Charles  A  Eldredge,  do 

do    ' 

Wm.  J  OibsoD, 

do 

do 

H  H  Giles, 

do 

do 

B  O  Oill, 

do 

do 

JTacluon  Hadley, 

do 

do 

Daniel  Howell, 

do 

do 

L  P  Har?ey, 

do 

do 

t207  50 

122  se 

leo 

122  60 
207  60 
207  50 
2a7  50 
207  50 
207  50 
160 
197  50 
207  50 
207  50 
207  60 


£  R  Eebev,  per  dienii   Senator  20f  40 

Jo5!eph  F.  Loy,          do           do  207  50 

Edward  McGarrjr,    do            do  207  60 

F  Paddock,              do            do  160 

.  James  Rolfe,            do            do  207  $0 

J  D  Reymert,           do            do  '  75 

James  Sutherland,    do            do  100 

{>Hvid  Taylor,           do            do  167  50 

D  Worthington,        do            do  160 

£Wakeley,              do            do  916 

F  H  West                do            do  197  M) 

James  T  Lewis,  per  diem,  Lt.  Governor^  415 

Sam  a  B  iV.i,  sihry,  Cbicf  Olark.  1,500 

George  Allen,  per  diem.  Member  of  Assembly,                                    172  50 

Wm.  H  Gleeson,  Sergeant-at-Arins^  ,                                                 281 

Cb?irles  T  Wakeley,  AasiHtant  do.  137  50 

B  G  Abbott,  per  diem,  Member  of  Apaembly,                                     207  50 

E  Adams,                   do  do                                             160 

John  Boyd,                do  do                                               162  50 

HBlazier,                    do  do                                               207  60 

J  Bond,                     do  de                                           160 

J  Bennett,                    do  do                                               207  fiO 

G  P  Barnes,                do  do                                               207  50 

W  Cole,                     do  d«i                                               212  50 

BG  Coney.                do  do                                             160 

S  H  Carey,                do  do                                              207  50 

JB  Cross,                  do  de                                              207  50 

BettbenChase^            do  do                                              145 

DL  Downs,                do  da                             «                207  60 

Edwin  DeWoI^         do          .  do                                             145 

M  L  Delaney,            do  do                                              207  50 

R  H  Davis,                do  flo                                              162  50 

W  HEbbetts,            do  do                      ,                        207  60 

J  U  Earnest,              do  dA                                               207  50 

James  Fisber,              do  d#                                               120 

Thomas  Falvj,           do  ^                                              207  60 

W  W  Field,             do  4a                                            185 


10 

A  Filer,  per  diem,  Member  of  AaBembly^  160 

SRGunn,  do  do  160 

J  Qibb,  do  do  207  50 

Joseph  Goodrich,  do  do  175 

W  GraDt,  do  do  160 

H  Grants  do  do  52  60 

I  £  Goodall,  do  do  162  50 

B  F  Go88^  do  do  207  50 

George  Gary,  do  do  147 .50 

John  D  Griffin,  do  do  207  60 

William  Hull,  do  do  207  60 

B  R  Harrington,  do  do  160 

NB  Howard,  do  do                           *  160 

Darid  Hooper,  do  do  160 

8  P  Hollenbeck  do  do  207  50 
William  Isham,  do  do  157  50 
N  M  Juneau,  do  do  207  60 
Philander  Judflon,  do  do  160 

A  D  Kirkpatriok,  do  do  160 

John  Love^  do  do  147  60 

Levi  Lee,  do  do  187  60 

P  Lavis,  do  do  207  60 

J  Mother,  do  do  160 

W  D  Mclndoe^  do  do  207  50 

M  L  Martin,  do  do  142  60 

J  0  Merriara,  do  do  167*  60 

A  Merrill,  do  do  160 

— -  Moscowitz,  do  do  207  50 

Edward  O'Niel,  •  do  do  207  50 

George  W  Parker,  do  do  145 

Samuel  Pratt,  do  do  160 

9  R  Rood,  do  do  207  50 
WH  Ramsey,  do  do  160 

J  B  Ribble,  do  do  160 

A  W  Randall,  do  do  162  50 

Patrick  Regan,  do  do  907  50 

SLRose,  do  do                       ^,  207  50 


11 


John  Euan,  per  di 

em,  Member  of 

Assembly, 

207  50 

0  C  Sholes, 

do      Speaker  of  Assembly, 

820 

J  M  Sbennan, 

do     Member  <rf  Aatembly, 

167  50 

B  Smitb, 

do 

do 

207  50 

F  Scbire£^ 

do 

do 

207  50 

P  H  SmHh, 

do 

do 

207  50 

C  A  Stevens 

do 

do 

207  50 

Joseph  Scbraf;p;e^ 

do 

do 

207  60 

Oeorge  P.  Thompaon,  do 

do 

160 

A  Toplifl^ 

do 

do 

160 

Allen  Tiijlor, 

do 

do 

160 

A  A  Townsend, 

do 

do 

160 

W  R  Taylor, 

do 

do 

160 

A  H  Van  Nontnnd,  do 

do 

157  60 

LBVitaa, 

do 

do 

172  50 

Jaaper  Tliet, 

do 

do 

207  50 

N  H  Tiigin, 

do 

do 

160 

8  Wakdey, 

do 

do                      " 

• 

160 

B  S  Welch, 

do 

do 

152  50 

Joeeph  Whiter 

do 

do 

160 

a  H  WiUiaton, 

do 

do 

160 

Stephen  Warren, 

'  do 

do 

160 

W  I  Whiny, 

do 

do 

207  60 

Darid  Atwood,  Salary  as  Chief  Ckrk  of  Assembly, 

1,500 

William  Blake,  Salary  as  Sergeant* 

at- Arms  of  Aasembly, 

192 

George  W  Pugh,  Salaiy  as  Assistant  Seigeant4t-Aiins  «f  Aflwmbly, 

162  50 

Uilliage  of  Members  of  Senate  and 

AflMmUy, 

1,950  60 

Michael  Amei^  Services  to  Le{g^alataT«^ 

207  50 

Cbuks  Brown, 

do 

100 

JoinatbanBond, 

do 

• 

100 

N  K  Bowen, 

do 

1 

t 

96 

EH  Coegrove, 

do 

1 

60 

H  W  Cowell, 

do- 

96 

A  Ten  Ejck, 

do 

, 

126 

J  M  Flower, 

do 

3 

W  HGIeaacm, 

do 

281 

P  J  Hannah, 

do 

120 

12 


Nicholas  Ingle^  Seryioes  to  Legidature^ 

Mnthew  Prater,  do 

S  P  Pierce,  do 

Abner  I^use,  do 

E  C  SpiDk,  do 

Robert  Smart,  do 

Thomas  Shawney,  do 

T  L  Smith,  do 

A  Wilcox,  do 

Charles  Wheeler,  do 


Total, 


AldcD  (b  Holt, 
Atwood  <k  Rublee^ 
Daniel  Arit, 
David  Atwood, 
A  A  Bird, 

A  M  Blair,  v 

Beriah  Brown, 
Bradford  Brdthere, 
Billings  &  Carman, 
Baler  &  Doty, 
Beeson  &  Thomas^ 
Charles  Brown, 
C  H  B&rton, 
Daniel  C  Brown, 
D  N  Ballou,  jr., 
Edward  Button, 
Elisha  Burdick, 
F  J  Blair, 

George  Bumside  &  Co., 
Oastavus  Branst, 
H  D  Barron, 
Henry  Brown, 
John  A  BrowD, 
J  F  Birchard, 
Marvin  H  Bovea, 


100 

30 

249 

207  50 

60 

'     100 

100 

100 

100 

122 

•27,380  60 

.  941  50 

124  50 

226 

8,628  64 

80 

120 

11,311  60 

412  65 

29  25 

13  25 

20 

107  50 

20 

79  95 

62 

20 

20 

201  09 

52  13 

25 

6 

187 

9  36 

1,286  40 

120 

18 

0  C  Buck  &  Co,  273  60 

R  A  Bird,  16  00 

Royal  Buck,  35  93 

Sam  Q  Bugh,  <j^28 

B  M  Booth,  Q 

Thomas  8  Bowen,  320 

Wiiliam  A  Bantow,  ^75 

W  D  Bruen,  estate  of,  3 1  25 

A  L  CoHins,  425 

Canipbe1i,^Bru.shy&Co.,  1224  75 

C  W  Coci,  'l50 

Carpenter  dc  Carpenter,  124  50 

Charles  Clement,  65  25 

Com missioners  of  Lunatic  Asylum,  337 

Darwin  Clark,  1 73  75 

Daniel  H  Chandler,  900 

George  W.  Cate^  685 

Jerry  Crowley,  12  65 

John  Crawford,  5  gQ 

John  W  Cary,  120 

James  B  Cross,  86 

L  H  Cary,  30 

Lewis  Crowfoot,  52  83 

^M  M  Cothren,  675 

Patrick  Carmondj,  154 

Sam  Crawford,  1,000 

B  G  Colley,  47  50 

William  E  Cramer,  188  38 

Daniel  S  Durrie,  250  20 

Donaldson  &  Tredway,  170 

Bdward  Daniels,  625 

George  D  Dousman,  69 

J  M  B  Davidson,  2,270 

J  C  Dowe,  40  40 

J  R  Doolittle,  ^00 

K  M  Donaldson,  200 

^Uliam  M  Dennis,  1,038 


14 


CharleB  B  Ellis, 

W  S  EverU, 

P  F'ratney, 

Foote  A  Sawyer, 

E  J  Fleischer,    • 

Leonard  J  Farwell, 

S  £  Foote, 

SSNFuller, 

Alexander  T  Gray, 

Gray  k  Starka^ 

Governor's  Contingent  Acoonnt, 

I E  Goodall, 

B  F  Hopkins, 

Carey  &  Harrison, 

David  Holt, 

Du  Ray  Hunt, 

E  C  Hull, 

E  M  Hunter, 

F  W  Horn, 

Howell  <fc  Cotton, 

J  A  Hall, 

Jesse  Hooker, 

John  Hollihan, 

John  W  Hunt, 

James  Halpin, 

Levi  Hubbell, 

N  B  Howard, 

Timothy  0  Howe, 

E  H  Janssien, 

F  V  Jones, 

John  N  Jones, 

A  Klauber, 

Austin  Kellogg, 

Augustus  Kreuer, 

James  H  Enowlton, 

PKane, 

B  King  &  COn 


83  56 
40 
600 

21  fiO 
72  36 

1,500 

22 

750 

300 

7  81 

•1,849  17 

14 

22  50 
65  05 
39  25 

475 
122  99 
250 
175 
149  50 

69  44 

82  50 

62 
500 
3,174  7f 
750 

47  50 
718 
200 

.  5 
2,452  50 

12  06 

28  60 
629  05 
1,000 

31  20 

41 


u 

V  Koblnum,  43  Oi 

Wirem  Knowltoo,  862 

Charles  A  Larkin,  44  , 

Charltf  H  Lambee,  376 

Cyras  E.  Lord,  243 

Charles  Lord,  93 

James  T  Lewis,  268  42 

Livsej  is  Carroll,  692  46 

Ferry  Lee,  70 

B  W  I^aDsiDg,  126 

A  Mengea,  500 

C  H  McLaughKo,  10 

1>  MunsoD,  30 

F  D  Morru,  107  6tf 

George  K  McLane,  1,820 

John  McManmaD,  300 

F  J  Mills,                                           \  57  50 

J  L  Mareh,  7  40 

Matthias  Martin,  702 

Matthias  Martin,  2d,  47 

Miner  &  Skinner,  47  45 

Mil  &  Miss  R  R  Co,  106  6d 

Memhard  &  Williams,  378  75 

M  D  Miller,  50 

Simeon  Mills,  281  75 

Thomas  McHugh,  12s      ' 

Thomas  McOlynn,  22 

W  S  Maine,  996  87 

'Thomas  Noyes,  25 

Yojtah  Napistek  15  84 
Andrew  Proudfit,                                                                             24,889  41 

A  F  Pratt,  .56  70 
BertiDO  Pinkney,                                                                      .     .    120 

B  F  Perry  Ig  25 

Charles  Piquette^                                                        .    .      '  IB  U 

E  J  PaUison,  156  80 

HLPage,  160 


14 

HRven  Power«>  H4 

James  G  Percival  1,614 

J  Prentice,  120      ' 

William  Pyncbeon,  113  45 

E  B  QHiner,  7  05 
D  C  Reec],                                                                                         '      120 

J  B  &  E  C  Redfield,      .  «  65 

J  B  Kibble,  47  60 

JD  Rf^mert,  604  6! 

R  L  Ream,  87  60 

Bobin^oTi  <fe  Brotber,  8  65 

RjanA  Co.,            .           *  88  70 

Reed  &  Nevett,  1110 

ir  W  Rotb,  291  31 

William  C  Roprers,  6 

William  R^inbard.t,  1834  66 

A  S  Sanborn,                                          '  418  76 

A  D  Smiib,  1833  33 

Byron  Syket,  160 

C  A  Single  and  otbere,  81 7 

C  L  Sbnles,  27 

DM  Seaver,  250 

E  Scbiimaker,  .  10 

E  Str««<:ol;md,  41  40 

G  W  Stoner,  16 

H  N  Smitb,  120 

Isaac  S  Sherwood,  9065  66 

J  R  Sbarpstein,  25 

J  K  Smitb.  729  60 

James  W.  Sea  ton,  96 

Jampft  Sutberland,  47  60 

J  C  Squire  13 

Lion  Silverman,  267  60 

M  L  Say  lea.  47 

State  AirricuUural  Society,  appropriation,  6,810 

Bamnel  G  Stacey.                                                                  "  400 

Bcboefler  &  Wendt,  882^60 


IT 

Beaton  &  Paal,  10 

Beanian  &  Wiftg,  75 

State  PrieoQ,  appropriatioDy  12,405  07 

State  Loan,                                                         *  7,650 

Swarap  Lflndi^  977  25 

Shanri&Hjer,  4  40 

See^e,  15  05 

Sooth  wing  of  State  Pii^Qy   '  6^2  15 

State  Hiaiorical  Societj,  1^00 

U  B  Shaver,  5  05 

William  Slljrhtara,  61  60 

William  R  Smith,  300 

D  K  Tenney,  40 

John  Tajlor,  8,244  27 

Turton  &  Sercomb^  40  57 

TibhhtB  <&  GordoD,  1^069  69 

Francis  A  Utter,  17 

D  S  Vittnra,  305 

Levi  B  Vilas,  26  24 

S  MVan  Bergen,  183  05 

A  S  Wood,  160 

A  Wliittemore  &  Co.,  091  52 

B  S  Weil,  120 

E  V  Whiton,  1,500 

E  Wakelpj,  120 

Georpe  Williaraa,  139  09 

H  A  Wright,  800 

Henry  Wright,  46 

JoFin  Walworth,  14  40 

John  Wnght,  143  97 

JohnWrninms,  110 

M  M  Wheedon,  62 

R  B  Wentworth,  69  18 

8  Warren,  47  60 

Tho'sTWhittlewy,  120 

Win  A  Wheeler  db  Co^  150  51 

Weed  &  Eberhard,  3,149  63 


18  . 


Wektood,  Hay,  Hanks  &  Whiting, 
Wisconsin  Institute  for  the  Blind, 

do  do  Deaf  and  Damb^ 

Wm  H  Wallis,  ^ 

W  M  Watt, 

Over-payments,  January  Ist, 
Beceipts  as  above, 
Balance  on  hand. 


.288  70 

14,000 

6,554 

50 

5  05 

$195,614  93 

38,965  36 

$239,010  24 

5,3-29  95 

|2S9,910  24 

$289,910  24 

THIRD  QUARTER 


BKCKIPTB. 


Hawkers  and  Pedlars, 

860 

Banks, 

370  84 

County  of  Milwaukee, 

4331  30 

"        "  Manitowoc, 

45 

"        "  La  Fayette, 

895 

"        "  Portage, 

1008  81 

««        "  Pierce, 

725 

«•        •'  Shawano^ 

100 

S  G  Knight,  clerk  circuit  oourt»  Bacine  Co^            24 

$7,849  96 

DiaBURBBMSNTB. 

William  A  Barstow, 

A  C  Barry, 

Beriah  Brown, 

George  W  Gate, 

• 

M  M  Cothren, 

Orsainus  Cole, 

Alexander  L  Collb% 

E  H  Coegrove, 

312  60 
450 

187  50 
625 

244  60 
250 
361 
147  50 


It 

Wlkm  M  DenDM,  ^^ 

B  S  Durrie, 

Ljman  C  Draperi 

B  P  Eighme, 

CalkiA  A  Prottdfit.  ^^^ 

CbarkB  W  Fitch, 

Ber  H  B  Gardner, 

J  Goodrich, 


31  4« 

221; 
81^ 


18 

60 

82  6a 

Levi  Hubbdl,  -  ,^ 

John  W  Hunt,  ^^^ 

Nicholas  Ingle,  j^^  ^^ 

Peter  G  Jones,  ^22 

JohnNJoD«,  g^^g^ 

200 
260 
876 
875^ 
180 
260 
4  50" 

60 
880 
400 
12» 
160 

»l^ 
700 


Edward  H  Janasen, 

August  Krener, 

Wjram  Enowlton, 

Charles  H  Larrabie^ 

G  W  M  jgatt, 

A  Mendea, 
B  K  Miller, 
Uatthias  Martin,  id, 
H  L  Page, 
J  G  Perciral,        • 
J  D  Ruggles, 
Arthar  Realej, 
Swamp  Lands, 
A  D  Smith, 

Thomaa  Shaughnewy, 

Wlliam  R  Smith,  J]l  _ 

S  G  Stacj, 

Tninian  L  Smith, 

0  C  Shoiea, 

Paniel  M  Seaver, 

Thomas  ^DoggM, 

Willkm  H  Wallia, 

J.  While, 

D  Worthingtoni 


240  16 
200 
107  60 

05 
260 
8  60 

50 

47  60 

47  60 


Wrigtbt  &  Majen,  Atnerieftn  ExpreM  Co., 
Aivid  H  Wright, 
Edwaid  y  Whiton, 
Vftei4€  Eberhard, 

AfWll^jc, 

Geo  tl  Williston, 

John^^hite, . 


I  r 


('.II 

Balance,, as  above, 


u 


BaiauQ6.on  hand, 


^J:'J 


5,820  05 
7,840  05 

113,170  00 


(,■•-' 


r, . ;: 


<> 


FOURTH  QUARTER. 


<J ".  J 

BSCEIPIS. 

Banfe'' 

110,005  00 

WaiJshqra  County, 

35  65 

Oz'i^kee  County, 

640 

ll;»ftji/kte  County, 

700 

Eav^k^rs  and  Pedlan, 

280 

0^1     • 

$11,600  65 

DiBBimSSUBSTS. 

rj^r^f!^  Bishop, 

A  y(>Barry, 

f 

(Beij(|l|  Brown, 

Jobp;  A  Brown, 

Johjp,Bojd, 

oVi^jiam  A  Bajstow,        • 

AIqi^  L.  Collins, 

O^nflBa  Cobb, 

OV  Vi  Cowell, 

•  §0 
100 
600 

867  26 

167  50 

47  56 

d97  50 

111,903  52 


1,^76  38 


•13,170  00 


S64  00 

175 

64  50 

222  40 

f 

45 

15    ,v    :■.,, 

812  50 

/■  ;.7/ 

175 

65 

,:.'  r^:- 

:<  t$  50 

tl    • 

Jerry  Crowley,  g  10 

Lneiue  Canuoiiy  16 

MoDtgomery  M.  Cothren,  144  80 

OnAoms  Cole,  276 

Calkins  <fe  Proadfity  1,188  0 

haom  R  I>tolitUe,  200 

Lyman  C  Draper,  279 

William  M  DenDia,  £00 

William  P  Dewey,  100 

8  S  N  FoUer,  750 

N  W  Field,  23  80 

Alexander  T  Gray,              *  900 

Oovemor's  Contingent  jAM^eeAnt^  4,000 

S  R  Gunn,  27  M) 

D  Hooper,                                                                         .  47  60 

£  M  Hunter,  750 

Jamea  Halpin,  2,785 

John  Hollihan,  122 

Levi  Hubbell,  875 

B  H  Janaaen,  400 

JobirN  Jones,  1,004  36 

A  D  Kirkpatrick,  47  60 

Angnst  Kruer,  250 

Wyrana  Knowlton,  800 

Lester  &  McGuire,  13  76 

AMenges,  250  00 

Ifatthias  Martin,  2nd  72 

Thomai  McGlynnr  100 

A  F  Pratt,  0  80 

Andrew  Proudfii,  1,599  96 

James  G  Perdval,  100 

JDRuggteSy  121 

V  W  Roth,  79 

W  H  RamBay,  47  50 

A  D  Smith,  850 

Danel  M.  SeMret,  500 

E  C  Spink,  107  60 


Wri£(bt  &  Majen,  Atnerieftn  Expraa  Co., 
Aivid  H  Wright, 
Edward  V  Whiton, 
Wee^^E  Eberhard, 

Geo  «  WillistoD, 
John^White, . 


Ba1anc<',,a8  above, 

5,829  05 

^M>}f    " 

7,840  05 

Balau<;e,on  hand, 

113,170  00 

■ 

FOURTH  QUARTER. 

BSCEIPTS. 

Banltk^ 

$10,005  00 

Watlsbara  County, 

35  65 

Oz'/tikee  County, 

640 

lI:ir/.|tiMte  County, 

700 

Bav<k^rs  and  Pedlan, 

280 

$11,6U0  65 

DISBITRBSUBSTS. 

'."      I'M 

'A^^^^  Bishop, 

A  y,>Barry, 

i 

cRei?«^  Brown, 

Job^  A  Brown, 

Johpr.Bojd, 

/jVyi^iam  A  Baistow, 

• 

AlQ^Tf  L.  Collins, 

O^nWA  Cobb, 

OV  fi  Cowell, 

•  «0 
100 
600 
867  26 
167  00 
47  60 
d97  60 

111,903  52 


1,^76  38 


f  13,179  00 


264  00 

175 

64  50 

222  40 

45 

^'  ;              SI 2  50 

f''  ■  ff      175 

85 

:•.  I' 


£6  50 


tl    • 

Jieny  Orowky,  g  10 

Lueiat  Ganiion,  15 

MoDtgDmeiy  1£  Cothrsn,  144  90 

Onamas  Col«^  275 

CalkiDs  dk  Proadfity  1,188  80 

JaiDflB  R  Deolittle,  200 

Ljniati  C  Drapery  279 

Wi/Jiam  M  Dennii^  £00 

Wilitam  P  Dewej,  100 

8  S  N  Fuller,  750 

N  W  Field,  23  50 

Alexander  T  Gray,              *  900 

OoYernor's  Contingeot  jlMieeADti  4,000 

8  R  GuDD,  27  00 

D  Hooper,  47  60 

£  M  Hunter,  750 

James  Halpin,  2,785 

John  Hollihan,  122 

LeW  Hubbell,  875 

B  H  Janasen,  400 

JohirN  Jones,  1,004  55 

A  D  Eirkpatrick,  47  60 

AngDftt  Kruer,  250 

Wyratn  Knowlton,  800 

LeaUr  &  UcGuire,  13  75 

AMengea,  250  00 

lAatthiaa  Martin,  2nd  72 

Thomaa  McGlymiy.  100 

A  F  Pratt,  9  80 

Andrew  Proudfi),  1,599  95 

James  G  Perdvaly  100 

J  B  Rnggtea,  121 

V  WRoA,  79 

W  H  Ramaay^  47  50 

A  D  Smith,  860 

Daoel  M.  Seairet,  500 

S  C  Spink,  107  50 


24 

The  traneactionfl  of  tbe  State  Treausorer  in  ibis  fand  daring  the 
year  ending  this  day,  are  as  foUlowSi  to  wit : 

FIRST  AND  SECOND  QUABTER& 


BXCEIFTB. 

Certificates, 

•37,066  35 

Fines, 

1,658  $9 

• 

Loans, 

8,067  00 

Penalty,  6  per  ce&i, 

914  0a 

• 

Sales, 

6,301  65' 

•52,098  17 

• 

josBCjssjidatB. 

Benjamin  Allen, 

180 

Henry  O'Niel, 

10 

S  Fields, 

^                 \ 

162  50 

BeriMh  Brown, 

• 

813 

D  C  Brown, 

■ 

6  80 

Charles  Brunenger, 

102  60 

Lucian  D  Brjan, 

h 

107  75 

William  E  Cramer^ 

70  20 

£  M  Crombie, 

1 

23  04 

John  M  Coe, 

4 

Calkins  A;  Proudfit, 

80 

County  of  Jefferson, 

828  76 

Phiyip  Franks, 

102  50 

R  L  Uove, 

81  05 

A  C  Holt, 

4  65 

£  C  Hull, 

18  50 

E  B  Kelsey, 

11  20 

B  W  Lan»ing, 

219  50 

Edward  Lees, 

410 

James  Murdock, 

• 

173 

W  D  Meeker, 

■ 

25 

S5 


ER 
Patrick  PUnketti 
A  F  Pratt, 
laeob  QuiDlYU, 
Seed  ic  Nevitt. 
8  N  Siniib  <fc  Cot 
Goo  W  Ta^Tt, 
Thomas  S  Reed^ 
ERAFA  Utter, 
AS  Van  Noratraad, 
Orjfj  Wright, 
Weed  <&  Eberhard, 
Wm  M  Watt, 
William  WiUon, 
Wright  A  Majen, 
Ricbard  F  Wilaoii, 
Sefaoo/  Fund  Loana, 
fiefanded. 


above. 
Balance  last  qaarter. 
Balance  on  band. 


64 

61  60 

* 

12 

• 

11  70 

16  25 

4  25 

63 

f 

4  25 

18 

5 

&85 

150 

4 

102  50 

8  50 

• 

!60 

68,266 

428  10 

72,246  04 

52,998  If 

34,682  IS 

15,4:^3  36 

87,680  30 


87,6{J0  30 


THIRD  QUARTER. 


Certificate0^ 

Loana, 

Penaltj,  5  per  06ni» 

Sate, 

Baliknoe  last  qiuutov 


BIOIIPTB. 

4,621  63 

■ 

1,279  40 

318  91 

/ 
> 

5.146  67 

• 

11,866  41 

15,433  36 

^6 


John  A  Brown, 
WUluun  B  Croft, 
Jerrj  Crowley, 

Calkins  Sc  Proadfit, 

Edward  Lees^ 

John  Marjgold  and  othei^ 

Waiiam  C  Rogers, 

0  A  Stafford, 

CbasHLee, 

WiliUm  Saltzman, 

Bicbard  Jobnaon, 

A  D  Washborn, 

James  Vance, 

Sdiool  Fand  Loans, 

Befiindedt 

Balance, 


26,709  n 


6  40 

7  «6 

8 

269  SO 

252 

107  25 

4 

17  26 

1*» 

49  60 

18 

9 

9 

1,490 

269  90 

2.6.'' 9  05 

24,160  72 

26,799  '77 

OertiftcateB, 

Fines, 

Loans, 

Penalty,  6  per  cent. 

Sales, 


FOURTH  QUARTER. 

BECXIFT8* 


13,434  89 
80 
2,910 
4,59  05 
15,498  86 

32,832  60 


A  H  Blake, 
D  A  J  Baker, 
J  Crowley, 


DI8BUBSSMXNT8. 


67  50 
47  50 
10 


87 


Calkins  &  Proudfit, 

• 

631  40 

1 

D  W  C  Finch, 

183 

1                 _ 

1        Trumao  Field » 

267  60 

B  E  GUlett, 

S17  50 

Almond  Merrill, 

26 

A  F  Pratt, 

5  06 

Chas  H  Lee, 

144 

Ozaukee  Coantj, 

165  88 

WiJ/iam  Paulley^ 

4 

216 

WUIiam  Paalley  aad  Others, 

166 

W  J  Gibson, 

802 

James  0*Nid« 

150 

£  Dickie, 

160 

James  Beed, 

90 

Wm  if  Yonog,       ' 

W 

A  J  WilJes, 

111 

John  Lockharty 

260 

Seth  Monnt, 

260  . 

Heniy  OWeil, 

112  60 

C  M  Seelej, 

449 

U  B  Shaver, 

2  86 

B  P  Wilson, 

864 

A  li  Whipple, 

160  60 

Joseph  G/esen, 

21  69 

Samuel  Preston, 

178  22 

Louis  Harteau, 

16  65 

PomiDick  BeemUe,  jr^ 

16  80 

Weed  <&  Eberhard, 

808  75 

School  Fand  Loans, 

• 

13,496  64 

t' 

18,466  64 

Babnca  on  handy   ' 

.    1 

88,026  48 

Receipts  ss  above, 

82,832  SO 

f 

Balance  of  bat  quartei^ 

24,160  12 

56,493  02  56,498  02 


88 


RECAPITDLATION. 


Bahuiee^ 

34.682  13 

Beceipts, — Sales, 

26,946  68 

Certificat6B| 

65,122  77 

Loana^ 

12,246  40 

F]D6B» 

1,688  59 

Penaltj, 

1,692  64 
— •  96,696  8S 

Did>iiy8ement8, — ^Loansi 

88,25t 

Sandnes, 

ia.110  63 

Balance, 

38,0d6  48 

1  1.379  01  131,379  01 

The  records  and  books  of  this  office  exhibit  the  following,  as 
the  present  condition  of  this  fund : 

Amount  due  on  certificates  of  sale,  $1,567,932  08 

"        "        School  fund  loans,  29 1 ,309  84 

Salance  in  Treasury,  as  above,  88,026  48 


Total,  1,897,369  SO 

This  sum  is  the  present  capital  of  the  School  Fund,  all  of  wLich, 
^excepting  the  balance  in  the  Treasury,  is  productive,  drawing 
interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  per  cent,  payable  before  the  5th  day 
of  March  in  each  year.  This  interest  constitutes  the  School  Fund 
Income. 

IT.      SCHOOL  FUND  INOOICB. 

FIRST  AND  SECOND  QOARTERS. 

Balance,  •  26,611  26 

Receipts,  1-21,689  00 

148,100  26 


i» 


SUBUBSUOim. 


Adams           GoQBty,  Appropriation, 

Brown 

do 

do 

Bad  Ax 

do 

do 

Calamet 

do 

do 

Columbia 

do 

do 

Crawfotd 

do 

do 

Dane^ 

do 

do 

Dodge 

do 

do 

Food  da  Lac 

do 

do 

Grant 

do 

^0 

Green 

do 

^ 

Iowa 

do 

do 

Jefferson 

do 

do 

Kenoebs 

do 

do 

La  Crosse 

do 

do 

La  Favette 

• 

do 

do 

Mfinitoiroe 

do 

do 

Marquette 

do 

do 

Marathon 

do 

do 

ICilwaukea 

do 

do 

Ooonto 

do 

do 

Outagamie 

do 

do 

Ouukee 

do 

do 

Pieice 

do 

do 

Polk 

do 

do 

r 

Racine 

do 

do 

Rock 

So 

do 

Bichhod 

do 

do 

Bank 

do 

do 

Sheboygan 

do 

do 

Bunt  Cioiz 

do 

do 

Walworth 

do 

do 

Waukesha 

do 

do 

WaabiagUin, 

do 

do 

Waoihsrs 

do 

do 

743  82 

2,511  55 

715  64 

.858  la 

4,237  52 
613  41 
7,841  50 
8,063  68 
5,837  05 
5,081  04 
8,858  36 
4,220  30 
6,282  22 
3,629  74 
962  50 
4.219  81 
1,995  59 

3.635  38 
97  00 

11,709  71 

588  62 

1,704  22 

S,732  24 

176  82 

57  12 

6,189   66 

7,691  15 

753  48 

«,836  01 

4.636  80 
•  287  88 
6,137  3t 
6,924  61 
6.063  45 

1,033  63 


80 


Wanpacca    County,  Appropriation 
"Winnebago  do  do 

Refunded  for  errors  in  former  payments^ 
Town  of  Sullivan, 


Balance  pn  hand, 


660 

90 

• 

8,632 

16 

988 

45 

72 

180  735 

66 

• 

17.3C4 

59 

148,100  26 

148,100  25 

THIRD  QUARTER. 


Balance, 
Receipts, 


Refunded  for  errors  in  former  payments, 
Trempeleau  County,   appropriation, 
Portage  do  do 

Jackson  do  do 

Balance, 


17,864  59 
3,008  84 

, 

DIBBUB8KMSRTS 

i. 

layments, 
ition, 

34  90 

60  38 

383   18 

107  87 

■ 

686  33 
19,787   10 

20,373  48 

20,373  4a 

FOURTH  QUARTER., 


Balance,                                                          19,787  10 

Receipts,                                                           6,434  46     « 

mSBUR8KMKRT8. 

Refunded  for  errors  in  former  payments. 

129  55- 

Joseph  Qeeyere, 

40  8» 

Samuel  Preston, 

19  48 

Louis  Harteao, 

36  45> 

Domioick  Bnrnette^ 

37  51 

Walter  liBedy, 

1,833  SS 

81 


AS  Wood, 
Leopold  Laihrop, 
Arthur  Rwley, 
John  Sayafire» 
Paul  tlabicb, 
J  D  Ragg^ies, 
Chaa  Hoggiiu^ 
John  N  Sbehan, 
Heorj  Quarles, 
Tbo6  C  Boorke, 
J  F  Frary, 
John  A  Byrne, 
John  WilUna, 
Wm  B  Graves, 
La  Fayette  Smitli, 
B  W  Laosing, 

Bakooe, 


141  75 

384  07 

242  ia 

90  08 

1,050 

972  88 

205 

200 

685 

720  04  . 

426  07 

1,177  76 

200 

250 

500 

100 

8,742  68 

17,478  98 

26,221  56  26,221  56 


BXOAPimATIOV. 

Balance  January  l8l»  26,51125 

Receipts,  181,032  80 

Disburaements,  140,064  57 

Balance,  17,478  98 

157,548  55  157,543  55 

The  capital  of  the  School  Fund  as  before  shown,  drawing  interest  is  as  fol- 
lows : 
School  Fund  Loans,  291,309  84 

"        **      Dues,  1,667,932  98 

Total,  1,859,242  82 

The  interest  apoo  which  sum  at  7  per  cent  is  180,147  00 

To  wlueh  add  balance  on  hand  as  above,  17,478  98 


MakiDg  a  total  of  147,625  98 


32 

The  amoant  now  on  band  includes  the  ad- 
vaneed  interest  already  paid  for  the  year 
1856.  This  will  lessen  the  amount  due 
to  the  extent  of  such  advanced  payment. 
Loans  and  sales,  however,  during  the 
winter  will  doubtless  increase  the 
income  to  such  an^  extent,  that  the 
•  amount  to  be  apportioned  in  March  next 
will  reach  the  sum  of  150,000  00 

V — THB   UNIVERSITY  FUHD. 

This  fond  is  composed  of  the  nett  proceeds  of  the  pale  of  Uni- 
vercitj  Lands,  and  from  the  5  per  cent,  penalty  as  forfeiture  far 
the  nonpayment  of  interest  when  due  upon  University  land  cer- 
tificates, and  loans  from  the  University  fuods.  The  transacttons 
in  this  fund  during  the  year  closing  this  day,  are  as  follows,  to 
wit : 

FIRBT  AND  SECOND  QUARTERS. 

mxoKJBta 

Sales,  1,056  17 

Dues,  2,859  02 

Loans,  200 

Penalty,  7l  80            ■ 


DISBUBBBnHTS. 


Balance  overpaid, 

Loans, 

Weed  k  Eberhard, 

J  L  Marsh, 

Calkins  k  Proudfit^ 

Refunded, 

Balance  on  hand, 


1,086 

12 

2,5C4  67 

28 

8 

05 

40 

1 

08 

463 

17 

4,186  99  4|188  88 


t 


33 


Btknoe  on  lundt 

t 

InBBrawMi, 
Bafamoe  on  iumd. 


THIBD  QUARTER.    ' 


I  I 


-   I , 


768  65 

til 


.  A 


JiUBirieKMBBrT0. 


^  '    *         •        V 


I  / 


' ». 


V«»i  A2 


Doei. 
Poialtj, 


Balance  on  hand, 


■  I     '     '        • 


15D0( 
],630  » 


•/ 


Vj    /'    ' 


7    r  '/  IU'?»'*2 


>  y     «>     •      i 


IB  3< 


2,184  12 


r-     •       ^  » 


^nArMUnbrrB. 


Weed  and  Eberhaid, 
HnM  &  'JolukfoD, 
Balance  on  hand, 


*  . 


•  J   t 


Receipts — Sales, 
Dnefl, 
Loans, 
Penalty, 

Dkbnraementi^ 
Orep-payBieni,  Jaoiuuy  ls(^ 
Balance  on  hand,  ^ 


,7  *3,8tJ  6S     |3,82«  63 

RECAPITULATION. 

•  f i    •    '   .  I    '  ,        '  ,        .  t    \ 

^f  t,255  ,58 


•  '•  I 


4,948  62 
200  00 
158  25 


$7,562  45 


ii '••:>. 


I  •:■ 


»*■     •' 


,«*'  'J '  CI 

♦2,748  57 
5,725  78 


f  7,562  45    $7,562  45 


M 


The  records  of  this  office  exiiibit  the  followlsg  as  the  present 
condition  of  this  fond  : 


AmooDt  due  on  loann, 

AmouDt  of  University  fund  dne% 

Amount  in  Treasnrj, 


•  27,595  00 
150,555  33 
3,725  "^d' 


181,876  10 

This  snm,  except  the  amonot  aboTe  stated  as  being  in  the  trea« 
snry,  is  drawing  interest  at  the  rate  of  7  per  cent,  jajable  before 
tb^^'tb  daj  of  March  in  each  year,  which  interest  coDStitotea 

« <. 

TX. — THE  uirivxRBrTT  wvvD  orcoxx. 

This  is  annually  applied  to  defray  the  current  expenses  of  the 
State  University.  The  transactions  of  the  State  Treasurer  in  the 
income  of  the  University  fund  for  the  year,  are  as  follows : 

FIRST  AND  SECOND  QUARTERa 


SBCXXTTS. 


Balance^ 
Beeeipti^ 

Bsfunded, 

Paiil  State  UniTsni^y 
Hertry  Wright, 
Balance  on  hand^ 


DxsBfmaxiauRi, 


1,125  19 

lO^SSS  45 

u 

n  70 

7,029  If 

132 

8.218  70 

11,867  64 


11.S57  64 


Sslaiici^ 
Beeeipti^ 
Onrpaidy 


\  t 


Biaifi 


U 


THIRD  QUARTER. 


BSCIIPTB. 


3,218  70 

1,888  67 

080  88 


6.687  74 


'  ■  I 


6,687  74 


4,687  74 


I^" 


QrerfsAd  last  qQait«r« 
fiiale  Uoirenjtjy 


85 

VjQITBflDH  QDJlRTBli 

640  41 


9.058  10 
8.698  61 


080  8S 
3.608  61 


noAnroMTiOK' 


Beeeipta, 

Oterxnid  Dee.  31fty 

DMiUiioMWDt% 


1»126  ]» 

12,261  4S 

8,058  10 

10,444  7& 


16,444  7t 


The  prindpal  of  ike  Uiiivefsity  Fond  drawing^  iiteitit  «•  «boft  iiio«rD»  h 
I  follows: 


Uwmff  Fvtid  DiMi^ 
«  «•     Loa]i% 


1%#  inCeittft  upcm  iUt  tmn  at  7  ^  cent  ihr  otte  .year  it 
Fiom  which  deduct  amonot  of erpaidt 


•150,555  n 
27,005  00 


Jjunmg  the  iom  of 


|178,l&0  SO 

11,247  63 
8.068  10 

•8,189  43 


Til.    TBE  nfPROVflMFHT  FUHD* 


The  paymeat  required  to  be  made  to  tbe  State  Treaanrer  by  yir* 
tiie  of  the  act  to  provide  for  the  completion  of  the  Fox  and  Wia- 
cousin  BiTQra,  paaaed  Apil  14^  1852,  eonstittitea  the  Improvement 
Fund. 

On  the  first  daj  of  January  laat  th^  sum  of  thirty  eight  oenia 
was  in  the  Treasury  belonging  to  this  fond,  which  has  since  beea 
paid  to  the  company  bftving  in  charge  that  work,  aiid  the  account 
dsaed^ 


86 


GENERAX  REOAPrriTLATION. 


ohNERAL  FUND. 
Itt  amd  3d  Quarten. 

3d  Quarter^. 

4ikQaarter 


BM)9n|k 


» » 


830.910  24 

^,849  95 

•11.660  65 


**t- 


SOHOOL  FUND. 
1st  and  9d  Qaarfcen. 

SdQuarterl 

4tk  Quarter ■ 


SCHOOL  FUND  INCOMEl 
l8t  and  9d  Quartan. 

3d  Quarter 

4Ui  Quarter 


I  «^-a«  • 


52.Stt8*Tt  f 
11,366  41 
39.333  30 


VM4». 


359,420  84 


>    •  .       >  • 


DuBvaiB- 
Mjorrs. 

'    ^     i 


195,614  93 
11^3  53 
36,583  91 


.JLL 


nil 


Total. 


•1    • ' 


•  '  1     • 


DiOTSBSlTY  FUHD. 
let  and  3J  Quartan. .. 

3d  Quarter 

,4tli  Qoaijler 


UNIV.  FUND  INCOME. 

|M  and  3d  Quarters 

'3d  Quarter 

4th  Quarter 


131.569  00 
9008  84 
6.434  46 


4.186  99 
1,191  35 
2.184  11 


96,696  88 


131,032  30 


'••> 


t. 


f  •' 


<•    t 


DfraOTSMENT  FUND. 


JMQaaitCE.. 


10.232  45 
1,383  57 


506,973  90 


^-'1 


BALANCES. 
Jzz.'Skrw  Ut,  1%55. 

Fs'-4 „ 

Bflhaot  F«»d ....•.•••..! 

Scft«;^  Fuj^  (^^y/ste • 

Crfrerei-.r  fm.t .' 

U*jj««;tjr  Ft'- i  lar<V»«— ..( 

£clrtfUi  Finid .*•* . .--' 

fiAo<4rtta4]uoo«Bf# ' 

ITuirfirat^T  ¥vut....,r . 


'M.eSS  18 
26,511  25 


,«  I 


I    I 


U25  19 
0  38 


7,562  45 


12^  '43 


72.246  94 

2.639  05 

18,4^  54' 


130,735  66 
586  33 

8,742  58 


,  .,    \  ■'■  .1, 


506.973  90 


•  I' 


13,645  88- 


I'r**  10 ' 


1  u- 


2.637  70 
15  00 


334,109  31 


93.352  53 


:r 


l4%0Mr6T 


1  .  t •  •  I    ,. 


«  '    "I. 


J  >  '^^  ?S.   '    tfl»»  ' 


8,138  85 

5,587  74 


32.267' «  I 


V::,;W  83      529,341  37 


0  38 


4S6,7^^  ;if 


38,965  36 

ijoee  13 


16.444  n 


irli 


':i 


038 


4«6.7tf  V  T 


•■1 


3S.0*:i6  48 

n.478  96 

3.7^5  78 


585^7  83 


41596  36 


5a9kM*iv 


*t 


^    AOOOUNTS  AUDITED. 

The  acoonnts  audited  in  thi^  office'  bj  virtae  of  yarions  provi- 
iloiiB  of  law,  are  embraced  in  the  ibllowiog  list,  which  also  sh^^s 
the  funds  from  wliich  the  same  are  reepectiyelj  payable : 

,  t      .      ,     I. 

H  D  BarroQf  pabliflking,  I        6  00       $        0  00 

J»bn  K  Jones,  postage,  387  68  987  63 

Wm  M  Dennis,  transportatioa,  106  59  106  5t 

Oeorge  Burnside  <li  Co,  newspspen,  52  13  <2  It 

'« See  Bote/'  publishipg,  15  05  15  05 

Ge<>  B  McLsDe,  Superintendent  Lunstic  Asjlum,  200  900 

JBunl  G  Bogb,  Commissioier        do         do  150  150 

A  S  Sanborn,       ;     do                 do         do  2S5  225 

John  Wright,  Lunatic  Asjlam  sccount,  6  88  6  8S 

ST  Wright,              do               do  10  10 

A  S  Sanborn,  Commissioner  Lufiatic  Atjlani,  56  56 

ASSbnbom,          io                   do  107  50  107  60 

U  ft  VittnBi,  '     '  do                    do  150  150    \ 

¥  V  Jones,  Lunatic  AsjIum  account,  5  5 

BFPerry,            do"              do'  .16  25  16  25 

It  MMin,             do               do  150  150 

L  J-Farwell,  Asjlam  Qronnds,  1,500  1,500 

•                                                                                       *                                                                                                           ,  , 

CoI6m19^ioners'of  Lunatic  Aaylum,  800  900 

lA  3  Sanborn,  CommiaBioner  Lanatic  Asylum,  \t  12 

Footi  h  Sawyer,  Lunatic  Asylum  account,  21  50  21  50 

tr^Crowler,         *     -     do         'do  12  65  \i  i^ 

A  F  Pratt,         '            do               do  14  50  14  50 

Andi^w  l^rondfit,          do               do  1,633  60  1,633  60 

O  Bd^h,  OomoiissioYier  Lanatic  Asylum,  225  50  225  50 

DSVittum,       do    •               do                    *  300  200 

Oeo  R  McLan^,  Sug^rintendent  Lunatic  Asylum,  300  SCO 

Gomtnissioners  of  Lunatic  Asylnm,  10  ^^    . 

A  S  Sanborn,  Commissioner  Lunatic  Asylum,  183  75  183  75 

SaUte  of  W  D  Bmen,  Lunatic  Asylum  account,  31  25  31  2& 


A  I 


A  S  Sanborn,  Coramiseioner  Lunatic  Avjlam,  4?  60  47  50 

Beed  &  NereU,  Lunatio  Afljiluin  abcouol^  5  80  5  80 

C  H  McLaaghlip,        do               do  10  lO^ 

Andrew  Proudfit,         do                do  2,»16  60  «,V16  60 

"William  E  Cramer,       do                do  25  25 

C  H  Barton,                do                do  40  20 

S  O  Hugh,  Commissioner  Lunatio  AajluBii  10  10 

M  Martin,  Lunatic  Asylum  aceount,  160  150 

Commissioners  of  Lunatic  Asylum,  87  S^  « 

Sam'l  Q  Bueh,  Cominisfiioner  Lunatic  Asylum,  105  106 

Geo  R  McLane,  Superintendent        do  275  *76 

A  S  Sanborn,  Commissioner              do  57  60  57  50 

Andrew  Proudfit,  Lunatic  Asylum  account,  8,680  ^680 

6eo  R  McLane,  Superintendent  Lunatic  Asylumi  125  125 

George  R  McLane,  20  20 

Howell  &  Cotton,  Lunatic  Asylum  accouot,  12  80  12  80 

Darwin  Claik,                  do                do  50  50 

Beriah  Brown,                 do                do  SO  86  20  85 

D  S  Yittum,  Commissioner  Lunatio  Asylumg  105  105 

ASSanboiD,         do                    dd  108  108   . 

A  F  Pratt,  publishing,  4  95  4  M 

Wm  E  Corner,  publishing,  118  118- 

Haven  Powers,  services,  114  114   . 

Beriah  Brown,  Impeachment  trial,  80  60  30  00 

J  L  Marsh,  newspapers,  8  & 

Wm  M  Watt,  publishing,  6  05  5  05 

John  N  Jones,  postage  Lunatic  Asylum,  5  83  5  88 

Donaldson  &  Treadway,  Lunatic  Asylum  aocouof^  40  40 

Estate  of  W  D  Bmen,             do               do  *    20  84  20  84 

Tibbits  <Se  Gordon,                    do                do  10  50  10  50 

John  N  Jones,      lunatip  asylum  postage,  7  55  ?  55 

John  Wright,            "          «      acoounl^  11  50  IL  50 

Matthias  Martin,        «          «          «  100  100     . 

Weed  &  Eberhard,    "          «          «  109  51  109  51 

D  S  Vittum,  commissioner  lunatic  asylam,  77  50  77  50 

Wm  E  Cramer,  publishing,  50  38  50  88 

D  W  Jialloo,            ••  20  20 


80 

S  P  Saggles,  MTvioM  iq  bank  depaiiraenti 

Americnn  Express  Co.,  ezpreis  cbaig«% 

Jliifiis  K.'t"g  <b  Co,  publubiog, 

E  B  QuiD«r,  " 

lobn  Williins,  services  io  bank  departmanti 

Calk:tt.i<fe  Proud  8t,  publiahingf 

B  ^  Lan»ing«  aervices, 

Caiiins  <&  Proudfit,  pabliahinj^ 

Jobn  N  JoDen,  postage, 

Jobs  K  Joneai      '' 

Wefd  <fe  Eberbard,  bank  departmeoti 

A  F  Pratt,  publishing, 

A  F  PraU,         « 

J  Ciowlej,  •• 

Calkins  &  Proudfit,  printing  for  bank  department, 

Weed  &  Eberbard,  beoks  "<  ^ 

Jobn  N  Jones,  postage^ 

D  Vf  Batlou,  printing  for  bank  department^ 

VU  Dennis,  for  bttik  ag*t  In  N  T, 

eOHOOL  fUHDw 

P  F]aokett,  appraising, 
E  R  <k  P  A  Utter,  pablisbing, 
A  H  Van  Worstraod,  appraisin|( 
James  Murdock,  appraisind, 
W  D  Meeker,  eopjio^, 
]j  O  Bryan,  mapping,  dbc, 
£dainnd  R  Otis,  publishing; 
John  Jf  Coe,  "». 

Weed  k  Eberbard,  etationeij, 
Sdirard  Lees,  appmbing, 
Wm  E  Cramer,    ptbluhing; 
Thoniaa  &  Reec^  ^ 

Reed  &  Neiett  «• 

J  QHiaiufl,  * 

O  J  Wright,  • 


S46 
8  50 
20 

5  05 
60 
2,037  05 

ITS 
1,002  05 
420  80 
556  50 
267  75 
5  05 
4  25 
8  10 
188*20 
210  15 
512  46 
825 
800 


7 


) 


Olmmtd, 
61  50 
15 

i 

178 
25 

107  75 
64 
4' 
705 
120 
42  85 
4  98 
15  75 
4SS 
4  85 


£46 

2D 
5  05 

60 ; 

2,037  95 

1,062  05 

426  ^0 

556  (io 

257  ^5 

5  U 

4  ^5 

8  ^ 

183  p 

210  1^ 

612  4^6 

823 

too 

•  ■ 

I, 

r   61  5b 

o 
1 

M 
'.I 


15 

5 

178 

25 

107  tk 
64  ^ 

4 
705 
120 

42  a 

4tfk 

15  7k 
4  2il 


40 

A  F  Pratt,  pnUbliiog,  '       4  U  4  35 

Wmim  Wilwn,  nf^r^g,  .     .  102  «0  108  fco 

Pliarlet  Bniiiw|«^  ^do  .  .102  60^  lOf  kO 

Phillip  Franka,      ..do  .     102  60  lOt  60 

D  C  Brown  5ii^)Ii$binft  5  80  I  SO 

Wm  M  Walt,      d^  ..•.'.     4  4  I 

Jefferson  County,  app«dting,(l)alaii06)  620  90  Stt  H 

fi  C  Hull,  publishing,  .  /lO  85  10  As 

Bidiard  F  Wil^n,  wieying,  .    .  ;  .     i^(>  ,  ^^   ^ 

GW.Taggart,,  J    ,  ,  do  ^          ,l2e  89   ' 

^  Calkios  <&  ProgjJfiJ^  R"nting,  •  80  80  ' 

Edward  Lee^  a^raWng,  .        .      f.  ;.   ^^  ^  ; 

ft  L  Gove,  pu^lilOi^ft  .::8106  31*6 

^<?H">\      .<l0;  7  66  7*6 

.  B  W  Lansing,  fi^rri^  to  appraiseii,  69  60  80  io 

John  A  Browxvpubiybing,  .....     .  •  1  /  .  *  .-  •             «  40  8  40 

.BerUb  Brown,   |    ^o-               ^  "           .  ^H  313   / 

. VilliAW  C  RcgepB,^Pabli8hing,  .    4  26  '    4  i5 

AC  Holt,                 ,.    do  1..  .  •,.{..'.  ;.  /M  .^.4  86-     ■       ■  '4  i3f6 

Wi}J.i#in  E  CrsMier,.  ■.    do  -  Y  /.  <•!  .  ',..     M.  M  88  t3f6 

S  W  Smith  A  Co.,        do  4  26  4  S5 

J  Qoinlua,                     do         .  r  .    :                           ^45  ^  46 

EBK^Isej,      ^      .  .   do  11  20  11 '20 

flenjamin  Allen,,. A(pprai|ing,  188  180    - 

0  A  fiUfford,  Printf  pg,  .'       -'  800           '     '  800    ' 

JDxake,              ^iPpraiaing,  •/    •<    ;     bT         "'  •    'ffr   ' 

DAJBaW,          .;    do  ■•     i/47  60    '  47^0 

RR  Nelson,           ,.     do  .#5                '95    ' 

PetecJakina,      ;   ,  .;   do  .20  60  H' sb 

JDu^ej,               ..    do  28  PO  W  6b 

Calkins  &  Proudfit^  Printing,  159               .    <5f    ' 

Ditto,             ,  .;    do  80'  80  •' 

Ktto,             I  I   do  80  60        '     80  6fe 

O  A  Stafford,          pnblishinft  ..     1726          *    It  S6 

.William  E  Cro(iki>  k       do  "      7  26    <  7  9lt^ 

iJ.C^rqwlej,       .  :  .  I     do  •     8             '    '  0     ' 

^Ward  Lees,  Selecting  and  AppraiaiBg,  ^262             .    tbi    « 


41 

A  F  FtM,       ,             d«  5  05  'K  ^5 

Jlf&rjgolddbbdieny  AppraiaDg^  ,        ^  .  139  ib  133  |5 

CEai  H  Lee,  '               do  120  120    ' 

WiQiam  Saltzmao, ,      ^^  -        40  50  40  fO 

''^kic\LaTd  Joboflon,    ^       do  IS  18 

'  A  O  Washbnrpe,    \,    do  ;      ,        .    .          .    9  0  / 

Imines  Yiaiioe,               ^  do  .                               0  '    0  '. 

(hJkiDs  &  Proudfi^  FrintiDg,  ^                 ^  i       581  40  S8l  40 

A  W  mnke,    .         ^ppraiaing,  ^  j^        67  60  67.  W 

D  W  C  Finch,  '      *       do  188  18$  • 

J  Crbwfey,            Pablishing,  ^                   •          10         .  10  \ 

•itob€ri  E  GOleljL  Agprateing,  '  i'                  ,        217  (LO  217  IfO 

^t'ruraan  Field,'       ^     do            *     ,'  .       267  50  267,  90 

WHtSleason,       SunreyiDcr,  ,              •     f       150 

^F^Wikon,                   do  ,                   ,       354 


1  i* 


»5fl 
•64 


J 11  Whipple,  ^^  Appraising,  ^  1^       160  60    .        JlPO  OP 

CM^ley,     "^   "    "    d6  '!  *^       440  44p // 


Charles  H  Lee  .'do  .  .  i       144       .        :  444(  ' 


IT  fi  Shaver,  •    Publishing,               j^  j^          3  85  ;    3^ 

"We^%  Eberhardj  fof  Books,            j^'  j^  808  75    ,  8p8 .  Tip 

Joeepli Gejere,         l^fiinded,  ^:  t^        21  59,,  -Sl^  69 

LonisTEarteaa,      ^^  ^    do                 j^  ,  ;^        16  55   ,;  /If  W 

Samuel  Preston,        *    do           .      ,^  ,.i^  178  22  JWS  «? 

D.  feurnette,  jr.,         I   do                 T  ,.         16  30,  ,16  80 

"William  Panlley,   ^4pprsiaing,  ,  j.  ,\^  215          '  %V^   l 

Wm.  l^aulley  d?  others^  do  ^^  ,r  156  166    j 

Wm.  J*  GibBon,     /      do  \  i  202             ,     2C»    . 

JameaO'Neil             'do  150  150 

S.  Dickie,                     do   .   x    a   .   .-.    /     •;  150  150 

Reed,    -.,)  'i       do                                           00  '00*  ^ 


Wm^Tonng,         '  «•  do                                            00  00    ^ 

AIWeDes,           CI  do                                         111  111; 

#ebti  LockhartiCf:  Z  do                                  \      960.  200    ' 

8e(^<ifonnt,  do                                           (W  260     ' 

Henry  O'Neill;  do  ,^ 112  50  112  50 


*■  • 


>I 


4a 

fiOHOOIi  FUBB  CfOOliB. 


C  If  Crombie;  ^Uttmg, 

23  04  . 

2a  ^ 

Joseph  Gejer^            refundedi 

40  89 

40  #9 

1 

LoUis  HarfeaUi 

do 

86  45 

36  45 

8am^l  Preston, 

do 

10  48 

10  48 

Dommick  Buroette,  jr. 

do 

87  51 

37  51 

W.  H.  Beslj,          services  School  Land  office^ 

833  33 

833  Z9 

John  A.  Bjrne, 

do 

do 

577  76 

577  7a 

Henrj  Quaries; 

do 

do 

200 

200  , 

JPFrary, 

do 

do 

426  67 

426  il 

John  A  Savage, 

do 

do 

90  08 

90  Q8 

Arthur  Reslej, 

do 

do 

242  72 

242  72 

Leopold  Lathropi 

do 

do  . 

284  07 

2S4  07 

T  C  fiurke, 

do 

do 

270  04 

270  04 

A  8  Wood, 

do 

do 

141  76 

141  70 

Wfia  B  Graven 

do 

do 

260 

250 

J  D  Rugglesi 

do 

do 

222  28 

222  28 

W  11  Besley, 

do 

do 

600 

500 

John  A  Byrne^ 

do 

do 

600       . 

GOO 

Thos  C  Burke, 

do 

do 

450 

450    '. 

'      J  D  RuggH 

do 

do 

760 

750 

Obas  Huggins, 

do 

do 

205 

205 

< 

Johh  Wiilana. 

do 

do 

200 

200 

John  N  6beehan» 

do 

do 

200 

200 

Henry  Quarlea, 

do 

do 

895 

885 

La  Fayette  8inith| 

do 

do 

500 

600 

Carl  Habich, 

do 

do 

1050 

1050 

R  W.  Laosittg, 

do 

do 

250 

250 

TmiVXBSnT  VUHD. 

J  L  Marsh,  for  publishing, 

8  05 

sok 

Calkins  &  Proudfi^  printing, 

40 

• 

40 

Ira  B  Bronson,  appraising, 

16 

15 

Hnid  <b  Johnson,  publishing, 

8  66 

8  8» 

Weed  &  Eberhard,  hknk  booki^ 

041 

, 

vtnYsatarr  vdhd  vsoaiaL 

Henry  Wright,  fUtAng, 

189 

188 

* 

f 


43 


'  SX  l'K|l  Dtr  0BE3. 

A  complete  statement  of  the  expenditures,  (hx  account  of  atl  of 
tl^e  fuBde  of  the  State,  for  the  iiscal  year  1855,  has  beea  eihibited 
under  the  heads  of  the  several  funds. 

Herewith, marked  ^^C",  is  a  detailed  estimate  of  the  expenditure, 
iD'be  defrayed  from  the  Treasnry  on  account  of  the  General  Fund 
fer  the  enening  year,  specifying  each  object  thereof,  and  showing 
Wch  for  the  payment  of  which  provision  is  already  made,  and 
tech  as  require  legislative  appropriation  at  the  coming  sessions 
«taoiinting  in  the  aggregite  to  the  sum  of  |374,0U.60,  wliidi 
imay  be  embraced  under  the  following  liead^,  to  wit: 

Salaries,  $34,150  00 

Permanent  Appropriations,  8,100  00 

Legislative  ExpenseSi  29,463  50 

Uiscellaneous,  94,682  50 

Sundries,  107,649  50 

$274,014  dO 

SSYENTJI8. 

The  means  from  which  the  expenditures  or  liabilities  of  the 
State  are  to  be  defrayed,  or  rath#r  the  resources  applicable  for 
that  purpose  for  the  ensuing  year,  are  as  follows : 

State  tax  of  1855,  $350,000  6b 

Bank  tax  of  1S55,— estimated,  30,000  00 

Bailroad  tax                 do  10,000  00 

Plank  road                   do  1,000  00 

6*aitB,                             do  2,000  00 

Hawkers  and  Pedlers'  License8,--estimat6d,  1,500  00 

Arrearages  due  from  BaokSi  1,170  60 
Arrearages  due  from  counties,  as  per  atatexneut 

herewith,  marked  '*B;*  12,796  09  . 
Arrearages  due  from  clerks  of  coiirt|..aa  per 

atatement  herewith,  marked  ^*A,''  1,730  86 


Amonnt  due  from  clerks  of  court  not  as  yet  re- 
ported,—estimated,               *  1,000  00 
'    Iowa  cotxTity  orders,  800  00 
•     Oanal  land  Mortgages,  1,000  00  ' 

$413,476  64 

f     -      •  ' 

By  reference  to  the  estimated  expenses  of  the  State  for  the  yeir 
1856,  as  above  giren,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  estimated  resources 
•exceed  the  expenses  in  the  »xim  pf  $133,132  04,  and  that  if  thea# 
^estimates  approximate  to  correctness,  that  sum  will  be  in  th^ 
General  Fund  of  the  Treasury  on  the  81st  day  of  December  nex^ 
It,  however,  is  1;^at  proper  to  remark,  th  at  the  Secretary  of  Sta^ 
has  not  the  means  of  knowing  with  exactness  all  the  claims  upon 
the  Treasury  which  may  be  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  legisla- 
ture, nor  what  amounts  may  b6  ordered  by  acts  of  appropriation 
to  be  paid  upon* them.  The  proper  legislative  committee,  at  the 
close  of  the  session,  having  before  them  the  appropriations  there- 
of,  together  with  the  statement  herewith  submitted  of  expenses 
permanently  provided  for  by  appropriation,  and  the  estimate  of 
other  expenses,  can  readily  make  the  calculations  of  the  amount 
necessary  to  be  raised  by  State  tax  during  the  ensuing  year. 


In  conformity  with  the  4th  section  of  the  Chapter  of  the  Be- 
vised  Statutes,  heretofore  referred  to,  tha  Secretary  of  State,  in 
connection  with  his  report  as  Auditor,  reports  the  following  mat- 
ters pertaijoing  to  his  office,  not  embraced  in  his  report  as  auditor, 
as  he  deems  proper  to  be  submitted  for  the  information  and  ac^oa 

of  the  Legislature. 

.  •  -  •   - 

V  ,       .       .  EQUALIZATION   OF  STATU  TAX.  ^ 

The  State  Board  of  Squaiieation  met  at  the  office  of  the  Se6t«- 
tary  of  State,  in  pursuance  of  the  4th  section  of  chapter  73  of  the 
general  laws  of  18B4,  on  the  8d  Monda:y,  the  17th  day  of  Septem- 


46 

<  Proaeiit*->TbeGk>T0niGnf\  LieiiteiiAiilQoYeinor,  Storetarj  ^SM^^ 
Ajsietamt  Treatimri  Attorney  General  and  Bank  OomptroUer; 

'  On  the  18th  an  equalization  -  was  agreed  npon,  'which  is  here* 
with  presented  in  tabular  foraiy  marked  ^'  S."    Suitable  blanki ' 
haTing  l^een  prepared  at  an  early  dayj  and  leaned  from  thie  oflElee ' 
to  fhe  aerend  county  derhg,  to  aid  them  m  making  reports  eor* ' 
leapooidiDg  to  tiie  act  of  1814,  the  returne  from  the  eaanties  were 
nniunaOy  full  and  accurate.  - 

XLE0TI0K3. 

^During  the  j^ar  elections,  have  been  held  ia  the  State  as  foUowp : 

\Ajpril  Zd-  For  AjseooiiitQ  Juetic*  of  the  Supreme  Oonrt,  result*  > 
isg  in  the  choice  of  ObsIkus  Ooul 

May  Isi^For  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  for  the  10th  Judicial 
Circuit,  by  yiitoe  ot  Chapter  41  of  the  general  laws  of  1855,  which 
resnited  in  tl^e  elation  oi  Stephen  JJ.  CornoK. 

^H^ovember  6^A^Generftl  Election  for  gtate  Officere,  at  which  the* 
following  pereoufl  were,  elected,  tp,  wit :  ... 

WiLUAu  A*  .BijBfow;  iGoTcrner ;  ' 

(        Abtbob  FtMd AjerduQ,  Lieutenant  Goyembr ;    . 

IXa.yii>  yfi  JoK^  jS«oretary  of  State;  • 

CoABJusa  KvUaSy  -State  Treasurer ;       ' 
,    ,    WxLUAjf  'SL  Swxai  Attoirney  TJeneral ; 
I     .Aw  C^ocaTiutTrKE  BijKEx,  State  Sut>erintendent;  *       . 

WiLLiAH  M.  Dennis,  B(itk  Comptrollei;  '  v  >     ^^  i 

..    IgnwAED  McQj^jy  State  Prison  Commisaioijer. 

At  the  same  election  the  county  of  Adams  was  divided  by  a '. 
mji^oiity  of  the  rot4^  eaat.  ^n-  that  county  at  iduoh' election,  the  . 
TG^e  being  653  ^or  division. ajid  M9  against  div^ieion;  aiid'that  I 
portion  of .  said'  co^ty  lyi Ag  wedl  of  tho;  mbiU:  ehannel  of  the  Wk-  ^ 
coi^  river;  was  setoffranjbo  a  separate  county,  to  be^knowa  as  the  ;: 
county  of  ^\  Juneau^"  lay  yitftae^  of  cbaptes  28iof  the  general  laws  ' 
or^855,'  JjBfpeilal^Y^  ao^iofi  .will  at  once,  be  required ito  provide  -' 


4«- 

.^SkB^proprittf-vt  providing  for  tltti  pliSIItiaCicMf  'df  ^he  cTeeti4ii 
laws  in  pamphlet  form,  and  fi^rthe  pi^pafation  6f  b!*tik' fornix  for- 
tli|9^giiid4n((e  of  iiiipcQtorB  oo4  clerks  i»f  olectLopy  wfta  submitted  to 
tUe  jtifgtdlaturein  the  last  annual  report  from  tliis  office,  and  jonnai'' 
toDtiuiU  id  reapeotfullj  tailed  to  tbesametiihjeet;  as  manj  irrega^ 
lantiea  and  in^rnaalitica  oeeor  atev^y  eleetioD)  which  mi^t  W 
ayqid^d  w:ere  sacb  provision  made,  and  as  the  expense  would'  b» 
inconsiderablo  in  view  of  the  order,  regularity  aod  cortaiDlj  ia 
conducting  and  making  returns  of  election,  which  would  thus  ia 
a  great  degree  be  insured. 

The  preparation  fur  such  a  pnbHcatioa  could  be  easilj  m'ade  in 
this  office,  and  the  pi^mphkts  cootaining  the  matter  suggested)  dift^ 
tributed  to  the  several  towns  and  wards  of  the  Slate. 

■    > 

.  >  OKI980& 

By  "  An  act  to  provide  for  taking  a  census  or  enumeration  bf 
the  people  of  this  State,"  approved  March  31,  1865,  the  town 
clerks  were  required  to  perform  that  doty,  and  make  report 
through  the  several  county  derks.  This  has  been  geneiratlj  com- 
plied with.  The  elerks  of  the  oonntiea  of  Adams  and  Bodget 
howeyer,  have  failed  to  transmit  to  this  office  the  duplicate  re- 
quired by  section  5  of  the  act,  and  no  returns  whatever  hare  been 
received  from  the  county  of  Eewauuee,  and  two  or  three^l^^wns  in 
other  counties.  A  transcript  of  the  retarns  of  the  county -clerka 
is  herewhh  presented,  marked  ^*  F." 

Owing  to  the  insufficiency  of  the  compensation  allowed  clerks^ 
it  18  believed  that  in  most  cases  they  have  failed  to  return  tha^ 
full  number  of  inhabitanfe  in  their  towns,  especially  in  the  sparse- 
ly .Mttled  portions  of  the  State,  and  that  the  footing  of  the  figarea. 
is  at  least  iifcy  thousand  less  than  the  real  number  of  inhabitant ; 
and  if  so,  the  total  population  of  the  State,  on  the  first  day  of  June 
laat,  amounted  to  over  600,000.  Allowing,  however,  the  retam|L 
to  be  correct,  tbey  nevertheless  indicate  the  State  to  be  in  the 
moat  flattering  and  prosperous  conditibni  inoreaaiiig  ateadily  toA:' 


4T 

npidlj  in  population,  as  will  be  teen  from  tli6  footings  of  tk^ 
several  enumerations  that  have  bee^  made  within  iU  borders* 


1820, 

- 

V                                  tt 

1,444. 

1830,     - 

• 

m 

-      8,245. 

1834, 

- 

ff,4oa 

1S36,     - 

• 

9                                        A 

- 

-    11,683. 

1838, 

- 

18,130. 

1840,      . 

• 

• 

•    80,a45. 

1842, 

- 

44,478. 

1846,      . 

» 

• 

-  l«5,2Tr. 

.1847, 

• 

• 

210,546. 

1850,      - 

- 

- 

-  805,066. 

•1855, 

- 

552,891. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  sti^ement  tipat  tbe  increase  daring  die 
five  jears  ending  on  the  first  daj  of  Jinae  last,  was  about  8tt  per 
cent.  In  fact,  howeTor,  it  was  nearly,  if  not  quite,  one  hnndred 
per  cent.  A  table  is  appended,  marked  ^'  G,"  cpmpariiig  the  differ- 
ent dasAificatioDs  of  the  ennmeratioDS  of  1850  and  1855^  compiled 
bj  Dr.  Hunt,  Assistant  Secretarj.  of  3|tate,  upon  a  carefel  ezamin* 
ation  of  the  records.  A  Yolome  of  statistics  will  shortly  be  issned 
from  the  press^  prepared  by  that  gentlemani,  which  I  doubt  not 
will  prove  to  be  a  valuable  work  for  information  and  refisneiice. 
The  section  fixing  the  compensation  of  clerks  is  sabjeet  to  n)^ek 
misconstruction,  and  althongh  it  provide  that  the  aoconntS'  shall 
be  certified  and  paid  out  of  the  TiDqssury,  no  appropriation  was 
made  for  the  purppse. 

Thise  accounts  will  beli|ld,^or^  you  in  a  separate  and dis* 
tinct  report,  at  an  early  day  of  your  session,  and.  it  is  hoped  tliat 
an  appropriation  from  the  Treasury  will  at  once  be  made  for  their 
payment  I  would  respeetfaHy  suggest,  that  the  legislature  take 
into  eansideration  ike  pmi^riety  of  i&oreasing  the  compeasatieQ 
ibed  in  the  ad^ 

The  fttten^iqn  of  fhe  iL^sl^itnre  is^  .^1«o  nt^ifnMj  <^f d,  to  ^, 


confiiderfition,  as  I  deem  them  to,  be  of  great  impbrtanoei  and 
the  evils  complained  of  are  stiHon  the  increase. 

INSUBAKOB  OOMPAKIBB. 

^An  act  to  provide  for  the  incorporation  of  Insurance  Oompa- 
nies/  approved  February  9,  looO,  requires,  in  section  7,  tijat  any 
compady  incorporated  by  other  States,  before  taking  risks  or  trans* 
acting  any  bnsiiiess  of  insnrance  in  this  State,  shall  file  a  statement 
with  the  Secretary  of  State,  under  oath  of  the  President  and. Sec- 
retary-of  the  company,  showing  the  amount  of  its  capital,  the 
manner,  in  detail,  of  its  investmesntj  and  whether  such  capita^  is 
unpaid  or  not,  and  if  unpaid,  how  much  ;  and  if  there  is  satisiac- 
tory  evidence  of  the  solvency  of  the  company,  then  a  certificate 
of  cabtixority  ia  to  be  is^^d  fr6m  this  office,  to  the  agent  filibg  the 
statement,  to  tak«  risks.  A  like  statement  is  to  be  filed  annuaHy,' 
and  a  like  certificate  of  license  to  be  procured,  in  the  month  of 
January  of  ea^  year. 

These  provisions  have  been  almost  entirely  disregarded,  and  Ip- 
Buranoas  Companies,  or^&nized'uibder  the  laws  of  other  States,  are 
daily  issuing  policies  in  this  State,  without  authority  of  law. 

The  subject;  is  one  wMch  seems  to  demand  the  attention  of  the 
Legislature,  and  the  passage  of  an  act  amendatoi^  of  tilie  act  of 
1850^  providing  more  stringent  regulations  and  also  suitable  pen- 
alties for  the  government  of  the  business  of  insurance,  so  far  as  it 
relaJtes  to  foreign  companies.  There  may  be  also  farther  provision 
required  for  the  regulation  of  Insurance  companies  organized  in 
our  own  State,  and  the  whole  subject  is  snggested  as  proper  for 
your  consideratidn.*' 

^^BBQIBmAnOK  OW  HABKUfi». 

^e  act  upon*  the  above  subject,  approved  in  1653,  is  a  dead  let- 
ter ;  and  it  might  be  well  for  the  Legislature  to  consider  whether 
it  should  not  be  repealed.    The  registration  provided  for  by  thia. 
act^  might  be  just  ds  well  kept  in  the  county  office,  and  there  doea . 
not  seem  to  be  i&ny  necessity  for  encumbering  the  files  of  this  office 


4t 

with  Ibe  great  nnmber  of  doenroentt  which  would  tnniiillj  toe^ 
malatei  were  tliere  a  ttrict  conformity  to  the  acU'' 


In  taking  leaye  of  the  office  which  I  hare  had  in  tniat  for  the 
last  tvro  jears,  I  take  occasion  to  roqnest  that  an  examination 
he  bad  of  the  manner  in  which  ita  dutiea  have  heen  diacbargedi 
beliering  that  investigation  will  show  no  intentional  neglect  of 
dutj  on  mj  part,  bnt  afford  evidence  of  a  conatant  desire  to  serve 
the  public,  to  the  best  of  mj  ability. 

ALEXANDER  T.  GRAY, 

Secretary  of  StaU. 


«       I  •  • 


...  J.*/ 

t    • 


: .  1 1 »       I 


•1 


APPENDII. 


/I 


ll 


«l 


r.  i 


\    V.' 


* 


t 


«JL, 


Jl&serad  q^  Btda^  dm  from  '^i$  ^  CGroid  06mrt$. 


A  P  Ajers, 
/ohn  Last, 
W  C  McMichael, 
Henry  Merrill, 
H  Baldwin, 
J  Arnold, 
Chas  Gruntiiag, . 
Henry  Modlin, 
A  W  Delany, 
B  K  Yaughan, 
O  B  Tbomas, 
Wm  M  DeoniSf 
IR  W  Kendan, 
If  Phelps, 

i  Hatcbinson, 
IBentj  F  Pelton, 
W  H  Besly, 
0  F  Dana, 
B  G  Bugh, 
R  Looncy, 
D  W  Kyle, 
Jobn  K  Williamfl| 
P  P  Smith, 


0.  C.  Ooa^iM. 
do 
do 

do     . 
do 
do 

d* 

do       . 
d«       . 
do 
do 

do  ': 

do 

do 
do 

do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


AdMBO, 

Browji« 

Bad  As, 

Oolumbii^ 

Crawford^ 

Golambaay 

Calttme|^ 

do 
ColmnDaay 

do 
Crawford*  . 
Dodge. 

Grant, 

• 

Green, 
Iowa, 
Jefferson, 
Jefferson, 
Kenosha, 
La  Fayette, 
La  Crosse, 
La  Fayette* 
La.  Fayette, 
Ifanitowoo, 


U   ' 

•       > 

>.  ■ 

47 

•.  ■.. 
M    . 

•/ 
8ft 

««. 

ist 

118 

15 
18 
44 
33 

109 

4 

10 


JDHavei^ 

a  C.  CMiia, 

uarKp^m, 

•* 

W  JollllMBy 

do 

do 

i 

HK  White, 

do 

Idvnbcw 

lit 

CSias  A  Beftter, 

do 

Mxahovoc. 

T 

D  Deraa J, 

do 

Marqaer^ 

n 

MKiman, 

do 

MOva^ee, 

IS 

LJTowfler, 

do 

OzukR. 

f9  £S 

do 

do 

4 

G  W  MitebeD, 

do 

• 

PortaiS«, 

S 

J  G  Parker, 

do' 

Bacme, 

t3 

Ghu  R  Hollenback^ 

do 

Bock. 

2> 

David  F  Kimball, 

do 

Bock. 

S 

BAKnigbt,        .    . 

.  *»    , 

Baditf, 

4 

La  Fayette  Parker, 

1 

do 

do 

f4 

A  B  Slaughter, 

do 

Bichlacd. 

5 

Cd^ellviil^; 

1 

do 

do 

s  . 

Joseph  Bowrtm'/ 

do        . 

Sc  Croix. 

61 

CItKrigbt,' 

do 

do 

fO 

R  #  Clement, 

do    -, 

SKok, 

f 

JohY^Bear, 

do 

Suk. 

4 

H^odge, 

do 

St  Croix, 

8 

Ge6  llertons. 

do 

8nk. 

1 

A  k  Edward^      ' 

do  '■; 

Sbebojgan. 

18  M 

J  Qnhitiis, 

do 

do 

17 

Wm  ti  Pettit, 

do 

Walworth, 

100 

HeJirj  Cousins, 

do 

do 

10 

G  9  Gill, 

do 

Wauharai 

10 

BBl^aldwtB, 

do 

Winnebago, 

1 

125 

Total, 


l,7tO  36 


•  J 


■ 


^ 


f}^  i   f«  , 


»  •  ^^ 

Abttroctof  AmarQg$9  dm  from  ObmiitM,  x)f0Milir  81|  1856,, 

Adai*  Oountj,                                  ""  ''  |9 '  ^^ 

Bad  Ax  do                                     ''<'  "     '9t'9Af 

Brown  do  ,  ^3 

CUnmet  do  29  10 

Chippewa  do  682  50 

Clarke  do  185  11 

Crawford  do  14 

Dane  do  8S  77 

Dodge  do  SOD 

Door  do  87  50 

DoQglaa  '  do  17  50 

Dnnn  do  175 

Grant  db  '  41 

Oreen  do  84 

Iowa  do  14  53 

Jefferson  do  28 

Kewanne  do  707  It 

Eenoaba  do  29 

La  Crosse  do  965  14 

La  Fayette  do  941  11 

LaPointe  do  42  98 

do  613  37 


Harathon  do  1»066  88 

Ifilwankee  do  845  39 

Ooonto  do  378  17 

m 

Oatagamie  do  1,976  78 

Pierce  do  245  14 

Polk  do  367  60 

Portage  do  1,218  72 

Badne  do  53 

St  Oroiz  do  ),408  67 

Saak  do  889  13 


OlAWWIO 

Sbeboygiiii 

Walwortli 

Wtthtpgtoii 

Waapadsa 

WAmkam 

IMttMbago 


do 
do 

d^ 

da 
do 

do 


13^ 
97 

14 

07^  at 

M 


■  I 


i  »   . 


..r 


.'  <  > 


Mr 


I. 


Ooyernor, 

•  MM 

Private  Se«peUr]r, 

4,00f 

Secretary  of  State» 

l»fOO 

itWBlant  SoweUrjy 

1,000 

Blate  Treasurer, 

800 

Assufcant  Treasurer, 

1,000 

Attomej  €k&«rd. 

800 

State  Soperinteiident, 

X/fM 

Assistaut  Stcp^rintendeni^ 

800 

Bank  Comptroller, 

t,«00 

Deputy  CXmiptroller, 

1,000 

Librarian, 

'    1.^ 

Three  Ju^lie^  of  tbe  Supreme  Cottrl» 

f,000 

Ten  Judges  bf  the  Circuit  Courts 

15,000 

Adjutant  €knera1, 

500 

ll.   FXRMAKSVT  AFPXOPBXATtOIfS. 

Geological  Sarvey,  92,500 

State  Historical  Society,  1,000 

Supreme  Court  Reporter,  I^OOO 

State  Agriculturiirl  Society,  3,000 

Travelling  Expenses  of  Statci  Saj»erijiteudtBtg       000 


III.   LXOISLATITB  KXPXVSIS. 

Chief  Clerks,  •  9,tOO 

Mileage,  1,950 

Per  diem  107  Members,  50  days,  13,375 

President  of  the  Senate,  toO 
8 


$84,150 


«)),10O 


58 

Speaker  A  Speaker  pro  Um.  of  Aaaemblj  eztra^  tOO 

President j}ro  tetfk  of  the  Senate,  lit  00 

Serg'nt-at- Arms  Senate  &  Ass'bly  2,  each  1 1 50,  300 

Assistant  Sergeant-at  Arms,  t,     "      126,  250 

Messengers,  4,     '*        15,  300 


».i{i-.<.        '  ...      '    '   »  i 


The  jfttyment  of  the  foregoing  it  provided  for 

by  permanent  appropriatioiis.  > 
Postage,  ^stimaftd,  3,000 

Printing  'do  4,000 

Stationer/'      do        for  next  Legislature.  2,500 


IT.   MI6CXLLAKX0US. 

I  I  • 

I 

Stationery  (for  offices,  I  3,500 

Contingent  eq^enses  and  repairs,  10,000 

Postage  of  offices,  1,500 

Institute  for  tibtt  Blind,  8,000 

Institute  fpr  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  5,000 

State  Priapn  building  and  expenses,  26,000 

Interest  on  6t«^  Loan,  7,500 

Fire  -wooi,  1,350 


119,037  5^ 


|80,4fl2  50 


■I  •  "• 


S62,850 
Estimate  marked J'D,**  31,832  60 


S94,682  50 


T.   SUHDRIBS. 

Amount  due  individuals  subject  now  to  pay-^ 

ment,  •94,003  12 

Over  payihents  by'State  Treasurer,  13,646  38 

107,649  60 


1 


nb 


t «. 


"D.". 


t 


Adaate  of  ihs  Sirpenset  ^  the  SfaH  fdtr  thi  yekr  185«,  /or  ^  paymnU 

of  vMch  no  ^pr0m\im  m  rrmd9.    . 


County  aftd  Town  Clerks, 'for  Utiqg  alul*  ' 


making  return  of  the  Census, 
Tibbitts  &  Gordon,  merchandize,     !    • 
S  K  Fox,  do  ' 

Gleason  <b  Memhard,     do 
Bof d  <&  Ledyard,  do     i     • 

P  J  Blair,  '  do'    i     *     . 

Bradford  Bros.,  do 

Donaldson  &  Tread w^y,  do    ■     ■    « 
Gas  Pipe,  Posts  and  Fixtures, 
Lurton  and  Surcomb,  Iron  Kailing,> 
Calkins  k  Proudfit,  ialance  of  ]?rinting, 
J  F  Barcbard,  Furniture,       ' 
Billings  k  Carman,  Iron  Work,. 
Btationery  bills,  unpaid. 
Laborers,  balance  due,  \ 

Wm  Pynebeon,  Teaming, 
Clerk  Hire,  balance  due, 
Memhard  k  Williams,  Painting, 
D  H  Wright,  Carpentmng, 
tfears  4  Kpley,  Lumber, 


9  9,000  . 

'  4301  OS  B 
92  26  : 
1,30S  04 

63  59  ^ 
.   72  SO  ' 

no 

3,800- 
j 1,000 
10,000 
OfiO^ 

1,050 

I  aoo 

475 

.  100 

;  i,odo 

260 

250 

t  200 

S^l,882  50 


-} 


»• 


I 


ft  < 


rJ 


W  I 


3  „  «  tt'S 


1 
1 

1 
i 

"""  "— 2-aa  --aaS 

1 

- 

1 

l5i'l:lli||;lii|s 

S  JS.S» 

si  is  I 


Isisiilinilgiisi 

IS^SI  :§iisS  iS  till 


11 

■i 

S8|saa  :88§|  ■S'las 

1 

i 
1 
1 

1 

1 

Pisa  iisiss  iS  iiii 
sis^i  jspii  i=  i||g 

ii 
Si 

B 

SSS4igSSss«*SS8g8 

1 

£S«-^=  :JJ;**  ij  :^^^' 

i'5 

1 

liiijlilliiiljlii 

<cy.w 


Oensna  or  enameration  of  the  people  of  the  State'of  Wieoonsia, 
en  the  first  day  of  Janei  1855/  as  taken^bjkthe  towi;i  and  citj- 
derka  in  the  seyeral  counties  thereof,  and  returned  by  the  Glerks 
of  the  Boards  of  Superrisors  to  the  Secretary  of  ^tate,  in  puiaoaoce 
of  an  act  entitled  '^  An  act  to  provide  for  taking  a  cenius  or  enu- 
meration of  the  people  of  this  State;"  approred  March  81 ,  1855. 


I 
1 1 


^ENUMERATION  of  iha  InhaUtanU  of  the  several  Counties 
in  the  State  of  Wiecansin  on  the  first  day  of  Jane^  1855,  a$ 
taken  hy  the  Clty^  Town  and  ViUa^e  Clerks  therein^  inputs 
snance  of  an  Act  approved  March  21, 1S55. 


T^ 


VPllBljff 


AOAMt.  .  . 


Bad  Az. 


♦  »       *    »     »< . 


I)ig  Spring..., 

\\9>-X*f, 

Dell  Pmiria.. 
Gmtitl  >1an«h.. 
Ofrinniituwii  . 

JacmiuD 

L«fii<  111  weir.., 

Liiidiim , 

Linden , 

Lisbon..... ., 

Nccei!nb , 

Ply  mouth . . . , 

Qiiinovy 

Siiringv'ine.. . , 
W«ucvd«b.,... 


Bad  Ax 

I^rgen 

Uilii»bonHtgh  .. 

Ji^erMin 

Kick*ip«io , 

Viruqua 


S33 

136 
2^ 
3,^3 
119 
148 
479 
493 
180 
303 
331 
16H 
193 
1H4 
183 


3J41 


616 
243 
173 
340 
2:n 

^L 
'3,548 


F. 

.1 

213 

136 

193 

303 

! 

9B 

139 

373 

416 

140 

238 

»3 

154 

166 

149 

153 

3.123 

3 

513 

237 

133 

316 

190 

88H 

r> 

2,367 

* 

r« 

F. 


2 


445 
272 
416 
C88 
217 
287 
852 
90S 
320 
531 
5H4 
332 
358 
333 
335 


6,bbb 


1129 
4(^9 
305 
656 
427 

1837_ 

4,833 


s 

a. 


1' 


-try 

I' 

Ill; 


I  1 


1 


90 
23 
96 

123 
36 
13 

127 

136 
90 
C6 

238 
35 
50 
79 

106 

1.227 


141 

175 
23 

2U 
40 

410 

1,030 


«.j 


65 


'( 

I 

Toim 

AaOBEOiTI  PoPU^ATIOtf. 

i 

o 

• 

1 

PQ 
1 

'  a 

1 

1 

1 

Oonntj. 

White. 

Colored. 

PQ 
& 

M. 

F. 

M. 

• 

P. 

2 

Blows 

Depere 

583 

4R8 

1073 

446 

Green  Bay,  City 

632 

805 

4 

3 

1644 

m 

669 

Green  Bay 

758 

663 

m 

m 

1423 

« 

839 

HoIUnd 

153 

113 

m 

m 

265 

.   1     - 

246 

Howard 

659 

575 

1 

m 

1S35 

1 

45J 

Lawrence 

237 

197 

■ 

m 

424 

• 

1 

69 

Morriaon 

New  Denmark. 

46 

35 

• 

■ 

81 

• 

99 

108 

101 

• 

« 

209 

* 

166 

Pitiafied 

109 

87 

* 

* 

196 

m 

36 

VVrighUtown... 

78 

71 

• 

5 

• 

5 

149 

3 

1 

• 

3 

19 

3,552 

3.137 

0,699 

9^51 

BoiVALO 

Belvidere 

98 

55 

• 

153 

• 

• 

IIT 

t 

Buffalo 

416 

263 

• 

• 

670 

1 
1 

■ 

. 

457 

514 

318 

832 

574 

Calwcit. 

Charleston 

188 

204 

1         • 

• 

392 

• 

^ 

89 

Lima 

171 

123 

1 

1 

301 

157 

Mnocbcster .... 

354 

352 

« 

. 

706 

2 

1 

23 

Portland 

31)6 

311 

4 

2 

713 

. 

m 

198 

t 

New  Holstoiu.. 

405 

369 

^ 

^ 

774 

. 

. 

630 

Stockbridge . . . 

239 

264 

42 

44 

589 

• 

• 

75 

WoodviUo 

80 

76 
1,104 
1 

- 

ir.G 

3.631 

2 

• 

1 

58 

1.833 

^'' 

47 

1,223 

CmppiwA,.. 

Chippewa 

5G3 

251 

6 

18 

838 

-  ■ 

• 

m 

287 

Olakk 

Pine  Valley  ... 

153 

69 

2 

8 

232 

- 

- 

38 

CoLlMKAi.. 

Arlmg^.n 

207 

182 

389 

t 

m 

HI 

Caledonia . 

341 

295 

1 

637 

1 

354 

Columbns 

865 

755 

1620 

334 

Cortland 

385 

390 

^ 

776 

. 

284 

Dekom  .^ 

453 

440 

893 

186 

Ft.  Winnobnpfo.- 

427 

366 

. 

794 

301 

Poont'n  Prairie 

453 

496 

' 

819 

113 

Hampden . 

420 

300 

, 

720 

295 

Leeda 

349 
406 

330 
370 

679 
776 

269 

Lewiaton 

360 

Lodi 

464 
372 

492  1 
322 

886 
694 

, 

104 

Lowrille 

160 

Maroellen 

424 

378 

2 

805 

89 

Newport 

321 

264 

585 

3 

955 

Ot«««) 

Pacific..-,  >«.. 

485 

456 

t 

941 

368 

101 

84 

185 

SO 

PbrtageClty,.- 

1075 

978 

6 

a 

9069 

4 

788 

9 


60 


Ooaotjr. 


OeAword. 


Daxb. 


Town. 


Randolph  . 
Scott . . ... 
Springrale 
VVestpoint 
WjQCeDa.. 


AoaftEQATi  Population.! 


Wbxlo. 


M. 


Eastman 

Highland 

MHrietta. 

Prairie  du  Chien 
Ulica 


Albion 

Berry 

Black  Karth.^ 
Blooming  Qrove 
Biuo  M'lundtt.. 

Bristol 

Burke 

Christinnn 

CottHge  Grove . 
Cro<4  Plains... 

Dane 

Duer  field 

Dunkirk 

Dunn 

Fitch  hurgb 

.Madison 

Marlison  Village 

Medina 

Midilleton 

Montrose 

Oregon 

Pvrry 

Pleasant  Spring 

Pnrnrose 

RoxbuiT 

Rutland 

Spriegflale ... 
Springfield ... . 
Sun  Prairie... 

Verona 

Vienna 

Westport..... 

iWindsor 

JTork 


433 
347 
350 
260 
520 


9,450 


395 

233 
173 
815 
253 


1,769 


516 
373 
566 
297 
C62 
4:0 
4G0 
750 
614 
447 
358 
4:24 
827 
355 
525 
381 
4901 
439 
623 
463 
503 
251 
616 
348 
601 
536 
364 
449 
558 
405 
220 
987 
418 
499 

90,509 


F. 


377 
329 
313 

227 
496 


1,528 


504 
311 
407 
259 
550 
437 
359 
666 
551 
374 
300 
396 
719 
358 
404 
254 
3748 
422 
48S 
380 
457 
216 
554 
276 
506 
461 
321 
383 
513 
383 
171 
245 
350 
446 

17163 


Colored. 


M. 


8,500  10 


240 
20d 
139 
678 
263 


8 


24 


F. 


13 


13 


< 

O 
H 


802 
676 
663 

487 
1016_ 

17^965 


535 
441 
312 
1519 
516 

3,323 


1020 
684 
967 
556 

1212 
907 
819 

1416 

1165 
821 
658 
820 
8  1562 
713 
930 
635 

8664 
861 

1113 
843 
960 
467 

1170 
624 

1107 

1007 
685 
833 

1071 
788 
391 
532 
768 

__  JUL 
18  37,714 


p 

Q 

s 


.5 


3 

o 


6 


I 
1 


2 
1 


1 
I 


1 

i 
T 

2 

» 

3 


2 
2 


9 
1 

* 

9 
3 
1 


239 
907 
980 
91 
135 

5,336 


143 

19 

14 

400 

139 


9 


90 


701 


928 
519 
439 
955 
751 
304 
214 
785 
409 
459 
914 
469 

sn 

946 
134 
305 
9845 
901 
479 
161 
99 
336 
677 
SOD 
508 
167 
306 
340 
151 
919 
167 
990 
311 
180 

1^767 


67 


'AoaaKOATB  Population*. 

1 

4 

Oottnty. 

ToWD. 

White. 

Colurcd. 

-tj 
H 
O 

1 

-6 

a 

s 

3 

d 

e 

a 

0 

1 

i 

M. 

F. 

M. 

F. 

Doiras 

ABhippOD 

734 

686 

1420 

486 

Heaver  Dam.... 

1630 

1373 

3003 

] 

L         337 

Burnett 

562 

456 

1 

1019 

344 

Enirnett 

649 

527 

1176 

■ 

569 

Caiainua 

396 

338 

734 

3 

\ 

371 

he-ter. 

746 

612 

3 

1 

1362 

4 

376 

Civilian 

674 

520 

1 

1095 

2        486 

Ell)i 

690 

595 

12d5 

] 

I         386 

1 

Fox  Lnke 

959 

827 

17e6 

« 

560 

1 

Hustblbrd 

571 

435 

•      a 

1U06 

2 

• 

433 

Herman 

835 

707 

1542. 

3  1      967 

UuWiarxi 

lOU 

899 

4 

5 

1919 

] 

I         647 

LelianoD^ 

675 

657 

1332 

863 

Liiirel) 

Leniy 

Lc»mira  ...^... 

664 
473 
620 

595 
406 
500 

1 

1260 

879 

1120 

318 

308 
484 

OakGrovtt.I... 

Portland 

l«ubicon  .^.... 

Shields 

Tiiorefti 

Treuton 

Water  o»rjCi7^'' 

936 
43n 
807 
563 
925 
850 
1225 

764 
370 
696 
497 
807 
721 

rooi 

6 

3 

1759 
809 
1503 
lOtO 
1732 
1571 
2226 

171 
373 
343 
538 

119a 

491 

1195 

We^tford 

2-^4 

175 

1 

•iOO 

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*  • 

«  • 

130 

Marstun 

751 

679 

1 

m  m 

1434 

•  • 

m  m 

*  • 

155 

Meirimar^ 

267 

252 

«i  • 

m  m 

519 

•  • 

m  m 

m  m 

136 

New  Buffalo... 

705 

559 

1 

•  • 

1265 

•   • 

•  • 

m  m 

117 

■ 

Prairie  du  Sac. 

944 

779 

1 

•   • 

1724 

2 

*  m 

m  m 

929 

R»«?8Kiirg...., 

53^ 

470 

4 

1 

1012 

•  * 

m   m 

40 

Spring  Grove... 

295 

262 

*  • 

*  • 

557 

•  • 

^   . 

^  ^ 

107 

ueatfield 

221 

192 

•  • 

•  • 

413 

•  * 

•   • 

m   m 

89 

Winfield 

168 
7,291 

144 

•  • 

7 

*  • 

1 

312 

•  • 

2 

m    m 
•    • 

•  » 

78 

6,315 

13.614 

2 

3,117 

Sbawaxo..  . . 

Slmwavo 

153 

101 

1 

-- 

254 

•  » 

•  » 

•  « 

80 

8  BEBOTOAV. . 

Abbott 

537 

504 

m  m 

1041 

•  * 

«   • 

•  • 

507 

Green  Bush.... 

537 

481 

a  m 

1018 

m  • 

.    . 

9 

911 

Hermann 

711 

648 

•  « 

1359 

*  • 

•    * 

•  • 

1011 

Holland 

972 

882 

m  « 

1854 

•  • 

1 

1 

1498 

« 

Lima. 

6»0 
641 

614 
599 

-  • 

•  • 

1294 
1240 

1 
1 

2 

1 

%  m 

1 

497 

Lyndon 

903 

Mitchell 

357 

292 

•  • 

649 

1 

•  * 

m  m 

950 

« 

Mo«>IL 

454 

372 

•  • 

826 

1 

■  • 

m  m 

994 

• 

Plymouth 

K>7 

785 

., 

*  • 

1642 

■  • 

m  « 

•  • 

466 

Rhine 

415 

363 

«  • 

778 

m   • 

•  • 

«  * 

S58 

Ruesell 

105 

99 

•  m 

204 

^    ^ 

^  . 

•  • 

197 

• 

Scott 

522 
459 

415 
411 

•   • 

937 
870 

•  • 

•  • 

•  * 

1 

m  m 

1 

165 

Sheboygan.,.. 

539 

• 

Sheboygan  City. 

1854 

1768 

7 

3630 

2 

.  . 

1 

9151 

Sheboygan  Falls 

1202 

nil 

.  • 

2313 

1 

.  _ 

1 

961 

WLlaon 

360 

356 

1 

736 

•  * 

1 

•  • 

5n 

10,683 

9.700 

20,391 

5 

7 

10,956 

TsiMfVLSAV. 

Gale 

95 
193 

60 
145 

205 

•  • 

•  • 

•  • 

*  • 

155 
338 

m  • 

*  * 

•  • 

•  * 

m  m 

91 

Montrille 

30 

288 

493 

•   • 

*  • 

isb 

WALirOEtB.. 

Bloomfield 

659 

552 

*    m 

•H* 

1211 

1 

m  • 

973 

EaatTroy 

741 

684 

m  m 

■   • 

1425 

•  « 

•  • 

1 

308 

Blkhorn 

363 

372 

3 

*   * 

737 

I 

1 

1 

7f 

Darien 

624 

531      ..  1 

•    • 

1155 

8 

. . 

I 

116 

» 

1 

75 


I 

• 

Towa. 

1 

AooaK( 

3AT«  POPVLATMX 

TOTAL. 

a 

s 

Q 
29 

• 

5 

• 

1 

a 

• 

Coantj. 

Wli 

lite 

Colored. 

•1 

M. 

F. 

M. 

2 

1 
F. 

§ 
ta 

Dela^ao 

1010 

922 

1 
1934 

334 

Qeneva  

1078 

1037 

2215 

1 

5 

908 

Hudson 

699 

598 

1297 

. . 

•  • 

«  • 

306 

Lafayette 

La  Orange 

5.v2 
633 

4b7 
543 

1UI9 
1177 

4 

•  • 

*  * 

•  • 

170 
368 

Lino.. ........ 

449 
449 

427 
410 

876 
859  } 

•  • 

1 

•  • 

1 

147 

Richmoud 

304 

Sharon.. 

779 

678 

1455 

•  • 

1 

1 

183 

p^piing  Pratrie..^ 

746 

695 

1441 

•  • 

•  * 

359 

Sugar  Creek.... 

369 

491 

1060 

3 

«     • 

«  « 

216 

TroT 

605 
639 

575 
55S 

IISO 
1197 

1 

•   % 

•  * 

1 

318 

Wafworih 

110 

Whitevater 

1457 

1067 

5 

2224 
22,64)2 

•  • 

"42~ 

•  • 

• " 

406 

12,050 

10,607 

11 

3.889 

▼UUKGTOII. 

AddiaoD. 

939 

819 

1748 

m  m 

m  m 

1148 

iinrton 

551 

514 

1065 

m  m 

1 

445 

Erin .......... 

[    673 
670 

571 
579 

1244 
1219 

2 

1 

•  • 
m  m 

531 

Parmington... . .' 

570 

German  town.... 

1102 

999 

2101 

1 

•  • 

m   m 

1091 

Hartford 

947 

851 

3 

1801 

IB    • 

1 

700 

Jaekaon 

825 

702 

mm       1       «  * 

1527 

2 

1 

703 

KefraakoDi ...... 

356 

308 

665 

m   m 

•  • 

385 

Polk».   

1140 

1011 

2151 

m  m 

s 

„  . 

1337 

Richfield 

940 

803 

1743 

4 

I 

3 

935 

Trenton 

640 

605 

1245 

•  . 

•    m 

•  * 

588 

Wayn**. 

596 

1169 

3 

3 

803 

West  Bend 

636 

554 

3 

4 

1190 

.. 

m  * 

7 
1 

576 

10.005 

b.t<bd 

18,897 

13 

19,860 

WAfnBBJk  •. 

Brookfifld 

1043 

924 

1967 

•  • 

1 

631 

Delafield 

615 

594 

«  m 

1209 

2 

m   m 

477 

Eagle 

646 

536 

^  ^ 

llb3 

1 

m  m 

443 

Oeoeaee 

805 

754 

m  • 

1559 

m    m 

2 

610 

Lisbon 

741 

655 

M    * 

1396 

m  m 

3 

133 

Menominee.... 

946 

864 

.  ^ 

1810 

2 

m  • 

835 

iierton.. 

692 

600 

•  • 

1292 

1 

«  « 

489 

liackwonago.. . 

730 

€58 

*  . 

1366 

1 

2 

383 

Ifuskego 

670 

55G 

.. 

•  « 

1226 

2 

«  m 

564 

New  Berlin.-.. 

877 

W1 

•     •  * 

1684 

3 

#  • 

765 

[)conoraowoc.. 

634 

608 

^  . 

1340 

•  • 

2  1    416 

Oconoraowoc.  V. 

33S 

267 

*  m 

605 

•  • 

•  • 

163 

Ottowa 

507 

434 

3 

3 

947 

•  • 

1 

501 

IPewaakec 

747 

665 

.. 

1412 

•  • 

•  • 

590 

JBamniit 

537 

478 

• 

m  m 

1015 

•  • 

^  ^ 

248 

fATaakesha 

621 

530 

8 

5 

1164 

1 

2 

395 

jWatikesha  FUf- 

895 

897 

12 

14 

1818 

m  m 

1 

581 

Vernon 

536 

461 

■  • 

*  * 

22 

937 

«  m 

15 

3 

239 

1 
1 

19,678 

11.288 

23 

24,012 

16 

9,023 

.»• 


76    ' 


CoQDtj. 


Waupaoca. 


Waushara*.. 


WiMNBOAQO. 


Town. 


i^GQftXGATK  Population. 


White. 


M. 


Caledonia..... 

Dayton ] 

Farmingtoo 

Llnd 

LitUe  Wolf.... 

tfakwB 

RoyaltOD 

St.  Lawrence.. . 
SeanJinavia ... 

Wanpacca 

Weyauwego,... 


A,dams 

ColoiDO..  .  ...  • 

Dakotah 

Leon ».. 

Marion 

Mount  Mor/ifi. 

Oasis 

Ontartp 

Plaiufiield  ...» 

Poysippi 

Saoraaieoto..^ 

Warren 

Wautoma  .... 

Algoma 

Black  Wolf.... 

Clayton 

Menasha 

Menasbi  Viii.. 
Nepeuskum  .. 

N'ekimL 

Neenah 

Orihula 

Omro 

Oshkosh  

Osbkosh  CUi/. 

Poygan 

KuKbft)rd 

Uiica 

Vinland 

WiDcheMcr... 
Wianeconna.. 


42 
244 
220 
340 

43 
233 
105 

94 
220 
388 

2,379 


176 
205 
191 
301 
250 
183 
193 
296 
205 
192 
325 
183 
224 


F. 


2,924 


455 
309 
398 
181 
716 
365 
424 
562 
46 
861 
170 
2821 
207 
653 
434 
561 
310 

Jil 
9,420 


39 
201 
172 
311 

38 
212 

87 

97 
1J3 
286 
422 

2,057 


155 
169 
178 
245 
224 
160 
182 
252 
198 
178 
305 
151 
219 


2.616 


39.> 
243 
377 
159 
548 
319 
373 
500 
3d 
744 
175 
1797 
194 
553 
390 
529 
268 
383 

7^985 


Colored. 


M. 


12 
1 


n3 

< 

o 


81 
445 
392 
6S1 

81 
445 
192 
191 
413 
675 
871 


4,437 


331 

374 
369 
546 
474 
343 
375 
548 
403 
370 
630 
334 
444 


21 


14 


5,341 


850 
552 
775 
361 

1264 
684 
797 

1074 
84 

1605 
345 

4118 

401 

-1207 

824 

1090 
578 
830 

17,439 


us 

8 

o 


a 

n 


2 
1 


.  1 

* 

1 


8 

29 

123 

60 

8 

107 

7 

91 

320 

63 

16 

b32' 


20 

8 

37 

30 

94 

146 

6 

131 

4 

56 

133 

89 

4 

758 


4,359 


1 

AoaUSATB  POFCLATMT). 

I 

I 

'a 

"c 
'i 

"b 

2 

1 

i 

COUNTIES.     -        1 

1 

WUte.          Colarad 
U.          F.       U.    F. 

1 

3,741       3.1231    2     2 

lan 

3,S5» 

1^33 
563 

153 

9,450 

1.769 

30.509 

ia.S41 

455 

SMI 

l.lSl 

13.116 

1^374 

7.769 

8,119 

UTS 

14,278 

(183 

6.523 

2.1T1 

8,593 

se4 

7. 100 
1.081 
1M* 

21.41S 
1.31)1 
1.039 
2,71b 
G,7U 
99 
3C2 
3.321 

10,t  3- 
3013 

16,337 

i.isg 

1391 

153 

lO.fiSS 

2S? 

.  12.050 

10.005 

12(578 

.  9.379 

2,924 

9.420 

3,137     5     5 
318    ..    .. 

1.704    47    17 
E51      C    13 

8.600|   lU     5 

mM  13    1 

17.163   Zi    18 

.15  6731   13    11 

BS4!   ..    .. 

93|     1    .. 

a^si 

Door. 

DouglMa 

256 
24 

0 

PondduLao 

Grant 

Grwn 

1162^ 

10.!-t;4 
705S 
7,012 
4l!0 

12..'iJ0 

% 

S-2    IS 
l;   u 

•IT;  17 
-J   .. 
611    5 

7J4I 
5.649 
2,510 
7,190 

ii 

7,235 

< 

I^^"^"™ 

1  .. 

384 

4533 

ti 

27 

■  : 

2 

900 

La  F«jetla_ 

i ' 

■} 

i 

I 

2; 

;■ 

14 

5,331 

9,210 

Mantbon 

e,HU9!    a 

401 

2  798 

^ 

21.7ril 
l,l(il> 
457 
2,194 
C,35.! 
718 
I?5 
1.-27 

9,700 

a05 

ID.607 
8.8-9 

1(.2>S 

3.057 

9.fiib 

.    7.935 

36 

a 

2 

^ 
'i 

V.i 
6 

2H 

7 

: 

23 
1 

21 

o 

4.ni4 
J  a  1173 

J.720 
547 
.1.I51 

"55S( 

3i,:;ci 

■JillO 
13,014 

■2.U 
23,3;il 

.l'.3 

13.;-'t7 
24,013 
4.137 
5,541 
17,439 

1 

7 
I 

'4 

"b 

'h 

42 
13 
IS 

! 

i 

1,709 

B 

^ 

RnciiiB 

6.D.10 

'■'S, 

10,253 
130 
3,SS9 
9.!^f,0 
a,022 
832 

Bbiwiinaw.., 

l™,Jf«::::::: 

Walworth. :...;. .. 
Wnsbincton 

Waupacca 

IwhneUgo 

4,359 

Total 

396,312 

255,350 

«, 

358 

55t|i451 

19G 

125 

325 

193.730 

78 


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ANNUAL  REPORT 


STATE  TREASURiER, 


av 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


70R  THE  TEAR  18S«. 


m^amm^ammm 


MADISOK: 
>'^  1856.  ■     g^>^ 


TJlOCIil  AkUMfA 


ji.r    iO 


,ii:i!iii;i/>;nir  ;fTAT8 


hr    i^ 


,/lIci,^iV;i',r;7  •iOMrATci 


.ijo'f  ::a.(  {  ''M  r  :Mri 


'      •  u 


:  'A  O  a  1  ( I  A  [f. 


AriiTs  TasAauBEBs  Orwum, 

MADnovy  Wis.,  Deo.  diet,  1855. 

To  the  Legislature :— 

Id  oonformity  with  the  provisions  of  law  contaiaed  in  chapter 
nine  of  the  ^^BoTlsed  Statutes."  I  have  the  honor  to  sabmit  the 
Annual  report  from  this  oflSce,  showing  a  statement  of  the  receipts 
and  disbarsements  of  the  several  funds  of  the  State,  for  the  jok^^ 
eighteen  hundred  and  fifty- five;  adetailed  statement  of  which  will 
be  found  in  the  reports  of  the  Secretary  of  State  and  the  school 
land  Oommiflsioners. 

EDWARD  K.,  JANSSEN, 

State  Treasurer. 


n 


/  '• 


OENEBAL  FUND. 


*^ 


Jan.  to  Julj. 


ram  mmd  iscoin>  qtrAwnaa. 
From  Janoary  lat  t^iufy  ItL  IMS,  incIdATe. 

RECEIPTS. 

Reo'd  State  Rerenue  from  Countj    ' 

Treasurers.  $218,202  H 

^    Bank  Taxes.  1S,948  25 

«    Rail  Road  .Xapc^  5,018  61 

«    Plank  Road   «  878  24 

*    Brtwkv  and  PaiHani  LioeoMf         «1M 
«    Glerk8ofOoiiit1\tir«ionSa{«i«      '  88i 

f  289,91^  24 


DISBURSEMENTS. 

Jan.  to  July.    By  amoant  paid  ou  app^pijatuiQ% 

«        '  Salaiy. ' 
"*         Aodifadi^smittlai 
Overpaid  last  QUtfter, 
Balance  on  hand  oaijM  fonr ard, 


M 


llft.^lS  80 
IS,7U 

99,296  M 
4^549  70 


•S<M10  S4 


PECEIPT3. 

Jvljr.    ReeM  Stat«  Rorenna  from  Conotj  Treuoran, 
**      Baok  Tue% 

*  HawkeiB  and  Padlan  lieeniee^ 

*  Clerk  of  Court  Tiaes  on  Saitf, 

*  Balanoa  on  hand  from  last  qaartVi 


# 
'  t 


.'/'-.    ,' 


7,486  88 

870  84 

850 

U 

4,640  70 

•12,770  00 

DISBUIiSEMENTS, 


Mjr.    B7  amount  paid.pniiDprppfiatioBt^  ^  , 
«         •*          Balary, 

"  .'  .'•«       ,  Aildito8  Aoaoonta^          .    i  .    /i 
Bahnco  on  hand, 

i        *       ' 

4,070  11 

8,081  10 

1^002  81 

870  88 

•                                      t                                    '    * 

'  ;  •     : 

to 

»'•'''.■*.                                                                -                       '1 

fOVCTB  QUlBTKa. 

l'^     ■•  •              RECEIPTS. 

112,770  00 

October.    B«cU  Q^  IRtv^w  fiom  C/oiintr  JTrtMlwl  (1,4*5  68 
"<     BliwkerB  ittd  Podlara  Aiomtt, :     / .  :  t  280 
••  -  Dauk  Taiws  1 0,005 

^ ' "  fihtance  bn  hand  last  Quarter,  870  88 

[To  amount  overpaid  daring  qnartar,  14,210  88 


;  ■    .    • '  1  / 


K    :r, 


©ISBURSBMEN*^, 


MdAiwi  Bj  amount  paid  <f»fl^pfiopnalton% 


•20,847  01 


*• 


(I 


18,010  81 
t,882 
106  40 

184,047  01 


c* 

>I 

s 

V' 

1 

T.\ 

C". 

!-; 

t: 

15 

M.*,? 

SCHOOL  FUND.    .^    '» 


>  V 


TT  e 


RECEIPTS. 


Jn  lo  Jdj.    To  bftlanoe  on  liand^  934,602  It 

'•  Beo6iy«d  oA  Salte,  ^'  '  '  '  '  0,301  65 

•'        •  I^^y,  8»,066  35 

'•        •  Loam,  e,057 

ST  oM.M.?        *  Penalty,  y-.-A  n ■■•••,• -914 M  .nfobO 


01'.  ,;   iii'I 

DISBURSBMENTa 


,   %     ^  .^0  t^^  1'^'^ 

JwloJiiIj.    By  paid  on  Loans,  08^250 

"        Befunded  Sala%  811  80 

^        Sondfy  aooounta,  3»6H     ^ 

dO^PI  Balance  on  hand,  <''>''^  '^  "    ^  '•  1  i'^'lbfUW^'ii 

BBOEIPT& 

Mj.    To  balance  on  hand»  15,433  30 

"  Beoeifed  on  Bale^  5,146  5? 

"         <*  Dace,  4,621  63 

**         «  LottM^  1,270  40 

m        "         «  Penaltji  818  01 

•t6,700  17 


.  s; 


DISBURSEMENTS. 

rr-TP  •» 

- 

1 

^»       By  paid  WLoanfli 

Mvo 

fc:.;-^   *  ,^  I>ttet» 

MS  58 

«         Sales  refiued, 

4  S4 

"  .      Sundiy  aocounto. 

8?9  IS 

Balanoe  on  UH 

£4,1  «o  r« 

•i.... 

|se,79»  ?y 

.'»    : 

lOUSTH  aiTABTVU 

* 

RK0KIPT8. 

Octobtf.    iV>  Mknce  on  hand, 

124,100  72 

4  Beoared  on^adee^ 

16,408  36 

«         «           Dues, 

1M34  89 

•  ^     "      *     Loana 

1 

2,010 

"         «   '        Pen«lt7, 

405  M 

-           KnM, 

d« 

166,408  Ot 


DIS9UBS«UENTS: 


Prt(^.    Bj  paid  on  loans, 

►•  •*•     «    Sunday  accounta, 

rg^       \  «   Balance  on  hand, 


1V96 
4,070  64 
68,0ta  48 

[1166,408  02 


.    .1       /   . ,'      I  . .  ,    •  • 


,  SCHOOL  FUND  INCOMK- 


fuan  An  esoovD  QuiKTUk 

RECEIPTS.     ' 

YtQ.  to  JUy.^T*  Ulance  on  handy  iit.itt'M 

«"  Beoriyed  Inoome,  l21,65d^ 


.  ) 


148,100  48 


DI8BUB8EHENTS. 

Jn.  to  Jnlj.     By  paid  m  per  Receipts,  ltO|Y85  88 

**    Balanee  on  hands,  '       lt,884  8t 

148,100  48 


Jntj.    To  baknoe  on  hand, 
*  BeoeiTod  Inoome, 


THttD    QtJimTlB. 

RECEIPTS. 

17,868  88 

8,008  84 

80,878  88 


DISBI^EMEMTS. 


Jity.    By  pud  as  per  Receipt  888  88 

«   Balanoe  on  hand,  18,787  88 

30,878  $$ 


'  BBOEIPXa 
Income,  0»4'4  40 


2(^222  13 


81  oor.Kii  ^*2*  *• 


.^'IV.Il':!:;:  )  ::.Hi 
i8  IDn^tr 


8i  oor,8M 


,».<!■  n/  .".    a   ••■: 


.Hi^lK':r\: 


00  eT^/'f* 


88  eVG.OS? 


Jn.  lo  ^.^  ^ Itfooired  on  Balet.  ,p     .(  ,..»  ovrW^'W  .n  iMjO 


il" 


m 


LoftO^  ; ,'  »  •'   too 


J   C  •  1     •      /- 


4|186  01 


DISBUBBEMENTa 

^(p^ipljr.    Bj  Ubnee  over  paid  lart  yew,  [    .,(  ^.^  ^vt  ',  fl  -    lfOB8  10 

. .         •  Paid  on  loans,  1^654  AT 

f^  Ue.f:          ••     «i    Bundiy  aoeounto,  7105 

**  Balance  on  handi  461  19 


il80  01 


^ABTXR. 

RECEipia 

Ja^. 

To  teksM  on  kaod. 

401  19 

'  BeoelTed  on  aalea. 

t63  65 

, 

m        u        u    Da^ 

t?7 

•        •        *    Penalty, 

61  70 

l,6ft8  ii 


12 


DISBURSEMENTS. 


July.    By  paid  sundry  aHOUDii, 
**    Balance  on  hafld,  ' 


15 
1,687  S4 

1,658  *54 


t  ' 


WOVteta  QITABTEB. 


r  i 


I 


BECEIPT& 


OotoUr.  '^TdUUmoe  on  hand, 
**  'RM^ieyed  on  sales, 
«         «         «  Dues, 
'  *^     •     "         «   Penalty* 


1,<87  U     *  '-'  ' 

486  76 
1,712 
85  85 

8,821  65 


DISBURSEMENTS. 

I 

October.    By  amonnt  paid  sundry  aooounts, 
^    »<   Balance  on  hand. 


i 


!      It 


II 


i 


97  85 
8l7f8  M 

8,821  65 


i     -1     •' 


i» I .' 


m 


/ 

« 

4*     s     ^.     '  /  r  1 

i 

UNIYEB8ITT  INCOME. 

.*  • 

M  ..     '       .0 


♦  » 


JIBftT  AHD  BKCOUD   QUAfiXnU 

RECEIPTS. 


1  • 


»» • 


Jul  to  July.    To  balance  on  hand  from  last  jear,  1^185  10 

"*  BecttTed  on  nlea^  10,2i€  v45 

,     ' — : — 

11,867  04 


DISBXTRSBlIENTa 

Jan.  to  July.    By  paid  as  per  Yonchen^  8,188  8ff 

*    Balance  on  hand,  8,218  19 


11,837  84 


RECEIPTS. 

July.    To  hahmoe  on  hand,  8,218  79 

"  Beodred  on  aales,  1,888  67 

**  Amoant  unpaid  to  balanee^  080  88 


6,687  74 


DISBUBSBMENTa 
Jdjr.    By  paid  aa  per  Yonobera,  6,687  74 

6,687  74 


At 


fotittiu  ^imau 


BECEIPTa 

..:ii/.0'j/.i  Yir-jKivi/jj 

OtteUm,    To  reeeipia'cB  0ale% 

*   AnMmnf  orerpaid  lo  >rtiiii% 


■  I 


,  )  •  1     ^A    iT  •'.  i 


640  41 

i^5S  10 


.^.isrrxiu 

DISBURSEMEKta 

(Mobile    ;^  j)««diy|i  per  Vo«€hei% 

'  ."..Amoucit  overpaid  last  quaiieiv 


i:j  VOSJI 


08  0    1.3 


It : . . 

i   .  J  >  • 

/ 

1     4 

1  1 

./M  .J  .■•.^, 

r          • 

>)  ■ 

:i 

:» 

S,7ll  1« 
980  M 

.r'/izj'/:i'-;i-j.'i;rra 


8,008  81 


to  tij:,ir 


»!  ir  "   .)  •!  I'U' 


8';  <.'%o 


.J:ii'jj:;o::;i 


I 


\^   \'l'A 


'^,i/[\\r\:''A>yx<l{l 


7      .{.^-      j.^.(        .;'     i 


i-t  \i^A 


H 


BBCAPITULAnOir. 

Md  tm*t  Me*(L  os  m't  of  GtMiiI  Fand»  259,001  W 

•  •        •         •  SehoolFBiid,  V         131,409  01 
■       •        •         ■  •       «      looomib  l«t,649  »g 

•  •       •         «  Udrmtf  Fuii4»  ffiW  4T 
«       •        •         •                "^           Illo•m^    ia|986  M 


1699^90  91 

By  totel  nnoTnit 

ptidoD 

■ooooiit  of  General  Fund, 

/ 

274,111  97 

«          u 

«i 

•            Scbool       « 

98,893  59 

u         « 

u 

«                '•         *•  .   Income 

140,064  55 

M              M 

«« 

"           Univemtj  **         ■ 

8,880  07 

«f  '     «« 

M 

«i                     m            u           u 

16,444  79 

*     1527,840  44 
Bf  emcmni  on  hand  induding  $800  Iowa  Conptj  erden,  42,260  58 

1669,800  97 


>  ' 


.  t 


T" 


AmOAL  REPOBT 


09  THX 


COMMISSIONERS 


OF 


SCHOOL  AND  UNIVERSITY  LANDS. 


OF  THB 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN- 


FOR  THE  TEAR  1865. 


«  « 


^i- 


MADISON: 

0ALKIN8  4  FBOUBFIT,  PBIimfi& 

1856. 


'  » 


Owwucm  OF  OoMKisnoNBRB  OF  School  ahd  VvunsaBrrr  Lamu^ 

Madibov,  Deo.  SI,  1865 


lb  Hn  EzoBLLSHOT  Wu.  A.  Basstow, 

Oovemar  of  the  State  of 


Sir — ^We  have  the  honor  herewith  to  transmit,  for  oommuni- 
etfion  io  the  Legislatnrei  our  Annual  Beport  as  oommissioners  of 
tfie  School  and  Uniyersit^  Lands. 

Very  respecfnlly, 

Your  ob't  servants, 

ALEXANDEB  T.  GBAT, 
£.  H.  JAHpSEN, 
GEO.  B.  SMITH. 


V» 


<> 


REPORT. 


Offiob  of  OoiooaBioitfBBi  or  School  aito 
TJKiTBBBnr  liAjmB. 


The  Oommieaioners  in  charge  of  the  School  and  TJnireiBiijr 
Lands  respeotf  dly  submit  tlie  following  'report : 

iThe  capital  of  the  school  fund  amoQnto,  at  this  time,  to  the  snm 
of  $1,897,369  80 ;  beiiig  an  increase  since  December  Slst,  1864, 
•£$327,010  53. 

The  capital  of  the  TTniyersity  Fund  at  this  date  amounts  to  the 
mia,  of  $181,870 10 ;  being  an  increase  since  December  Slst,  18S4^ 
of  $31,815  61. 

For  a  complete  statement  in  detail  of  the  receipts  and  disburse- 
ments of  these  fbnds,  for  the  year  ending  December  Slstj  185Q, 
aqd  Ibr  information  in  relation  to  the  amount  of  school  and  univeif- 
mty  funds  noW  in  the  treasury,  subject  to  loans,  we  refer  to  thp 
report  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

The  following  tabular  %tements  exhibit  the  number  of  acres  of 
land  sold  in  the  several  counties,  in  the  year  1855,  the  amount 
idd  for,  the  amount  of  principal  paid, and  the  amount  of  interest 
prid: 


8aU  ({f  Sehool  Lands— lUh  Sectiony  185S. 


oonnnB. 


Adams f 

Brown.« 

Buf&lo 

Bad  Ax 

Clark 

"Chippewa 

Calumet. 

Crawfonl 

Columbia 

Dodge. 

I>UDQ 

Door. 

Food  du  Lac 

«^iit 

Iowa 

Jackson. 

Kewauoee 

Kenosha 

La  OrosBO.. ....%.... 

ManUawoc 

Marquette- • . . . 

JMonroe. 

Outagamieu 

PoMt 

A  lerc^Ma  *v  B  •  •  »•  •  >  •  *  • 

Partsfps 

Racine 

Richland. 

Rock 

Sank 

bheboTflsn..  •..••••• 

Trempeieaa 

Walworth. 

Washington 

Wanpaccs. 

Wsoshars 

Vnniwfasga. 


Na  of  Acres. 


11000 

5467.62 
3,f00 
10  311.42 
22.56738 

753^23 
5,400 

13659 

120.90 
18.928.76 
2,160 

120 

240 

1.3i0 

18,389^ 

l,lb0 

40 

3»520 

240 
1.160 
8.960 
3.080 
U40 

440 

7,680 

40 

1.120 

218.25 
2,160    • 

3*20 
6.960 

100 

120 
5.^90 
1,040 

120 


Am't  sold  for 


144;il4i>9 


tl4j90l  25 
4<|615  68 
7.110  07 
4.818  90 
14  769  feO 
29.134  99 
2  252  86 
7,084  81 

400  00 

164  59 

24.633  20 

2.972  45 

1*28  00 

266  12 

2.158  48 

19.441  98 

1,743  92 

119  50 
4,495  04 

819  38 

1.644  49 

13.888  5.1 

3.924  34 

2;374  5*i 

593  41 

10.239  88 

93  74 

213  39 
2.624  90 
2,740  50 

997  52 
9.307  28 

894  98 

465  23 
7,822  31 
1,395  94 

301  39 


Principal  paid 


$200,053  37 


(ntsKStpaid 


122,941  &8 


$1^29  25 

$647  59 

487  68 

201  28 

772  07 

38  09 

539  90 

83  45 

2,467  40 

99  59 

3,551  99 

194  45 

262  86 

36  50 

800  81 

222  81 

42  00 

22  46 

17  59 

3  26 

2,676  20 

•  157  27 

332  45 

53  37 

12  00 

7  31 

28  12 

10  07 

231  46 

97  15 

2,088  58 

142  33 

189  92 

34  42 

12  50 

l€0 

447  04 

52  52 

37  38 

16  90 

174  49 

44  41 

1,4*<6  53 

113  85 

401  34 

123  00 

258  52 

61  90 

64  41 

16  25 

1,091  88 

892  07 

9  74 

S50 

23  39 

10^ 

275  25 

52  00 

310  50 

106  04 

JOl  52 

50  60 

979  28 

50  30 

89  98 

46  69 

64  23 

26  25 

896  94 

264  37 

147  94 

57  23 

88  39 

U  II 

*. , 


$4,054  9» 


Zandi. 


9 

Na  of  Ao«B 

AidHMldfor. 

Prfndpdpaid 

IntiNftpild 

JOrCfWiLmmmmmmmmmm  •*•  . 

IGO 
'  M40i. 
680' 
630 
940 
40 
730 
560 
940 

1^ 

190 

160 

10,68391 

$963  73 

3,094  90 

956  50 

65649 

347  03 

68  90 

1,066  79 
705  60 
334  94 

1,456  70 

303  33 

171  00 

363  00 

93,430  16 

f 

15  60  1 
69  74   . 
46  69   : 
97  96 

415   i 
1  18  , 
54  61 
96  95 

16  98 
9  85 
849 

11  73 

04 

695  5A 

B«lAx 

OAlOfMU 

Cnwhrd 

Bane..... 

•  ^^m  «••*  ^^^  m 

Onoit --.—•- 

JcfibraoiL... 

103  79 

La  CrooM. 

■iinntowotUa  ...«■■••■ 

OutMfltdB^ 

BichlaiMl 

.•^.•••* ---- 

St  Oraiz 

Saak. 

"ifiii'ii" 

WnjMWOi... ........ 

16,803J1 

$31,869  34 

$3.004  55 

$989  81 

8 


Sale  of  UiMfaemiby  Lands,  1855. 


0Qfnm« 

No.  of  Acres. 

Am'fc  sold  for. 

EMndpslpidd 

Intmstpidd. 

Cfthnnot.  ••..••••... . 

800 

1       680 

80 

360 

1,890     * 

40 

480 

1/140 

#3.510  18 
3,3.93  16  . 

968  99 
1,596  83 
5,447  93 

134  63 
1.447  33 
7,048  35 

#356  18 
947  11 

9699 
147  89 
575  89 

13  69 
151  89 
734  74 

#174  95 
45  79 

79  91 

90189 

7  76 

95  56 

848  07 

Omrfoiti 

OokmbuL  ...••..•• .. 

Foaddu  Lfle^........ 

Jowa*. •...••...•.... 

,  Manitowoo. ^ 

Wiui^bwni. 

'  > 

5,680 

#31349  81 

#9358  60 

#903  41 

» 


STATEMENT  OF  LAND  UNSOLD,  1866. 


600,000  OtwnL 

Counties. 

/eftnon  Canal, 

~               •* 

Outagamie, 

m                                          ^ 

16th  Station. 

WaBhingtoD,    • 

m                                            ^ 

Bodges    - 

•                                               • 

And  da  Lao, 

•                                              ^ 

ifarqiMtto^ 

*                                           m 

Portage, 

m                                         « 

Polk,        . 

•                                           • 

Pierce, 

^ 

Door,      .. 

•                                           a 

Kewamee, 

. 

Adams,  - 

• 

BoffiUo, 

» 

Dmm, 

«                                           „ 

JackaoDy 

m                                             ^ 

Clark,      . 

•                                              . 

Cluppewa, 

•                                             . 

Trempeleam, 

•                                             K 

Aeraa 

1,076.10 
216.02 

l,393.1t 


40.00 
89.49 
40.00 
88.40 
7,160.00 
3,200.90 
.82.22 
•^4,640.00 
820.00 
640.00 
2,008  01 
1,798.24 
6,247.47 
1,480.00 
2,360.00 
4,720.00 

34,659.78 


OQlmabia, 
I      BieUand, 


89.51 
47.52 


87.08 


10 


PUBLIO  BALSB  OF  8GH0OL  LAHDB. 


Lands  in  eight  of  the  counties  have  been  brongbt  inta  market 
daring  the  present  year,  by  being  offered  at  pablic  sale,  after  doe 
advertisement 

On  the  18th  of  July,  the  lands  selected  in  Waupacca  couniy 
as  p^rt  of  the  500,000  acre  grant  were  so  offered,  at  Waupacca 
Falls,  the  county  seat  of  said  county.  The  whole  of  such  selec- 
tion, amounting  io  10,683  91 100  acres,  was  sold,  and  the  amount 
realized  to  the  fand  on  such  sale  was  $23,420  16. 

On  the  13lh  day  of  November,  fourteen  school  sections  in  Mon- 
roe county  were  offered  at  public  sale  at  Sparta,  being  all  of  the 
sixteenth  sections  then  subject  to  be  offered,  amounting  to  8,960 
acres,  and  the  aggregate  amount  realized  being  $I8,8S8  53,  upon 
which  $1,486  53  was  received  of  principal,  and  $119  85  as  interest 

On  the  Hth  of  November,  the  sixteenth  ejections  in  the  countj 
of  Jackson  were  offered  at  Black  River  Falls.  The  number  of 
acres  sold  was  }1,8^9  84 100.  The  amount  of  sales  was  $17,037  98. 
Amount  of  principal  paid  $1,830  58.  Amount  of  interest  paid, 
$135  95. 

On  the  17th  of  November,  the  sixteenth  sections  in  Olark  coun- 
ty, to  the  number  of  nineteen,'being  all  then  subject  to  be  offered, 
were  offered  at  the  house  of  H.  Wedge,  in  said  county.  The 
number  of  acres  sold  was  10,271  42  100.  The  amount  of  salea^ 
$14,718  80.  Amount  of  principal  paid,  $2,461  80.  Amount  of 
interest  paid,  $99  21. 

On  the  20th  of  November,  the  sixteenth  sections  in  the  countj 
of  Chippewa,  to  the  number  of  thirty  nine,  being  all  then  subject 
to  be  offered,  were  offered  at  the  village  of  Clear  Water,  in  said 
county.  The  number  of  acres  sold  was  21,847  98100.  The  amount 
of  sales  $28,206  19.  Amount  of  principal  paid  $3,461  19.  AmonJR 
of  interest  paid  $192  09. 


11 

I 

On  the  28d  of  November,  sixteenth  Bections  in  the  conntj  o' 
Donn,  to  the  nnmber  of  thirty-two,  being  all  then  sabject  to  be 
offered,  were  offered  at  Dnnnville,  in  Baid  conntj.    The  number 
of  acres  sold  was  17,84S  76-100.  The  amount  of  sales  was  %2Sfii6» 
Amount  of  principal  paid,  $2,625.  Amount  of  interest  paid,  $  1 5  3  0  A. 

On  the  26th  of  November,  sixteenth  sections  in  tl^  county  of 
Buffalo,  to  the  number  of  twelve,  being  all  then  subject  to  be  of- 
fered, were  offered  at  Fountain  City.  The  number  of  acres  sold, 
4,827  62-100.  The  amouht  of  sales  $6,2S4  47.  Amount  of  prin- 
cipal paid,  t682  47.    Amount  of  tnterest  paid,  836  67. 

On  the  28th  of  November,  *8ixteenth  sections  in  Trempeleau 
county,  to  the  number  of  nineteen,  were  offered  at  Mootoville.— 
The  number  of  acres  sold  was  6,480.    Amount  of  sales  $3,703  64. 

Amount  of  principal  paid  $915  64.  Amount  of  interest  paid,  $48  60. 

* 

Chapter  92  of  the  acts  of  1853,  being  **  An  act  in  relation  to  the 

assessment  and  collection  of  taxes  on  State,  School  and  University 

Lands  sold  on  contract,^'  provides  in  Section  1,  for  the  transmission 

of  a  list  of  such  lands  in  each  town  to  the  clerk  of  such  town. 

Section  2  provides  as  follows :  *^  The  town  clerk  of  each  such 
town  shall  incdude  such  list  under  the  same  heading  in  the  roll 
deHvered  to  the  town  treasurer,  who  shall  collect  the  taxes  on  any 
such  land,  in  the  eaihe  manner  as  he  is  required  by  law  to  coIIe<9t 
other  taxes,  and  return  a  separate  list  of  such  land  on  which  the 
taxes  shall  not  have  been  paid  to  the  county  treasurer,  at  the  time 
fixed  for  him  to  return  other  lands." 

Sectioo  3  ccmdudes  the  provisions  of  the  act  at  follows : .  <*Tbe 
county  tfeasnrer  shall  not  sell  itny  sueh  delinquent  lands  for  such 
taxes;  but  if  the  same  should  not  be  paid  on  or  before  the  1st  day 
of  December  next,  following  the  time  when  said  return  is  made, 
with  interest  thereon,  at  the  rate  of  twelve  per  eeut,  from  the  Isb 
day  of  January  preceding  said  return ;  the  said  eoonty  treasuieir 
shall  ioimediately  forw^d  certified  lists  of  such  lands  ou  whidr 
the  taxes  remain  unpaid  to  the  stato  treaanrer,  who  shall  plaoe  tbe 


•12 

amount  of  each  delinqaeot  tax  and  interest,  to  the  credit  of  the 
proper  county,  and  charge  the  Bame  against  the  proper  description 
of  land,  and  the  eame  provisions  of  law  that  apply  to  the  pay- 
ment of  intereety  on  any  such  land,  and  the  forfeiture  thereof,  for 
the  non-payment  of  such  interest,  shall  apply  to  the  collection  of 
such  delinquent  taxes,  and  the  school  commissioners  shall  in  no 
case  execute  the  patent  for  any  such  land,  until  all  taxes  are  paid." 

In  relation  to  this  act  it  is  suggested,  that  amendment  be  made 
flo  a*^  to  provide  for  an  earlier  return  of  such  delinquent  lauds  by 
county  treasurers.  At  present  the  delinquencies  occurring  in 
any  one  year  are  not  returned  to  that  officer  until  sometime  in  De- 
cember of  the  year  following,  or  even  as  late  as  the  month  of 
January  next  thereafter.  The  commissioners  are  in  no  case  to 
issue  a  patent  until  all  taxes  are  paid,  but  in  the  year  intervening 
between  the  delinquency  and  notice  of  the  eame  in  the  state  treas- 
urer's office  a  patent  might  issue. 

Such  taxes  are  charged  to  the  account  of  the  school  or  university 
fund,  upon  receipt  of  the  returns  to  the  state  treasurer,  and  cre- 
dited to  the  proper  county.  But  a  patent  having  issued  for  any 
such  land  in  the  interval  above  referred  to,  the  means  provided  in 
this  section  for  the  final  collection  of  such  taxes  fail,  and  the 
School  or  University  fund,  as  the  case  may  be,  suffers  a  loss  of 
the  whole  amount. 

It  is  further  recommended,  therefore,  that  the  act  be  so  amend- 
ed, as  to  forbid  the  issuing  of  any  patent  until  the  holder  of  the 
certificate  of  sale  shall  produce  to  the  Commissioners  a  certifieate 
firom  the  proper  county  or  town  officer,  that  there  are  no  taxes 
due  and  unpaid  on  such  land. 

It  should  also  be  provided  that  a  return  of  such  delinquent 
taxes  be  made  to  the  secretary  of  state,  to  be  by  him  immediately 
certified  to  the  state  treasurer,  instead  of  being  made,  as  now,  to 
t^  state  treasurer,  in  as  much  as  the  secretary  is  charged  with 
ttie  duty  of  keeping  accounts  of  the  various  funds  of  the  State' 


13 

t 

aa  well  with  the  Btate  treosurerf  ag  between  the  state  aud  the 
eeveral  counties. 

In  thU  connecdon  we  would  also  recommend  an  amendment  of 
ehapter  ^2,  of  the  acts  of  1855,  so  as  to  extend  the  time  between 
the  date  of  forfeiture  of  School  or  University  lands  and  the  date 
of  advertisement  for  ^ch  forfeiture,  making  it  six  months  instead 
of  three.  This  would  give  time  for  the  return  of  anj  delinquent 
taxes  standing  against  such  lands,  and  upon  a  re-sale  under  the 
forfeitare,  such  taxes  might  be  added  to  the  appraised  value, 
coats  and  chargee,  to  be  paid  by  the  purchaser  of  the  lands.  As 
the  matter  now  stands,  a  re-sale  might  take  place  without  notice 
of  delinquent  taxes ;  and  the  State  having  made  :a  new  title  by 
certificate  of  sate,  or  by  patent,  the  fiehool  or  University  fiand  (a» 
the  case  might  be)  would  lose  the  amount  of  School  taxes^ 

We  have  not  been  under  the  necessity  of  adjiertisiug  a  list  of 
forfeited  lands  this,  year,  the  forfeitures  being  few  in  number,  and 
die  holders  of  certificates  in  such  casea,  in  general,  paying  up  the 
amonnte  due  of  interest  and  penalty. 


■ 

• 

SCHOOL  FUKD  LGAirS. 

% 

1 

ADAMS  OOnXTT. 

Feb.    1, 

IMS. 

Loan. 
Geo.  S.  Davis,        •        -        -    800  00 

tntereat 
96  10 

Mir.  1, 

do 

D,  Pratt,          .        -        .       400  00 

2t  83 

too  00 

41  68 

• 

aaowv  oovHTT. 

lftr.lt, 
Dee.  1, 

c 

do 
do 

Charles  Henry,     •        .        .    loo  00 

B,  B.  Eastman,         •    '  -        SOO  6o 

/     •                                ' 

5  <0 

21  00 

ttO  4>n  U  60. 


'I 


u 


TAn, 

4b 

Mm^   T, 

Jb 

•  * 

4» 

rAi% 

4» 

9m.   I, 

i» 

r«k«v 

U 

im,    §, 

*» 

r«k  1, 

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fc.  1, 

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fafiwll. 

A> 

**  a^ 

4* 

««   « 

4» 

lif.10, 

4b 

J.  BL  Favfo^  - 

lAhm  AUea, 
O.  6.  Praatw.  - 
J.D.Booch,- 
Milachi  Fogartj, 
Waium  T.  BmUef  » 
David  FnawD,    • 
C.  C.  Bcit^    - 


BAHB  OUUflll. 

21^  18M.  Geofge  P.  Thompaoa, 

•    '  18^    (k  Wm.  R.  Taylor,  • 

MA.   %    do  A.aaiQbora» 

Urn,  M,    do  MB.  Ry^v\ 

J  A,  1%   do  Bnesl  C  Somo^    • 

Jn.     9l    d»  ]f.D.MilK 

FdL   tl,   (k  Surael  SmilK 

▲pAsa,    (b  B.  W.  Luwng; 

Jm.     1,    d»  J.  HalpiB*      • 

IUlU,    *  GMHabkh, 

V«lt    %    ^  W.BLAi^pn, 


19^  *  HmIiw  aHitirt»       -        -    »•  00  16  70 


too  00  16  70 


too  00 

It  Oi 

MO  00 

to  40 

MO  00 

S8  46 

200  00 

It  07 

SOO  00 

11  6f 

100^00 

18  08 

MO  00 

84  48 

400  00 

t6  67 

400  00 

to  00 

400  00 

t5  00 

400  00 

84  80 

9M  00 

17  50 

too  00 

4  t7 

4840  00  too  10 


»500  00 

8t  88 

800  00 

88  t8 

400  00 

2t  76 

t50  00 

16  83 

800  00 

18  18 

600  00 

S4  18 

too  CO 

11  08 

800  00 

iZ  71 

800  00 

85  00 

800  00 

16  78 

800  00 

81  18 

16 

Loan.  Intsiwt 

Jn.  ttf    do         Gabriel  BjonMon,  600  00  82  56; 

Mck   %    do         J.  P.  Fachi,    -        •  -    600  00   .  28  01 

Folk.     6,    do         Randolph  Br  >viii,  -        500  00  81  4T 

IM>.     8f    do         Hiram  G.  Do 'cr  «        -600  00  1180 

Dee.     6»    do         Jobn  Horrigon,   -  •                800  00  68 

Dec.    6,    do         John  Roddennuiid,  -        -     600  00  2  80 

Deo.  1^    do         P.  B.  Field,        -  •        -        300  00  80 


8,    do         A.  B.  Braloj,         •        -        -    500  00  2  10 

Feb«       b     do  G.  P.  Delaplaio,         -        -        500  00  31  28 


M.  do  Wyiiam  Eearn,  .        -        -    300  00  40 

Jan.  28,  do  John  Rider,        .         -        -        800  00  20  77 

KoT.  21,  do  N.H.  Smith,  •        -        -    346  00  2  62 

Dee.  21,  do  Frank  H.  Firman,        -        -        200  00  85 


27,  do         A.  dt  W.  S.  Main,    -  -    500  00 

28,  do         Johns. Folds,    -  -        600  00  18 


ft 

10^06  00 

463  48 

DODOB  ooinmr. 

F^  n,  1855. 

Peter  Winter, 

•    500  00 

80  42 

«<     18,   do 

Frederick  Uhlmg, 

500  00 

30  22 

Jmu  80,   do  • 

8.  J.  Smith,  ' 

-    400  00 

26  67 

•«    28,    do 

Patrick  SnlliTan, 

250  00 

14  82 

*"■  19,    do 

Bidbard  Merta, 

.    500  00 

80  2t 

«    22,   do 

Jaa.  McMahon,  * 

-        400  00 

23  84 

Ifer.    2,  do 

Miebael  Ames, 

-    20DOO 

11  65 

Fek82,   do 

John  0.  Reynolds, 

400  00 

28  94 

Mmr.  1,  do 

John  Olifibrd, 

•    40O  00 

23  88 

•*      6,   do 

Thee.  M.  Oiflfen, 

800  00 

16  IS 

liar  12,    do 

R.aribben,   - 

-     106  00 

4  48 

Feklt^   do 

Thoa.  T.  GraveB, 

800  00 

18  18 

lte.IS,   do 

John  Fleming, 

*    200  00 

11  18 

^    14,   do 

Jaoies  Fianigen, 

.        600  00 

«r78 

Jaikl7,   do 

Ohivka  Fenake^ 

-    450  00 

80  08 

5406  00  321  87 


16 


Feb.  Id,  1855. 

Jad.  It,  do' 

Feb.  20,  do 

«   6,  do 

••   Y,  do 

Jan.  26,  do 

Feb.  21,  do 

"   18,  do 


lovD  DU  LAO  corarr. 

IiQU. 

AugUBtns  £beri|    -        .        -  500  00 

I S.  Ta]Imadg6,  -  500  00 

M.  J.  5c  E.  B.  Thomas,  -        -  £00  00 

Peter  Servitas,     -        -        -  600  00 

S.  B.  Ormabee,       -  -  500  00 

Chadea  Manaoa,  -  225  00 

John  Boyd,    .        •        -        .  300  00 

John  N.  Ackerman,      -        -  500  00 


iBteniL 

30  80 
33  81 
27  21 

31  4Y 
91  38 
16  75 
16  47 
27  88 


8,625  00 

214  77 

" 

eRBSK  GOUVTT. 

Feb.  21, 

1855. 

B.  Webster,  - 

-    500  00 

80  oa 

Mch.    5, 

do 

F.Albert,   - 

600  00 

28  65 

Feb.  26, 

do 

Alex.  Wallace, 

-     200  00 

11  8t 

Feb,  21, 

do 

Lorenzo  HcKinney,    - 

400  00 

24  00 

Mcb.  21, 

do 

Samuel  F.  Nichols, 

-     850  00 

18  98 

Feb.  27, 

do 

J.  A.  Bingham,   - 

500  00 

29  48 

Feb.  27, 

de 

E.  T.  Gardner, 

-     500  00 

20  48 

2,950  00 

172  40 

an  ART  OOTTVTT. 

» 

Feb.  10, 

1855. 

Moaes  Eastman,  jr.. 

•     500  00 

81  00 

1 

Jan.  81, 

do 

Stepben  D.  Wat^kins,  - 

800  00 

19  26 

Fdii.20, 

do 

John  L.  Swenej,     - 

.     300  00 

18  08 

"      8, 

do 

John  H.  Ronntree^ 

875  00 

28  48 

«          M 

do 

H.  S.  Bountree, 

-    875  00 

28  48 

JaB«dl, 

do 

John  McClarj,   - 

226  00 

14  M 

Feb.  28, 

do 

David  McKee, 

-    500  00 

20  17 

Jan.  26, 

do 

Farmin  Johnson, 

500  00 

82  48 

'•    M, 

do 

William  Jeffirey^     - 

•    425  00 

37  27 

••    28, 

do 

Lather  Hayford, 

500  00 

tZ  04 

«     <« 

do 

Dyer  Hayford, 

>    250  00 

16  52* 

Feb,88» 

do 

Jmwthta  Oobom, 

500  00 

29  ir 

4760  00 


297  41 


.1    " 

T  nWMiAMMir* 

r»-  ■ 

Loan. 

I»»«-i 

■Jm.  16,  l«m 

r  Williim  Renahaw,  ^    f  . 

^-tiWO  f»or   ,,  . 

fllM 

-  M.  ii. 

d« 

. William  E.  Rowo*       *-     ;.-, 

.    «ftOO  OA,    ,. 

MlM 

VUf^9' 

do 

Aboor  Mkbok,       '^ 

t./SOOOAi 

.*Jtj4» 

]kk», 

da 

John  Nolan,       -    .    ^  .  . .  -  < 

i     ttOO  OOt.      >{ 

18  IT 

Mar.  S, 

do 

John  LoTO»    -        •        - 

.     f50  00 

14  It 

Jan.  IS, 

do 

Da?id  HoUiator,  • 

600  00 

M  6t 

*•    1«, 

do 

Gideon  IL^A^brndr^ 

.     000  00 

as  41 

Jte.se, 

do 

Gooin^e  W.  Bliaa,       ,,-.    ;  n 

l600  QO    I  ,v 

.»»]4< 

7A.U, 

do 

Arthur  Brittain,     *     .  r 

^     600  Opf>     ,'  ' 

(aM90 

Mai.  10, 

do 

John  Delauy,      ^       ^ .     .* 

..  :600  OOS    ,  . 

.#i1t6 

D«an, 

do 

1 

R.S.  Boed,    • 

'A 

.     600  00 

1  21 

4950  00 

270.01 

1 

1 

-  nmwBOji  MPlr^.. 

•'>'        .  :';l   M 

•.  'I 

Mar.  27, 

1858. 

Luther  Thayer, 

-     200  00 

no  62 

Fob.    1, 

do 

Chail^  (JeBuug,     '  '  -' '      • 

600  00 

8«  08 

Ibr.  10, 

d«> 

8.  Bray  ton,  -         •    ■    -• 

'->  800t»r    »^ 

'''ii  98 

F<b.  19, 

do    < 

8.  A.  Brown,     -  .      -   .     4 

'  •  200  0*     / 

)[2  08 

liar.    6, 

do 

John  Kelley,          -         -i'  ^ 

'  -  '  300  04     .'• 

17  18 

F«l>.  20, 

do 

William  H.  Smith,    -  •■    >, 

•'500  04      - 

^0  18 

'*       1. 

do 

Ralph  Shaflfarybert,  •     *i 

'«.     500  0^     ,    ' 

t2  08 

<c 

do 

E;  Stoppenbachi   v  '  «i  ■•  •- 

:  400  9#     /' 

■'^ih  8» 

My  28, 

do 

Thomas  0.  Barko,    >     -  i 

'«  iSOO  0<^     .' 

'•S  8» 

8200  00 

185  57 

i|^wei:|CPTOTT. 


B#T.  28, 1866. 

:   W,  J.  Gibaon,       -.,  |,  -,    *]  :/  500, (Wrj: . .   l     *  11 

OZAUKKK   COUNTT. 

IMi.  20, 1866, 
u        "   do , 
*        8,*^ 

Af-  10,  dp. 

J.  Satton,  .•:.  iJit',..  ;200ftft  ..  10  ffS 
,  Rttbecca  SL^fier,  <,.  -  .  •  •  »;  800  Q^  >  .  >|  98 
•  Edward  Keboe.   -  ,  ,,     •    ,     185099    ,• .'    .i4,t  S» 

Shylaa  MclBtoah, '    ..  ,    ,^  -  .;  500  09    ,.  .   ...«<  89 

•  .  1,860  00  60  21 

8 


;■• 


18 


4*-«'.  ■**•! 


J. 


^^Ik^.  1,    do"'  ^  >:JobiiH.  GompUmj^ 
*^*b.  17.    ch»^        WHliam -Griffin, 
Va  «t    28,    d»^       Thot.  B.  Soott,     - 


1  4 


r  >  J 


'  J-IM.  17.  185& 
V  :  Sep.  Ifi,    do  > 


Edward  Foster, 
Thomas  Falvey,    -» • 
Nebon  R.  Koiton, 


« -    -'  *"  *    ^  ■     KBN08BA  OOUHTT. 

t 

D60.  14,1855.        Wm-aStiOBg,  - 


*.  •  '  ■ 


Feb.  24,  ia55. 

<*       9,  4a 

«•     20,  do 

. «"     26,  do 

«     26,  do 

tfcb.  5,  da 

••     27,  do 


JJk  rATSTTX  OOQVTT, 

George  Mulks.    - 
Jobn  McNulty, 
John  Gray, 
Benjaniin  Wbiteb 
DaTid  H.  Budling, 
Reuben  Holcomb^ 
P^ter  PAikiDaon,jr^ 


600  W' 

.  500  00  '• 

.  400  OQ.i 

600  00 

1^900  00 

500  00 
600  00 
500  00 

t600  00 


400  OO 


500  00 
500  OO 
500  00 
500  00 
400  00 
400  00 
500  00 


MI  17 

I    W  17 
lis  8T 


80  4St 

29  94 

10'  la 

70  6ft 


1  ft 


29  75 
81  18 
80  13 
29  5ft 
23  84 
22  93 
28  61 


" 

8,300  00 

193  71 

La  C&dOBS  COUHTT. 

April 

5,18fti, 

A.  D.  Ladae. 

» 

400  00 

20  69 

Mcb. 

8,    do 

C.  G.  Uacacom.   - 

- 

500  00 

28  84 

Feb. 

8,     do 

George  Gale, 

• 

500  00 

81  28 

« 

15,    do 

&  Y.  <fe  K  BoBtwidr, 

• 

500  00 

80  61 

Ifaj 

1,    do 

B.  W.  Reynolds. 

- 

500  OO 

85  00 

Jan. 

17.    do 

C.  A.  Stevens.     - 

m 

500  00 

96  54 

Hot. 

28,    do 

H.  Cramer.  - 

- 

600  00 

8  11 

S,400  **^ 


U7  97 


^ 


WdK  "^  1856. 

"IMmI  J«iimt                             SOO  00 

M  1« 

^>'r  J.' 

•^VcDiO^-        -   -i'ioiJoo 

'^^^r  44.^1 

T'.      -•    Hv  •  fA^v.iv     9G0  00 

M  M 

4    '    f* 

(./.                 IOCS  O0U4TI.    ^     //n,,:;v; 

.<  oH  1 

1  «    i/>M 

F^bi  tfD^  1855^ 

0\ABeonBqgerfl        •           •!   .^    (^OP  00 

^L 

^  »9,l 

H^V  <lo 

r-iH*  8.  Sheltoq,  -            "  .     ."    i^f*  •<> 

ob 

.V  Wll 

Ji^p^l0^'  do 

,.  >0.rF.  A.  Athcrton  -     j.      |f  .  „  ..Sqp  00 

(1 

.?«*5ll 

•>    1$^  do 

,Q,  B.  Athertcp  -      ^  • . ,  ,.v  ; -.  :80g  00 

0! 

P  "^l 

Dee*  l»)  Ao 

E.  H.  BenneU                      -      '  600  00 

1  63 

•*  i»;*do 

•^  i;.l».^Bard!ck    -          -            -    600  00 

1  44 

•     24,   do 

Hasen  Clie0ii«r.. .  :  ,..       :„       600  00 

68 

*':    ^h  ^ 

MeUH. Carpenter        -        ,.-.   600  00 

0  •'^. 

I   0     ^H 

*      ''  8;8«^  00 

l^^v 

« ,       ■ 

SAUK  OOUVTT. 

TeUS!^l855, 

'A,M.Dai«,                      -            200  00 

11  «T 

«     1»,  do 

J.P,  Barroi^^       '  '^''         -      800  00 

18  13 

F^  "^^  do 

Jibn  Meyen        -           '-    -•  -^860-00 

f »  Tfl 

Jan.  10,  do 

C.  H.  McLauffUin       -            -      100  00 

6  80 

Mcb.21,do 

1 

D.aVittum        -            r         :  ?00  00 

10  «  . 

1,200  00 

78  Ot 

oneaT^M  coranf    ^ 

r«k  $t^  1855 

.    JBlfuiWorbes      .-      .     --];.l6QiOO 

■ 

r.-»4|l.i 

"27,    do 

1 .  Joff^b  Ichraed                        r  i  K60 ,00 

o!» 

Ad*a. 

Ow-ll,    do 

.    F.  J,  Trowbridge    -           -  . :  /  ?aOl.OO 

.J. 

.r   »«- 

Hiiy  1»    do 

Jamb  Hartmaii                  k«*      940:00 

9 

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1                   .          ,.•.'..'- 

"« 1     /f^x 

•, » 

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38.  «?,. 

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MABOTTxm  oomnrr. 

1 

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ICir!   12, 1856, 

Cbarles  M.  Oow,  '  -                    *  Sdft  00 

1  ■ 

18  71^'' 

Fdi.  28,     do 

Ifatbias  Martin          -        '    ^ '  600  00 

< 

4*7** 

M«.  IflV    do 

JobeDunn          -             -          160  00 

8  48 

Feb.  24.    do 

Thomas  Dogerty        -            -      600  00 

29  7ff 

••     10,    do 

H,  J.  Debbie        -     '      -"    '      226  00 

13  M 

Ifiir.    19,   do 

'    Peter  Dinohoe          -           -      400  00 

•        * 

f 

•  • 

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f,-r>>      Kjumowoo  ooumr. 

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.  600  00 

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WiliuiniWert,       -        -        - 

MO  00 

ss  tc 

i&.%    do 

^haelPage,  - 

WOOD 

l4  0» 

Mb.  V.    do 

'^  ii.  llcOarry, 

fOOOO 

ttm 

f^ib,  do 

Al^iHO  Merrill, 

sbeoo 

Id  o» 

Miir.   S,    do 

illli(iliad  Finn^gan, 

4oe  00 

M  W 

> 

§800.00 

ISl  6S 

1 

OVTAOAMDI  OODSrVT. 

• 

Hiir.    «^18Sf. 

ttobert  Morrow,    - 

soo'oo 

ll  4S 

r«^  i    do 

i  knm  Biood.     - 

S09  00 

<0  •• 

'"I     : 

700  00 

4S  9$ 

■T.   CBOJX  C0UHTT« 

• 

V«T.I7, 

.OtiiHoyt,    • 

• 

950  00 

t  M 

1  f 

WAU8EU&A.  OOVIITT. 

McLsi. 

Ho  C.  WiUtrd, 

260  00 

IS  SO 

f 

wALwMBtis  OotAta*. 

« 

VJifc    ^,1855, 

JkKxh}  H.  Young, 

600  00 

s«o# 

•^     iii,    do  . 

Hugh  Long, 

000  00 

1?  50 

-•       T,    do 

Jolnx  B.  Hastings,     • 

6b0  00 

>    Sl'8» 

•^      '*p    do 

Leniael  0.  Curtis, 

MO  00 

Si  4t 

JhH.  12,    do 

Lyoom  Oowdiy, 

400  00 

ST  04 

11^.  S2,    do 

fid  ward  EldetkiQ»     ,        - 

500  00 

tr  ot 

F«b^  It,    do 

,  David  Harvey, 

500  00 

so  8S 

li^  11,    do 

Charles  N.  Meigs, 

500  00 

S4  00 

8- 

-    1 

Moo  00 

SU  St 

•1                T 

/                                         f 

WASHiHQTOir  cotrirTir. 

0 

1                       I    ^ 

Mfk   il86iH 

H.  J.  Shulties, 

500  00 

i 

28  84 

••-   31,    do 

Charles  W.  Bessmer, 

500  00 

27  SI 

■Ah  ti»    do 

MMliias  Allenhoffer,  < 

600  00 

SO  ts 

n 


r^ 


I)  k 


do 

I* 


II. 

M^  1<V    do 

•  !«►    *> 

•  18fc.  do 

Afrilia,.  do 
Ksf  S9;    do 


]Idi.ir,18t»» 
In.    9»    do 

«  20,  « 
Vobw  SS-  do 
Jan.  It,    do 

•      14    do 


Die.  17, 


Kb.  tl,  IBjM^. 

•<    16»  do 

••    te*  do 

*«      «,  do 

^      t,  do 

Vab.    8^    do 

Mar.  12^  do 

r«k.lO,  do 

Mv.   n  do 

?ib.  ST,  do 

bo.  %\  .  do 

V8L19»  do 

Oet.15,  do 

lor.  1^  do 


Ooorga  0.  Daaiohi 
Jaoob  Bothnuai, 
IL  Sehiuadffv 
H.W«iI,       - 
Julius  SohMngtry 
S.  Henadiy    • 
AadmwGrindk^  - 


immBEAod  oonrr. 


aN.Woad, 
A.  0«  Bawdiyi 
John  Fettar, 
W«i.  !L  Keimodj, 
JofaiiAtMat, 
J«M0O*Brmt     - 


wAUPAOOA  oomnT. 
Wn  IL  DoytoB, 

wAuusBA  oorarr. 
O.  L.  WJiitney,     • 
Peter  Tbompeeni 
F.  H,  dpragan,    - 
Nanej  PraUt     -        -        • 
DaridReBi  .        -        - 
Geo.  JamiaoD,   - 
Mead  Holmeii 
Lucy  Poet,        -        -        - 
Wm.  R.  Heak,      - 
Jobn  A.  Cadlejy 
WoL  L.  Frnman,  - 
0.JoDefl)  •        .        -        • 
Jobn  Fallon, 
Jobn  DT ebon,    •        -        - 


ri 
iOO  00 

100  00 

400  00 

600  00 

iOO  00 

600  00 

600  00 

4,600  00 

600  00 
600  00 
600  00 
600  00 
200  00 
400  00 

2,e6o  00 

300  00 


600  00 
250  00 
600  00 
SOO  00 
600  00 
400  00 
350  00 
800  00 
500  00 
6()0  00 
300  00 
400  00 
500  00 
500  00 


10  57 

t0# 

a  16 

21  ft 

tH  26 
21  It 

2UM 

t 

87  58 
28  81 

88  48 
1804 
18  61 
88  82 

164  U 

« 

2  60 


80  08 
U^ 
{Itr56 
1«^ 
51  88 
26102 
10^8 

18  13 
2*  17 
20  U 

19  26 
t4'l7 

7  27 

8  75 


6800  00 


808  25 


I 


<• 


;  I  •  •• 

l!.    '' ., 


•*• "  <«EGAPITW!iATION  OF  SCHOOL  FUND  LOAV. 

u^r""*    -..,... 

t.Cliluinet,       ,  .  ,-. 
.  CQlnmbia, 

Jlftdge,       - - 

i!  ¥Md  du  Lao»'    «»      ' 
Green,         -  -     v 

•"Jefferson,      •      w 

^  JmA[80D,        •'• 

^  liii  Crosfle,    <       -^  . 

I:  lit'Fayette^  (  •     - 

"Kjepgsha,       " /^.  . . ; 

Marqaette,  - 

MaDitowoe, 

Ifilwankee, 

Oatagamie, 
.  Oi^ukee, 
.  Portage, 
.  Bacine, 

Kichland. 

Bock, 


•  4 


*  '  4 


8 

*  JSJieboygan,  - 
,  .St.  Croix, 

^  Wapshara,    • 

Walworth, 

•  •  •  I 

^.  .Washington,  J 

^  Wipnebago,  , 

Wanpacca,    « 

M  WaukeBhay    ,. 


>       • 


Am't  9J  Loan, 
.'     '    700  OO 

1  r 

'    400  00 j, 

SO  60"    i    ' 

200  OO'* 

1                 ■                       ^ 

4,640  00  " 

t80  19 

r              •     ■       4 

-     10,69*6  00  ' 
'       6,406  00 " 

462  49 

321  or       -^ 

-      8,526  00 

214  77 

V     .  .£^60  00 

172  40 

-      Ii,7i0  00. 

mM    .    .: 

.  4m  w)  / 

210  67         ,  \ 

.   .&/ta9  00  \ 

19§  67 

600  00/ 

t  11           .. 

-      3,400  OO  I 

176  0>. 

.    9,800  00  . 

IW  ^1 

400  00 

1  £3 

1,875  00 

109  68 

600  00 

31  48 

t;too  00'' 

131  6S           ' 

700  00 

42  32 

1>0  00. 

69  23 

-     1,900  00' 

113  37' 

1,600  00 

70  65 

900  00 

64  23 

3,800  00 

116  47 

4  f 

-      1,200  00 

72  02 ' 

000  00 

38  68 

:       360  00 

1 

2  f  4 

250  00 

13  60 

1 

-     3.700  00 

283  33 

4,600  00 

211  96 

.     2,600  00 

164  11 

300  00 

2  60 

-      6,^00  00 

ao6  ?5.    '  , 

83,242  00       4,427  91 


'  ¥ne  eoromiBBioners  would  herd  rbsp^ctflally  call  the  att^ntftyA  of 

ihe  legialatnre  to  a  matter  noticed' in  their  last  annual  report,  're- 

-speeting  the  loaning  of  school  and  unttefBity  fimde;  an<i  tovepeat 

the  rercoramendation  then  made.  In  that  TepOfrt  thej  took  o»eca«lon 

'  ^  to  tabmit  the  following  stiEttelment  and  snggeetions  npon  theiub- 

ject  to  which  thej  now  allude:  * 

The  law,  providing  in  sec.  74,  chap.  24,  revised  statutes,  ^  that 
no  loan  shall  be  made  for  a  longer  period  than  five  years/'  pr6Tide8 
also,  *^  that  an  J  person  obtaining  a  loan  may  hare  the  prirllegd  of 
iftxlendhig  die  time  of  payment  of  the  principal  from  year  to  ybar 
on  payment  annually  in  adrance  of  the  interest  on  the  sum  diiCi 
at  the  rate  of  interest  specified  in  the  oriTinal  mortgage,  and'lhe 
legislature  may  hereafter  change  the  law  so  as  to  requii^  payment 
of  sneh  loaned  money  at  any^  time  after  one  year  from  the  time 
when  such  original  credit  shall  have  tapired." 

By  this  provision,  while  the  borrower  has  the  privilege  of  ex- 
tending the  time  of  paying  the  principal  of  the  loan  made  to  him, 
upon  performance  of  the  condition  named,  he  is  left  to  the  uncer" 
tainty  of  the  action  of  the  legislature,  which  may,  in  its  discretion 
at  any  time  after  one  year  from  the  date  of  the  loan,  call  in  the 
whole  amount.  Instead  of  this,  we  are  of  the  opinion,  and  we  re- 
spectfully suggest  the  amendment  of  the  law  to  that  effect,  that 
the  interest  being  paid  annually,  the  period  for  which  loans  are 
made  should  be  extended  to  ten  years,  or  even  a  longer  time.  To 
require  the  payment  of  the  principal  in  any  shorter  period,  is  only 
to  incur  the  trouble  of  making  a  new  investment,  which  would 
be  nseless  when  the  security  for  one  already  made  stands  good. 
While  the  interests  of  the  fund  would  in  no  wise  suffer  from 
such  a  provision,  the  accommodation  to  the  class  of  persons  who 
are  in  general  the  borrowers^  would  be  very  greatly  increased. 

Under  the  act  of  1854,  authorizing  the  Governor  and  the  Com* 
missioners  of  School  and  University  lands  to  institute  improve- 
ments in  the  mode  of  managing  sales,  and  keeping  account  ot  the 
fonds,  a  bureau  was  formed  about  the  first  of  July  in  that  year^ 


moA  upon  t|i»  l(74feM  tbeo  ^staUuibed,  the  bnsiaeBS  of  tt^  de- 
.purtment  has  since  1>Qen  amdnctad. 

It  is  a  buBioeiB  ^  recj  liurge  extent,  involying  in  its  mepiigo- 
■Mint  attentioa  to  n^iiito  det^ils^  and  a  great  amoant  of  clerical 
werik.  The  last  Legieb&toxe  fafled  to  make  anj  permanent  proTi- 
sion  for  paying  the  expenese  ef  tbie  department ;  and  we.^m* 
mend  the^sobject  to  yonr  coDsideration  at  the  present  session. 

The  School  fnnd  and  TTniyersitj  fnnd  now  at  interest,  amount 
ta  oyer  two  millions  of  dollars,  and  invested,  as  thoBe  are,  so  much 
in  detail,  it  is  obviona  to  all  tbat  the  expense  of  managing  the 
Cosiness  connected  with  tbeiPy  mn^t  be  largely  increased  over 
that  necessary  but  a  few  years  ago.  The  income  of  the  fonda 
sboald  properly  pay  this  expense,  which  need  not  exceed  the  snni 
of  five  thooeand  dollars.  This  will  form  the  only  charge  upon 
them,  with  the  exception  of  snch  stationery,  books  and  hlaidcs, 
yearly,  as  will  bQ  necessary  for  the  transaction  of  business.  It 
would  perhaps  be  safe  to  say,  that  no  other  fund  of  like  amount| 
either  private  or  pnblic,  invested  as  these  are,  and  involving 
accounts  with  so  many  thousand  individual'*,  is  managed  at  so 
smaU  a  cost. 

In  concluding  this  report,  we  take  .occasion  to  congratulate  the 
people  of  the  State  upon  the  fact,  that  not  one  dollar  if  their 
great  educational  endowment  has  beeu  lost.  That  the  whole  of  it 
is  securely  invested,  and  that  no  apprchonsiou  r.ood  be  entertained 
of  the  Jos  4  of  any  part  of  it  from  the  failure  of  tlie  securities 
wbicb  are  held  for  the  payment  of  its  principal  and  interest.  We 
have  a  right  to  feci  some  pride  upon  this  acconut^,  ua  well  in  rela- 
tion to  the  official  conduct  of  our  predecessors,  as  our  own» 

ALEXAKDER  T.  GKAY, 
E.  H.  JANSSEN, 
GEO.  B.  SMITH. 


vi 


aunual  repobt 


OF 


STATE  SUPERINTENDENT 


OF 


PUBHC  mSTKUCHON 


OF  THB  ' 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN, 


FOB  THE  TEAB 1866. 


■NO     - 


MADISOH: 
1886. 


f 


.REPORT. 


1 


4 


•i«»"«itt 


It  is  made  by  law  the  duty  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  to  "prepare  in  each  year  a  report,  to  be  submitted  to 
the  legislature,  bearing  date  on  the  last  day  of  December  ]in*eaoh 
year,  containing — 

4 

"  1.  An  abstr^  of  all  the  common  school  reports  received  by 
him  from  the  several  clerks  of  the  county  boards  of  supervisors. 

"  2.  A  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  common  schools  in  this 
State. 

"8.  EstimatAB  and  accounts  of  i. expenditures  of  the  school 
moneys. 

"  4»  Flans  for  the  improvement  and  management  of  the  com- 
mon school  fund,  and  for  the  better  organization  of  the  oommdn 
schools.    And—' 

'^  5.  All  such  matters  relating  to  his  office  and  the  common 
schools  of  the  State,  as  he  shall  deem  expedient  to  communicate." 

Th#  required  abstract  of  county  returns  will  be  found  at  the 
cloe^  of  this  report  i 


6 

« 

The  number  of  countieB  in  this  state  is^y.  From  the  abstract 
of  the  county  reports,  we  learn  that  in  the  forty-five  organized 
counties,  there  were  on  the  first  day  of  September  last,  four  hun* 
dred  and  sixty-eight  towns  and  cities,  containing  three  thousand 
five  hundred  and  eighty-four  districts  and  joint  districts.  Of  this 
number  of  whole  and  joint  districts,  3321  have  reported  to  the 
town  superintendents  as  required  by  law.  The  number  of  districts 
reported  last  year  is  2226,  showing  an  increase  of  1358  whole  and 
joint  districts.  The  increase  is  in  part  the  result  of  divisions  of 
old  districts,  but  is  mainly  gttribnt^l^  to  ^e  increase  of  popula* 
tion  in  our  state  and  tbe  settlement  of  new  toi^itory.  ^Still,  it  is  a 
matter  of  regret,  that  the  carving  up  of  large  districts  into  small 
ones  is  quite  common,  introducing  dissension,  poor  schools,  and 
many  and  great  hindrances  in  the  way  of  all  educational  progress 
and  prosperity.  To  the  fancied  benefit  of  being  near  a  school 
house,  very  important  considerations  are  often  sacrificed.  The 
^t  ia  orverlooked  that  children  require,  for  the  development  of  a 
/bealty  organization,  the  dally  exercise  equivalent  to  one  or  two 
jmiles  travel.  In  pleasant  weather  a  walk  of  two  or  even  .three 
miles  is  no  hardship  to  them.  It  has  been  obsorved,  and  the  tes- 
timony of  teachers  confirms  the  observation,  "  that  as  a  general 

•  irule,  those  children  ^ho  live  farthest  from  the  school  house,  are 
the  most  punctual  in  their  daily  attendance,  and  make  the  great- 
est progress  in  their  studies.^' 

The  whole  number  of  children  in  the  State,  on  the  first  day  of 

September,  1855,  between  tbe  )lges  of  four  and  twenty,  wad  166,085 

The  whole  number  set  down  in  tbe  Report  for  tbe  year  1854, 

*  .  was  •-<;«.«•  155,125 
inareaae  in  Ibe  State  for  tbe  year  1865,  ,  «  .  .  30,960 
The  whole  number  of  children  who  have  attended  Bcbool  during 

the  year  ending  September  1, 1855,  is      -            ^            -  1 22,452 
•Of  these  119,68V  were  between  tbe  ages  of  four  and  twenty. 
Tbe  number  reported  last  year  over  four,  and  under  twenty,  as 

attending sebool,  was      «            •    '        ^       ■<    «            •  101^580 

Increase  of  attendance  for  tbe  year,              «            -^        -    ^  18,207 


Tl\6r6  was  xeceiyed  from  yariotit  sources  for  the  year  1866,  for 

9cIiqoI  purpoees,  the  snm  of          -  .          -            -            -  Q264,^di  08 
Of  this  amou  A,  there  was  *  expended  for  same  purposes,  the 

sum  of  ^            -            -            -      .      -            •            -  860,07fil*70 
As  follows  : — 

lS6x  teachers'  wagee,           -            .            -            .            -  $2l6j542.  72 

"Libraries,          -            -            -            -            -            -  4,741  fl 

*'    other  purposes,             -            -            -            -            -  28,791  77 

Amount  unexpended,            -            -           -           -  14,688  83 

Excess  of  money  received  and  expended  for  school  purposes  .  , . 

over  amount  of  year  1864,           -     .. ,     -            -            -  22,^47  49 

Excess  for  teachers'  wages,               -     *       •    .        -            -  5^^057  08 

ISiefie  figures  indicate  a  beaUiiy  educational  progress  in  our 
State,  as  compared  with  tb6se  of  former  years.  Still,  with  our 
great  and  general  prosperity,  they  are  scarcely  what  we  had  a 
right  reasonably  to  expect,  we  are  not,  however,  to  estimate  the 
degree  of  interest,  and  the  nleasure  of  improvement  in  all  locali- 
ties  by  the  figures  here  given.  While  in  many  places  there  has 
been  little  or  no  improvement  on  the  previous  year,  in  othera  th^ 
condition  of  thin^  has  been  materially '  jcjianged  for  the'better| 
far  larger  amounts  have  been  raised  for  school  purposes,  and  the 
wages  of  teachers  have  been  greatly  increase^* 


r    t    M 


/■..'.<  .  •.'.!'._■  ,, 


The  School  Mind— Its  UhproSucHve  and  ProdwHve  Capital — 
-  Amount  of  Income — Afportionm&ntj  <bc. 

^  The  oafital  of  the  School  Fund  consists  of  1.  Unproductive  Pl^pert^' 
Being' 9ff> 961  acres  of  land,  located  in  tfaeseveKal o6untiea as fellews :      t    ' 

Counties.                          Acres.  '    Valuation. 

Washington  (BIook>  <   <           40  tl.m  20 

Dodge,  l             30  w49-100  S40  10  f 

Tondduliicf                                40         .  61  00  p 

Harquettei                                      38  .40.  <  ;  56  71". 

n  jportige,                                   7^60  BfiW  U,, 


8 


PcO^ 

3»200 

4.Q2:  5^ 

Ficm^ 

32 

.22 

•      -^- 

Dm> 

4,540 

COIi   3£ 

EenoaM, 

820 

4;:  T( 

Adm, 

MO 

72t   CK 

BnflUc^ 

2,008 

.0] 

•:,4-C   £C 

Pomif 

l.^Vt 

J^ 

T/   '^J*"     1»» 

Jadbofl, 

6^4^ 

.<T 

t.i-DI   35 

Cairk, 

1,480 

1,P*-D    i^ 

€9upp6W!^ 

2,8C0 

t.hb^  i.i 

TrempekMy 

4.^20 

c.r.^  PC- 

J^fienon  Oanal, 

1,076 

.:o 

1.4-r:  ^f 

OtttlgMMM, 

3ie 

.ot 

456  Sr 

3:i,9i;l 

.fet^:oo 

4:.:v..[  I!?; 

2d.  Loans  tecvred  bj 

mortgage  ou  Beul  Esift*.^.. 

rt-i.sijp  M 

Baknct  due  on  ttlefe, 

l,5CtJlT   ^F 

BalftDcein  TreMoij, 

SU'L'f  4S 

ToUl  capital  of  School  Fund,  December  31,  lbS5,  ei^^&r.^f  P  5D 

■  Deducting  the  amount  in  Treasurj,  6u.;ect  to  loan,  ve  bare 

as  the  amount  of  productive  capital,  l,5r?.r42  ?5 

Totalcapital  of  School  Fund  last  year,  1^«7C,255  TT 

In€waae  for  186fi^  227,010  55 

The  income  of  School  Fasd  aabjeot  to  apportionment  the 

preieot  jear  ia  u  foDowa:    Interest  upon  productire  capiud 

at  r  per  cent,  130,076  99 

BtiMDOe  of  rerenue  on  hand,  December  31, 1 B55,  17,479  00 

Xotoi  stkwmmt  147,555  99 

|ju;r<sa^  <4  ittcemeerer  that  of  the  year  1864,  .  •  W'l  ^^ 

O*^  wy/uti  a{;poitioDed  on  the  lOth  of  March  lait*  21,649  97 

7/,*  j/r'/4u<;t3  ve  capital  of  the  School  Fund  is  aimaally  increaeed 
i/jr  ib«^M  'yf  H'lL'/ol  Landa,  and  from  other  Bonrces,  and  conae- 
yjifi^.K  V  v,4;  /ifv^fj';^  f'^r  the  snpport  of  the  public  achools  of  the 
huiViC'  ''^»''  < '-  ^-^j  r^jwaiijing  lands  shall  have  been  sold,  and  the 
;/r'/<A>^>^it  v< '«-*/:  v,  t;,r;  pr'>d  active  capital  of  the  Fund,  the  income 


9 


aimtially  i^fl^hiftom  ibA  whole  wfl!  ai&  largely,  indeed,  in  the 
edncatiou  of  the  sona  and  danghters  of  the  State,  and  in  deepen- 
ing and'  strengthening  the  foundations  of  all  trae  prosperity. 


,1 


1  ,    •      :         I 

The  /ollaioin,g  ia  a  correot  skiiamerU  of  th$  09^^ 
the  awtrai  towns  and  cities  of  the  State^  A.  D.  1865,  as  piih 
vided  hy  IcM. 

Adams   Oownly. 


Orand  Marsh, 
Jackson, 
Lemonweiri    • 
Ljodon,  - 
Lisbon^ 

Qttincej, 


Appottloiiilkflnt 
978  08} 
S88  90| 

78  081 

99  82 

61  Ml 

49  10} 


- 

Bad  Ax  OozmSy. 

743  82 

1               , 

Bad  Az, 

«                                         m 

202  86 

Bergen, .  - 

*                                        •                                         • 

52  82} 

Jefferson, 

«                                        • 

128  16} 

ElickapoOy 

•                                         «■                                         • 

63  9Si 

Viroqua, 

*                                         • 
• 

283  36 

716  6^ 

« 

Brown  Comity. 

Depere, 

-      %     - 

.        188  76^ 

Green  Bay, 

- 

808  48} 

Green  Bay  Ci^, 

m                                        m 

-         468  9S 

Holland, 

•                                  •                                  • 

«8  49} 

Howard, 

•                                               a 

197  i2|' 

Lawrebce, 

■                                               •                                              • 

127  W^ 

Pittsfield, 

• 

-          24  96} 

Wrightstown, " 

•                                              < 

21  79} 

3 


1,880  48 


\^ 


Lima,       -         ^  \t  '  ^         ^     ^         .       -       .  .     50  711 

Manchestel-,     -                -                -            "    -  176  29^ 

NewHolstein,  - -  171  46J 

Portland,         -                -                -                -  127  19 


I      >  ■  •  •■ 


1,.  I' J 


f  " 


•r. » 


•  >  •         r  I 


Cbippewa  Falla, 

Prairie  du  Chieni 

Citledoiiia,       *- 

(^olumbus, 

Courtland, 

Dek6rraj 

Fort  Winnebago, 

Fountain  Prairie, 

Efarapden, 

Leeds, 

Lewiston, 

Lodi,    '    - 

Lovrville, 

Uarcelkm, 

Newport, 

OtsegQy    - 

PtcifiC,;' 

PcaiageCity,  . 
Bandoiph, 
l^oit,     r- 
Spring^e,      - 
We«t  Point,    . 
WyxKeaa, 


GTwppevia  County. 


i»*r 


Oraioford  Oounby. 


Columbia  Cotmly, 


-  \ 


) 


A-.. 


.,368  la 
61  79 

613  41 


••  k 


160  241 

sm  o« 

280  23 

274  60J 

211  71tt 

240  69^ 

193  20 

"210  lOJ 

179  61i 

148  29 

165  02^ 

222  98^ 

86  13i 

145  70i 

.  ;«  85J 

,302  25 

265  77i 

161  804 

204  47 

1  •   ' 

88  66 

,  247  94 

i 

$4,237  52 


*cj$W(v 


Albion,,  - 

Berry, .     - 
Black  Egrth,  • 
Blooming  Orov« 
Blue  HouDd^_ 
Briuol,    ,-  ' 
,  Biuke, 
Christiuia, 
OoUage  QnTe, 
Cio»Pluiu, 
Duie, 
Deerfieldi 
Duukirl^ 
Dudu,      - 
Fitchbuirg, 
]|£ftdiaon, 
Medioa, 
MiddletoD, 
Uontres*, 
Oregon,   - 
Perrj, 

Pleuaot  Spring, 
Primiose, 
Bojfbuij,' 
BatlaDd, 
Springdale, 
Springfiisld,'    - 
Sun  Prairie^ 
Terona, 
Vieuna,    ,- 
Wastport, 
Windaoc, 
ToA, 


-    .>^^r 


AppOrtJODBMDt 


168  41i 

lU  B>i 

20S  8S1 

n  28 

112  70 

177  BOi 

2fil  le. 

n,»u  SO) 


H 


iMlgibowti^. 


w                                     w 

Apportionment 

Ashippun,       11-. 

-      $882  37^ 

Beaytr'Damy           ... 

637  56 

Burnett, 

;.    sr4r  lai* 

Calamus,                  ... 

165  S6| 

Oheiter,'         1                .                -                . 

827  631 

Clyman,  .               -                -                - 

329  22 

Elba,              .                .               .               - 

800  26} 

Emme^  -                -                ... 

402  60 

Fox  Tiake,        -                -               -               . 

.        839  71 

Herman,                  ... 

415  88 

Hubbard,         -                -                -                ■ 

879  I6t 

Hustiford,                ... 

276  11 J 

Lebanon,         -                ... 

.    '    404  91| 

Leroy,     - 

192'  39} 

Lomira,           .                -                .                . 

231  03J 

Lowell,    -                -                .               - 

801  07 

Oak  Grove,    =.                -                -               - 

484  70 

Portland, 

263  57J 

Rubicon,         .                -                -                . 

408  94    ' 

Shields,    -                -                 -                . 

302  68 

Theresa,           -                -               •               . 

845  34} 

Trenton,  -                -                -                - 

410  55 

Westford,        -                .                .               . 

•       .    97  40} 

Williamstown, 

387  07i 

Watertown,  6tli  and  6tb  ward% 

,168  68i 

1 

98,068  68} 

F<ynd  du  Lao  Qyunty. 

Alto,             '  -       *        - 

>      $198  83i 

AAford,  -        .        . 

314  T5i 

Auburn,          -                •                -                , 

127  19 

Byron,     :                -                -                ■ 

303  48} 

Cahimet;.        - 

467  70} 

Ceresco,   -               -               -                - 

353  39} 

u 


Brnpize^ 
Fond  da  LcK^ 
Fond  da  Lac  Gtji 
Torest,  .  - 
Frieadsbip, 
LamartiDe^ 
Metomeiiy 
Oakfield, 
Osceola,        •  • 
Roeendalei 
Bpringvaley    .* 
Tajaliedahy 
WaapuOf . 


Apportioiunanii 
184  841 

,  119  »H 
0.91  69 
244  72 
778  Ot 
277  72J 
145  70} 
249  55 
207  04} 
808  48} 
102  83} 
228  70 
264  04 
i88  45 
808  47} 

•6^87  04} 


Grant  Chunfy. 


CasBviUet 

EUenboxo, 
Fenmmore^      • 

Basel  OreaDy   - 
Janeitovni 
T^ncaaUr, 
Libeity   - 
lima, 

Mtiftcodai 

Pa(riB| 

Paloh  Orora^  • 

Ptaatarile, 


1840  51} 
210  01 
181  12} 
107  22} 
888  40 
27ii  8fl# 
808  84} 
258  70} 
481  48 
7t  48 
229  4^ 
8f8  88 
188  Mi 
U1..88 
880  to 

MS  78} 


^  i^'ucr.c 


t3UL 


'     ^^ 


Chippewa  FaUs, 

'I  • 

Prairie  d\x  ChidD| 

■ 

Oaledoaia, 
Oolumbui^ 
Oourtland, 
Dekoiraj 
Fort  WinnebagOi 
,  Fountain  Prairie, 
Hampden, 
Leeds, 
Lewiston, 
Lodi, 
Lowville, 
Matrcelkm, 
Newport, 
OtsegOi    - 
Pacific,  • 
Portage  City,  . 
Bandolph, 

Scott,        r- 

Springif^e,  - 
West  Point,  . 
WTOcena, 


*  • 


•^   ' 


•) 


Oh/i^pewa  County. 


Ora/mford  County. 


CohmlAa  Cou/nty. 


I 


-f 


♦TO  O'-i 
50  71f 
176  ^ 
171  46} 
127  19 
in  49 

.858  13 

« 

6t  79 


613  41 


168  24i 

859  08 

280  28 

274  50J 

211  71^ 

240  C9^ 

193  20 

• 

210  lOJ 

179  51i 

148  29 

165  02^ 

222  98j 

86  13i 

145  70^ 

>6  85^ 

'  a62  26 

265  77i 

161  80i- 

■ 

204  47 

- 

88  55 

247  94 

i  1 

14,237  52 


^iSW^ 


Albion,,..         • 
Bany, ,  .  - 
Black  £arlH,  - 
Blooming  Otove, 
Slue  Mounds,, 
Briatol,   .-  ' 
,  Bnik^ 
CluistJua, 
OotUge  Grore, 
Ci;oaa.FlaiDi, 
Paa«, 
t>eerfiel4t 
Dunyrl^ 

filohburg, 

MadiaoQ, 

Medina,. 

Middleton, 

UootroM, 

Oregon,   - 

Vetrj, 

Pleaaant  Spring, 

Primroae, 

Roxbury,' 

Botluid, 

Spriogdale, 

Springfield,-   - 

Sun  Prairie, 

Verona, 

Tieona,    ,  - 

WMtport,' 

YiitiAaot, 

Tork, 


ApportiooBwiL 
*3S1.  »fl) 


-    ■\!.^''' 


168  41* 

224 

«H 

206 

6H 

n  28 

112 

70 

jn 

90J 

251 

16. 

•>,941  SO) 


It 


J^odgi  di>iMi^. 


Ashippoxi, 

Beayar  Dam, 

Burnett, 

Calamua, 

Ohegter, 

Cljman, 

Elba, 

Emmei,  - 

Fox  Lake, 

Herman, 

Hubjbard, 

Hustiford, 

Lebanon, 

Leroy, 

Lomira, 

Lowell,    - 

Oak  Grovey 

Portland, 

Rubicon, 

Shields,    - 

Theresa, 

Trenton,  - 

Weetford, 

Williamstown, 

Watertown,  5tli  and  tOi  wardi, 


Fond  du  Zoo  Ootrnfy. 


Alto, 

Aihford,  - 
Auburn, 
Byron, 
Calumet;. 
Ceresoo,   - 


ApportlonmeDt 
•882  Vti 
637  56 
247  13}* 
165  36^ 
32?  6S| 
32S  22 

300  S6|- 
402  60 
859  71 
415  38 
379  16| 
276  llj 
404  91| 
192:  39} 
231  03} 

301  07 
484  70 
253  67} 
408  94    ' 

302  68 
345  34} 
410  55 

97  40} 

337  07i 

.168  68i 

98,063  68}- 


•198  83i 
314  T5i 
127  19 
303  48} 
467  70} 
353  39^ 


II 


1. 


•         • 

ApportioiUBaiii 

Abn» 

1 

184  84* 

BldondD, 

•     .         ••     .         •     - 

,  If  8  »U 

Sflipir^ 

«              «               ■ 

191  M 

Fond  dn  I4)C| 

• 

244  72 

Fond  da  Lao  Gtyy 

778  Ot 

Torest,  .  - 

» 

277  72J 

FrieDdfhip, 

•                   •                   • 

145  70} 

liamartinei 

•                   •                   • 

249  55 

Metomen, 

a                                        •                                        • 

297  04} 

Oakfield, 

•                                         •                                        • 

808  48} 

Oflc«ola,        •  • 

- 

102  23} 

Boeendale, 

•                                        •                                        • 

228  79 

« 

Bpringyale,     .• 

a                                               «                                               ■ 

264  04 

Tajohedah, 

#                                               •                                               • 

288  45 

Waopun, » 

■                                               *                                               I 

898  47} 

- 

•^87  Oi} 

(?mn<  CJMmfy. 

BMcfwrlf 

m                                   m 

-      $840  51} 

GmvUlet 

•                  .                  • 

210  91 

CUftoB, 

•             .               « 

181  12} 

i^lenboto. 

B                                                                  •                                                                  • 

197  22} 

Fennimore^ 

• 

888  49 

Hanisoiiy 

- 

272  89| 

Ousel  Gre«D,   - 

1 
•                                     m 

802  94} 

Jatterivwni 

m           >                     0           . 

2M  79} 

TOTctatiri 

. 

iftl  48 

Libeity   - 

-             ? 

7t  48 

lima. 

■                                  •                                  • 

229  41} 

IffllyiUe, 

■                                  •                                  • 

8t8  88 

Muaoodi, 

•                                  •             "  ,                 ■ 

198  ii} 

PMiB»      . 

s 

14148 

Palch  .arore^  • 

•                               •                               ■ 

MO  to 

PfaRtavile^ 

■                              •                              • 

twrn 

PoM,     '       • 

•                              ■ 

ees  78} 

16 


Aigyh,                          k 

AppOltMMMM 

^      $808  481 

BAnooty  .      -        •      -        t 

Itt  M 

BttHOB,                •                    « 

m&  M 

OeBtr^/     .      -         . 

298  8t| 

BIk  Otbv€^ 

178  n 

layette,' 

802  88 

Oratiot, 

982  77 

Kendally    • 

165  86^ 

MoBtiMiks 

87  M 

New  Digginsy 

#. 

408  40} 

ShollBbaig, 

811  M 

Wayne^     • 

178  71 

WWto, 

887  08 

WUte  Oak  Spriiigi   . 

IM  42 

WiUow  Springs 

• 

900  44} 

•4»218  81 


MamUowoc  ChmUy. 


OentreTille^ 

• 

• 

•182  02 

BatoOy      • 

• 

76  67 

Koifatby 

• 

• 

884  88 

Manitowooi 

1 

846  84| 

Manitowoo  Bapidi 

i 

• 

• 

198  88} 

Maple  OroTe^ 

• 

156  17 

Memeei 

• 

m 

142  48} 

Ifiakeeott, 

• 

lis  60} 

Newton^ 

• 

t 

246  52} 

TweKren, 

• 

2M  16 

91,BB6  £9i 

w 

Marath^h  Ot^unijf. 

Ifmthon, 

• 

• 

.      174  Wk 

17 


MtheoMhie  Ckyumiy. 


FnmUm, 
Qranyille, 

Greenfield, 
Lake, 

Milwaukee, 
Ifilwaukee  Oitjr, 
Oak  Greek, 
Wanwatosa, 


Apportionmeat 
$449  W\ 
799  86} 
676  to 
,    506  64 
578  79i 
6830  52 
540  96 
694  171 


• 

tl0,576  69i 

Marquette  Gcwnty. 

Berlin,             .               .               .               . 

1555  32i 

Brooklyn, 

247.  94 

Buffalo,            .                .                •            "  . 

117  5S 

Crystal  Lake, 

t9'78i 

Dayton,            .                •                •                . 

140  07} 

Green  Lake,              .                •               • 

£62  77 

Hardio,            . 

254  88 

Harria,    ' . 

75  67 

Kingston^,          .                •                •                . 

187  66} 

Mackford,                                  .                .4 

250  35} 

Marquette,        •                :                .                . 

162  61 

Montello,  .... 

103  84} 

Moundyille^ 

224  69} 

Neshkoro, 

108  84} 

Newton, 

58  76} 

Oxford,     .      ^         . 

111  09 

Packwaukee,     • 

153  36} 

Prinoeton, 

285  77} 

Shiddfl,            .                •                .                . 

123  97 

St.  Marie, 

^58.58} 

Westfield, 

65  54} 

\ 


•3,636  38 


3 


18 


Oconto  County. 


Howard, 
Oconto,    . 


Oulaganviel  County. 


Apportionment 

$72  45 
285  11^ 

1858  22A 


Centre, 

•               • 

$28  17} 

Dale, 

•               •               • 

37  83i 

£UiDgtoD, 

•               • 

83  00} 

Freedom,   . 

•               •               • 

86  04 

Grand  Chute,    . 

•               • 

368  69 

Greenville, 

•               •               • 

82  11 

Hortonia, 

•               ♦ 

45  SSh 

Kaukana, 

•               •         .       • 

319  58} 

$1,002  22^ 

Ozaukee  County. 

Belgium, 

•              • 

.       $644  08} 

Cedarburg,           / 

•              •              • 

480  58} 

Fredonia,          , 

»              » 

848  66} 

Grafton, 

•              •              • 

869  49} 

Mequon, 

•              • 

S72  62 

Port  Washington, 

• 

454  02 

Saukville, 

• 

809  12 

$8,479  21 

•^ 

Pierce  County. 

Preecott, 

•              • 
Polh  Cotmtsf. 

.      $106  26 

Leroy,      « 

i 

•57  15f 

St.  Croij^Falls, 

•                                                   • 

28  98 

•86  13} 


I« 


Portags  County. 


Ahnondi 
Amherst,  • 
Buena  Yista, 
Grand  Rapids, 
Plover, 
Stevens  Point, 


Avon, 
Beloity 
Bradford, 
OeBtrOi     . 


JSaoh   Cotmty. 


Apforllonraent 

45  08 
16  00} 
52  82J 
117  53 
142  48J 


■ 

1883  18 

Baoi/M  Comiiyi 

• 

Burlington, 

•             • 

.       1515  20 

Caledonia, 

« 

•              •             • 

472  53} 

Dover, 

•              • 

31S  14} 

Mt.  Pleasant, 

*   . 

841  3S' 

Norwaj, 

•              • 

302  68 ♦ 

Bacine, 

•             * .             • 

801  87} 

Bacine  City, 

•              • 

.       2159  81} 

Raymond, 

.  \ 

370  90 

Rochester, 

•              • 

275  31 

Waterford, 

•             •              • 

389  62 

Yorkville, 

•             • 

.       '847  76 

S5,789  56 

1 

JiioKland  County, 

• 

1 

Buena  Vista,     . 

•             « 

806  70J 

Richland, 

•              •              • 

124  77} 

Richmond, 

• 

•              • 

141  68. 

Richwcod, 

•              •             « 

82  11 

Rockbridge, 

•              • 

98  21 

t753  48 

240  69} 
968  41} 
266  45} 
275  81 


UJnn*,; 

329  2*i 

UG»«K      . 

401  Mi 

Hob,       .      . 

»s  OH 

IMmmd,       . 

2C9  Si 

Skua.,     . 

440  8H 

SminjPniri., 

.      .          .        339  71 

S.»..Owk,. 

287  S8i 

T^n  ■       . 

.294  2U 

W«lin.th,      . 

.      .          330  05 

Whitewater,     . 

450  80 

»e,137  82 

WiuMngtmOmnt!/. 

AOdini, 

.    tasi  w 

B»te.,      . 

us  18i 

Iri^ 

374  32i 

I^rmington, 

3(8  m 

.729  81 

Hartford, 

480  tSJ 

JaobsoD, 

400,89 

Sewascum, 

189  85) 

folk. 

.         695  70 

SiehStU, 

576  98 

TrMton, 

822  18i 

W.yoe.    .               .       . 

S31  84 

W«t  Bend,      . 

;               .        236  67 

»6,0«8  U 

Wmiuia  Omni). 

«fi28  88} 


r 


ts 


Morton, 
MuckwonagOi 
Muskego, ' 
Vew  BerliDy 
OconomowoOy    . 
Ottowa, 
Pewauk^e, 
Summit,    . 
Vernon, 
Waukesha, 


Dajton, 

Farmington, 

Lind, 

Mukwau,   • 

Waupaoca, 

Weyauwega, 


Apportionment 

352  ^9. 

408  13} 

.441  14 

503  I2i 

441  14 

301  87} 

889  62 

• 

268  87 

290  0«i 

842  83 

Wmpaoca  Ootmty. 


Wofushara  Oowniy. 


Adario, 

Coloma,    . 

Dakota, 

Marian,     . 

Mount  MorriB,    . 

Oasis, 

Ontario, 

Pine  River — ^Leon,   . 

Warren, 

"Yanahara— fiftoriunentOy 
^utoma, 


6,924  61 


91  7.7 

74  06 

150  53i 

72  45 

184  43i 

137  65} 

660  90} 


S35  42 

54  74 

83  72 

85  88 

89  44} 

148  12 

94  18} 

185  24 

76  47} 

162  61 

118  88} 

11,088  62 


u 


Winn^ago  Cbunty 


Algoma, 

Black  Wol( 

0\kyUm, 

Neenahy    . 

K^ikimi, 

Ndp^DBkuniy 

OiflrOy 

Oshkoshy 

Oshkodi  Oity, 

Poygan,    • 

Rufihford, 

Utica, 

Vinland, 

Winnaconne. 

Winchester, 


Total  amount  of  appoitionment  for  the  year  1855, 


•215  74 

152  95 

111   10 

895  25} 

230  67 

175  49 

841  32 

88  55 

584  43 

73  25} 

383  18 

245  52} 

290  62} 

165  02} 

107  06} 

3,682  16 

•126,906  02 

25 


GENERAL  EEMARKS,  RECOMMENDATIONS,  ETO. 


The  age  in  which  we  lire  iB  full  of  promise.  Old  thines  are 
paasicg  away,  and  all  thiogB  are  being  made  new.  Not  that  we 
yet  can  clearly  discover  the  near  approach  of  either  a  political, 
social,  or  religions  milleninm,  bnt  that  we  can  catch  gUmpses  of 
the  early  dawning  of  a  far  brighter  and  happier  day.  Ignorance, 
want,  safiering,  selflshneas  and  dissension  are  not  the  hard  neces- 
sities of  our  being,  and  cannot  always  continue.  They  shall  not 
always  darken  our  life — they  shall  not  always  hedge  in  the  path 
of  progress.  The  light  that  breaks  from  a  single  point  in  the  in« 
tellectual  and  moral  heayens,  shall  spread  wider  and  yet  wider> 
deepening  and  gathering  intensity  in  its  onward  flow,  until  the 
whole  earth  shall  be  flooded  as  with  a  sea  of  glory.  The  restless, 
ness,  activity,  intense  eflbrt,  and  the  stirring  and  d^ply  exciting 
events  of  our  time,  are  true  indications  of  the  approaching  period 
when  principle  sbnll  prevail  more  than  system,  and  there  shall  be 
l«ss  of  wrong  and  soffering  and  tears. 

There  is  more  Thought  in  the  world  thin  there  ever  was  before. 
And  this  generally  prevailing  Thought  is  more  intelligent,  more 
earnest,  better  directed,  and  of  a  purer  and  loftier  character  than 
that  which  has  preceded  it.  Instead  of  being  shut  away  from 
the  means  and  even  the  right  of  thought,  or  of  having  no  time 
for  thought  of  anything  beyond  the  narrow  circle  of  their  own 
physical  wants,  the  condition  of  the  laboring  masses  has  been  im- 
proved, magnificent  stores  of  knowledge  have  been  opened,  and 
a  general  diffusion  of  intelligence  has  prepared  the  way  for 
4 


26 

Thonght.  And  as  knowledge  increases  Thought  expands,  is  ele- 
vated, and  becomes  more  free.  Then  there  begin  the  pulsations 
'of  a  new  and  higher  life — the  capacities  of  the  soul  are  enlarged 
-^a  clearer  and  stronger  perception  of  right  and  duty  is  imparted 
— and  man  begins  to  lift  himself  erect  in  the  dignity  of  his  august 
nature.  Hence,  those  denominated  the  Common  People — the 
toiling,  degrade  1,  and  sufforing  millions — through  the  power  of 
thought  are  opening  their  eyesiiosee  that  this  is  God's  earth ;  and 
some  way  or  other,  all  His  children,  even  .the  poorest  and  weakest 
have  a  right  to  so  much  of  the  soil,  and  water,  and  air,  as  shall 
sustain  life  under  circumstances  favorable  to  unfolding  and  devel- 
oping the  faculties  and  attributes  of  the  whole  man — physical,  so- 
cial, intellectual  and  religious. 

Thought  is  clearly  an  element  of  progress ;  and  if  there  be  that 
which  yields  under  its  power,  it  is  because  it  is  wanting  in  adap. 
tation,  or  is  false,  and  wholly  unfit  for  the  place  it  occupies.  Truth 
oaunot  suffer  from  thought — no  good  thing  can  be  permanently 
injured  by  it;  it  conserves  that  which. is  excellent,  and  right,  and 
true,  and  binds  up  the  good  of  to-day  with  that  which  may  be 
developed  to  morrow.  Thus  it  is  naturally  aiding  in  our  redemp- 
tion from  many  and  great  evils,  and  making  the  law  of  universal 
brotherhood  of  practical  force  and  effect  in  all  lands  where  its 
freedom  is  tolerated.  Before  its  power  Thrones  shall  crumble  and 
Despotisms  shall  pass  away — cruelty  and  injustice  shall  flee  from 
among  men — human  equality  shall  be  established — oppression 
shall  cease — religion  be  shorn  of  pride  and  self  righteousness— 
and  there  be  new  heavens  and  a  new  earth. 

Nowhere,  perhaps,  is  there  so  much  free  thought  as  in  our  own 
land.  In  no  other  part  of  the  world  is  broader  scope  allowed  it, 
or  greater  stimulus  supplied  it.  And  here,  as  in  no  other  country 
it  works  out  its  legitimate  tendencies,  and  achieves  its  noblest 
triumphs ;  and  is  at  once  an  element  and  an  evidence  of  our  na- 
tional greatness  and  prosperity.  True,  there  might  be  more  men- 
tal independence — more  upright,  unbending  "backbone" — ^more 
manliness,  self-relance  and  self-respect,  than  there  is.     Bigotry 


and  intolerance  are  Lere  as  elseiyherc.  Fashion,  custom,  oaate, 
and  false  disUnctLon  circuniBcribe,  fetter  aad  enthrall  in  this  Ee* 
publican  land  aa  in  the  Old  World.  But  it  need  not  be  «o,  for 
these  are  backed  by  no  political  power,  and  derive  their  authorilT' 
only  from  common  consent.  Every  man,  if  he  will,  may  think, 
believe,  speak  and  act  for  himself :  responsible  for  the  legitimate 
use  of  this  right  to  no  class,  sect  or  party,  but  to  God  only.       ' 

One  of  the  agents?— and  a  principal  one — by  which  is  develop- 
ed this  increased  and  increasing  thonght^  is  the  Oommon  School. 
Planted  amid  the  ragged  and  rocky  hills  of  New  England,  or  the 
sunny  vales  of  the  South,  or  upon  the  broad,  green  prairies  of  the 
West,  it  unfolds  the  germ  of  intellect,  ^^rears  the  tender  thought," 
^^forms  the  common  mind"  and  iita  and  qualifies  in  no  small  de- 
gree for  the  active  duties  of  liie,  and  the  responsibilities  of  citizen- 
ship. Humble  and  obscure  it  may  be,  communicating  to  the 
children  of  lowly  birth  only  the  simplest  rudiments  of  knowledge, 
yet  it  is  one  of  the  strong  defeuces  of  the  land — the  Nubseby  os* 
Fbebmbn  !  Many  a  bare-footed  boy,  with  ragged  jacket  and 
tanned  face,  has  gone  out  from  it  with  great  thoughts  stirring 
within  his  soul  because  of  its  ministrations,  his  ambition  aroused 
and  his  enthusiasm  enkindled,  to  achieve  a  noble  destiny  in  some 
department  of  intellectual  or  moral  effort,  and  make  bright  some 
page  of  hid  country's  history.  ^'  Patient  thought"  has  been  bom 
of  its  humble  ministry— thought  that  moves,  guides,  and  wiU  re*- 
deem  and  save  the  world.  To  the  extent  that  the  Common  School 
widens  the  sphere  of  intellectual  action  and  effort,  aids  in  the  dif- 
fusion  of  intelligence,  and  tends  to  elevate  individuals  and  com- 
munities in  the  scale  of  moral  being,  it  may  justly  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  symbols  of  a  great  and  prosperous  State.  It  is  an  in> 
strument  of  aehievemett,  and  an  agent  ^^  of  actual  power  and  of 
living  performance." 

There  are  other  signs  and  representatives  of  national  greatness. 
**  However  insignificant  it  really  is,"  says  Ohapin,  **  man  spreads 
an  ideal  glory  over  the  land  of  his  birth.  Perhaps  its  historical 
importance  compensates  for  its  geographical  narrowness,  or  i 


28 

material  poverty  is  hidden  by  its  intellectnal  wealth.  From  its 
stock  of  mighty  men — ^its  heroes  and  bards,  and  sages — ^who  hare 
brightened  the  roll  of  fame ;  or  from  its  memorable  battle -fields, 
on  wild  heath  and  in  mountain  defile ;  or  from  its  achieyements, 
which  hare  swelled  the  tide  of  human  enterprise,  and  made  the 
world  its  debtor ;  he  draws  the  inspiration,  he  carries  away  the 
conviction  of  greatness — so  that  wherever  its  emblems  come 
before  his  eyes,  they  touch  the  deep  springs  of  reverence  and 
pride.*' 

But  there  is  something  necessary  beside  what  is  here  enume- 
rated^ to  constitute  a  country  truly  great.  The  signs  of  its  endu- 
ring prosperity  and  glory  are  not  to  be  found  in  mere  dead,  inert, 
or  ideal  things,  but  in  those  that  possess  vital  force  and  energy, 
and  that  take  in  pieces  and  reconstruct,  purify,  exalt,  enlighten 
and  make  desert  places  green  and  beautiful.  A  people  may  be 
great,  and  have  great  power,  because  of  political  importance, 
vast  possessions,  and  strong  institutions ;  but  that  nation  is  the 
greatest,  which  far  loss  favored  physically  and  politically,  has  its 
symbols  in  those  mighty  agents  that  concern  themselves  with  the 
welfare,  enlightenment  and  moral  elevation  of  humanity.  We  of 
the  great  West  may  take  just  pride  in  our  physical  advantages 
and  blessings,  multiplied  and  rich  beyond  those  of  almost  any 
other  people.  Perhaps  no  other  portion  of  our  highly  favored 
country  possesses  so  varied  and  abundant  natural  resources  as 
the  mighty  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  of  which  our  State  forms  a 
part.  Consider  our  inexhaustable  mines  of  mineral  wealth,  our 
*^  openings"  and  prairies,  with  the  richest  and  most  productive 
soil  in  the  world ;  our  vast  inland  seas  dotted  with  the  white  sails 
of  a  busy  commerce ;  our  broad  rivers  running  to  the  ocean,  beam- 
ing upon  their  bosom  the  wealth  which  industry  has  extracted 
from  the  earth  ;  our  green  hills,  and  cheerful  valleys,  and  fruitful 
plains;  all  furnishing  employment,  highways  and  homes  tor 
honest  labor  in  every  legitimate  calling  and  pursuit ;  consider 
all  these,  and  tell  me  if  the  lines  have  not  fallen  to  us  in  pleasant 
places,  and  if  ours  is  not  indeed  a  goodly  heritage  I 


Let  Q8  look  again.  Only  a  few  years  ago,  this  broad  i^rriUaj 
wae  a  wild  and  savage  wilderness.  From  the  rugged  shores  and 
the  mountains  and  valleys  of  Kew  England,  from  the  proud  old 
Empire  State,  irom  the  sunny  South,  from  the  Britieh  Islands 
across  the  sea,  and  from  far-off  ^^  Fatherland,"  we  came  and  peo- 
pled the  solitudes  beyond  the  Great  Lakes.  The  forests  Lave  been 
swept  away,  the  rich  mould  of  the  prairies  turned  by  the  busy 
plow,  towns  and  cities  builded,  railroads  constructed,  a  large  and 
prosperous  commerce  established,  and  the  foundation  of  wealth 
and  material  greatness  laid  deep  and  strong.  In  a  commonwealth 
thus  abounding  in  natural  resources,  thus  settled  and  improved, 
full  of  enterprise  and  prosperity,  full  of  busy  industry  and  in- 
creasing wealth,  pressing  continually  onward  in  its  upward  and 
prosperous  way,  and  cpnceming  itself  with  all  great  means  and 
measures  of  public  improvement,  we  might  think  that  little  or 
nothing  more  was  wanting  to  constitute  it  truly  threat  and  power- 
ful. But  there  are  other  and  essential  elements  of  greatness  and 
power,  elements  intellectual  and  moral  in  their  nature,  and  which 
conduce  to  the  true  and  harmonious  development  of  man.  The 
broad  expansion  of  mind,  the  liberal  view,  the  refined  taste,  the 
sound  judgment  which  learning  secures;  the  independence  and 
integrity  of  character,  the  upward  aim,  the  serene  dignity,  the 
lofty  purpose,  the  spirit  of  humanity  and  brotherhood,  which 
moral  principle  imparts  ;  these  are  what  give  to  a  State,  as  well 
as  to  individuals,  true  elevation,  sublimity,  prosperity  and  great- 
ness. To  furnish  the  most  liberal  and  efficient  means  of  mental 
and  moral  cultivation  to  the  entire  mass  of  its  population,  is 
therefore,  the  business  and  duty  of  the  State.  Kot  so  much  in 
its  broad  geographical  limits,  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  its  mineral 
resources,  and  its  facilities  for  trade  and  commerce,  as  in  its 
thousands  of  immortal  souls,  its  mines  of  intellectual  riches,  and 
its  bountifully  furnished  agencies  for  augmenting  the  aggregate 
of  its  intelligence  and  moral  virtue,  lies  its  real  wealth,  power  and 
safety. 

It  consults  its  true  interests  and  its  essential  glory,  therefore, 


only  when  it  scatters  the  seeds  of  knowledge  broadcast  over  its 
entire  surface — only  when,  tlirongh  its  wisely  appointed  mediums, 
it  pours  out  light  freely  through '  all  its  borders  and  into  its  re- 
motest corners,  as  God  pours  out  sunshine  and  rain  from  heaven. 

It  is  a  thought  in  which  we  may  well  take  pride,  that  in  our 
own  state  the  means  for  obtaining  knowledge  have  been  largely 
supplied.  Indeed,  as  a  general  thing,  they  have  been  brought  to 
every  man's  door.  Recently  settled  as  is  AVi^C'^nein,  if  we  look 
around  fur  the  ignorant,  wo  shall  find  thcni  without  trouble  ;  but 
if  we  look  for  those  who  are  cou'lenuied,  by  disadvantages  of  sit- 
uation, or  other  cause,  to  unavoidable  igm)rance,  we  shall  gener- 
ally search  in  vain.  A  munificent  fund  has  been  created,  the  free 
school  established,  and  the  schoolmaster  sent  *'  abroad."  When 
the  entire  income  from  this  fund  shall  become  available,  and  our 
free  school  system  perfected  and  made  harmonious  in  all  its  parts, 
and  the  schoolmaster  enabled  to  give  full  proof  of  his  exalted 
ministry,  we  may  well  question  whetiier  any  state  in  the  Union, 
with  respect  of  educational  advantages  and  fucilitios  shall  surpass 
our  own. 

But  while  saying  this,  I  would  not  forget  that  before  we  can 
attain  to  this  position,  very  much  reraftins  to  be  done — that  there 
is  much  for  the  state  to  do — much  for  the  peojdo  in  thuir  every 
eapacity.  Not  only  have  we  to  jealously  guard  our  school  fund 
from  peculation  and  fraud,  but  we  have  to  adapt  our  public 
school  system  to  our  changing  circumstances,  and  any  new  condi- 
tion growing  out  of  them,  to  elevate  the  standard  of  public  in- 
struction, to  supply  defects  and  remedy  errors  of  adminietration, 
to  give  to  our  free  schools  an  enlarged  sphere  of  usefulness  as 
mediums  of  practical  knowledge,  by  introducing  new  and  interest- 
ing branches  of  study  in  addition  to  those  now  pursued,  thus  di- 
recting fund,  and  system,  and  administrative,  and  supervisory 
power,  and  free  school  to  the  accomplishment  of  one  great  object 
to  be  kept  in  view :  The  development  of  a  free,  true,  harmonious 
human  soul. 


Yed,  to  this  oud  should  we  labor  as  legislator,  oxecatlve,  super* 
intendent,  dLntrict  board,  teacher,  parent,  citizeu,  that  each  child 
within  our  broad  territory  shall  be  trained  and  disciplined  into  an 
intelligent  and  self-governed  individual,  capable  of  acting  well 
his  part  in  all  the  duties  of  life.  Xot  only  the  happiness  of  our 
children,  but  also  the  highest  good  of  the  state,  require'this  at  our 
bands. 

Immediately  on  receiving  the  appointment  to  the  office  of  Su- 
perintendent of  Public  Instruction,  made  vacant  by  the  death  of 
its  late  worthy  and  highly  cstetMued  incumbent,  Hon.  II.  A. 
Wright,  I  sought  by  visitation  and  correspondence  to  ascertain 
more  fully  than  I  had  been  able  ])revi()usly  to  learn,  what  were  the 
practical  working?*  of  our  present  school  systeni  in  its  various  de- 
tails— how  admim'stered — how  supervised  in  its  operations — and 
with  what  results;  wliar  its  detects,  if  any  it  had,  aud  what 
changes  or  improvements  were  required,  if  any,  to  better  adapt  it 
to  particular 'Ocalities;  what  the  condition,  character  and  wants 
of  our  school:?,  aud  what  was  essential  to  the  greater  vitality  and 
efficiency  of  both  system  and  schools.  From  what  I  have  learned 
with  respect  of  the  various  points  on  which  information  was 
sought,  I  am  satisfied  that  under  present  circumstances  and  the 
existing  condition  of  things,  our  system  of  common  schools,  in  the 
main,  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  need  of  most  portions  of  the 
State.  Any  radical  change  in  its  leading  outlines  or  principles,  I 
am  confident,  would  take  from  its  general  adaptation,  and  conse- 
quently render  it  less  capable  of  answering  the  end  for  which  it 
was  designed.  At  the  same  time  there  is  an  apparent  want  of 
harmony  in  the  details  of  the  system — many  defects — many  omis-' 
Bions — and  these  render  it  less  productive  of  good  results  than  it 
otherwise  would  be.  Here  changes,  modifications,  new  features 
can  be  advantageously  introduced,  and  will  add  to  the  complete* 
nesB,  efficiency  and  Buccess  of  the  whole.  The  full  and  effectual 
operation  of  the  system  is  hindered,  and  its  good  effects  propor- 
tionably  lessened  by  many  and  great  errors  and  defects  in  admin- 
istration.   There  is  qnite  too  frequently  a  lack  of  appreciation  or 


82 

of  fidelity  on  the  part  ofofflcers  charged  with  administratiye  duty. 
District  boards  are  not  always  wisely  chosen.  Of  if  the  best  men, 
the  fittest  by  qualification  are  elected,  they  are  quite  too  apt  to 
overlook  the  importance  of  their  official  dnties,  and  to  dischargee 
them  hastily  and  imperfectly,  as  the  calls  of  private  business  press 
upon  their  attention.  As  though  anything  could  be  estimated  of 
more  consequence  to  the  individual,  to  society  and  the  State,  than 
the  proper  training  of  the  immortal  minds  of  a  rising  generation ! 

Incompetent  and  inefficient  supervision  must  also  be  named  as 
a  hindrance  to  the  harmonious  and  effective  operation  of  our  edu- 
cational system,  thus  preventing  an  enjoyment  of  the  full  measure 
of  benefit  it  is  calculated  to  impart.  Upon  an  enlightened,  faith* 
ful,  and  judicious  supervision  of  our  schools,  will  materially  de- 
pend their  character,  condition,  and  usefulness.  Great  and  impor- 
tant as  the  proper  training  of  the  intellects  of  our  children,  the 
right  cultivation  of  the  moral  powers,  the  harmonious  develop- 
ment of  the  whole  being,  are  the  interests  to  be  supervised.  What 
watchful  and  patient  supervision  do  they  demand?  How  ought 
we  to  plan,  and  l£ft)or,  and  appropriate  abundant  means,  that  in 
our  schools,  and  through  the  influences  that  shall  go  out  from 
them,  these  interests  may  bo  subserved  and  promoted, — the  body 
— the  intellect — ^^the  heart,  be  trained,  disciplined,  and  fully 
equipped  for  the  services  of  life.  And  yet,  in  .far  too  numerous 
instances,  men  wholly  unqualified  are  chosen  for  the  discharge  of 
this  important  duty.  The  people,  in  part,  are  to  be  blamed  for 
this ;  but  only  in  part,  as  we  shall  see  by  and  by. 

There  is  much  else  that  stands  in  the  way  of  the  effectual 
working  of  our  school  system,  and  prevents  it  from  giving  fifll 
proot  of  its  adaptation  and  power.  I  will  only  barely  allude  to 
these  adverse  causes  in  this  place.  They  are :  miserable  school 
houses  miserably  located,  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  districts, 
want  of  uniformity  in  text  books,  and  worse  than  all  else^  in* 
difference  and  neglect  oxr  the  part  of  parents.  I  may  be  allowed 
to  remajrk  in  this  connection,   that  in  many  places  visited^  I 


t 

as 

baye  been  gratified  to  meet  with  deciaire  evidences  of  substantial 
interest  and  mutual  co-operation  on  the  behalf  of  popular  educa- 
tioDy  from  parents,  district  boards,  superintendents,  teachers,  and 
citizens  generally ;  evidences  beheld  in  the  united  determina- 
tion to  make  the  common  school  the  best  school,  by  combining 
numbers  and  wealth,  by  furnishing  larger  means  and  better 
facilities  for  the  better  instruction  of  the  young.  Thus ,  we 
begin  to  realize  the  idea  of  the  people^b  college  in  the  district 
school.  May  it  be  more  and  more  reaUzed,  until  the  common 
schools  of  the  State,  in  all  essential  requisites,  shall  become  col- 
leges indeed ! 

I  come  now  to  the  question — What  do  we  need  by  way  of  per- 
fecting practically  our  system  of  public  instruction,  elevating  and 
improving  the  character  and  condition  of  our  common  schools, 
and  securing  to  individuals  and  the  State  the  full  measure  of  ben. 
efit  they  are  designed  to  impart  ?  The  answer,  to  some  extent,  has 
already  been  indicated  in  the  preceding  remarks ;  but  the  question 
demands  a  more  definite  and  specific  answer,  involving  in  some  of 
its  particulars  considerable  discussion. 

There  is  needed  such  a  modification  of  our  general  system  of 
Public  Instruction,  by  means  of  a  supplementary  act,  as  shall 
adapt  it  to  existing  wants  in  our  large  towns  and  villages,  and  the 
more  thickly  populated  rural  districts.  Only  with  much  difficulty 
can  the  provisions  of  the  present  law  be  ma3e  available  in  effecting 
the  required  change.  The  full  benefits  of  a  more  thorough  and 
efficient  system  of  organization  and  discipline  are  now  secured  only 
by  special  act.  Only  the  common  district  school  is  recognized, 
distinctly  by  our  present  system  and  law.  Something  above  and 
beyond  this  is  imperiously  demanded  by  the  educational  needs  of 
hundreds  of  ^localities  in  our  State.  Union  schools  can,  indeed,  be 
organized  under  the  present  law, — but  only,  as  I  said,  with  great 
difficulty.  We  need,  then,  such  special  provisions  as  that  while 
the  general  system  shall  remain  operative  as  now  where  it  best 
adapts  itself  to  the  existing  condition  of  things,  the  localities  re> 
feri;^d  to,  may,  if  they  shall  so  elect,  enjoy  the  advantages  of  a 


36 


in  othefif  where  there  is,  perhaps,  no  lack  of  qualified  men,  the 
reenlt  is  the  same,  because  of  the  meagre,  stinted  compensation 
fixed  bj  law.  And  where  one,  who,  by  education  and  taste,  is 
fitted  for  an  intelligent  and  successful  performance  of  the  work  of 

ft 

supervision  f  is  induced  to  accept  the  office,  he  is  either  too  poor 
to  make  the  sacrifice  of  time  and  money  required  him,,  or  being  a 
prosperous. business  man,  and  crowded  by  profitable  employment, 
he  gives  time  only  to  a  hasty  and  imperfect  discbarge  of,  his  offi- 
cial duties.  A  few  interested,  devoted  men,  work  on  without  re- 
gard to  earthly  reward,  and  bear  in  from  the  scene  of  their  active 
Bud  patier^t  labors,  the  yellow  sheaves  with  rejoicing. 

With  tlie  town  superintendent  alone,  we  might  havota  far  more 
effective  supervision  than  at  present,  were  we  disposed  to  pay  a 
well  qualified  officer  as  liberally  as  we  pay  the  man  who  saws  our 
wood,  or  who  takes  care  of  our  cattle.  But  if  we  would  have  this 
supervision  most  effective,  and  such  arf  the  condtition  of  our 
schools  demand,  we  must  unite,  in  my  opinion,  county  or  assembly 
district  with  the  town  superintendency.  By  doing  this  we  shall 
bring  to  the  important  work  of  supervision,  a  class  of  iutelligent, 
earnest,  faithful  men.  Teachers  will  be  subjected  to  a  more  rigid 
and  practical  examination,  and  their  ambition  powerfully  stimula- 
ted to  excel  in  their  profession.  We  would  furnish,  too,  a  compe- 
tent lecturer  in  the  person  of  each  county  superintendent,  who 
could  talk  familiar  to  the  people  of  their  educational  wants,  and 
point  out  how  they  best  may  bo  mot  and  satisfied.  Controversies 
that  are  now  settled  only  by  a])i)eal  to  the  state  superintendent, 
would  be  arranged  to  the  mutual  satisfaction  of  the  parties,  and 
neighborhood  contentions  allaj-eJ.  Such  would  be  some  of  the 
practical  results  of  the  improved  system  of  supervision,  conducing 
powerfully  to  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  the  schools,  as  evi- 
denced by  trial  in  the  state  of  New  York.  (See  communication 
of  Hon.  H.  S.  Eandall  on  this  subject,  accompanying  this  rep'ort.) 

The  number  of  able  professional  teachers  needs  to  be  largely 
augmented.  I  name  this  for  the  purpose  of  calling  the  attention 
of  the  Legislature  to  the  importance  of  making  provision  for  the 


87  ' 

proper  edneatioo  of  teachers  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  their 
calling.  Hie  want  in  this  direction  has  in  part  been  met  hj  m 
thonghtfnl  aad  wise  provision  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the 
Btate  Universitj.  I  allude  to  the  establishment  of  a  2Coannal  Dei- 
partment  and  the  appointment  of  an  able  professcxr  therein.  Eor 
fdrttier  information  yon  are  respectfnlly  referred  to  the  acoompar 
nying  commnnication  from  Ghancellor  Lathrop,  whose  views  meAt 
witii  my  cordial  approbation.  t 

Much  can  be  accomplished  in  aid  of  the  snitable  prepamtion. 
and  discipline  of  teachers,  by  connty  institates,  properly  organnsed 
and  conducted.  In  order  that  wo  may  derive  the  greatest  benefit 
fitom  these  institutes  it  is  essential  that^some  pecuniary  aid  aili 
encouragement  should  be  granted  by  the  legislature.  A  small  amtit 
say  three  hundred  dollars  a  year,  wo^ild  enable  the  Superintendr- 
ent  to  employ  such  able^assistants  as  arc  required  to  conduct  witk 
interest  and  profit  the  courses  of  instruction  in  the  Institute.*!-^ 
Many,  no  doubt,  would  cheerfully  ^ive  both  time  and  labor^  air 
snred  that  their  expenses  would  be  paid.  I  would  therefore 
recommend  the  passage  of  a  law  similar  to  that  of  Michigan^.ap? 
propriatinjg  annually  the  above  sum  for  the  purposes  specified. 

It  is  an  almost  universal  expression,  that  the  provision  of  tlfip 
school  law  with  respect  of^  the  collection  of  district  taxes,  is  jx^y 
wise,  and  ought  to^bo  abolished.  A  return  to  the  former  systeni 
of  assessment  and  collection  is  earnestly  asked  for,  and  is  hereby 
recommended. 

The  Wiscomin  JEducational  Journal  having  been  transf(Nnre4 
by  its  former  proprietor  to  the  State  Teacher^  Association^  and 
become  the  accredited  organ  of  this  department,  it  is  desired  that 
the  Legislature  provide  for  having  a  copy  placed  in  each  and^ 
tjery  School  District  Library  in  the  State.  Such,  or  similar  pro? 
vision  has  been  made*iniTew  York  on  behalf  of  its  School  Jour* 
aal  with  exeellept  results.  In  this  case  the  success  of  the  enters 
prise  greatly  depends  upon  the  legislative  aid,  to  which  reference 
ha^  been  made.  I  trnst  the  subject  will  receivoi  aa  it  merits,  joxm 
serious  and  careful  consideration. 


ii  •hedfoBCfl  to  the  reqniiementB  of  an  "  act  to  prorfde  for  Aa 
pnrehaM  of  a  certain  nnmber  of  copies  of  Webster's  Unabridged 
IXctionarj,  and  for  tiieir  distribntion  to  the  sereral  pnblic  schools 
«f  the  Staler"  approTcd  March  21, 1855, 1  ccmtracted  in  Jnlj  last 
vtth  tike  pvbliakefs  of  said  dictionary  for  three^  thousand  copies 
disRoC  to  be  delirered  in  the  citj  of  Alilwankee  on  the  first  M<»l- 
d^f  of  October  last,  at  the  price  of  fonr  dollars  per  copy.  The 
bocks  were  received  according  to  contract,  and  so  far  as  means  of 
tzas^portation  conld  be  proTided,  have  been  distribnted. 

Up  to  this  date  distribntion  has  been  mi^e  as  follows : 


Cbntf- 

.    B'o.  of  ODfHcfik      Conntj. 

Naof  eopiM. 

BrowB, 

26    Kenosha, 

67 

Golsmbia, 

118    Manitowoc, 

47. 

Dane, 

192    Ontagamie^ 

90 

Dodge, 

195    Eacine,* 

86 

Fond  da  Lac, 

137    Sheboygan, 

100 

Jeffiefson, 

135    Waukesha, 

187 

Books  hare  been  sent  as  follows,  for  which  no 

>  receipts  hsTe  been 

Rcefred: 

Winnebago, 

95    La  Fayette, 

76 

Walworth. 

187    Chippewa, 

3 

Ocont*^, 

S    Kichland, 

as 

Ozauikee, 

50    Crawford,     ' 

9 

ICiIwaiikee, 

85    Marquette, 

iia 

Bock, 

134    Waupacca, 

83 

Washington, 

lOS    Jackson, 

9 

It  ia  proper  to  state,  that,  at  the  date  of  the  contract,  the  retnms 
— ^whiih  were  not  all  in — called  for  a  less  nnmber  than  were  pnr- 
Aa&ei,  Delays  were  consequent  npon  the  non^reception  of  blank 
reports,  and  it  was  supposed  that  when  full  returns  were  received 
ihe  demand  would  folly  equal  the  supply*  The  annual  reports 
from  the  several  connties,  give  8,584  as  the  number  of  whole  and 
joint  districts  in  the  State,  while  the  returns  under  the*  act  give 
the  number  as  9,719.    It  would  be  well  to  provide  for  the  distri* 


89 

bntion  of  books  to  the  balance  of  the  diftricta,  to  the  extent  of  he 
tfapplj.  Indeed,  it  it  desirable  that  every  school  in  the  States  now 
that  the  good  work  has  been  prosecuted  so  far,  should  be  proyided 
with  a  copj  of  the  Dictiooarjy 

The  following  Text  Books  are  recommended  to  be  used  in  the 
public  schools  of  th^  State : 
Sanders'  Speller,  Analyzer,  and  Definer.  i 

do        Pictorial  Primer* 

» 

do       New  First  Reader. 

do  2nd        do. 

do  3rd         do. 

do  4th         do. 

do  5th         do. 

do       Young  Ladies'  Reader. 

do        Elocutionary  Ohart. 
Thomson's  Table  Book. 

do  Mental  Arithmetic. 

do  Slate  and  Black  Board  Exercises. 

do  Arithmetical  Analysis. 

do  Revised  Practical  Arithmetic. 

do  Higher  Arithmetic. 

Cornell's  Primary  Geography. 

do        Intermediate  do. 

do        High  School  Geography  and  Atlas. 
Ricord's  Primary  Grammar, 
Clark's  New  English  Grammer. 

do     Analysis  of  the  English  Language. 
HcElligott's  Young  Analyzer. 

do  Analytical  Manual.  ^ 

Quackenboss'  1st  Lei^ns  in  Composition. 

do  Advanced  Course  of  Composition  and  Rhetoric 

Payson  &  Dunton's  System  of  Penmanship. 
Parker's  Juvenile  Philosophy. 

'  do        1st  Lessons  in  do. 

■ 

do        Compendium  of  do.  r 


40 

Wrights  Analytical  Orthograpb j. 

Northend's  Dictation  Exercises. 

Brookfield's  Oomposition:  i 

Word  Builder. 

Willard's  Small  History  of  United  States. 

do         Large        do  do. 

do         Universal  History. 

do        Historical  Guide. 
Dayies'  Elements  of  AIge\)ra. 

do  Geometry. 

do      Legendres  do. 

do      Bourdon's  Algebra. 

do      Surveying. 

do      DcBcriptive  Geometry. 

do      Calculus. 

do      Dictionary  of  Mathematics. 
Youman's  Class  Book  of  Chemistry. 
do      Atlas  of  Chemistry. 

do      Chart        do. 
Hitchcock's  Geology. 
Coes'  Drawing  Cards,  10  parts. 
Otis'  Drawing  Book  of  Animals,  6  parts, 
do   Easy  Lessons  in  Landscapes,  (i  parts. 
Warings'  Elements  of  Agriculture. 
Green's  Primary  Botany. 

do      Class  Book  of  Botany. 
Fulton  &  Eastman's  Double  Entry  Book  Keeping. 

do  do        Blanks  for  do. 

Gutter's  Anatomy,  Physiology  and^  Hygiene. 

do      1st  book  of       do  do, 

.  Mrs.  Cutter's  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 
Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary. 

do         High  School        do. 
'  Mitchel's  Outline  Maps. 
Pelton's       do       do. 


'  41 

The  increased  and  increasing  business  in  this  office  renders  it 
necessary  that  legislative  proTision  be  made  for  furnishiog  such 
additional  assistance  as  may  be  required.  Atjtention  to  the  ezten- 
eire  correspondence  of  this  Department  alone  nearly  occupies  the 
time  of  one  person.  Add  to  this  the  duty  of  deciding  numerous^ 
cases  on  Appeal,  and  thd  recording  of  decisions — visitation  and 
inspection  on  the  part  of  the  State  Superintendent,  occupying 
four  or  five  months  of  the  year — the  preparation  and  distribution 
of  blank  reports  and  the  reception,  filing,  and  recording  of  annual 
returns,  together  With  the  preparation  of  the  Annual  Eeports  of 
this  department,  and  the  apportionment  of  school  moneys ;  and  ^ 
will  be  seen,  that  the  services  of  a  clerk  for  portions  of  the  year 
are  absolutely  demanded.  Myself  and  assistant  are  now  required 
to  labor  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  each  day  for  the  dispatch 
of  the  business  of  the  office,  and  will  be  required  so  to  labor 
until  after  the  apportionment  is  made. 

I  bring  this  Eeport  to  a  close,  by  commending  the  common 
Schools  of  the  State  to  the  fostering  care  of  the  Legislature.  What- 
ever is  done  through  wise  counsel  and  effectual  aid  on  their  behalf, 
will  tell  with  power  upon  every  vital  interest.  Every  good  work, 
every  true  reform,  will  be  promoted  thereby.  What  shall  tend 
more  than  earthly  agency  beside,  to  hasten  the  removal  of  those 
evils  which  oppress  and  distress  society,  is  right  education,  develop- 
ing, training,  disciplining  the  immortal  through  its  mortal  medi- 
ums ;  and  through  this  development  of  the  soul's  divine  faculties, 
wielding  its  resistless  power  on  human  institutions,  and  human 
errors  and  wrongs,  and  working  out  the  political,  social  and  moral 
salvation  of  all  lands  beneath  the  sun.        ,    ' 

A.  CONST4.NTINE  BARRY. 


6 


K 


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55 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


LETTER  OF  J.  H.  LATHEOR 

Madison,  December  24, 1865. 

Hon.  a.  C.  Babry, 

Dmt  Sir ;— It  is  the  settled  design  of  the  Begents  of  the  TTbi- 
Tersitj  to  make  tke  lustitution  subsidiary  to  the  caase  Qf  popuUi^ 
edaGation  through  its  Normal  department.  In  aocordance  with 
this  policy,  the  board  at  their  last  meeting  appropriated  $500  "per 
annum  for  the  support  of  this  department,  and  filled  the  chair  of 
Kormal  instruction  by  the  election  of  Professor  Daniel  Read,  who 
is  also  Professor  of  the  English  department  of  the  Facalty  of 
Arts.  A  yearly  course  of  professional  instruction,  will  be  reti* 
dered  in  the  art  of  teaching  at  such  season  of  the  year  as  will, best 
suit  the  convenience  of  teachers'  classes. 

« 

Id  the  present  condition  of  the  Unirersity  fund,  this  is  all  that 
the  Regents  are  able  to  do  in  that  direction,  a  full  organization^ 
Ae  department  will  require. 

1.  The  support  of  a  Normal  Professor,  whose  undivided  time 
and  energies  shall  be  devoted  to  the  duties  of  his  charge. 

2.  The  neceisary  apartments  and  apparatus  :  and    \ 

3.  A  well  arranged  system  of  Teachers'  Institutes  which  shall 
carry  temporary  nor  moral  instruction  annually  into  every  section  of 


50 

the  State.  The  professional  course  at  the  TTniversity' should  occu- 
py about  five  months  of  the  year,  and  during  the  seven  months  of 
vacation  the  Normal  Professor  in  connexion  with  thjB  State  Super- 
intendent, should  hold  at  least  one^  Teachers'  Institute  in  each 
judicial  district. 

The  constitution  of  the  State  conten^plates  that  provision  for 
normal  instruction  be  made  from  the  income  of  the  School  Fund, 
and  the  charter  of  the  University  designates  the  Department  of 
"Theory  and  Practice  of  Elementary  Instruction,"  as  the  proper 
normal  agent  The  plan  is  well  devisee},  and  does  not  appear  to 
me  to  be  open  to  objection  from  any  quarter.  The  previous  action 
of  the  Board  of  Begents  in  this  behalf,  justifies  me  in  saying  that 
they  are  ready  to  assume  the  charge  of  normal  instruction  for  tl>e 
^tate  so  soon  as  the  Department  shall  be  saitably  and  permanently 
endowed  from  the  income  of  the  School  Fund.  An  appropriation 
of  $2000  per  annum,  would  enable  the  Board  to  perfect  the  sys" 
tetti,  and  to  oflfer  to  the  public  a  normal  organization  unsurpassed 
elsewhere,  at  a  moiety  of  the  expenditure  it  would  require  to  set 
tip  a  normal  school  separate  from  the  University,  which  could 
not  be  expected  to  perform  the  work  as  well.  It  is  greatly  to  be 
desired  that  the  educational  organism  for  the  State  should  present 
a  skillfully  arranged  and  well  compacted  system,  from  the  district 
school  to  the  University.  To  this  <?nd,  it  is  a  valuable  provision 
of  the  organic  law  of  the  University,  that  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction  is,  ex  crfflcio^  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Re- 
gents. It  is  a  pleasure  to  me,  that  your  relations  to  the  Univer- 
sity will  enable  me  to  oo-operate  with  you  more  efficiently  than  I 
should  otherwise  be  able  to  do,  in  your  labors  to  perfect  the  eda» 
cational  system  of  Wisconsin. 

With  high  personal  and  official  consideration, 

•  I  am,  very  truly,  yours,  &c. 

J.H.LATHROP. 


57 


LETTER  OF  J.  W.  ANDREWS. 

%  Marietta  College,  O.,  Sept.  25,  '65.  , 

^JUy  Dear  Sir : — I  take  great  pleasure  in  acceding  to  yonr  re- 
quest, to  state  mj  yiews  as  to  the  best  method  of  teaching  chil- 
dren to  read.  The  Bnbject  I  regard  as  the  most  important  one  in 
primary  edacation,  and  I  have  devoted  to  it  considerable  study 
and  reflection.  The  views  which  I  entertain,  in  common  with 
most  of  the  best  writers  on  elementary  edncation,  (though  some 
of  them  seem  timid  as  to  carrying  tbem  out  to  their  legitimate  re- 
sults,) fire  based  on  a  careful  examination  of  the  requisites  for 
good  reading,  and  of  the  character  and  capacities  of  those  who 
are  to  be  instrncted  in  the  art.  I  have  not  the  slightest  doubt  that 
they  will  be  fully  confirmed  by  experience,  and  become  universally 
prevalent. 

There  are  three  methods  of  teaching  children  to  read.  (1.)  The 
common  method,  according  to  which  the  letters  of  the  alphabet 
are  first  taught,  then  syllablea,  and  lastly  words.  In  this  method 
spelling  is  made  to  precede  reading.  The  various  combinations 
of  vowels  and  consonant?,  constituting  wo^'ds  or  mere  syllables  are 
spelled  orally  befon?  reading  commences. 

(2.)  The  phonetic  method,  by  which  the  sounds^  not  the  names 
of  the  letters,  are  first' taught,  which  sounds  are  combined  by  rap- 
id utterance,  into  syllables  and  words. 

(3.)  The  word  or  analytic  method,  according  to  which  the  child 
commences  with  woius  instead  of  letters.  Words  are  learned  as 
wholes  at  first,  and  reading  is  entered  upon  at  once. 

The  firBt  two  are,  at  least  in  appearance,  scientific:  they  begin 

with  the  elements  of  a  word  and  construct  it.    They  are  synthetic, 

as  the  third  is  analytic.    At  a  later  period  in  the  ebildV  edacation, 

the  science  of  language^  both  spoken  and  written,  should  be 

8 


I 

learned ;  bat  at  the  beginniDg,  the  analytic  is  nature's  method. — 
The'child  learus  everything  in  the  concrete.  He  begins  with  the 
whole,  and  proceeds  thence  to  the  parts.  In  this  way  the  child 
learns  to  talk.  He  commences  not  with  separate  sounds,  but 
with  words.  He  says  baby  long  before  he  can  give  by  itself  the 
s(^nd  of  b. 

What  does  a  child  need,  to  be  able  to  read  a  short  easy  sen* 
tenee  ?  He  needs  to  know,  at  sight,  the  words  in  the  sentence 
and  to  be  able  to  give  tht^ir  names — that  is,  to  speak  them.  Tills 
latter  part  children  are  supposed  able  to  perform  when  they  enter 
upon  the  work  of  learning  to  read ;  they  can  speak  any  word 
which  they  bear.  The  first  part  is  what  the  child  is  to  learn  of 
the  teacher :  to  know  the  words  at  sight.  And  the  child  can  never 
read  a  sentence  well,  till  the  sight  of  each  word  suggests  its  name. 
The  question  then  is,  how  can  he  best  gain  this  knowledge,  this 
sight  knowledge  of  words  ?  I  answer,  by  the  third  of  these 
methods. 

I  shall  not  discuss  these  methods  separately,  but  in  endeavoring 
to  show  the  superiority  of  the  third,  shall  necessarily  refer  to  the 
others.  Let  us  suppose  the  process  about  to  commence.  On  a 
card,  or  the  blackboard,  the  teacher  points  to  a  word, — man^  for 
instance, — and  tells  the  child  its  name.  It  is  dwelt  upon  until  it 
can  be  recognized  as  readily  by  the  child  as  a  picture, of  a  man; 
t;ill  it  can  be  distinguished  from  other  words  as  readily  as  the  .pic-' 
ture  of  a  man  from  that  of  a  horse.  Ttiis  is  the  first  lesson,  and  a 
gl-eat  work  is  done  when  one  word  has  been  thoroughly  learned. 
A  second  word  is  learned  in  the  same  way,  md  the  two  are  read 
together.  A  third  is  learned,  and  the  three  are  combined  into  a 
sentence.  At  each  lesson,  one  or  more  new  words  are  learned, 
and  with  the  others,  are  read  in  various  combinations.  There  is 
continual  practice,  that  all  the  words  may  be  made  perfectly  fa- 
miliar. Bat  if  a  word  is  forgotten,  the  child  is  never  required  or 
permitted  to  spell  it,  but  the  teacher  gives  the  word.  Mere  epell- 
,  ing — ^that  is,  pronouncing  the  names  of  the  letters  in  their  order-^ 
could  never  give  any  clue  to  the  word  itself,  unless  the  word  had 


been  associated  with  Ae  apoken  names  of  the  letters ;  lind  this 
aasociation  being  indirect,  is  the  ibane  of  good  reading,  and  should 
always  be  prevented.  Before  the  child  can  read,  he  mtist  assoet 
ate  the  word  with  letters,  as  viaibh  things,  and  not  with  theiir 
names  as  given  to  the  ear. 

It  is  said  that  eleven  small  words  constitate  one-fourth  of  all  the 
woide  found  on  an  ordinary  page.  Where  the  child  has  mastered 
a  few  words,  he  can  read  easy  reading,  and  new  words  are  learnect 
with  great  facility.  And  with  a  skillfal  teacher,  fifty  words  would 
be  learned,  I  think,  quite  as  soon  as  the  alphabet  alone,  taught  as 
it  nenally  is. 

This  is  the  method  I  wgnld  recommend.  In  its  favor  the  fol- 
lowing reasons  may  be  adduced: 

(A.)  It  is  the  method  dictated  hy  nature.  How  any  one  could 
continne  the  common  method,  after  observing  how  children  actu- 
ally gain  a  knowledge  of  spoken  language,  and  of  the  various  ma- 
terial objects  about  them,  I  cannot  conceive.  The  first  method  is 
wholly  unnatural,  and  has  hardly  a  reason  in  its  favor.  And  the 
second  is  altogether  too  artificial  to  meet  the  wants  of  children. 

(6.)  The  word  method  is  much  noore  rapid  than  the  others,  I 
am  no  advocate  for  comimencing  the  education  at  an  early  age. 
But  there  is  no  necessity  in  wasting  so  much  time  in  the  elemen- 
tary  work  of  learning  to  read.  I  do  not  deem  it  extravagant  to 
say  that  three  fourths  of  the  time  would  be  saved  by  the  method 
here  advocated. 

(C).  Children  are  interested  ih  it  Learning  a,  b,  c,  and  ab, 
eb,  bi,  bo,  etc.,  is  necessarily  to  the  child  utterly  unmeaning  and 
therefore  distasteful.  But  in  this  method  he  begins  with  real 
words ;  he  is  learning  the  names  of  real  objects ;  and  he  is  con- 
scious of  doing  something.  He  knows  that  he  is  making  progress^ 
The  discovery  which  Hugh  Miller  says  he  made  when  reading  the 
history  cf  Joseph,  (if  I  mistake  not)  some  years  after  he  began  to 
read,  the  child,  instructed  according  to  this  metliod,  makes  in  a 
few  days,  viz :  that  residing  is  the  art  of  getting  knowledge  from 


6% 


LETTER  OF  HON.  HENRY  S.  RANDALL. 

COHTLAND  VlIXAGB,   NeW  YoBK, 

July  3l8t,  1856. 

Son.  A.  Oomtantine  Ba/rry^  Shsperintendent  of  PvhUc  In^ruo- 
turn  : 

Dear  Sib  :  Yours  of  14th  reached  me  today.  My  opinion  is 
clear  and  decided  that  the  most  perfect  system  of  public  instruc- 
tion which  can  be  devised  in  this  country,  is  that  which  for  a  time 
prevailed  in  this  state,  viz  :  a  town  superintendent  in  each  town; 
one  or  more  county  superintendents  in  each  county — (say  ono  for 
eacli  Assembly  district) — and  a  state  superintendent.  Yen  are 
undoubtedly  aware  of  the  duties  of  these  several  officers  under 
our  system,  and  the  legal  powers  and  judicial  jurisdiction  that  was 
conferred  on  them.  The  last  (which  I  believe  has  not  been  imi- 
tated by  several  states  which  imitated  the  mere  form  of  having 
officers  called  by  their  names)  was,  if  not  the  most  important  fea- 
ture of  the  whole,  at  least  that  one  without  which  all  the  rest 
amounted  to  comparatively  nothing.  You  must  clothe  your  school 
officers  with  authority  if  you  wish  them  to  have  weight  in  the 
community  and  be  looked  up  to ;  and  then  again,  there  can  be  no 
such  things  as  successful  schools  where  any  quarrelsome  man  in 
the  state  can  plunge  a  school  district  into  contention  and  litigation 
in  the  ordinary  courts  of  law.  Our  laws  did  not  prevent  an  ag- 
grieved party  in  very  many  cases  from  going  to  a  cotirt  of  law. 

But  it  opened  another  class  of  courts  to  him  where  there  were 
no  lawyers,  no  costs  or  fees,  and  no  wire-drawn  technicalities  ;  in 
short,'  where  a  man  familiar  with  schools,  and  who  ought  to  be 
familiar  with  school  laws — who  oifght  to  be  above  local  excite- 
ments and  paltry  prejudices— ^ctod  as  a  judge,  a  jiiry — a  court  of 
conciliation — a  court  of  law,  a  court  of  equity,  and  finally,  as  a 
firm  and  sensible  friend  of  aU  the  parties  !    Oar  county  super- 


.63  J 

intoDdents  answerec}  t<>  a  connty  court,  fend  the  few  appeals  that 
went  tip  from  their  decisions)  went  to  the  Staite  Sttperintendeat^ 
who  in  school  cases,  (conamenced  before  a  Couaty  Superinteudeat, 
or  before  himself,)  answered  to  a  court  •  f  appeaU. 

In  our  State  he  was  and  is  an  ofBcer  within  his  jnrisdiction,  the 
most  absolute  known  to  our  laws.  No  le^^islature,  perhaps,  would 
ever  at  once  and  directly  conferred  such  powers.  It  grew  gradu- 
ally out  of  circumstances,  and  out  of  the  necessity  of  the  case — 
unless  the  schools  were  to  be  swampea  by  litigation,  and  unless 
the  vast  machinery  necessary  to  carry  on  nearly  12000  schools,  and 
to  annually  pay  fn^m  the  public  treasury  over  a  million  of  dollars, 
was  to  be  left  to  fall  into  irregularity  or  inefBciency.  And  never 
have  our  people  complained  of  the  high  and  summary  powers  of 
the  State  Superintendent.  In  the  few  questions  ever  raised  on  the 
subject,  they  have  invariably  stood  by  him.  Indeed,  I  hardly 
now  recollect  an  instance  of  such  a  question  getting  to  any  extent 
before  the  public,  unless  in  the  case  of  my  decision,  in  the  case  of 
Qaigley  vs.  Gifford,  (on  tho  subject  of  compelling  Catholic  ehil 
dren  to  read  the  version  of  <the  Bible  used  by  Protestants^  and  to 
attend  Protestant  religions  services.) 

This  is  a  question  on  which  so'  much  sensitiveness  exists  in  the 
public  mind,  that  my  decision  called  oat  a  few  public  murmurs, 
but  the  newspapers  of  the  S^e,  almost  in  a  body,  without  refer- 
ence to  any  party  or  sect,  rushed  to  my  defence  and  sustained  me 
triumphantly.  Our  State  Superintendent  always  has  the  flood- 
tfcle  of  public  sympathy  in  his  favdr — and  he  must  decide  ouir 
rageousLy  not  to  have  the  entire  community  at  his  side. 

I  don't  remember,  and  have  no  statistical  table  to  shcJKv,  before 
me,  how  many  cases  were  appealed  annually  from  the  county  offi- 
cers to  the  state  superintendent,  while  we  bad  county  superinten- 
dents. (The  latter  office  was  abolished  Ij^j^forc  X  became  state  su- 
perintendent) I  know  however  they  were  very  few.  I  can  speak 
for  this  county,  for  the  two  terms  in  which  I  held  its  superin- 
tendency.    There  was  not  a  single  case  appealed  daring  those 


X 


• 


64 

two  terms.  Nay,  there  ^as  scarcely  a  case  earned  out  in  ft>rm 
before  me.  When  I  found  one  was  arising,  I  always  asked  the 
j^artiee  to  wait  until  I  could  come  on  the  ground  and  talk  with 
them  all  face  to  face  on  the  subject.  In  nineteen  cases  out  of 
twenty  tbey  assented  to  this,  and  I  have  not  a  single  case  in  recol-. 
lection  whore  I  failed  to  settle  the  matter  to  the  comparative,  and 
frequeutly  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  all.  I  presume  this  was 
very  nmch  the  same  over  the  entire  state.  I  would  not  give  a 
farthing  for  a  system  where  the  oflBcers  are  not  armed  with  proper 
power.^  I  do  not  mean  witli  the  mere  ])0wer  of  advising,  (if  that 
can  be  called  a  po\Ver,)  but  with  authority  to  enforce,  by  removals 
from  (illice,.  by  withholding  the  ])ublic  money,  &c.  It  is  the  sheet- 
anchor  of  any  efficient  system. 

Our  county  superintendentcy  operated  admirably.  *  No  intelli- 
gent man  will  now  deny  this.  When  the  law  fii*st  went  into  effect, 
that  very  able  man,*  John  0.  Spencer,  was  superintendent. 
•Through  his  efficient  deputy,  Mr.  Samuel  S.  Randall,  he  solicited 
able  and  public  spirited  men  throughout  the  state  to  become  can- 
didates for  the  local  supe/intendenciee.  Many  a  man  did  so,  and 
was  elected,  (by  the  supervisors,)  who  "would  not  have  looked  at" 
what  many  at  the  time  would  have  considered  much  more  impor  ' 
tant  offices.  Many  of  them  were  or  had  been  teachers,  but  they 
were  not  a  band  of  ojnnionatedj^rotchetty  pedagogues;  they 
were  of  general  information — of  Kuowledgo  of  the  world — of 
.standing.  They  were  not  men  who  coiild  bo  sunk  down  into  agents 
and  puffers  for  l)ook  publishers !  T\\o  dollars  a  da}'  (and  no  mar- 
gin for  ''roast  beef,")  paid  their  horse  hire,  and  ibr  their  time  and 
efforts  thvy  found  their  pay  in  the  good  which  tliey  daily  saw 
themselves  accomplishing  !  Oh,  sir,  I  look  back  with  delight  to  a 
period  of  my  life  when  I  was  facing  storms,  breaking  through 
winter  drifts,  going  without  regular  meals,  to  bear  what  I  may 
tenii  the  missionary  cross  among  the  hills  and  valleys  of  this 
countv. 

How  the  "  new  officer"  was  dreaded  at  his  first  approach  by 


66 

foeail  schQ^l  9ia8ter8  and  jealous  town  oflScere !    Thej  (lad  eoma 
occasion  to  dread  him.     I  remember  well  my  firtst  visit  to  the  town 

of. to  examine  teachers.    That  w^b  befqre  we^l^d  t(^yfn 

Buperintendents,  and  while  we  had  three  c*>niuiissioner8  and.threQ 

inepeotors  in  each  town.    In  the  town  of rrr  theee^w^re  all   . 

my  political  and  personal  friends,  and  therefore  came  out  very 
cordially  to  meet  me  at  the  examination.    IJhvy  wQre.  the  leading 
men  of  the  towu ;  two  of  them  decidedly  its  magnates.    Ope  of  ., 
the  magnates  had  a  daughter,  and  another  a  sister^  to  bQt»exaif)ine^« 
Both  of  the  young  ladieg  had  taught  for  sove^^l  8e.^8on^,aij,d  w^e 
not  aware  that  it  was  necessj^iy  for  th^  tc^  tbiojk  of  looking, ovar 
their  studies  or  "brightening  up"  for  the  ^xaraii^tioB.  •  y^^r 
father's  and  brother's  friend, — the  man  whou^  their  fatkera  aijid, 
brothers  had  supported  for  office, — reject  them?.  Thpj^^awas  .. 
preposterous !    I  prolonged  the  examination  b^^lf  an  t)our^  re^olv-.  ^ 
ing  bitterly  in  my  mind  how  I  should  perform  ^my  duty  wi^h  aay 
degree  of  gracjB,    Seeing  no  w/i^  to  d4>  this,  I  iLiial]7^h^t  m^  ejea   i 
and  took  the  leap.    I  r^eoted  the  entire  class  !    Had  a  eta^ni^g 
clap  of  thunder  broke  from  fhat  clear  April  sky,  there;  tirould  upt  .- 
have  been  siich  a  momentary  ;ook  of  eurprise.    Th^  next  inst^nij^ 
mortification  and  wounded  feelings  filled  thQ  room  with  e^l^fu .  I .  « 
escaped;  but  then  I  had  accepted  an  inyi^tlQA  to  take  tea, ^d 
stay  over  night  with  magnate  nnml[>er  one^    Here  was  a.n^w  triaL    . 
I  marched  over,  as  cool  (joat^  about)  ae  a  i^oldier.  mc^uptinui  ^Vtl^  ' 
deadly  imminent  breach,"  ;with  Hyder  Allfii*  a^u^i^i^  gj^nson 
on  the  other  side.    We  got  down,  to  thQ  tea,tablfu    J^  j^cffix^ 
evidently  had   a  ter^blj  eho^kii^ ;  sen^atif n  Vk\^(fp.i  tb^ .  tbipoat.  y 
Finally  he  thought  he  .must  relie^r^  his  Qiifid,  ,aad.,.hei  isai^*^ 

"liakBdall,  what  did  you  reject  — -; fpr  ?  .  4t.,tb^t  ij^ofqent:  j, 

entered   the ^,  room,  with   &f^  rftddpr  thaA.f nptl^  .^^ 

Niobj's.  Said  I,  "Ton. hear.youir  fftthpr'a  fu^atiim ^ .^fin jjpij  an^.  ^ 
swer  it  for  me,  ?  "  I  ^uppoae^ ,  »ir>  .^^ans^  1 1 ,  y(9»  not;  ^^^fied^" ,  .1 
was  the  reply.  .  «  fixaqtiy,';  aaid  l;  >*  S^ii^  J)a  epfKl,'^pna^  tp  r\ 
pass  me  the  breaA?"    .    .  .,,    .   ,..  ,  .    ., 


66 

!th6  next  morning and  two  other  rejected  and  de- 
jected ones  were  started  off  hj  their  parents  for  the  academy.  I 
told  them  I  thought  with  two  or  three  weeks  of  rabbiug  np,  thej 
would  '^  pass  muster."  But  no  thej  had  made  up  their  minds 
that  they  would  be  beholden  to  no  man's  lenity  in  future.  They 
went  to  the  academy.  They  staid  until  they  became  polished 
scholars  and  on  two  of  them  I  afterwards  conferred  state  certifL 
cates,  as  teachers  of  the  highest  grade  of  attainment  and  practical  ' 
skill.  Now  for  the  moral  of  this  anecdote.  I  knew  that  the*  law 
creating  county  superintendents  was  terribly  unpopular  in  the 

town  of — ' ,  even  before  I  came  down  on  them  "like  a  wolf 

on  the  fold !"  They  thought  it  a  terrible  thing  in  theory  to  clothe 
a  "cetitral**  officer  with  such  powers  and  certainly  they  had  found 
it  no  joke  in  practice!  So  when  a  few  months  afterwards  I  turn- 
ed my  honaes  heads  into   the  quiet  little  valley  of  the  — ^,  I 

could  not  but  reflect  with  what  secret  if  not  open  aversion  I  should 
be  re'eeired  in  the  schools.*    However  remembering  "  faint  heart 
never  won'^  Anything  worth  having,   I   drove   istraight   to  the 
'Squires  and  "put  up."    His  nephew,  a  fine  young  man,  was  the    ] 
new  town  superintendent.    On  I  went  for  two  or  three  days 
through  the  schools,  calmly  and  tirmly  admiuistering  praise  or 
censure  as  1  thought  circumstances  demanded.    The  teachers 
quivered  an^  blanched  a  little  at  the  outset,  but  all  were  deeply   ' 
respectfal  and  finally  a  good  many  of  them  got  oii  pretty  good  ,' 
terms  witih  themselves  and  me  beforie  the  examination  of  their  '^ 
schools  closed.    The  trustees  and  people  turned  out  to  meet  me.  ' 
They  bote  the  rebukes  I  administeredjvhere  I  thought  it  necessa-    * 
ry,  for  the  bad  condition  of  the  school  houses,  libraries,  &c,, 
with  a  capital  grace,  aud'mariy  asked]  m6'[home  with  them.    Fi-' 
naBy,  I  rematlsed  to  the  town  superintendent  that  I  met  a  more  Z 
cord&l  reception  than  I  iBxpected,'  after  such  an  'Opening  in  the 
towii.    "Oh,  sir,'*  sAid be, "  thait  opening revolutionitfed  bur  towh.    " 
A  pe^on  has  been  sent  here  fnmi  abroad  for  signers,' to  have  the  '^ 
legislature  abolish  the  county  superintendency.    Our  pieoplis  hiare   - 
mostly  signed  a  remonstrance  against  its  abolitioD.  ^'They  saj 


when  disinterested  officers  are  sent  in  sad  jostioe  eomes  evea* 
lumded  on  big  and  little,  and  teachers  are  made  to  earn  tbe  worth 
of  the][monej,  the  law  must  be  a  good  one  and  thej  are  read j  to 
meet  tiie  extra  expense.".    The  next  time  I  entered  that  town  I 
was  met  by  a  conToeation  of  schools,  arranged  in  their  holidaj^ 
bravery,  banners  waving,  and  a  band  ai  mnsic  alternating  its ; 
strains  with  songs  and  hymns,  written  for  the  occasioD,  pealed* 
forth  by  the  entire  body  of  the  children  of  the  town.    And  fore- 
most  in  the  demonstration,  were  the  rejected  teachers  of  the  proc- 
eeding season. 

Indifference  warmed  into  interest,  and  interest  swelled  info  en^ 
thnsiasm  in  onr  schools,  such  I  believe  to  hare  been  the  history 
of  the  connty  enperintendency  in  a  large  proportion  of  the  conn- 
ties  of  the  state — everywhere  where  competent  men  filled  the 
office.    Bat  a  feeling  of  deep  hostility  was  manifested  against  tbe 
law  from  the  outset.    In  sorae  counties,  miserable  officers  were 
appointed.    In  others,  it  was  claimed  that  they  depreciated  after-' 
the  first  incumbents  returned.  But  independently  of  all  such  con- 
siderations, there  is  iei  prejudice  among  our  people  against  cefUral- 
iein ffof&ce^  and  a  most  salutary  one  it  is  if  not  carried  to  an  im- 
proper extent,  or  into  improper  depart ihents.    Each  town  desires 
to  be  a  liUle  commonwealth  in  itself,  and  to  submit  to  just  as  few 
ontside  officers  as  may  be.    Then  again  tbe  central  office  is  held 
and  its  pay  and  honors  are  monopolized  by  one ;  division  makes^ 
oflSiceB  and  honors  for  inan^.    FJl  wager  that  I  could  get  up  a 
powerful  petition  to  abolish  the  office  of  sheriff,  and  put  in  his 
place  a  town  officer  to  discharge  tbe  same  duties  in  each  town  I' 
We  New  Torkers  endure  some  old  central  officers,  because  we 
have  got  used  to  seeing  them,  but  I  assure  you  we  shall  create 
▼ery  few  new  ones  t    Well,  this  idea  is  the  yqtj  bulwark  of  lib- 
erty, and  BO  let  na  endure  it  even  where  it  operates  a  little  nn-    \ 
ptoasantly. '  Bnt  now  the  fight  is  over  and  so  sad  a  sequel  has  fiolLy 
lowed,  I  helieTe  thousands  who  wanned  up  against  the  oonn^. 
svperintendeney,  ymnUL  now  renain  quiet.    If  a  kfislatare  should 
now  quietly  pass  the  law  over  agsin,  I  doabb  much  lAethfrii: 


6ft 

wauid  call  our  any  seriotiB  oppoattion.  The  truth  is  the  pvesent 
Bjlftem  i»  a  failtn'e,  and  the  blindest  will  before  long  eee  it.  It  ia, 
not  dvem  as  good  in  my  opinicmms  the  old  one,  where '"vrc  had'i 
cdmmidfiibners  and  inspectors,  then  as  the  office  was  so  divided 
that  little  labor  fell  on  each,  and  the  pay  was  an  object  to  none, 
.the  &r6lf  m^n  in  each  town  were  willing  to  serve.  Edncated  pro* 
fessiottal  men  ibrmed  a  large  proportion  of  these  officers.  If  tiiey 
did  little,  ihey  did  it  with  good  sense  and  with  good  taste.  They  • 
did  not  belittle  anything. 

Kow,  (in  the  hands  of  a  town  sapjarintendent),  there  are  a  con- 
siderable range  of  duties  devolviug  on  one  man.  The  pay  is  too 
inconsiderable  to  employ  a  man  who  considers  his  time  of  any 
value.  There  is  not  scope  enough  to  the  oflSce  to  invite  the  la- 
bors of  philanthropy,  many  of  our  town  superintendents  are  well 
q^nalified  men,  but  an  unfortunately  large  proportion,  too,  are  su- 
peranuated  teachei*s,  who  never  were  qualified  to  teach  a  school 
and  others  whom  the  towns  have  bestowed  the  office  on  because 
they  are  too  feeble  to  work,  lame,  or  poor,  anS  being  persons  of 
excellent  character  this  has  been  thought  a  good  way  to  provide 
for  them.  Of  course  I  do  not  mean  that  these  reasons  would  often 
induce  a  town  to  elect  a  man  wholly  unqualified.  But  it  has  in- 
duced them  to  elect  men  not  sufficiently  qualified.  Unfortunately 
the  town  superintendents  are  nominated  in  the  political  caucuses 
just  like  the  other  town  officers.  When  the  struggle  comes  be- 
tween two— one  poor  or  unable  to  work,  and  the  other  differently 
situated — and  when  the  body  of  the  voters  have  had  no  opportu- 
nity to  know  any  thing  really  of  their  respective  qualifications, 
you  can  readily  see  how  natural  it  would  be  for  any  one  to  vote 
for  the  person  to  whom  the  office  would  be  considered  a  kindness. 

The  town  saperintebdents,  as  a  body,  are.  not  nearly  so  well 
qaaliiied  m  they  were  while  the  ooonty  superintendency  resiain- 
ed«  3Sie  latter  officer  kept  up  a  feeling  for  improTetBAnt  whiri^ 
indnoed  the  peopie  to  think  far^niose  abont  and  care  hlt'WMid  fox. 
tlusqiiiliftiakiona  of  their  ai&eM8« 


(•great  reforauUioB  wJtucb  l^eigflA  ia  oqr  so^cdir  with  the  emQtj.ipi- 
:  peKititen(2dn«7,  ia  stiil  k0pt  op.  Oar  stAte  ^ud  towp  j0^%cl)er»ftii[>- 

cittfciteis  do  nmoli  to  keep  fbe  yieelal  Are  bacDing^^it  mjrldBDWr- 
'.ete  jvutgment  is  that  the  bodj  of  <Hur  aebooje  he^re  sunk  bck^^w^ 

the  old  alongh  quite  aa  dee)>  aa  they  were  fifteen  jreere  ago*.  1 01117 

be  wrong  in  tiafi  but  I  believe  it« 

Do  you  ask  me  why,  entertaining  such  views,  I  faile(J4n  my 
reports  as  State  Superintendent,  to  vigorously  press  the  immediate 
restoration  of  the  County  Superintendeneyf  I  am  ready  to  ans- 
wer you.  If  I  am  not  quite  prepared  to  declare  my  belief  in  iJie 
moxim  "voxpopuli  vox  deil"  still  I  believe  the  people  have'a 

right  to  have  this,  or  do  that,  accordiug  to  their  own  good  pleasure. 

*  -. 

It  is  all  nonsense)  m  my  jndgmei^t,  for  any  man,  or  set  of  men^ 
in  matters  where  no  deep  principle  is  involved^  to  keep  up  a 
straggle  against  the  settled  tide  of  public  opinion.  It  is  worse 
than  useless,  because  it  only  perpetuates  the  evil,  if  evil  there  be. 
There  was  an  acrimonious  contest  in  this  State,  and  the  County 
Superiutendency  was  put  ^down.  Keep  up  a  constant  fusilade 
on  the  subject,  and  the  old  fires  of  prejudice  will  be  kept  burn- 
ing. Drop  the  subject,  and  let  our  people  look  coolly  at  the  mat- 
ter a  few  years — investigate,  without  being  thrown  into  the  posi- 
tion of  combatants — and  then  the  "  sober  second  thought"  will  be 
heard.  If  that  second  thought  says  restore,  then  restore  it  will  be ; 
if  it  says  the  contrary,  we  oaouot  help  ourselves  and  must  sub- 
mit. XiB^  last  annual  report,  at  the  close  of  1853, 1  submitted 
my  individual  views  in  favor  of  the  restoration  of  the  County 
Saperintendency,  bat  still  advised  the  legislature  to  wait  a  little 
longer,  as  no  where  is  excited  popular  controversy  so  fatal  as  in 
onr  schools.  I  have  little  doubt  the  office  will  be  restored 
within  two  or  three  years.  If  I  were  in  a  State,  where  the 
question  was  an  open  one,  I  should  most  earnestly  press  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  office. — State. — Assembly  district  and  town 
Superiutendents,  with  proper  powers  and  duties,  constitute  infi- 


tiitotj  Hie  bett  67«tem,  and  if  the  resultB  we  lo  be  tehen  tele  iriew, 
4lie  oheapest  one.  There  is  no  economy  in  eaying  a  dollar  to  each 
^iiead  of  a  family  per  annnm  by  a  system  6l  schools  in  whidi  it 
•will  take  ten  years  for  his  children  to  procure  the  amount  of  ecln* 
^eation  which  they  ongbt  to  6btain  in  five  1  If  I  could  hare  my 
;iehoice9  and  was  obliged  to  give  up^either,  the  county  or  town  su- 
periotendency,  I  would  give  up  the  latter.  To  do  all  the  school 
Jbusinesa  of  a  county,  (I  should  rather  say  Assembly  districty  for 
a  county  gires  no  idea  of  size  or  number  of  population,)  would 
.  make  one  man  too  much  of  a  dradge,  but  out  of  a  whole  Assem- 
bly district,  you  could  always,  if  the  appointing  power  was  ex- 
ercised dibcreetly,  get  a  well  qualified  man  and  then  something 
would  be  done  to  good  purpose.  Under  the  other  system  you 
cannot  be  at  all  sure  that  what  is  done  in  many  towns  will  be  done 
to  good  purpose.  And  a  county  officer  would  cost  less  than  one 
for  each  town. 

I  have  given  you  my  views  at  extraordinary  length  for  me, 
crowded  as  I  am  at  present  with  other  objects.  But  one  cannot 
but  feel  a  deep  interest  when  he  thinks  of  the  importance  of  your 
^eat  new  western  commonwealth  starting  right  in  their  educa- 
tional career,  and  he  does  not  feel  at  liberty  to  decline  to  throw 
Jiis  '^  mite"  of  opinion  into  the  scale  where  it  is  asked  for.  I  have 
written  with  running  pen,  and  you  must  take  my  wheat,  if  I  bring 
any,  with  a  good  deal  of  chaff. 

* 

Yery  respectfully,  yoon, 

HENRY  S.  RANDALL. 


Tl 


LETTER  OF  J.  L.  PIOEARD. 

*  pLATlVriLLB  ACABACT, 

July  35/ 1856. 

Sim.  J*.  0.  Barry  J  SMeSup&ri^UmdentofPuiUalnvtr^ 

i  '•* 

DxAJK  8iA : — ^I  bftTtt  the  honor  to  acknawledge  the  receipt  of 

jour  favor  of  tbe  18th  Inst*,  ia  wbieh.  you  propoflie  the  following 

question : 

^^  Would  the  interests  of  E4aoation  in  a  State  be  enhanced  by  a 
'  legialatiye  provision  for  uniting  townships  and  incorporated  vil- 
lages, for  the  purpose  of  organizing  Union  and  Central  High 
Schools  r 

It  is  evident  that  the  interests  of  popular  education  are  ad- 
vanced by  any  thing  that  tends  to  elevate  the  common  school, 
and  leads  to  a  wise  and  economical  expenditure  of  the  school 
monies.  That  the  system  of  dassified  schools^  including  all 
grades  from  the  primary  to  the  high  schools,  is  the  best  adapted 
to  secure  this  elevation  and  economical  expenditure,  needs  no 
illustration,  except  with  such  as  have  no  practical  knowledge  of 
ita  workings,  or  have  bestowed  no  thought  upon  its  reasonable- 
ness. All  desire  the  stability  and  permanence  of  out  common 
*"-  school  system.  But  what  security  has  any  state  that  it  will  be 
permanent,  except  in  provision  for  the  training  of  those  who  are 
its  main  support — the  Uodhers  f  And  whei^e,  in  our  unclassified 
schools,  are  we  to  look  for  thosef  who  will  rise  far  enough  above 
the  common  level  to  become  competent  guides  fbr  the  young  ?  To 
provide  teachers,  private  schools  must  be  established  at  an  outlay 
Uat  exceeding  the  extra  expense  of  well  classified  schools,  whi^^h 
may  in  their  higher  departments  itirnish  teachers  fort  he  lowers 
folly  prepared  fbr  their  work.'  Ou-^he  acore  of  eooncmy^  no  otie, 
who  for  a  motiienf  wiU  consider  the  o^ration  of  schods  classified, 


EB  compared  with  the  present  gjstem  of  nnclassified  non-deBcripts, 
can  donbt  the  )iR|p9rt|tnce  of  a  ihorfyug^  ^pradation  of  oar  public 
schools.  And  how  can  any  school  bo  elevated,  in  which  all  grades 
of.  scbpl^a  are  ..crowded  together  under  the  direction  of  one 
teacher?  -^a.well  may  one  expect  to  find  a  dwelling  well  com. 
pleted  and  thoroughly  furnished  under  the  superintendence  of  a 
stone 'tiuttOD'  alone;  though  he  did  not  ataod  ^t  the  bead  of  his 
craft,  as  a  well  disciplined  and  thoroughly  furnished  mind 
'  coming  from  a  school  taught  by  the  best  primary  school  teacher 
in  the  world,  6V  tbo  best  high  school  teacher  even. 

Minds  of  different  degrees  of  advancement  require  different 
methods  6f  irtstruction  and  discfplino,  not  practiced  with  equal 
success  by  the  same  teacher,  nor  carried  out  to  their  fullest  dewl* 
dpmont  under  the  same  roof.  It  seems  useless  to  spend  tim^in 
illustrating  what  must  commend  itself  to  any  thinking  mind  as 
reasonable  and  absolutely  essential  to  success.  The  only  question 
that  remains  is — How  can  this  be  best  accomplished  i  In  reply 
to  this^  wo  cannot  go  back  to  years  previous  to  any  school  organi- 
zations ;  we  must  look  at  things  as  they  at  present  exist.  Had  no 
organization  of  school  districts  been  effected,  it  would  evidently 
bo  proper  to  start  at  the  foundation,  and  build  up  a  system  in  our 
own  townships,  which  without  special  legislation,  could  be  j^er- 
fected  as  circumstuueed  demanded.  And  in  townships  not  yet 
organized,  or  where  school  cdificoa  have  not  yet  been  erected,  oar 
present  schocil  law  admits  of  such  au  organisation  as  shall  serve 
.  tbe  purposes  of  union  schools  and  high  schools.  There  are,  how* 
ever,  Jtaany  inc^^orated  villages  in  townships  which,  through 
bliodness  or  gross  carelesbness,  have  in  ttieir  haste  to  erect  school 
houses  and  organize  schools,  followed  in  the  track  of  their  aucea- 
tora,  and  are  now  laboring  to  retrace  their  steps.  Difficulties 
which  have  been  constantly  increasing,  stand  as  mighty  obstacles 
lA  their  waj.  To  meet  tue  necessities  of  such,  it  seems  to  me  a 
Iftgialative  {vrovision  uught  be  wade,  by  whichsneh  villages m^{^, 
\y  arectii^  snitahie   boiXdiogs,  accommodate  .with  high  scl^oal 


Vb 

piiyilegee  other  diBtricts  adjoiningi  whether  in  the  same  town- 
ship or  Dot|  leaying  to  each  Tillage  the  making  of  such  contract 
as  would  best  suit  the  circamstances  of  the  parties  interested^ — 
Except  in  the  Tillages,  the  present  organization  would  not  be  in- 
terfered withy  and  wg^t  supp^j  .the  -  pHiepsot*  pnmarj  and  inter- 
mediate departments.  IN'o  special  legislation  which  would  suit 
CQCi  locality  would  be.dtsirable,  because  it  opens  the  way  for  end- 
less special  acts.  But  a  general  act  which  would  allow  the  union 
of  districts  for  high  school  purposes,  (and  eyen  for  the  lower 
gradesy  if  thoigiht  desirable,)  and  should  make  such  union  d^en- 
dent  upon  the-  fulfilment  of  anj  contracts  thej  might  see  fi(^  to 
maket  not  inconsistent  with  said  act,  is  highly  desirable,  and  I 
4o«bt  not  woujbd  contribute  greatly  to  the  adyaAoement  of  the 
poUic  schools  <^  the  state. 

Your  obedient  serrant, 

J.  L.  PIOKABD. 


■     H 


10 


u 


LBTTER  OF  P,  R  HOY. 

Baoikb,  Sept.  — ,  18M. 

J5liOn.A.  O.  Barry  ySkfteSuj^irinUnchiU  of  Fttbltc  Instructim  : 

DuAB  Sib  :  This  is  in  answer  to  jours  of  a  recent  date,  in  whfeh 
yon  solicited  my  views  on  the  following  questions :  "  What  place 
in  importance  shoald  phjBical  education  occupy  in  public  schoolst" 
^^  What  are  the  conditions  that  can  be  controlled  by  public  schodSi 
which  are  best  calculated  to  secure  a  sound,  rigorous  physical 
bodyr 

To  the  first  I  answer  that  all  we  know  of  the  mind  is  through 
the  body ;  hence  physical  education  must,  from  necessity,  under- 
lie all  else ;  and  without  a  healthy,  well  developed  body  there  can 
be  no  lasting  intellectual  greatness :  for  just  in  proportion  to  the 
perfection  of  the  body,  will  be  the  value  of  its  intellectual  and 
moral  manifestations. 

That  system  of  education  is  all  wrong,  tiiat  does  not  have  a  di- 
rect tendency  to  strengthen,  invigorate,  and  beautify  the  animal 
system,  as  well  as  to  enlightenrthe  understanding,  and  regulate  the 
emotions  and  disposition  of  the  heart. 

How  many  fatal  errors  are  committed  by  yain  parents,  and  in- 
judicious teachers,  in  directing  all  their  efforts  to  excite,  stimulate 
and  precociously  develope  the  minds  of  the  young,  to  the  neglect 
of  their  physical  nature  I  In  a  perfect  system  of  education,  the 
three  fold  nature  in  man  would  be  harmoniously  developed ;  then 
we  might  have  men  and  women  physically  healthy  and  beautifiil ; 
intellectually,  with  minds  active  and  enlightened,  capable  of  great 
and  lasting  mental  efforts ;  morally  firm  and  dignified  in  the 
right 


T6 

Tottf  •M0II4  iat0ir6tiix>fy  ooTwm  wid4  and  inpofliB*  ieU.  I 
aan  only  tooeh  a  few  points  io  a  oomvaoieatieii  neeoniirily  qoila 
tM  lisiited  to  do  jtutioe  to  tilia  sabjeet 

flOHOOii    HOT7BX8. 

The  school  buildings  should  be  architectcirally  tasteful,  located 
in  not  onl J  the  most  healthy,  but  the  most  pictnresqtie  and  charm- 
isg  spot  to  be  found  within  the  district ;  with  ample  grounds  at- 
tached, ornamented  with  trees,  flowering  shrubs  and  plants,  ar- 
ranged with  taste.* 

The  furniture  shoald  be  ornamental,  as  well  as  convenient ;  the 
rooms  hung  with  paintings,  engravings  and  maps,  executed  in  the 
best  manner.  The  buildings  and  their  surroundings  should  pre- 
sent to  the  eye  nothing  but  delightful  and  pleasing  objects,  from 
the  contemplation  of  which  the  mind  would  return  satisfied,  to 
make  us  better,  more  contented  and  happy — quickening  our  sym- 
pathies— filling  the  mind^with  imagery  of  beauty  and  taste ;  for 
man  in  contemplating  the  beautifol  in  art  and  nature,  not  only 
finds  a  deligfatfiil  eployment  of  an  elevating  character,  but  is  pro- 
fited by  the  infiaence  these  emotions  exert  on  his  physical  nature. 
The  influence  that  the  beautifnl  exerts  over  man  is  well  known ; 
but  aside  from  this,  it  exerts  a  large  influence  over  his  physical 
development,  which  has  been  too  much  neglected.  Of  this  Z  shall 
only  here  speak.  In  a  perfect  state  of  things,  every  individual 
would  be  perfectly  beautiful.  -  There  can  be  no  physical  perfec- 
tion without  it;  for  beltuly  is, the  normal  eondition ;  hence  health 
•and  beauty  are  synonymous ;  then  just  so  fiir  as  we  brmg  man 
back  to  his  primitive,  &od4ike  condition,  we  restore  him  to 
beauty  and  health. 

*  Some  fifteen  miles  from  Raoine  last  summer,  I  passed  a  school  house  loca- 
ted on  the  yerj  margin  of  a  marshy,  miasmatic  swamp ;  and  not  twenty  feet 
ftom  the  dout  I  noticed  ecme  nrohins**  with  rolled  up  pante,  engaged  in  the 
dooMs  ocenpaiion  of  eaptaring  Utd-pUm  and  catching  Hkn^feMraad  Offue,  Some 
fiMio  spiri*ed,  beaefolent  p«non(?)  donated  to  this  district  this  eite  for 
a  eohoel  houses  it  hemg  woi;thleis.  for  anything  else. 


It itattrka Bhoirn  tiuAbt^rf  Bfltion  or  dbus  a£  peopfe^wMclQible 
fir  beanligF  of  peoraon  or  iwatiire^  iBBOt  oqly  auirouode^  by  tl^e 
beautifal,  bnt  has  also  a  csltiHrtited  taste  for  tbeoe  objecta.  TiuB 
fact  can  be  accounted  for  by  that  wonderful  something  we  eall 
sympathy — that  sometbmg  x^htch  assimilates  us  to,  and  makes  us 
a  part  of  those  objecte  .and  beings  by  which  we  are  surrou&ded. 
Wher^  then  should  we  expect  to  find  the  most  beautiful  persons  ? 
Wbex^  bat  in  ancient  Greece  and  Home,  in  modein  Italy,  Spain 
And  FruDce,  and  ^ymong  tiie  better  cUss  of  Germans  and  English  ; 
just  where  we  find  in  profusion  the  beauties  of  art  and  nature,  ia 
connection  with  the  most  universal  cultivation  of  a  refined  taste, 
for  whatever  is  grand,  lovely,  beautiful  and.  graceful.  The  emo- 
tions of  taste  can  only  be  known  by  being  felt;  and  can  no  raoi'o 
be  ac(juired  without  our  being  placed  in  suitable  circumstances — 
that  is  surrounding  ourselves  with  the  beautiful  or  sublime — than 
,a  knowledge  of  music  could  be  acquired  without  ever  having 
heard  a  musical  tone. 

It  is  a  physiological  law  that  any  impression  upon  our  form  or 
featurosi  long  continued,  becomes  fixed  and  permanent.  Eshibit 
to  a  child  an  offensive  object,  one  calculatmi  to  excite  diiagost  or 
dislike,  and  mark  the  expression  of  disquiet  and  loathing.  JSTow 
substitute  an  object  of  an  opposite  character,  one  suited  to  excite 
pleasurable  sensations,  what  a  change  !  the  eyes  now  sparkle  and 
fairly  dance  with  delight ;  the  face  is  all  radiant  witli  happiness 
and  beauty.  Should  these  impressions  be  long  continued  or  fre- 
quently repeated,  they  will  be  daguerreotv  ped  on  the  diAl  of  the 
soul — 'the  human  face  diviro.  We  have  such  examples  in  great 
abnodanoa  Look  at  the  squalid  poor :  their  children  at  birth 
very  often  have  the  elements  of  beauty  in  a  considerable  degrw; 
but  by  dwelling  continually  amidst  course  and  disgusting  objects, 
they  grow  up  with  that  sterreotyed  quirk  of  the  upper  lii»  and  nose ' 
which  makes  th^m.  look  as  though  their  olfactories  were  perpat- 
.«dly  being  <>ffendtd.  The  shanty  and  irs  surrounclings  has  be- 
eomfe  a  part  of  their  existence ;  and  its  iBflnenoe  is  stamped  apoai 
their  faces.    Take  one  of  these  children  while  young,  and  snr- 


If- 

roond  it  witibd^aQM,  oalltviate'  its.  tafte^  and  yoa  oriil  im  siu:^  i 
pnsl^d  at  the  Ittk  of  pesenablaaee  to  its  paoents.  la.  proof  1  can . 
point  to  indlvidiul  owien  tiiat  'would  be- quttartatisfaotory  to  tli«« 
moib  ekeptbal.  If  saeh  a  chatoge  be  efiSiMed  in  the  i!r«b  0M8ei<aft ; 
tkffivwhdt  ottgfat  we  not  te  expect  ai'  saeb  onftiieQeaft  w?ire.00Qti|2- ' 
ned  for  a  Bories  of  geewnelions  t  >     ,  *    . 

FENWiATION. 

Withoat  pture  nneiialt^tated  aiv,  tbeie  etn  be  no  heakfa^it'ia 
of  the  very  first  importance ;  it  playa  a  promteeut  part  ib  all.tha^: 
phenomena  of  Mfe.  Bnt  so  tnuoh  has  been  wntteOf-aad  well'i 
written  too,  on  the  etlb^f  of  t^ntilating  ichool  homes,  that  I  wifl^ 
only  here  record  mj  votoe  in  dnj^poart  ef  tbat'SyAeioa  of  TemtilaT^ 
tion  which  will  secure  the  moat  oooatairt)  and  abundant  atipplj  i^. 
psre  fresh  air. 

£X£B0I9B. 

Dgilj  akerciae  it  the  ofma  tJk  JaeeaeDrtial  to  the  best  heal^l;;  it 
expands  the  ehoet,  eqnidiasa ^la  cinsdalipn  of  the. blood,  thafsl^ 
favoring  a  harmoaiooa  derelopenant  of  eTeryititaut;  for  th^  ^Ir:, 
tiaurte  a&tritionr  of  the  body,  and  oaloiifaelioa  of  tbe  bloody  ard 
only  efleoted'Witiiia  the  oapiilaRei.    It^^follova  tbea^  if  tb^.oirqmT 
latlen  be  retarded  or  out  off  in:  iany  port^-  natrittea  of  that -{Wti^}! , 
dkniniih  or  cease  ia  the  sans^  laijaj    Bxevoiaa^to  berllie  migat  pro^  * 
Mahle,  slMPold  tail  inte^aelion^  not  oaiy  the  entire  jwsenlar  aye- 
tam,  btrt  for  tlie  tinsa  miitt  oakipieteiy  eiilg^ga  ltHBr.inlnd4;  4^9^g ' 
the  condMotis  liiarcaabe  oontroUed,  eosaotial  >to  Kisare  .the  fiiU, 
physioeil  benefit  of  eai^«iae^4rean  oppoatanity  anda sit^lcieiitin^* 
daoMD^ntftr  action^    In  obildhood,  when:  the  foaotiops' of  aasimi* , 
lation  are  tiie  laoat  acttVe,^and>exercise  isthe.aioatdemaadeditbe. 
opportunity  should  be  given  several  times   a  day  to  inhale  tba 
piva>auv  start  afirephi  the  .active  ppke,  1^4  relieyjid  tbe.achin|i;4|a- 
piliadea.    {Ample  rooiib  md  offfa^tikuit^y  are  all  that,  is  ^eQejcall j 
Tieeaeotgy  to  inaareitb^'falltbap/^t'Of  .exorcise  for  childrep^.p&iepih 
tnm  Uba  iumd  of  Otd^otti^wuig  jfr^  mmf^^m^^thW^  f»^ , 


It 

eaiily  directed,  they  rash  with  their  whole  booI,  mind  lungs,  fiMfc 
and  hands  into  their  ehildish  sports.  But  with  persens  of  riper 
jears,  the  case  is  qnite  difforent,  they  require  amnsements  more 
rational^  to  divert  the  mind,  whiW  the  body  is  being  invigorated. 
For  snch  gymnastic  exercise  will  be  of  mnch  valne ;  for  that  pre> 
dsion  of  action,  which  distingaishes  gymnastic  from  common^ 
loose,  irregular,  random  movements,  compels  the  mind  to  be  di- 
rected with  accuracy  on  the  muscular  effort,  lliose  free  gymnas* 
tie  exercises,  which  require  no  technical  apparatus  or  machineiy 
are  all^offieient  to  ensure  the  harmonious  developement  of  the 
body.  They  ought  to  be  introduced  into  th^  play  gronndii  of  . 
every  school,  especially  if  situated  in  the  larger  towns  and  eitiea. 
Neither  would  I  except  the  girls ;  for  they  surely  require  sound 
vigorous  bodies. .  Let  th^tn  practice  those  gymnastic  exercises 
suited  to  their  sex,  and  not  to  be  deterred  from  the  noble  purpose 
of  laying  the  foundation  of  health  and  usefulness  in  after  years, 
by  the  fear  of  being  called  ^^  torn  lays.^^  Females  require  daily 
out  rdoor  exercise,  and  they  ought  to  have  it  We  should  expect 
the  opposition  oi  those  ignorant  parents  who  would  have  their 
daughters  to  be  lady-Uke  (t)  and  at  thirteen  to  have  as  many . 
"nips  and  tueks"  as  an  old  maid  of  thirty.  *^ Don't,  dear^ma 
and  romp ;  you  make  yourself  look  quite  ridioiilous,  you  ehould 
remember  you  are  almost  a  young  lady :"  such  untimely  admou* 
tions  have  sent  hundreds  of  thousands  of  lovely  daughters  to  e , 
premature  grave.  Then  we  hear  the  consoling  dedarationa, 
^'mysterious  Providence  1  a  {»omiaiiig  flower  nip'd  in  the  bud^ 
only  to  teaph  us  the  uoeerlainty  of  life."  Better  say :  destroyed 
through  the  parents  ignorance  of  the  laws  <^'&,  Encourage  the  ■ 
girls  to  hop,  jump,  and  run  races,  with  perfect  freedomi  and  health  . 
will  fix  her  rosy  seal  on  the  cheeks  of  bright^  joyous,  elastic 
youib. 

llie  study  of  the  natural  sciences  as  an  inducement  to  phyaieal 
exercises,  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended.  The  study  of  plaate 
and  animuls  especially,  calls  us  into  the  fields,  woods  and  pni^ 
ries,  by  the  brooks  and  on  tike  hills ;  atfording  te  the  mind  la  W)aU . 


n 

as  the  body  a  most  liealtlij  ttimuliis.  I  atn  thoroughly  convinced 
that  natural  hiBtory  should  be  stadied  in  every  school,  and  taught 
eren  to  the  yonng.  Children  learn  to  perceive  fllfTerences  in 
foTOQi  teztore  and  color,  with  remaifrable  facility,  and  even  to 
elaasiiy,  bringing  into  action  their  faculties  of  observation,  com- 
parison and  classification — operations  of  the  mind  of  the  first  im- 
portance. They  should  be  taught  how  to  collect  and  preserve 
minerals,  plants,  shells,  insects,  fishes,  reptiles,  birds,  and  mam* 
zoals ;  ^nd  encouraged  to  deposit  these  in  the  school-room.  By  this 
means  each  good  school  would  soon  have  a.coUection  of  the  flora 
and  fauna  of  the  neighborhood ;  then,  by  mutual  exchanges,  each 
aehool  would  accumulate  a  valuable  cabinet.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  there  are  no  suitable  text  books,  to  assist  the  pupil  and  teach- 
er in  investigating  the  common  objects  with  which  we  are  sur- 
roonded.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  want  will  not  remain  long 
nnsupplied.  While  the  mere  child  can  find  enough  to  interest 
and  delight  him,  the  proudest  mind  will  here  find  ample  materials 
tor  the  profioundest  investigation,  prompting  at  the  same  time  to 
healthful  exercises ;  for  when  the  mind  is  thoroughly  interested, 
exercise  becomes  a  real  pleasure.  It  is  a  significant  fact,  that  ma- 
terialists almost  universally  live  to  a  ripe  old  age,  and  retain  their 
mental  powers  unimpaired  to  an  advanced  period  of  life.  If  those 
persons  whose  brains  are  perpetually  racked  to  torment  the  body, 
would  interest  themselves  in  some  branch  of  material  history,  and 
spend  one  or  two  days  in  each  week  in  the  woods  and  fields,  col- 
lecting and  investigating  these  objects,  there  would  be  less  call 
for  bran-bread,  and  more  for  beefsteaks ;  fewer  broken  down,  pale 
ISMed  young  ministersi  more  vigorous  sermons  written,  and  fewer 
old  ones  nsed. 

Absolute  purity  of  persons  should  be  positively  required  of 
every  one  attending  school.  Away  with  the  vulgar  notion  **  that 
dirt  is  healthy."    Filth  is  but  another  name  for  disease. 


80 » 

J'ip^y,— Physiology  and  Hygiene  flhould  be  taqght  to  every  .^^ 
adi/f^ced  d^aM ;  and  teachers  ehofJd  cot  be  considered  folly  qual- 
ified for  the  pfofeflBiou  nulesB  capable  of  giving  Bound^  whole- 
BOi^e  instruction  in  the  §p:eat  art  of  preeerving.  life. 

'  '  P.  B*  HOT. 


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LBITSR  OF  PBOF.  BAIRD. 


Of  the  importaDce  of  the  study  of  i^fttuml  history  as  a  branch 
of  edacatioB,  there  can  be  no  qaestion.  Even  independently  of 
the  practical  applications  of  the  different  departments  of  the 
icience  in  the  yarious  processes  of  agrianUore,  commerce  and  the 
artB)  the  mental  training  it  imparts  is  of  the  highest  benefit 

The  cnltivation  of  the  perceptive  and  reasonable  faculties,  the 
acquisition  of  skill  in  composition,  as  involred  in  recording  the 
ISacts  obserred,  the  habits  of  healthful  exercise  of  body  in  puretF- 
isg  the  study,  and  a  rational  and  suitable  occupation  for  leisure 
hours,  are  among  the  ends  readily  to  be  gained  in  the  pursuit  of 
natural  science.  When  I  speak  of  natural  history,  I  do  not  refbr 
simply  to  a  string  of  harsh  dry  naihes  in  foreign  language,  and 
referring  to  many  objects  which  a  youth  never  has  seen  nor  maj 
expect  to  see  except  possibly  in  a  drcwing,  I  mean  the  study  of 
nature  as  displayed  in  the  woods  and  fields,  under  the  eye  of  any 
and  every  looker*on.  The  child  should  be  taught  to  analyse 
everything  he  sees,  to  examine  into  the  why  and  wherefore,  to 
take  up  some  particular  act  of  animal  life  and  trace  it  back  to  its 
inception,  and  follow  it  to  its  conclusicm.  He  should  be  taught  to 
watch  how  the  bird  builds  its  nest,  of  what  materials,  what  num- 
ber  and  character  of  eggs  it  lays,  the  duration  of  incubation,  die 
number  of  broods  in  the  year,  the  date  of  appearing  and  disap- 
pearing, the  abundance  or  scarcity  as  compared  with  other  speeiei| 
tfie  kinds  of  food,  etc.  The  frog  should  be  watched,  to  leatn 
when  he  leaves  his  mud  retreat,  how  the  eggs  are  deposited, 
whether  in  spherical  masses  or  in  long  ropes,  how  long  bdbre  the 
emlnyo  emerges  from  the  shell  and  the  interval  of  atlniaing  flili 
development  of  limbe.  The  fish  should  be  traced  to  its  secrst 
11 


as 

haoBtB,  to  learn  when  the  period  of  spawning  takes  place,  wheth 
er  it  bailda  a  nest  of  grass,  sticks  or  stones,  what  arts  of  defenee 
it  employs,  what  changes  it  undergoes  in  the  different  seasons. — 
The  transformations  of  the  insect  should  be  followed  out  through 
its  successive  stages,  so  as  accuratdy  to  detennine  the  kind  of 
food,  duration  of  the  different  conditions,  etc.,  points  all  of  the 
highest  importance  in  an  economical  point  of  view.  The  same 
general  principles  will  apply  to  every  form  of  life.  The  student 
should  be  encouraged  to  write  down  what  of  such  operations  and 
actions  he  may  have  seen  in  his  rambles.  No  matter  how  trivial 
these  may  seem,  a  record  should  be  made,  as  cnltivating  a  habit 
of  great  importance.  The  difficulty  so  often  experienced  in  the 
writing  of  compositions  may  be  remedied  to  a  great  extent  by  as- 
signing some  particular  subject  in  natural  history  to  be  invesUgiir 
ted  and  reported  upon.  Students  may  be  encouraged  to  procure 
living  animals  and  keeping  them  in  confinement,  to  work  out  ti^ 
details  of  their  history.  Indeed  with  many  species  this  is  the 
only  way  in  which  anything  can  be  learned  respecting  them.  I 
faave  obtained  vastly  more  information  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
frogs  and  salamanders,  by  watching  tliem  in  my  own  room,  than  I 
ever  could  in  the  fields  and  by  the  ponds.  In  order  however  to 
systematize  the  studies  first  referred  to,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
proceed  to  the  formation  of  local  cabinets.  Each  .school  should 
be  provided  with  £ome  setts  of  shelves  as  well  as  bottles,  alcohol, 
etc.,  by  means  of  which  to  exhibit  tlie  results  of  Saturday  after> 
noon  forays,  or  incidental  gatborlDgs  throughout  the  week.  The 
object  should  be  to  procure  as  complete  a  collection  as  might  b^ 
convenient,  of  all  the  different  minerals,  rocks,  fossil  remains,  ani- 
mala  and  plauts  of  the  neighboriiiood.  This  will  be  very  easily 
accomplished  by  the  help  of  the  teacher  who  should  know  enough 
of  the  art  of  taxidermy  to  skin  a  bird  or  a  quadruped.  The  pr<^ 
messes  involved  are.  all  exceedingly  simple,  and  will  be  found  de* 
tailed  at  sufficient  length  in  the  little  pamphlet  published  by  the 
Bmithsoni^m  institute  whicji  might  be  reproduced  for  distribution 
emoeg  the  schools.'    CoUecti<»s  of  skulls  and  skeletooai  4dtaob## 

c; 


or  combined,  might  be  made  of  the  domestic  and  other  animalfl 
of  the  Ticinitj.  The  collections  thus  made  or  in  process  of  accu- 
mnlation,  are  now  to  be  labelled  as  accnrately  as  the  means  at 
oommand  will  allow.  If  the  scientific  names  cannot  be  obtained| 
then  some  provisional  ones  may  ^be  adopted  serving  to  identify 
them  temporarily,  nntil  better  can  be  done.  It  mast  be  the  teach- 
er's business  to  procure  all  the  bodks  be  can  get  relating  to  the 
Bubjects  collected,  and  by  their  means  as  well  as  by  conference 
and  correspondence  with  '^Experts,"  find  out  what  is  already 
known  of  their  history  as  well  as  the  names  by  which  they  ar^ 
recognized.  *  In  possession  of  inch  oahin(Sts,itwiU  iiwa  be  proper 
to  introduce  some  text  book  on  natural  history,  and  the  course  of 
instruction,  selecting  one  suited  to  the  comprehension  of  the 
classes.  Unfortunately,  we  have  nothing  new  at  our  command 
bearing  upon  the  generalities  of  natural  history  and  adapted  to 
this  country,  excepting  the  text  book  of  Zoology  by  Agassiz  and 
Gonld,  which,  covers  only  the  physiology  of  Zoology.  This  work, 
however,  is  very  admirable  as  far  as  it  goes  and  most  highly  jto  be 
reeommended. 

Yery  respectfully, 

SPENGEB  F.  BAIRI). 
Smithsonian  Institute. 


•i 


I 


,  »  1 


84 


LETTER  OF  SAMUEL  S.  EANDALL. 

ClTT  ©UPBKIWTKSnDEHT's  OlTFTOB,  ) 

New  York,  July  20, 1855.     f 

Hon.  a.  OoKflTAimNs  B^uuit, 

JSup&rira&ndmi  of  PvilUc  InsirudMi^  Wi8(km8ii^ 

Dear  Sib  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
commnnication  of  the  9th  inst.,  requesting  my  riews  in  reference 
to  the  expediency  and  utility  of  a  legislative  provision  for  uniting 
townships  and  incorporated  villages  for  the  purpose  of  organizing 
Union  and  Central  High  Schools. 

In, my  judgment,  ancb  a  provision  would  be  emin^itly  adaptad 
to  advance  the  interests  of  common  school  instruction*  Oor  owa 
experience  in  this  state,  under  a  law  very  inartificially  drawn  up, 
embraoisg;  as  itis  leading  feature  this  principle,  has  fully  demon- 
strated the  practical  efficiency  of  such  an  enactment,  even  when 
the  minor  details  failed  to  give  full  effect  to  the  intention  of  the 
legislature.  In  the  case  of  villages  and  well  populated  townshipe, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  advantages  of  the  system,  concen- 
trating,  as  it  does  all  the  mental  and  material  energies  of  the  in* 
habitants  upon  the  support  of  a  good  school,  well  furnished  with 
all  the  necessary  appliances  for  systematic  and  scientific  instrac- 
Hon.  And  in  the  rural  districts  or  townshipS|  even  where  a  sparae 
population  exists,  I  am  convinced  its  effect  would  prove  decidedlj 
beneficial.  The  prevailing  'system  of  separate  school  districts^ 
however  advantageous  in  the  incipient  movementa  and  first  orga* 
nization  of  a  school  system,  labors  under  the  serious  defects  of  a 
want  of  adequate  supervision,  and  the  absence  of  a  hearty,  vig> 
orous,  systematic  and  united  co-operation  of  the  whole  conunn- 


il^  i]i'M#  mt^wMi  effort  f»^^yr^ioMMii<|  Md  iipjoipinii 

A  legiBlatiye  proyision  antheming,  and  as  far  as  may  be'  en- 
cooraging  the  nnion  of  any  two  er  more  adjoining  echool  dietriotai 
in  each-towhship  mth  tfaeMflent  of  a  majority  of  the  legal  Totera, 
pttTMis  and  tax  pliyetB,  wlfh  pMi^er  to  fl»rm  a  permanent  board  of 
education,  consisting  of  representatives,  (two  or  more)  from  each 
district,  (which  for  this  parpose,  and  another  to  which  I  am  about 
to  adrert  should  retain  its  original  organization),  and  to  impose 
the  necessary  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  school ;  with  power  also 
to  such  board  to  establish  and  maintain  primary  schools  in  each 
original  district  for  the  instruction  of  children  under  ten  or  twelve 
years  of  age,  preparatory  to  their  transfer  at  a  suitable  period  to 
the  central  or  high  school,  and  from  thence  on  the  completion  of 
the  prescribed  course  of  instruction,  to  a  county  free  academy,  to 
be  supported  by  county  taxation,  aided  by  such  funds  as  the  state 
might  be  induced  to  grant ;  the  whole  system  to  be  completed  by 
a  free  state  college  or  university  of  the  highest  grade.  Such  a 
provision,  carefully  and  judiciously  guarded  in  its  several  details,  so 
as  to  accomplish,  with  the  least  possible  infringement  upon  indi- 
vidual or  collective  interests  or  rights,  the  great  object  of  a  thor- 
ough and  complete  and  practical  education,  common  and  free  to 
all,  accessible,  in  all  its  stages,  to  all,  and  equal  in  all  respects  to 
that  of  institutions  of  a  similar  grade  elsewhere,  would,  it  strikes 
me,  be  not  only  eminently  useful  and  successful,  but  generally  ac- 
ceptable to  all  classes,  and  especially  to  the  friends  of  education. 
It  would  likewise  be  found,  I  apprehend  upon  experiment,  far 
more  effective  than  the  existing  systeni  of  separate,  and  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  isolated  districts.  The  supervision  would  be  fiur 
more  thorough  and  complete — the  public  interest  in  the  progress 
and  advancement  of  the  system,  more  direct  and  palpable — ^tbe 
private  interest  of  parents  better  provided  for,  and  the  interest 
and  exertions  of  the  pupils  of  every  grade  more  absorbing.   Suoli 


EIGHTH  ANNUAL  REPORT 


OVTBB 


BOARD  OF  REGEiNTS 


cm  THB 


liERSIlY  OF  WIS 


J 


t 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1855. 


<  ♦  < 


MADISON: 

OikLKlVS  A  PSUOnOWlT,  PBIH'TieB& 

1S66. 


Uarfsmrr  ov  WiaooBBiir,  Feb.  6, 18S6. 


To  His  EiOBLLmrarTi  Wu.  A.  BaisioWi 


Oovem^  of  the  State  qf  Wteoomm : 


In  accordance  with  law,  I  transmit  to  yon,  herewith,  the 
Eighth  Annual  Beport  of  the  Begentt  of  the  ITniTenityi  and  haye 
the  honor  to  be, 

Most  Bespeetful]  J, 

Your  Obedient  Senranti 

JOHN  H.  LATHEOP, 

President  of  the  Board. 


,  < 


♦    '  •{     - 


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REGENTS'   REPORT. 


"-  »<»  I  1 1 


♦ 


Univkesity  of  Wisconsin,  Jan.  1, 1866.  * 

The  Regents  of  tho  University,  in  compliance  with  law,  make 
to  the  Hon.  the  Legislature  this,  their  Eighth  Annnal 


KEPdBT: 

•Iq  addition  to  their  stated  meetings,  the  Board  have  been  re- 
peatedly called  together  daring  the  year  terminating  DecemW 
81, 1856,  as  the  exigencies  of  the  institution  aeemed  to  require; 
and  have  given  to  the  trust  committed  to  their  hands,  all  that  care  ., 
and  sapervisioD,  due  to  an  edacational  interest  of  great  acknow-.  , 
ledged  importance  to  the  character  of  the  state,  and  the  intellect^ . ,^ 
nal  culture  of  its  citizens.  ^„ 

from  the  report  of  the  building  committee,  hereunto  appended, '  * 
itVill  be  seen  that  the  second  edifice  has  been  completed,  and  \%> 
nofr  occupied ;  adding  greatly  to  the  accommodations  the  institu- 
tioo  is  able  to  offer  io  the  young  men  of  thi'S  and  other  states,  in 
the  pursuit  of  a  liberal  course  of  study.. 

The  south  half  of  the  building  contains  public  rooms  for  leo- 
tore,  ftir  library,  ^nd  foreoUections  in  Natural  science,  apartments 


^ 


fbr  some  of  the  families  of  the  facnliji  and  a  dining  hall  for  the 
common  nse  of  the  faculty  and  stadents.  The  north  wing  oon* 
tains  studies  and  lodging  rooms  for  the  nse  of  the  stadents,  and 
the  whole  is  warmed  in  winter  by  furnaces  in  the  basement 

One  of  the  lecture  rooms  has  been  seated  and  furnished,  as  a 
laboratory  for  the  use  of  the  Professor  of  Ohemtstry  and  Natural 
History.  The  philosophical  chamber,  and  the  apartments  for  the 
library,  cabinent,  &c.,  will  be  finished  and  furniBhed  during  the 
coming  year,  in  preparation  for  coUectionB  now  being  m^e,  and 
which  we  hope  to  increase  in  much  greater  ratio  hereafter. 

The  refectory  system,  introduced  in  pursuance  of  an  order  of 
the  board  in  July  last,  has  proved  entirely  successful.  The  maxi- 
mum price  of  board  to  the  student  was  fixed  at  $2  per  week.  The 
actual  charge  for  the  full  term  was  $1  72,  which  may  be  assunied 
as  the  ayerage  bill  for  boaM,  material  and  service  remaining  at 
present  prices.  The  charge  to  each  member  of  the  families. of  the 
resident  faculty,  is  fixed  at  $3  per  week.  It  is  not  to  be  doubted 
that  the  residence  of  the  faculty  on  the  college  grounds,  and  the 
social  and  domestic  influence  of  daily  intercourse  in  the  hall,  and 
elsewhere,  will  tend  to  elevate  the  standard  of  good  manners  and 
good  order  in  the  institution. 

The  cost  of  the  hew  edifice,  with  fitting  up  thus  far,  has  beea  ' 
over  $20,000,  and  of  this  sum  more  than  $5,000  have  been  drawn 
directly  from  the  income  of  the  institution  for  the  past  year.   The 
surplus  means  having  been  thus  turned  into  this  extraordinary 
channel  of  expenditure,  there  has  been  no  material  enlargement ' 
of  the  library  and  cabinet  since  the  date  of  the  last  annual  reporiL 
Oocaaiouai  donations  of  books  have  been  made  by  the  beusty  ef 
eongreee,  of  the  legislature  of  New  York,  and  of  the  Smitliaoniaa 
institution.    Valuable  contributions  have  also  been  received  iron 
our  delegation  at  Washington,  and  fron  individu^  whidh  am  . 
duly  noticed  by  the  librarian. 

Ihejoabinet  and  Ubraiy  will  be jremoi^ed  daring  tkaeeiaiQ. 


I 


•4 


yefi^  i^torlbe  iqore  ipadons  Apart«i«nt0  to  be  prepared  for  fhevt 
In .  the  new*  fdifiee ;  and  as  the  inoome  of  the  University'  will 
be  relieved  irom  building  nseBi  aad  other  "extraordinary  bnrden% 
it  is  the  intention  of  the  board  to  make  suitable  appropriations  for 
the  uQcrease  of  those  aids  to  instrnction  which  are  essential  to  the 
credit  of  the  University,  and  without  which,  It  cannot  be  expeeV 
ed  to  compete  successfully  with  better  appointed  indtitutiom. 

An  appropriation  of  91,100  was  made  in  185lffor  chemioal  and 
phflospphical  apparatus,  and  purchases  were  made  with  great 
judgment  by  the  late  professor  of  chemistry,  S.  P.  Lathrop.  It 
is  the  purpose  of  the  board,  by  such  yearly  appropriation  for  ap- 
paratus as  may  be  compatible  with  other  Interests,  to  put  and  to 
keep  these  important  departments  in  a  sound  and  effective  condi**' 
tion. 

The  reeeipts  intq  the  treasury  of  the  University  during  the  past 
year^  irrespective  of  the  balance  of  the  loan  for  building)  wiU  be 
■eeo  by  reference  to  the  report  of  the  treasurer  to  have  been  $16|- 
090  32.  The  disbursements  of  income  for  the  year  have  amount- 
ed to  $13,999  33«  To  this  sum  must  be  added  the  interest  on  the 
loans  from  the  school  and  university  funds,  reserved  by.  the  state 
tre^toer,  and  not  included  in  the  account  of  disbursements  stated 
by  the  treasurer  of  Uie  board,  amounting  for  said  year  to  $2,800; 
leaTing  a  balance  against  the  University,  on  the  3l8t  December, 
1855,  of  $1,709  01. 

All  the  above  disbursemets  have  beai  mude  on  warrants  issued . 
by  .the  secretary,  in  accordance  with  the  by-laws  and  special  in- 
fltipicfcions  of  the  board,  as  set  forth  in  the  secretary's  report,  herer 
nnto  appended. 


For  the  items  of  cost,  in  the  erection  of  the  second  edifice, 
ference  is  also  made  to  thid  report  of  the  building  committee^  coo* 
tained  in  the  appendix. 

Daring  tbe  past  year  tbe  vacant  chairs  in  the  collegiate  depart- 
ment have  been  filled,  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  J.  t*.  Fnchs  to 


8    ' 


of  Mentatlfliilosophj,  i;ogrfeV'T?Ketai'ic"*in&"Eo^iili'LiteV«tnWi ;  » 
t^nO^r.'t.  d."Carr,'  to  'tTxe"iAiiHt  CK^^faati^  atld'NatdfftV!ffi<-  •^ 


denVSr  fr'cbhr^ii  6f  lecbirfed  oA-  phy%iol6^y  to*  the  orfleg^»dnaBeti-i 

Teraity  Si^iti^'lho' second  term;'wYiicti  opens  ih'*JatW*'.  ^^iWl'*". 
pul 


Hitherto  tlie  labor  of  originating  the  State  University,  ana'*' 
nnrsiHg"it"V^'*f6  nlatilrity',  has  *%eeYif^tbroW  iiiJ<)to'«fftwKo!Mj 
Facult^*/  TlifefVdi-'kh'as'fecyii^titc'i'dHy'fDrwwa  tmdcfr  difl^mlties-'^, 
and  'eMbiiif  As^nibnt^.  ^'Plfe  Boai^i'  W6nl*«ot  Tefrain-fforn'fexitrea*'*-'^ 
in^tK^IV'b'atisfdctioti  a't'thd'te^ults'tha't  hdvobeeti'  reached.  (The--' 
In^titutTori  is  efottnd  in'dJficlpltad-ti'nd  schohtrship,  and  {^*gmi#mg  ^v 
in'jbo^ulat  fa'i^oif.  The  nnmbf^r  of  entrfitis  for  thcy^earjUst'clos^/^  • 
was'dno  hi'n died  6ti'd'' fifteen;  IfremaTn^  to'efect  •an^eadfiriB^'^ 
snjj^tstiubture  on  the  go5d  fbtin-dAtion  ailfeady  Ikid;     •'»-••  •    -i  -m 

The  Board  have  the  gratification  to  announce  thp  ipauguralion^  ^ 
of  p  new  era  in  the  history  of  the  University,  by  the  introdaction 
of 'the  ne^l'j^  aljpointc'rf'Profefssorfifnto  thelf '^eVeral-'cbWrBj-'aid 
the^coriipletion'bf  the 'college  t'afctilty;  "Tho'  experimwt'irtFetfc^r  '}* 
a  Sfete  Uuiiiversity  cknbo'Wllt'  tip  iti  Wiscoridn,^^li!th''«!iaU>'^ 
educate  her  sons  on  their  own  soil,  honor  science,  rffl^i^atioe'ttm'**' 
art^and,eflfja,U  tbQ,CQmi^onwea)tJa,48  uQ.Yr  fairly  pn,tri/iji.^Xli9i6nii^ 
Bei^t ^occ^.Qf;,tho  ^xp^r/imenfe  need.not  bf^, dqubtqd,,  if  tUe  foater:^ .,j 
ing  care  and  the  protecting  arm  of  the  State  se.q^^r.c .^^^e  ifli)|ti^pt}p}ijig 
in  the  quiet  .enjoyment  of  thrse   elements  of  prosperity  which 
have^fifeen  so  i'appily  accumulated  by  cai'^fal;  tiains^lalfih^'ttiii^- 
agemenVh'itherto.  •"    ''    ''    -"•^-'im*'  -^  v    »>.ik  nv.vi    ,r/.w     uuuy 


force  of  tho  nnivenity,  the  ]||MMl«iiiV0;iioti'1ie«nsaiitiiin3fil'Uf 
its  available  income.    The  reTen«A,«)f  t]^(}.II«a4f(^t;;,%  t^ft,^s9i^ 

Interest  of  seminary  fund,  ..,„„..,..>..,    )W2,7J|l  ■  83, ;  „  •  i 

From  other  Bources,  do.,  300  00 


vi 


The  main  items  of  disbursement  for  the  coming  year  wilT  ttb^  '*' 

nJe^cfUtVi^'el^'4'ateio'4e^  ^  •'   •''$i;W'oi'   """• 

Interest  on  loans  for  buildings  and  grounds,    ''  8,^(JO'*00   '^  ' 
Salaries  of  Faculty,  nfHiT  ,.  i    \    .i.;*t^60d  00<  t»»uA 

Leaving  a  balance  of  $2,023  22  applicable  to  the  contingent  ex- 
penses of  the  institution,  and  to  the  enlargement  of  tlieilBr^r^i 
thei^bin^tltt^patiflAoe/iandrdth^naicfeofiiirslrubtioni    >  /  ttnuj      i 

The  colleffia^e  je^r  is  divided  into  three  terms,  of  tjiirteen  weeM 
eacnL  begumin  ff— 

W,Qfltfef,t;ij^4W^^R«#fJotp^B^mb^^         :,^       ..  ,^.l.u^t» 
'HMfesfMif tarmhacr^'lMta'fix»di«ft.'fQ]^W8;:i^       ,  «     i      tijij 

*»»     BoemiMOtl*     fi-.  «      :-..'n'i  :      Jl  *     'inM  '»    -i;!    ■»  ••.  8   OO-*,       ...|     a 
■IhiV    **f^l\i   '/KV.-     ,..|'J  .if/   rit'it   *t<*   '  ■       '       i*'A«A       ■    \      >  i.      Aii        ixC-'    ' 

Amounting  to  the  poderai©  si^m  of  $12  per  year,  to  tnose  wnb*  ' 
room  eftewhere,' W^  9^^  S21 16  tliose  who  refiid'o'  fn  the  building''" 
an^cnjby  the  advantage  of  private  sUldi^s  atfdlod^ln^'rdoiris.'  A^^* 
■mall  additional  charge  will  be  made  for  wood  consumed  (!fann^'^^ 


j4am>VL  LAjbm^  LL.  D.,  OlMAQeUor^  and  Protetnv  of  TSUm^ 
Oivil  Politj,  and  Political  Etoaom  j« 

DlottiEL  Read,  LL.  D.,  Profeaaor  of  Mental  Pkiloaeplijy  Logie, 

Iftc/toric,  and  Emgliah  Literature. 

JoHsr  W.  Sterling,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Mathematics^  Kataml 

■ 

Philosopb]^,  and  ABtronomj. 

Eou  1^.  Oabb,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Natnral  Hia- 
toiy. 

O.  M.  OoirovBB,  A.  M.^  Professor  of  Ancient  I^ngnages  and  lit- 
eratnre. 

John  P.  Euobs,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Modem  Languages  and  Lee- 
tnrer  on  Physiology. 

AuousTim  0.  Bhith,  A.  B.,  Tntor. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  above  Professorships  cover  the 
whole  ground  of  the  preparatory  and  collegiate  departments,  up 
to  graduation. 

r 

In  addition  to  his  collegiate  appointment,  the  Board  hare 
elected  Professor  Bead  to  the  Normal  Ohalr  in  the  department  of 
^^  Theory  and  Practice  of  Elementary  Instruction."  Although 
the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  state,  seem  to  contemplate  the 
endowing  of  this  department  of  the  University,  from  the  income 
of  the  school  fund,  yet  the  Board  are  desirous  of  making  the  in- 
stitution, in  the  absence  of  aid,  from  this  appropriate  source,  suV 
sidiary  to  the  cause  of  general  education,  aa  far  as  tlieir  meaaa 
will  permit;  •  Professional  instruction  will,  therefore,  be  rendered 
in  the  art  of  teaching  during  the  summer  term  of  each  year,  by 
Prp&fisor  Bead  ;  and  the  young  men  of  the  State,  who  may  coa- 
nect  themaelyes  with  the  teachers'  class,  will  be  admitted  to  the 
ins^uctions  of  the  other  departments  of  the  University,  as  they 
m%y  select. 

During  the  same  term,  Dr.  Oarr  will  deliver  a  course  of  iM^ 
tores  on  Agricultural  Chemistry,  and  the  applications  of  acienoft 


11 

to  the  ntefhl  arts,    ^is  o<niiM  of  inctraotion  is  axpieisly  dssigned 

for  the  young  farmers  and  artisans  of  the  state ;  and  it  is  to  be  * 
hoped  ihat  many  will  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  thus 
presented,  of  carrying  the  instructions  of  the  laboratory  into  the 
industrial  operations  of  the  community  at  large.    Each  pupil  of 
this  department  may  become  the  instructor  of  his  vicinage — and 
especially  would  it  be  desirable,  that  the  teachers  of  the  district 
schools  should  be  well  versed  in  natural  science  and  its  applica-  . 
tions.     The  University  proposes  to  open  the  i^ay  to  this  very  val- 
uable result,  by  arranging  the  agricultural  and  the  teachers'  class* 
es  in  the  same  term.    It  is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  the  teacher 
of  each  school  district  in  the  state  should  avail  himself  of  thesQ   ^ 
instructions  in  agricultural  science  an^  the  philosophy  of  the  use- 
ful arts. 

■ 

The  Board  would  strongly  urge  upon  the  legislature  the  pro- 
priety and  the  policy  of  so  shaping  the  operations  of  the  Geolo^-  , 
cal  survey  of  the  state,  that  the  chemical  analyses  may  be  made 
in  the  laboratory  of  the  State  University,  Whatever  propriety 
there  may  have  hitherto  been  in  sending  abroad  for  this  service^ 
the  necessity  no  longer  exists.  In  addition  to  the  distinguished 
reputation  of  Professor  Carr^  as  a  chemical  analyst,  his  connexion 
with  the  Kew  York  survey,  and  familiarity  with  all  its  processes, 
have  prepared  him  to  render  essential  service  in  the  survey  of 
Wiseonsln ;  and  haVe  obviatod  the  necessity  of  going  beyond  the 
UBiversity  of  our  own  state,  for  any  eid  which  diemiatry  may  be 
able  to  render. 

The  New  York  survey,  by  its  completeness  and  its  celebrity, 
has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  standard  with  which  the  results  of 
geological  observation  in  other  states  are  to  be  compared.    The 
Board  are  negotiating  for  complete  suits  of  Kew  York  specimens^ 
as  'Well  as  of  other  states  where  surveys  have  been  made.    The   ' 
law.  requires  our  State  Oeologist  to  make  a  iull  deposite  of  spee^    ' 
mens  in  the  University  cabinet.    The  needful  comparisons  may   ' 
therefore  be  made  en  this  ground,  and  the  proper  degree  of  ae^    ' 


1211  « 

cvtBCj  add  -  oooeuteocy  be  seoared  te  thb  mitv^j  of  ouf^omtL  I 
State. 

*rho  Board,  at  their  last  annual  meeting,  provided,  by  ordinance, 
for  the  organization' at  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University, 
to  be  supported  by  fees  for  tuition,  without  recourse  to  the  trea- 
snry  of  the  Uaiverslty,  until  the  existing  debt  incurred  for  build- 
ings and  ground  be  paid  off.  The  several  chairs  of  instruction  have 
been  filled,  with  the  exception  of  tliose  of  Surgery  aud  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Medicine.  ArraDgemciiis  will  be  made  for  opening  the 
School  at  an  early  day,  and  under  favorable  auspices.  The  Fa- 
onlty,  as  at  present  constituted^  consists  of  the  Chancellor  and  the 
following  Professors : 

Alfred  L.  Castxkman,  M.D.,  Profei-'sor  of  Theory  aad  Practice  of  . 

Medicine. 
Ezra.  B.  Carr,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy. 
D.  0.  Ayres,  M.  D.,  Professor  of    Obstetrics,    and  Diseases  of 

Women  and  Children. 
Geo.  D.  Wilbur,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Mattjria  Medica. 
Bamukl  W.  Tuayer,  M.  D,,  Professor  of  Anatomy. 

• Professor  of  Surgery, 

Professor  of  the  Institutes  of  Mediciuo 

a'nd  Pathological  Anatomy. 

^pmo  preliminary  action  has  been  taken  by  the  Board  in  refei^ 
enq^  to  the  organization  of  the  Law  Department  of  th^  University* 
Madison  is  apparently  the  most  favorable  location  in  the  norths 
west  for  a  professional  school  in  this  department.  The  questioa 
of  organization  is  one  of  time,  and  arrangements  will  be  promptly 
aiafle  by  the  Board  to  meet  the  public  demand  in  this  behalf. 


ii\ 


L^jthe  progress  of  this  report,  the  Board  have  indicated  the   • 
forift  which,  in  their  judgment,  a  State  University  ought  to  be 
ma^.to  assume,  when  mature  in  its  organisation,  and  in  barmony 
witl^^iits  relations  to  other  portione  o(  the  educational  system  and 
to  ti^  industrial  and  professidnal  iuterests  of  Booiety. 


ma 

^'  iSlogrmtitentt^l  ideftfittdbe  QoUofd  pmpor,  ^tkite  BiO[^lei»p- 
JpeiatemtS)  liaf  aUaiiriiliUaroedi  VaodUijVitoiKttraEyy  appatotiis, 
-ili  noUectkte  in  itiie  hrikSvut  >  dapuiJUettib  of  Dttiiural  flcitece^iits 
biMttonediiofd  cQiSMrvfttoiTf-fttbd  (fopedsor  bf.kM«r)0dtge  io  iAe  :h%^- 
-. «ii^aad Bxhreioaefttl  fbratfin; ^tbb ^flroiheiit jof.  tbe ftfeitfo  for  thlB Mb- 
o.^ral  DBltiirdio£  ^tbei  oitiifonf,  lUelnrtitsxiro  rhAOM  to  tb«  iatolleK^Mal 
'■  vtMdtfo^fthe.iKfataoA  tlia  pfiee9Bit}ttii«r)Siile  waj^  to  the.  b^j^r 

ttySiBation  •  Whush.-.  liea  boj^ondi  Aiixsoid  ib&  oei$.trai  colUg^i  tBS 
'5^0  ^enevf  1  iniiiic^tor^  k{i(|]rrRnged'tholfimr  sctiMlf^.^  proD^esional 

inBtruction;  1.  of  Law;  2.  of  Medicine;  8.  of  theartofTeticUipg; 

and  4.  of  science  as  applied  to  Agriculture  and  the  Useful  Arts; 

leaving  the  profe^jbioual  schools  ot  Theology  to  the  8ty;>p6rt  of  the 

denominations  to  which  they  severally  ]3eIong!   '  *    /  j  '  •  i 

:  .  :'Sh»Ji  pi^fli  an  ^pftitution.  Qf <  J^i^^Qg  ^a  i^e  bave  tbiuyi  shadowed 
forth  would. b^  tliu  .crowni<ig  hi>Ba):.to  any  state;  that  it  woujd 
richly  requite  the  bounty  that  sustains  it,  is  a  matter  of  general 

consciousner^s.  '  Ko  inari  doubts  who  compreliehds.  * 


,1 


/ » 


. ,  .Th,e.«nljgb(;fined,iiberfitit.y:of  ec^i^gjressrhas  -putit.iq  the  powpr 
Jpif-WiW^^  tQ;riWlw^.thi8.i<J^a,}i?iei«rf[rj^es^EmtialpArtic^4i?.  -Tlf 
i'.W^8ftW?wi»^,trpe  ^p.tii^  ti:n^tit,bas:^wnedt-^if  i<i  carry.out  wUh 
common  honesty  tbe.uu/pj^t^ke^ble.ii^t^Qtion  of  ,|bo'gr,axLt^— if  t^e 
administration  of  it  be  conducted  with  ^  steady  ii;i^elligence,  and 
the  thrift  whi^;j^pp[^i)^i|actQriqod  its  progress  hitherto,  the  means 
wi)t  ]iot!)peff>n(j4  ^J^lCBt^4.99P^™P^^^b  all  that  the  friends  of  this 
^f^;]7t^eif1^av;9/afti9ii$l}j  ^pected  and  desired.  The  existing 
reven^^v^f  tt^q  JJi|jiv9][d|t7i|y4fi|Eicient  for  the  support  of  the  insti- 
tution on  its  p^fp);,8(^|}p,t|pe  (gradual  increase  of  the  aids  to  in- 
struction, fl|!P^/t^?  pqsiPfntQf  the  annual  interest  on  the  debt 
incnrred  for  the.^Aonils.qi^d.  jifuildings.  The  Board  now  look  to 
the  income  yet  tq^j^f^^^pv^  frpm  the  recent  land  grant  by  con- 
gress, for  th^fepi^  epi1ffi9\ifmef  the  debt  and  the  accumulation  of 
a  building  fuf]^;^;4^h(^^P^C:^XA  ^^  ^be  remaining  structures  com- 
prised in  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Board,  with  such  variations  and 
additions  as  time  a^id  observation  may  suggest,  and  the  exigendea 


I 


of  the  intttiktion  m$j  require,  in  order  to  its  higkett  lueAilheit 
and  eminenoe.  After  these  ohjects  shall  have  been  compaieed, 
the  whole  Ineome  of  the  IJnirenity  will  be  applieaUe  to  its  ear* 
rent  nees.  Sabetantial  aid  maj  then  be  extended  to  the  aofaoels 
ef  Medicine  and  LaV,  the  Normal  department  become  the  efiectire 
and  enffident  proftMsional  agent  of  pnblic  instrnction,  and  the 
Bchool  of  applied  science  reeeive  it^  fall  derelopement,  ezteading 
the  benefits  of  its  iastrnctians  tb  agrienltare  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  to  mining  and  metallnrgj,  to  engineeriDg  and  practical  as* 
tronomy. 

For  more  detailed  information  relatiye  to  the  condition  and 
prospects  of  the  TTniverstj,  reference  is  made  to  the  commnnica- 
tion  of  the  Ohancellor,  the  reports  of  committees  and  of  the  ac* 
connting'offlcers,  the  inangaral  addresses  of  Professors  Bead  and 
Oarr«  and  other  relevant  papers,  hereunto  appended.        , 

■      (  • 

% 

Tlie  board,  in  conclusion,  invoke  the  co-operation  of  the  legis- 
lature in  the  noble  work  of  handing  over  such  an  institution  of 
learning  to  the  pride,  the  affection  and  the  liberality  of  posterity. 
'it  is  destined  to  live  while  man  lives,  and  its  records  Vill  sp^ 
to  coming  generations,  of  the  enlightened  munificence  and  wise 
forecast  of  the  founders  of  the  commonwealth. 

All  which,  &c., 

J.  H.  LATHBOP, '  ' 

ALFRED  L  0A6TLEMAK, 

A.  0ON8TANTINE  BABBT, 

EDWARD  M.  HTTNTER, 

J.  D.  RUGGLES, 

BEBIAH  BROWH, 

N.  W.  DEAN, 

D.  W.  JONES, 

OHARLES  DUNN, 

ALOMZO  WING. 


APPENDIX. 


^  «-s.j;^'*%re-:-<^-^pk. 


.  .'•■  :  •  i  /.  /!  \  '\  k 


i  .t    ■  *f  '■'   "4      ^ 


1» 


•  '  ;        s    •        .      ;. 


<  « 


"A." 


OHAN0£IIiOItl«  OOMMTTNIOATKyK. 


To  the  Board  of  HegerUs  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin: 

In  aceordanoe  with  the  provlsioiiB  of  the  by-laws,  I  open  thk 
meeting,  with'  a  atatemeDt  of  the  condition  of  the  ITnlTerdity  Ibr 
ihe  past  year,  and  a  recommendation  of  each  meaaures  aa  ^t  beat 
inlerestB  of  the  Inatitntion  seeni  to  require. 

During  the  past  year  there  has  been  an  essential  addition  to  the 
aocommodations  which  the  University  ofiftos  to  the  youth- of  ^this 
aad  other  etat|0  for  residetiee  dorin^  the  period  of  instradSon. 
The  second  dormitory  btillding  has  been  completed  and  occapied ; 
adding  to  the  numbev  of  stodiies  and  lodging  rooms  fbr  the  ose  of 
students;  providing  also  snitsof  apartments  for  the  residi^ee  df 
some  of  the  families  of  theFacnlty,  and  a  boarding  Bali  for  the 
accommodation  of  bbth  j^acillty  and  Students. 

The  oo0t  of  the  edifice  as  it  now  stands,  inclcdlng  furnaces,  and 
ahB  outlay  for  the  boarding  est^blfshment,  has'  fceen  som'efwhat 
'over  f  20.000 ;  and  some  $600  more  will  probably  be'  r^qnired'to 
Beat  and  famish  the  lecture  rooms;  and  to  prepare  tlie  apai^tmen^s 
deedned  to  the  reception  of  thelrbraij'and  scletitific  collections. 
Of  the  sum  wbibh  the  6diSce  has  cost  up  to  thm  time,  more  than 
•5000  hAve  tfeen  paid 'from  the  income  of  the  'fond  f6r' the  yettr 
.just  doaed,  and  iMve  josi;  sb  far<^tract(^d  bui*  nieian'fb]^  the  i^h- 
Montfen  of  otbeiri  Yaltmble  Sobj^dt^Mch  ab  (be^etil^g«iiekit'«e:!fte 
8 


-IS 

librarj,  tbe  q>panitiu  and  eollecdona  in  the  Tarions  depmrtmenti 
of  icieoee.  As  our  jncome  for  the  year  on  which  we  hare  now 
entered,  will  be  relieTed  from  this  extraordinaiy  bnrden,  it  wiU 
be  in  the  power  of  the  Board  to  make  liberal  provision  for  these 
aids  of  iDdtmction,  essential  as  they  are  to  the  nsefalness  and  the 
eredit  of  the  University,  as  an  icatitntion  of  learning  of  the  high* 
est  grade. 

A  Tery  gratifying  measnre  of  success  has  attended  the  board- 
ing establisbosdit^  qpeaefi  ia  the-  hail  at  the  bafinning  of  the'  pre- 
sent collegiate  year.  Condacted  with  skill  and  economy,  nnder 
tbe  personal  snperyision  of  Professor  Sterling  and  Lady,  the  cost 
of  board  to  tbe  student  was  brought  down  to  the  low  figure  of 
$1  72  per  week,  for  the  term  ending  December  19th.  This  may 
,be  regarded  as  the  arerage  charge  to  the  student,  the  prioe  of 
jpaierial  and  serrioe  remaining  as  now.  Sy  resdu{i<Mi  of  Iheeix- 
^ecatiye  commit^,,  tbe  charge  to  each  member  of  t  e  fiEuailiee  of 
the  college  officers  is  &xed  at  three  dollers  per  week^  the  laazi- 
mum  to  the  student  at  $2. 

,  This  system,  (aside  fn>m  its  economy ,)  by  bringing  the  famUiea 
of  the  7aeuUy  on  to  the*  college  grounds,  and  into  social  and  do- 
-meiAic  relations  with  the  students,  is  productive  of  the  happieiit 
effects  on  the  good  manners  aud  good  order  of  the  institotiaa; 
4nd  is  obviating. an  ^alledged  objection  to  the  locelity  of  the  XTb!- 
Tersity,  as  an  unsafe  as  we}!  as  an  expenslTe  place  for  the  ran- 
dence  of  young  men  during  their  period  of  pupillage. 

,  Tbe  patronage  of  the  nniyersity  has  had  a  steady  inerease  since 
the,  lAst  annual  meeting  of  the  board,  showing  a  better  appreoia- 
.  tiou  than  heretofore  of  the  solid  advantages  which  the  institutiMi 
holds  out  to  the  student  for  self  culture,  and  a  gradual  gjiring  iraj 
of  tbe  traditi9nary  prejudice  which  state  institutioiui  of  leanung 
have  to  encounter  in  their  infancy.  Ninety-two  entries  were^siade 
during  the  ceUegiate  year  endipg  on  the  foif rl^  Wednesday  ef 
July.  T^e  UiUipber  in,a^twdaiic0  on  t^  ^n3trQictioQs  of  the  yei^r 
))egiimipg  on  t)i€|  fu;9t  W^edMsdi^^of  Ja^^tuuryi  l^fift,  and 


19 

'  athig  on  the  19th  Becember,  amouiitea  to  otie  btittcWfed  and  flfteie^. 

'Of  this  number,  forty-three' weref  frotn  the  town  of  Mad lebn,  fifty. 
four  from  other  portion^  of  Wiacon^^iii,  eight  from  Illinoie,  thrb© 
fromi  New  York,  two  from  Ohio,  two  from  Migsourl,  and  one  ea'di 
from  Virginia,  PenneylTanirt,  Maine,  Kentucky,  California,  Mih- 
nesota,  and  Oanada  West.  Of  the  forty-three  from  Madiedti;  a 
large  portion  are  from  the  famih'es  of  those  who  have  made  Madi- 
son their  residence,  with  a  view  to  the  advantages  of  nniveniity 
instraction.  These  facts  demonstrate  the  alre&dy  wide  spread  and 
growing  reputation  of  the  university,  won  under  circumstances  of 
more  than  ordinary  difficulty  and  embarrassment.  What  has  thiis 
been  accomplished  by  the  labors  of  a  fractional  Faculty,  constitiitea 
a  broad  basis  for  extended  patronage,  w])er\  the  bonrd  of  iastrnction 
in  the  collegiate  department  shall  be  complete,  by  the  fnangura- 
tlon  of  the  two  Professors  elect,  which  was  ordered  by  the  Board 
in  July  to  take  place  at  this  annual  meeting. 

Dr.  E.  S.  Oarr,  who  takes  the  chai]^  of  Chemistry  and  Natural 
History  in  the  College  Faculty,  and  of  Chemistry  and  Pharmacy 
in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine,  will,  in  addition  to  the  regular  a!)d 
ordinary  duties  of  his  charge,  render  instruction  annually  to  classes 
in  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  in  the  philosophy  o  the  useful 
arts.  To  offer  these  educational  advantages  to  the  young  farmers 
and  artizans  of  the  community  is  a  proper  function  of  a  state  uni- 
versity. It  is  fairly  to  be  presumed  that  this  feature  of  our  ptan 
will  attract  to  our  halls  of  instruction  annually  increasing  classes, 
and  by  bringing  the  university  into  close  and  beneficial  relation 
^th  the  production  of  the  state,  will  demonstrate  its  importance 
and  utility  to  those  portions  of  our  fellow  citizens  who  have  regard- 
ed themselves  as  beyond  the  pale  of  university  instruction. 

Professor  Daniel  Bead,  L.  L.  D.,  late  of  the  University  of  In- 
diana, who  is  now  to  be  inducted  into  the  chair  of  ^*  Mental  Phil- 
OBophy,  Logic,  Bhetoric,  and  English  Literature,"  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Science,  Literature  and  Arts,  has  also  been  elected  ^'Npr- 
mal  Professor''  in  the  department  of  tl^^  Tbeo^  aad  Practip(9X)f 


#♦  i^     r-^-i-..^*    ;    -tr»E  £^«    ^ -.    I       iMii     •    ■«■■■ 


0 


^^'fr  ,.^-*  •    ^^   ^  ..    ,  Tcie    f  -^e  -!L     .  rm:.  .r  \t:«r  desi  n.e  Uni- 

^ ,, .    *  .,.., .  ,     .,  ; , •  .^^  ,  .^   i.-i: : -v  W^^'.zi :  :w     Ta^  cxecatiTe 
A/A.       //^A  r;>;,  ';.r^,c-/^l  i:  A  :re-    :i  mnrr.z^  of  :Le   Rc^eate  to 

*«,/^  ,  %r,  ^  ',v,;  K/'*'fj  *:.i!i  corp:ri:*:a  wi-»  c«.-c'emp!atiBg  to 
A  '•  ♦  /I  *,-^^  •;'/,/5,  Tfi^  p/^iject  h  -o  :^  Icl,  a:  leas:  f.r  tlie  present; 
H*A  Ao  :,fs  f,*.,",r  p!  if,  ffj.,gt  yi^'-lfivjiei  to  ir.ee:  ilie  perui  anoint  wants 
t/f  '.  ff  pf",.;i'/i»/,r/  H^:hooL  In  the  beginr.rjir,  when  patronage 
¥fi*^  Vnfn^h')^hw\  tri5  were  obliged  to  create  the  material  for  our 
Ht,\)t.^t  t'Sfi^ji  ^^  Wii^uy  wftB  a  propriety  in  taking  the  preparatory 
¥AvrA  \uUi  \Us  hfillrJIn^g.  At  thig  gtage  of  organization  and  pro- 
(<^H  M,  Hm«  pfrrjffUMo,  lie  the  <;ther  way;  and  I  wonld  respectfully 
Hf«<*t  M|/'iM  iti«  f)im)«(l  tlio  importance  of  providing  otherwise  for 


21 

^Q  aepartment^  during  the  present  year,  on  some  plan  which  may 
te  permanent. 

It  will  proba]>lj  devolye  on  the  board,  at  this  meeting,  to  ooipr 
plete  the  organicatioa  of  the  Medieal  FaooUy  of.  the  XTniyeroity  y 
as  the  committee  on  nominations  are  ready  to  report  candidal 
tt^r  the  yaccnt  chairs*  Although  W  portion  of  the  support  of  .tbe 
Professors  can  be  drawn  from  the  treaaary  of  the  institution,  unti^b 
ib^ezistiog  debt,  incurred  for  bnildingaand  gronnda,  be  paid  oft, 
still,  ranch,  in  the  mean  time,  may  be  dpne  by  furbishing  ibcccdpa^ 
modations  for  lecftire,  and  by  giving  a  professional  bearing  ^o  em; 
purchases  of  works  for,  the  library,  and  specimens  and  prepaid 
tions  for  onr  collections  in  natural  science.  To  found  and  to  fosf^^ 
here,  a  distinguished  Medical  School,  is  to  provide  for  a  very  im- 

portant  and  permanent  university  interest.  . 

« 
It  is  my  belief  that  the  time  has  an[ived  fpr  the  organizatioa,^ 

the  Law  Department  o,f  the  XJniversity,  by  an  ordinanqe  desiguat^ 
ipg  the  chairs,  an^  by  making,  provision  for  filling  thoejame  at  ai3| 
early  day, — t^e  Law  Faculty  bearjlog  the  same  relation,  to  the  (^Ir 
^ge  proper  which  the  Medical  Faculty  does  accprdipg  to.  thei  ordi- 
nance passed  for  the  organization  of  that  departm^t.  TUe  wailt 
of  a  Law  School  in  the  north-west  is  beginning  to  be  felt,*  Hfi 
locality  is  better  t^dapted  to  the  object  khan  this  capital,  and  in.QQ 
form  would  it  be  more,  likely  to  succeed  than  in  that  of  ^fi.  deparAr 
inent  of  tlie  University.  I  would.co(um^Qd>  tbe.su)geGt  to  tbfi 
consideration  of  the  board,  in  the  1?plief  tt^fft  prelipaioary  acdc^ 
in  this  behalf  would  not  be  premature. 

The  question,  how  faraud  how  ^soon  the  support  of  th^se  twio 
FaeuJtieti,  and  the  fulLdeyislopmeaitof  the  Normal  and  Agrieal^ 
tural  departments  >  can  be  asaumed  by  the  Boards  will  depend 
iipon  the  rapidity  with  which  the  last  grant  of  landa  by  congreM 
shall  be  reduced  to  a  prodoctive  form,'  and  «iipo^.  the  amount!  ef 
f^pital  faud  thf^y  wijil  be  u^ade  to  yi#ld.  These  Japds  Jiaye  /«tt 
been  locate^ j  and  very,  choice  sele^^tiionB  ,are  said  to  }^m^^  been 
made.  They  lie  in  large  bodies  and  cannot  be  long  kept  out  of  mar- 


f 


A- 


t2 

ket  with  tlie  acquiescence  of  the  neighboring  settlers;  and  in  a. 
collision  of  interests  between  the  settlers  and  the  University,  the 
former  would  be  likely  to  prevail,  by  carrying  the  sympathies  of 
li^gislatlon.  By  holding  on,  therefore,  for  higher  prices,  we 
tfball  likely 'to  fAil  in  secaring  that  end,  and  shall  have  lost  the  in- 
eome  which  might  have  be^n  enjoyed  in  the  interval.  It  is  pro^ 
bable  that  the  lands  may  be  sold  within  the  next  two  years,  witJi 
like  concurrence  of  other  interests,  at  an  average  of  three  or  foar 
dollars  an  acre ;  and  be  made  to  yield  1150,000  to  the  capital' 
ttmd  of  the  University.  I  would  commend  this  subject  to  the 
cotisideration  of  the  Board,  in  order  that  the  best  plan  of  dia- 
posiilg  of  these  lands  may  be  adopted,  and  receive  legislatira 
sanction,  if  any  be  needed. 

Six  years  ago,  the  whole  value  of  the  entire  property  of  the 
TTniversity,  present  and  prospective,  was  $130,000 — ^the  aggre- 
gate appraised  value  of  the  seminary  lands.  With  such  thrift 
have  the  financial  affairs  of  the  Institution  been  administered, 
that,  in  addition  to  the  building  and  grounds, now  worth  $150,000, 
the  permanent  productive  fund  will  not  be  less  than  $300,000. 
All  this  may  be  realized  within  tUree  years ;  and  the  basis  be  laid 
thus  early  for  an  Institution  of  learning  of  the  very  highest  grade, 
which  shall  distinguish  Wisconsin  perhaps  more  than  aught  elsd 
in  it ;  comprising  the  college  proper,  with  its  complete  appoint- 
ments, surrounded  by  its  professional  schools  of  Law,  of  He- 
dicine,  of  Normal  In6truction,  and  of  the  application  of  Science 
to  Agriculture  and  the  Useful  Arts. 

It  is  not  to  be  understood,  however,  that  the  resources  ol  Wis- 
consin  University,  as  I  have  set  them  forth,  exceed  those  of  the 
leading  literary  institutions  of  this  country.  The  whole  property 
€rf  Harvard  University  is  not  lees  than  $1,000,000,  and  its  annual 
income,  including  fees,  is  not  far  from  $50,000.  Union  College 
will  not  be  less  wealthy.  The  fixed  property  of  the  state  Univer^ 
kitj  of  Virginia  cost  the  state  about  $300,000,  and  $15,000  ar«l 
annnally  paid  from  the  public  treasury  for  the  support  of  the  ser* 


eral  Faculties.  The  income  of  the  state  University  of  Michigan 
will  not  fall  much  ehort  of  that  of  .our  own.  If  we  extend  the 
comparison  to  the  state  IJniyersities  of  Oefmanj  and  other  por- 
tions of  continental  Europe,  we  shall  see  less  reason  to  regard  our 
prospective  endowment  a  large  one,  and  our  annual  revenue  ad- 
equate to  the  legitimate  objects  to  be  accomplished  bj  the  high- 
eat  grade  of  educational  institutions  in  the  economy  of  modem 
civilization  The  integrity  of  the  fund  is,  therefore,  to  be  guarded 
with  jealous  care,  and  its  enlargement  should  be  the  steady  policy 
of  its  guardSanb) afnd  of  thefKends  of  edUoatlim.        ^  <  •' 

And  finally,  gentlemen  of  the  Board,  in  the  faithful  and  enlight* 
ened  administration  of  the  great  trust  which  Wisconsin  has  com- 
mitted to  your  care,  I  tender  to  you,  as  heretofore,  and  as  ever,  my 
constant  and  hearty  co-operation. 


J.H.  LATHEOP, 
QhanceUor. 


i  »  a 


XjHxvxBsrrT,  January  1856. 


"    '    •         •        v   •  ••;. 


f 

) 


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REPORT  OF  XDE  E^GDTIVE  COMMHTEB. 


UmvERsnT  OF  WiscoNsm, 
Januarj  16, 1856. 


To  the^  JBpard  of  Regents : 


I    •  I 


TR^'Sx^cdthre  Committee  respectfully  report  \  That  daring  the 
year  ISSiiS,  the  committee  have  coDtinued  to  ^xerciee  the  ttsoal 
care  and  siiperviBion  over  the  affairs  of  the'university,  contemplat- 
ed in  that  portion  of  the  by-laws  regulating  their  duties,  and  have 
given  due  attention  to  the  special  matter  committed  to  them  by 
the  Board. 

Agreeably  to  the  instructions  of  the  legislature'and  of  the  Board, 
no  portion  of  the  loan  ^f  $15,000  from  the  capital  of  the  University 
fund  was  drawn  from  the  treasury  of  the  state  in  ''payment  of  the 
contractors  of  the  second  University  edifice,  except  on  estimates 
of  the  building  committee,  from  time  to' tim enduring  the  progress 
of  the  work.  The  building  was  completed  in  June,  and  has  been 
occupied  since  the  commencement  of  the  first  term  of  the  present 
collegiate  year,  in  September. 

The  instructions  of  the  Board  at  their  July  meeting  relative  to 
the  fitting  up  of  a  boarding  establishment  in  the  new  edifice,  have 
been  executed  by  the  committee,  and  the^stablishment  is  now  in 
snccesfif  nl  operation.  The  residence  of  the  families  of  the  Facnlty 


95 

ilk  the  G0)1^€»  Imildingb,  arid  ffaei^  pi^encd  in  the  b*I?,  seeni  t6 
the  committee  to  have  obriated  the  evils  heretofore  coiine'cted 
with  college  oomvapnBf  while  at  the  sama  time  the;0^P(Hiomy  of  t)ie 
plan  has  been  amply  and  Batiafactorily  tested*  Tbe^action  of  thOi 
committee  in  this  behalf  was  embodied  in  the  following  resolu- 
tions, passed  Jdly  2eth,  1865 :  .  / 

"Eesolvei,  1.  That  Professor  .SterliBg,.  in  fomiexipn  wHhtber 
Chancellor,  be  empowered  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements 
for  the  occupation  of  the  sonth  end  of  the  south  college  for  resi- 
dence and  boarding,  abcording  to  the  tenor  of  the  resolution  passed 
at  the  last  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  appropriating  |600 
to  this  object 

"2.  Hat  Professor  Sterling  and  family  be  entitled  to  their 
board  and  rooms  without  charge,  in  return  for  personal  superin- 
tendence and  conduct  of  the  boarding  establishment. 

"8.  That  the  other  college  oflScers  resident  in  the  building,  in 
consideration  of  release  of  rent,  pay  for  board  for  themselves  and. 
families,  at  the  rate  of  three  dollars  per  week  for  each  member 
over  five  years  of  age,  and  halt  that  sum  for  board  of  each  servant. 

'^  4.  That  th^  residue  of  the  expenses  for  material  and  for  mar- 
ket and  kitchen  service,  be  charged  to  the  students  boarding  with 
them  in  the  hall ;  provided  the  charge  do  not  exceed  two  dollars 
per  week  to  each  student 

^<6.  That  no  student  be  permitted  to  board  in  the  Hall,  until  he 
shall  present  to  the  Professor  Sterling  a  certificate  th  t  he  has 
deposited  with  the  treasurer,  or  some  authorized  receiver,  $25  for 
the  term  of  thirteen  weeks,  or  pro  rata  for  any  less  time;  and  if 
{be  price  of  board  be  less  than  that  sum,  the  proper  drawback 
flhall  be  allowed  at  the  end  of  the  term." 

The  establithment  has  been  in  operation,  for  one  term,  under 
iheBe  regulations,  and  board  has  been  afforded  to  the  student  at 
the  low  price  of  $1  72  per  week.    The  committee  look  upon  the 

4 


2« 

plgp^  with' :  gre^t ,  favor,  and .  beUeve  it  will  be '  cKmdaoi^e^to  th^. : 
to  the  ecoqozDj  and  order  of  the  lostitatiQii.  .  .  <;  ; 

AcoonntB  have  from  time  to  time  been  presented  to  the  com- 
mittee and  pAseed  upon  by  them. 

Agreeably  to  the  by-laws,  the  secretary  has  kept  a  record  of 
these  and  other  doings  of  the  committee,  and  the  same  is  ,here- 
with  presented  to  the  Board  for  their  approval. 


Bespectfally  submitted, 


J.  H.  LATHROP, 
N.  W.  DEAN, 
J.  D.  RUQGLEB, 
L.  B.  VILAS, 
A  0.  BARRY. 


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REPORT  OF  THE  BUILDING  COMMITTEE. 


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UNivEESirr  OF  WisooKsm, 
Jan.  1,1856. 
To  the  Board  of  Reg&nte :  ' 

The  Building  Oommittee  make  this  their  annnal  report : 

The  eeaond  domiitory  building,  which  was  under  contract,  and 
in  procefi9  of  erection,  at  the  date  of  the  last  report  of  the  com- 
'  mittee,  wi^  complete^  and  accepted  in  June  1855.  Much  credit 
is  due  to  the  contractors,  Messrs.  Bird  &  Larkin,  for  the  character 
of  the  work,  which,  in  the  judgment  of  the  committee,  compares 
fayorablj  with  that  of  other  edifices  in  the  oountrj  devoted  to 
educational  ends. 

The  contract  price  of  the  building  was  $18,000.  The  bills  for 
extras  allowed  by  the  committee  for  material  and  labor  necessary 
to  complete  the  building  and  adapted  to  its  uses,  amoxmted  to 
$500.  The  bill  of  0.  Shepard,  of  Milwaukee,  for  furnaces,  and 
setting  up  of  the  same  complete,  was  $801  70.  The  additional 
fixtures  authorized  by  the  Board  at  their  July  meeting,  in  prepa- 
ration of  the  boarding  establishment  now  in  successfol  operation, 
have  cost,  as  accounts  haye  been  rendered  to  the  committee, 
$447  20.    All  needful  work  in  and  about  the  new  edifice,  the 


S6 

remoyal  of  rubbish,  gilding,  &o.,  has  been  done  under  the  super- 
Tision  of  the  committee,  in  preparation  for  occupation. 

The  cost  of  the  new  edifice,  inclading  these  several  items  of 
expenditure,  will  not  fall  short  of  $20,107  40.  Of  this  sum 
$15,000  was  paid  oat  of  the  loan  from  the  principal  of  the  fand, 
which  was  drawn  from  the  treasnrj  by  ordar  of  the  execntire 
committee,  from  time  to  time,  as  provided  by  law.  The  residue, 
$5,107  40,  has  been  paid  out  of  the  income  of  the  University 
fund  for  the  pa^t  year. 

The  protection  and  improvement  of  the  grounds  have  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  committee  for  the  past  year.  About  five 
hundred  fruit  trees  have  be^n  planted  within  the  enclosure,  and 
the  avenues  have  been  reset  with  elms  and  other  ol'namental 
trees.  The  teaolts  of  the  action  of  the  committee  in  this  behalf, 
although  now  visible,  must  wait  the  hand  of  time  £>r  their  ful) 
development. 

RespectfoUy  sobmUted, 

•J.  H.  LATUROP," 
•  N.  W.  DEAN, 

A.  O.  BARRY. 


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TRKASUE]?^'3  KPPOBT. 


Tpihe  Board  qf  JSegmts  qfthe  Uhiversify  of  WU^on^jsif: 

The  tmdersigDsd  Treasurer  6t  said  Board  respectfully  reports, 
tbatihe  fiscal  transactions  of  the  Uniyersitj  forthejeai^  18S5,and 
ks  follows,  to  wit : 

!6aIanceinTreasnry,  Jan.1, 1855,  |  1,019  IT 

Beceived  from  State  Treasurer  balance  of  fifteen  thou- 

sand  dollar  loan,  2,2S4:  6t 

Beceived  of  State  Treasurer  iiicome,  12,404  15 

Bdcei^ed  on  accooat  of  tnttioo  add  room  rent,  .  '     94fi  60 

.  Beoeived  commiseion  for  aale  of  lots,  .  730  40 

Total,  $17,354  &9 

There  has  been  disbursed  during  same  time,  16,'^64  00 

•.  'J  • 

Leaying  balance  of  1 1,090  99 

Yodchers  for  «aid  disbursement  are  herewith  submitted  that 
the  same  may  be  examined  and  properly  cancelled  J 

The  available  income  for  the  year  1856,  after  payiog  interest  on 
all  loans,  will  not,  in  my  opinion,  vary  much  from  eleven  thons- 
and  dollars. 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

SIMEON  MILLS, 
Treasurer  Wis.  University. 
Madison,  Jan.  7, 1856. 


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EEPOET  bF  THE  AUDITIKG  COMMITTEES. 


The  AudltiDg  committee  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  ITniter- 
Aty  of  WiBconsin  hereby  respectfally  report,  that  we  did,  oa  the 
8th  day  of  January  A*  ^^  1856,  meet  at  the  office  of  the  eeoretary 
of  said  Board,  and  proceed  to  compare  the  warrants  issaed  by  the 
Secretary,  with  the  records  and  vouchers  theri^for ;  and  also  the 

■ 

account  of  the^  Treasurer  of  said  Board,  with  the  warrants  drawn 
^on  him  by  the  Secretary  aforesaid,  and  we  do'hereby  certify  to 
said  Board,  that  we  found  the  same  correct  and  true. 

'  We  further  certify  that  the  Treasurer  aforesaid  delivered  to  na 
warrants  drawn  on  and  paid  by  him  in  the  sum  of  $16264^  which 
were  cancelled  by  us. 

J.  H,  LATHROP, 
Chairman  Executi/oe  Committe4' 


Madison,  Jan.  9,  1856. 


J.T.  OLARK, 
Secretary   Board  of  JSegents. 


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SECRETARY'S  REPORT : 


To  th«  Board  of  Regenit  of  the  Unineraity  of  Wuoonsm. 

The  undereigtied  secretary  of  said  board  reepectfully  report 
that  since  the  date  of  the  last  ri^port,  he  has  isaaed  warrants,  as 
follows : 

I 

Date.  To  ▼bom  itsaad.                 '  For  what                         Amonni 

iwKj,     3,1855.  J.W.Sterling,  salary 350  00 

*  "do  O.M.Oono¥«r,    do    350  00 

•*        "do  J.  P.  Focha,.  .   do    -. 3d  00 

•*        "do  A. L- Smith,       do    : 100  00 

"        0,  do  Bird  ALaridn,  on  bnildiDgoootraet^ .' 769  77 

"        "do  do       do           do          do           500  00 

**       18,  do    .  Strong,  Crapo-4E  Raaaall,  merefaandice, 4100 

r      97,  do  J.  JXLodywc^iftteraetonloBn.....^. 405  00 

JFdky.    4,  do  Bird  4;  Larkio,  on  boildian  OOBtraet 664  00 

'    "        5,  do  S.  Milla,  salary  aa  treasarer 360  914 

*  '     "do  John  ConUIn,  kdaiy  as  janitor 60  00 

«       10,  do  Wm.  A.  MaaiB^  Inmber 30  69 

■   "        "do  liTingston,  Fargo  A  Go.,  express  chargea 3  00 

*  "do  J:  N.  Jones,  postage * 100 

?        "  do  RnioaSing,  adveitiaing 4  00 

••      95,  do  .  T.  D.  Plnmb,  maps 5  00 

"        "do  L.W.Hoyt,sa]ai7of  ProtLatinp...'. 350  00 

*  37,  do  J.  W.  Sterling,  expenses  of  Prat  Lafhrop^s  funeral 31  50 

WuOk    <»,  do.  Bird  A  Iiarkin,«B  bonding ODBtmet.. ;...' 549  44 

•    r        "do  John  MeCertj,  labor ..''  6  «0 

^        "do.  Wni.£.  Cramer,  advertiaiog..^..  A.... '...'..•: :.- '  8  00 

«        8,  do,  DemiDg.Fitdi,caKnetwork...,i'....,.i. ■>..;„,„.:-  "'^  8  75 


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Dtte.                  To  whom  teued.                     For  wliftt.  Amount. 

March  33,  1855.  S.  H.  Titoa,  taperintendbg  building 95  OO 

April     2,  do  J.W.  StorMng;  sakry S50  OO 

"        4»  do  Aug.  L.  Smith,  salarj 100  OO 

**        5»  do  John  Oonklin,  aalarj  as  jmaitor, 60  OO 

•«        "  do  J.  H.  Lathrop,  aalary 500  00 

"        "do  O.M.Oonoyer,    do     S50  00 

**        6,  do  Madison  brass  band,  music^fdmished  a{  coUega  azhibition.  15  00 

do  J.  P.  Fochs,  aalarf 75  00 

do  J.  T.  Clarlc,  aerrioes  as  secretary 31  8S 

"        7,  do  Bird  A  Larkin,  on  bailding  contract 765  56 

13,  do  L.  W.  iioy  t,  freight  on  philoaophica]  nppafatus 4141 

do  .  Chamberlain  ^  Ritchie,  pliiloaophical  apparatus 139  93 

"   do  J.  N.  Jones,  poatoge 3  |4 

"       23,  do  Pat  McOarly.hibor..,..^ 37« 

."        ''do  Andrew  Nelson,  labor .• «..  5  76 

May       5,  do  Bird  &  Larktn,  on  building  contract 678  00 

June     2,  do  do         do           do           do           1,000  00 

•7,  do  LIvingsten  A  Co.,  freight '     6  75 

do  J.  H.  Lathrop,  for  labor  on  grounds 1100 

do  RufuB  King,  advertising ^ 3  00 

11,  do  Tibbita  A  Ooraon,  mercliandiaa 77  48 

do  H.  A.  Tiffany,  fruit  tjeea 140  00 

.  ••       22,  do  Henry  Diokl^  wood n^ 115  00 

**,      28,  do  J.  H.  Lathrop,  paid  for  evergraena «..» 3  00 

^  ^     "do  Bird  A  Larkin,  on  building  contfBct '. 1,700  00 

"  •     "do  Miller  A  Lathrop.  advertiaiDg ^».  5  00 

"         '*   do  S.  H.  Titus,  auperinteoding  bnilding... •>.«  70  00 

"       30,  do  A.  6.  McBride,  shade  trees 86  40 

iluly      2,  do  S.  Shepard,^^ht  Ac;,  onluznaces ....*•;.  39  00 

*    .     "do  J.  H.  Lathrop^  salary^ 500-00 

«         "do  J.P.  Fucbs,        do     75  00 

**        "   do  O.M.Conover,   do     , ! .;.  350  00 

.    «       "3,  do  J.M.Sterling,    do     '850  00 

,    «<        "do  J.  T.Clark,  services  aasQcreiairy...... 3135 

"        4,  do  JohnConklin,  services  as  janitor...: A 60  00 

"         "  do  Aug.  L.  Smith, salary.. i ^*  100  00 

,  **       13,  do  Dennis  Forgety  etal,  labor  on  groiinds...* 30  00 

"       25,  do  John  Conklin.  paid ferlAbor.« ...:..i w  19  00 

**,     28,  do  J.P.FiieharBdditlo««l8alary «.....:.  lOO  00 

1  *<      30,  do  J.W.S.terlinft«erTioesaihbrtatan........^ 1.  10040 

4.«nst  4,  do  EsUte  of  9.  P.  Uthrpp,  books. i.  St  00 

•*       12,  d6  Qep.  W. Dew^,  cow«....^;«..w w *..  8000 

'  f.      27,.dQ  John  BpUirao.  labor. «..»'..!.. ^ i..w.....^:.  4  75 


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4»185l^  JmMombMli,db 7M 

iipt   H^  irUt»AO<wiAMidHlnkliM«lv«ni^W]dl^       m  10 

«        »  4o  UfiBfiftM A Oo^ v^raiikMiti $00 

"      Ka»  G.  F.  H«wltt«  tettkm 40  «» 

•  «  4o  MMkBm,tilili]lDMAk» »10- 

«      K^  O.  a  BMk  A  Obs  ftualt^t 07  80 

0«k       lt4o  J.  a  Ulliiop^  mImx ../7v 

-    -  4o  j.f[fttt!w^4o6aazi>i;:Ui:i/^.(>'^^ 

•  r  4»  0.|I.Coo«f«r,    4o    080  0^- 

•  "  4o  Aiiff.L.8mMi^    do...^..^ , »....^...,«r     i|OM0^ 

-  -^OiWC.JHi<i*.^4*^  *^|8 
«        "*  4»  &  &  Fes,  Ull  and  fixtaM ^ ^.       Up  00 

-  U^do  Bird  A  i;^kiB»  cxiM  <m  Mldbg ,.,... ,,..««..■  -  4|i9  10 

.  ^  *^'ii  J. & Latfii^  didtoioBmii !t...:.:..:l:..*::  ^  70 

IC'f   C^'A)  Wm. Ooimor,  Ww I'-i/*. :..;.'!'.. -^      »  00 

\r  \1>^  Jaai«K«Q«f»  4o JU4l««*.l.«A./]      0  00 

-  >  ^  B.  fiftapwd*  Amrat .^<^,^f'4...^i...l/  074  10 

^*'    ^^  a F.  White,  ctrpntor  voikp  Ai, 00  0& 


'%  tt-d#       IfMsABipliy^limaMr 

Dn.'  IS«'^       Li?iii(tteik  A  (K  api^M  obnVM ^ ^  ^^95. 

.y?^-.r«;4ii^'  >;  .Jolttiim:j|iO[ft%,mMa[iietf>WI:i..:^^^^  '  ''0  00- 

•        •  «>*    -^^.W-fiteriiig.    <to'....l 080 


Ifadkoo,  Jtok'j  Ml,  18M. 


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OOMMIBSIONEB'B  S£POBT. 


«••  •-  *  * 

a 

Tbe  undersigned^  commissioner  for  the  sale  of  lots  ia  ike  Uni* 
'1MMit7[i^ddition  to  the  Tillage  of  Madfeoo,  rsspectAill/  reporls : 

-    Ihit  since  tiio  first  of  iTanaarj Jl855|  there  has  been  c  oUected 
vpoB^sales  ^reVidnslj,  made  the  foUo  ving|Sttini  of  money,  yiz : 

'   O^  IL  B.  B6g«n,  *  $106  00:j 

E.  W.  Eejee,  .  286  40' 

F.  A.  Ogden,  60  60 
M.  KiVench,                                                    267  5«. 

7t0  4p 
„   "Wlttoh  amoaht  has  bew  pitid  into  the  tfOMurj  of  the  UiiivWBity. 

I 

'    *Vo  sales  hare  been  made  since  my  last  annual  report. 
.        ,  .  .    .  •     •  - 

iPSespectfiilly  sabmitted, 

(SIMEON  MILIfi, 


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]fadllon/Jan.  1, 168t.  Oommissioner, 


} 


MJL^LU 


«H.' 


CATALOGUE 


Of 


OFFICEKS  AND  STUDENTS 


or 


.WISCONSIN  UNIVERSITY, 


voB  noB  THE  mora  jdlt  m, 


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BOARD  OF  REGENTS. 


•       •    ' 


i 


J.  D.  BroeuB, 
BbbahBsowv,   • 
Obajojbb  DmnTi 

JOBM  K.  WnilAMS, 

8.  L.  Bo0B| 
A.  0.  Baxbt, 


MadiMm, 

MadiKMv 
Dalafidd, 
Bebaonli 


Whitewater, 

SkvlUbug^ 

MidiMm, 

DeUUtald, 

MadiioB, 

BMTttrDaa^ 

Maiimm, 

IhdiiOB. 


W IK»  H  •  SU!MIV%  TrtMW| 


MudiMM. 


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FACULTY 

Of 

lOIlVOl,   IITBBATUBl   AVD   Alfft. 


JOHN  H.  LATHROF,  LL  D.,  OhmoOUr, 
Aai  ItaflMMT  •(  ltUfl«,  Oi^  Ii»%  wd  PalltiMl 


lOHN  W.  8IERLIK0,  A.  M.,  / 

rmftiir  nf  lftHi«»t<i<w  ntA  TTttnnI  rhil<M<i||fcj 

O.  M.  OONOTEB,  A.  M^ 

ItalMMr  of  AaciMt  iMcaagM  and  IttnslBt. 

JOHN  P.  nroHs,  M.  D, 

riiiiMiii  iiif  Mil iiii  T n-ij irij-T "'  ' "^ "T'-^'r 

DAinED  BEAD,  LL  D.,  * 
«f  UmM  TUkmpbj,  Logia,  Blwtefa  Miamitflili  Tif  ill 

■ 

EZRA  S.  OABB,  IC.  D^  • 


AUGTTBTOB  L.  BMHE,  A.  B.,  2W*r. 


lMk,nN.  lUWmlHrltwmtm. 


<i^ 


Y  T  J  TJ  0  A  1 


,.M  .A  .DZLuraxa  .  if  Knot. 

,ljr  .1  ,:\'A707AO  .M  .o 
.•v<,\»'^  ,.ff  .A  ,UTl!r'8  .J  a'J'lfeJOUA 


41 


FACULTY   OF   MEDICINE. 


lOHN  JEL  LATHBOP,  LL.  D.,  OkmtMtt. 
▲LFBED  L.  OASILEMAN,  M.  D^ 

PkotMMr  «f  Ibaoiy  and  Pnotio*  of  IMi^M. 

KZBA  S.  OA.BB»  IL  D., 
PtoCwtw  of  GMmiatiT  wd  nuwoMMj. 

D.  0.  ATEBS,  M.  D., 

PwiftwQ>  of  (HuMrias  aad  DiaaaMt  oT  Wotaw  and  OhiUna. 

GEOBGE  D.  WILBUB,  U.  D. 

Vmltmat  of  Mataria  Ibfiaaaad  Botay. 

SAMUEL  Wa  THAYEB,  IL  D., 

Jhtohmjit  of  Anatomy. 


PjToAiMMr  of  So^fiffy. 


PInAmot  of  tfio  lafliMt  of  IMim«  «Bd  PMlMkck^ 


*i      /■'     i    '   *    •    1  * 


r  • 


f  (/     I  i\i  UiJ  A  '^ 


•-I 


f 


4  ' 


I      ? 


.1. 


*  ■ 


t  « 


:r 


X 


'/ 


<   » 
I 

4 


I  «. 


idP 


xii  .^'^..>it 


' .  * ' 


t 


til  ^>  •       <  I  I    .  •  /  /.      «i«| 


*.'    • 


■«  /  4  I  d    I  •  • 


v6i  %t^, 


m 


f  ■  / 

t  .         Ill 


'      ^'I'Hf 


•      •         9 


»  •        .  .     '     .  1/     «      1) 


STUDENTS. 


'i» 


JmMlC.  Bloweri    • 
■dnajFoote, 
JaaiM  ^okoz, 
Chofg/W.' Perry, 

.     •••  i-;  7 


fit      1     flMiiili  flM  1 


».»K? 


jmnoBK 


BOPHOMOBia 


./J 


hi  ' 


•» 


-»•      »l    •  / 


.  ;  /. 


..  ..^ 


»i     t     .  w 


.-•Mfi./'^ 


If ontroM^ 
Son 


Buffalo,  N.  Y.   , 
St  qbailea,  IlLi 
Middl«toiL 

JFttttcM;    '     '^ 

-  "•-■•'Vtoma.'  ^'-^-^i-'i 


'r     .    1 


I    '« 


•T 


«l 


:ri  H. 


Oasharie  De<Aer, 
Biohard  W.  HnbbdL 
AUM  W.  Lathrop, 


MadiaoB. 

IfSwaukae. 

I^arta. 


,z\v- 


tukiid&fm^^Bi^'iii^tzrifl 


Leroj  0.  Amatraag, 

WaUaBi  H.  AraoUi, 

Oao.  W.  Athxaora^         •  • 

Alax.  0.  Botkm. 

Wm.  W.  Botkiii»       -  - 

WOliam  H.  Briabaaa 
Jamaa  B.  Brittoa    * 


8 


.ciJIOI/IT^  • 


Samuel  P.  Olark 
John  Fay  Cramer 
Qeorge  Chase  • 

Wm.  W.'dhttrch 

Y  "^   '/     '/tl 
Bohiui  It.  Coniell 

ffT  '         "^        .".1 

jeraDian  It.  Detudi 
-    f"  ^i* 
JmuiUin  Enaiga 

Bdwurd  B.  OoiUt 


Th«odotft<fiiiiliQ«M^ 


limft. 
MilwwkM. 

IfadiMB. 
IfadisML 
Ajrena* 
ICadiiQB. 

IM  °a!aTvuftia* 
liilwaokBe.        ^ 

MilwaoLM.    ,  ,- 


.BriiioKon^ioa 


Grand  Bapida. 
UadiaoiL 

-  Jb(l0»iMipfliilodT 


flhiflMlIT   ffillMC 

Sni€rY 'RoiiBlUlMurt 

ThomM  B.  ^MJ^tpoB 
Oh«rl«jS|i..3),:.j      - 

James  H.J^Xffjctt.' 

NowtoaP.XM^^; 
Albert  W^l^ 


» .) 


jH  t4  >  J 


1. . 


SNGUBH  OLASBBS: 


J 


:      *Mw»r'.w;ii:i 

''..ii 


•  t  » 


*«t  I 


Edward  BaIL    .^ 
AndreirBodi 


J 
Oh 


;;f 


'..V 


A'    r    ,'     \A 


.16 


• 


j&^os  H.  Boyiagton* 
Sidaay  Breete^ 

BAnrdCiMldi^     . 


Madispn. 
JdffertoDf  M^ 

Midii^oii. 


I  <. 


Madison. 


Bon  G.  QHoikdife, 

<*«Qt4lag6 '  Chpoirt 

Heiiiy  Drakd^', 

Oottige  CboTi 

Uor&a^  F.  0«nean» 

.  '     OookriUe. 

Aiigelo  A.  flhit^ 

Whitevatsr. 

Jolm  G.  Om,    . 

BIisab«a;llI. 

G«o.  ClfflK            . 

Watelrlob. 

Banmnd '  Hudclarty 

Clifton. 

WiUiani  H.  Larkin.   . 

Madison. 

1                • 
James  H.  McCord, 

Middleton. 

Elifts  C.  Morse* 

'     Exeter. 

Dempster  Ostrander, 

Waterloo. 

David  B.  Rfehmond, ' 

Whitewater. 

JohnRotb, 

Utica,  N.T. 

Edgar  A.6add» 

Madison. 

William  0.  Saiton, 

Adrian,  Mieh. 

1                        " 
Charles  B.SbaTer,    . 

Madison. 

Charles  6/ Scfaellenger^    •  . 

.       Wyota. 

Charles  F.  ShermaQy" 

Eagle. 

John^  James  Slightam, 

'Madison. 

Mark  W.  Terrhl,      T 

Mineral  Point. 

Franklin  A.  Thompson,    «      .     ^^  «     , 

,.    .        Black  Earth. 

John  U.  Toland, 

Erin. 

William  M.  Treat, 

1 

■           1 

Turtle. 

Marrin  Wilson, 

9 

Sauk.' 

'  Total,    *   . 

•i 

OSince  Jui^  tbare  ha4  been a^dacided inereaae  of  ftitmmgfs^  TSk^ 
whole  Bumbeir  i^  the  year  terminating  inTDecember  last  was  (^t 
hundred  and  fifteen.  Admiasiona  to  tha  college  claseeB  prop^ 
•ince  September  amoont  to  nineiteen. 


1 1 


i  I-.    V  •!-    ^in 


..    *■     * 


"  t 


I.    PBXPARATOBT  DEPABTliXNT. 


wtriUM  07  vratr. 


l«  Sagluh  Oramnuur* 

t.  Oeogr«phj« 

3.  Arithmetic, 

4  Elements  of  Algebra. 

5.  Latin  Grammar. 

ti  Ottsar^i  Oommentiriei. 

7.  Yirga's  iEneidL 

8.  Qredc  €hrammar. 

9.  Oreek  Header. 


f 

wf 


n.    OOLLEOIATE  DEPARTltEHT, 


*  ♦ 


.     •!        •    •« 


^ 


r      I 


t  I ' 


>     « 


.    /<  /"^ 


The  eollege  course  occupies  four  yearp,  and  the  stndiea  of  the 
ooniae'are  distributed  as  /eUovv^  r 


FRE8BMAN.OLA8B. 

nasT  nax. 

Algebra. 

Urj. 

ZoMphoa  or  Yirffi*§  Georgies. 


!.         'I  / 


J  I 


r. 


-)     ',  f '        '  ^* }  ''  * 


Maeomu  tibm. 


Geometiy.  ■■  ■'  '   * 

HoriM.  ^ 

Herodoiiu  or  Btllast. 

Plaae  Trigonometry  and  Applications.  •( '      - '  ^  *     * 

Horaee.  .n*     -      .K     .f. 

Thneydides or  French.  '» '  •  /^^  V* .    :  >      'I    i 

Spherical  Trig^— Analytieal  Geometry.        J  :*:.».     *  V     .V 

DeOratore.  /u  rm..  i:«.f-.;f*     .P 

Homer  or  French!  .t*^     •'   '•>'•'     .^ 

TQIBD  TIBIA. 

Analytical  (Geometry — OalcnloB. 
TadtM,  (History.) 
Sophocles  or'llVench:  ' 


'  \::'i  •■  I  /  l.>   .J  U)  )    .If 


t 


,•■{*  't.  c   :.  ■'       c.i:    1  '   ;  ^  ;.'  *f    'i  ."••    '/'  j'»   •»■>  ',.:«•      ..f[   m      M 


juNioatttiisfet'  •  ^  ^ 

Natural  PJulosophy.  „     .  ^  ^.. 

Bhetorie* 

Bngliah  Ltteratttrc» 
Tadtna  (Tracts)  or  Ctormaa. 


'  1 1 ' 


I.     .'    t    ')    T.(   't 


a 


•4* 

nooim  xnii.  < 

Tacitiu,  (Hiitory.) 

Logic  and  Eridenoe* 

Vatand  PhiloBophy  or  Qeraan. 

THnU>TBBli. 

ChdniBtry. 

Heatal  Philoioplij  (Iate|leetoal  Biirtn). 

Cieero  (  Tracts )  or  Oarmaa. 

SE2nOR  GLASS. 


Otology — Hmaralogjr* 

Mental  Pliilosopby  (ActiTe  Powers)^ 

BSCOIO)  TXBlf. 

Cml  Polity — Constitational  and  Lutematioinal  Iiav.      '    ^ 
Botany— Zoology,  Ac.  \ 

PUIosophical  Orammax^— CriticisBi. 

THIRD     TSBM. 

Political  Economy. 
Optics  and  Astronomy. 
Art  of  Teaching. 
Agricnlttiral  Chemistry* 

i 

The  folIowiBg  tabular  statement  will  present  to  the  eye.ia 
another  form)  the  anbjeets  of  stndy^  and  their  order : 


1 

i 

:       !        : 

[ill 

iJJiii    'ii 

liiii 

. 

1  \   ' 
Is.  i 

in  m 

i    \      i  f   iff  1 

1  1     Ijjilli 

:      :  ;      :      L\ 

:      :  ;      ;   t  -^  : 

1   M   i  1; 

iillfi 

a     -aio     6      B. 

rNHi      |Mi| 

1 

.    .   .    - 

1 

Pr*l.«B. 

'Qftra  are  fr^nent  exerdsei,  thfon^hoitt  the  eoiUM,  hi  mfittetl 
tNadflttcm,  Ebglish  and  Lithi  eompoeitioii,  eloentiott,  and  fbrenifo 
d«bM». 

Leetnres  are  delirered  on  mast  of  the  t<^ic0  conneeted  with  th# 
conne ;  and  in  some  snbjecta  the  instrnction  is  mainlj  by  leetoit 
and  alternate  ezaminatioD. 

Bach  term  fa  concluded  by  a  pnUio  examination  of  all  dLe 
daseee,  and  by  exhibition  either  of  die  more  adranced  olaaaes  or 
of  the  literary  societieB. 

Tonng  gentlemen  desironfi  of  pnrsning  select  portions  of  tlif 
eCmrse,  ivill  be  admitted  to  the  recitations  and  other  exercises  bf 
regolar  classes,  and  will  be  entitled  to  certiflcate  of  the  term  of 
niemberBhip,  and  of  the  stadias  parsned  by  tiw»»  Hua  pr«ftWpn 
eKtends  the  benefits  of  university  InstructtioiB  to  tjie  fcea<dkera  itf 
die  pnblic  schools  of  the  state,  and  those  who  intend  the  praOtlM 
of  agricnltnre  and  the  arts. 

voBKAL  xKSTKcronoxr* 

A  special  conrse  of  professional  instmctioi^  mj^  be  g^^enin  i^n 
art  of  teaching,  by  Professor  Bead,  of  the  NormJi  department),  iffh 
ginning  on  the  third  Wednesday  of  Hay,  and  mnning  throngh 
the  remaining  ten  weeks  of  the  snmmer  term.  Teachers  of  the 
state,  desirons  of  availing  themselves  of  the  advantages  of  the 
nffvial  ^W9^  wU  dp  well  tp  filter  jthe  TJnivei^  filr  tlie  bq^n- 
^l^f(j^pf(  the  snJ9uner  tQ^ai^  on  the  fows^  .T^e4MR4air.<<  A^ftni,fy§ 

preparatory  revi^w^  v 

« 

Beginning  aad  ending  with  Ifte  normal  term,  as  above,  a  spedM 
eonrqe  of  instrnetion  if  ill  be  ren4ere(]  l^,  iPrgfe^^  Qf^»,  }^  Af^" 
eultaral  Chemistry  and  the  applications  of  scjenop  t0;tl^  mi^^ 
arte.    It  is  thus  provided  that  the  teachers  of  onr  public  sdioola 


^I V^  t())le.to  CfUTj  &e  bene&ts.of  this  Agricaltiural  ^^paitaviit 
into  the  school  disfcriotB ;  and  ii  is  jbo  be  hcq^  that  erery  distnrt 
in  the  state  maj  haye  its  representatives  in  the  normal  and  agii^. 
cultural  classes. 


TKBMB  OF  ABIOSS^OK. 

Oandidates  for  admission  to  the  Freshman  class  must  pass  a  sat- 
isfac^j  examination  in  all  the  studies  of  the  preparatory  school^ 
or  their  equivalents. 

Candidate^  for  an  advanced  standing  are  also  examined  in  all 
the  studies  to  which  the  class  thej  propose  to  enter  have  at* 
tended. 

All  appKoants  must  present  testimonials  of  good  moral  oharae* 
fer,  and  students  coming  from  other  colleges  a  certificate  of  Iioii<> 
evable  dismission. 

BBcrrAnoNS,  ao. 

Each  class  of  the  collegiate  department  attends  three  recita* 
lions  or  lectures  dally.  l%ere  are  also  frequent  exercises  in  de* 
damatlon  and  composition. 

UBBABT,  APPARATUS,  AC. 

Tha  libraryy  vMch  is  open  to  all  the  students  of  the  university, 
ecmpTises  over  l^tOO  volumes,  and  will  receive  yearly  addifions 
by  the  purchase  of  the  most  valuable  standard  woris. 

The  universily  is  possessed  of  a  valuable  cabinet  of  minerals, 
comprising  numerous  specimens.  Contributions  oontiniie  to  be 
made  by  the  S<^  jSeologift,  and  from  ether  aouroas. 

The  instftution  Is  furnished  with  a  suit  of  philosophical  and 
ebemical  apparatus. 


UTXRABT  soonemEB. 


There  are  two  literary  aocietiee,  in  a  flourishing  conditioni  con- 
nected with  the  university.  These  are  ralnable  auxiliaries  in  the 
aeatal  training  of  the.  rtudeote.  Eath  «f  them  has  already  a  Iftra- 
ry  of  seyeral  hundnd  voinmes.  ! 


^fffUffj^  9DIiL«« 


A  permanent  record  is  kept  of  the  daily  attendance,  conduct 
and  recitations  of  each  stnd^t ;  jm^  in&rmalion  of  his  si 
eommnnicated  irom  time  to  time  to  his  parent  or  goardian. 


»  •  I 


.ri«:>4-'tH 


The  students  are  ass^aibted  at  prayers  daily  in  the  chapel  d 
the  university,  at  the  morning  hour  for  commencing  study  and' 
recitation. 


▲OOOMKDDATION. 

The  University  edifices  contain  public  rooms  for  recitation 
leotote,  library,  etbinet^  diss* }  stody  and  lodging  rooms  fat  slh- 
danii ;  qpartments  te  liw  Iwsidenoe  of  some  of  tiie  Aunilies  of 
the  Facul^ ;  and  a  large  dinhighiill  far  the  board  of  tlie  Faenityr 
and  Students^ ;  A  laundry,  is  also  attf^ched  to  the .  eBta)>lis^me^t 
ISie  buildings  are  „war9ied,  during  wint^,  by  furnaces  in  th0 
basement. 


t 
0 


The  OfdtegSite  ycittir  is  dhided  into  three  «erms  or  sessions,  of 
tl^tMn  weeii$  each,  b^nbing^as(ftiI)ows: 

'  1.  lie  third  "Wednesday 'of  September. 

9.  The  first  Wednesday  of  Jannarj. 
"S.  The'fonrth'Wedneeday  of  April.         • 

Oommencement  anniversary,  the  fourth  Wednesday  of  Jnlr*^    f 


» 


Taition,  per  term, |4  00 

Boom,         "  .        .        .        .      3  00 


dollars  per  term^for  each  of  the  two  winter^MBioiit. 

These  oompriBe  all  the  TTniTersitj  chargee,  except  for  actual 
damage  done  hj  the  Btadent  OcettiMs  for  this  item  of  charge 
acfi  Tcry  rare* 

BOJUDfaOOrO,  ttTC. 

The  families  of  several  of  the  members  of  the  Faculty  reside  in 
a  portion  of  the  new  edifice,  and  take  their  meals  in  the  halL 
Students  are  admitted  lo  the  several  t&bles  of  the  Facnltj,  at  a 
dbarge  Slot  exceediog  tm>  doUara  p^  ^reek.  The  avanige  will  not 
«Med$185« 

ft 

Many  of  the  stadents  board  themselres  at  their  rooms,  at  ratea 
Tarying  from  one  dollar  to  $1  60  per  week. 

Washing  is  done  in  the  laundry  for  forty-fbur  cents  per.dozeo- 

HheBe  antmgdtmmti  hiaviiig  baea  pesfi&dad^  the  State  UaiveiN 
§fy  offisra  to  p«p!ils  amiyre  econmniori  and  aefe  veodaa^ .  Hmml 
dtfff.athtr  instttutiim  of  laamikig  in  tfaa  Vfmk   . 

It  Is  provided  in  the  by-laws,  that  no  student  shall  be  admitted' 
l>y  the  Chancellor  to  residence  in  the  buildihgs,or  to  the  exercises 
of  any  term,  till  he  present  a  certificate  from  the  treasurer,  that 
the  charges  for  tuition  and  roooit  JMVte  been  adjusted  In  advance. 

>  Jt  jis  fiurther.providedi  tlMt  n0r0nt|d€[at4|ttaU  bf^Adj»ijtted$o  bMWdl 
in  the  hall,  till  he  shall  l^ureidfKWiiitod  withftha  piit)p#r  5#MMMft; 
for  the  term  of  thirteen  weeks ;  f>Tfr<^  rata  for  a&|r  lefs  tio^^  the 
proper  draw  back  to  be  paid  at  the  close  of  the  term. 

A  deposite  in  advance  of  %6  wjll  also  be  required  of  each  sjja- 
dent  having  his  washing  done  at  the  laundry-— subject  to  ara^w- 
baek  in  like  manner. 


66 

Tlie  ehain  of  iiutnietion  in  the  oollegiate  Faenlty  are  now 
iUled,  and  ampk  amngemento  are  made  for  the  accommodation 
and  economical  residence  of  the  student  Books,  apparatus,  and 
scientific  collections  will  be  rapidly  accumulated.  It  is  the  fixed 
intention  of  the  UniTersity  authorities,  that  all  the  means  at  their 
command  shall  be  so  administered,  as  to  aid  the  diligent  and  sue- 
eessful  student,  and  to  secure  to  the  ITuniyersity  a  just  public  con* 
fidenee  and  support 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF 


BANK  COMPTROLLER, 


•F  TBS 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 


fOR  THE  TEAB  186fi. 


MADISON: 

OiXKOrS  *  FBOUDFIT,  PBOTTMa 

18ff6. 


i  t 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN. 

OmoB  OF  Bank  OoMPTBOLLBBi 

Habbok,  Jan.  2l8t,  1866. 

Hoir.  Asasuu  MoAsthub, 

JAetU.  Governor  and  President  cf  the  Senate : 

I  herewith  transmit  to  the  Legislature  as  required  by  law, 
fhe  Annual  Beport  of  the  Bank  Oomptroller. 

Very  Eespectfully, 

WM.  M.  DENNIS, 

Bank  Comptroller. 


6 

the  amount  of  circulation  issued  to  each  Banking  Association,  is 
as  follows : 


NAMBI  or  BAffKE. 

Capita]. 

SeenxiUea. 

Ctrsolatioii. 

Bank  of  Beloit 

aOOiKX) 
95.000 
35.000 
95.000 
50000 
95.000 
50.000 
95.000 
95.000 
95.001 

$55i)00 
95.000 
40.000 

9aooo 
9aooo 

97.000 
31.300 
97.000 
.      95000 
95.000 

$39JB4a 
S17S1 
34.998 
95J0OO 
96.746 
95.000 
97J0OO 
94i»9 
93.000 
91100 

jBii«snlle  City  Bank 

Kenocba  Coantj  BadIc 

WaakediA  Gouotj  Bank 

Dodffe  Connty  Bank 

Bank  of  Fox  Lake 

Oakwood  Bank 

Winnebago  Oonotj  Bank.......... 

1    WahrortE  County  Bank.  ^ . . . . 

1    Central  Bank  of  Wieconsin^ 

The  whole  number  of  Banks  organized  and  doing  busi- 
ness on  the  first  Monday  of  Januarj,  A.  D.,  1866, 
was  thirtj4wo,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,970,000 

Hie  banking  capital  of  the  State  has  been  increased 
during  the  past  year, 

Notwithstanding  the  closing  of  four  banking  assoai- 
aCtooi*^  having  an  aggregate  capital  of 

The  names,  location  and  amount  of  capital  stock,  of 
each  of  the  closed  banks,  is  as  follows : 

Oshkosh  Oity  Bank,  Oshkosh, 

Oermania  Bank,  Milwaukee, 

Bank  of  the  West,  Madison, 

w 

!Bzchange  Bank,  Milwaukee, 


620,000 


336,000 


80,^ 

35,000 

100,000 

50,000 


$235,000 

The  whole  amount  of  countersigned  notes  issued  to  the 
i '  Banks,  and  outstanding  on  the  1st  Monday  of  *Jan-  ^ 

nary  1866,  was,  l,15S,Mi 

Which  is  secured  by  the  deposite  of  State  Stocks  and 
Apoeie,  inthesumof  l^Me^SMTS 


^Irgiaia     Stftte  Stoeks, 
HiBBoiiri  do^ 

TenneflBee  do 

Nortli  Oarolina,^  do 


Slentnckj 

do 

IjonisiaD* 

do 

Michigan 

do 

WiBcoimin 

do 

Wisconsin 

do 

Ge<«gia 

do 

do 

do 

Oalifoniia 

do 

Gold, 

do 

« 

• 

9  per  cent, 

i77,50a 

do 

368,000 

do 

206,000 

do 

77,000 

do 

77,000 

do    < 

31,1(00 

1 

do 

11,000 

7  per  cent, 

50,000 

8  per  cent, 

60,000 

<  per  cent,  . 

26,000 

7  per  cent, 

20,000 

7  per  cent, 

88,000 

26,898,75 

$1,246,898  76 

Total, 

A  particular  description  of  the  stocks  deposited  b^  each  Bank, 
irill  be  found  in  the  appendix  attached  to  this  report. 

From  the  reports  nuide  to  this  office  an  the  first  Monday  of 
Jiuinarjy  1866|  bj  thirtjr  Banks  (the  Dodge  Oouaty  Bank  and  the. 
Oakwood  Bank  not  reported)  the  following  items  ave  .gpttberedi  to. 
wit; 

Gapital,  tl,8ro,00(r  W 

Circulation,  (outstanding,)  1,060,165  00 

Deposits,  2,806,841  61 

Specie,  581,718  64 

Cash  items,  .         '^.                                  57.218  89 

Public  Securities,  1,170.122  9$ 

.Private  Seetuitiet,  .                                      3,0M,048.U. 


Tables  attached  to  this  report  will  exhibit  the  MttMumMd 
pcurta  of  the  Banks  on  the  fijrst  Monday  of  Joly^  1855,  and  4k« 
^rst  Monday  of  January ^^  1856. 

t  • 

t 

Xbo  whole  amount  of  taxf  s  collected  from  the  sereral 

Banks  of  this  State  for  the  year  1855,  was  $33,970  8S 

• 

Whole  amoant  of  taxes  collected  in  1854,  was  18,165  6ft 

Showing  an  increase  of  revenue  from  that  source  for 
the  past  year  of  5,805  70 

,  Since  the  date  of  my  last  annual  report  the  circulating  notes  ^ 
the  Oshkosh  City  Bank  at  Oshkosh,  as  well  as  the  circulating 
notes  bf  the  GermaniaBank  at  Milwaukee,  having  been  protested 
for  non-payment,  and  the  protested  notes  together  with  the  pro- 
MtB'filed  in  this  office,  as  provided  by  the  28d  section  of  the 
ip^king  Law,  the  Comptroller  notified  the  offieers  of  said  Bapka 
to.  redeem  such  notes,  and  they  neglecting  so  to  do  within  the  pe* 
riod  limited  by  law,  notice  was  immediately  given  that  all  the  cir- 
culating notes  of  said  institutions  should  be  presented  at  this  of- 
fice for  redemption.  The  securities  deposited  to  secure  the  re- 
deopption  of  theBame  were  accordingly  advertised  and  sold  at  the 
Merchant's  Exchange  in  the  city  of  Kew  York,  on  the  12th  dfQT, 
of  March  last ;  and  it  is  gratifying  here  to  state  that  the  proceeds 
of  siQoh  sale  were  sufficient  to  secure  the  redemption  of  all  'tke 
(mtstatidi&g  cireulatibg i^otee  of  each  of  said  Banksat  par,  whidU 
iB  not  only  an  evidence  of  the  excellency  of  our  Banking  law,  Mt 
of  the  complete  security  it  gives  to  the  public  against  all  iMf 
iipomai9teais9«ed  in  conformity  to  its  provisions. 

BANK  OF  THE  WEST. 

,  On  ttie  second  day  of  May  lasl  the  officers  of  the  Bank  of  the 
West  at  Madison,  notified  the  Bank  Comptroller  that  the  said 
institution  had  closed  its  business  and  relinquished  all  right  of 
fnftfter  ex6i?oising  its  corporate  powers,  and  hAvieg'depoftited  a 


Bam  sufficient  to  redeem  al^  their  outstanding  cironlating  notes. 
Notice  was  therefore  given  that  all  the  circulating  notes  of  sa^d 
BanUng  Association^  wonld  be  redeemed  at  par  on  presentation 
at  this  office ;  and  all  the  Stocks  deposited  to  secure  the  redemp- 
tion of  the  circulation  of  said  Bank  were  surrendered.  The 
first  publication  of  the  said  notice  was  made  on  the  seventh  day 
of  Hay,  1855. 

On  that  day  Ae  outstandiDg  circulation  of  the  said  Bank 
amounted  to  $17,700 

Amount  of  cash  deposited  with  the  OomptroUer  to  re- 
deem the  said  notes  was  $17,700 

EXCHANGE   B/LNX. 

On  the  sixteenth  day  of  July  last,  Hie  Exchange  Bank  of  Wnt. 
J.  Bell  &  Co.,  at  Milwaukee,  filed  a  similar  notice  and  deposltefl 
in  this  office  a  sum  sufficient  to  redeem  its  outstanding  circulating 
notes.  The  first  publicaticm  of  the  notice  for  the  redemption  €? 
its  no^a  was  made  on  the  24th  day  of  July,  1855. 

a  I 

'  I 

On  thai  day  the  outBtanding  circulation  of  said  Bank 
waa  $7,49a0p 

Amount  of  cash  deposited  with  the  OomptroUer  to  re- 
deem the  same,  was  $7,492  OO 

The  S0th  section  of  the  Banking  Law  provides  that  any  banlr- 
ing  association  refinquishing  its  business,. and  depositing  a  Bn£|~ 
Ami  6um  wifih  the  Comptroller  to  redeem  its  outstanding  circulat- 
ing notes,  shall  give  notice  for  two  years  in  some  newspaper 
published  in  the  county  in  which  the  bank  is  located,  that  all  the 
circulating  notes  of  such  bank  must  be  presented  at  the  Oomp- 
troUer's  office  for  redemption  within  two  years  from  the  date  of 
such  notice,  or  that  the  funds  deposited  for  the  redemption  of  the 
notes  will  be  given  up  to  the  association. 


10 


The  following  statement  will  show  the  amoimi  of  Capital^  StoA^ 
the  amount  of  counterszgnecl  notes  issued  to  each  Bank^  ths 
amount  of  securities  on  deposit  to  secure  the  redemption  of  suei 
notesy  on  thefrst  Monday  of  January^  1856. 


It  AMIS  OF  BAlTKa 

Capital  Stock. 

Circulation 
Outstanding. 

Amount  of 

Securities 

Deposited. 

State  Bank,  Madison 

%  50.000 
100.000 

$39,401 
49.995 

$40i)00 
50.000 

Wis  Marine  h  Fire  In8.Go.  Milwaukee 

Bank  of  Racine,  Racine 

50.000 

49994 

53.000 

Rock  River  Bank,  Beloit 

5aooo 

50.000 

56.000 

Oity  Bank  of  Kenosha 

50J000 

4fi.450 

51.000 

State  Bank  of  Wisconsin,  Milwaukee 

250.000 

64.800 

70.000 

Wisconsin  Bank.  Mineral  Point.... 

50.009 

20998 

23.000 

Farmers  <&  Millers'  Bank,  Milwaukee. 

250000 

44.150 

45.000 

Jefferson  Oountj  Bank,  Watertown. 

50.000 

50.000 

55.000 

Bad^r  State  Bank,  Janesville 

50.000 

23.741 

25.000 

Baotne  Oounty  Bank,  Racine 

loaooo 

47,086 

50.000 

City  Bank  of  Racine,     do     

50.000 

46J286 

50.000 

Bank  of  Fond  du  Lac 

25.000 

24.65i 

26.000 

Bank  of  Commerce,  Milwaukee 

100.000 

SOi250 

23.000 

CohmbiB  County  Bank,  Portage  City 

50.000 

29.453 

3L000 

Fox  Rirer  Bank,  Green  Bay 

25.000 

24998 

27.000 

Bank  of  Watertown,  Watertown... 

50.000 

49.992 

53.000 

Northern  Bank.  Howard 

50.000 

35.147 

37.000 

Dane  County  Bank,  Madison 

50.000 

50.000 

54.060 

People's  Bank,  Milwaukee 

BanK  of  Milwaukee 

25.000 

24997 

25.000 

100000 
50.000 

29S46 
44.605 

30.000 

4aooo 

Baak  of  the  North  West»  Fond  du  Lac 

Bank  of  Beloit 

60.000 
25.000 
35.000 
50.000 

39842 
23.751 
34996 
26.748 

55.000 
25.000 
40.000 

2aooo 

JanesvUle  City  Bank 

Kenosha  County  Bank.... 

I>odee  Ooanty  Bank,  Beaver  Dam.. 
Waukesha  County  Bank 

25.000 
25.000 

saooo 

25.000 
25.000 
27.000 

2&000 
27.000 
31300 

Bank  of  Fox  Lake 

Oakwood  Bank,  North  Pepin 

Winnebago  County  Bank,  Neenah . . 

25.000 

24.099 

27.000 

Walworth  County  Bank,  Delevati. . . 

25.000 

23.000 

25.006 

Central  Bank,  Janesrille 

25.000 

23.100 

25.000 

d 

II 


:f  f» 


ThefoU&unnffJS^aiemeniunU  exhibit  ths  ijohole  amon^  of  Ote^k- 
lating  fi^Us  returned  to  this  Offlce^fa^ 
oeliedy  durinff  the  poet  year. 


Name  of  Bank. 

■         ■ 

1 

^Boimt  of  If otflt  rttnotfd. 

State  Bank  at  MadisoD, 

•4,881       . 

Bank  of  Bacine,  Bacine, 

45 

Bock  Biver  Batik,  Beloit, 

88 

Oitj  Bank  of  Kenosha,  Kenoaha, 

•87 

State  Bank  of  Wiscensin, 

61,000 

Wisconsin  Bank,  Hineral  Point, 

26,055 

Farmer's  and  Miller's  Bank,  Milwankee, 

5,748 

Jefferson  Oountj  Bank,  Watertawn, 

.  .8,050 

Badger  State  Bank,  Janeaville, 

s,m 

Bacine  Goanty  Bank,  Bacine, 

1,188 

Oily  Bank  of  Bacine, 

5,000 

Bank  of  Fond  da  Lac, 

1,886 

Bank  of  Oommerce,  Milwankee, 

15,760 

Bank  of  Watertown, 

14 

I>ane  Ooimtj  Bank,  Madison, 

7,544 

People's  Bank,  Milwankee, 

8,000 

Bask  of  Milwaukee; 

14,170          ^ 

$148,745 

Banke  poinding  ^. 

Oahkosh  Oitj  Bank,  Oshkosh,  |1T,860 

Germania  Bank,  Milwankee,  31,994 

Eschange  Bank,  Milwankee,  30,017 

Bank  of  the  West,  Madison,  37,666 


117,4M 
$861,171 


The  bftnkfl  organized  nnder  oxir  general  banking  law  have, 
dnnqg  (he  year  jnst  clo^^d^  done  a  safey  profitabloi  and  legitime 
bneiness. ..  The  amonnt  of  <}apital  iuvested  has  yielded  fair  re- 
toxos.  Their  entire  currency  is  well  secured  by  the  depoaitot 
State  stocks,  and  their  reports  show  an  unusual  amount  of  specie 
ifi  their  vaults.  Public  confidence  in  their  currency  is  perfect, 
and  the  integrity  of  their  management  is  shown  by  the  large 
amount  of  indfridual  deposits. 

The  confidence  of  our  citizens  in  our  banking  system  is  ao  g^Jh 
eral,  and  its  operations  hare  been  so  satUfactory,  that  I  have  not 
in  this  report  proposed  any  alterations  or  improvements  in  its 
provisions,  but^ave  confined  myself  to  a  simple  statement  of  tl^ 
oondition  of  the  banks  and  the  bi;siness  of  this  department 

▲11  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

VtrXTAM  M-  DENNIS, 
JSa/nA  Oomptrcfler, 


'-.'J 


IM     . 


APPENDII. 


■■^■■es 


Tssrac 


f     : 


i  • 


16 


•  \ 


14   A    f> 


TK$  fMcfWvng  it  a  statement  in  dstail  of  the  stocks  hddfor  eaeh 
ianking  (MaodaUan^  and  the  anumnt  qf  dreuUttion  isetied  and 
wMandingi  an  the  same^  on  the  first  Monday  of  Janu<Mry^  1866. 

State  Bank,  Madison. 

Wisconsj/i  8a,  $20,000 

do        78,  .  8,000 

MUsomi     6a,  ^         12,000 

■^ 40,000 

CircnlatioD,  89,401 

Wis.  Marine  und'JPiti  Inaurantfe  Oo.^  Milwaukee. 

WisQOPem  88,  SO,OpO 

do        78,  30,OdO      ^' 

r-  50,000 

f  *  .         Circulation,,  .    .       .    /      49,906 

Virginia    Os,  $5,000 

TennesBeeOs,  '    10,000 

Missouri    6s,  38,000 

''  ' •-"      68,000 

Oircnlation,  49,994 

Hock  JSiver  Bank,  BelaU. 

Virginia     68,       ''     ^'     '  ^  40,000    .., 

Kentucky   68,  -.  6,000     \ 

Missoun'    68,  '' 11,000 


66,000 
^     Circulation,  60,000 


Oi*y  Bank  qf  S^moiha,  Kenotha. 

Virginia    68,  36,000 

Kentucky  68,  18,000 

Georgia    68,  12,000 

Loaisiana  6b,  1,000 

fl^MD 

OironlatioB,  ««*80 

* 

State  Bank  qf  Wuconein^  Milwaukee. 

TenneABee  6s,  |81,000 

Kentucky  «8,  «,000 

Miasouri   <b,  83,000 

_J 7f,000 

Circulation,  64,800 


Missoari  6b,  17,000 

Speoi0,  8,000 


28,000 


Oiroolation,  20,918 

Fairmwf  and  jSIRI*^  Baiik^  JfSiwatikM. 

Kentucky  6b,  88,000 

TenneB8ee'6B,  7,000 

Loosiana  68,  6,000 

46,000 

Oircnlation,  44,160 

Jifffenan  OcwiUy  £anij  Watertavm. 
Virginia  6fl,  ,  .  60,000 

Oaliforoia  7b,  '    6,000 

66,000 

Oircnlation,  60,000 


•  t 


IT 

Badger  State  Bank^  JatymnUs, 

H{#ioori  68,  95,000 

Oircnlation,  23,741 

Baoine  County  Banky  Baoine. 

Yirginia     68,  $35,000 

Louisiana   do  7,000 

TenneBsee  do  18,000 

Missouri  .  do  6,000*' 


50,000 

GircnlatioD,  47,086 . 

Cit;/  Bank  of  Bacine^  Baeine. 

Tennessee  6s,  18,000 

Virginia     do  17,000 

MiBBOuri     do  29,0Q0 

60,000 

.Circulation,  46,286 

Bankof  FonAdu  LdOy  Fond  du  Zae. 

Tennessee  Os,  25,000 

Missouri     Oe,  1,000 


29,000 

Cjrcniation,  24,651 

Bank  of  Commeroe^  Mitwavkee. 

Tennessee  6s,  23,000 

Circulation,  .  20,250 

Columbia  County  Bank^  Portage  City. 

Missouri  Os,  12,000 

North  Carolina  do  4,000 

Wisconsin  Ss,'  10,000 

Tennessee  63,  5,000 

— 31,00» 

Circulation,  29,492 

3 


J 


18 

Fm  Rwer  Bank,  Oreen  Bay. 

Virginia     68,  10,OdO 

MissotirL     do  S.ObO 

Tennesfiee  do  14,000 


'  Oircniation,                                     > 

97,000 
34,888 

NoriKem  Bank,  Baward. 

Yirgioia     6b,                                            25,000 
MiBSonri     do                                           12,000 

87,000 
85,U7 

OircnIatiOD, 

Bank  of  Watertawn,   Watertawn, 

North  Carolina  6s,  18,000 

Michigan            do  11,000 

Tennessee           do  10,000 

Kentucky  ^        do  4,000 

Louisiana           do  3,000 

WiaconBin  7fl,  7,000 

68,000 

OlrcuIatioD,  49,993 

Bane  County  Bank,  Madison. 

Missouri             6b,  10,000 

Tennessee           do  10,000 

North  Carolina  do  25,000 

Qeorgia               do  5,000 

Specie  4,000  i 

64,000. 

Oi  rcul  at  ion ,  50,000 

People^ B  Bank,  Milwaukee^ 

Qeorgia      7s,  20,000 . 

Virginia     es,  6,000 

^         26,O0j 

OircnlatioD,  84|99l| 


19 


North  Carolina  6a,  $9,000  ' 

Kentucky  6s,  16,000"; 

Wiaconsin*         Ts,  6,00!o ' 


r 

Circalatiou, 

80,000 
29,946 

Bank  of  the  NcHh  WlsH^  Fond  du  Lao.^ 

•       • 

Missouri         .  .6a^                                   25,000 
California          Ta,                                    8,000 
Teonesaee          68,                                     5,000 
North  Carolina  68,                                >   io,000 
G^rgia              68,                                    5^000 

48,000 
44^605 

Circulation, 

'     '        1  • 

Miafiouri             68, 
Oirbdlation, 

55,000 
89,849 

JanemUe  Oity  JSanJI^  JianesviUe. 

Virginia             68,                                   19,000 
Miasonri             68,       .                            6,000 

•                                                  * 

Circulationi 

25,000 
28,761 

1 
Eisnosha  County  Bank^  £maaha. 

Miaaonri             68,                                   11,000 
Virginia       /    ^68^..   /                              4,000 
Louisiana           68,                                   10,000 
California          7a»                                   16,000  ^ 

40,000 
84,998 

Oircnlatirai, 

•  I 


\f   »» 


MiBSOtiri 

08, 

Virginia 

68, 

Louisiana 

«8, 

« 

Oalifornia 

78, 

Tennessee 

68, 

so 

Dod^  Ooun^  Ji<mk,  Btaumdgm. 

Tennessee  68,  10,000 

Georgia  68,  8,d00  , 

North  Carolina  68,  ^  11,000  ' 

LoniBiana  6e,  500 

Virginia  68,  600 

Specie,  8,000 

28,000 

Oircula«on,    ,  26,748 

Wauhetha  OoumtyBanky  WatJutha.       ' 

10,000 

6,000 

5,000 

6,000 

8,000 

»         ^,000 

Circulation,  26,000 

N  •  ' 

Virginia  68,  18,000 

Hissoari  6s,  5,000 

Oalifomia  7b,        '  6,000 

TenncBseo      •     ««,       •  2,000 

S7,000 

Circnlation,  25,000 

Wiunebago  County  Uankj  Neenah. 

MiBBonri  Os,  17,000 

Virginia  6$,  10,000 

..    \       .  .       27,000 

OircBlation,  ,      24,090 

Mitsoari  Os,  26,000  . 

Vii^inia  6*,  ,  •  6,000 

Specie,                                                      300 
*^ 31,300 

Circulation,  ■        27,000 


II 


Walioorth  County  Bank,  Ddcmcm. 


Tennessee 
yii^rinia 


6., 


90,000 
8,000 
3,000 


Circulation, 


Oentral  Bank  <jf  WiMontin,  JanetvilU. 


85,000 
98,000 


Virginia  Bs, 

Tennessee  68, 

Missouri  8«, 

Gircnlatioii) 


i4,opo 

4,000 

.  V,ooo 


\.\    .,\ 


/\\ 


.«.«L 


•  •  « 


95,000 
98,000 


*  . 


V      ' 


1    • 


I  ■  f  • 


BANKS  WINDING  UP. 


•       r 


i  •       <• 


I  • 


09hJkash  CUy  Bank,  Oahkoih. 

f 

Bpede, 

Circulation, 

9,010 
■9,040 

Omnainbt,^Baaiky  Mihoauk^*' 

• 
■ 

•                                     I 

Specie, 

CircnIatioD,                            '    . 

,    808 

see 

BoeAcmfd  Bcmk^  Mtliomiksi^. 

m                  •      m 

Specie, 

OircnlfltioB^ 

It*              f  "^        ft                         f 

t>47< 

.  Aim'.) 

1 

.     Btmkqftht  ^oft,  Maifmn.    „ 

Specie,,  .■    .-,              .  .^  ',   ,,-.■  •;;  ,- 
Oircnlation,                               fc  , , , ; !  . 

.'A  h"M*» 

22 


"B.'» 


The /oUomnff  statement  will  9how  the  namee  of  the  perion$iDho 
have  eweeuUd  bonds j  now  on  deposit  in  the  Bank  Xhmptroflei^i 
Qjfioej  (in  (Edition  to  the  state  stools  deposited j)  to  /urther  se- 
m¥^\the  redemption  of  the  oounUrsigned  notes  issued  to  their 
r^Hf^fctive  Banksy  as  required  hy  section  17  /qf  the  Banking 
Law : 

State  Bank  of  M adison,  penalty  of  bond,  $12^600 

'  Kamea  of  bondsmen :  Samuel  Marshall  and  Chaa. 

R  Illsley.  .    ^ 

Wisconsin  Marine  and  Fire  Insurance  Oo.,  Milwaukee, 

penalty  of  bond  .V  i  85^000 

,    l^ames  of  bondsmen :  Geo.  Smith  and  Alexander 

Mitchell. 


'  f, 


Bank  of  Racine,  Bacine,  penalty  of  bond^  1S,M0 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Aug.  L.  HcOrea,  Wm.  J. 

*       Boll  and  Henry  J.  Ullman. 

CO  • 
Bock  Biver  Bank,  Beloit,  penalty  of  bond,     '  12,500 

Names  of  bondsmen ;  Jolq^i  M.  ^e^  Xnpius  O. 
2  .  fisher,  and  Alfred  L.  Field. 

City  !%nk  of  Kenosha,  Kenosha,  penalty  of  tend,  9^ 

Names  ot  bondsmen :  A.  Oampbell,  E.  W.  Blinn, 
H.  W.Habbard,''fi:;B.'Towsley,  S.B:  Scott, 
'  "•   H,  W.  Jones,  Betsey  D.Goff,  J.  H-  Kimballi 
^     .Vand  E.  W.  Evans, 


.••    •• 


28     . 

QUf;B9Q^.  of  Kenosha,  Eenosbai  penally  of  bond,  f6|^[(0 

Namee  of  bondsmen :  Henry  B.  Towaley,  Samuel 
Hale,  J.  Bronsoni  jr.,  John  Benniater,  A.  Camp- 
bell, Habbard  <fe  BUnn,  Hetta  M.  Elkins,  H. 
W.  Janes. 

8la|piBa«k  of  Wisconsin,  ICilwankee,  penalty  of  bond,       87,S00 
Names  of  bondsmen :  James  B.  ,Martio,  Elipha- 
lot  Oramer,  Anson  Eldred,  Elisha  Eldred,  John 
Cadin,  F.  W.  Badgelj,  Joshua  Hathaway,  John 
1    G.  Inbusch  and  K  B.  Dickennan. 

Wisoonsin  Bank,  Mineral  Point,  penalty  of  bond,  19,600 

Names  of  bondsmen :  0.  0.  Washburn  and  Gyrus 

Woodman. 

• 
Farmers'  &  Miljers  Baok,  Milwaukee,  penalty  of  bond,       19,500 

Names  of  bondsmen :     Newcomb     Cleveland, 

Stephen  H.  Alden,  Cbas.  D.  Nash,  M.  B.  Med- 

berry,    John  W.   Medberry,    and   Jacob   A. 

Hoover. 

Farmers'  &  Millers  Bank,  Milwaukee,  penalty  of  bond,        12,500 
Names  of  bondsmen:  Edward  H.  Brodbead,  J.- 
H.  Alden,  Anson  Eldred,  A.  Finch,  jr.,   John 

I 

Lock  wood  and  E.  D.  Hoi  ton. 

leSeTsqn  Oounty  Bank,  Watertown,  penalty  of  bond,  6,250 

'  Names  of  bondsmen :    Charles  Q.   Harger   and 
Daniel  Jones. 

'sfferson  Oounty  Bank,  Watertown,  penalty  of  bond,  6,250 

Names  of  bondsmen :  C.  G.  Harger  and  Daniel 
Jones. 

I 

V 

B|4g!Br  State  Bank,  Janesville,  penalty  of  bond,  6^250 

Names  of  bondsmen  :  Wm.   J.  Bell  and    E.  L. 


Dlmock. 


•    •• 


24 

Bacdne  Oo.  Bank,  Kacine,  penalty  of  bond,  ^19,500 

Names  of  bondsmen  :  Geo.  ©•  Northrop,  L.  W.  '^- 

Honroe,  R.  M.  Norton,  Nicholas  D.  Pratt,  Henry 
8.  Darand,  H.  B.  Monroe,  John  W.  Gary  and 
John  Thompson. 

City  Bank  of  Bacine,  Eacine,  penalty  of  bond,  13^50§ 

Names  of  bondsmen  :  Gilbert  Enapp,  W.  H.  Wa- 
terman and  Alex.  McClurg. 

Bank  of  Fond  da  Lac,  Fond  da  Lac,  penalty  of  bond,-         6,26^ 
Names  of  bondsmen :  Wm.  J.  Bell  and  Abram 
G.  Butler. 

Bank  of  Commerce,  Milwaukee,  penalty  of  bond,  StyOOO 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Geo.  W.  Teckham,  James 
&•  Rogers,  Joseph  8.  Colt,  Walter  H.  Peckham, 
and  John  Watson. 

Columbia  Co.  Bank,  Portage  City,  penalty  of  bond,  6,280 

Names  of  bondsmen  :  Samuel  Marshall,  Charles 
F.  Ulsley  and  H.  S.  Haskell. 

Columbia  Co JBank,  Portage  City,  penalty  of  bond,  6,250 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Jas.  P.  McGregor,  Fred.  S. 
Blsley,  Samuel  Marshall,  Chas.  F.  lUsley  and 
J,  A.  Ellis, 

Fox  River  Bank,  Green  Bay,  penalty  of  bond,  T|000 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Joseph  G.  Lawton,  M.  ti. 
Martin,  F.  Desnoyers  and  John  Day. 

Northern  Bank,  Howard,  penalty  of  bond,  i^SOO 

Names  of  bonddmen :  Otto  Tank,  M.  L.  Martin 
and  £.  Conklin. 

Dane  County  Bank,  Madisou,  penalty  of  bond,  12^tS06 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Levi  B.  Vilas,  L.  J.  Farwell 
and  N.  B.  V  anslyke. 


85 


PedpW  Bank  of  £[i(ette1,  Groenleaf  &  Oo.;  HilmiTi- 

kee,  penalty  *of'  bond ,  S^ttO 

Names  of  boiidamen :  II.  Ilaerteli  E.  B.  Oreenleaf 
and  A.  W.  Oreenleaf. 

Bank  of  Watertowti,  Wattirtown,  penalty  of  bond,  li,80^>» 

Names  if  be^bmenf  A'.  L.  ^^t^itchard,  Linns  B. '  '« 

Oadj,  Lnther  A.  Oole  and  Ebenezer  Cole. 

Bank  of  Milwaukee,  Milwfttlkee,  penalty  of  bond,  1S,S00  ' 

Names  of  bondsmen?  0»  D.  Cole,  0.  D.  Nash,' 
Bodney  Sherman,  John  S.  Rockwell,  William 
Nash,  R.  W.  Peake,  Joseph  Warner. 

Bank  of  the  North  West,  Fond  du  Lac,  penalty  of  brnd,         6,2M> ' 
Names  of  bondsmea:  Benjamin  ^.  Moore,  J.  E. 
Lefferts,  John  8ewell,  Edward  Pi«r,  J.  H.  Mar-  . 
tin,  John  Bannister  and  Aug.  G.  Buggies. 

Bank  of  the  North  West,  Fond  da  Lac,  penalty  of  bond, '      8,2S0 
Names  of  bondsmen:  Benjamin  F^  Moore,  J.  E. 
Lefferts^  Jcdm  Sewell,  Edward  Pier,  J.  H.  Mar« 
tin,  John  Bannister  and  Aug.  G.  Buggies. 

Ban^  of  Beloit,  Beloit,  penalty  of  bond,  t^OOA  ' 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Geo.  B.  Sanderson  and  W. 
F.  Goodhue.  ^  -* 

Bank  of  Beloit,  Beloit,  penalty  of  bond,  1S,IOO  ' 

Names  of  bonasmen :  Geo.  B.  Sanderson,  John 
Hackett  and  W.  T.  Goodhue. 

JanesYille  Oity  Bank,  Janesville^penalty  of  bond,  .  .  6,250 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Xlepry  B.  Banster  and  H. 
W.  Banster. 

Kenosha  County  Bank,  Keupsha,  penalty  of  bond,  8,500 

Names  of  bondsmen:,  John  Y.  Ayer,.Wa)«  Goff, 
Metcalf,4f  Merrill,  QlemenfcF.  Le  Fevre,  Oa-    V     . 
milla  £imbal],  Uriah  Newman,  Harman  M^a^sh    .  ^    ^ 
and  Emily  H.  Marsh. 


>. 


26 

Kenoeba  Oonntj  Bnlg  Eenoeha,  penalty  of  baii^i  -  0,210 

2{aiDe8  of  bondsmen :  Jabn  0.  Ooleman,  G.  Sim- 
ball,  Ttiomaa  Wright,  lJri$h  Newmap»  and 
John  V.  Ayer. 

])o404  Ooanty  Bank,  Beaver  Dan;^  penal^  of  'b<ua[d,  IS^QO- 

Karnes  of  bpndamen ;  Samnel  L«  Boae,  WiUiuun 
FarringtoD,  and  Stobert  Y.  Bogert. 

Waoikeftba  Oonntj  Bank,  Wankesba,  penalty  of  bond,  6^50 

Namea  of  bondsmen :  A.  Miner,  H.  N.  Davis, 
Wm.  Wkite,  S.  S.  Sawyer,  Wm.  Blair,  Sebina 
Barney,  0.  0.  Barnes. 

Baidi  of  Fox  l^Oi  Fox  Lake,  penalty  of  bond,  8^80 

Names  of  bondsmen :  John  M.  Davis,  Wm.  Ed* 
wards,  ICiner  Peater,  Cbarles  Laling,  Wm.  E. 
Smith,  John  Dickson,  0.  0.  Barnes,  A.  Hitler, 
^   <  0.  Bunropghs,  G.  N",  Barroughs. 

Winnebago  Ooiinty  Bank^  Neenab,  penalty  of  bond,  6,M0 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Oharles  Oronkbita,  Aaron 
H.  Oronkhite  and  W.  L.  Lee. 

Oafcwvx>d  Bank,  North  Pepin,  penalty  of  bond,  SSJDOO 

Names  of  bondsmen :  Bostwiok  O'Cqnner,  Alex- 
ander W.  McGregor  and  W.  L  Lee. 

WfjhiRovth  Oonnty  Bank,  Delavan,  penalty  of  bond,  6^850 

Names  of.  ibondsmon  :   Wm.  G.  Allen, .  George  ^ 
Passage,  W.  W.  Dinsmore,  E.  McCiurg  and  R 
D.  White. 

Oentral  Bank  of  Wisconsin,  Janesville,  penalty  of  bond,  6,250 

Names  of  bondsman :  Warren  Norton,  Wm.  fl. 
Tripp,  J.  Bod  well  Doe,  Wm.  A.  Laurence,  J. 
^  "  -De  Witt  Rexford,  Otis  W.  Norton,  F.  J.  Bar- 
dick,  J.  F.'  WiHard,  8.  G.  Williams,  P.  S.  El- 
dred,  E.  A.  Foot^  Jonathan  Corry  and  Lyman 
J.  Burrows. 


27 


.1  j<    : 


( , 


4in>' 


o: 


1  • 


Tf^.jfollawing  staUn%$ni  toill  exhibit  the  namea  &f  the  Stoekholders 
^mdthe  amatmt  of  Stock  owned  hy  each  individual  in  the  eevend 
^dMi^  of  the  State^  as  reported  to  this  qffice^  on  the  first  Monday 


JXtoDB  of  Baaka. 

Name  of  Shareholden. 

BarideiMe. 

Amount 

SUteBank, 

.Manhall  &  IIMey, 
Samuel  Manhall* 

Ifiliniake^ 

J.  AMer  Ellis, 

MadisOD,    - 

•  9iioflQO 

4 
1  • 

Charles  F.  IJIale, 

•                                          1 . 

ililwankee^ 

'  Wji,.Mvr.*Firetoa,Co. 

»      > 

•Alex.  Mitchell, 

Milvankee. 

100,000 

Bmk  of  BaeiiiQ^ 

Honry  J,  Ullmaim, 

KaciDe, 

11,800 

.'."••' 

l)aDiel  Ullmann, 

do 

800 

» 

Jerome  J.  Case, 

do 

1,000 

John  W.  Jones, 

do 

50O 

-  •- 

Philo  White, 

do 

'  /IjOOO 

• 

Hathan  Bnmham, 

do 

1,000 

.-J" 

Jones,  McCreary  k  A>ua,  do 

200 

• 

Daniel  Slauson, 

•••  do 

1,000 

•,v 

Thorpe  <fe  Gorton, 

do 

100 

•  1 

John  Dearsley, 

V  do 

lOO 

Jeremiah  Whipple, 

do 

1,000 

1 

Adam  C.  Sandford, 

do 

600 

Isaac  Tajlor, 

'  do 

5,000 

*   1 

Alan^on  Filer, 

do 

2,000 

■ 

Charles  C  Stehbins/ 

do 

20O 

"  ,..           .•»•.! 

Trauers  C.  Stebb'ms, 

'  do 

200 

»-Ut'-  I       •                 »  il   ,- 

•'^flliam  C.  MarshaH, 

do 

1,000 

•^dwin  J.  8tebbin8, 

Clinton,  New  Tork,  1,000 

'^or                 '    ,"  - 

1 
Lee  &  Dickson^ 

^Bacine,  Wia., 

1,000 

26 

Kama  of  BaoIcbl  Name  of  Shareholders.        Reddenca  Aaeniit 

Bank  of  Badne  contiaued,  Heiify  Stephens,         Oaledonia,  Wis.,  1,000 

Henry  Collins,                     do  1,000 
Eldad    Smith,    Guar* 

dian,  <fec,                 Bacine,  Wis,  800 

Erneat  llueffber,              do  fiOO 

Wm.  W.  Vaughan,          do  1,000 

Richard  H.  Bowman,       do  MO 

William  Ba^wick,             do  3,000 

George  H.  Carpenter,       do  5,000 

Howard  Harris,         '  WalliDgford,  Vt.,  1,500 

George  Biirford,          Raciae,  YHs.,  200 

James  Langloia,               do  ^00 
Preston  Wing,            Wing's  Station, 

N,  Y.,  1,000 

'                       Mrs.  L.  A.  Carpenter,  Bacine^  Wis.,  400 

J.  £«  Hollister,  Mesahawaka,  N.T.,    2,000 

George  Grant,              Chitenango,    do  f,000 
John  Gumt^  Gaardian, 


Mt  Pleasant,  Wis., 

• 

Total, 

1,000 

< 

50,000 

Bodi  BiT6r  Bank, 

Lucius  G.  Fisher, 

Beloit,  Wis, 

t,900 

<     . 

.  S.  C.  Morgan,' 

Norwich,  Conn., 

15,000 

• 

A.  L.  Field, 

Bdoit,  Wia^ 

0,500 

J.  R.  Field, 

do 

800 

• 

Mrs.  E.  C.  Brensmade,    do 

t»000 

Joseph  Emerson, 

.  do 

1,200 

• 

A.  L.  Chapin,   Guar 

■ 

dian,  dco., 

,    do 

1,200 

1 ,' » ' 

Lupton  W.  Curtis, 

Union  Dis.,  8. 0^ 

400 

'      Is 

A.  W.  Root, 

Elgin,  lU., 

500 

r 

Rev.  David  Root, 

{few  Haven,  Conn., 

700 

,  T,  W.  Williams, 

New  London,  Conn.  8^500 

« 
1               *      • 

ft 

A.  P.  Haven, 

New  London,  Con. 

.1,500 

Samuel  Talootti^ 

.^ilead,             do 

2,000 

'J')       ^ 

W.  A  S.  Talootib  J 

3ocktoii,IU, 

ioo 

29 


Hum  of  Bnkfc  ISwmm  of 

BoekSiTor  Bonk  contiaii4<»  Uin  liny  Lnik,         SiiiioU»  Ooon^ 

*'    Ctfolino  Lnak,  do   . 

««    MiaLosk,  do 

BoT.  Joseph  EmovioD,  RoeMord,  B)., 


.il^OOO 
2,000 
2»000 
1»800 


Oky  Bank  of  Eeiioaha» 


li 


/ 


BtHa  Bank  of  Wiaoonsin, 


OInmi.  a  .  SkefBeld;       Old  Sabrook,  Conn .     200 
Amolia  Sheffield.  do  200 

Anm  ShofflelU,  do  1,200 


Total, 

60,000 

Alonao  Campbell, 

Eenaiha 

,Wfc- 

19,000 

Samnelliale^ 

do 

r 

7,500 

H.  B.  Toif  slot, 

do 

6,000 

Uriah  Newman, 

do 

8,000 

8.  B.  Soott, 

do 

2,600 

Thotnaa  Prictura, 

do 

2,200 

H.  W*  Hnhbanl, 

do 

2,000 

Bicfaard  CanpbaiV 

ChiUiungo,  N.  Y, 

2,000 

Royal  B.  Towslee, 

Kenoaha,  Wia, 

1»000 

Sett  Doan, 

do 

1,000 

Aaafaol  Farr, 

do 

1,000 

James  A.  Newiian, 

Somen, 

1,000 

J.  a  OottfiedKiD, 

Kenodia,  Wis, 

600 

Ilarvej^Durkee, 

do 

600 

Mrs*  Louisa  Elkinis 

do 

600 

Sonthport  Lodge, 

do 

600 

No.7ofLO.ofO.  F 

'.,    do 

600 

Frederick  RobiniOD, 

do 

800 

Frederick  Gage» 

do 

300 

Mrs*  A.  M.  Kobinaon 

,     do 

Total, 

200 

• 

50,000 

JuMiB.  Mwtb, 

MOwaokee^ 

7,000 

Jotka*  BitbaMKf, 

do 

4,600 

F.W.Hawle7»  . 

do 

2,000 

P.  W.  Badgeley,  «Mate,  '  do 

6,000 

OfairiM  B..  BMbakli, 

do 

8,800 

L 


30 


Name  of  Bnki.  - 

State  Bank  fit  WJioaiHki, 
continaed, 


t  * 


NBiM  of  StenhaUtm 

Elidia  Eidred, 
Johfa  OaiUb, 
Eliphalet  Cramer, 
Wm.  E.  Oiamar, 
E.  P.  Dickeroiaii, 
John  G  Inbii8cb^« 
Mrs.  Harriet  M.  Peck, 
Anson  Eldred, 
M.  S.  Scott, 
Edward  H.  Broadfaead, 
Lester  Seilon, 
Ojnia  Hawley^ 
Helen  Hawlej, 
Daniel  l¥eila,jt, 
Danid  Ncwbail, 
John  D.  Inbuahy 
Franklio  Riplej» 
H.  W.  Claj^p,      . 
T.  Riplej  and  W.  T. 

Davis,  tru8teea» 
T.  Riplej  abd  Geo.  F. 

Davis,  trustees, 
David  Aiken, 
H.  A.  Perkins, 
Thomas  Belkaapp^. 
Wm.  S.  StOrrs, 
John  Warberton, 
Wm.  T.  Lee, . 
Mre.  Oliva  Catlin« 
George  H.  Cramer, 
James  Forsyth, 
George  B.  .Warren, 
Nathan  B.  Warieo, 
Geoi^  H.  VYorrea, 
Stephen  £.  Warreo, 
Joseph.  M.  Whir^d^ 


MtlipaBhte,  . 
do 
do 
do 
do 
•do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Greenfield,  Mass. 
do 

do 


I  AoMoat. 

8,800 
7,000 

a,oo 

6,000 

5,000 

1,000 

10,000 

500 

;.    4;»oo 

8.000 
1,400 
600 
5,000 
8,000 
4.000 
8,000 
4,000 

2,500 


do 

1,000 

Greenfield,  Mass. 

1,000 

Hartford,  0<.nn. 

2,000 

do 

8,000 

do 

6,000 

do 

6,000 

do 

1,000 

Detroit,  Mich, 

7,500 

Troy,  N,  Y. 

5,000 

do 

1.600 

Tf03r,N.T.  ' 

144)00 

do 

1,500 

do 

6»600 

do 

,7,600 

do 

7,600 

81 


VaiMorBMteL 

zfiMftA  Of  BMnllMMW* 

^^^f^H^^^^U^^m^ 

inouni 

Sale  Bank  of*  Wlwoiittn, 

Bfvy  W.  OavDoto, 

TH)7fllLV.i.  i.  >' 

'    4)000 

eoBtklfted. 

Oharlcar  F.  T«bov 

do       .  .'  -y* 

8,300 

>h 

Eliaa  Pltlm, 

do 

2,000 

t 
•  « 

LepAdeB.  Gaisk^ 

New  York, 

16.000 

Edwin  Cottk 

do 

10,000 

Jobo  KDi«kQHH)Aer, 

Wtterford,  N.  Y. 

8.000 

John  Gmmer, 

do 

10,000 

Gfloqj;*  W.  KritUnd, 

do 

8.000 

» 

P.  C.  Colo, 

Roohester,  N.  Y. 

2,000 

> 

^UUam  H.  Waabn, 
William  U.  Wailen, 

Morian,  N.  Y. 

t,600 

• 

^    TroBUe^ 

do 

1,500 

i 

F.  W.  BocdoB, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

2.000 

^'* 

A*  Pfckbanv  (estoto  of)  Provtdonce,  K  I., 

,    2,000 

■ 

Edward  9.  Baik 

Emt  Troy,  Wia. 

l.OOo 

• 

Heniy  Thayctr^ 

do 

1,000 

F.  8.  Eidude, . 

Johnstown,  Wk. 

1,000 

« 

Hiram  Br6wettr, 

Troy,  Wia, 

500 

• 

B.  K  Hjnkleyy 

Samfnett,  Wis. 

1,000 

Mark  Hopkina^ 

Williamstown,  Maaa.  1,200 

V 


Henrietta  S,  Woodruff,  Litchfield,  Conn.,  1,000 

George  Seymour,  do  1.000 

0.  S.  Seymour,  do  1,300 

Henry  Thompaon,  do  1,000 


fanner  &  Millen  Bank, 


V 


1 

9250,000 

.  G.  C.  Washburn, 

Mineral  Pt., 

Wis.    50,000 

Kdwflrd  D.  HoKon. 

Milwaukee^ 

18,600 

Anson  BiJred, 

do 

10.000 

Askabei  Finch,  Jr., 

do 

10,000 

Ed^arll  H.  Broadhead 

I.            do 

10,000 

John  Lockwood, 

do 

5,000 

Geo;  ».  Walker, 

do 

5,000 

Daniel  Ketrhall, 

do 

5,000 

R.  W.  Pierce, 

do 

• 

2,000 

0,  H.  Hurd, 

do 

900 

88 


.  Kamt  of  BMltik 

>  ^Vaimtfi^diHilllteBask, 
p  oontmiMcL ; 


•M 


J  « 


(1 


I  > 


( t 


i 


KiWMi  of  SbareboUmt. 

Jklword  Buttoiii 
Gtoige  Dy^r, 
Lewis  Blake, 
fi.  H.  Harrison, 
Davii  dk  Moore^ 
A,  B.  Van  Ooft, 
8.  D.  Lofiooinb, 
WetlejKonoey,. 
H.  J.  Naxro<k  Co., 
H.  L.  Dotumao, 
N.  Q.  Storre, 
Herman  L.  Page, 
AIliaoD  Lewis, 
Wmfieia  Smid), 
Afithony  Green, 
Hoel  H.  Camp, 
J.  T.  Vougbt, 
J.  L.  McYickar  ic  Co.» 
J.  A.  Lapfaam, 
Harry  Cartis, 
S.  Morrip, 
F.  £.  Knuger, 
John  Shepard, 


Miliriibkea, 

.4^ 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
•  do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


Stepben  H.  Alden,    Albany,  N.  Y. 

Alanson  Sumner, 

Boyal  Woodward, 

Adam  E.  Kay, 

J.  E.  Hall  &  Co., 

Henry  Burgman^ 

B.  Faa^ett, 

A.  Atwood  &  Co., 

Willam  M.  Wilfion, 

M.  fldlton  BruWD, 

Samuel  Boot, 

J.  A  W.  Goodbae, 


do 

do 
Troy,  Wk 
,   W  bite  water, 
New  York  City, 

do 

do 

do 

do 
Brattleboro,  Tt.. 

do 

do 


Amount 

JyOOO 
],000 

500 
S,000 
8,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
5,000 
5,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,500 

500 
1,000 
8,000 
2.000 
1,000 

500 
2,000 
1,000 

100 

100 
6,500 
5,000 
1,500 
1,000 
5,000 

500 
2,500 
2,500 
5,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,000 
1,000 


of 

Aner  k  ll!ll«rt  Baak^ 
eontkued. 


HmmiiI 

Wm.  H.  Bookw^, 
Samuel  Clirk, 
Joseph  GkKidbue^ 
George  Wilder, 
Manhall  Wilder, 
WillunD  Dawee, 
R.  A.  Hinibill, 
B.  D.  CUdIoa, 
J.  P.  Story, 
Oliyia  H.  Catlio, 


BraClMhDxoy  Yt4 

do 

do 

do 

do 

d<( 
Waukeiha,  YHa^ 

.do- 
do 

do 
Detroit,  Mieh., 


Obaries  L.  flobbell,   Tio7,N.y.»     . 
J.  Van  ScbrobhoetOi  do 

LalhaiQ  Comelli  do 

Cbarles  R.  Cornell,  do 

W.  W.  Cornell,        '  do 

Willaid  Oay,  do  .  r 

Ward  W.  Farker,     New  Bedford  Maas , 
WiUiam  Cobb,  Greenfield,  Wia., 

Franeis  N;  Wilaon,   CatUkill,  N.  Y^    ^ 
Wm.  C.  Townaend,  Providence^  R.I., 


Ph!ttt{>tace  k  Seagpm, 
Wm.  J.  ^King, 
H.  K.  Apgell, 
Amoe  C,  Barstow, 
E,  K.  Gleaaoni 
Henry  W.  Clapp^ 
J.  S.  Seyropar,  . 
Harmon  Woodmfl^ 
John  Catling 
Preston  Wiiig, 
Cath.  a  Mclotoib, 
B.lfcIntoeh, 
John  liclniothp* 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Greenfield, 
Auburn,  N.  T., 

do 

Madison,  Wis., 

Dttchees  Co.,  N.  T. 

Cayuga,  N.  T. 

do 

do 


Heira  of  D.  Biodbead,PlatkUl,  N.  t. 
Otb  Woodward,  ,      ]E[iomaiiald«Conn^ 


2,000 
1,000 
1,000 
500 
600 
6,000 

.   1,900 

000 

7,600 

2/Qoe 

10,000 

10;000 

6^000 

5,000 

i,09P 

2,000 
1,000 
1,000 
8,000 
2,000 
10,000 
1,600 
2,000 
1,000 
2,000 
5,000 
2,000 
6,000 

500 
1,000 
1,000 
8,000 
4,000 

600 


n 


KuM  of  BiidtiiL 


Nam  •#  BIflrfvliAUMil 

James  YdoAoi, 
P.  H.  Tbm^r, 
E.  Partridge^ 
Catb.  Jenkins 
AsaPiehse, 


Palmynn  Viu,  <00 

Seneca  Falk,  K  T.  5,000 

Modena,  N.  T^  700 

ProvideDoe,  B.  L,  1,000 


•260t000 


'Ififtehon  Oa  Batik,  Water- 
i!oWii» 


C.  O.  fi«vger, 
Daniel  jovket, 


Pamelia,  N.  T,      3M00 
WatertowD,  Wi&,    14,000 


IMAger  State  Bd^k,  jMeft- 


iUiSshie  Go.  Bank;  Racine, 


$50,000 


Wtn.  M;  VaHmia,        Janesville,  Wia,         5,000 
Bdward  L  DimoA,  do  St,5000 

Henry  G.  MattMiMi,  •  do  28»5000 


,1   . 


h 

•50,000 

Uenry  S.  Domnd, 

Racine,  Wis^ 

8,000 

Reul)en  M.  Norton, 

do 

S,000 

Geo.  0.  Kortbrop, 

do 

^•SOO 

Lyman  W.  Mdnroe, 

do 

6.000 

Hbratio  B.  Munroe, 

do 

3,800 

NicboW  D.Pratt, 

do 

2,010 

Jobn  W.  Gary, 

Racine,  Wib., 

2,000 

Jobn  Tliomp«on,    * 

do 

2,000 

C.  Glement, 

do 

500 

E.  Darwin  Monroe; 

do 

1,000 

W.  P.  Brown, 

do 

100 

A]ez.'lffoftber, 

do 

200 

Harry  Griswdld, 

do 

100 

Gbarles  F.  Blias, 

do 

100 

James  Nield, 

do 

250 

James  Matber, 

do 

250 

Edwin  Burgess, 

do 

250 

Heatb'i^Didrintion, 

do 

600 

Mrs.  Mary  H.  Oalry, 

do 

MO 

Mrs.  HMinkh  R.  Aiken        do 

600 

$6 

■ 

VttM  pi  Bipki.  ^ama  of  Sharebol4era.    ^ 

BifliM  Co.  Bank,  Bacii^e,    Oeoi^  Burfi>nl,    ' 
coiitii»6d,  R,  H.  Bownaa, 

Lewis  C,  Oi||)or^ 
T.H.  Barnard,: 

■ 

Wm,  W.  Vaughn, 
Ellis  Price, 
0.  W.  White, 
Sy heater  P.  Pe«l^,  . . 
Channoej  Halli 
Wm.  H.  Latbrep, 
Him  Bliza.Qaaietl^    > 
Mary  CottreU» 

.  Adi^Q  <^Q(UelI, 
£.  Andrewi^iexeciitef, 

.  Edwip  A«clraw«i  .     , 
Darwin  Andrews, 
Horace  Bigelow, 
Leonard  Oibbs, 


.    1 1  .'/ 

do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
OMenvieh,  N.  T. 

do 

do 

do 

do 
Gnrawieh,  N.T., 

do 


«»>< 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Tioy,  N.  T^ 
do 


.  »•  ■.: 


A.  Bigelow, 

D.  A.  Boies^ 

Horace  CottreU, 

Sjlyia  B.  Burt^n^  ., 

WUliam  Dori^ 

John  P.  Masteta^  ^ 

DaYid  Dater, 

David  Carr,, 

Latham  CocneU, .  do 

G.  W,<h,G.A.Wat0p,  do 

H.  0.  ShelOpn,  do 

Harvey  Church,  do 

Charles  H.  Holden,  do 

Frederick  Button,        Clarendon,  Yi, 

Enoch  SnwiK.   o  ,/  *A^'  I- 

Elias  H.  Stewart,  do 

FnmUin  Hardy,  Bamett,  Yt., 

Sylvester  Denning,      West  Arlington 


•1 

.  >      t50 

500 

260 

150 

1,000 

850 

2»000 

850 

500 

5,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

2,000 

500 
1,000 
1,000 

500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,000 
5,000 
50 
1,000 
2,600 
1,000 

500 

;  f  ;^i»o 

500 

200 

Vi,  1,000 


VaoM  of  Btakfc  Vame  of  Sharaholdoni       tbtddtntt, 

> 

Bftrfiia  Co.  Bank,  Bioine,    Geo.  CaproD,  jr.,         Prynmoathi    Vt  500 

oOBtiBMl,               jr.  W.  Moora,              Dauby,           do  500 

Chaa.  AndrewE,           WalliDgford,   do  50O 

B.  If artindalo,                   do           do  1,000 

Howard  Harris                   do            do  l^OOO 

Edward  L.  Howard,    Benaon,          do  2,000 

J,  J.  Yai],                   East  Dorset,  do  1,000 

Daniel  Roberts,           Manchester,   do  1,000 

Frederick  L.  Durand,  Rochester,  N.  T.,  1^0 

N.M.  Harrington,        DelaVan,  Wis.  500 

Wm.  0.  Allen,                do  1,000 

Ohaa.  R  Cornell,         New  York  City,  5,000 

Wm.W.  Cornell,         Rahwa7,N.J.,  5,000 

(•                                        H.  Newcomb  Graves,   Granville,  N.  T.,  5,000 

Thomas  Hilt,                   do  500 

Mfs.  llarj  HcMartry,  Newark,  N.  J.  600 


v 


I    I 


O^  fik.or  BadiM^  Baefaie 


i  " 


t 

•100,000 

A.  MeCIarg, 

Racine^ 

S1.800 

W.  T.  Van  Pelt, 

do 

i^OOO 

Philo  White, 

do 

5.000 

Almira  Knapp, 

do 

8,000 

M.  B.  Head, 

do 

1,000 

A.  J.  Stevena, 

FoH  Des  Moinsb  la. 

0,000 

Isaac  McConihe, 

Troy,  N.  Y. 

4,000 

Alonao  UcConihe, 

do 

1,000 

Wm.  McConihe, 

Brownville^  Tenn. 

1,000 

Mary  Ann  McCIarg, 

Pittsburgh,  Penn. 

1,200 

Thomu  D.  Strong, 

Weslfidd,  V.  Y. 

1,000 

^  •60,000 

Bask  of  Food  dtf  tao^        A«  O.  Bittleri  Fond  da  U^         fiflgOOO 


I 


\  ' I 


87 


FtOM  of  B«Dk9. 

Bnk  of  Comm«ro«^ 


UTaoM  •(  Sli«)r^oldert» 

Geo.  W.  PeckbaQi    ,  MUwaakeaii 
Joeeph  S.  Colt^  do 

Walton  H.  Peckbti%  Oitj  of  New  Tork, 
John  Wation,  do 

Rufps  W.  Peckham,  Albany,  N.  T. 

Peleg.  B.  Peckham,  Loekporti  N.  T. 


i< 


4O1OOO 
15.000 
15,000 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 


(Mnibiaoo.bk,PorU«»Ok7,Mar8faaU  drlUej,        Ifilwtttoo, 
Wia,  John  P.  MoGvegor,       Portage  Citj, 

Fred,  aikley,  do 


FoiBiTerBank,  Green  Baj,  Joseph  G.  Lawton,,     Brie,  Penn. 


•100,000 

:8t,ii0 

10,000 

7,500 

$50,000 
85.000 


Kerthem  Bk.  Green  Bay, 


Olto  Tank, 
Edgar  Conklin, 
Mason  C.  Darling, 
Keyes  A.  Darliog, 
Morgan  L.  Martin, 
Urial  H.  Peak, 


Bkef  Wateririm».Wlt(ert'wn,  L.  R.  Oady, 
i,  /    '   .        -      L.  A.  ColOi  1 

John  Richardsi. 
]'    E.W.Cole,  . 

John  P.  Boose, 
.    Daniel  Jones, 
R.  8.  Little, 
A.  L.  Pritchard, 
W.  H.  Clark, 
.,   Joseph  M0B8, 
Samnel  Medbury, 
Delias.  White, 


» » 1 
1 1 


'  ■• 


Ft  Howard,  $7,760  60,0 
Green  Bay,      7,666  66,0 
Fond  da  Lao,  7,666  66,6 
do  7,666  69^^ 

Green  Bay,      0,666  66,6 
Ft.  Howard,    9,666  66,6 

$50,000  00»0 

Watertown,  $1,000 

do  1,500 

do  500 

do  t,000 

do  800 

do  8,000 

do  SOO 

do  10,000 

do  14,700 

Kew  Berlin,  N.  T.     8,000 

do  1,500 

do  1,000 


38 


VaaM«f  BnlBiL  Name  of  SharalioU 

BL  orWftlaewn,  Tf aterf  wd,  Samoel  White, 
eontiniiad,  D.  H.  White, 

Jenee  Beftrdfike, 
Tnnenum  If  on, 
H.  W.  Ottge, 
John  8.  RodcweU, 


New  BarKn,  N.  Y.     1/KK) 

4o  2,000 

do  8,100 

W.  BiiriiiigtoD,N.Y.  S^OOO 

do  400 

OooDomowoe^Wii.    1,000 

SttatogaSp'gi^T.  1,700 


Co.  Blc. 


Peoploi  Bank  MOwankee, 


t    » 


I  I 


I    ^ 
( 


f50,0OO 

LeiiB.y&«, 

MadiBon, 

10,000 

N.  B.  Yan  Blyke, 

do 

•llF,tl00 

Timothy  Brown, 

do 

14,000 

Geo.  A.  Mason, 

Jordan,  N.  T. 

• 

1,000 

•60,000 

Herman  Haertel, 

• 

lfi,000 

£  B.  Greenleaf, 

9,400 
|25i,O00 

^Charles  D.  Kash, 

kClwankee, 

10^000 

Oarlide  D.  Cooke, 

do 

15^000 

Andrew  Mitchell, 

do 

t,000 

C.  I>.  Nash,  Oaardian,       do 

7,000 

J,  Warner, 

Ifiddlebnig,  Y  i 

9,000 

Paris  Fletcher, 

Bridgeport;  Vt 

i,too 

E.  R.  JTewett, 

Boffido,  N«Y* 

5^000 

Wm.  Nash, 

New  Haven,  Y  t 

10,000 

B.  W.  Peake, 

Bristol,  YU 

10,000 

Mrs.  Sasan  Sh^rwin, 

MOwankee, 

10,000 

Johik  8.  Rockwell, 

Ooonomowoc, 

9,000 

Phflo  Jewett, 

Weybridge,  Yt. 

8,000 

8.  E.  Stow, 

Troy,  New  York, 

2,000 

Perlej  Mitchell, 

Indiana, 

8.000 

Daniel  W.  Tomlinson,  BataTia,.NewTork,   ft^OOO 

$100,000 


as 


fond  do  Iac, 


Benj.  F.  UfKt% 
John  Sewdl^ 
Augoattw  Q.  Ruggtei) 
John  BannkUr, 
Edward  fw, 
John  H.  llArtJm 
Skidmpre  B.  Leftrtfl» 
WilUam  D.  ConUip. 
Henry  Gopklin, 
Charles  H»  Ruggleii 
Marj  C.  Roggle^ 
John  Thompsoni 
laaac  S.  Wbeaton» 
Homer  Wheatont 
Grier  Tallmadgey 
Jnatns  E.  HoUiater, 
Henry  Bannister, 


RerideiMf.  iimonnt 

Fonddnl4#iWk,  SfiOJt 

do  2,500 

do  8,900 

do  1,200 

do  2,700 

do  8,toa 

do  8,000 

do  1,000 

do  1,600 

Ponghkeepaie,N.T^  8,000^ 

do  1,000 

do  2,000 

do  1,000 

do  1,000 

Oswego,  N.  T^  1,000 

Meahawaka,  Ind.,  8,000 

Cayenovia,  N.  T.,  1,000 


tBOfiW 

^^^^W%^IF  ^^^WF^^f^^^WJ 

Geo.  B.  Sanderson, 

BdoiL  Wik 

99m 

• 

De  Lonna  Brooks^ 

do 

^,800 

John  Eaatmvlj, 

do 

8,800 

.  •     ' 

Wm.  T.  Goodho^    . 

do 

^  8,800 

John  Haok#tV        ' 

do 

'  1,700 

Wm.  P.  Adams, 

do 

1,800 

AOen  Waiden. 

do 

800 

■ 

J.G,Winslow, 

Hwf?S               * 

*!!?#> 

Louis  a  Hjdts, 

0 

do 

8,400 

•60,000 

^limrilkOityBaf&k, 

Henry  B.  Banster,. 

Janeifille, 

24,600 

JanesriBe, 

A.  W.  Bonster, 

1  ' 

do 

600 

•26,000 


40 


Wnm  of  BttilBt. 

Name  of  8tttreliold«& 

Rfjdwieft.             i 

LBeenfc 

Kencdia  Caantf  Bank, 

Jobn  0.  CokmaBy 

MilwaukeeOa.Wk 

H^MO 

fj^ffiy^^ifi^ 

jr.  H.  Kimball, 

Kenoaha, 

•,000 

Oeoige  Kimball, 

do 

10,000 

J.  V.  Ayer, 

do 

1,1G0 

Thomas  Wright, 

do 

1,600 

• 

Emily  H.  Marah, 

do 

600 

Bmily  H.  NewmaOi 

Somen,  Ken.  Co., 

1,000 

I 

Urial  Newmtn, 

do 

roo 

1 

Henry  &  Mareh, 

do 

1,600 

Emily  U.  Marsh, 

do 

400 

Urial  Newman, 

do 

1,600 

Camilla  KimUll, 

Kenoaha, 

300 

J.  V.  Ayer, 

do 

500 

' 

Metealf  A  Merrill, 

do 

600 

t 

Julia  Bennett, 

do 

600 

William  Ooii^ 

Town  of  Pleannt 

Prairie,  Ken.  Co^ 

1,000 

' 

0.  F.  Le  Fevre, 

Milwankee  Co., 

• 

4,000 

Dodge  Co.  Bank,  Bearer  8.  L.  Roee, 
Dam,  R.  V.  Bogert, 

Wm.  Farriogton, 
,  A.  Pfondflt* 

Wm.  A.  Baiatew, 


•36,000 

Bearer  Dtm^mk,  920,000 

do  20,000 

do  7,000 

Waukeaha,  Wis.,        6,000 

Madison,  Wis.,  1,000 


Widcesha  do.  Bank>  Wank.  A.  Miner, 

Sebina  Barney, 
H.  N.  Davis, 
William  Blair, 
William  White, 
8. 8.  Sawyer, 
'       N.  Burroughs, 
0.  C.  Barnes, 


Waukesha,  Wis., 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 


650,000 

•9,000 
2,000 
1,000 
500 
1,000 
1,006 
2,000 
8,600 


•26,000 


41 


Mmm  tf  BMki.  ITtar  of  BkanhMmn, 

WgiUm  Bdwwds, 
William  B.  Smitlit 
Qeoijge  Eoawl«% 
John  DickioD, 
C.Laling, 
0.  0.  Bmiee» 
A«  Miner, 
*  No  Bunonghi, 
George  N.  Banoogbe, 
O.  Banoiigh% 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Wmkeehai  Wk, 
do 
do 
do 
do 


Wioaebago  Oo.  Bk,  NeaDah,  Aaion  H.  Cronkhite^   Neenah, 

Charles  Cronkhite,      New  York  City, 


1,000 

MO 

MO 

MO 

1,500 

6,M0 

4|500 

.    4,000 

€00 

MO 

1.000 

125,000 

18.500 
12,500 

025,000 


Oikiroed  Bk,  North  Pepin,  B.  (VGoDiior, 

Am  w^.  MeOfegor^ 


North  PepiD,  Wia.  01,000 
DaTeDport,Iowa.      49,000 


• 

$80,000 

.  1 

ebTa]i,Otho  SelV 

DakT»i,^iii, 

2,000 

Wm.  0.  Mm, 

do 

MOO 

Wm.  W.  fitmaioie, 

do 

4,000 

.    KBlifli, 

Weitfidd,  N.  T, 

0,000 

B.D.  Whiles       , 

•  Delaraa,  Wk, 

2,000 

H.M.Rar,      . 

do 

600 

B.P.  Coiiiok, 

do 

000 

L.  K  DofPiiio, 

do 

600 

Oeorg0  Ooltoii, 

do 

soo 

C.  O.  6iM0?Mi(. 

do 

MO 

W1D4  Pferee^ 

do 

000 

i% 


'Mkm^  of  BaalB.. .         Num  of  BkmthMm^ 

fMYorthOo-Bk^DeboraB,  J.D.  MonelH 
continuedi'  Jamta  Arali, 

Geoigtt  Faaigc^ 
A«lbOkurg, 
Luoiosltete, 


Otathd  Bank  of 

JinesTillo, 


•  Warren  iTorKm, 
W.  A.  Lttwrenee> 
0.  W.  Horfcon, 

'  Jonathan  Oorey, 
E.  A.  Foot, 
Stephen  O.  Williamay 
Wnj.  H.  Tripp, 
Z.  P.  Burdick, 
Orrin  Densmore, 
Andrew  T.  Hart, 
8.  W.  Spencer* 
Weldon  Hiigb^sap    . 

J.  B.  Oarle, 
J.  R.  Beale, 
David  Jeffiria, 
O.  W.  ChiltadleB) 
P.  A.  Pieioe, 
S.  J.  BiMoD, 
Joseph  Ghnreb) 
0;  P.  RobiMoii, 
O.  S.  Straiabergei, 
J.BodveMDoe, 
W.  0.  WeAa, 
J.  D.  B«edfordi 
Mm.  M<  Btbeock, 
Miles  and  DoboBy 


WbtmiW^ 

'    ma 

do 

500 

do 

5oa 

Badne^Wia, 

1,000 

DelaTan,  Wis., 

80O 

•25,000 

Janesrille,  Wis. 

2,000 

do 

1,200 

do 

8,200 

Center, 

2,000 

do 

1,200 

JanesTiUe, 

2,000 

Bock, 

2,0Qft 

Janesyille^ 

500 

do 

400 

• 

Harmony, 

too 

Janesville, 

100 

*. 

2fl0 

do 

soo 

do 

800 

do 

100 

do 

900 

40 

•'■      t» 

do 

100 

do 

100 

Rock, 

100 

JanesfiOe, 

100 

do 

100 

do 

1,000 

Canaan,  N.  H. 

1,000 

Janesfille, 

1,000 

do 

1.000 

do 

MO 

if 


M«iM  of  Banka. 

Kam«  of  Shanholdffi. 

Baaidoneo. 

Amooai 

Oantnl  Bk.  of  Wis.  Janoa- 

AaaR]o«^ 

Jan«iyilleb 

100 

yiSkf  eontinaed. 

Heman  Rice^ 

do 

100 

B.  M.  Ooolej, 

JanesTille* 

100 

J.  E.  Babcock, 

do 

100 

S.  A.  Martin, 

do 

100 

• 

JobnL.  Y«ThoiDai» 

do 

200 

B.  A.  HudflODi 

do 

100 

Ogelvie  and  Barrowii 

do 

500 

\ 

JTotoBniih, 

Bradford, 

&0D 

J,  T.  Waiard^ 

Bock, 

500 

W.  J.  Ofren, 

Center, 

500 

F.  a  Eldred, 

JaneaYiIIe, 

1,000 

LRBliw, 

Winfield,  H.  Y. 

500 

H.  B.  Eldred, 

Eintman,  Ohio. 

500 

L.  J.  Banowi^ 

Janesfilie^ 

500 

$25,000 


I 


a 


^D.'* 


ThefdUowmg  %$  a  lAMtof  Platu  of  Banks  hdanging  to  th$  Bmk 
Department  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin^  and  now  departed  m 
the  Bank  of  the  jReptAlio  of  New  York. 


Bank  of  the  West,     -        .        -        -  l 

Bank  of  Commerce,      .       .       .        .  i 

Fox  River  Bank, 1 

State  Bank  of  Wisconsin,      •        •        -  1 
do           do         -        -        -        - 

Exchange  Bank, 1 

Bock  Biver  Bank,     .        .       .       .  i 

Wis.  Marine  &  Fire  Ins.  Oo.,  -  S 

Wisconsin  Bank,        .        .        .        .  i 

Bank  of  Bacine,    •  -       -     .  •  1 

Fanners'  <&  Millers'  Bank,         •  1 

Oshkoeh  Oitj  Bank,      .        .        .       .  i 

Badger  State  Bank,    -        •       •        -  i 

Qermania  Bank, 1 

Madison  Bank, 

People's  Bank, 1 

Dane  County  Bank,   •        •        •        •  1 

do  do 

Milwaukee  Bank,       .        .       .        -  1 
North  Western  Bank,    •        ■       •       - 

Janesville  Oity  Bank,        -       •        -  1 

Northern  Bank, 1 


1. 
1, 
1, 

1, 

6. 

8, 

a, 

8, 
8. 

a, 
1, 

a, 

8, 

a, 

1, 

1, 
a, 

10, 
8, 

\ 

8, 
1. 


8,  8, 

8,  », 

a,  6, 

a,  8, 

10, 

S,  8, 

8,  8, 

«,  8, 

8.  8, 

8,  8, 

8,  8, 

8,'  8, 

8,  8, 

8,  8, 

8, 

2,  «, 

8,  8, 
30, 

8,  8, 
10, 

8,  8, 

a,  «, 


a 


Btate  Bank  at  MadisoD, 

1, 

1, 

8, 

«, 

Dodge  Oonnty  Bank,    - 

1, 

8, 

8, 

Qitj  ,Bank  of  Kenosha, 

Ij 

1. 

3, 

«. 

Oakwood  Bank,    .... 

«, 

5, 

Bank  of  Fox  Lake,    - 

m                           1 

1, 

Kenosha  Conntj  Bank,  - 

2. 

Winnebago  Oonntj  Bank,  - 

1, 

8, 

Walworth  Oonnty  Bank, 

8, 

8, 

5, 

Southern  Bank, .... 

1, 

8, 

6, 

10, 

Central  Bank,        .... 

1, 

a, 

8, 

Oolnmhia  Conntj  Bank,    - 

1, 

1, 

8, 

«. 

Oitj  Bank  of  Bacine,    - 

3, 

8. 

«, 

Bank  of  Beloit,         -        -        r 

1, 

8, 

8, 

6, 

Bank  of  the  North  West,      -'       - 

^ 

a, 

8, 

8, 

Bank  of  Beloit,  -        -        -       - 

- 

10, 

1 

Bank  of  Hilwankee, 

-    1, 

1, 

8, 

6, 

Bacine  County  Bai^, 

1, 

8, 

8, 

6, 

Wankeeha  Connty  Bank, 

h 

1. 

Jaffereon  County  Bank, 

1, 

1, 

8, 

», 

Bank  of  Fond  du  Lac,  -        .    ,    • 

-    1, 

,    8, 

8, 

«, 

Bank  of  Watertown,  -       - 

li 

1    8, 

8, 

6, 

n 


46 


«R" 


The  following  Statemeni  mil  exhibit  the  number  of  Bcmk  JSToU 
Impressions  which  have  heen  received  <U  this  Office^  from  tCf 
organization  up  to  the  Jirst  day  of  January^  1856  y  thenwm^ 
her  delivered  to  the  JSanksj  or  destroyed,  and  the  numier  now 
remaining  in  (he  Ba/nk  Comptroller's  Office: 


MMCU  tfr  BAUKt. 


SUitoBank 

Bttk  ol  Ratine. 

Wj*.  MariDe  aod  Fire  Ina.  Oo. 

Boek  RiTer  Bank 

Oiij  Baak  of  Kenodia 

State  Bank  of  Wiaoonaiii 

do  do  

Wiaeoniin...*.. 

Tfce  Farmen  k  If  illera'  Bank. 

Jeffeno^  Count/  Baok 

Fox  Hirer  Bank 

Bi|^fferBUteBaDk» 

Bank  of  Fonddu  Lac 

Exchange  Bank,  W  J  Bell  A  Oo. 

OabkobU  City  Ban^ 

Racine  County  Ba6k 

City  Bank  of  Racine 

Bank  of  the  West 

Baok  of  Commerce. 

Columbia  County  Bank..... 

Northern  Bank 

Oemania  Bank. 

Winnebago  County  Bank . . . 

Bank  of  Watertown 

Dane  County  Bank. 

lfa<*ifon  Bank 

People'aBank 

Milwaukee  Bank 

Jancarille  City  Bank 

Bank  of  Beloit 

Bank  of  Milwaukee 

Bank  of  the  North  Weet.... 

Kenoaha  County  Bank 

Dodge  County  bnnk. 

Bank  of  Fox  Lake 

Waakeaha  County  Bank. ... 

Oakwood  Bank 

Walworth  County  Bank. 

Southern  Bank 

Central  Bank 


Denomiiiation. 


1.  L  3.  5. 

1.  3.  a  5. 

3.a  S.  5. 

1.  9.  3.  9. 

1.  1.  3.  a 

L  1.  3.  5. 
5.10. 

1.  9.  a  5. 

L  L.3.  S. 

L  1.  a  5. 

1.  1.  3.  5. 

1.  3.  a  5. 

L3.  a  5. 

1. 3.  a  a 

1. 3.  a  5. 

1. 3.  a  5. 

L3.  a  a 

1.  L  a  a 

1.  1.  a  a 

1. 1.  a  5. 

L  1.  a  a 

1.  3.  a  5. 

L  a 

1.  a  a  a 

1.  a'  a  5. 

La 

1.  L  a  a 

1.  a  a  5. 

1.  a  5.  5. 

1.  a  a  5. 

1. 1.  a  5. 

1.  a  a  a 

1.  a 

1. 1.  a  5. 

1. 1. 

1.  L 

a  a 

1.  a  a  a 

L  a  a  10. 

1.  L  a  a 


Nairn- 
pre«iona 
6«iBiTed. 


No.  Im-  I  1 

^d6lif«ied. 


7.778 
4.700 
hSM 

aooo 
asoo 

11500 


42xn 

10600 

asoo 

6.000 
4.700 
4,600 
4>600 
7J0OO 
4500 

a700 

14000 
7.000 

aooo 
a9oo 

3.500 
a350 

aooo 

6.000 

18.000 

3.699 

a50o 

a399 
a737 

aooo 

5000 
11.900 

aooo 

13.000 

13000 

5.000 

3800 

a700 

7.300 


ai65 

4559 

aooo 

4556 
7.345 
11588 
3004 
ai64 
7.013 

aan 
a78i 
aoo4 
ai68 

4j^ 
«i99Q 

4.439 
ai49 
ia990 
5.445 
3.377 
a031 
a490 
a033 
4548 
4.550 

laooo 
a57i 

a490 

1.898 

a633 

4894 

4055 

11.666 

3973 

13500 

13500 

3700 

350O 

■ ..  • 

5^00 


500 

500 

aaoo 

500 

a700 

1500 


444 
J&5 

a9i3 
a^ 

1JI3 

a3i9 
ije96 
ai33 

•9 

i; 

551 

10 

1555 

a733 

3.879 

10 

317 

458 

L450 

... 

138 

10 

471 

105 

1.176 

945 

3J4 


if 


p." 


LIST    OF    BANK    OFFICERS. 


NAMES  OF  BANKS. 


■••M  ••  ••••••••••  ••••• 


WlwonidB  Mftrine  k  Fire  lamaxvoM  Co.. 
B>nlr  of  Ri<iiM>i>««»— »»«»»•»  — » ««..—»».»>«  »»•>.« 

Book  BtTOr  Bonk.... m.......*.m....... 

Ollgr  Bonk  of  Kenoiho... 
Stele  Bank  of  Wiaooiuin 

^VlOOODOin    BOBk*...M..aM«.«MMMM«»«...>«*** 

rumen  and  Millen*  Bonk................... 

vOflueoD  CDttiiiijr  BoiMc  »«■«■■■••«••.»...»..«»« 
Befltaop  Biote  Bewif  .»•— « ......  «..«.<  — —  .»«•». 

Bedoe  Com>iyBenlf. .».»«.....».........•'•.. 

vl>^  BeHll  of  KeiCl]M....a....*......*«..*....M 

Benk  of  Pooo  dn  liOOi....................— ... 

Bonk  of  OomBiene..* 
OolmnbU  County  Benk 
Tox  BtTor  Beak.......... 

Novttieni  Be&k...M.n 
Beak  of  Weiertown..... 

Dmm  County  Bank...... 

FeoBle'e  Bank............. 

Bank  of  IDlimakee..................... 

Bink  ot  the  North.  Wait.. .mm ..mm 

Bvnkof  Bdolt 

JaMOTille  aty  Bank 
Kenoiha  County  BaakM, 
]>od|e  County  Bank.M.MMM....M. 

Waueaha  Coanty  Baak.....M«.M 

Bulk  of  Fox  Lake............... 

Wtanebago  Coanty  Bank....^ 

Oikwood  Bank..  MM..  ...M.  M.M.. 

Walworth  ConntyBank  .....m«m.m 

Oantnl  Bank  of  wlsoonaia....MM.. 


> •.....•••.....•«.• 


.* •«•••. .»■•■■ >•..•«• 
...... •••••••••I 


L0CAT105. 


'».—  ....a*  ••••..  ...  .a* 

...... .••••. 


....  »..»..  .«..—•. 

••*..• .......a* 

..  ......  ........  .  ...«••  ...... 

.....a... 

.....a  ...... aa  a.. 


Badiflon 

MUwankee...... 

Radne.... 

Belolt 

Kenoaha......M. 

MUwaukee...... 

Miaetal  Point.. 

Milwankeo 

Watertown . ... 

Janesville ...... 

Radne ........... 

Radne ........... 

Fond  da  Lac... 

MUwankee 

Portage  City... 
Green  Baj...... 

Green  Baj 

Watertown . ... 
Madison ...  .»•<«. 
MUwaakee..M«. 

Milwaukee 

Fond  dn  Lac... 

UelOlt . •  . .M  naa.. 

JaaeeviUe ...... 

Kenoeha. 

Beaver  Dam.... 

Waukeaha ...... 

Fox  Lake....... 

Neenah  ......«•. 

North  Pepin... 

Janeerille 


Caoo 


Samuel  Marahall ... 
Alexander  MiteheU 
IeaaoTajlor.....M..a 

L.  G.  Fisher.......... 

Alonso  Campbell... 
Bliphalet  Cramer... 
QTrus  Woodman.... 

Edward  D.Holton.. 
Charles  0.  Haifsr.. 
E.  L.  Dlmodu 
Reuben  M.  Norton.. 
Alexander  McClarg 
A.  O.  Batler.... 

Geo.  W.  Feekham... 
Samuel  ManihaH  m. 
Fraada  Deaao  jen. 
K.  A.  Darling........ 

Albert  L.  PrR<^d 
N.BaVanatyke...., 

Herman  HnrteL.., 

CDaNaah...... 

Benfamin  F.  Moore 

Ga  B.  Sanderson 

Henry  B.  Bunster.. 
John  C.  Coleman... 

9.    L.    AOee..aa.aMM«a 

Aa  Jmi^r...... ......... 

John  W.  DaTis...... 

Aa  H.  Cronkhite.... 


J.  A.  BUis MM. 

DaTld  Fei«uaon..M. 
Henrj  J.  ullmaan.. 

A.  MJ*  JFieiO...  ..«■.«... 

Samuel  B.  Sootk... 
M.  8.  Scott.. 
Henry  P.  Geo(]p.M. 
Ha  H.  Gamp..M.M* 
Daniel  Jones...... 

H.  0.  Matteeon.M..M 
Geo.  C.  NorttuopM. 
J.  J.  UllmaaB.M.M. 
C.  W.  WlnfleU...... 

Jos.  S.  Colt....MM... 

Fred.  8.  Oal^....... 

Ga  A*  Lawtoa....MM 

Robert  ChappeU.M. 
Wm.  Ha  ClanE...«M. 
Tlmothj  Brown..M. 

B.  B.  Oreenleaf....M 

Ta  R.  B.  Eldridge.^ 
Auf  a  G.  Boggles.... 

L.  0.  Hjde...... ...... 

Samuel  Lightbod/. 
J.  H.KimbaU..... 

R.  Y.  Bogert.M.... 

C.   Ca~ 


Wm.  Ca  AUen.a. 
Wffia  A.  Laurence.. 


......... 


Charles  Lulinx.. 
CCTownaeno.. 


Bostwidc O'Connor  S.  H.  Mann........... 


I 


W.  W.  Dinsmore , 
O.  W.  Norton... 


I 


a 

9 

a 
5 


/ 


1?. 


TIBS. 


( 


e 


f^227  64 

^016  82 

.,46Q  23 

•,173  71 

sqUQ  23 

fa411  30 

\(\65l  21 

:274  76 

;624  18 

.ml43  72 

.066  46 

^^129  34 

•483  75 

6789  as 

51923  87 
?829  44 
)60  06 
(64  56 
t59  47 
166  91 
133  89 
:219  22 
•0p32  98 
-^39  20 
51)37  68 

;3d  36 
(81  86 
t02  08 

"^30  72 
)12  60 


O  u 

els- 
3  S  o  * 


$18,146  01 

160,287  72 

9,873  24 

42,148  67 

27,544  43 

162,448  86 

2,670  79 

103,610  46 

16,216  60 
72,600  33 
47.496  86 
10,826  70 
18,114  30 

2,813  76 
36,843  10 

4,604  60 
30,611  69 

7,000  00 

20.414  22 

113,080  68 

3,062  83 
16,223  43 
81,796  65 
,   43,696  831 

^  6.161  96 

4,139  3U 

10,742  81 

2,627  83 
*  9,792  13 


$239,774  66 

637,629  64 

248,'i73  47 

186,322  38 

262,090  66 

858,610  16 

106,161  00 

641,841  22 

178,163  18 

228,794  32 

^61,272  78 

229,912  20 

141,607  46 

147,901  88 

114,230  63 

116,294  54 

120,636  66 

182,868  16 

196,459  47 

143,239  13 

368,262  67 

146,760  06 

182,998  41 

192,686  86 

148,212  41 

110,985  30 

71,021  16 

86,018  89 

73.468  66 

91,104  63 


U41  61 


1,073,874  68    6,810,381   19 


1 


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<  '1 


t 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


Commissioner  of  the  State  Prison, 


STATE  OF  WISCONSIN, 


FOB  THE  TEAR  18S?. 


MAPTSON:' 
CALKIN'S  A  J'ROITDFIT,  PRiNTEB& 


'     I 


t 


*    f 


i 


f 


f       •    J 


:l  ■•    <' 


I  a 


•     .      / 


REPORT. 


Td  HiB  ExOELLSNOt  WiLLUH  A.  BaBSTOW, 

/ 

Governor  of  the  Slate  of  Wisconsin. 

» 
Sm — ^In  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  sec.  6  of  chapter 

4^,of  the  Session  Laws  of  1852,  t&e  undersigned  presents  the  follow- 

ii^  report  of  the  a£fairs  and  cQ^diti^ns  of  the  State  Prison  fox  tiiQ 

j«ar  1855. 

"Whole  nnmber  of  conyicfs  con^n^  in  the  prison  from  Ja- 
nuary Ist,  1855,  to  DeceoibeiT  l^t,  1855,                      ^  IIT 
Of  which  number  them  were  here,  Jan.  Ist,  1855,  71* 
Nnmber  of «con,victs  received  in  t|ie  prison  flrom  Jannarj. 

1st,  1855,  to  January  1st,  1856, '  46 

Number  of  p];a]eiTftC^jved|(;i^rm|;,tI|iftj^^  48 

Ditto           females           do.           do.  8 

Number  e(  eonvictiGr  dkeliaf^ged'  on  expii4tloh  offheir  sen* 

tonce,                                                                   '   '  '■'  8 


Knmber  discharged  on  the  OoYcrnor's  pardop,  40 

Ditto           do.          b J  order  of  the  Supreme  Oonrt,  '1 

Number  of  deaths,  1 

"Wliole  number  di^icharged  dnring  the  year,  45 

Kumbcr  of  male  convicts  discharged,  4L 

Ditto           females       do.        do.  4 
Of  those  convicts  that  were  here  on  the  let  of  Jan.  1855, 

there  were  discharged  on  the  pardc  n  of  the  6t»vernor,  S7 
Of  the  convicts  who  wore  heie  on  the  Ist  of  Jan.  1855, 

there  were  discharged  on  expiration  of  sentence,  S 

# 

Of  the  convicts  leceived  here  during  the  year,  there  were 
discharged  on  pardon,  and  by  order  of  the  Supreme 
Oonrt^  4 

Knmber  of  prisoners  pardoned  one  day  before  the  expira- 
tion of  their  sentence,  26 

Knmber  pardoned  from  one  month  to  two  years  before  the 
expiration  of  their  sentence,  14 

Kumber  of  male  pfi^oners  now  here,  68 

Ditto  female  prisoners      do.  4 

Whole  Ko.  of  prisoners  now  here,  Dec.  81, 1865,     73 

Countieafrom  iohich  the  Prisoners  toere  $enL 

Milwaukee, 

MHiqnetiet 

Diydge, 

l^>ck, 

liacine, 

Kenosha, 

Wankeshai 

Dane, 

I  Wd,  * 

Walworth, 

Cfrimes  of  which  ths  Prtioners  here  VKte  Sentenced, 

■ « 

]|f  vr^er  in  first  degrcft-^eight  of  which  are  aenteneed  for 
'\Jt%  and  one  fur  ten  jears,  | 


i\ 

Fond  dn  Lac, 

» 

2 

Coliiiiibiii, 

8 

Adaiiio, 

S 

Bud  Ax, 

1 

OzHiikce, 

] 

jMckBon, 

4 

Pierce, 

2 

Winn«h«|{0, 

1 

L:»  Crofise, 

8 

»      • 

•Mnrder  in  second  degree  ani  sentenced  for  life^  9 

!lliirder  in  tliiid  degree,  1 

Aadault  with  inten^  to  bill,  1 

Han>liiQgl)ter  in  first  degree^  9 

Burglary,  4 

Kape,  6 

As-anlt  with  intent  to  commit  a  rape,  1 

L'irceny,  25 

EmbczzlemeDty  8 

Arson,  1 

Poisoning  well,  1 

Adultery  with  daughter,  1 

« 

Burglary,  larceny,  and  assanlt  witli  intent  to  kill^  1 

Burglary  with  intent  to  mnrdor,  1 

Passing  coanterfeit  money,  1 

Assanlt  with  dangeroas  weapons  with  intent  to  steal  1 

Larceny  in  warehonsOi  1 

Larceny  in  shop,  9 

Breaking  into  house  with  intent  to  steal  and  mnrdefi  1 

Burglary  with  intent  to  murderi                     '  1 

BteaJing,                                                                              "  t 

Grand  larceny,  1 

good%  1 

Total,  f 8 

Trads  or  cocmpation  of  the  Pridonen  funa  A^re.    • 

Barher, 
Bookbinder, 
Weaver, 
PhjKician, 
Clerks  in  store, 
Shingle  maker, 
Sahioii  keepOTi 
Brewer, 
O'otheir,         • 
Priutori 


Cnrpenten, 

8 

FHriiietv, 

SO 

Clack^iiiitht, 

8 

BlioeiDakors, 

2 

Painter, 

1 

rwl\»r. 

1 

.'En  le' veer, 

1 

Bailors, 

1 

TinwRitb, 

1 

Cooks, 

2 

« 


dergyman, 
iSeatnatreBs, 
Laborers, 
Oabinet  Maker, 
Butchers, 
Overseer  of  railroad, 


1 

Dlamsten, 

3 

2 

Tarem  keeper, 

1 

2 

Masons, 

d 

1 

Tailor,         • 

1 

3 

Notrad^ 

1 

1 

Places  of  Nativity  of  the  Friioners  n0H»  ke^i 

United  States,  3g 

Ireland,  13 

England,  3 

German  States,  '                          I7 

Wales,  1 

France,  \ 

Atlantic  Ocean,  \ 

Total,'     ■  ^  ^ 


Ages  if  the  Prisoners  novo  herk. 


t 

h 

From  14  to  16 

years"  of  agei, 

"     15  «    20 

«                      (C 

"20  «    30 

CC                     <( 

"     30  «    40 

K                     U 

"     40  "    60 

l(             (( 

"     -so'*'   60 

((             {( 

"     60  «    70 

«             (( 

No.  that  can  read, 
"      "     cannot  read, 


Ko.  that  caa  tead  abd  wrifie, 
"      "     cannot  Write, 


1 

9 
T 
& 

7a» 

65 

T 


n 


7 


It  will  he  recollected  that  at  the  last  leseion  of  the  Legblatai^ 
an  act  was  passedi  and  apparoved  April  2iid,  requiring  the  Oom« 
missioner  to  ]et  out  to  the  highest  aod  best  bidder,  the  seryicee  of 
the  convicts  in  tbe  several  mechanic  shops  of  tlie  Prison ;  and  to 
commence  the  construction  of  tbe  main,  or  centre  building  of  th^ 
Prison  with  the  convict  )abor  at  his  disposal.  Accordinglj,  after 
advertising  for  proposals  as  ^he  law  requires,  on  the  10th  of  Majr 
last,  the  proposals  for  the  labor  of  the  mechanic  convicts,  rougl^ 
stone,  lime  sand,  and  team  work  to  haul  awaj  the  excavations  of 
the  basen^nts  and  foundation  of  thd  main  building,  were  opened* 
^hen  it  was  found  that  55  cents  per  daj  had  been  offered  bj 
Messrs.  Whitney  and  Danforth  for  the  labor  of  the  convicts  in  thie 
carpei^ter^B  shop,  and  a  contract  having  two  years  to  run,  with  tha 
privilege  of  three,  on  their  part  hj  their  giving  the  Commissionaii 
90  dajs'  notice  in  writing  to  that  effect,  was  entered  into  with 
those  gentlemen  on  the  loth  daj  of  May  ]aet.  But  one  proposi- 
tfon  fbr  the  tticehatiie  ci^nvicts  "in  the  tin  shop  x^as  received,  and 
tiibt  at  M  l<y#  k  price  that  I  thought  it  n^y  duty  td  reject  it.  1^6 
pwpoAtHbri  WAI8  received  for  the  s^tvicee  of  the  mechanic  corivl<jti 
Iti  fhtf  Ahbe  Of  pahkt  shd|)9.  ^  ^ 

Subsequently,  however,  to  wit :  on  the  29th  day  of  May  laat|  I 
entered  into  a  contract  having  thirteen  months  to  run  with  Messrs. 
Starkweathet-ift  HHnc*e  for'  the  labor.of  the  mechanics  id  lh6  tin- 
^hop,  at  an  average  rate  of  about  4S  cents  per  day^  includ/ng«ap* 
p^ntjces,  of  which  there  are  two-  And  on  the  2l8t  day  of  June,  I 
entered  into  a  cpntract,  having  one  y eip  to  rpn  with  the  privil^ge]9|f 
tnros.  wiA  Messrs.  Mensink  &  BoUand  for  the  labor  of  the  convicts 
IptbeeVoe  shop,  at  the  rate  of  60  cenid  per  day  for  thbsawfaojare 
masters  of  A^  tradi,  a#d.M  c^nis  per  day  for  at^peatiOe*  for  the 
first  six  mtoths.  ^ 

The  conyic^  in  the  alcove  xnentioi|ed  shopa  are  alV.that  have 
b0eo  hviBd  out  to  contractors,  nttder  the  provisions  of  the  law  above 
referred  to ;  and  it  will, be  found  upon  inspection,  that  the  con- 
tacts most  effectually  protect  the  rights  and  interest  of  the  State* 


On  the  14th  of  Maj  last,  in  cnmplianco  with  the  requiroments 
ef  the  law  approved  2nd  of  April  last,  I  began  excavafing  for 
the  fonndation  and  basement  waPs  of  the  main  building  of  the 
new  Prison,  but  soon  foniid  that  it  would  be  iin|><>8sibie  for  me  to 
procnre  teams  to  haul  awaj  the  earth  in  excavating,  and  furnish 
rongh  stone,  lime  sand,  lumber  and  other  articles  necessarjr  f  »r  ir$ 
construction  without  monej  ;  and  to  add  to  my  enibartas>nient, 
the  contractor  fur  furnibhing  the  Pri-on  with  beef,  pork,  luiiibt;r| 
corn  meal  and  charcoal,  throw  np  his  contract,  and  positively  re- 
fused to  furnish  us  with  neither  of  those  articles,  until  lie  was  paid 
for  what  he  had  furnished.  Bering  unable  to  prucme  the  nionej 
irom  the  State  Treasurer  to  meet  his  just  demand  and  to  purchase 
provisions  for  the  prisoners,  and  other  articles  neces^^arj  to  keep 
them  at  their  woik,  I  did  not  hesitate  to  sell  the  appropriatioa 
idade  by  the  last  Legislature  to  pay  the  debts  of  and  for  the  support 
of  the  prison  the  current  year. 

,  The  following  statement  will  show  the  amount  of  money  re* 
ceived  by  me  from  from  all  soarccs  during  the  current  year,  and 
the  disbursements  of  the  same.  It  will  be  seen  that  I  have 
charged  myself  with  the  full  amount  of  appropriations  sold,  and 
credited  myself  with  the  sum  paid  for  discount  in  the  diaburse- 
inentB. 

Jany.  ll,  BecM  from  State  Treasurer  the  1>«IaDce  cf  ap* 

propriations  of  1854,  $4|379  U 

do   27,  Bec^d  from  State  Treasurer  on  appropriation 

to  pay  past  indebtediiees,  200  00 

Uarch  8,ItecM  from  State  Treasurer,  on  same  appropri- 
ation, 2,000  09 

do  38,   do  do  do  1,800  00 

do  S8,0ave  Hobkirk  &  Co.,  a  draffcto  pay  for  accep- 
tances and  merchandise  of  1854,  payable) oat 
of  fame  appropriation,  2,275  41 

Amount  rec'd  from  the  prison  shops,  oontrac- 
tors  fur  convict  labor,  Ac,  1,200  00 

Total  amount  of  money  received,      .     ,  lJ,854.,tJ# 


April  13,  Sold  halanca  of  appropriations  to  pay  past  in-    . 

debrediie?;<9,  6,502  06 

6epL    7,  Sold  a{»|)r<>pria(ion  to  paj  expenses  of  tLo  cur- 
rent J  ear  lb55,  1 3,000  00 

81,^66  84 


DvibuT8(meni$. 

Am't  paid  on  indohtcdncsA  of  prison,  for  18.>4,  17,326  ?<) 

Leairing  a  balance  of  all  ntoney  reoM  to  be  expended  on 
expenses  of  current  year,  14,020  74 


Which  balance  /uzs  leen  expend^  a9foUw>i': 

Amount  paid  officera  for  servicer, 

'  for  firne  for  main  buildingi 
"'sand, 

"  rubble  stonOi 
''  block  stone, 
"  loc}£8  south  wing, 
pri8<»nei8  on  their  discbarge, 
the  chaplain,  . 
the  ph^eician, 
^^    foriron  work  of  maia  building, 
to  matooni  fur  labor  on  maiii  bailding, 
for  diacount  on  appropriations  and  drafts, 
paid  for  improving  roof  to  south  wing, 
for  team  woik  in  excavadrig  baseuient 

to  main  building  and  cistern, 
for  Wood,  provitiiouS;^  mercbaii4!so,i stock 
and  tools  for  shops,  postage,  &a, 


f« 

(C 

M 

ii 

U 

(( 

M 

CI 

M 

ir 

U 

CI 

II 

a 

li 

>« 

41 

II 

<C 

II 

K, 

li 

M 

II 

If 

II 

11 


Amonnt  paid  on  indebtedness  of  prison  for  1S65, 

For  all  of  which  profwrTofticlLQra  aiio  on  file  iii  tbc^' 
eommisioueravfficey  ;         •! 
9 


$5000  00 

SOI  00 

'•   875  06 

450  66 

?8d  00 

208  33 

100  00 

80  00 

^00 

51  63 

187  00 

2589  89 

10  00 

• 

150  09 

* 

876&47 

$14,020  71 
17,336  20 


181,356  94 


J^  4 


10 

The  following  statem on t  will  Bhow  the  indebtedness  of  the 
Prison  for  the  current  year : 

Amount  of  indebtedness  of  the  Prison  for  the  current 

year,  1855,  )9,291  SO 

Of  Which  amount  there  is  due  on  officers' 
labor,  $4,917  05 

On  prison  physician's  account,  300  69 

On  chaplain's  account,  185  50 

On  Dr.  Look's  accH,  for  sernces  rendered 

as  prison  physician,  and  for  lumber  fur- 
nlsned  in  1853,  under  ex-Oom.  Brown, 
allowed  on  affidavits  of  three  men  em- 
ployed as  officers  at  that  time, 

j3Iock  aod  rough  stone  and  team  work^ 

Wood,  provisions,  merch^ndlfctf,  Ac, 

|/ime,  sand,  and  labor  on  main  building, 

Pfx^  o^  indebtedness  of  1854, 

Stone  «coal, 

$9,291  80 

< 

S?is  following  statements  toill  show  the  improeeinents  which  have 
•  iitiii  made  within  {he  prison  yard  hy  isomHcf  UboTy  and  the 

e^nings  of  the  oonuietsin  tke^Mrious  shopf^  as  also  thepropeHjf 
'  nota  on  hand^  vihioh-hM  }feen  purchased  during  the  year.    All 

of  which  iepresinted  as  <^\i4ts  to  the  indebiedne9S  of  the  cUrretU 

p  « 

Am't  of  convict  labor  done  on  main  bulling,  $3,675  70 

Cistern  joining  south  wing,  containing  1200  bbls.,  the 
walls  buift  of  'Riibfbl6  masohry  and  postered  ^th 
water  lime,  460  00 

Dressed  Btone  on  hand,  2,030  00 

t/niressed      do  2,225  00 

"Work  made  to  order  in  prison  shops,  4*7  00 

Stone  dressed  to  ordtr  Mid  said  froni  fttone  riiop)  ^08  41 

lAbor  doM  in  tin  shop  for  Starkweather  &  Oo^,  cMmlrEO* 

tors,  417  98 


119  68 

1,637  09 

1,552  3» 

384  33 

86  29 

116  4A 

Jahot  done  in  cfltrpenter  shdp  fbr  Whitney  A  Od.,   do 
do       in  shoo  nhop  fcfr  Hensink  &  Co.,  do 

do    .    for  oontractorft)  in  fintBhing  bf  sonth  wing 

for  J.  N.  Ackerma'^i  contractor, 

do  Wm.  Beinhard,  do 

do  A.  Proadfit  do 

do  John  Tajlor,  do 

Iron  on  hand  in  blacksmith  shop, 

Scrap  iron  do  do 

O^tet  steel  do  <(o 

Prepared 'v^ork      do  do 

Ooroy  potatoes,  Ac,  raised  on  prison  farm, 

Fionr,  com,  meal  and  provisions  on  band, 

Clothing,  cloth  and  bedding  do 

Hof^s,  large  and  small,  do 

Prepared  work  on  hand  in  carpenter's'  shop, 

Cistern  pumps. 

Lumber  on  hand, 

Stone  coal  do 

Chloride  of  lime  on  If  and, 

,$tock  in  paint  shop  do 

Tools  purchased  for  the  several  shops, 

•improyements  in  office,  warden  and  matrons  apart- 
ments, stone  6.bop^  paint  shop,  out-bailding,  vanks 
,  and  drains,  HO  00 

To  sacking  for  bedstead  in  aooth  wing  and  putting  on  . 

the  same,  350  00 

Furniture,  c&c,  for  sooth  wing,  75  00 

Oujistanding  debts  collectable,  477  41 

$15.47T  ^ 
Amonnt  of  moneys  received  to  be  expended  on  ex- 
penses of  current  year  brought  fbrward,  14,020  7i4 

Indebtedness  brought  forward,  9,29X  30 

23,812  oi 
Aasets  dedncted,  15,484  80 

'OoBt  of  supporting  the  Prison  the  current  year,  $7,S27  24 


511  18 

aoi  2f 

68S  S4 

308  79 

981  58 

68  98 

1,640  00 

16  00 

14  ^ 

87  70 

eoo  00 

160  00 

250  00 

C5  90 

46  OO 

0  00 

135  00 

50P 

7  09 

40  00 

135  Op 

12 

The  exponses  of  Uie  Prison  the  past  year  ha^  been  greatlr  «iig- 
mented  in  conseqnenee  of  the  vo^j  h*gh  prices  of  block  Btone^ 
provisions  and  firewood,  being  nearly  40  [jer  cent,  higher  than  tlio 
preceding  year.  The  cost  of  warming  thq  prison  is  nn  incon^d- 
erable  sum,  and  will  continue  to  advance  as  the  demands  f*>r  fnel 
increa-e.  The  cost  of  block  stone  the  past  year  has  been  fr  m  i 
$23  50  to  $25  per  cord,  aud  the  price  of  good  atone  will  contiuue 
to  increase.    . 

Estimate  made  out  the  current  year  for  the  Contractors  eng'tged  v^ 
building  the  south  wing  of  the  new  Prl»m^  as  aUo  all  other 
outlay Sy  showing  the  cost  of  fiuv$hing  tlie  same: 

Estimate  of  J.  N.  Ackerman,  made  July  30th,  1S55, 

convict  labor  and  2U  percent,  deducted,  $  57  37 

E-ttimate  of  J.  N.  Ackerman,  made  July  30th,  185%  169  f  1 

Final  estimate  of  J.  N.  Ackerman,  made  Nov.  24ih;  tlie 
20  per  cent,  which  was  deducted  from  former  esti- 
mates, added,  843  51 
Estimate  of  A.  Prondfit,  made  Jan.  SOth,  convict  labor, 
20  per  cent,  and  pay  for  superintendent  of  stone  shop, 
deducted,                                                                        105  9) 

Final  estimate  of  A.  Prondfit,  made  Dec.  1st,  additions 
made,  1,383  €8 

Estimate  of  J.  S.  Sherwood,  for  iron,  made  out  to  him 

Nov.  20th,  8,246  8» 

Estirpate  of  Wm.  Keinhard,  made  Jan.  30,  paid  by  ap- 

prialion  last  winter,  ^  1,020  83 

Estimate  of  John  Taylor,  made  May  SOth 

do        of  M.  Dahl,  for  locks  for  south  wing. 
Lumber  for  a  walk  for  fourth  story, 
Dressing  and  laying  the  samo, 

Making  door-frames  and  hanging  doors  in  octagon  celU, 
Altering  door  to  main  entraucCi 
Improving  roof, 

$7,816  2* 


210  60 

808  SS 

84  00 

25  00 

8  7$ 

800 

10  00 

IS 

In  commencing  tho  erection  of  the  main  building,  I  thongbk 
LcHt  ti>  extf  Tid  VA  widrli  to  peventv  feef,  tlui3  making  ittwentj  feet 
wi«)er  iliuri  was  originaily  intended,  ira  dimensiona  now  being 
eiglity  tec't  in  lengtli  hy  suveiitv  in  width,  tlie  ftmndation  walls  are 
fiMir  het  tliick,  laid  in  nmrtar  and  sunk  t^n  feet  below  the  sarface 
ai>d  n-sting,  like  the  mtuMb  «>f  ilie  south  wing,  on  solid  rock  The 
]ie>glit  of  wall  laid  the  pasS  seaBOn  is  funrteen  feet  she  inches. — 
The  whole  has  been  under  the' charge  of  J.  M.  Bchrouk|  and  is  a 
most  excellent  piece  of  woik. 

Thefol^fAJO»ng  ataiemefit  will  show  the rvpendiiurea  onthe  luiltJing 
as  far  aa  trecUdy  a/fid amount  of  labor performedhy  convicUon 
the  same  : 

K  'ngh  wall  laid  1716  perch  at  $3  60  per  perch| 

Cut  stotie  wall  laid  m        do    10  50      do 

Caps,  bills  and  steps  24        do    10  50      da 

X  am  wt»rk  and  labor  in  excavating, 

Iron  for  ^miing  windows,  1,623  lbs.  at  7  cta.  per  lb. 

Katcliffe'tf  bill  for  working  tho  saiue, 

Fitting  and  lettiug  in  do 

Fiiur  ventilators, 

Lumber  Ibr  window  frameSi  and  making  samOi 


4,290  00 

724  50 

232  00 

l.OttO  00 

113  61 

48  «» 

15  00 

S.OO 

45  00 

%»^^i  80 


Prom  which  deduct, 
Atnouiit  paid  for  lime  imd  eand,  834  60 

For  service<»  of  two  masons  to  instroct  convicts    401  45 


Stone  in  the  rough. 

1,119  75 

Fiir  iron  and  lumber,  and  working  same, 

S17  80 

Ventilators, 

6  00 

Team  work, 

S50  00 

Qftlft  1ft 

winch  wonld  leave  amonnt  of  labor  pei  formed  by 

couvicta,  $8,675  70 


u 


The  following  Statement  will  aJiow  the  arnormts,  qf  ^noney 
ceived  hy  ms  to  pay '  Convicts  /or  over-work  and  the  Di^shurs  e 
merits  of  the  same^  as  also  the  amount  now  due  them  on  es- 
fimates  m^ide  to  the  Contractors  for  building  the  Soylh  Wing^ 
the  current  year^  (1855); 

Bec^ived  in  1854,  from  all  sources  ebargoable  to 
$35,000,  appropriation  of  ^amd  ye^r  tp  Inuld  the 
'  South  Wing,  18,117  (» 

Sold  appropriation  of  1855,  to  pay  priBonere  for 
over-worjc,  2,^1?  1* 

$1,980  58 
Deduct  from  amount  paid  for  discount  on  appropri- 
ation of  1855,  168  81 

■         *  $4,76i  71 

AinquqJ;  paid  to  Oonvictj  for  ov^r-workj,  4>j577  98 

% 

Leaving  a  bal.  of  all  money  reo'd  by  me  yet  unpaid,         $184  S3' 

There  is  now  due  OonTiets  on  estimates  made  the 

durrent  year,  previous  to  the  repeal  of  the  law  to 

pay  Convicts  for  over- work,  for  btiflding  the  South 

Wing,  for  which  no  appropriation  has  been  made,  $472  8S 

The  health  of  the  prisoners  the  past  year,  like  the  preceding 
one,  has  been  remarkably  good.  Only  one  prisoner  has  died  in 
the  two  years  I  have  had  charge  of  the  prison  ;  and  no  accidents 
of  a  serious  nature  has  happened  to  either  officers  or  prisoners* 
Our  success*  in  preservitig  the  health  of  the  prisoners  is  mainly 
attributable  td  the  skill  and  promptitude  of  the  Prison  physician. 

I  •  •-       .  P  * 

The  librf^ry  of  the  prison  has  been,  through  the  liberality  of  the/ 
American  ^ib^e.JSocieties  of  New  York  and  Chicago,  and  -n — r 
Bluclw^.Esq.,  of  Philadelphia,  and  now  numbers  upwards  of 
^   500  Tolumes.    A  large  sl^are  of  ^s, collection  are  of  a  religions . 
character,  such  as  Bibles,  English  and  German,  Testaments, 
Hyoin  and  Singing  Books.    Most  of  the  convicts  appear  to  take 


a  liyelj  interest  in  reading,  and  in  the  religious  services  on  the 
ftabbath.  And  the  moral  tod  iatcllectual  training  of  the  p^sbn- 
erg  bas  not  been  neglected  the  past  year  hy  the  worthy  and  jfaith- 
All  chaplain  of  the  prison,  R6v.  Samncl  ^rnith. 

We  have  be^n,  and  still  are,  desti/;utie  of  a  hospita}  and  chapel 
for  the  Prispn ;  besides  tbe  provj^ions  for  ^he  prisoners  have  to 
b^  cpok^d  in  the  old  pri8op,iaD4  carried,  from  thence^  if  distapce  of 
iome  ten  rods^.  in  all  weathpr,  i^d  at  ^ll^seasonp  of  th^  yearj 
making  i^  yerj  incoi^v^nlent]  and  unsafe^  ^s  t^osp,  eniplojQd  in 
cooking  )iavQ  to  be  let  out  of  their  cells  jin  the  winter  season,  one 
and  a-half  hours  before  day  light,  and  when  no  guards  are  on  the 
fence,  In  order  to  get  the  breakfast  6f  the^|>rIsoners -ready  m 
season  to  go  to  work  by  day  Hgtt.         '    «       •         .  •     ,  :     .    ^ 

I  would  therefore,  napst  ^arpestly  jjecommend  fliat  an  appropri- 
ation ot  fifteen  thousand  dollars  bo  made  to  complete  the  main 
building  the  coming  season,  which  sum  I  have  no  doubt  would  be 
sufficient  for  that  purpose,  if  the  work  >prad  dbne  by  cohvibts.'  It 
is  also  of  the  greatest  importance^that  some  other  place  than  a 
State  Prison  shopld  be  provided  iof  child];^jfi«6m  Oto  i5yemn^ 
age.  ^nce  my  cpni^ectioi^  with  tne' prison  ^qUr  boys  of  the  ages 
ibove  Referred  to^ave  oeen  sent  here,  and' I  am  wbll  satisfied  tfeai^ 
die  associations  of  a  State  Prison  are  not  of  that  cliali'acter  to  pro^ 
duqe  a  r^fprm^ion  in  their  conduct.  '  "  • 

Again,  I  wish  to  impress  upon  the  mind  of  your  Excellency  the 
very  great  necessity  that  efti^is^ft^  paying 'for  wiiatis  {Knrobufadi 
for  the  use  of  the  prison  when  it  is  bdoglit.  '  If  tbafc  dould  bedobe, 
and  comfortable  and  convenient  s])t^^'.\Vi^re*$f0P((ed,  so  each  me- 
chanical branch  could  be  cain20<iH!yi\^p%iAte  and  every  thing  con- 
nected with  the  convicts  could  be  reduced  to  a  perfect  system, 
instead  of  two  or  three  trades  being  carried  on  in  one  small  room, 
the  prison  would  be  a  source  of  revenue  to  the  State  instead  of  a 
bill  of  expense. 

Before  closing  this  Report,  I  wish  to  say,  that  I  am  truly  sensi- 
ble that  I  have  committed  errors,  but^they  are  of  that  character 


10 

*  •  I  ,  "  '  ^ 

>        •  '  I 

tbat  I  could  not  av/^id,  under  the  circumstances.  And  while  I 
adi?|it  I  bav^o  committed  erntrs,  I  also  claim  that^no  iniui«rur 
hoM  tlio  t»ffice  of  PrUon  G>miiii.-*BM»;ior  uinler  more  trying  on  in- 
barrassi n J?  circn instances;  and  yet, during  the  two  jearslbave 
had  charge  of  the  prison,  but  one  ]>risoni'r  baa  died, — none  «• 
caped,  nor  has  there  been  an  atto-npt  to  escape;  and  Hlrhniiuh  lo 
punish  ng,  I  have  never,  in  a  sin^lo  !fl^tf)nce,  resorted  to  the  U^h, 
tUey<»k<*,  <»r  shower  bath,  still  I  believe  the  convicts  in  the  Wis- 
consin State  Prison  behave  as  well,  and  do  as  much  JaW^aud 
are  under  as  btriet  discipline  as  any  other  prison  iu  the  Union. 

Iloping  that  what  we  have  done  will  meet  the  appn»bation  of 
your  Excttllency,  the  Honorable  the  Legialature,  aud  the  people 
generally,  I  lemain,  with  great  respect, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

A.  W.  STARKSr 
Wi»iipuD|  Dec.  8l0t|  1855.  Commiiawfuf* 

Statb  of  WrooNsm, ) 
County  of  Dtwige,  J  A.  W.  Starki*,  hclng  dn^y  sworn,  says 

thai  the  matteis  and  statements  set  forth  iu  the  foiegoing  Bi')x»rt, 

\^j  biiu  subscribed,  are  ju>t  anS  correct,  according  to  the  bvst  of 

bia  knowledge,  information,  aud  bt;lietl 

A.  W.  STARES." 

SabMribed  and  awom  to  hoforo  me  tliis 
third  day  of  January^  1856. 

JOHN  WARE, 


REPORT 


OV  TEE 


BOARD   OF   TRUSTEES 


09  THB 


WISCOKSm  mSTITUTION, 


l^B  THB 


EDOCATION  OF  THE  BLIND. 


DECEMBER  31,  18S5. 


MADISON: 
CALKINS  it  PBOUDFIT,  PRINTERS. 

1&&6. 


OFFICERS 


01    *HI 


inS(X>NSIM  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  EDUCATION  OV  THE  BLIND. 


JPrendent—JAMSa  NIEL. 
Seeretaty—L.  J.  BARROWS,  M.  D. 
Treamrer—Z.  BOD  WELL  DOE. 


TRUSTEES: 

A.   HTA.TT  8HITH)  J.  7.  WILLABD, 

J.  DB  irrrr  bsxfobd,  '  ezba  milleb, 

J.   BODWBLL  dob,  jambs  KIEL. 


Superintendent — ^P.  Lanb.  / 

Visiting  Physician — L.  J.  Babbowb,  M.  D. 
Music  Teacher — ^Mabgai^  Belcheb. 
Matron — ^Miss  Foots. 


>  a 


I 

■  1 


I 
•  I 


'    I 

I 


REPORT  OF  THE  TRUSTEES. 


To  His  Exoexxknot,  Wiluah  A.  Basstow, 

Governor  of  the  Stdte  of  Wieconem: 

The  Board  of  Troftteee  of  the  Wisooosin  Institatidn  for  the 
EdaoatioQ  of  the  Blind ,  reepectfallj  submit  their  Sixth  AubbaI 

REPORT: 

The  year  commenced  on  the  first  Monday  of  October  last  The 
Beport  of  the  Saperintendent,  hereto  annexed)  and  accompanyiBg 
oar  report  marked  "A,"  exhibits  the  present  number  of  pupils  in 
the  InstitutCi  and  the  time  of  their  admission ;  it  also  shows  the 
acconnt,  debit  and  credit,  with  the  work-shop  connected  with  th^ 
Institution. 

We  also  transmit  the  Beport  of  J.  B.  Doe,  Treasurer,  in  accouut 
with  the  Institution;  hereto  annexed,  marked  "  B,"  showing  the 
specific  disposition  made  of  the  moneys  in  the  hands  of  the  IVea- 
surer,  out  of  the  moneys  heretofore  appropriated  by  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  received  from  the  State  Treasurer. 

There  is  also  due  from  the  Institution,  not  yet  paid,  the  sum[  of 
8e^  en  Thousand  Dollars,  which  the  Trustees  have  been  unable  to 
pay,  but  intend  to  settle  the  saine  out  of  moneys  which  the  Instt- 
tntion  is  entitled  to  receive  from  the  State  Treasurer,  in  January^ 
1856. 


6 

We  also  refer  to  the  Report  of  the  Building  Committee  of  the 
iDstitation,  showing  the  expenses  and  coat  of  the  main  building 
and  east  wing,  up  to  the  time  the  work  ceased.  ^ 

The  erection  of  the  main  building'and  the  east  wing  connected 
with  it,  has  progressed  daring  the  year  1855  with  all  possible 
speed,  strict  reference  being  had  to  the  material,  quality  of  the 
labor  and  durability  of  the  same.  One  of  the  Trustees  has  had 
the  direction  of  tiie  buUdincs  in  eonrseiof  ereotion,  subjeict  to  the 
advlccl  df  the  Board.  It  wks  the  earnest  determinittion  of  the 
Board,  early  in  the  past  year,  with  an  economical  expenditure  of 
the  moneys  appropriated  by  the  Legislature  for  that  purpose,  to 
finish  the  buildings  referred  to,  but  the  large  increase  in  the 
demand  for  all  the  materials  needed  for  the  purpose,  the  conse- 
quent ineneaee  of  pirice,  the  increased  demand  for  labor,  and  like 
increase  of  price,  rendered  it  impossible  to  accomplish  the  desired 
completion  of  tile  buildings,  without  incurring  a  large  amount  of 
indebtedness,  which  they  determined  not  to  do.  In  the  labor  per- 
formed during  the  past  year,  particular  care  has  been  exercised  in 
reference  to  the  durability  of  the  materials  used  in  the  construc- 
t^n  of  the  builditigs,  and  the  Trustees  are  conscfious  that  so  far  as 
Mre*  was  needed,  the  ti^ust  reposed  in  them  has  been  faithftilly 
'dig^ihargedduring tlie  yeair. 

The  ^ parts  of  the  Institution  referred  to,  namely :  the  main 

Duilding  and  the  wing  to  the  east  thereof  have  been  raised  to  the 
second  story  and  must  so  remain  till  the  next  season.  This 
situation  of  the  building  in  addition  to  the  great  increased  de- 
tti^xA  for  ibaterial.s  and  labor,  and  the  increased  price  of  materials 
l;n^ 'services,  is  attributable  to  the  insufficiency  of  the  approprla^ 
fions  heretofore  made  by  the  Legislature. 

.  Appropriations  of  sums  of  money  varying  in  amount  have  baen 
noade  yearly  by^  the  Legislature  toward  the  erection  of  the  Insti- 
tQtiQu  buildings,  and  also  a  specific  sum  of  money  for  the  support 
of  the  pupiU,  and  for  the  furnishing,  the  Institution  with  ^vezy- 
thing  necessary  for  their  instruction. 


Bat  the  Board  of  Trnsteea  knew  that  at  no  time  since  the  In- 
Btitntion  has  been  the  recipient  of  Legislative  appropriation  has  it 
needed  moneys  more  than  at  the  present  time. 

From  the  experience  of  artisans  familiar  with  the  erection  of 
i^UtildiBgs  of  the  character  in  charge  of  the  Board  of  TrnsteeSi  we 
{relieve  it  will  require  the  sum  of  Ten  Thousand  Dollars  to  com- 
l^te  the  erection  of  the  main  building  and  the  east  wing ;  and  to 
enable  the  Board  of  Trustees  to  carry  out  the  original  plan  of  Mr. 
J.  F.  Bague,  arelutect,  adopted  by  the  Board,  respectfully  ask  an 
appropriation  of  that  amount  The  Board  of  Trustees  feel  that  all 
their  eflfbrts  the  coming  year  would  be  paralized  without  the 
amount  of  appropriation  named,  as  they  desire  that  the  seventh 
jear  of  their  labors,  in  behalf  of  the  state  of  Wisconsin  and  of 
her  afflicted  children,  shall  be  crowned  with  success  in  the  com- 
pletion of  this  monument  of  state  charity.  The  Board  of  Trustees 
ask  for  a  further  appropriation  of  Five  Thousand  Dollars  to  defray 
the  expenses  and  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  the  coming  year.  This  sum  is  necessary  to  meet  the 
ordinary  expenses  for  the  support  of  those  residing  in  the  Institu- 
tion and  to  furnish  the  buildings  when  completed.  The  resignation 
of  C.  B.  Woodruff,  late  superintendent,  was  accepted,  to  take  effect 
on  the  first  Monday  of  October  last ;  the  Board  of  Trustees  re- 
gretted the  separation  of  Mr.  Woodruff  from  the  Institution,  as  he 
had  always  been  faithful  and  attentive  in  his  efforts  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  pupils  committed  to  his  charge.  The  Board 
of  Trustees  npon  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Woodruff  were  apprehen- 
sSve  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  obtain  a  competent  superintendent 
'for  the  compensation  previously  allowed. 

Our  reports  have  not  heretofore  shown,  nor  do  we  claim  that 
ihey  now  show  any  rivalling  position  with  the  like  institutions  of 
cider  states  :  we  have  not  yet  arrived  at  the  *'  gristle  of  manhood." 
Hie  Institution  has  hitherto  been  altogether  indebted  to  the  noble 
generosity  of  the  legislature  of  Wisconsin  for  its  support;  nothing 
has  been  contribnted  by  the  parents  or  friends  of  the  blind  eon- 
n^eted  with  the  Institntion,    This  position  of  the  Institution  hns 


8 

compelled  the  Trustees  to  economise  the  funds  appropriated  by 
the  legislature  to  the  real  enterprise  contemplated  by  the  state, 
namely,  to  use  all  the  moneys  as  nearly  as  could  be  done  in  the 
erection  of  the  buildings  and  the  actu  tl  support  of  the  inmates, 
at\d  pay  small  salaries  for  labor,  but  the  increased  and  increasing 
price  of  all  the  means  of  human  comfort  and  support  demand  that 
a  higher  rate  of.  remuneration  for  services  shoulc^be  allowed,  and 
the  Trustees  feel  confident  they  must  yield  to  these  demands  for 
the  future  in  the  compensation  to  be  paid  to  those  having  in  charge 
the  instruction  and  care  of  the  pupils. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  succeeded  soon  after  the  resignation  of 
Mr.  Woodruff  in  securing  the  services  of  the  Rev.  P.  Lane,  late 
superintendent  of  the  Mississippi  Institution  for  the  education  of 
the  blind,  located  at  Jackson ;  and  they  refer  with  pleasure  to  the 
first  report  of  Mr.  Lane,  herwith  submitted,  marked  A.,  as  con* 
taining  many  valuable  suggestions  connected  with  the  history  and 
experience  of  that  class  of  our  citizens  whom  it  is  the  purpose  of 
our  state  to  benefit. 

In  our  reports  for  the  years  1864  and  1855  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees have  respectfally  asked  for  the  appointment  of  a  Ciommittee 
of  the  legislature  to  personally  visit  the  grounds  and  building  ia 
course  of  erection,  and  we  would  again  renew  the  application  for 
the  appointment  of  such  a  committee  at  an  early  day  oT  the  sessiont 
with  authority  to  visit  and  personally  examine  the  grounds,  build- 
ings, houses  and  out-houses  connected  with  the  Wisconsin  Institu- 
tion for  the  education  of  the  Blind ;  we  conceive  that  the  exami- 
nation and  report  of  such  a  committee  will  only  confirm  the 
propriety  of  our  suggestion  of  the  amount  needed  to  finish  the 
main  building  and  east  wing  and  for  the  support  of  the  Institution 
for  ihe  year  1866. 

We  desire  to  see  the  whole  enterprise  complete,  to  make  it 
attractive  in  its  exterior  appearance  to  the  parents  and  friends  of 
the  blind «  We  desire  to  make  it  *^  holy  ground  "  to  .those  for 
whose  especial  benefit  it  was  undertaken ;  that  all  interested 
whether  as  a  state  or  as  citizens  shall  feel  that  the  money  has  been 


9 

^rell  inTested,  in  *^  bringing  the  blind  bj  a  waj  that  they  knew 
not ;  in  leading  them  in  paths  that  they  had  not  known ;  in  making 
dai  kness  light  before  them,  and  crooked  things  straight." — that  all 
may  with  one  heart  and  voice  exclaim,  ''These  things  will  we  do 
unto  them  and  will  not  forsake  them." 

J.  NIEL,  President. 

L.  J.  BARROWS,  Secretary. 


10 


APPENDIX. 


Tp  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Wisconsin  Institution  for  ths 
JEducation  of  the  Blind:  * 

Gentlemen  :  In  obedience  to  the  reqnirement  by  wbich  ths 
presentation  of  an  annnal  report  is  made  the  duty  of  the  incum- 
bent of  the  position  I  hold,  I  submit  the  following  statement  of 
Buch  of  the  affairs  of  this  Institution  as  lie  within  the  province 
which  specific  prescription  has  to  me  assigned.  On  the  2d  day  of 
October,  1855, 1  entered  this  Institution  as  Principal,  and  found  it 
destitute  of  a  Matron  and  the  assistants  requisite  successfally  to 
carry  forward  its  domestic  economy.  A  lady  has  since  been  ap- 
pointed to  the  Matronship,  and  the  other  domestic  deficiencies 
have  been  numerically  supplied. 

At  the  time  of  my  arrival  there  were  four  pupils  in  the  Institn- 
tion,  two  of  whom  had  remained  during  the  Tacation,  and  two 
had  returned  to  the  school  from  their  homes ;  the  incoming  of  the 
remainder  was  spread  over  a  period  of  several  weeks,  the  last 
comer  having  returned  but  a  few  days  since.  The  number  of 
pupils  now^  the  Institation  is  fourteen,  which  I  believe  is  two 
less  than  the  number  mentioned  in  the  last  report ;  this  fact  is 
utterly  insignificant  and  absolutely  worthless  as  a  datum  on  which 
to  rest  any  inference  concerning  the  advancement  or  retrogression 
of  the  Institution,  for  the  augmentation  or  diminution  of  the  num* 
ber  of  pupils  in  a  school  is  not  a  just  criterion  by  which  to  esti- 
mate its  prosperity ;  but  were  it  such  a  criterion,,  it  would  be 
altogether  inapplicable  in  the  present  instance.    One  of  tiie  ab* 


11 

s^nteeB,  I  am  informed^  ia  undergoing  medical  treatment  for  the 
recovery  of  sight;  the  cause  of  the  detention  of  the  other  I  do  not 
know,  but  from  what  I  have  heard  concerning  him,  I  am  kd  to 
believe  that  he  is  imbecile,  and  if  this  be  correct,  he  should  not 
be  allowed  to  return.    The  reason  is  obvious;  this  is  a  school  for 
{he  blind  of  a  sound  mind,  and  not  an  asylum  for  idiots.    As  soon 
88  a  sufficient  number  of  pupils  had  reentered  the  school,  I  pro- 
ceeded to  organize  them  into  classes,  and  to  ascertain  the  precise 
degree  of  advancement  each  had  made.    I  found  that  somewhat 
had  been  learned  by  all,  and  that  in  a  few  instances  creditable 
''progress  had  been  ipade.    The  branches  now  taught  in  the  school- 
room are,  Reading,  History,  Spelling,  Decyphering  words,  Eng- 
lish Grammar,  Arithmetic^,  and  Natural  Philosophy.    This  cata- 
logue does  not,  perhaps,  present  an  array  of  studies  so  numerous, 
•or  of  an  order  so  high  as  those  registered  in  the  reports  of  other 
years, — nevertheless  it  contains  all  to  which  the  pupils  are  at  this 
present  moment  prepared  profitably  to  attend.    Experience  has 
taught  me  that  the  progress  of  a  learner  is  generally  inversely  aa 
I3he  nnmbjer  of  subjects  to  which  hrs  attention  may  be  direcfed  at 
-any  given  time.    In  the  attempt  daily  to  grapple  with  multifari- 
*oxi8  studies,  doubtless  some  crumbs  of  knowledge  will  be  picked 
tip,  and  there  will  be  the  seinblance  of  learning,  but  surely  not  its 
Tteality,— inch  a  course  may  be  favorable  to  tlie  development  of 
'versatility,  but  certainly  thereby  can  never  be  acquired  the  habit 
'of  patient  and  severe  investigation,  or  the  powef  of  accurately  ap- 
ply ing  principles  to  facts.    It  Id  better  to  obtain  the  mastership  of 
B  few  things,  than  to  be  a  mere  soribblisif  in  man/.    Most  of  the 
pupils  receive  instruction  in  music,  and  in  this  department  their 
leibrts  have  been  in  Bxt  ettooaraging  degree  suocedifulj  amd  their 
fUsUonsvetito  decidedly  respcictabld.    Daring  my  eoTinection  witE 
iihe  Institittioti  nothiqgihas  been  dotne  in  the  meefaanical  depart- 
taent,  owing  to  the  wamt  bf  raw  material,  and  this  want  is  pmbft* 
%ljF  attribatablei  to  tbsMradder  and  more  lamentable  waot  of  mo^iw. 
Broom-corn  has  recently  been  procured,  and  aa  soon  as  the  other 
tifds  am  ^btfunedy  the  mana£BU)tujreof  broooiB  lirill  be  sli^^ivdily 


13 

prosecuted.  It  has  been,  and  is  still,  designed  to  instruct  tho 
female  pupils  in  the  manufacture  of  fancy  bead  work,  but  all  in- 
tentions relative  to  this  matter,  by  reason  of  want  of  material, 
have  hitherto  remained  unfulfilled. 

Tho  discipline  of  the  Institution  is  nominally  regular  and  vigor- 
ous enough,  and  practically  as  much  so  as  counteracting  and  op- 
,  posing  circumstances  will  admit.  The  time  allotted  to  school  i« 
five  and  a  half  hours  per  day  ;  superadded  to  this  is  miscellaneoas 
reading,  of  a  useful  and  instructive  character.  Beligious  exer- 
cises, consisting  of  scriptural  reading  and  prayer,  is  held  morning 
and  evening,  and  a  portion  of  each  Sunday  is  devoted  to  an  exam- 
ination of  the  Bible,  and  to  the  endeavor  to  give  a  sensible  expo- 
sition, and  to  make  a  useful  application  of  its  historical  facts  and 
didactic  declarations.  On  these  occasions,  all  party  dogmatism, 
aectarian  cant,  and  imbecile  rant  about  matters  that  none  under- 
stand, and  vague  generalities,  are  carefully  avoided ;  it  is  sought 
to  be  set  forth  that  the  Bible  is  the  great  treasury  of  useful  and 
sublime  truth, — both  of  infinite  concernment  to  all ;  that  its  divine 
authenticity  is  beyond  the  possibility  of  a  successful  refutation; 
that  it  is  the  record  of  the  mightiest  transactions  of  which  this 
world  has  been  the  theatre ;  that  it  makes  known  to  man  his  des- 
tiny, and  assures  him  of  the  certitude  of  the  everlasting  life  and 
the  everlasting  death ;  that  the  scheme  of  human  redemption  is 
an  arrangement  by  which  the  attainability  of  ineffable  beatitado 
is  made  a  possible  achievement ;  that  cleanliness  and  industry  are 
daties  no  less  imperative  than  proper,  and  that  absolute  manhood 
is  the  highest  of  attainments. 

The  necessities  of  this  Institution  are  various  and  manifold ;  the 
household  furniture  is  indifferent  in  kind  and  insufficient  in  quio- 
tity ;  the  books  are  few  and  the  greater  part  even  of  these  are 
rendered  useless  from  excessive  wear :  there  is  a  total  absence  of 
^aps  and  globes,  and  in  short  of  all  the  appliances  necessary  to 
the  satisfactory  conducting  of  the  business  of  instructtcMi. 

Additional  liiusical  instruments  are  required,  and  the  machinsi 
for  making  brooms  are  so  clumsy  and  imperfect  as  to  render  the 


18 

proGurement  of  other  and  better  almost  iBdlspcnsable ;  there  is  an 
entire  want  of  the  means  of  oat  door  exercise ;  the  contrivanoea 
for  this  purpose  are  simple  and  cheap,  and  might  easily  be  in- 
troduced. 

The  number  of  pupils  as  before  stated  is  fourteen  :  this  number 
is  indeed  small,  but  small  as  it  is,  it  is  all  that  building  can  with 
decencj  and  comfort  accommodate.    This  want  of  room  is  a  se- 
rious obstacle  to  the  fnlfllment  of  the  design  of  the  Institution  ;  at 
present  the  carrying  out  of  regular  discipline  causes  the  inmateS' 
to  be  herded  together,  and  thus  produces  a  moral  effect  which  i» 
eTophaticailj  objectionable — the  gregarious  tendency  thus  fostered' 
and  developed,  while  the  sense  of  separate  and  distinct  individ* 
ualismis  in  a  considerable  degree  suppressed  or  at  least  unawak- 
ened.     Owing  to  the  construction  of  the  building  eight  fires  are 
required  for  heating  and  culinary  purposes,  and  hence  the  con- 
sumption of  fuel  forms  a  large  item  of  expenditure.    Were  the 
Institution  largely  endowed  and  thoroughly  complete  in  all  other 
respects,  yet  the  lack  of  domicilliary  space,  would  oppose  much 
dilSculty  to  its  success,  and  greatly  abridge  its  useiulness.    This 
circumstance  would  always  keep  the  number  of  pupils  at  a  low 
figure,  and  during  the  time  that  these  were  in  process  of  instruction 
all  others  must  be  excluded,  and  at  the  expiration  of  the  educa- 
tional term  of  the  former,  many  of  the  latter  would  have  passed 
the  period  in  which  they  might  most  advantageously  entered  the 
school,  thus  losing  the  only,  or  at  all  events  the  best  opportunity 
for  the  cultivation  and  awakening  of  such  powers  as  they  might 
possess ;  besides  this,  numerical  insignificance  exerts  a  predudicial 
influence   upon   those  within  and  those  without  the  Institution* 
The  infancy  of  an  Institution,  as  the  infancy  of  a  man,  has  its 
littleness  and  its  weakness,  and  these  serve  to  elicit  the  affection 
and  excite  the  solicitude  of  friends ;  but  if  the  period  of  infancy 
be  prolonged  beyond  its  due  limit  the  littleness  becomes  dwarf- 
ishness,  and  the  weakness  deformity,  and  then  indifference  or 
disgust  is  likeliest  to  bo  felt     An  Institution  by  remaining  small 
for  a  considerable  time  may  become  contemptible,  and  finaHy- 


14 

perish  for  lack  of  snch  aid  as  can  only  be  obtained  by  receiving 
public  favor. 

The  number  of  blind  in  this  state  is  rapidly  increasing.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1850,  the  number  of  blind  in  this  state 
was  fifty,  and  by  the  enumeration  of  1855  one  hundred  and 
eighty-six. 

Daring  the  last  five  years  the  population  of  this  state  has  in- 
creased eighty-two  per  cent,  and  the  number  of  blind  more  than 
two  hundred  and  seventy  per  cent. ;  this  is  a  frightfully  rapid 
augmentation,  and  is  argument  enough  to  show  the  utility  of  bus*, 
taining  and  enlarging  this  establishment. 

This  report  might  hero  terminate,  but  the  subjoining,  a  few 
supplemental  remarks  will  not,  I  trust,  be  considered  obtrusive  or 
subject  me  to  the  charge  of  a  prurience  to  heap  words  together. 
Many  connected  with  similar  Institutions  have  theorized  much 
upon  the  causes  of  blindness,  and  speculate  largely  concerning  the 
inflaence  upon  the  moral  and  intellectual  powers,  and  they  have 
given  those  productions  to  the  world  in  the  form  ef  tedious  pam- 
phlets, bearing  the  title  of  **  Annual  Reports."  ThedC  efi^usions 
may  possess  somewhat  of  ingenuity,  but  it  is  certain  that  they 
have  nothing  of  value.  The  primal  cause  of  blindness  is  the 
susceptibility  of  the  human  body  to  affections  by  accident  or 
disease,  and  as  long  as  this  constitution  so  remains  there  will  be 
blindness,  and  all  those  manifold  woes  which  now  afflict  humanity : 
surely  it  needs  not  that  wise  men  should  come  from  the  east  or 
elsewhere  to  tell  us  this.  The  effect  of  blindness  is  as  various  aa 
the  individuals  upon  whom  it  falls,  and  is  always  modified  by  the 
mental  constitution,  and  the  external  circumstances  of  the  smit- 
ten one. 

There  has  been  much  talk  about  >  the  capabilities  of  the  blind. 
Ifow  gravely  to  discuss  such  a  subject  is  a  mental  achievemeat 
of  about  as  high  an  order,  as  laboriously  to  demonstrate  the  per* 
plexing  and  intricate  proposition  that  two  and  two  make  four. 


18 

'  That  the  blind  posBOBs  eapabillties  alike  in  kind  and  degree  to 
tibofte  possessed  by  others  is  simply  a  matter  o^  fact,  and  not  « 
question  ibr  debate.  Some  who  have  written  about  the  bliixi 
assert  &at  Aey  are  utterly  hdpless  and  can  do  nothing,  while 
odiers  maintain  that  they  can  do  everything.  These  declarationit 
aare  equally  extravagant  and  equally  ridiculous.  Blindness  eei^ 
tainly  renders  the  sufferer  helpless  in  many  respects,  but  not  inf 
all ;  the  blind  cannot  do  all  that  they  could  did  they  possess  sight^ 
aor  oan  the  seeing  perform  all  that  they  could  did  they  possess 
wings.  Helplessness  is  in  one  degree  or  other  attached  to  all|^ 
Qunply  because  every  man  cannot  do  everything* 

There  is  many  an  intellfgeDi;,  keen-eyed  man,  who  if  placed  in 
mid-ocean  on  board  a  strong  and  well-appointed  vessel,  would  b4 
utterably  unable  to  guide  her  into  port,  but  by  reason  of  this  ina<* 
bility  he  would  not  be  chained  with  complete  helplessness,  and  nei- 
ther i^ould  the  verdict  of  entire  uselessness  be  pronounced  agaiost 
tile  blind,  nxerely  because  they  caanot^do  several  things  that  others 
can  accomplish.  It  has  been  alleged  that  the  blind  are  suspicious 
and  morose :  this  may  have  arisen  from  the  fact  the  maker  of  the^ 
allegation  was  acqainted  with  one  or  two  persons  deprived  of 
Bight  who  possessed  these  qualities,  and  by  a  hasty  and  false  gen- 
eralization lie  applies  these  characteristics  to  all  marked  by  this 
infirmity.  Let  us  test  the  logical  process  here  employed,  by  ap- 
plication to  analogous  cases  :  Samson  slew  three  thousand  Pliiilis- 
tines,  but  Samson  was  blind,  therefore,  every  blind  man  will  slay 
.  three  thousand  Phillistines.  Again,  Napoleon  was  bom  in  Corsica^ 
and  was  five  feet  and  six  inches  in  height,  therefore,  every  man 
bom  in  Corsica  and  of  this  stature  will  be  Emperor  of  France, 
will  invade  Kussia^  abd  die  in  St.  Helena.  In  establishments  in 
which  the  blind  are  congregated,  it  sometimes  happens  that  they 
detect  the  seeing,  in  practising  upon  them  what  they  regard  as,  an 
unfair  species  of  espionage,  they  immediately  speak  of  the  matter 
in  a  complaining  and  censorious  manner, — in  due  time  the  detect- 
ed party,  chagrined  by  discovery,  gives  it  forth  to  the  world  as  an 
opinion  at  which  be  has  arrived  by  long  observation  and  laborious 


16 

raflection,  that  the  blind  are  uDgratefal  and  BU^picions.  All  talk 
of  the  kind  to  which  I  have  alluded,  and  that  pity  of  which  the 
Uind  are  oftentimes  made  the  objecte,  is  to  them  r^xtremelv  hurt- 
ful,— the  effect  is  to  depreciate  them  and  bring  them  into  dises- 
teem.  It  is  thus  that  their  energies  are  crushed,  and  they  are 
made  really  helpless  and  useless.  I  know  not  what  others  may 
think  of  this  coarse,  but  to  me  it  seems  more  merciful  to  break 
one's  head  than  to  break  his  spirit. 

The  object  of  an  Institution  for  the  blind  is  ostetisibly  to  fit  its 
pupils  for  self  support,  and  this  should  be  its  real  purpose,  and  all 
its  operations  should  have  direct  reference  to  the  production  ol 
this  result.  To  this  end,  special  attention  should  be  given  to  the 
mechanical  department,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  out  the 
profitless  trades  elsewhere  introduced. 

To  me  it  seems  possible  that  many  of  the  sightless  might  sne- 
cessfttlly  apply  themselves  to  the  manufacture  of  rc^pe  aud  twine 
and  to  several  sorts  of  cabinet  work.  The  erection  of  an  estab* 
Hshment  disconnected  with  the  Institution,  in  which  to  empKiy 
0nch  industrious  blind  persons  as  might  desire  or  need  it,  should 
be  kept  in  view. 

Such  an  enterprise,  if  rightly  managed,  would,  I  believe,  suc- 
ceed, and  pay  remunerative  wages  to  the  employees.  I  might 
Bay  much  more, — I  ought  not  to  have  said  lees ;  I  will  only  add, 
that  if  an  appropriation  for  the  support  of  this  Institution  be  made 
by  the  legislature  at  its  approaching  session,  I  trust  it  will  be  no  less 
liberal  than  those  heretofore  granted.  If  this  undertaking  were 
ever  worthy  of  public  favor,  it  is  no  less  so  now. 

Bespectfully  submitted, 

R  LANE, 
Janesville,  Dec.  81  st,  1855.  Superintendent. 


17 


SchediiU  Showing  SSTamet  and  date  of  Admiaaion  of  Pujpils : 


'      JTAMKA.'              ! 

:      ,04T]|   OF   ADMISSION. 

Eliza  Bowniftn ». 

October,  1 860 

Georife  Rosa. 

October,  1850.. 

Francis  Raleich , . 

October.  1 85  J 

Hnrrie  Porter 

March.  1861 

Andrew  Sirensrnde., 

Joseoh  Miller ......  ...... 

November,  1 85 1  ..«.••... . 

October,  1851 ... .'. 

Lucv  RandHll 

October,  185:^ 

Mary  FitZirerald 

October,  1853 

Maria  Sjau^rhter 

October,  1  S..3. . . .  ^ 

FiddiaBluud 

October.   18.")-< 

October,  18'*'3   ........C.. 

Auiru8t  Gale 

Sylvester  Van  Alstine 

Henry  Heridrickson 

Oliver  Van  Zant 

Ociober,  18.*»4 

Oi-toLer,    1864 

October,   1 854 

Worhshop  in  Account  with  Wisconsin  Institute  for  the  Blind: 


To  Cash  paid  for  materials 

Cr. 

By  Stocls  on  hand  and  Articles. . 
Balance  in  lavor  ot  IShop. . . 


$llb 


42 


31 


;514l 


63 


<141 


$Ut 


63 


53 


18 


KEPORT  OF  BUILDING  COMMITTEE. 


To  tAs  Board  of  Trustees  of  ihe^  Wkommn  InMtOion  far  0$ 
Edvcation  of  the  Blind: 

OsMTLBMBN  :  The  Building  Committee  haviog  perfoitoed,  80 
far  as  they  wero  able,  the  duties  assigned  tiiem,  respeetfttlij  enb- 
tnit  to  .you  tboir  aecoud 

REPORT? : 

In  accordance  with  a  resolution  of  your  BoaiH),  directing  us  to 
resume  the  work  on  the  Institution  buildings,  we  entered  upon 
our  duties  as  Building  Committee  some  time  in  March  last,  by 
making  contracts  for  stone,  lumber,  and  other  materials,  and  on 
the  27th  day  of  April  comnienced  work  on  the  buildings,  and 
from  that  time  till  the  close  of  October  the  work  has  pnogresGed 
as  rapidly  as  was  possible  under  the  circumstances. 

The  change  of  times  and  unjuirdllelcd  high  prices  of  all  the 
Inaterials  for  building,  mechanical  and  other  labor,  has  largely  in* 
Creased  any  estimates  of  the  cost  of  completing  the  Iristitution 
buildings  heretofore  laa'Ie,  and  a  mero  allusion  to  this  ifact  will 
suggest  to  you  the  occasion  of  the  large  ajnount  our  bills  for  the 
present  season  exceed  what  any  one  could  have  anticipated  one 
year  ago. 

What  we  have  done  we  hare  aimed  to  do  well,  and  invite  to  it 
your  closest  inspection  and  scrutiny,  and  through  you  extend  the 
invitation  to  the  tax  paying  public,  believing  as  we  do,  that  the 
work.willnot  Buffer  in  comparison,  either  in  chtapness  orgoodnesSy 
with  any  work  of  the  kind  either  private  or  pnblic  in  the  statew 


19 

We  IiflrtB  Iftftf  the  water  table  and  raided  tfie  rtisAA  BttUding  tVo 
stories  abdve  i^  to  the  height  of  thirty-one  feet.  The  ea^  wing  is 
raised  ab6ve  tlie  water  table  seventec  n  fe^t  ineidey  and  petition 
-walls  of  brick  and  etone  at^e  carried  np  to  the  s^e  height  The 
timbers  and  joist  are  all  laid  throughout  the  buil/dingy  ^di^so  the 
joist  for  the  ppmmencement  of  the  next  storj. 

We  have  constructed  ^*  runways  "  on  the  outside  and  stagings 
on  the  inside  of  the  buildings,  so  that  the  expense  of  raising  stone, 
mortar  and  timber  is  materiaUj  lessened  fiom*  tbe  ostiii  method 
fot  M|>eB,  pulleys,  &c; 

We  have  built  area  walls  on  the  north  side  and  foundations  for 
jportico,  and  that  you  may  be  better  able  to  judge  of  the  amount 
of  .\fork  done,  we  subjoin  statistics  and  accounts,  all  of  which  is 
reepectfuUy  submitted 

ml'  mLTm  w, }  ^«^^  ^'^'"^ 

STATISTICS. 

■ 

Quantity  of  materials  already  used  and  in  the  walls  of  the 
boilding, 

S0ti7  Surffliee  feet  of  cut  stone, 
115  cords  or  545  yards  of  solid  masonry, 
32,000  brick. 

Wiscoimn  InsiitiUionfor  the  Education  of  the  Blind j 

In  account  with  Building  Committee. 

To  utki  paid  for  labor  and  team  work,  94,8 18  55 

«*  •*  Sawed  and  build i og  atone^  2,761  70 

••  «*  Lumber,  1,874  88 

.  «  «<  Square  and  round  timber,  153  57 

«  «  Lime,  121  00 

•  •  Iron  window  caps,  429  28 

•«  ^  Iron,  naila,  and  hardware^  141  03 


c 


,20 


To  am't  paid  for  BlacksnpiiibiDg, . ,        ,      * 

tl^9  28 

tt           a 

Brick , 

154  00 

tt     '      « 

Glaws 

.    W8  57 

tt           it 

1                           . 

Blank  books  and  stationery, 

13  00 

U           tt 

Painting, 

'  10  16 

N             CI 

Leveling  building, 

^  00 

tt             tt 

Barrels,  for  drawing  water, 

11  16 

'  1 


By  materislei  on  hand,  »  foHows: 

769  feet  of  sawed  stone  and  partly  eat,  ft^6  00 

67  cords  of  building  stone,  at  %i  50,  30l  50 

405  feet  of  sawing  slone^  151  87 

91  feet  of  flaging  stone,  1137 

Cast  iron  window  caps,  175  08 
Glass,                                                                        '168  57 

Lumber,           •  1|000  OO 

Tools,  water-barrels,  &c^  40  00 

Balance,  8,675  41 


1U,799  80    10,7^9  80 


To  amount  of  materials  expended,  $8,675  41. 

Showing  a  balance  of  matetials  on  hand,  $2|124  89. 


SI 


-•  •   * 


< »  I  •  • 


I 


•    .  I 


■        • 


B." 


W^iscondn  InstitiUe  for  the  EduGatlon  of  iJie  Slind. 

In  account  with  J.  Bo0well  Dob,-  Treaatirer ;  * 

OSDEB  DISBURSKMENT9. 

No.  Date  1854 

123  Dec  27  L.  Memll  <&  Son,  stove  furniture,  $2  74 

124  «  J.  A.  Wood  k  Co.,  do  do  20  07 
162  **  Fixlej  <!b  Kimball,  stove  and  pipe,  8  72 
167  "  C.B.  Woodruff,  salary  as  superinteodent,  125  OQ 
174  **  Miles  k  Dolson,  meat,  ,  34  23 
176  »  P.  Myerjs              do  .  12  60 

182  «  Dorsey  &' Pottinger,  livery,  175 

183  «  Wood  &  Moon  do  .3  60 

186  **  Clement  Dusten,  stone  for  building,  }00  00 

187  "  Cooley  <!b  Babcock,  for  Ira  MiUimore'fl  service,  76  00 

188  «  0.  W.Norton,  groceries^  89  74 

189  "  H.  Rice  k  Son,      do  82  99 
102  •  T.  B,  Wooliscrofl,  crackers  and  bread,  20  33 

194  •  Merrill  k  Son,  hardware,   .  .    3  77 

195  «  C.  G.  Pease,  M.  D.,  medical  services,                  .,  25  00 

196  «  A,  B.  Miller,  surveying,  8  00 

197  **  John  F.  Pease,  tuning  piano  and  music,  5  50 

198  «  G.  L.  Knox,  book  binding,  8  00 
20$  «  Clem.  Dusten,  stone,  200  00 

207  «  J.  Goslin,  labor  on  building,  50  00 

208  ^  Dorsey  &  Pottinger,  livery,  18  50 
210  «'  Levi  Motes,  furniture,  21  18 


2» 


Sll  Dec  27, 

tit 

tl5 

tlO 

tl»^ 

tl8 

tl9 

2t0 

281 

ttt 

t23 

tt4 

225 

tte 

227 
228 
229 

tso 

231 
332 
t33 
SSI 

235 

239 

23T 

238 

239 

tiO 

245  Dec  SO 

24T 

848 

249 

250 

251 

252 

253 


H.  Koe  Sf  Son,  grooerieii 

Peter  Mjera,  meat, 

C.  B.  Woodrafi^  salary  as  superiBteDdett^ 

**  *        svDdries, 

-  «        wheat. 

Lyman  J.  Barrowsi  medical  8er?iee% 
Toll  &  Co.,  broom  eorn, 
JobD  T.  W.  Murnj,  soDdrie^ 
Ogilvie  <k  Barrows,  mercbandias^ 
John  F.  Pease,  music, 
Cooley  it  Babcock,  piaoo  and  merchandiw^ 

A.  K.  ADesK  grooariiat 

Ira  Miltiroore,  serriceB  sopermteiidiiif^boildiiii^ 
AlJen  dk  Holt,  pimtiog, 
J.  F.  WilUrvl,  services  on  buiKiing  eoamittaa. 
Secretary,  do 

•«  do 

CknL  Dosten,  stooe^ 

*  «  do 

•  m  do 

•  «  do 

Ogilvie  <jb  Barrows,  painty  water  easlE\  J|e, 

J.  F.  WilUrvl,  wvxwl  and  oaits^ 

John  ToDipkitt^^Mi,  b2icksaiiibio|^  ^ 

Joc«^pph  IL  Uu  Kl,  c.t$tinga» 

J.  B.  Crv>sby,  iv^rcli.^nviise, 

J.Hme^  SutherlnnvK  stationery, 

J.  A«  \N\x>J  Jb  Ovv  biirviware, 

R.  Chr\*$tie»  Tvnirs  in  buiIJirg, 

(X  B.  Wvxxiri  a  cvn.tingent  eipefoei^ 

CooVy  «&  B.^bevvk,  niervlunJbe^ 

Ljiwrer.oe,  Atwoov!  ^  Col,  icercbandbeb 

Miles  &  Dv^l>^n,  meat, 

]lcK:iv  «&  B!^H^e^,  nwrchaoxJee^ 

C.  I>.  Woo^nidC  Ci«iiDgeol  exi 

£.  U.  Stn>Dg,  postage^ 


69  8S 
2  72 

166  00 

84  as 

50  00 
28  50 
25  00 

1  60 
43  31 

7  3T 

556  70 

261  20 

30  00 

1125 

60  00 

7  00 

13  00 

41  64 

60  00 

69  72 

100  OJO 

21  86 

97  10 

5  83 

2  50 
12  98 
20  99 
27  82 
17  00 
20  00 
89  26 
12  19 
49  41 

169  45 
111  60 

6  95 

3  05 


S3 

256  p^  30,  &  C.  Spaldii^,  clock, 

260         *  Sarah  Eilsworth,  salary  as  teacber, 

267  *^  Mrs.  E.  Walls,  salary  as  teacher  of  muaio, 

268  **  Jane  Murray,  housework, 

259  **  Sarah  Flavel,         do 

260  *<  Elizabeth  Flavel,  do 

261  "  Andrew  Keikle»  services  in  shop  and  for  materials, 

262  **  Joseph  Horton,  labor, 

263  **  C.  B.  Woodriiffi  sa'ary  as  superintendeiit, 

264  '*  Mrs.  C.  B.  Woodi  ufT,  salary  as  matron, 
1855 

269  JiM^  18  Ira  Miltimore,  window  caps, 

270  "  J.  F.  Willard,  wood, 

271  ^  C.  B.  Woodraff,  contingent  ezpenee^ 
87%        <<  £.  H.  Strong,  postage, 

273  «  Eiias  Fenton,  livery, 

274  *  Thomrs  Woolliscroft,  provisions, 

275  Jan.  23  Edward  Heller,  flour  and  feed, 

241  Feb.  lO  Ira  Miltimore,  services  and  teaming, 

242  "  Daniel  J.  Richards,  labor, 

243  **  Cooley  &  Bnbccck,  merchandise  paid  laboier^ 

244  .    "  J.  F-  Willard,  materials, 

245  **  Robert  Chrjstie,  labor, 

265  **  Jacob  0.  Jones,    do  ^ 

266  "  Crosby  ds  Co.,  merchandise  paid  laboren, 

267  "  Levi  AlJen,  brick, 

268  '*  Henry  Search,  labor, 

276  ^  P.  Mytrs,  meat  paid  laborers, 

277  «  J.  B.  Davis,  labor, 

278  **  James  Bunce,  do 

279  "  R.  W.Davis,    do 

280  **  Cooley  &  Babcock,  merchandise  paid  Iaborei9| 

281  Feb.  12  0.  W.  Norton,  do  do 

282  Feb.  16  Miles  db  Dol^on,  meat  do 

283  '*  Ogilvic  <fe  Barrows,  merchandise  paid  laboren^ 

284  Fab-  17  Cooley. &  Babcock,        do  do 
2a5     *"     19  Thomas  Jones^  labor, 


5  60 

26  60 

86  OO 

IS  88 

10  00 

12  62 

66  85 

78  50 

125  00 

83  00 

42  67 

87  50 

20  OO 

2  14 

10  50 

12  4t 

33  40 

80  68 

100  00 

3D80  51 

67  00 

4  38 

70  00 

20  00 

43  63 

20  00 

9  00 

35  00 

6  60 

51  48 

200  29 

4  22 

10  19 

18  00 

13  do 

23  76 

24 

286. FqU  21    Coolej  h  Babcock,  inerchaDdiae  paid  laboren,  287  d6 

J87  ..«  labor,  16  00 

288  Feb*  24    Cooley  k  Babcock.  merchandise  paid  laboreF8|  2  00 

289  Mch.  1    J.  W.  Storey,  lumber,  139  1« 

290  '^  ;  2    Thomas  TborntoD,  labor,  225  00 

291  *^  3    Ira  Miltimore,  materials,  12  60 

292  «  7    R.  J  Richardson,  iron.  &c.,  127  75 

293  «  8    H.  Rice  &  Son,  groceries.  1  88 

294  "  8    Tice,  Thompson  h  Co.,  blackamitliing,  2  00 

295  **  8    Norwegian,  culling  wood,  .  8  50 

296  Mch.  9    J.  Park  hurst,  tuning  pianos,  5  60 

297  •  «  J.  F.  Willard.  wood  and  feed,  114  88 

299  <*  C.B.  Woodruff,  furniture,  14  50 

300  «  "  '*             do  8  60 

801  "  "  "        salary  as  superintendent,  125  (^0 

802  ^  Mrs.  C.  B.  Woodruff,  salary  as  matron,  S3  00 

803  ^  Mrs.  Walls,  salary  as  teacher  of  music,  2  00 

804  Mch.  12  Clem.  Dusten,  stone,     .     .  85.41 
305  Mch.  15  Miles  k  Dolson,  meat,  69  62 

.     806  «  John  Eycleslieimor,  livery,  9  00 

807  *^  R  J.  Richaidson,  merchandise  paid  laboren,  147  88 

808  **  Geo.  W.  Taylor,  sawing  stone,  28  38 

809  **  C.  B.  Woodruflf,  contingent  expenses,  SO  00 

810  May  4    h,  K.  Allen,  groceries,  205  13 
311  •<  C.  B.  Woodruff,  contingent  ezpenaes,  80  00 

812  ^  Insurance,  80  00 

813  «  R  Stevens,  lumber,  12  12 

814  ^  Cooley  (&  Babcock,  cash  paid  laborei^  150  00 

815  **  Broom  corn,  92  87 

816  *•  C.  B.  Woodruff,  broom  com,  &c.,  29  82 

817  ^  **  ''        salary  as  superintendent,  65  OO 
/  818  ^  Whiton  h  King,  drawing  contract,  8  00 

819  «  T.  B.  Woolliscron;,  provisions,  2121 

820  «  Prosper  A.  Pieroe,  meat,  49  84 
321  «  P.  W.  Puffer  <Sc  Co..  furniture^  18  00 

822  «  Wood  <b  Moon,  livery,  18  60 

823  <*  Q.  L.  Knox,  time  book,  3  OO 


25'= 


824  liay  4, 

825  « 
326  « 

827  " 

828  « 
820  « 

330  •• 

832  « 

331  « 

833  •* 

834  • 

835  « 
83«  « 
83>  *• 
838  Ifdj  12 
830  " 

840  " 

841  « 
84«  *« 
24$  •« 
844  « 
345  " 
348  - 

847  «• 

848  <* 

849  May  19 
350 


Strong  &  Biioon,  meraMidise  paid  houM^MfffaJWtiV^ 
J.  Bod  well  Doe,  expenefc  to  MadiaoB, 
E.  Heller,  flour  and  fecd^ 

«  do       '  •:' 

Charles  Dunn,  labor,  •  ' 

Sarah  Flavell,  house  wotky  i 

E.Flavell,  do    : 

Sarah  Ellsworth,  salary -as  teacher,       '  / 
Mary  Griffith,  house woHc,  ■  m     ' 

Mrs.  £.  Walls,  salary  at  music  teacher;  '  . 

£.  Strong,  postage,  .       '      ' 

T.  Z.  Buck,  dif.  in  exebinge  of  cowi^  * 

Doolittle  &  AmsdcD,  painting, 
Andrew  Eichlie,  servieds  in  shop^ 


351 
352 
358 
354 
355 
358 
35^ 
856 
359 
160  Mny  10, 
4 


u 

M 
«l 
tt 
« 
N 
II 
U 
U 


Robert  Oarr, 
MarUn  Barnes, 
John  Dodd, 
James  Fenlon, 
Charles  Richards, 
J.  Olleins, 
Ira  Mill] more, 
Wm.  McKoon, 
Reis  Davis, 
Robert  Cairnes, 
Wm.  Atkinson, 
Robert  Carr, 
John  Dodd, 
James  Fenlon, 
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«4 

Reis  Davis, 

do 

90 

14 

C.  Johnston, 

do 

91 

tt 

Wm.  Molveon, 

do 

92 

tt 

John  Conner, 

do 

93 

tt 

Robert  Cairnes, 

do 

94 

tt 

James  Feidon, 

do 

95 

44- 

Chas.  Richaidsi  6eD.| 

do 

90 

41 

Robert  Carr, 

do 

97 

ft 

J.  Goslin, 

do 

97 

41 

John  Davii), 

do 

98 

«4 

Edward  McCormick, 

-  do 

99 

44 

John  Biroes, 

do 

100 

41 

Wm,  C.  Jones, 

do 

191 

44 

John  Wiment, 

do 

2  00 
72  32 

2  87 

3  75 

6  67 
2  25 
2  87 

2  37 

3  09 
3  23 
9  00 

2  11 

3  09 

4  50 

7  50 
4  00 

8  62 

6  4G 
2  75 

10  12 

9  00 
2  SO 

10  17 
9  00 

2  50 
10  00 

3  09 

7  50 

3  SB 
6  81 
1  25 

10  12 
1  87 

4  50 
6  IB 
4  dO 
4  50 


Dan.  Riely, 

labor, 

8eth  D  us  ten, 

do 

Robert  Carr, 

do 

Wnt.  D.  Allen, 

do 

Joseph  II.  Budde^ 

castings, 

Robert  Cairnea^ 

labor, 

Pat.  Rafters, 

do 

John  Skelly, 

do 

Tho».  Dallas, 

do 

C.  Johnston, 

do 

John  Vargen, 

do 

Jas.  Quinn, 

do 

John  Merachel 

do 

John  Davis, 

do 

85 


103  " 

J04  « 

105  « 

106  « 
234  « 
108  « 
J09  ** 
HO  Aug.  1 

111  "* 

112  " 

113  " 

114  « 

115  « 

116  **        Mrs.  Walls,  salary  as  rausic  teacher, 

117  "        J.  F.  Willard,  services  as  building  cooim^tteej 

118  "        J.  M.  Alden  &^Co.,  brick, 
120  «        J.  W.  Storey,  lumber, 
122  <*         O.  W.  Norton,  groceries, 

125  "         6.  L.  Knox,  bookbinding. 

126  "         Miss  Alice  Bar rerre,  salary  as  teacher^ 
12*7  **         Thoa.  B.  Wolliscroft,  provisions, 

128  *•         Chas.  Holt,  printing  order  book, 

129  «        Reis  Davis,  labor, 

130  «        John  Griffith,    'do 

131  '*        Jacob  Jonesy  do 

132  "        John  Adams,  do 

133  «        John  Williams,  do  ' 

134  **        Wm.  McKeon,  do 
195  ^        Wm.  C.  Jones,                do 

136  **        Pat  Rafters,  do 

137  «*        James  Fenlon,  do 

138  <'        Ira  Miltimore,  do 

139  **        James  Vincent,  do 

141  **        John  Conner,  do 

142  <<        David  Riley,  do 

143  «'        L  DostiD,  do 


6  40 

5  00 

1  84 

0  75 

20  00 

7  59 

■ 

2  81 

3  09 

3  QQ 

4 

4  59 

• 

4  5Q 

■        » 

1  09 

4  50 

4  50 

09  OQ 

65  23 

.     75  00 

60U  00 

, 

176  49 

f     ■ 

3  25 

^ 

18  PQ 

25  821 

7  00 

9  DO 

6  75 

3  50 

4  50 

6  75 

7  60 

6  75 

1 

3  33 

..    3  3e 

2  21 

2  5.7 

3  3)^ 

8  12 

5  00 

se 


144 

Aug.  11  John  Ploof, 

labor, 

145 

ii 

Thot.  TborntoB, 

do 

146 

«i 

W.  D.  AlleD, 

do 

147 

4< 

John  Skdley 

do 

148 

m 

Wm.  AtkioBon, 

do 

149 

u 

Charles  Richards,  senV, 

do 

151 

u 

John  Adanii^ 

do 

152 

u 

Loren  Davisy 

do 

153 

H 

J.  Oodin, 

do 

154 

U 

James  Feolon, 

do 

155 

m 

C.  Johnston, 

do 

156 

« 

Pat  Raften, 

do 

157 

« 

John  QriflSth, 

do 

158 

u 

David  Reiley, 

do 

i* 

James  Furlong, 

do 

160 

» 

John  Williams, 

do 

161 

u 

Wm.  0.  Jones, 

do 

162 

H 

Wm.  UcKeon, 

do 

103 

<l 

John  Bums, 

do 

164 

U 

Isaac  O'Clair, 

do 

165 

cl 

Beis  Davis, 

do 

166 

«l 

John   Stephenson, 

do 

166 

II 

Wm.  EngHsh, 

do 

167 

tt 

John  Griffith, 

do 

167 

II 

George  S.  Poor, 

do 

168 

Ii 

John  Conner, 

do 

169 

U 

John  Lawn, 

do 

172 

Ii 

Pat  McLoon, 

do 

173 

•< 

Ira  Miltimore, 

do 

174 

tt 

do 

175 

II 

Robert  Caimes, 

do 

176 

u 

John  Skellj, 

do 

177 

Aug. 

25  Charles  Richards, 

do 

178 

a 

John   Skellj, 

do 

179 

Aug. 

28  J.  GosiiD, 

do 

180 

« 

James  Fenlon, 

do 

181 

a 

Pat  Raftuf^ 

do 

16  n 

4  50 

2  21 

3  23 
7  50 

7  87 

4  50 

8  75 

4  50 

3  SB 

8  00 
2  81 
6  76 
2  81 
2  81 
6  76 

6  75 

7  60 
6  71 

5  00 

9  00 

4  50 

8  00 
2  50 
4  50 
2  95 
4  50 
2  37 

6  00 
83  78 

6  25 

2  81 
4  50 

3  09 

4  50 
3  09 
a  09 


S7 


189  . 

Aug.! 

t8|  John  Adam% 

labor, 

188 

u 

John  Ploof, 

do 

184 

u 

John  Griffith, 

do 

285 

u 

Andrew  Conner, 

do 

286 

11 

James  Fenlon, 

do 

187 

* 

Dan  Bilej, 

do 

188 

tt 

25  John  Williami^ 

do 

188 

u 

28  John  Griffith, 

do 

189 

«« 

Jacob  Jonei^ 

do 

190 

«• 

John  Stephenflon, 

do 

191 

It 

Thomas  Cogan, 

.    do 

192 

u 

John  Conner, 

do 

193 

H 

25  Reu  Davi% 

do 

194 

It 

John  Mereehel, 

do 

295 

H 

C.  Johnston, 

do 

197 

Aug. 

18  John  Lawn, 

do 

198  Aug. 

25  Geo.  S.  Poor, 

do 

199 

« 

Ira  MilHmore^ 

do 

200 

a 

W.  D.  Allen, 

do 

201 

tt 

S.  6.  Dusten, 

do 

202 

u 

Robert  Caimes^ 

do 

230 

a 

Thoa.  Thornton, 

do 

203 

SepL 

1    C.  Richards,  sen., 

do 

205 

u 

Reis  Davis, 

do 

206 

ft 

Loren  Davis, 

do 

207 

u 

James  Fenlon, 

do 

206 

tt 

Pat  Rafters, 

do 

209 

m 

John  Ploof, 

do 

210 

u 

Robert  Owen, 

do 

$11 

a 

Wm.  English, 

do 

212 

II 

Wm.  McKeon, 

♦      do 

213 

« 

John  Conner, 

do 

214 

tt 

C.  Johnston, 

do 

fI5 

«« 

John  Griffith, 

do 

216 

« 

John  Sneilj, 

do 

217 

« 

Thomas  Cogan, 

do 

218 

« 

John  Griffith. 

do 

4  It 
2  25 
8  75 
2  25 
8  75 
8  75 
e  75 
e  75 
e  75 

8  93 

2  50 

3  37 

9  00 

4  00 
4  60 

3  00 

4  50 
10  00 

4  60 

10  00 
7  19 
9  00 
4  12 
9  00 

1  60 
3  37 

3  38 

4  60 

4  60 

5  00 

11  87 
3  37 
3  00 
3  75 
3  37 

2  60 

6  76 


88 


210 

Sept  1, 

John  Williams, 

labor, 

220 

M 

Andrew  O'Connor, 

do 

221 

< 
9 

Daniel  Riley, 

do 

222 

tt 

James  Furlmg, 

do 

223 

K 

Jfimefl  Marecher, 

do 

'224 

tt 

Seih  B.  Dusten, 

do 

225 

<f» 

D wight  Crofebj 

do 

220 

«l 

George  S.  Poor, 

do 

227 

tt 

George  S.  Poor, 

do 

2, '8 

M 

Edward  McCormick, 

do 

220 

C< 

'  John  Adnms, 

do 

231 

<l 

Thomas  Thornton, 

do 

232 

M 

II.  Sun'enson, 

do 

233 

tt 

Ira  Mitlimore, 

do 

235 

M 

John  Burns, 

do 

238 

tt 

Thomas  Lappin,    powder, 

247 

41 

R(tl>ert  Cairnes,  labor. 

230 

Sopt  8 

J.  H.  Budde,  castings^ 

230 

« 

John  Lawn, 

labor. 

240 

a 

S.  B.  Dusten, 

do 

241 

«( 

J.  Rook, 

do 

S42 

•( 

J.  0,  Brown, 

do 

243 

(1 

Edward  McCormick, 

do 

244 

tt 

George  S.  Poor, 

do 

245 

«i 

John  Adam^ 

do 

246 

u 

Pat  Rafter, 

do 

247 

« 

John  PltK)f, 

do 

248 

tt 

CImiles  Richards, 

do 

240 

« 

• 

John  Williama, 

flo 

2j0 

i( 

Janie9  FenloD, 

do 

SH 

tt 

Daniel  Riley, 

do 

2  2 

« 

Reis  Davist 

do 

S:>4 

u 

Loren  Davis, 

do 

«:5 

« 

John  Skelley, 

do 

253 

■1 

J«»hn  Bums^ 

do 

257 

«( 

Wm  UcKeois 

do 

268 

« 

Pal  FitjgmM 

do 

6  75 
3  Zl 

3  •?$ 
2  50 
5  00 

13  50 

4  50 
4  50 

2  00 

3  1$ 

4  50 

5  62 

12  00 

4  84 

5  00 

7  50 

8  72 

4  50 

5  00 
4  50 

3  '75 

2  50 

4  50 

4  87 

6  34 
8  06 

7  87 

13  50 
7  03 

5  00 

3  75 

6  00 
6  34 
6  87 

15  00 
13  S7 


89 

St59  Sept.  8.    Jobn  Griffith,  labor, 

S69  ''        J.  Stephenson,  do 

263  "  J.  Ooslin,  do 

^95  «  Win.  C.  Jones,  do 

345  '*  Hubert  Cairnet,  do 

237  Sept.  10,     •»            •*  'do 

263  Sept  15.  "  *•  do 
S61  ^  Robert  Owen,  do 
262  «  W.  D.  Allen,  do 

264  <*  Ira  Mlhimore,  do 

265  '*  Capt.  Win.  McLooD,  baaling  lambeP| 

266  Sept.  22.  Chas.  Richards,  sen.  labur, 
237  *•  John  PlooC  do 
268  "  James  Fen  Ion,  do 
209  "  Juhn  Stephenson,  do 
274  "  Loren  Davis,  do 
271  <«  Reis  Davis.  do 
«72  ••  Juhn  Griffith,  do 
278  «  Pat.McLoon,  do 
274  "  Wm.McKeoD,  do 

277  •*  James  Furlong,  do 

278  •*  J.  Gosiin,  do 
270  "  Wm.  English,  do 

280  *'  Jacob  Jones,  do 

281  <*  Danid  R  ler,  do 

282  '«  Robert  Owen,  do 

283  **  Jobn  Connor,  do 

284  ^  Thomas  Hogan,.  do 

287  "  Andrew  O'Conner,  do 

288  **        Ira  Mikimoro,  serviceii, 

289  «  W.  D.  Allen,  labor, 
297  «  Wm.  C.JoneSj  do 
304  •«  Robert  Cairnes,  do 

290  Sept.  29.  Tbos.  Thornton,  do 

291  '  •*  W.  D.  Allen,  do 

292  *'  Juhn  WiJlMnit  4o 

293  "*  ReisDavia^  do 


13 

60 

8 

43 

7 

78 

9  28 

15 

00 

7 

50 

7 

50 

11 

25 

3  00 

12 

00 

40 

25 

3 

75 

3 

75 

1 

68 

2 

81 

3 

00 

9 

00 

5 

94 

4 

17 

7 

60 

2  65 
'5  39 

5 

00 

2 

00 

2 

50 

4 

60 

3 

37 

4 

37 

4 

06 

20- 00 

2 

00 

6  75 

7  60 

12 

00 

9  75 

6  50 

7  87 

40 

1^04  Sept  29.  Mn  Oriffitb,  hbw, 

296  **  Wm.  0.  Jonet^  do 

&98  *  Jamen  Fenlon,  do 

209  «  J.  B.  Dunlin,  do 

800  **  John  Buraes,             '  do 

sot  **  John  Conner,  do 

802  ^  John  Griffin,  do 

803  <*  John  Adams,  do 

806  Oct  6.  John  Griffin,  do 

807  <^  James  Furlong,  do 

808  «  Chas.  Richards,  sen.,  do 
800  «  Peter  Burne%  do 
310  «<  Dante)  Rilej,  do 

811  «  Pat  Riler,  do 

812  **  James  Fenlon,  do 

813  <*  John  Ploof  do 

814  "  Rels  Davis,  do 

815  ««  J.Griffith,  do 

816  ^  John  Williams,  do 

817  «  Wm.  McKeon,  do 

818  "•  John  Burnes,  do 

819  "  H.  Stephenson,  do  * 

820  «  «  ic  Jq 

821  «  H.  A.  Skelly,  do 
322  «  W.  D   Allen,           *  do 
346  «  Robert  Cairnes,  do 
830  Oct  15,  Marv  Griffith,  hoa?ework, 
332  "  Frank  StninV,  lirae^ 

886  «  A.  W.  Kiekle,  hay, 

339  "  Ellen  M:wk,  housework, 

S^'iG  Xov.  2,  liay, 

857  Ntn*.  8,  Maiy  Mack,  hoiK«ework, 

8'>0  Nov.  19,  Mrft,  Miirphv,      do 

364  Doc  21,  Mary  Mack,'        do 


Kscnrra. 


B.dance  on  hand, 
1834 — Dec.  27.  Dy  cvb  fn»m  sUte  Treasurer, 
1855- Jan,   30.  «       «       «         «  « 

Feb.    7.  «•      «      «        «  « 

Balance  dne  TraBCiei^ 


6  50 

6  60 

8  10 

500 

2  34 

2  12 

S  13 

3  04 

2  81 

2  80 

8  04 

2  24 

2  34 

6  00 

2  15 

3  00 

9  00 

6  00 

6  75 

7  50 

2  34 

9  00 

4  50 

2  47 

3  37 

7  50 

9  82 

15  75 

6  00 

9  50 

8  23 

4  50 

2  (^0 

7  50 

I1G.0S4  €3 

$30  70 

35  CO  00 

m 

SlOO  00 

3500  00 

553  93 

•16.084  63 


FOURTH  ANNUAL  REPORT 


07  TBS 


TRUSTEES  AND  OEEICERS 


OFTdB 


WISCONSIN   INSTITUTE 


FORTQB 


EDOCATION  OF  THE  DEAF  AND  DOME. 


FOR  THE  TEAR  1856. 


MADISON: 

OJOJSaa  *  FBOtfDFIT,  FBUmCBS. 

iiii. 


To  Hd  Exokllinoti  Willum  A.  Babstow, 

Governor  €f  <Ad  State  of  WUeonsin : 

I  have  the  honor  of  preeentiDg  you  herewith,  the  Fourth  An- 
imal Beport  of  the  Trnstees  of  the  ^^  Wisconsin  Institnte  for  the 
Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb/'  by  order  of  the^  Board  of 
Ihiateee.  ^ 

WM.  0.  ALLEN,  Seeretary. 

DsLAYAjEr,  December  18, 1865. 


I     .'♦ 


BOARD    OF    TRUSTEES! 

Hoar.  WILLIAM  0.  ALLEN,  Hov.  SALMON  THOMASi 

O.  W.  BLANOHARD,  M.  D.,  H.  HUNT,  M.  D., 

N.  M.  HARRINGTON,  J.  D.  MONNELL,  Jr., 

Bit,  p.  W.  LAKE,  J.  0.  MILLS,  M.  B., 

Hon.  G.  BETTS. 


•»» 


OFFICERS    OF    THE    BOARD. 

H.   HUNT,   Pruidem, 
B9S.  Wm.  0.  ALBEN,  SemUxnf,  N.  M.  HARRINGTON,  l^^amnr. 


•*• 


INTELLBOTUAL  DEPARTMENT. 

LOUIS  H.  JENKINS^  A.  M.,  Mndpal, 

HIRAM  PHILLIPS,  ZAOHARLi  MoOOY,  Bt^/^Morf, 

MATTHEW  OLARK,  Jfcmdor. 


••• 


DOMESTIC    DEPARTMENT. 

0.  W.  BLANOHARD,  M.  D.,  Phynwm. 
Mn.  ADEUA  T.  .TENKINS,  M<xtnm. 


I    ■ 


1 


.    (     t      i       t 


BEPOET 


OV  THE  BBAJT  AHD  DUHB. 


The  board  of  trustees  of  the  "  Wisconsin  Institnte  for  the  Edu- 
cation of  the  deaf  and  dumb,"  by  their  secretary,  beg  leave  to 
Bobmit  to  tbe  Legislature  of  this  State  their  fourth  annual  report, 
for  the  year  A.  D.  1855.  During  the  past  year  the  Institute  hat 
been  under  the  superintendence  of  Louis  H.  Jenkins,  principal, 
and  nothing  has  occurred  during  the  past  year  tending  to  mar  the 
harmony  or  to  retard  the  general  prosperity  of  the  same.  Little 
or  no  sickness  has  occurred  among  the  pupils,  and  their  learning 
has  been  rapid,  and,  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  board,  and  to 
the  credit  of  the  energetic,  efficient,  and  gentlemanly  teachera 
▼ho  have  had  them  under  their  instruction. 

The  health  and  general  comfort  of  the^pupils  hto  been  guard- 
edly looked  after  by  the  board,  and  no  want  has  been  left  unsup- 
pBed  which  has  come  to  their  knowledge,  and  within  the  means 
placed  in  their  hands.  The  pupils  are  kept  cleanly,  and  appear 
happy  and  contented,  and  the  board  hare  spared  no  pains  in  hav- 
ing every  thing  in  and  about  the  Institute  as  it  should  be. 

The  number  of  pupils  who  have  been  under  instruction  the  past 
year  is  thirty-four.  The  number  which  is  expected  to  be,  between 
fifty  and  sixty.  For  the  support  of  the  Institute  for  the  year  1866, 
in  meeting  the'payment  of  salaries  of  principal,  teachers,  and  the 


rtir\on4  domestic  help  required  and  indispensablj  ncconoiTy  about 
tb«  InfltitntOy  and  for  tlie  support  of  the  pupils,  the  board  hare 
eome  to  the  concln^ion,  upon  a  close  compntatiooy  it  will  require 
the  Slim  of  seven  thousand  dollars,  which  the  board  most  respect- 
fully ask  your  honorable  body  to  appropriate  for  that  purpose. 

The  board  have  tlio  pleasure  to  inform  your  honorable  body, 
that  during  tie  past  summer  the  east  transverse  wing  of  the  main 
buiUlinf(  has  been  completed  and  accepted  by  the  board,  and  will 
favorably  compare  in  beauty  of  architecture  and  solidity  of  exe- 
cution witli  any  public  building  in  the  State.  The  present  build- 
ings will  now  accommodate  comfortably,  fifty  pupils. 

In  an  Institution  of  this  character,  where  there  are  so  manj 
children,  and  more  especially  of  the  character  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb|  many  things  will  get  out  of  repair.  And  as  a  matter  of  econ- 
omy to  the  StatOi  as  well  as  comfort  to  the  pupils,  these  repairs 
should  bo  immodiatoly  made,  before  the  injury  becomes  enlarged. 
Up  to  Uiis  time^  the  board  has  had  no  funds  placed  in  their  hands 
for  the  purpose  of  making  these  repairs,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
contiuuod  straitncss  of  the  finances  of  the  board,  they  have  been 
unable  out  of  necessity  to  make  the  necessary  repairs,  although 
as  yet  tlioy  are  slight  in  their  character.  To  meet  this  want  of 
tho  Institution  the  board  asks  your  body  to  appropriate  the  aam 
of  throe  hundred  dollars* 

The  board  would  also  ask  a  furtb^  appropriaticm  of  the  sum  of 
ou^  thousand  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  [purchasing  some  five  to 
six  acivs  of  laud,  lying  on  the  East  side  and  adjoining  the  pre* 
swi  Ai^vlum  promises*  This  piece  of  land  is  very  much  needed 
bj  tho  IiistitutioQ  and  can  now  be  purchased  for  a  reasonable  sum^ 
wUUo  slunild  its  purchase  be  delayed  it  will  be  sold  in  small  par- 
c!o«,  ai\d  th«  prxA^biiity  of  its  purchase  hereafter,  be  placed  be- 
yv\i\d  iHir  n>ach* 

Owii\j  K>  tho  rapid  increase  of  the  pupils,  and,  to  provide  in 
diH^  SM^  n  I  leuiy  of  cvHutV^rtable  r\x»ni  in  the  Inslitution  for  them, 
it  will  be  ab^cluidy  i;evN>ssary  a:  as  early  a  dj^  as  next  summer^ 


to  commence  the  erection  of  the  main  bnilding  of  the  Institute. 
The  board  after  faaTing  thia  subject  under  full  and  careful  advise- 
ment came  nnanlmoiiBly  to  the  ccmelusion  as  a  matter  of  economy 
to  the  State,  and  at  the  same  time  subserve  the  present  and  future, 
wants  of  the  institution  equally  well,  it  wonld  be  better  for  your 
body  to  make  an  appropriation  of  thirty  thousand  dollars  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  the  main  building  to  be  paid  out  of  the  State 
Treasury  in  three  equal  annual  payments  commencing  in  the  year 
1S56. 

The  cost  of  the  main  building  will  not  be  less  than  thirty  thou- 
sand dollars.  Should  your  honorable  body  make  this  appropria- 
tion, ten  thousand  dollars  could  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  the 
present  year,  and  ten  thousand  at  the  commencement  of  the  year 
1S57.  This  would  enable  the  board  next  summer  to  let  the  con- 
tract so  that  the  walls  could  be  put  up  and  the  roof  on,  before 
January,  1857,  and  with  the  ten  thousand  dollars  to  be  drawn  in 
the  year  1858,  finish  the  building  entire.  By  your  body  taking 
this  course  to  raise  said  amount  the  extra  taxation  will  hardly  be 
felt  by  the  people  and  enable  the  board  to  subserve  the  increasing 
wants  of  the  institution  equally  well.  The  above  request,  the 
board  feel  as  though  it  was  reasonable,  and  confidently  trust  will 
be  granted  by  your  body. 

Should  no  such  appropriation  be  made,  the  work  cannot  be  com-* 
menced  so  as  to  provide  the  pupils  with  proper  room.  The  board 
has  no  donbt  that  by  the  commencement  of  the  year  1858,  the  In- 
'Stitution  will  have  under  instrnction  one  hundred  pupils.  The 
Institution  now  can  only  accommodate  fifty  pnpils  comfortably 
without  diminishing  the  common  wants  of  the  pupils  and  hazard-^ 
ing  their  health,  and  parents  and  guardians  of  these  unfortunate 
children  will  not  be  willing  to  send  them  away  from  their  own 
parental  care  and  protection  aiiless  they  are  fully  satisfied  their 
wants  will  be  fully  and  certainly  provided  for.  And  in  the  opinion 
of  the  board  it  is  a  duty  which  the  State  owes  to  itself  as  well  to 
these  unfortunates  to  provide  liberally  for  their  education  and  not 
be  behind  her  sister  States  who  have  taken  the  lead  in  mute  edu- 


10 

^Mtion,  proportiooaUy  to  the  means  in  her  power,  and  hold  out  all 
proper  and  neceasarj  indnoementt  to  invite  to  the  Institution  to 
the  edacatioQ  in  those  useful  branches  of  edacation  so  important 
to  prepare  them  to  become  nsefal  citizens. 

{!  To  educate  the  deaf  and  dnmb  remains  no  longer  problematifeal, 
experience  having  fnlly  solved  the  question,  and  now  it  is  an  es- 
tablished fact,  though  the  child  cannot  hear  nor  speak,  still  his 
mind  is  capable  of  receiving  an  education  and  of  high  moral  aod 
religions  culture  and  be  useful  citizens.  Without  the  kindly  and 
munificent  aid  of  your  body  their  minds  must  remain  in  enter 
darkness  and  mere  blanks  among  the  people. 

.  The  board  feel  called  upon  to  bring  before  your  body  again,  the 
necessity  of  erecting  suitable  mechanical  work  shops  in  which  the 
male  pupils  can  be  taught  some  useful  trade,  thereby  preparing 
them  the  better  when  they  leave  the  Institution  to  obtain  for  them* 
eelves  a  respectable  livelihood.  The  legislature  at  its  last  session 
made  an  appropriation  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  for  that  purpose, 
but  as  no  part  of  that  appropriation  has  been  received  by  the 
board,  consequently  nothing  has  been  done  towards  erecting  the 
buildings  for  mechanical  purposes.  And  as  the  sum  of  fifteen 
hundred  dollars  is  by  the  board  considered  altogether  too  small 
for  that  purpose,  now  believe  that  if  your  body  will  appropriateit 
further  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars,  die  mechanical  shops  can 
be  built  and  properly  stocked  and  suitable  mechanics  obtained  to 
have  the  centred  and  direction  of  the  same.  In  conclusion  the 
board  humbly  hope  that  your  body  will  consider  the  importance 
of  this  Institute  and  bestow  on  it,  the  liberality  of  the  state  com- 
mensnrateMo  the  importance  of  the  sabject  The  board  would 
inrrite  a  committee  from  your  body  to  come  and  examine  peraon* 
ally  the  whole  action  of  the  board,  that  yon  may  be  the  better 
enabled  to  judge  of  the  propriety  of  extending  the  aid  of  the 
State  in  behalf  of  this  Institution. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

WM.  C.  ALLEN,  Secretary. 


REPORT 


OVTSS  PBIBrOIPA.L  TO  THE  TR0STB1SB  OV  THS  ITISOOKBIN  mffflTUTIOy  POB 

THE  EDUCATION  OF  THE  DEAF  AND  DUMB^ 


GjKNTCBaiEK  : — ^Tbe  close  of  another  year  makes  it  tny  duty  to 
report  to  jou  the  oondition  of  this  Institution.  I  do  this  most 
cheerfully  because  it  has  been  distinguished  as  a  year  in  which 
nmch  has  been  accomplished*  It  is  a  umversal  law  that  well  di- 
retf^ted  labor  in  any  department  of  life,  will  produce  beneficent 
rosnUs,  Tb^s  law,  so  applicable  elsewhere,  has  not  failed  here. 
The  harmony  that  prevails  among  the  corps  of  Professors ;  the 
order  that  characterizes  every  department  of  the  Institation ;  the 
progress  exhibited  in  the  advancement  of  the  pupils  in  knowledge ; 
the  respect  and  obedience  to  law  so  prevalent  among  them ;  the 
good  health  of  all  the  inmates  of  the  establishment;  and  the  res- 
pect^and  love  of  the  pupil  s  for  the  officers  of  the  Institution,  com- 
pensate more  than  anything  else  for  the  cares  and  labors  thkt  have 
be^n  bestowed.  Every  profession  has  its  peculiar  difficu'tiea. 
There  is  no  work  which  does  not  present  its  obstacles.  The  far* 
mer,  the  mechanic,  the  members  of  tho  learned  professions,  all 
have  obstacles  to  surmount  before  they  attain  either  eminence  or 
snpcess.  So  the  instruction  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  has  obstacles 
to  overcome,  but  they  aU  yield  to  systematic  effort  and  persever- 
ing labor.    The  success  that  has  hitherto  crowned  our  mutual  la 


12 

bora  iti  the  difficult  work  of  perfecting  the  organization  of  this  In- 
Btitution,  will,  I  hope,  inspire  U8  with  renewed  energy  to  prosecute 
with  vigor,  the  honorable  pursuit  in  which  we  are  engaged. 

The  whole  number  of  pupils  who  have  enjoyed  the  privileges 
of  the  Institution  the  past  year  is  thirty-four.  After  the  annual 
exhibition  before  the  Legislature,  we  may  expect  a  still  farther 
increase,  and  it  is  my  opinion  that  the  average  rate  of  increase  for 
the  next  five  years,  will  be  ten  or  twelve  a  year.  These,  together 
with  those  at  present  under  instruction,  will  so  increase  the  whole 
nuinber  of  pupils,  that  our  present  building  will  be  inaafficieat  for 
their  accommodation.  Preliminary  measures  should  be  taken  to 
secure  building  accommodations  as  they  may  be  needed. 

The  health  of  the  pupils  during  the  past  year  has  been  com" 
paratively  good.  During  the  autumn  months  more  sickness  pre- 
vailed throughout  the  West  than  at  perhaps  any  former  period 
since  its  settlement  This  State  usually  so  healthy,  had  its  fall 
share:  and  some  of  our  pupils  snffered  slightly  from  diseasee 
prevalent  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  term,  in  Septem* 
ber.  One  or  two  cases  assumed  quite  a  serious  aspect,  but  they 
yielded  to  the  skilful  treatment  of  O.  W.  Blanchard,  M.  D.,  the 
respected  physician  of  the  Institution.  In  nothing  can  the  utility 
of  such  an  institution  be  so  readily  seen  as  in  the  facilities  it  fur- 
nishes for  the  health  of  the  pupils,  and  their  treatment  in  sickne^. 
Their  symptoms  are  readily  made  known  to  the  physician  in 
char;?o  by  those  who  can  communicate  with  them  in  their  own 
vernacular.  Their  fears  are  allayed,  and  they  willingly  confide 
themselves  to  his  treatment.  Added  to  this  they  have  those  to 
sit  up  and  watch  with  theih,  to  whom  they  can  freely  communi- 
cate their  wants.  The  completion  of  the  east  transverse  wing  of 
the  building,  has  afforded  better  facilities  for  th3  treatment  of  the 
pupils  who  may  be  disabled  by  sickness.  This  materially  light- 
ens cur  labors,  which,  at  such  a  time,  are  unusually  severe.  Al- 
though at  the  commencement  of  every  term  we  expect  some  little 
sickness,  occasioned  by  the  change  of  the  pupils  from  out-door 


*  18 

exercise  and  labors ;  yet  it  is  a  fact,  demonstrated  by  the  history 
of  all  deaf  and  dumb  Institutions,  that  on  account  of  the  prevent- 
ive and  sanitary  tneans  employed,  the  general  health  of  the  pu- 
pils is  better  than  when  at  their  homes.  Oases  might  be  cited 
among  our  own  pupils,  whose  health  has  improved  since  admiesion 
into  the  Institution.  This,  W0  believe,  is,  to  be  attributed  to  the 
regimen  and  the  regularity  observed  in  the  preparation  of  meals. 
Besides  thistle  development  and  exercise  of  their  mental  powers, 
together  with  the  sports  common  among  the  pupils,  greatly  pro- 
motes their  hcalthfnlness.  I  have  been  thus  particular  in  respect 
to  what  I  have  said  in  relation  to  the  health  of  the  pupils,  and  the 
means  the  Institution  furnishes  for  its  preservation,  because  there 
are  many  parents  who  retain  mute  children  at  home  fearing  that 
they  will  not  be  properly  treated  in  case  of  sickness. 

I  would  call  your  attention  to  the  manner  in  which  the  domes- 
tic department  of  the  Institution  baa  been  conducted.    Foririeriy, 
in  the  infancy  of  other  institutions,  the  pupils  wore  boarded  by  an 
agent  of  the  institution,  at  a  given  sum  per  week.    This  made  it 
an  object  for  the  agent  to  look  to  his  own  emolument  while   he 
boarded  the  pupils.    The  plan  adopted  in  this  Institution,  is  the 
Bame  as  that  adopted  by  the  older  Institutions,  and  which  expe- 
rience has  shown  to  be  liable  to  less  objeptiop?.    The  supplies  are 
purchased  by  the  steward  of  the  Institution,  and  made  use  of  in 
common  with  all  the  inmates  of  the  establishment.    This  takes 
away  the  odium  so  commonly  attached  to  a  boarding  hall,  wKilo 
it  gives  to  this  department  the  eharacter  of  a  home.    Besieges, 
this  plan  commends  itself  on  the  ground  of  economy,  for  by  a  re- 
fereiTce  to  the  expenses  of  the  Institution,  as  shown  by  the  bo€^ks 
of  the  steward,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  pupils  have  received  their 
board,  medical  attendance,  books,  instruction,  and  some  of  the  in- 
digent ones  supplied  with  clothes,  all  of  which  have  been  far- 
nished  at  a  leesoxpense  than  the  same  ntunber  of  persons  coald 
obtain  their  board  alone  at  the  usual  bol^ding  establishments.  > 

,It  18  well  known  to  your  honorable  body,  that  the  appropria- 
tions  made  to  this  Institution  by  the  Legislattire  have  been  less 


J4 

than  to  any  otiier  of  the]  beneyolent  iDsfitntions  of  the  State, 
ivhile  a  greater  number  of  nnfortiiDateB  have  enjoyed  its  advan- 
tagefli  and  advanced  in  knowledge  and  virtne.  I  might  also  add, 
that  there  has  never  been  an  institntion  of  the  kind  established  in 
the  United  States,  which,  when  its  age  is  considered,  can  show 
the  same  state  of  advancement  with  double  the  amount  of  money 
expended.  While  this  fact  reflects  great  honor  npon  yourselves 
and  the  officers  of  the  institution,  still,  such  a  state  of  things 
should  not  be  permitted  to  exist,  for  there  is  no  institution  of 
greater  practical  utility  ;  none  which  requires  a  greater  exercise 
of  talent,  experience  and  patient  effort^on  the  part  of  the  Princi* 
pal,  Professors  and  other  officers  ;  and  none  which  reflects  greater 
honor  upon  the  State  of  Wisconsin.  Other  States  have  manifested 
great  interest  in  the  prosperity  of  their^Deaf  and  Dumb  Institu- 
tions, and  there  is  no  reason  why  Wisconsin,  with  its  fruitful  soil  ^ 
its  abundant  harvests,  and  its  citizens  composed  of  the  most  enter- 
prising from  the  old-world.  New  England,  New  York,  and  other 
States,  should  have  an  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  infe- 
rior in  any  respect  to  any  in  the  Union. 


VISIT  OF  THE  GOVERNOR. 

On  the  twentieth  of  October  last,  the  Institution  was  favored 
with  a  visit  from  His  Excellency,  Gov.  Wic.  A.  Babstow,  and 
Lieutenant  Gh>vemor  MoAbthub.  As  these  distinguished  gentle- 
men entered  the  chapel  of  the  Institution  in  which  the  pnpils 
were  assembled,  they  arose  in  a  body  and  paid  them  their  respects. 
After  the  Principal  of  the  Institution  had,  on  behalf  of  the  pupils, 
thanks  the  Governor  for  the  interest  he  had  manifested  in  their 
welfare,  and  the  prosperity  of  the  Institution,  His  Excdlency 
addressed  to  them  some  remarks  expressive  of  the  interest  he  felt 
for  their  education,  adi  of  the  oontinued  effort  he  should  make  in 
their  behalf.  His  remarks  being  interpreted  by  the  Principal,  in 
the  language  of  signs,  were  reoeived  with  the  greaiteet  interest,  for 


15 

their  eonotennces  indieated  feelings  of  tfa'e  deepest  gratitude,  and 
this  was  the  more  manifest,  when  at  the  close  of  his  remarksi 
arose  spontaneouelj  to  express  their  thanks.  The  spectacle  was 
certainly  an  interesting  one,  for  it  mnst  be  remembered,  that  two 
years  ago  hardly  one  of  these  unfortunate  children  bad  any  con- 
ception of  what  goTemment  or  its  Ohief  Execntive  was.  Kow 
they  looked  npon  the  Qovemor  as  the  eD&bodiment  of  the  people^s 
will,  the  executor  of  the  laws  of  the  Stato,  and  the  one  whose 
clemency  could  give  freedom  to  the  innocent  prisoner.  One  thing 
they  certainly  had  learned  since  their  admission  to  the  privileges 
of  the  iostitation,  and  that  was  to  show  proper  deference  and  res- 
pect  to  persons  occupying  high  o£Scial  positions^  This  idea  is 'a 
Taluable  one,  for  it  underlies  the  foundation  of  all  government 
Here  is  too  little  deference  paid  by  Americans  to  persons  holding 
official  positions.  If  there  be  one  idea  mure  important  than  an- 
other, in  the  proper  government  of  an  Institution  for  tbe  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  or  an  institution  of  learning,  it  is  that  of  deference  and  res- 
pect towards  superiors.  When  this  idea  is  inculcated,  there  will 
be  little  difficulty  in  govorning  a  school,  and  the  pupils  will  grow 
up  with  an  attachment  for  law  and  order  which  will  ennoble  them 
when  they  become  citizens.  The  deference  thus  expressed  to  tbe 
Chief  Executive  of  Wisconsin,  by  our  pupils,  #ho8e  intellects 
were  so  lately  enshrouded  in  the  pall  of  ignorance,  is  certainly 
worthy  of  emulation  by  pupils  who  have  the  possession  of  all  of 
their  faculties. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  CLASSES. 

The  great  work  of  the  past  year,  and  the  one  which  best  sho^s 
^  the  progress  of  the  Institution,  has  been  the  more  p  rfect  classifi- 
cation oi  the  pnpib  according  to  their  respective  capacity  and 
progress.  If  the  proper  classification  of  a  school  of  speaking  pn- 
pile  be  difficult,  how  much  more  so  is  that  of  a  school  of  mut^, 
who  come  to  us  with  minds  undeveloped  and  often  weakened 


16 

through  inactivitj.  .  An  lostitaticm  for  the  Deaf  and  Domb  which 
has  been  eBtablisbccl  many  years,  is  composed  of  several  classee, 
with  their  respective  InstructorB.  It  is  not  very  difficult  to  assign 
a  pupil  to  the  class  where  he  properly  belongs,  as  indicated  bj 
his  capacity  and  progress.  Then  he  can  be  transferred  readily  to 
a  higher  or  lower  class,  as  his  improvement  shall  warrant  Bat 
in  a  new  Institution  the'  work  of  classification  is  very  difficult.  It 
cannot  be  done  in  a  moment,  but  takes  time  for  its  accompliah- 
meiit.  Upon  no  one  thing  does  the  good  appearance  and  improve- 
meAfc  of  the  pupils  of  a  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution  depend  so 
much  as  upon  their  proper  classification.  That  the  pupils  might 
be  classified  eo  that  they  could  derive  all  the  advantages  of  the 
course  of  instruction  has  been  to  me  a  great  object  of  solicitude ; 
for  the  time  alotted  to  their  instruction  is  short  indeed,  when  the 
difficulties  of  their  education  is  considered.  The  work  of  devel- 
oping the  minds  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  is  a  work  of  such  great 
magnitude,  and  its  difficulties  are  so  apparent  to  their  instructor, 
that  if  any  thing  excites  in  him  feelings  of  the  deepest  compassion 
for  his  pupils,  it  is  to  contemplate  the  mountain  of  difficulties  that 
must  be  surmounted  by  them  before  they  are  able  to  communicate 
in  writing  with  their  friends,  or  use  written  language  with  facili- 
ty ;  all  of  whkh  must  be  attained  by  their  own  personal  effort, 
aided  bv  the  exertions  of  their  instructor. 

Such  considerations  have  impressed  upon  me  the  impoitance  of 
the  exercise  of  great  prudence  and  judgment  in  the  selection  of 
those  who  were  to  aid  the  pupils  in  the  capacity  of  instructors 

It  became  me  not  to  introduce  innovations  in  the  course  of  in- 
struction, but  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  those  who  had  derived 
the  best  advantages  furnished  in  the  older  Institutions  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  which  are  confessedly  the  foremost  in  tho  world. 

At  my  nomination  yon  elected  Mr.  Hirak  FmLLiPs,  a  distin- 
guished graduate  of  the  Ohio  institution,  as  Professor.  It  is  now 
over  a  year  since  this  gentleman  entered  upon  the  discharge  of 
his  duties,  and  it  is  but  justice  to  him  to  remark  that  with  the  ex- 
perience h«  has  had  in  the  bnsines«  of  instmctioiii  he  is  now  eqval 


.  • 


17 

»  ♦    •  '  ,     »  *  •/ 

ip  e^cieuc^  to  4iny  mnto  Profeseor  in  the  United  S^^tejB.  .  T^ 
State  of  Ohio  did  a  good  service  iu  cducatiDg  him/rand  ho  ia.iK>T!f; 
leflecting  high  honor  Rpoa  his  alma  matery  the  Ohio  instit^tioi^i^ 
while  he  is  QpeoiDg  to  his  eompanions  in  misfortanes  the  Qonrco% 
of  knowledge,  .... 

'  The  sarvio^  of  Mr*  Hxtthsw  CulBx,  aUo  a  mute^  and  who  bn 
>0M  eooployed  daring  th^  paat  year,  bare  been  most  valUf^ble  tai 
the  lostitation.  Mr.  Olark  has  discharged  his  duties  mth  A  Stithe* 
falness  and  perseverance  worthy  of  honorable  mention.  On  Sat* 
nrdaj  evenings  he  has  lectnred  to  the  pnpils  npon  history,  in  a 
a  knowledge  of  whlehhe  exc$^  g&d  thtt  has  ooiitribnted  to  their 
improvement  and  happiness.      .  ,      . 

Professor  McCot,  who  la  a  graduate  of.  the  High  Olm  of  thf 
Kew  York  Institnlion,  entered  upon  hh  duties  at  the  beginning  of 
December.  For  nine  yeari^  he  bas  pHrsu^d  a  course  of  instroo^ 
tions  in  the  Hew  York  Institntion.  This  aton^e  evinces  a  thirst  fo^ 
knowledge  and  a  perseverance  in  its.  pursuit  the  most  praise- 
worthy. At  the  time  of  his  graduation  as  a  member  of  the  High, 
ClasSf  besides  receiving  a  prize  for  his  attainments  in  rhetoric^  he^ 
was  presented  by.  the  Bo^rd  of  directors,  with  a  complete  set  ojT 
Irvings  "Works,  for. "  excellent  geoeral  character,  and  for  the  verj, 
creditable  appearance  he  made  when  exhibited  at  Albauy,  before^ 
the  liCgislature  at  the  last  session  of  that  body.''  Professor  Mq,- 
CoT  is  a  natural  mute ;  ^hat  is,  he  W9^  born  deaf.  He  ba^  there* 
fore  derived  no  assistance  from  hearing  a  spoken  lapguago,  as  ^ 
the  case  with  semi-mutes.  His  attainments  consequently  indioat^ 
the  effect  of  his  own  ipdustry,  and  that  of  his  instrnctors,  and 
show,  what  may  be  expected  from  the  patient  labors  of  skillful  iuf 
atractoiB  with  those  who  are  natural  mutes.  His  connection  witli^ 
the  Institution  is  certainly  an  acquisition,  for  he  brings  to  it  th^ 
ree^nt  improvements  of  the  sign  language  as  derived  from  H.  P^t 
Peet,  LI/.  B.,  whose  experience  in  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb  for.  ^bout  thirty-five  years,  is  so  valuable ;  •  and  who  is  re*; 
garded  m  t^  most  superior  stgn^-make^  ini  the  Hjpiied|  Stfites.    ^^ 

i 


IS 

With  the  assistance  of  these  three  geDtlemen,  this  Instit^tioik 
ean  now  fiirnish  ias  good  facilities  for  the  ectueation  of  the  deaf 
and  dumb  as  that  of  any  other  Institution.  Formerlji  on  account 
ef  the  watit  of  proper  classification,  some  of  th^  pupils  could  not 
deceive  as  many  hours  instruction  as  was  common  in  the  older  In- 
stitutions.  This  difSculty  is  now  overcome,  and  the  Institution 
siaynow  be  cootidend  as  properly  organuied^  *  Tlie  pioneer  work 
kcompleted.  HeneeforA  it  rtiall  Tie  in  efficiency  w^itfa  Ate  beat 
mAeUnion.  ^' 


i ' 


THE  LAKGUAGB  OF  SIGKB. 


The  language  of  signs  is  the  chief  means  of  instruction  in  a  deaf 
and  dumb  Institution;  it  has  its  fbundation  in  nature,  and  has 
been  perfected  by  gentlemeii  of  high  intellectual  attainments  and 
long  experience  in  the  profession.  Hiis  language  is  not  an  end  of^ 
but  a  means  of  instruction,  it  is  the  channel  through  which  alone' 
intelligence  is  conducted  into  'the  mute's  mind.  Before  its  did- 
6oveTj  and  perfection,  thousands  of  mutes  with  intellects  Susoep-; 
tfble  of  the  bluest  cultiration,  lired  and  died  surrounded  by  the' 
ihost  deplorable  darkness,  denied  the  rights  of  citizenship,  and 
even  dassified  with  demons.  The  notions  we  possess  concerning 
the  Bnpreme  Being,  the  phenomena  of  nature,  and  the  obligations' 
we  sustain  to  each  other,  are  the'  result  of  the  collective  wisdom 
of  inspired  and  uninspired  men  from  the  creation  to  the  present 
time.  They  are  ideas  that  hare  been  evolved  by  superior  minds^ 
and  have  been  handed  down  to  us  by  tradition  and  history.  The 
child  of  to-day  is  wiser  than  the  sages  of  antiquity ;  the  reason  Is 
becanse  the  child  has  the  means  of  learping  the  collective  wisdota 
of  the  past  throngh  the  mediam  of  written  language.  Let  the 
6hild  be  deprived  of  a  knowledge  of  Ifinguage,  and  he  is  emased' 
in  a  prison  of  ignorance  more  gloomy  than  the  darkest  cell  of  the 
ikastile.  When  Eossuth  was  released  froni  captirity,  he  said  that 
he  was  restored  to  life,  becanse  restored  to  activity.  In  his  incar- 
ceration be  bad  books,  knd  above  all|  the  r€(s6iirces  of  his  highl/ 


19 


eiol^yated  mtelle<^;  Hix^  q4tint^  the^ieveritj  of  his  bondage, 
Yrho  can  conceiye  then  pf  i^e  life  to  which  the  m^te  U  resiofed 
bj  means  of.  the  language  of  sigps.  .His  intellect,  which  was, 
eV^rj  day  of  his  ignorance  through  inactivity  becoming  tnoife 
anil  more  enfeebled,  almost  to  imbecility,  is  awakened  to  a  con-  * 
scioiisness  of  its  high  powers.  Qe  is  piit  in  communication  witll 
his  parents,  his  relatiyes,  and  his  fellow  men.  He  is  made  to  uti- 
deiBtand  and  account'for  yarioas  phenomena  of  nature  which  be> 

fore  made  existenciei  almost  terrible.    Prom  being  considered  an 

-t'     •«  ■  , 

idiot,  he  is  regarded  as  a  man,  and  treated  as  such  before  the  law 
and  society.  .His  mind  is  opened  to  proper  notions  of  the  8a- 
preofie  Being  and  of  his  relations  and  obligations  to  Him  and  hi^ 
fellow  men.  !the  sign  language  deseryes  to  be  classed  ^mong  Hi 
iifonderB  of  the  age^  and  its  inventors  and  perfectora  are  Worthy  of 
the  respect  and  gratitude  of  posterity.  ' 

If:  the  s^  langn^e  be  thiisis^p^rtpt;^  it  becomes  a  matte^;yf 
ipi^fh  i^oment  that  this  Institution  shoold  spare  no.  ezertions.  to 
fpcBJip^  it  ^a  its  highest  state  Qf  improvement  and  9ee)^  its  farmer 
perfe^^n.  It  was  for  this  reason  th^t  agradBat0,of  thehigh 
ckaa  of  the  Now  York  Institution'  was  nonainatojd  by  mA  as  Pro^ 
tffMiBox^  Ihis  I^stitntio]^  having  now  all  the  recent  improvements 
fi  the  sign  langaage>  in  this  respect  will  compare  very  favorably 
with  any  in  the  Union.  This  will  be  seen  when  we  consider  th^ 
jovces  from  which  it  has  been  derived*  The  system  employed  is 
t^t  deoominated  the.  French  sj^stem.  It  had  .its  origin  with 
.GI^Les  Kichael  De  I'Epeei  an  ecclesiastic  of  Ff  ancci  about  th^ 
b^H^i^ing  of  the  eighteenth  century.  This  gentleman  accidentally 
;^tvo  deaf  and  dumb  children  who  commuuicated  with  each 
other  by  means  of  gestures.  The  thought  struck  him  that  g-es- 
tarea  might  be  nsed  to  express  almost  any  idea.  Attempting  the 
education  of  these  children,  he  by  patient  study,  at  last  laid  the 
f])ii)<jfiti5m  «f  II  Pjsteui  that  has  been^  diffused  t^onghout  •  |;^ 
civilized  world.  At  his  dei^th  hf  was  i^cceeded  by  Sicard,  one  of 
.hispnpils^  who  devoted  himself  for  thirty  years  to  the  improve- 
isiki  ot  the  System.  '  It  wai^  introduced  into  the  United  BiitAi  in 


to 

•       ■    f 
' ,    '        •    '  i  ■  '  '     * 

the  jen^  1817  by  th/B  £ey.  Thog.  H.  Gallandet^  vlio  went  to 
Franco,  studied  it,  and  in  connection  with  Laurent.  Clerc,  a  muto 
graduate  of  the  French  Institution,  established  the  Americtti 
Asylum  at  Hartford.  .  It  was  introduced  into  the  Kew  York  In  - 
ftitution  by  Dr.  Feet,  who  for  over  nine  years  was  an  instructor 
in  the  American  Asylum  at  l^artford,  and  who  for  the  last 
twenty 'five  year?,  has  been  its  distinguished  President. 
,  .The  New  York  Institution  has  always  sought  to  secure  its  iin- 
p^yement  and  perfection,  for  as  early  as  1831,  it  secured  the  ser- 
yioes  (Qf  Professor  Loon  Ti^sse,  of  the  National  Institution,  fb 
derive  from  him  all  the  rpcent  improvements.  The  syatem,  aa 
employed  by  myself  and  IProfessor  Philips,  was  derived  from 
Mess^*  Hubbel,  Gary  and  Stone,  all  of  whom  were  instructora 
of  fhe  deaf  and  dumb  for  twenty  years,  and  enjoy  an  enviable 
reputation  as  the  successive  Superintendents  of  the  Ohio  Institu- 
koi: '  The"  recent  accession  of  Mr.  McCoy,  of  the  New  York  In- 
stitution, to  the  corps  of  Professors  oC  this  Institution,  gires  to  il 
all  the  recent  improvements  that  hare  been  made  by  Dr.  Peel  It 
is  confidently  belioved  that  no  institution  of  this  kind  has  Bir^t 
t)een  established,  that  at  so  etirly  a  period  in  its  history  posseBseA 
snch  ample  resources  in  the  language  of  signs.  If,  hereafter,  alL 
tention  is  paid  to  uniformity,  and  chimerical  instructiona  ai^ 
avoided,  an  enviable  position  can  be  maintained. 

In  the  German  dcbools,  less  pains  have  been  taken  in  the  im* 
provement  of  the  language  of  gesture,  the  mute's  Temacnlar, 
while  much  etfort  has  been  made  In  giving  insti*uction  by  means 
of  articulation,  but  facts  demonstrate  that  the  most  rapid  progreai 
and  the  greatest  intellectual  culture  is  attained  where  the  lan^ 
g^age  of  signs  is  employed  in  its  highest  state  of  perfection. 


IMPOHTANCE  OP  A3S  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  DEAf 

AND  DUMB. 

Thp  importance  of  an  institution  for  th^  education  of  the  deaf 
and  dumb  is  too  little  understood  by  the  people  at  lai^.    This 


ffises  from  the  fact  ikat  mate  children  are  scattered  oypr  the  State 
ft  distanlt'lpcaliti'efl,  and  are  not  often  met  with,  coDseaneotty  little 
consideration  U  g;ven  to  the  sabject.  Often  individuals  visit  the 
Institution,  and. ere  surprised  that  there  are  so  m^y  of  this,  class 
of  iinfortanates  in  the  State  as  they  see  collected  in  the  sphool. 
The  last  census  reports  that  there  are  two  hundred  deaf  aud  dumt> 
persons  in  Wisconsin.  This  number  we  do  pot  believe  to  be  ei^- 
aggerated,  but  think  it  falls  a  little  short  of  the  reality.  Of  this 
number,  some  are  too  young  to  attend  school,  while  many  have 
been  educated  in  the  older  States,' and  now  participate  in  the  priv- 
ileges of  citizenship.  Of  the  two  hundred  reported  by  the  cetiscrs, 
about  seventy-five  are  of  a  suitable  age  to  enter  upon  a  course  of 
instruction.  These  are  shut  out  from  all  the  ordinary  means  of  in- 
itruction.  They  can  denve  no  benefit  from  the  oommou  schoal, 
neither  can  they  be  educated  in  their  respective  localities,  but 
must  be  collected  together,  and  taught  by  individuals  who  have 
been  trained  especially  to  give  instruction  to  thia  unfortunate  elass* 
An  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  derives  grea^  impoilimee 
^oia  the  fact  that  it  is  the  only  pla6e  where  the  meana  of  instme- 
tion  can  be  fbmished  to  the  mute« 

The  importance  of  an  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Damb  is  seen 
from  its  great  utility.  Without  education  the  deaf  and  dumb 
grow  up  with  passions  and  propensities  unduly  developed ;  witti 
no  means  of  making  fheir  wants  intelligibly  knoMt^n  to  those  around 
l^m,  and  with  no  means  of  restraint  or  goyernment  by  consider- 
atloM  appiieaUe  to  reasonable  beings.  Instances  there  are  of 
those  who  have  attained  the  age  of  manhood  without  education, 
who  on  aceonntof  their  unsubdued  tempers,  are  perfectly  unman- 
ageable. They  are  a  source  of  great  anxiety  to  their  parents,  who 
^mnot  control  them,  and  of  dread  to  the  community.  Often  they 
become  a  public  charge,  thus  helping  to  swell  the  amount  of  pau- 
perism. Sometimes^  when  uneducated,  and  possessing  naturally 
strong  powers  of  mind,  which  realizes  its  own  sad  enthrallment, 
sod  preying  upon  its  crude  reflection,  gives  way  to  hopeless  in- 

itj.    All  are  proud  of  the  achievements  of  the  human  mind, 


when  developed  and  permitted  &ee  action.  The  prindng  preflfl,  ftt 
locomotiYe,  and  the  magnetic  telegraph  are  indices  of  its  powef 
Often  we  arc  prompted  to  deifj  it  for  its  wonderfhl  attainments'. 
Bnt  how  weak,  how  imbecile,  how  terrible  its  existence  when  nn> 
doTeloped,  as  witnessed  in  the  nnedncated  deaf  and  dnmb.  Who, 
then,  can  compute  the  valne  of  an  institution  for  the  education  6f 
the  deaf  and  dumb  ? 

Its  importance  is  further  shown  in  the  dcTelopment  of  mind 
which  it  promotes.  The  mind,  to  be  valued  and  appreciated  moat 
be  developed.  Undeveloped,  it  is  like  the  precious  stone,  whose 
beauties  are  unperceived  till  taken  from  its  native  bed  and  por 
lished  by  a  skillful  hand ;  then  the  stone,  so  rude  and  unsightly, 
becomes  fit  to  grace  a  monarches  crowif.  The  uneducated  mute 
oAen  j)osses8es  a  mind  of  the  finest  quality.  Encased  in  iguo- 
^-ance^  it  has  no  means  of  exhibiting  its  powers. 

•  IJirough  the  patient  effort  of  a  qualified  instructor  it  maoifesti 
JtaeU',  and  after  a  few  years  of  toil,  the  iastruetor  himself  ia  oftsn 
anrprised  at  the  powers  of  intellect,  which  his  persevering  labor 
has  developed.  This  compensates  the  instmclx>r,  who  loves  hii 
work,  more  than  the  salary  he  receives  for  his  daily  tolL  This  it 
is  that  enables'him  to  be  patient  after  many  unsuccessful  attempli 
with  bis  pupil,  till  at  last  success  is  realized.  Then  he  feels  com- 
pensated in  the  love,  respect  and  gratitude  of  its  pupUs. 

Keepectfully  submitted,  ^ 

L6nid  H.  JENEIKS,  tVincipiri. 

Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dnmb, ) 
Delavan,  December  12, 1855.        J 


REPOET 


07  KETtttOIAN  Tty  THB  Tftl^TAES   OF  THB   WIBOOKSm   DKAV   AKD   DVvk 

IKSTITUTJL 


I ' 


The  year  j  ast  cloeed  termiuates  the  $rat  year  of  my^  eeryiodii 
Phjrsician  to  thU  in^titatioiv  .     , 

,  ,It  girea  me  pleaaure  tbatt  I  am  engbled  to  Btate  to  yon  that  wiA 
but  a  few  exceptions  the  pupils  have  oDJoyed  nninterruptedheahhl 
Althongh  intermittents  hav^  prevailed  to  copsi^erable  eztiBnt 
amoDg  the  general  popuIatioDi  we  hare  had  Iput  few  casoa  aipoQg 
the  pupils,  and  these,  owing  to  the  healthiness  of  the  location,  iui4 
the  strict  and  constant  care  of  the  Friacipal  together  with  a  niild 
anti  ^decided  ii^atment  have  terminated  favorably.  We  have  also 
Bkd  a  nnihber  of  cases  of  Diarrhoea  and  Dysentery,  naost  of  which 
^^k'^  contraicted  by  the  pupils  during  vacation,  and  while  at  their 
llotiibs.  Since  the  close  of  the  last  year,  a  very  spacious  and  com- 
ihddious  room  has  been  fitted  up  as  a  Hospital,  for  the  accommo- 
Aktioiiof  the  sick. 

In  concluding  this  brief  sketch  of  the  indisposition  of  th^  P^rII* 
fOTiUe  last'year,  itis  Wit3i  satisfaction  that  we  can  announce  to 
ttb  ptiblid,  that  no  filtal  cases  have  occurred  under  our  charge. 

Respectfully  submittedi 

•;;  ,     .  ,;  ':^\-  „o.w;BL4NCH;iRD;,w;p,. ,;;„., 

Physician  to  Uie  Wis*  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institate. 


S4 


REPORT  OF  VISITING  COMMITTEK 


The  efforts  which  two  great  DatioDB  have  put  forth  to  rescue  Sir 
JTphi)  Fran  1^ in  from  an  icy  sepulchre  in  the  Arotie  Sec^i  aftbrd  a 
striking  exhibition  of  the  value  which  an  enlightened  people  place 
npon  a  human  being.  Had  that  daring  Mariner  been  bronght 
back  to  his  country,  the  interest  with  which  men  would  have 
hastened  to  greet  him,  would  have  sprung  not  so  much  from  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  the  leader  of  an  adventuroas  expedition^  ag 
from  this,  that  he  had  been  lost  to  the  world  and  again  restored. 

So  it  is  the  fact,  that  our  institutions  for  the  education  of  the 
deaf  and  dumb  are  restoring  human  beings  to  the  commerce  of 
thought  and  language,  which  invests  them  with  the  highest  in- 
terest 

It  fills  us  with  fresh  admiration  for  our  young  State  to  behold 
her  building  up  an  Institution  for  the  rescue  of  those  unfortunates 
from  their  deplorable  isolation. 

In  passing  through  the  Institution  I  observed  in  every  depart- 
ment a  much  greater  degree  of  systematic  arrangement  than 
would  have  been  looked  for  in  so  short  a  time  from  the  beginning 
of  such  an  enterprise.  The  order  and  neatness,  which  were  appa*' 
rent  in  the  sleeping-rooms,  hospital  for  the  sick,  dining  room,  and 
in  brief,  throughout  the  entire  domestic  departmont|  speak  highly 
in  praise  of  the  Matron. 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  taking  tea  at  the  institution  and  was  mupH 
gratified  by  the  decorus  behavior  and  cheerful  appearance  of  th|| 
pupils  on  that  occasion. 

A  very  pleasing  feature  of  the  system  of  government  is  the 
mutuai  kindness  and  affection  which  mark  the  intereonrse  of  teaeh> 


46 

pn.  and  ]pupil9  daring  (tl^  ko^rs  qf  reere^iont .  I  have  eeldoxu 
Been  a  happier  or  more  interesting  group  of  jQvths  than  t^he  Oon^- 
pany  of  mutes  of  both  poxeQ  which  .was  gathered  in  the  parlpr  of 
the  Principal  during  the  evening  which  I  had  the  pleasure. of 
spending  in  hiQ  family.  Ko  rlcjier  recompense  for  his  labors  can 
he  have,  ttmn  the  enjoyment  and  confidence  of  those  under,  his 
care,  and  the  consciousness  that  his  efforts  have  been  instrumental 
Tti  securing  to  theni  the  privileges  of  this  their  comfortable  and 
happy  homo. 

The  recitation  rooms  are  furnished  with  large  slates  attached  to 
the  wall  at  a  convenient  height.  There  is  a  slato  for  each  pupil > 
and  one  for  the  teacher  on  the  side  of  the  room  opposite  the  clasa* 
Those  slates  have  recently  been  procured  from  Europe  and  greatly 
facilitate  instruction. 

Both  in  her  civil  and  social  InstitntiorB,  the  West  copies  largely 
from  the  £ast.  Improvements  in  edncation  or  government  which 
have  been  made  by  the  wisdom  and  labor,  and  sanctioned  by  the 
experience  of  the  East^  we  deem  it  no  robbery  to  adopt,  we  claim 
(hem  as  our  rightful  inheritance.  Hence  in  the  State  Institution 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  system  of  education  is  not  new  and 
incomplete  as  the  buildings  in  which  instruction  is  given,  but  so 
far  as  circumstances  will  idlow,  the  application  of  the  system  is  as 
improved  and  comj^Iete  as  that  of  any  similar  institution  in  the 
land. 

The  first  class  which  was  examined  was,,  at  the  time,  under  t^ 
charge  of  Kr,  Clark,  himself  a  thoroughly  educated  deaf  mutf. 
The  class  was  composed  of  those  who  have  been  under  inatruptiop 
fi>r  various  lengths  of  tjme,  there  bejng  apparently  a  ^eater  di« 
Ter9ity  of  mental  ability,  among  d^af  and.  dumb  childreni  t^^n 
among  children  in  our  common  Schools.  A  lad  who  has  be^ 
connected  with  thiQ  school  but  four  months  was  among  the  most 
advanced  members  oi  the  class.  \They  had  learned  to  write  (lis- 
iincfly  apd  rapidly,  the  name^  of  yarious  objects  which  were  iiidi- 
eated  to  thepqi.;  they  had  allsp  learned  to'  express  the  qualities  of 


26 

Hei^  (Jfe1%ctt,  a^'" A  ^Mte'horee » ''A'Wwn  ha^"  *A  boy  ritfi 
*  WAdi  hbrse,"  «•  Ood  te  g6bd."  . 

On  examination,  the  class  in  Arithmetic  nnder  the  instractioa 
of  lir.  Clark^  exliibitad  a  very  commendable  degree  of  proficien- 
cy. In  this  ana  all  branches  of  learning  which  deal  principallj 
with  abstract  ideas,  the  task  of  instructing  the  deaf  is  slow  and 
laborious,  owing  to  the  circuitous  "manner  in  which  abstract  relar 
tions  have  to  be  expressed  to  them.  Considering  this  &ct,  the 
examination  of  the  class  in  Grammar^  under  the  care  of  Professor 
jTenkins,  was  tnost  satisfactory  and  interesting. 

The  facility  with  which  they  could  construct  paragraphs  upon 
any  given  word,  and  the  accuracy  with  which  the  distinctions  of 
times  were  observed,  are  worthy  or  special  notice  and  commenda- 
tion. 

:  Uo  (jlass  rendered  so  definite  answers  to  the  questions  put  to 
them  as  the  class  ip  Geography  under  the  care  of  ProCPhiJlipa. 
They  evidently  were  much  interested  in  the  study  ;  they  also  man* 
ifested  considerable  acquaintance  with  History,  especially  with 
prominent  events  and  interesting  facts  in  the  history  of  our  owa 
State.  At  the  close  of  the  examination  all  the  pupils  assembled 
in  the  chapel  where  the  Lord's  Prayer  was  repeated  in  the  sign 
language  by  one  of  the  young  ladies.  To  me  this  was  one  of  the 
most  impressive  exhibitions  of  pantomime  tAat  I  have  ever  wit- 
nessed. A  few  remarks  were  then  offered  by  a  gentleman  pres- 
ent, wlilcfh  were  presented  by  Prof.'  Jenkins  to'the  pupils  by  signs* 
'In  these  remarks  allusloti  was  made  to  the  recent  death  of  a  brbtli'- 
ei^  of  tw6  of  the  scholars  and  sympathy  manifested  for  the  afibct- 
ed  otieB  both  at  this  time,  ind  whenever  the  sad  event  was  refei^ 

^-ed  to^  revekled  the  interest  \rhich  th^y  take  in  each  others  wel- 
fare. >    '  <  .       M.  , 

It  is  refreshing  to  turn  asid^Yrom  the  virulence  of  party  strife 
and  the  scenes  of  extortion  and  perfidy  so  often  witnessed  in  the 
.commercial  and  financial  world  and  contemplate  in  such  institu- 
tions the  blessed  fruits  of  Christiw  beneficence.    We  may  point 


w 


with  pride  to  the  agricnltaral  and  mineral  resourcee  of  the  State, 
to  oar  system  of  public  instrootion  and  to  our  internal  improre- 
ments  groii^i^^  if^illi  «ticti  astonishing  mpidUyin^tBe  g&nial  clime 
of  private  enterprise,  but  a  brighter  and  a  purer  gem  on  the  brow 
of  the  State  is  this  Institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and 
dnmb.  No  selfish  considerations  moved  to  this  establishment.  It 
was  founded  ^ot  for  a  vast  minority  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
State  as  was  the  case  with  our  common  school  system,  nor  even 
in  behalf  of  il  considerable  mlDorit^ ;  they  for  whose  betaeftt  It 
was  instituted!,  together  wild  their  personal  firiends,  form  but  a 
bare  fraction  of  our  population.  It  is  an  exponent  6f  beireficenc^ 
of  the  peiople^of  Wisconsin,  'ft'tte,  iftie  deaf  mut^  children  hav^ 
as  great  a  claim  upon  us  for  odacation  as  the  children' fh  ourcon]!- 
mon  school^,'  but  they  come  not  within  the  sphere  of  tlie  commdi 
syettoi  of  edtf cation.  Speech,  Whicb  forms  the  chief  cdnneoiliiii^ 
link  bettv*^)!' tnind  and  mind-  in'-  this  world,  weaving  individmali 
togellier  id-tli^  great  net- work  ef  so<$iety,  is  denied' tO' them.  This 
linkis  broken  and  one  of  the  main  designs  of  this  iDstitution  is  to 
tefich  thonli  a  system  of  oom^tnuuicatibn  by  which  their  undercdop- 
ed  minds  m&y  be  reached  and  educated,  a  systemovier  which  tfaeikr 
thoughts  may  travel  and  be  received'  by  their  feltow  bidinga.  i^vk 
the  Institution  has  a  twofold  work -to  perform.  The  first  andpKti- 
hapH  tfae^mor^  difficult— to  brin^^tibeir  isolated  mindS'intocoflmU- 
niciftiicm  wltH'society-rthe  second^  to  ^educate  those :mind4. . .       i 

in  conclusion,  I  would  return  my  thanks  to  the  Princip^^l  of  ttifi 
Institution,  for  his  kindness  in. affording  rqif  the  pleasure  of  tlie 
visit  wtiicli  I.liave  thus  briefly  described.  l!he  work  which  tH^ 
Principal,  Professors  and  Trastees,  of  the  Institution,  i^ref  doing 
for  the  deaf  mutes  of  this  State,  is  not  mute,  it  speaks  plfuhly  fcjr 
itself)  it  speaKs  in  praise  of  them.'  .  \  .    / 

,..  i:  -^  ;•.  ^.  pouii:./ 


r* 

9     I 

i! 


'  I* 


.r 

•  4 


1 1 


;/ 


1  •  , 

.  '    4       *  '        I       I        .  .      / 


M 


LIST  OF  PUPILS  DURINQ  THE  YEAB. 


NameB. 

Arnold^  Daane, 
Biogbam,  Henry  L. 
Baasetf  Jane  A. 
BrlttoDy  Nelson, 
Bishop,  Amelia, 
Olarkson,  Thomas, 
Ohurchill,  AnstiB, 
ChnrehUl,  L 
Dadlej,  James  A, 
Eoglehardt,  Philip  8. 
Farrer,  Washington, 
Fitigerald,  Sarah, 
Fountain,  Sarah, 
H«ws,  Betsey, 
Herws,  Oharles, 
Hews,  Abram, 
Helmer,  William  L. 
jTQues,  Thomas, 
Ejngman,  Clarissa  B. 
Lowe.  Ifordecai, 
LevePj  Annie, 
Hendell,  George, 
Morgan,  Sylvester, 
Noland,  Piitrick, 
O'Donnell,  John, 
O'Neil,  Mathew, 
Pierce,  Albert, 


T(ADn. 

Oak  Grove, 

Koshkonong, 

Platteville, 

Lake  Mills, 

Janesville, 

Springfield^ 

Waukesha, 

Wankesha, 

Darien, 

Milwaukee, 

Snmmerville, 

Milwaukee, 

Sugar  Greek, 

Eagle, 

Eagle, 

Eagle, 

Hartford, 

Genesee, 

Dell  Prairie, 

La  Fayette, 

Maustown, 

Chilton, 

Columbus, 

Aran, 

Milwaukee, 

Manitowoc, 

La  Fayette, 


Dodge, 

Jefferson,. 

Grant, 

Dane, 

Rock, 

Dane, 

Waukesha, 

Waukesha, 

Walworth, 

Milwaukee, 

Bock, 

Milwaukee, . 

Walworth, 

Waukesha, 

Waukesha, 

Waukesha, 

Washington, 

Wankesha, 

Adams, 

Walworth, 

Adams, 

Calamet, 

Columbia, 

McHenry,  HL 

Milwaukee, 

Manitowoc, 

Walworth, 


r- 


Bolfe,  Harrey  M. 

Brooklyni 

Beed,  OkMei^ 

'  Itei^lia,    ' 

Bhaub,  Mary, 

Oshkosh, 

Taylor,  James, 

M^Pleasant, 

Taylor,  Oeorge, 

c< 

&yloi<,S8rabj 

,•.«..           •^ 

WfiUfejBeojaiBiaS. 

•  Betoraiii 

/. 


GreeD, 
WiftnebagOi 

cc 

BacinOi 

Wilworth 


i 


'•     X 


(I  '  ■ 

'Whole  tiumber  of  pnj^ib  daring  'Ibe  year,  $4. 


IT 


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I 

J/ 


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<   i 


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H 
V 


i . 


f  V 

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■'»< 


« 


;  I 


WifWS  FOB  ADi^mKm  OP  PUPII4  Aa^ 


1.  All  the  deaf  and  damb  of  the  State,  betweea.ilie  Mit.jfiC 
ten  f^t^  Hkttf  yearsi  are  entitled  k>  an  edQcatian»  vitil^acC  ^bMgt 
for  board  or  tuition,  in  this  Institntion,  upon  compliance  witli  the 
rales.  Noce]4^cf^of.f^  Jkind}4s«(|aire4f4W}^  Per- 
sons, howoTor,  desirous  of  placing  a  pupil  in  the  school,  should 
write  to  the  superintendent,  informing  him  of  the  name,  age,  resi* 
deuce  of  the  mute,  the  cause,  if  any,  of  deafness,  &e.  The  super- 
intendent  will  immediatelj  answer,  stating  the  time  when  the 
pupil  will  be  received.  Thjs  course  is,  in  all  cases,  recommended, 
though  none  will  be  refused  who  come  at  the  commencement  of 
the  session.  Applications  in  behalf  of  persons  of  more  or  less  than 
the  required  age,  will  be  considered  by  the  trustees,  who  reserre 
to  themselves  the  right  to  accept  or  reject  such  applicants,  as  they 
may  deem  just  and  proper. 

2.  Pupils  from  other  States  are  received  at  the  rate  of  one 
hundred  dollars  per  annum,  for  board  and  tuition. 

8.  The  length  of  the  course  of  instruction  is  five  years ;  and^ 
that  the  pupils  may  become  more  proficient  in  their  studies,  they 
are  allowed  and  advised  to  remain  one  year  more.  At  the  end  of 
the  six  years,  the  superintendent  may  select  such  pupils  as  he  may 
consider  would  be  particularly  benefited  by  continuing  longer  at 
school ;  and,  if  approved  by  the  board  of  Truetees,  they  shall  be 
permitted  to  remain  an  additional  year. 

4.  Pupils  wiJl  be  admitted  on  the  following  conditions :  1st. 
The  pupil,  well  provided  with  clothes,  is  to  be  brought  to  the  In* 
stitution  punctually  at  the  commencement  of  each  session,  for  the 
period  of  five  years,  unless  detained  at  home  by  his  or  her  own 
sickness.  2d.  The  pupil  is  to  remain  in  the  school  until  the  last 
Wednesday  in  July  of  each  year.    3d.  Ko  parent  or  guardian 


91 

•hall  be  allowed  to  take  a  pupil  out  of  the  schooli  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  board  of  truBtees.         '    '  '    ' 


,»w 


6.  It  18  the  intention  of  the^  t^nstees  to  render  the  Ii^^^tipn 
•elf  8npporting|  as  far  as  practicable,  and  that  ererj  pnpil  on  leav- 
ing its  walls,  shall  be  B0  .ptpij&oienjt  in  0Ctme  nsefal  occupation  or 
trade  as  to  be  able.to  proeurc^  a  livelihood,  without  t)^e  jre^iaofe^n 
the  charities  pf  others^  In  a^cordanpe  wi^h^.^e  cf^igp^ijaU  the 
scholars  will  be  required  to  labor  »  portion  of  each  daj,  the  girla 
performing  the  lighter  kinds  of  house  work,  and  in  various  kinds 
of  needle  work,  is)>Iain  BeWiDg/..oniamentat  wbik,  dress  making 
or  millinery,  &c.,  and  the  boys  at  various  trades,  the  necessary 
work '  about  the  Asylunl,  iind  (&e  cultivafion  of  the'  fariil  and 
garden*'-'^   .  ,  .    i     '   •    i     :  l       r  J  .  -.    •..  n  •  ..    ^   ^/  I 

«.  The  annuidf^oiv.  of it^e  school, cpi)tia^..te^ 
commencing  on  the  ^ret  If^^^^V  ijo,  Jf^pC^^r,  and  close  on 
the  last  Wednesday  of  June.  Every  pupil  is  to  come  promptly, 
on  or  before  the  first  d^y^.^f  W^  ^fmilamiMi}  ^s  to  remain  until  the 
last  of  the  same.  Ti^e  oi^y  ei^ejptions  allowed  are  cas^  of  sif  k- 
ness.  or  where  leave  of  absence  fin.  wpting  iias  been  granted, 
either  by  the  principal,  or  in  case  of  the  absence  of  the  principal| 
tfiepisdteear.to whomfaehaa.delegated.timipow^v.  . 

''7-  ^<>  P^P^^i  unlidss  under  extr^or^in^iry  circumstances,  can  be 
received  at  any  other  time  than  the  commepcemept  Of  the  BessionJ 

8.  Parents  and  guardians  are  required  to  fipiush  i^nnuaUy  .to 
e^h  pupil,  the  following  supply  of  clothing : 


FOR' HALE  PUPEEia    ' 

•  It.,- 

WINTEB  GLOTHINQ.  x 

r  J  .     ...     f   •        .     ».     •  .  ■   .  •  ' 

.2  (^oats,  ,    &  Pair  of.  SffpMi  t 

aVeirts,  /.l,;P^ir  of  Booth      .  .   [, 

a J?air  of  Pantal(M)os>       ,    .8  Pakpf  fiifco^,     . 


St 


SUMMiSB  CLOTHWa.  . .    .      .       ^ 


2  Goats^  2  Pairs  of  PantaloonB, 

-S'Vbett,     '    '  '  r  PalmJeaf  Hat.         ' 

-:  UnOTIOKAL  ABtlOtES. 

^  S  Ivory  Combs,  2  Pair  Suspenders, 

'  2  Pair  of  Wooden  Combs,     '  2  Pbckethandkorchiefs. 

.         '.J         '       .  ^   ''  •       .  - 

.     fOJS  THE  JIO^ALE  POFUB.  > 


7 


(  8  or  4  Calico  'Dresses,  ,  2  Pai^  of  SnmynerBto^iJuiiin. 

1  Woolen  or  worsted  Dress,    2  Pair  of  Winter  Stockings^ 

1  Sunday  and  1  Sun  Bonnet,  2  Kight  Gowns, 
<  2  Podcet'liatodkerchlefc,         8  I*air  of  iShoes,'  ' 

'  '  •    •' 2  or  8' cWges  of  Underdothihg.  '      '' 


» ( 


1  t  AMcnOKAL  AXrWLEB. 

^^1  Shawl,  ;  ;  '  2  Hair  Combdi 

1  hoarse  and  2  Ivory  Combs. 


M 


In  addition  to  ^e  above  outfit,  a  sum  of  hot  1^  tlkaii  $8  ktp  hk 

deposited  with  the  superintendent  for  incidental  expenses,  repair 
of  shoes,  &c.;  any  part  of  which  remaining  umjxpendefl  will  be 
returned  at  the  close  of  the  session. 

It'is  not  intended  that  the.  clothing  should  bo  of  an  expensive 
kind.  For  boys' winter  apparel,  plain  home  made  cloth  is  suffi- 
ciently good.  For  spujmer  weat*,'  ccfanttylinen  will  answer  for 
pants,  with  some  kind  of  dark  goods  or  prints  for  coats  and  vests. 
Oirls'  calico  dresses  may  be  made  of  a  cheap  article,  which  will 
not  fade ;  and  while  for  older  g'irls,  at  least  one  pair  of  moi'occo 
shoes  shonld  be  fsrhished,  one  "or^  both  tho  other  pair  shotild'beof 
good  calf-skin.  On  alt  articles  of  clothing  wfai^h  it  is  possible  to 
markj  &^  fhll  name  oil  fhe  pnpU  should  be  written  with  indelibU 
ink.    Each  pupil  should  be  supplied  with  a  trunk  or  chest 


83 

10.  Those  penODS  bringing  pupils  to^  or  taking  them  away^  can- 
not be  fnraiEhed  with  board ^  lodging,  or  horee-keeping  in  the 
asylum.  , 

11.  AH  bneinesB  letters^  or  letters  of  enquiry  in  regard  to  pnpila 
in  the  asylum,  or  those  -whom  it  n:ay  be  designed  to  ^lace  there 
ihould  be  addressed  to 

LOUIS  n.  JENKINS, 

Priacipal  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution, 

Delevan,  Wisconsin. 


S4 


COMPOSITIONS  OF  PUPILS, 


In  examining  the  oompositions  of  the  pupils,  It  must  be  noted 
that  they  are  the  productions  of  papils  who  have  been  under  in- 
struction from  one  to  three  years.  The  difBcuIties  they  met  with 
in  the  acquibition  of  the  Engli&h  language  are  greater  than  what 
a  speaking  person  has  to  overcome  in  learning  Latin,  Greek,  or 
any  other  dead  language. 


Mr.  Phillips  went  into  the  woods  with  his  dog,  which  saw  a 
large  rabbit  running.  The  dog  chasad  the  rabbit  The  rabbit  got 
into  a  stone  fence.  The  dog  loolced  at  him  ;  he  came  to  the  fence ; 
he  pulled  away  the  stones ;  and  he  caught  the  rabbit.  He  carried 
it  hon\e,  and  put  it  in  a  cage.    He  fed  it  with  herbs. 


Last  year  a  lady  waa  walking  in  a  road.    She  lost  her  watch 
which  fell  in  the  road.    She  walked  away.    An  Irishman  was 
very  poor.    Ho  was  walking  in  the  road.    He  found  the  Io6t 
watch.    He  saw  a  second  needle  in  the  watch.    He  thought  it 


3j 


was  a  snaka*    Be  was  afraid.    He  looked  for  a  dticb.    I^o  strnck 
the  watcL  with  tl)e  stick.    The  watch  wa9  broken  to  pieces; 


A  white  man  lived  in  a  honse  in  the  woods.  lie  bad  his  gun. 
lie  went  into  the  woods.  lie  looked  for  game.  He  saw  two  In- 
dians. He  hide  behind  a  tree.  He  shot  one  Indian  through  his 
heart.  He  ran  to  a  large  biook.  He  threw  his  gun  down.  He 
Bwam  across  the  brook.  The  other  Indian  diot  him.  lie  missed 
him.  Tlie  man  dived  into  water.  He  arrived  at  the  opposite 
ahore.    He  went  to  house. 


A  woman  had  baby.  She  love  it  much.  She  put  it  in  a  cradle, 
^t  was  asleep.  She  went  to  wash  her  clothes.  While  she  was 
ivashinfi:  the  clothes  a  eagle  fly  over  the  cradle.  The  eagle  down 
and  seized  it.  It  carried  it  away.  The  baby  cried.  Tiio  womau 
heard  the  ba^y  cry.  She  ran  to  the  cradle.  She  saw  the  eagle 
flying.  She  called  a  hired  man  to  take  his  gun.  He  went  to  the 
mountain.  He  found  the  eagle  there.  He  shot  at  it.  He  crawled 
up  to  the  mountain.  He  took  the  baby.  H(3  gave  it  to  its  moth- 
^.    The  woman  was  happy.    She  went  home. 


Many  years  ago  Canute.fwas  ak^ng of  Denmark,  Norway  and 

ev^B  England.    He  was  very  great  and  powerful. ,  IJe  had  many 

friends.    Als^  they  extolled  him. .  Some  of  them  were  talking 

.vith  hirnv    .They  tpWhim  that  liQ  cob14  command  all  thii^  to 

obey  him.    They  thought  that  he  could  command  the  waves  of 


196 

.the,  sea  to  obey  biis,  for  bo  wad  great  and  powerfal.  One  day 
king  Canute  and  bis  friends  went  to  aca  coast  He  sent  one  of 
his  friends  for  bis  cbair  wbicb  be  placed  near  tbe  tide  and  sat  upon 
it.  Wben  tbe  tid^  was  beginning  to  rise  and  toncbing  bim  he 
stood  up  and  commanded  the  tide  to  return  from  bim.  Bat  it 
still  rose  and  dashed  against  bim  and  bo  returned  from  tbe  place. 
He  told  Jiis  friends  that  every  man  was  weak.  lie  knew  that  tbej 
flattered  liim.  He  rebuked  thera  for  they  were  foolish.  He  told 
them  that  God  only  could  command  all  things  to  obey  bim. 

8.  M. 


Five  and  a  half  years  ago  I  liked  my  dog.  The  dog  was  un- 
willing to  kill  the  Norwegian's  sheep.  Another  man's  two  dogs 
killed  the  Norwegian's  sheep  by  night.  Ho  found  several  of  his 
sheep  dead.  He  thought  that  my  dpg  bad  killed  his  sheep.  Ho 
*  came  and  asked  my  father  if  my  dog  had  killed  his  sheep.  My 
father  grew  very  angry,  and  shot  tbe  dog  the  next  day.  At  laat 
the  Norwegian  found  out  that  another  man's  two  dogs  had  killed 
"bis  sheep.  He  came  and  told  my  father  that  another  man's  two 
dogs  had  killed  bis  sheep.  My  father  was  very,'  very  sorry  and 
was  mistaken  because  my  dog  bad  been  killed.  The  Norwegian 
had  lost  several  of  bis  sheep.  I  do  not  know  whether  tbe  other 
man  bad  to  pay  for  the  sheep.    Poor  dog  1 

'  W,  P. 


( 


T 

Many  years  ago  Mr.  Dustan  bad  a  wife  add  eight  children. 

Their  infant  was  a*  week  old,  while  its  mother -was  so  sick  and 

'  weak.    Her  husband  was  working  in  the  field  when  he  saw  a 

nnmber  of  Indians  coming  across  the  field  towards  his  house.  He 


37 


ihoQgbt  tbat  they  would  murder  his  family.    Soon  he  mouQted,^, 
his  horse  and  rode  fast  to  his  house.    He  told  his  family  that  the 
Indians  were  coming  to  mnrder  them.    Ho  led  them  as  fast  as  he 
conld  to  the  road.    He  told  them  to  rnn  fast  and  he  would  soon 
follow  them.    He  was  obliged  to  leave  his  wife  and  re-mounted- 
his  horse  and  followed  them.    The  Indians  reached  his  hooae 
when  they  saw  the  man  who  was  riding  towards  his  children. 
Some  of  the  Indians  chased  the  man.    He  could  not  take  one  of 
his  children  with  him  for  he  loved  them  all.    He  looked  back  at 
the  Inijians  who  were  coming.    He  shot  at  the  Indians^    The  In* 
diansalso  fired  and  the  bullet  touched  his  hat.    He  re-loaded  his 
rifle  and  shot  at  them  again.    Thej  fired  at  him  again.    God  pre- ' 
seryed  him  and  his  children  from  the  bullets.    The  Indians  were 
discouraged  and  went  back  to  his  house.    They  took  the  infant  by 
its  leg  and  threw  its  head  against  tlie  wall.    Its  head  was  broken 
and  it  died.    They .  compelled  her  to  get  up  and  drove  her  two 
bired  women  to  their  hut  about  150  miles  distant.    The  Indians 
were  all  osleep  one  night    She  freed  her  t^o  women  who  were., 
bound  with  ropes..  Then  they  escaped  from  them  and  went  to 
Qaverhilly  where  she  was  surprised  to  find  her  houeeburned.  She  , 
met  ^er  husband.    She  was  exceedingly  glad  to  kiss  ^im  many 
times.    They  were  aU  preserved  by  Qod*.  but  the  babe  was  no,. 


more. 


>/ 


t     ':  .  ' 


'   J.  A.  B. 


.»       I 


f  •■ .,; 


'•  '  ■  I,  •  ■  /. 


I  '• 


Elijah  was  a  good  prophet.  He  obeyed  and  loved  Qod.  ^  0od 
•was  pleased  withJElijah.  Ahab  was  a  wicked  king  and' com-, 
manded  the  Jews  tp  worship  their  idol.  [Elijah  met  Ahab.  Hq 
repraved  him  for  treating  the  Jews  cruelly  and  making  ihem  wor- 
ship the  idols.  Ood  was  angry  with  them.  Ahab  had  ^Qd  false' 
propbets.  He  said  that  he  did  noi  believe  Qod.  .  He  liked  to  wor- 
ship the  idol.    "Elijah  told  Ahab  tliat  he  was  mistaken.    Elijah 


88 


called  the  Jews  to  go  up  the  mq^iitain.  Elijah  Bent  two. men  to 
looTi  for  t\^o  Diillocks:  au^  they  caiiffht  them  and  slew  one  on  their 
alf'AV  for  the  idol,  and  sot  another  on  Elijah ^s  altar  for  God.  The 
fatsb  pl'ophets  iVraved  to  their'  idol  for  fire  to  pon^nme  their  eacri-  * 
fice,  so  firo  woiild  come  npon  their  altar  and  Elijg.h'  langhed  at 
th'om.  filija'h  poured  much  wat^r  upon  his  altar  and  prayed  to 
Giid'for  fire  from  heaven.  The  fire  immediately  fell* upon  his  al- 
taf  and  consumed  it.    Tlie  Jews  now  b'ch'eved  Ihat  God  was  tlio 

oilly  ,'trne  God,  and  Elijah*  commanded  them  to  seize  the  false 

♦      '  ',     -    .  •       *     ■ 

pfOphoCs  arid  slay  them  which  they  did. 


•.•.;  > 


ti  . 


'Lydia  Darrah  had  a  husband  wl^o^e  name  was  William  ai^dt 
both  lived  in  Fhiladelphiat  The  English  soldiers  quartered  in," 
Philadelphia,  also  the  American  soldiers  enpamped  in  the  adjoin- 
ing woods.  One  day  Lydia  Darrah  and  liid  family  were  in  the 
house  and  two  English  officers  told  her  to  drive  her  family  into  ' 
her  room  to  sleep  in  tlie  evening.  They  told  her  that  they  Would 
come  to  her  house  in  the  evening.    They  went  aWay,  at  last  ia  ' 

•  ■  • 

the  evening  they  came,  then  Ljdia  Darrah  dr6ve  her  family  into  ' 
her  rooqi  to  sleep.  She  bolted  the  door  of  the  house  and  went  to  ' 
her  bed,  while  the  officer  talked  about  attacking  the  American 
soldiers  in  two  nights ;  she  thought  that  they  were  cruel  to  her, 
she  trembled  but  rose  from  the  bed  and  listened  at  the  key  hole 
of  the  door  and  heard  them  talk  about  attacking  Gen.  Washington 
and  his  armjr.  She  finng  upon  hfir  bod.  and  .at  last  the  Qffi<;eiB 
pallea  Lvdia  loudly  \^\xi  she  would  not  get  up..  They  tliought 
thalshe  slept  hard.  Cue  of  the  officers  knocked  at  h^r  door,  Wn 
after  she  rose  up  and  tinbarred  her  door  and.  the  Englisli  officers 
wei^t  a\^ay,  she  became  distressed  very  much  and  asked  her.hos*, 
band  to  let  ^r  gp  to  a .9ertai9  mill  to,  purcnaso  flour^  William 
told  her  that  she  should  not  go,    ^ut  st^l  she,  wielded  to  go  tp  the  ' 


39 

mill  Torj  much.  He  at  last  let  her  go.  Bhe  took  her  bag  and 
went  Bhe  asked  an  English  sentinel  to  let  her  to  go  to  the  mill. 
He  let  her  to  go  and  she  left  the  bag  at  the  milL  She  ran  and 
met  an  American  officer,  she  explained  to  him  that  in  two  nighti 
the  English  soldiers  would  attack  Gen.  W.  and  his  army.  She 
went  to  the  mill  and  took  her  bag  homo  safely.  The  officer  told 
Oen.  W.  about  the  English  suldierd  who  w^re  to  attack  him.  Soon 
Oen.  Washington  ordered  his  army  who  loaded  the  cannons  and 
gnns.  They  were  all  ready  and  waited  for  them  to  come.  The 
English  soldiers  marched  to  them,  bat  they  saw  the  American 
eoldiera  all  ready  for  them.  They  were  very  afraid  to  attack  them 
also  Gen.  Washington  asked  the  English  soldiers  now  to  attack 
them  but  they  were  very  afraid  and  turned  back.  The  English 
officers  called  Lydia  in  her  room.  They  asked  her  if  she  had  be* 
trayed  them.  She  said  that  she  did  not  Betray  them  tod  the  offl!^ 
^tdTB  knew  that  she  slept  hardly.  They  knew  that  they  had  knock- 
ed Irard  at  lier  door,  and  that  she  did  not  rise  np  for  a  long  tim«. 
They  said  tllat  she  was  right  and  they  could  not  understand,  bow 
QfitL  \f  ashingtoa  heard  6f  it  I  &ink  that  the  English  offl<^ei« 
w«Ve  i^leked  tod  that  £ydla  was  a  good  and  kind  woman. 

0-.  IB 


46 


OONOLUSION. 


I  desire  in  condasion  to  express  to  joQ|  gentlemen,  mj  grateful 
thanks  for  the  manner  in  which  yon  have  as  a  hoard  considered 
and  adopted  the  suggestions  I  have  made  in  respect  to  the  man* 
agement  of  the  Institution.  For  the  future,  I  can  only  promise- 
that  I  shall  ever  study  the  best  interest^  of  the  pupils  whom  Pro- 
Tidence  has  committed  to  my  guardianship,,  and  shall  strive  Uy 
wa^k  in  the  footsteps  and  emulate  the  zeal  of  De  1  'Epee,  Gallan- 
det,  and  the  other  distinguished  gentlemen  whose  lives  have  bee» 
identified  with  the  history  of  mute  education. 


At 


AOKNOWLE  DGMENT8. 


I 


Gratefiil  acknowledgiii«xite  are  doe  to  the  editors  of  the  Wiaooz^ 
eili^  Sentine],  tfhd  American^  of  Milwaukee ;  of  the  Argns  &  Dem- 
oerat,  Jonrnaly  and  Patriot  of  MadiionVEnd  the  Qazetto.  Janei^ 
Tille,  all  of  whom  ha?e  grataitonsljr  fjaroished  their  papers  to  the 
Institation  and  hare  otherwise  promoted  its  interests. 

Hon.  Joseph  Goodrich  and  Mrs.  Goodrich,  of  Miltoja^  and  the 
obliging  Snperintendent  of  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  Bail 
Soad  deserve  many  thanks  for  their  kindness  manifested  t9  ■  the 
pnpils.  Moreover  the  public  generallj  have  oar  kind  regards  for 
Sue  interest  so  often  manifested  in  behalf  of  tho  Institution. 

LOUIS  H.  JENKIKS. 


■  I 


<  •       . 


H, 


.    TREASURER'S  REPORT. 


l\9ikeBoardoJ  IhuUes  of  the  InsUiuU  for  Ihe  Education  of  ihs  Deaf dfDmH^ 

GiXTLsxiK — The  Treasarer  would  beg  leave  to  aubmit  the  followiDg  Report 
for  the  year  1855 : 

l>EhAYAS^  Wn^  jOeoember  12, 1855. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  InsCUiUein  tuxouni  with  N.  M.  Sarringten,  TVeomrer. 

1855.  Jan'j  24,  By  oash  reod?ed  from  Wm.  C.  Allen,  Seocetary,       %hb^l  M 

Febr'y  8,  do                         do              do  4,223  00 

"     12,  do                        do              do  588  92 

"     19,  do                        do              do  2,500  00 

April   1,  do  on  note  of  Tnuteea,  4,000  On 

Jane  16,  do  from  P.  Noland,  for  tuition,  30  OO 

See.  II,  do  6em  Wm.  a  AUen,'  97  M 

185(k  Jfan'y  8*  To  paid  ord«rpNo.  9» 
"     24,  ■ 

•*  25, 
"  27, 
Feb'y  5, 
"  8, 
•*  28, 
"  23t 
"  28, 
Manh  7, 
"  21, 
«*     21, 

•*     2li 
May     6, 

April    5, 

h 

"     10, 

M^T  9, 

Joly  2, 

"  20, 

Sept  20, 

Got.      2, 
«<       g 

Haroh2l', 
Not.   14^ 

Leafing  balanoe  in  the  Treaeny,  |S  Of 

•  N.  M.  HARRINOTOK, 


do 

land  4 

do 

5. 

do 

% 

do 

H 

do 
do 

i 

do 

a. 

do 

3, 

do 

ts. 

do 

IS. 

do 

16, 

d» 

1). 

do 

15, 

t 

2i 

do 

K 

do 

w. 

do 

17, 

do 

18, 

do 

21. 

do 

w. 

do 

«>. 

do 

28, 

do 

27, 

913^030  00 

$20990 

172  00 

1,000  00 

97  00 

200  00 

2,500  00 
1,900  00 

600  00 

172  24 

29  90 

25  00 

2,240  00 

99  71  .       . 

20  00 

229 

500  00 

500  00 

50  00 

1,000  00 

30  50 

40  00 

500  00 

500  00 

11  20 

1,100  00 

^    913,024  99 

AMUAL  REPORT 


OV  TBM 


ADJUTANT  GENERAL 


<m  iHB 


TVISCONSIN   MnJTIA, 


FOU  THE  YEAB  1855. 


MADISON: 

vui 


.    » 


*       s      • 


r  *    c ' 


'I 


I  • 


*  ( 


t » 


REPORT. 


WATKirrowv,  Wib.,  Dec  81, 1866, 

fo  BU  AoMmkCif  WiUirnn  A.  Bar$UM,  Ornmrnder-M^Chitf  qf 

the  Whoonnn  MUUia. 

TouB  ExQKxsNOT, — Hie  priooipal  object  in  making  the  follow- 
ing report,  is  to  exhibit  the  exieting  state  of  the  active  and  {nao- 
tiye  or  enrolled  militia  of  the  State,  by  counties  and  diyisiopf, 
showing  the  inicrease  or  decrease  since  last  year  as  consolidated* 

in  order  to  provide  against  the  state  soffering  from  the  neglect- 
of  the  officers  in  command  of  divisions,  brigades  and  batta-' 
lk>na^  I  bad  in  the  month  of  Jane  last  addreseed  circnlars  to  all  - 
the  clerks  of  the  boards*  of  snpervisors  and  assessors  in  each  conn^ 
tjud  town,  and  enclosed  them  blank  forms,  and  InstnictiDg  them 
soaa  to  fill  them,  and  the  necessity  invoked  on  them  to  make,  re* 
tarns  aocofding  to  the  act  <>f  legislatnre,  March  11, 1801,  relatire 
to  the  Bulitai^  of  eilr  s&ate,  and  regret  to  have  to  say,  that  with 
one  er  two  exceptions,  they^aU  hsfve  bo&  neglected  and  disMgard^; 


ed  the  law,  and  in  no  instance  have  they  complied,  whether  front 
a  want  of  its  trae  inception,  or  a  dogged  determination  to  pat  at 
defiance  the  law  is  evident. 

It  will  he  seen  that  from  some  regiments  nore  turns  have  been 
received,  and  from  others  only  partial ;  snch  wilful  neglect  of 
commanding  officers  brings  into  disrepute  the  military  of  the  state, 
and  gives  excuse  to  tt^  civil  authorities  to  neglect  (viz.  county  and 
township  clerks  andaisesabi'S,)  fi^priving^tle  stole  of  its  just  quota 
of  arms,  as  contemplated  by  the  act  of  congress  of  1803,  for  the 
arming  the  militia  of  the  United  States,  and  depriving  the  Adju- 
tant General  from  the  means  entitled  to  him  to  make  his  annual 
report  to  the  war  department. 

In  the  early  part  of  October  last,  I  had  the  honor  of  inspecting 
the  uniform  compaiu0ao£  the.  eity  of  MiLmaik^,  comprising  the 
Artillery  Dragoons,  Itifles  and  Blac^  Tagers,  and  do  say,  that  I 
found  the  'ordnance  and  arms  intrusted  to  them  by  the  state,  in 
the  best  possible  order,  the  officers  and  men  well  disciplined,  and 
tWFvSfiiforms beat  and  soldier  like. '  ■  Sinee'  tKen: tlie^e' liAvefeen 
added  two  Infieintry  com{mfiiee»  thelAght  Ooards  and  Union  Guards^ 
which  will  make  the  Milwaukee  battallion  an  ornament  and  a 
credit  to  th^ir  city  and  the*  state,  oommaniled  .by  fl|i«&:<^.nuliliat7 
skill  and  proficiency* 

,  ■  •  •  •  •         : 

'I'^ould  respectfully  recommend  that  your  Excellency  would 
order  for  the  Dragoons  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  forty  Oavaliy 
swi^ds,  of  the  new  issue,  in  exohange  ibr  the  ones  .they  hav0 ; 
wiiieh  when  issued  to  their  former  captain^  (Wlsnir)  ia  18 16,  were 
old  Qoes,  and  by  use  since  and  ex|^osure,  are  of  little  use^  alao 
forty  Oaarbinefl  with  swivels  and  aoooatrements  td  oon]{»lete  tbeir 
tre<^  IKo  arm  of  our  de&nce  is'  bo  expensive  as  dnigooos,  where 
m^ey  pf  its  members  have  to  procure  horses  at  a  heavy  ezfeaee 
ak»ie»  without  regfird  toche  sacrifice  of  time  required  to  seonre 
fcyr  t^em  that  degree  ^  profioienoy  necessary  tch  lender  tiJwm  of 
p]MU9al«atUity»:je.]ao.iawdlJunp«r^^     .        , 


*  I  »    ■  ■ 


I  am. proud  to  state  that  quite  a  number  of  uniformed  compan- 
ies are  being  raised  in  different  divisions  of  the  state^'within  the 
last  year,  with  a  true  military' smrit'  The  demand  for  arms  and 
accoutrements  is  more  than  can  be  supplied  at  the  present.  I  api 
happy  to  find  that .  thia  greatest  number  is'  for  rifles,  which,  for  a 
brave^  intelligent  and  active  people^  are  best  fitted,  as  riflemen 
are  genqrallj  used  for  skirmishing  and  such  service,  and  are  only 
required  to  Ue  skilful  in  the  use  of  flrearms,  and  abovQ  all  to  be 
obedient  to  the  command  of  their  officers^  composed  of  men  pos- 
sessing  enthusiasm  which  is  never  wanting  when  the  sound  of  an 
enemy's  gpn  ia  heard  by  those  forming  the  great  American  family, 
ajQd  which  was  fully  proved  in  the  war  of  Independence,  and  that 
of  I8i2,  by  our  citizen  soldiers,  with  the  naost  indifferent  arms  in 
their  hands,  humbled  and  made  England's  proudest  soldiers  attest 
by  the  blood  of  Rer  bravest  pien. 

i  woald  nio^ieara^sUy  recommend  the  augmenting  imd  epqaw- 
aging  the  rifld  corpse  and,  above  all,  to  introdiabee  the  aword^blade 
.b*joDat|.  adaptdd  to  tha  rifl^ ;  aQdit  jaoaeof  tln^  best  axi(Hn9^.1;bat 
n  aoMmrahoold  ha^^  coufidfyoaoin  the  wei^p^uof  d^nce  ip^ujit- 
ed  to  bim,  which  by  discipline  and  obedience  to  the  com^laud;pf 
bis  Buperiors  he  gains  confidence,  which  is  the  keystone  of  the 
•  ittiKtary  a^i^li,  andwahttig,  the  iK^bole  fitydotave^^BiMt  ennarble  to 
pieeei,  bud  if  ift^etbred,  ^cmld  bave  the  dalirefd  effect* of  elairHtiqg 
>i»  ibe  public  ei^timatioli  tbe'iixiporta&ee^of  eherishing  anyat^^m  of 
Hflttoaal'  d^eboefomided  ^titba  rights  of  all  freemcfai  te  bear><rms 
in  case  of  ameifway^ito  avatan,  ptoleot)  a^dt  ^efti^d^  ^d  -]%$ht»  bf 
the  whole  community. 

,..,:ft jg.totb^ rpgn^^d  tbat%  Ti^pprt of  ^ft Hop,  M^  33i»f^])p^o|l| 

ijkom,  tha  pqn^ppit^i^/)!;!,  t^e  v^itia,  did.  apt.bacqm^  al%w ;.  aa^  in,a 
,.fton)Ligr  .eOTCitr7,;suf[}h  a^  ourowii,Wjib^t.iO:Ktt^e.attpiMiojU}[^|pv^ 
;fq  iB|ilit|k|7  di^tieai  ;(p^.,^blc);&  |tbf  aitie^n  ofpaa^tothe  conj^trj^^p-- 
jihpa^  duti^a  fvf e.  ma.  )^.  i^e^^^^f:/  tf^^  ^be  £^^s^^,  ql  the  pArsox^l 

M^mW'f^  ^^^V9i^m^  ofumf^^^  ^^.J^W99  t^.fW^fi*- 


ject  maj  perhaps  be  found  in  an  existing  state  of  safety  from  for- 
eign and  domestic  troubles,  and  in  the  .well  founded  reliance  on 
the  impulse  which  American  freemen  will  feel  in  the  defence  of 
his  home  and  his  rights ;  but  in  such  an  emergencji  discipline 
then  is  required  to  render  effectual  the  energies  of  men  suddenly 
called  to  exert  them.  Then,  and  only  then,  can  such  discipline  as 
the  strictest  observance  of  military  law  give  confidence  to  the  sol- 
dier, and  convert  the  different  elements  into  one  body,  and  ani- 
mates it  with  one  soul,  constituting  real  strength  of  armies  and  of 
nations ;  and  such  discipline  can  only  be  found  in  the  strict  ob- 
servance of  such  laws  as  a  wise  and  judicious  legislature  maj 
pass;  and  which  I  hope  that  your  excellency  will,  in  your  jndg- 
.  ment,  urge  the  passage  of,  a  law  placing  our  military  on  a  footing 
with  other  states,  this  session  of  the  legislature,  making  provision 
for  the  organization  of  the  militia  of  the  state,  by  the  passage  ofa 
law  that  will  make  it  obligatory  on  officers  and  subaltema,  and  by 
its  stringent  r^ulations  and  strict  discipline  make  our  militia 
'  soldier  equal  to  the  regular,  and  by  it  we  could  build  up  a  militia 
which  would  preserve  our  soil  inviolate  from  foreign  or  domestlo 
foes.  V 

And  as  the  great  Napoleon  believed  and  admitted  (but  didaioi 

practice  nor  foster.)    Let  every  dtiaen  know  bis  post  and  ata^d 

aiwajf B  ready  to  ahotilder  hia  musket,  and  then  you  would  bam 

a  nation  eatabliehed  on  such  a  basis,  so  cemented  together  aa  U> 

'  be  callable  of  defying  the  world  iaanns,  and  even  itsel£ 

However  doubting  and  distrubtful  our  legislative  bodies  bare 
been  with  regard  to  the  policy  of  the  organization  of  the  militia 

'  of  onr  state,  yet  volunteer  associations  have  been  fostered  and 
enoonraged  by  all  classes  of  our  citisens,  and  the  legislature  his 

"repeatedly  and  very  grudgingly  responded  to  the  popular  w!U  in 
this  respect  by  enactments  intended  to  encourage  the  organil»tion 
of  volnnteer  corps  (or  unifbrm  companies),  and  to  foeter  a  tpirft 
fttTorable,  as  no  country  or  community  can  boaat  of  an  ezemptioa 


jBrom  tii6  Ikbllitj  atone  time  or  another,  end  aodefy  ^^"fi»*^i»  ili 
poroteetion  at  the  handa  of  their  feUow-dtiaens. 

I  am  in  the  reoeiiyt  ol  the  anawer  to  my  report  sent  to  the 
Areeident  of  the  United  States  on  the  97ih  of  Deeember,  from 
the  adjntant  generals  office  of  the  United  States  armj,  whieh 
gires  na  a  militia  list  of  51,821  aggregate,  and  iriU  entitle  the 
state  to  saj  $5,000  in  mnskets  subject  to  the  order  of  your  Ezcel- 
lenoy.  A  detailed  report  is  annexed  to  the  difTerent  reglmenta 
and  battallions  in  the  different  diyisions,  comprising  the  militia  of 
the  state,  and  hope  that  there  will  be  some  attention  giren  to  the 
passage  of  a  militaiy  law. 

I  haye  the  honor  to 

Bemain  jonr  Ezoellency's 
Obedient  serrant, 

JOHK  HoMANMAN, 
Adjn't  and  Inspector  Genl.,  Wis.  MHitia. 


r 


.• 


ft       1 


I  ■ 


.aaoB 


APPESBII. 


V  I 


»  * 


.,  «    .  •  ; 


APPENDIX. 


11 


ENROLLED  MILITIA 


tm    THB 


AS  BBTITBKED  FOJR  THS  TKAB  IttS. 


WIIUAM  A.  BABSTOW, 

OommaDdsr  in  Ohi«C    ■ 

ALEXANDER  T.  GRAY,   ' 

Aid. 

JOKKPM  LATHBOP, 

(( 

SAMUEL  H.'  SOAUBSy. 

4*  1     » 

J.  P.  FBENOH, 

r 

E.  St.  JUTJRN  OOX, 

t 

9BM7.  L.  8HABPSTEIN, 

« 

JOHN  McM ANHAN, 

Adjatent  General 

QEOBGIj  WEBSXUM, 

«            * 

Paymister  General. 

GEO.  P.  THOMBSON, 

Oommiflaarj  Geneiflii 

J.  W.  HUNT, 

Surg.  General. 

JOmi  DKLA^EY, 

Jndffe  Ad/ General. 

UENBI  OUABliES, 

Military  S^sretwy.      ,      • 

.' .  / 


.^ 


U  f 


fIBBT  DlVISIOir— lOLWAUEKB  COUHTT. 


Wird«  iad  towni. 

1864. 

1885. 

BeoHihi. 

WlwmhHf  Hi  irod,  < 

Ittt     . 

1248  K«  TtMrmM  Chk 

U 

iTfttd, 

1080 

1080  Mo  letont. 

3d 

ward^ 

830 

830 

do 

4th 

wtrd^ 

078 

878 

do 

eth  ward* 

670 

870 

do 

OrModeldf    • 

• 

•      20( 

205 

do 

WlttWAtotA, 

• 

870 

870 

do 

IfilwAukae,    • 

• 

-     284 

8*4 

do 

Oik  Or«ek, 

• 

881 

281 

do 

Lftkt, 

• 

•      808 

280 

do 

OrnvlIU, 

• 

280 

280 

do 

rmkllAi       . 

m 

•     ^80 

180 

dp 

8477 


8417 


FIRST  DiyiSION—WAUEBSBA.  COUMTT. 


Ifuikfgan,    • 

*      130 

ISO  KoretumB. 

Ktw  Btrlln, 

«»0 

270 

do 

Bfook<l«)d, 

Fo  MtotnsiiKSiBMi 

lltnomoA«i|         X  • 

-      S60 

tfOVoretwiM. 

UtlH»« 

13t 

137 

do 

P»WAttk«t»     * 

.'     MY 

887 

do 

WaukftlM^ 

9M 

8or 

do 

y#nioA« 

•      lOO 

too 

d» 

MttltWAM^ 

I4S 

148 

do^ 

Qmm%%^ 

-      tM 

220 

do 

OoMMMMOHOOi 

ttT 

8«7 

4o 

IMiML     - 

«     tM 

tao 

do 

Otani^ 

«          *          « 

MowliM  far  t—  1—^ 

.    8n 

878  No 

J 

•i«r 


H 


»i 


rmST  blVISiON— JEFFEKSON  county': 


I.. » 

.■:»•<.«     '■..'"         , 

J^^^W^^^^^^^^^W^^  ifr  ^^^W^POp 

•it 

1804^ 

1«6».      .,  I  ...  • 

KofikoiiDQgf  *."  - 

-  i»  .1 

.251 

S61  No  rihpti- 

Cold  %riiig8|-  : 

89 

89     .-db.'.'  < 

Palm]Flm       M    - 

"  1  •  • 

.         181 

181  ,.d»  . 

Coneorii,    - 

.               '     ;  . 

84  . 

-  84     .'  4»' 

Bnllii^,       c     . 

100 

100   ...doi 

Haixii*,      - 

4 
1/ 

107 

-lor      do    .> 

Jeffmik,       '     ^ 

-             *.      ^ 

-        871 

m> ...  'do .. .. 

OakhsH,     . 

r.-  .. 

ISO 

180       ^ : 

LftkeMffls,    K    - 

.  «•» 

.      .  104 

104       d* 

Altaian 

•'■'■:- 

101 

-101      .do. 

wwnudffoBt  i  .M  - 

.  iT' 

-      -118 

118       do.. 

Ix<»i%, 

.   .:'. 

187 

187       do 

WatettowSf    ,     - 

-  >    1 

498 

1.476     .  Wk 

mUbQlt      - 

»  .  1  - 

108 

■108  No  MtmM. 

> 

• 

.       .   89 

88        4a 

8,606 


8,488 


FIBST  DIVISION— RACINE  COUNTY. 


' .  ji 


Mount  Pleasant, 
Caledonia, 
lofkvifla,   - 
Bajmottdy 

Barfington, 
EodieKar, 


181 

181  Ifo  retaittt. 

187 

.187 

do 

t04 

894 

do 

220 

220 

do 

178 

178 

do 

181 

181 

do 

178 

178' 

do 

t8T 

237 

do 

148 

145 

do 

1/W9 


.MOO 


14 


FIB8T 

DIVISON— Wi 

) 

lLWORTH  0 

OUNTT. 

Wtfds  and  Tqwul 

/ 

IIM. 

18M. 

BiHTroji 

A                            « 

n» 

179  1b  Nl 

tmjf 

190 

190 

4» 

LaOfiagt, 

A                                      i 

tl< 

SU 

4» 

WUUmttr, 

SOI 

801 

4a 

BidiiBMkd, 

« 

IM 

188 

«h> 

SttgarOnik, 

IM 

180 

d» 

Lftbftm 

« 

1S« 

189 

*> 

Spring  Prairii^ 

UO 

840 

i» 

HttdaM, 

• 

IM 

198 

do 

Chnifif 

t 

SM 

268 

* 

Dabfwi, 

9 

ao9 

809 

4» 

DaricD, 

•                                    •          V 

171 

171 

4» 

8li«riii» 

m 

100 

too 

d* 

WdwMiL,  . 

198 

198 

d* 

Lha. 

m                                        « 

lU 

188 

do 

Bloomiild, 

199 

189 

d* 

BkhoiD, 

9 

106 

106 

do 

8t60 


3266 


riRST  DIVISION— KBNOBHA  COUNTY. 


OitjKeDOiha,    - 

Pint  w«d, 

Saoond  ward, 

Third  waid.  ' 

Soathporti 

Pleasant  Fnim, 

Briste), 

Salam, 

WheeUand, 

•  • 

Brighton,   •  . 

• 
* 

Parity 

• 

8oai«r%                •    - 

■ 

394 
800 
231 
t31 

50 
116 
1»0 
223 
til 

83 

170 
142 


394  Nc 

i  iM 

200 

do 

231 

do 

231 

do 

30 

do 

116 

do 

170 

do 

223 

do 

217 

do 

83 

do 

170 

do 

142 

do 

1998 


1998 


w 


] 

nBsr  DimioH-- 

-K40IHB  OITr. 

• 

Oer.  Guards,  '. 

m                                           m 

49 

■ 
8 

4t 

Bamtt  Gtuiidk 

1 

•                                            m 

•    41 

41 

IK  W«td 

•                                            • 

S7S 

878 

■ 

td  WaH  . 

•                                            • 

-  tio 

818 

Sd  Wanl 

S4» 

848 

iihWati   - 

•                                            • 

•  sot 

808 

■ 

Stb  Ward        '• 

V                                           • 

lOT 

107 

Kp  ntoiu-liMr  t«»  jaan. 

istt 

18t8 

8E00HD  D;Y1SI0N- 

-DAm  CODNTT. 

t 

Wwmm  ' 

•                         '     m' 

•  IM 

lOOaoNiHl. 

DoDkivk 

■          .  .                 • 

1«» 

188 

d» 

lOddMoa 

- 

-    99 

88 

-d» 

OroM  Plidas.  - 

.         (  - 

60 

80 

'd» 

OnMteld 

•                       *       «                 - 

-    91 

81 

d» 

QfMtteld    • 

• 

m         I.  .                 • 

87 

87 

do 

AlbiaA    • 

• 

» 

'     47 

47 

4* 

Berrj 

« 

67 

67 

«B 

Bpri^gdale 

•    78 

76 

d» 

YcrnoD 

- 

lOO 

100 

d» 

Ohrigtiana 

•                                • 

-  107 

107 

do 

SimPnurie    - 

•                                • 

«0 

68 

do 

Dftne 

9                               M 
1                   '                                      *      « 

-    M, 

68 

do 

Boxburj 

•                                • 

67 

67 

do 

BkiNnfng  Orort 

<                            . 

-    68 

68 

db 

YoA 

t  • 

129 

189- 

do 

PriaiiMe  - 

V  •   'w 

.    80- 

80 

do 

Black  Bftrth    • 

•                             • 

64 

64 

1                  • 

do 

McmtHMe     '' 

1 

-    73 

78 

do 

Ongon          ^ 

•           '  •» 

128 

Its 

do- 

PleilMt Spi4Dg 

«                                  m 

•  101 

.101 

do 

Wei^rt     ■'- 

1    I 

•                                 • 

-     68 

68 

•  1      t 

do  ' 

Rattettd     - 

1        'i 

-  112 

118' 

'  do 

.     ■•'•'•        . 

608 

1478 

8V4 

p»  •  -i   *■ 


i>  ar 


U79 


S443 


it 


BpriiigVall«i5^,. 
Atob, 
Vmnxkf 
Poitor, 

Unkniy        -* 
Lft  Pniria, 
Turtle^ 

dktob,       }'    - 
JobiMtowiii  •' 
BmI^.         )     - 
BudfiM,   -' 

PljUMUtlly    ** 


SECOND  DIVISION— rock' 


I' 

J.  "■ 


1  ■ 


•  -1 


• 


- 1; 


•  Tt 


(t 


1181 
118 
180 

SSO 
188 
108 
ISO 
66 
180 
180 
687 
102 
160 
168 
116 
1«1 
116 
900 
108 

8868 


•  ■ 


o.  : 


COUNTT. 

im 

.118 
ISO 

05 
890 
.133 
192 
•ICO 

00 
160 
180 
007 
193 
109 

lot 

110 
161 
115 
200 
103 

3300 


No 


do 
do 
do 
d* 

d» 
do 

a* 

d» 
do 
4o 

d» 
do 
do 

do 


♦« 


ii 


SECOND  DIVISION— IOWA  COTOTrT. 


WyoniBg, 

Lyd^i, 

MiiRio, 

HigUftndi  ^ 

Waldwk, 

<Hydi| 

Dodgorflk, 

pBh*i.     - 

lliMnl  Point,    • 

00 

cao 

170 

000 

131 
80 

878 
44 

888 

400 

1.060 


00  No 

880   da 


170 
800 
181 

80 
878 

44 

sn 

400 

MsO 


do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
4» 


K> 


11 


aiyoND  Dmto)K- 

-ifflfeEifcftbdci^''' 

l%?3^      ,'    t.\' 

'       i  K 

s«t 

S82  VoHlmUt' 

Al^oft      '  Cji. 

t'jr 

101 

101  ..i.f4»!  i.i; 

BmoWpi^        ^;r 

-    ?:•■ 

111 

111          do  :.>.-.•{ 

DeeatQiy     -  ,.vj 

j.T 

IM 

135    ..,4».  ..,.1 

SpriBg.OroTeij,,* 

-      li  . 

lis  . 

lis      M    .»! 

Jeffen9fi,     -  >,  . 

" 

121 

"1        do.    ,  1 

Sjlrest^, 

•     M. 

187 

187      .)d»    ,.,, 

Uouiit;|>kar»^, 

'..? 

108 

10S.C  .  dP    .  1 

Exeter^i 

•     J-  ■ 

100   . 

100      ,4o,  ,.,| 

New  (^krrifl^  ^ 

85 

•5  ^    do.  ,^'1 

Washij^D,  ^  « 

"      1». 

80    . 

•0  '    4».   ..V 

CUurno^.     -    .  >. 

(.-*• 

160 

i«<^.   .d»... 

o«d5%;.    ;,.; 

"       •         f 

120 

120       d4>     .< 

Jordoi^^     -  ., 

•■f 

75 

75  .     do  ,.,.  ;• 

Adami,       ,    —  - 

- 

47 

47        do 

^     •. 


1,710 


1,170 


Jffi<K)SD*lttVlteJftN-<-LA  *#A1t^filP^  ^ 


Ami^-   '^      ' 

-    i*  •  I 

80 

BelmoBl»     -  (.   : 

-  ^ 

41 

Bentoiv         %.^^ 

-   1.  1 

U4 

Center^'      -   ^ 

t .  ^ 

65 

Elk  Gff0ve, 

-  ••♦.« 

155 

Va7ett0|.     -  1 

<»-r 

119 

GrslH. 

- 

01 

KendaiV     -  •    ; 

«  \  r 

n% 

Ifontioeilo^      v  t 

•    »   ■» 

35 

Mew  IXgginv- .  . 

1  -  - 

216 

SbuUablirgb,  .  :  - 

304 

Wayii%!      - 

«    .  ^- 

41 

Wiola^..        . .  '^ 

•      1-     * 

120 

Whit%.g«k  8|ri9g%    - 

_ 

71 

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-     <.     •        X     • 

82 

80  No 


41 

4»: 

.  .•»•. 

144 

jk^'' 

.."!: 

65 

i*'- 

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166 

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do  . 

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72 

do 

;.     1 

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216 

d»- 

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M 

.\J 

41.. 

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1 

■ 

120 

do 

(           « 
1      •    • 

71 

do- 

• 
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82 

do- 

-u 

1,620 


l,82t 


It 


nym^  pijrwpv-OB^H^  cw««nr. 


HaMl 

Pototi, 


1   i 


H%hlMid, 
Patch  *OfOT«, 
LaaeaxMv 

WatorlM, 


.    r 


90 

00  No  ral 

900 

000 

do 

172     ' 

87a 

do 

173 

178 

d^ 

107 

tot 

do 

186 

108 

do 

at 

60 

do 

200 

060 

do 

188 

188 

do 

168 

168 

do 

80 

'88 

do 

ItO 

ISO 

do 

180 

180 

^ 

too 

200 

do 

2«70 


2070 


•   .  > 


•  \ 


TQiVni,  I^XTcIMQM^^WWWIj  QOt^  »Uf  * 


Shields^      - 

■ 

J 

Kmaiet;» 

•   • 

t 

LoboDd^    • 

Aibeppbn, 

^ 

KliMp 

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1 

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i  ' 

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HoalenArd. 

« 

.   • 

Babioo*. 

;    • 

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V 

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k 

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•    • 

r  \ 


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-I 


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100 
120 
lit 
168 
200 
t70 

AA% 

1(8 
184 
86 
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010 
-168 
180 


lot  Vo  nt 

110 

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d* 

144 

U 

MS 

do 

10* 

dv 

14« 

da 

\Ah 

4» 

108 

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18« 

db 

75 

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do 

300 

d* 

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t  •  I 


•  •   .1 


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i^ 


Be&Mtt, 

TbdTMii  ,^ 

Fos  lak^  *  *  )      ' 

TrectQO, .  .  * 

Glwster,      -  ,  j 

Leroy,      .  .  • 

Loaira*.    •  :  - 

W«teftoi«p,  (5d|  0^  6tk  iwd.)i 


•J 


I    «0 

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168 
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lao 

140 

86 

124 

100 


50 

No  r«ittnis 

ISO 

do 

uy 

i^.' 

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^\  • 

204 

^  ' 

it» 

do ' 

UU 

dn. 

09 

Hq 

Ul 

*•  . 

t7<» 

76  inoMHl 

3627 

>  .■       i 


THIRD  NYISlOlf— COLUMBIA  OOUMTY. 


•  lit  J  '^"    ^"     i 

Port  Hq|^, 
Scott,      • 
SpriDgviil^. 

Otmgo,       -     .. 
FountftiQ  ;.Pnurity 
HApiMiB,;    - 
Leed9»      , 
Lodi,  -     . 

Wflitport. 
MaroalloB* 
Raodolpb, 
Portage  Pnurfe^.V 
Wyoctoa, 
LoM'-  -^ 
Golaroboiiy 


^  • ;; 


»   ■: 


•  4 


.     J 


5  '  * 

1   ■  I 


r 
> 

I;    • 


687 
100 
181 
88 
tt8 
108 
118 


» . 


88 

181 

40 

110 

120 

10*: 

140 
800 
888 

8843 

'  I  ()  i 


> 


887 

ffo  fetanta. 

100 

« 

ISI 

d^ 

6t 

.     (Jo 

288 

do' 

103 

do 

118 

^ 

88 

.  do/ 

83 

do     ' 

181 

.  do 

40 

do 

110 

do 

120 

do 

iOb< 

*  do 

140 

do 

1 

200 

Jo 

888 

do 

8848 


<■  I 


JO* 


f 

. 

. 

c 

. 

.1        1   ^':W 

.     THUiD 

DIVISIQUt- 

t        1 

MARQUETTE  OOUNlT 

r        5? 

aekfoidl 

'.  •! 

• 

.    1 

m 

134 

134  Ifu  rettrntt. 

raen  Idka^ 

* 

• 

IM 

194 

do" 

raoUiB,) 

•- 

- 

^  ^ 

" 

129 

129 

•  do    •       ■ 

Ihwjy,      - 

*.I 

• 

89 

89 

do 

iiddletokn, 

9 

- 

<M  I 

- 

86 

86 

'  do- 

iMsanI VaUejT,  < 

« 

» 

800 

800 

do 

[arquelte^ 

-- 

• 

1 

1  ^ 

* 

88 

99 

•         9                       ' 

•  i<f 

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tf 

144^  •  ■*' 

•  '  4'44 

'  do-  ■    •  '• 

[diB^  '. 

^^« 

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to 

291 

201 

do 

!ingatoii| 

,    d 

• 

1-  ' 

231 
1,697 

281 
1,69? 

do 

1  1 

* 

A,  •  ' 

{  *»■. 

•      'i  ».'    ." 

v:    '^.    .    • 

THIRD  DIVISION— FOND  DU  LAC  COUNTY. 

LsUbvd,      ' 

:»J' 

. 

•  ■ 

130 

r 

130  NorrttirnB. 

'rieDdskipy 

1     : 

- 

«'•'. 

80 

80 

••«••   ' 

MumeV* 

I*- 

•* 

« 

.    • 

300 

800 

do 

Snapire^'      • 

»  ■ 

k 

Y8 

IB 

do    •  •' 

Odoradoj 

'■U 

- 

*» 
* 

-   ' 

19 

79 

do    • 

kubani,^  •   - 

1  •; 

M 

• 
•  • 

68 

63 

do    • 

LoseDdflky 

* 

m 

1     • 
■  • 

■ 

128 

126 

a6 

>BC60bl|  '     • 

fl 

- 

•  • 

46 

45 

do 

Eden,      < 

i. 

M 

\  * 

■ 

118 

118 

do 

Jereioo.* '   - 

■ 

• 

U 

200 

200 

do 

•  I 


»»: 


'♦  I 


1,218 


1,213 


Mo, 
inui, 

80tt» 


.  J  THIRD  DIVISIOK^SHEBOTQAN  COUNTY.* 

•  »  ■  ■>  i 


••  • 


f: 


t 


•     I 


r      I- 


t      -v 


60 

118 

88 


60  No  returnf. 
118       do, 
88        do 


268 


266 


*  No  nport  for  Hum  jttam  from  tb0  lait  of  the  town  b  Uie^ooiuit^. 


?:jai 


ToiBB.BivineK^^wASBiasrMair^  oooKTY.  • 

Wajme,  •  •  1^    1  ••'      148*lfo  iMpori 

FanningtoD,  «  107  '  167        do 

.V  '/•.•>;.)«■..     •    '  /aiB*     '.'  '     I  gl3 
*  Noretama  from  the  last  q(  .the.towM  ^  Uaooi  yeMra; 


I  •: 


YraUKDEI  UrUBION'-^nNKBBAOO  OO^TT. 


Win^h^ii^v       •              '-i 

66 

•  66  No  rttAnxs. 

GlajitOD,     -?               ... 

68 

68        do 

Neeaab,            -               ^.. 

651 

651        A>    ' 

VeQlandf     •                -        ■.       - 

159 

169       'do 

WinneooniM^     -               ©. 

130 

180        do    ' 

E^ahford,  •, 

170 

170        do  ' 

Omro, 

SSO 

-S80  '     do    ' 

Algoma,     - 

idd 

166        do 

NekiDic, 

104 

104        do 

Utica,        '.                .               - 

,     06  '.!'  1  • 

«5*      do 

Nepuskin,           .                -               - 

86 

85        do 

Black  Wol?*'             -       '  ^^    . 

66 

66        do 

Oshkoflh, 

6 

6        do 

First  waidfi^^*  •  >-^:iOi-':   •  »  - 

■^at'  ^'  ^  ' 

•137        do 

Second  wv4f  •               7»;;         .   - 

tog 

.:»».v   i^.\ 

Third  ward,            -         "     -      .  . 

19a  , 

198        da 

8,408  9,408 

y  ^pURTH  DIVJglON— MANITQWOO  OOUOT::^:     ,  ^  „) 
>l  retoMl  fifom  thk  000^  for  two  yeixSi  '^ 

^        'fOUBTH  DI1?JSI0N— CALUMET  OOUNTT.     'T     ^ 
Gh«tetOD;>^      -  6»^  .  -      81      •  81-    ••'" 

Mo  ntaofufKm  mj  of  t{f^ther  lowna  for  thne  yean. 


3S 

:  rousTB  NTiflieir--*Binnrir.  COUNTY. 

Jt0  m^xtm  for  tbfM  jmm 

FOURTH  OEFISIOV— DOOB  COUNTY. 
No  ret«rm  §nm  Ihii  ebanty  for  three  jttn. 

90I7IBTH  DIVmiOV—OnTAOAHIE  OOORTT. 


Qra&fi  Ohvle,    - 

174 

174  No  tefeufUL 

Freedom,    - 

70 

70 

6o 

Elliegton. 

67 

67 

^ 

Hoi4oiiia»    ... 

fi8 

66 

do 

ReukaDa.            .               «                . 

46 

46 

do 

Gre«ivilie»  - 

66 

66 

do 

Gealie,  no  relunie  for  three  jean. 

Dal^  BO  ratvms  for  three  yeaH. 

Bmbaneo,  no  retnnia  for  three  jeate^ 

Broirn,  aoteturtte  for  three  yean. 

470  470 

FIFTH  Diy](SION--CIUWFOSD  COUNTY. 

PrtMe  dtt  CMen,  >  -        66B  698  No  retaraa. 

Kb  reinrnstipni  any  of  Uie  remaining  towaa  for  three  yeaia. 


HFTH  DIVISION--*RIOHLAND  COUNTY. 


RoA  Bridge, 
RieUand,  - 
Bnena  Yiela. 
Riehmondi  - 

niwiroedy  it< 


I  ,  .1    . 


f 


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^  ■ 

>t» 

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SM 

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do 

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do 
do 

• 

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id»':) 

f^  -f';  •     I'  N.'  'J        'ttH  ^'^  "   "  "'    \kk 


I  ( 


28 


Freedoflly 
Boney  Creelc, 
KiogR^oti, 

Prftirfc  ia  Sao,    - 


nsi^ 


1;M0 


FIFTH  DIVISION— ADAMS  COUNTY. 

faduoB,  «  81  $1 

Ho  retantt  fifom  adj  of  the  other  tomifl  for  tfarae  /«««.. 

FJPTH  DIVISION— POBTAGK  COUHTT, 

No  np*rt  from  my  of  the  towne  hi  tbis  ooantf  for  foar  Jmln. 

Firm  tnvjsim^BATTAUosB. .  , 

tall    WanalaiiA  Cotinty, 


tni.  WMjMoea 

M.  Ifanthoo 

4IL  CbipiMwa 

Mk  Si.  Oroix 

Ml.  Lapofait 

fill.  Bad  Ax 

•Ih.  LaOroaaa 

Ml.  Ommto 

l04i.WMpM«a    •" 

1 1  tk  Milwavkaa^  atparaU^ 


•i 


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107 
408 


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do  do 

do  4o 

do  do 

do  do 

107         do 

408         do 

do  Ibr8 

do  «o 


}oip» 


IH 


104 


do 
do 


700        700 


AggmgdBkn  18M> 


61,M1 


S4 


1 


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ARMS,  AtioODTBEHENra 


lND  AMUUNrriON. 


AnnrUKT  Obrbai.'*  Onna^ 

Vajmtowii,  Deoembei-,  S7, 180S. 
JOHN  MdCANHAN, 


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OFFICERS   nOl^R    1185.6 


p&bsidbnt: 


Gjw.  wit  R.  SMITH,  MiNBHAL  Point. 


VICE    FBBSIDBtfTd: 

Hon.  JAMES  DUANE  DOTY, 
INCREASE  A.  LAPHAM, 
Hoir.  ALBERT  G.  ELLIS, 
Hon.  morgan  L.  MARTIN, 
CYRUS  WOODMAN, 
BBRIAH  BROWN, 


\  Menasba. 

MilwaukeOk 

StereBs  Mat. 
*Green  Bay, 

Mineral  Point 

Deiaiield. 


OorraqHrniHng  ^cre^ory-^LYMAN  C.  DRAFJSR. 
MeeorcUng  Se»retaty-^MRS  W.  HUNT, 
/it^rarian— DANIEL  S.  DURRIE. 
TVeasurer^VRQT.  0.  M.  CONOVER. 


I.  U  ^.  FABSIidih, 
J.  P.  ArWDOD, 
nam.  JX  J,  P0WBR8» 
B.  F.  HOPKINS, 
E.  A.  CALKIKS, 
HORACE  RUBLEE, 


curators: 

fiOK.  T.  O.  SDWAROfiS, 
OOL.  DAVID  ATWOOD/ 

W..  A.  wflms, 

ANDREW  PROUDFJT, 
H.   C.  BULL, 
J.  T.  CLARK, 


UOK.  SOtEOK^nUA, 
FjfO.  TIBBITS, 
S.  H.  GARFSHm, 
W.  B.  JARVI8;i 
Prop.  E.  S.  CABB, 
EDWARD  ILSLKT. 


STANDING     CO*M  mrTSBS: 

Ik 

Om  -PnWcrtigwf—MiaaBe.  DRAPER,  Jitsgi  ATWOQD  asj>  HUNT. 

0»  Pr*i«»^^MB88Ra.  HUNT,  D.  ATWOQD  am)  CALKINS. 

Om  Juditing  and  lVfUin««— Mxbsks.  FARWELL,  POWERS  and  ILSLEY. 

Om  Ltbrmrv,  Purek^utM  and  FisBtmra-^MMamta.  DRAPER,  DURRIE  akd  RUBLBB. 

Om  JHdvTtf  GteUcr^— ME88S8.  CARPENTER,  TIBBITS  axd  HOPKINS. 

On  OKIuariet— Hn8R8.  DRAPER,  CALKINS,  D.  ATWOOD,  CARPENTER  xra  BUBIJX. 

Ibe  r^:u]«r  meetingfl  of  the  ExecntWo  Comautbeo  Are  held  on  thA  first  Tuesday  «teBiDf  of  Mtt'ttORtlL 


OBJE0T8  OF  OOLLEOTION  DE8IBED  BY  TSB  SOdETT. 


I.  Maaoacript  statomentsi  and  narratives  of  pioneer  settlerfl—old  letters  and  jonnala  reUtira  to  tie 
mAj  bistorj  and  settlemcDt  of  Wiacoxuin,  and  of  the  BbrCk  Hawk  War ;  biogia^cal  notieea  of  oxx 
pionaera,  and  of  eminent  citizena,  deceased ;  and  facts  Uliutrmtiro  of  our  Indian  tribea,  their  hiatozy, 
diazacteriatics,  sketchca  of  their  prominent  chiefs,  orators  and  motion,  togettMrirltli  co&tarniatioiia  oi 
ynM».n  implements,  dresn,  om&menta  and  cariosities. 

3.  Filea  of  newspapers,  book?,  pamphlets,  college  catalogues ;  minutes  of  ccdesiaatioal  conrentioiifi, 
eonftrencea  and  sjnods,  and  other  publications  relating  to  this  State,  or  Michigan  Territoiy,  of  whifih 
Wiaeonain  formed  a  part  from  1818  to  182&— end  hence  the  Tenitorial  Laws  and  Joornala,  and  filM  of 
Michigan  newspapers  for  that  period,  we  are  peculiarly  anxious  to  obtain. 

3,  DrawinfT^  and  doorriptions  of  our  ancient  mounds  and  fortifications,  their  size,  repreaentatloa  and 

looaUtj.     • 

4.  Infotmalion  lAapeeting  any  ancient  coins,  or  other  coiiofeities  found  in  Wiaeonain.  Ibe  eontribivtion 
of  aneh  articles  to  the  Cabinet  of  the  Society  is  reapectfnllj  solieited. 

fi.  Indian  geographical  names  of  streams  and  localities  in  this  State,  with  their  significatiotta. 

0.  Books  of  all  kinds,  and  especially  such  as  relate  to  American  history,  trarela  and  blographj'ingen- 
ttal  and  the  Wett  in  particnlar,  flunily  genealogies,  old  magariaea,  patnpblaii,  filai  of  new^apan, 
B^M,  historical  manuscripts,  autographs  of  distinguished  penons,  coins,  medals,  paintinga^  poititlt^ 
atatoazy  and  engrarings. 

7.  We  solicit  from  Historical  SodetioH  and  other  learned  bodies,  that  interchange  of  booka  and  ofber 
BAtarials  by  whiek  the  oaefnlnoss  of  institutioDs  of  tiiis  natora  ia  ao  aaaantlallj  aahaaoed-^adglBg 
oonelTaa  to  repay  such  contrihntions  by  acta  In  kind  to  tha  ftUl  axtant  of  our  aiUIity. 

8.  The  Society  partienlarly  begs  the  fjavor  and  compliment  of  authors  and  pabUahera,  to  preaant*  with 
thatt^antographs,  copies  of  their  reepcciivc  works  for  its  Library. 

flt  Editors  and  publiahers  of  newq>aper8,  magaxlnea  and  renriewa,  win  confer  a  laatiag  &Tor  on  the 
Bodaty  by  contributing  their  publications  regularly  for  its  library— or,  at  leaat,  aneh  nnmban  aa  may 
•antain  articles  bearing  upon  Wisconsin  history,  biography,  geography,  or  antlqnitlos  ;  all  wUdi  will  be 
aacafUly  preserred  for  binding. 

Fiackages  for  the  Society  may  be  sent  to,  or  deposited  with,  the  following  gentleman,  who  haT«  Undij 
aonaeaM  to  take  cfaaigc  of  them.  Such  panwla,  to  prevent  miitakea,  ahomM  ba  propaify  «M«lopadaBd 
addtaaaodfOTen  if  but  a  single  article  ;.and  it  would,  ftithecmore,  be  deairaUa^  that  donoia  aliMld  tormtA 
to  the  ConaaponcUng  Sccrotaiy  a  spociHcation  of  books  or  articles  donated  and  dapoaitid. 

DEPOSITARIES. 

0.  &  J.  A.  Rkuskx,  at  J.  B.  Lippincott*  Co.'s  Philadelphia. 
Sxum  G.  Draks,  Antiquarian  Book  Store,  Boston. 
Charles  B.  Nortow,  Appleton's  BuUding,  New  York. 
Joel  Musssll,  Publisher,  78  State  Street,  Albany. 
GXORQK  Ogden  Dekth  k  Co.,  Washington  City. 

C.  R.  Starkweather,  No.  102  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago, 
C-  C.  Smmoxp,  City  Recorder,  St.  Lo^is. 

1.  A  LAmilff,  Milwaukee. 
David  Axsisaox,  Cincinnati 

Jkssx  CLE>a.Tr,  Kditor  Westorn  Literar}•iMe^fongor,  Buffalo. 

Donors  to  the  Society's  Libniry  and  CoUecUons  will,  in  return,  be  placed  ui>on  tlw  list  of  ex- 
'     *  reoelTe  equivalent  publications  of  the  Society. 


«> 


SECOND  ANNUAL  REPORT. 


To  His  Excellency,  Wm.  A.  Babstow, 

Governor  of  iJte  Stats  of  Wifoonsin : 

Sib: — ^The  underdgped  !IQxMati7e>  Oommittee  of  the  StatsHxi^ 
TosiGAL  SocisxY  OF  WiBOONQOT,  lu  0QmpliaiiC6  with  the  act  of  the 
Legislatiure  grauting  five  hundred  dollars  annaallj  to  the  Society, 
beg  to  present  herewith  the  report  of  the  Treaaurer  for  the  past 
jear^  exhibiting  the  objects  and  extent  of  the  expenditures  of  the 
Society,  with  the  accompanying  vouchers.  The  total  receipts  of 
the  year,  including  the  balance  on  hand  on  the  2d  of  January 
last,  haye  been  $760  42,  and  the  disbursements  $668  12 — ^leaving 
a  balance  in  the  Treasury  of  $02  '80. 

In  presenting  their  Second  Annual  Report,  the  Executive  Oom- 
mittee are  happy  in  being  able  to  congratulate  the  members  of 
the  Society,  and  the  citizens  of  the  State,  on  the  large  measure  of 
succeBa  that  has  attended  the  Society  during  the  past  year.    The 
increaae  in  the  library  and  collections  has  been  very  large — with- 
out a  precedent  in  the  history  of  any  similar  association  in  the 
Westem  States ;  and  the  Society,  at  the  same  time,  has  increased 
its  hold  upon  the  sympathies  and  kind  offices  of  men  of  letters 
abroad,  and  of  our  own  enlightened  fellow  citizens  of  Wisconsin. 
With  noble  ends  gained  by  honorable  means,  it  is  a  subject  of 
]aBl  pride  to  tbe  Committee,  that  our  institution,  having  no  selfish, 
ectarian^  partian,  or  exclusxre   aims,  should  thus   receive  the 
>anD  appf  (Aatioo  of  tbe  wise  and  the  good  at  home  and  abroad. 


In  Janaarj,  1854,  after  the  Society  had  been  five  yeara  in  ex- 
iatence,  there  were  but  fifty  volames  in  the  library.  At  that  date 
an  eflicient  re-organization  was  effected,  and  the  patronage  of  the 
State  aecnred ;  and  the  resnlt  was,  that  on  the  Ist  of  January, 
1856,  the  library  by  gifts,  purchases  and  exchanges  had  increased 
to  1060 ;  and  now,  after  the  labons  of  another  SQccessfol  yeas,  ^pre 
hare  to  report  the  present  number  of  volumes  in  the  library  at 
9116 — exhibiting  an  increase  the  past  year  of  1065  volumes,  thuB 
something  more  than  doubling  the  aggregate  in  a  single  year. 
Of  this  increase,  192  were  by  purchase,  and  873  by  don&tion  and 
exchange ;  while  the  previous  year,  the  number  of  volumes  pur- 
chased was  180,  and  870  received  by  donation  and  exchange; 
and  the  60  volumes  which  the  Society  possessed  prior  to  1854, 
were  all  donatdd.  Thus  of  the  present  number  in  the  library, 
8&9  Tolnmes  were  pdrchased,  and  1788  were  received  by  dota- 
tion and  exchange.  Daring  the  past  year,  of  the  additions  to 
the  library,  46  volumes  were  folios,  68  were  quartos,  the  rast 
chiefly  ci  octavo  siee ;  thus  making  now  in  the  library  108  fidiotf, 
and  198  qmartosi  These  works  relate  almost  exclusively  to  our 
own  country,  and  may  be  classified  as  follows : 

Works  on  history,  biography,  travels,  bound  newspaper  files,  and 
publications  of  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Societies,    937  vols. 
Oongressional  pnblioations,     ....      $09   '^ 
Agrieultural,  mechanical  and  scientific,    -  -  155    '^ 

State  laws  and  State  legislation,  -  -      150   ^ 

Miscellaneous,         .....  S84   ^* 


Total,      -    ,       -    2116   " 

The  character  and  value  of  the  works  added  to  the  library  dur- 
ing the  past  year,  demand  a  passing  notice.  The  Oommittee  hai^e 
had  constantly  in  vie\r  the  paramount  object  of  firat  obtainiQ^  eB 
works  relating  immediately  or  remotely  to  our  own  Btate^  and 
then  of  the  We$t  generally.  Of  this  class  may  be  meoitieaed 
the  werks  of  Lescarbot,  Macquette,  La  Hontaa,  La  Sofle, 
Heuuepip,  Labat,  Lafitau,  Orespel,  Garver,  Henry,  Pike,  Skea, 


Slrinchwe,  Fftloontf,  MeLeod,  Httxsori  and  otbere.  The  large 
Alio  work  on  tbe  American  IndiauB,  by  Hall  and  McSlhlnejr, 
ia  tiil^e  >6liitxie8,  with  ISO  b^antifhllj  colored  engrayiDgs, 
taken  moetfy  from  the  collection  of  the  Indian  Barean  at  Waek- 
ingtOD,  and  eubraeiog  among  the  number  Bereral  chieftahiB  of 
the  Ottawa,  Chippewa,  Winnebago,  Menomonee,  Sauk  and  Fox 
nafiodlr,  is  a  valnable  acqaisitlon  to  our  library.  It  was  pur- 
<^hinc^f>  at  considerably  less  than  tbe  osnal  price.  A  large  number 
of  state,  county  and  town  histories  and  family  genealogies,  re- 
latmg  to  varions  portions  of  the  Union,  and  many  of  them  gifts 
from  their  respective  authors,  hare  been  added  to  the  library,  and 
serye  a  most  valuable  purpose  in  tracing  genealogies,  as  well  as 
facalitsttng  general  and  local  historical  research  and  investigation. 

Oar  newspaper  files,  so  valuable  for  numerous  purposes  of  re- 
ference, have  been  largely  augmented.  Fifty-eight  bound  vol- 
nwM  have  been  added  during  the  past  twelve  mouths,  of  which 
thirty-three  volumes  relate  to  the  period  preceding  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  printing  press  in  Wisconsin,  in  188S.  Tlio  whole  num- 
ber of  bound  newspaper  files  now  in  the  library,  including  Kiles' 
Begiiter,  is  306,  making  almost  a  continuous  series  from  1784  to 
the  present  time.  We  have  one  prior  volume,  covering  a  portion 
of  1776  and  1777.  We  have  Gen.  Ellis'  file  of  the  Gfreen  Bay 
Intelligencer  from  its  commencement,  Dec.  II,  1833  to  Sept.  1839, 
and  then  a  gap  occurs  until  the  establishment  of  the  WisooTi^n 
Mtqui/retj  by  J.  A.  Noonan,  Nov.  8,  1838  ;  but  this  hiatus,  we 
hope,  will  be  amply  supplied  by  the  valuable  files  of  territorial 
papers  so  considerately  preserved  and  so  kindly  promised  to  our 
Society,  by  the  Hon.  George  Hyer  and  the  Hon.  Joshua  Hathaway, 
both  early  and  meritorious  pioneers  of  Wisconsin,  and  warm 
friends  of  our  Society.  Bev.  Alfred  Branson,  another  early  pio- 
nettv  1>&8  pi««Bdi0d  a  file  «rf  the  JT.  T.  AihMite  cmd  J&urfuU, 
frem  Ang.  18IA  io  May  18S4,  eontaittliig  many  of  Mr.  Brnnson's 
•cotmnmiiipaliettt  voUrti^e  to  Western  matters  at  that  period ;  G. 
W.  BKas  pmniwa  aftiU  file  of  th«  Mineral  PbiHt  TWftwM,  em- 
bmlhag  8  ymktmm ;  J.  (X  Oover,  the  LtaenMr  HeMd^  1651-05 ; 


8 

EL  K  Qaimr,  Wattftown  S^/ttUr^  1850-54;  Mns.  Hian  A. 
Wnght,  a  file  of  the  Prairie  da  Chien  PolKotf,  184«-^1 ;  John 
Donghertjy  a  file  of  the  O^ikoeh  DmnooraL,  1854r-5fi ;  J.  Or^w- 
lej,  M^nasha  AdvocaU^  l$54-o5 ;  Gen.  A.  G.  EUia,  Steyeaa 
Point  PMMry,  1S5S-55 ;  and  Got.  Doty,  a  file  of  Dr.  P^iUeo^a 
CriLemim^  for  1833,  valaable  as  contaLuing  the  current  newaof 
the  Black  Hawk  war.  Other  earlj  filee  of  Wiacooftin  papers^ 
preserved  bj  members  of  oar  Society,  re8iding  at  Milwaokee, 
Mineral  Point,  Eenoeha,  Appleton,  Elkhom  and  Portage  Oifcy, 
in  this  State,^aQd  Easton,  Pa.,  it  is  aQiciouslj  hoped  will  eventii* 
allj  find  their  way  to  oar  collectioos,  and  thus  Terj  materially 
enrich  this  inyalaable  department  of  oar  librarj. 

The  Society  is  in  the  regular  receipt  of  sixty-eight  pnblicatiilnS) 

of  which  fifty-two  are  published  in  Wisconain,  and  of  this  vnok* 
ber,  five  are  dailies,  fifty-one  weeklies,  ten  manthliea,  or  semi- 
monthlies, and  one  quarterly ;  and  there  are  besides,  at  leasts 
seven  Wisconsin  weekly  papers,  preserved  for  the  Socie^,  at 
the  offices  of  their  publication — making  a  total  of  seventy-fire 
publications  carefully  preserved  for  binding,  and  which  will 
add  largely  to  our  already  respectable  collection  of  newspaper 
files.  It  is  extremely  desirable,  that  the  newspaper  editors  and 
publishers  of  our  S^ito,  who  have  not  hitherto  contributed  their 
respective  publications,  sh<  uld  do  so  regularly  and,  if  possible, 
firom  their  commenox^rnent ;  and  those  persons  who  may  poooooo 
old  files,  are  earnestly  requested  to  bestow  them  upon  the  society. 
Let  it  be  the  pride  of  Wiscor.sin  that  we  endeavor  to  possess  a 
more  complete  series  of  newsp;ipers  of  cur  own  State,  than  doea 
any  similar  Society  of  its  State  in  tLe  Union*  Beginning  thus 
early,  if  we  but  porsevere  unfalteringly,  we  can  secure  this  de- 
sirable attainment. 

Duing  the  past  year,  about  two  thoittand  pamphWa  and  doen* 
ments  have  been  received,  making  oar  wh 
not&rfirom  three  thousand.  Thia  kind  of 
comprisiag  history,  itatiitioi,  orationa,  eologias^  irpsaniii  im  Gsn- 
grean^  caiak^iaea,  essays^  and  pablic  docamenta    Ayfcnn,  aaihi 


eBtvoAtUm.  of  Wahstor, ''  tibe  elemente  of  history.''  Thej  dioidd, 
in  diie  tiiae,  be  arranged  bj  sabjeets,  boiuid  aad  indesed)  and 
than  wonld  be  regarded  as  traly  yalnable.  The  eoat  of  bindiag, 
how^Ter^  would  be  quite  an  item. 

Among  the  donors  to  the  library,  ex-Gor.  Tallmadge  is  the 
moBt  eonspicnoos.  He  has  presented  his  valuable  collection  of 
Oongresflional  docmments,  for  the  period  he  was  a  member  of  the 
U.  S.  Senate,  i5rom  1882  to  1843,  uniformly  bound,  in  160  vol- 
umes, which  form  a  complete  series.  From  the  Department  of 
State,  Washington,  has  been  received  164  bound  volumes,  com- 
prising mostly  laws,  journals  and  reports  of  national  legislation. 
Hon.  Wm.  B.  Towne,  the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  8.  G. 
Drake^  Geo.  B.  Sampson,  John  P.  Jewett,  £ev.  J.  S.  Barry,  Dr. 
Edward  Jarvis,  Wm.  H.  Prescott  and  Hon.  Obas.  Franeis  Adams, 
of  Mass. ;  J.  S.  0.  Abbott,  of  Maine ;  Rev.  E.  W.  Stone,  E.  L ; 
Miss  F.  M.  OanUdns,  Oonn. ; .  Samuel  Oole  and  G.  O.  Deetb,  D. 
0. ;  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Oo»,  Fhila. ;  S.  G.  Daeth,N.  J. ;  Dr.  Mar- 
tyn  Paine,  Joel  Munsell,  Mrs.  Emma  Willard,  Dr.  F.  B.  Hough, 
and  J.  H.  Hiekcox,  New  York;  D.  B.  Oooke  &  Co.,  111.;  N- 
Trubner,  London ;  and  Silas  Ohapman,  D.  S.  Durrle,  Hon.  Ohas. 
Durkee,  Hon.  Henry  Dodge,  Hon.  L  P..  Walker,  Hon.  B,  0. 
Eastman,  Hon.  Daniel  Wells,  jr.,  Hon.  J.  B.  Macy,  Hon.  S.  & 
Case,  exGov.  J.  D.  Doty,  Dr.  H.  D.  Holt,  Hon.  Ohas.  Clement, 
Hon.  Levi  Russell,  Gyrus  Woodman,  Dr.  W.  H.  Brisbane  and 
Daniel  Noble  Johnson,  of  our  own  State,  have  severally  made 
valuable  contributions  to  the  library.  A  full  list  of  the  donors  of 
bound  volumes,' and  the  number  contributed  by  each,  will  be 
found  appended  to  this  report. 

Tie  publications  of  the  Historical  Societies  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  Minnesota,  the 
New  England  Historic-Genealogical  Society,  the  Smithsonian  In" 
stitution,  and  Am.  Ethnological  Society,  have  been  previously 
announced  as  having  been  received  j  and  we  have  the  pleasure  to 
add,  that  during  the  past  year  those  of  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  Maine  and  Ohio  Historical  Societies,  and  one  volume  of 


10  • 

th«^  Peansjlvania  Hietorical  Society,  hn/n  been  plaeed  nprn  <mt 
shelveS)  mtb  aBsavances  that  those  of  the  New  Tork^  Maryliiid 
ami  Georgia  BUstorioal  Societiea,  and  tea  qaarto  Yi^lvmee  of  the 
Am.  Philosophical  Society  will  be  early  forwarded.  We  hare 
also  received  one  Toliune  and  several  pamphlets  from  the  B07M 
Society  of  Northern  AntiqaarieS)  Copenhagen ;  and  it  would  be 
extremely  desirable  to  receive  their  larger  work  oo  the  early  dia* 
covery  and  colonization  of  America  by  the  Ij^orthmea  in  tbetenlii ' 
century.  We^have  the  most  sanguine  expectations  that  our  9^ 
ciey  will  soon  be  in  possession  of  a  complete  series  of  all  the 
publications  of  the  several  Historical  and  Antiquarian  assoQia* 
tions  of  our  country. 

Twenty  maps,  pertathing  mostly  to  our  own  and  other  Western 
States,  and  a  large  number  of  charts,  have  been  received;  also 
several  fine  engravings,  among  which  may  be  mentioned,  the 
County  Election,  22  by  30  inches,  from  the  artist,  Geo.  0.  Bing- 
ham ;  engravings  of  President  Taylor,  Silas  Wright,  Oalhoun  and 
Fremont,  13  by  16  incnes  in^size,  from  N*.  Tnibner,  London,  of 
Hon.  H.  A.  Wfse,  from  Cyrus  Sharp,  a  fine  photograph  of  the  late 
Dr.  Daniel  Dmke,  of  Cincinnati,  from  E.  O.  Hawkins,  and  a  large 
fac-simile  copy  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  from  the 
State  Department,  Washington. 

To  our  autograph  collection,  several  interesting  additions  have 
been  made :  Autograph  letters  of  six  of  the  sis^ners  of  the  Dec* 
laration  of  Independence,  and  the  signature  of  another,  have  beea 
received ;  of  Samuel  Huntington  and  William  EUery,  from  Bev* 
Dr.  Sprague ;  of  Thomas  McKean,  Csasar  Boduey  and  George 
Read,  from  Wm.  T.  Bead,  Esq.;  of  Car|;er  Braxton^  and  signatuxe 
of  JoTin  Hart,  from  F.  M.  Etting,  Esq.  We  have  also  received 
those  of  John  Dickinson,  Philip  Schuyler,  George  Clinton,  De 
Witt  Clinton,  Aaron  Burr,  Nathan  Dane,  0.  C,  Pinckney,  Henry 
Lee,  W.  H.  Crawford,  Henry  Clay,  Daniel  Webster,  Ma»tm  Vau 
Buren,  Zachary  Taylor,  B.  M.  Johnson,  Thomas  Carwin,  Joha  M. 
Clayton,  and  otheirs*^ 


11 

r 

J^  beautiful  pladter  ttntnettd  of  Qeiu  Jiickioa  Im  been  repeived 
from  the  celebrated  artist,  Olark  Kille,  bat  was  anfortuoatelj 
broken  on  the  way ;  iwd  learning  ^hich,  the  talented  aad  indefS»t- 
igahle  artist,  nothing  daanted,  has  informed  the  Society  Umt  he 
has  resolved  to  sapply  its  place  with  a  metal  one,  as  soon  as  he 
can  connteniently  cast  it.  A  gift  so  valuable,  from  such  aix  emi- 
nent artist,  would  ever  be  regarded  as  a  splendid  triumph  of 
American  genius,  and  a  worthy  ornament  ||  our  library. 

To  G.  A.  JobQson  the  Society  is  indebted  for  a  beautilal  ease  of 
daguerreotypes  of  %%  members  of  the  last  WitfoMism  Legtslatipre, 
and  a  framed  daguerreotype  of  €bn.  W.  B.  Smith.  Also  daguer- 
reotypes of  Ck>l.  Joseph  Dickson  and  William  Davidson,  pioneers 
of  onr  State^  and  of  Lieut.  Gov.  Burns,  Hon.  A.  P.  Ladd,  and 
Hon.  T.  J.  Moorman  have  been  received  since  the  ^ast^report  was 
made. 

Daring  the  year,  the  Oabinet  has  been  enriched  with  various 
euriosities  ;  a  silken  tassel  from  the  bed  o^he  unfortunate  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots,  obtained  from  Holyrood  (Ktle,  Edinburgh,  and 
presented  by  Bobert  White ;  a  fragment  of  the  frigate  Oonstitutiou,* 
so  well  known  as  Old  Ironsides,  from  Hon.  Levi  Kussell ;  one  of 
the  original  stamps  of  the  celebrated  Stamp  Act  of  1765,  which 
aroused  the  spirit  of  resistance  to  British  oppression,  and  led  the 
way  to  American  Independence,  from  F*  M.  Etting,  Esq,;  a  white 
marble  idol,  with  the  head  broken  off  and  missing,  five  inches  in 
height,  in  an  oriental  sitting  postare,  found  in  185i,  about  one 
foot  under  the  surface,  while  ditching  a  marsh  lot  near  Taychee- 
dah,  Fond  du  Lac  county,  presented  by  Judge  Hubbell ;  a  rosary 
of  olive  wood,  from  the  Mount  of  Olives,  presented  by  the  late 
Hon.  O.  R.  McLane ;  a  large  quantity  of  continental  paper  money, 
from  Gen.  W.  B.  Smith,  F.  M.  Etting,  and  Rev.  A.  Branson;  and 
from  tile  latter  and  others,  several  notes  and  shinplasters  of  early 
Wisconsin  banks  and  corporations.  From  the  heirs  of  the  late 
Hon.  John  Lawe  of  Green  Bay, .  has  been  received,  through  the 
landless  of  .Hon.  H.  S.  JBaird,  the  ancient  court  dress  of  the  quaint 
old^'Oreen  Bay  pioneer,  the '  late  Judge  Oharles  Resume.    Quite 


12 

a  number  of  cnrions  coin  have  b^en  added  to  onr  collection ; 
three  ancient  Roman  ones  of  tlfe  first  centnry,  dng  np  a  few  jears 
since,  in  Lincolnshire^on  the  old  Roman  road  from  London  to  Scot- 
land, presented  by  Robert  White;  a  silver  coin,  abont  the  value 
of  16  cents,  bearing  date  1593,  dng  np,  abont  1843,  in  Berkshire 
county,  England,  and  presented  by  John  W.  Ford ;  and  others  ot 
modern  dates,  from  Prof  J.  J. '  Cole,  Mrs.  O.  M.  Oonover,  Mrs. 
Robert  White,  H.  D,  HWt,  and  others.  Oapt.  George  8.  Dodge, 
with  the  just  anpreciation  of  an  enlightened  scholar  and  traveler, 
ha0  generously  promised,  that  our  Society  shall,  in  due  time,  re- 
ceive  his  valuable  collection  of  about  two  hundred  rare  and  curious 
c(mi,  ooUec^d  in  the  United  States,  Europe,  Mexico,  and  other 
countries,  and  must  add  much  to  our  knowledge  of  numismatics. 

Thb  Picture  Gaixesy  has  become  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  valuable  features  of  our  collection.  In  the  last  annual  report 
three  portraits  were  acknowledged  as  having  been  received — a 
copy  of  Stuabt's  WASJ^raxoN,  from  the  venerable  Thomas  Sully ; 
and  a  copy  of  Jarvis*  Gen.  Gkoroe  Roqebs  Clark,  the  Hannibal 
of  the  west,  and  an  orignal  portrait  of  Dr.  Wm.  Byrd  Powill,  a 
learned  writer  of  Kentucky  on  medicine  and  science.  Fifteen 
others  were  announced  as  Laving  been  kindly  promised  the  So- 
ciety. During  the  past  year,  eight*  portraits  have  been  received) 
and  now  adorn  our  Hall.  Five  of  them  are  from  the  pencil  of  the 
late  Robert  M.  Sully — two  of  them  originals,  never  copied,  Wa- 
PB-SHB  KA  or  the  Zight  Cloud j  better  known  as  the  Prophet  of  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes,  and  Black  Hawk's  son  Na-shb-a-kusk  or  Zoud 
Thunder^  both  painted  from  life  by  the  artist  in  1833 ;  and  an  im- 
proved copy  of  his  Black  Hawk,  painted  at  the  same  time  ;  also 
a  copy  of  a  splendid  portrait  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  from 
an  original  taken  by  the  lamented  artist ;  and  a  copy  of  the  beau- 
tiful Pocahontas,  taken  from  an  ancient  painting,  since  crumbled 
to  ruins,  long  preserved  by  the  descendants  of  this  renowned  In- 


•  JUUJi pfegs i« b«iaff  put  in  typ»^  April,  ISW,  fh#  totil  iraiDber  of  oU  painllBgi  in  the  Pletan 
QtSlMxj  hut  iDcreMtd  to  tw«ll7.tiro ;  Tid«  LibnrUa**  nport,  whirfi  hM  taao  Uflid»  td  iiMl«4«  Ifattt 
$Jl'  L.  G.  D. 


13 

•diaa  Princess ;  of  the  others,  one  is  aa  original  portrait  of  De  Witt 
ChjirroH,  which  was  once  possessed  by  that  eminent/tatesman, 
another  is  a  striking  likenese  of  Hon,  Bxbon  Kil^otthk,  a  Milwau- 
kee pioneer,  painted  by  S.  M.  J^rookee;  and  the  other,  a  good  por- 
trait of  Hon.  I.  P.  Walsbb,  taken  in  185S.  The  portraits  of  Black 
Hawk,  Na-she-a-knak  and  Wa  pe-ahe-ka,  were  purchased  at  a  low 
price  from  Mr.  Bully ;  while  those  of  Pocahontas  and  Qhief  Jus- 
tico  Marshall  were  liberally  presented  by  the  lamented  artist. 
The  portrait  of  Clinton  was  purchased  at  a  mere  nominal  price,  that 
of  Mr.  Kilbonm  was  presented  by  himself,  and  that  of  Sx*8enator 
Walker  was  kindly  contributed  by  Geo.  P.  Delaplaine,  Esq. 

.    We  have  the  promise  of  portraits  from  the  following  forty-seven 
persons,  all  more  or  loss  intimately  associated  with  the  history  of 
Wisconsin :    Qen.  Lewis  Cass,  so  long  the  Governor  of  Michi^n 
Territory  when  what  is  now  Wisconsin  formed  a  portion  of  his 
government,  ex-Gov.  John  Keynolds,  of  Illinois,  so  prominently 
connected  with  the  Black  Hawk  war,  Gov.  Henry  Dodge,  Gov. 
Tallmadge,  Gov.  Dewey,  Gov.  Far  well,  Gov.  Barstow,  Hon.  Solo- 
mon Juneau,  Hon.  James  H.  Lockwood,  Col.  Ebenezer  Ohilds, 
Hon.  Henry  S.  Baird,  Hon.  Ebenezer  Brigham,  Hon.  Moses 
Meeker,  Gen.  Wm.  B.  Smith,  Hon.  Morgan  L.  Martin,  Col.  Jas. 
Morrison,  Col.  D.  M.  Farkison,  Maj.  John  H.  Bountree,  Hon.  A. 
A.  Townsend,  Capt.  B.  M.  McGoon,  Bev.  Alfred  Brunson,  Gen. 
A.  G.  Ellis,  Hon.  John  S.  Horner,  Chief  Justice  Wliiton,  Hon. 
A.  D.  Smith,  I.  A.  Lapham,  Esq.,  Hon.   Alanson  Sweet,  Hon. 
Mason  C.  Darling,  Col.  Samuel  By  an,  Hon.  Charles  C.  Sholes, 
Ool.  James  Maxwell,  Oyms  Woodman,  Esq.,  Col.  A.  A.  Bird, 
Hon.  Simeon  Mills,  Darwin  Clark,  Esq.,  Col.  H.  M.  Billings,  Hon. 
Patrick  Bogan,  John  Measersnuth,  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Hickcox,  Ste- 
phen Taylor,  Esq.,  Maj.  John  P.  Sheldon,  Hon,  Joshua  Hatha- 
way, Bishop  Henmi,  Hon.  Charles  H.  Larrabee,  Asahel  Fitioh, 
Jr.,  Esq.,  Hon.  Daniel  WoUs,  Jr.,  and  Geo.  P.  Delaplaine,  Esq. 
It  is  anxiously  to  be  desired,  that  all  these  porti^ts,  with  those  of 
other  pioneers  and  early  public  men  of  Wisconsin  which  have 
been  respectfully  solicited,  will  be  early  fnrnishbd ;  then  the  Society 


14 

^aj  ^U  point  with  pridd  to  the  coUe^ion  as  the  most  coiilpT«te 
po0seB«ed  by  any  State  of  its  worthy  pioneers  and  early  pnbfic 
aeryanta.  Sach  a  Gallery  would  not  only  prove  deeply  interest- 
ing aa  works  of  art,  but  most  of  them  would  serre  an  invalaable 
purpose  in  illastrating  the  history  and  historic  men  of  onr  State. 
It  is  proper  in  this  connection  to  remark,  that  the  distingnished 
artists  Jasper  F.  Cropsey,  John  Neagle,  J.  McHnrtrie,  P.  P. 
Bothermel,  WilHatn  Hart,  and  Samtiel  M.  Brookes,  have  serer- 
oUy  promised  orintimated  some  gift  of  their  pencil  to  the  Society 
—worthy  tributes  from  men  of  genius  which  would  ever  be  held 
in  high  estimation  by  our  Society. 

By  the  great  kindness  of  S.  M.  Brookes,  of  Milwaukee,  a  bust 
of  Hon.  Byron  Kilbourn,  and  one  of  Bishop  Henni,  both  cast  by 
that  talented  artist,  have  been  bestowed  upon  the  Society,  and 
now  adorn  cur  Library. 

*  ■ 

Personal  memorials  of  Henry  Clay  and  Dewitt  Clinton  have 
been  received  from  Thomas  H.  Clay,  Esq.,  and  Hon,  G.  W.  Clin- 
ton. Personal  memorials  of  Washington,  kindly  promised  by  his 
venerable  step-son,  Geo.  W.  P.  Custis,  of  Webster,  by  his  s^h 
Hon.  Fletcher  Webster,  and  of  Harrison,  by  his  son,  Hon.  J.  S. 
Harrison,  have  not  yet  reached  our  Cabiuet,  but  hope  they  may 
during  the  coming  year.  Similar  memorials  of  Franklin,  La 
Fayette  and  Jackson  have  been  sought,  but  hitherto  without  suc- 
cess. Such  relics  possess  a  peculiar  interest,  and  serve  to  keep 
alive  the  fires  of  patriotism  in  .the  hearts  of  the  people. 

Several  important  donations  have  been  kindly  tendered  the 
Society^  and  whieh  may  confidently  be  expected  to  reach  our  col- 
lections daring  the  year ;  among  them,  a  set  of  the  works  of  John 
Adams,  in  10  volumes,  from  his  grandson,  Hon.  Charles  Franois 
Adams ;  over  30  volumes  of  the  N.  A.  Review,  ftom  D.  W.  Bal- 
lon, Jr. ;  nearly  70  historical  volumes  from  the  library  of  the  late 
Jir.  Stephen  W.:piViUiamB,  tendered  by  his  family  in  accordance 
with  his  request ;  the  works  of  B.  J.  Lossing,  Honu  J.  B.  Bavt- 
lett,  Bev.  Dr.  R  Davidson,  Alfred  B.  Street,  Edmund  Flagg,  B. 


15 

AgnetaB  Mitefaell,  G.  W.  Rigg9»  Jt.»  and  oth^ffi.  The  cotfimiUee 
of  Boston  merchants  having  in  charge  the  getting  up  of  tibe  gold 
medal  to  Com.  Perry,  have  promised  a  bronze  copy  to  oor  So- 
ciety ;  and  O,  W.  ObildSy  Esq.,  the  enterprising  publisher,  has 
tendered  proof  impressions  of  his  engravings  of  Stuart's  Wash- 
ington  and  Sully's  Jackson,  beside  several  volumes  of  books. 

Since  the  last  annual  meeting,  the  Jf'irst  Annttal  Btport  and 
Coflections  of  the  Society  have  been  published  by  the  State  in  a 
thin  volume  of  160  pages,  and  some  three  thousand  copies  have 
been  circulated  in  ourState,  and  other  portions  of  the  Union. 
This  publication  has  served  the  Society  a  valuable  purpose,  to 
send  in  return  to  donors,  making  more  fully  known,  especially  to 
the  citizens  of  our  own  State,  the  worthy  aims  of  onr  organiza- 
tion, and  giving  ample  evidence  of  the  good  it  has  already  ef- 
fected, and  is  destined  still  farther  to  effect.  There  is,  however, 
a  SDggestion  which  has  come  from  many  able  and  learned  men, 
that  we  must  beg  to  present — that  our  annual  publication,  which 
is  to  be  the  permanent  repository  of  a  large^'tnass  of  valuable  his- 
tdrieal  and  itatiotical  matter  relaitiag  to  Wiseonsin,  should  be 
ftSQod  in  a  better  and  more  enduring  foma ;  that  the  qaalify  of 
the  paper  sbould  be  better,  and  a  portion,  if  m>t  all  of  the  edition, 
ahoold  foe  put  ttp  in  cloth  binding--*in  a  style  similar  to  the  Trans- 
actions of  our  Agricultural  Society,  published  by  the  State. 
While  this  would  cost  the  State  but  a  small  additional  sum,  it 
would  prove  largely  creditable  alike  to  the  State  and  Society,  and 
would  better  subserve  the  great  end  of  preserving  the  valuable 
collections  thus  yearly  brought  together. 

Among  die;  many  reasons  whioh  might  be  adduced  in  favor  of 
an  impvorved  style  of  publication,  we  wonld  respectfoUy  advert  to 
the  following : 

L  It  would  prove  highly  usefhl  to  the  State,  by  furnishing  re- 
liable materials  for  historians  and  other  writers,  at  home  and 
abrpud)  and  by  thus  disseminating  a  correct  knowledge  of  the 
UatOTj  a»d  pro^press  ol  onr  towns  and  counties,  render  onr  Bjtate 


16 

movfii  vorably  known  abroad,  and  more  especiallj  direct  liie  at- 
tention of  an  intelligent  clasft  of  emigrantfl  and  capitalists  to  our 
borders.  ^ 

n.  Such  a  publication  would  be  a  powerful  incentive  to  our 
old  pioneers  and  intelligent  earlj  settlers  to  prepare  and  furnish 
their  written  reminiscences. 

in.  The  valuable  manuscript  narratives  collected  by  the  So- 
ciety would  thereby  be  rendered  secure  from  all  contingencies 
and  accidents — the  most  of  which  collections  once  lost,  could 
never  be  replaced. 

IV.  The  library,  now  numbering  over  8100  volumes,  and  over 
3000  pamphlets,  aud  about  70  periodicals  regularly  received, 
has  been  collected  mainly  by  donations ;  and  this  publication,  if 
creditably  gotten  up  in  its  typographical  appearance,  would  ena- 
ble the  Society  to  properly  reciprocate  these  valuable  gifts,  and 
largely  encourage  others. 

YI.  Every  reasonable  encouragement  to  the  Society  in  its 
earnest  efforto  to  build  np  a  public  reference  library  of  worka  of 
history,  statisties  and  general  literature,  would  lessen  the  neceasi- 
ty  of  making  appf  opriations  to  increase  the  State  libraxy,  except 
for  that  class  of  works  relating  particularly  to  law  and  legislation. 

The  manuscript  collections  of  the  past  year  have  been  quite 
large  in  number,  and  valuable  in  point  of  matter.  The  more  im- 
portant  of  those  received,  may  be  found  appended  to  this  report, 
and  evince,  as  all  must  acknowledge,  a  gratifying  evidence  of  the 
success  of  the  Society  in  this  department  of  its  labors,  and  testi- 
fy most  conclusively  to  the  interest  and  high  appreciation  cher- 
ished by  the  intelligent  pioneers  of  Wisconsin  in  behalf  of  the 
worthy  objects  contemplated  by  our  organization.  In  addition  (o 
these,  a  number  of  other  valuable  papers  are  promised,  which 
may  early  be  expected  to  reach  our  archives.    '^T*** 

The  State  publications  granted  the  Society  to  aid  in  effecting 
exchanges  have  been  mostly  received  for  the  years  1B64  and  1885, 


IT 

«]d  wiU  be  earty  tnoSBnttwi  to  the  teveral  socletiedand  libraries 
to  wUoh  they  hare  been  Voted.  Seteml  oauses  have  coDspired 
todekj  their  reoepli«m  bj  &e  6oele<(f.  The  rolnmes  granted 
hy  the  State  to  Mom.  A.  Tattemare,  to  be  trangmittidd  thromgh 
the  meridian  of  the  Societf,  will  be  speedily  sent  forward  to  their 
daatiuation ;  and  hodi  our  own  Soeiety  and  the  State  Library  may 
fooA  hope  to  reap  the  be&eits  of  Vattemare's  noble  syetem  of  In* 
temational  Literary  Exohanges. 

Daring  the  past  year,  the  Exeontive  Oommittee  have  regular- 
ly held  their  monthly  stated  meetingey  and  four  speeial  meetings, 
and  one  special  meeting  of  the  Society  has  also  been  held.  This 
steady  interest  manifested  by  the  members  may  be  inferred  from 
the  fact  that,  since  the  re-organization  of  tiie  Society  in  January, 
18fi4,  no  meeting  ey^r  failed  for  want  of  a  quorum.  Forty-seven 
aetJfFe  membens  have  been  added  to  the  Society  in  the  course  of 
the  year,  seventeen  life  members,  several  honorary,  and  a  largv 
number  of  correq>onding  members.  The  library  and  collections 
have  been  freqiiently  consulted,  and  the  varied  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived iroBx  them  must  largely  increase'  with  the  growth  and  ex- 
pan&ion  of  the  Society.  Pains  have  been  taken  by  the  Society  to 
encoumge  and  facilitate  the  preparation  of  works  devoted  to  the 
history  and  progress  of  the  more  important  towns  and  counties 
of  our  State. 

The  Society  has  sustained,  during  the  year,  a  serious  loss  in  the 
deaths  of  Judge  Wright,  a  member  of  the  Executive  Oommittee^ 
Dr«  McLane,  a  Yice  President  of  the  Society,  and  ^.  M.  Sully, 
au'  Honorary  Member,  and  one  of  its  largest  benefactors.  W# 
cansiot  well  over-estimate  the  loss  of  the  lamented  Sully,  whose 
generous  soul  seemed  constantly  on  the  study  to  devise  new  plans 
by  which  to  render  the  Soeiety  unique  and  prosperous.  And  dy- 
ing  while  on  his  journey  to  take  up  his  permanent  residence 
among  U8»  and  devote  his  superior  talents  to  the  honor  of  our  State 
and  Society,  added  not  a  little  to  our  sorrow  and  regret  at  his  ua« 
timely  departure.  The  action  of  ihe  Executive  Oommittee  .<m 
Uiese  ooaaMoiia»  will  b*  fonii^d  appended,  to  tbis  repbrt* 
8 


18 

Ike  Booiety  will  oontume  to  need,  m  w».  trust  it  will  ehetrfoDjr 
f6eeiv6)  the  fostering  oare  of  the  Legislatore,  and  the  people.-*- 
Hay  we  not  venture  to  expreee  the  hope,  that  many  of  our  liberal 
and  wealthy  dtisens  may  be  induced  to  bestow  a  portion  of  their 
smplos  wealth  npon  onr  Seoiety,  that  it  may,  like  seyeral  similar 
societies,  have  an  endowment  to  place  it  beyond  the  reach  ot  ca> 
pricioQS  favor,  and  thns  never  be  soffered  to  languish  for  want  of 
means  to  carry  into  effect  its  laudable  parposes. 

Oar  collections  are  already  becoming  so  large  and  valuable,  as 
to  impress  the  minds  of  the  Oonmiittee  with  the  importance  of  a 
fire^proof  building  for  their  safety  and  preservation.  We  should 
be  admonished  by  the  destruction,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  public 
archives  by  fire  on  many  occasions — in  New  Hampshire  in  17S6, 
in  Massachusetts  in  1747,  besides  having  been  damaged  by  thrae 
previous  fires ;  in  New  fork  in  1740-41,  and  1778 ;  in  New  Jer- 
sey in  1686 ;  in  North  Carolina  in  1831 ;  in  South  Carolina  in 
l(i98 ;  and  in  Canada  iu  1864 — all  which  were  accidental ;  and  in 
Virginia  in  1781,  by  the  fratricide  Arnold.  Five  times  have  the 
national  archives  suffered  by  conflagration — ^in  1800,  when  the 
buildings  of  the  War  Department  were  destroyed ;  in  1814,  when 
the  British  troops  burned  the  public  buildings ;  in  1838,  when  the 
Treasury  buildings  were  destroyed ;  and  again  in  1886,  and  lastly 
in  1851,  when  the  Congressional  Library  was  burned.  Until  our 
Society  secures  a  fire-proof  building  for  the  custody  of  its  inesti* 
mable  treasures,  its  friends  cannot  entirely  repress  their  fears  and 
anxieties.  Several  public-spirited  oitiaens  of  our  State,  justly  ap» 
preciating  the  importance  of  preserving  the  Society's  collectionay 
have  each  pledged  fifty  dollars  towards  a  fire*proof  building  fund ; 
others  stand  ready  to  contribute  liberally  when  it  shall  be  deemed 
a  proper  time  to  make  an  efficient  movement 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society  has  a  fire-prrof  building 
which  cost  about  $18,000,  of  which  its  President,  Hon.  Stephen 
Salisbury,  contributed  $5,000  and  the  ground  on  which  the  build- 
ing stands ;  the  New  Tork  Historical  Society  has  a  commodiona 
boilding  nearly  ready  for  ooonpanoy,  the  foondation  fund  for 


19 

vbtdi  was  the  generooB  bequest  of  a  maideu  ladj^  of  five  thou- 
iasd  dollars ;  the  PenDajrlyaDia  and  Maryland  Hietorical  SocietieSi 
powessing  each  a  library  and  collections  scarcely  larger  than  onrS| 
kave  their  permanent  qaarters ;  while  the  Maine  Historical  Sucie* 
tj  has  received  from  the  Legislature  of  that  State  a  donation  of 
land,  valaed  at  $6,000,  to  aid  in  erecting  a  permanent  edifice. 
The  Historical  Society  of  New  Jersey,  whose  collections  are  aboat 
the  saoie  in  extent  as  ours,  has  raised  funds  for  a  building;  and 
even  the  young,  energetic  Society  of  Minnesota  is  now  engaged 
in  raising  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  purchase  a  lot  for  the  site  of 
its  intended  structure. 

If  we  had  a  fire- proof  depository  for  our  collections,  they  would 
be  largely  augmented  by  books,  manuscripts,  papers,  pictures — 
oomprising  the  most  authentic  materials  for  history,  now  scattered 
over  the  State,  and  beyond  the  reach  of  those  who  might,  for 
public  or  historic  purppses,  wioh  to  consult  them.  It  ia  to  be 
hoped  that  if  the  State  should  soon  erect  a  new  capitol,  or  enlarge 

» 

the  present  edifice,  the  legislature  would  provide  a  permanent, 
safe  and  commodious  Hall  for  the  use  of  our  Society  ;  and  if  this 
cannot  be  effected  within  a  reasonable  period,  that  the  Legislature 
be  memorialized  for  an  appropriation  to  aid  in  the  erection  of  a 
fire  proof  building,  on  condition  that  a  certain  additional  amount 
be  raised  among  the  citizens  of  the  State  for  that  purpose.  A  Hall 
of  this  character  is  greatly  needed,  and  we  cannot  too  soon  take 
the  matter  into  consideration,  and  devise  the  best  means  to  secure 
the  object  in  view. 

Such  is  the  history  and  almost  unexampled  growth,  and  such 
the  aims,  the  hopes^  the  wants,  of  our  State  Historical  Society. — 
We  can  better  comprehend  what  has  been  accomplished  in  our 
comparatively  brief  career,  by  glancing  briefly  at  the  rise  and 
progress  of  similar  Societies  in  our  country.  The  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  the  pioneer  institution  of  the  Union,  which 
was  founded  in  1791,  has  8,000.  volumes  in  its  library,  and  has 
published  81  volumes  of  ctillections ;  the  New  York  Historical 
Society  was  founded  in  1804,  has. 25,000  vols.,  and  has  published 


20 

ftbout  thirteen  yolnmes  of  collections  aild  proceedings ;  fbe  Amer- 
ican Antiquarian  Society,  founded  in  1812,  has  23,000  vols.,  and 
has  published  8  vols,  of  coUectiops,  a  catalogue  vblume,  and  sev- 
eral pamphlets  ;  the  Bhode  Island  Historical  Society,  founded  fn 
1822,  has  2500  vols.,  and  has  published  five  volumes  of  collections; 
Maine  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1822,  number  of  vols,  in 
its  library  unknown,  has  published  3  vols,  of  collections ;  *  the 
New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1828,  has  1500 
vols.,  and  has  published  six  volumes  of  collections  ;the  Connec- 
ticut Historical  Society,  founded  in  1825,  has  8,000  vols.,  but  has 
published  no  collections ;  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society, 
founded  in  1825,  with  2,000  vols,  in  its  library,  has  published  five 
vols,  of  collections,  and  several  bulletins  and  pamphlets  ;  tiie  Vir- 
ginia Historical  Society,  founded  in  1831,  ha3  1200  vols.,  and  has 
published  one  volume  of  collections,  and  about  seven  volumes  of 
an  Historical  Register ;  the  Ohio  Historical  Society,  founded  in 
1831,  has  1,000  vols.,  and  has  published  three  volumes  of  collec- 
tions and  several  pamphlets ;  the  Kentucky  Historical  Society, 
founded  in  1838,  has  1,000  volumes,  and  has  issued  no  publica- 
tions; the  Georgia  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1889,  has  united 
its  library  with  that  of  the  Savannah  Society,  and  has  published 
three  volumes  of  collections;  the  Maryland  Historical  Society, 
founded  in  1844,  has  2128  vols.,  and  has  published  several  pam- 
^  phlets ;  the  Missouri  Historical  Society,  founded  in  1844,  has  300 
vols.,  and  has  issued  one  pamphlet  of  proceedings  ;  the  New  Eng- 
land Historic-GenealogicalSociety,  founded  in  1844,  has  3,000  vol- 
umes, and  has  published  9  vols,  of  an  Historical  and  Genealogical 
Register,  and,  some  pamphlets ;  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Socie- 
ty, founded  in  1845,  has  1930  volumes,  and  has  published  four 
volumes  of  collections  and  six  of  proceedings;  the  MinnMOta 
Historical  Society,  founded  in  1849,  has  300  volumes,  and  has 
published  four  pamphlets  of  collections.  There  are  other  Histor- 
ical Societies  extant,  such  as  those  of  Vermont,  Iforth  Carolina, 
South  Oarolina,  Alabama,  Iowa,  whose  librariea  are  email,  And 
which  have  issued  no  publications.    It  thni  appears  from  tho  mofit 


ai 


rec^  fi(^tic8'of  thes^  SocjalieB,  that^there  are  only 
eixceed  oum  in  the  ezteat  of  their  libraries,  and  none  that  haa 
equalled  ours  in  the  rapidity  of  its  growth — our  Society  haring 
Been  founded  Jan.  30^  1849,  and  having  2,116  yolumes,  some  SOOO 
pamphlets,  eleven  paintings,  and  a  large  nnmbor  of  manuscripts^ 
engrayings,  antiquities  and  curiosities  in  its  library,  and  haying 
published  one.  volume  of  oollections,  and  three  annual  addresses 
in  pamphlet  form. 

The  value  of  such  eollections  cannot  be  too  highly  estimated. 
Olinton,  Qallatin,  Webster,  Bancroft,  Oass,  Everett,  Harrison,  and 
many  other  leading  minds  of  our  country,  have  warmly  com- 
mended and  encouraged  the  labors  of  Historical  Societies.  '^  The 
advantages  resulting  from  the  study  of  history  and  the  coUectien 
of  hiBtorical  records,"  as  remarked  in  a  former  report  of  the  New 
Tork  Historical  Society,  and  which  is  equally  applicable  to  ours, 
^*  oainot  be  too  strongly  urged  on  the  attention  of  the  members  of 
this  aoete^.  In  order  that  history  may  be  written  with  truth,  au- 
thentic materials  must  be  provided.  No  generation  comprises 
within  its  own  knowledge  and  experience  all  that  is  necessary  to 
secure  the  integrity  of  its  annals.  It  must  rely  upon  records,  it 
laust  examine  and  compare  opinions,  it  must  study  the  events  of 
the  past.  It  must  have  the  means  of  investigation  and  atialysis 
at  hand.  ^Oollections  like  this  by  which  we  are  surrounded,  and 
which  are  designed  to  preserve  the  memories  of  other  days,  will 
be  deemed  of  inestimable  value  by  generations  which  are  to  come 
after  us.  Such  works  are  a  blessing  to  mankind,  since  they  fur- 
nish men  with  a  true  standard  of  character,  excite  them  to  a  no- 
ble emulation,  keep  alive  the  stimulus  of  honorable  example  and 
prevent  that  lapse  of  national  reputation  which  would  be  una- 
voidable without  the  incitement  and  influence  of  great  names  and 
noble  deeds." 

In  drawing  their  report  to  a  close,  the  Executive  Committee 
would  advert  to  the  fact,  that  they  have  been  cheered  in  their  la- 
bors by  the  encouraging  words  of  those  who  rank  among  the  most 
eminent  in  our  country  in  the  walks  of  history — «ueh  as  Bancroft, 
Prescott,  Hildreth,  Irving,  Sparks,  Parkman,  Adams,  Mrs.  Wil' 


S9 

lard,  Miss  OattlkinB,  and  otbers.  ^I  hear  on  all  hands,^  obserrM' 
Hn  Bancroft,  "that  the  immediate  associates  of  your  Bocietj  are 
singularly  zealous  and  diligent  in  gathering  together,  preserrtng, 
and,  as  far  as  possible,  in  publishing  the  memorials  of  other  dayB,** 
*  Tour  new  State,"  writes  Miss  Oaulkins,  the  faithful  historian  of 
Norwich  and  New  London,  Connecticut,  *'  will,  I  trust,  be  more 
fortunate  than  older  ones  at  the  East.  You  will  havo  records  that 
begin  with  the  beginning — full,  accurate,  and  carefully  preserred. 
We  hail  your  Society  with  peculiar  satisfaction  as  an  earnest  and 
pledge  til  at  the  records  of  the  early  history  of  your  State,  of  all 
kinds,  will  be  preserved  from  destruction.  You  have  not  com- 
menced your  labors  a  day  too  soon.  I  fear,  even  now,  that  in 
some  instances  the  Goths  and  Yandals  have  preceded  you,  and 
this  or  that  document — here  a  file  of  old  letters,  and  there  the 
loose  sheets  of  a  clerk,  or  the  note-books  of  a  moderator,  collec* 
tor,  or  constable,  have  been  cast  into  the  flames,  or  scattered  by 
the  winds."  "When  again,"  writes  the  historian,  Mrs.  Willard, 
"  I  shall  add  to  the  record  of  passing  events  in  my  larger  Ameri- 
can history,  I  shall  be  benefitted,  especially  with  regard  to  the 
progress  of  Wisconsin,  by  the  papers  which  I  shall  be  happy  oc- 
casionally to  receive,  or  "v^hich  possihly  I  may  have  opportunity  of 
examining  at  the  place  of  deposite ;  for  such  collections  as  yon 
are  so  eflSciently  making,  and  at  a  date  when  everything  respeot- 
ing  your  State  may  be  known,  will  make  Madison  a  point  of  at- 
traction to  those  who  wish  to  learn  the  true  history  of  your  aston* 
ifihing  progress." 

With  such  noble  aims,  and  high  encouragements,  may  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  never  falter  in  its  ohoeon 
career  of  usefulness  and  prosperity. 

WM.  R.  SMITH,  D.  J.  POWERS, 

L.  J.  FARWELL,  E.  A.  CALKINS, 

J.  P.  ATWOOD,  DAVID  ATWOOD, 

•LYMAN  C.  DRAPER,  SIMEON  MILLS, 

JOHN  w.  HUNT,  Daniel  s.  durrie, 

O.  M.  CONOVER,  WM.  A.  WHITE, 

8.  H.  CARPENTER,  JULIUS  T.  CLARK, 

JOHN  Y.  SMITH, 
Madison,  Jan.  1,  1666.  Executive  Committee. 


ae 


APPENDIX. 


.  •; 


AVPUOU  To.  1. 


TBEASUBEB'B  REPOBT. 

The  Tpeasorar  of  the  Wuoomof  Stavv  HnestouL  Soomr  n> 
speotfnllj  presMits  the  following  statement  of  receipts  into  the 
Treasniji  and  disbursements  therefrom,  dnring  the  year  ending 
Jannaij  1st,  1858 : 


a  il 


Jul    2,18^,    Balance  in  treuaiy,  at  ptr  last  report $55  4d 

March  7,     "  ,    Ammal  appiopiiation  from  the  State, 500  00 

7,      *'       Trom  Seerotaxy,  does  from  actiye  member^ 100 

do            donation  from  Hon.  J.  A.  Bryaa^ ^..  5  00 

do                    do           Hon.O.F.Wiight» 100 

Aug.  9,      '*                  do            duea  from  aetlTe  membere^^* *,.  7  00 

do            A.  Finch,  jr^  life  meinbex»!iap^.« 30  00< 

do             W.  Ploeker,  donation, ..,.  1,00 

B«pi.lli      "                  do            dues  from  active  nemben, 4  00 

"                  do            donation  from  Qeo.  C.  Bncken, 3  00 

"                  do                     do           OoLJ.lfwivell, 100 

"          *                 do                    do           Dr.  B.  S.  Henning, 100 

Oet    2,     "                 do            dnea  from  actlTe  members, 2  0(1 

'«           '*                 do             Hon.  John  CatUD«  life  memberahip, 30  00 

KoT.   6,      "                  do            dues  from  aotl?e  membeiB,  * 3  00 

Pee.  22,      "                 do                 do                 do             13  00 

"          '*                 do            Hon.  L.  J.  Farwell,  life  membecahip 30  00 

Jan.    1,    1856,              do             daes  from  actiye  memberSk 5  00 

do             Hon.  L.  B.  Vilas,  life  membership, 30  00 

do            Hon.  D.  J.  Poweni,           do          30  00 

do             H.O.BuU,                        dt)          30  00 

do            H.  K.  Lawrence,              do         30  00 

do            B.  F.  Hopkins,                 do         30  00 

Total, : $700  43 

4  ^ 


II  II 

II  i« 

ti  i« 

It  tt 


96 

OlBBUBSIOmrTB. 

f^    6^    185S,    To  B.  White  *  Oo.»  for  ■helfiiif  in  ttViwy. flO  M 

do         do           Atwood  A  Riibloo,  aztim  popen  of  ptociwtingi.,  10  00 

do         do           D.  Ooram,  far  9  oords  iro«Ki,and  aavio^noM 8  00 

do         do          .L.  0.  Draper,  poeUge.Iigliti  and  ezjiraMeluugH.  ITS 

do         do       For  large  map  of  Konlookf  •....« 4  00 

Af  ffl  5,      do        To  R.  M.  Sallj,  for  three  Indian  portraits lOO  00 

do         do           Tmatees  of  Baptist  Soeietj  for  i\¥>iiirentk SO  00 

do         do           C.B.  Norton,  for  Lit.  Gazette,  1855 9  00 

do         do           For  books  purchased  at  sale  of  IngTahamUbrarf.  S6  43 

do         do           S.  H.  Carpeafcer,  fbrpiintiiig  circoiar 30  00 

do          do            L.  0.  Draper,  for  postage  and  freifrht 035 

Mfj  i,     do          £zpieai  Oompaoj.  freight  on  finDy  piotniw  ...•  S  75 

do          do           L.  C.  Draper,  freight  and  lights.... 195 

June  12,     do           G.  B.  Norton, fur  bill  of  books 50  64 

do         do           L.  G.  Draper,  forshelving,  postage,  Ac 14  57 

do         do           lfiLAMifi8.R.R. 4  70 

do         do           Am.  Ezprees  Gompanj,  for  freight 8  75 

Ai^  14j     do           S.  G.  Deeth,  for  bound  newspapers  snd  books  . .  54  SO 

'    do         do           Am.  Ezpreas  company,  for  freight 975 

do         do           L.  C.  Draper,  postage,  &c. 8  17 

Sapi  II,    do           Tnistees  Baptist  Societj.  for  room  rent 60  00 

do         do           J.  Bw  Daclns,  for  sheWing  In  librarj 90  00 

da         do           li.  0.  Drsper,  amount  of  two  freight  bills 688 

do         do                  do           postage  and  items 10  76 

OeL    9,      do           Weed  A  Sberhard,  binding  newspapers 40  00 

do         do           Am.  Express  Company,  for  freight 4  75 

do         do           L.  0.  Draper,  freight,  <fec 9  00 

Wot.    6,      do                   do           postage  and  items 6  47 

do         do           M.AM.  BR,  freight 3  00 

do          do           Am.  Express  Companj,  freight 1  38 

Amx  90,     do  lu  C.  Draper,  post-^ge,  freight,  Ac 

do          do            Am.  Express  Com panj^frtrisrbt 96  50 

do         do           M.  A  M.  R  R ,  frei^'ht 9  90 

ImL  l,1656,do           h.  C.  Draper,  p  sUge  and  items 680 

do         do           Adl  Express  Com  pan  r»  freight 96  00 

do          do            Grim  A  Co.,  for  framing  engraving 5  00 

Total  diabuTsements $(XS  19 

Balance  on  hand ••• 99  30 

176041 

Vtfacfacn  for  each  of  the  fn^et^oing  dia^reemoBts  are  he'vinth  preRentecL^ 

Respectful: J  8..bmiU«d,  O.  M.  COliOVKK^ 

Aodited  and  fonnd  dirrecL 

JOHN  W.  HUXT.) 

J.  K  ATWOOD,    >  Aoditinff  Oommittw 

D.  J.  POWEfid.      S 


wr 


1 


.* 


Amnoz  va  % 


LIST  OF  DONOES  TO  THE  LIBRARY,  1 849-86,  INCLUSIVB. , 

Only  50  Tolaniw  tf  Uie  following  li«|  wwe  riOfittt4  pBOf  lo  iko  f^-orgvil- 
lalioii  of  IIm  Soci^fi  ia  JMMmjy  li654; 

HAINB. 

■ 

tMnaHlfltorieiJSoeietj ^      S 

B9T.  J.  a  &  Abbott 6 

O^roi  Eaton 1 

-  If 

NEW  HAHFSHIBB. 

Vfv.HuipiliiroHiatoricBlSoeietj-.— — « 7 

Re?.  Dr.  ir.  Boaton 1 

Dartmouth  College 1 

Bar.  Dr.  L.  If  •  Leonard 1 

-  10 

VSBMONT. 

Ber.ZadobkTlMmiNMn i 

H  ABBAOU  U  H  ETl'B. 

MaandraaatlB Hietorioal  Seciety \.  81 

American  Antiqnarian  Soeiety ••• 13 

VevEogfaiMiHiatorie-OeDealogieBlSoeiety r 9 

Harvard  Oollage 6 

Xaaez  InadUite 4 

Hon.Wm.  B.  Towne 1$ 

0amnel  O.  Drake 15 

Hon.  Edward  Everett • 10 

John  F,.  Jewett 7 

George  R.  Sampaon 6 

Wbl  H.  Preaoott 5 

Hon.Charlea  Franeia  Adams 4 


.     MASflAOUUBJffl'lIB — OOWtMI/ued. 

B^T.JohnS.Bany...^ '. 3 

HoBStophen  Bilklrarf 3 

HoB.JoBiah  Qninej 3 

Httiy  GMwtt 3 

Jolin  D«tn •.•.•;..-.... .^ 3 

A.  H.  Wild , 3 

Hon.  Wm-WMtiBg 3 

DsanDmdlej 3 

Re?.  Dr.  A.  Lamaon 1 3 

Gm.  w*  H. BTiiBtt#r... ................................. ••••  ..•......•  3 

Vmneis  Parkouuxj  Ool.  Sam'l  Sweet,  J.  S.  Loring,  Rer.  H.  R.  Hoiiiiigtim,  ^ 
Ohsrlei  8teeniB»  Rer.  Fiederidk  S3dder»  Hon.  S.  A.  RH6t,  0.  M .  JBO^  E.  V. 
Ohildep  G.  A  0.  Merriam,  S.  H.  Jennison»  Hon.  Meilt  IXseHtOik  John  Degfit, 
Rev.  John  Pierpont,  H.  S.  OluMe,  Hon.  Josepli  Willard,  Rot.  B.  B.  Wileoiv 

Dr.  Edward  Jarrie,  and  Dr.  W.  R  Lawrence,  1  rol.  each 19 

RHODE  IBLAMD. 

iBloda  Iiland  Hlitorical  Sedetj 7 

Rot.  £.  M.  Stone 6 

R.  A.  GnUd 3 

Hbn.W.  B.  Lawrence ..•.».... 1 

Dr.TTtiierPanonB 1 

-    IT 

OOKNBOnOUT. 

Gonnecticnt  HUtorical  Societj 3 

WdlG.  Webetor 4 

J.H.  Trumboll *.  S 

Prot  B.  Silliman,  Sr 3 

ReT.  Edwin  Hall 3 

Hon.  Henry  Barnard 3 

Hon.  Wm.  Oothren 3 

MiasFranceB  M.  Caulkine 8 

John  Dnrrie , 3 

Hon.K.  A.  Phelps ^ 1 

Prof,  a  SillimaB,Jr 1 


—    25 


NEW  TOKK. 


Hon.  E.  W.  Leavenworth,  State  Department 33 

Regents  of  the  University 93 

American  Institute 6 


AnMriwn  Mmokgioal  SociAty '1     ' 

Albany  Inttttato * 1. 

Traiuaeti«as  AgrieoltBral  BoeMty (^ 

Tmunctions  American  ItistitQte : 49   ' 

JoelMoBse]] 33 

Dr.  OhandlerRGilmao i 96 

Dayid  T.  Valentine 11 

Jease  Clement 7 

Prof.  Martyn  Paine 6 

John  H.Hlekeoz '. C 

David  Davidaon ,  6    * 

Hon.  Hamilton  Fiah *   5 

Mre.  EmmrfWillard 5   ' 

A.S.  Bamea  A  Go. .' 5 

Dr.P.  B.  Hongh 5   • 

John  Diaturnell 5 

Hon.  WashlDgton  Hnnt 4 

•  Hon.  Henry  S.  Randall 4 

,  Hon.  Frederick  PoUMt 4- 

J.V.H.  Clark 4 

Gen.B.  P.  Johnsoa 3 

Rer.  Dr.  W.B.  Williams , 3 

CoLJohn  S.William8 3 

Hon.  Royal  R.  Hinman 3 

HoaWm.  W.Campbell 3 

Wni.Cullen  Bryant 2 

Jaifes  Lenox • 9 

-Hon.  LncienB. Chase 2 

Herman  J.Meyer ,^ 9 

John  G.  Shea 2 

Prot  Homco  Webster : "..i * d     • 

Gen.  J.  Watts  De  Peyster 2 

Hob.  G.  W.  Clinton fi 

Prof.  Amos  Dean ; *.....-..—  .-.  ft. 

Wm.  A.  Jones - ...^  ft 

Wanzer,  McKim  A  Co.,  J.  R.  Simms,  H.  E.  Lvdewig^.  G.  A.  Ward,  Hod.S.  W. 

Eager,  Hon.  A.  W.  Bradford,  E.  A.  Boacb,  Irison  &  Phnmey,  Rer.  B.  Wrijfht, 

H.  Ondeidonk,  ir..  dr.  A.  T.  Skihwn,  and  Rer.  Dr.  T.  H.  Bkinner,!  TOl.  eash.  19    ■ 

-318 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Kegr  Jeisfoy  Historical  Society r #.-..*•.- 1  U 

aO.Deeth 30 


80 


O.Cu«j S 

Ber.  Dr.  J.  F.  Stoanis 1 

B«i.Dr.J.HaU 1 

Hob.  Wm.  Wright 1 

FU  JNBXLTAKIA. 

PMuuTflraiilaHialoriealSoeUtif 1 

State  D«partm«Dt 94 

IUt«  Albert  Banes ..«  16 

J.B.  Lippincott  A  Co 13 

B.  0.  4  J.  Biddle 7 

Dr.  Wm.  Darlington ^..  7 

J.  W.  Moore » 1 S 

KeviUe  B.  Craig 4 

Preaident  W.  H.  Allen,  Girard  College 3 

Stephen  Tajflor 3 

Saauel  Hasard,  John  P.  Wataon,  Dr.  J.  Thomas^  Dr.  A.  L.  Slwja,  B«t.  Dr.  Jos. 

Bblcher,  Isaac  Lea,  Hon.  J.  Bobbina,  jr.  and  J.  G.  0.  Kennedy,  1  tqL  each...  8 

DELAWABB. 
Benjamin  Perria 4 

MABTLAlffD. 

Ber.  G.  W.  Bomap S 

Hon.  James  A.  Pierce % 

Hon.  Thoe.  G.  Pn^ I 

DIBTBICT  OP  C0LT7UBIA. 

Smithsonian  InstitntioD 7 

State  Department, Hon.  W.L.Ifarc7 164 

Indian  Bureau ^ 5 

Patent  Office,  Hon.  C.  Maaon 4 

Topographical  Bureau,  Col.  J.  J.  Abort 3 

Coaat  Surrey,  Pro!  A.  D.  Bache ft 

Hon.  R.  McClelland,  Seclntarior 5 

Oeo.Thosi  Lairaon,  Surgeon  General 4 

Geo.  Ogden  Deeth 11 

Samuel  Cole,  Ch'f  Clerk  Pension  Office 7 

Wm.S.  Carroll,  Clerk  S«p^  Court S 

has.  Lanman ««^ *•«.. .....k*^.^  9 

-US 
I 


81 

V 

4 

Robert  R  Howison 8 

Samuel  M.  Jenoej % 

Dr.Wet1s  DeHaai 1 

Join  B.  Tboopeon 1 

—  10 

HOBTH  QABOLOrA. 

Bion,  David  L.  Bwiiii 1 

BOUTH  OABOLIHA. 

Rer.  Dr.  Tbomei  SDytk 14 

Dr.  Jeeepb  Johnson 1 

Hon.  A.F.BaUer /'. ....  1 

-*    16 

LOUlBIAlf A. 

Hon.  Char]€8  Oeyane 3 

Hon.  J.D.DeBo'V 9 

—  ft 

MJBSXSfllPPL 

Hon.  Albert  O.  Brorgm 3 

Hm.  Stephen  Adamt 1 

—  S 

I 

TTOIEBSKII. 

Dr.  JamcaO.  H.  Ramaey 1 

XKNTUGKT. 

don  Lewia  Oollina 1 

Hon.  Linn  Boyd «  1 

HoB.TboDaaH.  Benton ^ 4 

Hon.  D.  R.  Atehiaon 8 

—  7 

OHIO. 

Ohio  Historical  and  ?haoaophica:  Sodoty 6 

Hon.SBlmon  P.  Chaae 9 

Banij  Beard  .«...^... •••..••. ........-• ••..•• 8 


82 

Bon.  Eliflha  Whittlesey 4    - 

OriebAtwater S 

Pttfid  Andenon 3 

foha  P.  Foote,  John  0.  McDonald,  Dr.  S.  P.  Hildreth,  W.  H.  Saflbr4i9«n«  L. 

Y.  Bierce,  W.  T.  Coggeshall  an  J  Cbas.  Olcott,  1  veL  eaeh ,«•« T 

—  36 

Gov.  Joseph  A.  Wright 81 

Hon.  John  Petit 6 

Hon.  J.  O.Davis 3 

—  29 

ILLINOIS. 

A*  H.  A  0.  Burley 30 

t>.  B.  Cooke  &  Co 20 

Eon.  James  Shields 5 

Charles  R.  Storkwealher 4 

Dr.  E.  CShipman 2 

HoB.S.  A.  Douglas .: 2 

Hon.  John  Reynolds 2 

H.  0»  Foster 2 

S.C.  Griggs  <fe  Co f 1 

Hon.  Norman  Eddy 1 

S.  De  Witt  Drown I 

—  70 

IOWA. 

Hon.  Augustus  C.Dodge 8 

Hon.Bernbart  Henn 2 

—  10 

inCHIGAK. 

Hon.  Lewis  Casa 2 

^  H1SBRABKA. 

WiUiaai  Walker 1 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

K.  Trubner,  publisher,  London - 14 

DENICABK. 

Ro^  Societyof  Northern  Antiquaries .,,.  J 


•  88 

WISCONSIN. 

From  the  Btota  ...! 71 

H011.N.  P.  Tallmadga , M 

Hod.  Ben.  0.  Eastmtn 45 

HoB.Heiii7  Dodge 85 

Lymin  0.  Draper 31 

Hon.  I.  P.  Walker , 91 

Bilae  Chapman 18 

Clfnit  Woodman 18 

W.N.  Sejmonr 15 

Darwin  Clarlt 15 

W.W.Wyman 15 

Hon.  James  D*  Dotj..., 14 

Daniel  S.  Dnrrie ' 14 

Dr.H.D.  Holt 11 

Hon.  Lerl  RuBieell * 16 

Ool.  JobnSbav 9 

Dr.  John  W.  Hunt 8 

Hon.  (^riesDnrkee I 

Hon.  John  B.Maej. *  t 

Chancy  O.  Britt 7 

Dr.  Joeeph  Gray ; 7 

Hon.  Charles  Clement D 

Dr.  Wm.  Henry  Brisbane 6 

Daniel  Noble  Johnson 6 

Elias  A.  CaDctna 5 

I.  A.  Lapham 5 

Daniel  8.  Cnrtis 4 

DaridHolt •' 4 

KarkKUIer 4 

State  Agricultural  Society t 

Hon.  James  H.  Lockwood 3 

Beiiah  Brown..: 3 

CoL  A]ex.BolUn 3 

Stej^eu  O.  Benedict 3 

Hon. Daaiel  WelU»  Jr ....^ 3 

H6n.G.  R.  McLana H 

P/of,  F.  Hudson :.  ft 

Odl  James  Monisoii 1 1. It 

Hon.  Thomas  MeHogh 9 

Hon.  Sqtdre  a  Ctas t 

Weed  >  Sberiisid :.....: 4 

W*  'K  Wstsoii»»a«  •■•••••.  ••••••■••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••**»**te  ••••  9 

Dr.  A.  L.  OmOmmd » 

•  5 


f    i" 


34 

WI80OK8IN — Continued, 

Rev.  M.  D.  Miller y 2 

Julias  T.  Clark 2 

P.  0.  BrowD,  Hon.  C.  A.  SteTene,  J.  R.  Baltzell,  Hon.  D.  J.  PoTVers,  G.  0.  Tifianj, 

Hon.  1.  E.  Gk>odaIl,  Rey.  Spencer  Carr,  Oeo.  A.  G.  EUie.  Gen.  Wm.  R.  Smith, 

P.  Toland.  a  Beeson*  Royal  Buck,  John  Delaney,  A.  F.  Clarke,  Prof.  J.  G. 

Percival,  Ja&  T.  Smith,  If.  Campbell,  Prest .  Roswell  Park,  Hon.  L.  J.  Farwell, 

Joshua  Hathaway,  CoL  D.  Atwood,  Col.  D.  K.  Parkison,  Hon.  J.  Sutherland, 

D.  C.  Bush,  and  Grand  Lodffe  of  Wisconsin,  1  voL  each 25 

—  64S 

Purchased 323 

2X15 

,  Recapitulation. 

Wisconsin 642 

New  Tork 338 

Purchfised a. 323 

District  of  Oelumbia 216 

Massachusetts 169 

Penm^lrania 90 

Illbois , 70 

New  Jeney 46 

Ohio ,  36 

Indiaxui .-...., 29 

Connecticut 25 

Rhode  Island .• It 

South  Carolina 16 

Great  Britain 14 

Maine 13 

Maryland 12 

New  Hampshire 10 

Virginia 10 

Iowa 10 

Missouri 7 

Louisiana .* 5 

Vermopt 4 

Delaware 4 

MiasiBdippi 3 

Michigf^i...., w • 2 

North  jDarolina 1 , 1 

Tenneeiee ^ , I 

Nebra^a ^ 1 

Denmixk X 

•  •  ■  

Total SI15 


•    / 


« 


m 


PAMPHLET6  AND  DOCUMENTS  REC'D  DURINQ  1864-5. 

7ruDHon.01iarleaDar1cee,of  Wia V---  1>180 

do   Joel  MuDsell,  Albany .,..., 8S0 

do   Rot.  £.  M. Stone,  of  RI 185 

do   Br.  Edward  JanrU,  of  Maes 175 

do    EiMX  iDstitute           "        ..., 109 

do   Dr.  F.  B.  Hongli,  Albanj ,...  105 

do   Samael  O.  Drake,  Boaton 85 

do   Hon.  LoTi  Ruasel],  of  Wia 76 

do    LjBMn  O.  Draper,      "       75 

do    Cyrua  Woodman,       '*       ...i »....- 75 

do   Wm.  H.  Wataon,        "       75 

do   Harvard  College,  Maaa 60 

do   Dr.  J.  W.  Hunt,  of  Wia 50 

do   J.  S.  lioring,  Boston., 45 

do    J.H.  Hiclicox,  Albany - ^-... 43 

do    LA.  Lapbam,  of  Wis ;...  30 

do   Silas  Chapman,    "      30 

do    a  O.  Death  A  Son,  New  Jersey 30 

do   Martin  MitcheU,  of    Wia 80 

do    Key. Spencer  Carr,      •*      ..•*«,...«, 15 

do   Hon.  W.B.  Towce,  ofMaas 12 

do   Hon.  G.  S.  Boutwell,     "      * 10 

Prom  Hon.  H.  Dodge,  Hon.  L.  J.  Farwell,  Atwood  A;  Rnblee,  E.  A.  CalkinSy 
American  Antiqaarian  Society,  American  Poilosophlcal  Socloty;  Baorithao&ian 
Institution,  Royal  Society  of  Northern  AntiquaHeSi  Rhode  lahfldf  P«n^yl- 

Tania,  Maryland,  and  Minoeaota  Historical  Societies^  and  other  souroes,  at  least  S65 

Total .—  •.;...  3,000 

Mapa  and  charts  have  been  received  from  Lieut  Maury,  Hon.  C.  DuiJ(ee»  Hon.  J«i* 
Shields,  J.  Disturaell,  L  A.  Lapham,  S.  A.  Mitchell,  Dr.  J.  W.  Hunt^  Mr&  Emma  Wll- 
lard,  Dr.  H.  Newhall,  Rev.  A.  Kent,  Oen.  Charles  Bracken,  S.  Chapman,  and  othenk 


I 


LIST  OF  PEEIODICALS  EECEIVED  AKD  PEESERVED. 

QUARTBRLIKtL 

New  York  Quarterly  Eeview,  (not  now  reji^we^,) 
Eibliotheca  SaCrEi  do        do     ;. 

N.  E.  HiBtorical  and  G enealqgjjoal.  Better. ,  :^ 


MONTHLIES. 

Mining  Magazine. 

Western  Literary  Meesenger. 

Cincinnati  Genius  of  the  West. 

Wisconsin  Farmer. 

Telegraph  Magazine,  (not  now  received.) 

Phrenological  Journal. 

Wis.  Educational  Journal. 

Beloit  College  Monthly. 

vCarroU  College  Student 

Wisconsin  Home. 

DAJLIBS. 

Milwaukee  Sentinel. 
Janesville  Free  Press. 
Madison  Argus  and  Democrat. 

do    Journal. 

do    Patriot. 

WEEKLIES. 

Milwaukee  Wisconsin. 
Kenosha  Telegraph, 
do    Democrat. 
Baraboo  Bepublic. 
€toneya  Express. 
Whitewater  Gazette.   ^ 
Waukesha  Plain  Dealer. 

do       Democrat. 
Beloit  Journal. 
Janeaville  Standard. 

do       Free  Press. 

do        Gazette. 
Sheboygan  Journal* 

do       Eyergreen  City  Times. 

do       Nieuwsbode. 


87 

I  wBEXLiBi — continued. 

Manitowoc  Tribune. 

do        Herald. 

do        Democrat. 
Fond  dn  Lac  Union. 

do        Herald. 
Madison  Weekly  ^rgus. 

do        Journal. 

m 

do        Patriot 
La  Crosse  Kepublican. 

do       National  Democrat. 
Monroe  Sentinel. 
Platteville  American. 
Frescott  Transcript. 
Portage  City  Badger  State. 
Watertown  Democrat. 
Seaver  Dam  Republican. 
Horicon  Argus. 
Oshkosh  Courier.  . 

Menasha  Advocate. 
Appleton  Crescent. 
Green  Bay  Advocate. 
Mineral  Point  Tribune. 
Columbus  Republican  Journal. 
Ozaukee  Advertiser. 
Newport  Wisconsin  Mirror. 
Richland  County  Observer. 
La  Fayette  County  Herald. 
Mineral  Point  Democrat,  file  kept  at  the  office. 
Stevens  Point  Pinery,  do 

West  Bend  Organ,  do 

Hudson  North.  Star,  do 

Lancaster  Herald,  do 

Oshkosh  Democrat,  do 

Madison  Staats  Zeitung,  do 


wsEaEUiiEs — eontwued,  4 

Ohicago  Democratic  Press. 

do  Ohristian  Times. 
Eentnckj  Oommonwealth. 
Athens,  Tennessee,  Post 
Philadelphia  New  Church  Herald. 
New  York  Criterion — ^literary. 

do        Publishers'  Oironlar. 

do        "Weekly  Mirror. 

do        Weekly  Tribune,  preserved  by  secretary. 

do        Home  Mission  Becord,(monthlj)  do 
Philadelphia  Christian  Chronicle.  do 

Total,  78  periodicals — of  which  59  are  Wisconsin  publications. 


39 


APFIlfDIX  Ho.  3. 


LIBRARIAN'S  REPORT  ON  THE  PICTURE  GALLERY. 

■ 

Ab  the  statistical  details  relative  to  the  increase  of  the  library 
proper  daring  the  past  year,  are  more  appropriately  embodied  in 
the  report  of  the  Ezecative  Committee,  the  librarian  begs  to  sub- 
mit the  following  report  on  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  PianUBta 
QjlLlesyj  together  with  some  remarks  on  the  merits  of  the  seyend 
pictares,  and  their  respective  artists  : 

The  design  of  the  Historical  Society  is  to  preserve  all  memen- 
toes of  the  past  that  yet  remain  to  ns,  bnried  though  they  may  be 
underneath  the  dust  and  rnbbieh  of  ages ;  records  of  the  Aboriginal 
inhabitants  of  the  country,  as  well  those  which  have  forever  past- 
ed away,  leaving  behind  them  only  apocryphal  mounds,  to  pi^zle 
the  learned  antiquary,  as  those  who  yet  mingle  among  us*  Bi^ 
we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  great  fact,  that  the  present  will  soon 
be  past,  and  the  incideitts  that  we  hardly  notice  to-day,  will  ere 
long  form  a  portion  of  our  history ;  and  the  knowledge  that  wis 
now  scarcely  think  worth  retainiog  will  one  day  be  earnestly  and 
laboriously  sought  after  by  the  curious  antiquarian. 

History,  proper,  is  a  record  of  deeds,  but  a  valuable  aid,  and  a 
choice  relic  of  the  past,  are  true  and  reliable  portraits  of  those  whose 
acts  formed  the  history  of  their  day.  Deeds  will  live  in  tradition 
or  in  the  more  lasting  forms  of  books  and  writings,  but  the  form 
and  features  are  doomed  to  a  more  ephen^eral  existence.  Oonsfi- 
quently,  a  great  part  of  the  labor  of  an  Historical  Society,  in  tha 
realm  of  the  present,  is  to  secure  reliable  portraits  of  those  who 


40 

figure  prominently  in  onr  State ;  and  as  some  may  imagine,  that 
the  Society  have  exceeded  the  limits  of  a  proper  discretion  in 
laying  so  much  stress  upon  this  sabject,  we  will  give  a  brief  out- 
line of  the  plan  proposed  to  be  carried  out  by  the  Society. 

I,  To  secure  the  portraits  of  all  the  Governors  of  Wisconsin. 
Fortunately  all  are  yet  living,  and  after  the  lapse  of  centuries, 

• 

when  all  those  noble  forms  shall  have  mingled  with  their  kindred 
dust,  with  what  feelings  of  pride  will  the  inhabitants  of  our  State 
point  to  this  list  of  portraits,  sketcbod  by  master  hands,  of  those 
whom  their  ancestors  delighted  to  honor ! 

n.  To  secure  the  portraits  of  the  Judges  of  our  Supreme 
Court. 

III.  To  secure  portraits  of  noted  Indian  Chiefs  and  early  eet- 
tleiv.  In  this  department  we  are  peculiarly  fortunate,  as  from  the 
master  pencil  of  Sully,  we  have  those  of  Bla.ok  Hawk,  his  Soir, 
and  the  Pbophbt,  which  we  will  notice  more  at  length  hereafter; 
and  of  our  Wisconsin  pioneers,  we  have  made  a  noble  commence- 
ment. 

ly.  To  secure  tbe  portraits  of  our  Senators  and  Representativee 
in  Congress.    All  are  yet  living,  except  Mr.  Eastmak. 

V.  To  obtain  portraits  of  some  of  the  illustrious  historic  men  of 
<rar  common  country. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  plan  is  extensive,  too  extensive  to  be 
properly  carried  out,  with  the  limited  means  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Society ;  and  were  it  not  for  a  private  liberality  and  hearty 
co-Qperatlon  of  lovers  of  art,  and  of  artists,  it  could  hardly  be 
attempted. 

Of  the  Governors  of  the  State,  but  one  portrait,  that  of  Gover- 
nor Barstow,  is  yet  in  the  Gallery,  and  this  is  a  striking  and  ef- 
fective likeness,  painted  by  S.  M.  Bbookks.  Gen.  Lewis  Cass, 
who  was  Governor  while  Wisconsin  formed  a  part  of  Michigan 
Territory,  Governors  Dodgk,  Tallmadg^,  Dewey  and  FarwkiX. 
have  promised  theirs,  which  will  shortly  adorn  our  walls. 


41 

Of  the  Sapreme  Court  Judges  only  that  of  Hod.  A.  D.  Smith 
is  as  yet  received.  This  portrait,  executed  by  S,  M.  Bbookks,  of 
Milwaukee,  is^a  Btrikiogly  accurate  one,  and  is  remarkably  correct 
in  preserving  the  expression — an  excellence  which  we  can  almost 
call  a  peculiarity  of  the  celebrated  artist 

The  preservation  of  the  likenesses  of  early  Indian  Obiets  is  too 
often  overlooked,  and  we  suffer  the  consequences.  Still  we  are 
fortunate  in  having  striking  portraits  of  Blilck.  Hawx,  and  the 
leaders  of  his  band,  who  were  at  one  time  the  terror  of  the  whites 
of  the  North  West.  The  original  portrait  of  Blaok  H-a.wk,  of 
which  this  is  an  improved  copy,  was  painted  by  Sully  at  Fortress 
Monroe,  Old  Point  Comfort,  Virginia,  while  Black  Hawk  was  a 
IT.  S.  prisoner,  and  strikingly  depicts  the  sad  and  mournful  ex- 
pression  of  a  captive  chief,  struggling  to  subdue  his  feelings,  and 
irepress  the  sad  emotion  of  a  vanquished  chieftain.  There  is  a 
dignity  in  his  look,  an  expression  half  concealed  by  the  cloud  of 
sadness  that  shades  his  brow,  that  marks  him  as  a  man  of  charao* 
ter  and  of  true  greatness.  He  is  clad  in  the  English  drees,  and 
one  in  gazing  upon  his  portrait  might  well  imagine  him  a  Roman, 
looking  mournfully  upon  his  degenerate  country.  There  is  lees 
of  the  features  and  expreesion  which  we  are  wont  to  associate 
with  the  Indian  name  and  character,  than  we  usually  find.  Of 
the  truth  of  the  likeness  we  have  many  living  witnesses  now 
among  us,  all  of  whom  agree  as  to  its  exact  and  striking  correct- 
ness. 

Black  Hawk's  son,  Na-shk-a-kusk,  never  bore  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  early  history  of  our  State,  and  is  chiefly  interesting  from 
his  association  with  the  more  noted  chief,  his  father,  whose  for- 
tunes he  followed  during  the  war  of  1832,  and  whose  captivity  he 
shared.  The  portrait  was  painted  under  the  same  circumstances  as 
the  former;  only  this  is  an  orfginaljnever  copiedjas  is  also  that  of  the 
Pbophet,  who  accompanied  Black  Hawk,  taken  at  the  same  time. 
The  Phophet's  is  a  striking  portrait.  The  very  muscles  of  the  face 
seem  to  relax  and  tighten  with  all  the  malioious  passions,  of  which 
6 


42 

man  in  his  most  degraded  state  is  capable.  The  dark  depths  of  a 
fiendish  soul,  with  all  its  hellish  thoughts  of  torturp  and  revenge 
fieem  inscribed  in  every  feature  of  that  forbidding  countenance. 
The  drapery  of  the  figure  is  bad,  but  the  head  is  perfect.  The 
low  forehead,  the  matted  hair,  the  deep-set  eyes,  the  heavy  jaws, 
and  the  aensuouB  month,  all  betray  the  most  acoompliahed  villain ; 
and  ench  his  character  ie  well  known  to  have  been.* 

From  this  dark  picture  we  turn  to  the  light,  graceful,  and  bean- 
tifnl  portrait  of  Pocahoktas,  the  well  known  Indian  Princess  of 
Virginia,  whose  history  and  early  death  are  familiar  to  every  one. 
Soon  after,  her  marriage  with  R<>lfe  shasailed  for  England,  where 
her  beauty  and  quee;ily  behavior  attracted  universal  attention.  A 
portrait  of  her  was  there  painted,  which  subsequently  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  family  of  bis  brother  in  England.  In  process  of 
time  this  old  portrait  was  brought  to  Virginia ;  and,  in  a  state  al* 
most  crumbling  to  ruins,  it  was  copied  by  Sully,  and  from  this  was 
made  the  copy  in  our  possession,  althoagh  the  artist  in  bad  taste, 
as  we  think,  embellished  it  with  a  wreath  of  flowers  in  her  hair, 
and  substituted  the  simple  drapery  of  an  Indian  maiden,  in  place 
of  the  antique  dress  of  the  time  of  Jahbs  I.  The  embellishment 
gives  to  the  picture  an  air  of  ideality,  and  we  are  apt  to  consider 
the  portrait  as  a  fancy  sketch,  while  it  is,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
following  testimonials,  a  genuine  and  truthful  portrait  of  this 
celebrated  princess : 

Statement  of  Kiohabd  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  April  1st,  1842 : 
"  Pocahontas  and  Ifr.  Rolfk,  her  husband,  arrived  at  Plymouth 

ft 

on  the  12th  June,  1616.    Their  portraits  were  taken  whilst  in 


•  The  following  notice  of  the  Prophst  wu  written  In  1882,  by  the  Uto  HaJ.  Thoxab  Fosstth,  who 
taftd  preriottilj  tor  many  yean  been  an  Indian  trader,  and  until  1880,  the  Indian  agent  of  the  Sanka  and 
Posea ;  and  glrea  ni  a  more  feroraUe  riew  of  hii  ehaiacten  Yet  truth  extorts  the  remaifc,  that  ha  taaa 
had  the  reputation  of  being  chiefly  Initrumental  in  leading  hli  deluded  followers,  against  the  wishes  of 
Blaok  Hawic,  Into  the  unfortunate  outbreak  of  1883.  MsJ.  FOR0TTa*s  testimoay  Is  taken  from  that 
«ieeUent  and  oharming  work,  M u.  Knins  mm-Bun^  or  th€  *  Earif  Dajf '  in  VU  Jt^ortk-  Wui :  "  Hialy 
a  good  meal  has  the  Prppket  given  to  people  traTelllng  past  his  Tillage^  and  rery  many  stray  hoiaas  haa 
f  reeoreNd  from  the  InOaaa,  and  restored  to  their  rightfbl  owaens  without  askiag  any  leoottpoat^ 
whaterer/'  L.  a  D 


43 

England,  wheria  their  son  Thomas  was  born.  Pocahontas  died  at 
Gravesend  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1617  ;  her  husband  return' 
ed  to  Virginia,  leaving  his  son  to  the  care  of  Mr.  Henbt  Kolfk, 
his  brother. 

^'  Thomab  BoLn  returned  to  Virginia,  and  there  married,  and 
died,  learying  an  only  child,  Jane,  who  married  Col.  Eobebt  Boi^ 
i.iNa,  and  died,  leaving  an  only  child,  John  Bollino,  whose  daugh- 
ter Janx,  married  Rxohabd  Bandolph,  of  Curies,  in  the  county  of 
Henrico,  Virginia.  Their  son  Btland,  who  owned  and  resided  on 
the  patrimonial  estate,  after  receiving  his  education  in  England, 
was  informed  that  the  portraits  of  Pocahontas  and  Rolfe,  were  in 
possession  of  a  gentleman  in  England,whose  name  is  now  forgotten. 

^'  He  wrote  to  his  friend  in  England,  to  endeavor  to  purchase 
them  for  him  ;  when  the  gentleman  was  applied  4;o,  and  infornoed 
that  Mr.  BuAlNdolph  was  a  descendant  of  Pooahomtas  and  BoLn, 
he  presented  the  portraits  to  Mr.  Bandolph,  whose  friend  sent 
them  to  Virginia,  where  they  arrived  safely,  and  were  hung  up  in 
Mr.  Bandolph's  mansion,  at  Turkey  Island. 

^'  Mr.  BANrK)LPH  died  in  1784.  Soon  after  his  death,  his  estate 
Was  publicly  sold,  and  these  portraits  were  purchased  by  Mr. 
Thokas  Bolling,  of  Cobbs,  in  the  county  of  Chesterfield,  at 
twenty  shillings  each,  that  being  the  appraised  value ;  owing  to 
the  following  agreement :  Mr.  Thomas  Bolling,  and  four  other 
descendants  of  Pocahontas,  were  each  anxious  to  purchase  the 
pictures,  and  a  proposition  was  made  to  decide  by  lot  which  of  the 
five  should  have  them,  and  Mr.  Bolling,  being  the  nearest,  was 
permitted  to  purchase  them  without  opposition. 

^'This  statement  was  made  to  me  by  my  father,  David  Mbadb 
•  Baitdolph,  who  was  the  executor  of  Btland  Bandolph,  and  sold 
'  the  pictures.    The  inventory  and  account  of  sales  may  4)e  seen  in 
the  office  of  the  county  court  of  Henrico." 

Statement  of  D.  ^M.  Bamdolph,  of  Torktown,  September,  1830, 
addressed  to  B.  M.  Sitllt  : 


"  Abont  the  year  1788-9, 1  resided  at  Presque  Isle,  one  mil« 
from  Bermuda  Hundred.  Occasionally  interchangiDg  visits  of 
hospitality  with  the  masters  of  vessels  while -in  that  part,  it  was 
my  good  fortune  to  become  intimate  with  a  Captain  Joseph  Wai> 
SON,  of  the  brig  Jane,  of  Washington.  This  Captain  Watsoit 
brought  Mr.  Randolph  a  parcel"  of  books.  These  books  were 
accompanied  with  a  long  letter  from  Jonah  Whkeler,  of  the  re- 
spectable commercial  house  'of  Gkrabd,  Pbeston,  Winder  and 
Wheeler,  then  existing  in  Liverpool.  The  books  were  presented 
by  Mr.  Wheeler,  from  his  having  understood  my  character  as  a 
farmer,  and  my  name  as  a  descendant  of  Pocahontas. 

,  "  Mr.  Wheeler  stated  that  he  had  *  heard  his  mother  relate  the 
circumstances  of  a  Mr.  Kandolph  or  Bolling,  having  in  their  day 
been  over  to  England  and  going  down  into  Warwickshire,  one 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  from  London,  in  pursuit  of  the  portraits 
of  Mr.  BoLFE  and  Pocahontas;'  the  gentleman,  he  said,  offered  a 
large  price  for  the  pictures,  but  the  family  who  had  them,  them- 
selves not  descendants  from  Pocahontas,  but  from  Rolfe,  disdain- 
ing a  premium,  generously  gave  the  same  to  Rtland  Bandolph, 
who  satisfied  them  of  his  better  pretension  to  so  valuable  a  posses* 
sion.  I  retain  a  perfect  recollection  of  their  being  brought  over  from 
England  by  my  uncle,  their  appearance  at  Turkey  Island,  and 
lastly  their  sale,  by  myself,  acting  as  clerk  to  my  father,  the  ad- 
ministrator, in  the  month  of  March,  1784.  Our  estimable  fellow- 
citizen.  La  Fayette,  was  he  now  among  us,  would,  I  believe, 
identify  the  pictures  and  confirm  their  history,  from  the  fact  of  his 
intimacy  witli  Rvland  Kandolph,  whose  house  served  for  his 
head-quarters  a  considerable  time  in  the  memorable  campaign  of 
1781." 

Statement  of  Mrs.  Anne  Eobinson,  of  Virginia :  • 

"  From  my  earliest  recollection  I  have  been  accustomed  to  see 
the  picture  copied  by  Mr.^SuLLY,  in  the  house  of  my  grandfather, 
Mr.  T.  BoLLiNG,  of  Cobbs ;  it  was  always  shown  as  the  portrait  of 
Pocahontas.     Mr.  T.  Bolling  was  the  representative  of  Powhat- 


46 

tAS ;  mj  grandmother,  Mrs.  Betty  Bolld^g,  equally  distinct  from 
Pocahontas  ;  neither  entertained  a  doubt  that  the  picture  in  ques- 
tion was  a  portrait  of  Pooahontas.  Mj  father,  also  a  descendant 
of  Pocahontas,  was  well  acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  pic- 
ture/' 

Statement  of  Dr.  Thokas  Bobinson,  Petersburg,  Ya.,  August 
20th,  1843 : 

^'  The  Indian  picture  copied  by  Mr.  Sully,  the  original  of  which 
is  now  in  my  possession,  was  shown  to  me  at  Cobbs,  some  seven- 
teen or  eighteen  years  ago,  by  Mr.  Bolling,  as  the  portrait  of 
Pocahontas;  Mrs.  B.,  then  proprietor  of  the  portrait,  was  herself 
a  descendant  of  Pocahontas,  and  widow  of  the  representative  of 
Powhattan.  a  slight  inspection  of  the  costume,  satisfied  m^^at 
'  this  was  the  only  portrait  of  a  female,  painted  in  the  reign  of 
James  L,  among  the  family  pictures. 

^^  With  very  great  pleasure  I  bear  testimony  to  the  rigid  fideli- 
ty, with  which  Mr.  Sully  has  copied  this  very  interesting  portrait, 
notwithstanding  the  temptation  to  certain  alterations  in  conformi- 
ty with  the  romantic  spirit  of  the  history  of  the  individual  whom 
it  represents,  by  which  the  effect  might  have  been  increased,  with- 
out impairing  the  likeness.  From  every  thing  of  this  kind  Mr, 
Sully  has,  with  great  propriety,  abstained,  while  the  likeness, 
oostume  and  attitude 'have  been  presented  with  great  exactness. 

'  '^  The  original  is  crumbling  so  rapidly  that  it  may  be  considered 
as  having  already  passed  out  of  existence." 

Statement  of  W.  F.  Simpson,  of  Va.,  Aug.  18, 1830: 

"Deab  Stilly  : — Ton  requested  me  a  few  days  ago  to  call  and 
•see  the  portrait  of  Pocahontas  you  have  lately  been  busy  upon, 
from  the  one  which  you  borrowed  from  the  descendants  at  Oobbs. 
I  did  so  last  evening  while  you  were  from  home,  and  feel  much 
pleasure  in  bearing  testimony  to  the  style  in  which  you  have  exe- 
cuted your  trust,  a  task  so  difficult  from  the  mutilated  state  of  the 
ori^nal  picture,  that  I  really  thought  it  almost. impossible  for  yon 


to  succeed  as  completely,  a»  you  have  done»  It  is  faitbfnl  to  a, 
letter,  perhaps  more  so  than  is  politic^  since  had  you  made  som/O 
little  alteration  in  her  ladyship's  position,  and  dressed  her  rather 

more  in  accordance  Atith  the  taste  of  this  after  age,  I  have  no 
doubt  the  picture  would  tell  better  with  the  majority  of  thoB%  who 
may  hereafter  see  it.  I  of  course  thinkyon  quite  right  in  sticking 
rigidly  to  the  '  better  of  the  1  aw '  as  yon  have  done." 


Additional  statements  could  be  adduced,  but  we  think  these 
will  be  deemed  amply  sufficient  upon  which  to  rest  the  genuine- 
ness of  the  original  picture,  as  well  as  the  first  copy  taken  by 
Sully.  He  employed  great  labor  in  attaching  the  mutilated  and 
decaying  parts  together,  so  as  to  bring  the  whole  within  his  pow- 
er, and  at  length  happily  succeeded.  When  Sclly  proposed  to 
execute  a  new  copy  of  Pocauontas  for  our  Society,  and  another 
for  the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  his  own  deep  reverence  and 
admiration  for  the  memory,  virtues  a,nd  portrait  of  the  lovely 
Forest  Princess,  liad  him  while  anxiously  desiring  to  preserve  a 
faithful  copy  of  her  features,  to  wish  to  change  the  full  facial  front, 
to  the  three-quarter  view,  and  substituting  for  the  absurd  costume 
of  the  time  of  James  the  First,  the  more  appropriate  Indian  dress 
of  that  period.  Sully  tlioughtthat  in  this  ancient  English  costume^ 
all  Indian  associat'on  was  destroyed,  and  that  the  proposed  change 
would  give  her  a  much  more  truthful  and  characteristic  represen- 
tation. The  Virginia  Historical  Society  expressed  a  wish  that 
Sully  would  so  paint  it — thus  Indianizing  the  original  portrait ; 
and  our  Society  left  the  matter  entirely  to  the  artist's  taste  and 
judgment,  as  the  copy  he  designed  for  us  was  to  come  as  a  gift* 

As  Sully  learned  from  the  early  Virginia  historian  Beverly, 
that  it  was  customary  for  the  Indian  maidens  on  their  gala  daySy 
to  weave  wreaths  of  the  fairest  wild  flowers  of  the  foresty  into 
their  hair — and  that  Pocahontas  took  part  in  these  pa8ttime9,  her 
conceived  the  idea  of  heightening  the  effect  of  the  picture  by 
introducing  such  a  wreath  encircling  her  brow,  and  particularly 
as  he  had  unq^uestionable  historical  authority  for  it^  and  hjimoeljr 


^7 

• 

lived  in  the  valley  of  James  Riveri  in  the  native  reigion  of  tht^ 
FrinceBS,  and  could  there  select  from  the  forest  the  loveliest  flow*' 
ers  for  the  purpose.  Such  were  Sulij's  views,  sanctioned  and 
approved  by  the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  and  acquiesced  in  by 
our  own  ;  and  though  we  may  not  all  of  U3  fully  co  incido  with 
them,  yet  they  deserve  great  respect,  and  servo  to  show  that  the 
artist  did  not  make  the  change  without  some  show  of  reason  for  it, 
Hfe  accordingly  made  a  selection  of  forest  flowers,  and  the  painting 
will  ever  testify  with  what  taste  he  executed  that  delicate  task. 

Ihe  Society  may  well  feel  proud  of  possessing  such  correct 
likenesses  of  Black  Hawk  and  his  companions — of  Click  HAwx'a 
BON  and  the  Fbophet  none  others  are  known  to  exist ;  and  we  be* 
lieve  there  are  but  two  other  portraits  of  PooAHOirrAS,  in  the 
country,  that  can  lay  the  least  claim  to  genuineness,  and  both  were 
copied  by  Sully.  Bat  with  the  feeling  of  pride  in  the  possession 
of  these  treasurers,  comes  an  emotion  of  sadness  as  we  remember 
the  melancholy  fate  of  the  talented  artist  whose  gift,  in  part,  they 
were. 

By  Thos,  Sully,  we  have  a  fine  copy  of  Gilbbet  Stuaet's  cele- 
brated portrait  of  Washington.  It  stands  out  nobly  from  the  can- 
vass, and  impresses  every  beholder  with  a  feeling  of  awe  and  ad- 
miration. By  Edwards,  formerly  of  Cincinnati,  now  of  Louisville, 
we  have  two  fine  portraits — one  an  original  of  Dr.  Wu.  Bted 
Powell,  the  other  a  copy  of  Jarvis*  portrait  of  Gen.  Geo.  Roqess 
Clark,  the  Washington  of  the  West.  Clark  did  for  the  great  Ohio 
Valley  what  Washington  did  for  the  Atlantic  States;  his  life  and  exr 
ploits  we  hope  soon  to  see  rescued  from  oblivion  by  the  Corres- 
ponding Secretary  of  our  Society,  who  possesses  all  his  old  papers 
and  other  ample  materials  for  such  a  work.  Dr.  Powell,  of 
Kentucky,  as  his  noble  head  would  indicate,  is  a  man  of  origi- 
nality of  mind,  and  has  written  much  and  well  upon  medical  and 
scientific  subjects.  »  ^ 

From  the  pencil  of  Robt.  M.  Sully,  in  addition  to  the  four  be- 
fore, ^entioned^  we  have  an  excellent  portrait  of  Chiot  Juaxzcpi 


48 

Kabshall,  80  eiDinent  as  a  eoldier,  Btatesman,  jurist  and  historian^ 
While  this  was  his  last,  it  is  bj  far  the  best  of  the  SuUj  portraitB, 
in  its  artistic  finish — and  he  himself  so  considered  it. 

The  portrait  of  Db  Wrrr  Olintok  which  we  possess,  is  one  which 
adorned  the  Governor's  own  library,  which  fact  is  a  sufficient 
guarantee  of  its  correctness.  Bjr  whom  it  was  painted  is  a  matter 
of  some  doubt,  though  the  weight  of  evidence  points  to  Catlin  as 
the  artist ;  if  so,  this  must  have  been  during  his  earliest  efiPbrts. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  painted  while  Clinton  was  Mayor  of  New 
York,  aud  this  is  rendered  almost  certain  by  the  dress  which  ap* 
parently  belongs  to  the  costume  of  that  period.  None  of  the 
Clinton  family  can  give  any  positive  testimony  concerning  its 
origin;  but  we  know  it  is  an  original,  as  we  obtained  it  from  an 
aged  retired  bookseller  of  Albany,  who  purchased  it  at  the  sale 
of  Gov.  Clinton's  library,  immediately  after  his  death  in  1828. 

Of  our  Congressmen,  although  many  are  promised,  as  yet  only 
that  of  £x  Senator  I.  P.  Walkbb  is  received.  It  is  a  good  portrait, 
and  was  painted  at  Milwaukee  by  Wm.  J.  Head,  of  St.  Louis,  in 
1862,  and  presented  to  the  Society  by  G.  P.  Delaplaine. 

Our  list  of  portraits  of  old  pioneers  is  quite  full,  and  bespeaks 
well  for  the  future.    The  following  are  by  S.  M.  Bbookes,  of  Mil- 
waukee :  Bt!kok  Kilbourn  and  Alanson  Sweet,  among  the  first 
settlers  of  Milwaukee ;  I.  A.  Laphah,  an  early  settler,  well  known 
by  his  writings,  illustrating  the  natural  history  and  antiquities  of 
our  state ;  \Vh.  B.  Shfth,  the  President  of  our  Society,  and  his- 
toriographer of  the  State,  author  of  the  Documentary  History  of 
the  State,  two  volumes  of  which  are  published ;  Col.  Ebbkezbb 
Childs,  of  La  Crosse,  one  of  the  first  American  settlers  of  Green 
Bay ;  Ebenezbb  Beighah,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  lead  region, 
who  was  engaged  in  the  Indian   difficulties  from  1828  to  1833; 
SncBOK  Mills,  who  was  one  of  the  thre%  first  settlers  of  Madison; 
SoLOHOK  Juneau,  an  early  American  trades  at  Milwaukee,  before 
there  were  any  settlements  in  the  State,  except  at  Green  Bay  and 
Prairie  da  Ohien,  and  who  vras  chosen  the  first  Mayor  of  Mil' 


49 

wankee :  and  Hxkbt  S.  Batbd,  of  Oreen.  Bay,  one  of  the  fiiist 
American  settlers  there,  and  the  first  practising  lairjer  in  Wis- 
consin. ' 

Besides  these,  we  hare  a  fine  View  an  the  Ilvdaon^  from  the 
pencil  of  Jasper  F.  Cbopset,  the  well  known  landscape  artiet  of 
New  York.  The  view  is  looking  down  the  Hudson,  with  ttie 
Highlands  in  the  distance ;  and  the  effect  is  that  of  the  sun  about 
an  hour  or  two  high  of  a  warm,  hazy,  summer  afternoon.  It  is  a 
picturesque  scene  well  worthy  of  the  artist  in  both  the  study  and 
execution.    This  is  the  twenty-second  picture  in  the  catalogue. 

This  featnre  of  the  Society — the  Piotube  Gallebt,  is  alone  well 
worth  the  attention  of  the  public.  For  although  the  library,  as 
another  department,  may  be  ever  of  more  lasting  interest,  the 
Gallery  of  portraits  cannot  fail  to  attract  a  large  share  of  atten- 
tion from  those  who  have  little  time  for  more  lengthy  ezamina- 
tions  of  books  and  references,  and  bespeaks  well  for  the  liberality 
aod  public  spirit  of  our  citizens,  and  promises  well  for  the  future 
prospects  of  the  Society  when  its  aims  shall  be  more  generally 
understood,  and  public  attention  more  particularly  attracted  to  it 
by  its  merits  and  success. 

The  Society  may  well  pride  itself  upon  the  possession  of  such 
ft  list  of  portraits  already  furnisfhed,  and  we  hope  it  may  have  the 
efiTect  to  incite  more  of  the  old  pioneers  to  furnish  theirs.  If  the 
forty-seven  persons  who  have  so  generously  promised  the  Society 
their  portraits,  are  not  foi  getful  of  their  pledges,  the  Pictttre  Ocfl" 
lerjfmust  speedily  become  the  pride  and  admiration  of  Wisconsin. 

We  shall  close  this  report,  by  a  brief  reference  to  the  several 
ai^ists  by  whose  skill  and  genius  our  Gallery  enterprise  has  re- 
ceived BO  much  encouragement  and  fostering  care. 

The  first  to  tender  our  Society  a  production  of  his  pencil,  waa 
ilia  Teteran  Thomas  Sullt,  who  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, Jone,  17&S,  and,  at  the  age  of  nine,  came  with  his  parents', 
irho  were  comedians,  to  the  United  Sfates.    At  the  age  of  twelve,  * 
lie  was  placed  in  the  office  of  an  insurance-broker  in  Oharleston, 

7 


60 

tet  bis  artistic  iodtnation  rendered  his  servioea  of  little  avail  to 
his  employer,  who  advised  his  father  to  make  an  artist  of  him. 
This  advice  was  followed,  and  joang  Sully  studied  for  some  time 
with  his  brotherin-law  iu  Charleston,  and  snbseqnentiy  with  his 
brother,  a  miniature  painter,  at  Kichmond,  Ya.  Having  made 
creditable  progress  in  oil  painting,  ab  >ut  18(>3  he  commenced  the 
world  for  himself.  For  the  ensuing  six  years  be  whs  engaged  in 
hie  profession  successively  at  Norfolk,  Richmond,  New  York  and 
Boston,  and  met  with  much  success  as  a  portrait  painter.  In  1 809 
he  settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  has  ever  since  made  his 
home ;  and  the  same  year  he  vibited  Etigland,  and  during  a  so- 
journ of  nine  months  there,  he  made  the  acquaintance  and  en* 
joyed  the  frienddhip  of  West.  During  a  second  visit  to  Eng*atid 
in  1837-'88,  he  painted  a  full-length  portrait  of  Quken  Victoria, 
which  is  said  to  be  the  most  faithful  likeness  of  her  that  has  yet 
been  taken.  He  has  painted  full  lengths  ot  La  Faybttb  and  Com- 
modore Deoatub,  and  a  large  picture  of  Washington  crussifg  the 
Delaware.  He  still  lives,  with  rigor  unabated,  the  Nestor  of 
American  art. 

Clkment  R.  Edwards  was  born  in  Woodston,  New  Jersey,  ia 
1820,  and  ten  years  afterwards  his  parents  removed  to  Cincinnati, 
where,  in  1837,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  house  and  sign  painter, 
and  so  remained  two  years,  when  he  yielded  to  his  strong  inclina- 
tion to  poi  trait  painting,  and  opened  a  studio.  He  left  Cincinnati 
in  1843,  following  his  profession  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 
and  Maryland  ;  and  in  1847,  joined  the  army,  and  served  in  the 
Voltigeur  Regiment  in  the  memorable  battles  of  Contreras, 
Cttierubusco,  Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapultepec,  and  the  capture  of 
the  city  of  Mexico.  At  the  termination  of  the  war,  he  returned 
to  Cincinnati  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  last 
year  removed  to  LonisvilJe.  His  two  portraits  of  Oen.  OicoBoa 
BooEBs  Clark  and  Dr.  Wm.  Btrd  Powuli.,  which  he  so  kiodlj 
presented  our  Society,  deservedly  fill  a  conspieaous  place  ia  th» 
GaUexy. 


Ifcia  not  n^caamrj  tospMk  of  B.  M.  SvtirT  in  fthis  {^ntt^ctimi^ 
M  Mr.  D&afbb's  remarks  upon  Ihe^  occasitm  of  annonncin^  bis 
lleaib  to  the  Societj,  are  as  fnll  as  could  be  desired.  His  fide 
pictures  will  remain  to  tell  iheir  own  storj  of  the  worth  and  genitii 
of  the  lamented  artist. 

Sakuel  M.  Brookes,  who  for  several  months  has  been  so  busjr 
with  his  pencil  and  pallet  in  the  production  of  faithful  pictarSss 
for  our  Galli^rj,  is  a  native  of  England  ;  but  when  a  child  his  pa- 
rents migrated  to  America,  and  in  1883  we  find  them  at  Chicagoii 
and  eiubsequentlj  in  the  region  near  Waukegan.  Possessing  an 
early  aptness  for  drav^ing,  joung  Brookes  took  lessons  in  oil  paint- 
ing of  an  artist  who  tarried  a  while  at  Chicago,  and  soon  after 
opened  a  studio  of  his  own.  He  met  with  encouraging  successi 
considering  the  newness  of  the  country,  the  poverty  of  the  people, 
and  the  little  taste  for  art  theli  prevalent  in  the  North- West.  Deter- 
mined on  visiting  London  and  the  Continent,  he  started  with  only  a 
few  dollars  in  his  pocket,  spent  nearly  two  years  abroad,  and  return- 
ed with  more  money  than  when  he  left,  besides  several  hundred 
dollars'  worth  of  pictures,  the  most  of  which  were  copies  he  had 
made  in  London.  Since  his  return,  he  has  followed  his  profession 
first  in  Chicago,  but  for  several  years  past  in  Milwaukee,  and  bids 
fair  with  his  erenius  and  love  for  the  art,  to  add  largely  to  his  own 
Teputation,  and  do  a  noble  work  for  our  Picture  G aumbry. 

Of  the  artist  Catlin,  we  need  only  say,  that  since  he  visited  the 
Mandans  and  other  distant  tribes  beyond  the  Mississippi,  and 
made  a  noble  collection  of  portraits  of  the  Eed  Men,  which  he 
has  exhibited  in  this  country  and  Europe,  he  has  written  a  work  on 
the  Indians,  and  is  now  understood  to  be  in  the  Amazon  Yallej, 
in  S*»nth  Araerica|  where  he  is  doubtless  engaged  in  making 
sketches  of  that  wonderful  country.  We  know  but  little  of  Wm. 
J.  Head,  save  that  he  is  regarded  at  St.  Louis  as  an  artist  of  much 
akill  and  promise.  Jasper  F.  Cropset  has  long  ranked  among 
the  most  eminent  landscape  painters  of  our  country.  We  should 
esteem  it  no  small  honor  to  have  in  our  collection  one  of  the  pro- 


duotioiui  from  his  fine  pMcil — ^and  it  iWnld  b#  itgwfdod  m  doilUj 
]iODorabl6y  as  it  oomes  tp  us  as  a  firea  oflEoriBg  of  his  i^preciatioB 
of  the  worthy  enterprise  and  suooeas  of  oar  beloved  Wnoo] 

BnXOBKUI.  BOGOBTT. 

S.  H.  OABPENTEB, 

Librarian, 
llADUOv,  April  10, 1866. 


/ 


M 


UPFEINZ  Vo.  4. 


EULOGIES  ON  WRIGHT,  McLANE  AND  SULLY. 

HOK.  HIBAU  A.  *W1(IGHT. 

In  Executive  Committee,  Jnne  5,  1855,  Hon.  Johk  Y.  Sjihb 
in  the  chair,  Hon.  J.  P.  Atwood  arose  and  announced  the  deaik 
of  Hon;  Hiram  A.  Weight,  as  follows : 

Mb.  Fbesidiht  : — ^I  arise  to  announce 'an  ere&t  as  lolemii  ak 
such  an  announcement  is  unusual,  in  this  hall.  For  the  first  tiai* 
aince  the  organization  of  this  societj,  the  members  of  the  Exeen- 
live  Committee  hare  occasion  to  mourn  the  loss  of  one  of  thair 
Aomber,  A  bolt  has  descended  from  a  clear  sky,  and  th«  heareni 
are  shrouded  in  gloom.  A  cl^air  is  ra^^ant,  aad  with  heavy  hearti 
we  sit  amid  the  sable  insignia  of  death. 

The  Hon,  Hieam  A.  Weight,  late  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  one  of  the  Curators  of 
this  Societj,  died  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  on  the  twenty  seventh  JxlL 

This  event  was  as  unexpected  as  the  intelligence  which  is  now 
flying  from  town  to  town,  and  from  hamlet  to  hamlet,  is  startling 
and  mournful.  The  shadow  of  his  form  lingers  about  the  capitol^ 
and  the  instruments  of  his  oflSce — ^the  opened  book — the  tmfiniahed 
manuscript,  lay  upon  the  table  where  he  placed  them.  Almdfeik 
imperceptibly  we  expect  on  the  walks  and  in  public  places,  Hmt 
pleasant,  yet  dignified  and  courtly  salutation^  and  can  hardly  bo^ 
lieve  that  we  are  to  receive  that  greeting  no  more. 

The  deceased  leftue,  but  a  few  days  since,  in  feeble  health,  oc- 
0M9oned',  as  WEB  then  supposed,  by  constant  and  arduous  labor^ 
dhning  t^e  past  winter,  for  the  purpose  of  enjoying  a  short  seasoti 


n 


H 

€#  relaxation  and  repose,  among  the  recnperating  inflnences  of 
his  home,  and  with  the  intent  of  Boon  resuming  the  official  dutiedi 
in  the  discharge  of  which  he  had  been  activelj  engaged  up  to 
the  hoar  ot  his  departure.  But  ere  we  were  apprised  that  his  ill- 
Bess  denoted  impending  danger,  and  before  he  was  scarcelj 
missed,  the  wire  vibrates,  and  we  are  told  that  he  is  dead. 

Mr,  Wright  left  the  place  where  he  was  reared  and  educated, 
in  the  State  of  I7ew  York,  near  where  lived  and  died  his  illus- 
trious namesake  and  relative,  when  quite  young,  to  seek  his  fgr- 
tane  in  the  adventurous  and  rising  west.  He  came  to  this  State 
when  its  beauties  and  resources  were  conpiparatively  unknown,  and 
before  it  had  emerged  from  its  territorial  infancy.  He  early  learned 
the  habits,  customs  and  peculiarities  of  Ijie  people,  who  were  then 
laying  the  foundations  of  a  State  on  the  frontier  of  civilization  ; 
and  that  people  early  conferred  upon  him  the  honors  and  distino- 
tkmi,  which  though  sometimes  tardy,  surely  come  to  crown  the 
just  and  meritorious.  He  won  their  confidence — they  trusted 
him — and  the  highest  eulogium  that  need  be  passed  upon  hit 
name  is,  that  he  never  betrayed  that  trust. 

In  the  various  positions  of  responsibility  and  prominence  which 
be  occupied,  at  the  Bar,  on  the  Bench,  in  the  Assembly  hall,  in 
tbe  Senate  chamber,  at  the  head  of  an  important  department  of 
the  executive  government  of  the  State,  during  the  mutations  of 
party  and  the  ebullitions  of  public  opinion,  he  maintained  the 
confidence  reposed  in  him,  and  did  what  ho  esteemed  to  be  bis 
duty  and  his  right,  nnswerved  by  considerations  of  a  temporary 
policy.  He  was  eminently  consistent  in  all  the  relations  of  life, 
if  unquestionable  integrity,  prudent,  considerate,  decisive,  ener- 
getic in  action  and  untiring  in  the  prosecution  of  his  purpose.  A 
firm,  inflexible  partizan,  he  was  not  a  demagogue.  Though  al- 
ways, from  his  youth,  in  public  life,  he  never  forgot  his  responsi- 
unties  as  a  man.  Exalted  to  a  seat  with  the  first  men  in  the 
State,  he  preserved  a  modest  and  unpretending  denieanor.  XheM 
qnalitiea,  not  always  found  in  public  men,  were  discovered  mmI 


appreciated.  They  made  his  name  a  familiar  word  in  every 
Lamlet  and  cottage.  Tlie  impress  of  his  character  is  on  the  pub- 
lic heart,  and  th*ire  is  his  cenotaph^  and  there  it  will  remain  more 
eloquent  and  endaring  than  the  chiseled  column. 

Jadge  Wbight  was  still  young.  Thirty  summers  had  not  yet 
strewed  flowers  in  his  pathway — thirty  winters  had  not  yet  come 
to  chill  the  life  blood  in  his  heart.  He  had  but  just  entered  upon 
the  broad  lield  of  manly  aspirations  and  exertions,  and  was  pre- 
pared by  age  and  experience,  for  aliie  of  euTiable  distinction  and 
userulnes-*.  Competency,  honor,  station,  a  cultivated  head,  a  no- 
ble heart — the  enjoyment  of  domestic  felicity,  all  seemed  com- 
bined to  make  his  future  fair  and  auspicious ;  but  he  fell,  "  with 
all  his  bluslSing  honors  thick  upon  him,"  ere  the  early  days  of 
manhood  had  lost  one  ray  of  brightness. 

The  reflections  soggested  by  this  dispensation  of  ProvidencOi 
are  a  sad  and  truthful  commentary  upon  the  uncertainties  of  life 
—on  the  frailty  of  all  earthly  hopes  and  enjoyments. 

In  this  connection  I  cannot  refrain  from  remarking,  that  it  was 
my  fortune  to  bq  associated  with  him,  a  short  time,*in  the  private 
walks  of  life,  and  that  it  was  there,  amid  the  kindly  influences 
which  hallow  and  bless  the  domestic  altar,  that  I  learned  to  love 
the  man.  Of  the  ten  persons,  including  children,  comprising  the 
families  of  Judge  Wright,  then  a  member  of  the  Senate — Hon, 
Chas.  D.  Robinson,  then  Secretary  of  State,  Doct.  Ladd,  then  Su- 
perintendent of  Public  Instruction,  and  myself,  who  sat  around  the 
same  board,  during  the  winter  of  1852,  but  three  remain.  The 
wisest,  the  purest,  the  loreliest  have  left  us,  and  lent  the  light  of 
their  character  and  their  smiles  to  illumine  another  sphere. 

*  Onr  grief  is'ftssuaged  by  the  reflection^  that  the  last  moments  of 
our  friend  were  spent  where  he  most  loved  to  live — in  the  bosom 
of  his  family — in  the  quiet  seclusion  of  his  home.  The  amiable 
and  accomplished  lady,  whose  life  destinies  were  linked  with  his 
by  ties  which  now  bind  her  to  the  spirit  world — smoothed  with  her 
own  gentle  hand  the  pillow  of  the  dying  man,  and  closed  his  eyes 


56 

in  that  sleep  whieh  knows  no  earthly  waking.  I  wonld  not  in- 
trade,  with  woiids  of  oohdoleDce,  npon  the  sacred  reverie  of  that 
widow — weeping  with  her  orphaned  child,  at  the  fountain  where  tlie 
silver  cord  has  been  loosed,  and  the  golden  bowl  been  broken.  Her 
sorrow  is  too  holy  for  the  minstration  of  human  consolation.  All 
that  we  could  say  is  but  the  snggestion  of  every  mind.  She  will 
seek  and  obtain  from  another  source  that  purer  illumination,  of 
which  human  reason  is  but  the  reflection. 

We  mourn  not  as  for  one  who  leaves  no  bright  mark  behind 
him.  We  will  cherish  his  memory,  and  feel  that  we  shall  grow 
better  by  a  contrast  of  our  lives  with  his  own. 

His  race  has  terminated ;  his  mission  on  earth  is  ended  ;  his  cmp 
of  fortune  has  orer^run.  On  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mitsissippi, 
his  ashes  repose,  but  his  spirit — ^free  as  the  wind  that  swept  around 
his  river  home,  and  now  sings  a  midnight  requiem  o'er  his  urn — 
still  lives  and  moves  among  us.  Truly  the  form  may  moulder  to 
its  native  dust — but  for  the  memory  of  the  just  and  good  there  ia 
no  grave. 

Mr.  President,  I  oflfer  the  following  resolution  : 

JSesolvedy  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  by  the  chair 
to  report  to  this  meeting  resolutions  expressive  of  the  sense  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  State  Historical  Society  upon  the 
death  of  Hon.  Hiram  A.  Wbiqht. 

It  was  moved  by  S.  H.  Carpenter,  and  seconded  by  L.  C.  Dra- 
per, that  Judge  Atwood  be  requested  to  furnish  a  copy  of  his  ad- 
dress to  be  filed  among  the  papers  of  the  Society.     Carried. 

Messrs.  E.  A.  Calkins,  J.  P.  Atwood  and  J.  T.  Clark,  were 
app  tinted  the  committee  ou  resolutions,  who,  through  their  chair- 
man, reported  the  following :  * 

Hesolvedy  That  we  have  heard  with  feelings  of  the  deepest  re- 
gret, of  the  recent  death  of  the  Hon.  Hiram  A.  Wright,  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  Wisconsin,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  State  Historical  Society. 


67 

Heiohedy  That,  in  the  death  of  Judge  Wbight,  the  oomniiinitj 
baa  lost  an  honored  and  oseful  member,  his  frienda  an  ornament 
to  their  circle,  his  family  a  deyoted  husband  and  father,  the  State 
a  faithful  and  efficient  officer,  and  this  Society  a  worthy  coad- 
jutor. 

Hesolvedy  That,  in  respect  foe  the  memory  of  Judge  Wbioht, 
this  meeting  do  adjourn  for  one  week,  and  that  a  copy  of  these  pro- 
ceedings, properly  attested,  be  transmitted  to  the  family  of  the 
lamented  deceased. 

In  presenting  these  resolutions,  Mr.  Oalkins  said : 

Mr.  PsBaiDBirr : — The  duty  which  I  have  discharged  in  offering 
for  consideration  these  resolutions,  is  rather  to  me  a  sad  and  sacred 
pleasure.  It  is  a  tribute  due  to  the  memory  of  my  lamented 
friend,  a  respectable  member  of  my  own  profession,  a  man  whom 
I  loved  and  honored.  I  can  add  little  to  the  generous  and  eloqnent 
fervor  of  the  eulogy  already  rendered  to  the  deceased — it  express- 
es the  emotions  of  us  all  at  the  melancholy  event  which  it  com- 
mesftoratei. 

The  death  of  Judge  Wkight  was  unexpected,  though  in  no  form 
does  death  appear,  and  not  strike  a  thrill  to  the  hearts  of  the  liv- 
ing. It  reminds  us  how  frail  we  are,  how  feeble  and  fleeting  is 
the  hold  we  have  upon  life,  how  closely  the  pathway  which  we 
travel  lies  to  the  borders  of  the  tomb.  But  death  came  to  him 
whose  respected  memory  we  here  honor,  as  it  comes  to  few.  It 
came  to  him  when  the  spring  was  opening  upon  the  pomps  and 
^ories  of  summer,  like  the  cloud  that  veils  a  morning  sun,  or  the 
blight  that  settles  on  a  bursting  flower.  He  was  in  the  earliest 
prime  of  a  successful  life,  in  the  possession  of  a  comfortable  com- 
petence, enjoying  the  ends  of  a  manly  ambition,  popular  favor, 
and  the  esteem  of  troops  of  friends.  I  hardly  know  of  one  whoae 
death  conid  sunder  more  or  dearer  ties,  one  who  could  leave  so 
much  behind  him,  and  a  path  lighted  by  a  fairer  radiance. 

A  more  modest,  unassuming  man ;  a  finer  and  a  truer  gentle- 
8 


58 


man,  in  the  essential  qualities  that  made  him  such ;  a  better  and 
a  nobler  friend,  I  never  Knew.    But  he  is  dead.    So  true  it  is, 


f( 


The  good  die  first; 


While  those  whose  hearts  are  dry  as  summer  dust, 
Burn  to  the  socket/' 

But  death  comes  to  us  all.  It  is  the  catastrophe  which  makef 
life  a  tragedy,  shrouding  its  close  in  gloom  and  bedewing  it  with 
tears.  Yet  it  maizes  the  meanest  of  us  sacred  ;  it  instals  the  hum- 
blest in  human  respect ;  it  lends  to  vice  even  a  shield  that  pro- 
tects it  from  insult,  while  it  doubly  canonizes  social  and  public 
virtue.  , 

I  can  but  add  the  invocation,  green  be  the  grave  of  the  lament- 
ed dead,  as  his  memory  will  be  in  the  hearts  of  those  that  loved 
him. 

The  resolutions  were  unanimously  adopted.^ 

HON.   GBOBGE  B.    M^LANE. 

In  Executive  Committee,  Sept.  4th,  1855,  S.  H.  Oarpientkb, 
Esq.,  in  the  chi^ir.  Dr.  John  W.  Hunt  arose  and  announced  the 
death  of  Hon.  Geobgb  E.  McLanb,  of  Delafield,  Waukeaha 
county,  as  follows : 

Mb.  Fbbsidbnt: — Again  we  have  to  record  and  deplore  the  de- 
cease  of  another  of  our  most  valuable  and  estimable  associates. 
Since  our  last  meeting,  the  hand  of  death  has  been  laid  upon  our 
Vice  President  MoLane,  who  closed  his  earthly  career  at  his  resi- 
dency. Headland,  in  Waukesha  county,  at  noon  on  Thursday,  the 
16th  day  of  August  last. 

*  Jadg«  Wbight  iru  a  utiTe  of  St  Lawrenco  Coantj,  N.  Y^  wad  aetUdd  at  Prairie  da  Chlan  in  IMi^ 
and  took  part  in  the  publication  of  the  Prairie  da  Chien  Patrioti  the  pioneer  paper  of  that  plaes,  aad 
eontlnned  that  connoetlon  till  ite  diicontinnanee  in  1852.  In  1850,  he  waa  elected  a  member  of  the  Stalt 
Senate,  and  served  two  jeare,  and  then,  in  1852,  wu  choeen  to  a  aeat  in  the  AwembI j.  He  held  at  dlAi^ 
eat  times  the  position  of  Countj  Judge,  and  several  minor  offices  of  Crawford  Countj,  and  In  the  faU  9t 
1868,  waa  elected  State  Superintendent  of  Pnbiic  Instrnctton.  "It  was  onr  fortane^"  said  the  K«BOd« 
Ttibane  and  Telegraph, "  to  be  quite  well  acquainted  with  him,  and  we  aay  tn  the  spirit  of  Mv«c«  tnsft 
rather  than  that  of  customaiy  eulogy,  that  few  men  exhibited  more  Tirtaes  and  fewer  firalta  than  he  dM." 
Aithetimeof  his  death  he  laeked  a  little  of  thirty  yeara  of  aga.  &.«.». 


'  Oboro*  R«ad  MoLanb  was  a  native  of  Delaware,  born  at  Wil- 
ningtot),  on  the  90th  of  Ddceraber,  1819.  He  was  descended 
through  both  parents  from  sortie  of  the  earliest  and  most  honors* 
bie  stock  in  that  State.  His  paternal  graiidtather,  Colonel  Allen 
HoL^NB,  was  a  most  gallant  and  distinguished  officer  of  the  Ber* 
olation — a  most  intrepid  leader  of  a  legion  of  cavalry,  under  the 
immediate  command  of  Washington  ;  and  his  maternal  great 
grand  father,  Gkobob  Bead,  was  one  of  the  illustrious  signers  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  His  father,  the  late  Dr.  Allbn 
MoLanb,  was  an  eminent  physician  and  distinguished  gentleman 
in  Wilmington. 

At  an  earlj  age,  Geobob  became  a  pupil  at  Newark  Academy, 
in  that  State,  to  which  resor^^ed,  for  a  period  of  nearly  seventy 
years,  many  of  the  youth  of  the  peninsula,  composed  of  Delaware 
and  the  Eastern  shore  counties  of  Maryland  and  Yirginia.  In 
due  time  he  was  admitted  to  the  Freshman  class  in  Delaware  Col- 
lege, in  the  village  of  Newark,  and  continued  a  student  of  that 
institution  until  the  second  term  of  the  Sophomore  year.  The 
profession  of  Oivil  Engineering  was  at  that  time  attracting  to  its 
ranks  many  young  m^n  of  the  older  States,  and  young  MoLanb 
entered  it  at  about  the  age  of  17,  under  the  instruction  of  Isaac 
Tbucblb,  a  distinguished  engineer,  then  in  charge  of  the  Balti- 
more and  Susquehanna  Bailroad.  Bemaining  in  the  service 
nearly  two  years,  he  became  satisfied  that  his  right  place  was  in 
the  profession  of  which  his  father  had  so  long  been  an  ornament 
in  his  native  State. 

Under  the  instruction  of  his  accomplished  parent,  he  went 
tlirough  the  regular  course  of  study,  and  after  graduating  with 
credit  in  the  Medical  department  of  Pennsylvania  University, 
availed  himself  of  the  advantages  afforded  in  the  city  of  i'hila- 
delphia,  for  the  reputation  which  he  afterwards  acquired  as  a 
practitioner  in  his  native  place.  Several  years  were  spent  by  him 
in  the  active  pursuit  of  his  profession,  in  partnership  with  his 
fiither,  until  the  decease  of  the  latter,  and  aJarge  and  lucrative 
practice  rewarded  his  industry  and  merit. 


«0 

Like  $M  men  accompliebed  in  their  oalliogi  Or.  MoLahs  lo^ed 
his  own ;  bat  be  foond  the  daties  of  hie  boaomble  Wt  trdnoiv 
profession  too  severe  for  his  delicate  constitntioii ;  and  with  a  ymiW 
of  finding  a  naore  healthful  field  of  labor,  he  first  yiaited  Wiacotb' 
sin,  in  the  autumn  of  1847^  and  removed  to  this  State  in  the  fill 
of  1848.    He  went  immediately  into  the  occupation  of  his  bean* 
tiful  farm  of  Headland,  on  Pine  Lake,  Waukesha  countji  wbeM 
he  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  and  where  he  died.    Few 
could  receive  so  much  inspiration  from  the  oalm  moral  beantiaa 
of  nature ;  and  in  this  lovelj  spot,  amidst  its  quiet  duties,  h&B 
gentle,  refined  and  cultivated  character  made  his  home  a  paradias 
to  himself  and  family.    But  he  was  too  young,  and  gifted  with 
talents  of  too  high  an  order,  to  remain  wholly  content  in  rural 
privacy.    The  quiet  duties  of  bis  farm  and  his  household  wera 
insufficient  to  satisfy  his  mind  and  to  develop  his  capacities ,  and 
loving  them  none  the  less,  his  generous  ambition  craved  farther 
and  larger  duties  in  life.    And  when,  in  the  fall  of  '52,  his  friendf 
pressed  upon  him  the  position  of  State  Senator  from  his  district^ 
'  he  accepted  the  trust,  and  was  elected  to  that  honorable  and  re^ 
sponsible  office.    He  remained  in  the  Senate  for  two  years,  dis* 
charging  every  duty  industriously,  intelligently  and  faithfully. 

The  ofiice  was  not  one  to  give  full  scope  to  his  peculiar  powers  ; 
but  he  always  brought  to  its  discharge  more  than  ordinary  abilitj* 
He  was  one  of  those  who  honor  station,  rather  than  are  honored 
by  it;  but  in  this  position  his  admirable  talents,  attainments  and 
character  became  more  extensively  known  and  more  justly  appre* 
ciated.  It  falls  to  the  lot  of  but  few  men  in  public  life  to  win  for 
themselve-^  such  universal  and  cordial  respect  and  afifection  as  Dr. 
McLane  did  in  the  Senate. 

Retiring  from  that  position  in  1854,  an  appointment  was  ten- 
dered t')  him,  far  more  congenial  to  his  tastes  and  acqnirements. 
The  State  bad  been,  as  it  still  is,  without  any  provision  for  the 
insane.  Tho  Legislature  havirig  taken  preliminary  measures  for 
the  establisliment  of  an  Insane  Asylum,  the  Governor  appointed 
Dr.  MoLa^nb  to  tho  position  of  Superintendent     A  happier  seliSf^* 


w^^^ 


01 

llM  coald  not  have  been  made.  The  high  general  caltiTation,  the 
eminent  medical  attainments,  and  great  benevolence  of  oar  la- 
mented assoeiate,  peottliarly  fitted  him  for  the  place. 

• 

The  friends  of  Geo.  B.  MoLane  will  long  remember  with  admi* 
ration  the  generous  ardor  with  which  he  devoted  his  whole  mind 
to  his  new  daties,  and  the  comprehensive  and  intelligent  benigoi- 
tj  of  character  with  which  he  mastered  the  charitable  ecienoe 
which  modern  skill  has  brought  to  the  cure  of  that  moat  pitiable 
nd  helpless  class  of  human  unfortunates,  the  insane.  It  was  to 
his  finenature  a  labor  of  noble-hearted  love.  It  was  amongst  his 
dnties  to  perfect  a  plan  for  the  institution.  In  the  highest  heat  of 
iammer  he  proceeded  to  the  eastern  States,  visited  the  best  insti- 
tntionsof  the  kind,  and  consulted  the  most  eminent  men  skilled  ia 
the  cure  of  the  insane.  IBj  them  he  was  cordially  recoguized  and 
appreciated  as  a  brother  in  human  science.  He  brought  back,  ma 
the  result  of  his  investigations,  a  plan  differing  in  some  respects 
from  any  yet  in  use,  and  believed  by  many  eminent  physicians,  of 
large  experience  in  such  institutions,  to  be  the  best  ever  devised 
fbr  the  purpose.  In  all  the  controversy  which  followed,  no  fault 
iras  ever  foand  with  the  admirable  adaptation  of  the  plan  to  the 
dbject,  and  no  imputation  was  ever  cast  upon  the  benevolent  abil-^ 
ity  which  matured  it. 

The  succeeding  Legislature  abandoied  the  undertaking.  But 
ft  ie  earnestly  believed  that  Dr.  MoLans's  labors  have  not  beeii< 
ifi  vain ;  and  that  in  due  time  hereafter  an  inetitation  wili  arias,* 
iQ^on  t^  model  he  devieed,  which  will  be  an  honcir  to  Hie  Statet 
and  a  monument  to  him. 

Thia  was  Dr.  MoLaks's  last  active  employment.  His  strength 
w«a  not  equal  to  his  duties  and  trials.  He  suffered  severely  du*- 
liog  the  luinmer  journey,  and  never  after  wholly  recovered  his 
health  Upon  the  termination  of  his  duties,  he  returned  home  all 
invalid,  and  his  disease  soon  assumed  an  alarming  character.  He ' 
hwaelf,  from  the  begioniag,  foresaw  its  fatal  temunatlM,  aid 
i|eiv4ff  avfl^red  hioiielf  to  bopetfer  reodvety* 


He  0et  himieir  to  pat  his  hoate  io  order.  And  I*  provide  for  kii 
beloved  fkmilj  After  he  shoaid  be  gooe.  For  over  fesr  moodie  km 
eiidared  *  paiofol  and  difitreBsing  dieeeae  with  eiagaUr  patieoee 
md  resigDiition.  Alwajs  foreeeeing  hi^  own  speed j  death,  he 
ealmly  awaited  it  in  the  noble  gentleness  of  his  disposition,  cheered 
by  the  intense  affection  of  his  home^  sustained  bj  the  oonscioas- 
ness  of  a  jnst  life,  and  consoled  bj  the  nndjing  hope  of  a  Chiis- 
tian.    And  so  he  died. 

Dr.  MoLahk  was  a  gentleman  of  rare  talents,  of  refined  taste^ 
and  extensive  acquirements.     In  his  profession  he  was  learned 
and  able.    He  was  a  good  scholar  in  several  langnage^  and  an 
accomplished  one  in  his  own.    Tlie  real  literature  of  onr  language, 
too  rarely  studied  in  onr  day,  was  familiar  to  his  cultivated  miud. 
He  was  no  mean  scholar  in  Ihe  comm(»n  law,  and  had  acquired 
much  and  varied  scientific  knowledge.     But  high  as  were  his 
talents  and  his  acquirements,  it  was  by  his  singularly  noble  dis* 
posttion  he  was  most  distinguished.    Peculiarly  unpretending  and 
inobtrusive,  to  be  truly  known,  he  most  have  been  intimately 
known.    Ilis  fine  natnre  was  too  sensitive  for  the  trials,  and  too 
high  for  the  appreciation  of  common  life.    In  him  happily  blend- 
ed the  strength  of  his  own  sex  and  the  gentleness  of  the  other*. 
Hi  united  the  unflinching  firmness  (»f  upright  manhood  to  the 
unselfish  devotion,  the  fervent  affection,  the  fine  sensibility  of 
woman^s  nature.    Brave,  upright,  lojal,  generous,  gentle  to  all 
he  lavished  on  those  he  loved  a  devoted  enthusiasm  of  affection, 
rarely  to  be  met  with  in  nian,  and  in  return  he  was  beloved  in 
life,  and  is  monmed  in  death  as  such  a  man  only  can  be  loved  and 
mourned. 

In  our  Society)  Mr.  President^  Oeobos  R.  McLavs  was  active 
whenever  opportunity  was  presented,  and  he  felt  a  deep  interest 
in  its  success.  Our  kindest  memories  are  due  to  his  worth  as  • 
pnblic  man,  and  his  many  noble  qualities  as  exhibited  in  the  oosa- 
man  relations  of  life. 

He  has  left  his  place  of  honor  and  usefulness  among  us  in  the 
frime  of  early  oumhood.    He  lived  the  life  and  died  the  death  rf 


68 

an  uDSuUied)  noble  Ohristian  gentleman.  All  our  memorieB  of 
him  are  gentle  and  reverential ;  gentle  and  fall  of  hope  is  the 
aorrow,  acute  as  it  is,  of  those  whom  no  time  can  console,  no  for- 
tane  can  compensate  for  hia  loss. 

Messrs.  Dbapsb,  Dubbis  and  Conovrb  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee on  resolutions,  who,  through  their  chairman,  reported  the 
foUowiug : 

*^  jResolvedj  That  in  the  death  of  Hon.  Geo.  R.  MoLm,  we 
have  to  lament  the  loss  of  an  intelligent  and  sympathising  coad- 
jutor, and  the  State  one  of  her  most  worthy  and  public-spirited 
citizens,  who,  by  his  taleots,  usefulness  and  gentlemanly  deport- 
ment, endeared  himself  to  all  with  whom  he  associated. 

**  JResolvedj  That  in  respect  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  McLaite,  this 
jneeting  adjourn  for  one  week,  and  that  a  copy  of  these  proceed- 
ings be  transmitted  to  his  family,  with  the  expression  of  our  sin- 
cere condolence." 

After  appropriate  remarks  by  Messrs.  Dbapbb,  Dttbbib  and 
OARPsirrBB,  as  to  the  worth  and  talents  of  Dr.  MoLanb,  and  the 
great  loss  the  Society  has  sustained  in  his  death,  the  resolutions 
were  adopted. 

It  was  voted  that  Dr.  Hunt  be  requested  to  furnish  a  copy  of  his 
address  to  be  filed  in  the  archives  of  the  Society. 

BOBEBT  M.  SULLY, 
i 

In  Executive  Oommittee,  Dee.  18th,  1855,  K  A*  Oalkxnb,  Esq. 
in  the  chair,  Lyman  0.  Dbapbb  arose,  and  announced  the  death 
cf  Bobbbt  M.  Sully,  as  follows : 

Mb.  Pbesident  : — Once  and  again  have  we  met,  within  a  few 
brief  months,  to  pay  a  merited  tribute  of  respect  to  departed 
worth.  In  May  last,  Hon.  Hibam  A.  Wbigbt,  a  fellow  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  this  Society,  was  summoned  away ; 
aiid«  in  August,  Hon.  Gsobos  B.  McLahu,  one  of  our  Yice  Pres- 


64 

idents,  followed  him  to  that  "  bonrne  whence  no  traTellerretnrns/^ 
Both  had  evinced  a  livelj  interest  in  the  prosperity  of  our  Socie- 
ty, and  we  all  felt,  and  still  feel,  that  in  their  death,  we  were  bereft 
of  true  hearted  co-workers  in  the  particular  field  of  labor  and  re- 
search for  which  this  association  was  especially  formed. 

And  now,  in  such  quick  succession,  we  are  called  upon  to 
mourn  the  departure  of  another  devoted  friend  of  our  Society — 
BoBBBT  M.  SuLLT,  ono  of  Its  hononuTy  members,  and  one  of  its 
most  generous  benefactors.  The  peculiar  relation  which  he  bora 
to  this  Society,  calls  for  some  appropriate  notice  of  his  professioa- 
al  career,  and  of  his  worth  as  a  man.  Bat  aoch  a  rehearsel  car- 
ries with  it  a  melancholy  reflection,  for  it  will  naturally  serve  to 
enhance  the  sense  we  all  feci  of  the  uncommon  loss  oar  Society 
has  tuetained  by  his  sudden  and  untimely  death. 

Mr.  StJLLT  was  bom  at  Petersburg,  Virginia,  July  I7th,  1808. 
His  father,  who  was  a  native  of  England,  was  by  profession  an 
aetor,  and  was  for  manv  years  attached  to  the  Oharleston  theatre. 
Between  his  ninth  and  tenth  years,  and  not  long  after  his  father's 
death,  young  Sully  evinced  an  extreme  fondness  for  drawing, 
which  was  increased,  if  not  originally  excited,  by  the  sight  of 
some  excellent  drawings  made  by  his  father,  who,  when  a  youth, 
had  received  some  instruction  from  NATSiorH,  a  celebrated  land- 
scape painter  of  Edinburg.  This  early  partiality  for  drawing 
steadily  grew  upon  him,  and  when  about  sixteen  or  seventeen,  he 
fally  determined  on  becoming  a  painter,  despite  the  many  diffi- 
culties and  privations  attending  the  profession,  which  were  cai^- 
folly  pointed  out  to  him  by  his  friends.  In  bis  eighteenth  year, 
he  visited  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  of  placing  himself  noder 
the  instructions  of  his  distinguished  uncle,  Thomas  Sitllt.  His 
zeal|  which  had  hitherto  been  wasted  in  ill-directed  efforts,  was 
now,  for  the  first  time,  applied  to  a  proper  course  of  study.  As 
he  was  enthusiastic,  and  labored  with  great  assiduity,  he  made 
rapid  advancement  in  the  art  He  ever  remembered,  with  aia- 
eere  gratitude,  his  nncle^s  kindness  and  instructions. 


66 

HaTiD|^  remained  with  his  uncle  eight  or  nine  moBths,  he  re- 
tnrned  to  Yirginia,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profeBsion. 
He  Boon  found  the  ancient  sajing  but  too  true  in  his  case,  that  a 
prophet  is  not  without  honor,  save  in  his  own  country  ;  and  so  the 
poor  artist  was  left;  to  obtain,  as  best  he  could,  a  precarious  sup- 
port in  Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  Old  Dominion.  One  friend 
however,  Mr.  J.  H.  Strobia,  patronized  and  encouraged  him.  But 
even  at  that  day,  Btjlly's  proud  spirit  despised  the  canting  term 
of' patron  as  generally  used,  as  much  as  he  did  the  artist,  who 
could  descend  to  apply  it  to  those  who,  after  all,  give  him  merely 
the  value  of  his  honest  services. 

The  letters  of  his  uncle,  Thomas  Sully,  at  tliis  period  were  very 
encouraging,  and  strongly  advised  him  to  visit  London  as  soon  as 
possible.  Naturally  proud  of  his  chosen  profession,  he  cherished 
an  ardent  desire  to  comply  with  his  uncle's  wishes  and  advice, 
and  improve  his  taste  and  skill  by  studying  the  works  of  the  great 
English  masters.  To  aid  in  this  pur|»ose,  he  visited  several  towns 
in  North  Carolina,  where  he  met  with  encouraging  success.  He 
sailed  for  London  on  the  first  of  August,  1824,  where  he  arrived 
the  28d  of  the  following  month. 

Now  thrown  into  the  vortex  of  art,  it  was  some  little  time  be- 
fore  he  eould  8uffi.ciently  recover  from  the  fascinating  excitement 
produced  by  the  change,  to  commence  a  regular  course  of  study. 
Of  the  then  living  English  artists.  Sir  Thomas  Lawrknob  became 
his  first  idol,  but  after  remaining  sometime  in  London,  and  care- 
fully studying  the  works  of  Sir  Joshua  Bbtnolds,  his  admiration 
for  the  former  somewhat  abated.    The  portraits  of  Lawsbnob  are 
said  to  be  striking  likenesses,  and  display  a  bold  and  free  pencil^ 
bat  they  are,  particularly  his  later  ones,  chargeable  with  manner- 
ism, and  are  not  considered  to  be  successful  in  expressing  the 
nicer  shades  of  character,  while  his  drawing  evinced  a  want  of 
accuracy  and  finish.    Nothing  so  delighted  Sullt  as  the  pictures 
of  Rbtnolds,  and  no  wonder,  for  they  were  master  pieces  of  art 
BsHK^LDs  rejected  the  stiff,  unvaried  and  unmeaning  attitudes  of 
9  . 


6G 

former  artistSy  and  imparted  to  his  pictures  the  air  aod  aotiao 
adapted  to  their  characters,  and  thereby  displayed  something  of 
the  dignity  and  iuvention  of  history.  He  has  seldom  been  ex- 
celled in  the  ease  and  elegance  uf  his  faceR,  and  in  the  beauty  and 
adaptation  of  the  habiliments  of  his  figures  ;  and  his  coloring  com- 
biued,  in  a  high  degree,  the  qualities  of  richness,  brilliancy  and 
freshness.  These  were  the  excellencies  of  KKTNOLDs'prodQctions 
tiiat  so  strongly  attracted  the  attention,  and  extorted  the  admira* 
tion  of  the  young  American  artist.  And  frequently,  at^  some  fine 
engraving  from  his  works  w^ould  catch  Sully's  eye,  would  he  rec- 
oncile himself  to  the  loss  of  his  dinner,  and  spend  his  last  shilling 
to  possess  it. 

StJLLT  thought  Jaokson,  who  then  ranked  as  the  second  portrait 
painter  of  England,  surpassed  Lawrknck  in  color.  There  was  a 
fine  rich  tone  to  his  pictures  not  unlike  Kktnolds,  but  he  wanted 
the  grace  and  elegance  of  Lawrence.  In  their  peculiar  walk, 
Sdllt  found  none  equal  to  L^slib  and  Newton  ;  but  in  the  higher 
ranks  of  history,  ho  concluded  that  IIatdon,  Gittt  and  IIilix)]! 
were  inferior  to  our  own  Washington  Allston,  judging  fiom  hie 
exquisite  production  of  JacoVa  Drtam^  then  on  exhibition  at  the 
Brtikh  Gallery. 

During  the  course  of  his  second  year  in  London,  Sully  painted 
a  portrait  of  Mr.  C.  B^loe,  the  Secietary  of  the  Britirh  Institution. 
It  was  shown  to  that  veteran  in  art,  Jamh«  Nortroote,  a  pupil  of 
Reynolds;  it  gained  his  apf)robation,  although  qualified  by  a 
Tery  judicious  criticism,  whicli  ended  with  his  sending  Sctllt  aa 
excellent  p'cture  by  Rkynolds  to  cojjy,  from  which  he  derived 
mnch  improvement.  lie  also  painted  a  portrait  of  Northoot«| 
then  eighty  years  of  age,  which  gained  him  great  credit  in  Lm- 
don,  and  was  much  praised  by  connoisseurs  and  artists.  Fiona 
Northootb  he  derived  ranch  useful  information  respecting  Rkt- 
MOLDs,  Opib,  Gainb-borouoh,  and  others.  But  Sully  found  the 
<^lder  artists  generally  little  disposed  to  aid  their  your/ger  bretli* 
ten  in  art,  either  by  advice  or  by  the  loan  of  their  pictures.    H^ 


67 

tberefore  the  more  highly  appreciated  tb^  kindncsB  of  the  veteram 
NoRTHOOTS.  Lbslis  too,  was  an  exception,  for  he  was  uot  onlj 
kind  ia  directing  hid  studies  and  ciiticisiiig  his  work,  but  in  lend* 
iQg  him  manj  of  his  own  choice  productions.  Such  were  some 
of  the  great  masters  of  the  British  Metropolis  with  whom  Sullt 
associated,  and  from  whose  experience,  suggestions  and  instruc* 
tioDB  he  added  largely  to  his  knowledge  and  skill  in  the  divine 
art  to  which  he  so  enthusiastically  devoted  the  better  portion  o^ 
hia  days. 

After  an  absence  of  fonr  jears^  be  retnrned  to  his  native  conntrji 
in  September,  1828,  and  at  onoe  commenced  redeeming  the  promisai 
of  hisyouthtul  genius.  Of  all  the  numerous  productions  of  hit 
penoil,  the  five  noble  portraits  now  adorning  oi<r  Hall,  will  ever 
vender  his  name  indisiolubly  connected  with  our  Society.  Two  of 
Aem  are  originals — those  of  Wa-pe-she-ka,  or  the  Prophet^  and 
Black  Hawk's  son  NA-aHE-A-Kues,  both  painted  from  life  in  1833} 
and  never  copied.  That  of  Blaos  Hawk  is  a  perfect  copy  of  th^ 
original  which  he  painted  at  the  same  time,  but  the  copy  is  an  iwr 
pi^ved  picture.  In  a  letter  addressed  to  our  Society,  Suxxt  him* 
self  happily  remarks,  that  ''  there  is  in  the  ong>nal  portrait  ol 
of  the  Phophet,  ,a  peculiar,  indescribable^  devilish  expiession — % 
something  that  you  cannot  explain,  that  I  hit  exactly  in  the  origin- 
gly  and  might  not  hit  a^ain  so  perfectly  in  any  copy.  It  might  be 
a  fao  simile,  and  yet  not  retain  that  somethirig^  which  has  been  a 
subject  of  remark  by  all  who  have  seen  it."  Sully  spent  nearly 
six  weeks  at  Fortress  Monroe^  Old  Point  Comlort,  Virginia,  with 
Blaok  Hawk  and  hid  companions,  studying  their  characters  and 
sketching  their  tearures.  The  ofBcers  at  the  fort,  Gen.  Dodge  and 
other  pioneers  of  tMsSta^Oi  nnite  in  testifying  to  the  life  like  ex- 
pression and  accuracy  ot  the  likenesses.  The  portraits  of  these 
remarkable  Indians,  whose  jiames  are  so  chist^l^  identified  with 
the  early  history  and  border  warfare  of  our  Srate,  will  ever  pos- 
sess an  enduring  interest  to  the  citizens  of  Wisconsin. 

The  other  Sullt  portraits  in  onr  collection  are  more  national  in 
tbeir.  oharaotOir-^huse  of  PoeAUymTAS  and  Chief  Justice  iis^ 


68 

t 

« 

SHALL.  The  beautifal  Pooahontas  appears  to  ns  as  the  guar* 
dian  angel  who  twice  saved  the  infant  Colonj  of  Tirginia  from 
destraction,  by  her  almost  suparhamaii  heroism  and  devotion,  and 
under  circamstances  of  singular  peril  and  romance.  This  fine 
painting  is  a  copy  of  a  copy  of  an  ancient  original,  which  was 
long  preserved  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Rolfe,  the  hnsband  of  Poga* 
B0NTA8,  in  Warwickshire,  England,  until  about  1772,  when  it 
was  sent  over,  together  with  Rolfe's  portrait,  as  a  present  to  the 
late  Etland  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  a  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Indian  princess.  The  tooth  of  tim^  had  so  gnawed  this  ancient 
relic,  that  it  crumbled  to  pieces  soon  after  Sully  copied  it,  which 
was  in  1830.  The  copy,  however,  hanging  upon  our  wall,  is  some- 
what idealized,  yet  preserving  a  faithful  transcript  of  her  features, 
with  her  costume  Indianized,  and  a  wreath  of  the  beautiful  wild 
flowers  of  Virginia  embroidered  iu  her  hair,  as  represente  1  by  t&e 
ancient  Virginia  historian  Bevablt.  It<is  not  necessary  to  dwell 
upon  the  remaining  Sullt  picture,  that  of  Ohief  Justice  Mamsbaxj^ 
the  soldier,  statesman,  jurist  and  historian.  He  was  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  republic,  and  prior  to  his  death  in  18S6,.  he  sat  to 
Scllt,  and  ours  is  a  copy  of  that  picture ;  and  this  copy  Bullt 
declared  to  be  the  best  portrait  he  ever  executed. 

Mr.  Sullt  had  resolved,  as  you'all  know  fnll  well,  to  migrate 
to  Wisconsin,  and  make  our  town  his  future  home.  Everything 
our  Society  could  do,  was  done  to  encourage  his  coming ;  and  not 
a  few  of  our  pioneers  and  public  men  were  waiting  his  arrival,  to 
ait  to  him  for  their  portraits  for  our  Picture  Gallery.  We  all  fondly 
hoped  to  grasp  the  hand  of  the  accomplished  artist,  whose  genius 
and  success  in  fine  painting  had  given  him  a  place  in  all  our  hearts. 
"Man  proposes,  but  Go  J  disposes."  He  left  Richmond  for  this 
place,  with  bomyant  hopes  and  high  anticipations,  on  the  16th  of 
October  last,  and  proceeded  as  far  as  Buffalo,  where  he  was  ar- 
rested by  a  fatal  disease,  at  a  hotel  where  he  stopped,  and  was 
removed  by  the  advice  of  his  physician  to  a  hospital,  for  the  ad- 
vantage of  mor^  constant  medical  attendance,  and  more  assidaoua 
tnursing.    But  all  to  no  purpose.    He  lingered  till  the  28(h,.  when 


b0  breftthod  hk  last,  and  bis  bodj  was  interred  in  ihe  cemeteij 
of  the  institution ;  and  has  since  been  removed  bj  his  relatives 
to  Biebmondy  and  bnried  by  the  side  of  the  mouldering  relics  pf 
bis  mother. '  It  is  fit,  in  the  language  of  the  Richmond  JSujuirer^ 
that  the  citizens  of  Bichmond  should  ^<  pay  some  tribute  to  tlyd 
memory  of  a  man  whose  talents  have  done  honor  to  their  city 
and  state." 

Since  it  was  the  misfortune  of  us. all  not  to  have  personally 
known  Mr.  Stxllt,  I  can  only  say,  that  he  has  been  represented 
by  those  who  best  knew  him,  to  have  possessed  many  of  th^ 
finest  traits  that  adorn  the  human  character.     '^  We  kaew  the  de- 

■ 

ceased/'  says  the  editor  of  the  Bichmond  JEngruirery  ^'  somewhat 
familiarly  for  some  years,  during  bis  residence, iu  our  city,  and 
whilst  we  admired  his  brilliant  talents  as  an  artist,  we  could  not 
help  warmly  esteeming  some  of  his  most  amiable  qualities  as  a 
man.  Unhappily,  however,  neither  his  fortune  nor  his  fame  was 
at  all  equal  to  his.morits,  and  he  lived,  as  it  were,  under  a  cloud| 
and  oppressed  by  adverse  circumstances  which  he  could  not  con- 
trol.  He  bore  up,  however,  against  them  with  a  manly  fortitude 
which  won  our  respect"  It  was  in  making  a  noble  effort  to  come 
to  Wisconsin  to  retrieve  his  fortune,  and  add  to  his  fame  and  use- 
fulness, that  he  sickened  by  the  way,  and  passed  to  the  tomb-^ 
thus  blasting  his  own  and  our  fondest  anticipations. 

I  have  endeavored,  in  a  brief  and  faithful  manner,  to  trace  Ifr. 
SuLLx's  career  and  characteristice,  as  due  to  his  worth  and  memo- 
ry, and  especially  as  he  had  done  so  much,  and'  that  so  well,  in 
aiding  to  found  the  Picture  Gallery  of  our  Society,  and  by  his 
name  and  influence  had  added  to  the  reputation  of  our  institution 
at  home  and  abroad.  In  acquainting  ourselves  with  his  history, 
and  his  early  struggles  and  success  in  fitting  himself  for  his  noble 
profession,  we  cannot  but  admire  his  genius,  deplore  his  lodS,'and 
place  a  higher  estimate  upon  the  value  of  his  paintings  which' it 
;  is  the  good  fortune  of  our  Society  to  possess. 

BxTLLY  evinced,  in  an  unusual  degi*ee,  the  spirit  of  the  tme.^ni- 
tiquarian.    Even  when  in  London,  in  his  visite  to-ibe  Tbwaiv^ke 


7D 

didcovered,  hy  imeanB  of  some  anei^nt  flre^ftrms,  the  p^colM* 
ttieaning  of  certain  passages  in  the  primitive  history  of  Virginfa, 
which  had  hitherto  been  regarded  fts  Tsgne  and  obscure.  He 
loved  1%  visit  scenes  rendered  sacred  from  tfreir  historic  associa- 
tions, and  to  decipher,  like  another  Old  Mortality,  the  mosseo^- 
ered  and  half  obliterated  inscriptions  on  tomb-stones  in  ancient 
grave  yards ;  and  he  delighted,  as  in  the  caee  of  the  likeness  of 
ifooAHONTAs  and  others,  to  preserve  for  history  and  futnre  nsefol- 
ness,  truthful  representations  of  such  characters  as  have  rendered 
themselves  conspicuous  by  their  labors  of  love,  or  deeds  of  noble 
daring.  We  had,  by  common  consent,  awaited  his  arrival,  to  ten- 
der him  the  place  in  our  Executive  Committee,  made  vacant  by 
tihe  death  of  the  lamented  Wright. 

He  had  devised  liberal  things  for  our  Society — to  sketch  and 
paiut  the  battle  fields  of  our  Black  Hawk  war,  and  portraits  of 
onr  noble  and  fast  fading  band  of  pioneers.  He  had  also  copied 
a  fine  sketch  of  Osobola,  which  he  proposed  enlarging  into  a  por- 
trait of  that  unfortunate  Seminole  chief,  as  an  addition  to  our  gal- 
lery ;  and  he  had  visited  the  ruins  of  Jamestown,  aud  sketched 
that  hallowed  spot,  made  memorable  by  Pooahontab  and  Cap- 
tain JoHK  SMrra  nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago,  and 
which  he  designed  putting  upon  canvass  for  the  further  adorn- 
ment of  our  hall,  already  so  richly  embellished  by  the  beautiful 
creations  af  his  genius.  But  Sullt  is  gone — these  hopes  and  de- 
signs all  frustrated ;  and  in  lamenting  the  loss  we  have  sustained 
— we  can  not  repress  the  anxious  inquiry — upon  whoTi  will  his 
mantle  fall!  who  can  wurLhily  fill  the  place  his  untimely  death 
has  made  vacant? 

It  was  moved  by  Hon.  J.  P.  Atwood,  seconded  by  £x  Gh>ver- 
nor  FabwklIi,  that  a  copy  ol  Mr.  DaA.pj»^s  address  be  filed  in  the 
arohives  of  the  Society. 

Messrs.  Judge  Atwood,  Wbttb  and  Draper  were  appointed  a 
oomroiitee  to  report  suitable  resolutions,  who  through  Mr.  Wain 
igabmitted  the  fi>Uowing-^which  were  unanimously  adopted : 


71 

HMolvedi  That  in  the  death  af  Robert  M.  Sullt,  we  feel  that 
our  Society  has  met  with  an  irreparable  loss,  and  we  deplore  the 
•ad  event  which  has  deprived  our  State  of  an  artist  of  high  merity 
and  our  Society  of  one  of  its  trnest  friends. 

Hesolvedj  That  we  tender  his  relatives  our  sincere  condolence, 
and  that  a  copy  of  theie'  pro<^edlugs  he  transmitted  to  them  ; 
and,  in  respect  for  the  memory  of  the  deceased,  that  this  meetiog 
do  now  adjourn  till  Thursday  evening  next. 


72 


APPimX  HO.  6. 


EARLY  HIBTORY  AND  CONDITION  OF  WISCONSIN. 

Annual  Address  delivered  before  the  State  Historical  Society^ 
in  the  Senate  Hall,  bj  Hon.  Henst  S.  Baird,  of  Oreen  Bay,  on 
the  80th  January,  1856,  the  seyentb  anniversary  of  the  Society: 

Mb.  Psbbidbnt  : — ^The  eventful  changes  and  vicissitudes  constant* 
ly  occurring  in  the  history  of  nations  and  individuals,  admonish 
us  to  note  carefully  every  thing  of  moment  conneoted  with  onr 
own  generation  ;  to  look  forward  to  that  period  when  the  present 
shall  have  passed  into  futurity — when  the  forms  of  government^ 
and  existing  institutions,  both  civil  and  political,  shall  have 
changed — and  when  those  who  are  now  the  busy  actors  in  the 
grand  drama  of  life,  shall  have  given  place  to  those  who  are  des- 
tined to  succeed  them.  Then  nothing  will  remain  to  commemo- 
rate the  events  of  our  time  but  the  page  of  History,  or  the  imperfect 
recollections  of  our  descendants. 

It  is  the  design  of  History  faithfully  and  truly  to  record  events 
worthy  of  notice,  in  the  rise,  progress  and  decline  of  nations ; 
also  to  transmit  to  posterity  the  virtues  and  noble  deeds  of  indi-  ' 
vidnals,  and  the  perfections  in  the  several  forms  of  government, 
as  examples  worthy  of  imitation  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  point 
out  the  vices,  errors  or  imperfections  to  be  avoided.  To  rely  solely 
on  tradition  for  a  knowledge  of  preceding  generations,  would  in- 
evitably involve  the  past  in  uncertainty  and  obscurity.  As  it  is 
the  province  and  design  of  History  to  preserve  and  perpetuate 


T8 

dvents,  so  ib  it  equally  the  doty  of  man  faithfally  to  record,  and 
leave  to  his  successors  an  acoount  of  the  transactions  and  occur* 
rences  of  his'owD  generation.  ' 

The  historian  is  often  misled  by  misstatements  or  prejudices,  and 
oftentimes  finds  himself  at  a  loss  for  reliable  materials  from  whio^ 
to  prepare  a  correct  history.  The  formi^ion  of  Hiatorioal  SaGieii4S 
is  oomparatively  of  bujt  reoent  origin.  Such  institutions  m^y  haye 
existed  for  a  long  period,  but  to  a  very  limited  extent,  in  some  of 
the  older  countries  in  Europe.  Still  their  usefalness  and  value 
are,  as  yet,  scarcely  appreciated  as  they  deserve.  Their  object  is 
not  only  to  collect  information  as  to  existing  iDstitutions,  and  the 
present  state  of  social  and  political  society,  but  to  rescue  from 
oblivion  the  events  of  past  ages ;  to  delineate  the  character  and 
habits  of  the  people  of  past  generations ;  to  record  whatever  was 
peculiar  in  their  forms  of  government,  their  social  and  national 
habits,  their  virtues  or  their  vices,  and  transmit  the  whole  to  those 
who  may  succeed  them. 

The  Statb  Hisxobioal  Society  of  Wisconsin  is  yet  in  its  infancj. 
It  has  been  in  existence  but  seven  years.  For  the  first  four  or  five 
years  after  its  formation,  but  little  more  was  accomplished  than  $0 
organiee  it,  and  hold  an  annual  meeting  for  the  election  of  ofiScers. 
A  degree  of  apathy  seemed  to  exist,  which  greatly  retarded  its 
prosperity,  and  limited  its  usefulness.  But  it  is  highly  gratifying 
to  know,  that  such  is  no  longer  the  case.  Your  Society  is  con- 
stantly receiving  valuable  contributions,  the  number  of  its  mem- 
bers steadily  increasing,  lind  its  early  establishment  will  doubtless 
secure  and  perpetuate  many  interesting  memorials  of  the  "  olden 
time,"  which  otherwise  would  be  lost  or  forgotten.  Let  us  hope 
that  its  usefulness  will  be  duly  appreciated  ;  that  the  best  men  of 
our  country  will  not  only  give  it  their  countenance,  but  contribute 
freely  their  aid  and  exertions  to  render  it  worthy  of  the  noble 
objects  it  has  in  view ;  and  may  its  annual  gatherings,  in  all  time 
to  come,  be  attended,  as  on  the  present  occasion,  by  the  intelligent 
citizenB,  and  high  functionaries  of  the  State. 
10 


u 

Ofi  an  occaaioa  like  tbie,  it  ina7  ^7  b^^^^  ^  expected,  that 
ioise  allasioQ  will  be  made  to  tbe  biBtorj  of  tbe  State  in  wbicjk 
tbe  Society  is  located.    To  attempt  anything  like  a  counected  his- 
tory in  an  Annual  Address,  even  in  reteience  to  so  young  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ounfederacy  as  Wiboonsin,  would  be  prepoftterouB. — 
'Still  mnch  may  be  said  relating  to  particalar  periods  or  oocai^ 
rences  in  that  history,  worthy  of  being  pre>erTed,  and  wbish 
may  prore  interedting  to  the  audience  I  have  the  honor  to  ad- 
dress. 

The  rise,  progress  and  prosperity  of  this  Republic,  are  unparal- 
lelled  in  the  annals  of  nations.  Within  little  more  than  half  a 
century,  anU  in  a  period  of  time  scarcely  equal  to  that  allotted  to 
the  ordinary  life  of  man,  the  Unitkd  States  have  emerged  from 
a  state  of  vassalage  and  dependence — defied  and  rejected  the 
master  that  controlled  and  governed  her,  declared  herself  free 
and  independent,  and  now  forms,  within  her  own  limits,  a  con- 
stellation of  States,  each  of  which  is  equal  in  power  and  resources 
to  many  of  the  kingdoms  uf  the  old  world.  To  trace  the  history 
and  progress  of  the  several  States  comprising  this  ITni')n,  would 
be  interesting.  For  although  the  period  of  their  existence  ia 
brief,  yet  it  is  replete  with  events  of  most  thrilling  interest.  Ia 
this  respect,  Wisconsin  occupies  a  position  surpassed  by  no  other 
State  in  the  Union.  It  is  true,  much  of  her  history  is  involved 
in  obscurity,  and  it  is  in  some  degree  blended  with  that  of 
other  States  which  are  parts  of  what  was  formerly  termed  the 
North  West  TefTitort/,  and  out  of  which  have  been  formed'the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

The  early  history  of  this  region  can  only  bo  gathered  Irom  the 
traditionary  accounts  given  by  the  oldest  inhabitants,  and  the  ex- 
aggerated published  journals  and  narratives  of  tbe  early  mission- 
aries and  ether  explorers  of  these  then  wild  and  inhospitable 
regions.  This  portion  of  the  history  of  Wisconsin  has  been  writ- 
ten by  an  abler  hand  than  mine.  The  volumes  lately  compiled  bj 
the  venerable  historian  of  tbe  State,  have  done  full  justice  to  the 


1» 

fltfqaety  md  uie  imdrabkedly  at  foil  fttid  oorxeet  a  Wsibory  of  tiH|fc 
^riody  as  ample  kaowledgei  iadoatrj  aod  rabearcb  oould  mtik^ 

In  reearriiig  to  the  early  hietofy  of  the  eoutftiy,  we  are  ntliir- 
slly  led  to  inqdre— By  whom  was  It  fir^t  explored,  and  what  mo- 
tiTes  prompted  its  exploration  and  oftcnpation  i  And  here,  I  weaM 
observe,  that  posterity  has  scarcely  yet  done  jitstioe  to  the  dfaar- 
acter  and  merits  of  those  who  first  entered  upon  this  haiardoos 
•Dterprise.  (Tolitmbob,  alter  repeat^  rebufla  and  dieappointmi^tS| 
•t  length,  by  indomitable  couiage  and  pendeverance,  succeeded  in 
vdiacoy^ring  a  new  world.  That  sucecss  excited  the  envy  and 
Jiostility  of  the  great  and  powerful*  Diixiog  his  life  time  he  suf* 
i^red  ittjastiv*e  at  the  hands  of  his  sovereign,  and  fWIod  to  receive 
v4he  reward  he  so  nobly  won,  and  so  rieUy  deserved.  It  was  re- 
aatyed  for  posterity  to  do  fall  justice  to  bis  merits.  His  monu- 
«iient  is  no  less  than  this  vast  Ountinent,  peopled  by  millions  of 
freemen,  who  acknowledge  him  as  the  discoverer  of  America. 
]3k6  principal  motive  which  influenced  him  in  undertaking  his 
great  voyage  of  discovery,  was  probably  that  of  ambition,  and 
the  desire  to  give  his  name  to  the  new  and  hitherto  undiscovered 
Mnntry. 

But  how  different  the  motives  of  those  who  first  entered  the 
'yatk  for  the  exploration  of  the  distant  wilds  of  Wisconsin  I  Tkay 
were  the  poor  but  devoted  missionaries,  who  conld  gain  nothing 
by  their  discoveries ;  men,  who  not  only  pfofessed  to  have  at 
heart  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  the  Indians,  but  by  every  ac- 
tion of  their  lives,  proved  the  disinterestedness,  and  pnrity 
of  their  intentions.  Whatever  opinion  some  may  entertain  of  the 
•ffiM-ts  of  modern  philanthropists  to  ameliorate  the  condition,  and 
improve  the  morals,  of  the  natives,  none  should  withhold  from  the 
Harly  missionaries  and  reverend  fathers,  the  meed  of  praise  for 
their  zeal  and  devotion  in  their  uttempts  to  civilize  the  Bed  MaD, 
and  better  his  moral  and  social  condition.  The  kindness  and 
itiendship  with  which  these  efforts  were  received  by  the  IndiaoSi 
smd  the  sincere  and  enduring  lies  of  good  will  which  ao  long  snbeia- 


ted  between  the  French  and  the  KtlireB,  show  oonehuirQljthat  ttm 
early  yisits  of  the  missionariee,  were  miBsioDs  of  peace  and  friend 
tbip.  To  the  efforts  of  these  primitive  pioneers,  devoted  and  pioia 
men,  do  we  owe  the  first  settlement  of  this  conntiy ;  and  to  their 
journals  and  narratives,  imperfect  though  they  be«  can  we  alone 
have  recourse  for  information  relative  to  their  early  expeditions 
and  discoveries,  and  the  condition  of  the  country  at  that  remote 
period. 

OotemporaneouB  with  the  arrival  of  the  Jesuits  in  this  i^oii| 
another  class  of  adventarers  visited,  and  eventually  became  idea* 
tiffed  with  the  country.    I  allude  to  the  French  traders,  familiarly 
known  among  their  compeers  as  voyag&urs.    They  were  truly 
pioneers  of  Wisconsin,  and  are  justly  entitled  to  share  with  the 
missionaries  the  reward  and  credit  of  bringing  the  country  into 
notice ;  opening  the  way  tor  the  introduction  of  civilization  aad 
improvement,  and,  to  some  extent,  improving  the  condition  of  Ike 
natives,  and  subduing  their  savage  propensities.     This  class  of 
men  were  actuated  by  more  selfish  and  sordid  motives  than  theae 
which  governed  their  brethren  the  mtssionaries,  yet  their  chia*a^- 
ter  and  disposition  bore  a  great  similarity  to  each  other.    All,  or 
nearly  all,  were  Frenchmen,  and  were  possessed,  in  common,  with 
that  urbanity  of  manner,  and  all  those  warm  and  friendly  tfaitB 
so  characteristic  of  that  polite  but  volatile  nation.    And  expeci- 
ence  has  shown,  that  the  people  of  no  other  country  have  OT^r 
acquired  and  maintained,  during  their  intercourse  with  them,  the 
same  degree  of  iuflaence  over  the  Indian  tribes. 

Nor  have  any  other  people  ever  succeeded  in  preserving  so  loog 

and  enduring  peace  and  friendship.     This  result  was  probabiy 

owing  as  well  to  the  peculiar  character  of  the  French  people,  sui 

also  to  their  adaptation,  .and  ready  conformity,  to  many  of  the 

customs  and  habits  of  the  Aborigines.     Of  a  social  and  excitable 

temperament,   fond  of   change,   and  unaccustomed   to  the   re- 

'  straintd  and  conventional   refinements  of   society,   they    foimd 

-  it  an  easy  task  to  conform  readily  to  the  ouetoms  and  model 

'^  life  peculiar  to  those  with  whom  they  came  to  reside.     Thay 


77 

lired,  to  some  extent,  as  the  Indians  did ;  occapying  wig-wamSj 
or  mde  houses  made  of  the  bark  of  trees ;  depending  for  food^ 
daring  a  portion  of  the  year,  on  the  proceeds  of  the  chase,  or 
tfliocess  in  taking  fish,  which  abonnded  in  the  numeroos  lakes  and 
etreams  interspersed  thronghont  the  North- West ;  and  many,  more* 
oyer,  intermarrying  with  the  native  females,  and  raising  families, 
who  in  their  turn  became  permanent  residents  of  the  country. 

When  the  dominion  of  the  Nortb-Weat  was  transferred  by  the 
French  to  the  English,  the  latter  failed,  in  a  great  measure,  to 
conciliate  the  good  will  of  the  natives,  and  secure  their  friendship. 
That  nation  never  acquired  the  confidence  of,  or  established  a  per- 
manent friendship  with  the  Indian  tribes,  like  the  French.  The 
feelings  of  the  Indians  towards  the  French  seem  to  have  been  re- 
spect and  affection,  induced  by  kind  treatment,  and  fair  and 
equitable  traffiic;  while  towards  the  English,  they  cherished  a 
secret  dislike,  only  subdued  aud  smothered  because  they  were  the 
weaker  party.  On  the  surrender  of  the  country  to  the  United 
States,  these  unfriendly  feelings  were,  by  no  means  diminished, 
but  rather  increased;  which  but  too  often  showed  themselves  in 
hostile  attacks,  and  the  murder  of  the  weak  and  unprotected. 

■ 

These  different  phases  of  feeling  manifested  by  the  Wisconsin 
Indian  tribes  towards  the  people  of  the  several  nations  who  sac- 
oessively  became  the  occupants  of  their  country,  may  be  easilj 
accounted  for.  The  French  came  as  friends, and  not  as  taskmas- 
ters.  They  opened  a  traffic  with  the  natives,  lucrative  to  the 
former,  and,  at  tbe  same  time,  beneficial  to  the  latter ;  supplying. 
Uieir  wants  in  exchange  for  their  furs  and  peltries.  They  did  not 
attempt  to  take  forcible  possession  of  the  soil,  or  appropriate  it  to 
their  own  use.  They  cultivated  little  or  no  land,  and  did  not  in-, 
terfere  with  the.  game. 

'  'The  English  had  in  view,  not  only  this  rich  and  profitable  tm£». 
fie,  bat  a  more  important  ulterior  object — the  acquisition  of  the. 
eotintry,  and  its  entire  subjection  to  British  dominioin.  This  soon 
manifested  itself  to  the  Indians  by  the  poliejf  adopted  bj  tibe. 


7B 

Bnglish  govern  foent,  and  the  arbitmiy  acta  of  her  goremors  aM|! 
militarj  commandants.  And  when  we  add  to  these  caiiaea  of 
cRslike  and  alienation,  the  reoollectioTi  that  for  manj  yeare  a  eai^ 
gninary  war  had  been  wa^ed  between  France  and  England  for 
the  avowed  purpose  of  gainittg  ascendenoj  in,  and  ezercieing  ex«> 
oJttHive  sovereignty  over,  this  very  country — thehvrth-rightofih$ 
natheSy  it  is  not  wooderful  that  the  latter  should  favor  the  peopla 
whom  they  viewed  as  friends,  and  take  sides  against  the  English, 
whom  they  lad  always  considered  as  their  worst  enemies.  During; 
the  period  ol  English  sovereignty  over  the  conntry,  this  state  of 
things  scarcely  changed.  That  period  was  marked  by  constanfc 
out-breaks,  and  frequent  sangninaiy  conflicts  between  the  whites 
and  Indians. 

At  the  termination  of  the  American  Revolution,  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  territory  lying  between  the  Canadas,  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
the  Mississippi,  was  to  have  been  surrendered  to  the  new  Republic. 
The  formal  surrender,  however,  was  delayed  on  various  pretexts 
by  the  English  government ;  and  many  of  the  fort'^,  trading  posts 
aod  settlements  were  with  held  for  several  years  after  the  tima 
atipulated  for  their  delivery ;  and  we  can  well  imagine,  that  during 
this  period,  no  pains  were  spared  by  the  emissaries  of  the  English, 
to  keep  alive  the  jeaUus  feelings  of  the  Indians,  and  incite  theia 
to  hostilities  with  those  whom  they  believed  had  come  to  expel 
them  from  their  country,  and  destroy  and  exterminate  them  bb  a 
people.    The  English  d  ffered  from  the  French  in  many  particiH 
lars,  hut  especially  in  their  taciturn  dispositions  and  unsocial  haliN 
its.    The  character  of  the  Americans  was  still  more  marked,  aacl 
in  many  respects  obnoiious  to  the  Indians.    They  came  as  coa- 
qnerors,  and  assumed  the  government  of  a  conntry  and  people 
originally  free  and  independent.    They  asserted  that  the  country 
was  theirs  by  conquest,  and  that  the  natives  were  but  tenanta  lA 
eafferanoe.    They  asauived  the  right  to  fell  the  forest,  till  Ihes^ilf 
ttid  destroy  the  game,  the  sole  dependence  of  the  pet»ple  who  ioh 
tanrited  this  beaatifnl  region-^the  gift  ^  the  Qital  S|4iit  whom 
thiiy  worihipp^d  mA  adored. 


7& 

Is  it  Burprising  then,  that  this  people  shonld  have  entertained 
hostile  feelings,  and  waged  war  Hgafust  the  i'trndere?  Before 
dismieaing  this  part  of  Wiscofisin  hifitory,  let  us  for  a  morrient 
pause.  Let  us  sympathise  with  a  race  who  have  been  mfist  ditep- 
Ij,  most  irretrievablj  wronged.  When  this  fair  land  was  tirst  in- 
Taded,  and  taken  possession  of  by  the  whites,  it  was  as  the  G<»d 
of  Katurehad  formed  it;  abounding  in  every  thing  to  make  it 
desirable  for  the  residence  and  support  of  man  in  a  state  of 
primitive  simplicity,  and  peopled  by  numerous  aboriginal 
tribes.  Unacquainted  with  the  wants,  luxuries  and  refinements 
of  civilization,  and  free  from  the  vices  and  crimes  of  modern  so- 
ciety, they  lived  a  contented  and  happy  people.  The  French  and 
English  found  the  country  inhabited  by  the  Sauke,  F^xes,  Winne* 
bagoes,  Chippewas,  Pottawattamies,  Ottawas,  Menomonees  and 
other  powerful  tribes  which  have  now  become  extinct, and  whose 
names  even  are  forgotten.  Those  tiibes,  numbering  many  thou- 
sands, occupied  the  country  now  embraced  within  the  present 
States  of  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  the  territory  of 
Minnesota.  But  where  are  they  now  ?  While  some  of  these  war* 
like  and  nuble  tribes  are  entirely  extinct,  others  bear  but  a  faint  re- 
semblance of  their  former  greatness ;  a  few  miserable  and  squalid 
families  make  up  the  S'«le  remnant  of  their  once  formidable 
bonds. 

It  is  the  common  practice  of  the  white  man  to  chnrge  cruelty 
and  dnplioity  upon  th,e  Indian.  If  he  is  cruel,  who  has  made  him 
sol  If  he  is  gnilty  of  duplicity,  who  has  taught  him  the  leFson  f 
We  are  too  apt  to  charge  upon  this  wronged  and  persequted  peo- 
ple the  commission  of  unprovoked  crimes,  and  the  perpetratioa 
of  cruel  wrongs,  without  justification  or  excuse;  and  this  is 
e$^pecia1Iy  the  case  amongst  American  frontiersmen  who  may 
have  suffered  at  their  hands.  But  when  we  compare  the  present 
condition  of  these  people  with  that  when  first  discovered  by  the 
whites,  their  sufferings  mU8t  go  far  tomit'gate,  if  nnt  justify,  their 
sanguinary  warfare.  At  that  period,  they  we  e  truly  the  l^ird^ 
4lf  Uu  9aU — Bole  and  andiapated  owners  of  the  rich  and  luyely 


80 

conntry  thej  occupied,  surronnded  bj  the  abundant  gifts  of  zib* 
tore,  sufficient  for  the  supply  of  every  want,  and  unaccountable 
to  any  master,  save  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Universe.  Thus 
they  passed  their  lives  in  happy  simplicity  and  contentment,  little 
dreaming  of  the  disastrous  future  that  awaited  them.  •  The 
first  white  men  who  visited  these  tribes  were  received  with 
friendship,  and  entertained  with  hospitality.  But,  alas  I  it 
was  bat  a  brief  space  before  this  kind  reception  met  with  an  un- 
grateful return.  Soon  were  these  children  of  nature  to  be  driven 
from  the  furests  and  prairies,  through  and  over  which  they 
had  been  accustomed  to  roam  unmolested  and  uncontrolled*,  to 
be  expelled  from  their  beautiful  villages  where  their  ancestors 
were  born  ;  from  the  hunting  grounds  which  for  so  many  genera- 
tions had  supplied  them  with  game — yea,  even  denied  the  last 
consolation  of  decaying  nature,  that  of  mingling  their  ashes  with 
the  dust  of  their  kindred.  Why  then  should  we  express  any 
wonder  that  the  untutored  and  injured  Indian,  goaded  on  by  such 
harrowing  recollections,  should  feel  resentment,  .and  seek  to 
avenge  himself  on  those  who  have  wrought  this  crushing  misery  I 
To  feel  and  act  otherwise,  would  rather  evince  a  want  of  the  no- 
blest and  holiest  feelings  of  our  nature — filial  attachment,  and  a 
love  of  our  homes  and  firesides.  Compared  with  nations  of  an- 
tiquity, who  were  classed  as  refined  and  civilized,  the  North 
American  Indians  would  lose  nothing  in  the  scale  6f  humanity. 
Many  of  the  battles  of  the  ancients  were  equally  sanguinary,  and 
blackened  by  deeds  as  cruel  and  cold-blooded  in  their  character. 
Even  among  our  own  people,  acts  of  atrocity  have  been  commit- 
ted on  the  Indian,  revolting  to  humanity,  and  contrary  to  every 
principle  of  honorable  warfare. 

There  is  much  that  is  noble  and  elevating  in  the  character  of 
the  Indian  yet  left  to  hirp.  But  how  different  is  the  present  from 
his  original  character.  When  first  visited  by  Europeans,  he 
walked  erect,  with  the  proud  and  haughty  bearing  of  one  coa- 
Bcious  of  his  independence,  and  freedom  from  restraint ;  yet  with. 
afl  this  feeling,  he  would  extend  the  hand  of  friendship,  and  eu- 


i 


81 

fertafn  the  Btrenger  with  Tcindnoss  and  Lospitali'ty.  And  wLat  lias 
T)feen  the  return  for  all  this?  The  answer  is  found  in  the  squalid 
appearance  of  a  few  miserable  beings  who  yet  linger  in  portions 
irf  otir  State  ;  redaced  by  the  introduction  of  the  low  and  waiting 
vices  of  the  whites,  and  the  more  dire  effects  of  fipiritnonsliquorer, 
be  stalks  our  streets  a  living  evidence  of  what  h^  is,  contradigtitt- 
gnished  from  what  he  once  was — an  enduring  re)>roach  upon  the 
white  man  for  the  debased  creature  be  has  made  him.  The  na» 
twre  of  the  Indian  is  to  avenge  injury  or  wrong,  but  he  is  always 
Meeeptible  of  friendship,  and  grateful  for  kindness  shown  him. 
To  partake  of  his  hospitality  is  sure  to  secure  protection  and 
safety. 

Much  has  been  said  as  to  the  policy  adopted  by  our  Govern- 
ment in  relation  to  this  suffering  people.  Some  public  functiona- 
ries have,  at  different  times,  lauded  the  Gorernment  for  its  just 
and  parental  care  and  protection  of  this  persecuted  race.  Jus- 
Hoe  to  the  Indians  !  After  robbing  them  of  their  possessions  ; 
forcibly  expelling  them  from  their  homes  and  their  country  ;  and 
by*  the  introduction  of  spirituous  liquors  and  low  vices  of  civilized 
man,  degrading  them  from  their  once  proud  and  noble  bearing  to 
1!h^  lowest  and  most  abject  condition  ;  then  the  General  Govern- 
ment does  them  justice^  and  exercises  parental  care  over  them,  by 
doling  out  a  pitiful  annuity  of  a  few  blankets  to  cover  their  naked 
limbs,  and  a  scanty  supply  of  provisions  to  keep  their  famishing 
vomeo  and  childben  from  utter  starration.  It  would  be  niore 
'  magnanimouB  for  the  white  man  caixdidly  to  acknowledge  the 
wroage  committed,  and  to  the  utmost  of  his  power  to  atone  for 
tbem  by  exertions  to  ameliorate  the  hard  fate  of  the  sufferers. 

But  the<i  destiny  is  written.  As  the  white  man  advances,  they 
reoede— -e^en  the  stnpendons  and  almost  inaccessible  ramparts  of 
Ithe  Bocky  Mountains  cannot  stay  the  advance  of  the  enterprisiDg 
Amerioan.  Already  has  the  Bed  Man  fled' beyond  what  he  oflC6 
believed  to  be  the  utmost  boundary  of  civilization^  and  yet  he  is 
pvrsned.  His  relentless  foe  is  still  close  npM  bis  retreaititig  fooft* 
11 


Btap0,  leftying  no  hope  to  him  but  that  of  finding  ft  p9§oellidgmT% 
— a  last  resting  plaoe  from  his  pofsaer — beneath  the  rolling  bi]^ 
lows  of  the  PKcific. 

• 

If  we  cannot  do  justice  to  the  Indian  by  restoring  him  to  hia 
conntrj,  and  re-nniting  him  with  his  scattered  race,  let  ns  at 
least  do  justice  to  his  character.  lu  our  prejudice,  let  us  notloat 
sight  of  his  many  noble  and  redeeming  traits.  Many  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Wisconsin  hare  experienced  from  the  Indians  nnmer^ 
ons  instances  of  friendship  and  hospitality ;  and  not  a  ftw  weM 
indebted  to  individuals  of  the  Menomonee  tribe  for  the  praa» 
ervation  of  their  lives  and  liberty  during  the  war  of  1813. 

By  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1783,  as  also  by  Jay's  Treaty  of  Vt96y 
it  was  stipulated  by  the  English  Goyeroment,  that  the  North- 
Western  territory,  with  its  forts,  trading  posts  and  dependencieSi 
should  be  surrendered  and  transferred  to  the  United  States ;  bat 
as  already  remarked,  the  surrender  of  the  posts  and  evacuation  of 
the  country,  by  the  Eoglisb,  were  long  delayed.  Although  the 
United  States  exercised  nominal  jurisdiction  over  parts  of  the 
territory  previous  to  the  war  of  1812,  jet  this  exercise  of  an* 
thority  was  barely  in  name.  During  the  war,  nearly  all  of  tibia 
part  of  the  North  West  was  in  possession  of  the  British,  and  the 
^  few  Americans  who  resided  here  were  subject  to  their  authority* 
It  was  not  until  1816,  that  that  portion  of  the  territory  comprising 
Wisconsin  became  really  a  portion  of  the  United  States. 

All  of  the  tribes  of  Indians  inhabiting  the  Ndrth  West  between 
the  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi,  with  the  exception  of  the  Potta» 
wattamies  and  a  part  of  the  Ottawas^,  were  hostile  to  the  ttatas; 
enlisted  on  the  side  of  the  English,  and  during  the  contest  wagsd 

•  Th«f«  would  mpiMv  to  bo  aomo  inMako  ia  IIiIb  itaitoaieiit.  Whon  OoL  RonaDP  Dfoaov  OD>Hitlit 
I  tir  '-"Tn  "-T-- 1-1-  IliB  ITiltlili  flu  It  ?\m  Uj  In  tli «  gnwiirr  nf  imt.  ^\-  U1fiuutr\mim  ■>! 
Oitawu  formed  a  port ;  and  in  Angoit  of  that  year,  a  large  band  of  Pottawattamia^  onder  ihair  «U«^ 
Blmjk  Bibis  ooBwIttad  tho  memorablo  naaaacra  at  Ohieago ;  aad  tho  PotfeainitlBmlia  ibo  4g«Mt 
fWteoat<y  aitnppaa<«oa»B»owiX^»fiM^Bto»BaiiUi,  Ftrt  IWgi%  Sautukj  aad  tt»  aaptfc  f!i^ 
Monoaonaat  aa  a  nation,  it  la  baUtYed»  w«e  maldy  oontioUed  hf  their  able  oUof  Tokjuk,  wbo  oaod  al| 
Mi  iTHKl  laSaeaoe  to  prevail  vpoa  his  people  to  remftln  seutnO-^nd  but  a  ilv  of  Ibe  jwag  mnloft 


irar  ^§»imt  the  Amerioaocu  The  PoMawattomiee  and  Ottawagi 
although  friex^ly,  remained  neutraL  B/  the  tenug  of  Jaj^a 
treatj)  all  the  inhabitants  of  whatever  nation,  then  residents  of 
the  countrjy  were  protected  in  the  posseesion  of  their  property^ 
with  the  right  to  remain^  or,  at  their  option,  withdraw  with  thei^ 
effects  from  the  coantrj,  and  one  ^ear  was  allowed  them  to  mak# 
their  election.  All  who  did  not  withdraw  wi^thin  that  period  wena 
deemed  American  citizens,  allowed  to  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of 
citizenship,  and  to  be  nnder  the  protection  of  our  Qovernment. 
Bat  few  of  the  settlers  left  the  conntrj.  Those  who  remained 
Tirtaally  became  American  citizens ;  but  we  find  that  nearly  all 
the  French  and  English  of  this  class,  were  subsequently  fonnd  in 
the  ranks  of  onr  enemies.  Several  bore  commitssioos  under  tha 
King,  and,  with  their  Indian  allies,  assisted  in  taking  Mackinaw 
and  other  places,  during  the  war  of  1812-'I5.  During  that  cm- 
test,  the  few  Americans  that  resided  at  Green  Bay,  Mackirtaw, 
Chicago,  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  BiiriBh, 
and  exposed  to  the  depredations  of  the  Indians.  Some  were  taken 
prisoners  and  conveyed  to  Detroit;  some  made  captive  by  the 
Indians,  and  others  fell  by  the  tomahawk  and  scalpirtg-knife.  The 
cmelties  practised  npou  the  whites  have  been  generally  and  in- 
discriminately charged  npon  the  Indians,  when  in  truth  they  were 
instigated  to  the  commission  of  such  deeds  by  white  men,  the 
officers  or  emissaries  of  the  English.  Perhaps  some  of  the  most 
diabolical  acts  were  committed  by  the  white  fiends  themselves; 
for  instances  were  not  rare,  when  white  men  or  their  descendants 
were  found  wearing  the  garb  and  wielding  the  weapons  of  the 
red  men,  the  better  to  conceal  themselves  from  the  Americans^ 

At  the  termination  of  the  war,  formal  possession  was  taken  by 
tihe  Americaa  tioope  of  the  North  West.  The  first  Ameiiean 
Tassel,  laden  with  troops  and  military  supplies,  entered  Gredm 
Baji  and  finally  anchored  in  Fox  fiiveri  opposite  where  Soii 
Howard  was  soon  after  established,  in  Angast  or  September,  1816. 
They  ^srere  piloted  from  Mackinaw  by  two  old  citizens  of  Brown 
eonnty — AuaiisnH  Gbioikiv  and  STAjasLAUs  .OHAJPFqr^  the  former 


94 

of  whom  ig  still  livinff.  tber  •were  traders  and  residents  of  ©reen 
Baj,  but  then  at  Mackinaxr,  on  their  annual  visit  to  sell  their  pel- 
tries, and  obtain  supplies  fur  the  trade  of  the  ensuing  winter. 
They  were  applied  to  br  Col.  Chambers,  the  commanding  oflScer 
of  the  American  detachment,  to  j.ilotthe  vessels;  but  as  they  had 
their  own  boats  and  men  there,  they  declined,  as  it  would  be  a 
sacrifice  of  time,  aiid  be  attended  with  risk  in  reaching  their  re- 
mote wintering  grounds,  or  tradinr:^  p'^sts,  before  the  commence- 
ment of  winter.  But  these  oIjj  jcti.»n8  availed  nothing.  In  those 
days,  and  in  this  country,  tlie  will  of  the  military  commandant 
was  the  law  of  the  land.  Having  refused  to  nro  voluntarily,  they 
were  pressed  into  the  pablic  service,  and  safely  piloted  tJie  ves- 
sels into  the  waters  of  Fox  River. 

From  1816  to  1824^,  a  period  of  eiglit  years,  although  Wiscon- 
sin and  a  part  of  Michigan  Territory  were  nominally  under  the 
protection  of  the  flag  of  the  Union,  yet  but  little  of  parental  care 
was  bestowed  upon  her  citizens  in  civil  life  by  the  General  Gov- 
ernment The  rule  that  bore  sway  was  essentially  military.  I^To 
courts  were  organized,  and  offenders  against  the  laws  were  eithor 
sent  from  remote  parts  of  the  settlement  to  Detroit  for  trial,  or 
perhaps  more  usually  suffered  to  escape  punishment.  The  civil 
code  was  limited,  and  but  sparingly  administered.  But  the  mili- 
tary code,  such  as  it  was,  more  than  supplied  the  deficiencies  of 
the  civil.  While  this  state  of  things  continued,  it  occasionally 
happened  that  some  military  genius,  possessed  of  more  tinsel  than 
disaretion,  became  the  commanding  officer,  and  to  mark  the  era 
of  hib  reign,  would  exercise  his  "  little  brief  authority"  in  an  ar- 
bitrary manner,  and  thus  contrive  to  render  the  condition  of  the 
citizen  as  uncomfortable  as  possible.  Instances  of  high  handed 
oppression  and  injustice  were,  in  the  early  days  <tf  oar  history, 
frequently  committed  by  some  military  martinet,  upon  the  per- 
sons, Jiberty  or  property  of  those  whom  they  were  sent  to  pititeot. 
A  few'snch  cased  were  witnessed  by  myself. 

It  happened  that  some  thirty  years  ago,  a  gentleman  still  living 
in  this  State,  being  then  engaged  in  the  Indian  trade  near  Green 


Baj,  bf^ame  obiioadaQis  to  a.  Government  agent  who  lutd.tbe  au- 
thority to  grant  lioensQt  tcr^he  traders.  On  applying  for  a  licenBO^. 
30  usualy  the  trader  waa  ];efa9edy  on  the  alleged  ground,  that  he 
hi^d.  ou  Bome  former  occa^on,  violated  the  lawe  of  trade  and  in- 
tercourse with  the  Indians.  The  trader  therefore  hired  two  In* 
diana  and  their  canoes,  and  started  for  a  distant  agency,  intending 
there  4o  obtain  his  licensei  and  retnrn  for  his  goods.  After  pro* 
ceeding  some  uiiles,  the  trader  was  overtaken  by  another  canoe, 
strongly  manned  and  armed,  having  on  board  the  United  States 
Indian  interpreter,  and  eight  or  nine  Indians.  The  interpreter 
stopped  the  trader,  and  ordered  him^  to  go  on  board  of  the  armed 
canoe,  together  with  his  Indian  comrades.  This  he  refused  to  do, 
when  he  and  his  companions  were  seized,  and  forcibly  carried 
back  to  the  place  whence  they  started  a  few  hours  previously. 
Biey  were  all  landed  on.  a  beach  near  the  Agency  House,  and  the 
trader  and  Indians  ordered  into  the  building.  The  trader  of 
course^  refused  to  obey,  and  went  his  way  unmolested,  but  the 
poor,  innocent  Indians  fared  much  worse.  They  were  marched 
as  prisoners  to  the  garrison,  accompanied  by  the  interpreter,  with 
a  polite  note  from  the  agent,  requesting  the  commanding  officer 
t^  give  eneh  a  dozen  lasheSy  and  confine  them  in  the  guard-house 
until  further  orders.  This  request  was  promptly  complied  with, 
before  the  divil  authority  could  interpose  to  prevent  it.  t  need, 
hardly  say,  that  great  excitement  prevailed,  and  much  indignar 
tj^n  was  manifested  at  this  cruel  and  arbitrary  exercise  of  unlaw* 
fnl  authority.  As  soon  as  a  writ  of  kctibeas  corjpw  could  be  ob- 
tained, the  poor  maltreatod  Indians  were  released.^  But  unable 
t^  comprehend  why  they  were  thus  punished,  they  fled  as  soon 

*  Those  poor  injoied  mi  men  must  haTe  feljjbTery  much  m  Red  jAgicsT  did  when  retarning'^with  % 
fronp  of  lawyers  from  a  court  of  juEticc,  where  one  of  his  Seneca  lirothers  Iiad  juft  been  sentenced  to 
i^lpvlBOiiment  fbr  lih,  after  the  old  chief  had  eloquently  ftnd  etundily  plead  that  the  accu^d  might  be . 
tried  and  ponlehed  by  Indlao  laws  and  usagea-— seeing-  the  emblematical  representation  of  Liberty  an^l 
Justice  emblazoned  in  large  figures  and  diaracters  on  the  sign  of  a  printing  olBce,  the  old  chieftain 
sti^fVd*  and  polAting  to  the  igaxo  ef  Liberty, asked  in  hrofcen  £nglitfi-^>'  WlcO^-kiti^^oidt  .?'*  He  «u ' 
awwered,  "  LrBlBTT.**  '*  Ugh ! "  w^a  the  sIgsiRcant  and  truly  aboriginal  response.  Then  pointing  to 
the  other  Agure,  he  inquired— "  ?rXa*— Aim, — eaU?'*  He  was  answered,  Jrerioi— to  which,  with  a 
kNlllnsV«i^k«ite«lHit]yireiflMit)y«aUn«^<*^A<fe««A«M^ti^  L.  O.D-.- 


86 

9$  fh^y  were  set  at  liberty,  and  were  not  seen  at  !%e  place  of  their 
mfiferiiig  for  a  long  time  afterwards.  Oivil  anthorily  being  then 
fbllj  establishedi  the  persons  who  so  grossly  riolated  law,  and 
ontraged  every  feeling  of  hnmanity,  were  immediately  arrested, 
and  required  to  give  bail  for  their  appearance  to  answer  the  com- 
]^laint  at  the  next  term  of  the  coart ;  but  before  the  time^  trial, 
the  gnilty  parties  were  very  willing  to  settle  the  matter  by  nfcking 
reparation,  and  paying  the  Indians  handsome  smart  money. 

A  more  recent  affair  of  a  similar  character,  occurred  at  Qreeu 
Bay,  when  two  citizens  were  arrested  by  the  sentinel  in  open  day, 
and  marched  by  the  guard  to  the  fort,  a  distance  of  half  a  mile^ 
diarged  with  having  dared  to  land  on  the  fort  side  of  Fox  Biw, 
without  permission  from  the  commanding  officer.  In  this  instaoce, 
the  military  was  obliged  to  succumb  to  the  oivil  authority.  The 
officer  by  whose  orders  the  parties  were  arrested,  was  prosecuted 
for  the  outrage,  and  considered  himself  fortunate  to  escape  with 
a  fine. 

Ifany  other  instances  of  usurpation  of  authority,  although  act 
on  record,  are  fresh  i^n  the  recollection  of  the  early  settlers  6f 
Wisconsin, — such  as  demolishing  houses,  firing  into  vessels  or 
boats  attempting  to  pass  the  fort  without  stopping  to  report  to  the 
commandant.  As  late  as  1827,  your  speaker  and  the  Hon.  Jambs 
D.  Doty,  then  Judge  of  the  District,  were  on  our  return  from 
Hackinaw,  where  the  Judge  had  held  his  court;  we  were  in  it 
bark  canoe,  manned  by  Frenchmen  and  Indians,  and  enttiring 
IVwL  River,  we  arrived  opposite  Fort  Howard  about  eight  o'clock 
in  the  morning,  and  while  steadily  pnrsuing  our  way  up  the  river 
to  our  homes,  we  were  hailed  by  the  sentinel,  who  was  stationed 
on  the  wharf,  and  ordered  ashore.  This  command  we  at  first  dis- 
r^arded,  and  ordered  our  men  to  go  on ;  but  they  becaaae 
alarmed,  when  the  sentinel  deliberately  presented  and  cocked  hia 
musket,  at  the  same  time  threatening  to  fire  into  us  if  we  did  not 
immediately  go  ashore.  We  permitted  the  men  to  do  so,  and 
were  met  at  the  wharf  by  the  officer  of  the  day,  of  wboiE  w«  i»- 


ST 

^ired  when  war  htd  been  declared }  He  rather  sheepiahlj  re* 
plied,  that  it  was  a  standing  order  of  the  post  that  no  boat  or 
ressel  ehonld  be  permitted  to  pass  without  reporting. 

These  incidents  in  the  early  history  of  onr  State  are  not  alluded 
to  for  the  purpose  of  injuring  the  feeUngs  of  any  of  the  actors  in 
them,  if  any  are  still  living ;  but  to  show  the  privations  and  hard- 
ships experienced  by  the  early  settlers;  and  to  exhibit  in  their 
true  forms,  the  inefficiency  of  the  protection  afforded  by  the 
General  Government,  and  the  proneness  of  military  men,  when 
exercising  the  supreme  authority,  to  become  tyrannical  and  op** 

■ 

pressive. 

I  have  remarked  that  during  the  period  of  eight  years  jmotr  to 
1821,  the  country  was  principally  subject  to  military  rule.  It  was 
not^  however,  entirely  so,  as  there  was  a  species  of  civil  authority 
exeroised  in  parts  of  the  country  where  ^ere  were  white  inbabl- 
taots,  and  which,  in  many  respects,  was  quite  unique  and  amusing. 
I  will  allude  to  one  or  two  cases  that  occurred  in  that  part  of  the 
State  where  I  have  long  resided,  and  with  which  I  have  become 
acquainted*  AU  who  have  any  knowledge  of  the  early  settlement 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  have  heard  of  the  venerable 
Judge  Ebaums,  who  resided  for  many  years  at  Green  Bay,  and 
died  near  there  over  thirty  years  ago.  A  relic  *  of  this  venerable 
functionary  is  preserved  among  the  collections  of  your  Society. 
Where  the  Judge  came  from,  is  not  very  well  known,  and  whence 
he  derived  his  authority  is  a  matter  likewise  involved  in  uncer- 
tainty ;  but  it  is  a  well  established  fact,  that  he  exercised  the 
functions  of  a  Judge  or  Justice  for  a  long  period.  When  he  first 
assumed  the  robes  of  office,  he  probably  received  his  authority 
from  some  commanding  officer  or  governor.  His  judicial  career 
oommenood  before  the  war  of  1812,  and  probably  continued  until 
near  the  time  of  his  decease.  This  exercise  of  authority  seems 
to  have  been  tacitly  acquiesced  in  by  all.    It  has  never  been  aa* 

r  II      -  I  

*  ffis  iMitet  eoat  or  court  dieMy&oed  with  white  ink,  and  bedeclnd  with  ipugled  battons,  la  whieh 


88 

■ 

certaioed  that  the  Judge  received  a  renewal  of  his  first  appomt- 
meot  from  any  governor  ia  Michigan  or  eleewhere ;  bat  he  oould 
not  be  termed  an  nsnrper,  as  there  appears  to  have  existed  no  op- 
position to  his  jadicial  acts,  baton  the  contrary,  a  quiet  submissioa 
to  his  authority,  and  a  ready  acquiescence  in  his  quaint  and  odd 
decisions.  ' 

Many  amusing  anecdotes  are  told  of  the  Judge,  and  of  the  na- 
ture of  his  judgments.  One,  which  was  related  to  me  by  a  friend 
now  deceased,  who  on  the  occasion  was  chosen  defendant,  will 
serve  to  illustrate  the  primitive  judicial  decisions  in  Wisconsin. 
My  friend  was  sued  by  a  Frenchman  on  an  account,  and  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  Judge  Ebaumb.  The  summons  was 
returnible  at  2  o'clock,  P.  M.,  but  the  defendant  forgot  the  hour. 
Four  o'clock  arrived,  when  he  bethought  himself  of  his  remissness. 
He  immediately  repaired  to  the  Hall  of  Justice,  first  taking  the 
precaution,  however,  to  slip  into  his  over  coat  pocket  a  bottle  of 
good  old  whiskey.  On  entering  the  presence  chamber,  be  found" 
the  cause  decided  agamst  him — ^the  plaintiff  exultant  in  his  snc* 
cess — the  Judge  rigid  and  dignified.  The  defendant  had  defied* 
his  authority  and  disobeyed  his  mandate.  In  vain  did  my  friend- 
attempt  to  thaw  the  ice  of  the  Judi^e's  cold  reserve,  and  obtain  a 
rehearing.  Failing  in  all  these  efforts,  the  defendant  rose  from 
his  seat,  and  approaching  the  door  of  an  inner  apartment,  invited 
the  Judge  to  follow.  This  he  did  reluctantly.  "When  safely  out 
of  sight  of  the  other  party,  the  defendant  slowly  drew  from  his 
pocket  the  aforesaid  black  bottle,  and  placed  it  on  the  table,  where 
were  already  glasses  and  water.  The  stern  features  of  the  Judge 
suddenly  relaxed.  It  was  an  easy  matter  to  prevail  upon  him  to 
taste  the  tempting  beverage;  it  was  indeed  so  good,  that  he  re- 
peated thfe  dose,  and  like  many  other  great  men  bef<»re  him,  be 
lost  his  resentment  in  his  love  for  good  liquor.  The  Judge  and 
the  defendant  soon  re-entered  the  Justice  Hall,  and  the  plaintiff, 
who  was  still  present,  ^as  required  to  appear,  when  he  was  in- 
formed that  the  court  had  decided  to  grant  a  re-hearing  of  the 
caae.    This  was  accordinglv  done,  and  after  a  brief  eKaiaittatio% 


tba  former  judgment  wm  reversed,  and  entered  against  tbeplain* 
tiff.  The  latter  remonstrated  in  vc^in,  etoatlj  contending  that  the 
Judge  bad  akeadj  decided  the  cause  in  his  favor.  All  was  cut 
short  by  the  Judge  declaring,  that  •"  his  first  decision  was  only, 
that  the  plaintiff  shaidd  win  for  to  lose!  "  I  am  not  positive 
whether  it  was  on  this  or  some  other  occasion  that  the  Judge 
further  ordered,  that  the  losing  party  should  work  three  days  on 
his  farm,  and  tJie  constable  pay  the  costs  !  Upon  the  whole,  the 
administration  of  justice  by  the  venerable  Judge  was  mild  and 
lenient.  No  cruel  or  oppressive  punishments  were  inflicted,  and 
in  the  whole  course  of  his  career,  it  is  not  alleged  that  he  ever 
exercised  that; prerogative  of  judicial  power  so  abhorrent  to  the 
feelings  of  modern  reformers  and  and  philanthropists,  the  infliction 
of  the  death  penalty. 

I  will  relate  one  other  early  judicial  decision,  which  came  with- 
in xaj  own  knowledge.  It  was  made  by  an  old  pioneer  settler,  a 
Frenchman,  who  in  character  and  manners  was  a  perfect  gentle- 
man, but  was  better  acquainted  with  the  principles  of  honesty  and 
fair  dealing,  than  with  the  subtleties  anc^  technicalities  of  the  law,. 
Most  of  you  are  doubtless  aware,  that  according  to  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  for  the  government  of  the  land  and  naval  ser* 
vice,  it  is  provided  that  "  no  person  who  has  been  enlisted  as  a 
soldier,  shall  be  liable  to  arrest  or  imprisonment  for  any  debt  con- 
tracted by  him  dui  Ing  the  term  of  his  enlistment."  At  all  mili- 
tary posts,  soldiers  were  in  the  habit  of  contracting  debts  with 
citizen  traders  who  would  give  them  credit.  A  large  proportion 
of  these  debts  vrere  lost,  for  in  addition  to  his  inability  to  pay,  the 
soldier  was  often  aided  by  his  officers  in  cheating  his  creditors. 
There  was  some  excuse  for  this  on  the  part  of  the  officers,  as  their 
men  were  often  found  intoxicated  in  the  shops  and  groceries,  and 
not  unfrequently  sold  their  clothing  and  military  accoutrements 
tq  obtain  liquor^.    The  officers  would,  therefore,  aid  the  soldier  to 

*Th«ir  thint  for  ram  led  them  ■omttImM  orvn  to  attempt  to  iCmI  tsam  or  plander  tho  Indbiis  to  oktii» 
it  It  Is  stated  in  the  Detroit  GeMtte,  Feb.  16. 182S,  tbat  not  long  prerionsly  one  soldier  was  killed  at 
dfeen  Bay  and  another  at  the  same  time  wounded,  by  an  Indian  woman,  fn  order  to  sAve  her  ke^  of 
wMffkey  Irhkh  tfa^y  weta  eadei«roiiag  to  wi»»t  ftom  her.  .    .   L.  G.  O. 

12 


«0 

eTftde  the  payment  of  his  dehtSi  by  granting  him  leave  of  absence 
fbr  the  few  closing  days  of  his  term  of  serrice,  so  that  if  arrested 
fbr  debt  before  he  left  the  post,  he  coold  still  avail  himself  of  his 
enlistment  as  a  bar  to  ^collection. 

It  happened  that  on  the  occasion  alladed  to,  a  non-commis- 
sioned officer  had  contracted  a  considerable  debt  with  a  trader, 
which  he  refused  to  pay.  Some  days  before  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  service,  he  applied  to  his  officer  for  a  furlough  for  his  un- 
expired time,  which  was  granted ;  and  shielded  by  this,  with  his 
regular  discbarge,  he  left  the  garrison,  defied  his  creditors,  and 
was  about  to  leave  the  country  forever.  In  those  days,  it  was 
lawful  to  arrest  dishonest  debtors,  and  imprison  them  until  they 
paid  their  debts,  or  were  otherwise  discharged.  The  creditor  ap- 
plied to  my  old  friend,  who  was  a  Justice,  for  a  warrant ;  it  was 
granted,  and  the  soldier  was  arrested,  and  brought  before  the 
magistrate.  The  accused  readily  admitted  the  justness  of  the 
debt,  but  plead  the  law  of  the  United  States,  which  protected  him 
as  a  soldier  from  arrest.  After  patiently  hearing  his  defence,  the 
Justice  proceeded  to  give  judgment  in  favor  of  the  plaintiff  for 
his  debt  and  costs.  The  plaintiff  immediately  demanded  execa- 
tion  against  the  body  of  the  defendant  This  too  was  granted. 
The  soldier  remonstrated  with  the  Justice,  saying  he  was  a  sol- 
dier of  the  United  States'  army,  and  as  such  was  exempted  by 
law  from  arrest  for  debt,  and  concluded  by  assuring  the  Justice 
that  '*  he  did  not  understand  him.'*  The  phlegmatic  Justice,  who 
did  not  speak  very  plain  English,  thus  emphatically  explained  his 
meaning—*'  You-do-go-to-de-^aU^  andr-etay-tA^re-^fUil^tm-jpaijf 
-de-debt^  and-^(m-willr-understand'-me-very-weU  /"  The  result 
was  that  the  defendant  rather  than  go  to  the  place  named,  pulled 
out  his  purse,  paid  his  debt,  and  went  on  his  way,  though  probably 
not  rejoicing.  The  upnght  old  magistrate  could  not  understsnd 
the  reasoning,  that  while  an  honest  citizen  paid  his  juit  debts. 
Uncle  Sam's  bard  cases  shoakl  go  soot  free. 

It  was  not  till  1821,  that  the  civil  code  aad  civil  aothori^ 
could  be  considered  fairly  estabUshed  in  this  part  of  the  Nortit 


WM.  At  the  BesBion  of  18fl8-'34,  Oongress  passed  8  law  for  or- 
ganiBing  an  additfon&l  judicial  district  in  the  then  territorj  of 
Kehigon,  comprising  the  counties  of  Mackinaw,  Brown  and 
Orawford,  and  the  Hon.  Jahbb  D.  Dorr  was  appointed  jndge, 
the  dnties  of  which  office  he  continued  to  discharge  until  1838. 
The  establishment  of  regularly  organized  courts  may  be  eonsid- 
4red  a  new  era  in  our  history,  for  it  was  then  for  the  first  time, 
that  the  citizen  regarded  himself  as  really  under  the  protecting 
arm  of  the  law,  and  in  the  fbll  enjoyment  of  his  liberty  and 
property.  Yet  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  note,  that  this  innovation  on 
tiie  primitive  rights  of  the  old  settlers,  was  viewed  by  them  with 
great  jealousy.  They  looked  upon  it  as  a  violation  of  their 
Maffna  Oharta — a  serious  infringement  on  their  long  established 
customs ;  and  they  heartily  wished  the  court,  and  (perhaps  with 
better  reason)  the  lawyers  too,  anywhere  but  amongst  themselves. 

The  advance  and  improvement  of  the  country  was  slow  but 
sure.  For  a  few  years  its  history  was  monotonous,  exhibiting  but 
little  of  interest  or  importances-occasion a^ly  presenting  an  Indian 
murder,  or  rumors  of  wars  or  hostile  designs.  Thus  it  continued 
until  about  1827,  when  the  region  of  country  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Wisconsin  rivers,  known  as  the  Lead  Mines,  be- 
gan to  attract  attention.  In  a  short  time  this  whole  district  was 
over-run,  and  swarmed  with  enterprising  western  explorers.  The 
occupation  of  the  country  by  the  whites,  as  might  have  been 
Sweseen,  led  to  the  Indian,  wars  that  followed.  At  first  the  diffi- 
otdtles  were  confined  to  occasional  out-breaks,  and  single  acts  of 
violence.  But  all  who  knew  the  Indian  character,  were  well  con- 
vinced that  a  general  rising  of  the  tribes  would  soon  follow  the 
forcible  possession  taken  by  the  white  adventurers.  The  title  of 
the  Indians  to  that  part  of  the  country  had  not  yet  been  extin- 
guished^ ;  and  the  land  was  owned,  or  claimed  by  the  Sauks, 


•i><Briia|MltiraiiMI«tifart«iaf,fliAt1iMfiidlnM4M«M  AISiLoidi,itiMMkif9 

IMbt^  iKft  ^OT.  WlK  n.  HliHunv,  evilAg  io  IM  tiMaS  SMm  ntttrtj  IIm  who^^ 

•r  #lM»iito»  Ijiiig  Bovlh  of  th«  WImoimIa  Rb«t^  afti  trail  of  the  toz  BfTV ;  «]m  %  (tmI  potftfaK  •f 


9» 

Foze%  Pottawattamies,  amoBg  the  moii  numeroiia  and  UBfriendfjr 
tribes  of  the  North- West.  The  General  Govenupeut  foresaw  the 
oonseqaenees  likely  to  ensue,  but  either  from  dupineness,  or  per* 
hape  owing  to  the  small  and  inefficient  military  force  of  the  coun* 
try,  no  adequate  meaenres  were  adopted  to  prevent  au  open  rupt- 
ure. The  Black  Hawk  war  of  1832  ensued,  which  spread  alarm 
and  consternation  throughout  the  extended  and  sparsely  populated 
settlements.  The  history  of  this  war,  and  its  speedy  terminAtiaOy 
are  events  of  too  recent  date  to  require  more  than  a  passing  notice«r 
With  all  its  evils  and  calamities,  this  unhappy  eontest  was  not 
without  its  corresponding  benefice  and  advantages.  It  brought 
prominently  into  notice  large  portions  ot  our  State  hitherto  unex- 
plored, made  known  its  natural  resources,  and  proved  the  precur- 
sor to  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  country  ;  and,  ukoreover,  called 
the  attention  of  the  Government  to  the  North  West,  and  led  to 
the  speedy  extinguishment  of  the  Indian  title  to  the  soil. 

In  sUort,  from  the  year  1832,  we  may  date  the  commencement 
of  our  prosperity,  and  from  that  period  until  1836,  when  Wiscom- 
sfn  was  organized  as  a  Territory,  her  prosperity  and  improvement 
continued  with  a  steady  space.  The  short  space  which  elapsed 
between  her  Territorial  orgiuization  and  her  admission  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Confederacy — twelve  years,  was  characterized  by  rapid 
and  almost  incredible  changes,  and  this  not  only  In  the  increase 
of  population,  but  in  the  development  of  her  many  natural  advan- 


Northtrn  ITUooift,  and  ronriderablo  portionB  of  the  SUtce  of  I<nra  and  Mlsiovri.  Tli«  considentlott  ftr 
tUt  large  tract  of  couQtry,  •irbraeiop,  it  is  «aid,  more  than  fifty-one  aaiUiooi  of  aoret,  waa  «xeMdlzig^ 
gmall— goods  in  band  to  the  amount  of  $2,254  50,  and  a  jearlj  annoity  of  31000.  of  which  $600  iraa  for 
th«  SankB,  and  $4<X)  for  the  Foxe*,  to  be  paid  in  goodi  valued  at  flrftt  cost.  "Riis  treaty  was  ratiHed  and 
ooDflrmed  bjr  a  Mbseqaent  trea^,  in  1S16,  trben  Goya.  Clark  and  EpiraRDB,  and  Ool.  CHOrrtAV  wera 
the  commlsfiionerf,  and  Black  Hawk  was  one  ot  the  al^^ners.  But  Black  Hawk  subeequeDtfy  denied 
the  validity  of  the  treaty  of  1904,  when  at  least  throe  of  tha  fire  chiefs  who  signed  ft  fl|pred  piDml. 
n«9tly  in  behalf  of  their  tribes  «t  s«Terfd  treatiea  held  afterwards ;  and  it  ihoold  be  added,  that  Black 
Hawk  alleged  that  ha  wan  ignorant  of  what  he  was  doing  when  he  signed  the  confirmatory  trpaty  of 
1816.  We  must  say,  that  wo  believe  Black  Hawk  to  hare  been  too  shrewd  and  eantimiB  to  a«t  Igtt©- 
ittoily  in  a  matter  of  so  great  importance,  and  partieulariy  tl,  as  be  subeeqaeatty  repreaeBted,  hit  peopU 
b«4  bMn  over-reaohtdby  the  wUtaa»  ai  tha  pciav  traa^  ot  1804 1  and  we  eaaaoibaHava^  that  MS  io 
IkonoraUa  aa  the  caiiuni«aiOB«ra  wonld  have  daeaivtd  B&a4IK  Hawk  and  hia  9««ipie.--«ea  Indian  TNir 
ti«a;Siiixa*aWiioooain,l^^7,  ffi8k40&;  BLACK  Hawk'b  AmtoM>gMfhy^  Dkami^  Btock  Bviik; 
Bawaoh's  Maiaoira  of  HARwaon  ;  Wis.  Hiak  Soa  CoUa.  1—96. .  I*  G.  B, 


93 

•Ml  I  • 

tages',  the  cultivation  of  the  sal,  tlic  diffusion  of  knowledge,  and 
the  introduction  of  the  arU  and  sciences,  until  we  now  see  her  vie 
with  her  sister  states,  with  every  prospect  of  speedily  becoming 
'one  among  the  richest  and  most  populous  in  the  Union. 

A  comparison  of  the  present  condition  of  our  State  with  its  con- 
dition thirty  years  ago,  will  prnve  interoHtiing,  and  fill  the  mind 
with  wonder  anS-  admiration.  Let  iiie  first  Te\nKrt  to  the  appear- 
ance of  the  country.  In  1824,  when  I  became  a  resident  of  Wis- 
teoiiidtn,  there  were  but  two  small  white  settlements  within  the 
present  limits  bf  the  State,  and  they  situated  nearly  at  its  extreme 
points — namely,  Green  Bay  and  Prairie  du  Ohien.*  The  former, 
besides  the  garrison  6(  United  States'  troops,  had  a  population  of 
whites  and  those  of  mixed  blood  amounting  to  about  sixhnndred; 
white  the  latter  was  still  more  limited  in  point  of  numbers*  Wis- 
ijOBsin  now  containa  about  600,000  people.  The  country  was 
<hen  one  unbroken  forefit,  or  boundless  waste  of  prairie,  posseseing, 
$t  is  trae,  the  besiutie^  of  nature  in  th^ir  most  encfhatiting  forme, 
but  abculrivated  and  unadorned  by  the  hand  of  man.  Now  how 
ohaaged  fehe  «cene  f  '  The  sifent  forests  and  boundless  wastes  have 
been  converted  into  eitieu,  towns  Jnd  settlements,  and  throughout 
itd  whole  extent,  the  country  now  presents  a  fiictute  of  prosperity 
and  improvement  rarely  equalled,*  and  never  surpassed,  on  this 
Oohtinetit.  At  that  time,-  no  roads  or  publio  highways,  save  thd 
navigable  waters,  or  the  blind  Indian  trail,  traversed  the  oounliy. 
The  traveler  had  no  choice  in  his  mode  of  transit  from  place  to 
place ;  no  public  means  of  conveyance  from  which  he  might  so- 
lect  the  most  expeditious  or  agreeable.  His  only  alieruative  wa0, 
to  travel  on  foot  through  the  forest,  or  pursue  bis  voyage  in  the 


TTT- 


*  If  w«  except  the  ancient  letilement  at  La  Pointe,  on  Lake  Saperioi^— vhich  was,  indeed,  ao  far  aey* 
anted  ftOm  Green  Bay  and  Prairie  da  Cliien  a«  to  bare  no  intercourse  whaterer  with  them,  and  Mi 
aModatlow  and  conneetlomi  onwt  hvn  bemi  eoBined  alnost  ttielttaivelj  with  Uaekinaw.  It  wovld 
mtm  tt^  Vattatc  M«i4Jt»  vlutMl  I*  ««iiat»«i  wrjj  m  im-  A  Fronch  9Q$t  w«i  waJBtaintd  tii«»  in 

.airiiUhwl  Scigyiwlli**  *4y<»fa»»:wi<rtfli»*^<f  mlMtd.ly  tbe  MiT«iaatowti»iiten.of.th«  lloitb*?M 
l«r Qoti««Br»  M  ^9  inpvt ffUs^  Mi%  Iffr  »  ^«i&9t  And  toadUftpof t  .ia  thftJfodib-^Mft  Xmitoigr  h  «««f 

•pwttLona.  L.  G.  Di 


M 

ftsil bark GAooe.  WhataohaageliasaiooetraBq^iridt  ITowdit 
iion  horse  trareneB  the  land  in  all  directions ;  the  noble  steamer 
plows  through  the  streams  and  lakes ;  and  a  joomej  that  then  o^ 
enpied  from  six  to  ten  dajs  of  toilsome  labor,  hazard  and  filtigney 
is  now  performed  in  safety  and  comfort  within  as  manj  hours. 

At  that  period  the  United  States'  mails  were  eonyejed,  dnriag 
the  season  of  navigation,  by  the  irregolar  and  tardy  oonyejaaee 
of  sail  ressels,  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  were  oftentimas 
for  weeks  or  months  without  intelligence  of  what  was  passing  in 
other  parts  of  the  world,  from  which  they  were  completely  isoli^ 
ted.  During  the  winter,  the  mail  was  carried  on  a  man's  baoki 
through  the  trackless  wilderness,  between  Green  Bay  and  Ohicfr- 
go,  a  distance  of  about  two  hundred  miles,  once  a  month.  This 
privilege  was  purchased,  partiy  by  voluntary  contributions  of  the 
citizens,  and  an  allowanee  from  the  U.  S.  Quarter  Master's  JD»- 
partment,  and  the  military  post  fund  at  Jort  Howard.  The 
Qovernment  at  Washington  found  it  would  not  pay  to  establish  la 
nail  route,  or  defray  the  expenses  of  carrying  the  mail,  and  de- 
creed, no  doubt  wisely,  that  no  expa:idituie  could  be  made  by  the 
Post  Oifioe  Department  for  thA  purpose,  exceeding  the  nett  pre- 
eeeds  of  the  mail  matter.  In  those  days,  the  arrival  of  the  mail 
was  looked  forward  to  with  anzie^  and  impatience,  and  if  for 
any  cause,  the  arrival  was  delayed  beyond  its  usual  time,  the  ev^ 
rier  was  supposed  to  have  frdlen  a  victim  to  starvation,  or  been 
detained  by  Indians,  the  only  inhabitants  of  the  country  througli 
which  he  had  to  pass.  Now  there  are  but  few  settiementi  in  our 
State  where  the  daily  or  tri-weekly  mail  does  not  penetrate. 

Then  the  whole  commerce  of  the  country  was  carried  on  by 
means  of  a  few  sail  vessels,  of  lees  tiian  one  hundred  tons  burthen. 
The  first  steamer  ploughed  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  in  182S«* 


M 

For  9^7enJ  •nceMding  jmts,  one  trip  w«t  made  aanuaUy,  and 
rwj  rarely  a  eecond  one ;  TesBeli  upward  bound  were  generaUj 
freighted,  but  Beldom  returned  with  a  cargo.  .  Oar  lakes  and  riv* 
ers  are  now  eoTered  with  steam  and  sail  vessels  of  the  largest 
class  and  finest  constmctiony  freighted  with  yalnable  cargoes,  and 
people  from  every  dime.  Then  the  inhabitants  of  the  country, 
the  Government  troops,  and  to  some  extent,  the  Indians,  were 
solely  dependent  upon  adjoining  States  for  the  necessaries  of  life, 
and  the  means  of  subsistence.  Nearly  all  hinds  of  provisions 
were  then  bronght  from  Ohio,  or  other  Western  States,  for  little 
beyond  the  necessary  supplies  of  vegetables  was  raised  in  the 
country.  At  the  present  period,  Wisconsin  not  only  sends  her 
aurplns  produce  from  her  teeming  granaries  to  supply  the  defi- 
ciencies of  sister  States,  buc  annually  exports  millions  in  value 
to  remote  parts  of  the  Old  World,  to  feed  the  starving  poor,  and 
provide  for  the  wants  of  the  wealthy. 

Wisconsin  formed,  at  that  period,  in  name  but.  scarcely  in  afflor 
ity,  a  part  of  the  Tevritoiy  of  Michigan.  The  laws  then  in  foieo 
were  crude  and  ill-devised,  some  of  which  were  really  disgraoefol 
to  those  who  enacted  them — such,  for  instance,  as  jmUtt?  ^h^B>pH^ 
and  selling  the  qfmder  into  serviiude  for  a  period  not  exceeding 
three  months,  simply  for  the  commission  of  mere  petty  offenoea* 
These  laws  were  enacted  by  a  Legislative  Board,  consisting  of  the 
Qovemor  and  Judges  of  the  Territory,  who  received  their  appoint* 
xnent  from  the  General  Government,  and  were  in  no  way  amena- 

mui  tlM  boast  of  tho  Dotvoit  GamUo,  that  the  Traft-tn-Oe- Water  made  thla  trip^  of  about  1200  milef 
grilfnf,  aad  retaraed  to  Detroit  in  thirteen  daja.  She  waa  onfortanatelj  wrecked  on  the  beaeh  n$u 
B«SU«  In  Noftmher  foUowing.  The  new  itMuner  Siyftifai  took  her  plaee  the  next  aeaaon,  aad  aiada 
•u  trip  to  Mackinaw,  and  another  to  Sant  de  Ste.  Mari^,  during  the  ennuner  of  1822.  Theie  dates  and 
ftiliiredtrft«»flMD»valaalilefi]e<tf  the  Detroit  Oaaetteypreeeoted  to  our  Hiitorical  Soctety  bgr  Hon. 
JaxhD.Dovt«  Iliaitrted  l»th»pain»Mrt  work  of  Jinn  L.  Bawqw  of  Bnadc^  on  the  Uk»  Ooar* 
aatree,  that  **  in  1890  or  I82T9  the  mi^estlo  waten  of  Lake  Michigan  were  firat  ploughed  by  steam,  [exio* 
wibnM,  aa  we  aoi^  aa  tobehig  tha  flnt>Hi  boat  hating  that  jear  made  an  ezcuraion  irlth  a  pleaaofi 
jmffi'^QnmBtfr*  VhcnylHtfwaoBeaBtfoatwfrfravwIlj  SMSib  IV  ti«oor«hi«eboat%nHWtlii 
j«ttrliSl"  InthiajearflbaritoamboeilaweMchartnedtotniwportQeB.Sooxs'Btroopaavdaappliii^ 
ieiniideth«lrtfttippMnM#MChtago;1ivt»lBr]8ai;no»laamboatTliilM<^^  2bl888,tir0 

illitliimi  ii||M  wiw  mt^  %»(Mm9,  «■<  g—to  to<fc  ^^  »<*<  ^  tmtmMlyt  wmitnmlki»%nm 
Biy, aad thw to ChUato.  Bie]iwi«llMadnnt«f atMONnvprnLalBilCicygan.  L.O.Pk 


96 

We  to  the  people  vfho  were  to  be  governed  by  these  enactments: 
Many  amusing  anecdotes  were  told  of  the  manner  in  which  laws 
were  sometimes  passed  by  this  sage  body.    It  happened  that  the 
members  of  the  Legislative  Board  were  not  always  on  the  most 
friendly  torms  with  earh  other.     A  law  which  one  wonld  approve, 
another  would  oppose  from  the  very  spirit  of  opposition.     A 
gentleman  of  the  bar,  for  instance,  might  wish  to  get  a  law  passed 
to  meet  some  particular  emergency ;  and  it  required  not  a  little 
management  to  get  the  legal  number  of  signatures  to  give  it  force. 
An  examination  of  the  old  statutes  enacted  by  this  body,  will 
show  that  several  of  them  which  passed  at  the  same  sitting,  bear 
only  the  requisite  number,  but  not  the  same  names.     But  what  a 
change  thirty  years  have  wrought!    The  whipping-post  and  sel- 
ling white  men  into  servitude  are  now  unknown ;   and  with  a 
more  enlightened  people,  better  laws  have  followed. 

Such  was  Wisconsin  of  the  past,  and  such  is  she  at  present. 
Bdt  her  future  de8tiny--^what  is  that  to  be  ?  She  possesses  a  fer^ 
tik  sdl — an  extended  territory — ^inland  seas  on  the.  North  and 
East,  and  a  noble  navigable  river  on  the  West ;  watered  by  pure 
imd  everlasting  fountains,  lakes  and  streams,  affording  water  pow- 
er illimitable  and  unsurpassed — covered  with  immense  forests  of 
pine  and  other  valuable  timber — enriched  with  inexhaustible  mines 
of  copper,  lead  and  iron ;  and  above  all  other  earthly  blessings, 
possessing  a  climate  as  sulubrious  as  any  on  the  Continent.  Witli 
all  these  advantages,  is  it  unreasonable  to  predict,  that  Wisconsm 
is  destined  to  become  among  the  richest  and  most  populous  States 

in  this  vast  Bepublic  ? 

«  #  *  *.*  *  »  * 

To-day  is  the  seventh  anniversary  of  the«  organization  of  this 
Society.  I  was  prepared  to  find  that  it  had  greatly  increased 
within  the  past  two  years  in  its  collections  of  books,  pamphlets, 
newspaper  files,  manuscripts,  narratiyes,  and  its  means  of  useftil* 
tiess.  ..  But  until  my  present  visit,  I  had  no  correct  conception  of 
ite  rapid  progress  and  prosperity.  It  has  now  become  creditable 
to  the  State,  and  richly  deserves  the  countenance  and  patronage 


of  all  our  citizens,  and  the  fostering  care  of  the  State  government 
To  all  I  most  heartily  commend  it,  not  doubting  bat  that,  in  this 
enlightened  age,  and  among  a  people  so  generally  intelligent,  it 
will  meet  the  encouragement,  and  receive  the  favur,  which  so 
nseful  an  institution  so  justly  merits. 

I  must  beg,  in  conclusion,  to  return  my  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments to  the  Society,  and  more  particularly  to  the  members  of  the 
Executive  Oommittee,  for  the  honor  they  have  done  me  by  invi- 
ting me  to  deliver  their  Annual  Address.  I  must  regard  this  as 
a  courtesy  extended  to  the  old  pioneers,  by  selecting  one  of  their 
number  for  so  honorable  a  position.  I  cannot  but  feel,  that  many 
better  qualitied  for  the  task  could  have  been  selected.  I  have, 
however,  done  the  best  I  could  under  the  circumstances,  and  could 
wish  that  the  offering  were  more  worthy  of  the  occasion.  With(>iit 
stopping  to  apologize  for  its  imperfections,  or  to  express  my  deep 
regret  that  time  is  not  permitted  tne  for  revision  or  correetioii| 
permit  me  to  tender  you  alt  the  anxious  wi»h  of  my  heart,  tliat 
many  a  returning  anniversary  will  continue  to  exhibit  the  same 
unabated  interest,  prosperity  and  usefulness  that  have  thus  far 
characterized  the  brief  yet  brilliant  career  of  the  Static  IIisTOBiaAii 
BooiBTY  OF  Wisconsin  !  ^ 


13 


^ 


APPEHDIX  Ho.  6. 


EARLY  TIMES  AND  EVENTS  IN  WISC50NSIN. 

BT  HON.  JAiraS  H.  LOGKWOOD,  OF  FBAIRIS  DU  CHIEN. 

At  the  request  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Historioal  Sooimr, 
ihroogh  their  Corresponding  Secretary,  I  shall  atterjipt  to  gWe 
tome  reminisceaceg  of  the  early  historj  of  Wsconsin,  and  more 
specially  of  the  western  portion  of  it.  1  feel  much  distrnst  ia 
ny  ability  to  do  jastice  to  the  subject,  as  writing  f  >r  the  pubh'c 
eye  has  never  been,  thus  far  in  life,  any  part  of  mj  employment 
or  ambition ;  and  yet,  in  my  unpretending  way,  I  feel  willing  to 
eofitribnte  my  reminiscences  of  early  times  for  the  archives  of  a 
Society  which  I  regard  as  having  commenced,  with  commenda* 
ble  zeal,' a  noble  and  important  work.  Very  likely  I  may  appear 
egotistical  in  many  instances,  and  too  pmlix  in  others ;  bnt  the 
discriminating  reader  can  make  all  due  allowances,  and  the  fatara 
historian  can  sift  the  wheat  from  the  chaff. 

I  was  born  in  the  town  of  Peru,  Clinton  county,  N  T.,  Dec.  7tb, 
1793 — and  as  the  sequel  will  show,  I  have  lived  in  the  woods  the 
most  of  my  days.    My  father  was  a  farmer,  to  which  occupation  I 
was  raised  until  past  the  age  of  sixteen  years.    When  I  was  be- 
tween two  and  three  years  old,  my  father's  house  in  Peru  took 
fire,  aud  almost  every  thing  he  pussesded  of  a  moveable  character, 
was  consumed.    He  sold  his  farmland  about  this  period  removed 
to  the  town  of  Jay,  in  the  adjoining  county  of  Essex,  where  he 
owned  or  obtained  land.    Here  he  made  improvements,  and  had 
good  buildings,  an  orchard,  and  every  thing  comfortable  about 


99 

Idol,  when,  about  1803,  he  got  the  Ohio  fever.  He  sold  hit  farm 
tk  a  great  saorifioe;  bat  before  he  collected  the  money  for  it,  be 
aaet  a  gentleman  who  had  just  retarned  from  Ohio,  who  stated 
that  though  lands  were  cheap,  and  they  could  raifie  large  crops  of 
grain  and  flocks  of  cattle  with  little  labor,  yet  many  of  the  settlera 
were  obliged  to  go  twenty  or  thirty  miles  to  mill,  and  there  was 
no  market  for  their  fine  cattle  and  rich  harvests,  and  that  a  farmer 
with  a  comfurtable  home  was  better  off  in  the  cold  and  nnprodu(> 
tive  region  of  Northern  New  York,  than  in  the  fertile  plains  of 
Ohio  without  a  market.  These  considerations  dissuaded  my 
father  from  removing  to  Ohio,  and,  in  March,  1805,  he  settled  in 
Ohamplain,  Clinton  c  )unty,  K.  T,,  where  he  purchased  a  farm^ 
with  a  log  dwelling  and  forty  acres  of  improvement. 

Living  thus  on  the  frontiers,  and  removing  from  place  to  plae% 
my  educational  advantages  were  very  limited.  Sat  after  moyiog 
to  Champlain,  the  nearest  school  was  at  the  village  of  Ohaqri  two 
and  a  half  miles  distant,  whither  I  went  pretty  regularly  for  twp 
<nr  three  winters.  In  that  day  and  in  %  new  country,  to  be  able 
to  read,  w^^ite,  and  cypher  as  far  as  the  Bale  of  Three,  was  coi^ 
sidered  sufficient  qualificatioDS  to  teach  a  common  schooh  I  w^a 
ambitious  to  obtain  a  good  education,  and  relaxed  no  efforts  to  be 
punctual  in  my  attendance,  altliough  the  distance  was  great,  and 
traveling  through  the  deep  snow  was  often  very  laborious.  I  read 
with  avidity  every  book  that  chance  threw  in  my  way,  or  which 
I  .could  obtain  by  borrowing  in  the  neighborhood. 

In  the  summer  of  1808, 1  boarded  at  Champlain  Yillage,  and 
attended  the  school  taught  by  the  late  Dr.  William  BsAUMoirr, 
who  was  then  a  student  of  medicine.  Under  his  tuition  I  greatly 
improved  mjself  in  grammar,  geography,  &c.,  but  at  that  early 
day  I  never  saw  a  school  atlas.  Opportanities  for  attending  better 
achools  increased,  and  I  continued  alternately  on  the  farm  and  at 
school  until  I  was  between  sixteen  and  seventeen  years  of  i^, 
when  I  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law.  I,  however,  concludefd, 
that  from  deficient  early  edacation  and  my  native  diffidencey  I 


Iw 


tkamid  never  make  s  great  lavjer,  and  mj  mmJbi6am  protatiiaf 
agftJiKt  a  aecoad  or  third  rue  p^fr:  «i^  I  abaadoaed  tbe  law  as  I 
dbeo  rappoaed.  fixerer,  and  aosgbt  and  obtained  a  dtaatioo  as  a 


The  merchant  vbo  ezr.f\oTed  me,  beeazne  tbe  sutler  to  tlie 
"Irfgbl  Arti.lerr  RirgimenV  then  c^asiAcied  hj  CcL  Wm.  Fbi- 
na^  and  f  ^n^ed  a  part  •  f  &eE.  Lliko's  ar=:r.     This  force  com- 
menced :!«  march  fr.^Tn  PIsrtabi-j'-  i>  :he  West*  in  Aognst,  1SI4; 
and  my  empl>jcr  harir^  i->  ^e  1  :i::.«*  to  transact  in  PUttsbargh| 
before  L's  departnre,  se..:  z:e  •.  -  :>  i^e-i  to  the  sutling  ^Qslness, 
and  I  c->n:Ia:;ci  widx  :' e  re^":irz:  ::n*"I  tae  campaign  on  the 
Kia^rara  wo  "ver,  and  the  tr^:-    s  rerirr-I  in:?  win ter-qaarters near 
BnffAl*.    Ii  Xoi-exber  mj  em-'  ?jer  arriTcd,  and  taking  offense 
at  ».me  <^f  his  acis^  I  de::  andei  a  se::!ement,  and  left  him.    I 
tiienerz^a^ed  icrseT  to  a  min  Ziiiiei  Fm  mr,  satler  for  Maj. 
Baix^s  twt>  com:anI^s  o(  dra^o-  us*  then  cantoned  near  Aron,  If. 
T.,  on    the  G«ne«*re  rirer,  wiere  I  remained  doing  little    or 
%odiirg  dariDz  the  winter,  as  t'.e  dr SLrxca^  tor  8i>me  reason,  were 
not  paid  oC 

In  April,  is: 5, 1  receive-i  a  Ic':er  !'r«:>3i  tiie  late  Lewis  Ecus** 
of  Green  Bit,  a  town^naa  of  :::*•  e,  iitr-l  a:  BcL5al>,  stating  that 
he  had  ob'afatd  the  sir.r.^  ►>:'  :*.e  C  r.5>I .idted  Rifle  Regiment, 
and  d%r«i.->:d  mj  assistance.  H  .^y\z  n.^  ne^d  of  mj  sei  vices,  I 
left  Mr.  FrixEn,  acd  nep-vilrei  :•  riifklo,  and  the  stage  which 
conTtrjed  me  carried  fi/fr-tr  c-^  --^r^  i'-.r.onncic^  the  news  of  peace. 

TL'^e  of  the  tn  op«  e-  !5te-i  :\  r  :Le  w»r,  were  now  discharged, 
a'd  ?h*>=e  crlts'e^l  f  >r  fi^e  re^rs  ret&'ned  ;  of  the  latter  was  the 
B;fl^  BeZTment,  then  an  !erst  '^i  :^  hare  been  *>rdered  to  Detroit 
As  I  had  c  cdncted  Mr  R^^e's  ^  as-n^ss  pnacJpaily.  be  wished 


tn  h»  imv.  %a*i  oa«nHiirf  BBOf  tiodr — ~ 
'dvqe.  ^r-:  .icil.  MM^ 


L.C.  Di 


L 


101 

me  to  go  with  hinii  and  desiring  to  see  the  coantrj,  I  accepted 
his  invitatioii.  The  troops  having  left  Baffalo  about  the  first  of 
June,  we  sailed  from  that  place  oa  the  15th  of  that  montbi  in  th# 
schooner  Lady  of  the  Lake^  said  to  have  been  the  best  vessel  then 
on  the  Lakes,  and  arrived  at  Detroit  on  or  about  the  10th  of  Julj. 
Here  we  found,  that  the  regiment  had  been  ordered  to  Mackinaw^ 

Detroit  was  then  an  old  French  village,. with' the  houses  mostly 
covered  with  baric  Waiting  here  a  few  dajs  for  a  vessel  on 
which  to  proceed  to  Mackinaw,  we  engaged  passage  about  the  16th 
of  July,  on  a  crazy  old  schooner  commanded  bj  Capt.  PsAseoHy 
bound  for  Drummond's  Island,  with  pork  Mid  hard  bread  for  tfaa 
British  troops  then  stationed  at  that  place.  On  board  the  vessel 
as  a  passenger  was  RiiHSA.T  Crooks,  since  so  distinguished  among 
the  Rocky  Mountain  traders,  then  on  his  way  to  Mackinaw,  to 
receive  the  property  of  the  South- West  Fur  Company,  which  had 
been  recently  purchased  by  John  Jaoob  Astob  of  New  York.* 
We  found  this  old  crazy  yessel  without  any  convenience  of  table^ 
furniture  or  provisions.  Mr.  Cbooks  had  come  passenger  on  hef 
from  Buffalo,  and  tbe  captain  had  promised  him  that  he  wonl4 
lay  in  ample  supplies  at  Detroit,  but  just  as  we  had  got  under 

way  from  the  latter  port,  Mr.  Osooks  went  into  the  cabin  and  as* 

^i^^_       ...  -I ..  -  —         . .  1 1. 1 .. ,. 1 1. 1 .         I   ■  ■ .  I  I  .  I   I      —— .^ 

*  In  178t,  •ervral  of  ths  prlae^iMU  OMrehaatt  of  MontrMl  eDteivd  into  a  partnenhip  to  proMoaU  tkt 
Air  tnde,  and,  in  1787,  united  with  a  riTal  companj,  and  thas  aroM  the  fiuaoaa  North-  Wat  Oampmnf, 
which,  for  many  jean,  hold  lordJj  away  over  the  immense  region  in  Canada  and  beyond  the  Great  Wea^ 
mtk  Lftkea.  Sefoml  yean  later  a  new  aaaoelation  of  British  merchants  formed  the  JlacMii«io  Camf9n% 
haring  their  chief  factory  or  depot  at  Mackinaw  ;  and  their  fleld  of  operations  was  south  of  their 
great  vlTals— sending  forth  their  light  perognea  and  bark  canoes,  by  Oreen  Bay,  the  Fox  and  Wlaeonsltf 
Btren  to  the  Mississippi,  and  thenoe  down  that  stream  to  all  Its  trlbntaries.  In  1809,  Mr.  astob  ofgaa- 
ted  the  dmtrioan  Fur  Cbmpany— he  alone  oonstitatiog  the  company  ;  and.  In  1811,  In  connection  nVJk. 
«rlain  partnen  of  the  JV.ifM-  Wtti  Oompmft  and  others,  he  bought  out  the  Madt%»at»  (hwtpam9,  Mff 
B«g«d  that  and  his  Amerioam  Fur  Company  into  a  new  association,  sailed  the  South,  Wktt  OmjfUMg 
By  this  arrangement  %Tr.  Astob  became  proprietor  of  one.half  of  all  the  intereets  which  the  Madeimmm 
CiNNjMMir  had  in  the  Indian  oonntry  withtn  the  United  States  ;  and  It  was  anderstood.  that  the  whok^Bf 
aie  SKplratlon  of  flre  yean,  was  to  pass  into  his  hands,  on  conditioQ  that  the  JnuricBfi,  or  Samtkr  ff%i( 
Oijiiiay  would  not  trade  within  the  British  dominions.  The  war  of  1812  suspended  the  assodatlbn  ; 
«nI  after  the  war  it  was  entirely  diasolred— Oongress  having  passed  a  law  prohibHing  British  fur  tnidMa 
Amn  proseeatiog  their  enterprises  within  the  territories  of  the  United  states.  Thus  we  Sad  Mr.  Cbooks, 
fa  1810.  dosing  up  the  aflBdn  of  the  SoitHhrWett  Cboip«ny,  preliminary  to  enlarged  indlTldual  ent«rptia« 
« tha  part  of  fidr.  Astob.  L.  C<  I>. 


102 

iMrtahied  that  the  captain  had  failed  to  falfiU  his  engagement ; 
Md  immediatelj  he  took  the  ekiff,  went  aBhore,  and  pup- 
dhaeed  dishes,  knifes,  forks,  spoons,  and  provisions,  and  w« 
proceeded  on  onr  voyage.  We  were  becalmed  about  ten  days  on 
the  St.  Olair  River  and  Fiats,  during  which  we  went  on  shore  and 
boi^ht  a  sheep,  which  helped  along  with  the  rustj  pork  and  hard 
bread.  At  that  time,  I  had  seen  very  little  of  hardsliips,  and  I 
suffered  much  from  such  fare  as  hard  bread  and  rusty  pork. 

We  were  almost  a  month  from  Detroit  to  Drummoud's  Island, . 
^  wlftere  we  found  a  trader  named  Laoboiz,  with  a  boat  bound  to 
lljM^kinaw,  and  with  him  we  engaged  our  passage.  No  provisions 
OMld  be  had  at  Drummond's  Island,  so  we  were  obliged  to  de* 
pend  on  the  'vdyag4V/r9^  kettle  of  corn  soup,  a  new  kind  of  fare  to 
aae;  and»  I  believe,  I  ate  but  a  few  mouthfuls  from  Drummond's 
bland  to  Mackinaw.  We  were  two  days  reaching  Mackinaw^ 
where  we  arrived  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  of  Angust  Onom 
tiieare  and  recruited,  we  had  a  new  source  of  anxiety,  in  daily  ex* 
peoting  the  arrival  of  the  paymaster  until  the  close  of  navigation^; 
and  then  I  had  to  content  myself,  as  well  as  I  could,  until  the  en« 
suing  spring  of  1816.  At  the  request  pf  some  of  the  inhabitants, 
I  concluded  to  open  a  school,  as  it  would  keep  me  from  idleness ; 
if  my  scholars  did  not  learn  much  English,  I  concluded  I  should 
stand  a  chance  of  acquiring  some  French — thus  acting  out  the 
Taukee  character  of  adapting  one's  self  to  ciroumstances.  And 
thus  I  spent  the  winter. 

Daring  that  winter  of  1815-'16^  Oongress  passed  an  actexclad*- 
iBg  foreigners  from  participating  in  the  Indian  trade  within  the 
Kmits  of  the  United  States  or  its  Territories.  This  was  then  snp* 
poaed  to  have  been  done  through  the  influence  of  Mr.  Astos,  and 
upon  the  purchase  of  the  property  of  the  South  West  C&mp€My, 
the  American  Far  Company  re-appeared  under  the  auspices  of 
Mr.  AsTos — the  head  quarters  of  which  were  at  Mackinaw. 

Although  Oongress  had  passed  a  law  excluding  foreignem 
from  the  Indian  country,  it  was  found  that  the  trade  conld  not 


103l 

bt.  earried  cm  wHbout  th^ir  aict,  as  ,moi^  of  the  clerks,  iptor- 
pi^tera  aad  boatmeu  Wi^re  for^ignera ;  ap^i  iQ  the  iummer  of 
16I<,  the  Secretary  of  tbe  Treasurj  of  tke  United  Staiee  issued. 
Oflders  to  the  ladiaa  Ageata  on  tliis  frontier  to  license  foreigners 
ap  interpreters  and  boatmen,  on  their  giving  bond  with  large)  pen- 
alties for  their  g<>od  oondnct  in  the  Indian  country.  Thus  the 
Bffidsb  traders,  who  wanted  to  get  into  the  Indian  countrj,  had 
only  to  employ  an  AmericaQi  to  whom  the  goods  were  inyoicedj 
atod  the  license  taken  in  his  name,  aud  the  trader  went  as  inter- 
preter until  they  were  beyond  the  Indian  agenpies^  when  the^ 
trader  assumed  the  control  of  his  property,  and  carried  on  his 
business  as  usual. 

Daring  the  summer  of  1816,  it  was  projected  to  establieh  a 
l&uted  States  fort  at  Green  Bay ;  and,  in  Jaly  of  that  jear,  OoL 
Jomr  MiLLGB,  then  Colonel  of  the  3d  regiment  U,  S»  Infantry, 
was  ordered  on  that  service,  and  soon  chartering  three  vessels, 
embarked  three  or  four  cotnpanies  of  rifle-men  and  infantry  with 
some  artillery.  Among  the  vessels  was  the  WcisMngton^  the 
largest  of  the  fleet,  commanded  by  Oapt.  Dobbins,  on  board  of 
wbich  Tessel  was  the  Commandant  I  had  that  year  e&mgpsd 
aiyself  as  a  clerk  to  some  traders,  to  take  obari^e  of  an  outfit  w. 
trading  establishment  near  the  head  of  the  St.  Peters  Biver,  aadt 
tile  Colonel  apprehending  difficnlty  from  the  Indians  in  landing; 
at  Ckeen  Bay,  proposed  to  take  the  goods  of  several  boats  in  tbei 
vessel ,  and  tow  the  boats,  and  use  them,  if  necessary,  iu  landings 
ted  then  return  them  to  their  owners. 

Accordingly  Augustin  Grtgnon,  myself  and  a  French  cler'k  by 
ijb,^  name  of  Chappin  embarked  on  board  the  Washington,  llr. 
Qbionon  and  Chappin,  acting  in  some  measure  as  pilots.  Daring 
IIm  adgbt  cf  the  second  or  third  day  out  from  Mackinaw,  the  oth- 
er two  vessels  became  separated  from  the  Washington,  and  avri* 
miDg  in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  called  Washington  Island  and 
Harbor,  and  learning  from  Mr.  GsiOK(»r  that  there  was  a  good 
harbor,  Col.  Millkb  ordeied  the  Washington  to  put  in  there  t9 


waft  tor  ber  consorts.  We  remaioed  there  nearlj  two  dajB,  dor- 
ing  which  time  the  offloers  and  paasepgers  rambled  o^er  the  In- 
land, and  finally,  in  honor  of  onr  Tessel,  supposed  to  be  the  first 
one  that  had  entered  the  harbor,  we  gave  its  name  to  Washington 
Island  and  Harbor,  which  thej  have  ever  since  retained.  Finding 
the  other  vessels  had  got  into  Green  Bay  ahead  of  ns,  and  had 
fonnd  a  harbor  at  Yermillion  Island,  and  were  waiting  for  ns,  we 
proceeded  np  the  Bay,  and  arrived  at  Green  Bay  settlement  aboni 
two  days  after,  when  the  troops  landed  without  the  anticipated 
opposition  from  the  Indians. 

This  was  in  the  month  of  July,  1816.  Green  Bay  and  Prairie 
dn  Ohien  were  then  the  only  settlements  in  what  is  now  tiie  state 
of  Wisconsin,  if  we  except  Solomon  Jitkeau's  trading  honse  at 
Milwaukee;*  and  they ^cunld  not  well  be  called  settlements  accorct 
ing  to  the  American  idea  of  settling  and  improving  a  conntry. 

Green  Bay  was  a  kind  of  traders'  depot  for  the  trade  of  that 
Bay,  the  Fox  and  upper  part  of  Wisconsin  Kivers,  which  were 
eonsidered  dependents  of  it 

There  then  resided  at  Green  Bay  as  a  trader  Jomr  Laws,  and 
fonror  five  at  the  Gbionoks.  Augustin  Grignoit  resided  and 
traded  at  the  Little  Eankalin.  Those  traders  who  pretended  to 
make  Green  Bay  their  home,  resided  generally  but  a  small  por^ 
tion  of  the  year  there,  as  most  of  them  wintered  in  the  Indian 
•onntry,  and  generally  spent  two  or  three  months  of  the  summer 
at  Mackinaw.  The  traders  of  Green  Bay  mostly  married,  after 
fhe  Indian  manner,  women  of  the  Menomonee  tribe,  there  being 
DO  white  women  in  the  country.  I  saw  at  this  time  but  one  wo- 
man in  the  settlement  that  pretended  to  be  white,  and  she  had 

*  So  fkr  M  Mr.  JvmtAJJ'B  name  is  eonoeraed,  tliia  needs  » ttlglit  correction.  Traders  wwn  at  HED««»- 
kmtm  aarlj  as  176S ;  and,  aboat  in6,  JACQVia  Vbaux,  who  had  been  preceded  hj  oae  LArsoMBoiaiaBtf 
J»  B.  BBAUBiBr.  commenoed  ivintering  there  as  a  trader,  and  It  was  not  till  1818,  that  Solomov  JoioaV 
WMt  there,  erected  a  pennanent  dwelling,  and  on  the  llth  of  September  in  that  year  beesme  tba  l>A 
flrtttil  teWev  •f  tha  plMt.  Sf  Hon.  ML  h.  HaBTi*  a  Hfaitorieal  Address  before  the  Wis  Hist  Bade^ 
UBi  TOl.  1.  p.  M»  ISI,  of  the  Soeiety*s  Collections.  In  a  former  note,  reference  was  had  to  the  ressota 
Wlsoouia  settlement^  soeh  as  It  wsa,  at  La  Points,  Lake  Snperfor.  L.  a  P^ 


•ooideiitally  b«en  bionght  there  at  an  earlj  day,  but  her  history, 
hoirever>  I  do  not  now  recollect.  There  were  at  Green  Bay  some 
ibrty  or  fifty  Oanadians  of  French  extraction  who  pretended  to 
eiUivote  the  soil ;  but  they  were  generally  old  worn  ont  vaya* 
fieure  or  boatmen,  who  haviDg  become  nofit  for  the  hardships  of 
tiie  Indian  trade,  had  taken  wives  generally  of  the  MenomoDee 
tribe,  and  settled  down  on  a  piece  of  land.  As  the  land  did  not 
eost  anything,  all  they  had  to  do  was,  to  take  np  a  piece  not 
daimed  by  any  other  person,  and  fence  and  cultivate  it.  Bat 
they  had  generally  been  so  long  in  the  Indian  trade  that  they  had, 
to  a  great  extent,  lost  the  little  knowledge  they  had  acquired  of 
fanning  in  Oanada,  so  that  they  we^e  poor  cultiyators  of  the  soil, 
although  they  raised  considerable  wheat,  barley,  peas,  &c.  Green 
Bay  was  at  that  time  a  part  of  the  territory  of  ludiaua,  of  which 
Ifbe  seat  of  government  wa^  at  Yincennes,  which  was  also  the 
oounty  town  of  the  county  to  which  Green  Bay  was  attached — 
botween  four  and  five  hundred  miles  distant  by  the  tedious  and 
circuitous  route  of  that  day. 

There  was  an  old  Frenchman  at  Green  'Bay  of  the  name  of 
CsiJEULBs  Eeaukb,  who  could  read  and  write  a  little,  that  acted  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  had  been  commissioned  under  George 
m,  when  Great  Britain  held  jurisdiction  over  the  country,  and 
after  it  was  giveo  up  to  the  American  Government  and  attached 
to  Indiana,  he  had  been  commissioned  by  Governor  Haeeison,* 
and  being  thus  doubly  armed  with  commissions,  he  acted  under 
either,  as  he  found  most  convenient.  The  laws  under  which  he 
acted  were  those  of  Paris  f  and  the  customs  of  the  Indian  traders 
of  Green  Bay.    He  was  very  arbitrary  in  his  decisions. 

The  county  seat  was  so  distant  and  difficult  of  access,  that  it  a 


*  Before  Judge  Lookwood'8  namttiTe  cune  to  hand,  CoL  Ebshusb  Childb,  who  knew  Judge  Rbauioi 
van,  Informed  ttie  writer  of  this  note,  that  Rsauiii  Mceived  falB  oommiBiion  aa  Jnitlee  firom  Got.  Ha** 
Wmm,ol  IndfauM  Tirrttoiy,  whiob  wm  probaUjr  not  long afker  the  orgmnisation  of  that  Territoiy  in  1801, 
fkwn  which  till  1813,  Gen.  Habrisov  eontlnued  nnintermptedlj  ite  Govenior.  L.  C.  D. 

fThe  eode  OnUume  de  PttrU,  the  law  of  France,  which  goyemed  Canada,  and  all  the  territorf  of  th» 
X^BTfiiWeet  while  tmdwthaVMndhAiminloil.  IbCD. 

u 


IM 

peraoo  felt  h? ouelf  aggrieTed,  he  preferred  ndbriag  injufliee  to 
going  to  the  ezpeme  of  an  appeal ;  bo  that,  praetieaUy,  BbaooiV 
eomt  was  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  conntiy.    He  took  care  aot 
to  decide  against  anj  of  the  limdeiB  irho  were  able  to  bear  the  ox* 
peose  of  an  appeal ;  in  fact  the  traders  made  nae  of  him  to  hold 
Ihetr  men  in  subjection,  but  nefer  fmbmitted  to  him  any  diffioattf 
between  them^elres.    These  were  left  to  the  arbitration  of  other 
traders.    It  was  said  of  him,  that  a  bottle  of  spirits  was  the  belt 
witness  that  ctjaM  be  introdaced  into  his  conrt,  and  that  afkar  ths 
decision  of  a  case,  the  losing  party  producing  the  above  witneis, 
has  been  granted  a  new  trial  or  rehearing,  and  a  reversal  ^  tha 
former  decision  obtained.    Fof  misdeoieanor  he  sentenced  the  enl* 
prit  to  labor  a  certain  namber  vf  davs  on  his  farm,  orcat  andspUi 
a  certain  nnmber  of  rails  fur  him.     I  have  read  the  narrative  of 
Jamss  W.  Bidddls,  of  Pittsborgh,  whom  I  knew  at  the  time,  anA 
the  anecd<>tes  related  by  him  of  Judge  Rsaomb  were  enrrent  at 
tiiat  dav.  toj^rether  with  manv  others  that  would  not  look  well  ua 
print. 

Daring  my  stay  at  Green  Bay  waiting  the  arrival  of  my  em- 
ployers, one  of  their  "engagees*'  ur  boatmen  tad  left  their  employ 
and  engaged  himself  to  an  American  c  ncemed  in  sutling  for  the 
troops,  and  I  went  to  Jadge  Beaoos,  stating  the  case  to  him, 
asked  him  what  the  law  was  on  that  subject,  and  what  could  be 
done.  He  answered  me  in  his  broken  English :  *'  JTU — mai& — 
de — man'-go — laci—to—hU—duty.^  "Bat,**  I  again  asked, 
"  what  is  the  law  on  the  subject  P  He  answered,  "  d€ — law — i» 
— I^U — maie — de — man — go — Ikick — to — M^ — duty^  I  reitera- 
ted my  inquiry,  "Judge  Kraoce,  is  there  no  law  on  thv  subject!* 
He  replied,  with  a  feeling  of  conscious  dignity,  "  IFa— «r« 
— accustomed — to—make — de — men — go — hade — to — their — ftonr- 
fiouP  Finding  Judge  IUlluick  had  no  law  except  his  own  pre* 
cedents  and  the  customs  of  Oreen  Bay,  and  not  believing  tihaik 
American  citizens  would  submit  to,  and  obey  the  process  of  his 
old  jack-knife,  or  the  customs  of  the  Otaan  Bay  Indian  tcadecag 


107 

I  concladed  to  leaFe  the  matter  UDtil  the  arrival  of  my  emplojera| 
and  let  them  proceed  before  Judge  Beauhb,  if  they  thought 
proper.  * 

The*  Indian  trade  carried  on  at  that  day  for  the  Missiasippi  and 
Miesoari  and  their  tribataries,  was  from  Mackinaw.  Until  181(i| 
goods  came  moetly  from  Montreal,  in  batteaux  or  canoeS}  mostlj 
by  the  Mackinaw,  or  ite  snccesaor,  the  South  West  Companyi  or 
by  some  prirate  traders.  But  early  in  1 815,  Mr.  Abtob  purcliased 
Mt  the  intereet  of  the  Sonth  West  Company  at  Mackinaw  and  ita 
dependences,  and  ifi  August,  of  that  year,  Bahsat  Csookb,  as  al* 
ready  mentioned,  went  to  Mackinaw  as  agent  for  Mr.  Astob,  to 
complete  tbe  arrangements.  In  the  spring  1816,  the  goods  of 
the  American  Fur  Company  were  imported  to  New  Yoik,  and 
thence  brought  by.  way  of  the  Lakes  to  Mackinaw.     During 

*0t  4ad(»  BiAUXi,  we  haye  learned  some  addlUonal  fkcU  (h)in  Hon.  SoLOMoir  Jvhiau,  and  rniUh. 
liftumw  to  hia  deaUi  and  burial,  frem  P.  0.  Obiqjios,  through  Hen.  H.  &  B4.DU1,  aad  alaa  from  OA 
Jk  Ohum.  He  WM  iMra  about  tbe  jear  1762,  at  La  Prairie,  nearly  oppoialte  of  Montreal,  of  a  proml- 
jMot  and  reepectable  fkmlly.  As  mentioned  in  a  note  to  the  1st  toI.  of  the  Wis  Hist.  8oe.  OoHs.,  w* 
tMrlj  find  hhn  at  Datrolt,  and  in  the  serriee  of  the  British  IndUn  department,  as  a  captain,  and  w«« 
among  the  prisoners  taken  by  the  c^llJuit  Col.  Gioaai  Bogeks  Clask  at  the  capture  of  Tlncennes,  in 
IMimai7, 1779,  and  taking  the  oathot  neutrality,  was  permitted  to  return  to  Detroi*.  In  1790,  he 
at^Utd  et  Grsen  Baj»  and  appears  to  have  been,  in  a  small  way,  aad  a  part  of  the  time,  engaged  In  the 
Indian  trade.  His  first  commission  of  Justice  of  the  Peace  he  probably  derlred  from  the  British 
MliaBrtties  at  Detroit,  befbre  the  surrender  of  that  post  to  the  American  gorernment  In  1700^  and  he 
aihiennently  leeelved  a  similar  rammlssion  from  Got.  Hixauoir  of  the  Indiana  Territory.  In  1119 
and  17,  he  made  his  home  with  John  Lawc  at  Green  Bay;  and,  in  1818,  he  was  appointed  by  OoT. 
0Mm  of  llidifgan  Territory,  one  of  the  Associate  Jnstloee  of  the  court  for  Brown  county,  and  tbe  wttm 
jffmtt  tM  remored  to  Little  Kankalin,  about  ten  mile*)  aboTe  Green  Bay,  and  there  aoAi.  liquor  to  the ' 
Indians,  not  nnfrequentty  drinking  freely  with  them,  and  sharing  In  their  frays,  as  well  as  In  blaok- 
itmd  eyee  aad  bruises.  There  he  died  alono,  In  the  spring  of  1822,  for  he  wac  foend  dead  In  his  eabin. 
9^  vea  ahooi  seventy  yeais  of  age.  His  friends  at  Green  Bay  hui  his  remains  ooavcf  ed  there,  an4 
hurled  in  the  old  Catholic  burial  place,  which  was  in^thejpresent  plat  of  Astor;  but  the  bodies  interred 
were  B«ft>te<{uently  r^me^ed  to  the  prPsont|burying  ground.  No  tablet  marka  his  gxara.  He  irii 
maRie4 

In  this  Tolame  and  its  predecessor,  several  anecdotes  illustrating  Judge  RiAVMt's  primittye  mode  of 
Mfednlstering  justloe,  baTe  bten  given;  to  which  we  add  the  following,  from  the  interesting  woctc  of 
ilVl^  Kitsu :  **Theee  waa  an  old  rrenchman  at '  the  Bay/  named  Kaauxi,  exeesslYoIy  ignorant  and 
grasping,  althongh  otherwise  tolerably  good-natun- d.  This  man  was  appointed  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Two  men  once  appeared  beloro  him,  the  one  an  plaintlll^  the  other  as  defendant.  The  Jostiee  listemtf 
^lilentiy  to  the  complaint  of  the  ooe,  and  the*defence  of  the  other;  then  rising,  with  dignity,  he  pro- 
pounced  his  declAlon :  'Yon  are  both  wrong.  You,  Boia-YEST,'  to  the  plaintlfl^  *you  bring  me  one 
teed  of  hay;  and  yon^  CniLT/  to  the  defendant,  *  yon  hring  me  one  load  of  wood;  and  new  the  maMv 
ii  aeilled.'    It  doea  not  appear  that  any  exoeptions  were  taken  to  this  yerdlet"  L.  C.  D. 


108 

that  spring,  eeyeral  Montreal  traders  arriying  at  Mackinaw  with 
Indian  goods,  probably  not  aware  of  the  law  of  Oongress  prohib- 
iting British  subjects  from  trading  within  the  American  territories, 
now  took  advantage  of  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasnrji 
and  sent  their  goods  into  the  Indian  country,  under  the  nominal 
direction  of  a  hired  American  clerk,  to  whom  the  goods  were 
invoiced,  and  who  took  the  license  in  his  name,  and  gave  proper 
bonds  with  security  to  the  traders  who  owned  them,  who  went 
along,  ostensibly  as  interpreters,  until  the  boat  passed  all  the  Amei^ 
ican  forts  and  agencies,  when  they  assumed  the  ownership,  and 
proceeded  as  usual  in  their  business — these  clerks'  bonds  wera 
considerad  as  a  mere  formality  to  evade  the  law,  and  were  worth 
80  much  brown  paper,  and  no  more. 

In  the  spring  of  1817,  the  American  Fur  Company  brought  a 
large  number  of  American  clerks  from  Montreal  and  the  United 
States,  some  of  whom  made  good  Indian  traders  and  are  yet  in 
the  country,  but  nearly  one  half  of  them  were  found  not  qualified 
for  the  business,  and  in  the  following  spring  many  of  them  were 
discharged  from  Mackinaw,  which  was  then  the  grand  depot  of 
the  Indian  trade. 

The  American  Fur  Company,  as  had  been  the  practice  of  the 
Mackinaw  and  South-West  companies,  made  their  outfits  toLaka 
Superior,  to  the  Mississippi,  the  head  of  St.  Peters,  and  the  Mis- 
Bouri.    The  boats  for  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  trade  passed 
through  the  north  end  of  Lake  Michigan  from  Mackinaw,  thence 
throngh  Oreen  Bay  to  the  settlement  of  that  name ;   thencs  up 
the  Fox  River  to  the  Litrle  Kanjcalin,  where  they  made  a  portals 
of  about  throefourthd  of  a  mile.     Auoustin  Gbionon  had  a  trading 
house  at  this  point,  and  kept  toaTiis  to  transport  the  goods  and. 
furs,  (the  men  taking  the  boats  empty  up  or  down  the  rapids, 
the  case  might  be)  for  which  he  charged  about  twenty  cents 
100  pounds.     The  boats  then  proceeded  to  Grai.d  Chute^  whers 
the  men  made  another  portage  of  the  goods  or  furs,  and  ptfposd 
tbs  boat  over  the  Grand  Chute  empty.    Thence  they  proceeded 


109- 

to  the  rapids  at  the  lower  end  of  Winnebago  Lake,  where  they 
venallj  made  half  loads  over  the  rapids  into  the  lake.  Thence 
they  proceeded  upward  to  where  the  Fox  river  enters  the  lake, 
thence  np  Fox  river  tbroagh  Puckawa  Lake,  and  Lac  de  Boeuf, 
or  Buffalo  Lake,  and  some  smaller  lakes  to  the  Portage  of  Wiscon- 
•iDy  where  a  man  by  the  name  of  Bot  resided,  who  kept  teams 
And  hanled  goods,  fare  and  boats  across  the  Portage  of  one  and 
one  foarth  miles  from  the  Fox  to  the  Wiecousin  river,  for  which  he 
charged  forty  cents  per  100  pounds,  and  ten  dollars  for  each  boat. 

The  boats  then  went  down  the  Wisconsin  to  its  month,  and 
thence  np  the  Mississippi  about  three  miles  to  Prairie  du  Chien  ; 
the  traders  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  and  Missouri  never  going 
down  withojit  a  short  stop  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  they  gener- 
ally spent  some  days  in  conviviality,  dinners,  dancing,  &c.  Tra- 
dition says  that  many  years  since,  when  there  were  many  winter- 
ing  traders  in  both  the  Upper  and  Lower  Mississippi,  it  was  the 
custom  of  every  trader  visiting  Prairie  du  Chien,  to  have  in  store  a 
keg  of  eight  or  nine  gallons  of  good  wine  for  convivial  purposes 
when  they  should  again  meet  in  the  spring,  on  which  occasions  they 
would  have  great  dinner  parties,  and,  as  is  the  English  custom, 
drink  largely.  But  when  I  came  into  the  country,  there  were  but 
few  of  the  old  traders  remaining,  and  the  storing  of  wine  at  Prai- 
rie du  Chien  had  become  almost  obsolete,  although  the  traders 
were  then  well  supplied  with  wine,  and  that  of  the  best  kind,  of 
which  they  made  very  free  use.  It  was  then  thought  that  a  clerk 
in  charge  of  an  outfit  must  have  his  keg  of  wine,  but  after  the 
American  Fur  Company  got  fairly  initiated  into  the  trade,  they 
abolished  the  custom  of  furnishing  their  clerks  with  this  luxury  at 
at  the  expense  of  the  outfit.  As  I  have  already  said,  the  Lidian 
trade  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  and  their  tributaries  was 
carried  on  from  Mackinaw  as  the  grand  depot  of  the  trade  of  the 
.  Korth-West. 

Tlie  traders  iand  their  clerks  were  then  the  aristocracy  of  the 
country  ;  and  to  a  Yankee  at  iirst  sight,  presented  a  singular  state 


110 

of  Booietj.  To  see  gentlemen  selecting  wives  of  the  nut-brown 
natives,  and  raising  children  of  mixed  blood,  the  traders  and 
clerks  living  in  as  much  luxarj  as  the  resources  of  the  counti^ 
would  admit,  and  the  engagees  or  boatmen  living  upon  soap  made 
of  hulled  corn  with  barely  tallow  enongh  to  season  it,  devoid  of 
salt,  unless  they  purchased  it  themselves  at  a  high  price — all  thii 
to  an  American  was  a  novel  mode  of  living,  and  appeared  to  be 
hard  fare ;  bnt  to  a  person  acquainted  with  the  habits  of  life  of 
the  Canadian  peasantry,  it  wuuld  not  look  so  much  out  of  the  way, 
as  they  live  mostly  on  pea  soup,  seasoned  with  a  piece  of  pork 
boiled  down  to  grease ;  seldom  eating  pork  except  in  the  form  of 
grease  that  f^eaaons  their  soup.  With  this  soup,  and  a  piece  of 
coarse  bread,  their  meals  were  made ;  hence  the  change  from  pea 
soup  to  corn  is  not  so  great,  or  the  fare  much  worse  than  that 
which  they  had  been  accustomed  to,  as  the  corn  is  more  substan- 
tial than  peas,  not  being  so  flatulent  These  men  engaged  in 
OaT>ada  generally  for  tive  years  for  Mackinaw  and  its  dependen- 
cies, transferable  like  cattle  to  any  one  who  wanted  them,  at  gen- 
erally about  60i)  livres  a  year,  or  in  our  currency,  about  $83  33  ; 
famished  with  a  yearly  equipment  or  outfit  of  two  cotton  shirtS) 
one  three  point  or  triangular  blanket,  a  portage  collar,  and  one 
pair  of  beef  shoes;  being  obliged,  in  the  Indian  country,  to  pur- 
chase their  moccasins,  tobacco,  pipes,  and  other  necessarieS|  at 
the  price  the  trader  saw  fit  to  charge  for  them.  Generally  at  the 
end  of  five  years,  these  poor  voyag'^urs  were  in  debt  from  fifty  to 
one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  and  could  not  leave  the  country 
nntil  they  had  paid  their  indebtedness ;  and  the  policy  of  the 
traders  was,  to  keep  as  many  of  them  in  tbe  country  as  they  could ; 
and  to  this  end  they  allowed  and  encouraged  their  engageesU^gei 
in  debt  during  the  five  year^,  which  of  necessity  required  them 
to  remain. 

These  new  hands  were  by  the  old  vayageurs  called  in  deriaiosi 
fnangeura  de  lard— pork-eaters — ^as  on  leaving  Montreal,  and  on 
tbe  route  to  Mackinaw,  they  were  fed  on  pork,  hard  bread^  and 
pea-aonpi  whJe  the  old  voyagexire  in  the  Indian  country  ate  com* 


lU 

40B^9  add  •uoh  otb^r  lcK)d  aa  oonld  eooyrai^ntij  be  procnrtdJ* 
Xlieie  nuwfeura  de  lard  were  brought  at  cooBiderable  expense  and 
ttouble  from  Montreal  and  other  parts  of  Canada,  freqaentlj  de- 
nertiag  after  they  had  received  eome  advance  in  money  and  their 
equipment.  Hence  it  was  the  object  of  the  traders  to  keep  aa 
many  of  the  old  vayageura  in  the  country  as  they  conid,  and  they 
generally  permitted  the  mangeura  de  lard  to  get  largely  in  debt, 
as  they  could  not  leave  the  country  and  get  back  into  Canada, 
except  by  the  return  boats  or  canoes  which  brought  the  gopds^ 
and  they  would  not  take  them  back  if  they  were  in  debt  any- 
where in  the  country,  which  could  be  easily  ascertained  from  the 
traders  at  Mackinaw.  But  if  a  man  was  prudent  enough  to  save 
his  wages,  he  could  obtain  passage,  as  he  was  no  longer  want- 
ed in  the  country. 

The  engagements  of  the  men  at  Montreal  were  made  in  the 
strongest  language  ;  they  bonnd  themselves  not  to  leave  the  duties 
assigned  them  by  their  employers  or  assigns  either  by  day  or  night, 
under  the  penalty  of  forfeiting  their  wages;  to  take  charge  of  and 
safely  keep  the  property  put  into  their  trust,  and  to  give  notice  of 
any  portending  evil  against  their  employers  or  their  interests  that 
ahould  come  to  their  knowledge.  It  was  the  practice  of  the  tra- 
ders, when  anything  was  stolen  from  the  goods  during  the  voyage, 
whether  on  the  boat  or  on  shore,  to  charge  the  boat's  crew  with 
a  good  round  price  for  it,  and  if  anything  not  indispensable  was 
accidentally  left  on  shore  at  the  encampment,  they  did  not  return 
for  it,  but  charged  it  to  the  crew,  as  it  was  understood  to  be  their 
duty,  not  the  employer's,  to  see  that  every  thing  was  on  board  the 
boat.  These  people  in  the  Indian  country  became  inured  to  great 
hardships  and  privations,  and  prided  themselves  upon  the  distance 
they  could  travel  per  day,  and  the  small  quantity  of  provisions 
they  could  subsist  on  while  traveling,  and  the  number  of  days 
they  could  go  without  food.    They  are  very  easily  governed  by 

" i 

9Mh-WMt.  L.C.D, 


118 

a  person  who  understande  BomethiDg  of  ttietr  natiiTe  and  dispod" 
tion,  bat  their  bnrgeois  or  employer  mnet  be  what  the j  consider  a 
gentleman,  or  anperior  to  themseires,  as  they  ne^er  feel  mnch  re- 
spect for  a  man  who  has,  from  an  tngagee^  risen  to  the  rank  of  a 
elerk. 

The  traders  in  this  country,  at  the  time  I  came  into  it,  were  a 
singular  coiaponnd ;  they  were  honest  so  far  as  tbey  gare  their 
word  of  honor  to  be  relied  upon ;  and,  in  their  business  transac- 
tions between  themseires,  seldom  gave  or  took  notes  for  balances 
or  asi^umptions.  It  rarely  happened  that  one  ef  them  was  found 
who  did  not  fulfill  his  promises ;  but  when  trading  m  the  Indian 
country,  any  advantage  that  could  be  taken  of  each  other  in  a 
transaction,  was  not  only  considered  lawful — such  as  trading  each 
other's  credit — but  an  indication  of  tact  and  cleverness  in  busi- 
ness. Two  traders  having  spent  the  winter  in  the  same  neighbor- 
hood, and  thus  taken  ^^erj  advantage  they  could  of  each  othefi 
would  meet  in  the  spring  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  amicably  settle 
all  diffloulties  over  a  glass  of  wine. 

There  was  not,  at  the  time  I  came  to  Prairie  du  Ohien,  any  In. 
dian  corn  raised  there.  The  traders  for  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
had  to  send  down,  for  their  corn  which  they  used,  to  the  Banks 
and  the  Foxes  at  Rock  Inland,  and  trade  with  them  for  it.  It  ia 
believed  that  the  lirst  field  of  corn  raised  at  Prairie  du  Chien  waa 
by  Thomas  McNaib,  an  American,  who  had  married  a  French  girl 
and  settled  down  to  farming. 

The  farmers  of  Prairie  du  Chien  appeared  to  be  a  more  thrifty 
and  industrious  people  than  those  of  Oreen  Bay ;  tbey  raised  a 
large  quantity  of  small  grain,  such  as  wheat,  barley,  oats,  peas, 
and  also  some  potatoes  and  onions.  Every  two  or  three  farmers 
united  and  had  a  horse  flouring-mill — the  stones  being  cut  from 
the  granite  rock  found  in  the  country.  There  they  ground  their 
wheat,and  sifted  the  flour  by  hand.  The  surplus  flour  was  sold  to  the 
Indian  traders  for  goods,  or  exchanged  with  the  Indians  for  venl- 
B<m,  dacks,  and  geese,  or  dressed  deer-skins,  as  there  was  no  mo&- 


t 


118 


''         ;.  .        '  ■    •    J      '    ..       .  •  .■       '  I  •' 


Ueia  goodi  ftomtk^tnt^M^oiULf^tLrh^m  the  iiiliAbkaM». 

The  manner  in  which  the  traders  dealt  with  the  fanners  was 
this ;  to  let  the  farmer  set  bis  price  on  anything  that  he  had  te  • 
sell,  without  grumbling  or  saying  anything  about  its  being  higl^ 
as  it  was  payable  in  goods  ;  the  trader  charging  his  price  for  the 
|p)odd — RO  each  party  got  all  he  asked,  and  neither  had  cause  for 
sotnplaint,  but  of  ooorse  the  trader  was  not  the  looser  by  the 
transactifm.    Ifr.  Miobafl  Bbisbois  relucted  to  me  a  transaction  ' 
which  took  place  bottreen  himself  and  a  farmer  by  the  name  of 
PiB&KK  Labivirbb.    This  Labhtibbb  was  ambitions  to  pass  with 
his  neighbors  for  the  best  fanner  in  the  country,  and  went  to  Mr. 
Bbisbois  to  see  what  he  was  paying  for  fl<»iir,  which  I  think  was 
then  six  dollars  per  100  Ib^;  but  Labitibbb  desirous  of  the  oppor* 
tawtj  of  boasting  to  his  neighbors  that  he  had  gotten  more  for 
his  flour  than  they  did,  expressed  a  winh  that  Mr.  BRisBots  would  ^ 
pay  him  nrmre  than  the  market  value  for  his  flour,  which  Mr/ 
BBWBote  told  hirii  hife  ho' could  not  S6.    "Oh,*  said  Mr.  Lari-    ' 
TiBRV,  "you  can.mHke  it  up  by  charging  more  for  the  goods  with  ' 
which  you  pay  me;"  and  so  they  closed  thtj  bargHih,  hot  to  Mr.   ' 
B^iBBQiB  losa.    Tim  piricet  eo>npare4  somewhat  like  thia  i '    Wbe^ 
flour  was  wmi\\  .$H,iH)  peiTil^l^!  Ibsj,  iiyson  or  yootig  h>8on  tei'  ' 
Wfliswortb.tb^OO-per  po^nd>;^if  ftour  was  worrii  only  $^,(iO,  tea  ^ 
woa^ld  remaio  the  stnneipricf^,  utben  the  farther  g^'$V^^f>^hfish''^^^ 
el  ^  oBioMBy  alni  S  WOO  per  dniseii'&r.eggs^  Ise'^pmid'tbeaNirre  ^ 
pri^for  t«*a  :  XOe  wo^neniof  Prairie «dtt  Ohi^,  iiK^stly  dalig^itert  ' 
of  ithe  Itidian  tr^^ra^  had;t>eon  raiised  in  the^haMt  of  drinking  a '^ 
gr^tddal  /><  t<fa  iM.  \\\v^  IntJiaiKeuitntlv^  wlie)B'o|ii»r.b«v«|iagel4>r  '^ 
chiVlfiiH.^uHTiot  Ue  :p>»qii9eciV' and  il^'tbis  tide^iae -iVmii  lor^-'^ 
ha]}i.(.witii..t(i«jii..al,Mio#  a  t^^SH^ry  vH  lifijvaodcthe;^  wo«ld>  n^e  '^ 
tmy  sacritiee  ro  obtHin  rh  ir  lavorite  hi^verng^.  iHifibsn:  egg^  w^^rd**^ 
wortjfi  ftl,(l(>  i-er  d*  zer.,  r.Mii  soau  wa^  wo.rths||i,<iO|^^ri'B«#*i/dl,aiii 
calico  tliat  at  rins  «la^e,  woiiUl.be  Pohi  jjt.Pr^j^iji^  dH-Cht^A/ixMnSO  ;l 
to  25  ctB.  per  yard,  was  then  sold  at  (2,00  per  yard  ;  clay  pipes  at 

15 


/ 


AA 


114 
40  ots.  each,  and  common  tobacco  at  about  $3,00  per  pound.    So 

1820  JoBiawi&^ibmr^^QOcitwfifM 

ing  the  two  companies  of  troops  at  Fort  Crawford  with  it,  tbeY 
preferring  the  coarse  flour  of  the  Frairie  which  was  sweet,  to  the  . 
fine  nour  transpoftea  itt  ke^l-boats  m,  the  long  voyage  from  Fitta- 

-  i-v«'l  lyw'V'  ■*''  M'i'<i'»  i'"'f.*""i  tiff'. .'I  •'  .  mfirnff*'.  f^  ,,  "v.  <\nr 
burra,  miich  would  be  sour  on  its  arrival. 

^TO9  dn,phififf'js,geRfli^a%,.^pHpn.9^  »axL.qld  ^tle^  tQwrp,,.j. 
It  j^  tiri^e  /ih^ttl^p  InM^n.9  yiU^MM  At  m^vur,jear.Sj^jnQe,;,.^,^^. 
ab^fttjj^h?,  joai;  i;(^7  Jthe,,]f>;^p;5h:e^;.i8h^4  ,fr»tradii>g  post  tl*^^..-: 
anj[,^j^/Jl^t,fl.§^ck^dft,ftr<),^(Ji  ^^^r.^iij^^ug^  t^Mrot^tith^w^f^PffV^ir 
th^jlu^ia^i}?,  and,fr(M?^,^pt  ^  u^Jil^^^w;  y^^rssi^^itew^J^U^.*! 
to  JbjB  ft.t^^4ing,^d.IB^/A^»'Jf!P9^^fWAJJ<>cK^^*i9^^^ 
iwy«f«t^,gqt'nj^§d,  ^4  B(^^,dpl!|W^p^^a»piflfl^^CJa^d.^r.3l»t:^J 
wl^^,,^dY/WtpgSft,)!i?§W.  JtiiW^ral^  ti«M!^iBg,  p^dta  toth^iMttl^in^Pl^r. 
»mJd^i;filop<?w»Rhp)5itbp  fiftfWJtWmtW^)^  ^  0eti:<?j4p,8;»afciwki%f. 
<^^9J!Fi^vYwfiWnQ3|.8li,.J-opi^.^q^  AU  tim^  pU<m»h, 

wmfinefji.a^tifl^^^fy,^  ;n^iV]ri,K^»r«,,)Htfi)L  t^^  A^w^^icMfiiemigrar^^ 
ted,Jwi  libQfla,  w^  too^^r  told  ^  thfi^illf^il;b,i;he^;feqt0ipm0,uWfcm'c'i. 
ttW  »*  Pflq?,  iWP^«T«ertt,ftR4,inWt,fff  thein.  be«a«n^  ptac^of  bisir  rv 
ne9i,ai)<||fftpqf^fi€h  Mf  •  i^-iiiii-  v^.r ,-  i^  h...   '   .♦.•  - ..    m  .  Hnr.-r^, 

]ip;^Mti  tr«lkr9^:iita>«l«iiy<p<»fitoM(fDer««terpfi8e,'at  te)ii^t''ti«llii'^v 
tb«t»i4'€i  afijMadf«ote9»  4Q<itha>'tiBMl6inent  lAd' impnfreiiiMt  df '^ 
a  Honntrjiiv  Xbey  AtB  mterpriuB^  iA  gdiiig''iDto  th^:  iilieacpldMi  w 
India»i  ewQtr/^t»)\ ttaffic^'^  add  (todlleot^  fiini''i(nd*''peltrfittr ;  kkii'« 
IllMttiif^Tloilia^Doii  man  whair  made)  mrae^^hr^hli'IiiidlM'Cradie;  *'* 
spp]ljtiU(toith6'«i4ini02^if^pi^o^meiits' thatftMer ahd  Mcotkira^fQ 

Toi)tin9' ,e£' bii9iii«||i  mtb '  wbieh<  Ihidy ' '«M 'fl^^ 
inTMtiifciia  0oiM.o«he»tesine8li'witU  whteh<th«y  lii^  lidiftftibfflitf  J'^^ 
BoiritbMtee*  tbeioaHeiwitti  T^alrie'dtt'Ohieixj  H6>!oto^'li6tdd  ai'il"'^ 
tmdUtf  spil  awl ViirriHyi*"  *'• ''  *»'  ^' '"'  '■'  '  *  '"  "''*  '    '*'*' *  ""* 

Dm  iMMl  flbtrnt^'Pri^y  *dtk  Ohie"^' Vas'  not  pureed  from  the  '' 
In4Miiw;'W««>*Bbif^*  '«i^i^e\I,' W<^>V'l!Ke  pHviite  ^clai^' on  ttj^:! 


iwmivvvHa'  Bone  sorveyea,  except  cne  private  c 

ii  Kotnij  'ail'i  ;  »»Ti. '  too  t)0  kf<  t«  h*  M  rvM.r  ^1  •     >•<♦ 


••h-   .'<'"  •  "  (A 


118  i 

PiiUeV  fir  teaay  ;f6*ni«ft0rthe6o¥erhmjewi  tWft  po^^ftioti:  d^  ^ 
it  M  »  Biiii&ry-  poitw  There  were  Aot^  ndlH  1^5^  My  Amenaiua*^ 
thftfeefliigratedtathePndrieforsettlemorit^,  ftnd  ertn  thou,  as  tbe  ^ 
cdfemtry  abont  was notinr  market,  vefj  few  carue,  .'i 

In  tbe  winter  of  1818-'19,  Illinois  was  admitted  as  a  State  into 
thii  Uaiaii^  aad  tali  that  part  of  the  country  formerly  belonging  tb 
the^terdtofies  of  Indiana  and  Illinois  was  attached  to  Michigkn,*^^  ^ 
than  ander  the  governorship  of  Geti.  Lbwis  Oass.  In  the  spring  '^ 
of  l&l^,  he  set  ciff  the  county  of  Brown,  inclnding  all  the  country  '^ 
Ea^of  ai.  North  aiid'Sonth  line  ranning  through  the  Portage  of  ^ 
WiiBOonain  to  the  Illinois  lino ;  and  at  the  same  time,  eet  off  the  ^ 
00P1M7  of  Crawford,  inclading  all  the  country  West  and  South  of  ^^ 
thtiforeaaid'  liae  to  the  'Missouri  line,  including  what  is  now  the  ^ 
Stalttof  rowa  BiDd  'DBrntory  of  Minnesota.  .    >    <i 

Governor  GAds  sent  blank  commissions  for  the .  different.  Qfl|c0ff  \> 
of  the  cojinties,  to  be  filled  up  by  the  inhabitants.  >  .Tb^se  bad *i 
been  sent  by  Lieut.  QpL  l4BAYSNWoaTB,  then  91;  h;8  way^  .witjt^  ^  ^ 
Fifth  Regiment  of  U.  S.  Infantry,  to  occupy  Forts  Craw£>r4  ^nA  .{ 
Armstrong,. and  to  build  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Peters.    JfjpBr  % 

OLAS  !BoiLTi|f,  £se.,  was  appointed  to  administer  Ih^  path  to  tbeni 

_  -^        '  »  '       *  '     '    .  •  .       .1 

officers  of  Oirawford  county.     Two  con^panies  of  thsi  regio^enit  a 
wete  sent  to  Fort;  Armsti'ongi  Bock  Island^  unc^er  Qommand  of;.) 
Br^ret  Major  Mastin^  and  two  companies  to  Fort  Grawford  ondei'  1 
Major  MuHLBNBBBa.    Shortly  after  receiving  the  blaijik  eommia-^ 
sions,  the  principal  inhabitants  assembled  at  the  house  of  Ni099* 
Uk*  BoilVIk,  Eiq.,  and  then  the  difficulty  was  to  find  persons 
sufficiently  aoqtiainted  with  the  business  to  fill  the  offices  a^d  per*. . 
foitt  the  duties.    Finally  JoHir  W.  Johnson,  this  u.  8.  factor,  was 
selettod  as  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  County  Court.    I  was  solici- 
ted'to  take  the  office  of  Associate'  Justice,  or  Judge  of  Probate^ 
but^  being  then  yotng,  and  appearing  much  younger  than  I  reaUf  , 
waft,  aiid  kno^i^in^  very  little  about  the  proceedings  of  courts,  and 
fidnkin^  that  I  had  njsither  the  practice  ior  dig^tj*  to  hold  4  jiM* 
dioiiii  Office,  and  that  I  should  probably  raak^fmyarif  ridivedfeur,''*** 


Inclined  either  of  tlie  jadgeebipst  but  eee^pied  theolBreof  Jmm^ 
tice^of  the  Peace.  I 'Had  not  then  dcoided  to  make  Prairie  da 
dbieo  Q\j  fatare  home,  having  hitherto  spent  my  winters  near  the 
head  of  St.  PeterV  river,  in  the  Indian  trade ;  bat  in  the  fall  of 
18 1:9  [  took  up  nrij  permanent  residence  at  Prairie  dn  Chien. 

JojSK  W.  JoHNflOK  was  a  man  of  good  sense  and  judgment,  birt 
had  from  quite  a  joung  man  held  tiie  appointment  of  U.  6.  fact^ir, 
and  resided  in  the  Indian  oooiitj  where  he  could  obtain  but.  little 
knowledge  of  the  proceedings  of  coarts  ur  the  ordinary  transao-' 
tions  of  civilized .  life.    The  com  missions  of  Associate  Justices 
were  filled  up  with  the  names  of  Micuai'L  Bbisbdis^  and  Fbanoib 
BquTHiLhiR^  both  of  whom  from  boyhood  had  been  in  the  Indiaii 
country  and  iiad  very  little  opportituity  of  witnessing  proceedings 
at  courts.     Wilfred  Owens  was  a)  pointed  Judge  of  Protmte, 
and  NioHOLAB  Boilvin  and  John  W.  JoHN^ON  and  n^^y self  Jnsticee 
of  the  Peace;  JohnS.  Findlky  clerk  of*  the  Court;  John  P.  Gatioi 
Begiater  of  Probate,  which  Aho  included  the  recording  of  deeds, 
airti  TiroMAS  HoN aUe^  was  iippoinred  Sheriff.    It  bh<'u)(l  be  remoin- 
bei^,  that  all  these  oHieers  had  to  i  nter  upon  the  duries  of  their 
set^ral^ffice^  withoiit  forms  to  refer  to  or  precedents  of  proceed- 
in^,  Md  it  can  astonish  no  pi^rsou  that  the  records  of  that  day 
are'witrbont  mtrch  ftirm.  ^lich  was  the  or^anisatiDii  of  ttie  cc»unty 
ofKSrftwfijrd,  tfnd  I  th/itlfe  tli'at  the  materials  in'  Brown  were  not  ,: 
mdieh'lMBfter;  although' Be veral  Auaricaus  by  tbat  time  had  t^ettled  :'.• 
at«refeaBay.  '  '  " 

:  '  ■       , 

At  the  sei^sion  of  Congress  of  18  9— '20,  an  act  was  j|)as«K^d  ta- 
talce  testimony  relanVe  t»  the  private  land  clHims.at  SnultSt 
Marys,  Mackinaw^  Green  Bay  and.  Pi^irie  du  Qhen,  \hi\t  .wcm    i 
reserved  to  subjects  of  the  British  gove»  nuient  nridxr  /ji>  *»  Tr^ty  j 
and  in  the  fall  of  1^20,' commi8si;ih'rs  were  dispa'^hot],  t»i  tiiQ  .  t 
different  places  to  take  tesumony.    A  Mr.  Lkk  catpe  ;o.  PiaijiO;  ' 
do'Ohii^n.     The  most  of  thosij  c^ii'nsHt  Prui'iu,  du  (>l]iuftt.W4)<a  ^r 

•                                                                                                                            '          ,          •          «       .  f       * 

■■'■■■■■-  ■      ■  .  » ■  ■■  '    r  , 

•  lMfira4W  Mr.  Ssrsiiou.  naa,  M.  L.  U\kTiN,  in  tU»'«pp«5adix  lu  hu  AJdiMM  bil<»r»  lUa  Jfl»ii»rf4M   .  ^ 
•MMl^.g»«it|ibii9ai9«iJlN9liMiatU.TUr.  r    i  '•  ^    '   LX,^     ' 


117 

^laiMid.to-  CM^iM  tader  Ja^f'i  TroMiy,  bat  them  «we  lermtt  tl^t 
,.frim^..i^.ye$r  or  moro  bfiCKiimng-  andBriit.    These  faCfM  beifig 
•  i^Wor^d  t»  Oii0gre8a»  tii/^j  at  AMUeeqiiient  Mtrfon  pmsiA  an  flid 
..giving  to  <»7dr^  settler  who  ifrnif  ia  poiiieHrioa  lof  Smdrol'thlB  dirfe 
,^f  U»e  (^auUraticm  of  ^ar.  tn  ]^S  12  a^aiiiat  VreatiBrltaio,  sod  who  hiid 
{OOQtlaoed  by.aali^tuU  to  tho  laVc)  of  Vhe  CT.  B.^  tbi3  la'AdB  he  blaimel* 
Jit  ii9  |i  ppat4;or  ef  (sListor^ii  that  the  British  took  ICadUdaw  and  atfb- 
jected  its  dept^ndencies  to  their  government,  inclading  all  the  aftnee 
.named  places,  i^nd  the  moat  part  of  ^hofieelaiois^its  wefO.ignorant 
Oaaadiarid  and  supposed  tliemaelyi^  BritUh  .^bjectsi.not  :awa|l0 
that  if  the/  did,  not  within- a  jear  chouse,  aii^^ipulvlpd  in  the 
treaty,  to  continni)  British  Babjdcta.th^j  becaii^  «A*iaer^3An  cili- 
isens;  and  wiien  the  British- govermue^t^tioQk  itQili^fy  possesakm 
of  the  C')Ufitry  during  the  war  of  1812t-M6,  the  military  officer! 
In  cnnmahd  considered   thorn  as  B.ri.tlsh  suhiects,  and  .ordered 
tiiem  to  do  mJlitary  duty  as  militia. '  Tiiey  were^  conquered  pe9* 
-pie,  and  feeling  tha  tthey  owed  no  allegit^nce  to  the  iJuited  State?,    . 
took  ap  arms  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  |;he  British  officerg. 
There  were  sune  arab-jg  theih  intelligent  enough  to  know  their 
'position,  but  had  they  claimed  to  be  A.meric4n  citizans  and.r^ 
filsed  to  tukj  up  arras,  surrounded  as  they  were  by  hostile  ludi- 
•lah^,  they  w  )uM  n  )t  have  b^ieu  safe — especial'y  a^  the  British 
'V)fticeP8  did  riot  bjlieve  in  a  British  8uSj»3ct.  expatriating  himselij 
and  of  cbursi  there  wis  n">  law  of  the  ITiiite'd  States  in  the  cpn- 
•qnered  country  to  submit  to.     ]5Totwit1istandirig  all  these  circum- 
stances being  knov  i  to  the  officers  of  the  army  stationed  atSaAtt 
,$t-  Marys  under  XTijor  Cittlbb,  they  got  wp  «  remonMrarice  t(>^<he 
'lOovemfn^-nf,  fe])re8enfing these  pooplJas  trajt(>r^;.in  cansequewje 
^of  ,w.hidii  tliapj,teuts  were  delayed^  to  the  iifDeat-akilloTane^'AttiS 
•eometime^  to  the  ffreat  injurr  of  the  claimant:?'.  '    '  "       ,       '.*.,, 

A         ,  *  -    -    ■ 

^  '  ■  .     - 

iSuinetifHe  itt-  the  year  of  i8&0,  *:  WrLFMDf  OfitKvti  of  iPraiHei  du 
'©hien,  then  c'  mnected  in  busini'ss  with  the  late  Gov.  MoHAiMfOt 

•  It  wn»  in  1  10.    Co»arjL>r  A,  Ajidrswi,  who appfvt  M  liav«  tow'frAB'I'taMyHatiik;  aM  «Mitip    * 
i»rMted  ia  «•«  Carver  cUi*i»  irr»tej&«m  Praoi*  te  CI^m.  F«Ipl  1.  Itl*.  to  Il«fr9il  BaMott  Pet«iii»^ 
*JLM».aQwbaUdiDgaMw-0ilUUi  wmpM/wlth  Batxlli,  on  ToUov  Rl?«r,  •ndarft  ponntflgiMii^ 


>^ 


118 


{JMIsiaiiH,  farniflliea  ibe  oapHiO,  ted  artoouilei  witli  t«ro  ^M(h4r 
yjmw  Vj  the  name  of  Audbbwb  and  Dacmy  built  a  sai^mill'  ta 
^  Blaok  BiTtr^  aad  eMnmesMd  aawiog  lambvr;  bat  before  tii^j 
^^ind  done  mooh  basineee  the  mill  was  bnrned,  supposed  to  faaVe 
t  been  set  on  fire  b^  the  Winnebagoes,  who  had  then  lately  takHn 
,t>oeeoooion  of  tiiat  oountrj,  and  claimed  it  as  their  own.  The  ihfll 
.  Waa  not  rebnilti  owing  to  the  declared  hoatiHty  of  the  Wlnneba- 
:foee  to  it. 

'  In  the  year  ISSO-'Sl,  the  conntj  anthorities  of  Crawford  erected 
a  Jail  in  the  old  Tillage  of  Prairie  da  Ohien,  in  the  rear  of  village 
lot  No.  17  of  thft  villagei  made  of  hewn  oak  logs  of  about  one 
fbot  square ;  the  house  was  about  25  by  16  feet,  and  diyided  by 

*the  same  kind  of  logs  into  a  debtors'  and  criminals'  apartments^. 

There  is  a  tract  of  land  nearly  opposite  the  old  village  of  Prai- 
rie du  Ohien  in  Iowa,  whieh  was  granted  by  the  Spanish  lient 
Governor  of  Louisiana  to  one  Bazil  Gibabd,  and  running 
through  it,  was  a  small  stream  or  brook  usually  called  Girard'a 
Greek;  but,  in  18d3,  the  commandant  of  Fort  Crawford  had 
a  party  of  men  detailed  to  cultivate  a  public  garden  on  tbe^ 
'old  farm  of  Girard,  on  said  creek,  and  Martot  Sooit,  then  e 
Lientenant  of  the  fifth  infantry,  and  stationed  at  Fort  Crawford, 
was  directed  to  superintend  the  party.  Fond  of  shooting,  and  a 
'great  shot  generally,  he  took  his  dogs  and  gun  every  morning,  gpt 
into  his  little  hunting  canoe,  and  spent  the  day  in  shooting  wood- 


htbmA  fpom  iha  tomamxMng  ofllotr.  «  •  •  For  mj  own  part,  I  ^pprehwid  no  dUBcnltj,  if  yqv 
«Mda  ptnalidAB  from  IIm  BMPvtvr  of  Wte,  aadott  tDtkt  thm  [tk«  lD4S«ai]  ■ono  pkMMiti.**  Ob 
tlM  loth  Not.  1819,  Mr  Ajtdeiwb  writas  to  Dr.  Fima,  from  "  Falls  Rltck  RiTtr:**  On  tho  addi^H 
VomiberJ  MtaMW-mOl  a  miming,  not  maeh  inferior  to  aay  in  the  United  States.    *   *    Tte  aiffl 

(Itaboiaifctlilityorfortif  nilMeMt  off  Like  Btpin.   Tho8loQZT«fy  wiltlafljgaTtntpoimiMlonteeami 
iMn.    There  were  MTondiie&  In  «oiu«Il---LiroT  not  thoKo ;  tlioMrsBgtTOuftToyMia;  Li^ 
haek  alter,  and  gaTO  it  flereTer.   I  am  Teiymnch  pleased  with  my  aitoation.    I  was  ohUged.  onseoosBt 
oltroB»tog«to1bePiatriscM^botwasfi'VSijojedSBay  enlTaltaak,Mid  newfegrsltslvrssliM 
ofthemlD.**    OSS    Here  I  am  happy  to  Uye—hsxe  I  am  willing  to  die.    Bse  Am.  Stats  PfefSiBrsftas 

'\lMie»IV4 p. SI.  L.  0.  D. 

•  AtHilseldtof  jell^seefgeaatsif  thsBiitreglmsntof  U.  aInJhntry  was  hnng,  in  188S,  for  ahssH- 


4(»g  jjawik  MoEmbm  sf  th»  earns  iShlmsiit  t  aMInftaS  or*M,  a  aoldtef  of  Ihat  regftneAt  was  sxeenttA 
,  tMvs  for  •boellBg  Oistut  0>i*nr  in  the  tew  IbrteMMbtd.  '«^  «M  j^mft  hnrftt  in  ISM. 


^o  ''  S.K'U 


119  .     .  ^,„ 

.^lative.to Us wd  «Jewi  j^MM  eiiiiA.tbd  ediilot;<of  tari«iUag» 

.£i(PjpT  h,i4  AoaiewlMf 0:piofce4/  ]|j^.i^i^rtSioMi4iDiniiQti0i'id«%CDd 

^piib^«d  « l<9g  trsdiiiloQMZiMf  WQfr  of/  a^Uoodjribalalile*pN|fiiied 

.  .Ip  hsLje^  bei^  foi)ghl  jkb#M  jflai^.a0o;  tfiBiAjth9.amekiii>iiid«bied 

for  it«  ittine  to  t^^  .I^intif^  MpifiSKB  ol ^MmjOT  ]i4si!Dr  Sooti^  wlra 

a  lieuteaaot,  aod  Bt«tion<^^.FQfi(/)0i«wlird^4  t.    o*  > ..     ^    o 

Oa  t]M.iatli  of  SeptomW,;  1916)  I  oitf  if^  atPi'ftiri^  'dta  Old&n, 

^sttadefB'  yill«g«  of  bM#ee]i<«»i|itnlsr4t«  ttnd- thirty  b<iM68;^MttUh 

r  rtad  OB  the  banlu  of  the  Miestdfiippi'^to  .wlikt,  itthigh^Wat^yiy  aa 

• .  idsnd    31ie  houieef  weKe  built  %  plttnting  p«i«M-  D  j:^}|^hf  in'  the 

.ghmod /with  grooves  In  them,  so  thia«  Itbe  lBi(fee  bduM  bie  fillea'^in 

with  split  timber  or  rooiid  poles,  "ahd  then  plasterM  dV^r'-i^th 

iOhj,  and  white^wasbed  with  a  whito  eartb fbnnd  {n^theticinltj, 

and  then  corered  with  bark,  k>r  clap^Wf 4^  Hreh  fjhbtil  oak^l      ;^ 

This  Tillage,  now  called  the  old  Village 'of  Prairie  du  dKii, 
«waa  designated  hy  Ltohb  as  the  main  village,  ^afs  it  w&s  s<y  at  Uie 
.time  he  isarrejed  the  private  land  elahns'  c^  P^irie  da  Ghiebl— 
JI!i:aditiDn  saya  the  place  took  its  name  from-an^Indlan'Ohfef  6f  tShe 
FiK>x  tribe  by  the  name  of  Cflisaf,  or  Doffy  who  had  a  'tillage  ^itfe- 
jrhere  on  the  Prairie  near  wh^tre  ForiOrawford  how  tetaiidisi^ 
,  IOboss  or  I>og  ia  a  favorite  name  among  the  Indians  6f  tfae'Noi^- 
;;West.   .         ■  •'■    •  '^   ■  ■'■'-  '^ 

■  I  ■  ■    I  »i   «i  I  ij  ■ 1^  .  »         ■   ,11  «   <■-    .  IT   —     f^       ■  I  f^^—p 

•  '  .    •  ■  '  I 

•  SooTT,  at  this  date,  wu  a  joni^  mm,  and  bad  been  bat  %  f«w  yean  in  tb«  araiT.    Ha  wai  a  Siilf* 
«f  BanfllagtaB, Hr^raMV '■'^ ^>Mi aeteatad altf Mt Pobit    In Ua yonfli,  be  vaa'  fkmooi  among  thft 


^http^^hootan  of  tha  Qiaen  Monnlalnay  Derer  ahoatinf  gamt  In  the  boi^  bot^  at  wtaatarer ,  baf|bt  ov 
ifiMea;alin7t  wMkhIg  the  bead.    He  wotild  drive  •  nail  into  a  board  part  yrky  wltb  a  bammer,  aai 


^  fk«t,.taltiii^  tha  Mfaaat  diftaaoa  at  wbleb  bla  eye  aoald  dtMaetly  «is  U^  driaiJit  boiiia%lf|»'bU:«fi4x^ 

ting  bttllat.   He  lamd  with.  dliMnetion  in  tha  Mafican  nv  ondar  Oen.  ftopf^V  *9^  ^  Jfffij  ^  fjS** 

«f  HuitbitlUattt  eanqHlgo,  Brwat  Llant.  CtHUixtts  Soon  waa  killed  at  tha  aangalnary  iiattia^ 

i;||o]l9»falR|iy|9#^ttt^.lM».   Bt^idvaaqinMb.b4rd  mifiee^  a*A( ilf#a MiAitftod  iiiMM'^M 

^  gn«l  ikill,  caatloB  and  intrepldlij,  and  waa  rat^aeted  and  beloved  for  bia  Intaftity  of  tbaiaadar,  aM 

fl»r  big  gnaAktadBaaaaadbaBCvolMMeaf  heart  L.  0.  D.    < 


120 

There  were  on  the  Prairie  aboat  forty  farms  onltirated  aloog 
.  iivttdeFtfaB.UBA  9riNiNs«lia  tott' wm  ii^iwei  nndetieloeedfii  tee 
;rfi  ADOutioit*ii6ld^4lid  thsboaiiidarieA^jgeiiehUlyb^tween  them  mittlM 
^.vhfi  9k,r^Mtha/tsfBH(d¥i^0i9mitifi^  Aelde; Hie 

..  plimtatJoBs  rdaidag^frMi  the  btuffa' t^  ^e  Miaef  etf  ^fif;  or  to  the 
J  flongk  of  8t  Fre<de;  aad-  fnmi  three  to  five  arpetots  wide,  fhe 
1 '  owners  did  not  generaily  Ijve  fttfrnediat^ly  ofi  theAr  fiirms,  but 
•J  altiatered  together  in '  little  rilieges'  nekr  their  front,  atid 
ii:iw«te  mneb  the  same  deseidptioti  of  iohabttefitt  as  thoeeofOfeen 

L^BafV«^<^^^*.i<^b^^o^oi^  A  number  of 'ihmilied  of  French  ex- 

!  otraotion^  entirelj  unmi&ed  with  the  nativ^g^  who  came  from  tbe 

1   ifrench  viHages  ti[  IHitioisiw    The  ftarmers^  wives  instead  of  being 

of  the  Indian  tribes  abovt^  W^re  generally  of  the  mixed  blood^ 

,!|!bey^were  living  i^  Arpadiap  $itpplipltjr»apendu)g  a  great  part  <rf 

their  timia  in  fisbinig,  huptii^,  b^rse  raeing  or  trtitting,  or  in  daao- 

,   ing  and  drinking,    Tbey  bad  little  or  no  ambitl»n  fur  progndsa 

tflid  iuiproFvmenti  cur  in  any  ,w;ay  bettering  their  condition,  pmyi* 

.  |ded  tjbeir  ifiet^essitiee  were  iopf>Iiedf  and  tbey  eonld  often  coJl^t 

together  and  dance. and  frolic.    With  Uieso  wants  gratified,  thej 

were  perfectly  satisfied  to  continue  in  th&  same  rondne  and  baUts 

* 

of  their  forefathere  before  them.    They  had  no  aristocracy  among 
tbem  except  the  traders,  who  were  regarded  as  a  privileged  qlass. 

It  was  said,  that  abont  ]8u9  or  1810,  a  truder,  an  Irishman  by 
birth,  of.  the  uanoe  of  Camupbkll,  was  appointed  by  the  U.  8.  gwr" 
eruuient  s^ib-Indian  agent  at  Prairie  du'Ohion^'aud  by  the  Got* 
ernor  of  the  Territory  ol  JLlliuo.ie  a  Justice  of  tbo  Peace.  The 
currency  of  Praine  dii  Oiiien  whs  at  that  time  flour,  and  OaIHV^ 
BSLL  charged  for  celebrating  the  rites  of  matrimony  100  poufi^a 
ef  flour,  and  ior  dissolving  it  200  pounds,  alleging  that  wheti  peo* 
pie  wanted  to  get  nnmarriod,  the^  would  willingly  give  double 
"what  tliey  would  ori^iuall}*^  to.forox  the  laiitriiuouiAl  ounneotieiL 

]  In  speaking  of  the  courfs  of  justice  of  the  country,,  and  of  thefr 
*  connty  seatd,  Mr.  Brisbois  reiated  to  m^,  thnt  sometime  prcvvjotia 
•^  the  war  of  If?l2,  ho  a.id  Mr.  pAMrBKLL  Jbad  a  dispute  about  a 
,.)ieifer  that  was  woith  at  the  tiukm  perhaps  eight  doUars ;  and  te 

,:      •  ,   To     I    *  .  f  •  '     .    •*       •  'ill  1.1  —    *  .1  -M 


191 

Mch  belieTed  it  to  be  his  property,  they  applied  to  the  lawyer  at 

Oahokia  to  assist  them  fn  finding  cat  who  was  the  real  owner.— 

'  ?\ire'tnode  of  tfa+eting  in  those  days  was  in  a  canoe,' manned 

'  >lritfa  six  or  eight  men  to  paddfte,  and  taking  with  them  bome  floar, 

'fsa'and  sugar  foi^  the  bnrgedis;  and  somo  hulTed  corn  and  deer 

'  taltbw,  enoagh  to  season  the  Si>np  for  the  men,  depending  npon 

ahootinggame  by  the  way,  or  bnjihg  wild  fowf  ur  venison  from 

;.  Jji^  Indiana.    Tha  pikiiies  Htig^mft 'were  obOiged  to  talitB  thaif  wit- 

.  OTsoeo  with  i)iatin,  pa^g  them  fbr  their  time  aod. ex pames,  frbm 

^  tiieijc  d^p^M'tniie  Qotil  their  :iistam  bomie«    Tlie '  parties  *W6re  alio 

t  o\»liged  tOttake  a  bnxutle  of  beaver  skins^aiid  diefpobe  of  them  at 

^fiL  Louis  to  pay  the  axp^ils^  of  lawyer^,  ftc;  amid  ihe  kimyw^ 

as  osi^al,  were dispQSi^d  fio  i^blige  Iti^  {MUtiifa  Jby^pottitig  o^er  t&e 

OiM  j^om^itMii^tp  time,}aild  tiMl  parties  eodtaaibed •the- suit  hktUa 

•  manuef  opdl  it  h^d  o^ttheqi  4boflt  til'tato  hand  red  dj»lbiii»  eiMi, 
.  mhfti  th^  tpoik.it^^  i>f  eoart  and  eettl*  d  it^  B«t  whibu  reMft* 
/>.4d.the  b^iferyif  I  e^^r  beard,  I  d<>  not  no^ MreeoUecil  . '  a 

•  *    Vie  coutume  de  ^Paris  teo  far  prevailed  in  this  country  gener- 
a1Iy«  that  a  part  of  the  ceremony  of  maniage  was  the  entering 

,,iDtt)a  contract ;in  writing,  geiieirHlIy  giving,  if  no  issue,  the  pro- 
l^rty  t(0  the  enrvivor ;  and  if  ibey  desired  to  be  divorced,  tbey 
,  ^ent  V^gethter  befoi^e  the  magistrate  and  made  koown  their  wishes, 
^  n4  he^  in  their  presenue,  tore  up  the  mauiage  contract)  and  «e* 
.  Def.diog  to  the  custom. of  the  dountry,  they  were  then  dtvoreud/il 
/Was  ence  present  at  Judge  ABsorrVat  Mackinaw,  when  a  couple 
presented  themselves  bef<»re  him,  and  were  divorced  in  this  man- 
ner.    When  the  laws  of  Michigan  were  first  introduced  at  Prairie 
da'Chien,  it  was  with  difficulty   that  the  Justice  of  tlie.  Peace 
conld  pnrsuade  them  that  a  written  ci»ntract  was  not  nece^sai^, 
and  some  of  tliem  b^^li.eved  tliat  because  the  contract  of  niarriage 
*]iate  the  property  to 'the  survivor,  that  they  were  not  obliged  to 
pay  the  debts  which  the  deceased  owed  at  tiie  time  of  his  deatb* 

..,,)•  •       '  I  . . •  ,        '  ,  LA 

.    Tberor  wSiS  4)n  instancq  qf  this  at  Prairie  du  Cbi<*n.    A  mttn 
_hg  the  name  of  Jsas  MAiucrQoiiM  (fie  LuiaoudM;),  wU<>  had b^^ 


122 

xnarried  1>T  contract,  died  without  ia^}X%  to^T^Qg  a  Tfidoif ,  4f9e 
personal  property  and  a  good  farou  bat  was  indebted  tf>  Joamm 
RouRTX  about  tSOO,  which  his  widow  refused  tfi  "ptff^  alleg^pg 
ihat  the  contri^ct  of  marriage  gave  her  all  the .  prop^r^ ;  ^pt 
could  she  be  conyinced  ^o  the  contrary,  until  I  had  brought  aafit 
against  her  and  obtained  a  judgment  ,  ^ 

When  I  arrived  at  Prairie  du  Ohieti,  there  were  four  eompani^f 
of  rifleoMQ  under  command  of  Breret  Major  MoiboAV,  buSAlig 
.the  old  fort,  which  was  constmoted*  by  plaeibg  the  wills  ef  Ae 
quarters  and  store-homses  on  tiie  lines,  the  highest  outside,  i&d 
the  slope  ef  the  roof  descending  within  the  t^tt ;  with  blo<&» 
houses  at'two  comers,  and  large  pickets  at  the  ofiiers,  «o  at  eti- 
llrely  to  enclose  llie  fbrt.  JTomi  TUT;  Jobkbonj  a  gentleman  tnm 
Maryland,  was  IT.  8.  Factor,  wiA  a  certain  Mr.  BmJt  as  assiatut 
mui  book-keeper,  and  Jomf  P.  Qatsb  as  interp^ter.  OoL  Ars^- 
A9DUB  MoNaiU)  late  Ooremor  of  Missouri,  bad  the  sutiing  df  Iflhe 
fort,  and  his  nephew,  Thomas  MoNaib,  and  J[obn  L.  Fvsmfjgr^ 
were  the  clerks  in  his  employ,  and  had  charge  of  the  business. . 


There  were  then  of  the  old  traders  residing  at  Prairie  du 

JOBBPK    BOLHITJB,    MlOHAHL   BsraBOS,   FbaVCIB    BoUTHILLro] 

JxAN  BAPnsTB  Fabbibault,  all  Canadians  of  French  extractioti, 
except  FsAKGia  Bouthillisb  who  was  from  France,  and  NiohoiJIls 
BoiLTiN  who  was  Indian  agent,  and  held  the  commission  of  J«s* 
•tioe  of  the  Peace  under  the  goyemment  of  Illinois  Territery^ 
whence  he  came. 

"  -.4 

At  this  time  at  Prairie  du  Ohien  the  events  of  the  war  of  18121 
in  that  quarter,  were  fresh  in  the  minds  of  every  one.  I  leam^ 
that  in  the  spring  or  summer  of  1814,  the  IT.  S.  Government  aeut 
"boats,  made  bullet  proof,  under  a  Oaptain  Teisbb,  who  was  in 
command  of  the  boats,  and  a  company  of  XT.  S.  troops,  pnder 
Lieut  Pbbkiks,  to  take  and  retain  possession  of  Prairie  du  Ohien. 
Pbbkins  built  a  stockade  on  a  large  mound,  on  which  Ool.  Doua* 
MA»'s  hou«e  now  stands,  and  Oiipt.  Ykibbb  retaaincd  on  board 


i; 


•« 


1^8 

^^iMI^i^hBH  most' of  the  amirtition  tod  {>tOTi6lofa8  were  stored 
^^ Witoir  wat  tifo  fo6ih  for  ifbem  i^hiii  the  btoekade* 

^ " '  Soon  a^r  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  when  the  jLmef}j^9^ 
o&cere  in  garrison  at  Bfackinaw^  and  the  dtmns  of  tha^  ph^ 
lifereyet  ignorant  of  the  oommen cement  of  ho8t;ilitie9t  bnt  app?ie* 
nenslve  that  war  had  been  declared,  Bome  traders  were  despatobftd 
to  the  old  British  post  and  settlement  of  St  Josephs,  on.th^  ees- 
fern  shore  of  Lake  Michigaiii  for  intelligenee.  As  nqi^^  of  the 
traders  retnmed|  remaining  absent  so  much  longer  thaa.^MB 
deemed  necessar/,  it  naturally  enongb  ezcited  t^e  auapipifiiA.,Qf 
the  comimanding  officer  and  the  principal  citizens  of  Hackipftw* 
Under  the  circumstances,  a  coundl  was  held,  at  which  it  waa  d9* 
termined  that  immediate  information  muat  be  had  ^m  BU  Ji)- 
aephs,  and  the  question  then  was,  who  could  go  there  and  not.  be 

""anspected  of  being  a  spy.  After  looking  aroupd  aad  fiuding  none 
qualified  to  go,  the  late  M iqhabl  DoysMAKt  of  Mackinaw,  sakl  that 
ne  had  an  out^t  in  Lake  Superior  that  ought^  by  that  time,  to  bo 
at  St.  Josephs,  and  he  thought  that  he  could  go  there  and  look 
after  his  property  without  being  suspected.  Accordingly  he  vol- 
unteered his  services,  and  late  in  the  afternoon  he  left  Mackini^ 
for  St.  Josephs  in  a  canoe.  About  dark,  at  Gooee  Island,  fifteen 
miles  from  Mackinaw,  he  met  the  British  troops  on  their  way  to 

'  that  place,  who  took  him  prisoner,  but  released  him  on  his  pacole 
^at  be  would  go  back  to  Mackinaw,  and  not  give  the  garris<fn 

,any  information  of  what  he  had  seen,  but  collect  the  citizens  to* 
gether  at  the  old  still-house  on  the  southern  side  of  the  island, 
where  a  guard  would  be  immediately  sent  to  protect  them  from 
the  Indians,  This  promise  Mr.  Dousman  faithfully  performed, 
imd  was  probably  the  cause  of  saving  many  an  innocent  family 
from  being  brut|illy  murdered  by  the  savages*  Tue  British  ar- 
rived, planted  their  cannon  during  the  night,  and  in  the  momiiig 
sent  in  to  the  commanding  officer  a  copy  of  the  declaration  of 
war,  with  a  demand  for  him  to  surrender,  which  he  complied  with* 

^  'Tbe  tnu}ert'(n"tbe  BrifiA  interest,  resorting  to  Macl^inaw  as  i^ 
British  head*quarter8  of  the  North- West,  learning  of  the  Ameri- 


lj»4 

ean  occupation  of  Prairie  du  Obien  in  18U,  and  aoticipatiog,  tbfil 
80  long  as  this  foroe  ^bonld  remain  thera,  they  would  ba  coM^ 
from  the  trade  of  Prairie  da  Chieo,  its  dependencies)  and  the 
Bionx  country,  at  oncef  set  on  foot  an  expedition  for  the  re-capiiira 
of  that  place.    The  British  officers  and  traders  accordingly  fitted 

*  out  an  expedition  under  the  command  of  Col.  McRa^t,  of  the  In- 
dian  department,  an  old  trader ;  and  under  him  were,  a  sergeant 

'  6f  artillery  with  a  brass  six  pounder,  and  three  or  foar  volanteer 
companies  of  the  Canadian  voyageurs^  commanded  by  traders  and 
officered  by  their  clerks,  all  dressed  in  rod  coats,  with  probably 
one  hundred  Indians,  officered  by  half-breeds.  ^  Having  made  a 
vecret  march  they  arrived  on  tlie  Prairie  without  being  exp^cted^ 
and  made  the  best  display  of  red  coats  and  Indians  that  thej 

'  ciould.    They  made  a  formidable  show,  and  the  Americans  hot 

'  knowing  of  what  materials  they  wore  composed,  and  supposing 
they  Were  all  British  regulars,  appeared  to  have  been  panio- 
atruck.  The  sergeant  had  brought  his  field  piece  so  well  to  bear 
that  he  hit  one  of  the  boats,  I  believe  the  oi^e  Yeiskb  was  iix 
During  this  time  the  troops  and  Indians  had  made  a  move  toward 

•'the  fortt  but  keeping  out  of  gun  shot.    On  the  boat  being  kit^ 
'  -Oapt  Vkisbb  had  the  cable  cut,  and  swung  round  down  the  river, 
ordeiiiig  the  others  to  do  the  same,  carrying  with  them  the  pro* 
visions  and  amunition  of  the  garrison.    After  the  boats  had  gonOi 
•  Ool.  MuKat  summoned  the  fort  to  surrender,  and  having  neither 
provisions  nor  amnnition  they  had  no  other  alternative,  and  a^ 
cordingly  surrertdered.    The  British  took  and  kept  possession  Df 
.prairie  du  Oliien  until  peace,  in  1S15,  thus  opening  the  Indian 
trade  to  the  traders  at  Mackinaw.    The  inhabitants  of  Prairie  dn 
.iChten  being  British  sfibjects,  were  ordered  into  service  by  the 
British  government  to  do  duty  in  the  garrison  dniirig  the  waf. 
The  British  sergeant  of  artillery  for  hitting  the  keel-boat,  was  piV>- 
moted  by  his  government. 

Of  the  pers(  ms  spoken  of  as  resident  traders  of  Prairie  dn  Chieo^ 


•ThMv  ware  a  loMt  a  thoniMMd  IndUni  wadar  Otf.  MtfU^W  it<li*  i<<MiO<ina»^m«tM 

«Dd  not  len  than  three  pieeM  «(  light  artflterj.  UO.% 

,  at!  t 


ISS 

Jmbph  BouBtTB,  in  connexion  with  the  Indian  trade,  carried  on 
farming,  after  the  fiAehion  of  the  country,  prettj  exteiieivelj. 
Kkthaxl  Bribboi8,  besides  being  a  trader,  carried  on  tliu  buHinesa 
of  baking,  and  farming  to  some  extent,  receiving  of  the  inhabi- 
tants lOo  pounds  of  flour  and  giving  in  return  tickets  fur  fiitj 
loaves  of  bread,  and  these  tickets  made  a  convenient  change  to 
bay  trifles  of  the  Indians  with.  None  of  the  inhabitants  pre- 
tended to  make  their  own  bread,  but  depended  entirely  upon  the 
bake  honge.  Jsak  BaftistbFabbibault  did  something  in  the  line 
of  Indian  trade,  and  carried  on  a  small  farm,  but  soon  after  left 
tb6  Prairie  to  reside  on  the  St.  Peters  River.  * 

Among  the  other  inhabitants  of  notoriety  at  that  tine,  was  a 
Mtii.  Mbnakd,  of  mixed  African  and  white  blood.  She  came 
froni  some  one  of  the  French  villages  below,  and  was  then  mar- 
ried to  Charles  Mehahd,  a  Canadian  of  French  extraction.  She 
bad  been  married  twice  previtjusly,  first  to  a  man  by  the  name  of 
Dtr  CHotTQUBiri,  by  '^hom  she  had  two  sons,  one  of  whom  was  in 
the  eniploy'6f  Mr.  AsTOB  in  that  unfortunate  expedition  of  his 
sent  in  1810' by  sea  and  acroris  the  continent  to  tho  mouth  of  the 
OJlunibia'Riveri  now  Oregon  Territory.  Her  next  huttband  was 
sanied  Gac^tkb,  by  whom  ehe  had  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 
After  GAO'i^ifiR's  death,  she  married  Chakles  MicNABn,  by  whom 
fthe'bad  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  She  was  generally  called 
by  the  inhahitants  Aunt  Mart  Ann,  and  was  a  person  of  conse- 
quence ^mong  theqi,  being  midwife,  and  the  only  pejs«>n  pre*- 
teudiiitg  toa'kiiowledg^e  of  the  healing  art.  Untii  a  fort  was 
ereWed  dc  Prairie  dii  Chien,  and  a  surireoli  arrived  there  with  the 
Irotfpa,  ehe  wa«  setitibii  by  thesiek,  and  attended  them  «b  rogntarly 
BbV  l/lfifelWaM,'an!d[  c^iarked  fe^s  therefVir,  givi;^g,'tli^ni,  aa  she e«- 
prwiied  i^l^.  ^Idenrioe:  0^yaxl>driuk.^'  She  was;  aatex'Ov'lli'nt  nurse, 
aiiflf  feN^■d^ef  lffr(gi^6^<re^*e  Vekular  siiri^ediis  of  Uie  aiiijY  stationed 
at  Fort  O'Hwfoid,  Mary  Ann  coi  tinued  torpKHetiee-afiiMig  beili- 

»  T --*■-'•■  ri' 'f       1..^     rf.    -  .....    ».-.--■■  ■■!.  ■       ^ — — ^^  , 

•  W«  ivsju  Iniiu  Ui«  Aiiuiibt «!  tL«  ftiiuiivM^n  llU.liHfc4d  VtfeM;,  tLat   n*  ««rh  ^»  \\\\    f  /li  A ,XVt 
«BCiini|Md  Afpoftte  .V«it*il«,  MtnDrMlA  tiMiii^f  «hL  tliv  (ixllai.i.;  auI,  in  ]f£2,  Ltl^iari^  ^iw  tif  tte 
■  ■HlH—iliBniiitMiil  ia».OilMiMacffii^  OuttfU'y  «*  iliiiMM ti.    VMM  t&«  Aauffama  State  HipMi^ 
^  jiffkn^  W«  i«aMT«d  to  «M  St  Fvtivi,  la  Itlf .  L.  a  0. 


flO 


habitp ts.    Wbetl^er  tbey  qpplpy^^  Ijer.l^p^jis^ .  they.,  l^  (p^tlM^l. 
faitb  in  her  skill, pr  becau^^e,  thejcoi^ld  fi^^  her.. with  Wfive^ ^M^:\ 
as  sho  took  her  pajf  in^ibe  ^produce  of  t;h§  cpuptry^  ,|)J9.t  wag  »at< 
verj^  modest  in  her  charges,  I  cannot  with  certaintj  etate ;  andY: 
frequently  after  the  army  phjjBician  had  atfpnded  ^  p^ent^ilQDg,  ^ 
time,  who  perhaps  for  want  of  good  nursing  co.uld  not  be.  cured ,;' 
Maby  Ann  would  take  the  patient  homQ,  W^h  h/er,  aiud  Vj  th^ 
force  of  good  nursing  and  '.' jarb  drink  "  restore  him  to  healtl^sQ  • 
that  we  frequently  joked  the  physicii^n  about  Maey  AKxr'a  anpe^.  | 
rior  skill  in  the  healinsr  art.     There  are  at  this  time  many  of 
her  descendants  residing  at  Prairie  d\^  ChieUi  who  are  g^nerallj  . 
as  industrious  and  orderly  inhabitants  as  any  others. 

1\lr.  Cakpbbl^  of  whom  I  have  previoualj  made  mentioii  m  i 
Indian  Agent  and  Justice  of  the  Peacej^  ,ha<|,  passed  tp  I^  loqg  \ 
homiQ  before  I  came  to  the  country,  and  I  foun4,  a.Canadiap  C|f  ^ 
French  extraction  by  the  nam^  of  Nioaoi^As  BoxLVUf  clotfied  witl^  - 
the  dignified  office  of  Sub- Agent  and  Ju§|;icjs  of  the.Feac,^  fi^  * 
had  about  the  same  amount  of  education,  aa  Judge  BaAyHB  of  . 
Ore^n  Bay,  previously  spoken  of,  and  about  tbe  same  idea.of  jus-  ^ 
tice,  and  was  nearly  as  arbitri^j.  His  law  library,  cons^ed  pf  ^ 
a  single  volume  of  old  atatntes  of.  the  North  Westcirn  Territoij:,,.  ^ 
one  of  Illinois^  and  one  of  tl^e  J^f^iaaouri  T^errito^y  ;  h\kt  in,  dedd^  ^ 
ing;  cfuaea  he  paid  no  attention  tp  thc) ,  at^tute,  ifiit  decided  acqonl*   i, 

ing  to  hia  own  idea  of  righf  and  wroog.*  , 

^^^^^^^^^^_^____ „  I 

*  O^L  aoHTHTa  trio  TtUttttM  fermed  probftUy  'the  ftxit  Uw  libruy  In  WiMonalii,  axetpl  pariuipt'   • 
JndfB  B«4UMi*0  felngto  t^Ium  of  BlMkitoti*  |  oa#  «f  <vhicli  it  aoir,  bj*th»Miirlt^j«f  Jodf^Locsvo^ai  ■  r> 
flSMmg  th*  euUtottooi  of  tho  Wii.  HUt.  Bodo^.    Ho  d|d  not  probo^j  ofto«  eonn^t  tbMi,  If  «^  im^ 
jvdgo  11^  hli  ofMuBd  nuimor  of  wininlitofl&g  Jaitioo,  m  rolftted  b/  Mn.  Kunu  In  hor  Wm  Jna 
«OolMaoiLTi|i*soilcowMiitfti«ltli«»iUo-v»la«ttbof»rt«IFkBlrtodvah^  attdit'irii  aaoli  tte    : 
ftihioii  amoqg  tho  ottom  to  lounge  in  tbort  of  •  morning^  to  Had  aport  for  to  Idlo  hoai^  opd  to,tek«» 
gjhM  ^  hrMj  tad  water  wlthihe  old  genilemta,  whktb  he  celled  taking  •  little  ■  fticlffM»«*OM.*    A 
Mldi«>iiM|iedl^,bedl)eeB«oeaae<oriteeUngendk«lllM»«atfbelei]^  ^ 
eraiteUe,  •  brleUeTor  of  tbenaine  Qif  Bm^  had  been  diepatebed  to  aneet  the^ofUpcilaadbriOf  Mb  I*  ,  . 
triaL   While  the  geatlemea  were  meklng  their  eoetoaiarj  morning  Tieit  to  the  Jaatlee,  a  aoife  wm 
heard  In  the  enti7kU<k*kiiotk  at  the  doer.                                                                                •■     r 

•  Oqni  In,*  eried  the  old  gentlemen  ilalM  Md  iMlkIng  tovMid  the  doer. 
Jaa*>Ber«L  elr,  I  have  broaght  Fbt  t»f  oa«  ae  fO«  ntqned. 

MNee— raT./oamatraMall    What  for  joaUU|LB^ixn*aQ«If?  .  .^ 

JtiiMQ^eMisg hia Aei)   Yo«,ll%7o«ff«t  immII  Jtau»  Mho  bte't*  Jaa   CimIj  paiiMiiy***» 


ra  takt  a  Miflc  tuelfUi-^KouJ*'     "  '  HL.  1^  j)L  '      , 


*»    » 


127 

Ool.  Albzahdbs  MoNaib  of  8fc.  Louis,  had,  as  already  mention. 
6d»i<iraiteidhrbBih  llM^'«tlAid^  bttsltl^;  fai«  'neph^^'THOKAs  Ifo-'^ 
HiMBf  gitef  wwdb  odptain  of  th^ '  nrilltia,  abd  Jomr'  L.  IbvDLEr—  ^ 
Bufc  Seomab  MoNaik  shortly  afterwards  married  a  daughter  of 
Mr.  OuBTOis,  a  respectable  farmer  of  French  descent,  and  Fistdlbt  ^^ 
mac^led  if  ^w  KxJWimwBE^  a  ,hal£  sister  t)f  ICis^  BoLirrrB,  and  a 
qi^urter  blood  of  t|i9  Sioux  naiicm.    Upoo  Uar&ing  these  tmnsa*-  ' 
ti^QS  q{  Jb^9  clerks,  Col.  KoK^iH  natur^Uy.  coudilded  that  theif '*: 
were  alt^n^ing  nxore  to.  their  own  pleasure  than  to  his  nattorSi  ^ 
an4  sent  a  mai^  by  the  name  of  Wilfbso  Owens,:  a  Seutuekiafii  i. 
to  ^H^j^em,  be,  gaT^  an  ipiterest  iu  the  busioess,  And  disohargad  lllo-  > 
N^  and  FiHBLBT  from  his  employ.  -i 

ICcNaib  wiont  to  feraiiiig.  Fuju^lbt  wetit  te  Mackihaw,  and  ^ 
prMured)  by  the  assistaicfe  of  Mr.  Rotfirrrs},  a  small  assort- '" 
moRt'Oftgieods^  and  attempted  to  trade  at  Prairie  du  Chien:  but  ^ 
as  llbeoe  was  then  no  money  in  drculatioi:!,  e!xeep  t  what  little  came '  ' 
frqiAf'thie  few  ttoeps  stationed  at  'the  fbrt,  aiid  goods  Were  then  ' 
se]liagfr<iry  high  at  Mackinttw,  he  diA  hot  succeed  in  businesa,'^ 
andfibefbre  the  dose  of  the  year  turned  bt^r  to  Mr.  Bolettk  his  ^ 
stQ0fc  and  Msele  toward*  the  payik^ent  of  the  purchase,  Which  was  ' 
mi4o  9i  tfeasra.  BasmoaoTiit  and  Bolbotb.  *    i 

tikHk^s^rilDlg  of  ISir,  a  Roman  Catholic  Priest  from' St.  Louis   ! 
caHidl^  PMitt^B,  risited  Pk'airie  du  Chien.    He  was  the  first  .V 
thlVllaS'bMU^'i&ere  for  inany  years,  and  perhaps  since  the  settle- 
maft,"Kiid  oi^^hCted  the  Roman  Calhlic  Church,  and  disturbed 
sooKf  ^  tlbe  doUi^tdtiJs  arraiigemeAts  of  the  inhi^bitants.    He  foun4    [ 
se^liHa  ^iiien'^ho'had  left  their  husbands  and  ^  with    ' 

oiIMr*'ih4rfli^b'li!eihade  by  th'o  terror'of  his  church  to  return 
ana^aik  I^Utfbh'orlihefi^'liusbands,  and  to  be  taken  back  by  them, 
wH6h^tt(by  WT'bo^M^  WM  iioi  refuse.     '  ' 

Brevbt  Oeneral  dictthb,  the  Colonel  of  the  Rifle  Reffiment, ;/. 
who  came  to  Prairie  du  Chien  to  erect  Fort  Crawford  in  181,fli| 
hBJhtm^&dW'mil'm  selected  the  mound  where  the  stockade  ., 
haft'MSh  Um;  i^d  ihii  g]^6un<<  m  front,  to  incliide  the  most  thick-    , 


128 

\j  iababited  part  of  the  Tillage.    The  groaad  tfana  aeleeted 
eroached  upon  the  aocient  barjing^groand  uf  the  Prairie,  w  that 
the  iuhabitaats  were  obliged  to  remo?e  thei^r  dead  to  another  i 
place. 

Paring  the  winter  of  1^16  or  early  in  the  epring  of  1817,  Lieut. 
OoL  TaiiBOT  Oh AMBiRi  arrived  at  Fort  Crawford;  and  a«8timed  the 
eommandf  and  the  houses  in  the  yitlage  being  an  obetmction  to 
the  garrison,  in  the  spring  of  1 8 1 7,  he  (»rdered  those  bunpe:*  in  front 
and  aboottlie  fort  to  be  tHken  down  bj  their  owners,  and  remored    ' 
to  the  lower  end  of  the  tillage,  where  he  pretended  to  give  thetn   ' 
lots.     When  Gen.  Shythk  first  arrived  at  Prairie  da  Chien,ho 
f r|*ested  Mjobasl  BaisBoia,  tlien  the  most  prominent  citizen  of  the 
Prairie,  und  placed  him  nnder  a  gnard  of  soldiers  for  sevetid 
da^s,  cl)argii>g  hiui  with  trea»on|  for  ha Viog  taken  np  armaagaii iBfe 
the  United  Scatos.      After  keeping  him  in  dares  for  several 
da^s,  he  wa^^  sent  on  board  of  a  boat  nnder  a  gaard  to  St.  Litnifl^    * 
iSen.  SHYTHa  refusing  to  let  Urs.  CaisBoia  send  her  Lnshand  it  - ' 
package  of  beaver  to  raic^e  money  in  St.  Loais  to  paj  his  ex*  - 
penses.    The  guard  todk  him  to  St  L^uis  and  landed  hina  on  the  -^ 
levee,  where  tfiey  left  him,  not  having  delivered  him  ovt^r  to  tht  ' 
civil  authorities, or  iiistitutvd  any  pn^ceeding^  against  him,  bip| 
left  him  there  without  nmney  or  menns  toieturn  home.    I^ul  Mr«;  ^ 
BaLSBoid   was  known   in   St.   L'»ni:5,  at   leaat  bj  ^e^iutation,  an4<!* 
readily  found  fViendH  w\uk  assi^ti-d  him  to,  retnrn  home,     During,  i 
his  ahsence  the  c^niinandant,  who  1  believe  whs  Lieut.  Oii>).  IIaii- 
ILTO^,  bniered  Mrs  Bkisbois  and   family  out  uf  her  houafe,  and 
took  poBS^SHitm  of  it,  ill  which  to  spread  the  contractor's  fl.<ur  ta    . 

dry;  and  alootoik  poises^ion  of  Mr.  BKia'ii^*  i^i^e  house,  ,Wjiill;.f. 

,   fi '  • •  •    «j  • ' ■  • '  J,  '     '       •*      '       '        .  »■     .  II  .  d'  t 

ab6ut  two  hundred  cord h  of  dry  i»veu  WifKl^^  .^J^ich,  Wiw  >»a^di'*yF' 77 
the  cominiet^ary  or  c>ntiactor,  for  ^hipli  airi^rcssious  aiid  jtnuiiei 
Hv.*'DRif2]icrm  rBcelted  no  c<an|>ei«8ati«>ii.. '  ,, 

i!j(1:h;»u^1i*i'j  a  time  of  peace,  and  our  Goji;or^ii;ienfjvaf)|rffiai.ve4tf{ 
the  country  by  treafv  »«tipuUti«>n«  ihu  itffii-i.jH  i,{  ihe  srmy;  tu^ntcd.,  j 
the  inhabitants  as  a  conquered  peoplei  and  the  uummaudnuta  ae* 


199 

Mined  all  the  anthoritj  of  goveroors  of  a  conqnered  conntry 
arraigning  and  trying  the  citizena  by  courts- martial,  and  sentencing 
them  to  ignominious  punishments.  This  was  more  paiticularly 
ihe  case  uuder  the  reign  of  Col.  Chambebs,  who  was  a  brave  sol* 
dier  in  the  field,  bnt  a  weak  man  and  not  qualified  for  a  commaa^ 
dant,  as  he  was  generally  governed  by  some  favorite  officer  or 
officers,  who  not  being  responBible  for  the  outrage  committed  by 
their  superior,  would  induce  hira  to  do  acts  to  gratify  their  whima 
or  pnjndices. 

Cbables  Menard,  the  husband  of  the  notable  Maby  Ann,  was 
arrested,  having  been  charged  with  selling  whiskey  to  the  poldierii^ 
He  was  brought  about  Hve  miles  from  his  residence  under  a  guardt 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  Whipped,  and  with  a  bottle  hung  to  his 
neck,  marched  through  the  streets,  with  music  playing  the  R<>g^fi% 
March  after  him.  Mknard  protested  that  he  had  not  6(»hl  liquor 
to  the  soldiers,  but  that  they  had  asked  him  for  it,  and  tliat  ha 
refused  to  let  them  have  any,  as  he  did  not  keep  liquor  for  sale. 

And  during  Col.  Chambfrs'  reign,  for  some  alleged  immoral  con- 
daot  ha  banished  Joseps  R  )LicTrH:  to  an  island,  about  seven  milea 
above  Prairie  du  Chien,  where  he  obliged  him  to  pass  the  winter^ 
but  in  the  spring  permitted  hitn  to  return  to.  the  village  to  attend 
to  his  business,  as  his  outfits  were  coming  in  from  the  Indian 
eoantry. 

Mr!  Bbisbois  informed  me  that  he  had  resided  in  Prairie  dm 
Ohien  about  thirty  years  ;  *  and  there  was  an  old  Scotchman  bj 
the  name  of  Jami-s  Aibd,  f  connected  with  the  company  by  which 
I  was  first  employed  in  thp  Indian  trade,  who  generally  wintered 

*llr.  BftitBOia,  In  1820.  gavveTidenee  before  Mr.  Lib,  the  gOTemment  eommteel'iiMr,  that  be  %ai 
iem  Iblrty-nlne  jeare  In  the  eoontrj,  and  wae  then  flzlj  jeeni  of  age{  and  thin  iro«ld  glva  the  fwm 

Iftl  as  the  year  of  hie  eemtag  to  Prairie  do  Chlen.  L.  C.  p. 

f 

f  If  r.  AiRB  waa  from  Haekf  oa«r.  and  wan  a  worthy  maa  and  eolennlidnf  trader.  Bin  field  of  opemilevi 
•■■  aalaly  with  the  Sionx  or  Dakntea,  In  what  Is  nov  Iowa  and  lllnne»ota.  On  ttie  retom  of  L» wui 
■ad  CiuBa'e  expedition  In  ISOO,  they  met  Mr.  Af no  with  two  trading  bnate  above  tbr  Big  SloM  HIvM^ 
m  the  MlMMwrt;  and  to  tbelt  Jottmal  they  «peak  of  hte  as  •<*  fai7  Meadl j  «ad  Vbeeal  graHemft.* 
^Ui^babadatradlngpoiiallieBdota.  UCD. 

17 


180 

amoDg  the  8ioux  Indians,  and  had  been  a  trader  about  forty  ytitum* 
¥here  was  also  another  man  bj  the  name  of  DtmoAK  Graham,  who 
had  been  engaged  in  the  Indian  trade  about  the  aame  length  of 
time,  and  was  captain  in  the  British  Indian  Department  during 
the  war,  from  whom  I  obtained  considerable  information  of  the 
Indian  country,  and  of  the  earlier  days  of  Prairie  dn  Chien. 

Prairie  du  Ohien  was,  at  this  time,  an  important  post  for  Indian 
trade,  and  was  considered  by  the  Indians  as  neutral  ground,  where 
different  tribes,  although  at  war  might  visit  in  safety  ;  but  if  hos- 
tile, they  had  to  beware  of  being  caught  in  the  neighborhood, 
going  or  returning.  Yet  I  never  hoard  of  any  hostile  move- 
ment  on  the  Prairie  after  thoy  had  safely  arrived. 

The  factories  which  John  W.  Johnson  had  charge  of,  were  es- 
tablished  by  an  act  of  Congress  previous  to  the  war  of  1812,  for 
the  humane  purpose  of  preventing  the  British  tradei's  from  extor- 
tions on  the  Indians,  and  of  counteracting  British  influence  over 
them,  which  they  exercised  through  the  traders.  But  unfortu- 
nately they  had  the  contrary  effect,  and  through  the  bad  manage- 
ment of  the  traders,  the  Government  of  the  United  States  was 
made  to  appear  contemptible  in  the  eyes  of  the  Indians.  The  idea 
was  then  prevalent  in  the  IT.  S.,  that  the  most  sleazy  and  cheap 
goods  were  what  the  Indians  wanted,  whereas  the  blankets  far- 
nished  by  the  British  traders,  although  of  coarse  wool,  were  thick 
and  substantial,  and  so  were  the  cloths  and  calicoes,  while  those 
furnished  by  the  Americans  were  greatly  inferior.  It  was  many 
years  before  Mr.  Astor,  with  all  his  wealth  and  sagacity,  could  ob- 
tain in  England  suitable  blankeh  and  cloths  for  the  Indian  trade, 
.  and  also  the  proper  guns.  There  was,  at  that  time,  an  Indian  gun 
'tnanufactnred  in  England,  aalled  the  North  West  gun,  of  simply, 
plain  and  strong  construction,  and  ii;  was  understood  that  tke 
'^manufacture  of  blankets,  cloths  and  guns  was  so  much  under  the 
.  influence  of  the  North  West  Fur  Company,  that  an  Americffti 
eoutd  not  procure  the  gennme  article,  and  henee  the  gooda  fw- 
nished  by  the  factors  were  all  of  an  inferior  article,  except 


181 

tobacco ;  and  the  British  traders  took  especial  pains  when,  thej 
happened  to  have  a  poor  article,  to  call  it  American.  TU^y 
had  been  furnished  for  many  years  with  their  tobacco  from  Al- 
bany, an  inferior  article,  made  into  carrots  of  from  two  to  three 
pounds ;  and  when  the  American  tobacco  in  plugs,  and  of  a  toler- 
able good  quality,  was  introduced  among  them,  they  admitted 
that  it  was  the  best. 

When  I  first  came  to  the  country,  it  was  the  practice  of  the  old 
traders  and  interpreters  to  call  any  inferior  artieleof  goods  Amor* 
ican,  and  to  speak  to  the  Indians  in  a  contemptuous  manner  of  the 
Americans  and  their  goods,  and  the  goods  which  they  brought  in- 
to the  country  but  too  generally  warranted  tliis  reproach.  But 
after  Mr.  Astob  had  purchased  out  the  South- West  Company  and 
established  the  American  Fur  Company,  he  succeeded  in  getting 
suitable  kinds  of  goods  for  the  Indians,  except  at  first  the  North- 
West  Indian  gun.  He  attempted  to  introduce  an  imitation  of 
them,  manufactured  in  Holland,  but  it  did  not  succeed,  as  the  In- 
dians soon  detected  the  tlifierence. 

At  that  time  there  were  generally  collected  at  Prairie  du  Chiea 
by  the  traders  and  U.  S.  factors,  about  three  hundred  packs  of  oqa 
hundred  pounds  each  of  furs  and  peltries,  mostly  fine  furs.  Of  the 
different  Indian  tribes  that  visited  and  traded  more  or  less  at 
Prairie  du  Chien,  there  were  the  Menomonees  from  Green  Baj| 
who  frequently  wintered  on  the  Mississippi ;  the  Chippewas,  who 
resided  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Chippewa  and  Black  rirers ;  th^ 
Foxes,  who  had  a  large  Tillage  where  CassviUe  now  stands,  called 
Penah — -i.e.  Turkey;  the  Sauks,  who  resided  about  Galena  and 
Dubuque;  the  Winnebagoes,  who  resided  on  the  Wisconsin  River; 
the  iowas,  who  then  had  a  village  on  the  Upper  Iowa  River ;  Wa- 
BASHAw's  band  of  Sioux,  who  resided  on  a  beautiful  Prairie  on  th^ 
Iowa  side  of  the  Mississippi,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  mile^ 
^bove  Prairie  du  Chien,  with  occasionally  a  ]^c]capoo  and  Potta;^ 
wattamie. 

The  Sauks  and  Foxes  brought  from  Galena  a  considerable  qt^n- 


182 

titj  of  lead,  monlded  in  the  earth,  in  bars  about  two  feet  long, 
and  from  six' to  eight  inches  wide,  and  from  two  to  fonr  inchoe 
thick,  being  something  of  an  oval  form,  and  thickest  in  the  mid* 
die,  and  generally  thinning  to  the  edge,  and  weighing  from  thirty 
to  forty  pounds.  It  was  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  &ee  a  Fox 
Indian  arrive  at  Prairie  dn  Chien  with  a  hand  eled,  loaded  with 
twenty  or  thirty  wild  turkies  fc-r  sale,  as  they  were  very  plenty 
abont  Odssville,  and  occasionally  there  were  some  killed  opposite 
Prairie  dn  Ohien. 

About  the  year  1822,  a  man  by  the  name  of  Habdih  Pebeinb, 
from  Kentucky,  came  to  Prairie  du  Chien  for  the  purpose  of 
building  a  Pawmill  in  the  Indian  country,  and  obtained  permis* 
sion  from  Major  Tauafkrro,  then  agent  for  the  Sioux  IndianSi 
with  the  consent  of  the  Indians,  to  erect  a  Baw-mill  on  their  land 
on  the  Chippewa  river  and  tributaries  ;  but  Perkins  not  Laving 
the  capital  to  carry  out  his  project,  or  sufficient  influence  to  ob- 
tain the  permission  of  the  Indians  to  erect  tliis  mill,  solicited 
JosBPH  RoLBrrB  and  myself  to  join  him,  which  we  did,  and  con- 
tracted with  Wabash Aw's  band  of  Sioux,  who  claimed  th« 
Chippewa  River  country,  for  the  privilege  of  erecting  a  mill  and 
euttiug  timber  (or  it,  paying  thorn  about  $1000  per  year  in  goods, 
and  famished  Perkins  the  necessary  means  for  the  purpose  ;  and 
be  was  to  take  charge  of  and  conduct  the  business.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  Mtfuomonee  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Chippewa,  and  on 
a  small  stream  running  into  the  Menomnnee,  about  twenty  milea 
from  its  mouth,  erected  a  saw  mill  and  had  it  ko  near  done  that 
he  expected  to  commence  sawinj?  in  a  very  few  days,  when  one  of 
those  sudden  freshets  to  which  hilly  countries  are  subject,  came 
upon  him  and  swept  away  the  dam,  mill  ar.d  appendages,  and 
Pbrkins  returned  to  Prairie  dn  Chien  with  his  family  and  hands, 
having suSered  during  his  renidence  there  considerable  from  fe«^ 
of  the  Chippewa  Indians  who  resided  near,  and  sometimes  visited 
the  mill  builders. 

Ool.  Smbllino,  who  commanded  at  Fort  Snolliog,  had  frequentlj 


m 

iince  Pbbktks  and  his  men  commenced  operatioDB,  threatened  to 
•end  a  force  and  destroy  the  mill,  Baying  the  Indian  Agent  had  no 
•uthoricy  togi^e  permieeion  to  build  mills  in  the  Indian  coontry. 
The  parties  being  pretty  well  convioced  of  the  fact,  and  that  OoL 
BvELLiE^G  had  malice  enough  to  carry  out  his  threat,  if  for  nothing 
else  bnt  to  punish  Mr.  Rolbttb,  with  whom  he  had  some  difficnltyp 
eonclnded  not  to  rebuild,  until  they  could  be  authorized  by  some 
^  better  authority,  supposing  then  that  the  Secretary  of  War  had 
that  power ;  and  Mr.  Bolettb  and  myself  made  np  our  minds  to 
pocket  the  loss,  and  lot  Pebkins  off,  with  the  loss  of  the  few  arti- 
cles he  had  furnished  and  his  services,  which  amounted  to  about 
fifteen  hundred  dollars.  It  proved  a  bad  speculation  to  all  par- 
ties. The  annuity  we  agreed  to  pay  the  Iiidians  for  the  privilege 
of  building  the  mill  and  cutting  timber,  being  stopped  during  the 
time  there  was  no  work  on  the  mill,  the  Indians  insisted  upon  its 
payment,  and  inquired  the  reason  we  did  not  go  on  with  the  work. 
Wjd  were  obliged  to  tell  them  that  their  Great  Father  would  not 
allow  us  to  do  so.  They  said  they  had  given  us  permission,  and 
that  the  country  was  theirs,  and  their  Great  Father  had  no  right 
to  say  anything  about  it. 

la  the  fall  of  1829,  returning  from  St.  Louis,  I  met  at  Galena 
Major  John  Biddlb  of  Detroit,  who  had 'then  been  elected  our 
delegate  to  Congress  from  Michigan,  and  enquired  what  he  could 
do  for  me,  or  the  people  of  Prairie  du  Chien  at  Washington.  I 
then  related  to  him  the  situation  in  which  I  and  Mr.  Kolkttb  were 
placed  with  regar  i  to  the  mill  and  annuities  to  the  Indians.  He 
'  told  roe  that  when  I  got  home,  if  I  would  address  him  at  Wash- 
ington, stating  our  case,  that  he  would  attend  to  it.  I  wrote  to 
bun  a  full  statement  of  the  case  and  difficulties,  and  Major  Biddlv 
obtained  for  us  from  the  Secretary  of  War  permission  to  erect 
jnills,  (&c.,  provided  we  contracted  with  the  Indians  through  {he 
Indian  Agent  at  Prairie  du  Chien. 

We  renewed  our  contract  with  the  Indians,  through  their  ageati^ 
aftd  in  May,  1880,  sent  a  mill-right  who  was  also  a  partnefi  a  ea- 


perintendentj  carpenter  and  blacksmith,  with  laborers,  provisions, 
teams,  and  tools,  to  erect  a  mill  on  the  Chippewa  River  or  its 
tributaries.  The  mill-right  selected  the  site  of  the  old  dam  of 
Pbbkins  for  his  dam,  and  built  the  mill  on  the  Menomonee  Kiver, 
and  dug  a  canal  across  a  point  of  land  from  the  small  stream  to 
the  mill.  The  hands  we  were  obliged  to  employ  were  mostly 
Cauadians,  apd  we  engaged  the  wife  of  one  of  them,  a  Menomonee 
half  breed,  as  cook  for  the  hands.  Few  Americans  can  manage 
the  Canadian  voyageura  to  advantage.  They  suppose  that  they 
must  be  treated  with  the  same  familiarity  as  American  laborers, 
and  reason  them  into  doing  their  duty ;  but  this  is  not  the  proper 
treatment.  The  voyageur  has  been  so  long  accustomed  to  look 
upon  his  employer  as  his  superior,  and  to  be  treated  by  him  as 
his  inferior,  that  so  soon  as  he  is  treated  as  American  hands  expect 
to  be  treated  by  their  employer,  they  at  once  conceive  a  contempt 
for  him,  and  become  mutinous.  Such  was  the  case  with  ou^ 
auperintendent,  and  he  proved  not  to  he  qualified  to  superintend 
any  kind  of  men  or  busincrs,  and  all  the  hands  looked  upon  him 
with  contempt. 

Three  or  four  Chippewas  came  to  the:n  and  the  Menomonee 
half  breed  woman,  she  being  the  only  one  that  understood  the 
X3hippewa  language,  and  told  tliem  that  if  they  did  not  leave  there 
they  would  kill  them  all.  Tiiis  was  about  night-fall,  and  the  su- 
perintendent was  so  much  alarmed  tlmt  at  dark  he  i:;otinto  a  canoe 
with  one  man,  as  much  frightened  as  himself,  and  went  down  in 
the  night  over  the  rapids,  that  were  difllcult  to  navigate  even  in 
the  day  time,  leaving  orders  with  the  men  to  load  the  provisions, 
tools,  &c.,  into  the  boat,  and  to  start  in  tlie  morning  down  the 
Chippewa  Hiver  near  to  its  mouth,  which  they  did,  driving  the 
oxen  by  land.  The  superintendent,  whose  name  was  ARMSTRoifG, 
arrived  at  the  Prairie  evidently  much  alarmed,  and  gave  me  A 
terrible  account  of  his  etfcape;  and  not  until  ho  liad  been  at  the 
fPrttirie  eomo  considoraUe  time  did  bo  inform  me  that  he  had  or- 
dened  all  th^  men  to  leave  the  mill,  and  that  they  were  probabiy^ 


^  tkiir  way  down.  I  wag  then  satisfied  that  my  presence  was 
M^oired  there,  unless  I  intended  to  abandon  the  mill ;  and  it  being 
isBi  the  hot  weather  of  August,  i  did  not  feel  much  inclined  to  make 
a  Tojage  in  a  canoe  exposed  to  tbo  snn,  butfrom  the  materials  W6 
jbad  to  deal  with,  I  saw  at  once  that  it  was  necessary. 

I  had  a  canoe  manned  with  a  half  breed  Winnebago,  who  spoke 
'"Chippewa,  and  together  with  Armstbong  and  the  French  man  wbe 
had  come  down  with  him,  put  out  at  once,  taking  in  my  canoe 
j)royi8ion8  enough  for  myself  and  crew  to  reach  the  mill.  We 
Jhad  proceeded  about  forty  miles  up  the  Mississippi,  when  early 
la  the  morning  at  a  sand-bar,  in  the  middle  of  a  channel,  and 
about  one  fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  shore,  I  met  a  canqe  with  a 
Menomonee  half-breed  and  a  large  athletic  Ohioan  by  the  name 
of  Habtwkll,  whom.  I  had  never  seen  before.  Abkstbong  had 
engaged  him  as  carpenter,  and  taken  him  to  the  mill  without  my 
having  seen  him,  or  knowing  his  name.  I  asked  them  where  they 
were  going,  and  they  said  to  the  Prairie.  I  said,  "  no ! — you  must 
return  with  rae."  I  knew  that  the  half  breed  would  obey  without 
difficulty,  but  Habtwell  said  he  was  going  to  the  Prairie,  and  I 
knew  in  order  to  take  all  of  them  back,  I  must  take  these  back  as 
I  met  them.  Haetwkll  was  a  strong  man  and  armed  with  a 
xifle,  but  I  said  to  him,  "  this  canoe  at  least  is  mine,  and  doea  not 
go  to  the  Prairie;  yon  can  take  your  choice,  either  to  go  back,  or 
to  remain  on  this  sand-bar." 

He  concluded  to  go  back,  and  for  fear  that  they  might  give  il»e 
the  slip,  I  got  into  the  canoe  with  thein  and  we  proceeded  up  the 
.river  about  ten  miles  farther,  where  we  met  all  the  Canadians 
with  the  half  breed  Menomonee  woman,  when  we  all  put  ashore. 
.  I  told  them  that  they  must  go  back  to  the  iijill,  which  they  refused 
to  do.    I  soon  discovered,  as  I  had  suspected,  that  the  woman  was 
the  leader  of  the  party,  and  I  bribed  her  to  go  back.     She  con- 
sented, and  the  others  followed  her  example.     She  and  her  hus- 
.])and  were  in  a  large  ^canoe,  not  half  finished,  which  would  go 
ihard  up  stream.     From  the  manner  of  her  consenting  so  readily 


186 

to  retnrn,  I  saspeoted  that  Bhe  intended  as  aoon  as  they  oonld  lag 
a  little  behind,  and  get  some  point  between  me  and  them,  to  alip 
down  the  stream,  which  I  afterwards  learned  was  really  their  in- 
tention ;  to  present  which,  I  told  them,  as  they  were  weak-hand- 
ed, and  had  a  hea^y  canoe,  that  I  would  embark  with  them  and 
lielp  them  paddle.  I  paddled  all  day,  and  made  a  good  day's 
work  np  stream,  and  encamped  in  a  channel  of  the  riFer  opposite 
to  Wabashaw's  Prairie. 

The  men  had  only  taken  provisions  enough  to  last  the^  to  the 
Prairje,  and  it  was  soon  seen  that  my  stock  would  not  be  sufficient 
for  the  additional  mouths  until  we  reached  the  boat.  In  camp  at 
Bight  one  of  the  men  named  Faancis  La  Poimtb,  a  native  of 
Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  customs  of  the 
Indians,  told  me  .that  it  was  but  a  short  distancai  across  the  coon- 
try  to  the  Chippewa,  whore  the  boat  thon  was ;  and  proposed  to 
go  there,  take  a  canoe  and  meet  us^  with  provisions,  which  I  r^ 
qnested  him  to  do.  He  accordingly  after  breakfast  borrowed  e 
gun,  took  some  crackers  in  his  pocket,  and  started  across,  while 
we  proceeded  np  the  channel  along  under  the  bluffs  for  about  five 
miles  to  where  the  canoes  cross  tlie  Mississippi  to  the  western 
aide.  Just  as  we  were  about  putting  off  from  the  sliore.  La  PoiNm 
eame  running  down  the  hill  hallooing  ^^Indians!**  The  canooe 
were  all  putting  out  into  the  river,  but  I  ordered  the  canoe  that  I 
wad  in  to  put  to  shore,  and  take  the  man  in,  confiding,  at  the 
time,  in  his  statement. 

'  La  Pointb  had  on,  when  ho  started,  two  cotton  shirts,  and  whem 
he  returned  one  of  the  shirts  was  neaily  cut  from  him,  and  several 
atabs  through  the  other.  Ue  had  tiirown  away  all  his  ammuni* 
tion  and  his  hat,  and  stated  that  after  crossing  the  bill  and  getting 
into  a  ravine  of  tall  grass,  that  live  Chippewa  Indians  sudden// 
atirrouncied  him,  took  away  his  powder,  shot  and  provisions,  oat 
his  hat  and  shirt  all  to  pieces,  called  him  a  dog,  and  would  hB,r% 
taken  his  gun  had  he  not  begged  hard  to  retain  it,  telling  theoa 
that  it  was  not  his.    He  told  so  probable  a  story  of  what  woi&Ui 


1S7 

mttanXlj  be  die  oondaofc  of  a  war  pftrty  of  lodiani,  that  I  at  fiiort 
believed  hini,  bat  we  stopped  shortly  after  for  dinner,  and  althoe^ 
the  men  pretended  to  be  mach  afraid  of  the  Indians,  I  discovered 
•omethinj^  in  their  conduct  that  satisfied  me,  that  it  was  a  hoax* 
They  proposed  to  tarn  back  to  Prairie  da  Ohien  fdr  fear  of  liie 
Indians,  bot  I  told  them  that  I  was  never  in  the  habit  of  turning 
Vack  through  fear,  until  I  saw  there  was  really  danger,  and  that  I 
did  not  require  them  to  run  any  risk  which  I  would  not  myself 
freely  share. 

We  finally  proceeded  on  quietly  until  near  the  mouth  of  Biveire 
Au  Boeuf  or  Buffalo  River,  when  Abicstbono  and  the  man  who  came 
down  with  him,  who  were  actually  in  great  fear,  as  they  were  not 
in  the  secret  of  the  plot,  discovered  an  Indian  on  tLe  bluffd  below 
its  mouth,  or  imsgined  they  did,  and  gave  the  alarm  of  "  Ohippe* 
wa  I "  But  we  met  some  Sioux  at  the  foot  of  the  bluffs,  and  they 
eaid  that  it  could  not  be  Chippewas,  as  they  had  the  day  before 
been  hunting  over  there  and  thought  it  probable  that  some  of 
.  their  people  might  still  be  hunting  there.  So  we  proceeded  to  a 
point  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa  Biver,  and  encamp- 
ed for  the  night. 

80  much  had  been  said  about  danger  from  the  Chippewas,  that 
I  began  to  belieVe  there  was  something  in  it,  and  must  confess 
that  the  next  morning  I  entered  the  narrow  mouth  of  the  Chip* 
pewa,  fringed  with  bushes,  with  some  fear  that  some  Indian  might 
be  hid,  and  fire  upon  us  without  giving  notice  of  his  presence ; 
bat  once  in,  the  feeling  of  fear  wore  off*,  and  we  proceeded  on 
with  little  to  eat  until  about  10  o'clock,  when  we  came  to  a  Me- 
Bomonee  lodge,  where  we  found  a  great  deal  of  venison,  and  a 
quantity  stuck  up  around  the  fire  cooking,  to  which  we  did  ample 
jnstice.  We  then  proceeded  about  ten  miles  up  the  river,  where 
we  foand  the  boat  and  three  Americans  who  had  remained  with 
ik  Bat  they  refused,  as  well  as  the  Canadians  to  go  back  to  the. 
ti&ill  under  the  supetintendence  of  Abustrohg;  and  from  all  ao- 
eMnt6*of  the  mmi,  as  well  as  from  what  I  had  seen  of  h,imt  I 
18 


188 

Mkied  that  fad  was  not  calcnlated  ta  donflaot  snoh  a  bnsHids^ 
dad  I  oonolnded  that  Oib  best  way  to  get  rid  of  liim,  was  to  p«r? 
lAase  him  out,  even  if  I  hpad  to  gire  more  than  he  was  jaslly 
«BtiUed.  Hi8  fear  of  the  Ohippewas  was  sneh,  that  he  did  not 
"WiBh  to  return.  He  owed  me  about  five  hundred  dollars,  whicH 
^irouM  not  be  worth  much  if  he  left  the  mill ;  yet,  to  get  rid  of 
lilm,  I  gave  him  that,  aad  took  a  quit  claim  of  all  his  claims  apcoi 
lihe  mill,  and  let  him  have  a  small  cauoe  in  which  be  descended 
the  rirer. 

My  people  agreed  to  go  back  to  the  mill,  provided  I  would  get 
«^e  Meoomonees  to  go  up  the  river  with  us,  but  I  had  no  intex- 
pireter  in  whom  I  could  coufide,  as  my  half  breed  Winnebago  bad 
Joined  bis  comrades,  the  Canadians,  against  me.    80  I  sent  down 
for  the  Menomonees  at  the  lodge  we  had  passed,  to  come  and  go 
with  us ;  but  presume  that  the  half  breed  Menomonee  woman 
iukd  instructed  them  how  to  act ;  for  although  I  offered  thorn  a 
high  price,  they  pretended  to  be  afraid  of  the  Chippewas,  which 
I  was  satisfied  was  not  the  case,  and  declined  to  go,  unless  anotk- 
er  band  who  were  hunting  on  the  Chippewa,  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Menomonee  River,  would  go  with  them.    So  I  sent^an  Indiaa 
for  them,  and  proceeded  on  with  my  boat,  and  encamped  on  a 
'sand-bar  opposite  the  Menomonee  River,  and  waited  fo^  the  la- 
dians  until  about  noon  the  next  day,  when  they  arrived,  but  did 
not  want  to  go  into  the  Menomonee,  expressing  their  fears  of  the 
Ohi[)pewa8.     I  offered  them  a  kog  of  powder,  a  bar  of  lead,  and. 
promised,  when  they  next  came  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  to  give  them 
a  keg  of  whiskey  ;  but  they  Ptill  declined  going,  reiterating  theSr 
approhcnsiong,  which  I  was  satisfied  were  feigned  for  the  occasioBf, 

and  that  they  were  but  claying  their  part  as  instructed  by  the 
half  breed  woman.  Believing  snch  to  be  the  case,  I  ordered  the 
'«ien  to  put  the  things  in  the  boat,  tolling  them  that  I  was  not 
afraid  of  the  Chippewas,  and  should  go  to  the  mill.  Upon  tbte, 
some  of  the  Canadians  showed  a  disposition  to  mutiny,  but  1  hsid. 
fnade  np  my  mind  to  go,  and  knockdown  the  leader  with  a  elxihi 
•arid  force  them  to  accompany  me.     How  I  should  have  succeeded 


18^ 

I  do  not  knoir,  but  at  that  moment  the  rn<tiAn8  finding  that  I  was 
aetermined  to  go  without  them,  said  they  would  go,  and  we  proceed- 
ed up  the  Menomonee  River  about  nine  miles,  whero  we  en- 
camped. 

Tha  Winnebago  aud  Menomonee  half  breedi  unloaded  one  of 
the  canoes  and  said  there  wat  a  lake  near  there,  and  that  they 
would  go  and  shoot  elk ;  but  in  about  an  hour  they  returned, 
apparently  much  alarmed,  and  s  iid  they  saw  tracks  of  Indians 
around  thejake.  But  the  Menomoneos  who  had  agreed  to  go 
With  oa  fearing  to  loose  their  promised  pay  if  we  went  back,  sand 
that  the  tracks  were  not  Ohippewas  but  MenomoTiees,  as  some  of 
their  people  had  been  there  that  day  hunting.  The  next  day  ym 
proceedlsd  on  up  the  rirer  without  any  thing  of  note  until  w^ 
reached  the  mill,  except  occasionally  seeing  a  Chippewa  in  imagi- 
naiion. 

There  was  among  the  carpenters  of  my  party  a  discharged  sol- 
dier of  the  name  of  Holmes,  who  was  a  better  mill-wright  than 
Armstrong,  and  upon  whom,  as  I  afterwards  learned,  Armsteoito 
had  depended  to  build  the  mill.  I  then  made  a  bargain  with 
Isaac  Sauwdirs,  one  of  the  carpenters  Armstrong  had  taken  up, 
giving  him  an  interest  in  the  mill  to  superintend  it,  and  engaged 
fioLMBs  by  the  day  to  build  the  mill.  There  had  been  very  little 
Wotk  done  during  the  summer,  and  they  did  not  get  the  mill  ready 
1j»  (Commence  sawing  until  March,  1831 ;  and  by  the  1st  of  Jooe 
following,  had  sawed  about  100,000  feet  of  lumber.  It  was  im- 
possible at  that  time  at  Prairie  du  Chien  to  get  any  other  han4B 
ibaH  Gaaa<fians,  except  occasionally  a  discharged  soldier;  aad 
atnong  the  Amef  icans  that  were  at  the  mill,  there  was  not  one 
-who  knew  how  to  eoiifitruct  a  raft. 

Thfe  Oahadian  manner  of  rafting  had  been  to  lay  two  floats  of 
timber  about  ten  inbhes  square,  and  raft  the  boards  on  them,  and 
fhoy  rafted  our  lumber  in  that  way ;  but  when  they  had  completed 
Ihe  raft,  tHey  fbuhd  there  was  not  water  enough  to  float  it,  the 
%rftet  toeing  t*ery  l*w  that  spilng.    As  many  of  the. men's  ti 


140 

would  be  oat  in  Maj,  I  went  np  with  another  set  of  hands  to  sap- 
ply  the  places  of  those  that  would  come  awaj  with  the  raft.  Bal 
on  arriying  there,  I  foand  the  water  very  low,  and  the  Oanadiane 
declared  that  tbe  lamber  could  not  be  rafted  out  of  the  river.  It 
appeared  that  we  would  have  to  wait  for  a  rise  of  water ;  and  ha^ 
ing  a  dooble  set  of  hands,  I  concluded  to  build  another  mill,  on  a 
stream  about  one  mile  from  tbe  other.  I  set  the  hands  to  work 
getting  out  timber  for  the  dam,  mill,  &c. 

The  Oanadians  who  had  first  gone  there,  and  went  back  with 
Bse  against  their  will,  and  whose  times  were  abont  expiring,  weie 
still  disposed  to  be  mutinous,  and  declared  their  intention  of  not 
waiting  for  a  rise  of  water  to  get  the  timber  out,  and  of  leaving 
as  soon  as  their  time  should  expire.  I  told  them  that  they  could 
not  leave  nntil  they  took  down  the  lumber ;  that  I  would  pay  then 
for  their  time,  and  that  they  could  not  get  permission  t.^  go  uolesi 
they  took  it  by  force,  and  that,  I  did  rot  think,  would  be  rerj 
safe  for  them  to  attempt  while  I  was  ijiere,  and  if  they  cut  a  pine 
tree  to  make  a  canoe  of,  I  would  have  them  prosecuted  and  im* 
prisoned — and,  as  a  Canadian  is  much  afraid  of  a  jail,  they  con- 
eluded  to  continue  their  work. 

During  the  time  I  was  contriving  how  this  Inn^ber  was  to  be  got 
to  tbe  mouth  of  the  Menomonee,  and  talking  with  IIolicks  ob6 
day  about  it,  he  told  me  he  had  somewhere  seen  lumber  rafted 
over  rapids  by  laying  one  sawed  board  or  slab  lapping  about  half 
its  length  upon  another,  after  the  manner  of  shingling,  and  thim 
repeat  and  combine  until  the  raft  or  crib  should  be  formed ;  and 
that  it  would  hang  together  in  passing  over  any  rapids.  Upott 
this  hint  I  caused  a  crib  to  be  made,  but  the  men  said  it  would 
drown  any  one  who  wonld  be  fool-hardy  enongh  to  take  it  over 
tbe  rapids.  I  waited  till  the  following  Sunday,  when  tbe  mea 
wonld  be  idle,  and  then  told  two  of  the  hands  that  if  they  would 
take  that  crib  to  the  mouth  of  the  Menomonee,  I  wonld  pay  thea 
one  dollar  each*  They  did  so  without  accident,  and  returned  bj 
land  before  aight,  and  reported  that  the  lumber  could  be 


141 

4own  in  that  way  withoat  any  difiBoaltj.  The  men  now  went  to 
work  and  rafted  it ;  got  it  nearly  all  to  the  month  of  the  rirer, 
when  abont  the  Ist  of  June,  it  commenced  raining,  and  continned 
■loet  of  the  time  very  hard  for  a  fortnight  The  stream  on  which 
onr  dam  was,  rose  in  about  twelve  honrs  something  like  twelve 
feet,  and  the  Menomonee  River  abont  the  same,  carrying  away 
the  dam,  and  sweeping  the  loose  made  cribs  of  lumber  from  their 
moorings,  and  scattered  the  Inmber  over  the  bottoms  of  the  Me- 
Bomonee  and  Ch^p|)ewa  Rivers.  About  fifty  thousand  feet  of  this 
Inmber  was  afterwards  recovered  in  a  damaged  state,  at  a  great 
expense,  and  taken  to  St.  Louis  and  sold  at  a  reduced  price.  Such 
were  some  of  the  difficulties  atteiiding  the  early  attempts  at  lumber- 
ing  in  this  country.  The  only  bands  that  could  be  employed  were 
the  Canadian  voyayeurs\  they  could  row  a  boat  well,  or  run  a 
raft,  but  that  was  about  the  extent  of  their  knowledge  of  lumber- 
ing. Occasionally  you  could  pick  up  a  diecharged  soldier  that 
had  some  knowledge  of  the  business,  and  these  were  the  materiaU 
that  pioneer  saw-mill  proprietors  had  to  use,  and  manage  as  beat 
they  conld. 

Shortly  after  this,  Dahisl  WBTritKY,  of  Green  Bay,  obtained 
from  the  Secretary  of  War  a  similar  permit  to  that  granted  to  Mr. 
BoLErrrx  and  myself,  and  built  a  mill  upon  the  Upper  Wiscoasio. 

Of  all  the  foreigners  that  came  to  this  country,  the  Canadians 
of  ^French  extraction  seemed  to  have  the  least  idea  of  the  privi- 
leges of  American  citizenship.  It  appeared  almost  impossible  to 
inBtil  into  their  minds  any  thing  of  the  independence  of  self-gov- 
ernment, and  this  was  not  confined  entirely  to  the  uneducated,  but 
wonid  apply  more  or  less  to  the  partially  educated  classes.  They 
do  not  consider  it  a  privili  ge  to  vote  for  the  officers  who  are 
to  govern  them ;  and  consider  it  only  desirable  to  use  the  elective 
fraiiebise  in  order  to  gratify  some  friend  who  has  asked  them  to 
▼ote  for  himself  or  his  candidate ;  and  when  so  requested,  they 
flre  too  polite  to  refnse,  unless  a  previous  promise  had  been  made 
lo  iome  other. 


lis. 

I  hay 6  lired  among  tbis  people  upwards  of  thirty  years,  and  have 
tat^ca  considerable  interest  in  elections,  and  frequently  asked  the 
people  to  vote  for  the  candidate  that  I  supported,  and  recollect 
bat  a  solitary  instance,  in  all  that  time,  where  a  man  had  the  in- 
dependence to  refuse  my  request.  It  was  amusing  after  the 
county  of  Oru'.vford  was  organized,  and  an  electiou  was  to  take 
plaoe  for  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Michigan,  to  see  these  peo- 
ple about  election  time.  It  so  happened  that  Joseph  Rolbttb  and 
myself  influenced  about  an  equal  number  of  voters,  aud  as  we 
generally  supported  different  candidates,  these  people  would  meet, 
and  talk  among  themselves  about  the  election,  asking  each  other 
who  they  were  going  to  vote  for  ?  The  answer  invariably  was, 
"  Jt  va  vote  jpour  Mans.  Eolbtte;'"  or  •'«/«  va  vote  jpaur  Mom, 
LocKwooD ;"  the  names  of  the  opposing  candidates  never  being 
mentioned,  and  very  seldom  known — a  rather  aumsing  circum- 
staiioe. 

In  the  spring  of  the  year  1824,  a  delegate  to  Congress  was  to 
be  elected  for  Michigan ;  and  Michigan,  like  all  other  portions 
of  the  Union,  had  several  patriotic  men  who  desired  to  sacri- 
fice themselves  to  the  service  of  their  country.    Among  the  nu- 
merous candidates,  Mr.  KoLErrE  and  I  each  selected  one  for  our 
support,  and  solicited  the  votes  of  the  Canadians  for  our  respect- 
ive candidates.    Among  the  voters  was  a  respectable  and  indus- 
trious fai'mer  living  in  the  lower  end  of  Prairie'du  Chien,  by  the 
name  of  Babkettk,  whose  vote  had  been  solicited  both  by  If  r. 
EoLETT£  and  myself;  but  Babrbtte  being  engaged  in  getting  iu* 
his  spring  crop  of  grain,  and  thinking  if  he  went  to  the  eleotioxL 
he  would  offend  one  or  the  other  of  us,  which  he  wished  to  avoid, 
concluded  it  would  be  wisest  to  remain  at  home,  and  work  on  hia 
farm.    Mr.  BoLErrE's  idea  of  the  elective  franchise  was  such,  tkitt 
he  believed  that  every  man  was  bound  to  vote,  And,  moreover. 
that  he  should  do  it  precisely  in  accordance  with  his  lender'^ 
wishes,  without  exercising  any  judgment  whatever  of  his  ow^u.^ 
Jlr.  EoLBTTn  being  a  Canadian  by  birth,  of  Frienfth  «t^actiQi\,  «.p^ 
although  an  educated  man,  considered  himself  insujted  by  .£1)^%. 


148 

mmiB  not  eoming  to  the  eleekion  abd  voting  for  hia  oandidft^it 
ud  declared  that  he  would  be  Ireveaged  on  him.  .., 

There  was  a  law  at  that  time  in  Michigau  preyenting  stud  hoiee^ 

* 

from  running  at  largo  when  over  eighteen  months  of  age,  undert 
a  penalty  of  ten  dollars  for  each  oflfence,  "  if  willingly  or  wilfal][f 
at  large.'*  At  this  time  the  water  was  high  in  the  Miesisaippl^ 
and  the  old  village  of  Prairie  dn  Chien  was  an  island.  Ond 
morning  shortly  after  the  election,  Mr.  RoLvrrE  with  his  meft 
brought  me  two  horses  of  the  aforesaid  description,  and  hitched  • 
them  before  my  door.  I  was  then  a  Justice  of  the  Peace.  BoLEm 
entered  my  house  under  considerable  apparent  excitement,  saying, 
he  had  brought  me  two  horses  that  were  running  at  large  contrary 
to  law.  I  answered  him,  that  I  did  not  want  the  horses,  nor  wae 
I  going  to  take  charge  of  them.  Mr.  Rolettk  then  aeked,  as  they 
were  at  large  contrary  to  law,  what  was  to  be  done  i  I  answered, 
that  I  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  horses,  and  should  not 
take  charge  of  them ;  but  if  he  wished  to  make  a  complaint  against 
their  owners,  I  was  bound  to  take  notice  of  it.  Mr.  Bolstte  then 
concluded  to  make  such  complaint  a^^ainst  Barbette,  the  owner 
of  one  of  the  horses,  and  let  the  other  off,  as  he  had  no  pique » to 
gratify  in  his  case.  Process  was  accordingly  issued  against  Bak- 
MSTTE,  and  soon  returned  served.  On  the  day  of  trial,  a  man  by 
tiiie  name  of  Perkins,  heretofore  spoken  of,  seeing  that  the  snH 
was  brought  by  an  apparently  wealthy  man  to  oppress  a  poor  one, 
volunteered  his  services  to  assist  in  defending  him,  and  on  calling 
the  case  the  defendant  demanded  a  jury.  The  Legislature  of 
Michigan  had  some  two  or  three  years  before  this  reduced  the 
jury  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  to  six,  and  the  year  preceding 
this  trial,  they  had  repealed  that  law,  without  any  saving  clause. 
Under  these  circumstances,  I  decided  that  the  repeal  of  the  law^ 
revived  the  old  one  of  twelve  jurors,  and  accordingly  had  a  juiy 
of  that  number  summoned  and  siivorn.  It  so  happened  that  there 
-were  some  Americans  on  the  jury,  and  as  the  trial  proceeded,  the 
defendant  admitted  that  his  horse  was  at  large,  butnot  ^^  willingly 
or  wilfully,*'  and  proved  that  his  horse  was  old,  and  had  been  worttt 


144 

t#doim  Yerj  poor  in  the  spttagi  and  that  when  he  was  thfoogh 
with  biB  work  and  wished  to  turn  him  oat  on  the  Prairie,  to  mm 
UnMelf  from  the  penalty  of  the  law,  be  had  taken  him  to  be  caa- 
#irted  to  the  ool;  man  on  the  Prairie  that  pretended  to  perform  aach 
derations.  But  he  declined  doing  eo,  saying  that  the  borae  waa 
too  poor  and  weak  to  live  through  it,  and  that  he  had  better  tarn 
him  out  on  the  Prairie  to  rest  and  recruit  a  few  days,  as  be  could 
4o  no  harm.  Under  this  testimony,  the  jury  brought  in  a  ▼erdiot 
far  defendant,  stating  that  Babrbtts's  horse  was  neither  "  wiUully 
Bor  willingly  "  at  large,  contrary  to  law. 

■ 

After  this  Barbettk,  by  adv^ice  of  his  fWond,  brought  suit 
agaiDBt  Mr.  RoLKTTB,  before  N.  BoiLviNjEsq.,  another  Jaetice  of  the 
Peace,  for  treFpa^s,  and  swimming  his  horse  across  the  slough  of 
St.  Ferole,  and  had  another  jury,  who  gave  B/lrsrttb  five  doUara 
damages  and  co^ts,  which  mortified  Mr.  Rolkttb  very  much.  He 
did  not  caie  bo  ninch  about  the  money,  as  he  did  about  attempting 
to  punidh  a  Canadian  farmer  for  disobeying  his  wishes,  and  to 
have  that  farmer  beat  him. 

In  the  fall  of  1818,  a  severe  fight  took  place  on  the  prairie  be* 
tween  Lac  Traverse  and  the.head  watersof  the  Mississippi,  under 
aomething  like  the  following  circumstances,  as  related  to  me  ixa*^ 
mediately  after  by  some  Indians  nrlio  had  participated  in  the  ao* 
tion.  I  was  then  at  my  wintering  stati<m  near  Lac  qui  Parle,  oa 
the  St.  Peters.  Daring  the  summer  a  Yankton  chief,  who  gener^ 
ally  resided  near  Lac  Traverse,  called  by  the  French  the  Oaijro 
SmoRB,  had  met  with  some  Chippcwas,  with  whom  he  had  smok- 
ed .the  pipe  of  peace,  and  after  the  council  bad  broken  up«  and 
the  Ohippewas  were  wending  tbeir  way,  as  they  supposed,  safely 
to  tbeir  homes,  when  a  party  of  the  Grand  Sinork's  bai>d  followed 
tliem  and  killed  some  of  the  men,  and  took  one  woman  prisoner* 
Upon  this,  eleven  young  Chippewas  armed,  provisioned,  and  pro* 
Tided  with  moccasins,  and  started  for  the  Sioux  country,  declaring 
that  they  would  not  return  nntil  rhey  had  avenged  the  insult  aikd 
Wtraga.    Thej  travelled  in  the  Sioux  eonntr/  about  a  montli 


us 

without  fklliDg  in  with  any  Sioux,  and  wei«e  apparently  on  their 
way  home,  when  on  the  prairie  between  Lac  Trareree  and  the 
head  waters  of  the  Missiesippi,  they  discovered  a  largo  camp  of 
Sioux  of  about  five  hundred  lodges.  As  they  were  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  camp,  they  were  di8covered  by  some  Sioux  on 
horseback,  who  immediately  gave  notice  to  the  camp.  The  Ohip- 
pewas  find  ing  that  they  were  didcorered,  and  that  their  ftfte  was  seal- 
odySent  one  of  their  number  home  to  carry  tidings  of  their  probable 
destruction,  and  the  other  ten  got  into  a  copse  of  timber  and  brush 
on  the  prairie,  and  commenced  throwing  up  breast  works  by  dig* 
ging  holes  with  their  knives  and  hands, ^'  determined  to  sell  their 
Urea  as  dearly  as  possible,  knowing  that  there  was  not  the  re- 
motest hope  for  their  escape* 

In  a  short  time  the  warriors  from  the  Sioux  camp  surrounded 
them,  and,  it  would  appear,  made  the  attack  without  much  order 
(»r  system,  and  fought  something  like  the  militia  in  the  Black 
Hawk  war  at  the  attack  near  Eellogo's,  where  each  one  attacked 
and  fought  on  his  own  account  without  orders.  To  show  their 
bravery,  the  Sioux  would  approach  the  entrenched  Ohippewas 
singly,  but  from  the  covert  and  deadly  fire  of  the  Ohippewas, 
they  were  sure  to  fall.  They  continued  to  fight  in  this  way,  until 
about  seventy  of  the  Sioux  were  killed  or  wounded,  when  one  of 
the  Sioux  war  chiefs  cried  out,  that  the  enemy  were  killing  them  in 
detail,  and  directed  a  general  onset,  when  they  all  in  a  body  rush- 
ed upon  the  Ohippewas  with  knives  and  tomahawks ;  and,  after  a 
severe  struggle,  overpowered  and  exterminated  them,  wounding 
in  the  melee  many  of  their  own  people.  The  brave  Ohippewas* 
had  exhausted  their  amunition,  and  now  fell  a  sacrafice  to  superior 
numbers.  Thus  perished  ten  as  intrepid  warriors  as  ever  entered 
the  battle  field.  The  eleventh  pursued  his  way,  and  carried  to  hia 
people  the  news  of  the  probable  fate  of  the  others.  The  Sioux 
exulted  in  their  mournful  victory,  which  was  purchased  at  the 
eost  of  the  lives  of  between  seventy  and  eighty  of  their  warriors. 


*fM0  OUnliag  holts  WM  »  omboboo  mod*  of  defonoe  for  »  wtok  porty.-4M  FUkaPi  lxpftdltioa%  PhOa, 
UlOb ^ IS;  Md BMHori Slwleh ot  (tevfoffd Oraair,  iB  Vol.1,  WIi.Af.1taai.     L.G.9. 

19 


146 

If  sealps  are  taken  after  the  fall  of  the  leares  from  the  treefl^  it 
it  nanal  for  the  IndiaoB  to  oontmoe  the  scalp  dance  oyer  them  oa- 
tQ  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  again,  when  the  scalps  are  biuied 
with  considerable  ceremonj ;  and  if  scalps  are  taken  after  the  ptk^ 
ting  oat  of  the  leaves,  they  continue  to  dance  until  their  &11  in 
the  antumn. 

In  the  year  1888,  General  Joskph  M.  Strcxt  was  appointed  In- 
dian Agent  at  Prairie  dn  (%ien,  and  arrived  alone  in  the  fall  of 
that  year  to  assume  the  dnties  of  his  oflBce ;  and,  in  the  winter, 
returned  to  Illinois  and  brought  his  family  to  Prairie  du  Ohien  in 
the  spring  of  the  following  year,  being  the  first  family  who  setAed 
in  Prairie  dn  Chien  that  made  a  profession  of  religion  of  the  Pro- 
testant faith  of  any  of  the  different  sects. 

In  1830,  a  man  by  the  name  of  Coe,  who  claimed  to  be  a  min- 
ister of  the  Presbyterian  churcb,  and  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
passed  through  the  country,  and  remained  over  Sunday  at  Prai- 
rie  du  Chien,  and  made  an  attempt  at  preaching ;  but  he  was  a 
very  illiterate  man,  and  not  over  stocked  with  good  sense.  I 
must  here  relate  an  anecdote  of  this  man.  He  made  several 
trips  to  the  upper  Indian  coantry,  and  on  one  occasion  took  pas» 
sage  on  a  keel-boat,  and  arrived  within  abont  thirty  miles  of  Fort 
Snelling  on  Saturday  night ;  and  as  the  boat  would  start  early  in 
the  morning,  aad  he  would  not  travel  on  the  Sabbath,  he  went 
on  shore  without  provisions,  and  en  camped  over  Sunday,  and  on 
Monday  made  his  way  to  Fort  Snelling,  hungry  and  nearly  ex- 
hauBced.  Sometime  in  the  year  1838,  a  stndent  of  divinity,  of  the 
'Onmberland  Presbyterian  sect,  came  here  and  taught  school  tor 
about  six  months,  and  on  Sundays  attempted  to  preach. 

In  some  of  the  treaties  with  the  Winnebagoes,*  provision  had 


•  At  the  tr«ftfy  of  FoiilmstnmK,  Rock  JObbA,  of  vhtok  Gtn.  Soon  wU  Gov.  Rbthoilm  w«i«  Sl# 
oominiflaionorf,  eondaded  S«pt.  15, 1882,  U  put  coiuddeittion  for  a  cUim  of  Und,  it  wa«  vUpiiUted  thftt 
tik«  OenenJ  GoTernment  shoiild,  for  a  term  of  twentj-seren  yean,  m»intatw  %  school  at  or  near  ftaliie 
^QilMiftir  tha  eaBettioxi  aafl  nppart  of  iMch  WlniMbago  cbUdi^  atatenld  to  tolialwtt/  Mai  t» 
S^totoooBdooUdbf  tir»«rm«(«  teaahew,  wd  at  an  amraal  cost  not  «»  tzoeed  the  pom  of  tfar«» 
••Bi^w.  L.  C.  D. 


147 

been  made  for  an  Indian  school  near  Prairie  da  Chion,  and  in  the 
year  1833,  the  Rev.  David  Lowey,  of  the  Cnmberland  Presbyte- 
rian denomination,  came  to  the  place  as  saperintendent  of  said 
Indian  school,  bat  it  was  aboat  a  year  thereafter  before  suitable 
bnildings  were"  erected  on  the  Yellow  river  in  Iowa,  and  Mr. 
LowBY  remained  at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  preached  on  Sundays ; 
and  during  this  time,  collected  those  professing  religion  of  the 
different  denominations  into  a  society.  In  the  fair  of  1836,  the 
Bev.  Alfbed  Bruj^son  visited  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  returned 
home  the  same  autumn ;  and  in  the  spring  of  1836,  he  came  back 
with  his  family,  as  superintendent  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Mission  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Lake  Superior.  He  pur- 
chased a  farm  and  built  a  house,  the  materials  for  which  he 
brought  with  him  from  Meadville,  Pa.,  and  continued  for  several 
years  laboring  in  his  missionary  capacity.  He  several  times 
visited  the  missions  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  when  at  the 
Prairie,  preached  and  formed^  a  Methodist  society.  In  the  year 
1836,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Oaddle,  of  the  Episcopal  church,  came  to  the 
Prairie  as  a  missionary,  but  was  shortly  after  appointed  chaplain 
to  Fort  Crawford,  in  which  capacity  he  continued  until  1841',  when 
feeling,  as  he  expressed  it,  that  he  was  not  in  his  proper  place 
preaching  to  soldiers,  who  went  to  hear  him  more  from  compul- 
sion than  anything  else,  he  resigned  his  chaplaincy,  and  again 
entered  the  missionary  service  in  another  part  of  the  Territory. 
Mr.  Caddlk,  while  chaplain  of  the  fort,  formed  a  church  of  the 
few  communicants  of  the  Prairie,  and  the  officers  and  ladies  of 
the  fort,  which  he  called  Trinity,  but  was  obliged  for  most  of  the 
church  officers  to  elect  non  communicants. 

■ 

I  must  not  omit  to  mention  another  of  the  early  American  set- 
tlers. In  1833,  the  quarter-master  of  Fort  Crawford  advertised  in 
Oalena  for  proposals  for  a  contract  to  furnish  the  fort  with  a  year's 
supply  of  wood.  EzEKtEL  Taintbs  and  a  man  by  the  name-of 
Kekd,  got  the  contract,  and  came  here  and  supplied  the  fifst  con- 
tract together,  at  th^  end  of  which  Mr.  Reed  left  the  country. 
Mr.  Tainteb  remained,  and  continued  for  several  years  *to  take 


148 

the  wood  contract,  together  with  that  for  supplying  the  fort  with 
beef;  and  at  this  business,  which  he  well  understood,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  cultivation  of  a  farm  on  the  bluff  where  he  cut  his 
wood,  he  made  money  quite  faet,  as  he  was  industrious  and  saving. 
He  sent  for  his  family,  which  he  had  left  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  and  paid  off  some  old  scores  that  he  had  previously  been 
unable  to  dO)  and  had  some  money  left  for  which  he  had  no  im- 
mediate use.    Notwithstanding  he  knew  nothing  about  mercbao- 
dizing,  he  conclud/Bffl  as  he  expressed  it,  "  that  the  merchants  were 
coining  money,  and  that  he  would  have  a  hand  in  ;"  and  borrow- 
ing some  means  in  addition  to  his  own,  went  to  St.  Louis  and  pur- 
ctased  a  small  stock  of  goods,  which,  as  might  be  expected,  were 
not  very  judiciously  selected  for  the  market.    During  this  time 
his  brother  Gobham  arrived  by  his  assistance,  \^hom  he  took  into 
partnership  ;  but  knowing  as  little  about  mercantile  affairs  as  his 
brother,  the  business  was  not  very  well  conducted.    Both  had 
large  families  to  support,  and  it  appears  that  they  kept  no  ac- 
count of  expenses,  or  of  what  each  took  from  the  store.    If  one 
wanted  an  article,   the  other  took  something  else  to  balance  it. 
They  continued  business  for  about  two  years,  when  they  took  an 
account  of  stock,  and  found  a  deficiency  of  about  three  thousand 
dollars,  for  which  they  could  not  account;  and  as  goods  to  this 
amount  had  been  taken  from  the  store  without  keeping  any  ac- 
count of  them,  it  did  not  at  first  occur  to  their  minds  that  their 
families  had  consumed  them.     Tliis  satisfied  Mr.  Tainteb  that 
money  was  not  so  easily  gained  by  merchandizing  as  he  had  sup- 
posed, and  he  returned  to  farming,  and  is  now  a  resident  and 
worthy  citizen  of  the  county. 

In  the  year  1842,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stephens,  of  the  Presbyterian 
church,  who  had  been  on  a  missionary  service  somewhere  in  the 
Indian  country,  came  as  a  missionary  of  that  denomination,  form- 
ed a  church,  and  continued  here  two  or  three  years.  There  being 
too  few  oQiembers  of  his  church  to  supply  the  means  of  support 
with  the  stipend  he  received  from  the  Missionary  Society,  he  left 


U9 

for  fioiae  other  part  of  the  Territorj,  since  which  time  the  Meth- 
odiste  have  supplied  the  place  regnlarlj  with  preacherB,  and  occa- 
sionally a  transient  clergyman  of  some  other  denomination  yisite 
ns  and  preaches.  B^y.  Alfsed  Bbunbon  siDce  his  residence  at 
Prairie  da  Ohien,  has  probably  taken  more  interest  than  any  oth- 
•r  person  in  it,  to  develop  the  resonrees  of  the  conn  try,  ha^ng  at 
different  times  visited  most  parts  of  Western  and  Northern  Wis^ 
consin,  and  has  written  and  published  several  articles  on  tiie  mf>- 
ject,  well  calculated  to  attract  attention  to  this  part  of  the  ooim- 
try. 

Of  the  old  inhabitants  found  at  the  Prairie  on  my  arrival  here, 
John  W.  Johnson  the  factor,  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  county 
court,  was  in  1882,  relieved  of  his  duties  as  factor,  by  the  winding 
up  of  the  fiaotory  system  of  Indian  trade,  when  he  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  where  he  died  a  few  years  since*  Fbanoib  BouTHiLLnsB, 
one  of  the  Associate  Justices  of  the  county  court,  moved  to  Ga- 
leoa,  near  wbieh  place  he  died  in  1833  or  '34. 

WiLTKBD  OwBNS  ended  his  days  in  1821  by  cutting  his  throat 
in  a  fit  of  mental  derangement  ;*  and  John  L.  Findlet,  the  first 
clerk  of  the  court,  went,  in  1821,  in  company  with  a  Frenchman 
by  the  name  of  Depousb,  and  a  Oanadian  named  BAKBtrrs,  up 
the  Mississippi  in  a  canoe  on  some  business.  On  their  arrival  at 
Lac  Pepin,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa,  they  met  with  a 
war  party  of  Ohippewas  looking  for  Sioux  Indians,  and  the  whites 
being  probably  overcharged  with  whiskey,  of  which  they  were 
all  exceedingly  fond,  a  quarrel  ensued,  as  was  afterwards  learned 
from  the  Ohippewas.  Babbettb,  who  had  been  lumbering  on  the 
Black  River  the  previous  winter,  recognized  in  one  of  the  Indians 
of  the  war  party,  one  whom  he  believed  had  formerly  stolen  his. 
horse;  and  being  of  ratber  a  pugnacious  disposition,  and  proba- 


•Th#  following  notice  of  Mr.  OmnB'  death,  wo  find  intho  Detroit  6ftc«tte»  Oct.  6th,  1821 :  •'  DM  ftt 
PteMo  4a  Chita,  onue  28d  of  Angtut  iMt,  Mr.  Wuufjud  Ovihs,  morohant.  Ho  oommltteil  raiddo  fegr 
eattlag  aa  artoiy  of  hii  ann,  and  hit  thsoat^  in  tho  prtMuoe  of  tfro  of  hia  Monda,  and  waa  anfypwil 
tft  ho  InMDa.  Ms.  Qmmn  waa  Judge  of  Probate^  and  Aaaodato  Jnatice,  in  the  countjr  of  Ok«wlord,  and 
A  Tory  Ttapeetahlt  tDeonher  of  aodto^f ."  !<•  0.  D*. 


150 

biy  surcharged  with  whiskey,  imprudently  charged  the  Indian 
with  the  theft.  Upon  which  a  quarrel  ensued,  which  ended  in 
the  Indians  murdering  the  whole  party,  and  plundering  them  of 
their  goods,  provisions,  &c. 

Jobs  P.  Gatbb,  the  first  Begister  of  the  Probate,  on  the  closing 
«f  thie  factory,  went  to  Oarondelet,  Misaouri,  where  he  was 
4vowned  a  few  years  since.  Thoicas  MoNaib,  the  first  Sheriff  of 
the  oouDty,  moved  down  to  Fever  river  near  Galeiia,  about  1830, 
and,  as  I  learned,  died  a  few  years  since  in  some  part  of  Blinois. 
KiOHOLAs  BoiLvm  died  on  a  keel-boat  on  his  way  to  St.  Louis, 
about  tho  summer  of  1824.  Josbph  Bolbttb*  died  at  Prairie  da 
Ohien  in  ISih 

While  our  county  court  was  still  in  exist^ioe,  a  district  couxt 


*  ^1M.  Knisn  nl»iM  In  h«r  ITmu Aw  tbe  foUowii^  ca^lM  stoiy  of  IC.  Bolrr.   The 
on  Lake  Winnebago,  where  M.  Roubttk  waa  engaged  with  a  trading-bo«t,  when  he  met  anotbar  bo«t 
on  which  were  his  emplojrees,  dlrectlj  from  Prairie  da  Chlen.    ■•  Of  eonne,  alter  an  ataauaa  of  mbm 
weoka  fh>m  home,  the  meeting  on  these  lonelj  watera,  and  the  exehanglog  of  newi,  waa  an  oom- 
doB  of  great  excitement  Tho  boata  were  atoppod   aamoit  graettnga  Snttfchaagad-^witton  WHomA 
fvagtlon. 

**£M  Men"-^nqaired  M.  Rolkttx,  "  hare  thej  flnlahod  the  new  hooae ':" 

"  Omi,  Jfenn'cKr." 

**  JB  to  dhenHnee,  /tune-l-cOe  /"    (Doea  tho  chimn^  smoke ;) 

*•  JT<m,  Mmtieur:' 

"  And  the  harreat—how  is  thnt  ?*' 

«Veiy  line,  Indeed.". 

"lathe  mm  at  work?" 

«  Yea,  plenty  of  water." 

'« Bow ia Whip?"    (Hie farorite  hersa.) 

«  Oh !  Whip  ii  flrat  rate." 

Breiything,  in  short,  about  tho  Btore,  the  C&rm,  the  buainess  of  rarloiu  deacriptlona  being  aatiafaeto- 
rOy  gone  oror,  there  wms  no  oooasion  for  ttother  delv*    It  vac  time  to  ftooeod.     # 

«'JCA/  bien— adieu!  honvoygtr 

'^Jrrachei'-met^eiur    (Go  ahead,  men  1} 

Then  suddenly—'*  Arrtez^-crrOti  r    (Stop !  stop !) 

«  Commtnt  $t  portent,  Madame  RoUUe  tt  Its  tnfanU .?"    (How  Are  Mrs.  Rolkttk  and  tho  children  ?) 

Mrs.  EixziE  also  gives  us  another  glimpse  of  U.  Rolstti's  character.  Tho  Indiana,  ahe  aays,  eaOed 
him  An-KAT.zAur-KB.TAB,  or  ^re  Jtfore— becanse,  aa  they  said,  let  them  offer  what  nnmbor  of  ^k««ff 
th^  mtght,  In  bartering  for  an  article,  his  terasa  wore  htrariably  <*  Ore  moro." 

«*  Upon  one  oooasion,"  eontlnnea  Mn.  Kmn,  <*aUdy  lemaikod  to  hin^  <  Oh,  AtojMtn,  I  vo«lda»t 
hotagaged  in  the  Indian  trade ;  Itaeema  to  me  a  ^yatam  of  cheating  tho  poor  ladiaiu.' 

<lMnioieUyou,nadame/ropUodhewtihgreaii«lo«Ce,  'Itlaaofcao  oaayalfedng  to  ite«ttkM  la- 
dfana  aa  yon  imagine.    I  have  tried  It  these  twenty  yeara,  and  hato  wnt  aoeeaodad  r  - 

L.  C.  D. 


ISl 

VM  established,  in  1888,^  oomprising  the  coantieB  of  Maddnsw^ 
Brnwn  and  Oraw^rd,  and  ati  additkynv)  Jndge  appointed,  in  the 
person  of  Jahbb  Ditahe  Domr,  a  yontig  lawyer  of  Detroit,  then 
only  about  twenty  •three  years  of  age<  He  had  eome  to  Prairie 
da  Ohienin  the  fall  of  182S,  for  the  purpose  of  making  it  his  rssi- 
denoe,  and  remained  until  after  the  following  May  termf  of  bis 
court  Sootk  after  arriving  at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  finding  oar 
mail  matter  came  up  on  keel-boats,  or  by  military  express  sent 
eocasionally  for  the  special  purpose,  to  OlaikSTilie,  Missouri,  a 
vniage  about  one  hundred  miles  abo^e  St.  Louis,  and  the  then 
neai^t  post  office,  Judge  Dott  made  application  to  the  Post  Of* 
See  Departn^nt  for  the  establisJiment  of  a  post  office  at  Prairie 
du  Ohien,  which  was  granted,  and  he  was  appointed  post-master, 
witii  the  pririlege  of  expending  the  proceeds  of  the  office  forcar- 
ilying  the  mail  The  receipts  for  postage,  together  with  contribu- 
tions from  the  principal  inhabitants,  and  I  officers  of  the  garrison, 
enabled  him  to  send  Jujlh  B.  SofTss,  an  old  vayagetiTy  one  trip  to 
ClarksYllle  during  the  winter,  for  which  he  was  paid  thirty  dol- 
lars. When  Judge  Doty  arrived  to  enter  upon  his  duties  as 
Judge,  he  brought  me  a  commissioix  as  clerk  of  his  court  for 
Orav^ford  county,  which  1  declined  to  accept 

/  As  there  were  then  no  attorniea  here,  and  Judge  Dorr  learning 
tiiat  I  had  at  one  time  studied  law,  and  had  relinquished  the  pro- 
iMttion  for  mercantile  pursaits,  suggested  that  I  had  better  resume 
the  practice  of  the  law,  and  kindly  tendered  me  the  use  of  his 

»— i»  II  11  I  ■     I  I    ■  I         Jf  ——I  .         1      ^-.—    III i— — »iWP— »— .—   III!  I  II 

*  It  is  stated  ia  Hr.  Baibd's  Address,  that  it  was  at  the  1823-*24  session  of  CoQ^reM^  that  the  new 
jodfeial  district  tras  established.  It  was  done  at  tiie  preTlous  session,  when  an  act  was  passed  to  pro* 
vidifor  the  ^polntmmt  of"  ok  additional  Jodgo  for  the  Tttritotif  of  Michigan/*  and  JorltdletloB  Ws 
giren  to  the  eoorts  held  hj  him  over  the  coanties  of  liackinaw,  Brown  and  Crawfordj  which  indaded 
all  of  Michigan  not  in  the  Peninsnla,  the  now  State  of  Wisoonsln,  and  the  coontrj  north  of  St.  Croix 
Biyer  and  easit  of  the  lOasissippi  to  latitade  49— no  w  ondor  tlw  goiromnent  of  lAinnoeota.  In  the  win- 
tor  or  spring  of  1823,  Jakxs  D.  Dorr  was  appointed  bj  President  Moirttoi,  the  additional  Jndge.  At 
IboaeiiBiOB  of  1809-^,  OoagroM  ohangod  the  toimco  of  oAco  of  tho  Jtidgeir of  Mid4g*n  t^om  «co0fl 
tehavior "  to  the  te^n  of  fonr  joars,  and  Jadgo  Dorr's  re-appointmont  was  announced  in  IHUi 
MtgUter  of  Feb.  28, 1824.    The  first  term  of  Judge  Dott's  eonii  was  held  at  Haekinaw,  in  Jalj,  181^. 

SeelagadiMVBpaac^lndattsliBregard  to  thig  matter  bot««o&Hr«  Binti>and  Jotfgo  hiio^rtnA, 
-Jo^  Dorr  was  referred  to,  to  set  the  matter  right,  who  has  ftirnlahed  the  facts  in  this  note* 

L*  C.  D. 


library  and  any  instraotions  I  might  reqairAj  in  order  to  refinesh  my 
BtodieB.    Not  being  exteneively  engaged  in  busineBS  at  Ibis  tioaei 
I  availed  myself  of  Judge  Dott'b  soggBBtiona,  library  and  ingtrae^ 
tions^  and  studied  bard  all  tbe  following  winter  and  spring ;  atid| 
althougb  I  bad  obtained  considerable  knowledge  of  law,  I  was 
entirely  igoorant  of  tbe  practice  of  conrtSi  except  what  I  learned 
fffom  old  EngUsh  autbcx'a  on  thatfiubject    I  commenced  tbe  prae- 
tiee  of  tbe  profcBsion,  and  attended  the  conrts  of  Brown  and 
Mackinaw,  and  found  no  attornies  in  Brown ;  but  at  Mackinaw  ' 
found  a  man  by  the  name  of  Bsx  Bobikbok,  wbo  had  studiedlaw 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  but  bad  abandoned  it,  and  cooie  to 
Mackinaw  to  try  bia  luck  in  tbe  Indian  Trade ;  and  a  man  by  tba 
name  of  Lvv,  who  bailed  from  Ohio,  and  claimed  to  be  a  lawyer, 
but  whose  greatest  qualification  was  his  impudence ;  and  Hanor 
S.  Baikd,  then  quite  a  young  man,  just  commencing  the  practiae^ 
and  whom  I  considered  the  beat  lawyer  among  us* 

Until  the  year  1824,  it  was  believed  that  a  steamboat  could  not 
come  up  to  Prairie  du  Ohien  over  the  Des  Moines  and  Bock  Riveir 
rapids.  But  in  the  spring  of  that  year,  David  G.  Bates,  who  had 
for  several  years  been  engaged  in  running  keel  boats  on  the  Upper 
Mississippi,  the  water  then  being  at  a  good  stage  in  the  river, 
brought  to  Prairie  da  Ohien  a  very  small  boat  called  th^  Putnam. 
She  was  one  of  the  smallest  class  of  boats  that  run  on  the  Ohio  jn 
a  low  stage  of  water.  Oapt.  Bates  proceeded  to  Fort  Snelling  witiki 
his  boat  In  June  following,  boats  of  a  much  larger  class  came 
over  the  rapids,  and  went  to  Fort  Snelling  with  supplies  for  the 
troops.  Since  then  the  river  from  St.  Louis  to  Fort  Snelling  has 
been  navigated  by  steamboats,  increasing  every  year  in  Bice  and 
convenience. 

Daring  the  winter  of  1823-4,  Judge  Dorr  concluded  to  change 
his  residenee  fh>m  Prairie  dn  Ohien  to  Green  Bay,  and  resigned 
his  oflSce  of  post-master,  and  recommended  me  for  the  vacancy ; 
and  I  was  appointed,  with  the  same  power  and  authority  that  he 
had.    I  applied  during  the  summer  of  1824,  aad  got  a  post-oflBice 


1S8 

estobfiBhed  at  Galena^  and  £zbkibl  Lookwood  appointed  po8t*ma^ 
tar  f  ^Iflp  an  office  at  Book  Idand  with  Liss  Daysnpobt  poBtmaster ; 
the  proceeds  of  both  offioes  to  be  applied  by  me  to  defraying  the 
ej^nyea  of  conveying  the  mail  from  Prairie  dn  Obien ,  via  Galena 
and  Bock  Island,  to  Olarkaville,  Mo.  The  increased  fand  bj  this 
new  arrangment,  enabled  me  to  send  the  mail  twice  duriog  the 
winter  to  Olarksville,  and  thus  the  postal  arrangements  remained 
until  the  close  of  1825,  when  a  post  route  was  extended  from 
Springfield,  III.,  to  Galena;  and  on  the  first  of  January,  1826, 
JoiBK  D.  WiNTBBS,  the  contractor,  arrived  at  Galena  with  the  first 
mail  sent  through  by  this  arrangement,  the  o£Gice  at  Prairie  da 
Ohien  continuiDg  to  send  to  Galena  for  her  mail  at  her  own  ex- 
pense, until  the  fall  of  1832,  when  Doct.  Addison  Philleo,  who 
had  obtained  the  contract  to  Prairie  du  Ohien,  sent  through  the 
mail* 

In  the  summer  of  1825,  a  grand  council  or  treaty  was  held  at 
Prairie  da  Ohien  with  the  diflferent  tribes  of  Indians.  Gov. 
Oass  of  Michigan,  and  Gen.  Olabx,  superintendent  of  Indian  Af- 
fairs for  Missouri  and  dependencies,  were  appointed  commissioners 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States.  The  Indian,  tribes  represented 
weiie  the  Sioux,  Sauks,  Foxes,  Ohippewas,  Winnebagoes,  Menonoo- 
noes,  and  lowas.  Some  of  the  Indians  from  up  the  Missouri  were 
expecti^d,  but  did  not  come.  The  professed  object  of  this  treaty 
was  to  make  a  general  and  lasting  peace  between  these  tribes,  and 
ako  to  settle  ihe  boundaries  between  &em  respectively.  After 
I  understood  the  object  of  the  treaty,  I  asked  Gov.  Oass  what 
good  he  thought  would  result  from  it*  He  shrugged  up  his  shoul- 
deiB,  and  smiling  said,  that  they  would  have  it  so  at  Washington. 
They  made  the  treaty  of  perpetual  peace,  and  settled  the  bounda^ 
ries  between  the  different  tribes,  which  resulted  in  the  TJ.  States 
sending  a  corps  of  surveyors,  and  surveying  the  boundaries  at 
great  expense,  and  perhaps  keeping  the  Indians  at  peace  until 
they  were  ready  to  go  to  war  again. 

In  the  winter  of  1885-26,  tbe  wise  men  at  Washington  took  it 
20 


154 

into  tbeir  heads  to  remove  tiie  troops  from  Fort  Orawford  to  Fort 
Snelling,  and  abandon  the  former.    lliiB  measure  was  then  sup- 
posed to  have  been  brought  abont  oa  the  representation  of  Ool. 
Skblling  of  Fort  Snelling,  who  disliked  Prairie  da  Ohien  for  dif- 
ficulties he  had  with  some  of  the  principal  inhabitants.    During 
the  winter  there  were  confined  in  the  gnard-honse  of  Fort  Craw- 
ford two  Winnebago  Indians  for  some  of  their  supposed  dishonest 
acts ;  bnt  what  they  were  charged  with,  I  do  not  now  recollect 
At  that  time,  as  already  mentioned,  our  mails  firom  8t.  Loois,  the 
East  and  South,  came  via  Springfield  to  Galena,  and  the  poB^ 
master  at  Prairie  du  Ohien  sent  to  Oalena  for  the  mails  of  that 
place  and  Fort  Snelling.    An  order  would  frequently  arrive  by 
steamboat  countermanding  a  previous  order  for  the  abandonment 
of  the  fort,  before  the  arrival  of  first  order  by  mail,  and  this  mat- 
ter continued  during  the  summer  of  1826,  i^nd  until  October, 
when  a  positive  order  arrived  directing  the  coDunandant  of  Fort 
Crawford  to  abandon  the  fort,  and  proceed  with  the  troops  to  Fort 
Snelling ;  and  if  he  could  not  procure  transportation!  to  leave  the 
provisions,  ammunition  and  fort  in  charge  of  some  citiaon. 

Bnt  a  few  days  previous  to  this  order,  there  had  been  an  alarm- 
ing report  circulated,  that  the  Winoebagoes  were  going  to  attack 
Fort  Crawford,  and  the  commandant  set  to  work  repairing  the  old 
fort,  and  making  additional  defenoes.  During  this  time  the  posi- 
tive order  arrived,  and  the  precipitancy  with  which  the  fort  was 
abandoned  during  the  alarm — was  communicated  to  the  Indiana 
through  the  half-breeds  residing  at  or  visiting  the  place,  which 
naturblly  caused  the  Winnebagoes  to  believe  that  the  troops 
had  fled  through  fear  of  them.  The  commandant  took  with  him 
to  Fort  Snelling  the  two  Winnebagoes  confined  in  Fort  Crawford, 
leaving  behind  some  provisions,  and  all  the  damaged  arms,  willi 
a  brass  swivel  and  a  few  wall  pieces,  in  charge  of  Jobk  Kabsb, 
the  then  Sub- Agent  at  this  place. 

The  Winnebagoes,  in  the  fall  of  1826,  obtained  from  the  traders 
their  usual  credit  for  goods,  and  went  to  their  hunting  grounds ; 


164 

But  ^arly  in  the  winter  a  report  became ,  corrent  among  tke 
traders,  that  the  Iffinnebagoee  had  heard  a  ramor  that  the  Amer^ 
jftens  and  English  irere  going  to  war  in  the  spring ;  and  henoa  they 
were  holding  conncils  to  decide  upon  the  oonTse  they  should  adopt, 

« 

honting  barely  enongh  to  obtain  what  they  wanted  to  subsist  upon 
in  the  mean  time. 

Mr*  M.  Beisboib  said  to  me  several  times  daring  the  winter, 
that  he  feared  some  outrages  from  the  Winnebagoes  in  the  spring, 
as  from  all  he  could  gather  they  were  bent  on  war,  which  I  ought 
to  have  beliered,  as  Mr.  Bbibboib  had  been  among  them  engage 
in  trade  over  forty  years.  But  I  thought  it  impossible  that  the 
Winnebagoes,  surrounded  as  they  were  by  Americans,  and  troops 
in  the  country,  should  for  a  moment  seriously  entertain  such  an 
idea.  I  supposed  it  a  fklse  alarm,  and  gave  myself  very  little  un- 
easiness about  it ;  but  in  the  spring,  when  they  returned  from 
their  hunts,  I  found  that  they  paid  much  worse  than  usual,  al- 
though they  were  not  celebrated  for  much  punctuality  or  honesty 
in  paying  their  debts.  It  was  a  general  custom  with  the  traders, 
when  an  Indian  paid  his  debts  in  the  spring  pretty  well,  on  his 
leaving,  to  let  him  have  a  little  amunition,  either  as  a  present,  or  on 
eredit  A  Winnebago  by  the  name  of  Wah- wah-pkok- ah,  had  tak- 
en a  credit  from  me,  and  paid  me  but  a  small  part  of  it  in  the 
spring ;  and  when  I  reproached  him,  he  was  disposed  to  be  impu- 
dent about  it ;  and  when  his  party  were  about  going,  he  applied  ' 
to  me  as  usual  for  ammunition  for  the  summer,  and  insisted  upon 
having  some,  but  I  told  him  if  he  had  behaved  well,  and  paid  me 
his  credit  better,  that  I  would  have  given  him  some*  but  that  he 
had  behaved  so  bad  that  I  would  not  give  him  any,  and  he  went 
^way  in  a  surly  mood. 

A  man  by  the  name  of  Mbthode,  I  think,  a  half-breed  of  some 
of  the  tribes  of  the  I9'ortb,:.had  arrived  here,  sometime  in  the 
aommer  of  1826,  with  bis  wifs,  and,  I  think,  five  children ; 
fund,  sometime  in  March  of  1837,  he  went  with  his  family 
lip  the  Yellow  or  Painted  Soek  Creek,  about  twelve  miles  above 


•  15« 

the  Prairie,  on  the  Iowa  aide  of  the  Miaaifiaippi  Biver,  to  make 
sugar.  The  sugar  season  being  over,  and  be  m)t  retorDing,  and 
hearing  nothing  from  him,  a  party  of  his  friends  went  to  loo}c  for 
him,  and  found  his  oamp  consumed,  and ,  himself,  wife  aad  chil- 
dren burned  nearly  to  oinders,  and  she  at  the  time  enceimte.  Thej 
were  so  crisped  and  cindered  that  it  was  impossible  to  determine 
whether  they  had  been  murdered  and  then  burned,  or  whether 
their  camp  had  accidentally  caught  on  fire  and  consumed  them. 
It  was  generally  believed  that  the  Winnebagoes  had  murdered 
and  burnt  them,  and  Bed  Bird  was  suspected  to  have  been  con- 
cerned in  it ;  but  I  am  more  inclined  to  think,  that  if  murdered 
by  Indians,  it  was  done  by  some  Fox  war  party  searching  for 
Sioux. 

In  the  spring  of  this  year,  1827,  while  a  Cixippewa  chief  called 
£[ole-ik~the-Day,  with  a  part  of  his  band,  visited  Fort  Snelling  on 
business  with  the  G-overnment,  and  while  under  the  guns  of  the 
fort,  a  Sioax  warrior  shot  one  of  the  Chippewas.  The  Sioux  waa 
arrested  by  the  troops,  and  confined  in  the  gnard-bonse.  The 
Ohippewas  requested  Col.  Snelung  to  deliver  the  Sioux  to  them, 
to  be  dealt  with  after  tbolr  manner ;  to  which  he  a^eed,  provided 
they  would  give  him  a  chance  to  run  for  his  life.  To  this'they* 
acceded.  The  Sioux  was  sent  outside  of  the  fort,  where  the  Chip- 
pewas were  armed  with  tomahawks  and  war  clubs.  He  was  to  be  al- 
lowed a  fair  start,  and  at  a  signal  started,  and  one  of  the  swiftest 
of  the  Chippewas  armed  with  a  club  and  tomahawk  after  him,  to 
overtake  and  kill  him  if  he  could,  which  be  soon  effected,  as  the 
Sioux  did  not  run  fast,  and  when  overtaken  made  no  resistance. 
The  Winnebagoes  hearing  a  rumor  of  this,  got  the  news  among 
them  that  the  two  Winnebagoes  confined  there  had  been  executed. 

Daring  the  summer  of  1826, 1  bi^ilt  the  first  framed  house  that 
was  erected  in  Prairie  dn  Ohien.  I  sent  men  to  the  Black  River, 
and  got  the  timber  for  the  frame  and  the  shingles,  and  had  the 
plank  and  boards  sawed  by  hand,  and  brought  them  down  to  tlw 
Prairie.  Bat  then  I  had  no  carpenter  or  joiner,  there  being  none 
at  Prairie  du  Chien.    I  went  on  board  of  a  keel-boat  that  had 


IW 

landed,  and  enqnired  if  there  was  a  carpenter  and  joiner  on  board, 
60l  which  a  ragged,  dirtj  locking  man  said  that  he  profesaed  to  be 
such,  and  having  before  seen  quite  ae  unprepossessing  fellowa 
torn  out  much  better  than  appearances  indicated,  I  agreed  with 
him  di  ^1  60  per  day  and  board.  I  built  on  the  site  near  Fort 
Crawford,  now  occupied  by  what  is  called  the  commanding  offi- 
cer's house.  My  house  was  of  the  following  description :  a  cellar- 
Utcfaen,  90  by  26  feet,  with  a  frame  on  it  of  the  same  size,  two 
Stories  high,  with  ia  wing  16  by  20,  on  the  south  side,  one  story, 
whidi  I.  used  fo;*  a  retail  store.  There  was  a  hall  through  the 
aouth  end  of  the  two  story  part,  the  whole  length  of  the  hoxiss, 
with  stairs  from  the  cellar-kitchen  up  into  the  hall,  and  stairs  from 
the  hall  to  the  upper  story.  The  north  end  of  t}ie  house  was  di- 
Tided — ^tbe  front  part  about  14  by  16  feet,  into  a  parlor  or  sitting 
ro<^m;  a  chimney  in  the  centre  of  the  north  end,  and  a  bed-room 
in  the  back  part  about  14  feet  square ;  a  door  leading  from  the 
hail  to  the  bed-room,  and  one  to  the  sitting-room,  and  a  door  by 
the  side  of  the  chimney  from  the  bed-room  to  the  sitting-room, 
and  a  door  from  the  hall  into  the  wiog  or  store.  This  house  I  af^ 
terwards  sold  to  the  Government,  with  the  land  on  which  the  fort 
.now  stands.  It  was  good  enongh  for  General  Tatlos  and  family 
while  he  ^mmanded  here ;  but  as  soon  as  general  Bbooks  was  in 
command,  he  got  an  appropriationfrom  Congress  to  repair  the  house, 
and  had  it  all  torn  down  except  a  part  of  the  cellar  wall,  and  buQt 
the  one  which  is  there  at  present^  at  a  cost  of  about  $7)060. 

During  the  spring  of  1827,  the  reports  about  the  WiAnebagoes 
bore  rather  a  threatening  aspect ;  but,  as  I  said  before,  situated  as 
they  were  I  did  not  believe  they  would  commit  any  depredations. 
TTnder  tms  belief,  and  having  urgMit  business  in  New  York  to 
purchase  iny  gbods,  I  started  for  that  city  on  the  25th  of  June ; 
it  then  toek  about  six  months  to  go  and  return.  Mine  was  the  on- 
ly purely  American  family  atlJie  Prairie,  after  the  garrison  left* 
.There  was  Thokab  MoNaib,  who  had  married  a  French  girl  of  the 
ftmtiej  and  JoBH  Mabbh,  the  Sub  Indian  Agent^  who  had  no  fitm- 
iljf  a&d  there  were  besi4^  three  or  four  Americans  who  had  beou 


U8 

diadiaified  firom  the  army.  Withont  apprehwsion  of  danger  fiipsa 
iho  IndiaoBy  I  left  m;  family,  wkkh  conaiBted  of  lira.  IiOOkwo<^ 
and  her  brother,  a  jonng  man  of  between  aixteen  and  seventeM 
years  of  age,  who  was  clerk  in  charge  of  the  Bjx)re,  and  a  servaat 
girl  belonging  to  one  of  the  tribes  of  Kew  York  civilized  Indians 
settled  near  Green  Bay. 

I  started  to  go  by  way  of  Oreen  Bay  and  the  Lakes  for  New 
York,  in  a  boat  np  the  Wisconsin,  and  down  the  Fox  Rirw 
to  green  Bay ;  thence  in  a  yessel  to  Buffalo,  and  down  the  canal 
to  Albany,  and  thence  by  steamboat  to  New  York  Oity.  Abottt 
4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  first  day's  jouroey  np  the  Wis- 
consin,  I  came  to  an  island  where  were  sitting  three  Winnebagoes 
smoking,  the  oldest  called  Wah-wah-pbok~ah,  who  had  a  credit 
of  me  the  fall  previons,  and  had  paid  bnt  little  of  it  in  the  spriflg; 
the  other  two  were  yonng  men  not  known  to  me  by  name.  They 
had  some  venison  hanging  on  a  pole,  and  we  stopped  to  purchase 
it.  As  I  stepped  on  shore,  I  discovered  an  appearance  of  cold 
reserve  nnusual  in  Indians  in  snch  meetings,  and  as  I  went  np  to 
them,  I  said  *  bon  jour^  the  nsnal  French  salutation,  whieh  thcfy 
generally  understood ;  but  Wah-wah-peok-ah  said  that  he  would 
not  say  '  hon  jcmr^  to  me.  Upon  which  I  took  hold  of  his  hand 
and  shook  it,  asking  him  why  he  would  not  say  hon  jour  to  me  I 
He  enquired  what  the  news  was.  I  told  him  I  had  no  news.  9e 
told  me  that  the  Winnebagoes  confined  at  Fort  Snelling  had 
been  killed.  I  assured  him  that  it  was  not  true,  that  I  had  seen  a 
person  lately  from  that  fort,  who  told  me  of  the  death  of  the  Sieux, 
but  that  the  Winneb^oes  were  alive.  He  then  gave  me  to  un- 
derstand that  if  snch  was  the  case,  it  was  well :  bnt  if  the  Winna- 
bagoes  were  killed,  they  would  avenge  it.  I  succeeded  lin 
pnrahasing  the  venison,  giving  them  some  powder  in  exchangip, 
and  as  I  was  about  to  step  on  board  of  my  boat^  WAH-wAHHPBoar- 
•▲a  wanted  some  whiskey,  knowing  that  we  alwaya  carried  some 
'^fbr  our  men.  I  directed  one  of  the  men  to  give  them  eaeh  a  dvinfi:^ 
iwhieh  Wah-wabhvbqk-^ak  refused,  and  taking  np  hia  cap  that  Re 
bad  by  him,  he  showed  by  signs  that  he  wanted  it  filled ;  aad  be* 


lieving  that  the' Indians  were  seekii^;  aoxxie  pretense^  for  a  qaarrel 
as  an  ezcnse  for  doing  mischief,  I  thpnght  it  most  prudent  under 
the  circumatancee  to  comply. 

There  were  among  the  boats'  crew  some  old  voyageurs^  well 
acquainted  with  Indian  manners  and  customs,  who,  from  the  con- 
duct of  these  Indians,  became  alarmed.  We,  however,  embarked, 
watching  the  Indians,  each  oi  whom  stood  on  the  bank  with  his 
gun  in  his  hand.  As  it  was  late  in  the  day,  we  proceeded  a  few 
miles  up  the  river  and  encamped  for  the  night  As  soon  as  the 
boat  left  the  island,  the  three  Indians  each  got  into  his  hunting 
canoe,  and  the  two  young  Indians  came  up  on  either  side  opposite 
the  bow  of  the  boat,  and  continued  thus  up  the  river  until  we 
encamped,  while  Wah-wah-pxck-ah  kept  four  or  Hvq  rods  behind 
the  boat.  They  encamped  with  us,  and  commenced  running  and 
playing  with  the  men  on  the  sand  beach  ;  and  after  a  little,  the 
young  Indians  proposed  to  go  hunting  deer  by  caudle-light,  and 
asked  me  to  give  them  some  candles  to  hunt  with,  which  I  did, 
with  some  amunition,  and  they  promised  to  return  with  vension  in 
the  morning.  Aftejr  they  had  gone,  Wah-wah-pbck-ah  proposed 
also  to  go  hunting,  and  begged  some  candles  and  amunition,  but 
remained  in  camp  over  night.  Morning  came,  but  the  young 
Indians  did  not  return,  and  I  saw  no  more  of  them.  In  the  morn- 
ing, after  Wah-wahpeok-ah  had  begged  something  more,  he 
started,  pretending  to  go  down  the  river,  and  went,  as  we  supposed ; 
but  about  an  hour  afterward,  as  we  were  passing  on  the  right  of 
the  upper  endof  the  island  on  which  we  had  encamped,  I  saw  Wah- 
WAH-PJBCK-AH  coming  up  on  the  left.  He  looked  very  surly,aDd  we 
exchanged  no  words,  but  we  were  all  satisfied  that  he  was  seeking 
some  good  opportunity  to  shoot  me,  and  from  the  singular  conduct 
of  the  Indians,  I  and  my  men  were  considerably  alarmed.  But 
about  9  o'clock  in  the  morning,  meeting  a  band  of  Indians  from 
the  Portage  of  Wisconsin,  who  appeared  to  be  glad  to  see  me, 
and  said  they  were  going  to  Prairie  du  Ghien,  my  fears  with  those 
pf  jDfiVk  were  pomewhat  allayed.    I  wrote  with  my  pencil  a  hasty 


160 

i  ne  to  my  wife,  which  the  Indians  promised  to  deliver,  but  thejr 
nerer  did,  as  they  did  not  go  there. 

This  day,  the  26th  of  Jane,  we  proceeded  up  the  Wisconsin  with, 
out  seeing  any  Indiaus  nntil  we  came  near  Prairie  da  Baie,  when 
an  Indian,  j\lonc  in  a  hnnting  canoe,  came  ont  of  some  nook  and 
approached  us.  He  was  sullen,  and  we  conld  get  no  talk  out  of 
him.  We  landed  on  Prairie  dn  Baie,  and  he  stopped  also ;  and, 
a  few  moments  thereafter,  a  canoe  of  Menomonees  arrived  from 
Prairie  du  Ohien,  bringing  a  brief  note  from  John  Mabsh,  saying 
the  Winnebagoes  had  murdered  a  man  of  mixed  French  and  negro 
blood,  named  Rueste  Gagntkb,  and  Solomon  Lipcap,  and  for  mc, 
for  God's  sake,  to  return.  I  immediately  got  into  the  canoe  with 
the  Menomonees,  and  directed  my  men  to  proceed  to  the  Portage, 
and  if  I  did  not  overtake  them,  to  go  on  to  Green  Bay.  I  pro- 
ceeded down  the  river  with  the  Menomonees,  and  when  we  had 
descended  to  the  neighborhood  where  we  had  fallen  in  with  the 
Indians  the  day  before,  we  met  Wah-wah-pbck-ah  coming  np  in 
his  hunting  canoe  alone,  having  with  him  his  two  gans.  He  en- 
quired if  I  was  going  to  the  Prairie  ?  I  told  him  I  was.  He 
t^en  told  mc  that  the  whiskey  at  the  Prairie  was  shut  np,  but  did 
not  tell  me  of  the  murders,  and  asked  me  that  shonld  he  come  to 
the  Prairie,  whether  I  would  let  him  have  some  whiskey  I  I  told 
him  I  certainly  would,  if  he  brought  some  furs,  not  wishing  then 
to  make  any  explanation,  or  to  enter  into  any  argument  with  hiin. 

About  this  time,  we  heard  back  of  an  island,  and  on  the  south- 
ern shore  of  the  Wisconsin,  the  Winnebagoes  singing  their  war 
songs  and  dancing,  with  which  I  was  familiar;  and*  so  well  satis- 
fied was  I  that  Wah-wah-pbok-ah  was  only  seeking  a  favorable 
opportunity  to  shoot  me,  that  if  I  had  had  a  gun  where  he  met  ns, 
I  believe  that  I  should  have  shot  him.  After  talking  with  him, 
the  Menomonees  moved  down  the  river,  and  arrived  at  the  montfc 
of  the  Wisconsin  about  dark,  without  seeing  any  more  Winne- 
bagoes. It  was  so  dark  that  the  Menomonees  thought  that  we 
had  better  stop  nntil  morning,  and  we  accordingly  crawled  into 


Iftl 

ibe  bvBhQB  withotit  a  fire,  and  fongbt  tmisqititoes  all  night,  and 
th€f  next  morbing,  the  27th,  proceeded  to  the  Prairie.  I  went  to 
my  homse  and  found  it  yacant,  and  went  to  the  old  Tillage  where 
I  fetiiid  mj  family,  and  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Prairie,  as- 
ittnbled  at  thcf  hoase  of  Jxajbt  Bbunvt,  who  kept  a  tarern.  Mr. 
Bbukst  had  a  quantity  of  sqnare  timber  abont  him,  and  the  peo- 
ple proposed  building  breast-works  with  it. 

I  learned  on  my  arrival  at  the  Prairie,  that  on  the  preoeding 
day,  the  26th,  Red  Bird,  (who,  when  dressed,  always  wore  a  red 
eoat^  and  called  himself  English,)  went  to  my  house,  with  two 
other  Indians,  and  entering  the  cellar  kitchen,  loaded  their  gyns 
in  the  presence  of  the  servant  girl,  and  went  up  through  the  hall 
into  Mrs.  LoorwooD's  bed-room,  where  she  was  sitting  alonq^ 
The  moment  the  Indians  entered  her  room,  she  believed  they 
came  to  kill  her,  and  immediately  passed  into  and  through  the 
parlor,  and  crossed  the  hall  into  the  store  to  her  brother,  where 
she  found  Dukoax  Graham,  who  had  been  in  the  country  about 
forty  years  as  a  trader,  and  was  known  by  all  the  Indians  as  an 
Englishman.  He  had  been  a  captain  in  the  British  Indian  De- 
partment during  the  war  of  1812,  and  a  part  of  the  time  was 
commandant  at  Prairie  da  Ohien.  The  Indians  followed  Mrs. 
LxjEwoob  into  the  stpre,  and  Mr.  GftAHAM  by  some  means  in- 
duced them  to  leave  the  house. 

They  then  proceeded  to  MoNair'b  Ooulee,  about  iwo  miles  from 
the  village,  at  the  lower  end  of  Prairie  du  Ohien,  where  lived 
RuxsTB  Gagnibr,  son  of  the  noted  Mart  Airi!(,  heretofore  men-  , 
tioned ;  his  wife  was  a  mixed  blood  of  French  and  Siouz  extrac- 
tion, with  two  children ;  and  living  with  him  was  an  old  dis- 
ehavged  American  soldier  by  the  name  of  Solomon  Lipoap.  The 
Winnebagoes  commenced  a  quarrel  with  Gagnikr,  and  finally  shot 
him,  I  believe  in  the  house.  Lifdap,  at  work  hoeing  in  the  gar-  > 
den  near  the  house,  they  also  shot.  During  the  confusion,  Mrs. 
GUeiBaBB  seized  a  gun,  got  <Hit  at  the  back  window  with  her 
boy  about  three  years  old  on  her  back,  and  proceeded  to  the  vil- 
21 


162 

lage  with  the  startling  news.  The  cowardly  Indiana  followed  her 
B  part  of  the  way,  bnt  dared  not  attack  her.  On  her  arriTal  at 
the  Tillage,  a  party  went  to  the  scene  of  nmrder,  and  found  and 
brought  away  the  dead,  and  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Gaghibb,  about 
one  year  old,  whom  the  mother  in  her  fright  had  forgotten.  The 
Indians  had  scalped  her^  and  inflicted  a  soTere  wound  in  her 
neck,  and  left  her  for  dead,  and  had  thrown  her  under  the  bed, 
but  was  found  to  bo  still  alive.  She  got  well,  and  arriving  at 
womanhood  got  married,  and  has  raised  a  family  of  children ;  she 
is  yet  alive,  and  her  eldest  daughter  was  but  recently  married. 

The  people  had  decided  not  to  occupy  the  ol^  fort,  as  a  report 
had  been  circulated,  that  the  Indians  had  said  they  intended  to 
bum  it  if  the  inhabitants  should  take  refuge  there.  During  the 
day  of  the  27th,  the  people  occupied  themselves  in  making  some 
breast-works  of  the  timber  about  Mr.  Bbunet's  tavern,  getting  the 
swivel  and  wall  pieces  from  the  fort,  and  the  condemned  muskets 
and  repairing  them,  and  concluded  they  would  defend  themselves, 
each  commanding,  none  obeying,  but  every  one  giving  his  opinion 
freely. 

About  sunset  one  of  the  two  keel-boats  arrived  that  had  a  few 
days  previously  gone  to  Fort  Snelling  with  supplies  for  the  garri* 
soUi  having  on  board  a  dead  Indian,  two  dead  men  of  the  crew, 
and  four  wounded.  The  dead  and  wounded  of  the  crew  were  i&* 
habitants  of  Frairie  du  Ohien,  who  had  shipped  on  the  up-bound 
trip.  They  reported  that  {hey  had  been  attacked  the  evening  be- 
fore, about  sunset,  by  the  Winnebago  Indians,*  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Bad  Ax  Kiver,  and  the  boat  received  about  five  hundred 
shots,  judging  from  the  marks  on  its  bow  and  sides.    The  Indians 

» . 

*  Ex-OoT.  RnirotDa^  of  HUhoIb,  in  hia  noent  Interesting  Tolnme  of  his  Lift  ^ndlTimtt,  tlrai  strtea 
Uia  inmediato  eaoae  of  thig  attadc»  and  which,  if  true,  exhibits  the  boatmen  and  v9ffageur»  in  no  enTl*. 
He  Ufht :  That  somewhere  aboTO  Prairie  da  Chien  on  their  opwurd  trip,  they  stopped  at « large  oany 
«f  WimelMigo  Indians,  gare  then  liqvor  fi«e]/  and  got  them  drank,  when  they  foxeed  ilx  or  aevea 
^paws^  stapefled  with  liqnor,  on  board  the  boats,  for  corrupt  9nd  truui  furfotet,  and  kept  them  dorinf 
fhab  Tojage  to  Fort  Snelling,  and  on  their  retom.  When  the  Winnebago  Indians  beoame  sober,  aaA 
nSjoonteloiu  or  theli^wy  done  thess,  they  mastered  aU  tiieir  foto^  amtoflting  to  sereialtaadNdt 
tBd  VttMked  the  f^iem^st  of  the  deaoending  boats  In  which  their  squwa  were  oonfiaad.  L*  C.  D. 


iwte  iQOftijK  .w,m.  tsVMfAonttbf  westrbf  tii«  ^ftai|Q)i  nwir  to  wUoh 
tb9i<boat  btMlto  ptUA, :fiQ4*tbe>  wiod  bloufSng  ttroiig  f«»tp  theeo^t^, 
dyiftedlh^  bost  tcfmriMl' thci  ibore,  wbeta;lb€f  JodiMftt^wre^l^fl  the.. 
8tMrts>g-oarIwldI>efi)[ii«ibiodoi6d  bjthe  ^teeramanv    PirnDgtbibi; 
tijDO0y  two  of  tbe  >£piidia«s  aiieiM6d»d  in  gettu^g  on  board  of  the.. 
boM.    One  >of  theffi'  ii|oimte4«ibe  roof|  and  fired  in'  f|K>m  the ifere 
put;  but  ha  was  aeon  abet,  ai^d  feU  off  into  the  river.    The  others 
IndiaQ  took  tbe' Bti9earlug*oar|  aiid'eodeivrOved  to  ateer  Ihe  boat  to 
the  i^ad.    Bie  was  aloo  shot,  and  brought  down  in  the  boat  whet^  / 
he  fell.    Daring  all  this  time  the  IndianB  kept  np  a  hot  fire.    The 
boat  was  faat  drifting  towards  a.eand*bar  near  the  shore,  and  tiiej 
wonld  all. have  been  murdered  haddt  iM.been  for  the  braye,  reso*: 
Infea  conduct  of  an*  old  soldier  m  b^aitd,  called  ^Atror  Jaoei  (hie. 
Bwoame  I  do  not  remember,)  who»  doling  the  hottestof.  the  fii«, 
jumped  over  at  the  bow,  and  poshed  the  boat  ofi^  and  where  he 
mnfitiiave  stood, ithe  boat  was  literally  covered  with  ball  marks,. 
80  thfct  hie  escape  seemed  a  nubraele^^  i  They  also  reported  tbtii 
early 'the  day  be&re  the  attack,  they  were  lashied  to  the  other  boat 
driftlDg,  and  that  they  had  gronoded  on  a  sand-bar  and  separated, 
since  which  time  th^  had  not  seen  or  heard  any  thing  of  the 
other  boat,  and  thought  probably  that  it  had  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  the  Indians. 

This  created  an  additional  alarn^.  anxong  the  inhabitants.  The 
same  evening  my  boat  returned,  the  men  becoming  too  much 
alarmed  to^  pro^ceed.  That  night  sentinels  were  posted  by  the  in- 
habitants withisi  the  breast  works^wbo  saw,  in  imagination,  a  great 
many  Indiana  prowling  about  in  the  darkness ;  and  in  the  morn- 
ing there  was  a  great  variety  of  opinion,  as  to  what  was  beet  to 
be  done  for  the  safety  of  the  place,  and  appearances  betokened  a 
great  deal  of  upeasiness  in  the  minds  of  all  classes. 

t _^ _^ _^ 

•OoT.  WMnmm  ftddlithi^SAVOT  Jaoc,  «•  ^  vm  ctXM,  «m  •  mOot  bj  pnt&utaa  om  th«  Mkei  ma 
C9ttkn,  and  had  betn  in  manj  battles  wiUi  the  Britlth  during  fhe  wmr  of  1812-'15 ;  h»  wm  Uxgfi  and 
W^nng,  and  pondsud  the  eotinge  of  an  AMcan  Hon,  and  aeblng  a  piece  of  the  letttng  pole  of  the  boat 
vkldiwaaalRratfottrfetfl^kifl&aadhadonfheeiidia  pteae  of  traa,  wUdlinMule  It  a  aore  valghty  aad  .- 
Sotnldable  weapoa,  he  n^ed  It  with  gxaat  efliBek  when  the  Indiaaa  attempted  to  board  the  boai^  knoeUng 
liwm  baok  info  the  rirer  aa  Ikit  at  the>^  approached.  Such  an  Inatanoe  of  aignal  heroiim  la  enoagh  to 
'  anj  aaa  ftunoni,  and  we  ahanld  ba  glad  to  laani  mora  of  Sauot  Jack's  hlatoiy.  L.  01 D. 


i«6 

to  ride  and'pfOdfikyiis,  and  BrmoAH  t3«Aniir  vms  engaged  to  ac- 
oompanj  him,  for  which  he  was  to  receive  twenty  doUani  pro- 
viaions  and  a  horse  to  fide;  and  for  these  p^ymentSi  I  became 
peraonally  responsible.  . 

GoTemor  Oass,  who  had  come  to  Butte  dto  MorfSy  on  the  Fox 
river,  to  hold  a  treaty  with  tiie  Winnebagoee,  leamiDg  from  ra- 
morihat  there  was  dissatisfaction  among  them,  started  in  his 
.eanoe,  and  arriyed  at  Prairie  da  Ohlen  on  the  mormng  of  the 
fbnrHi  of  Jnly^    He  ordered  the  company  of  militia  into  the  ser- 
vice oi  the  United  States,  and  a{>pointed  me  qnarter-master  and 
commissary,  with  the  reqnest  that  I  would  use  my  own  fands  far 
the  supply  of  the  department,  and  that  he  would  see  it 'refunded; 
and,  furthermore,  assumed  the  debt  for  ammunition  and  jmyvis- 
ions  already  advanced,  and  also  the  expenses  of  the  esrpreBS  to 
Fort  Bnelling,  and  directed  me  to  issue  to  the  troops  a  keei-hoAt 
load  of  flour,  that  I  previously  receipted  for  to  one  of  the  agents 
of  the  contractors  for  Fort  Bnelling,  who  feared  to  go  fartlier 
with  it. 

After  these  arrangements  had  been  made,  Gov*  Oass  proceeded 
in  his  canoe  to  Galena,  and  raised  a  volunteer  company  under  the 
late  CoL  Abxteb  Fields  as  captain,  and  asoigned  him  the  command 
of  Fort  Orawford.  Lieutenant  Mabxin  Thomas  of  the  IT.  S.  ordi- 
nance department,  and  then  stationed  at  the  arsenal  near  St. 
Louis,  who  happened  to  be  at  Galena,  came  up  and  mustered  the 
two  cpmpanies  of  the  militia  iqto  the  service  of  the  United  States ; 
and  contracted  with  Phistbas  Black,  of  the  village  of  Louisiana, 
in  Missouri,  whom  he  found  at  GkUena,  for  a  quantity  of  pork 
which  was  sent  up  by  the  boat  that  brought  the  volunteer  com- 
pany. Gov.  Cass  proceeded  from  Galena  to  St.  Louis  to  confer 
with  General  AnnNSOK,  then  in  comitnand  of  Jefferson  Barracis, 
and  of  the  western  military  department.  This  resulted  in  Gen. 
ATBrsrsoN's  moving  up  the  Mississippi  with  tiie  disposable  force 
under  his  iommand  ait  Jefferson  Barracks,  during  this  time,  OoL 
SNEtLiNQ  came  doVn  the  Missisrfppi,  with  two  companies  of  the 


\ 


« 

fifth  regioieiit  of  U.  S.  Infanfarj,  and  Mtumed  tlie  oomnumd  of 
Fort  Orowford,  and  soon  after  discharged  the  Galena  ToltuiteQr 
compaDj,  as  thej  could  not  well  be  brought  nnder  military  disci- 
pline. But  the  Prairie  da  Ohien  companj  was  retained  in  service 
until  some  time  in  the  month  of  Angaat,  for  which  service,  through 
the  fault  of  some  one^  thej  never  received  any  pay. 

'  Baring  this  time  General  Atkinson  arrived  ^ith  the  troops 
from  Jefferson  Barracks,  having  on  his  waj  up  dispatched  a  vol- 
unteer force  under  General  Dodge  from  Galena,  to  proceed  by 
land  to  the  Portage  of  Wisconsin.  When  General  ArcmsoH 
with  great  difficulty,  owing  to  the  low  state  of  the  water  in  the 
Wisconsin,  arrived  at  the  Portage,  he  met  old  grey-headed  Dat- 
icAXT-KAT  with  bis  band,  who  finding  himself  surrounded  by  tihe 
volunteers  in  the  rear,  and  General  Atkinson's  force  of  regulars 
in  front,  and  a  company  of  volunteers  from  Green  Bay,  concluded 
to  disclaim  any  unfriendly  feelings  towards  the  United  States,  and 
disavowed  any  connection  with  the  murders  on  the  Mississippi. 
Gen.  Atkinson,  on  these  assurances  of  Dat-kau-bay,  returned,  but 
ordered  the  occupation  of  Fort  Crawford  by '  two  companies  of 
troops.  Notwithstanding  these  murders  of  our  citizens  and  move- 
ments of  troops,  the  wise  men  at  Washington,  with  about  as  much 
judgment  as  they  generally  deeide  upon  Indian  affairs,  decided 
that  this  was  not  an  Indian  war. 

,  After  the  people  had  taken  possession  of  the  fort,  and  before 
the  arrival  of  General  Oass,  Indians  were  seen  in  the  village,  and 
a  guard  was  sent  out  to  take  them  and  bring  them  to  the  fort 
They  made  no  resistance,  but  surrendered  themselves,  and  were 
brought  to  the  guard-house.  One  proved  to  be  the  famous  Bxd 
Bird,  who  headed  the  party  that  murdered  Gagnieb  and  Lifoap  ; 
another  was  Wah-wahfeok-ah,  the  Indian  I  had  met  up  the  Wis- 
consin river,  and  whose  conduct  had  so  much  alarmed  me  and  my 
men ;  the  other  was  a  young  Indian  whose  name  I  do  not  recol- 
lect There  being  no  charge  of  crime  against  Wah-wah-fbgb^ah 
and  the  young  Indian,  after  the  United  States  troops  were  sta- 


k.j 


108 

tiOMd  at  Fort  Cteirford,  thej  ware  diBcharged ;  and  Bbd  R^d 
wAi  ratain^  in  the  piard-hoii|dy  where  he  died  befioi^  he  ^mm 
tried  for  die  murder  of  Gagnisb  and  Lmup. 

The  first  8iinday*Bchool  establiehed  in  l2ie  pla^e  was  by  nay  fliat 
wife,  Mrs.  JtJtiAimA  Lookwoon.  Mrs.  Lookwood  was  raised  among 

the  PresbytetianS  or  Oongregationalists  of  New  England,  and 
early  imbibed  the  strong  prejudices  ef  those  people  against  the 
Boman  Catholics,  but  afterwards,  having  lived  in  Canada  two  or 
three  years,  and  having  become  intimately  acquainted  with  seve- 
ral ladies  of  that  faith,  who  were  apparently  good  pious  people, 
the  concluded  that  there  were  good  and  bad  among  all  sects  or 
denominations  calling  themselves  Christians,  and  her  early  prqu- 
dices  in  a  great  measure  wore  off.  We  were  married  in  the  sum- 
mer of  the  year  1824,  and  came  to  Prairie  du  Chien  in  the  au- 
tumn. There  was  not  at  that  time  any  church  or  meeting  to 
attend  on  Sunday.    Even  the  Boman  Catholics  had  a  priest  visit 

.  them  only  occasionally^  and  Mrs.  Lookwood  having  been  accua- 
tomed  to  see  the  children  collected  in  Sunday-schools,  and  seeing 
a  large  number  playing  about  tiie  streets  on  the  sabbath,  coia- 
/oluded  it  would  be  doing  them  a  good  service  to  gather  them  into 

.  a  Sanday-school,  and  proposed  to  Miss  Cbawfobd,  a  young  la^ 

'  raised  in  the  place,  who  spoke  English  and  French  flaently,  and 
who  had  a  good  common  education,  to  assist  her.  To  this  she 
agreed  at  once,  and  they  influenced  Dr.  Edwin  Jambs,^  surgeon 
of  the  TJ.  S.  army,  then  stationed  at  Fort  Crawford,  and  John  H. 
KiNziK,  Esq.,  formerly  of  Chicago,  then  quite  a  young  man,  in 
the  employment  of  the  American  Fur  Company  at  Prairie  du 
Ohien,  to  assist  them.  They  collected  the  children,  and  com* 
menced  their  school  in  the  spring  of  1825,  and  continued  it  until 

'  the  winter  following,  but  not  without  opposition.  As  this  measure 
did  not  originate  with  Mr.  Bolette,  he  felt  bound  to  oppose  it. 
He  took  what  he  thought  would  be  the  most  effectual  mode  of 


•  Dr.  JAint  aeeonpuiled  Mq|.  IAhk&b  •zpvdltlon  to  tiie  Roeky  Monntahit  In  1819^*10,  of  vhioh  1i« 
ifioto  %  WonftUvo,  parilalu»d  U  IftS,  ^  tliktM  TolonM ;  and,  iB  18^ 
Uy,  of  which  he  wm  th«  oaitor.  I#.  a  D. 


}09 

Bvpprttwing  it|  by  gpiag  to  the  moth/^ra  of  the  cbUdiitn  \rl^  at- 
twded  the  Beboglf  ^d  repveseutU^  to  them  4h«t  ;it  vfm  tb^  ^jMiga 
to  make  Frote^tants  of  the  ttbildr/dii..  To  oaxuiteract  Mr.  Box^apip^ 
thqy  uQtrodoQf d  and  taught  the  c}]^ldrea  tha  Somaii  Catholip  ofit- 
e^hiina,  fiodijog  nothing  to  their  mi^ds  yery  olgei^anaUfd  ia  it ; 
audi  aal  said  before,  they  coplinued  their  ifcKool  nntil  winter, 
during  which  time  Dr.  Jija»  was  ordered  to  aome  other  pout.  In 
the  spring  of  1826,^  my  wife  and  ipyself  went  to  Hew  York ;  Mi$s 
Omawfovd  accompanied  us  as  far.  as  Mackinaw,  where  she  i;p- 
mi^ined  until  she  waa  married*  Mr.  KxNzn  went  alao  to  ]Si(acki- 
naw,  daring  which  time  he  received  an  appointment  inthe Indian 
departioent,  under  Got.  Oabs^  and  went  to  Detroit  to  reside.  Xhe 
S^day-Bohool  was  not  again  resumed,  nor  was  one  again  attempt- 
ed in  the  place  until  about  ISSO^  when  the  members  of  the  dxf- 
f4M*ent  religious  denominations  united  in  forming  the  Union 
Suuday-School.  This  continued  a  few  yearsi  until  the  Methodiats 
becoming  by  far  the  most  numerops  plaee,  assumed  the  manage- 
ment of  it,  since  which  time  they  have  claimqd  it  as  a  Kethodist 
Sunday-School. 

When  tlio  fifth  regiment  of  U.  S.  InCEUxtry  came  into  the  coontiy 
in  1819,  and  established  tiieir  head- quarters  at  the  mouth  pf  the 
St.  Peter's.  Biver,  they  brought  with  them  a  man  by  the  name^f 
John  Mabss,  a  graduate  oi  some  eosteni  pollege,  as  teacher  of  the 
post  school  at  head-quarters^  .  H]e  appeared  to  have  a  gr^t  foj90- 
neas  for  the  Sioux  Indian^  and.  was  endowed  with  the  j^M^lty  of 
acquiring  languages  with  great  fadlity ;,  he  soon  learj^ed  the  Sic^itz 
language  so  that  he  spoke  it  with  as  great  ease  as  they  did  them- 
selves. Getting  tired  of  teitching  ao  army,  school,  he  came  dqi^Ti 
to  Prairie  du  Ohien  in  1836,  and  went  over  to  Green  Say,  and 
either  went  to  Detroit,  or  somewhere  met  Oov.  Oass,  who.  v|U9 
amich  interested  in  getting  ludjan  information,,  traditions,  anea- 
dotep,  tales,  &e.  He  employed  Mabsh  by  the  month  for  that  pur- 
pese,  and  procured  for  him  -the  appointment  o(  Sob^J^dian  Agent 
at  Prairie  du  Ghien,  aud  appointed  him  Jostiioe  of  the  Peace  ftr 
the  county  of  Crawford. 

22 


ITO 

Sotse  of  Ub  deciaions  were  almost  eqnal  to  tiioee  fit  Jndge 
Bbavms  of  Green  Ba j.  He  was  in  the  practice  of  taking  notes 
fbr  coUection,  and  issning  process  on  them.  Some  person  sent 
Idm  a  note  to  collect  from  Qttwt  Bay  against  BHarjAMnsr  Bor. 
Kow  there  were  two  men  in  the  country  of  that  name,  one  resided 
at  the  Portage  of  Wisconsin,  and  the  other  was  in  the  employ  of 
the  American  Fnr  Company  at  Prairie  dn  Ohien.  Neither  of 
them  could  write  his  name.  Hie  note  was  signed  with  a  mari, 
and  witnessed  by  a  man  who  wrote  his  name,  and  the  witness  had 
gone  into  the  Black  River  country  to  winter.  Majksh  beliering 
that  the  Boy  that  was  here  was  the  man,  issued  process  and  had  him 
brought  before  him,  but  he  denied  any  knowledge  of  the  note ; 
but  Mabsh,  satisfied  that  he  was  the  person  who  gave  it,  rendered 
judgment  against  him  for  the  amount,  and  said  he  would  examine 
the  witness  when  he  came  down  in  the  spring.  OoL  Dodbkak 
hearing  of  this  decision,  went  to  Mabsh  and  told  him  that  if  he 
proceeded  any  farther  in  the  case,  he  would  report  him  to  Got. 
Oass.    That  ended  the  proceeding. 

In  1880,  a  party  of  Sauks  and  Foxes  killed  Eome  Sioux,  on 
or  about  the  head-waters  of  Bed  Oedar  Biver,  in  the  now  State  of 
Iowa ;  and,  the  same  season,  a  band  of  Fox  Indians,  who  resided 
about  where  Dubuque  now  is,  had  occasion  to  visit  Prairie  du 
Ohien  on  business  with  the  Agent,  whom  they  had  previously  in- 
formed that  they  would  arrive  on  a  certain  day.  An  Indian  called 
the  Efinm^v  was  their  chief.  It  was  generally  believd  that  Jobk 
Habsh  gave  the  Sioux  information  of  the  coming  of  the  Foxes, 
and  of  the  time  they  were  expected ;  and  on  the  morning  of  the 
day  appointed  for  the  arrival  of  the  Foxes  at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  a 
small  war  party  of  young  Sioux  made  their  appearance  here,  and 
joined  by  a  few  of  the  Menomonee  young  men,  proceeded 
down  the  Mississippi  to  the  lower  end  of  the  Prairie  du  Pier- 
reaux,  some  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  below  Prairie  du  Ohien,  where 
a  narrow  channel  of  the  Mississippi  runs  close  to  that  end  of  the 
prairie,  fringed  with  small  trees,  bushes  and  grass.  They  knew 
the  custom  of  the  Indians  in  going  up  stream  to  avail  themselvefl 


ITl 

'  of  all  snoh  tid^^annels,  as  there  was  leee  current  in  tfaetn  tkan 

in  the  broad  rioter;  and  secreting  themselrea  among  the  bnehesi 
.  irees  and  gtass,  awaited  their  nnsospeeting  vioiims.  When  the 
.  Foxes  came  within  point  blank  shot,  thej  all  fired  npon  them, 

killing  Iheir  chief  Esttle  and  several  others.  The  Foxes  finding 
-  thelrcMef  killed,  returned  down  the  river  to  carry  the  news  of  their 

misfdvtfmesto  the  Mbe,  while  the  Sionx  and  Menomonees  retnm- 
f  ed  home  with  the  tidings  of  their  victory,  and  to  dance  over  it. 
'  They  passed  Hhfrongh  Prairie  da  Ohien,  and  remained  a  short  time 

here,  but  for  some  nnaccoantable  reason,  no  notice  whatever  was 

taken  of  iU 

The  signs  of  several  war. parties  of  the  Foxes  were  reported  to 
have  been  seen  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  daring  the  year ; 
but  they  effected  nothing  an  til  sometime,  I  think,  in  June,  1881, 
.when  a  considerable  number  of  Menomonees  had  collected  at 
.  Prairie  dn  CMuen,  and  encamped  on  an  island  near  the  eastehi 
'  shore  of  theMisrissippi,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  old  Fort 
•  Orawford.    Tbey  had  obtained  whiskey  enough  for  all  to  get  so- 
eiaUy  drunk  upon — and  it  is  rare  to  find  a  M enomonee  who  will 
not  get  drank  when  he  has  a  chance ;  and  they  had  carried  their 
revels  far  into  the  night,  until  men,  women  and  children  were  beast- 
ly drunk.    About  two  hours  before  day,  a  Fox  war  party,  that  had 
been  watching  their  movements,  fell  upon  them  in  that  helpless 
state,  and  killed  about  thirty  of  them.    By  this  time,  some  of  tiie 
more  sober  of  them  were  aroused,  and  commenced  firing  upon  the 
Foxes,  who  fled  down  the  river,  pursued  a  short  distance  by  the 
Menomonees.          • 

Thokas  p.  Brunett,  the  Sab  Indian  Agent,  was  sleeping  with 
me  in  my  store,  and  it  being  v^ry  warm  weather,  we  had  made  a 
i  bed  of  blanket^  on  the  counter,  when  about  two  hours  before  day- 
light, we  wei^  awakened  by  the  cries  of  a  Menomonee  woman  at 
the  store  door^^  We  let  her  in,  whcQ  she  told  us  of  the  disaster 
to  the  MenomotieeS.  'Mr.  Buxsrsrr  took  my  horse  and  went  to 
Inform  General  Stttttir,  the  Indian  Agent^  who  lived  about  four 


I 


mileB  above  this,  and  who  anrivod  aboat  di^«lig)i^  aM  ffitt%  tbe 
fiiBt  infiuiDAtioa  to  the  fort    AUhoogh  there  h44  been  a  greet 
firing  of  guiM  aad  hallooing  among  the  Iiidiaiifl»  the  eeqtinels  hmSL 
xeiK»i»d  nothing  of  it  to  the  ofl&eem ;  bnt  on  heMi^g  of  theaSA:, 
the  commandant  immediately  dispatehed.  a.  companj  of  tpen  m 
boatB  afier  the  Fozee,  but  they  did  nel;  oyerlaiK^(them.    Xhe  Gor- 
emment  demanded  of  the  Sanks  to  deliv^  np  the  peipotiateiB  of 
this  deed.    The  Fomb  fled  to  the  Sauke,  «ild  their  chief,  Kbtxui, 
being/ dead|  they  remained  among  and  atnalgaauAed  with  them, 
and  have  not  since  oontinaed  a  deparato  nation  or  tribe.    I  haiie 
always  believed  this  to  be  the  origin  of  the  Black  Hawk  warw-^ 
There  were,  I  suppose,  other  causes  of  discontent,  but  I  believe 
that  this  transaction  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  movements 
of  Black  Hawk. 

In  1830,  the  present  Fort  Crawford  was  comAftenoed,  and^  in 
1831,  it  was  occupied  with  a  part  of  the  troeps,  leaving  the  alak 
in  the  old  hospital,  and  the  surgeon  in  the  ol4-{f(»t  The  fort,  I 
think,  was  finished  in  1833.  In  1888,  the  anthorilil^s  of  Orawfoyd 
county  concluded  to  build  a  court  house  and  jail,  upd  eommenoed 
iraising  funds  by  increasing  the  taxes ;  and,  in  1886,  cpnstructeda 
s^ne  building  of  sufficient  size  to  have  On  the  ground  floor  a 
ropm  e^ch  for  criminals  and  debtors,  and  two  room.i  for  the  jailer, 
with  a  court  room  and  two  jury  rooms  on  the  second  floor.  The 
taxable  inhabitanta  then  in  the  county  were  confioed  to  the  Pra- 
rie»  We  were  then  attached  to  Michigan  Territory,  and  so  well 
were  our  county  affairs  managed,  that  the  taxes  were  not  raiaed 
more  than  five  mills  on  a  dollar  to  pay  for  this  improvement ;  and 
this  was  the  first  court  house  erected  in  Wisconsin. 

Sometime  in  1827  or  '28,  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  eonnty  and 
<me  of  the  Associate  Justices  having  removed  away,  I  presume 
application  was  made  to  Governor  Uiss — I  do  «ot  know  how  it 
was,  as  I  was  absent  from  the  last  of  July,  .1827,  to  the  summer 
of  1^29 ;  and  Jobbph  Bolbttb  was  appointed  Qhief  Jultice,  and 
Jaak  BauHST  Associate  Justice.    When  TaoMiifi  P.  BVBHSirr  nr- 


.  1« 

rired  hifr#,(Ai  ISSO,  be'€d«iAl  the  oourtM  diAdrMtfrMo.'  wiiit  h& 
bud  b^6  ^odU^tned  t^^  that  he  at  once  decided  that  hef  ootild 
not  prndtice^  before  one  oirgaoi^d  as  ovm  tben  waS)  and  made  rep- 
reieniatioaffot  thcAr  prooeedings  to  the  Qoriraor,  repotting  some 
decisiofiis,  and  sending  a  petition  reqaeatiog  their  removal,  and 
the  appointment  of  General  Joseph  M«  *  STanirr*  as  Ohief  JtUk 
tioe,  and'  myself  and  HBBOtriJS  L.  Doujmak  as  Assooiates.  TbeS6 
remoyals  aad  appointments  were  aeoordingly  made.  Mr.  TdscaO^ 
BftsBBoiS)  the  other  Associate  Jndge,  became  blind  in  lft29)  and,  I 
believe,  died  in  1887,  and  by  hw  eon,  at  bis  request,  was  buried 
on  a  prominent  blnfi  back  of  Prairie  dn  Ohieo. . 

Joseph  BoLffrrE,  of  whom  I  have  so  often  spoken,  was  a  Oana- 
dian  by  birth,  of  French  extraction,  and  an  educated  man.  He 
told  me  he  was  educated  for  the  Roman  Oatholic  church,  but  not 
liking  the  profession,  he  quit  it  and  served  a  regular  apprentice^ 
ship  to  mercantile  bnsiiiess,  and,  about  the  year  1804,  came  to 
Prairie  dn  Chien  in  business  connection  with  Mr.  Oakbron,  f  ao 
old  Indian  trader  wbo  usually  resided  at  Lao-qui-Parle  on  the 
St  Peter's  River,  .  Mr.  Rolette  suporlntended  the  business  at 
the  Prairicj  and  kept  the  books  of  the  coocern ;  wintering  occa- 
sionally at,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Pepin,  aud  returning  to 
Prairie  du  Chien  early  in  the  spring,  to  take  advantage  of  the 
spring  trade  of  the  Indians  visiting  here.  Mr.  Rolette  was  an 
active  merchant  and  trader,  and  I  suppose  would  be  called  a 
clever  merchant ;  that  is,  he  was  active  in  taking  every  advantage 
of  his  neighbor  for  making  ;noney,  without  regard  to  the  morali- 
ty of  the  transaction.    Although  he  was  active  in  business,  and 


•  4 


*  CtfD.  STBXKT  mifiiTatHl  tmrn  Rlchtnond,  Va^  in  the  winter  of  IS05-*06,  to  Frankrort,  Ej.,  where  h» 
levniBgaged  In  tiie publication  of  ttie  ff%tUm  World,  ftnd  fot  seTcnl  jetrr  took  »  tontpleaiaa*  part 
in  the  glftdiatorlal  field  of  EentiMky  poUtics.  Appointed,  in  1828,  to  tho  Indian  i^noj  at  IVaiiie  dn 
Ohlen,  hi  wma  then  daring  the  Black  Hawk  war,  and  that  captured  chief  was  surrendered  to  him  by 
OaB*lCTki>*0iiHi;Uf9-iUT  tad  pitfj ;  ttd  he  died  «o  tfia  De»  MtiUva  TUvai;  Ibii%  irkile>igBiit  (br  tfaa . 
Banks  and  Foxea,  Hay  6th,  1840,  at  about  the  age  of  sUtj  jean.  L.  C.  D. 

f  From  the  Annals  of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society,  we  leara  that  Camxbob  had  his  trading  poft  ^ 
tovarda  tie  aottreei  of  tiie  HinnAMta  j  fh^  he  was  a  shrewd  and  daring  Seotehman,  and  died  in  1811 ; 
a^  tha  iiot  wko*  h«  ir«a  kiMW,  o&  %he|tjn>Qr  MlM|fM%  ia  ko(h^ 

Oamibok  left  behind  him  a  name  of  much  oeUbrity  in  the  North- West.  L.  C.  D. 


mi 

naed  ev^ry  exeitkui  to  Biake  moneyi  it  waa  not  witli  tiie  xoiserlj 
diqK>6itiqn  of  hoarding  it,  for  he  waa  eqni^ly  liberal  in  scattering 
iL    Among  many  bad  qnalitiee  ae  a  oitjcen,  Mr.  Baurrisyet  poe- 
seeeed  many  redeeming  traits.    He  was  hospitable  and  generonsi 
and  liberal  to  the  poor,  and  where  a  man  had  met  with  loss  .by 
accident,  he  was  generally  one  of  the  first  to  afiEord  relief ;  and| 
for  an  Indiart  trader,  he  had  considerable  enterprise  for  the  pros- 
peidty  and  improvement  of  the  conntry.    I  believe  that  he.intro- 
dnced  the  first  swine  into  the  conntry,  bnt  am  not  snre  that  sneh 
is  the  fact ;  I  know  that  he  introdnced  the  first  sheep,  and  that  he 
was  mnch  imposed  on  in  the  purchase.     He  bargained  with  an 
American  below  this  on  the  Mississippi,  to  deliver  him  a  certain 
number  of  ewes  at  the  Prairie.    The  man  brought  the  number  of 
sheep,  and  told  him  th^y  were  according  to  contract,  and  Mr.  Bo- 
LBTTB  knowing  very  little  about  sheep,  counted  them  and  directed 
his  man  to  take  them  to  his  farm,  and  paid  for  them  agreeably  to 
contract,  and  after  a  while  some  one  examined  them,  and  found, 
that  instead  of  ewes  they  were  nearly  all  wethers. 

About  1840,  a  man  by  the  name  of  Manhan,  who  was  a  tan- 
ner and  carrier,  came  to  this  place,  and  proposed  to  set  up  his 
business  here,  but  not  having  the  necessary  means,  Mr.  Bolettb 
advanced  them  to  him ;  but  it  turned  out  a  poor  adventure.  I 
must  here  relate  an  anecdote  of  Rolette.  His  ambition  was  al- 
ways to  be  ahead  of  me  in  everything.  I  think  that  some  time 
in  1823, 1  mentioned  to  some  person  that  1  thought  a  distillery 
would  do  well  at  the  Prairie,  and  that  I  would  introduce  some 
rye ;  and  if  I  could  induce  the  French  to  raise  it  on  the  front  of 
their  farms  that  were  sandy,  I  would  build  a  distillery,  but  wished 
.  to  get  the  rye  growing  first.  Mr.  Bolbttr  hearing  of  my  ang^ 
gestion,  concluded  at  once  that  he  would  build  a  distillery  ;  and 
in  going  to  Mackinaw,  he  fell  in  with  a  man  by  the  name  of  Ocrx- 
TS,  who  had  been  a  captain  in  the  army,  and  had  been  cashiered 
by  court-martial,  and  being  without  means  of  support,  was  ready 
for  almost  anything.    He  persnaded  Mr.  Bolbitb,  that  he  was  a 


175 

ft 

soiwtific  man,  and  could  do  almoot  anytluBg,  and. especially  was 
well  acquainted  with  distilling.  Mr.  Bourns  engaged  him,  and 
brought  him  to  the  Prairie,  in  1824 ;  but  as  the  distillery  was 
not  yet  built,  Mr.  Bolbttb  employed  him  as  a  teacher  in  his 
family,  for  which  he  was  very  well  qualified.  Daring  this  time 
Mr.  BoLBTTTB  ordered  and  received  the  coppers  and  other  appara- 
tus for  his  distillery.  For  some  reason,  the  building  of  the  distil- 
lery was  delayed  until  the  spring  of  1828,  when  a  man  by  the  ' 
name  of  Giapon,  a  Canadian  by  birih,  clerk  of  our  circuit  court, 
and  fond  of  a  joke,  told  Mr.  Bolbttib  one  day,  that  I  would  make 
him  build  a  distillery  ;  that  I  had  only  to  say  that  I  was  going  to 
bmld  one,  and  he  would  be  certain  to  immediately  do  so.  It  was 
not  true  that  I  had  ever  said  bo  to  Giapon,  but  Mr.  BoLBrrtE  soon 
after  sent  his  coppers  and  other  apparatus  to  St.  Louis,  and  noth-  ^ 
ing  more  was  heard  of  the  distillery. 

It  was  so  well  understood  that  Mr.  Bolettb  would  oppose  any 
measure  that  he  did  not  introduce,  that  when  I  wished  to  carry 
out  any  object  without  opposition,  that  I  considered  for  the  public 
good,  I  would  get  some  person  to  go  to  Mr.  Bolette  and  tell  him 
that  I  was  going  to  introduce  such  a  measure,  and  I  would  soon 
after  hear  that  Mr.  Bolettb  was  going  to  do  the  same  thing.  I 
would  of  course  second  him  and  we  would  get  along  without  any 
difficulty.  Mr.  Boucttb  was  evidently  the  first  man  of  this  little 
village  when  he  came  to  the  country,  and  some  may  say  that  in  - 
representing  his  foibles,  I  have  maliciously  taken  advantage  of 
him,  as  be  cannot  now  answer  for  himself.  As  we  were  for  seve* 
ral  years  opposing  candidates  for  the  rank  and  consideration  of 
the  first  man  of  our  little  village,  and  were  rival  Indian  traders, 
I  have  introduced  our  respective  names  only  when  necessary  to 
elucidate  the  events  in  the  history  of  the  region  of  Prairie  du 
Ghien. 

Ool.  Hbboulxs  L.  Dovskan  came  to  the  Prairie  in  the  autumn 
of  18279  in  the  employ  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  and  has  . 
ever  since  steadily  pursued  what  he  appeared  to  have  most  tasjte 


iTd 

for,  the  aecnmxilstion  of  wealth,  ttnill  at  ttiis  time  he  is  eo&aidered 
Yttj  wealthy. 

Ii^  Bpeakiqg  of  the  earlj  settlersy  and  their  marria^  counec- 
tipna,  J.  should  perhaps  explain  a  little*    In  the  abseace  of  i«U- 
gious  instrnoUoQfi^  aod  it  becoming  so  common  to  see  the  Indians 
use  so  little  ceremony  about  marriage,  the  idea  of  a  verbal  ma- 
trimonial contract  became  familiar  to  the  early  French  settlers, 
and  they  generally  believed  that  such  a  contract  of  marriage  was 
vaUd  without  any  other  ceremony.    Many  of  the  women,  married 
in  this  way,  believed,  in  their  simplicity  and  ignorance,  that  Ihey 
were  as  lawfully  the  wives  of  the  men  they  lived  with,  as  though 
they  had  been  married  with  all  the  ceremony  and  solemnity  pos- 
sible.   A  woman  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  respectable  inherclasS) 
told  me  that  she  was  attending  a  ball  in  the  place,  and  that  a  tra- 
der, who  resided  on  the  Lower  Mississippi,  had  bis  canoe  loaded 
to  leave  as  soon  as  the  ball  was  over,  proposed  to  marry  her;  and 
as  he  was  a  trader  and  ranked  above  her,  she  was  pleased  with 
the  offer,  and  as  his  canoe  was  in  waiting,'  he  would  not  delay  for 
further  ceremony.    She  stepped  from  the  ball-room  on  board  his 
canoe,  and  went  with  him  down  the  Mississippi,  and  tliey  lived 
together  three  or  four  years,  and  she  had  two  children  by  him. 
She  asdured  me  that  she  then  believed  herself  as  much  the  wife 
of  this  man  as  if  she  had  been  married  with  all  the  ceremony  ot 
the  most  civilized  communities,  and  was  not  convinced  to  thecon' 
trary,  until  he  unfeelingly  abandonedher,  and  married  another; 
and  from  her  manner  of  relating  it,  I  belieyed  her  sincere. 

In  1816,  at  the  time  of  my  advent  to  Wisoonsin,  the  Kenomo- 
nees  inhabited  the  country  about  Green  Bay,  and  their  women 
occasionally  married  Winnebagoes,  but  not  often.  The  Menomo- 
nees  are  a  quiet  and  peaceful  race,  well  disposed,  and  have  al- 
ways, since  their  acquaintance,  been  friendly  to  the  whites.  Tokae, 
the  acting  chief  of  the  nation,  was  highly  spoken  of  by  all  the 
traders  as  a  great  and  good  man.  It  was  related  to  me  hj  some 
of  the  traders  at  that  period,  I  beliere  it  was  Judge  Laws,  that  at 


177 

the  time  of  the  geaeral  combinfition  of  the  Iiidiaiifi  under  Pomi' 
M>t  in  1768,  for  the  destraction  of  all  the  English  in  the  ireatcoru 
country,  the  Menomonees  under  their  chief  Tomah,  went  to  the 
officer  in  command  of  the  British  fort  at  Green  Bay,  consisting  of 
about  twenty  men,  and  informed  him  of  the  plot  fur  their  destrjup- 
tion,  in  common  with  other  garrisons,  but  if  he  would  abandon 
the  fort,  and  he  and  his  men  surrender  up  their  arms,  that  he,  Tq- 
jcAH,  and  his  people  would  conduct  them  safely  to  Montreal.    The 
lofficers  and  men  yielded  up  their  arms  to  Toxah,  except  Sergeant 
.Nobles,  who  declared  tliat  he  would  never  surrender  hia  gun  to 
an  Indian,  and  was  finally  allowed  to  retain  it.    All  were  safely 
conveyed  in  canoes* 'to  Montreal;  and  Sergeant  Kobles,  for  hia 
'fearless  conduct,  though  he  could  not  be  promoted,  having  a  fam- 
ily, he  was  favored  with  a  discharge,  and  engaging  in  his  trade 
.  of  a  shoemaker,  eventually  became  wealthy.    But  as  I  see  xk> 
special  mention  made  of  it  in  Lieutenant  Gobkell's  Journal  of 
Chose  times,  published  in  the  first  volume  of  OoUections  of  the 
Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  I  conclude  there  must  be  some 
mistake  about  it* 

The  principal  villages  of  the  Winnebagoes  were  at  tbe  lower 
and  upper  end  of  the  lake  of  that  name,  with  an  occasional  lodge 
along  the  Fox  river.  At  the  season  that  traders  generally  passed 
the  Portage  of  Wisconsin,  they  would  find  old  grey  headed  Dat- 

■      I        I     ■  ■■      I  ■■.■!■..■         I  I        ■  ■  ■  m      «,.»    ■!      ■  ,   II  .  .    .l^.  ■      ■  I      «    >        ..    I  ,       , 

•Tblf  Usditlon,  Judging  from  CtoRRBLL'B  Joarnal  and  Parkjcax'b  Bistorj  ot  the  CoAiipiracj  of  Poir- 

TiAOf  cannot  be  regarded  sa  reliable.    It  ii  certain  that  Lieat.  Qorrsll  and  hia  men  made  no  sarrender 

oC  tlwauelvea  or  aana,  and  that  the  MenoraonMs  and  othen,  eondiDiefced  them  to  the  riUage  of  VAthn 

Croche^  in  the  region  of  Mackinaw,  whence  the  M enomoneee  returned  to  Green  Baj.    Bat  thia  tnidi' 

tlon  eerrea  to  eonflrm  ni  in  the  belief,  that  Tokab  or  Carron  was  mnch  older  than  represented  by  the 

'  imerlptton  on  hia  tomb^etone^  and  that  he  was  ^  man  of  coMequenee  daring  the  border  wart  of  1766 

tol76S.    IbGobbsll'9  Joaraal,  referring  to  the  erenti  of  18th  Hay,  1763,  he  ipeaka  tfana:    "The 

Chlefi  ^of  the  Menomonees]  were  much  displeaied  at  Garbot'8  getting  a  present  frornUr.  Goddard  of 

Altie  foit  of  emibfoldared  elothee.    Ihla  Carrot  waj  maeh  thought  of  by  the  French.*'    Thia  reftrg 

nndoabtedlj  to  the  noUe  Toxah  or  Garros  ;  and  we  hope  hareaitar  to  be  able  to  prepare,  for  aomo  tn- 

taro  Tolame  of  thaSocietj'a  Collectloni,  a  more  extended  and  detailed  acooont  of  hia  life  and  ehaimeter 

tkttB  baa  jet  been  glreo.    Wliat  was  recorded  of  hi  n  in  ova  last  year's  Report  and  Gollectloo%  ejuUfid 

gBmaaX  interest  in  tbe  histor/  of  thia  brave  and  generous  chieC     His  nobleness  and  generosllgr  of«h»r- 

aeter  reflect  real  honor  on  tbe  Indian  raee,  and  on  the  Menomonees  especially  ;  and  it  shooU  be  the 

pride  and  pktuom  of  oar  Blstoticsl  Sodoty  to  «paie  no  peine  to  ^eeareh  oat  end  gamer  «p  eveijr  t^\ 

«steBt)  ilhuitiatiTe  of  the  eaieer  of  eo  trely  great  end  worthy  a  WiieonaiB  chienalnj  L.  0«  !>• 

as 


178 

Katt-kat   at  the  Portage  with  his  band.    Their  village  was  a 
ahort  distance  from  there  np  the  Wisconsin,  and  the  Winnebagoea 
had  villages  np  the  Manois  [?]  and  on  the  Baraboo  Bivers,  and 
several  small  ones  along  down  the  Wisconsin  to  near  its  mouth. 
They  were  estimated  at  that  time  by  the  traders  best  acquainted 
with  them,  to  be  abont  nine  hundred  warriors  stroag.    Of  the 
Dat-Eau-batb,  there  were  four  or  five  brothers,  who  were  all 
inflaential  men  in  the  nation,  and  I  knew  one  sister  who  had  a 
&mily  of  children  by  a  trader  named  Leoutbb,  who  had  married 
her  after  the  Indian  manner.    Tradition  says  that  their  father  waa 
a  French  trader,  who  daring  the  time  the  French  had  possessioa 
of  the  country,  married  a  Winnebago  woman,  the  daughter  of  the 
principal  chief  of  the  nation,  by  whom  he  had  these  sons  and 
daughter ;  that  at  the  time  the  country  was  taken  possession  of 
by  the  English,  he  abandoned  them,  and  they  were  raised  among 
the  Indians,  and  being  the  descendants  of  a  chief  on  the  mother's 
side,  when  arrived  at  manhood  they  assumed  the  dignity  of  their 
rank  by  inheritance.    They  were  generally  good  Indians,  and  fire- 
quently  urged  their  claims  to  the  friendship  of  the  whites,  by  say- 
ing they  were  themselves  half  white.*^ 

I  suppose  that  having  been  so  long  among  the  Indians,  it  will 
be  expected  that  I  should  give  some  account  of  their  manners, 
customs,  religions  ceremonies,  &c. ;  but  of  the  Indians  who  in- 
habit Wisconsin,  T  can  say  very  little.  The  Indians  who  visit  a 
trading  post  like  Prairie  du  Ghien,  are  generally  seen  in  their 
worst  state,  and  I  always  had  such  a  dislike  to  the  Winnebagoes, 
that  I  never  sought  to  learn  their  language,  or  much  of  their  cus* 
toms  or  ceremonies.  The  Indians  with  whom  I  am  most  familiar 
are  the  Sioux,  with  whom  I  spent  three  winters  in  their  own 
country,  where  I  saw  many  Indians  who  had  never  seen  any 

•Xn.  Xnsn  ooortya  th«  id«a,  that  tfa^  botsted  of  «  nmota  «ro88  of  Frooeh  Hood  tn  fome  flMnmr 
gtBUfttloB ;  thftt  tlMj  powcflMd  rmarkAblj  bandaome  ftatarM,  and  their  mother  wai  Mriag  aa  lata  tm 
18S1,  than  anppoiod  to  be  ovar  one  hundred  jean  of  e^.  Mrs.  Knnii  dealgnatee  one  of  tbe  Dat-JLav- 
mara  aa  a  «  gxandold  ditef '— 4he  mna  donbtteai,  mentioned  bj  Judge  Lockitood  ;  mi  enothar,  Ug 
T«r7  anttpodee,  ^aa  not  Inaniroprlatdjr  oaUed  Rauoti  Dat-Kav-sat  ;  and  tha  Ona-Eyad  DjlT-Kxvhkat 
Vta  diattnfulahad  for  the  part  betook  to  thaeairtuia  of  3IA0KH4WK.  UaD, 


179 

"vehite  men,  except  occasionally  a  trader.  But  none  of  the  Sioux 
have  ever  resided  within  the  limits  of  onr  State,  although  thej 
were  at  one  time  included  within  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin, 
when  what  is  now  Iowa  and  Minnesota  formed  a  part  of  thatTer- 
.ritory.    Of  them  I  will  endeavor  to  give  some  account. 

And,  firstly,  of  their  marriages.  When  a  young  Indian  desires 
to  marry,  he  invites  his  relatives,  who  are  near  or  in  camp,  to  a 
feast,  and  informs  them  that  he  wishes  a  certain  girl  for  his  wife. 
If  they  are  in  favor  of  the  match,  they  immediately  collect  goods 
and  suitable  articles  for  a  present  to  the  relations  of  the  desired 
one.  One  gives  a  gun,  another  a  blanket,  and  another  a  kettle  or 
horse,  as  they  may  happen  to  possess  at  the  time.  When  the  col- 
lection is  completed,  some  of  the  relatives  carry  the  presents  to 
the  lodge  of  the  father  of  the  young  woman ;  one  of  them  expresa- 
ing  in  song  the  object  for  which  they  are  intended,  and  leave  the 
things  at  the  door  and  retire.  If  the  father  is  favorably  disposed  to 
the  match,  he  invites  all  his  relatives  that  are  near  to  a  feast,  and 
when  assembled,  if  they  conclude  to  give  the  girl  in  marriage  to 
theyouDgman,  each  takes  of  the  articles  such  as  he  can  return  in 
kind ;  for  instance,  if  one  can  return  a  gun,  horse,  kettle,  blanket 
or  other  articles,  he  takes  such  an  article  ;  and  presents  in  this 
way  are  made  up  by  the  relatives  of  the  d^ired  bride,  generally 
of  the  same  kind  of -^articles  they  have  received,  and  taken,  to- 
gether with  herself,  to  the  lodge  of  the  young  man  with  singing, 
&c.  After  which  she  returns  again  to  the  lodge  of  her  father, 
where  they  usually  reside,  the  son-in-law  hunting  for  the  father- 
in-law  until  about  the  time  the  oldest  child  can  walk,  after  which 
he  generally  gets  a  lodge  for  himself.  A  small  apartment  is  pe- 
titioned off  in  the  lodge  of  the  father-in-law  for  the  young  couple. 
The  young  man  generally  during  the  day  is  out  hunting,  and 
seldom  visits  the  lodge  of  his  bride  until  the  others  have  gone  to 
sleep,  when  he  crawls  into  the  lodge.  There  is  no  familiarity  be- 
tween the  parents  of  the  bride  and  their  son-in-law.  If  he  is 
ever  in  their  presence,  he  appears  ashamed,  and  seldom  speaks  to 
them.    If  he  wants  to  communicate  to  them,  It  is  done  through 


180 

his  wife ;  and  if  lie  happens  to  be  in  a  trader's  house,  and  either 
father  or  mother-in-law  enters,  he  generally  retires.  Snch  ia 
Sionx  etiquette  between  these  relations. 

Of  births.  As  soon  as  a  child  is  bom,  the  mother  goes  into  the 
water,  and  stands  in  it  over  her  waist,  and  bathes  herself  for  some 
considerable  length  of  time.  If  in  winter,  she  has  a  hole  cut  in 
the  ice,  through  which  she  enters  and  bathes. 

Deaths  and  bnrials.  When  a  person  dies,  the  body  is  decorated 
in  all  of  his  or  her  finery,  and  four  forks  or  crotches  are  cut  and 
stuck  in  the  ground,  up^m  which  a  scaffold  is  made,  and  the  de- 
ceased wrapped  in  a  newly  painted  buffalo  skin  or  new  blanket, 
and  laid  thereon  with  some  ceremony.  If  the  death  takes  place 
at  a  trader's  house  in  the  fall  before  they  go  to  their  hunt,  an  old 
woman,  a  relative  of  the  deceased,  ia  left  there  to  feed  and  cry 
over  the  dead  during  the  absence  of  the  others.  She  usually 
goes  about  dark  in  the  erening  with  a  dish  of  provisions,  and  sits 
down  under  the  scaffold,  and  commences  crying  and  howling, 
with  loud  lamentations,  and  calling  upon  the  Oreat  Spirit  some- 
thing as  follows :  Wah  kawtonggaw^  oh  she  mendoh  (naming 
the  deceased)  with  other  cries,  which  mean — Great  Spirit,  have 
mercy  on  the  deceased,  &c.  This  doleful  noise  is  very  unpleas- 
ant, and  after  continuing  it  for  about  an  hour,  she  leaves  the  diah 
of  food  under  the  scaffold,  and  returns  to  the  lodge,  and  the 
dogs  or  wolves  eat  the  provisions,  when  the  Indians  suppose  the 
dead  eat  them.  The  corpse  is  left  in  this  manner  until  nothing 
remains  but  the  bones,  when  they  arc  collected  and  carried  to 
their  village.  At  one  time  at  my  house  in  St  Peters,  an  Indian 
of  some  note,  who  had  four  grown  daughters,  had  a  death  in  his 
family,  and  he  named  four  young  men  to  build  the  scaffold  and 
put  the  corpse  thereon,  and  when  concluded,  he  rewarded  each 
with  one  of  his  daughters  for  a  wife. 

"When  a  death  happens  in  a  family,  no  matter  how  well  they 
are  clothed,  the  good  clothes  are  stripped  off  and  given  away^ 
and  the  worst  old  leather  rags  substituted  in  their  place,  besmear 


181   • 

log  their  hair,  haiidB  and  face  with  dirt,  leavinn;  the  hair  un- 
combed to  mat  with  the  dirt,  gashing  their  legs  and  arms,  and 
leaving  them  to  get  well  without  the  least  attention.  Some  of 
them  carry  their  grief  so  far  as  to  raise  the  skin  of  their  arms  and 
pierce  holes  with  their  knives,  and  put  pegs  through.  Thej  con- 
tinue their  mourning  about  a  year,  although  by  giving  a  feast  and 
performing  certain  ceremonies  they  can  be  relieved  from  their 
mourning  in  a  much  less  time. 

Beligious  superstitions,  &c.  Wawkaw,  in  their  language,  aig- 
nifies  a  spirit  or  spiritual.  The  French  have  interpreted  or  render- 
ed it  medicine,  but  the  Indians  call  the  Great  Spirit  or  Ood  Waw- 
kaw tono-oaw,  the  latter  part  signifying  gr^Q/t.  The  devil  they 
call  Waw-kaw-bhx-coh,  the  latter  part  signifying  lad.  It  is  dif- 
ficult to  get  an  Indian  to  talk  on  the  subject  of  his  religious  belief, 
but  my  interpreter,  who  was  a  half  breed,  informed  me  that  they 
believe,  that  the  great  Good  Spirit  resides  in  a  beautiful  country 
of  good  bunting  ground,  and  where  there  is  everything  in  abun- 
dance that  an  Indian  can  desire,  even  a  plurality  of  beautiful 
wives.  But  to  get  there,  they  must  be  good  Indians  in  this  world, 
and  perform  all  their  duties  well  as  hunters,  warriors,  &c. ;  that 
on  the  way  to  this  happy  land,  there  is  a  deep  gulf  to  pass,  with 
a  very  narrow  way  to  cross  it,  and  that  only  the  good  can  success- 
fully pass  over ;  that  the  bad,  in  attempting  to  pass,  fall  off  into 
the  gulf,  and  wander  about  in  a  starving  condition.  They  are 
very  particular  in  performing  their  religious  rites  by  feasts,  sacri- 
fices, &c.  The  first  fruits  gathered  are  set  apart  for  the  purpose 
of  a  spiritual  or  holy  feast ;  the  first  com  or  wild  rice  of  the  sea- 
son, the  first  duck  or  goose  killed  when  they  appear  in  the  spring, 
%tre  all  reserved  for  the  feast ;  at  which  those  Indians  only  who 
are  entitled  to  wear  the  badge  of  having  slain  an  enemy,  are  in- 
vited. The  women,  and  those  who  have  never  taken  the  scalp  of 
a  foe,  no  matter  how  hungry,  are  never  iavite^  to  participate. 
You  will  see  boys  of  sixteen  or  eighteen  years  of  age  at  the 
feast,  while  old  gray-headed  men  are  excluded  with  the  women. 


183 

and  looked  upon  as  old  women,  which  is  a  term  of  great  reproach 
among  them.  We  cannot  then  wonder,  that  the  Indian  tribes  are 
so  constantly  at  war,  as  it  is  the  only  thing  that  giyes  them  fame 
and  consequence  among  themselves.  I  w^  told  of  a  tradition  of 
the  Sionx,  that  in  ancient  times  a  man  could  not  get  a  wife  until 
he  had  killed  an  enemy.  The  mother  trains  her  sons  to  believe 
that  revenge  upon  their  enemies  is  a  cardinal  virtue,  and  this  ad- 
vice and  admonition  are  constantly  instilled  into  their  minds. 

From  early  infancy  they  believe  in  minor  evil  spirits,  and  in 
ghosts  who  operate  upon,  and  influence  them.    While  sleeping 
in  a  camp  of  Indians  in  the  night,  you  will  frequently  be  awa- 
kened by  the  firing  of  guns,  and  enquiring  the  cause,  you  will  be 
told  they  are  shooting  the  dead  that  trouble  them.     Over-loading 
their  stomachs,  as  they  often  do,  they  are  no  doubt  frequently 
troubled  with  tho  night-mare,  and  imagine  that  they  are  attacked 
by  a  ghost,  and  get  up  and  shoot  at  their  supposed  intruder.    They 
have  also  their  doctors  and  astrologers,  who  are  well  paid  for  their 
services.    When  a  person  is  sick,  they  send  for  a  doctor,  who  gets 
his  pay  in  advance.    He  then  commences  shaking  over  the  sick 
his  gourd,  which  has  in  it  some  beads  to  make  it  rattle,  until  he 
finds  out  what  is  the  matter  with  his  patient,  which  he  generally 
discovers  is,  that  some  beast,  fish  or  bird  has  got  into  the  body  of 
the  patient,  which  by  shaking  his  rattle,  signing,  and  other  nec- 
romancy, he    causes    to    depart.    Previously  to  driving  out  the 
unwelcome  intruder,  he  cute  its  figure  or  likeness  out  of  birch 
bark,  and  places   it  in  front  of   the  door  of  the    lodge,  with 
two   young   men   situated   so    to    fire    at  it  from  different  di- 
rections at  a  given  signal,  who  gienerally  blow  it  into  pieces.   If  . 
this  operates  upon  the  mind  of  the  patient  so  that  he  recovers,  it 
is  well ;  if  not,  there  is  some  mistake  about  it — ^the  animal  was 
not  killed,  or  some  evil  spirit  operates  against  him.    So  they  try 
it  over  again,  and  probably  continue  to  do  so  for  months,  until  the 
patient  recovers  or  dies ;  in  which  latter  case,  they  have  always 
good  reasons  to  show  why  the  patient  did  not  recover. 


188 

Thdj  har^  some  few  specifics,  which  they  sometimes  adminis- 
ter,.  bat  their  art  consists  mosUj  in  necromancy.  They  care 
wounds  generally  sooner  than  most  snrgeonsi  because  they  sack 
tiiemi  and  thas  keep  them  clean  from  all  matter.  It  is  also 
the  business  of  the  (^octor  to  suck  clean  any  old  sore  that  he  un- 
dertakes to  care,  no  matter  how  filthy  or  disgusting,  even  venereal 
disorders  and  sore  eyes ;  I  have  seen  the  doctor  pretend  by  suck- 
ing to  draw  from  sore  eyes  small  bits  of  straw,  &c.;  and,  accord* 
ing  to  their  theory,  as  in  most  other  complaints,  some  animal, 
bird,  fish  or  reptile  has  inflicted  the  disease. 

The  father  inlaw  of  my  interpreter,  was  an  Indian  doctor 
among  the  Sioux.  I  recollect  hearing  the  old  man  the  most  part 
of  a  day  singing  and  shaking  his  goard  rattle  in  his  lodge;  after 
which  he  came  into  the  house,  and  sat  down  looking  very  serious 
and  thoughtful  His  son,  orer  thirty  years  of  age,  had  sore  eyes, 
and  he  was  endeavoring  to  effect  a  cure.  He  said,  that  nearly 
thirty  years  before,  when  his  son  was  a  very  small  boy,  he  had 
fEistened  a  pin  to  a  stick,  and  was  amusing  himself  one  day  spear- 
ing minnows,  and  that  he  thus  pricked  one  with  his  pin-spear; 
and  that  it  was  strange,  that  the  fish,  after  so  long  a  time,  should 
come  to  seek  revenge  on  his  son's  eyes. 

Their  sooth-sayer  ojr  spiritual  man  after  sweating  alone  in  a  small 
lodge  and  singing,  pretends  to  foretell  events,  as  when  certain 
friends  will  arrive,  or  when  the  buffalo  will  come  into  that  neigh- 
borhood, or  when  some  other  expected  event  will  happen,  and 
should  it  fail  they  will  explain  it  by  saying,  that  the  little  spirit 
lied  to  them,  an  image  of  which  each  one  of  these  jugglers  car* 
ries  in  his  holy  or  medicine  bag.  An  Indian  in  a  pious  fit  hangs 
on  a  tree  a  beaver  or  otter  skin,  bear  or  dressed  deer  skin,  for  a 
8ac];^fice  to  the  Great  Spirit,  which  remains  there  until  destroyed, 
or  until  some  other  Indian  passes  that  way,  wants  and  takes  it, 
leaving  a  piece  of  tobacco  in  place  thereof,  which  he  may  lawful- 
ly do.  On  the  Prairie  are  often  found  isolated  granite  rocks, 
which,  from  their  isolated  and  scattered  appearance  are  consider- 


184 

ed  hoty,  and  every  Indian  who  passes  them,  either  paints  them 
with  Vermillion,  or  leaves  a  piece  of  tobacco  as  a  tribute  to  the 
Great  Spirit  Henoe  the  great  number  of  places  in  this  country, 
where  the  Sioux  were  accustomed  to  pass,  that  bear  the  name  of 
Fainted  Bock. 

I  have  frequently  been  told  by  French  voyageura^  triers,  and 
interpreters,  of  the  ceremonies  performed  by  some  juggler,  in 
going  into  his  little  holy  lodge,  to  consult  with  the  Great 
Spirit.  After  having  fasted  a  while,  he  strips  himself  naked,  and 
goes  into  the  lodge  alone ;  and  soon  after  entering,  the  poles  of  the 
lodge  commence  shaking  violently,  and  those  without  hear  two  or 
three  distinct  voices  within.  After  this  has  continued  about  two 
or  three  hours,  the  juggler  comes  out  of  the  lodge  in  a  high  state 
of  perspiration ;  during  the  time  of  the  ceremonies  in  the  lodge, 
the  jingling  of  bells  and  other  musical  instruments  is  heard,  as 
though  they  were  attached  to  poles  of  the  tent  or  lodge,  and  mj 
informers  generally  believed  that  the  Indians  had  communications 
with  the  Devil.  It  so  happened,  that  I  never  witnessed  one  of 
tiiese  scenes. 

• 

The  Sioux  have  a  feast  which  is  calculated,  in  their  estimation^ 
to  preserve  their  women  from  all  illicit  connections.  It  is  after 
this  manner :  The  young  Indians,  like  some  young  white  men, 
are  in.  the  practice  of  vaunting  of  having  gained  some  advantage 
over  some  frail  one  of  their  tribe.  When  a  woman,  either  mar- 
ried or  single,  learns  that  she  has  been  slandered  in  this  way,  she 
selects  a  spot,  clears  away  the  bushes  and  rubbish,  builds  a  fire^ 
puts  the  kettle  on,  makes  a  circle  around  it,  and  near  one  end  of 
the  fire,  places  a  stone  painted  with  vermillion ;  and  when  every- 
thing is  properly  prepared,  she  sends  the  crier  of  the  camp 
around  to  give  notice  of  it.  He  performs  this  duty  by  going 
through  the  camp,  singing  in  as  loud  a  voice  as  he  possibly  can, 
that  such  a  woman,  announcing  hor  name,  will  give  her  feast 
that  day,  stating  the  name  or  object  of  the  feast,  and  inviting  all 
to  attend.    All  the  women  of  the  camp  are  usually  present  on 


18S 

raoh  oecaeioBft ;  if  any  one  it  abtent,  it  is  stronglj  saepeeted  that 
she  dare  not  come,  for  fear  of  being  exposed.  When  assembled  on 
the  ground,  the  hostess  of  the  feast  heads  the  ring  ibitned  by  the 
women,  andmardies  around  nntil  she  reaches  the  painted  stone, 
which  she  touches  reverently,  thereby  solemnly  protesting  her 
innocence. 

Some  Indian,  the  while,  stands  on  some  slight  elevation,  and 
harangues  the  young  men,  telling  them  if  any  of  these  women 
are  unworthy  to  partake  of  this  feast  of  the  virtuous,  to  fail  not 
to  expose  them.  The  young  men  pride  themselves  upon  every 
exposure  it  is  in  their  power  to  make ;  so  that  a  woman  who  is 
unworthy  dare  not  be  present,  unless  she  happens  certainly  to 
know  that  her  guilty  paramour  is  so  far  away  that  he  cannot  be 
there.  If  a  woman,  not  worthy  to  partake  of  the  feast  is  so  bold 
as  to  venture  there,  the  Indian  who  says  she  is  not  worthy,  goes 
and  takes  her  by  the  arm,  and  leads  her  out,  asking  her  before 
the  whole  assemblage,  if  she  does  not  remember  such  a  time  and 
place,  which  he  specifies.  It  is  thought  that  they  seldom  falsely 
accuse,  as  they  believe  that  if  they  do  so,  the  Great  Spirit  would 
be  angry,  ^d  visit  them  with  some  dire  calamity. 

Their  feasts.  With  Indians,  a  man  who  gives  feasts  is  popular 
and  well  spoken  of,  and  has  plenty  of  pretended  friends,  precise- 
ly as  with  the  white  man  who  often  gives  good  dinner  and  other 
parties.  They  have  their  holy  or  sacred  feasts,  where  the  guests 
know,  when  they  are  invited,  of  what  they  are  to  partake ;  and 
as  they  prido  themselves  upon  the  quantity  they  can  eat,  each 
carries  with  him  the  si^ed  dish  which  he  supposes  he  can  eat  fall. 
The  master  of  the  feast,  not  eating  himself,  serves  the  others, 
singing  and  shaking  his  gourd-rattle  all  the  time.  'Nothing  of 
this  food  must  fall  to  the  ground.  Each  guest's  dish  is  filled,  and 
he  must  eat  it  himself,  cm  pay  some  one  else  to  eat  it  for  him ; 
and  frequently  in  attempting  to  devour  what  has  been  put  in 
th^r  dish,  they  eat  until  they  vomit  it  back  again  into  the  dish,  aa 
nothing  is  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  ground,  and  someone  mastb# 
24 


186 

hired  to  est  it  for  them.  Thej  have  been  known  to  gormandi2» 
to  that  extent)  that  on  leaving  the  feast  they  have  fallen  down 
dead;  but  even  then,  the  Burvivors  will  not  admit  that  it  was 
over-eating  that  killed  them.  After  the  feast  is  over,  the  dishes 
and  kettle  are  earefolly  wiped  out  with  grape  or*  eyergreen 
boughs.  They  accQstom  their  sons,  when  children,  to  eat  a  great 
deal,  and  frequently  stuff  them,  when  very  young,  with  raccoon 
oil,  to  expand  their  stomachs,  and  often  boast  of  their  feats  in 
eatingr 

The  dog  feast.  The  Sioux  Indians,  and  I  believe  it  is  true  of 
all  others,  consider  that  the  greatest  compliment  they  can  pay  a 
stranger,  is  to  give  him  a  dog  feast  And  this  intended  compliment 
constitutes  the  burthen  of  the  speech  of  the  giver  of  the  feast,  or 
the  master  ot  ceremonies.  The  traders  are  generally  invited  to 
these  feasts.  I  have  tasted  dog  meat ;  it  is  like  pork,  only  it  has  a 
sweeter  taste ;  those  who  can  get  over  the  prejudice  against  such 
meat,  become  very  fond  of  it,  but  my  prejudice  was  too  strong 
ever  to  be  able  to  relish  it. 

I  think  the  Indians  understand  the  art  of  flattery  as  well  as  any 
people  in  the  world.  When  I  concluded  to  enter  into  business 
for  myself,  there  were  several  Indians  of  influence  from  about  the 
xaouth  of  the  6t.  Peter's  Biver,  and  of  the  Oens  de  Feuille  or 
Leaf  Nation  from  the  Little  Bapids  on  the  St  Peters,  who  h%d 
wintered  in  my  neighborhood,  and  came  to  my  house  in  the 
spring.  I  agreed  with  these  Indians  to  meet  me  at  my  wintering 
house  in  the  fall,  with  as  many  of  their  tribes  as  they  could  per- 
snade  to  come  up,  that  I  would  have  a  large  cargo  of  goods,  and 
would  fit  them  out  to  go  across  to  the  head  of  the  Mississippi  to 
hunt  According  to  agreement,  I  met  them  in  the  fall,  with  two 
Mackinaw  boat  loads  of  goods,  and  found  on  my  arrival,  about 
three  thousand  Indians  of  the  Yankt#n,  Sissiton,  iSens  de  Lac, 
Gens  de  Feuille,  and  other  Sioux  bands,  encamped  about  it, 
and  they  received  me  with  a  grand  salute,  each  man  haviag 
a  gun,  firing  with  ball  over  the  boat,  so  that  we  could  hear  the 


187 

balls  whietle  nearer  than  was  agreeable  to  ns.  They  had  prepared 
several  lodges  together,  so  as  to  make  one  great  lodge  of  at  least 
twenty  feet,  across  thp  middle  of  which  they  had  made  a  wall  of 
dried  buffalo  meat,^  and  had  made  a  dog  feast,  to  which  they  in* 
yited  me.  The  customary  speech  on  such  occasions  was  made, 
as  usual ;  saying  that  this  feast  was  designed  as  the  greatest  com- 
pliment  they  could  pay  me,  and  then  added  :  Your  Father  must 
be  a  great  man  to  send  out  one  so  young  as  you,  with  so  many 
goodS)  and  we  hope  you  will  be  very  charitable,  and  furnish  us 
with  plenty  of  clothing  to  keep  ourselves,  women  and  children 
warm,  and  with  plenty  of  ammunition  with  which  to  hunt,  etc. 
To  all  which  I  replied,  that  unfortunately  my  father  was  a  poor 
man,  and  I  was  a  poor  boy,  and  that  I  had  got  these  goods  on 
credit  to  supply  their  wants,  and  that  unless  they  hunted  well  and 
loaded  my  boats  with  furs,  I  should  not  be  able  to  pay  for  these 
goods,  and  get  more  to  come  back  again ;  but  that  I  would  ftimish 
them  with  clothing  to  keep  them  warm,  and  with  arms,  traps  and 
ammunition  to  keep  them  from  starving,  and  hoped  they  would 
hunt  well  and  pay  me,  so  that  I  could  get  more  goods  and  con- 
tinue to  trade  with  theiji.  I  took  to  my  house  the  meat  presented, 
and  made  them  payment  in  suitable  presents  of  ammunitiou,  etcf 

An  Indian  thinks  it  politeness  to  cat  everything  that  is  set  before 
him,  and  when  traders  are  invited  to  a  feast,  what  they  do  not  eat, 
they  generally  carry  home  with  them  in  the  dish  and  give  it  to 
their  men,  and  send  back  the  dish  with  a  piece  of  tobacco  in  it. 

*  The  muiner  of  drying  the  bafblo  meat  \n  this :  They  take  each  side  and  the  helljy  and  cut  and 
ipread  them  oat  thin,  io  that  they  vUl  thoronghly  dry  throngh ;  when  tally  extended,  this  makes  A 
sheet  of  about  the  size  of  a  deer  skin,  and  when  dried  they  fold  them  up  as  they  do  their  deer  skins, 
and  pack  them  into  bundles.  J.  H.  L. 

fit  is  prorerbial,  with  all  acquainted  with  the  Indians,  that  to  revive  presents  tnm  them  Is  by  ftr 
fbe  most  txpenslTe  way  of  obtaining  their  desirable  oommoditlee,  as  the  trader  not  only  has  to  pay  back 
ifa0  full  yalae  of  the  artides,  but  also  something  derer  in  addition  for  the  jeompliment  of  the  present. 
It  is  not  dneonfmott  for  a  Yankton  chief  to  make  a  present  to  the  trader  of  all  the  buAlo  robes  he 
Mng^  and  after  he  has  leoeiTed  in  return  all  they  are  really  worth,  together  with  something  for  the 
compliment^  he  remembers  a  great  many  little  articles,  naming*  them,  of  which  he  is  in  want ;  and  If 
not  giattfledy  he  is  oflbnded,  or  pretends  to  be  so.  Though  it  is,  In  Indian  etiquette^  an  insolt  to  ntam 
a  present^  I  have  often  done  so,  and  advised  tiie  Indian  that  he  had  better  trade  them  in  the  usual  way. 

J.H.L. 


188 

I  haye  seen  geaeroiu  ladies  residing  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Indian  conntrj,  when  visited  by  Indians,  set  food  before  them  aod 
keep  renewing  the  supply,  and  wondering  at  the  Indians  eating  bo 
much,  whereas  they  considered  themselves  bound  in  poLiteneaa 
to  eat  all  that  was  set  before  them. 

When  Indians  become  too  old  and  infirm  to  travel,  they  bnild 
a  fire  near  water,  and  giving  them  some  provisions  and  generally 
a  small  kettle,  leave  them  to  take  care  of  themselves.  Many 
children  from  exposure  and  learning  them  to  be  great  eaters,  die 
in  infancy.  The  practice  of  leaving  the  aged  to  die,  appUes 
more  particularly  to  migratory  -bands  on  the  plains.  Indians 
living  about  lakes  and  rivers,  where  they  have  canoes,  I  do  not 
think  ever  expose  them  thus,  at  least  I  never  heard  of  aninstanoa 

You  never  see  a  Sioux  Indian,  if  he  is  in  company,  smoke 
alone.  The  pipe  is  lighted  and  he  takes  a  whiff  or  two  himself, 
and  passes  it  to  his  neighbor,  always  passing  it  around  with  the 
sun.  When  several  are  assembled  together,  you  will  see  a  num- 
ber of  pipes  going  the  rounds  in  the  same  manner.  Their  princi- 
pal subjects  of  c  >nver8ation  at  these  times,  are  their  wars,  feasts, 
hunting  and  their  women.  A  man  may  have  as  many  wives  as 
he  can  maintain  among  the  Yanktons  ;  the  more  he  has,  the  bet* 
ter  he  is  off,  as  they  can  dress  and  prepare  the  more  buffalo  robes 
for  market  If  an  Indian  marries  the  eldest  daughter,  he  is  enti* 
tied  to  take  the  others,  as  they  come  to  maturity,  for  wives.  Bat 
those  i/ho  do  not  live  in  the  buffalo  range,  content  themselves 
generally  with  two,  and  many  of  them  with  one.  I  knew  one 
Yankton  chief  who  had  six. 

When  the  Sioux  women  have  their  mense^y  they  are  looked  upon 
as  unholy  and  nndeae,  and  are  not  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
lodge  with  the  family,  but  are  obliged  to  build  a  small  lodge  out- 
side of  the  other,  and  remain  alone  during  the  time  of  its  con- 
tinuance, fed  in  a  dish  by  one  of  the  family,  and  not^  allowed, 
during  the  time*  to  enter  the  family  lodge,  or  touch  anything,  ex- 
cept the  dish  in  which  their  food  is  handed  to  them,  until  the 


•  189 

menstrual  discharges  cease,  and  they  are  washed  up.  When  a 
maiden  arrives  at  womanhood,  and  has  made  her  first  out-of-door 
lodge,  the  public  crier  goes  through  the  camp  or  village,  and  an- 
nounces  the  fact  in  a  loud  song. 

The  Sioux  have  secret  societies,  something  like  freemasonry, 
but  they  admit  women  to  membership.  They  meet  in  a  lodge, 
which  js  guarded  on  the  outside  from  prying  curiosity,  by  one  of 
their  members.  In  this  lodge  they  perform  their  ceremonies. 
Any  person  wishing  to  join  them,  makes  the  application  through 
one  of  the  members,  and  is  then  on  probation  for  about  a  year. 
If  they  are  bad,  they  must  reform.  If,  at  the  end  of  that  period, 
no  objection  is  made^  he  is  generally  admitted  ;  and,  I  was  told, 
that  they  have  signs  by  which  Indians  of  that  fraternity  of  dif- 
ferent bands  know  each  other.  Either  after  or  before  their  meet- 
ing, I  do  not  remember  which,  they  assemble  and  have  a  holy 
dance,  which  is  called  by  the  French,  la  danse  de  la  gromde  mede- 
ciney  as  the  French  translate  all  their  spiritual  or  juggling  pro- 
*  ceedings  into  medicine.  At  this  dance,  among  other  ceremonies, 
after  dancing  and  singing  awhile,  one  of  their  number  takes  a 
garnished  sac,  usually  made  from  the  otter,  and  runs  at  the  dif- 
ferent members,  making  some  noise,  and  they  generally  fall  down 
or  over,  pretending  that  it  is  the  effect  of  spirits  from  the  bag,  and 
lay  prostrate  for  a  moment  or  so,  and  then  rise  again,  and  join  in 
the  dance.  This  dance  is  generally  continaed  till  late  in  the 
night. 

The  amusements  of  the  men  are  shooting  at  a  mark,  or  playing 
at  the  game  of  ball,  called  by  the  French,  le  jeu  de  cros^e.  This 
is  usually  played  in  the  summer  on  some  large  prairie,^  with  a 
stick  about  two  and  a  half  or  three  feet  long,  with  a  small  hoop  on 
one  end,  crossed  with  net-work  of  thongs  of  leather,  making  a 
sort  of  sac,  in  which  they  frequently  catch  the  ball.  How  they 
count,  or  their  boundaries,  I  have  forgotten.  The  women  amuse 
themselves  by  playing  at  what  is  termed  the  dish  play,  which  ia 

*Pni>l«  La  Oroife  took  Its  oaae  from  this  gUM  being  freqaonilj  plAjod  thofo.  J.  H.  L. 


190 

performed  bj  having  the  pits  or  Btones  of  plains  marked  on  one 
0ide  with  Hieroglyphics,  and  pat  into  a  dish,  shook  np,  and  tamed 
oat|  and  the  marked  ones  taming  np,  coant    Thej  are  so  fond  of 
gambling  at/this  plaj,  that  they  will  sometimes  continne  at  it  for 
several  days  withoat  cessation,  and  nntil  one  or  the  other  has  lost 
every  thing  that  she  can  pat  ap  for  a  stake.    Women  well  clothed, 
having  lost  every  thing  else,  have  been  known  to  strip  off  their 
good  clothes,  and  gamble  them  away,  and  pat  on  old  rags.    The 
men  also  freqaently  play  at  this  game,  and  to  the  same  excess  as 
the  women.    The  men  have  also  aiiother  game,  called  the  shoe- 
play,  which  is  generally  played  by  two  parties  of  fonr  each.    Foot 
moccasins  are  placed  between  the  parties  on  the  floor,  and  the 
side  that  gets  the  firAt  winnings,  hides  a  pidce  of  wood  i]|  one  of 
the  moccasins,  by  mnning  his  hand  into  each  cf  them,  in  the 
presence  of  the  others,  when  one  of  the  opposite  party  searches 
for  it ;  if  he  finds  it  in  the  first  moccasin  that  he  examines,  he 
looses  a  certain  nnmber,  I  think  ten  ;  bat  if  he  finds  it  in  the  sec- 
ond or  third,  it  counts  twenty  for  his  s:de,  and  if  in  the  foarth,  a 
less  number.    The  game  tallies  at  one  hundred.    They  play  at 
this  game  sometimes  as  long  as  they  can  raise  anything  to  wager.* 

Indians  generally  in  a  state  of  natare,  have  no  word  or  gesture 
of  salutation.  Those  acquainted  with  the  customs  of  white  peo- 
ple, sometimes  make  use  of  the  French  salutation  of  banjour^  oa 
meeting  a  white  man,  but  seldom  on  meeting  another  Indian.  I 
was  struck  with  the  meeting  of  some  Sioux  Indians  the  first  year 
I  was  in  their  country.  When  the  attack  was  made  on  Fraiiie 
du  Ohien  under  Ool.  McKay,  a  son  of  the  Yankton  chief  called 
Lb  Oband  Sebvitbur,  happened  to  be  there  with  the  Agent,  K. 
SoiLYiK,  Esq.,  and  embarked  on  board  the  keel-boats  under  com- 
mand of  Oaptain  Yeiseb,  and  went  to  St.  Louis  with  him,  where 
he  was  obliged  to  remain  until  the  war  was  over ;  and,  in  1816 
had  got  as  far  back  as  Frairie  du  Ohien,  and  as  we  were 
^ep.  going  into  his  country,  we  took  him  into  the  boat  with  us. — 
When  arrived  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lac-qui-Farle,  on  a  cold 
morning  about  the  first  of  December,  I  was  awakened  from  sleepi 


191 

and  told  that  there  were  some  Indians  on  the  shore  who  had  made  a 
fire.  We  disembarked  and  breakfasted  there,  and  found  that  the 
Indians  were  fonr  Yanktons,  the  uncles  of  the  young  Indian  with 
us.  They  had  come  across  the  country  to  meet  their  nepheW| 
who  had  been  absent  two  and  a  half  years,  and  previous  to  their 
hearing  that  he  was  on  his  way  home,  they  supposed  he  was  dead. 
The  uncles  had  made  a  fire  and  commenced  smoking,  when  the 
young  Indian  walked  from  the  boat  to  where  they  were,  Without 
saying  a  word  to  them,  or  they  to  him.  The  lighted  pipe  was 
handed  t0|him,  when  he  smoked;  and  after  it  had  passed  around^ 
two  or  three  times,  they  commenced  talking  slowly,  and  the  con- 
vernation  at  length  became  general  among  them. 

In  almost  every  Indian  camp,  they  have  what  is  called  the  sol* 
dier's  lodge,  where  the  men  of  consideration  of  the  village  assem- 
ble to  smoke,  and  talk  over  the  affairs  of  the  nation.  An  Indian 
of  consideration  arriving  &om  another  camp,  usually  goes  to  this 
lodge ;  but  if  a  young  man,  and  not  of  sufficient  dietinctiou  to  go 
there,  he  stands  about  among  the  lodges  until  some  one  sees  that 
he  is  a  stranger,  and  invites  him  to  his  lodge.  On  entering,  the 
pipe  is  handed  to  him,  and  after  smoking  a  few  whiffs,  something 
/  is  set  before  him  to  eat.  After  he  has  eaten  awhile,  conversation 
is  commenced,  but  no  questions  are  asked  previous  to  his  having 
smoked  and  eaten.  It  was  sometime  before  I  could  learn  so  much 
of  Indian  politeness  as  to  make  no  inquiry  of  an  Indian  arriving, 
until  after  the  smoking  and  eating  had  been  attended  to.  At  first 
I  commenced  talking  to  them  before  this  important  preliminary, 
and  always  found  them  sulky  and  obstinate  about  entering  into 
conversation. 

My  interpreter,  Fbbnibb,  told  me  that  some  years  previous  to 
the  war  1812,  that  he  resided  at  the  same  place  where  we  were 
then  wintering,  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Oahebok  ;  that  Oahebok 
had  credited  a  band  of  Indians  to  go  on  the  head  waters  of  some 
of  the  streams  that  empty  into  the  waters  of  Mississippi  in  the 
direction  of  the  Bed  Biver  of  the  ITorth ;  and,  that  in  th^\nonth 


192 

of  Febmmry,  m  Indian  ronner  came  from  the  hunting  ground,  and 
informed  Oammmob  that  the  Indians  were  so  loaded  with  fars  and 
peltries,  that  they  oonld  not  bring  them,  and.fioggested  to  him  to 
send  his  men  to  assist  them«    He  sent  FasEnsn  with  some  ten 
men,  in  company  with  the  Indian,  to  the  camp.    After  they  had 
traveled  some  three  or  Ibar  days,  they  were  overtaken  by  one  of 
those  sndden  snow  storms  that  are  so  freqneot  in  fhoee  vast  pnu- 
ries  in  that  high  latitude.    They  are  often  so  sndden,  and  give  so 
little  wamiDg  of  their  approach,  that  yon  may  set  oat  on  a  prairie 
on  as  beantifal  a  san-shiny  morning  as  you  ever  saw  in  winter, 
and  before  noon  be  enveloped  in  one  of  these  storms ;  the  snow 
so  fine  and  thick  that  yon  cannot  see  a  rod  before  yon.    On  this 
occasion,  as  Fbenieb's  party  could  not  see  any  wood  or  timber, 
they  concluded  their  safest  plan  was  to  stop  where  they  were. 
Wrapping  themselves  snugly  in  their  blankets,  they  all  laid  down 
and  let  the  snow  cover  them,  except  the  Indian,  who,  having  par- 
chased  eeveral  blankets  from  the  trad^,  wrapped  himself  in  them, 
and  staid  on  top  of  the  soow  until  the  storm  was  over,  which  lasted 
three  days,  when  he  discovered  that  it  was  not  more  than  one 
fourth  of  a  mile  to  a  point  of  wood,  whither  he  repaired  and  kin- 
dled a  fire.    He  then  made  use  of  a  pole,  poking  through  the  deep. 
snow,  where  he  recollected  to  have  seen  the  men  lay  down,  and 
found  them  all  alive  and  uninjured,  except  one  man  a  little  frost 
bitten  on  the  hip. 

In  1816,  and  for  years  previous,  the  Yanktons  were  in  the  prac- 
tice of  making  up  war  parties  and  going  into  the  Spanish  territory, 
for  the  purpose  of  stealing  choice  horses  and  mules.  When 
on  a  march  from  place  to  place,  there  are  warriors  on  dnty  to 
regulate  the  march  according  to  rules  promulgated  before  their 
departure;  and, if  any  one  infringes  on  these  rules,  he  is  punished 
by  having  his  gUii  broken,  his  dog  or  horse  killed,  hid  lodge  cut, 
or  causing  him  to  sufiier  a  penalty  in  some  manner.  The  chief,  or 
leader  of  the  party,  is  not  exempt  from  these  regulations.  Any 
act  of  this  kind  performed  by  warriors  on  duty  is  not  revenged, 


'  193 

^  JltllKfriJM  ft  \m  performance  of  ifrflex1W«  r6giifAff(*tf8^  BtH  *iiy 
'  affront  of  an  indiridiial  in  Kia  private  capacity,  Is  eiire  to  be  re- 

•  Tenyted  sooner  or  later,  and  the  avenger  10  always  known,  as  it 
'*  WoiSld  not  be  any  satTsfaction  to  him  ]f  he  could  not  enjoy  the 

treditof  it.    An  In-^tance  came  under  my  observation.     It  is  nsnal 
'  for  the  trader  to  take  to  his  poet  as  many  giins  as  there  are  good 

•  ktiDters,  who  wiH  probably  pay  for  them.  *  These  are  generally  at 
flrst  distrtbated  to  those  for  whom  he  may  particalarly  intiend 
tbem,  before  be  commences  giving  ont  other  articles.  Oneyear, 
Id  diatribnting  the  guns,  my  interpreter  overlooks  .  '  rood  bna- 
tor,  whHe  some  other  not  so  good  a  hunter  g<7t  the  gnn.  This 
mortified  the  good  Ininter,  and  that  night  he  killed  the  horse  of 

'  eTery  man  who  had  received  a  gan,  and  it  was  known  the  next 
morning  who  had  done  it,  and  what  was  thecanse.  It  is  common 
to  revenge  an  inenlt  or  injury  by  killing  the'  offender's  horso  or 
dog,  and  there  a^e,  in  this  way,  a  great  many  horses  killed  every 
y«ar  amang  the  Sioux.  And  tbey  not  only  revenge  insults  or 
lojories  among  themselves,  but,  as  the  lato  Col.  RuBtotT  Diossov, 
Id  eonversation  with  me  on  the  suhject,  expressed  it,  ^Hhey  revenge 
^tpon  their  enemieB  ike  aoi9  qf  the  Almighty  f^  for,  when  a  chief 
tr  man  of  distinction  dies,  they  commence  singing  the  war  song, 
and  raise  a  war  party  to  revenge  his  death  upon  their  natural  ene- 
mies, as  Well  as  to  appease  the  troubled  manes  of  the  departed. 

It  is  a  prevalent  opinion  among  persons  not  acquainted  with 
Indian  customs  and  polity,  that  they«  like  white  people,  have  % 
king  or  great  chief  over  all ;  hut  snch,  so  far  as  I  am  acqnainted^ 
is  not  the  case  with  any  Indians  in  the  North  West  or  South 
West  The  government  of  their  trihes  or  bands  is  patriarchal. 
The  chiefs,  as  with  politicians  who  obtain  office,  are  the  greatest 
lava«i  among  them*  Tbey  get  the  honor  without  indepeudeacey 
not  being  able  to  do  any  act  of  their  own  will,  without  first  look- 
tog  to  see  if  it  will  ^e  popular.  If  i  chief  buys  a  good  gun,  and 
«ne  Iff  bis  young  men  takes  a  fancy  to  it,  and  expresses  a  wish  for 
it,  it  \a  given  to  him  ;  if  not,  probably  ihe  chief's  borse  would  pay 
ttie  for&it.  These  bands  are  generally  thus  originated :  When  a 
S5 


4M 

he  leaves  the  Uqge.baad,  fonnaa  oew  ow4>  or ^ettlemi^t, r^pd 

acts  the  patmrelt  or  obief;  bis  ^ts  aud  4aQgbters  i3BL%ri7l9g9 

luring  their  wives  and  hosbaad^  to  his  band,  ai&d  firequentlf  a 

hrotbev-ia-Iaw  micempeaiee  bun  4Ad  remaias.      Thaa  the  ja^w 

:  band  BQuUiplieB  from  oatoral  inoreaae  and  aepeeeiopei  untihit  \^ 

;  comes  larga  and  reepeotable.    lu  case  of  the  de^itb  of  the  &tbpry 

the  eldest  son.assawes  the  dati^  of  ehief,  if  old  eaoogh ;  if  ^t, 

one  of  the  brothers  of  the  deceased  assumes  tbe^>ffiae.    Tbe.o|y{ef 

uses  no  aathorit7)  but  ad?isci6„and  if  popular,  bis  adTioe  is  ^l- 

lowed ;  if  not,  each,  one  judges^nd  acts  tor  himself.  Tbe^l;  ft- 

>    bitrasy  antbomty  exercised  among  ludians,,  is  hf  the  w^^. chief 

:   when  on  the  war  path,  wbiob»  I  am  told,  as  thon  absolute.    Xhe 

warriors,  Iprhen  on  dal;,  nefver./cerrect  their  eluldreU)  exioef^V-^j 

advioe,  and  if  they  are  obatif^ate  aivi  pngnaoioaB»  it  ia  l^ngb^d^tti 

>  and  looked  upon  as  aisign  of  bravery.  .  ■ 

'  *!there  was,  when  I  firsft  visited  tbe  co^intry,  a  bit^  of  ImKins 

^'^'who  had  their  vfllsge  on  a  prairie  on  the  west  baAir'o€>4he 

Mississippi,  where  the  village  of  Winona,  which  tteane  ilAa 

dde9t  daufffUer^  now  stands,   about  one  handred  and  4w9^tj 

.   miles  above  Pmirie  ^a  Ohien.    Tbe  chief  was  ealled  Wa-^aa- 

•  eHAw;  ho  was  a  very  sensible  Indian,  and  was  truly  one  of  iia- 

ture's  noblemen.'^    Althongb  only  chief  of  bis  band,  he  had>gi%at 

*The  name  of  Wa-ba-shaw,  the  groat  Sioux  chio(,  will  long  live  in  history.  He  wm  icdac«d  t^oia 
Ibe  foxtanm  of  the  British  lu  the  war  of  181S-'1S,  and  foUfrht  at  the  selgA  of  Fort  MMgs  ^d  d0#irfienb- 
"WAn  ^acA  took  pUoe,  ike  Indlaaa  were  lelt  bj  their  qntiUoyen  io  a  wretched  osadition,  «i4f^  a 
•onaequenee,  their  spirits  were  broken.  Gen.  Ca&s  has  preserved  a  speech  of  Wa-ba-sqaw's,  at  Pruft- 
xoond'a  Island,  In  1815,  when,  d>l.  McDotrcLL,  the  British  comniftndaat  of  that  post,  laid  a  ftw  prileato 
htion  hittk.   It » toMbiaglf  patheti*  add  tloqiMot :       *  .7 

**Mjr  lathar/*  «&id  he  to  a«l.  MoDottul,  "  what ii>  this  I  see  Wore  90  r    A  few  k«iref  "aiMl  Tiljrtiili 

Jfl  this  all  jott  promlHed  us  at  the  b«>gianing  ot  the  war?     tVhere  are  those  promises  you  made  us  at 

■toUmniftoklnae,  and  Mat  to  oor  ttllagea  on  the  Misatofijipl  ?    You  uAdi  a»  yna  wAotdmerc^  tei-au  Mm 

.  •  liatchet  aatU  tbe  Aroericavs  were  d^voA  beyond  tho  aouutains ;  that  oojr  British  lather  would  f^rtt 

make  peace  without  consulting  bis  red  children,    lias  that  rome  to  pasK?     We  never  knew  of  thiM 

pM4«.   Wtt  soo  now  ioM  that  it  -was  mada  by  aur  gr^at  fiitU^r  be^opd  the  water,  wHhout  the  ki^fcdga 

of  hia  war>cUefi9 ;  that  it  i»  your  du^  to  absy  IiIm  Orders.    What  in  thi^  to  ua  ? ,  Will  tlie»  p«iy|^^re^ 

«nta  pay  for  the  men  we.  have  lost,  buth  iu  bnttlo  and  on  the  road  ?     Will  they  soothe  tbe  feeliun  ot 

\,   4«r  Maudaf    Wilt  fkey  mike  guo4'>oar  vro«<«<'S  to  us  ?  '  For  myself,  t  am  an  old  maa.    1  WaW  livaA 

..     JonC>«Malwj9»lbHDiltbMMaii«or,a!4^tMaBgiiv«^  ^1^^ 


^f^lU^fgifia  cWitfc  .*e  Qft«  .^Wtfr.  \AAfim  /WwP%  ^Wf  i^l««»r 

.jl^UoBb^QW  Bu  ?aul,  vh^^e  9bi9f  w#b  callad  Idi^i  -.Qmwua 
,fx)fm  of  good  BQfise,  and  geuor^Uy  coDtidered  4  g^  (J^dim* 
..![hore  yrftawoth^r  aoi all. band ;wbp  bad  tjb^^.vjlk^  attMovditei 
wbich  Bigpifiiif^'tke^^Meimf  ^Jhe  vksUers^*  ,vh^»e  l^bi^firai^CaU^ 
Black  Dog.  He  was  not  a  man  of  much  consequence.  There 
was  also  another  small  band  who  had  their  village  a  short  dis- 
tance above,  whose  chief  was  Po nechon,  a  man  of  little  note. 
Where  the  village  of  Shakopee  now  is,  was  an  Indian  village, 
whose  chief  bore  that  name,  which  simply  means  six ;  he  po8- 
isessed  a  good  intellect,  but  was  not  popular  among  the  traders,  as 
he  was  considered  very  dishonest.  At  the  Little  Bapids  was  an* 
other  village,  called  by  the  French  Oens  de  FeuUle^  or  Leaf  Peo- 
ple. The  name  of  their  chief  I  do  not  recollect.  There  was  a 
Tillage  of  the  Sissitons  at  the  Eocher  Blanc ;  above  which,  I  re- 
member no  others.  The  Sissiton  and  Yankton  bands  seldom 
made  any  regular  villages,  as  they  roved  from  place  to  place,  en- 
camping temporarily  for  the  purpose  of  hunting,  and  that  mostly 
among  the  buffaloes. 

Under  the  most  unfavorable  auspices  have  I  written  these  remi* 
nia^ences.    With  ill  health,  suffering  a  great  part  of  the  time 
with  rheumatism  and  bad  eyesight,  bordering  almost  on  blind* 
ness,  I  have  not  been  able  to  prepare  this  narrative  to  my  own 
aatisfaction,  and,  I  fear  not,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Society.    I 
have  no  doubt  omitted  many  things  that  might  have  been  inter- 
eating,  but  never  having  kept  a  journal  or  notes  of  events,!  was 
obliged  to  depend  upon  memory ;  and  fr'^quently  when  writing 
and  having,  by  a  train  of  reflection,  recalled  past  events  to  mind 
either  my  rheumatism  or  my  eyes  would  admonish  me  that  it 
was  time  to  cease  from  my  labors,  and  before  I  could  re-commence 
I  would  probably  forget  the  thread  of  my  narrative.    Nor  have  I 


^•mm  tt  llM  tribM  of  tiw  Korth  W«>t  glv*  to  MndoU tho  ti^nifloitlonor  Uargt  we gnttL  UOlDw 


%6M  «ble  t5  review  wbmt  I  bave  written.  Learniog  fbat  fke 
£•▼•  Aumi'D  Beuhiok  bad  been  inrited  to  write  a  history  of 
Oawford  oonnty,  and  that  he  intends  to  comply  with  the  request^ 
I  have  pnrpoeely  omitted  Bajing  any  tbirg  of  the  erenta  of  the 
•onnty  since  he  settled  therein,  believing  that  he  will  be  able  to 
do  the  snbject  more  justice  than  I  eonld,  eyen  were  I  in  bettet 
bealth  than  I  am,  and  had  all  my  &G«llieo  about  mo. 


/  •  , 


I 

1 


1»V 


AIPHSIZBaT* 


PERSONAL  NAERATIVB 

09  COL.  JOmr  BnLW,  of  MABQUffTTS  OOUNTT,  WISOOHSIV.  * 

I  was  born  May  30th,  1783,  in  Johnstown^  Montgomery  oonnlji 
K«  Y.  My  father'e  name  was  Oomfobt  Sha.w,  and  my  grand fAther'ii 
was  Danikl  6hav,  who  resided  in  Stonington,  Conn.,  and  was  of 
Bootch  descent;  and  at  Stonington  my  father  was  born.  Soon 
after  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  fired  by  the 
patriotism  of  the  times,  my  father,  unable  to  obtain'the  permisaum 
of  hid  parents  to  join  the  American  army,  ran  away  at  the  age  of 
•ixteen,  and  effected  the  object  so  near  his  heart.  He  had  from 
early  life  excelled  in  playing  the  spirit-stirring  fife,  and  soon  re* 
eeived  the  appointment  of  Fife-Major,  and  served  several  yeara 
in  that  capacity  in  the  army.  He  was  present,*  and  participated 
in  the  memorable  battles  at  Saratoga,  and  was  among  the  first 
that  scaled  the  enemy's  breast  works  on  the  7th  of  October,  177T. 
My  father  was  a  man  of  unasnal  personal  activity,  and  rendered 
his  country  long  and  faithful  service  in  the  war  of  Independencab 

Towards  the  close  of  1780,  he  was  united  in  marriage,  at  Jobwh 
town,  N.  Y.,  witS  Miss  Mart  Holuiibbok,  whose  father  wu 
Jotttf  IIoujiiBBcx,  a  native  of  Amsterdam,  Holland,  and  whe^ 
when  a  yoimg  man,  came  to  Amerioay  and  settled  at  Clav^rmcki 
on.  the  Hudson.  He  married  a  New  England  wife  aod  raised  • 
large  family,  only  one  of  whom  was  aeon,  named  after  his  fathei; . 


*tkhwmilkM»Ahf  CoL  Sbav.  moi  wriMM  dnm  If  Lnuui  aOmAnm,  la Ite fm  t*i^ tC 
lb  Itta^  Md  a^  to  Nlitd  M  MbilMrtiftar 


1*8 

Ihk  young  Jomr  Hollotbiok  early  migrated  to  Johnstown,  and 
fettled  on  a  farm  aboat  three  miles  nearly  east  of  the  Tillage,  and 
took  with  him  his  yonng  sister  Mabt. 

I  was  the  second  of  eight  children,  all  eons,  six  of  whom  grew 
to  years  of  maturity,  and'  two  of  my  brothers,  Nathaniel,  of 
Oalhonn  connty,  and  Comfobt,  of  Pike  county,  Illinois,  both  fore- 
handed and  reepectable  farmers,  yet  survive.    When  three  yean 
of  age,  I  one  forenoon  accompanied  my  elder  brother  Daniel  to 
the  village  school  in  Johnstown.    A  Mr.  Throop,  the  adopted 
father  of  Enos  T,  Thkoop,  since  Governor  of  New  York,  was  the 
teacher.    I  was  so  terrified  with  his  repulsive  appearance,  having 
very  long  eje-brows  and  a  very  unpleasant  physiognomy,  that  1 
covAd  never  after  be  induced  to  attend  school.    What  little  edn- 
catton,  therefore,  I  became  possessed  of,  was  obtained  by  piece- 
meal)  and  in  a  pioked-up  way.     When  I  was  fourteen  years  of 
age,  my  father  died,  having  been  funr  years  incapacitated  by  con- 
satnptlon  for  labor ;  and  the  two  eldest  boys,  Daiobl  and  I,  had 
all  the  work  to  do  in  order  to  support  the  family. 

In  the  spring  of  1808,  when  twenty-five  years  of  age,  I  resolved 

to  go  to  the  Western  country,  as  my  younger  brothers  had  now 

grown  up,  and  could  more  than  fill  my  place  in  providing  the 

family  support.    I  had  thought  there  was  no  chance  to  secure  a 

competency  in  the  old  settlements,  and  I  had  formed  an  ardent 

desiVe  to  pass  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  bathe  on  the  shores  of 

the  Pacific.    For  a  year  prior  to  this  period,  I  had  carefully  prae* 

tised  the  use  of  the  gun,  and  became  very  expert  with  it.    I 

started  that  spring  for  Montreal,  intending  to  jonmey  with  some 

party  of  the  North- West  Far  Company,  and  by  that  means  reach 

the  remote  West    But  concluding  this  was  not  very  practicably 

IfWentup  ihe  8t.  Lawrence,  and  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario 

iOf  Niagara  Falls,  which  latter  I  had  first  visited  two  years  pre* 

Tiensly.    There  was  only  a  single  log  house,  nearly  a  mile  froa^ 

the  Falls,  on  the  Canada  shore ;  and  at  Black  Bock  I  crossed  the 

river,  and  went  to  Buffalo,  where  there  were  about  thirty  woodftl^^ 
houses. 


and  piidd]««,«bd  Bia4«vtli^  mcdiMry  <i«t*flt,  and  reaolvwl  to  pnah  t 
oii^trp  Lake  Erie^  and  {mrsne'the  'LBk&to^BM  1K>  Omaa  Ba^^  ami  - 
eifiplojed  two  jcmng  men  to  acoompany  me.    In  oonee^eno#  of  ^ 
a  tfHr^e  storm,  and  the  rook4)eilnd'Shol>e0-ef'the  Lake,  Iobaii]|;ed'- 
m^  cotlne;  I  had  my  canoe  tranfirperled' aerocn  Ae  eonntiyon  a  ' 
w^n  to  CSmtbnqne  Lake^'^b^  ^again  latmebinf;^  my  fittll  batk>  •* 
I  deecended  tlie  Lake,  its  otit-let  into  French  ereek,  and  ftnally  * 
eiAe^^d  the  Alleghany:    Oontlnntng  do^n  the  riYer,  I  stopped 
att  Pittsburgh,  Wheeling,  Marietta,  Limestone,  now  Maysvjlle^  * 
Cincinnati  and  Lonisville',  only  long  enongh  to  rest,  and  prooora* 
ndedftfl  firapplies.    llience  I  kepi  on  down  the  Ohio,  and  eroiB6d 
the  MitoiBsippi  on  the  10th  day  of  Angnst,  1800,  *when  I  tnraed 
w/f  connse  up  the  Mississippi  by  land  to  Oape>  Girardean  and  1^ 
Geiievi^^e ;  at<  which  latter  place,  I  well  remember  eeeing  Htmrr  ' 
DtooB,  theto  shetfff  of  that  coanty^  and^lnoeeo  distiaguighed  itv^ 
the  Wesit.    Passing  np  to  St.  Lonie,  tbenoe  toJIorieanl,  P^rtaga 
deeSion:^,  and'8t.  Obi^les,  I  then  became  aeqaainted.  wttb  thia 
celebrBt6d  Daki&l  Boo«e  and  family,  t^ether  witli  ne)|rly  all  the  *> 
lebdit)g  Trench  families  of  these  sereralMSssowi  settlements. 

Spending  ttie  enening  BUtnmn  andwiffler  at  St.  Louis,  Kaw 
Madrid,  and  the  various  settlements  in  then  Upper  LoaiBiaDaiy  knfl 
Tiewing^e.eMmtry ;  I  early  tiie  nexls  spring  proeamd  frem.B*- 
WABD  Bates  (father  of  th»  presentr  Hon;  £i}wabi>>Biave8^  q£  SL  * 
Louis,)  an  aeeompitahed  M^iiylandef,  then  Seerelavy  of  LoniiiaMi)' 
T^nitory,  and-in  tlieabseaceiefCtor.  MaaanmHBai  Lawn^r.aotiag.. 
governor,  a  lieense  to  search  lor  gold  andBilTer>aiiywbem  withfaa^ 
tbe  limits  of  that  territory,  then  supposed  to  extend  tothsGPacifta  [ 
— p4Mill  resolving' to  Teaeh  that  distant  oceaat 

I  at  onxse  fitted  myself  out.  for  a  knig  jonriiey^ .  and  engag^> 
i^Vnat  Spear  and  Whxiam  MtLVEHi  to  aoeoaKpany  ma  in  this  ad*  I 
VSPQ  ture«  I  fully  explained  to  them  the  dangers  to  he  ancoanlered,^ 
aa^if  successful,  I  agreed  tiiEtr^we  shonld  efually  ehava  tJro  ft^n 
filKof  the  enterprise.  We  stasted  ftwn  the  estreaii  srasl^UB  tet^rr 
tiamen^  oT  Oape  Qiru^liiknmn^JifymiiihBi^ 


Biirer^  iviiere  a  f&w  familiM  &€&  fetided,  and  then  pvibed  iate 
tbe  great  wettarn  vild<$meM.  Our  route  was  very  nearly  upcm 
what»  I  have  siuoe  learned,  wa«  tlie  87th  d^ree,  or  perhapa  half 
a  degree  Bouth  of  that  parallel.  We  croestd  a  branch  of  Whlta 
Biver,  whkh  I  named  the  Currentn^  which  it  has  ever  since  r^ 
taioed,  and  then  Black  River,  and  afterwardd  Storing  River,  which 
we  followed  to  its  sourcCi  where  we  found  a  very  large  ^pring^ 
and  hence  the  name  of  the  stream.  We  next  paeeed  tbe  maia 
fork  of  White  Rivor,  aad  then  continued  on  weetwardly  until  wa 
reached  the  prairie  country,  and  went  bejoiid  all  the  western  heaA 
waters  of  the  Mississippi,  except  the  Arkansas  and  Mis^onrL 

We  continued  our  jonrney,  as  I  should  judge,  between  eight 
hundred  and  a  thousand  miles  from  the  settlemecita.  On  onr  out- 
ward journey,  we  met  with  a  number  of  fiiendly  Indian  parties 
of  tiie  Chickadaws,  Choctaws,  and  Cheeks  or  Muscogees,  eng^igod 
in  hunting,  who  did  not  venture  too  great  a  distance  bey«  ml  (b# 
western  varg^  of  the  white  settlemenrn;  but  we  had  no  difficultj 
with  tbem.  We  eucoun'eied  va^t  herds  of  buffaloed,  and  oeca» 
sionally  large  herds  of  wild  hor-es.  We  judged  from  the  buffi^ 
lo  trails,  that  we  passed  near  the  Great  Salt  Kock ;  and  a  long 
distance  beyond,  we  came  in  view  of  the  spurs  of  tbe  great  Rockj 
Mountain*  chain. 

In  this  remote  region,  we  one  day,  during  tlie  summer,  met  threa 
men,  who  proved  to  be  the  only  survivors  of  a  party  of  some  fif- 
teen trappers  who  had  penetrated  high  up  the  Missouri,  when 
in  two  savage  attacks  by  the  Indians,  all  the  others  were  slain ^ 
and  these  survivors  were  now  directing  their  course  to  (he  Ajs 
kansas  Kiver,  and  admonished  us  to  desist  our  further  journey 
westward.  Not  heeding  tbo'^o  earnest  admonitions,  we  kept  on, 
and  the  next  day  discovered  a  party  of  a  dolsen  or  twenty  wild 
Indians,  probably  Oamanches  or  Pawnees,  chasing  and  cafchioy 
wild  horses  with  tbe  lasso,  which  they  used  with  great  dextBii^ 
and  success.  We  saw  them  in  time  to  secrete  ourselves,  unseea 
by  them,  and  had  a  full  view  ot  them  for  tliree  or  four  honrs^  im 
aB'knmenie  prairie;  aad  though  geuorally  perhaps  not  less  duHl 


901 

11^  mileB  difltwt  from  ae,  tbey  oQoe  oamo^  within  a  mila  of  u  ta  t 
cb«ii0g  the  wild  horses.    Those  engaged  in  the  cb«se  were,  of 
conne,  moauted  on  well  trained  steeds,,  while  others  were  ia 
gronps  on  foot,  taking  care  of  the  restless  animals  that  hftd  beeft 
taken. 

When  these  nnweleome  Indians  disappeared^  we  took  the  maU 
ter  into  serioas  ooustderatlon,  and  as  paiDfullj  as  I  regretted  to. 
abandon  oar  intended  exploration  to  the  Pacitic,  it  seemed  mad- 
ness to  attempt^  aoj  further  progress ;  and  so  we  reluctantlj 
tnned  our  faces  to  the  eastward ;  and  when  we  got  what  we 
deemed  pretty  sate  hantiiig  ground,  in  what  is  now  eastern  Kan- 
easi  and  western  Arkansas^  and  Missouri,  ^e  pitched  our  campi 
and  went  to  hunting,  mostly  tor  beaver.  We  then  little  dreamed 
that  the  white  settlements  would  extend  to  that  rogion  for  the 
next  five  handred  years. »  Our  main  camp  was  near  the  head 
waters  of  one  of  the  northern  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas ;  and 
having  no  traps^  we  procured  the  beaver  musk,  and  .placed  il 
eome  distance  from  the  shore,  which  tempted  the  animals  to  go 
and  smell  it,  when  we  would  secrete  ourselves  and  shoot  them. 

Poring  the  antamn  of  1809,  all  of  the  year  1810,  and  the  win- 
ter of  iSiO-'llfWeateadilypuiBued  our  hunting;  and, in  the  spring 
of  1811,  we  gathered  and  packed  up  all  of  our  beaver, otter  and  bear 
akins«*-about  fifty  beaver  and  otter,  and  about  three  hundred  bear 
akins,  and  eight  hundred  gallons  of  bear's  oil ;  and  making  canoes 
or  pirognes  on  one  of  the  head  waters  6f  White  Kiver,  we  cou- 
rted our  skins  and  oil  to  them  by  the  three  horses  which  we  had 
taken  with  ns  in  ail  our  journey  ings.  The  oil  was  cari  ied  in  sacks 
made  of  bear  skins,  one  being  swung  on  either  side  of  a  horse. — 

* 

Lashing  our  boats  together,  and  trading  off  our  horses  to  friendly  . 
Indians,  we  descended  White  River  to  the  Mississippi,  and  thencOi 
•topping  briefly  at  one  TurnbuU's,  an  English  planter,  upon  the 
high  blofif  where  Viokabarg  now  stands,  and  at  Natchez,  we  pasa^  ■ 
ed  down  the  river,  and  arrived  at  New  Orleans  about  the  first  of 

Ber«  another  duappointment  wa»  in  store  for  as ;  the  Embaryi^  ' 


flbS&fB  mM^Lf  put  tt  tottl  cll^k  tO  sll  CXStttliiOB,  1B1  €0  ctit^& 

of  fan,  peltries  atrd  ocK  vfa:di  f^Hsd  the^  laaikK  in  Enrope, 
were  s  drnj?  in  Ifew  Or!eari«.    T%e  !»yw  q^iaBtirr  of  wl,  if  not 
§ofm  tLipped.  S8  the  ho>t  sen^Tc  k&d  c:  !S!!:^]ieed.  wtmid  become 
imDc:d,  and  alT-o^t  wor:L'e?s.    The  res::':  was,  tbjit  o«r  Imr^  eai^ 
go,  which  at  f^^ncer  rates  w?-::!d  bare  Iro-rigtt  between  two  and 
tLree  tl'^-*:aan'i  d'^»Kar?.  we  ::•  w s'^l  1  z.-r  the  mere  pitluoe  of  tfair« 
ty-rix  d/I!ar3.     Nv  lan:r:ia2e  can  '-e;  ::t  zit  great  disappdntmoD^ 
firtt  in  failing  to  reach  tLrr  Pac.Sc,  ai.d  then  a!l  our  hopes  being 
frtirtrated  in  recrard  to  tr.e  pr'cee/fs  of  -.nr  two  Tears'  hnnt    Thft 
sickir  eeaBon  ni?'wa:'T>K»ar:?.;r?ir,  I  rTceedtd  thri-ngh  the  Choctaw 
nation,  accorripanied  bj  Spear,  iea-!-::^^  MnxcK  in  New  Orieana, 
and  never  eeeing  him  afterwar  3?.     We  passed  through  the  Choc- 
taw and  Chickasaw  conntrj  to  C»i*  ert's  Peny  on  the  Tenneesee^ 
and  thence  to  Vincennes,  ar.d  at  It-n^th  to  St.  Lonia. 

While  lodirin^  ahont  tbirtr  miles  n-rtb  of  New  Madrid,  on  the 
14th  of  Decc^nber,  1811,  aV»Tit  2  oVl-  ck»n  the  morning,  occQrred 
a  heavy  shock  of  an  earthquake.  The  honse,  where  I  was  stop- 
ping, was  yartl y  of  wood  and  partly  of  brick  stmcture ;  the  bride 
portion  all  fell,  bnt  I  and  the  famHy  all  fortnnately  escaped  nii- 
hart  At  the  still  greater  sh"ck,*  ab^nt  2  o'clock  in  the  morning 
of  the  7tb  of  Febrnary,  1S12,  I  was  in  New  Madrid,  when  nearly 
two  thousand  pooplc  of  all  ac^^s,  fled  in  terror  from  their  iislling 
dwellings,  in  that  place  and  the  snrronnding  eonntry,  and  directed 
their  coarse  north  abont  thirty  miles  to  Tywappety  Hill,  on  tiie 
western  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about  seven  miles  back  from 
the  river.  This  was  the  first  high  gronnd  above  New  Madrid, 
and  here  the  fugitives  formed  an  encampment.  It  was  proposed 
that  all  should  kneel,  and  engage  in  supplicating  God's  mercy. 


•since  Col.  Sn\w  dictated  this  namttlre,  I  hftTO  discovered  bj  reference  to  BmiDBcmT*8  pabllAtd 
JodMMl.  Upi  mt  tiM  ttme,  cad  th*  wrttw  ttai  to  tta*  Yldaity  ot  Ktw  MAdrii,  thttk  tke  flnl  atock,  mM 
v14lb  Ml*  writers  on  that  treat  oosTiQr  thte  Idea  of  being  the  wyeroe^  ooeuntd  on  th«  morniqg  of  th# 
16th  of  December  ;  and  aji  Col.  Sn^w  wae  thirty  milei  dietant  from  Now  Madrid,  thooeiltn  of  thoM 
••■▼vMone  of  natvre,  on  this  flnrt  oceorrence,  end  was  there  at  tbo  rebniarj-  ehockp  tho  lattv  dMM^ 
toia^^iwl  to Hli>  f  bo tha awwt eevaio.  UaA» 


208 

BXid  kR  einiTiltafieotiBlyy  Catholics  and  Protestants,  knelt  and  of- 
fered solemn  prayer  to  their  Creator. 

About  twelve  miles  back  towards  New  Madrid,  a  jonng  woman 
ahont  serenteen  years  of  age,  named  Bmrssr  Mastbbs,  had  been 
left  by  her  parents  and  family,  her  leg  having  been  broken  below 
the  knee  by  the  falling  of  one  of  the  weight-poles  of  the  roof  of 
the  cabin ;  and,  though  a  total  stranger,  I  was  the  only  person 
wfco  would  consent  to  return  and  see  whether  she  still  survived. — 
Receiving  a  description  of  the  locality  of  the  place,  I  started,  and 
fonnd  the  poor  girl  upon  a  bed,  as  she  had  been  left,  with  some 
water  and  com  bread  within  her  reach.  I  cooked  up  some  food 
tot  her,  and  made  her  condition  as  comfortable  as  circumstances 
would  allow,  and  returned  the  same  day  to  the  grand  encamp- 
ment.   Miss  Mastebs  eventually  recovered. 

In  abandoning  their  homes,  on  this  emergency,  the  people  only 
stopped  long  enough  to  get  their  teams,  and  hurry  in  their  fami- 
lies  and  some  provisions.  It  was  a  matter  of  doubt  among  them, 
whether  water  or  fire  would  be  most  likely  to  burst  forth,  and 
cover  all  the  country.  The  timber  land  around  Kew  Madrid 
sunk  five  or  six  feet,  so  that  the  lakes  and  lagoons,  which  seemed 
to  have  their  beds  pushed  up,  discharged  their  waters  over  the 
stmken  lands.  Through  the  fissures  caused  by  the  earthquake, 
were' forced  tip  vast  quantities  of  a  hard,  jet  black  substance, 
w4iioh  appeared  very  smooth,  as  though  worn  by  friction.  It 
seemed  a  very  different  substance  from  either  anthracite  or  bittt- 
minous  coal.* 

'This  hegiray  with  all  its  attendant  appalling  circumstances,  was 
a  most  heart-rending  scene,  and  had  the  effect  to  constrain  the 
most  wicked  and  profane,  earnestly  to  plead  to  God  in  prayer  for 
mercy.  In  less  than  three  months,  most  of  these  people  returned 
to  their  homes,  and  though  the  earthquakes  continued  occasion- 


-o«>^ 


•Th«  Uto  Hon.  Lvwis  F.  LivH,  »r«ridflnt  of  Si  QenarieTO,  ud  for  maaj  jmti  a  membet  of  tll»']TM*  * 
\bk  Btatef  ^eute  from  MiiiOQil,  and  a  maa  of  oeienoe^  •ddrenod  a  lottor,  in  18W,  to  tho  ehainna*  of 
Hie  eoumittee  on  eomxnoiree,  In  which  he  speaks  of  the  Kew  Madrid  earfhqaakea,  and  dii^etlj  men. 


dlf  with  Ims  destmotire  effeets^  they  became  eo  acenetmned  to 
the  recorriiig  yibratioDS,  that  thej  paid  little  or  no  regard  to  them, 
not  even  iiiterrnpting  or  checkiQg  their  da  loea/frolice,  %iid  vioea. 
Tlio  Upper  Mississippi  ludiaa^  of  all  tribes,  commeitced  dep- 
redations on  the  frootierd  of  Miaeoari  and  Illinoia,  ia  1811,  and 
earlj  in  1812.    Several  persona  were  killed  in  different  qaartem. 
About  thirty  miles  above  the  month  of  Salt  river,  and  fiillj  a 
hundred  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  was  Gilbert*a  L'ck,  om 
the  webtern  bank  of  the  Midsissippi,  a  place  of  poted  resort  for 
animals  a'ld  cattle  to  lick  the  brackish  water  ;  and  where  a  man 
named  Samokl  Gilbbut,  from  Virginia,  had  settled  two  or  three 
years  prior  to  the  bpring  of  18 1 2.     In  that  region,  and  particular!  j 
below  him,  were  a  number  of  other  settlers.    Aboat  the  latter 
part  oi  May,  1812,  a  party  of   from  twelve  to  eighteen   Upper 
Mit^gi^sippi  Indians  descended  the  river  in  canoes,  and  fell  upon 
the  scattered  cabins  of  this  upper  settlement  in  the  night,  and 
kilkd  a  duzen  of  more  people.    At  the  time  of  this  massacre,  I 
was  staying  at  the  house  of  one  Rifflb  in  tliat  region  ;  and  heai^ 
ing  the  alarm,  I  went  in  companywith  others  in  pursuit  of  tha 
ludians,  and  saw  them  at  a  distance  as  they  were,  embarking  in 
their  cauoes,  and  soon  disappeared  to  our  view. 

This  massacre  in  the  Gilbert's  Lick  settlement,  caused  greak 
consternation  along  the  Missouri  frontier,  and  the  people,  aa  a 
'  matter  of  precaution,  commenced  forting.  Some  seven  or  eighl 
forts  or  stockades  were  erected,  to  which  a  portion  of  the  inhabi* 
tants  resorted,  while  many  others  held  themselves  in  readiness  to 
flee  there  for  safety,  in  case  it  should  bo  thought  necessary.  I 
remember  the  names  of  Stout's  Fort,  Wood's  Furt,  a  small  stock* 
ade  at  what  is  now  Clarksville,  Fort  Howard,  and  a  tort  at  IIow- 
eU^s  Settlement — the  latter  nearest  to  Col.  Dah isl  Booh b  ;  bat 
the  people  bordering  immediately  npon  the  Missouri  river,  being 
less  exposed  to  danger,  did  not  so  early  resort  to  tho  erectioo  o/ 
ilaekadet. 

About  this  time,  probably  a  little  a^ter,  while  I  waa  engaged 
vritfi  eighteen  or  twant/  men  im  baildiag  i^  teflspaBBiy  lockaii 


105 

where  OfarksTiIle  now  stands,  tm  the  western  batik  of  tbe  l^tflsis* 
iippi,  a  party  of  ludians  came  and  killed  the  entire  familj  of  one 
O^KiL,  about  three  miles  above  Clatksville,  while  O^Nbil  him- 

'  self  was  employed  with  his  neighbors  in  erecting  the  stockade. 

'  la  company  with  OVVbtl  and  others,.  I  hastened  to  the  scene  of 
nnrder,  and  fonnd  all  killed,  scalped,  and  horribly  mangled.  One 
of  the  children,  about  a  year  and  a  half  old,  was  fonnd  literally 
baked  in  a  large  pot  metal  bake  kettle  or  Datch  oren,  with  a  cover 
en  ;  and,  as  there  were  no  marks  of  the  knife  or  tomahawk  on  the 
body,  the  child  mnst  have  been  pnt  in  alive  to  suffer  this  horrible 
death ;  the  oil  or  fat  in  the  bottom  of  the  kettle  was  nearly  twe 
Inches  deep. 

I  went  to  St  Louis  in  company  with  Iba  Oottlk,  to  see  Oor. 
Clabx,  and  ascertain  whether  war  had  been  actaally  declared. 
This  mobt  have  been  sometime  in  Jane,  but  tbe  news  of  the  dee- 
laratioD  of  war  against  Great  Britain  bad  not  yet  reached  there. 
On  onr  retarn,  I  was  strongly  nrged  by  the  people  to  act  as  a  spy 
or  scont  on  the  frontier,  as*  I  was  poeseseed  of  gi'eat  bodily  activity, 
and  it  waa  well  known  that  I  had  seen  ranch  woods  experience. 
1  consented  to  act  in  this  capacity  on  the  frontiers  of  8t.  Oharlea 
county,  never  thiriking  or  troubling  myself  about  any  pecuniary 
recompense,  and  was  only  anxious  to  render  the  distressed  people 
a  nsetnl  service.  I  immediately  entered  alone  npon  this  doty, 
eometiuies  mounted,  and  sometimes  on  foot,  and  carefully  watch- 
ing ttie  river,  above  tbe  settlement^),  to  discover  whether  any 
Indiana  had  landed,  and  sometimes  to  follow  their  trails,  learn 
tbeir  destination,  and  report  to  the  settlements. 

Upon  my  advice,  several  of  the  weaker  stockades  were  aban- 
.  doned  for  twenty  or  thirty  miles  around,  and  concentrated  at  a 
place  near  tbe  month  of  Cuivre  or  O^pper  River,  at  or  near  the 
present  villsge  of  Monroe ;  and  there  a  large  number  of  us,  per- 
haps some  sixty  or  seventy  persons,  were  some  two  or  three  weeks 
employed  in  tbe  erection  of  a  fort  We  named  it  in  honor  of  the 
patriotic  governor,  Bkhjaium  Bowabd,  and  between  twenty  gad 
Uor^  faauliea  were  aiion  i«fely  lodged  ia  JFurl  JlawflnL 


906 

Am  the  war  had  now  fiorlj  oommenced^  mo  aoi  of  CcxpfvMg  4|ii- 
thosixed  the  raUiiig  of  six  compaaies  of  Bangers ;  three  to  bs 
nJMd  on  the  MiiBoari  side  of  the  Mississippi^  and  the  other  three 
on  the  Illinois  side.  Th^  Missouri  companies  were  commanded 
bj  Dabobl  M.  Books,  Nathan  Booms,  and  Dayid  Musick.  Th^ 
oommisttion  of  Nathan  Boonk  was  dated  in  Jane,  1812,  to  aejcyv 
a  year,  as  were  doubtless  the  others. 

The  Indians,  supplied  by  their  British  emplojerg  with  new 
rifles,  seemed  bent  on  exterminating  the  Americans — always, 
however,  excepting  the  French  and  Spaniards,  who,  from  th^ 
Indian  intermarriages,  were  regarded  as  friends  and  connectlonB. 
Their  constant  attacks  and  murders,  led  to  offensive  measures ; 
bat  I  did  not  serve  on  Bussell  and  Edwabd^s  expedition,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1812,  against  the  Indians  in  the  Peoria  region. 

During  not  only  the  year  1812,  but  the  whole  war,  I  acted  as  a 
spy  and  was  in  constant  service.  The  Missouri  Bangers,  by  the 
terms  of  their  enlistment,  were  to  supply  themselves  with  horses, 
accoutrements,  provisions  and  provender,  and  they  expected  to 
have  been  mostly  stationed,  and  in  service,  in  the  frontier  settle- 
ments ;  but  finding  that  they  were  chiefly  required  to  scour  t)ie 
region  bejond  the  verge  of  the  settlements,  they  had  necessarily 
to  enter  into  some  arrangement  to  procure  their  supplies^  as  they 
were  too  far  from  their  homes  to  provide  for  their  wants  from  that 
source.  I  was  Bolicited  by  them  to  furnish  these  needed  supplies, 
pledging  me  payment  every  three  months,  not  doubting  that  they 
would  promptly  receive  their  own  pay  from  the  General  Govern- 
ment. ' 

I  commenced  furnishing  these  supplies  early  in  the  sumiter  of 
1812,  when  the  Bankers  were  ordered  to  the  frontiers;  and  theee 
three  Missouri  companies^ were  each  to  consist  of  one  hundred 
men,  and  were  nearly  full,  and  all  of  them  I  supplied  more  or 
less.  I  furnibhed,  upon  an  aversge,  more  than  a  hundred  aad 
fifty  of  t!)e  Bangers  duiing  the  whole  war.  These  men  could. not 
apply  to  the  Government  commissaries,  had  there  been  sny  iu 
the  countrj~and  there  were  none ;  as  froot  the  xMm^  of  tkair 


.^Ibeir  »difndpal  ^944WQi^t  i^Mde  repented  efforto  to  proenre  jBi|p- 
;,.y|le0  upoA  their  4»w»credit9  bat  they  met  with  yery  indifferent 
J  .pUQCeecu  The  loillfirB  aad  fiwmers  would  be  raoDipg  no  pin#ll 
.,pne)(  todoleootthepr  scMrploa  prpvisioaa  to  so  many  pereons,  of 
...,wbQ6e. ability >»nd  gpod  intentions  to  remunerate  them  they  could 
^rl^now  80  Uttle-  Xti  eeemed  necesaai^  that  some  person  should  s^p 
..^ward,{t|ndaet.in  the  capacity  of , ^commi^sary  to  fnpply  the 
..'Bangerif.aQd  this  I  was  induced  to  undertake  at  their  urgent  ^e- 
^  ^air^.    I  had  become. pre tt^y  well  acquainted  throughout  the  JkijUi- 

Bouri  frontiers,  and  my  anxious  solicitude  to  serve  the  frontier 
^^fl^^lei^i  was  also  well  known,  and  hence  I  could  command  ike  re- 

iguiaite  cnedit  fromXhe  millers  and  stock-faiseis  of  the  country, 
1. employed  the.  necesssary  number  of  assistants  to  purchase 
.  imd  driye  forward  beef  cattle,  and  hands  to  boat  or  wagon  fl(>ar 
^j  lind  other  proyUions  to  the  frontier  stations  yrhere  wanted.  At 
I,  ^esame  tim^  I.qpntinued  to  aet  as  a  spy^  sometimes  going  in 
^ , Advance  of  myrte^ms  in  places  of  danger.  On  mora  than  qa^ 
'fpqoasjop,  bave  I'tbus  discovered  the  Indiana.  ii>  tyne  toiretrftati 
. .  .end  aave  my  mep  and  teams.  I  remember  in  the  spring  of  .1£^3, 
i  being  ^ttbe  bead,  of  five  teame  loaded  with  supplies,  wheq  at^he 
.,,i&rdLDgof  a.)argei8tream'knQwnasFeru.quecreek,  in  tb^  nor^m 
.*  pari  of  6t.  Oharlea. county,  I  discovered  a  party  of  thirteen  Jn- 
.,T  dV^ns  concealed  behind  blinds,  formed  of  beat  buahea,  or  broJien 

:  bnabes  stack  in.  the  ground  for  a  screen,  and  retreated  in  tiui§  to 

'Mve  both  teams  <and  loading.^I  then  procured  a  large  better  in 
.^  .which  to  transport  the  supplies  up  the  river  to  the  nearest  p^nt 

to  Fort  Howard,  in  order  to  avoid  the  danger  to  which  we  wf  re 
>  fzposed  by  the  land  route.  Leaving  my  horse,  I  went  up,  with 
,1  the  boat,,  and  met  with  no  obstacle.  >   .; 

Upon  arriving  at  F^%  Zluward,  so  many  i^eports  came  to«|he 
..i^a^S'of  my  bQatmQn,.tbat  they  at  first  declined  retUTQiag  >in;;jhe 
/^tbpat  dciWnOniv^r  Kivei; ..a  few  miles  to  the  Mississippi ;.?i)i()^a 
'  t^nce  into  the  l^ge  stream i.t^ey  would  feel  perfectly  sate,  as.t^ey 

./(9»i4  k#«e.Mit. jxyiond  ti^.  re^Vpb  of  d^gisr.    Cui^er  fH^m^  W^ 


rerj  crooked,  ftfid  between  iwmfy  nd  tbfrty  rotft  fii  wMttf,  obd 
ite  banlcs  geoeraliy  low,  and  fiometimei  OTerflowed  back  a  eon* 
eiderabte  distance.  At  length,  however,  the  boatmen  contented 
to  return,  I  agreeing  to  go  ahead  of  them  in  a  canoe,  to  see  that 
no  Indians  were  ready  t^  intercept  them.  Taking  with  me  in  the 
canoe  one  Josrph  CLAincMBirr,  we  proceeded,  and  the  large  boat 
was  to  follow  at  a  respectful  distance,  nntil  they  should  hear  the 
report  of  one  or  more  gnns  as  a  signal  to  retreat.  The  distance 
from  the  lauding  spot  on  Ouirer  River  to  its  mouth,  by  its  siaa- 
oaities,  was  some  eight  or  nine  miles,  though  not  exceeding  three 
by  land. 

When  we  had  descended  about  three  miles  by  the  river,  I  dis> 
eovered  three  or  four  Indian  canoes  on  the  northern  bank  of  the 
•tream,  when  we  were  abreast  of  them ;  and  knowing  Indiana 
were  not  far  off,  concluded  to  push  ahead,  and  did  so,  but  in  lest 
than  a  minute,  we  heard  a  noise,  and  looking  back,  we  got  % 
glimpse  of  a  dozen  to  twenty  Indians  rushing  down  the  bank  and 
jnmping'into  their  canoes,  seizing  their  paddles,  and  pursuing  after 
«8.  In  a  very  short  distance,  we  fortunately  turned  a  sharp 
wooded  angle  in  the  stream  to  the  right,  which  screened  ns  /rem 
the  Indians,  and  there  we  ran  a  few  rods  up  a  small  bayou,  and 
left  the  canoe,  and  ran  about  a  mile  and  a  half  up  the  streaoiy 
much  of  the  way  fully  knee  deep  in  water  on  the  overflowed  bot- 
tom ;  and  fearing  the  Indians  might  be  near,  we  remained  from 
about  ten  o^clock  in  the  forenoon  till  dark,  aome  of  the  time  in 
water  up  to  onr  necks,  when  some  men  came  from  the  fort,  only 
a  mile  distant,  and  conveyed  us  over  the  river,  and  thence  to  the 
garrison  that  evening.    The  larger  boat  and  crew  also  escaped* 

I  can  add  nothing  particularly  to  the  statements  given  in  the 
histories  of  the  times,  relative  to  the  occurrences  at  Forts  Madiaon 
and  Mason,  in  April,  1818.  About  the  Idt  of  June  following^ 
Gov.  HowAKD  resigned  his  governorship,  and  accepted  the  ap- 
pointment of  brigadier  general  in  the  United  States'  service,  to 
eommand  the  eighth  military  department,  then  emhracing  the 
territory  from  the  interior  oi  Indiana  te  the  frontier  of  Hexiodw 


i 


I 

I 


909 

Qeii.  HowABD  soon  after  visited  Fort  Howard,  and  upon  the  ur- 
gent solicitation  of  all  the  inhabitants  that  I  should  be  continued 
in  the  spy  servioOi  as  I  had  repeatedly  discovered  and  given 
timely  notice  of  the  approach  of  Indian  war  parties,  Gen.  How- 
ard said,  as  he  had  no  authority  to  appoint  spies,  he  would  use 
every  exertion  in  his  power  to  secure  ample  remuncrHtion  for 
such  services  as  I  had  rendered,  of  which  he  had  good  evidence 
from  the  people  and  Eangcrs,  and  which  ho  desired  I  might  con- 
tinae ;  giving  me  a  certificate,  pledging  himself  to  use  his  best 
exertions  to  secure  for  me  pay  from  Congress  or  the  War  Depart- 
ment. He  also  commended  my  exertions  in  furnishing  supplies 
for  the  Bangers. 

Shortly  after  Gen.  Howabd's  visit  to  Fort  Howard,  a  strong  ap- 
prehension was  entertained  by  the  people,  that  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi Indians  would  descend  the  Mississippi  in  a  body,  and  it  was 
^concluded  that  it  was  advisable  to  erect  a  fort  directly  on  the 
bank  of  the  river,  to  watch  and  check  any  such  movement  of  the 
enemy.  About  eight  or  ten  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Cuiver 
Biver  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  is  a  large  well-known 
promontory  of  grit  or  sandstone,  hence  called  Cape  au  Gris ;  di- 
rectly opposite  to  which,  on  the  western  shore,  was  the  place  se- 
lected for  the  new  fort,  which  was  soon  erected,  and  named  Cape 
au  Oris  Fort.  Capt.  David  Musiok  was  placed  in  command  there ; 
it  was  less  in  size  than  Fort  Howard,  and  some  of  the  neighbor- 
ing people  took  shelter  there  with  their  families. 

Some  time  during  the  summer  of  1813, 1  crossed  the  Missis- 
sippi to  its  eastern  shore,  two  or  three  miles  above  Cape  au  Gris, 
to  see  if  there  were  any  signs  of  Indians  in  that  quarter.  When 
about  three  miles  east  of  the  river,  I  discovered  quite  a  large 
camp  of  IndiflrUS,  somewhere,  I  thought,  from  sixty  to  eighty  in 
number.  I  immediately  retreated  without  being  observed,  and 
hastened  to  Cape  au  Gris  with  the  intelligence.  It  was  at  once 
resolved  to  pursue,  and  it  was  only  a  question  of  numbers,  and  a 
strife  for  the  command.  Lieut.  John  MoNaib,  of  the  Bangers,  a 
reaident  of  St.  Charles  county,  a  nephew  of  Col.  ALSxAimEB 
27 


210 

MoNaxs,  afterwards  Governor  of  Missouri,  was  permittedlatake 
the  commaQd  at  bis  own  urgent  request,  and  selected  twelve  mea 
for  the  service,  together  with  niyeelf  for  pilot.  I  strongly  nrged 
a  larger  number,  but  the  Lieuteuant  was  head-strong,  and  utterly 
rejected  my  advice. 

There  were  but  a  couple  of  small  log  canoes  or  dugouts  }n 
which  to  cross,  and  it  required  three  trips  to  convey  onr  small 
party  of  fourteen  over  the  river.     We  irainediately  pushed  for- 
ward, I  taking  the  lead  as  pilot,  and   soon  came  in  sight  of  the 
encampment,  in  which  the  Indians  still  remained.    Each  party 
discovered  the  other  about  the  same  moment,  we  having  crossed 
a  rise  of  ground,  which  brought  us  within  about  forty  rods  of  the 
Indians;  who,  when  they  espied  us,  seized  their  arms  and  rushed 
towards  us.    Seeing  that  they  out-numbered  us  four  or  five  to 
one,  we  instantly  retraced  our  steps  towards  Cape  au  Gris  rock,  % 
distance  of  some  four  or  five  miles.     It  was  a  hot  chase,  the  In- 
dians rather  gaining  upon  us,  and  when  we  arrived  at  the  water'* 
edge  of  the  river,  about  mid-day,  we  turned  and  fired  upon  th« 
Indians,  who  were  now  within  a  few  rods  of  ne.     They  were  mo- 
mentarily checked,  and,  in  turn,  fired  npon  us,  killing  McNab 
and  eleven  of  the  men  instantly,  while  the  twelfth  Ranger,  cm 
Webber,  dressed  in  a  yellow  hunting  shirt,  jumped  into  the  river 
evidently  intending  to  swim  over  to   the  fort,  but  was  soon  ar 
rested  by  a  ball,  and  his  lifeless  body  dragged  ashore. 

Providentially  I  was  untouched,  and  quickly  turned  down  th< 
river  bank,  leaped  a  small  stream  at  a  single  bound,  and  thei 
running  along  the  side  of  the  dripping  rock,  closely  pursued  bf 
three  Indians,  who  kept  up  the  exciting  race  for  about  a  mile  andat 
half— all  this  in  full  view  of  two  hundred  persons  at  the  fort  on  tfco 
opposite  shore,  who,, from  their  distafice  and  want  of  boats,  W6'0 
unable  to  render  the  least  assistance.    I.gaiiied  so  much  on  the  Indl* 
ans  during  that  mile  and  a  half  race,  that  they  abaodoaed  the  puiv 
Buit— the  guns  of  the  Indians  and  myself  being  alike  empty.    K  oi 
aware  that  my  pursuers  had  given  over  the  chase,  Ikept  on  asraj^ 
idly  as  I  could  for  two  or  three  miles,  when^  torning  a  point  o:i 


i 


the  river,  and  seeing  nothing  of  the  Indians,  I  re  loaded  my  gnu, 
and  kept  on  at  a  slackened  pace.  In  the  night,  when  some  twentj 
miles  below  Oape  an  Gris,  I  made  a  raft  of  dry  sticks  fastened 
together  with  grape  vines,  and  crossed  to  the  western  bank  of  the 
river ;  and,  on  the  morning  of  the  third  day,  reached  Fort  How- 
ardy  and  the  same  day  was  escorted  to  Oape  an  Gris  Port,  wheie 
I  was  received  with  unaffected  joy. 

I  now  learned  that  the  Indians  had  horribly  mangled  the  bodies 
of  my  unfortunate  companions,  and  left  them  with  every  mark  of 
indecency  and  indignity  their  inventions  could  suggest;  and  they 
shook  the  reeking  8ca1])S  in  bravado  in  sight  of  the  whites  on  the 
distant  opposite  shore.  Having  secured  the  guns,  clothing  and 
scalps  of  their  victims,  and  fully  indulged  themselves  in  yelling 
and  screaming  awhile,  like  so  many  demons,  seeming  conscious  of 
their  own  safety,  as  the  whites  could  not  at  once  cross,  they  at 
length  departed.  Fearing  to  pass  the  river  with  only  the  two 
small  dug-outs,  lest  they  should  be  ambuscaded,  the  Bangers  did 
not  venture  over  till  the  next  day ;  and  not  then,  until  they  had 
brought  the  cannon  in  the  fort  to  bear  on  the  spot  where  their 
slain  companions  were.  The  fragments  of  their  mangled  bodies 
were  gathered  up,  conveyed  over  the  river,  and  buried  near  the 
fort. 

On  the  16th  of  July,  1813,  the  Indians  attacked  Fort  Madison; 
I  do  not  remember  the  number  of  troops  stationed  there,  or  their 
commander.  The  blockhouse,  built  especially  to  command  i!he 
ravine,  was  doubtless  located  west  or  north-west  of  the  fort,  as 
the  ravine  circled  around  the  west  side  and  north  end  of  the  fort| 
into  the  Mississippi.  The  Indians  having  carried  the  block-house^ 
now  availed  themselves  of  the  shelter  of  the  deep  ravine,  and  at- 
tempted to  dig  a  passage  into  the  fort,  and  continued  at  it  for 
some  time,  but  finally  gave  it  up.  This  was  the  second  attack  on 
Fort  Madison,  in  which  two  whites  were  killed  and  one  wounded. 

On  the  15th  of  August,  1818,  Oapt.  Nathan  Boonb  and  a  party 
of  spies  under  his  command,  while  on  a  scout  between  the  Mia- 
sissippi  and  Illinois  rivers,  were  attacked  in  the  night  by  three 


212 

times  their  number,  but  no  lives  were  lost.  About  September 
following,  I  accompanied  General  Howard's  expedition  to  Peoria, 
where  a  fort  was  erected  ;  Maj.  Kathan  Boone,  and  Maj.  Wic. 
CHBisxr  of  St  Louis,  were  along.  I  made  but  a  short  stay,  when 
I  returned ;  after  I  left,  there  were  some  Indian  disturbances,  and 
Haj.  K.  SooNE  and  Capt.  Samuel  Whitebideb  scoured  the  coun- 
try. BoBBBT  Wash,  a  lawyer,  afterwards  a  Judge,  of  St  Louis, 
was  an  Aid  to  Gen,  JIowaed,  The  latter  part  of  October,  on  the 
return  of  the  troops,  thero  was  some  snow,  and  the  men  suffered 
considerably;  some  having  worn  out  their  shoes,  killed  their 
horses,  and  wound  strips  of  the  hide  around  their  feet^  or  made 
hide  shoes. 

Early  in  November,  1S13,  Fort  Madison  was  evacuated,  and  the 
buildings  burned,  in  cousequence  of  the  contractor  failing  to  furnish 
that  garrisonwith  provisioiis,  which  caused  much  alarm  and  appre- 
hension at  the  forts  and  settlements  below.    In  consequence  of  the 
abandonment  of  this  important  position,  Fort  Johnston  was  built, 
opposite  the  mouth  of  the  middle  fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  on 
a  high  promontory  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi ;  it  was 
erected  by  the  Rangers  and  regulars,  and  among  the  officers  were 
Lieut  Beitmbt  Eilky,  and  W.  8.  Harney,  and  Dr.  MrriE,  after- 
wards of  Galena.  I  was  there  during  its  erection.  The  next  spring, 
for  the  same  reason  that  Fort  Madison  had  been  abandoned,  Fort 
Johnston  was  also  evacuated  and  destroyed.    It  was,  however, 
flubsequcntly  rebuilt,    and  called  Fort  Edwards.    Fort  Mason, 
which  was  probably  erected  at  the  out-break  early  in  1812,  was 
located  lifteen  or  twenty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Salt  River,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,    This  too,  was  abandoned  not 
far  from  the  l&t  oi  May,  1814,  about  the  same  time  as  Fort 
Johnston. 

The  famous  battle  of  the  Sink-Hole,  near  Fort  Howard,  occur- 
red on  the  24th  of  May,  1814.    Some  two  or  three  nights   pre- 
viously, I  made  a  i. arrow  escape  in  riding  in  the  night  from  Oape 
au  Gris  to  Fort  Howard.    When  about  half  a  mile  froiki  the  lat- 
ter, I  heard  a  whistle  on  the  charger  of  powder  horn,  and  soon 


i 


213 

heard  a  party  of  Indians  endeavoring  to  cat  me  off  from  the  fort, 
when  I  took  a  circnit  and  evaded  them,  bj  taking  a  by-path, 
when  they  had  way-laid  the  main  trail,  and  thus  I  reached  the 
fort  in  safety. 

Kot  long  before  the  Sink-Hole  affair,  one  Beknahd  was  killed 
on  Dardenne  River,  the  next  stream  below  Pernqne  creek ;  and 
abont  the  same  time  one  Wstlt  was  killed  near  the  crossing  of 
Feraqne,  and  Wk.  Linn,  a  Kanger,  within  thirty  rods  of  Oape  an 
Oris  Fort.  Jjjsns  had  gone  into  the  edge  of  the  woods  to  visit  a 
whiskey  jug  he  had  secreted  there,  when  the  report  of  several 
gnns  was  heard.  Lieut.  Massey  went  out  in  pursuit,  but  the  Li- 
dians  bad  crossed  the  river  below,  where  their  canoes  were,  and 
decamped.  On  the  Cape  an  Oris  rock,  opposite  the  fort,  the  In- 
dians deliberately  showed  themselves,  when  a  young  warrior 
about  a  dozen  years  of  age  advanced,  exhibiting  LnfN^s  scalp,  and 
exclaiming  in  the  Sauk  language,  '^  Come  here,  you  AmericanSi 
and  we  will  serve  you  the  same  way."  Linn's  family,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  were  living  in  "Wood's  Fort.  Within  a  few  days  of 
this  affair,  a  young  man  named  Bolles  went  to  a  deer-lick  at  the 
foot  of  the  bluff,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  Oape  an  Oris, 
and  was  there  shot  and  scalped. 

Of  the  Sink  Hole  battle,  fought  on  the  24th  of  May,  1814,  near 
Fort  Howard,  I  shall  be  able  to  give  a  full  account,  as  I  was  pre- 
sent and  participated  in  it.  Capt.  Peter  C&aig  commanded  at 
Fort  Howard ;  he  resided  with  his  father-in-law  Andrew  Ramskt, 
at  Cape  Girardeau,  and  did  not  exceed  thirty  years  of  age. 
Dbakefobd  Gray  was  first  lieutenant,  Wilson  Able,  the  second, 
and  Edward  Spears,  third  lieutenant. 

About  noon,  five  of  the  men  went  out  of  the  fort  to  Byrne's 
deserted  house  on  the  bluff,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the 
fort,  to  bring  in  a  grind-stone.  In  consequence  of  back  water  from 
the  Mississippi,  they  went  in  a  canoe ;  and  on  their  return,  were 
fired  on  by  a  party  supposed  to  bo  fifty  Indians,  who  were  under 
shelter  of  some  brush  that  grew  along  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff, 
near  Byrnb's  house,  and  about  fifteen  rods  distant  from  the  canoe 


« 

at  that  time.  Three  of  the  whites  were  killed,  and  one  moitaUy 
wonaded ;  and  as  the  back  water,  where  the  canoe  was,  was  onlj 
about  knee-deep,  the  Indians  ran  out  and  tomahawked  tbeir  vie- 
tuna. 

The  people  in  the  fort  ran  out  as  quick  as  possible,  and  fired 
acrrai  the  back  water  at  the  Indians,  but  as  they  were  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  off,  it  was  of  course  without  effect.  Capt.  OaiiG- 
with  a  party  of  some  twenty-five  men  hastened  in  pursuit  of  the 
Indians,  and  ran  across  a  point  of  the  back  water,  a  few  inchea 
deep ;  while  another  party,  of  whom  I  was  one,  of  about  twenty- 
fire,  ran  to  the  right  of  the  water,  with  a  view  of  intercepting 
the  Indians,  who  seemed  to  be  making  towards  the  bluff  or  high 
plain  we3t  and  north-west  of  the  fort.  The  party  with  wfaiefa  I 
had  started,  and  Oapt,  G&aig's,  soon  united. 

Immediately  on  the  bluff  was  the  cultivated  field  and  deserted 
residence  of  Bekjahin  Allen,  the  field  about  forty  rods  aorosa, 
beyond  which  was  pretty  thick  timber.    Here  the  Indians  made 
a  fitand,  and  here  the  fight  commenced.    Both  parties  treed,  and 
as  the  firing  waxed  warm,  the  Indians  slowly  retired  as  the  whites 
advanced.    After  this  fighting  had  been  going  on  perhaps  some 
ten  minutes,  the  whites  were  re-inforced  by  Capt.  David  MnsifjK, 
of  Cape  au  Gris,  with  about  twenty  men.    Capt.  Musiok  had  been 
on  a  scout  towards  the  head  of  Caiver  River,  and  had  returned, 
though  unknown  at  Fort  Howard,  to  the  crossing  of  Cniver  River, 
about  a  mile  from  the  fort,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
scene  of  conflict;  and  had  stopped  with  his  men  to  graze  their 
horses,  when  hearing  the  firing,  they  instantly  re-mounted,  and. 
dashed  towards  the  place  uf  battle,  and  dismounting  in  the  edge 
of  the  timber  on  the  bluff,  and  hitching  their  horses,  they  rnshei). 
through  a  part  of  the  Indian  line,  and  shortly  after  the  enemy 
fled,  a  part  bearing  to  the  right  of  the  Sink-Hole  towards  Bob^a 
Creek,  but  the  most  of  them  taking  refuge  in  the  Sink-Hole, 
which  was  close  by  where  the  main  fighting  had  taken  place. 
About  the  time  the  Indians  were  retreating,  Capt.  Cbaig  exposed 
himself  about  four  feet  beyoud  his  tree,  and  was  shot  through  the 


216 

body,  aodft)U  dead^  Jahbs  PcrrirBT  was  killed  before  Oapt.  Oraio, 
and  perhaps  9ne  or  two  ptherd.    Before  the  Indraiis  retired  to  the    ' 
Siok^Hole,   the  fighting  had  become  animated,  the  loading  was 
done  qaick,  and  shots  rapidly  exchanged,  and  wheA  one  of  6iir 
party  was  killed  or  wounded,  it  was  annbnnced  aloud. 

Tills  Sink-Hole  was  about  sixty  feet  in  length,  and  abont  twelve 
to  fifteen  feet  wide,  and  ten  or  twelve  feet  deep.     Near  the'  b<Jt* 
torn  on  the  south-east  side,  was  a  shelving  rock,  tinder  %rhieh    * 
perhaps  some  .fifty  or  sixty  persons  miglit  ^ave  sheltered  theni- 
selves.     At  the  aortb-east  end  of  the  Sink-Hole,  the  descent 'was 
quite  gradual,  t)io  other  end  much  more  abrapt,  atid  the  tK>aMi-«  • 
east  side  was  nearly  j)erpL'ndicuIar,  andf  the  other  sMeabo^t  like  - 
the  steep  roof  of  a  hon^o.     On  the  south-ea^t  side,  the  IndianSi 
aa  a  further  protection  in  case  the  whites  should  rush  up,  dug  ftn*  • 
der  the  shelving  rock  with  their  knives.  '  On  the  sides  and  in  the  • 
bottom  of  the  Sink  Hole  were  some  bnsheg,  which  also  Berredas 
something  of  a  screen  for  the  Indians. 

Capt.  MusioK  and  his  men  took  post  on  the  north-east'  side'  o£  * 
the  Sink-Hole,  ana  the  others  occupied  other  positions  surround*' i 
ing  the  enemy.    As  the  trees  approached  close  to  the  Sink -Hole) 
these  served  in  part  to  protect  our  party.'    Finding  we  could  not 
get  a  good  opportunity  to  dislodge  the  enemy,  as  thely  Were  best 
protected,  those  of  our  men  who  had  families  at  the  foW,  gradually* 
went  there,  not  knowing  but  a  large  body-  of  Indians  might  seise 
the  favorable  occasion  to  attack  the  fort,  while  the  men  were  mostly 
away,. engaged  in  the  exciting  contest.' 

The  Indians  in  the  Sink  Hole  had  a  drum,  made  of  a  skin 
stretched  over  a  section  of  hollow'tree,  on  which  they  beat  <|uite 
constantly  ;  and  some  Indian  woiild  shake  a  rattle,  called  9Ad-«At#- 
fuiy  probably  a  dried  bladder  with  pebbles  within  ;  and  even,  for 
a  ]iu)ment,  would  venture  to  thrust  his  head  in  vieW,  with  his 
hand  elevated  shaking  his  rattle,  and  calling  out  petiah  /  peasht 
which  was  understood  to  be  a  sort  of  defiance,  or  as  Blaok  Haws, 
who  was  one  of  the  party,  says  in  his  account  of  that  affair,  a  * 
kind  of  bravado  to  come  and  fight  them  in  the  Sink-^Hole.  When 


216 

the  Indians  would  creep  up  and  shoot  over  the  rim  of  the  Sink- 
Hde^  they  would  instantly  disappear,  and  while  they  sometimeB 
fired  efEectual  shots,  they  in  turn  became  occasionally  the  vietima 
of  our  rifles.  From  about  one  to  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
th«  firing  was  inconstant,  our  men  generally  reserving  their  fire 
till  an  Indian  should  show  his  head,  and  all  of  us  were  studying 
how  he  could  more  effectually  attack  and  dislodge  the  enemj. 

>  At  length  Lieut.  Speabs  suggested,  that  a  pair  of  cart  wheels^ 
axle  and  tongue,  which  were  seen  at  Allen's  place,  near  at  hand, 
be  obtained,  and  a  moving  battery  constructed.  This  idea  was 
entertained  favorably,  and  an  hour  or  more  consumed  in  its  con* 
struction.  Some  oak  floor  puncheons,  from  seven  to  eight  feet  in 
length,  were  made  fast  to  the  axle  in  an  upright  position,  and 
pert*holes  made  through  them.  Finally,  the  battery  was  ready 
for  trial,  and  was  sufficiently  large  to  protect  some  half  a  dozen 
or  more  men.  It  was  moved  forward  slowly,  and  seemed  to  at- 
tract the  particular  attention  of  the  Indians,  who  bad  evidently 
heard  the  knocking  and  pounding  connected  with  its  mannikc- 
ture,  and  who  now  frequently  popped  up  their  heads  to  make 
momentary  discoveries ;  and  it  was  at  length  moved  up  to  within 
less  than  ten  paces  of  the  brink  of  the  Sink  Hole,  on  the  south- 
east side.  Xhe  upright  plank  did  not  reach  the  ground  within 
some  eighteen  inches,  cur  men  calculating  to  shoot  beneath  the 
lower  end  of  the  plank  at  the  Indians ;  but  the  latter,  from  their 
position,  had  the  decided  advantage  of  this  neglected  aperture, 
for  the  Indians  shooting  beneath  the  battery  at  an  upward  angle, 
would  get  shots  at  the  whites  before  the  latter  could  see  them. 
The  Indians  also  watched  the  port-holes,  and  directed  some  of 
their  shots  to  them.  Lieut.  Speaks  was  shot  dead,  through  the 
forehead,  and  his  death  was  much  lamented,  as  he  had  proved 
himself  the  most  active  and  intrepid  officer  engaged.  John  Pat- 
TERBOK  was  wounded  in  the  thigh,  and  some  others  were  also 
wounded  behind  the  battery.  Having  failed  in  the  object  for 
which  it  was  designed,  the  battery  was  abandoned  after  sun-down. 
Our  hope  all  along  had  been,  that  the  Indians  would  emerge 


217 

from  their  covert,  and  attempt  to  retreat  to  where  we  supposed 
their  canoes  were  left,  some  three  or  fonr  miles  distant,  in  which, 
case  we  were  firmly  determined  to  msh  npon  them,  and  endeaTor 
to  cnt  them  totally  off.  The  men  generally  evinced  the  greatest  , 
bravery  dnriAg  the  whole  engagement.  Night  now  coming  ooi 
and  having  heard  the  reports  of  half  a  dozen  or  so  of  gnns  in  the 
direction  of  the  fort,  by  a  few  Indians  who  rushed  out  from  the 
woods  skirting  Bob's  Creek,  not  more  than  forty  rods  from  the 
north  end  of  the  fort.  This  movement  on  the  part  of  the  few  In- 
dians who  had  escaped  when  the  others  took  refuge  in  the  Sink 
Hole,  was  evidently  designed  to  divert  the  attention  of  the  whites, 
And  alarm  them  for  the  safety  of  the  fort,  and  thus  efTectually 
relieve  the  Indians  in  the  Sink-Hole.  This  was  the  result,  for 
Oapt.  MusiOE  and  men  retired  to  the  fort,  carrying  the  dead  and 
wounded,  and  made  every  preparation  to  repel  a  night  attack. 
As  the  Mississippi  was  quite  high,  with  much  back  water  over 
the  low  grounds,  the  approach  of  the  enemy  was  thus  facilitated, 
and,  it  was  feared,  a  large  Indian  force  was  at  hand.  The  people 
were  always  more  apprehensive  of  danger  at  a  time  when  the 
river  was  swollen,  than  when  at  its  ordinary  stage. 

The  men  in  the  fort  were  mostly  up  all  night,  ready  for  resis- 
tance, if  necessary.  Theve  was  no  physician  at  the  fort,  and 
much  effort  w:i3  made  fo  set  some  broken  bones.  There  was  a 
well  in  the  fort,  and  provisions  and  ammunition  sufficient  to  sus» 
tain  a  pretty  formidable  attack.  The  women  were  greatly  alarmed, 
pressing  their  infants  to  their  bosoms,  fearing  they  might  not  be 
permitted  to  behold  another  morning's  light ;  but  the  night  passed 
away  without  seeing  or  hearing  an  Indian.  The  next  morning  a 
party  went  to  the  Sink  Hole,  and  found  the  Indians  gone,  who 
had  carried  off  all  their  dead  and  wounded,  except  five  dead 
bodies  left  on  the  north  west  bank  of  the  Sink  Hole ;  and  by  the 
signs  of  blood  within  the  Sink  Hole,  it  was  judged  that  well  nigh 
thirty  of  the  enemy  must  have  been  killed  and  wounded.  Lieut. 
Drakeford  Gray's  report  of  the  affair,  made  eight  of  our  party 
killed,  one  missing,  and  five  wounded — making  a  total  of  fourteen; 
28 


218 

I  • 

I  hftd  tlionght  the  number  was  nearer  twenty.  Oar  dead  were 
buried  near  the  fort,  when  Oapt  Husiok  and  his  men  went  over 
to  Gape  an  Gris,  where  thej  belonged,  ^od  of  which  garrison 
Oapt.  MuBXOE  had  the  command.  We  that  day  sent  put  scoutSi 
while  I  {)roceeded  to  St.  Charles  to  procare  medical  and  surgical 
assistance,  and  sent  forward  Drs.  H^bbabd  and  Wilson, 

It  may  be  proper  to  remark,  that  from  the  crossing  of  CuiVer 
Bivett*  to  Fort  Howard « was  a  mile.;  from  the  fort  to  the  Sink 
Hole  tialf  a  mile,  and  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  fort 
to  BoVs  Creek.  •  The  fort  was  an  oblong  square',  nortli  and  south, 
and*  embraced  about  half  an  aicre,  with  block-houses  at  all  the 
corners,  except  the  south-east  oua  Lieut.  Dra^kefobd  Gray  was 
lefk  ia  command  there ;  he  belonged  in  the  Now  Madrid  region, 
and  did  not  long  survive  the  w^r.  Capt.  Mn^iCK  resided  near 
Florisant,  and  lired,  I  thiukj  to  a  good  old  age. 

Black  Hawk's  published  narrative  of  this  aifair,  and  partic- 
ularly of  all  the  preliminary  incident^  prior  to  taking  refuge 
in  the  Bink-Hole,  is  quite  strange  and  confused  ;  and  I  can  only 
account  for  it,  by  supposing  that  he  has  related  as  occuring  here, 
what  really  transpired  at  a  different  time  and  occasion.  He  re- 
presents, that  there  were  only  eighteen  Indians  with  him  in  the 
Sink-Hole,  while  there  must  have  been  mor6  than  twice  as  many ; 
he  speaks  of  only  one  Indian  and  two  whites  being  killed,  and 
that  when  they  emerged  from  the  Siuk-Hole  in  the  evening, 
Aey  placed  their  dead  Indian  on  top  of  a  dead  white  man— of 
this  latter  circumstance,  I  have  no  recollection. 

In  July,  1814,  two  families  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians,  in 
the  Wood  river  settlement,  east  of  Alton ;  their  names  were 
Moore  and  Rbaoak.  Capt.  Samuel  Whitksides,  who  shortly  after 
Served  on  Maj.  Tatlou's  expedition,  immediately  pursued  the 
Indians  with  some  thirty  t3  fifty  Illinois  Rangers.  Being  then  in 
that  region  seeking  supplies  as  commissary,  I  went  along  as  a  spy 
and  volunteer.  We  trailed  the  Indians  towards  the  junction  of 
the  Bftngamon  with  the  Illinois ;  we  got  distant  glimpses  of  therii 
several  times  in  the  hot  pursuit ;  and  just  at  the  dusk  of  the  ere- 


i 


219  .         '  ' 

nlng^  we  last  saw  them  enter  a  thicket  in  tke  bottom  of  tti^  IIU- 
noie,  jnst  below  the  month  of  the  Sangamon^  wheee  the  Indian^ 
had  probablj  left  their  canoes.  We  bad  ohaBed  them  that  daj 
what  we  jadged  to  bo  dixty  miles  ;  and  one  old  Indiai^,  wearied 
ont,  gave  ont  and  stopped  on  the  prairie  jast  before  tbQ  other  In- 
dians entered  the  thicket.  As  sereml  of  our  partj  approached 
him,  the  old  fellow  raised  his  gan^  and  pointed  it  rapidly  from  ^ 
one  to  another,  as  if  to  deter  them  from  firing ;  but  about  a  dof^en- 
fired  and  killed  him.  We  camped  near  there  that  night,  and  thein 
returned  home. 

In  the  spring  of  1814,  Gov.  Olabk  headed  an  .wpedition  to  . 
Prairie  du  Chien,  and  there  met  the  Indians  of  that  immediate 
region  in  council,  and  established  a  fort,  when  he  returned  to  St. 
Louis.  But  in  July,  1814,  the  British  under  Ool*  McKay  or  MoCoy  . 
retook  the  place*  Ool.  MoKay^s  force  must  have  been  less  t;han  , 
two  hundred  whites,  and  perhaps  two  or  three  thoiusaiid  Indians,* 
of  all  the  nations  of  the  North- Weal;,  except  the  Menomonees. 
They  descended  the  Wisconsrnf  to  the  point  where  the  high 
bluff  on  the  casterii  bank  of  the  Mississippi  terminates  near  the 
Wisconsin;  there.  On  the  northern  bank  of  the  Wisconsin,  they 
landed,  and  marched  over  land  about  seven  miles  to  Prairie  du 
Ohien.  Col.  McKay  immediately  sent  a  flag  demanding  the  pr- 
render  of  the  fort,  to  which  Lieut.  Peb&inb  declined  a  compliance^ 
as  he  said  he  vAuld  defend  it  to  the  last.  An  attack  was  at  once 
eommenced,  and  an  assault  upon  the  fort  made  by  the  large  body 
of  Indians  there  assembled.  Upon  this  rush. and  attack  upon  the 
fort,  Lieut.  P^hkins  concluded  it  would  be  folly  to  resist,  and  sur- 
•  rendered ;  and  the  greatest  exertions  were  required  on  the  part 


^  Thii  namber^ifl  probablj  much  too  high ;  the  nowspapor  accouata  of  that  period  vpcak  of  fh«  Indlwi 
forte  beln^  at  leayt  a  tboufiand.  It  wa?  the  17th  of  Jitlv,  1814,  that  Col.  UcKat  appeare4  before^  uid 
Cftptared  Prairio  dn  Cblcn.  L.  C.  D, 

f  Mr.  STXpnsif  Tatlor,  who  reaidcd  in  WUcotuiId  from  1S35  to  1843,  and  now  Controller  of  the  citj 
Of  fi^lladelphia,BtAt(h  In  convon'«Miua,that  ho  learned  from  difTcrcnt  sources,  that  Col.  MoKat'B  fomi 
•neamped  on  what  hoH  ever  vincc  been  known  a^  English  J^airiey  on  which  is  locftted  the  present  Til- 
lage of  Hascoda;  and  from  this  circumfltaQce  the  Prairie  derired  Its  name.  Thia  Prairie  ia  some  filteett 
miles  in  length,  and  perhapi,  upon  an  average,  two  in  width,  and  is  something  like  fortj  miles  abora 
fta  moath  of  the  Wlaconnln.  L.  0.  D. 


280 

of  Ool.  MoEat  to  preserve  Lieut.  Perkins  and  his  men  from  the 
foxy  of  the  Indians,  and  his  almost  saperhuman  efforts  to  this  end 
were  at  length  suoeessfaL  Lieut  Pjcbeinb  probably  surrendered 
at  discretion,  as  there  could  haye  been  no  time  for  securing  any 
specific  terms.  Ool.  MoKat  paroUed  all  the  Americans,  and  sent 
them  down  the  river  in  the  gun-boat  Ocvemar  Clark^  and  sent  a 
force  with  them  for  safety  until  beyond  Bock  Island ;  but  they 
were  dogged  all  the  way  by  a  large  number  of  canoes  of  Indiana. 
After  passing  below  the  mouth  of  Rock  Kiver,  the  British  escort 
wi&drew,  and  in  due  time  the  gun-boat  arrived  safely  at  St 
Louis. 

Of  Lieut  Oahpbkll's  expedition,  destined  for  the  relief  of  Prai- 
rie du  Ohien,  in  July,  1814, 1  need  say  but  little.    The  attack  oa 
Oamfbxll  was  made  about  three  miles  above  Bock  Island,  at  a 
small  island  near  the  Illinois  shore«  ever  since  known  as  Oampbell's 
Island.     Lieut  Oahpbell  disobeyed  orders,  was  heedless,  and 
kept  out  no  spies ;  and,  in  the  attack,  he  was  badly  shot  through 
the  left  wrist    He  was  known  after  the  war  as  Major  Cakfbkll, 
and  settled  at  Louisiana,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  below  the  mouth 
of  Salt  Biver,  Missouri,  and  there  lived  many  years.    He  was  a 
great  spend-thrift,  and  fond  of  drinking.    He  left  twe  sons,  sort  of 
traders  at  Louisiana,  who  sometimes  traded  among  the  Indians. 

Maj.  Zachary  Tatlob's  expedition  up  the  Mississippi, to  puniah 
the  Indians  ou  R-^ck  Biver  for  thv?ir  hostile  attacks,  t«>:>k  place  in 
the  latter  part  of  August  and  early  iu  September,  1S14.  Having 
furnished  a  narrative  of  this  affair  !\>r  Geu.  Smup's  History  of 
Wisconsin,  I  s!.al!  on-v  si^eak  :r.  a  brief  mauner  vf  s.'iue  of  the 
events  c«'»n!.octed  \rith  it.  Since  loamirg  the  particulars  of  Maj. 
Taylor's  ofSjial  rei-  -^rt,  I  io?l  o  -^ns'niineJ  tv»  iiioJifv  s:«r:ie  of  my 
former  ra*  ro-s:^r.s.  I  riir.st  have  been  rL;?:ak-n  i.s  t^  :Iie  extent 
of  Tatl.':;'>  :  ro\  .:s  ::  wa-  c'e.^rlv  I^f-  ••la^i  I  iia-i  sr.-v  -'-^ei.  1 
kn.»\v  rl.or^' we.o  :%vv-:j-:Ar  '  \;:s  n:  :'.  .^  r.- vicz*-.':?,  ut  oioet 
likolv  Go-:.  D  v^  'tV  ex'  v'::\  "  ::•  tl.-  >[-^-  *:.  i  a:  :l.is  t:::.e.  ciTised 
the  a*: :  ...;/  •:    i  t'.o  "^    ,'s  a"  .1  :'^-ce  •:e-:^r.«  ^  :'  r  Mr*:.  Tattjo^ 

I  a?:  ''r»in*t>i  Xr^\  Tavv  r..     Xrir  R^^'--  !>*  '  \  f:  w.^:^  dia- 


i 


221  : 

covered  that  a  large  body  of  Indians  had  eoUected ;  it  eeemed  to 
me,  that  there  were  from  two  to  four  thousand  of  them.  The 
British  had  erected  a  battery  on  the  left  or  eastern  bank  of  the 
Mississippi ;  in  a  row  with  two  real  twelve-pounders,  they  had 
six  painted  wooden  guos,  all  on  a  knoll  or  elevation  on  the  river 
bank,  and  there  were  apparently  some  fifty  men  dressed  in  British 
.  uniform — some  of  thbm  may  have  been  Indians  so  dressed. 

From  Maj.  Tatlor's  report,  it  is  uncertain  whether  it  was 
Beotob's  boat  which  got  aground,  and  Oapt.  WnnssiDs  relieved ; 
but  I  would  not  now  say,  as  I  did  in  my  narrative  to  Gen.SMrrn, 
that  Capt.  WurrESiDE  disobeyed  orders  in  doing  it.  The  attack 
occurred  on  a  very  bright  morning ;  the  preceding  night  was 
cloudy,  very  windy,  with  some  rain.  I  still  insist,  that  the  first 
cannon  ball  from  the  British  battery  passed  through  Tayloe's 
boat,  called  the  Commodore^  yet  Taylob,  in  his  report  says,  it  was 
Hkbcpbtkad's  boat — it  may  be,  that  Hempstead  was  the  captain  of 
ihe  Commodorey  while  Taylob  was  commander  of  the  expedition. 

It  became  necessary  for  some  one  to  expose  himself  in  order  to 
cast  a  cable  from  a  disabled  boat  which  was  drifting  fast  towards 
the  shore  where  the  Indians  were,  to  Oapt.  Wiutesidb's  boat ;  and 
one  PArL  Habpole  greatly  exposed  himself  in  accomplishing  the 
object  But  having  done  this,  he  lingered,  and  one  after  another 
he  shot  at  the  enemy  fourteen  guns  handed  to  him,  when  he  him* 
self  was  shot  in  the  forehead,  and  tumbled  forward  into  the  river 
when  his  body  was  obtained  by  the  Indians,  and  cut  up  into  a 
hundred  pieces.  The  crippled  boat  was  saved,  but  poor  Hab- 
pole's  exploit,  in  which  he  lost  his  life,  was  the  wonder  and  ad^ 
miration  of  all.  He  was  a  young  man  of  some  twenty -three  years 
of  age,  and  resided  near  Wood's  Fort,  in  Missouri,  where  he  had 
always  been  celebrated  for  his  strength  and  activity,  and  was  pos- 
sessed of  much  backwood's  wit  and  humor. 

The  prairie  where  Maj.  Taylob  halted  to  repair  hia  boats,  and 
attend  to  the  wounded,  was  about  three  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
Bock  river,  on  the  Illinois  shore.  There  were,'  as  Maj.  Taylob 
states,  a  great  number  of  Indian  horses  opposite  the  mouth  of 


Uork  rivori  m\A  woro  doubtloaa  placod  there  to  decoy  the  whites 
on  uluuo  Into  an  nn\bu8oai)o.  Though  Maj.  Tatlob  dated  his  re- 
port al  Kort  Madiaon^  that  fort  had  not  been  reoccopied;  he 
\\\M\  hav*<^  «toppoU  thisrtit  and  thiro  dated  his  dispatch.  I  maj 
add«  tlial  mv  objoot  in  aoi'ontpaujinf:  the  expedition  was  two* 
^\\k\  ;  to  fy^rninh  auppUct),  which  I  tov»k  along,  to  such  of  the 
Hanc^^M  a«  I  hatl  contractod  to  supply,  and  aUo  to  act,  if  needed, 
in  tb<>  oapaoiiv  ^\f  a  upv  or  ainnit, 

T(u^  d^'Htb  of  i)t>Us  llowAKi\  atU>r  a  two  days  illness,  at  St 
Vn^u*,  n\  Sopt^mhdr*  l5^U»  waj;  a  j^orious  Ic^w  to  ine.  The  certi- 
ttoato  wlMoh  ho  had  givou  u.o  in  ISIS,  I  had  carried  with  me  in 
W^Y  ivvKot  diinr>r  i^>v  ss^viu,*  $o.\;v^\  iu  r,\ins  and  storms,  nntUit 
^N^t  •\\Ni*i*x'tv  N\ct,  .HUvi  :lr,Vl\  \Vv>ru  ^nit ;  aud  I  had  relied  on 
U\*n,  UvA\  VK^>  \^^  \vA\f>  \\w  pr-.^vcr  ai  v  :vV»:'.v^:i  t  ^r  ::;e  to  obtain 
avUs;'v\.x^  c^^MUv*^  V*;;  ,  n  f;vni  V\  vc  .•:.i'.  t;  V.::  a::.::  h:s  mnlti- 
v**o>i  \^  '"^  ^*  /.u'  v^,  '  e  l*s*^.  *  v^\  V*:; .;  :o  ir.siko  :I:e  r.ccxs^ary  rep- 
n^^c*"  .*    »^^  ^>  *j4I'  ;|^  I  V'^  v»^  :.^  f  e  '^^\\r  IV;  i-:-^::~r    Thns  was 

•  J  >  'K^.rx  ^t:l:  hoe- 


V<*  \   '*'  :*  0  >.*^  *  a: 

:•  0  "^ ."  '^  /    *<  *  "s"      .  v\i  V  vi   •    \  r  •  S:.  .- 

ft 

o                                »                           V 

»                       ■^ 

*    ;^  i    V  ^'v    v«^    >wVx.*  \ 

*      •     >^     .             C^^             V 

*♦...:      ^^         N  X       .viL      *         '^     . 

*^-,      •  .rv    S        .  \       X 

•b.v    :     ,,*»•%   r,  . 

'v.*      .         t     %      *             '^     !• 

"•• 


I 


238 

ih^  organization  of  the  regiment  or  of  onr  scont,  and  now  we  dis- 
banded- I  was  present  at  the' treaty  ef  'Pittago  doB  Bioaxi  \fhich 
was  conclnded  on  the  18th  of  Jnly  ;'  Oov.  Oulmx^  Gor.  Edwabds 
of  Illinois,  and  Ool.  Ava.  OnotrrBAiT  ot  St.  Loqib,  were  the  com- 
missioners, and  Ool.  Renb  Pattl,  GHotrrBMr's  BoH-in-law,  was  ap« 
pointed  French  and  English  interpreter. 

My  pecnniary  ondftion  was,  at  this  time,  exceedingly  unpleas- 
ant. I  was  now  about  thirty  thousand  doUats  in  debt  for  supplies 
fnrnished  the  Eangers,  and  not  a  cent  had  they  received  for  their 
services  during  the  war,  owing,  I  believe,  to  the  culpable  with- 
holding of  the  pay  on  the  part  of  the  paymssters,  who  probably 
used  it  for  purposes  of  speculation,  ratber  than  the  inability  or  in^ 
attention  of  Government  to  pay  it.  The  Rangers  getting  no  pay, 
of  course  X  got  none.  In  some  instances,  the  paymasters  bought 
up  the  Rangers'  claims  at  a  reduced  price,  and  paid  for  them  in 
goods.  The  balance  due  the  Rangers,  was  finally  paid  towards 
the  close  of  1815 ;  but  as  they  lived  in  various  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, and  many  of  them  were  irresponsible,  I  eventually  lost 
$13,684  93,  all  in  consequence  of  the  Rangers  not  getting  their 
pay  while  in  service,  for  had  they  been  paid  then,  I  should  have 
promptly  received  mine.  After  collecting  all  I  could  from  every 
quarter,  I  was  still  over  eight  thousand  dollars  in  debt,  which  I 
ultimately  paid  to  the  last  farthing,  by  boating  and  other  opera- 
tions during  the  ensuing  four  years.  My  creditors,  knowing  the 
object  for  which  I  purchased  supplies  of  them,  and  knowing  also, 
how  I  had  suffered  heavy  pecuniary  loes  by  the  Rangers  failing 
to  get  their  pay  promptly,  never  charged  me  any  interest  I  men- 
tion this  to  their  credit. 

Though  the  Indians,  at  the  treaty  of  Portage  des  Sioux,  had 
promised  to  be  peaceful,  there  were  individual  exceptions.  Re- 
lying upon  the  treaty,  and  the  good  faith  of  the  Indians,  the  en- 
terprising whites  pushed  out  up  the  river,  while,  as  the  sequel 
proved,  not  a  few  of  the  Indians  were  yet  hostile  in  their  feelings. 
Several  whites  were  attacked  by  these  malcontents  dvring  1815. 
Among  them  was  John  Yobk  Sawtbb,  a  Yermonter,  afterwards  a 


924 

Oirctti t  J  odga  of  IlliooiSi  who  waa  one  of  a  party  in  a  boat  ascending 
the  MiMlAftippi,  and  had  lauded  on  the  west  bank  of  the  rirer, 
abont  twelve  miles  belpw.the  present  city  of  Dnbaque,  at  a  place 
known  as  3iMe$  d$$  Marts^  where  they  were  attacked  and  sever- 
al killed.  Sawyeu,  a  very  corpulent  maD|  succeeded  in  secreting 
hiniHclf  in  a  siiik-holo  buck  of  the  river  hill,  where  he  remained 
throo  (lays  without  food,  and  then  escaped.  Johx  S.  Millbb, 
another  of  the  party,  who  was  a  blacksmith,  managed,  together 
with  bin  wife,  in  some  way  to  reach  an  island,  yet  known  as  Jfil- 
Icr^H  irthuui,  where  they  remained  nearly  a  mouth  before  they 
woro  tukon  off.  Muxub  afterwards  settled  at  Galena,  where  he 
diod  about  1848. 

Abmit  this  period.  Dr.  Mna,  of  the  United  States  Army,  whom 
I  had  800U  At  Fort  Johnston  in  1814,  was  at  Prairie  du  Ohien, 
whoti  hit)  lite  whs  throHtoned,  and  ho  was  saved  by  a  young  Sank 
BipiaNV,  >^  houi  ho  married,  and  by  whom  he  raised  a  family.  Dr. 
Mna  ot^in  rohitod  to  mo  the  incidents  of  his  wife's  heroism  i£L 
wwiujr  hin\,  but  the  particulars  I  hare  forgotten.  Like  moat  of 
poi'*  »ns  oonnoeted  with  the  ai*my,  he  was  too  fond  of  liquor, 
othorwi^o  ho  might  have  risen  to  distinction  and  usefulness.* 

In  tho  tV/,1  of  IS  15,  I  went  up  tlio  Mississippi  with  a  boat  pro- 
porly  luanr.od,  vut^  a  trading:  voyg^  The  Indian  traders  on  the 
Tj^per  Mi5ri^5s*ipiM,  purcluv>ir.i:  g  x^ds  at  St.  Louis,  were  desirous 
of  makin;*  pAvmov.t  Ia*  rvii;i:ii:Vir  loud  from  the  mines  on  Fevre 
K\>tr%  w'.^oh  thoy  h.u;  rccc:>cJ  iu  uuvie  frv^ui  the  Indians,  and 
>\V'v*U  w..$  it  ilu;r  on^;;  s:r.cl:'::^  &i;i  r-.ai:u:'ao.ure  fK-^ni  the  min- 
etv,\     V*  .^  '.  r.^:;.i>vvl  tv^  ^ 'v:;  ui^  a  ::e'»T  £cli  vf  tride  and  com- 


w.*$ 


I 


S95 

b7  means  of  poles  and  sailBi  and  with  favorablo  wind,  a  hundred 
and  ten  miles  hare  been  accomplished  in  a  single  day.  From 
twelve  days  to  a  month  were  requisite  for  the  voyage  from  St. 
Lonis  to  Prairie  da  Chien,  while  the  descending  trip  was  made 
in  from  six  to  ten  days. 

I  had  conversed  with  Indians  at  the  treaty  at  Portage  des 
Bioux,  and  at  St.  Lonis,  about  trading  with  them,  and  asking 
their  permission  to  build  a  saw-iuill  in  their  country,  if  I  could 
find  a  suitable  locality,  as  it  was  a  pine  region,  and  pine  lumber 
was  then  worth  seventy  dollars  a  thousand  in  8t.  Louis.  I  now 
started  to  carry  out  these  views.  At  the  place  now  called  Belle- 
^  voe,  in  Iowa,  about  fifteen  miles  below  Galena,  and  about  six 
below  the  mouth  of  Fevre  river,  I  stopped,  and  found  a  water 
power,  which  I  judged  would  fully  answer  my  purpose.  Here  a 
small  stream  flowed  into  the  Mississippi,  and  some  thirty  or  forty 
rods  above  its  month  was  a  fine  locality  for  a  mill ;  and  logs  could 
be  rafted  down  the  Wisconsin,  and  other  streams  upon  which  the 
pine  grew  abundantly,  as  I  had  learned  from  traders  and  Indians 
in  that  quarter.  The  Indians  had  previously  informed  mo;  that 
if  I  should  go  np  for  such  a  purpose,  I  must  obtain  written  per- 
mission of  the  Government.  I  now  had  a  regular  license  from 
Qtor.  Olabk,  the  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  to  trade  with 
Ihe  Indians. 

There  were  a  few  Indians  then  encamped  at  this  Bellevue 
locality,  and  others  collected  while  I  remained,  so  that  in  all, 
tkere  were  three  or  four  hundred  warriors,  and  many  more  squaws 
and  children,  assembled  there.  I  soon  discovered  but  little  feel- 
ing of  firiendship  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  towards  the  Ameri- 
•ans.  I  had  a  talk  with  them,  reminding  them  of  their  promises 
to  me,  and  my  wish  to  trade  at  that  point,  and  erect  a  mill  there. 
After  I  had  distributed  presents  during  several  days  to  the  amount 
•f  three  hundred  dollars  in  value,  and  concluding  that  they  had 

■ 

•btained  all  they  could,  they  said  they  had  been  consulting  about 
Ike  matter,  and  declined  to  grant  my  request ;  that  doubtless 
if  whites  would  be  solicitiBg  sinular  favors  and  privil^^ 
i9 


998 

ing  a  point  then  known  as  Kettle  Ohief  8  Prairie*,  Bome 
distance  below  where  Oassville  now  is,  perhaps  fifteen  or  eigh- 
teen  miles,  I  there  met  the  traders  npon  whom  I  had  the  orders, 
and  some  two  or  three  thousand  Indians  congregated,  holding  a  sort 
ef  jubilee  jnst  after  their  corn-planting,  swigging  whiakey,  and 
invoking  the  blessing  of  the  Great  Spirit  upon  their  crop.    Tbb 
traders  requested  me  to  go  down  to  the  month  of  Fevre  riFer, 
and  there  await  their  sending  the  lead  down ;   they  were  verj 
anxious  that  I  should  take  it  down  to  St.  Loais  for  them,  and  they 
had  it  piled  up  at  the  very  spot  where  Oalena  now  is.    This  I  re* 
ftised,  as  I  could  not  consent  to  wait  so  long,  and  asked  to  go  up 
with  my  boat.    This  request  the  Indians  refused,  saying  that 
'^tiie  Americans  must  not  see  their  lead  mines,''  as  they  werepar- 
-  ticularly  suspicions  of  Americans,  but  did  not  cherish  the  same 
ftelings  towards  Frenchmen,  with  whom  they  had  been  so  hmg 
eonnected  and  associated.    Speaking,  as  I  did,  the  French  as  flu- 
ently  as  I  did  the  English,  the  traders  declared  to  the  Indians 
that  I  was  a  Frenchman,  and  all  my  boatmen,  which  was  true, 
were  French  vot/ageurs ;  the  Indians,  with  very  littie  persuaaion, 
consented  that  I  might  go  to  their  smelting  establishments. 

About  two  hundred  Indians  jumped  upon  my  boat,  while  otkeia 
followed  in  canoes,  and  we  pushed  on  to  the  spot.  There  was  no 
Indian  town  there,  but  several  encampments,  and  no  trading  es- 
tablishment. There  were  at  least  twenty  famaces  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood ;  and  the  lead  was  run  into  plaques  or  plaUj 
tf^tSy  of  about  seventy  pounds  each.  These  Jtats  were  formed 
by  smelting  the  mineral  in  a  small  walled  hole,  in  which  the  fiiel 
and  mineral  were^mingled,  and  the  liquid  lead  run  out,  in  front, 
teto  a  hole  scooped  in  the  earth,  so  that  a"^  bowLshaped  mass  of 
lead  was  formed  therein.  The  squaws  dog  the  mineral,  and  car- 
ried it  in  saeicB  on  their  heads  to  the  smelting  places.  I  loaded 
seventy  tons  of  lead  in  my  boat,  and  still  left  much  at  the  for- 

...'•F»9M«y^i^f^«|lOTa«rM)4aftfXRTLi^w)lftWMU^       I880,ftj*wpvlf  •££!•«&  •«« 

9f«aoa9oii««f,  M  reUtcd  by  Jadge  LooKirooD— Tid«  p.  170-'71,  Of  tUf  Tolom*.  L  0.  1.  • 


229 

f 

: 

aaioea.  TbiB  waa  the  first  boat-load  of  lead  from  Galena.  TImi. 
ludiaQB  had  often  p;reyioQBl7  taken  lead  in  small  qaantities  in 
iheir  oanoes  to  Portage  des  Sioux  and  St  Lonis,  for  purposes  of 
barter. 

In  the  course  of  that  jear^  I  made  two  other  trips  in  the  trade 
to  Prairie  du  Ghien,  and  also  trips  in  ISIT,  '18,^  '19  and  '20,  mak- 
ing altogether  nine  trips.  I  am  not  certain  that  I  took  more  than 
one  other  trip  up  Fevre  river  for  a  load  of  lead,  for  the  tradersi; 
now  making  all  their  purchases  at  St.  Louis,  would  carry  down, 
iheir  own  lead,  and  take  back  a  new  supply  of  goods  suitably  for 
the  Indian  trade.  After  the  peace  of  1815,  and  all  was  settled 
down  again  in  quiet  in  the  If  orth- West,  the  channel  ot  the  Indian . 
trade  was  completely  changed,  from  Mackinaw,  where  it  had  so 
long  centered,  to  St.  Louis,  as  it  was  found  far  more  accessible, 
and  by  this  time  there  were  several  heavy  establishments  of  mer- 
chandize selected  with  special  reference  to  thiq  trade. 

In  1818, 1  built  a  grist-mill,  as  I  had  promised,  at  Fisher*^ 
OotdeCj  four  miles  above  Prairie  du  Ghien.  It  had  but  a  single 
run  of  stones,  and  eventually  proved  a  source  of  expense  to  me, 
but  a  matter  of  great  convenience  to  the  people.  Lieut.  OoL 
Talbot  Ohambeks  went  up  to  Prairie  du  Ohien  in  1817,  in  my 
boat,  and  assumed  the  command  of  the  garrison.  Col.  Chambebs 
loved  to  make  a  display,  was  fond  of  drinking  freely,  and  was 
naturally  tyrannical  and  over-bearing — and,  when  intoxicated, 
was  desperate  and  dangerous.  Once  when  so  inflamed  with 
liquor,  he  qhased  a  young  female  into  the  house  of  Jaoque  Ms* 
SASD,  with  no  good  motive  for  doing  so,  when  Msnakd  reproached 
him ;  upon  which  Chahbebs  ordered  a  file  of  twenty-five  soldiers 
to  tie  him  up,  strip,,  and  give  him  twenty-five  lashes  with  a  cat  o'- 
nine-tails,  well  laid  on. 

•  In  a  letter  dated  at  Prairie  da  Chien,  Jane  7th,  1818,  it  la  stated :  "Since  yoa  left  this  plflee^ 
Wmn  bare  iifeea  mvmiI  arrlTato  aft  diffenot  timea  fh>m  St.  Loaia,  among  Wb6m  wete  Mr.  BoiLTiir,(irlM 
ii  iioir  Indian  Ajpe^t,  and  d?U,  magiitrate,)  CoL  HcNaib,  XbJ.  Fowlxb,  Mr.  Shait,  and  Lleateoant 
^•w  eq»tain)  Hickmait  and  ladj.  In  two  hoars  after  his  arriTti,  Col.  CHAMBiXfl  started  for  St.  Louis ; 
^•mOmi  he  will  Ntoni,  I  d*  notknow.    Btom aH  bow  oomaandv this  pott"— Ais^  State  Hpvn,  FiMf^ 

rr,m,  l.  c.a 


While  the  preparatioiis  were  Tnalfing  for  carrying  this  inhnman 
order  into  eflbct,  a  eon  of  Nicholas  Boiltih,  a  bright  and  haznf- 
some  joirth  of  some  ten  years  of  age,  ran  np  and  commenced* 
crying  and  pleading  m  behalf  of  ItEsrAXD,  not  widung  to  see  one 
of  the  citizens  thns  homiliatingly  punished  in  public.  After  two 
or  three  blows  were  stmck,  Ool.  Obambebb  ordered  the  dmnuner 
to  cease.  Mxsabd  was  a  clerer  citizen,  cnltiTated  a  large  farm, 
and  had  a  worthy  famOy  of  qnarter-bloods.  Col.  Ceaubkbs  in- 
flieted  corporeal  punishment  in  several  instances,  and  finally  for 
cutting  off  both  ears  of  one  soldier,  and  one  of  another,  was  tried 
and  cashiered ;  and  then  descended  the  Mississippi,  went  to  Mex- 
ico, and  joined  the  army  there,  and  had  risen  ta  about  the  rank 
of  colonel  in  that  serrice,  and  was  in  the  Mexican  army  at  the 
surrender  of  the  city  of  Mexico  to  Gen.  Soott.  It  was  in  conse- 
quence of  Col.  CsAMBSBs'  petty  tyrannies,  the  civil  law  not  being 
much  in  force  or  very  effectual,  that  I  abandoned  all  idea  of  set- 
tling at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  all  the  designs  of  improvement  I 
had  formed,  and  sold  my  mill  at  a  sacrifice. 

In  1819,  I  proceeded  up  Black  Kiver  to  the  first  fall,  about  six 
feet  descent,  and  erected  a  sawmill  on  the  southeastern  bank  of 
the  stream.  I  had  barely  got  it  fairly  going,  when  hundreds  of 
Winnebagoes  came  there,  in  a  starving  condition,  and  importuned 
me  incessantly  for  every  thing  I  had  for  eating  or  wearing  pur- 
poses, and  I  was  thus  soon  leit  without  supplies,  and  returned  to 
Prairie  dn  Chien.  The  next  spring  I  went  up  there  again,  and 
found  the  Indians  had  burned  the  mill ;  I  then  rafted  down  a 
quantity  of  .pine  logs  I  had  cut  the  previous  year.  These  were 
the  first  mills  erected  in  western  Wisconsin. 

In  the  early  part  of  1821,  I  commenced  clearing  and  settling  a 
farm  between  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  Bivers,  at  the  point 
where  Gilead  is  now  located ;  and,  from  year  to  year,  extended 
my  farming  operations,  until  I  cultivated  twelve  hundred  acres 
in  one  year,  and  had  nearly  four  hundred  head  of  cattle.  In  1828, 
I  was  chosen  to  represent  Pike  county  in  the  Illinois  Legislature^ 
and  my  distriot  then  embraced  all  the  country  north-west  of  tk* 


281 

{Uinois  Biver  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  Btate«  I  wg$  the  anti- 
t^YQrj  candidate,  and  in  favor  of  a  new  Oonvention.*  I  was 
twice  sabseqnently  chosen  to  thf  Legislature,  though  others  man<* 
aged  to  get  the  certificated  of  election.  I  repeatedly  held  the  office 
of  wantj  conQini68ionery  was  twenty *three  yeara  post-master,  and 
oyer  twenty  years  a  magistrate. 

For  twenty  nine  years  I  continued  farming,  and  parchasing 
lands,  until,  at  one  time,  I  owned  thirty  thousand  acres  in  Illinois 
and  Missouri.  Bat  in  1841, 1  was  induced  to  build  a  steam-boat, 
and  it  was  the  first  one  built  on  the  Mississippi  above  St.  Louis  j 
it  bore  my  own  name  by  special  desire  of  m^ny  friends;  and  the 
total  loss  of  the  boat  a  year  after,  caused  me  a  loss  of  eighty 
thousaad  dollars.  This  so  broke  me  up,  that,  in  1845, 1  came  to 
Wisconsin,  and  after  exploring  all  the  northern  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory, I  finally  located  the  present  site  of  St.  Marie,  on  a  beau- 
^  tiful  bank  of  Fox  River,  in  Marquette  county,  where  I  removed 
in  1846,  and  where  I  still  reside.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  Fox 
Biver,  is  a  large  spring,  called  by  the  early  French,  Za  Gate  SH, 
Mime. 

In  1852,  I  lost  my  eye-sight,  which  I  have  partially  recovered 
early  in  1855,  as  the  result  of  surgical  operations  in  New  York 
city,  but  not  suflSciently  restored  to  enable  me  to  read  or  write. 
I  am  now  in  my  73d  year,  five  feet  and  five  inches  in  height, 
with  dark  eyes,  hair  and.  complexion,  and  weighing  about  one 
hundred  and  forty  pounds ;  never  having  drank  spirituous  liquors, 
used  tobacco,  or  indulged  in  games  of  chance,  and  am  still  gen- 
erally healthy  and  active.  I  was  never  married.  I  have  been 
~-^^^^— -—  -  ■ -     ■  -  ■ 

*  KiCHOLAS  Has  SON  contested  the  leftt  with  Col.  Shait.  Ffcrties  nn  high  in  the  State^  and  th«  hf 
fUatnie  was  Tery  closelj  balanced.  Two  qnef tlons  then  seemed  to  be  the  all-absorbing  matteia  of  in- 
tveat ;  one  wai,  the  re-election  of  Jbssi  B.  THOWAfl  as  United  States  Senator,  and  the  other  was  tbs 
oalUng  of  a  new  Conrentlon  to  reTlse  theConstitotion  of  the  State.  Got.  Ford,  in  his  History  of  QU- 
Aois,  remarks  :  *•  Hansoit  .woald  rote  for  TboxaS,  bat  SskW  would  not ;  Shaw  would  Tote  for  th* 
Convention,  but  Havbom  would  not.  The  party  had  use  for  both  of  them,  and  thej  detennined  to  ma 
Ihem  both,  one  a/ter  the  other.  For  this  purpose,  thej  first  decided  in  fisTor  of  HAKtov,  admitted  him 
t»  »  aeat^  and  with  his  TOte  elected  their  United  States  Senator ;  and  then,  towards  the  dose  of  tbs 
fHBlon,  with  mem  brute  fbros^  and  in  the  most  bare-iheed  manner,  thej  re-conaldered  their  fomMr 
v«la,  turned  Hajtsoh  out  of  hii  seat,  and  decided  in  Hsror  of  Sbaw,  and  with  his  Tote  cairied  their  re- 
MlvrtioB  tor  a  Conyention."  I«.  0.  D. 


idmoBt  fifty  yean  a  Weatem  pioneer,  and  during  this  time  luvra 
•erred  my  country  to  the  best  of  my  ability.  I  hare  nm  manj 
a  narrow  chanoe  of  my  life  in  defence  of  the  exposed  frontier  set- 
tlers. Ck>mm6ncing  forty  years  ago,  I  have  been  a  pioneer  in  the 
commerce,  navigation,  milling,  lumbering,  and  lead  trade  of  Wis- 
consin ;  and,  in  erery  situation  in  life,  I  have  aimed  to  piore 
myself  honest,  patriotic,  enterprising  and  nsef  al — ^these  reflections 
are  a  comfort  and  consolation  to  me  in  my  bid  age. 


\ 


383 


APTEIOn  ■«.  9. 


liEMOIR  OF  HON.  THOMAS  PENDLETON  BURNETT. 

BT  SEY.   ALRBED  BBVKSOir,  A.   X. 

At  the  r«qQ«Bt  of  the  Hutorical  Sooiety  of  tho  State,  I  have  oempiled  the 
fcOewing  page^  meetly  from  the  papen  and  oorreepondenoe  left  by  Mr.  Bur- 
uwn.  Being  his  father-in-law,  I  shall  be  readily  excused  from  eulogising  him. 
I  hare  avoided  the  selection  of  such  passage  in  his  correspondence,  as  might 
be  ca^enlated  to  giro  offenee  to  the  liyingi  or  the  friends  of  the  dead ;  except, 
perhaps,  in  a  few  instanoee,  where  it  seemed  necessary  t5  do  justice  to  the  sub- 
jeet  I  haye  .omitted  names  where  the  subject  matter  might  be  olFensiTe,  if  I 
eoald  do  so  without  marring  the  interest  of  the  history. 

The  writing  has  been  done  in  detached  portions  of  time,  snatched  from  othe^ 
▼ooations,  and  in  connection  with  the  examination  of  some  fifteen  hundred  letters 
and  papers,  to  ascertain  which  and  what  had  reference  to  the  subject  in  hand, 
and  of  course  is  not  as  perfect  in  composition  as  it  might  be,  not  haying  had 
time  to  copy.  But  among  the  most  sensible  of  readers,  a  simple  nnyamished 
statement  of  facts  is  of  more  interest,  than  highly-colored,  wire-drawn  details 
of  matters  uninteresting  in  themselyes. 

Some  matters  herein  set  forth  may  be  of  lit^o  interest  to  a  certain  class  of 
readers,  while  they  will  proye  yery  much  so  to  others.  In  a  work  of  this  kind, 
yariety  is  necessary  to  suit  all  kinds  of  taste.  The  historian  of  Wisconsin  and 
the  lawyer,  will  find  some  things  of  interest  to  them  ;  and,  it  is  hoped,  that  the 
eitiaen,  the  student,  the  politician,  and  especially  *the  firiends  of  the  deceased, 
will  be  gratified  with  the  perusal  of  the  whole. 


IboMAS  Pknblbion  Bubnett,  eon  ot  John  and  Judith  Buenett, 

was  born  in  Pittsylvania  connty,  Virginia,  on  the  third  day  of 

September,  A.  D.- 1800.    Of  his  parentage  and  family  I  have  but 

KtUe  knowledge.    From  his  name  and  place  of  nativity,  we  nat- 

80 


234 

orally  infer  that  hiB  family  must  have  been  connected,  bat  how 
nearly  or  remotely  we  know  not,  with  some  of  that  name  who  hold 
honorable  relation  to  the  *^  Old  Dominion."  Mr.  Bubnstt,  how- 
ever, never  boasted  of  his  "  deceqt  from  one  of  the  first  families 
of  Yirginia,"  nor  did  he  depend  upon  the  merit  or  fame  of  his 
ancestry  to  give  him  an  honorable  position  in  society.  He  de- 
pended  upon  his  own  merits,  arising  from  his  own  native  talents, 
acquirements,  enterprise,  worth  and  industry ;  and  whatever  he 
was  in  the  estimation  of  others,  he  claimed  to  be  '^  a  self  made 
man,"  having,  as  the  Sage  of  Ashland  once  said  of  himself^ 
'^  inherited  nothing  from  his  parents  but  existence,  ignorance  and 
poverty." 

His  father  emigrated  to  Bourbon  or  Spencer  county,  Kentucky, 
when  TnoHAs  was  but  a  child.  From  his  letters  I  learn,  that  he 
had  three  brothers,  Geoeoe  W.,  Williaji,  and  John  C,  and  one 
sister,  Emily  A.,  who  naarrie  J  J.  H.  D.  Stbisbt,  now  of  Iowa. 

His  education  w&s  such  as  the  common  schools  of  the  country 
then  afforded,  with  an  academy  at  some  county  seat.  He  was 
raised  to  farming,  but  aspiring  to  the  profession  of  the  law,  he 
^ught  a  suitable  education  with  that  view.  The  circumstances 
of  his  father  not  admitting  of  his  aiding  his  son  in  bis  laudable 
design,  he,  like  young  Webstke,  was  thrown  on  his  own  resourcea 
to  obtain  it.  But  not  having  the  New  England  colleges  to  repair 
to,  he  availed  himself  of  an  academy,  with  some  private  instmotion 
from  gentlemen  who  delighted  to  aid  him  in  his  studies.  He 
wrought  with  his  own  hands  a  part  of  the  time,  to  obtain  means 
with  which  to  attend  school  the  other  part ;  and  when  he  was  suf- 
ficiently advanced  to  teach  school,  he  did  so  a  part  of  his  time, 
prosecuting  his  studies  as  best  he  could  when  not  so  engaged. 

While  reading  law,  he  was  favored  with  some  minor  offices, 
such  as  constable,  deputy-sheriff,  sheriff,  &c.,  from  the  fees  of 
which  he  derived  a  scanty  means  of  support.  Soon  after  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  he  settled  himself  in  Paris,  Ky.,  and  com- 
menced its  practice.  Here  he  was  often  compelled  to  encounter 
some  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  that  chivalrous  state.    This,  how- 


S85 

I 

'endr^  instead  of  being  detrimental,  was  a  benefit  to  him^  because 
being  re§o!ved  to  succeedin  his  profession,  the  sharp  rubbing  be 
received  from  his  elder  brethren  at  the  bar,  served  to  nerve  him 
up  to  greater  effort  to  meet,  and  if  possible  to  vanquish  those  legal 
Qtdiaths ;  and  by  availing  himself  of  the  points  they  raised,  and  the 
sfuthorities  they  cited  against  him,  when  they  changed  sides  on 
stmilar  cases,  he  was  able  to  hurl  back  at  them  their  own  thun- 
der, n6w  made  his  own  by  adoption.  By  these  means,  added  to 
lintirin'g  application,  he  gained  considerable  eminence  for  a  young 
man,  in  a  short  space  of  time,  so  that  for  two  years  he  filled  the 
responsible  place  of  district  attorney. 

At  this  time  the  contest  for  the  Presidency  was  pending  between 
John  Qtrmor  Adams  and  Andrew  Jackson.  In  this,  Mr.  Burneit 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter,  and  it  seems  that  he  was  so  active 
a  partizan  of  that  cause,  that  it  brought  him  into  favorable  notice 
and  fraternal  feelings  with  snch  men  as  Col.  R.  M.  Johnson,  Thos, 
Marshall,  W.  T.  Barry,  N.  Davb  and  others'of  the  same  school, 
who  were  his  fast  friends  at  Washington,  and  aided  him  in  his  fu- 
ture enterprizes  in  that  direction,  when,  in  accordance*  with  the 
spirit  of  the  successful  party,  he  sought  a  portion  of  the  "  spoils" 
in  the  shape  of  an  oflSce. 

The  diflBculties,  however,  attending  the  distribution  of  political 
fttvors,  where  there  are  so  many  more  applicants  than  there  are 
offices  to  fill,  prevented  his  succeeding  according  to  his  wishes. 
From  a  letter  to  him  from  Mr.  Barry,  it  seems  that  he  sought  a 
clerkship  at  Washington,  but  was  informed  not  only  that  the 
places  were  filled,  but  that  the  salary,  a  thousand  dollars,  would 
not  pay  the  expenses  of  a  married  man,  and  he  was  advised  to 
accept  of  an  office  on  the  frontier,  where,  though  the  salary  was 
less,  the  expenses  were  so  much  lower  as  to  make  it  more  profita- 
ble; and  further  the  prospect  of  rising  to  some  higher  place  on 
tlie  frontier  was  so  much  greater  in  anew  country  than  at  the 
Oapifal,  as  to  make  it  preferable  to  the  other.  He  was  accord- 
ibgly  appointed  sub  Indian  Agent  at  Prairie  du  Chieij,  (Jbtober 
l6th,  1829,  under  the  agency  of  the  late  Gen.  J.  M.  Street. 


But  daring  the  pendency  of  this  quedtion,  being  in  snspenee 
whether  to  accept  it  or  not,  an  incendiary  set  fire  to  the  town  of 
Paris  which  threatened  its  entire  destmction.  In  thia  emergency^ 
though  he  had  not  a  cent  at  stake,  he  exposed  himself  in  his  ex* 
ertions  to  arrest  the  fire,  and  save  the  property  of  others,  to  aa 
extent  that  nearly  cost  him  his  life.  A  wall  of  hot  bricks  fell 
upon  him,  which  not  only  broke,  bat  literally  crashed  one  of  his 
lower  limbs,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  was  confined  to  his  bed 
and  room  for  seven  months,  and  left  him  a  cripple  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  causing  him  to  limp  as  he  walked.  As  thoagh  the 
c^p  of  his  affliction  was  not  yet  fall,  while  his  sufferings  were  in- 
tense, and  his  life  despaired  of,  his  ungrateful  wife  left  him  to  be 
cared  for  by  others,  and  never  returned  to  her  duty  in  the  rela* 
tion  of  a  wife.  It  will  be  seen  hereafter,  that  there  was  no  cause 
on  hiB  part  for  this  desertion,  and  that  both  his  and  her  friends 
justified  and  approved  his  suing  for  a  divorce  from  her,  at  a  sab- 
sequent  period. 

The  disaster  at  the  fire  disabled  him  for  business ;  his  practice, 
of  course,  passed  into  other  hands,  and  his  fands  were  nearly  ex- 
hausted. The  idea  of  beginning  anew  to  regain  his  practice  being 
rather  gloomy,  he  concluded  to  accept  the  office  offered  to  him  in 
the  Indian  Department,  and  arrived  at  Prairie  du  Ohien  in  June, 
1830.  From  soinQ  letters  from  his  Kentucky  friends,  it  would 
appear  that  this  country,  its  then-  inhabitants,  and  the  duties  as* 
signed  him  in  his  agency,  did  not  exactly  suit  his  taste,  or  meet 
the  pre-conceived  idea  ho  had  formed  of  it.  But  as  he  became 
better  acquainted  with  matters  and  things  connected  with  his  re- 
sidence, his  duties,  and  tlio  country,  he  became  passionately  at- 
tached to  them  all. 

At  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  the  country,  there  were  but  two  or 
three  American  families  in  the  place,  except  in  the  garrisoB^ 
Fort  (Vawford.  But  the  major  part  of  the  inhabitants,  some 
four  h^dred  in  number,  were  Canadian  French  and  half-breeds, 
who  spoke  only  French,  with  some  Indian  languages,  all  of 
which  were  to  him  unknown  tongues. 


M7 

A  poBt-offioe  had  been  established  for  the  benefit  of  the  garri- 
aotii  agency  and  traders ;  but  communication  with  the  States  hy 
mail  or  otherwise  was  seldom  and  uncertain ;  the  next  nearest 
poBtofflce  on  the  south  being  Galena,  and  there  being  no  regular 
contractor  to  carry  the  mail,  eight  weeks  sometimes  intervened 
l!>etween  the  arrival  of  the  mails. 

To  give  an  idea  of  his  duties,  as  well  as  to  preserve  an  item  of 
the  early  history  of  Wisconsin,  I  copy  the  first  letter  of  instruc- 
tions which  he  received,  soon  after  his  arrival  at  this  place,  from 
Qen.  Stbebt,  the  Indian  Agent,  dated  July  1st,  1880 : 

"  Snt : — ^Tou  will  please  to  remain  at  the  lower  part  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Prairie  du  Ohien,  until  otherwise  directed,  and  occasionally 
risit  the  quarters  of  Gen.  Wh.  Oulbx,  Superintendent  of  Indian 
Affairs  at  St  Louis,  and  receive  and  perform  ail  that  he  may  re . 
quire  of  me  as  Agent,  daring  the  time  I  may  be  absent.'  You  will 
particularly  attend  to  and  draw  provisions  for  all  the  Winnebago 
Indians,  except  those  living  in  the  superintendency  of  Gen'l. 
Oass  ;  and  if  any  Winnebagoes  from  Rock  Biver  attend  and  wish 
you  to  draw  them  provisions  and  attond  to  them,  you  will  do  so, 
and  report  the  case  to  me. 

^^Ii  at  any  time  a  special  requisition  to  see  me  is  made,  you 
-will  please  hire  some  person  to  come  immediately  to  my  house  for 
me.'  I  shall  be  obliged  to  you,  to  copy  and  hand  to  Gen.  Olasx 
my  letter  on  the  difference  between  the  Indians,  and,  if  desired, 
a  list  of  the  principal  men  attending  and  where  from,  also  the 
laumber  of  Indians  and  where  from.'' 

Th6  residence  of  Gen'l.  STBBEt,  at  that  time,  was  at  the  north 
e&d  of  the  Prairie,  aboijt  five  miles  from  the  fort,  the  usual  place 
of  doing  business.  These  instructions  therefore  laid  upon  Mr. 
BimKBTt  all  the  activs  duties  of  the  agency,  except  when  special 
ealls  for  the  Agent  occurred ;  and  required  of  him  the  clerking 
labor^  and  traveling  to  and  from  St.  Louis,  ^^  to  hand  to  Gen'L 
'OtfAicB:"  the  reports  and  returns  made  by  the  agent. 

'^At  that  time,  this  place  was  entirely  within  the  Indian  country. 
^e  lieautifnl  Prairie,  eevcfn  miled  long,  and  from  two  miles  "wMe 


288 

« 

at  the  south  ^nd  to  a  point  at  the  north  end,  was,  from  its  earliaat 
flettlement  by  the  traders  and  their  employees,  say  1747,  giv^ex^ 
by  common  consent  of  the  Indians,  to  the  French  and  other  set- 
tlers, and  was,  previous  to  1798,  divided  off  into  farm  and  village 
lots.  The  farms  fronting  on  the  river  or  sloughs,  and  running 
back  to  the  bluffs,  being  of  different  widths,  as  agreed  upon  by 
the  claimants.  These  claims  were  subsequently  confirmed  by 
Jat's  treaty  and  an  act  of  Oonfrrc&s  ;  and  in  1823,  the  evidence  of 
settlement  was  taken,  and  in  1828,  the  claims  were  surveyed  Vf 
order  of  the  Government. 

St.  Louis  was  then  the  emporium  of  trade,  and  the  head  quar- 
ters of  the  army  and  Indian  department,  and  the  centre  of  mail 
facilities  for  all  this  upper  country.  This  caused  frequent  jour- 
nies  for  the  Agents,  to  obtain  supplies  of  money,  provisions^  an- 
nuity goods,  and  to  make  returns  and  reports  to  the  Superinten- 
dent, as  well  as  to  receive  instructions.  These  journeys  wem 
performed  in  summer  by  the  occasional  steamboats  which  ascended 
and  descended  the  river ;  but  if  no  boat  came  along  at  the  time, 
the  voyage  was  made  in  a  canoe,  or  by  land  through  the  wilder- 
ness five  hundred  miles.  Steamboats  ascended  this  high  only 
when  government  supplies  were  sent  to  the  agency  or  the  armj, 
the  traders  availed  themselves  of  such  opportunities  to  get  i)p 
their  goods  and  send  away  their  furs  and  peltries. 

The  friends  of  Mr.  Bubnbtt  in  Kentucky  felt  a  strong  eolicitode 
for  his  safety,  and  a  great  curiosity  to  know  how  a  Kentucky 
lawyer  would  act  in  such  a  place,  and  especially  in  an  Indian 
council.  His  correspondence  at  that  time,  shows  that  their  incli- 
nations were  in  active  flights  of  fancy,  and  pictured  him  out  in  a 
citizens  dress,  but  seated  on  the  ground  by  the  side  of  huge  In- 
dian chiefs,  with  a  long  Indian  pipe  in  his  mouth,  smoking  peaoe 
with  the  stalwart  sons  of  the  forest  Some  thoi^ght,  that  io  a 
few  weeks  he  could  dispense  with  interpreters,  and  talk  kimsjiV 
with  the  four  or  five  different  tribes  who  did  business  at.  the 
Msgrnoj  I  acme  fea^d  he  would  fall  aprey  to  aayaige  ferocityi  wl^ 


239 

ottiera  supposed  be  could,  if  need  be,  fight  his  wny  through  their 
tanks  at  pleasure. 

Notwithstanding  the  remoteness  of  the  place  from  civilization, 
and  the  sparseness  of  the  population,  say  three  or  four  hundred, 
courts  had  been  instituted  under  the  laws  of  Michigan,  which 
then  extended  Its  jurie^tion  over  this  country.  What  is  now 
Wisconsin  was  divided  into  Brown  and  Crawford  counties;  by  a 
line  runniug  north  and  south  through  Portage,  where  Portage 
CRty  now  stands ;  and  all  that  part  of  Crawford  south  of  the 
Wisconsin,  was  set  apart  as  Iowa  county,  Oct.  9,  1829.  The 
courts  for  Brown  county  were  held  at  Green  Bay,  those  of  Craw- 
ford, at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  those  of  Iowa,  at  Mineral  Point. 
Judges,  justices  of  the  peace,  sheriffs  and  constables  were  in  be- 
ing. Under  these  circumstances,  Mr.  Burnett  had  some  practice 
as  a  lawyer. 

As  a  specimen  bf  the  surprise  and  amusement  this  fact  produc- 
ed among  his  old  friends  in  Kentucky,  I  give  the  following  ex- 
tract of  a  letter  from  G.  W.  Williams,  Esq.,  dated  Paris,  Ky., 
Peb.  I7th,  1831 :  "  I  am  much  gratified  to  learn,  as  I  did  by  your 
letter,  that  you  were  well  and  in  good  spirits,  and  what  is  perhaps 
nearly  as  comfortable,  able  to  make  something  approaching  re- 
fpectabiliiy  by  the  practice  o^  the  law.  Heavens  f  who  would 
have  thought' a  sustenance  could  be  made  at  JPrairie  du  Chien 
^  law ;  whilst  in  the  commercial  and  monied  states,  the  most  in- 
dustrious and  talented,  scarcely  receive  more  than  three  per  cent, 
npon  the  capital  inyeeted,  which  upon  an  average  may  be  estima* 
ted  at  about  $20  office  rent,  $5  for  wood  in  winter,  and  $100  for 
books.  I  am  equally  well  pleased  to  learn  that  yoti  are  better 
aatisfied  with  the  country  and  your  location  than  yon  at  first  an- 
ticipated would  be  the  case.  By-tbe-by,  how  do  yon  get  aloiig 
with  your  sublime  talks  and  big  speeches  with  the  Indians  t  I 
presume  by  this  time,  you  scarcely  stand  in  need  of  an  interpreter, 
Imt  can  converse  in  their  language  with  some  degree  of  facility. 
I  wish  you  would  in  yow  nieztgive  me  a  speeimien  of  one  <tf  jour 
talks.'* 


9i0 

Mr.  Btnufsir's  sabflequent  prominence  in  the  country  of  his 
adoption  naturally  excites  the  desire  to  know  hie  character  and 
standing  in  the  society  he  had  left  when  he  came  here.  Of  this 
we  gain  some  knowledge  by  the  letters  he  received  after  his  ar- 
rival. NATawiRL  Davis,  under  date  of  July  15th,  1830,  says: 
^^  I  had  ihe  satisfaction  of  examining  a  letter  from  you,  in  which 
you  speak  of  the  habits,  customs  and  manners  of  the  people  of 
your  country,  as  well  as  its  situation.  Your  friends  here  appear 
to  be  all  anxiety  for  your  safety  and  prosperity.  You  have  no 
correct  idea  of  the  number  of  your  friends,  nor  of  the  lively  in- 
terest they  seem  to  evince  both  for  your  welfare  and  happiness. 
A  person's  absence  ^ill  generally  exhibit  the  extent  of  his  friends 
or  of  his  enemies;  of  the  latter  none  have  been  so  bold  as  to  ap- 
pear." Geo.  W.  Williams,  under  date  of  July  23d,  1830,  says : 
<<  I  am  pleased  to  learn  that  you  arrived  safe  at  your  point  of  des- 
tination, and  I  certainly  hope  you  may  realize  all  your  reasonable 
expectations.  Your  trip  must  have  been  one  of  considerable  in- 
terest, notwithstanding  you  had  to  undergo  some  necessary  hard- 
ships. I  expect  it  will  be  some  time  before  you  will  be  entirely 
at  home  in  your  agency,  judging  of  you  by  myself.  I  suppose 
you  will  not  at  once  be  enabled  to  understand  and  act  up  to  the 
notions  of  Indian  cooduct  and  character. 

<<  You  mention  something  of  a  council  held  recently  for  the 
purpose  of  making  peace  between  some  hostile  tribes.  I  suppoae 
in  that  council  you  made  your  debut :  if  so,  give  me  an  account 
of  it  in  your  next  I  should  like  to  know  wl^ether  or  not  the  re- 
ality will  verify  my  imaginations  on  the  subject.  For  instance  I 
fancy  you  to  be,  not  clouted  or  painted,  but,  as  usual,  in  your  or- 
dinary dress,  the  broad-brim  beaver,  I  mean  the  whUey  cutting 
the  most  oonspiouous  figure ;  handing  a  large  stone  pipe  witb  reed 
handle  four  feet  long,  plentifully  supplied  with  kin-a-ki-nio  and 
tobacco,  with  the  utmost  dignity,  combined  with  all  possible  ooa- 
ciliaioi^  address,  from  one  chiei  to  another  and  so  on,  hearing 
and  inaking  all  kinds  of  speeches  and  pow-wows,  and  grand  aii- 


341 

tings,  &Q.  &o.  Is  it  a  fancy  or  is  it  a  fact,  as  CorraQ  said.  Ood 
bless  yonr  la^^ors,  rti/-defafr  fellow,  md  k^  will,  -for ,  ^  lilfi^ssed  are 
the  peace-tnakere/  v       ^  .  .        ^ 

At  that  time,  183^,  there  were  ertd^t  sign9  of  oneaeiness 
among  the  Indiansr. 'Biktiiiree  years  bad  pa^odsince^he  disturb- 
ance made  by  the  Winnebagoes,  wben  several  white  families  were 
murdered  by  tfaem  iu'tbis  TiciDity.  Gen.  Sxaarr,  the  Agent,  was 
frequently  absent  on  duty  or  business^,  when  the  duties  of  the 
agency  fell  upon  Mr.'BoARttT  as  snb*Agent,  aiu]  be  was  asdidnoiis 
in  watching  the  signs  of  the  lime^.  Qui.  Morgan,  then  in  com* 
mand  of  Fort  Crawford,  was  also  on  the  alert,  and  to  obtain  infor- 
mation addressed  a  note  to  Get).  Stbbst,  which  called  .from  Mr* 
BuBNETr  the  following  answer,  nnde^  date  of  Dec.  6th,  1830: 

*^  Sir :  In  compliance  with  a  request  in  your  letter  of  the  Tth 
inst.,  addressed  to  Geo.  J.  M.  Stbbet,  U.  6.  Indian  Agent,  I  have 
to  inform  you,  that  dvery  intelligeiiee  which  I  have  received  since^ 
my  arrival  at  this  agency,  has  oonfirmed  me  in  the  opinion  that* 
war  carried  on  between  the  Sioux  and  Chippewa  tribes  of  Indians^ 
is  highly  prejudicial  to  the  safety  of  white  men  io  the  vicinity  of 
their  hostile  movements,  and  dangeroad  to  the  navigation  of  tbe^ 
Upper  Mississippi,  partrcularty  thait  part  about  Lake  Pepin,  and 
the  moutii  of  Ihe  Chippewa  river. 

*^  This  opinion,  I  think,  is  fully  sustained  by  that  of  men  older 
jmd^more  experienced  in  Indian  trsasactions  thap  myself,  and  by 
the  murders  committed  on  that  lake  in  1825.  The  facilities  with 
which  the  Chippewa  war  paities  descend  the  Chippewa  River,  and 
lurk  and  conQeal  themselves  about  the  shore  of  the  lake,  enables 
them,  if  so  disposed,  to  murder  men  navigating  those  waters,  with 
impunity.  Of  their  disposition  to  attack  white  men  when  in  a 
rage  for  war,  I  think  their  former  outrages,  and  their  conduct 
this  season  at  the  milt  on  the  Meoomoaee  JKiver  and  its  vicinity, 
afford  sufficient  evidence. 

*^  I  am  satisfied,  that  while  affairs  with  those  tribes  remain  in 
their  pr<  sent  state,  no  man,  who  has  a  prudent  regard   for  his 
safety,  would  in  navigating  the  Upper  Mississippi,  encamp  on  the 
81 


Mit  side  SDTwbtre  hmt  tke  lake,  or  the  moiith  of  the  dbippewm 
Biver,  at  any  time  during  the  season  in  which  the  war  parties  of 
those  tribes  are  onf 

Weha^e  already  seen  that  Mr.  Bussarr  was  one  of  Gen.  Jack* 
sov^  earlj  friends  and  firm  f upportets,  and  as  each  claimed,  in 
oommon  with  the  party,  a  share  in  the  farors  of  that  chieftain, 
and  finding  that  the  pay  of  his  office,  $500  per  year,  was  not 
eqnal  to  the  daties  he  had  to  perform,  nor  the  expenses  of  living 
on  this  distant  frontier,  he  addressed  his  firm  friend,  Col.  £.  IC 
JoHBSOir,  soliciting  his  aid  in  obtaining  a  better  situation,  from 
whom  he  received  the  following  answer  of  Feb.  5th,  1831.  Thif 
letter  shows  not  only  the  high  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  at 
Washington,  bat  also  the  difBcnlty  of  obtaining  office,  owing  to 
the  great  number  of  applicants : 

^*  Your  favor  has  been  received,  ia  which  you  express  a  desin 

to  be  appointed  Indian  Agent  at  O ,  &e.   As  soon  as  I  receiyed 

your  letter  I  called  on  the  Secretary  of  War  to  ascertain  whether 
the  place  was  still  yacaot,  that  I  might  present  your  claims  ai 
desired ;  and  was  informed  by  him  that  the  person  was  selected 
for  the  office,  and  I  believe  was  nominated  to  the  Senate,  which 
prevented  even  an  opportunity  of  serving  you.  I  should  be  hap* 
py  to  serve  you  whenever  opportunity  offers.  But  lean  as9un 
you  that  therd  is  9uch  a  presB  of  applicaiums  /or  every  vacancy 
high  or  loWj  that  the  prospect  of  success  is  gloomy,  for  any  per 
son.  I  feel  sincerely  and  feelingly  what  you  say  about  your 
difficulties  and  embarassments." 

At  this  time,  the  national  administration  looked  with  a  jeal* 
ons  eye,  not  only  at  the  National  Bank,  but  also  at  the  American 
Fur  Company.  Whether  this  was  because  the  chief  agents  of 
that  Oompany  difiered  in  politics  from  the  administration,  from 
which  was  inferred  that  opposition  existed  in  their  subordinates ; 
or  whether,  as  in  case  of  the  Bank,  the  trade  was  deemed  so  pro- 
fitable as  to  be  an  object  worthy  of  Control,  to  furnish  office  and 
employment  for  aspirants  who  oould  not  otherwise  be  provided 
for,  is  not  easy  to  be  determined  at  this  late  day.    But  it  is  cer^ 


Win  that  a  war  of  wordi,  and,  to  some  extent,  of  laws,  was  wsiced 
igatnet  the  Oompanj,  as  well  as  against  the  Bank,  and  Mr.  Bob- 
varFi  as  an  Agent  of  the  Government,  was  called  npon5y  atUhcr- 
Uy  to  furnish  information  to  be  nsed  in  the  attack  upon  the  Oom- 
pany. 

A  letter  dated  St.  Louie,  Mo.,  Maj  3d,  1831,  to  Mr.  Bubhstt, 
reads  thus  :  '^  The  American  Fur  Company  seems  to  have  made 
war  npon  the  agents  in  all  the  Missouri  country,  except  one  or  two 
who  belong  to  them ;  hence  the  reason  for  the  ^publication  of  a 
series  of  numbers  in  the  St.  Louis  Beacon,  commenciug  8d  Feb., 
to  which  you  are  referred.    They  have  been  attributed  to  me. 

"Iwishyouto  furnish  me  a  full  and  minute  history  of  the 
workings  and  doings  of  this  Company  in  your  quarter;  whether  they 
do  not  oppose  the  present  administration  and  views  of  the  Gov- 
ernment^ and  the  agents  of  the  Government ;  whether  they  do  not 
cheat  and  impose  on  the  Indians  of  your  agency,  as  to  prices,  &c. 
What  are  their  prices,  and,  whether  they  have  not  purchased  up 
all  the  interpreters  that  are  worth  anything ;  whether  they  do  not 
hold  councils  with  the  Indians,  and  render  the  agents  odious  to 
them ;  whether  they  do  not  employ  persons  that  are  really  op- 
posed to  our  Government ;  (the  monopoly  I  refer  to  is  the  Am. 
Far  Co.) ;  whether  they  do  not  bid  an  insolent  defiance  to  the 
anthority  of  the  Government  and  its  agents;  and  is  not  their 
course  opposed  to  civilizing  the  Indians. 

^^  I  want  the  benefit  of  your  information  generally ;  but  not  to 
be  published,  or  your  name  in  any  manner  exposed,  or  in  the 
slightest  manner  referred  to  unless  authorized.  This  Company 
have  threatened  to  break  down  the  Department  and  elevate 
themselves ;  hence  the  lot  has  fallen  on  me  to  expose  and  break 
them  down,  which  will  be  accomplished.  Doubt  not;  I  know 
ihe  authority  under  which  I  proceed.  Direct  to  ma,  care  of  Gen. . 
Clark:' 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  motive  of  this  system  of  espion- 
ngi^  or  whether  Mr.  BnaN£TT  did  as  required,  I  know  not;  bat  I 


244      . 

do  knoW|  that  whatever  he  may  have  thonght  of  the  conrse  p1^ 
sned  by  the  Am.  Fur  Co.,  he  held  in  perfect  odium  thi&  relic  I 
tyranny,  a  system  of  espionage  in  other  men's  concerns.*     Bl 
there  really  being  no  grounds,  except  as  above  hinted,  for  this  pi- 
rade  of  weapons  against  that  Company,  the  probability  is  Mr.  Bui- 
KKTT  did  not  furnish  the  desired  information ;  and  it  is  further 
probable,  that  his  not  doing  so,  was  one  cause  of  his  pro9cripti<A 
in  1834.    Tliere  were,  no  doubt,  some  things  in  the  managemeit 
of  the  fur  trade  about  as  detrimental  to  the  interests  of  the  Infi- 
ass,  as  in  the  trade  of  merchants  generally  with  the  whites.    Bit 
the  advantages  that  both  are  to  the  communities  in  which  tliey 
are  established,  so  far  exceed  their  disadvantages,  that  the  latter 
sink  into  the  shade  of  forgotfulness  in  the  light  of  the  former. 

In  tweuty  years  residence  among  Indians,  traders  and  Ooa- 
dians,  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover  any  tendency  towirdf 
Canada  or  the  British  government  from  the  employment  of  Ctta- 
dians  or  foreigners  in  the  fur  trade.  The  only  thing  that  I  codd 
discern  as  induencing  the  Indians  towards  the  British,  was  the 
presents  given  them  on  Drnmmond's  Island  in  Lake  Haim. 
While  these  were  given,  the  Indians  from  the  head  of  Lake  6iif6- 
rior  and  its  tributaries  would  go  occasionally  to  get  them,  W 
when  these  were  discontinued,  their  visits  were  also  discontiniiii 
Kor  were  the  profits  of  the  fur  trade  so  very  valuable  as  wi 
supposed ;  in  proof  of  which  we  have  the  failure  of  one  of  in 
oompanies,  as  well  as  the  vast  majority  of  their  factors  or  sal] 
traders.  The  trader  might  sell  bis  goods  for  three  times  tiiei 
original  cost,  and  yet  be  the  lo>er  in  the  transaction.  To  give  a 
idea  of  this,  or  the  facts  in  the  case,  the  account  stands  as  followf 


•ti  m«j  v»n  te  r»irv«ttrd.  tibit  m  mvttb  ttrm  U  laid  npoa  this  m&ttar  Vf  Mr.  Buni«»ar.  Of  1 
vrttpr  f4  tb«  letter  dt^  w«  know  Bothinip-^he  letter  lt«eU  •»■«•  to  aaaa  auuwj  mm» :  — nffhtt  •* 
k«tb«ritv**  «MT  well  b«T«  Vm  Mramed  §or  mhm  itiBi«lir  w  TiadktNv  pvrpnM  tW  writer  hatt  la  v1 
•ff«lMl  Ik*  Am»Hcw  r*t  Conpa^f .  t  am^rm  like  thin,  de«ig*ed  Im^  bUtowie  pnMrvmti«.  to 
fcrU  vwtor  tb«  ftiU|ticM  mt  the  Stale  Bletorteel  !«ocl«>^,  aod  4e»lfM4  tM  tor  nadcn  oT  all 
pallticml  epiBtoQ,  alioaM  cevar  ba  mam^  tj  craa  tba  atanhliaca  ol  panj  pr^adiea  or 


245 

Tbeoriginal  cost  of  the  outfit,  say ^j* $500 

One  clerk,  whose  pay  per  annum  is 600 

Four  voyageurs^  who  conyey  the.  clerk  and  his'  goods  to 
their  winter  quarters,  build  their  fort,  guard  their  goods, 

get  wood,  provisions,  <ko.,  dbc,  at  $100  per  man, 400 

The  wild  rice  and  meat  purchased, 100 

post  of  outfit,  besides  canoes, -$1,600 

In  this  trade,  tho  Indians  must  have  credit  for  ammunitioB| 
blankets,  &c.,  or  they  cannot  hunt,  and  of  these,  upon  an  average, 
one-third  is  not  paid.  The  game  may  be  scarce,  the  hunt  nnfavor- 
ible,  BO  that  they  cannot  pay;  and  some  Indians,  like  some  white 
men,  are  dishonest,  and  will  not  pay.  Kow  unless  tho  trader  sells  at 
I  price  to  pay  expenses  inclading  transportation  from  Europe  to 
fhe  place  of  sale,  the  expense,  of  agents,  factors,  chief  officers, 
A^c,  it  must  be  a  losing  concern.  « 

Iq  view  of  the  facts  of  the  case,  the  supposed  profits  of  th« 
trade  were  probably  the  object  of  pursuit.  But  before  that  could 
be  obtained,  some  pretext  must  be  found  on  which  to  legislate 
the  Company  out  of  the  Indian  country.  The  act  of  1884,  regu* 
lating  the  trade  with  the  Indians,  did  not  do  this,  but  was  in 
reality  a  benefit  to  the  Company ;  yet  the  Company  failed  because 
the  Indians  were  decreasing,  the  trade  diminishing,  and  the  game 
taat  disappearing. 

It  was  true  enough,  that  a  majority  at  least  of  the  agents  and 
clerks  of  the  American  Fur  Company  were,  like  most  other  bnsi^ 
Hess  men  of  that  time,  not  ibvorable  to  the  political  views  of  ths 
ihen  dt)midant  party,  and  it  is  further  true  that  the  Indian  age&» 
eies  being  now  filled  by  the  friends  of  the  dominant  party,  in  r^ 
Ward  fbr  their  services  in  electing  their  ehi^ef,  this  would  of  oooiM 
bring  the  two  opposites  in  polUicdl  views  into  contact  in  di^  In* 
dian  country,  and  the  traders  might  tmly  enough  be  opposed  to 
the  then  administration.  But  this  trsfding  Company  was  a  prl*. 
Tate,  tibt  public  concern,  and  the  Government  had  no  authority  <tf 
fight  in  our  free  country,  to  interfere  with  the  business,  or  to  seek 

tm 


•     'i 
♦     1.. 


the  BTippoBed  profits  of  the  trade,  in  order  to  reward  partizans  for 
their  political  senricee. 

The  Goyermneiit  had  ite  factories  established  under  its  patron- 
age and  control)  the  oflSces  whereof  conld  be  filled  by  the  Ezee- 
ntive  with  the  same  right  and  anthority  as  other  offices  nnder  his 
control.  Bat  these  factories  had  proved  a  failure  as  to  profit,  and 
therefore  were  of  no  valae.  In  all  my  intercourse  with  the 
traders,  I  found  them  yery  prudent  and  cautious  in  expressing 
their  views  on  politics ;  and,  without  exception,  found  them  dis- 
posed to  sustain  the  Oovernment  in  its  measures  regulating  in* 
tercourse  with  the  Indians.  This  was  policy  in  them,  lest  they 
should  bring  down  the  power  of  the  Government  upon  them,  in 
the  shape  of  oppressive  laws,  which  would  break  up  their  trade. 

I  allud^  to  these  facts,  to  show  the  absurdity  and  bad  policy,  in 
a  free  country  especially,  of  this  '^spoils"  theory,  and  whether 
Democratic  or  Whig,  or  any  other  party  should  be  at  the  head  of 
affiairs,  the  rewarding  of  partizans  with  office  is  setting  a  prece- 
dent which  must  eventually,  if  not  discontinued,  lead  to  the  rnia 
of  our  institutions.  Those  out  of  office  are  always  more  numer- 
ous than  tiiose  who  are  in,  and  if  at  any  time  the  ^^  outs  "  unite^ 
they  oaa  oust  the  ^^  ins ;"  and  by  this  process,  the  most  villainont 
may  gain  the  highest  power,  and  by  sufficiently  rewarding  hia 
followers,  secure  himself,  as  did  Louis  Napoleon,  on  a  thronOi 
before  the  country  is  aware  of  it 

In  May  1881,  Gen.  Stbbkt  leaving  the  agency  in  care  of  Mr. 
BusNsrr,  the  latter  reported  to  Gen.  Clabk,  on  the  18th  of  thai 
month,  that  '^  the  Indian  relations  among  the  different  tribes  of 
this  quarter,  have  not  a  very  amicable  appearance.  The  threal- 
ning  oi  the  Banks  and  Foxes,  and  occasional  acts  of  mischief 
committed  by  them  against  the  whites,  in  the  vicinity  of  IZock 
Island,  have  doubtless  been  communicated  to  you  before  this  time* 

*'The  Sionz  chief  Waeasbaw  and  a  considerable  number  of  hia 
tribe,  are  now  here.  A  small  party  of  them  who  came  acroM 
the  country  from  Red  Cedar,  state  that  within  their  country  norlK 
of  the  line  of  the  purchase  of  last  summer,  they  came  npon  a 


S47 

road  of  the  Banks  and  Fozeo.  They  followed  the  trail  leadiog 
out  of  their  conntrj  eeveral  days,  and  from  the  sigae  reaMuaiog 
at  their  camps,  they  have  no  donbt,  that  three  or  more  of  the 
Sioux  have  been  murdered  by  the  Sauks  and  Foxea.  Among 
other  appearances  that  confirmed  them  in  this  belief,  waa  a  painted 
buffalo  robe,  snch  as  no  Indians  io  this  quarter  bat  the  SionZ| 
make  or  use,  cnt  in  pieces  at  one  of  their  campa.  They  pnreaed 
their  trail  nntil  they  came  npon  their  camp,  a  few  miles  north  of 
the  old  Bed  Cedar  Fort ;  bnt  finding  tbemdonble  their  own  nom- 
ber,  did  not  make  an  attack.  They  say,  that  they  have  made 
peace  and  promised  to  keep  it,  and  will  not  in  any  case  be  the 
aggressors.  ^ 

^^  Ool.  MoKGAK  informed  me  two  days  since,  that  he  had  sent 
down  to  the  Banks  and  Foxes  to  send  np  ten  or  twelve  of  their 
men  to  see  him,  and  have  a  talk  with  him.  They  were  expected 
here  on  yesterday,  bnt  have  not  yet  arrived.  The  Sionx  are 
waiting  their  arrival,  and  are,  I  believe,  ready  to  meet  them, 
either  as  friends  or  enemies.  When  they  were  informed  that  the 
Foxes  were  coming,  they  pat  their  arms  in  order.  They  say  that 
if  the  Banks  and  Foxes  come  and  deport  themselves  peaceably/ 
they  will  not  molest  them,  bnt  if  they  see  any  hostile  manifesta- 
tions, they  will  strike  them.  Ily  own  opinion  is,  that  if  the  Banks 
and  Foxes  have  had  a  war  party  ont  against  the  Sioux,  they  will 
not  come  here  npon  OoL  MonaAii's  invitation,  knowing  as  they 
do,  that  the  Btonx  always  visit  this  place  about  this  season  in  con- 
siderable numbers. 

^^  A  part  of  the  Kenomonees  have  been  to  see  me  since  Gen. 
Stbsbt'b  departure.  They  renewed  their  promise  not  to  go  against 
the  Chippewas  for  the  present,  bnt  to  wait  a  while  longer  to  hwt 
from  tbeir  Great  Father." 

The  squally  appearance  of  Indinn  affairs,  called  for 'the  waleh» 
fhl  attention  alike  of  agents,  and  officers  of  the  army.  But 
it  became  a  question  of  etiqnette,  which  shonid  take  the  lead  in 
the  matter.  The  military  seems  to  have  claimed  that  right,  while 
the  agents  claimed  at  least  to  know  what  had  been  done  in  tfie 


I     I 


948 

I 

premises ;  both  being  then  under  the  Bnperinteiidence  of  tbe  War 
Ddftartment,  the  military  coaeidered  the  Indian  Department  as 
eaborditiate  to  theirs.  Bat  Mr.  BaBNerr  thought  otberwieey  claim- 
ing that  each  branch  of  tbe  pablio  service  bad  its  appropriate  da- 
tieSy  with  which  tbe  other  sboald  not  interfere,  while  in  case  of 
necessity  one  ehonld  assist  the  other,  both  acting  in  unison.  And 
as  the  Banks  and  Ftixes  alluded  to  in  his  letter  to  Gen.  CLisK  did 
come  to  tbe  place,  with  whom  Oal.  Moboan  held  a  coancil,  with  » 
out  tbe  knowledge  or  co  operation  of  the  Agent,  Mr.  Bubvetit 
claimed  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  proceed- 
ings, and  addressed  a  note,  dated  May  23d,  1831,  to  Col.  MosaiJiy 
as  follows : 

"Sib — I  was  informed  yesterday  that  you  held,  on  the  morning 
of  that  day,  a  conncil  with  a  party  of  Sionx  and  a  party  of  Fox 
Indians  which  you  had  assembled  in  the  village  of  Prairie  du 
Ohien.  As  tbe  acting  Indian  Agent  at  this  place,  it  properly  con- 
cerns me  to  know  what  takes  place  at  this  post  in  relation  to  In- 
dian affairs.  I  should  therefore  be  glad  to  be  informed  of  the  cir^ 
cumstanccs  that  required  sach  council.  Tbe  objects  to  be  effect- 
ed, and  the  results  accomplished ;  also  the  names  of  the  chiefs 
or  men  of  influence  of  either  tribe,  who  were  present.  Will  you 
please,  to  communicate  to  me  as  early  as  may  be  convenient,  the 
desired  information,  and  likewise  whether  Oen  Street  was  ap« 
prised,  previous  to  his  departure,  of  the  contemplated  meeting  of 
those  Indians." 

This  broaght  from  Col.  Moroak  tbe  following  tart  reply,  and 
raised  the  question  of  prerogative : 

*•  Sir — I  acknowledge  in  you  no  right  to  call  on  me  to  render 
an  aeconnt  of  my  proceedings  to  you,  though  if  you  will  do  me 
the  farror  to  call  at  ray  quarters  on  my  return  from  St.  Peter's,  for 
which  place  I  am  just  about  to  set  out,  I  will  explain  to  you  the 
objeol  of  the  council  and  tell  you  what  passed.  You  were  ap- 
prised* yourself  of  the  Foxes  having  been  invited,  and  you  knew 
they  bad  arrived.    Why  stay  four  or  five  miles  off  t    I  stated  to 


249        > 

the  Indfans  that  jon  riiottld  have  bMB  to  tikm  o»macU,  if  yoa  had 
been  here." 

The  '^fonr  or  five  miles"  alluded  to  bj  the  Colonel,  was  the  dis- 
tance frdm  the  ibrt  and  tillUge  to  the  residence  of  Gen.  Stbeet, 
where  the  office  of  the  Agency  was  kept,  that  being  the  nearest 
honse  stiitable  for  his  family  that  conid  then  be  obtained.  It  was 
kme,  that  Mr.  BoBKinT  had  knowledge  that  the  Foxes  had  been 
aent  fdr,  the  Sionx  being  already  on  the  ground,  and  that  the 
Foxes  had  arrived,  bat  not  of  the  time  and  place  of  holding  the 
ooancil,  and  this  he  claimed  should  have  been  given.  Bat  the 
Golonel,  standing  upon  the  dignity  of  his  office,  as  commandant  of 
the  military  post,  seemed  to  think  that  the  Agent  must  or  should 
have  been  on  hand,  whether  he  had  notioe  thereof  or  not,  as  any 
other  spectator. 

The  question  of  prerogative  was  now  fairly  raised.  Whether 
it  was  ever  settled  by  the  War  Department,  I  do  not  know,  but  a 
eommoti  sense  view  of  the  snbject  would  say,  that  each  branch  of 
the  pttbH'c  service  had  its  own  appropriate  duties  and  preroga*- 
tives,  and  that  neither  had  a  right  to  interfere  with  or  encroach 
upon  the  other.  Hie  Indians  were  placed  under  the  care  and 
eontrol  of  the  agency,  while  the  military  was  under  the  care  and 
•ontrol  of  its  proper  officers;  nor  had  Col.  MoaoAH  any  more 
control  of  the  Indians,  than  the  i^nt  had  of  the  troops.  Their 
wilting  in  one  common  head  at  Washington,  gave  one  no  mora 
right  to  interfere  with  the  duties  of  the  other,  than  it  would  the 
Kavy  and  War  Departments  to  enerbaeh  upon  each  other  because 
the  President  was  their  common  head,  or  for  the  Executive,  Ju- 
dicial Bnd  Legislative  departments  to  arrogate  each  others'  rightSi 
because  their  respective  powers  were  alike  derived  from  the  Con-  > 
atitntion.  Every  department  of  the  Government,  and  each  sub-  ; 
ordinate  branch  of  the  respective  departments,  have  their  appro- 
priate duties  to  perform;  and  when  necessary,  to  unite  their 
ener^es  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole.  So  if  the  civil  department 
to  which  the  Indian  department  bdongs,  and  is  noto  appropriately  ^ 
assigned,  requites  the  aid  of  thd  military,  the  latter  must  serve 
83 


I 


B52 

and  to  keep  the  Oovernmeiit  advieed  of  all  their  movementB)  re- 
quired ooTtetant  vigilance  and  the  writing  of  nnmeroas  letters. 
Uiidor  date  of  Jane  llith,  1831,  Mr.  Buhnbit  writes  to  'Gen 
Olauk  :  *^  I  have  received,  siDce  the  last  mail  from  thia  place,  ia- 
formation  which  I  consider  entitled  to  credit,  that  a  war-party  of 
Sioux  is  now  being  organized  amoD((  Wasraba's  band,  to  go 
agHinnt  the  Cbippewas,  by  a  warrior  of  some  note  in  that  band, 
I  have  uIho  understood,  that  there  are  a  few  MenomoDee«,  rela* 
tives  of  tliose  who  weie  killed  by  the  Chippewas  in  the  fall  and 
winter  pa^st,  now  with  the  band  of  Sioux.  But  I  have  not  been 
able  to  Icaru  whether  they  intend  joining  the  Sioux  in  their  expe* 
dition,  or  not,  but  think  it  probable  that  some  of  them  will  do 

Under  date  of  Juno  29th  he  wrote :  "  I  am  Informed  by  Major 
Lanokam,  M'ho  arrived  here  from  below  a  few  days  since,  that 
the  Winnebsgoefl  of  the  ProphuVs  village  on  Bock  river,  have 
united  with  the  Sauks  and  Foxes.  The  Winnebagoes  of  the  Wis- 
consin BT)d  Upper  Mississippi  are  still  peaceable.  They  are  most 
likt^Iy  waiting  to  bce  the  iirst  results  of  the  movements  below, 
and  intend  to  act  afterwards  according  to  circumstances. 

*^ Until  within  two  or  three  weeks  past,  very  few  of  those  In- 
dians have  visited  this  place,  for  a  length  of  time,  fewer,  I  am  told, 
than  usual  at  this  season  of  the  year.  Lately  a  great  many  of 
them  have  been  here,  the  nio$t  of  whom  came  down  the  Wiacon- 
sin  and  have  gone  np  the  Mississippi.  A  great  portion  of  them 
are  old  men,  women  and  children.  They  continue  to  pasa  by 
daily.  Many  rumors  are  in  circulation  as  to  their  present  dispo- 
sition and  intention ;  very  few  of  which  are,  perhaps,  entitled  to 
impIioU  belief.  Thoj  have  served,  however,  to  give  considerable 
alarm  to  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Prairie,  and  many  of 
them  bei:in  to  think  themse.ves  in  danger.  I  have  spared  no  pains 
to  a^oertnin  the  disposition  of  the  Winnebagoes  here,  and  have 
found  no  evidence  of  a  disposition  to  hostilities  on  their  part,  mxt- 
less  their  treudiog  so  many  of  their  old  men,  women  and  children 
up  the  river,  and  pmreheeisg  powder  in  laiger  qaantitifle  than 


258 

usual  for  ordinarj  hunting,  shoaM  indicate  floia«tb|Df  of  the 
kind. 

*^  I  also  learned  a  few  dajs  since,  that  the  *one  eyed  Deodri  * 
had  left  his  village  at  Prairie  La  Crosse,  and  gone  down  to  the 
Banks  and  Foxes.  This  was  accidentally  commauicated  to  mj 
informant  by  a  Winnebago,  and  is  probably  true.  Dsoobi  was 
down  about  two  weeks  since,  and  called  to  see  roe  on  his  return 
home.  His  deportir  ent  was  as  usual ;  I  saw  no  change.  In  fact 
I  have  not  discovered  any  change  in  the  deportment  or  appear- 
ance of  any  of  them  that  I  have  seen.  They  all  appear  to  be 
perfectly  friendly.  None  of  the  traders  here  think  they  have 
any  hostile  intentions. 

^  Ool.  MoBGAN  left  the  fort  for  Bock  Island  on  the  morning  of 
the  37th  inst.,  with  two  companies  from  his  post,  and  two  more 
from  Fort  Winneb^o,  under  Mnjor  Twioos.  He  had  previously 
called  in  all  fatigne  parties,  and  put  his  whole  force  under  a  course 
of  training.  Much  alarm  prevails  in  the  mines.  The  people  are 
arming  and  preparing  for  their  defence.  I  do  not  consider  that 
there  is  any  immediate  danger  either  here  or  in  this  vicinity. 
Mach,  however,  will  doubtless  depend  on  the  result  below.  The 
Bionx  and  Menomonees  are  certainly  friendly,  and  against  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes,  would  willingly  unite  with  the  whites,  if  per* 
mitted  to  do  so.  I  have  heard  nothing  since  my  last  of  a  war 
party  of  those  Indians  against  the  Ohippewas." 

Ob  the  34th  of  October,  1831,  Mr.  Bubnett  obtained  leave  of 
absence  until  the  ensuing  spring,  to  visit  some  friends  and  ar- 
range some  business  he  had  left  unsettled  in  Kentucky*  In  grant- 
ing this  permission,  Oen.  Btbbet  says:  ^'Permit  me  to  avail 
myself  of  the  present  occasion  to  acknowledge  the  great  snpport 
I  have  received  from  you  in  all  my  official  duties,  during  a  period 
of  fourteen  or  fifteen  months,  and  to  assure  you  of  m'j  high  re- 
gard and  unlimited  friendship." 

Sometime  before  his  departure,  Mr.  Bobnbtt  had  written  to  his 
friend  Dr.  O.  R.  McFall  of  Keene«  Ky.,  in  which  ha  gave  some 
account  of  the  duties  and   amount  of  business  of  an  Indian 


Agent,  which  drew  from  him,  mider  date  of  Not.  13th,  IftSl,  the 
feUowfng  amneing  remnto : 

'*  The  idea  I  had  formed  of  the  daties  of  an  Indian  Agent^  I 
find  bj  the  light  jon  hate  reflected  npon  the  eabjeoit,  was  by  no 
means  correct  I  had  thought  his  only  duty  was,  to  sit  behind  his 
deslc,  and  issue  oat  to  the  lodians  their  regular  supply  of  whiskey, 
powder,  lead  and  other  articles  which  Uncle  Sam  covenants  to 
fhrnish  to  the  said  Indians  at  an  unusually  low  price;  and  inpay- 
ment for  said  articles,  said  Indians  have  ceded  to  Uncle  Sam  a 
certain  tract  or  parcel  of  land  known  by  certain  boundaries,  Ac 
But  no ;  in  place  of  enjoying  himself  in  luxurious  ease,  the  poor 
Agent  has  to  take  long  and  painful  journeys  by  land  and  water  ; 
sulfcr  from  the  bites  of  musquitoes,  from  heat  and  cold,  &c« 
Pretty  tough  work  this,  for  a  Kentucky  lawyer  especially.  But 
it  is  not,  I  find.  Uncle  Bam's  plan  to  hire  laborers  to  work  his 
farm,  and  suffer  them  to  sleep  out  thiir  time  in  complete  torpidity. 
No,  they  must  be  up  and  doing,  must  earn  their  wages  by  hard 
labor. 

"  It  must  certainly  have  been  a  queer  kind  of  a  sight,  to  have 
seen  a  Kentackian,  learned  in  all  the  lore  of  the  law,  holding  a 
council  with  the  red  men  of  the  forest.  Like  a  young  Mercury 
he  arrives  among  them ;  they  are  assembled  together ;  mute  ei« 
lence  reigns  throughout  the  Assembly ;  deep  tliought  and  anxious 
expectations  sit  on  every  countenance.  Now  is  the  time ;  he 
rises,  tells  them  in  the  most  finished  language  of  the  most  fertile 
imagination,  the  object  of  the  meeting,  what  Uncle  Bam  expects 
to  do  for  them,  and  what  they  must  do  for  him.  As  he  warms 
with  his  subject,  his  imagination  eccpands ;  the  earth,  air  and  sea 
are  brought  to  his  aid,  as  comparative  objects.  He  ceases,  and 
his  audience  knows  not  what  he  has  said." 

Daring  the  time  that  Mr.  Bdeneit  bad  been  at  the  agency,  he 
had  attended  as  counsel  to  some  important  suite,  in  which  the 
Government  through  some  of  its  agents  was  a  party,  for  which 
he  claimed  fees  as  attorney,  this  not  being  embraced  in  his  duties 
aa  Agent,  and  if  he  had  not  done  no  the  Oovenunent  must  have 


«  , 


^ttployed  Mme  dM  ulse.   Tlm^  faM  «b«rged  for  the  siE^v^ral  sniiB 

irere  $800,  which  tke  Agent  approved  mid  allowed.    In  Decern- 

'  ber  of  this  year,  he  viaited  Waehingtoiii  for  the  double  pirpose  <^ 

keeping  his  office  from  the  graap  of  eome  hoDgrj  office-hnnter, 
hundreds  of  whom  are  hovering  around  the  capitol  any  winter, 
and  against  whom  I  peixmre  by  his  eorrespoa donee,  it  is  neces- 
•ary  for  every  office  holder  to  keep  a  watchful  eye^  which  is  the 
reason  that  so  many  of  them  visit  Washington  so  often ;  and  also 
for  the  purpose  of  secariag  this  fee^  which  had  been  refused. 
But  this  latter  he  did  not  get  allowed  at  that  time,  but  being  long- 
winded  on  such  a  ohase,  he  hvng  to  it  until  the  Pepartment  paid 
hkm  $225. 

In  February,  1889,  while  Mr.  BoBifvrr  was  in  Kentucky,  Oen. 
Stbest  wrote  him,  that  ^  the  Menomonees  and  Sioux  are  preparing 
for  a  retaliatory  war  against  the  Sauke  and  Faxes  in  the  spring. 
The  Menomonees  have  made  peace  with  the  Obippewa^,  in  order 
to  have  no  fears  from  that  quarter.  The  two  tribes  met  above  the 
mill  on  the  Chippewa  and  made  their  peace.  I  have  advised  the 
Superintendent  so  as  to  have  the  earliest  interforance,  if  any  is 
intended.  The  Sauks  and  Foxes,  I  learn,  expect  retaliation  and 
will  be  prepared  to  meet  them*  If  the  Governmeut  is  not  early 
in  stopping  them,  they  will  certainly  go  in  considerable  force,  and 
a  bloody  contest  may  be  expeoted." 

About  the  first  of  April,  Mr.  BuBNBrr  receivcsd  jxistructions, 
while  yet  in  Shelbyvilte,  to  ^^  proceed  to  the  agency  at  Prairie  da 
CHbien  by  way  of  St.  Louis,  and  call  on  Gen.  Olaxs.  for  the  funds 
alloted  to  the  agency  for  1833,  or  such  portion  thereof  as  he  shall 
determine  to  forward.  The  receipts  will  be  forwarded  to  yon  at 
St.  Louis  as  soon  as  a  oonveyaoce  by  steam-boat  shall  occur." 
Mr.  BuBznnT  reached  the  agency  about  the  1st  of  May.  At  that 
time  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  under  BtkCK  Hawk  were  in  hostile 
movements  on  Rock  River,  with  Gen.  Atkinson  in  pursuit.  To 
aid  in  the  defence  of  the  country.  Gen.  Atkinsok  from  DixonVl 
Ferry,  May  20th,  183B,  addressed  Gen.  St&sbt  as  follows : 
^  Sir:— I  have  to  request,  &at  yon  send  me  at  this  place»  wiUi 


966 

ftd  little  delay  as  poMiMe,  nii&any  Hwomonee  and  Sioux  Indi- 
anB  as  eaa  be  ooltected,  idthin  atriking  dUtance  of  Pcairie  da 
Ohien.    I  want  to  employ  them  in  oonjuQction  with  the  troope 
against  the  Bauks  and  Foxesi  who  are  now  Bomo  fiftj  miles  aboTs 
US  in  a  state  of  war  against  the  whites.    I  understand  the  Me- 
nomonees,  to  the  number  of  three  hondred  warriors,  who  \rere  with 
you  a  few  days  ago,  are  anxious  to  take  part  with  us.    Do  encour- 
age them  to  do  so,  and  promise  them  rationsi  blankets,  pay,  &c. 
I  have  written  toOapt  Loomib  to  furnish  them  some  arms,  if  they 
can  be  spared,  and  ammunition.    If  there  are  none  at  Prairie  di 
Ghien,  I  must  procure  some  in  this  quarter.    Col.  HAia^Toir,  who 
has  volunteered  his  services  to  lead  the  Indiana  to  this  place,  wiD 
hand  you  this  letter;  and  if  the  Indians  can  be  prevailed  on  to  come^ 
will  perform  the  duty.    I  have  to  desire  that  Mr.  Mabsh  may  be 
sent  with  Col.  Haioltoh  and  the  Indians,  and  an  interpreter  d 
the  Menomonee  language.''    In  accordance  with  this  req«irement| 
Gen.  Street  gave,  on  May  80th,  to  Mr.  Bubnett  the  ibllowini 
instructions : 

^'Sir : — ^You  will  please  proceed  with  Mr.  Jonif  Mabsh,  who 
goes  express  to  ibe  nearest  Sioux  village,  and  render  him  and 
aid  as  may  be  necessary  in  obtaining  as  many  Indians  as  possible^ 
to  come  down  with  you,  and  proceed  under  the  command  of  Mr* 
AIabsh  to  join  Gen.  Atkinson.  The  letter,  of  Gen  Atkinsoi 
will  be  your  guide  in  the  business.  Use  every  means  to  expediti 
the  object;  and  hasten  your  return,  as  much  depends  upones* 
pedition.'' 

The  nearest  Sioux  village  was  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  vf 
the  river  from  the  seat  of  the  agency,  which  had  to  be  ascend^i 
in  canoes,  there  being  no  steamer  then  to  be  had«  Yet  in  six 
days  after  receiving  the  order,  Mr.  Busnxtt  made  the  following 
report  to  Gen.  Street  : 

^'Sir : — In  obedience  to  your  order  of  the  30th  ult,  I  set  oat 
immediately  from  this  place,  in  company  with  Mr.  Mabsh.  in  a 
canoe,  ^ith  eight  hands,  to  visit  the  nearest  village  of  the  Sioux 
Indians.    From  recent  indicalioiia  among  the  Winuebagoes  of  the 


157 

Upper  Hiseissippi  of  a  disposition  to  engage  in  hostilities  with  the 
Banks  and  Foxes,  Mr.  Mabsh  and  myself  thought  best  to  call  at 
tbeir  village  on  the  river  La  Orosse,  and  invite  so  many  as  might 
be  disposed  to  join  ns  on  onr  return,  and  go  with  the  Sioux  and 
JCenogionees  to  join  Gen.  Atkinson's  army  on  Hock  Biven  We 
arrived  at  the  Winnebago  village,  on  the  evening  of  the  next 
day  after  leaving  this  post,  and  that  night  had  a  talk  with  the 
chiefs  and  braves  upon  the  subject.  Winoa  she-kan  was  opposed 
to  the  measure,  and  declined  having  anything  to  do  with  it.  He 
said  the  Sauks  had  twice,  this  season,  presented  the  red  wampum 
to  the  Winnebagoes  at  Portage,  and  that  they  had  as  often  washed 
it  white,  and  handed  it  back  to  them ;  that  he  did  not  like  that 
fed  thing ;  he  was  afraid  of  it.  Waudoh  ha-ta  kan  took  the 
wampum,  and  said  that  he  with  all  the  young  men  of  the  village 
would  go ;  that  they  were  anxious  to  engage  in  the  expeditioiii 
Wd  would  be  ready  to  accompany  us  on  our  return. 

'''The  next  day  we  reached  Prairie  Aux  Ailes  (Wa  ba-sha),  and 
Iband  the  Sioux  extensively  anxious  and  ready  to  go  against  the 
Sauks  and  Foxes.  They  were  intending  to  make  a  descent 
«pon  them  in  a  few  days,  if  they  had  not  been  sent  for.  They 
engaged  with  alacrity  in  tbeir  preparations,  but  we  found  it  ne- 
cessary to  wait  till  Monday  morning  to  give  them  time.  We  left 
their  village  on  our  return,  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  ac- 
companied by  the  whole  effective  force  of  the  b^nd,  and  at  La 
OroBse,  were  joined  by  twenty  warriors  of  the  Winnebagoes,  the 
remainder  of  their  village  to  follow  the  next  day,  and  reached 
this  place  to*day,  at  2  o'clock  P.  M,  with  one  hundred  warriors; 
eighty  of  whom  are  Sioux,  and  twenty  Winnebagoes.  I  think 
from  the  dispooition  manifested  by  the  Winnebagoes,  that  £1%  or 
iizty  more  of  them  will  be  here  before  the  expedition  leaves  the 
Prairie,  making  a  force  of  one  hundred  and  thirty,  or  one  hun- 
dred and  forty.  The  Indians,  with  whom  I  have  met^  appear 
well  effected  towards  the  whites,  are  in  fine  spiritSi  and  seem 
anxious  to  engage  with  the  Sauks  and  Foxes. 
.  ^*  I  made  the  promiie  authorized  to  th^  Indiana  of  snbsiataM^ 
88 


2Sg 

p&j^  ice.y  and  told  tbem  that  their  fatoilied  ehotild  be  euppUiofd 
with  provisions  daring  their  absence  from  home.  The  most  of  th^ 
families  of  the  warriors  have  accompanied  them  thus  far,  to  tak^ 
a  enpply  of  provisions  home  with  them,  when  the  expedition  shall 
have  left  this  place.  It  is  doe  to  Mr  Marsh  to  saj,  that  he  has 
displayed  great  zeal  and  energy  in  effecting  the  object  of  onr  visit, 
and  that  his  exertions  had  the  effect  cf  bringing  ont  the  greater 
possible  force  from  the  bands  we  have  caUed  upr^n." 

Mr,  BuRKETT  trreatly  desired  and  strongly  urged  Gren.  Str^cet  to 
allow  him  to  accompany  these  Indians  and  fake  part  in  the  wari 
Bat  the  general  thought  his  services  were  needed  at  and  near  tlw 
Hgency,  and  therefore  declired  to  co»rfpIy  with  the  request. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Sanks  and  Puxes  retreated  from  theRoek 
Biver  to  the  Wisconsin,  taking  their  own  time  for  it  on  acconiit  of 
<he  slow  motion  of  Gren.  Atkinson.  Black  Uawk  is  said  to  have 
remarked,  that  he  could  plant  and  raise  corn,  and  keep  out  of  this 
way  of  Atkinson.  But  on  the  Wieconsin,  the  wiley  chief  mot  an- 
other and  unexpected  enemy  in  the  persons  of  Gen.  DoDoaand  bte 
"Volunteers,  who  gave  the  Indians  battle,  and  routed  them,  "hohs^, 
foot  and  dragoons."  The  news  of  this  defeat  of  the  Indians  soon 
reached  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and  it  was  thought  probable  that  if  th^ 
*fiauks  and  Foxes  could  get  canoes  or  even  rafts,  that  they  wotiM 
attempt  to  escape  from  their  pursuers  by  dof  cending  the  Wisconsin 
'Biver.  To  prevent  this,  some  volunteer  troops,  Mr.  •Bcbwett 
attiong  others,  were  stationed  on  that  river  at  the  ferry,  now  BAit- 
Bjbtt's.  But  the  Indians  took  across  tho  country  towards  Bad  Ax. 
^Fhe  encce^B  of  Gen.  Dodge  at  the  Peckatonica,  led  to  the  fullow- 
Ing  expression  of  respect  from  the  prominent  men  of  Prairie  dn 
Ohifen,  not  included  in  the  army,  addressed  to  him  Jnly  Sd,  1889 : 

"  Sir: — ^The  undersigned,  citizens  of  this  place,  have  witnessed, 
with  feelings  of  high  respect  and  admiration,  the  patriotic  exer- 
"tionB  you  have  made  for  the  defence  of  our  frontier  against  the 
oimelties  of  savage  warfare.  Fully  appreciating  the  nature  and 
motives  of  the  bold  atfd  energetic  course  of  your  eonduot  in  ba* 
tteir  «f  ^rar  fitoffWng  ciooiitry,  we  send  yoo  bj  Oapt.  Jjuk  B.  t^ra^ 


259 

a  double-barrelled  gnn,  which  we  hope  yon  will  accept,  as  a 
iViaU  teetimojiy  of  the  high  egtiination  in  which  we  hold  your 
i^aracter  as  an  officer  and  a  citizen."  Signed  by  J.  M.  StrbbT| 
].  P.  BnaNBTTi  W.  M.  Beep,  H.  L.  Dousman,  Miohasl  BAissoiSy 
B*  W.  Bbisboib,  Jean  Bsunbtt  and  Jobbph  Bjsisboib. 

As  soon  as  it  was  ascertained,  that  the  hostile  Indians  were 
.wending  their  way  to  the  Mississippi,  north  of  this  place,  to  es* 
eape  pursuit ;  with  a  view  to  intercept  them  Gen.  Stbeet,  Jnly 
S5tb,  1832,  wrote  to  Mr.  Buenett  :  "  Sir  : — Ton  will  proceed  up 
the  Mississippi  to  the  Winnebagoes,  twenty-iive  or  thirty  miles 
aboye  this  place,  and  inform  tliom  of  Gen.  Dodge's  battle,  and  of 
the  crossing  of  the  Sauks  to  the  north  side  of  the  Wisconsin,  and 
that  their  chiefs  Cabbamana  and  Deoobi^  are  here,  and  that  I 
want  all  of  the  Winnebagoes  to  come  down  with  you  immedi- 
ately ;  tell  them  it  is  the  wish  of  their  chiefs  also.  One  object  of 
ihis  is,  to  get  them  out  of  the  way,  with  their  canoes,  to  prevent 
iheir  crossing  the  Sauks  over  the  river.  Send  on  word,  if  you 
<ian,  to  the  upper  villages,  that  the  Sauks  have  been  defeated,  and 
have  crossed  the  Wisconsin.  And  should  the  Winnebagoes  hesi- 
tate, tell  them  that  if  tbey  do  not  come,  I  will  not  pay  the  annn^ 
ity  to  any  who  refuse.  The  time  is  now  near  and  they  will  lose 
their  money.    Hasten  back  as  soon  as  possible." 

The  next  day,  July  26th,  Mr.  Burnett  reported  :  '*  Sir : — ^In 
obedience  of  your  order  of  yesterday,  I  set  out  from  this  place  in 
A  baik  canoe  late  last  evening  to  visit  the  Winnebagoes,  supposed 
to  be  encamped  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  above  Prairie  du 
Chien.  Tliis  morning  before  day  the  steamboat  Enterprise^  with 
a  military  command,  came  by  my  encampment  and  took  myself 
and  crew  on  board.  Before  arriving  at  the  place  where  the  In- 
'dians  had  been  encamped,  we  found  that  they  had  been  gone  for 
aeverai  days,  and  had  removed  some  distance  above.    We  there- 


*  KAT-KiT-XAU-iiR,  or  Wioiking  TitrlU,  took  part  with  th«  Britlah  «t  th^lMittl«  of  tbe  TbaaNir,M< 
«r  Dat-kaV.hat  m«ntlno  has  alread/  bM>n  made.    lo  aildlttoii  to  ttae  ooto  mi  paft  178  ol  tbia  Tobnnti 
«•  «aB  Btat*,  tbat  tht  "  fwad  old  chief*'  DAY-KAr-RAT,  whose  IndUa  Mint  waa  Soha-obif-'ka-ka^    . 
died  0Btb»WiaoonalBRlTer,  April  20th,  1836,  in  hlagOthyMtr.  h,(kD» 


MO 

fore  continued  on  np  a  considerable  distance,  passing  sereral 
lodges  at  different  points  until  we  came  to  the  principal  camp,  on 
the  eaet  side  of  the  river,  supposed  to  be  sixty  miles  above  Prairie 
du  Chien.  I  cotnmanicated  your  message  to  all  the  Indians  I  sav 
on  the  way,  who  readily  promised  to  obey  your  instructions. 

"  At  the  principal  camp,  I  found  Washington  Decobi  with  a 
considerable  part  of  the  tribe  from  the  Wisconsin  and  Eickapoo 
rivers.  I  immediately  informed  them  of  your  request,  and  desired 
them  to  get  ready  as  soon  as  possible  and  go  to  the  agency.  They 
manifested  entire  willingness-  to  do  so,  but  said  sozae  of  their 
party  were  out  hunting,  and  would  be  in  at  night,  for  whom  they 
wished  to  wait,  so  that  ail  might  come  together.  They  promised 
YQTj  positively,  that  they  would  start  as  soon  as  the  hunters 
should  arrive,  and  would  certainly  see  you  by  the  middle  of  the 
afternoon  to  morrow.  After  some  conversation  about  their  start- 
ing this  evening,  and  their  still  objecting  to  do  so  until  the  hunt- 
ers came  in,  Lieut.  Abeborombie  told  them,  that  he  would  wait 
until  sunset  for  them  to  get  ready ;  and  if  they  did  not  start  by 
that  time,  he  would  take  all  their  canoes,  and  bring  them  down 
with  the  steam-boat.  About  two  hours  after  this,  they  concluded 
to  start,  and  let  the  hunters  come  on  after  them;  and  after  seeing 
all  the  canoes  move  off,  we  started  on  our  return,  and  reached  this 
place  at  9  o'clock  tliis  evening.  The  Indians  whom  I  saw,  will  be 
here  to-morrow  by  12  o'clock.  They  had  not  heard  of  the  battle 
on  the  Wisconsin,  but  appeared  to  be  highly  gratified  and  pleased 
at  the  news." 

The  next  day,  July  27th,  Gen.  Street  ordered  Mr.  Burneit  to 
"proceed  with  Washington  Dkcori  to  La  Crosse,  and  such  other 
points  as  jou  may  deem  important,  and  tell  the  Winnebagoee  I 
wish  to  see  them  at  the  agency.  I  wish  Win  ne  shtck  certainly  to 
oome.  Much  must  be  left  to  your  own  judgment  in  the  case.  The 
object  is  to  get  what  information  you  can  relative  to  the  Sanks 
and  Fuxes,  and  to  draw  all  the  Winnebagoes  from  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi, and  with  them  the  means  of  passing  the  river*  tf  yom 
ean,  extend  the  news  to  the  Sioux." 


961 

The  following  day  Mr.  Bubnstt  reported  to  Oen.  Stbebt  :  *^  In 
obedience  to  yoar  order  of  yesterday,  I  went  on  board  the  steamer 
JEMerprue  last  eyening,  and  started  for  La  Crosse.  We  arrived 
early  tbia  morning  at  the  entrance  of  the  lower  mouth  of 
Black  Biyer,  and  found  the  Winnebagoea  encamped  on  the 
ahoreb  I  took  Ws  kon  Daoosi,  and  went  on  shore  immediately  to 
tee  the  Indians.  I  found  the  OneEyed  Dsoobi  and  the  Lrrrui 
Tbundbs  at  the  lodges,  but  found  that  most  o(  the  band  had  left 
the  yillage  Sometime  since.  Win-nb  sbiok  and  Wau  has  nab  sab, 
with  about  fifteen  men  and  their  familieSi  had  been  gone  near  a 
month  to  hunt,  and  dry  meat,  about  fifty  4niles  up  La  Orosse  and 
Black  Biyers.  The  rest  of  the  band  were  in  the  camp.  I  told 
them  that  you  wished  to  see  them  immediately ;  that  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Gten.  Dodob  had  defeated  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  on  the 
Wisconsin,  and  after  killing  a  great  many  had  driven  them  acroae 
the  river ;  that  the  defeated  Indians  we're  endeavoring  to  make 
fheir  escape  to  the  Mississippi  for  the  purpose  of  crossing  it|  and 
regaining  their  own  country ;  and  that  it  was  probable  they  wpuld 
attempt  to  reach  that  point,  that  they  might  get  the  Winnebago 
canoes  to  cross  in,  and  that  they  must  get  away  from  that  place 
before  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  arrived. 

f  ^  They  said  they  would  come  down  immediately  on  the  return 
of  the  absent  party;  that  they  were  afraid  of  tl)e  Sauks,  and  did 
not  wish  to  leave  a  small  part  of  their  band  behind,  who  were  too 
few  to  resist  if  they  d  meet  them.    I  then  told  them  to  send 

two  of  their  best  joung  men  on  horseback,  to  bring  in  the  huntii^ 
party.  They  very  promptly  complied,  and  in  a.  short  time  the 
young  men  were  mounted  and  on  their  way.  I  charged  the 
express  to  carry  to  the  absent  Indians  the  message  I  had  deliver- 
ed, and  to  tell  Win-nb  shiok  especially,  that  bis  presence  waa  re- 
quired at  the  agency.  The  chiefs  present  told  me,  that  they 
thought  they  would  ail  be  here  certainly  in  six  days,  and  proba- 
bly sooner.  I  told  them  it  was  of  great  importance  to  them  to 
eome  as  soon  as  possible,  and  bring  all  their  canoes  on  the  river; 
that  if  the  Sauks  should  come  to  that  point,  they  were  not  strong 


362 

■  •  • 

enougli  to  prevent  them  from  tflking  tbeir  canoes  (if  they  diA  not 
kill  them),  and  crossing  oyer  the  river ;  t^at  should  the j  effeet  a 
passage  to  the  west  side  of  the  rirer,  at  any  point  abore  this  plaeO) 
within  their  country,  they  would  be  suspected  of  assistiDg  them, 
and  if  it  should  be  Iraown  that  they  had  done  so,  they  would  lota 
their  annuities,  and  be  treated  as  allies  of  the  Sauks  and  Foxea 
They  promised  to  start  for  this  place  on  the  rettim  of  the  absent 
party,  and  bring  all  their  canoes  with  them.  From  their  appar> 
iftnt  anxiety,  I  think  they  will  be  here  in  three  or  four  days  at  the 
farthest,  though  tbey  said  it  might  be  six. 

<^  The  Sioux  chief,  L' Abk,  who  left  this  place  on  the  evening  of 
the  25th  inst,  passed  Black  Blver  this  mornin  r  before  our  arrival, 
and  will  reach  his  people  with  the  news  (which  he  received -from 
here)  to*day.  Having  done  all  we  could,  we  left  La  Orosse  at  10 
^  A.  M.,  and  reached  this  place  at*8  P.  M.,^'  making  90  miles  ia 
five  hours. 

TX  was  but  a  few  days  after  this,  the  2nd  of  August,  1832,  tint 
Oen.  Atkinson  over-hauled  the  broken  fragments  of  Black  Hawk's 
army,  fatigued,  hungry,  and  dispirited,  and  attacked  them  on  the 
bottoms  of  the  Mississippi,  a  few  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Bad 
Ax  River,  about  forty-five  miles  above  Prairie  du  Chien,  and 
totally  defeated  and  scattered  them.  Blaok  Hawk  succeeded  ui 
crossing  the  river  by  some  means,  probably  on  a  raft  of  driftwood, 
but  was  soon  after  taken  prisoner  by  a  company  of  Winnebagoea. 
Hr.  BuBNBTT  was  with  them  or  met  them  soon  after  the  captuie, 
to  whom  Blaok  Hawk  gave  a  piece  of  red  ribbon  which  was  tied 
to  his  hair.*  Thus  ended  the  most  fearful  Indian  war  that  bm 
erer  occurred  on  the  soil  of  Wisconsin. 

We  have  noticed  before,  that  Mr.  Burnett  being  a  lawyer,  and 
having  but  a  small  salary,  one  not  equal  to  the  duties  perform^, 
and  the  expenses  of  the  place  in  which  he  lived,  claimed  the  right 
Which  was  exercised  by  others  of  his  profession,  to  practice  at  the 
"bar.     But  in  doing  so,  he  involved  himself  in  a  difficulty  with 


•  Thto  ploM  of  ribbon  U  now,  J*n.  18th,  1866,  In  my  pouesslon,  «nd  wUl,  with  thia  memoir,  to  Mat  to 
m»  Steto  Bistozieal  Bootot/  for  prsMnmUon.  j^  B. 


m 

$ff^\r  itmU  w  aaitem  of  hiutorj  in  bis  life  worthj  of  .i^te,  but  it 
Mtamea  a  bigber  degree  of  importance  jq  tbia  coxmectiou  tbai) 
piere  bigtor/,  becaaae  it  iavolves  an  important  legal  qneatjlo^,  a&4 
pOBaiblj  will  Qadt  socae  l;ght  upon  tbe  rigbt^^  privileges  and.djBti^ 
of  public  agents,  as  to  wbetber  tbej  must  abandon  all  other  ipoan^ 
of  aupport,  wbenia  tbe  public  employ,  tboQgb  the  paj  therefor 
ia  jnamiiicieQt  for  their  support,  or  lees  than  an  eq^aivalent  for  tb^ 
fl^rvices  rendered. 

.  The  ground  work  of  this  matter  was  laid  during  tbe  first  je9f 
pf  ilia  ageiicy,  1830|' but  was  suffered  to  slumber  till  1832,  ai24 
nrae  continacd  uQder  advisorqeDt^  or  something  else,  until  1839L 
But  to  give  tbe  whole  matter  in  one  view,  I  shall  here  place  it  i^ 
^oa  connection,  wbicb  cannot  be  done  to  better  advantage  thax^ 
by  copying  some  of  the  proceedings.  On  the  3rd  of  Novembeji 
ISSOy  Oapt.  E.  B.  Mason  preferred  tbe  following  charge  againil; 
Mr.  JBtjaNBTT,  to  Ool.  WiLLouaitBr  Mobqan,  who,  aa  we  have  seen, 
kad  uo  jurisdiction  or  control  over  the  agi^ncy  or  its  incumbents, 
it  being  a  seperate  and  distinct  branch  of  the  Qovernment,  Ttie 
Cfolonel,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  at  this  date  commanding 
officer  of  the  garriaon^  not  of  tho  Indian  Department : 

^^  Sir — I  beg  leave  to  state  to  you,  and  request  that  you  will  lay 
the  case  before  the  Secretary  of  War,  that  while  the  officers  of  thp 
.urmy  at  this  post  are  striving  to  prevent  drunkenness  among  th^ 
ioldiers,  atidare  prosecuting  before  the  Qivi,!  courts  various  peiBOoa 
for  selling  spirituous  liquors  to  them  contrary  to  the  law  of  the 
Territory,  that  Mr.  BcjaNfixr,  the  Sub  Indian  Agent,  an  of^cer 
lof  another  department  of  tbe  Government,  is  throwing  biawejgl^t 
in  the  opposite  scale,  i>y  appearing  before  tbe  courts,  and  deftii9^4' 
ing  the  persons  who  thus  offend  against  the  laws,  and  who  ba^ 
annoyed  ns  so  much.  This  conduct  on  the  pait  of  Mr.  BuJE^inKrj, 
*ta  the  more  surprising  as  his  duties  are  somewhat  conveeted  wiUi 
the  military,  and  from  bis  intercourse  with .  the  garrlaon^  ^t  muft 
l>a  known  to  him  bow  exceedingly  we  are  annoyed,  by,  fbe  grqg* 
jftictp  keepers,  and  how  much  the  worka  at  tbia  place  l^u^e  b^fi 


S64 

retarded  in  confieqnence  of  the  drnnkennesB  of  the  men.  Hie  Gov- 
emmeDt,  I  presume,  in  giving  Mr.  BoitirBTT  the  appointment  of 
Sub-Indian  Agent,  and  sending  him  to  this  place  to  perform  the 
duties  of  that  office,  little  expected  that  he  wonld  be  aiding  th« 
whiskey-sellers,  and  thereby  opposing  the  exertions  of  the  officers 
of  the  garrison  in  endeavoring  to  keep  their  men  sober." 

At  this  time,  Mr.  Bitbnett  was  absent  at  Fort  Winnebago  on 
official  business,  and  had  no  knowledge  of  what  was  brewing,  un* 
til  his  return,  about  the  first  of  December.  On  the  18th  of  Nb^ 
Yomber,  while  Mr.  Buknett  was  still  absent,  Col.  Mokgaj?,  without 
waiting  for  his  return,  or  giving  him  any  notice  of  the  complaint^ 
wrote  to  Gen.  Stbbbt,  that  "A  communication  from  Oapt  Masos 
was  yesterday  forwarded  to  head  quarters  of  the  Western  Depart- 
ment, with  a  view  to  be  transmitted  to  the  War  Department,  com- 
plaining of  the  course  taken  by  Mr.  Bctrnett,  your  Sub- Agent,  im 
defending  before  the  courts  here,  persons  accused  of  selling  spi- 
rituous liquors  without  license.  I  have  deemed  it  my  dnty  to  for- 
ward this  communication  in  obedience  to  the  request  of  CaptaiBi 
Mason;  though  I  believe  Mr.  Bdrnbtt  in  the  conrse  complained 
of,  is  actuated  more  by  a  sense  of  duty  than  inclination.  I  ana 
certain  he  is  as  anxious  to  put  down  the  grog-shops,  which  hare 
sprung  np  here  to  our  great  annoyance,  as  any  other  person.  He 
is  the  drafter  of  a  petition  to  prevent  the  sale  of  whiskey  to  boI- 
diers  within  the  limits  of  this  county,  which  is  now  circulating 
for  signers.  Mr.  Burnett  being  absent,  is  the  reason  I  have  ad- 
dressed you  this  communication." 

On  the  80th  of  November,  Mr.  Burnett  having  returned  from 
Fort  Winnebago,  Gen.  Street  wrote  him :  "  I  avail  myself  of  the 
earliest  moment  after  your  return  to  band  you  the  enclosed  letter 

» 

from  Ool.  W.  Morgan  to  me.  Not  being  favored  with  Oapt.  Ma- 
son's complaint,  I  am  ignorant  of  the  particulars  objected  againat 
yon ;  yet  I  am  desirous  that  you  may  be  apprised  of  what  has 
been  doing  here,  during  your  short  absence,  with  a  view,  it  would 
•eetn,  to  operate  on  you  as  an  officer  of  the  Indian  Department 
T  could  not  feel,  that  riueh  a  communication,  to  one  so  intimatelj 


MfBiiBtod  lAih  yow  whofe  oodxio  of  oandMt  sinoe  jqmx  wrlTvl 
here,  required  aa  «oflwer  from  me. 

^^'  In  handing  over  Ool.  MoBaAN's  letter,  which  bears  date  Not, 
18th,  I  will  inform  joa  that  there  k  evidently  a  mistake  in  the 
date.  On  the  19th  of  NoTomber,  abont  10  A.  M«,  1  was  in  OoL 
MoBaAjr's  quarters.  He  informed  me  that  he  had  received  a  com- 
plaint from  OoL  Masojt  against  yon  the  day  before,  the  18tb,  and 
Aat  he  was  about  to  write  you^  I  told  him  you  had  l^ft  for  Fort 
Winnebago  two  days  previous  (the  17th  Nov.),  CoL  Moboaji 
then  said  he  would  address  me  on  the  subject  as  you  were  absent 
I  replied,  ^  it  will  be  useless,  as  I  cannot  get  a  letter  to  him  before 
he  returns/  I  then  left  his  quarters.  On  the  next  day  I  received 
a  letter  on  other  business,  from  him,  properly  dated  the  20th  No- 
rember,  by  his  servant,  and  on  the  26th  November,  the  enclosed 
letter,  bearing  date  the  18th  November,  was  handed  to  my  son  in 
the  village.  The  mail  stal^ted  before  10  A.  M.,  on  the  19tb,  and 
Ool.  MoBOAiT  says  in  his  letter,  dated  the  18th,  that  he  forwarded 
Oapt.  Mason's  complaint  '  yesterday,'  which  would  have  made 
the  departure  of  the  mail  the  17th,  instead  of  the  19th.  Conse- 
quently Ool.  MoBGANmust  have  written  this  letter  after  10  o'clock 
A.  M.,  on,  the  19th  of  November.  The  date  I  presume*  has  been 
a  mistake." 

Buch  confusioTi  in  date6,.casts  a  gl0omy  appearance  on  the  mat- 
ter, and  tends  to  create  suspicions  that  there  were  some  misgivings 
of  mind  as  to  the  propriety  of  the  course  being  pursued.  First, 
on  the  19th  November,  Gen/  Srsgrr  was  m  Ool.  Morgan's  quar- 
ters, when  the  Colonel  inform^  the  Qeneral,  that  he  received 
Oapt,  Mason's  complaint  against  Mr.  Bvbnstt  the  day  hefore^  and 
yet  the  complaint  is  dated  November  3rd.  It  further  appears 
that  Mr.  Bubnutt  left  for  Fort  Winqebsgo  on  the  17th,  so  that  the 
complaint  of  Oapt  Mason  must  have  lain  in  his  hands  two  weeks 
after  it  was  written^  belore  it  was  forwarded  to  Col.  Morgan,  and 
that  the  complaint  was  not  -presented  to  the  Colonel  until  the 
day  Mr.  Bubkbit  left,  and  as  Mr,  BqiorsTr  in  going  such  a  dis- 
taaee  through  the  then  wildefuessi  would  start  early  in  the  mom- 
U 


log,  the  coTDplaint  wm  not  probably  ptesented  till  after  Ua 
tare.  And,  secondly,  it  eeemg  tiiat  Ool.  MowaAj  eent  off  ik^ 
complaint  to  Head  Qaarters  on  &e  day  following  its  reception, 
Mr.  Bdbnbtt  yet  being  absent ;  and  yet  Ool.  ICoeoah  aeema  to 
hare  been  ignorant,  or  at  least  professes  to  kave  been  so,  of  iSx* 
BtTBNXtr's  absence  from  the  place.  Thirdly,  in  the  midat  of  this 
delay  in  one  case,  hot  haste  is  seen  in  anotker,  and  confused  datos 
and  statements  in  the  whole ;  all  casting  a  blar  over  the  procMdr 
logs  as  an  honorable,  open-handed  matter.  We  can  bat  notice 
the  want  of  jnrisdiction  in  the  cose,  for  Oapt  Masok  calls  Mr. 
BtTSNTETn  "  an  officer  of  another  department  of  the  Government;^ 
and  being  of  another  department,  he  was  not  responsible  to  the 
military  officers.  A  military  officer,  or  a  citizen,  if  he  bad  ao 
wished,  conid  have  preferred  charges  against  Mr.  BnBNBin  di^ 
redtly  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  or  throngh  the  Agent  and  Qeaa^ 
al  Snperintendent,  which  would  have  been  the  nsaal  and  proper 
way ;  but  to  complain  of  a  civil  officer  to  a  military  one,  or  t* 
arraign  a  civil  officer  before  a  military  tribunal,  is  in  violatiofn  of 
the  spirit  of  our  American  institutions,  and  placing  the  civil  under 
the  control  of  the  military  powers. 

On  the  first  of  December,  Mr.  Bitrkett  addressed  Oapt.  Miboh, 
requesting  a  copy  of  the  complaint,  which  being  furnisbed|  is 
placed  first  in  this  series.  From  this  letter  it  appears  that  Mr. 
BtTBNETT  and  Oapt.  Mason  had  conversed  on  this  subject  oa 
the  third  of  November,  and  the  Oaptain  promised  a  copy  of  the 
complaint,  but  had  failed  to  furnish  it.  As  the  complaint  was 
written  at  the  time  of  its  date,  Nov.  8d,  it  is  strange  that  aa  be- 
tween  gentlemen,  the  Oaptain  should  neglect  to  give  a  copy  of  it 
as  he  had  promised,  and  keep  it  in  his  possession  for  two  wedos 
before  presenting  it  to  Ool.  Moboan,  and  then  to  pi^aent  it  after 
Mr.  BuRNBrrr's  departure  for  a  distant  post  on  official  duties. 

The  point  at  issue  was,  whether  Mr.  Bu&inn*r,  aa  SubJndiaa 
Agent,  had  a  right  to  practice  law  in  any  case  where  an  oflcer.of 
tSie  army  was  in  any  way  interested.  In  cases  before  allnded  to^ 
in^hlch  the  United  States  Were  interested,  through  their  aganli, 


S67 


J 


Jie  daftnded  the  idtofest  ^f  4be  Qoy^womit^  and  after,  a  lojog  d%- 
lay,  waa  paid  hift  fee  fifir  so  doiog,  No  wmf^iaX  waa  made  lor 
thiB^  bht  when  an  offieer  of  Ibe  army)  oa.  his  own  re^oneibUitj, 
has  iKTonght  aoit  againstv  eititane  for  aqllipg  -whidkej  without 
liceiise,  beoaaeo  eoldievs  were  the  purcbaaars  tharaof^  for  dafau^ 
ing  tbem  a»  a  lavvyer,  4tamplaitit  ia  loade*  Tq  pi^epare  for  the 
woral;)  Mb.  BosNBiraddreoaad  anoteaacbioGeQ.STBSsXyOol.Mopf^- 
iKiif,  the  Jndgea  and  Olerk  of  the  Court,  enqairiog  as  to  hia  eon- 
daot  in  hia  professional  duties,  as  well  aa  hia  general  deportment 
is  his  official  course,  to  whieh  he  reoeiYed  the  moat  aa^ietactpij 
and  flattering  answers. 

Qen.  Stbbet,  under  date  of  I>eo.  24, 1632,  aays :  '^  I  received 
yours  of  today, and  oauDot  resist  the  opportunity  pr^^ented,  to 
assure  you  of  the  high  estimation  in  which  I  hold  yon,  aa  an  ana- 
able,  intelligent  and  honorable  man ;  and  moat  cheerfully  do  I 
bear  teatimony  to  the  correct,  prompt,  and  vigilant  disoharge  of 
your  duttea,  aa  an  offieer  of  the  Groverament.  Aa  the  Sub-Ageat 
of  Indian  Affaire  at  the  agency,  your  official  duties,  when  not  pe^- 
fsrmed  in  obedience  to  ordera  emanating  directly  from  me,  have 
moatly  passed  under  my  notice,  or  been  aubmitted  for  my  ad vicp. 
The  duties  of  this  agency  have  been  greatly  increased  wituin  tl^ 
last  two  years,  by  wars  and  murdera  among  the  adjacent  tribes, 
and  aubseqnent  attempts  on  the  part' of  the  Government,  to  pro- 
duce a  general  peace  amongst  all  the  Indian  Nations  on  this  froa* 
tier.  The  reckleaa  cburee  of  one  of  the  nationa  at  war,  in  having 
wantonly  killed  two  Indiana  belonging  to  the  tribea  under  the 
eare  of  this  agency,  aa  well  aa  the  asaembling  of  the  couixcil  ^t 
Prairie  du  Chien,  oast  upon  the  officers  of  this  agency  new  and 
additional  duties,  tedious,  difficult  and  laborious.  But  notwith- 
standing the  personal  iaeonvenience,  the  new  and  peculiar  dutiea 
you  were  thus  subjected  to,  they  were  performed  faithfully,  and  I 
have  every  reason  to  believe  to  the  entire  aatiifaction  of  the  con^ 
miasioners. 

^^Tbe  Indians  under  the  oareW  thia  agqncy,  h^iive  been  fully  a]|4 
eompletely  conciliated,  and  from  being  the  most  savage,  warlike 


S68 

and  ferocious  <m  the  northern  frontier,  have  become  the  most 
gentle  and  harmless*  Since  yon  arrived  at  the  agency,  I  feel  a 
high  gratification  in  saying,  that  every  official  duty  has  been  dm- 
tsharged  by  yon  with  a  faithful  and  untiring  vigilance,  that  de^ 
mands  my  most  nnqnalified  approbation,  No  duty  has  been  neg^ 
lected,  or  attempted  to  be  evaded  from  personal  indnlgence,  or 
professional  pursuits ;  but  a  peculiar  devotion  to  the  best  interesta 
of  the  Government,  has  stamped  a  character  on  your  official 
course,  that  needs  only  to  be  examined,  to  be  appreciated  in  ita 
proper  light.  Nor  have  your  labors  been  in  vain,  but  succesa 
has  crowned  them  In  several  instances,  bearing  strong  testimony 
to  the  faithful  exercise  of  official  duty.  Eeaiding  with  me  as  a 
member  of  my  family,  I  am  enabled  to  speak  of  you  more  fully 
as  a  private  friend  and  public  officer.  As  a  man,  I  have  found 
you  amiable,  friendly  and  decisive ;  as  a  member  of  the  bar«  open, 
candid,  liberal,  independent  and  manly. 

*^In  regard  to  the  particular  matter  of  complaint,  as  made 
through  Ool.  Morgan,  if  I  rightly  comprehend  it,  Oapt  Mabov 
complains  of  your  successful  defence  of  citiaens  charged  with 
having  sold  spirituous  liquors  contrary  to  the  laws  of  Michigan 
Territory,  not  for  any  exceptionable  management  or  sinister  in- 
trigue— this,  Capt.  Mason  or  any  other  person,  I  presume,  would 
not  venture  to  attribute  to  you ;  but  for  defending  them  as  a  law- 
yer. He  conceives,  I  understand,  that  in  accepting  the  office  of 
Bub  Indian  Agent,  you  had  deprived  yourself  of  the  privilege  of 
pursuing  your  profession  as  a  lawyer,  or  at  least  of  defending  any 
citizen  charged  with  a  breach  of  the  laws.  In  this  I  can  only  re- 
mark, we  differ  widely  in  opinion.  You  early  applied  for  obtain- 
ing my  consent  to  practice  law,  unless  it  should  interfere  with 
your  official  duties.    As  yet  no  such  interference  has  occurred* 

**In  relation  to  the  particular  complaint,  feeling  no  particular 
interest  in  attending  the  session  of  a  county  court  held  by  two  un- 
learned men,  I  was  in  the  house  only  a  few  minutes  during  tha 
term.  From  what  I  saw,  and  the  subsequent  representations  of 
the  most  reputable  individuals,  I  feel  no  reluctance  in  declaring 


ttat  jour  ooone  as  aa  adroeatei  was  polite  and  deferential,  theng^ 
liaeompromiwDg,  bold  and  energetic." 

OoL  MoBOAv,  Dee.  8d,  1880,  aaya :  ^^In  answer  to*  yours  of  ye»* 
terday,  I  have  the  honor  to  say  to  yon,  that  yonr  coarse  at  the 
late  treaty  here,  and  since,  has  been  entirely  satifactory  to  me, 
bpth  as  it  respects  yonr  official  duties  and  private  deportment.  I 
hare  not  heard  any  complaint  of  either.  Tlie  point  in  controveny 
^between  you  and  Oapt.  Mason,  seems  to  be,  whether  jou  hare  a 
right  to  practice  yonr  profession,  or  not  That  matter  can  easilj 
be  adjusted  by  higher  anthority."  Tl&e  Judges,  Olerk,  and  Prose 
onting  Attorney  all  testified  that  the  course  pursued  by  Mr.  Bob* 
warr  in  the  oases  in  question,  as  well  as  generally^  ^^  was  opeai 
fair  and  honorable,  and  such  as  could  gire  offence  to  no  man  whal- 
•ver,"  as  they  should  suppose. 

Mr.  BuBBTiTr  made  out  and  forwarded  to  the  War  Department 
his  defence  against  these  charges,  with  the  letters  and  certificates 
alluded  to  above,  but  heard  no  more  from  them  till  near  two  years 
after.  In  the  meantime,  the  demeanor  of  Mr.  Bornstt  towards 
Oapt  Masok  was  such,  as  to  show  the  contempt  h&  felt  for  tfie 
eourse  pursued  by  him,  at  which  Mason  took  exceptions,  and  sent 
him  the  following  challenge,  dated  Jan.  9th,^  1831 :  "  Sir, — ^I  pr&- 
aume  from  your  manner  on  Sunday  last,  when  I  met  you  at  Mr. 
BiuBBOis',  that  you  feel  yourself  injured  or  aggrieved  hysome  cor^ 
duct  of  mine ;  if  so,  it  will  afford  me  pleasure  to  give  you  honor- 
able satisfaction,  at  aoy  time  you  think  proper  to  call  for  it  Ton ' 
eannot,  of  course,  mistake  my  meaning." 

Were  it  not  for  the  last  sentence  in  the  above,  it  might  be  easily 
aonstrued  to  mean  the  '^ amende  honorabley^  such  as  ought  to  be 
rendered  by  one  gentleman  to  another.  But  this  diplomatio 
double  meaning  so  plainly  shows  its  murd^ous  intent  in  the  last 
sentence,  that  no  mistake  could  be  made.  Bat  to  the  honor  of 
Mr«  BoBHsiT,  he  treated  the  challenge,  as  every  man  of  high  moral 
eonrage  will — ^with  silent  contempt 

Hearing  nothing  from  the  compIaiDt  for  nearly  a  year»  ICr. 
BuxRsxT  wrote  to  his  friend,  Hon.  W.  T.  Babbt,  to  ascertain  the 


270 


f. 


resnlt ;  in  answer  to  which  he  waa  informed,  that  no  charges  bad 
lieen  preferred  against  bini,  though  hit  answer -to  ^Ibe  obasgealiaA 
been  nearly  a  year  in  the  office  of  Itidi«n  Affdir&  Here  the  OMrt*. 
ter  tested,  in  fftaiu  quo^  and  probably  |wOQld  have  resudned  ao^ 
'flie  officer  to  whom  it  was  sent  at  '^Head  Quartet^"  most  likely 
thinking  the  matter  anworthy  of  notice ;  bat  Capt.  Masoh  wonkd 
dot  yield  the  point  so  eaeily,  and  accordingly  on  the  8ch  of  July, 
18S2,  wrote  from  St  Louis  to  Major  Johk  Gaklahi),  then  at  Wash* 
fhgton,  to  "  have  a  talk  with  the  Secretary  of  War  on  the  subject;'' 
And  Mr.  Gablavd,  himself  having  some  private  pis[ue  at  Mr. 
BitRNKTT,  appears  to  have  been  glad  of  an  opportimity  to  do  him 
an  injury;  and  accordingly  on  the  31st  of  July,  1832,  iirot<^  to 
the  Secretary  of  War,  endorsing  Capt.  Mason's  letter  to  Yaaa^ 
"^ich  greatly  enlarged  the  complaint,  affirming  that  the  chargas 
were  true,  and  urging  that  tbey  might  be  investigated.  Up9a 
this,  Mr.  RoBB,  Acting  Secretary  of  War,  wrote  to  Gen.  Clabx, 
Sttpcrintendent  of  Indian  Affairs.  It  seems  that  the  origiiial 
complaint  was  entirely  lost,  not  having  reached  the  War  Depaift^ 
inent,  being  most  probably  deemed  unworthy  of  notice.  Butnow 
Major  Garland's  urging  the  investigation  so  earnestly,  and  yet 
leaving  nothing  to  ^o  upon  but  the  letter  of  Capt  Mason,  tha 
Udjor  added  what  was  not  true,  that  ^*  the  work  on  the  new  g«u>' 
rison  was  retarded  by  the  drunkenness  of  the  soldiers,  whioh 
drunkenness  occurred  in  consequence  of  Mr.  BufiKKTr^s  defending 
the  whrskey  sellers." 

'  The  complaint  was  now  made  in  fact  de  novo,  this  being  the 
first  knowledge  of  the  matter  at  the  War  Department,  and  Me, 
BoBB  gave  it  its  proper  direction  by  sending  it  to  the  Superinten* 
dent  of  Indian  Affairs,  who  in  turn  sent  it  to  Oen.  Stbekt  for 
investigation,  nearly  two  years  after  the  cause  of  complaint  had 
occurred.  No  evidence  was  presented  to  sustain  the  complaint^ 
except  the  bare  assertions  of  Capt.  Masok  and  MHJor  Gaslaoti, 
hoth  ex  parte  ;  and  in  reply  to  these,  had  been  filed  in  the  office  tlie 
letters  and  certificates  heretofore  mentioned.  Mr.  BoainnT  did 
ntk  deny  the  delbnding  of  those  who  ware  prosecated  Jor  aelling 


i 


8T1 

l^Qoi  witiioiit  Ifoeimr,  bttt  dwiad  thAt  Us.lidldiDg  tbe  offio^^f 
tab JudiftB- Agent  eat  bim  off  ftovi  kis  ptofaafiional  privUego^, 
and  he  ddnied  that  kh  defepdiog  tliOBe  men  waa  the  eaua^  of  the 
dmnkeaness  of  the  soIdierS)  or  that  the  work  of  the  garriaon  wae 
retarded  on  that  acoonnt  The  defence  of  Mr.  Buavifrr,  addressed 
to  Oen.  Strvbtt,  is  lengthy,  bnt  at  it  givts  items  in  his  history  of 
which  we  haTo  no  other  means  of  knowing,  and  at  the  eame  timm 
emhodies  an  able  legal  argnarent  and  defence,  with  a  correiet 
history  of  the  case,  it  is  g'ireii  here  entire : 

<*9m: — In  the  investigation  which  yon  are  makifig,  under 
tke  Orders  of  the  Department  of  War,  of  the  charges  against  jdio 
as  Sub  Indian  Agent  preferred  by  Oapt.  Mason,  Nor*  3d,  1830, 
tftld  in  his  letter  to  Major  GABLAim  of  the  ^h  of  July  last,  and 
Mtijor  Oakland's  letter  to  the  acting  Secretary  of  War  of  the  31at 
<3rf  July  last,  endorsing  the  charges,  I  beg  leave  most  reepeotfolly 
ta-snbinit  the  following  response : 

**  Before  going  into  a  particular  examination  of  the  case,  Iivili 
say,  without  hesitation  or  fear  of  contradiction,  and  ohalleege  a 
l^eference  to  iall  or  any  who  have  been  acquainted  with  me  in  pub- 
lic or  private,  from  my  boyhood  to  the  present  time ;  that  to  those 
who  have  known  and  understood  my  conduct,  official  or  othov- 
wifee,  and  who  have  no  personal  feeling  to  gratify,  it  needs  not  the 
fbrmal  ceremony  of  an  investigation,  and  the  production  of  tesd- 
mony,  to  satisfy  them  of  its  general  correctness,  and  of  my  dispo- 
tion  faithfully  to  discharge  any  duty  with  which  I  may  be  cbavg- 
ed.  In  this  case  I  am  highly  gratified  that  after  so  tedious  a  dd- 
lay  since  the  origin  of  the  charges,  an  investigation  has  taken  pliiqe 
that  will  lay  the  whole  tmth  of  the  matter  before  the  Hon.  Secre- 
tary, confident  that  when  he  knows  the  whole  truth,  a  correct  de- 
cision will  be  given. 

^'The  appointment  of  Sub  Indian  Agent  was  given  me  on  the 
15th  of  Oct.,  1829,  and  although  the  salary  is  a  mere  pittance,  it 
was  accepted  in  consideration  of  recent  misfortunes,  and  with  tbe 
tapectation  bf  being  able  to  render  a  situation  in  this  cotintry  nl- 
flitoately  ftdvisnia^ote.   'On  the  night  of  the  2nd  of  that  knoiJlk, 


m 

I  iTfts  badly  crippled  hy  th%  falling  of  the  well  of  e  bami^  boMe 
in  Peris,  K;.,  from  which  I  shell  never  entirely  reooTeti  end  eo 
great  was  the  injorj  received,  that  my  life  was  despaired  of.  This 
too  was  the  result  of  my  exertions  to  save  the  property  of  my  fek* 
low  citizens,  when  the  whole  town  was  threatened  with  immediate 
destruction,  and  where  I  had  not  a  dollar  in  jeopardy  from  the 
flames.  It  was  upwards  of  seven  months  before  I  was  able  to  re- 
sume mj  business,  which  was  now  broken  up  from  my  protracted 
inability  to  attend  to  it  I  mi^t  perhaps  in  time  have  regained  it, 
but  the  necessity  produced  by  my  misfortune  required  an  imme* 
diate  supply  of  means,  and  within  five  days  after  I  could  walk 
without  a  crutch,  I  started  for  this  place. 

*<  Upon  my  arrival  here,  you  wero  so  fully  sensible  of  the  in- 
adequacy of  my  salary  to  the  services  to  be  performed,  that  I  re- 
ceived your  cordial  consent  to  pursue  the  practice  of  my  profee- 
sion,  when  public  duty  did  not  require  my  attention.  I  have 
continued  to  do  so,  under  the  sanction  of  that  permission,  until 
the  present  period,  at  no  time  neglecting,  in  the  slightest  degree^ 
any  official  duty  which  devolved  upon  me.  la  this  way,  I  have 
been  able  to  render  the  office  acceptable,  which  could  not  have 
been  so  from  the  salary  alone. 

*^  The  first  term  of  the  County  Court  of  this  county,  after  my 
arrival,  commenced  the  Ist  day  of  November,  1830.  At  that 
term  the  grand  jury  found  bills  against  Sakukl  GaimN,  alicensed 
tavern-keeper,  for  selling  spirituous  liquors  on  Sunday;  against 
Cbables  La  Pouste,  jun,,  and  several  others,  for  selling  in  less 
quantities  than  one  quart,  without  licenses ;  and  against  Jomi 
DowLiNO,  a  licensed  tavern-keeper,  for  keeping  a  disorderly  house. 
In  the  most  of  these  cases,  if  not  all,  I  believe  that  Oapt  Hasos 
was  the  prosecutor.  There  was  no  attorney  attending  the  court| 
except  Mr.  Dalluh,  the  Frosecnting  Attorney,  and  myself.  I  was 
employed  by  GaivriH  and  Dowuno  to  defend  them,  and  the 
eourt  assigned  me  as  counsel  for  La  Podttb,  in  consideration  of 
his  circumstances.  These  were  all  the  prosecutions  that  I  defend* 
ei  at  that  ovany  otbar  term  of  the  coorty  and  I  have  aerer  beM 


278 

epocerned  in  any  way,  in  the  defence  ot  any  other  protiecntioQa 
of  the  kind  before  any  tribnnal  in  tii\$  county,  except  a  aii^gle 
ease  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  near  a  year  afterwards. 

"  There  was  nothiag  in  any  of  these  indictments,  or  in  the 
proof  npon  the  trials,  which  rendered  my  appearance  in  the  cascM 
incompatible  with  my  duties  as  an  agent  of  the  governipept — 
They  were  charges  of  simple  offences  against  the  laws,  of  the 
Territory )  without  the  remotest  connection  with  the  laws  of  the 
United  States,  or  any  order  or  usage  of  the  Department,  to  whieh 
I  afijL  attached.  It  is  true,  that  Capt.  Mason  attended  the  coart 
dailj ,  for  the  pnrpose  of  prosecuting  the  poor  and  ignorant  inhale 
itante  of  the  place,  with  a  hosi  (as  be  wonld  probably  say)  of  sol* 
diers  attending  his  call  as  witnesses,  aided  by  the  vigilanee  and 
faithful  attention  of  the  Prosecuting  Attorney ;  and  that  in  mosli, 
if  not  all,  of  the  cases,  it  came  out. in  proof  upon  the  trial,  that 
fome  soldier  had  participated  in  the  act  for  which  the  defendant 
was  prosecuted.  But  I  knew  of  np  law,  I  understand  no  duty, 
which  will  require  me  to  keep  silence  in  a  court  of  justioe,  be- 
cause Gapt.  Mason  or  any  other  officer  of  the  army  may  think 
proper  to  come  forward  and  charge  a  citizen  with  an  offence 
against  the  laws  of  the  country,  wholly  disconnected  with. my 
official  station. 

^f  The  first  intimation  that  I  received,  that  the  slight^t  excep* 
tions  were  taken  to  my  conduct  in  this  matter,  was  on  the  evenintg 
of  the  third  day  of  the  court,  after  adjournment,  wh^^n  Capt  Ma- 
son showed  me  his  communication  to  Col.  Hohoan  of  that  date. 
Nov.  3rd,  1830,  which  he  did,  as  he  s^sid,  to  satisfy  me  that  he  had 
no  personal  feeling.  I  thought  it  strange  that  any  one,  who  com- 
prehended my  duties,  should  entertain  the  views  of  the  subject 
which  be  expressed,  and  requested  him  to  furnisn  me  with  a  copy 
of.  his  commnuication,  which  he  promised  to  do  on  the  next  day. 
At  tlie  meeting  of  the  court  on  the  next  day,  I  called  on  him  for 
the  promised  copy,  and  he  promised  it  that  day.  That  was  the 
last  I  heard  from  him  on  the  subieet  for  several  weeka.  .  I  left  for 
Fort  Winaebago  on  the  17tlf»  under  the  iaip7^Bai9a  that  the 

8S 


27* 

charges  had  been  abandoned,  as  a  copy  had  not  been  famished, 
and  as  Ool.  Mobcan  had  told  me  that  he  did  not  agree  with  Oapt. 
Mason  npon  the  sabject.  On  my  retnm,  I  was  surprised  to  learn 
that  the  charges  had  been  preferred,  and  forwarded  to  the  Depart- 
ment. I  obtained  from  my  accnser,  a  copy  of  the  complain  t,  nearly 
a  month  after  it  had  been  promised,  and  two  weeks  after  it  had 
been  forwarded,  in  my  absence. 

"  I  lost  no  time  in  preparing  and  forwarding  my  defence  to 
Washington.  I  also  sent  a  copy  of  the  charges,  lest  they  should 
be  lost  on  the  way.  I  heard  no  more  of  the  matter,  till  I  visited 
Washington  in  December,  1831,  when  I  found  that  no  charges 
had  been  filed  in  the  X)ffice  against  me.  I  remained  in  Washing- 
ton till  the  20th  of  February,  1882,  and  during  a  portion  of  my 
stay,  Major  Gablaio)  was  in  the  city ;  yet  while  I  was  there,  and 
my  defence  supported  by  documents  not  to  be  refuted,  aud  on  file 
in  the  Indian  Office,  no  move  was  made  against  me  in  the  case ; 
and  a  few  days  before  I  left  the  city,  I  withdrew  my  defence,  con- 
sidering it  unnecessarily  there. 

^'  OaptMASOK,  I  believe,  visited  Washington  in  the  spring,  but 
took  no  steps  to  call  up  the  investigation  while  there ;  but  on  his 
return  to  the  frontier,  he  wrote  f^om  St.  Louis  to  Major  Gabla^td, 
to  revive  the  matter.  This  brought  the  matter  before  the  Secre- 
tary of  War,  July  31st,  1831,  for  the  first  time.  This  revival  of 
the  matter,  it  will  be  recollected,  after  so  long  a  time  had  elapsed, 
and  opportunities,  for  a  full  and  fair  investigation  had  passed, 
took  place  when  the  Indian  war  was  raging  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
place,  and  the  whole  of  both  your  time  and  mine  fras  incessantly 
engaged,  often  in  the  night  as  well  as  in  the  day,  in  the  discharge 
of  paramount  pRblic  duties ;  while  Major  Garlaio),  snugly  seated 
in  his  Bureau^  could  manage  the  charges,  secure  from  the  dan- 
gers or  toils  incident  to  a  frontier  station. 

^'  iVom  a  subsequent  letter  from  the  Acting  Secretary,  of  the 
2Sth  of  September,  1 832,  it  appears  that  the  original  communicai 
tion  of  Oapt.  Mason  to  Ool.  Moboan,  lias  at  length  made  its  ap- 
pearance at  the  Department,  and  the  charges  therein  contuned 


275 

can  now  be  met.  This  I  shall  do  fully  and  fairly ;  and  while  I 
shall  endearor  to  correct  any  nnjast  inferences  which  may  possi- 
bly be  drawn  from  the  very  general  nature  of  his  statements,  I 
shall  not  deny,  evade  or  palliate  any  thing  that  I  have  done. 

^*  It  will  be  perceived,  that  Oapt.  Mason  does  not  charge  mb 
with  a  breach  of  any  law  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  Terri- 
toiy ;  he  does  not  charge  me  with  disobedience  of  any  order  or 
instruction  emanating  from  any  authority  I  was  bound  to  obey; 
he  does  not  charge  me  with  a  breach  of  any  custom  or  usage  of 
the  Department ;  nor  does  he  charge  me  with  any  mal-practicea 
in  my  profession.  It  is  not  pretended  that  any  act  of  this  kind 
has  occurred.  He  makes  a  general  charge,  that  cannot  be  referred 
to  any  law  or  precedent,  order  or  custom,  with  which  I  am  ac- 
quainted, for  decision.  He  says  only,  ''that  whilst  the  officers  of 
^'  the  army  at  this  post,  are  striving  to  prevent  drunkenness  among 
'*  the  soldiers,  and  are  prosecuting,  before  the  civil  courts,  various 
'^  persons  for  selling  spirituous  liquors  to  the  soldiers,  contrary  td 
"  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  that  Mr.  Bubnbtt,  Sub-Indian  Agent, 
^'  an  officer  of  another  department  of  the  Gk)vemment,  is  throwing 
'^  his  weight  in  the  opposite  scale,  by  appearing  before  the  courts, 
'^  and  defending  the  persons  who  thus  offend  against  the  law,  and 
"  who  have  annoyed  us  so  much."  Ke  concludes  with  a  general 
charge  of  cddrng  the  whisJcey-aeUers^  and  thereby  opposing  the 
exertions  of  the  officers  of  the  garrison  in  endeavoring  to  keep  the 
men  sober. 

'^  When  the  facts  upon  which  the  charge  is  founded  are  under- 
stood, it  amounts  simply  to  the  question — have  I  a  right,  holding 
the  appointment  of  Sub-Indian  Agent,  to  practice  the  profession 
of  the  law  ?  This  is  the  view  which  Ool.  Mobgan  took  of  the  su1>- 
ject  at  the  time,  and  gave  it  as  his  decided  opinion  that  I  had  the 
right  Capt.  Mason  represents  that  the  prosecutions  were  ^^  for 
skiing  spirituous  liquors  to  the  soldiers  contrary  to  a  law  of  the 
Territory.^^  Now  the  truth  is,  there  was  no  law  of  the  Territory 
in  existence  at  that  time,  which  prohibited  the  selling  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors  to  soldiers  any  more  than  to  other  persons,  as  a  refer- 


376 

wco  to  the  statutes  then  in  force  will  prove.    Capt.  Haboit  waa 
himself  the  mdividual  and  onlj  prosecutor  in  the  cases  in  ques- 
tion ;  no  other  officers  qf  the  army  at  this  post  were  known  to  me 
in  that  attitude,  nor  do  the  records  of  the  coart  show  it.  The  whole 
of  my  practice,  which  he  considers  a  breach  of  mj  public  dntj, 
took  place  in  the  Crawford  connty  court,  and  at  ons  term  only  of 
the  coart,  and  not  before  the  civil  courts  of  the  country;  and  the 
various  persons  whom  I  had  defended  at  that  time,  consisted  of 
two  individuals  only,  Gbiffin  and  La  Pointb,  and  to  one  of  them, 
I44.F0119TB,  the  court  assigned  me  as  counsel.    The  indictment 
against  GbiffIn,  charged  him  as  an  inn-keeper,  with  selling  differ* 
ent  liquors  on  Sunday,  to  divers  persons,  whose  names  were  un- 
known to  the  grand  jary,  the  selling  on  that  particular  day  being 
made  an  offence  in  a  tavern-keeper  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory. 
The  indictment  against  La  Points  was  for  selling  spirituous  liquors 
without  a  license ;  and  that  against  Dowunq  was  for  '^keeping  a 
disorderly  house."    In  neither  indictment  was  a  word  said  about 
"selling  to  soldiers."    Dowunq's  case  came  on  the  day  after  the 
charge  was  made  out,  the  4th,  so  that  Griffin  and  La  Pi  inti 
were  the  only  ones  whom  I  had  defended  at  the  date  of  the  com- 
plaint.    Capt.  Mason  makes  a  further  general  charge  of  defeating 
the  expectations  of  the  Government,  in  conferring  upon  me  the 
small  office  which  I  hold,  and  with  aiding  the  whiskey-sellers, 
&e. 

*  -  -  - 

"How  far  I  may  have  fulfilled,  in  the  discharge  of  my  puWic 
duties,  all  reasonable  expectations  of  the  Government  or  citizens, 
I  shall, not  pretend  to  say.  I  leave  that  for  you  to  decide,  because 
all  my  official  a§ts,  both  before  and  since  these  charges,  have  been 
made  under  your  own  observation,  and  I  am  perfectly  satisfied, 
that  yon  would  not  have  sanctioned,  or  tolerated  in  me  a  course, 
that  could  be  construed  into  a  dereliction  <»f  duty..  As  to  the 
charge  of  aiding  the  whiskey-sellers,  a  criminal  law  advocate  who 
had  defijndod  one  on  his  trial  for  murder,  could  with  as  mucb 
justice,  truth  aud  propriety,  be  charged  with  being  the  aider  ot 
the  iniirder.    It  was  evident  in  all  these  cases,  that  they  did  not 


277 

involve,  in  any  way,  onr  Indian  relations.  If  they  had  ;  if  Indi- 
ans had  obtained  the  liquor,  or  had  they  been  riotous  in  Dowlikg*8 
house,  I  should  havjs  had  nothing  to  do  with  them,  or  either  of 
them.  To  tnow  this  for  a  certainty,  I  enquired  of  the  Prosecuting 
Attorney,  if  any  testimony  connecting  either  case  with  the  Indi- 
ans or  Indian  affairs,  had  been,  or  "viould  be  presented.'  He  said 
there  would  not. 

"It  has  been  before  stated,  that  Mr.  Dallttk,  the  Prosecuting 
Attorney,  and  myself  were  the  only  members  of  the  bar  in  atten- 
dance at  that  term  of  the  court.  It  would  thereforb  deem  to  havio 
^been  the  wish  of  Capt.  Masow,  that  those  whom  he  saw  fit  to 
prosecute,  should  not  have  the  benefit  of  counsel  to  defend  them. 
But  the  Constitution  of  the  country  guarantees  to  every  one  ac- 
cused, the  right  of  counsel  to  defend  him.  The  people  of  thfo 
I^lace,  however  poor  and  ignorant,  have  not  forfeited  their  consti- 
tutional privileges.  This  is  their  right,  as  well  as  the  highest  In 
the  land.  I  do  not  pretend  that  the  absence  of  dll  other  attorneys 
from  the  court,  or  even  the  assignment  of  myself  by  the  court  aa 
counsel,  would  have  justified  me  in  a  positive  breach  of  duty.  I 
do  not  expect  or  wish  to  shelter  myself  under  any  such  plea. 
But  I  do  contend,  that  when  law,  order,  regulations,  customs  and 
instructions  are  all  silent  upon  the  subject ;  or,' so  far  as  thefy  do 
exist,  favor  the  exercise  of  my  profession  in  the  manner  that  it 
was  exercised,  that  the  circumstances  of  the  case  form  a  strong 
reason  why  I  should  act  as  I  did. 

r 

"  In  support  of  the  facts  herein  above  stated,  I  beg  leave  to 
submit  the  documents  which  I  once  before  forwarded  to  the  De- 
partment upon  the  same  subject,  and  which  were  on  file  there 
about  fourteen  months.  The  testimony  here  offered,  will  sustain 
every  material  fact  I  have  stated,  and  is  of  a  character  not  to  be 
refuted." 

Odpt.  Mason,  in  his  letter  to  Major  Garland  of  July  8th,  1832, 
attempts  to  implicate  the  character  of  the  Judges  and  Clerk,  as 
being  notorious  whiskej/'SellerSy  thereby  to  destroy  the  force  of 
&eir  testimony  as  to  the  facts  of  the  case.     Mr.  Bdbnett's  re- 


378 

spoBse  to  thlBy  is  omitted  as  unnecessary  to  the  question  at  issue. 
Sut  it  shows  the  desperate  means  retorted  to  by  Oapt  MasoV|  to 
gratify  personal  revengei  because  be  could  not  accomplish  his 
wishes  in  the  premises.  Both  Oapt.  Masoi^  and  Major  Gablasd 
afSbrm  things  in  their  charges  which  are  proved  not  to  be  true,  in 
the  response,  but  it  is  not  deemed  necessary  to  copy. 

The  determined  and  dogged  zeal  with  which  the  two  ofiGicers  of 
the  army  followed  Mr.  BimNSTr  in  this  matter,  might  have  been 
commendable  in  a  cause  demanding  it ;  but  to  follow  a  man  of 
Mr.  Bubiobtt's  known  reputation,  on  a  charge  of  so  trifling  and 
unfounded  a  nature,  erinces  a  degree  of  venom  not  at  all  com- 
mendable in  any  man.  I7or  is  it  at  all  agreeble  to  the  fine  feel- 
ings of  such  a  man  as  Mr.  Bubneft,  to  be  thus  prosecuted  from 
year  to  year,  with  no  other  cause  for  it  than  the  reyengefid  feel- 
ings of  disappointed  pride  of  opinion.  But  the  end  of  the  matter 
is  not  yet  * 

On  the  16th  of  Feb.,  1833,  Elbert  Hbbbifo,  Oommissioner  of 
Indian  A&irs,  wrote  Mr.  Bubneti  as  follows :  "  The  charges  pre- 
ferred  against  you  by  Oapt.  Mason,  your  reply  and  the  document- 
ary evidence,  have  been  referred  to  this  office  for  examination 
and  report.  I  am  instructed  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  inform 
you,  that  he  acknowledges  with  much  pleasure,  the  extellence  of 
your  character,  and  the  ability  and  zeal  manifested  in  the  dis- 
charge of  your  duties  as  Sub-Agent,  and  though  he  disclaims  aU 
inclination  and  right  to  interfere  with  the  fair  exercise  of  your 
professional  talents,  he  expects  and  must  insist  upon  a  cordial  co- 
operation in  the  officers  of  the  Government,  to  enforce  the  laws, 
and  punish  offenders.  He  cannot  perceive  that  co-operation,  where 
an  officer  of  Oovemment  appears  as  the  public  apologist  or  de- 
fender of  the  violators  of  the  law.  Taking  it  for  granted,  that, the 
cases  defended  by  you  did  not  occur  in  the  Indian  country,  and 
that  strictly  speaking,  they  had  no  relation  to  the  Indian  Depart- 
ment, still  your  defence  of  them  has  been  productive  of  unplea- 
sant consequences.  Collision  has  taken  place  between  yourself 
and  some  officers  ot  the  army ;  and  instead  of  harmonious  action 


279 

to  promote  the  policj  of  the  Qovemment,  crimixiation  aad  re-crim- 
ination have  been  resorted  to,  weakening  its  influence  and  resist- 
ii\g  its  operation. 

^^  The  practice,  therefore,  of  publicly  defending  persons  accused 
of  unlawfully  introducing,  vending  or  using  ardent  spirits,  is  con- 
sidered inconsistent  with  your  duty  as  Sub-Agent,  and  it  is  confi- 
dently trusted,  that  this  intimation  from  the  Department  will  pre- 
vent a  repetition  of  the  practice." 

To  this  decision  Mr.  Bubnstt  took  decided  exceptions,  and  re- 
monstrated in  the  following  letter,  addressed  to  Mr.  Commissioner 
HsRBiNG,  dated  April  16th,  1888,  to  which  he  received  no  an- 
swer : 

**Sib: — ^I  have  the  hono'r  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your 
letter  of  the  16th  of  February,  communicating  to  me  the  decision 
given  at  the  Department,  upon  the  charges  preferred  against  me 
by  Oapt.  Masov.  It  is  with  much  regret,  that  I  perceive  in  that 
letter,  what  seems  to  me  to  be  an  indirect  censure  upon  the 
transaction  which  had  been  made  the  subject  of  complaint,  and 
^  the  establishment  of  a  restrictive  rule  for  the  future  government 

of  my  official  conduct.  I  had  flattered  myself,  that  I  had  shown 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Department,  by  the  testimony  of  those 
who  were  best  acquainted  with  my  acts,  both  public  and  private, 
and  a  reference  to  the  only  authorities  to  which  I  had  ever  been 
directed  to  look  for  the  definition  and  regulation  of  my  duties, 
that  I  had,  in  every  instance,  performed  everything  that  could 
^  reasonably  have  been  required  of  a  Sub-Agent  for  Indian  Affairs* 
And  I  expected,  that  if  I  were  mistaken  in  this  supposition,  and 
it  should  be  considered  by  the  Honorable  Secretary,  that  I  had 
violated  any  rule  of  public  duty,  a  direct  decision  to  that  effect 
would  be  given.^  A  charge  had  been  made  against  me.  I  had 
responded  to  it,  and  the  cause  was  submitted,  upon  'testimony,  to 
jthe  proper  authority  for  decision.  Either  the  complainant  or  the 
respondent  was  wrong  in  the  position  assumed,  and  I  wished  to 
know  whiph ;  and  I  humbly  conceive,  that  I  was  justifiable  in 
expecting  a  decision  upon  the  issue.    This  I  have  not  been  able 


280 

txy  pere^rre  in  the  comttinncation  which  yon  hare  addresseil  id 
me. 

The  information  given  in  your  letter,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  Qi^ 
offlcerg  of  tbe  army,  and  that  it  is  a  duty  in  which  the  other  offl- 
cers  of  the  Qovernmept  must  co-operate,  to  become  informers  and 
proBectrtors  under  the  ratitiicipal  code  of  a  State  or  Territory,  is 
the  iirBt  that  I  have  ever  received  of  the  existence  and  concur- 
rence of  such  a  duty.  The  principle  may  be  one  that  has  hereto- 
fore been  practiced  upon,  but  I  have  looked  in  vain  for  a  prece- 
dent. It  is  possible,  that  the  circumscribed  sphere  of  my  public 
acts,  and  my  Ifmited  knowledge  of  the  practical  operations  of 
Government,  have  kept  me  in  ignorance  of  a  rule  of  official  duty, 
io  important  in  its  application  to  the  conduct  of  public  officers. — 
It  had  been  my  opinion,  previous  to  the  receipt  of  your  letter^ 
tiiat  the  civil  departments  of  the  Government,  either  general  or 
local,  were  provided  with  sufficient  and*  competent  officers  to  ad- 
minister tbe  laws  of  the  country,  and  that  in  that  administi'ation, 
the  only  legitimate  duty  resting  upon  the  mih'tary  department 
was,  to  aid  the  civil  authorities  when  they  should  be  found  too 
weak  to  execute  them.  If  in  forming  this  opinion,  I  had  been  led 
into  error,  I  trust  that  it  will  be  perceived,  that  it  is  an  error  inti 
which  any  one,  with  the  lights  before  him,  that  I  have  receivedf, 
would  most  likely  have  fallen ;  especially  when  it  is  borne  in  mind, 
that  a  different  principle  of  duty  is  essentially  variant  from  all  ob- 
vious purposes,  for  the  organization  of  either  the  Army  or  Indian 
Department,  or  any  published  regulations  for  the  government  of 
either.  If  the  converse  of  the  opinion  which  I  had  formed  upon 
this  subject,  be  correct,  I  would  suggest  the  extremely  unplea^ 
ant  situation  in  which  I  should  be  placed,  should  it  be  required  of 
me,  as  an  act  of  duty,  to  co  operate  with  an  officer  of  the  Army  in 
the  prosecution  of  any  citizen,  for  an  alleged  petty  offence 
against  the  municipal  laws  of  the  Territory,  in  a  case  where  il 
should  be  known,  that  the  prosecution  originated  in  malice  or  ig- 
norance, passion  or  prejudice.  The  officers  of  the  army  are  men, 
and  being  men,  they  are  subject  as  others,  to  the  influence  of 


281 

pdftriOBB,  Jifejtidlced  aad  weatnesses  of  humanity^  "pf  wmch  it 
wotld  not  fee  dlfflctiU  to  iNii-Dlsh  examples.  In  making  tliia  state- 
ment^ I  mean  no  disrespect  to  (he  military.  There  19  no  one  who 
i6lct6  that  liofibrable  profession  ifi  higheF  estimation  tb^  myself, 
or  who  18  more  sensible  of  the  many  brifliant  examples  of  worth 
and  tdlent  of  Whicti  the  army  'of  our  country  can  boast,  t  only 
»tat6  a  ftelf  evident  fact,  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  subject. 
'  Ton  observe,  that  the  Honorable  Secretarjr  carinot  perceive  the 
necessary  co-operation,  "  when  an  officer  of  the  Government  ap- 
pcSars'as  the  public  apologist  or  defender  of  the  violators  of  the 
law."  ?ardon  nie,  Sir,  for  I  rdust  say,  that  I  have  never  in  atl 
my  life  appeared  as  either  the  j^vbXic  or  jprivate  apologist  of  the 
violators  of  the  law.  The  distinction,  in  all  common  parlance,  be- 
tween an  apology  and  a  legal  defence,  is  too  obvious  to  a  mind  of 
philosophical  reflection  or  legal  attainments,  to  require  illustra- 
tion. An  honest  man  ma/  scorn  to  be  concerned  in  the  one,  while 
he  may  undertake  the  other  according  to  every  principle^of  honor, 
virtue  and  morality. 
Ton  say  to  ihe,  "  taking  it  for  granted  that  the  'cases  defended 

r  • 

by  you,  did  not  occur  in  the  Indian  country,  and  that,  strictly 
Bpeakrng,  they  had  no  rilatlbn  t6  the  Indian  Department,  still 
yonr  defence  of  thi^m  has  been  prodAcfire  of  tinplcaBant  conse- 
qnences.*'  Again,  Sir,  I  must  beg  yotir  indulgence.  I  cannot 
perceive  that  it  is  at  all  necessary,  thtft  a  proposition  should  be 
frantedj  the  verity  of  which  is  demonstrated  by  the  history  and 
tegislafion  of  the  country,  and  by  tc'strhiony  which  cannot  be  con- 
troverted. The  legal  charactefr  of  the  county  whiere  actp  referred 
lo  transpired,  Is  established  Vf  the  histoiy  and  legislation  of  the 
Oovernmetit.  The  precis^  nature  of  the  trinfsactlon,  is  explained 
and  made  manifest  by  positire  and  incolitfefitible  testimony.  But 
if  the  transaction  has  been  productive  of  nnplcasaiit  consequences, 
I  would  most  respectfully  ask— am  I  chargeable  with  them?  If 
toy  one  officer  of  the  army,  or  othei*  person,  shall  see  fit  voltm- 
tarily  to  bring  himself  into  collision  with  tne,  while  I  am  in  the 
exercise  of  a  natural  right  secured  to  me  by  the  laws  of  the  coun- 

86 


282 

try,  and  resort  to  crimination  for  the  purpose  of  prejadicin^^  mj 
relations  with  the  Gtoyemment,  can  I,  upon  a,ny  principle  of  jns- 
tice,  be  held  acconntable/or  the  act,  or  the  effects  which  it  maj 
prodnce?  And  can  an  act  of  minci  right  in  itself  justly  be  d^ 
cided  to  be  wrong,  because  it  may  be  found  to  have  given  dda- 
pleasure  to  particular  individuals  ?  If  re-crimination  has  followed 
upon  crimination,  so  far  as  it  has  been  resorted  to,  it  has,  in  my 
humble  opinion,  been  fully  justified  by  the  system  of  persecution 
which  has  been  pursued  against  me,  and  the  gross  misrepresenta- 
tions that  have  been  made  of  my  conduct  It  is  impossible  for 
these  misrepresentations  to  Escape  the  observation  of  any  one, 
who  will  cast  his  eye  over  the  charge,  and  the  response,  and  the 
testimony  in  the  case ;  and  if  I  had  tamely  submitted  to  the 
fraud ;  if  I  had  failed  to  repel  the  influence  which  it  was  designed 
to  have  upon  the  decision  of  the  Department,  I  ^should  consider 
myself  unworthy  of  the  trust  of  the  Government,  or  the  confi- 
dence of  my  countrymen.  And  yet,  this  gross  and  enormous  fea- 
ture of  tne  transaction  has,  for  aught  that  I  know,  passed  without 
animadversion,  while  I  am  rebuked  for  collisions  and  unpleasant 
consequences  that  have  been  forced  upon  me. 

I  am  told  that  these  collisions  and  unpleasant  consequences,  in 
the  production  of  which  I  have  been  a  party  concerned,  have 
weakened  the  influence  of  the  Government,  and  resisted  its  oper- 
ations. I  trust  I  shall  be  believed  when  I  say,  that  there  is  no 
man  in  the  country  who  would  regret  more  deeply  than  myself, 
the  commission  of  an  act  calculated  to  weaken  the  influence  of 
the  Government,  and  resist  its  operations.  I  had  hoped  that  the 
Honorable  Secretary  was  sufficientiy  satisfied  by  froof^  that  my 
humble  abilities  had  been  exerted  to  the  utmost,  to  further  the 
views  and  operations  of  the  Government,  so  far  as  they  had  been 
made  known  to  me.  I  feel  conscious  of  unceasing  efforts  to  rea- 
der the  Government  my  best  services ;  and  it  is  painful  to  receive 
this  intimation,  the  first  that  has  reached  me  from  any  source  ea- 
titled  to  consideration,  that  instead  of  doing  what  I  thought  I  had 


288 

1 

done,  and  what  I  know  I  designed  to  do,  my  acts  have  tended  to 
thwart  the  Government,  and  weaken  its  influence. 

Without  going  into  a  detail  of  former  years,  I  will  state  some 
of  the  hard  services  which  I  performed  during  the  last  season — 
a  season  pregnant  with  distress  to  this  frontier.  From  my  return 
to  this  agency,  in  the  spring  of  that  year,  after  a  visit  to  my  family 
and  friends  in  Kentucky,  until  the  terminatioii  of  the  Indian  war, 
I  underwent  the  most  unremitting  toil  and  exertion  in  the  dis- 
charge of  my  public  duties,  and  I  feel  justified  in  saying,  there 
was  no  one  in  any  station  in  this  vicinity,  who  was  not  actually  in 
the  campaign,  who  endured  more  fatigue,  who  performed  more 
laborious  and  hard  service  in  the  public  cause,  than  I  did.  About 
the  first  #f  June,  I  visited,  by  direction  of  the  Indian  Agent,  the 
Winnebago  and  Sioux  villages  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  for  the 
purpose  of  raising  a  band  of  warriors,  to  send  to  the  aid  of  Gen. 
Ateinsok,  at  his  request.  I  succeeded  in  the  object  of  the  expe- 
dition, and  returned  to  this  place  in  six  days  with  about  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  warriors.  Soon  after  it  was  known  here,  that  the 
hostile  Indians  had  been  forced  to  cross  the  Wisconsin,  and  were 
making  their  way  towards  the  Mississippi,  I  was  sent  by  the 
agent  on. two  different  trips  to  the  Wiifnebagoes  above  this  post, 
for  the  purpose  of  withdrawing  them  with  their  canoes  to  this 
Agency,  before  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  should  reach  the  Mississippi* 
These  measures  were  also ,  successful ;  and  although  I  went  in 
company  with  a  military  command  from  Fort  Crawford,  I  have 
no  hesitation  in  saying,  from  my  knowledge  of  those  Indians,  and 
from  my  observations  while  amongst  them,  that  if  I  had  not  gone, 
the  success  would  not  have  been  complete,  unless  the  Agent  had 
attended  to  the  business  in  person.  I  spent  the  whole  night  pre- 
ceding the  battle  of  the  Bad  Ax,  in  aiding  the  preparation  of 
an  expedition  to  be  sent  up  on  board  the  steamboat  WarrioTy 
which  had  just  come  down  with  information  that  the  hostile  In- 
dians had  reached  the  shore  of  the  Mississippi.  I  visited  the 
Menomonee  camp  at  midnight,  and  collected  a  small  party  of 
warriors,  supplied  them  with  ammunition,  and  got  them,  with  an 


284 

interpreter,  on  board  the  boat,  and  after  wading  the  Marais  thre# 
times,  I  got  home  and  laid  down  at  Bunrise  to  take  an  honr'a  resL 
I  asked  permisBion  to  take  charge  of  these  Indians,  and  condact 
them  to  the  scene  of  action,  bat  the  Agent  was  nnwilling  in  the 
then  state  of  affairs  at  this  place,  to  dispense  with  mj  services. 
The  expedition  reached  the  battle-ground  in  time  to  share  the  vio- 
torj  of  the  daj,  and  one  of  the  Indians  whom  I  sent  np,  was 
killed  in  the  engagement. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  campaign,  I  was  dispatched  to  St. 
Lonie,  at  an  unhealthy  season  of  the  year,  and  at  a  time  when 
the  whole  coast  below  was  panic-stricken  at  the  appearance  of 
the  cholera  npon  our  borders,  and  when  I  returned,  the  pestilence 
was  making  its  most  dreadful  ravages  at  Kock  Island.  On  mj 
way.  down,  I  communicated  to  Gen.  Scott,  then  at  that  post,  the 
first  intelligence  he  had  of  the  capture  of  Black  Hawk  and  the 
PfiOPHBr.  By  the  time  I  again  reached  the  agency,  I  was  almost 
prostrated  with  fatigue.  I  had  endured  four  months  of  the  most 
incessant  labor  in  the  public  service,  at  the  cost  of  many  entire 
sleepless  nights,  and  during  the  whole  of  the  time,  the  state  of 
my  health  was  so  feeble,  that  under  other  circamstances,  it  would 
scarcely  have  justified  the  most  ordinary  exertion.  I  do  not  in- 
tend to  make  even  a  suggestion  as  to  what  has  been  the  value  of 
all  these  hard  services,  and  the  proportion  which  they  bear  to  my 
compensation.  I  only  state  the  facts,  and  in  doing  so,  express 
the  consciousness  which  I  feel,  that  throughout  all  the  toil  and 
labor,  I  was  animated  by  an  ardent  and  sincere  desire  to  subserve 
the  best  interests  of  my  country ;  and  that  then,  and  at  all  other 
times,  instead  of  contributing  to  "resist  the  operations"  of  the 
Government,  I  have  been  ready,  whenever  it  has  been  intimated  to 
ine,  how  and  where  I  could  be  of  any  service,  in  effecting  any  of 
its  views,  to  render  my  best  exertions  and  most  cordial  co  opera- 
tion. And  although  I  have  not  had  the  fortune  to  see  my  humble 
name  in  the  bulletins  of  that  glorious  war^  coupled  with  the  pride 
and  pomp  of  the  preparation,  the  march  or  the  victory,  or  no- 
ticed in  any  of  the  details  of  the  operations  of  the  Department 


988 

•n  this  frontier,  either  in  the  closet,  the  camp,  or  the  field  ;  yet,  I 
am  proudly  conscious  of  having  done  all  that  was  ever  required 
qf  mey  and  of  having  done  it  promptly  and  faithfully,  according 
tothe^best  of  my  poor  abilities;  and  if  my  country,  has  derived 
any  benefit  from  ray  labors,  I  am  content.  I  know  how  little  the 
•  publications  of  those  times  have  been  calculated  to  give  the  peo- 
ple correct  information  of  the  character  of  the  war  and  its  opera- 
tions. Their  history  has  been  made  up  too  much  of  exaggerated 
achievements,  and  concealed  or  palliated  defaults,  of  fulsome 
adulation,  and  gross  and  unmerited  censure,  to  give  the  public  a 
correct  knowledge  of  the  transactions ;  and  had  I  have  occupied 
a  more  conspicuous  station,  I  think  I  should  have  felt  as  little 
ambitious  of  obtaining  the  frothy  notices  current  at  the  time,  as 
I  am  sure  I  do  now.  Buc  what  I  desired,  what  I  thought  I  had  a 
right  to  expect,  was,  when  I  had  served  my  country  to  the  utmost 
extent  which  my  situation  enabled  me  to  do,  at  the  expense  of  a 
season  of  labor  and  fatigue  that  few  men  under  the  circumstances 
would  endure,  the  humble  merit  of  having  done  my  duty  would 
be  accorded  to  me,  without  the  censure  of  having  contributed  to 
resist  the  operations  of  the  Government. 

The  rule  which  has  been  established  by  the  Honorable  Secretary 
for  my  special  government  in  future,  seems  to  me,  with  all  due 
deference  to  the  high  authority  from  which  It  has  proceeded,  to 
be  unequal  and  unjust  in  its  discrinfinating  character,  and  iu  its 
abridgment  of  my  rights.  I  would  respectfully  ask,  what  are  the 
reasons  for  establishing  a  principle  by  which  I  am  directed  to  re- 
gulate my  future  actions,  which,  so  far  as  I  can  perceive,  does  not 
apply  to  any  other  oflScer  of  the  Department?  And  if  the  reason 
cannot  be  found,  wherein  consists  the  justice  of  the  discrimina- 
tion ?  I  trust.  Sir,  that  upon  reflection,  you  will  be  sensible  of  the 
unpleasant  sensations  which  the  establishing  of  discriminating 
rules  and  individual  applications  of  them,  are  justly  calculated  to 
excite  in  the  mind  of  the  public  officer  who  is  made  the  subject 
of  their  operation  j  and  that  you  will  be  convinced,  that  they 
ahould  be  resorted  to  in  extraordinary  cases  only.    But,  Sir,  I 


S86 

humbly  contend,  that  the  prohibition  to  practice  in  a  State  or 
Territorial  court,  in  cases  arising  under  the  local  laws  of  the  State 
or  Territory,  which  have  no  possible  relation  or  bearing  upon  In- 
dian affairs,  is  not  a  legitimate  restriction  to  lay  upon  an  officer 
of  the  Indian  Department.  While  I  contend  for  this  principle,  I 
say  to  you  most  sincerely,  that  it  is  not  because  I  thinkj  that  I 
should  be  benefitted  one  dollar  by  a  change  of  the  regulation.  It 
is  now  more  than  eighteen  months  since*  I  have  been  engaged  in  a 
single  case  embraced  in  the  rule,  and  it  is  quite  probable  tiiat  few 
or  none  would  again  occur  should  it  cease  to  operate.  Since  the 
first  Monday  in  November  last,  I  have  been  performing  the  duties 
of  Prosecuting  Attorney  for  this  county,  and  it  is  not  unlikely 
that  I  shall  continue  to  perform  those  duties  so  long  as  I  continue 
at  this  place.  It  is  not,  therefore,  from  any  desire  or  expectation 
of  gain,  that  I  ask  for  a  recision  of  the  rule,  but  for  the  reason 
alone,  that,  as  it  seems  to  me,  it  restricts  my  natural  rights  and 
privileges.  Haicpdsn  resisted  the  levying  of  the  illegal  tax,  not 
beca|Use  the  payment  would  impoverish  him,  but  because  submis- 
sion would  make  him  a  slave.  While  I  am  prohibted  the  privil- 
ege that  has  been  denied  me,  I  feel  that  I  hare  been  deprived  of 
one  of  the  rights  of  freemen,  secured  to  every  citizen  of  the  conn- 
try,  and  to  every  other  officer  of  the  Government  And  if  I  may 
be  legally  deprived  of  this,  what  security  is  there  for  the  others  t 
The  Honorable  Secretary  disclaims  all  right  to  interfere  with  the 
fair  exercise  of  my  professional  talents ;  but  what  shall  be  consi- 
dered a  fair  exercise  of  them,  I  cannot  know  until  his  decision 
shall  be  had.  If  one  class  of  cases  may  be  rightfully  prohibited, 
may  not  another  and  another,  until  the  whole  shall  be  swept  from 
me;  and  a  profession  which  I  have  acquired  under  privations 
and  disadvantages  that  few  men  have  encountered,  rendered  whol- 
ly useless  t  I  wish  to  be  understood — ^I  do  not  indulge  in  any 
present  anticipations  of  this  kind,  I  only  extend  the  principle  to 
show  the  length  to  which  it  will  lead,  if  it  shall  be  finally  estab- 
lished^  whenever  it  shall  come  to  be  acted  upon  by  a  less  liberal 
head  of  the  Department. 


287 

For  the  reasons  which  I  have  given,  I  flatter  myself  with  the 
hope,  that  if  the  Honorable  Secretary  will  do  me  the  favor  to  give 
the  case  a  second  examination,  he  will  perceive,  that  I  have  not 
merited  the  censure  contained  in  yonr  letter,  and  that  I  cannot  be 
jnstly  subjected  to  the  role  which  has  been  established  for  the  fu- 
ture regulation  of  my  duty  as  Sub- Agent  at  this  place ;  I  therefore,' 
most  respectfully  ask,  that  he  will  reconsider  the  subject,  and 
that  I  may  be  made  acquainted  with  his  ultimate  determination. 

In  considering  this  communication,  I  trust  that  the  sentiments 
advanced,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  expressed, 
will  not  be  mis-construed.  They  have  been  conceived  and  utter- 
ed, I  assure  yon,  with  the  most  respectful  deference,  and  the 
highest  consideration  for  the  superior  authorities  of  the  Depart- 
ment. I  mean  only  to  exercise  in  an  appropriate  manner,  a  priv- 
ilege guaranteed  to  every  citizen  of  the  country,  to  every  officer 
of  the  Government,  the  privilege  of  remonstrance." 

While  such  scenes  were  pending,  and  before  the  final  decision 
of  the  Department  had  reached  Mr.  Bubnett,  it  was  pleasant  and 
agreeable  to  his  feelings,  to  receive  the  following  from  Dr.  Bbau- 
voNT,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  surgeons  in  the  IT.  S.  army, 
under  date  of  Washington  Oity,  Jan.  7th,  1833 :  « 

^^  My  dear  Sir : — An  agreeable  impulse  of  heart,  joined  to  a 
sort  of  compunctious  state  of  mind  for  the  sin  of  amission^  com- 
pels me  now  to  express  my  undiminished  regard  for  one  whose 
kind  disposition,  warm  heart,  and  generous  feelings,  have  gained 
the  sincere  admiration  and  esteem  of  myself  and  family,  during 
our  short  but  very  agreeable  acquaintance.  It  is  with  peculiar 
pleasure  and  satisfaction,  that  I  reflect  upon  the  scenes  of  social 
enjoyment^  incident  to  our  residence  at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  and 
more  especially  our  last  journey  down  the  Mississippi,  and  short 
sojourn  at  St.  Louis.  There  is  indeed  an  abiding  happy  impression 
made  upon  the  mind,  by  the  manifestations  of  ingenuousness  and 
magnanimity  of  soul,  widely  different  from  that  produced  by  the 
common-place,  every-day,  poorly-disguised,  cold,  hollow-hearted, 
affectedness  ot  fashionable  society,  of  which  this  place  is  the  seat 


288 

and  centre,  aod  than  which  nothing  can  be  more  discordant  to  ^jhe 

present  state  of  my  feelings." 

It  will  be  recollected,  that  at  this  time,  1833^  the  entire  country 
north  of  the  Wisconein  Biver^  was  unceded  territorj,  except  this 
Prairie.  The  ^ine  timber  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi 
above  this  place,  wae,  a9  it  still  is,  much  waited  in  the  new  towni 
and  settlements  below ;  bat  beiqg  in  the  Indiaa  Territorj,  the 
whites,  without  special  permission^  were  not  allowed  to  take  it. — 
Judge  J.  H.  LooKwooD  had  obtained  such  permi36ion  from  both 
the  Indians  and  the  War  Department,  under  the  supervision  of 
which  the  Indian  aifairs  were  then  placed,  to  build  a  mill  on  thd 
Menomonee  branch  of  the  Cbippeyra  Biver,  he  pajing  an  an- 
nuity of  some  two  thousand  dollars  to  the  Wabasha  band  of  Sioux 
Indians,  who  then  claimed  that  country.  Mr.  BufiNKir,  with  some 
others,  applied  to  the  Department  for  a  like  permission  to  build  a 
mill  on  BlackBiver.  The  application  was  referred  to  Gen.  Clabk 
of  St  Louis,  over  six  hundred  miles  from  the  site  prayed  for,  and, 
of  course,  knew  as  little  about  it  as  those  living  at  Washington 
City.  But  at  that  city,  Gen.  Claek  was  presumed  to  know  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  wilderness,  and  its  inhabitants,  even  to  the 
lakes  and  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  of  conrse,  aU  matters  involving 
Inman  rights  and  privileges,  were  referred  to  him. 

He  could  no  more  appreciate  the  growth  of  the  towns  and  set- 
tlements above  St.  Louis,  than  can  the  people  east  of  the  Allo- 
ghanies,  the  growth  of  the  country  west  of  them,  and  thert^fore 
saw  no  necesbity  for  the  measure;  or  ii  he  did,  ho  saw  more  in 
the.  technicalities  and  discipline  of  the  agents  of  the  Government^ 
than  in  the  wants  of  the  people.  His  own  growing  city  could  be 
supplied,  as  it  had  been,  and  the  towns  above  as  far  up  as  Galena^ 
from  the  Ohio  River,  and  not  dreaming,  perhaps^  tbat  in  all  futuro 
tinjc  St.  Louis  would. grpw  to  its  present  dimensions,  or  that  bj 
this  time  (1856)  there  would  be  over  t wen Ijy  citiea, on  the  river 
above  St.  Louis  larger  than  St.  Louis  then  was,  with  a  hundred 
smaller  towns,  he/dt-cicjed  against  the  application,  on  the  ground 
thatHr.  Burn  kit  ^as  an  officer  qf '  the"  Creneral  (iovernmont  in 


806 

Territory  than  in  this  inBtance.  It  was  the  first  Territory  organ- 
ized under  the  adminiBtration  of  Gen.  Jaoksok,  and  his  friends, 
or  at  least  many  of  them,  were  disposed  to  arail  themselyes  of 
tiie  opportunity  now  offered,  to  get  some  office. 

Ool.  JoifBS  says,  under  date  of  March  13th,  1836,  while  the  bill 
to  organize  to  the  Territory  was  pending :  '^  The  President  told 
me  the  other  da/,  that  there  would  be  a  thousand  applicants  for 
the  offices  of  our  Territory.  There  is  scarcely  a  day  that  I  am  not 
asked  for  my  feeble  influence  in  favor  of  some  rascally  office- 
hunter  from  this  District,  or  some  State.  I  assure  you,  that  I 
hare  become  so  disgusted  with  the  hungry  wolves,  that  I  cannot 
treat  them  with  common  civility.  I  hate  the  sight  of  them,  and 
look  upon  them  as  robben  of  the  dearest  rights  of  my  constitu- 
ents. We  ought  to  drive  them  from  our  soil,  if  they  succeed  in 
stealing  our  offices." 

But  notwithstanding  all  the  efforts  made  in  favor  of  citizens  of 
the  Territory,  the  offices  were  mostly  filled  by  those  from  other 
States ;  and  as  a  reason  for  this,  Ool.  Jonib  says,  Apr.  18th,  1836 : 
^*  I  go  for  Wisconsin  and  her  citizens  before  the  world.  But,  Sir, 
we  have  no  votes  to  give  for  President,  and  are  not  worth  pleas- 
ing. These  office-seekers  are  strongly  recommended,  and  it  is  a 
difficult  matter,  as  the  President  told  me,  to  get  over  the  impor- 
I  tunities  of  his  numerous  political  and  influential  friends,  who 

have  their  friends  to  please."  It  is  possible,  if  not  probable,  that 
Mr.  Bttskstt  would  have  been  more  successful  in  his  application 
for  office,  if  he  had  been  less  iAdependent,  and  allowed  what  he 
considered  to  be  corruption  in  high  places,  to  pass  without  his 
eaustic  strictures  upon  it. 

As  early  as  Karch,  1836,  the  incipient  steps  were  taken  at  De- 
troit, to  form  the  JFimr  lake  Oampcmyy  with  a  view  to  secure  the 
site,  and  lay  out  a  city,  which  should  afterwards  be  the  capital  of 
Wisconsin.  Several  persons  were  associated  with  Gh>vs.  Masox 
and  Dorr  in  this  enterprise,  one  of  whom  was  Mr,  BvBHsn^  Hie 
^otmtry  being  then  unsettled  from  the  Blue  Hounds  to  Milwaukee, 
abd  but  Utile  explored,  measures  were  taken  by  some  of  the  ooni- 
89 


306 

panj,  to  ascertain  the  practicability  of  the  meaeurej  and  the  land 
was  entered  and  a  city  laid  out,  which  was  afterwards  christened 
Madison, 

Early  in  April,  1836,  acting  Gov.  IIoenee  had  moved  to  Wis- 
consin, expecting  to  hold  the  same  relation  to  Wisconsin  that  he 
had*  held  to  Michigan.  The  bill  to  organize  the  Territory  of  Wis- 
consin had  not  yet  passed  Congress.  Michig^  had  assumed  to 
be  a  State,  and  was  expecting  to  be  admitted  into  the  Union ;  but 
the  spirit  of  the  times,  and  of  the  dominamt  party  in  politics,  was 
of  the  progressive  character,  and  those  who  felt  most  interested, 
were  impatient  at  the  tardy  movements  of  Congress,  and  were 
still  anxious  to  move  the  Territorial  Government  of  Michigan  to 
Wisconsin  nolens  volens.  Accordingly,  Gov.  Horheb,  then  at  Du- 
buque, (Mr.  BuB}fKTT  being  there  at  the  same  time,)  addressed  the 
following  to  Mr.  Buhhett,  April  8th,  1836  : 

"  SiE : — As  the  Executive  of  Michigan  Territory,  I  desire  your 
opinion  on  this  point :  Can  I  convene  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Michigan  Territory  at  any  other  place  than  Green  Bay  ?  If  I  caa, 
will  it  suit  your  convenience,  as  a  member  of  that  Council,  to  at- 
tend in  the  next  two  months,  at  a  convenient  place  within  the 
Mining  District !  I  should  also  be  glad  to  know,  whether  you  de- 
sire a  session  of  it."  To  this  Mr.  Bukneit  answered  as  follows : 
"  In  answer  to  the  first  question  proposed,  that  is,  whether  you 
can  convene  the  Council  at  any  other  place  than  Green  Bay,  I 
will  state  what  took  place  during  the  session  of  January  last  re- ' 
lative  to  that  subject.  Near  the  close  of  the  session,  a  resolution 
was  introduced,  requesting  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  to  call 
the  Council  together  at  some  further  day,  and  at  a  different  place. 
Upon  this  resolution  a  discussion  arose,  and  the  measure  was  op« 
posed  by  some,  upon  the  ground,  that  the  place  for  the  assembling 
of  the  Council  having  been  once  designated  by  the  competent 
authority,  it  was  then  fixed,  and  must  remain  so  until  it  should  be 
changed  by  law.  It  was  contended,  that  the  power  vested  in  the ' 
Exeeutive  by  the  act  of  1835,  (of  Michigan,  making  Green  Baj 
the  place  of  meeting,)  was  not  a  continuing  power,  to  be  exercised 


307 

at  will,  by  changing  the  Bucceeding  meotings  of  the  Council  from 
place  to  place ;  bnt  that  when  it  had  been  once  exerted,  the  au- 
thority was  exhanstcd,  and  could  be  renewed  only  by  subsequent 
legislation.  The  subject  was  one  upon  which  I  had  not  previous- 
ly reflected,  and  the  arguments,  by  the  opponents  of  the  njeasure, 
had  not  before  occurred  to  me,  and  I  was  not  prepared  readily  to 
admit  the  conclusions  to  which  they  brought  the  minds  of  others ; 
they,  however,  prevailed  with  a  decided  majority,  and  the  meas- 
ure was  defeated  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote.  Whatever  my 
present  opinion  may  bo  upon  the  legal  princi])le  involved  in  the 
question,  it  seems  to  me  to  be  of  very  little  consequence,  as  I  am 
persuaded  that  unless  other  members  have  changed  theirs  since 
the  close  of  the  session,  a  quorum  could  not  be  obtained,  who 
think  that  the  Council  can  be  legally  convened  at  any  other  place 
than  the  one  first  designated  under  the  law. 

"  As  to  the  inquiry,  whether  it  will  suit  my  convenience  to  at- 
tend a  session,  &c.,  I  will  remark,  that,  in  the  discharge  of  any 
public  duty,  I  have  ever  made  my  personal  considerations  yield 
to  the  emergency  of  the  case ;  and  that  in  as  much  as  it  is  not  my 
privilege  to  have  public  measures  shaped  with  a  view  to  suit  my 
individual  wishes  and  convenience,  it  is  not  my  expectation  that 
they  should  be  so  ordered. 

"  In  reply  to  the  last  question  proposed,  I  will  say,  with  all  due 
deference  and  respect  for  the  Executive,  that  it  seems  to  me,  that 
my  individual. wishes  either  for  or  against  the  assembling  of  the 
Council,  ought  not  to  have  more  weight  and  influence  in  directing 
the  action  of  the  Governor,  than  those  of  any  other  citizen  of  the 
country.  The  Governor  will,  I  presume,  exercise  his  discretion 
upon  the  subject,  and  judge  of  the  expediency  of  the  measure 
proposed,  from  the  exigency  of  the  times,  in  reference,  as  well,  to 
the  domestic  affairs  with  the  General  Government" 

This,  so  far  as  I  am  advised,  was  the  last  attempt  to  keep  alive 
the  Territorial  Government  of  Michigan  in  Wisconsin.  On  the 
20th  of  April,  1836,  the  act  organizing  the  Territory  of  Wiscon- 
sin was  approved,  and  took  effect  on  the  4th  July  of  that  year, 


308 

Uiings  now  began  to  operate  in  a  more  legal  form  than  before* — 
The  Secretary  of  the  former  Territory  was  made  Secretary  of  this, 
and  until  the  arriral  of  Gov.  Dodge  was,  as  he  had  been  in  Mich- 
igan, acting  Goyemor.  Under  the  new  organization,  new  officers, 
a  new  Delegate  to  Congress,  and  new  Oonncilmen  and  Bepresen- 
tativA  had  to  be  chosen*;  and,  as  on  former  occasions,  Mr.  Bub- 
HRT  was  the  choice  of  numerous  friends.  A  strong  effort  was 
made  to  fi:et  his  name  before  the  people  as  a  candidate  for  Con- 
gress, but  this  he  declined. 

The  organic  law  of  the  Territory  authorized  the  Governor  to 
cause  a  census  of  the  different  couilties  to  be  taken,  and  to  ap- 
portion the  thirteen  members  of  the  Council  and  the  twenty-six 
members  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  "  among  the  several 
c(yurUi68y^  "  as  nearly  equal  as  practicable."  The  people  of  Craw* 
ford  county,  where  Mr.  BinurETT  resided,  understood  this  law  to 
give  each  county  a  representation  in  each  house.  But  the  Gov- 
ernor understood  it  otherwise,  and  apportioned  the  members  of  the 
Council  among  the  counties  that  had  a  larger  population  than 
that  of  Crawford,  giving  the  latter  two  members  of  the  House, 
but  no  member  of  the  Council,  nor  attaching  the  county  to  any 
other  so  as  to  form  a  Council  district,  or  affording  the  people  an 
opportunity  in  any  way  to  vote  for  a  Councilman.  Upon  this 
state  of  the  case,  the  people  claiming  to  be  entitled  to  a  represen- 
tative in  the  Council,  unanimously  elected  Mr.  Bubnbtt  to  that 
place. 

The  election  being  over,  Mr.  Burnett  wrote  to  Gov.  Dodgb, 
October  17th,  1886,  as  follows :  '*  Sir: — ^Tou  will  percieve  from 
the  Sheriff's  return  of  the  election  held  in  this  county,  that  the 
people  have  unanimously  elected  me  to  the  Council  in  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  of  the  Territory.  As  the  act  for  establishing 
the  Territorial  Governme'nt  provides,  that  "  the  number  of  persons 
authorized  to  be  elected,  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  tn 
each  of  the  said  counties  for  the  Council,  shall  be  declared  by  the 
said  Governor  to  be  duly  elected  to  the  said  Council,'*  the  quea- 
tion  is  submitted  to  you,  whether  you  will  declare  me  to  be  duly 


80» 

elected  to  the  Ooimeily  according  to  the  vote  of  the  county.  It  is 
hardly  neceseary  now  to  go  into  an  argnment  of  the  case,  but  I 
may  be  permitted  to  remark,  that  the  organic  law  evidently  was 
intended  to,  and  does  most  fully}  bo  far  as  positiye  enactment  can 
go,  secure  to  the  people  of  every  county,  the  equal  rights  of  suf- 
frage and  representation  with  their  fellow-citizens  in  other  parts 
of  the  Territory.  The  people  of  this  county  have  elected  one 
member  to  the  Council,  which  is  the  leoit  tiiey  could  do,  to  have 
any  representation  in  that  body.  That  number  seems  most  clearly 
to  me  to  be  authorused  by  law,  to  be  elected,  and  proper  to  be  so' 
declared  by  the  Executiye.  I  am  well  aware  of  the  difflcultieB 
of  the  case,  as  it  now  stands,"  (there  being  thirteen  members 
eleoted,  besides  Mr.  BimRKrr,)  ^^  and  it  is  not  for  me  to  make  sug^ 
gesttons  as  to  the  eoursa'proper  to  be  pursued  by  the  Executive, 
under  the  present  circunurtances.  I  only  ask,  in  the  name  of  the 
people  of  an  entire  county,  what  they  and  I  are  perfectly  con* 
vinoed  is  our  lawful  right,  and  that  the  member  chosen  by  them 
with  one  roice  to  represent  them,  may  be  officially  declared  to  be 
duly  eleoted." 

It  is  a  question  which  I  leave  to  others  to  decide,  whether  the 
trouble  in  this  case,  grew  out  of  the  wording  of  the  organic  law 
or  out  of  the  Governor's  mis-application  of  that  law  in  making 
the  apportionment.  There  were  at  that  time  but  six  counties  in 
the  T<^ritory  among  which  to  apportion  the  thirteen  Oouncilmen, 
and  the  twenty-six  Bepresentatives.  The  organic  law  seems 
clearly  to  contemplate,  that  each  county  would  contain  a  sufficient 
population  to  entide  it  to  at  least  one  member  of  the  Gouncil,  and 
one  or  more  members  of  the  House.  But  on  taking  the  census, 
it  was  found,  that  Crawford  county  did  not  contain  one  thirteenth 
pavt  of  the  populatioi\  of  the  Territory.  It  seems,  further,  that 
the  organic  law  made  no  provision  fbr  attaching  two  or  more 
ooimties  togethw,  so  as  to  constitate  a  Council  district.  Here 
waa  a  lameness  in  the  law,  which  the  Governor,  it  seemq,  thought 
he  had  no  power  to  remedy ;  but  apportioned  the  members  of  the 
respeelive  houses,  as  nearly  in  proportion  to  the  inhabitants  as 


310 

» 

poBBible,  under  the  oircomstances.  No  one  can  jutly  impeadi 
the  motives  of  the  Governor.  He  certainly  could  have  had  no 
intention  to  wrong  the  people  of  Crawford  conntj,  for  he  gave 
ihem  two  members  of  the  House,  which  was  more  than  their  pro- 
portion  according  to  population.  But  still  the  law,  though  enact- 
ed under  a  mistaken  view  or  opinion  as  to  the  popplation  of  the 
several  counties^  most  clearly  contemplated  giving  each  county 
at  least  one  Oouncilmani  as  well  as  representatives.  The  appor- 
tionment, however,  was  so  made  as  to  give  the  13  members  to  the 
other  five  counties,  and  without  attaching  Crawford  to  any  other 
counly  for  this  purpose., 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  Legislative  Assembly  met  at 
Belmont^  in  Nov.  1886,  when '  Mr.  BmuriRT  presented  his  claims 
and  certificate  of  election,  demanding  a  seat  in  the  Council.  But 
the  trouble,  in  case  he  was  admitted  to  a  seat,  was,  that  there 
would  then  be  fourteen  instead  of  thirteen,  and  no  obb  knew 
which  of  the  others  must  retire  to  give  him  room.  The  Council 
had  not  the^  apportionment  of  its  own  body  previous  to  its  first 
meetmg,  and  if  the  Governor  had  erred  in  the  apportionment, 
the  Council  had  no  power  to  correct  the  eiror ;  and  the  result  was, 
that  Mr.  Bubnbtt  was  refused  a  seat  in  that  honorable  body.  All 
the  proceedings  in  this  case,  will  be  found  in  the  journal  of  the 
Council  of  that  session. 

At  this  Belmont  session,  and  in  organizing  the  Territorial  Gov- 
ernment, Mr.  BusNSTT  was  nominated  by  the  Governor,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  Council,  as  District  Attorney  for  Crawford  county, 
and  on  the  receipt  of  the  commission  therefor,  wrote  the  Govern- 
or as  follows,  from  Prairie  du  Ghien,  Dec.  17th,  1886 :  '<  Sir  :--I 
was,  on  this  day,  handed  a  commission  appointing  me,  by  and 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Legislative  Council,  District 
Ajttomey  for  the  county  of  Crawford.  I  take  the  earliest  ooca* 
sion  to  inform  you,  that  I  decline  accepting  the  appointment,  tliat 
you  may  take  such  steps  to  fill  the  office  as  may  be  deemed  expe- 
dient. Believing,  as  I  do,  most  sincerely,  tbat  the  Council  was 
not  legi^lly  organised,  and  that  it  had  not,  thereforei  the  lavfol 


■     311 

authority, to  perform  any  valid  and  binding  act,  I  cannot,  consiflt- 
ently  with  these  opinions,  assnme  an  ofBce  that  has  been  confer- 
red by  the  action  of  that  body.  It  is  proper  to  state,  that  my  name 
was  presented  for  the  appointment,  without  any  knowledge  or 
consent  on  my  part.'* 

The  people  of  Crawford  county,  not  being  satisfied  with  the  ap- 
portionment of  the  Council,  petitioned  Congress  for  redress ;  the 
petition  being  sent  to  the  care  of  the  Hon.  John  Quinoy  Adamb 
to  be  presented,  and  Mr.  BiJBiirETT  wrote  that  eminent  statesman 
a  letter,  explaining  the  matter,  and  urging  the  favor  of  his  influ- 
ence in  their  behalf.  But  it  seemed  that  nothing  was  done  in  the 
premises.  In  the  circumstance  of  Mr.  Buenett's  addressing  that 
great  statesman  on  this  subject,  we  see  the  impropriety  of  any 
one's  taking  ultra  measures  in  political  matters.  It  has  been  seen> 
that  Mr.  Buenett  was  an  original  Jackson  man,  and  of  course 
was  an  opponent  of  Mr.  Adams.    And  those  who  recollect  the 

spirit,  as  well  as  the  means,  used  in  that  contest,  would  hardly 

> 

think  it  possible,  that  a  Jaokson  man  would  ever  ask  a  favor  of  . 

« 

Mr.  Adams,  under  any  circumstances.  But  in  the  circuiHstances  . 
herein  related,  under  the  administration  of  the  man  whom  he  had 
helped  into  office,  Mr.  Buenett  had  not  received  what  he  deemed 
e<^nal  and  impartial  justice;  and  to  obtain  this,  he  addresses  the 
the  very  man  whose  election  he  had  opposed.  I  do  not  mean  to 
be  understood  as  saying,  that  Mr.  Btjenett  changed  his  political 
views,  as  a  Jackson  democrat,  but  simply,  that  it  is  unsafe  in 
political  contests  to  condemn  or  consign  those  of  an  opposite  party 
to  oblivioii,  for  circumstances  may  so  change,  that  we  may  agree 
on  public  measures,  or  we  may  be  glad  of  their  favor  and  assist- 
ance in  subsequent  scases. 

On  the  29th  day  of  Dec.  1886,  Mr.  Buenbtt  was  married  to 
Miss  Lucia  Maria  Betjnson,  my  second  daughter,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1887,  he  removed  to  Oassville,  in  Grant  county,  Wis- 
cdnsin.  He  changed  the  place  of  his  residence,  to  be  more  cen- 
tral to  his  professional  business,  which  was.  now  greatly  extend- 
ing, not  only  in  the  western  counties  of  what  is  now  Wisconsin, 


318 

but  also  into  what  is  now  Iowa,  in  Dabnqe,  and  even  into  Dea 
lioines  conntj. 

Early  in  the  year  1838,  the  subject  of  the  election  of  a  Delegate 
to  Oongress  from  Wisconsin  Territory  was  agitated ;  and  Mr.  Bub- 
HSTT  was  not  only  consulted  as  to  the  measures  proper  to  be  pur- 
sued, but  was  strongly  solicited  by  his  friends,  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  to  suffer  his  name  to  be  used  in  the  contest  But  before 
preliminaries  were  arranged,  Oongress  divided  the  Territoiy,  and 
organized  that  of  Iowa  out  of  the  portion  of  Wisconsin  which 
lay  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  This  entirely  changed  the  &ce 
of  things  leaving  the  aspirants  on  the  two  sides  of  the  rivers  an 
open  field,  without  the  interference  of  the  local  interests,  which 
naturally  grow  out  of  such  circumstances. 

Party  politics  had  hitherto  been  kept  out  of  sight  in  Territorial 
matters,  and  Whigs  and  Democrats  were  net  known  in  the  can* 
vasses  for  office.  The  first  Delegate  from  the  Territory,  was  nn. 
derstood  to  be  a  Whig,  when  elected ;  but  the  administration  of 
the  General  Gh>vernment,  and  a  majority  in  Ciongress,  being  of 
the  Democratic  party,  it  was  deemed  prudent  by  himself  and  hig 
friends  to  change  his  political  character.  One  reason  for  this,  was, 
that  as  the  Territory  was  dependent  upon  Oongress  for  fands  to 
support  its  Government,  make  its  internal  improvements,  and 
pay  its  numerous  officers,  it  was  policy — the  usual  standard  of 
morality,  truth  and  justice,  with  the  majority  of  the  politicians 
of  the  day — ^for  our  Delegate  to  be  on  the  strong  side  of  OongresSi 
and  the  Administration,  in  hopes  to  obtain  greater  appropriations 
from  the  Kational  Treasury. 

With  a  view  to  secure  this  object  in.  the  election,  without  the 
contingency  of  a  change  in  political  views  or  policy,  Mr.  Busbxit 
was  called  upon  by  the  Hon.  J.  S.  SL,  one  of  the  delegates  to  the 
nominating  convention,  to  know  whether  he  ^'  professed  the  piin* 
ciples  of  the  Whig  party,  and  whether  he  was  in  favor  of  a  2fa- 
tional  Bank  as  the  only  means  of  regulating  the  currency,  and 
whether  he  believed  in  its  constitutionality." 

The  above  was  dated  at  Green  Bay,  Aug.  17th,  1888,  and  Mr. 


818 

Busniv,  then  being  at  that  place,  on  the  day  following  replied  a» 
follows :  *^  In  answer  to  your  letter  of  yesterday;  it  gives  me  plea- 
sure to  state,  that  I  do  not  now  and  never  have  professed  the 
principles  of  tlie  Whig>  party.  All  my  political  principles  were 
imbibed  in  the  school  of  the  Democratic  party,  as  taught  by  Kr* 
JsnTEAsoN  an,d  his  associates  and  followers,  and  I  am  too  &r  ad* 
vanced  to  change  these  principles.  I  have  always  been  opposed 
to  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  All  the  arguments  that  have 
been  elicited  in  late  years  in  favor  of  that  institution,  have  not^ 
in  any  degree,  tended  to  change  my  opinion.  I  am,  and  evar 
have  been,  in  favor  of  a  strict,  limited  construction  of  the  Consti- 
tution, and  a  strict  responsibility  of  all  public  agents.  I  do  not 
believe  it  was  intended  by  the  framers  of  our  Oonstitution,  to  con- 
fer on  Congress  the  power  of  creating  .a  Kational  Bank ;  and  in- 
all  cases  where  such  a  measure  is  even  doubtful,  I  think  the  safer 
course  is,  to  leave  the  matter  to  the  people,  and  to  the  States.  I 
have  thus  frankly,  and  in  a  few  words,  given  you  my  opinions 
upon  these  questions ;  believing  it  to  be  the  right  of  the  citieen  to 
enquire  of  a  candidate  tor  office  as  to  his  views  upon  the  politioal 
measures  of  the  coxmtry  ^  I  am  nevertheless  clearly  satisfied,  that 
it  is  not  good  policy  to  make  national  politics  a  test  question  in 
our  Territorial  olections,  and  am  opposed  to  any  attempt,  at  pre* 
sent,  at  the  organization  of  parties  in  the  Territory.'^  In  this 
Congressional  contest,  there  were  three  candidates  in  the  field, 
Gbo.  W.  JoxrBB,  J*  D.  DoTT,  and  Mr.  Bujeutstt.  Each  had  his 
warm  friends,  and  the  election  was^warmly  contested.  But  Mr. 
Doty  was  the  successful  uMm. 

In  a  letter  now  before  me,  from  a  friend  of  Mr.  BufiNxir  in 
Bacine,  giving  reasons  why  th^  election  in  that  county  went  so 
different  from  what  was  expected,  among  other  reasons  says,  ^^  the 

bar  in  this  vUlage  was  kept  open  by 's  friends  on  the  day  of 

election,  and  I  am  credibly  inforn^d  that  the  bill  ^r as  $26  00." 
When  will  the  time  eome  that  bribery  will  not  be  resorted  to»  to 
purchase  vptes }  And  what  ^n  a  man  value  himself  at,  who  will 
sell  his  vote,  if  not  him/ielf,  Jor  a  drink  of  whiskey  ?  TJutU  this 
40 


314 

conrnpt  and  corrnpting  practice  is  diBootiDtenaneed,  discarded  and 
abandoned,  we  cannot  reasonably  expect  purity  in  our  public  men* 
In  this  case,  it  is  not  said  that  the  candidate  footed  the  rum  bill, 
but  that  his  friends  did.  This  thej  might  do  without  his  knowledge 
or  consent,  but  these  friends  would  not  be  to  that  expense  unless 
thej  expected,  if  their  candidate  was  successful,  to  be  compensated 
in  the  shape  of  office,  contract  for  some  public  work,  or  by  direct 
remuneration.  In  either  case,  corrtypUon  is  at  the  bottom  or 
foundation  of  the  movement,  and  while  men  will  thus  sell  their 
influence,  the  electire  franchise  is  but  a  farce,  and  liberty  is  but 
a  solemn  mockery ;  for  the  people  who  thus  dispose  of  their  rights, 
are  but  slaves  to  a  political  demagogue,  who,  if  he  would  thus 
purchase  votes,  would,  in  time,  sell  himself  to  a  usurper  of  a 
higher  grade,  and  become  a  vassal  to  a  crowned  head,  if  by  so 
doing  he  could  be  well  paid  for  his  own,  and  the  liberty  of  his 
ccmntry.  These  remarks  are  not  made  with  reference  to  this  case 
particularly,  but  the  fact  having  occurred  here  gave  rise  to  the 
general  reflection. 

From  the  iiumerous  nominations,  together  with  the  numerous 
letters  Mr.  BtiRNirrr  reeceived  from  the  leading  men  in  different 
parts  of  the  Territory,  it  was  but  a  reasonable  calculation  on  his 
part,  as  well  as  on  that  of  his  friends,  that  he  would  be  elected. 
But  such  is  the  "  glorious  uncertainty"  of  politics,  as  well  as  law, 
that  he,  like  many  others  of  merit,  was  doomed' to  be  disappoint- 
ed, and  this  one  added  to  others  heretofore  alluded  to,  induced 
him  to  remain  silent  and  inactive  on  this  score  for  some  length  of 
time.  Nor  would  he  ever  again  have  been  a  candidate  for  any 
office  in  the  gift  of  the  people,  if  he  had  not  literally  been  drag- 
ged out  of  his  retirement  by  his  friends. 

The  Delegate  from  Wisconsin  had  up  to  this  time  been  elected 
in  the  odd  year,  so  that  his  two  years  ran  into  two  Congresses, 
and  as  Judge  Dorr  was  successful  1888,  and  the  Governor  and  a 
majority  of  the  Legislature  being  opposed  to  him,  it  was  deemed 
a  favorable  opportunity  to  get  rid  of  him,  by  enacting  that  the 
election  of  Delegate  should  correspond  to  the  election  of  mem- 


316 

bciCft  of  Oougrees  in  the  States.  TMb  of  coaree  brought  on  an 
election  of  Delegate  in  1889.  Jadge  Dott  and  Braoir  Eilboxtsk 
were  the  prominent  candidates,  and  by  some  means  which  I  have 
not  seen  explained,  Mr.  BnfiNsrr  was  ^ain  brought  before  the 
pnblic  in  that  connection.  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  from  hia 
own  correspondence,  that  he  consented  or  refused  tp  have  his 
name  used  in  that  way.  The  friends  of  each  of  the  prominent 
candidates,  reported  that  his  name  was  used  for  the  purpose  of 
dlvidisg  the  vote  of  their  respective  friends.  Of  this  Mr.  Bun" 
umps  was  not  guilty,  nor  was  he  capable  of  such  a  measure.  As 
it  was,  he  received  but  a  few  scattering  votes,  and  Judge  Dorr 
was  again  successful,  contrary  to  the  expectations  of  the  law-ma- 
kerB  and  changers. 

In  the  meantime,  Mr.  Bubnett's  practice  at  the  bar  was  greally 
enlarging,  and  he  was  preparing  his  farm  in  Grant  county  for  the 
reoeption  of  his  famUy,  where  he  intended,  and,  as  it  finally  re* 
suited,  did  spend  the  remnant  of  his  days  on  earth,  and  to  which 
h$  moved  his  family  in  1840,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  "Hermitage.*' 
In  the  spring  of  1843,  Gov.  Doty  in  organizing  the  militia  of  the 
Territory  appointed  Mr.  Bukuett  General  of  the  2nd  Brigade  of 
the  2nd  Division. 

In  the  fall  of  1842,  a  murder  was  committed  on  Prairie  du  Ohien, 
for  which  five  soldiers  were  arrested  and  indicted,  for  whose  de- 
fence Mr.  BpBNETT  was  employed.  The  accused  were  acquitted, 
and  for  the  want  of  other  means  to  pay  their  counsel,  they  assign- 
ed over  to  him  their  pay  duo  from  the  United  States,  for  and 
during  the  time  of  their  confinement,  which  assignment  was 
sanctioned  by  the  officer  commanding  the  company  to  which  they 
belonged.  But  the  pay-master,  Major  Stbbet,  refused  to  pay  him, 
or  them,  for  the  time  of  their  confinement,  under  a  decision  of 
Mr.  Thojsnton,  the  2nd  Controller  of  the  Treasury,  made  in  1888. 
Froxn  this  decision,  Mr.  Buhnbit  appealed  to  the  Secretary  of 
War,  who  referred  the  matter  to  the  Fay-Master  General,  and  he 
intturzk  referred  it  to  the  decision  of  the  Controller,  ^^  that  soldiers 
confined  by  the  civil  authorily  for  alleged  criminal  offences,  are 


316 

not  entitled  to  pay  from  the  United  Stfttes  for  the  time  they  are 
80  oonfined.  The  fact  that  the  men  were  not  convicted,  does  not 
alter  the  case.  The  decieion  is  haaed  on  the  ground,  that  no  eer 
Tice  haying  been  rendered  the  United  States  dnring  that  time, 
thej,  like  other  employers,  are  not  bound  to  paj  for  anj." 

Bat  Mr.  Bitbhstt,  with  his  characteristic  diligence  as  a  lawyer, 
never  yielding  a  point  in  whidi  he  thought  he  was  right,  nntil  the 
last  thing  possible  was  done,  appealed  from  this  tribunal  to  the 
ProBident  of  the  United  States,  to  whom  he  writes  Aug.  98ih,  1848, 
as  follows :  ^^  I  beg  leave  respectfully  to  request  your  examination 
of  the  enclosed  correspondence.  When  the  matter  was  submitted 
to  the  Hon.  Secretary  of  War,  it  was  expected  that  he  would  give 
it  some  attention,  and  not  turn  it  over  to  the  Pay-Maeter  General. 
Se  had  already  given  his  orders  inorelation  to  the  dedeion  of  the 
Sd  Controller,  under  which  Major  Stebet  was  acting,  when  he 
refused  to  pay  the  men.  K  I  had  wanted  a  re-iteration  of  the 
order,  if  it  could  have  been  of  the  least  imaginable  benefit  to  me 
or  the  men  for  whom  I  have  been  acting,  and  at  whose  request  I 
am  still  urging  their  claims  for  justice,  to  have  it  again  promul* 
gated,  I  should  have  written  to  the  Pay-Master  Oeneral  direct, 
without  troubling:  the  Honorable  Secretary  to  hand  my  lettoie 
over  to  him  to  be  answered. 

(<  The  Pay-Master  Oeneral  says,  that  ^  the  decision  of  the  2d  Oon- 
troUer  is  based  upon  the  ground,  that  no  service  having  been 
rendered  the  United  States  during  that  time,  they,  like  other  em* 
ployers,  are  not  bound  to  pay  for  any.'  The  same  principle 
would  prevent  the  payment  of  a  soldier  for  the  time  he  might  be 
confined  in  the  Hospital  by  sickness,  or  wounds,  or  while  he  was 
a  prisoner  of  war.  Why  are  the  men,  in  either  of  these  cases, 
paid  for  the  time  in  which  they  render  no  service  t  Because  they 
have  been  prevented  by  circumstances  to  which  they  must  sub- 
mit, and  have  not  withheld  their  services  voluntarily.  But  Mr. 
TuoasTOK  says,  <  where  the  soldier  is  confined  by  the  civil  an* 
thority,'  (an  authority  to  which  the  highest  c^cial  is  bound  to 
submit,  no  matter  how  unjust  the  confinement  may  be,)  the  mie^ 


817 

fortune  fell  on  him,  and  he  muBt  bear  it.  Kow  in  eyery  ima^a- 
ble  case,  for  eyery  day  when  the  mneter-roU  does  not  ahow  the 
aoldier  to  be  present,  or  absent  on  daty,  no  matter  what  atcident, 
or  misfortune  may  have  intervened,  the  rule,  with  equal  juatice 
and  reason,  and  as  much  law  to  support  it,  would  be  applied--4he 
soldier  must  bear  his  misfortune.  The  principle  will  not  not  bcAr 
extension ;  it  cannot  be  sustained  by  reason  and  analogy. 

"  The  substance  of  the  position  is,  that  in  emery  case,  where  ao 
service  is  rendered,  there  can  be  no  pay  demanded,  and  the  (atov- 
ernment  of  the  United  States  is  compared  to  an  individual.  This 
rule  would  exclude  ever^  officer  of  the  Government,  civil  and 
military,  from  receiving  pay  when  absent  from  the  appointed 
place  of  his  duty,  or  when  he  fails  to  render  service.  To  apply 
it  to  the  army,  if  an  officer  is  absent  on  furlough,  or  imprisoned 
on  either  civil  or  criminal  process,  we  never  hear  of  the  rule  be. 
ing  applied  to  him.  Is  law  or  reason  different  when  applied  from 
what  it  is,  when,  under  the  same  circumstances,  applied  to  a  sol- 
dier? Is  it  to  be  established  as  a  permanent  measure  of  our 
Government,  that  one  rule  of  justice  is  to  be  applied  to  the  pok>r 
soldier,  who  always  needs  protection,  and  a  different  and  more 
favorable  one  to  officers  who  are  never  se  necessitous,  and  who 
are  always  more  able  to  protect  themselves,  and  whose  pay  is  of 
80  much  more  consequence,  so  far  as  saving  is  concerned  ?^' 

But  the  appeal  was  of  no  avail  until  two  years  after,  when  the 
money  was  paid.  It  appears  from  the  papers  in  the  case,  that 
this  rule  of  the  Controller  had  lain  dormant  for  ten  years,  on  this 
frontier,  and  it  was  not  known  to  exist  either  by  the  Pay  !BCaster 
or  officers  of  the  army,  until  it  appeared  in  this  case,  and  of  its* 
injustice  no  one  can  reasonably  doubt.  As  an  item  of  history,  it 
is  of  little  importance;  but  as  it  involves  an  important  principle 
of  law,  and  exhibits  the  glaring  injustice  of  the  Government  to- 
wards the  weak  and  helpless,  it  is  worthy  of  note. 

From  the  organization  of  the  Supreme  Oourt  of  the  Territory, 
Kr.  BxnanETT  had  been  the  Reporter  thereof,  and  in  the  winter  of 


818 

1818-4,  the  Legislature  authorized  the  publication  of  the  Reports 
of  cases  in  that  Court,  with  the  Laws  of  the  session.  This  requir- 
ed the  re-writing  of  the  whole  on  short  notice,  but  the  work  was 
accomplished  in  dne  time.  But  in  this,  as  in  many  other  cases, 
where  political  sqnabbles  for  the  ascendency  interfered  with  the 
proper  administration  of  the  Government,  there  were  two  claim- 
ants of  the  maTiuscript.  The  Legislature  had  given  the  printing 
of  the  Laws  and  Reports  to  Mr.  George  Hyer,  while  the  Secre- 
taiy  of  the  Territory,  who  held  the  •'  purse  strings,"  wished  to 
give  it  to  Mr.  W.  W.  Wymak.  Furthermore  the  Legislatnre  ap- 
pointed John  Oatlin  and  Ben.  0.  Eastmaj^,  commissioners  to  su- 
perintend the  publication  of  the  Laws  and  Reports,  and  to  coni- 
pare  the  Laws  in  the  proof-sheets  with  the  originals  in  the  Secre- 
taory's  Office,  but  there  were  some  fears  expressed  that  the  Secre- 
tary would  not  grant  the  privilege  of  this  comparison  in  hfs  OiBce, 
which  fears,  I  believe,  were  without  sufficient  foundation  to  justi- 
fy them.  In  this  state  of  the  case,  Mr.  Burnett  was  called  upon 
by  both  claimants  for  his  MS.  Reports.  But  the  commissioners 
being  first  in  their  call,  and  Mr.  Burnett  believing  that  the  will 
of  the  people  as  expressed  by  their  representatives,  should  be 
obeyed,  in  preference  to  that  of  a  foreign  Secretary,  who  was  sent 
here  by  the  Federal  Govemmenfc  merely  or  chiefly  as  a  fiscal  agents 
he  sent  the  MS.  to  the  commissioners,  who  caused  the  Reports  to 
be  printed  according  to  law. 

In  the  year  1844,  Mr.  Burnett  was  called  upon  to  appear  be- 
fore the  people  of  his  county  of  Grant,  as  a  candidate  for  the 
Assembly.  There  seems  to  have  been  strong  efforts  made  against 
his  election,  on  account  of  the  independence  with  which  he  attend- 
ed upon  his  duties  at  the  bar,  but  he  succeeded  by  a  handsome 
majority,  having  1000  out  of  the  1600  votes  cast. 

In  the  winter  of  1844-6,  and  while  the  Assembly  was  in  ses- 
sion, a  rumor  that  an  Indian  war  had  broken  out,  came,  with  a 
thousand  fearful  forebodings,  producing  intense  excitement  in  and 
about  the  Oapitol.    At  this  time,  the  militia  laws  had  aU  been 


319 

repealed,  probably  with  a  view  to  counteract  the  supposed  iafta- 
ence  of  Gtov.  Dorr,  and  the  capital  he  might  have  made  "by  the 
organization  of  the  militia,  and  the  appointment  of  the  officers 
from  among  his  friends,  the  majority  of  the  Legislature  beLag 
opposed  to  Doty.  At, this  juncture,  however,  a  change  in  the 
administration  of  the  General  Government  had  changed  GovernoiB, 
and  Gen.  Dodge  was  again  at  the  holm  of  the  Territory.  But  the 
law  which  abolished  the  militia  service  with  a  view  to  hamper 
and  trammel  Dorv,  was  now,  in  a  time  of  needy  found  to  trammel 
and  hamper  Dobgb,  for  though  great  fear  was  excited,  that  plunder 
and  murder  would  be,  or  were  actually  being  comniitted  by  the 
Indians,  the  Governor's  hands  were  tied  by  the  law,  which  he 
had  himself  approved.  The  representations  of  Indian  disturban- 
ces made  to  the  Governor,  he  conaimunicated  to  the  Assembly. 

If  I  have  been  rightly  informed,  the  emergency  of  the  case  was 
such,  as  to  call  the  two  Houses  together  at  an  evening  session,  to 
recieve  the  Governor's  Mes^ge  on  the  subject,  and  to  devise 
ways  and  means  for  the  public  defence.  And  while  one  was 
looking  at  another,  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to  do,  Mr.  BxTBinnFT 
penned  and  offered  a  bill  to  repeal  the  act  by  which  the  militia 
organization  had  been  abolished,  and  to  restore  the  former  laws 
upon  the  subject.  In  offering  the  bill  which  contained  only  a 
few  lines,  he  moved  a  suspension  of  the  rules,  so  that  the  bill 
passed  at  once,  and  was  sent  to  the  Council ;  and,  by  the  same 
process,  it  was  passed  there,  and  in  about  half  an  hoar  frotn  the 
time  it  was  first  offered,  the  'Governor  had  approved  of  it,  and 
the  whole  militia  of  the  Territory  was  organized,  officers  and  all, 
and  measures  were  said  to  be  taking  to  call  out  a  portion  of  it,  to 
chastise  the  supposed  marauders ;  when  a  second  commonioatioii 
to  the  Governor,  showed  that  there  was  no  occasion  for  it.  The 
first  report  had  grown  out  of  exaggerated  statements  of  some 
white  hunters,  who  had  come  in  contact  with  some  Indians  in  the 
same  pursuit,  and  who  probably  took  some  game  which  th»,  whites 
would  have  been  gl»d  to  have  taken ;  and  possibly  some  pigs  had 


been  taken  on  the  credit  of  the  Indians,  bnt  this  was  noTer  proTen 
against  them.*  ^ 

Mr.  Bmancrr  was  again  in  the  Legislature  in  1846,  when  ar- 
rangements were  made  to  call  a  Convention  to  form  a  Oonstitntien 
for  a  State  Govern ment.  He  was  also  elected  a  Delegate  to  the 
Convention,  which  met  on  the  5th  day  of  October,  1846.  He  was, 
however,,  prevented,  by  sickness,  from  reaching  Madison,  nntil 
the  14th  of  the  month,  when  he  took  his  seat  in  this  first  State 
Convention.  He  had  been  some  months  confined  at  home  by 
disease,  and  was  indeed  unfit  to  leave  home  when  he  did.  But 
feeling  the  high  responsibilities  which  rested  upon  him,  he  re- 
paired to  the  Capital,  bnt  his  stay  there  was  destined  to  be  short. 

On  the  19th  of  the  month,  Mrs.  Bubnbtt,  who  the  day  previons 


•  Uj  ftfarMiot  to  XhM  LogUUttT*  JoanuOs,  It  appMn  that  thia  wuMmt  happoMd  on  th«  last  aTMiag 
of  tha  following  peuion,  Febroarj  3, 1846.  The  GoTOraor  eommonieated  the  pvaeeedinga  of  a  meat- 
lag  of  tha  dtlMna  of  Moaeoda,  on  tha  WiaaonalB  Blyar,  ta  Qraat  ooaa^,  dated  Snndaj  night,  Fab.  1, 
184B»  atating  aa  loUawi :  *'  Th»  dtisana  of  thia  piaiiia  and  auroondlag  comtiy,  haTiog  baan  for  tiaa 
laat  laTaral  months  annoyed  and  hanaiaed  bj  the  depredation!  of  the  Winnebago  Indiana,  and  aab- 
■mad  to  thair  bullying  and  Inanlta,  bare  at  length  baan  fbrcad  to  tha  dtnitr  taaort— to  take  up  ama 
for  onr  protaetion.  Thia  ereniag  a  akinniah  took  plaea  between  the  Indiana  and  tha  citfaana,  ia  whkb 
foor  of  the  fonner  were  Mverelji  if  not  mortally,  wounded  ;  and  from  the  known  character  of  the  In- 
^m»^  ^f^  miqr  Daturally  expect  more  aerioua  eonaeqnencaa  to  anaue.  A  true  and  ooirect  atalainant  of 
tha  oooniMnaea  of  tha  da^y,  la  aubatantiaUy  aa  foUowa :  A  number  of  tha  Indiana  aama  down  the  TootHk 
aide  ol  the  Wisconsin  Rlrer  to  Capt.  Siiith*b,  and  stole  his  canoe.  He  diaoorered  them,  and  called  ta 
tfMm  td  bring  it  back,  which  they  refused  to  do.  Tha  Captain,  with  aevaral  other  man,  came  orer  to 
«Mf  ghaia,  found  tha  Indiana  who  tc^ok  his  boat,  and  chaatisad  one  or  two  of  them  with  a  atiek,  and  In 
the  melee,  one  of  his  men  was  severely  hurt  with  a  dub,  in  the  hands  of  one  of  the  Indians,  The  In. 
Mmwtf  fhen  ran,  and  the  dtlzena,  a  number  of  whom  had  by  this  JUme  collected,  followed  them  a  little 
wa/  and  latumed.  In  a  abort  tbna  tha  Indiana  came  baak  alao*  All  tha  dtlaena  bariag  bj  thia  itea 
aaaambled,  Capt.  Jixia  B.  Earn  and  Booth  advanced  towards  them,  unarmed,  and  in  a  peaoeabJe  man- 
nar,  making  fHendly  manifeatationa— all  of  which  time  the  Indians  threatened,  by  drawing  their  knirea} 
tbMyviag  off  their  tdankata,  waving  thaIr  guna  In  tha  air,  and  pointing  them  toward  the  lAttaa.  Viad' 
ing  it  impoBsilde  to  pacify  or  appease  them,  they  separated,  and  in  a  moment  thay  fired  upon  the  dti- 
aana— tha  next  minute  their  fire  waa  returned,  and  fSour  of  them  felL"  They  then  add,  that  tha  Indiana 
hsT*  atnt  their  runnan  to  eoUaet  thaIr  aoattared  banda,  and  tha  whitea  hare  aant  for  aid ;  ttat  tb^ 
want  tha  OoTemor'a  aaaistance,  and  are  detamined  to  kill  or  drive  avtiy  Indian  on  tha  Wlae«nBla» 
over  tha  Mississippi ;  have  upwards  of  forty  man  under  arma,  and  have  ehoaen  Jamis  B.  Biraa  ibr 


Gov.  DoDGK  reoommended  the  adoption  of  a  memorial  to  tha  Saoatary  of  War,  aaking  for  a  ao^c  oC 
dragoona  to  protect  the  frontier  settlementa.  "  In  the  eourae  of  half  an  hour,"  aays  tha  Madison  Argui 
aC  «k«t  parlod, « laaolationa  wan  adopted  ta  that  tIfKti  and  tha  nrfUtia  Imr  of  tiia  Tterl^ 
apd  op  tha  a^ouaunant  of  tha  Ligiaiatniai  tha  flavarnoi  aat  onti^madtataly  lag  tha  aaaoa  af  dbfaih 
ance,  but  tha  axdteaMnt  had  died  away,  and  no  mora  tranbla  waa  appiahaadad.  L.  0.  D. 


of  Poset's  brigado^  w«ie<aD±i<NiB  :tbat  Gkeh.  Sbpaat  should  ^ttitm 
tke  cdiiikiainl  of  aU  tbelmas  ih  >tbat  diTisioHiof  tko  ai^my  ;« to 
obctioft  ^aBibiM^  buttbe  XUinois.yolanteen^  m  a  Quitter >of£M;ei 
pride^-atili  piwieraed  (Sea.  PoIbbt,  who.^aa  elected  b^'i^aiiialL 
majoritjv  The  ditiiion  was  then  rpat  in  tuotioB  for  the  |>€ijp*  xtf » 
dil^tiiiatioti.  Ooh  HdaoB^n  command  then  eon&isded  of  five-eoufr*: 
pniiiesy  numbermg  about  two  hundred  meny  includicg  CaptJ 
SsEFmateoH's  Galena  oompany. 

>  We  eneamped  the  Arst  nigfat,  at  <th6  £aat  Pecatontca^  which  wet 
had  mnoh  dificalfyin  eroBsing,  having  to  Biwioa  ooi  horees,  and' 
rafl:=  over  01U*  baggage^    The.  second  night  onr  encampaieBt  waS] 
at  DilvsB'a  old  smeltrng  eatablidiinent,  on  Sagar  Bixrer,  wh^re/ 
Qaptb'Sd:inp&9Gfril0H's  ooBifpany  joined  uA.    We  then  i^roceedied  by 
v^ay.  of  the  Pour  Lakee,  whore  we  were  joined.by  tha  Winaebagb' 
qUef  Whitb  Cbow.    OoL  W.  B.  Hauiltoh  had  joined  na  the^ 
night  beforO)  with  some  Indians  amd  some  white  volnnteerd,  who- 
w4re  demgnafeed  as  the*  sedating  party,  of  OoL  DonOi/s  oommand. 
Gh|)t..ST&PB:nisoN,  in  the  meantime,  had  been  elected  MJa|or  oif 
Ool.  Dodge's  command ;  and  the  Colonel's  staff  consisted,  at  thia 
timej  ofiMajir  B.  H.  KiBB^piTmoK  as  aid,  W.  W;  VotoBsn^^B 
Ad] tstant,  and  Jakbs  P. '  Ook,'  Bergeant^Major. 

The  WmsB  Obow  proffered  to  eondoct  ns  to  Blaok  EUwk's  eA^ 
campment,  which,  he  said,  was  en  Book  Kiver,  near  the  Eo8h<<ko*i 
ntmgi  Under  his  guidance,  we  advanced  for  several  days  oven 
almost  ipipassable  swamps,  nntll  within  a  short  distance  of  thd 
locality  as  described  by  Wnm  Obow,  when  we  were  met  by  «n 
^preeS'  from  Gen.  Atssbboit,  ordering  us  to  proceed  immediately- 
to  hia  encampment  on  Bark  Biver.  Ool.  Dod0b  fdt  somewi^al' 
^xed  to  be  thus  thwarted  in  his  ptrpose,  and  remarked,  that  he* 
VfW  crippled  in  every  movement  he  wished  to  make,  by  untim^y^ 
etprfesee^.  In  obedience  to  orders^  w«  proceeded  t6  headqnar^f 
ten.'  The  night  previously,  a  volunteer  had  been  killed,  asidr 
Gkin.  AfKiBBOsr  thinking  the  enemy  near  at  hand,  was  desirous  tit 

45  .  >.      . 


8M 

aiveeiitnitiBg  all  bis  fiyroes,  prepaniorj  to  a  general  engigeiiifiBl^ 
wbich  be  eootemphtf ed  bringiDg  on  tbe  nexl  daj. 

Bot  vbcn  Gol.  Hamiltoh  and  bis  aoouu  reeonooiteied  Blaok 
Hawk's  camp  tbe  next  momiog,  it  was  aseertaioed  tbat  be  bad 
decaiii|.ed,  witb  bis  wbole  force.  It  was  dlseoTeied  that  be  bad 
oecQpJed  a  most  advantageoas  position  fur  defence — a  bi^b  de* 
clivity  sloping  to  tlie  river,  wbicb  at  that  point  watf  full  of  large 
boulders,  rendering  its  passage  extremely  difficult ;  and  from  the 
apparent  anxiety  of  the  Whitk  Caow  and  bis  party  to  lead  xm 
there,  it  was,  with  mnch  reason  supposed,  that  be  was  actiDg  in 
concert  with  Black  IIawk,  to  bring  on  an  engagemeat  at  that 
point,  with  the  left  wing  of  the  army.  Ilad  this  succeeded,  tbe 
Tolnnteers  must,  if  not  beaten,  at  leaU  have  suffered  severely. 

At  this  time,  and  at  Gen.  Atkinson^s  encampment,  OapL  CflAULia 
DoHir,  since  Chief  Justice  of  Wisconsin,  and  now  a  member  of 
tbe  State  Senate,  while  acting  as  officer  of  the  day,  and  going 
around  to  relieve  the  guard,  was  nnfortunately  shot  by  one  of  tbe 
sentinels,  and  daogerou^ly  wounded.  Ue  was  so  dieabled,  as  to 
be  compelled  to  return  home,  being  conveyed  to  Dizon  by  an 
eacort 

Oens.  Hbvet  and  Albxandeb,  and  Col.  Dodgb,  with  their  re^ 
spectlve  commands,  were  ordered  to  Fort  Winnebago  for  provi- 
sions^ and  Geo  Posht's  brigade  was  ordered  to  tbe  Mining  Region 
for  the  protection  of  the  forts  and  settlements  in  that  quarter.  Ar* 
riving  at  Fort  Winnebago,  C  iL  Donoa  aeoertaioed,  through  tbe 
Winnebagues,  that  tiie  Sauks  and  Foxes  bad  moved  up  Rock 
River,  and  were  then  at  the  Rapids.  lie  immediately  called  a 
council  of  his  own  officers,  and  those  of  the  other  two  commaudft, 
at  #hicb  he  communicated  the  intelligence  be  bad  derived  from 
the  Wiunebagoes,  and  proposed  to  return  to  Gen.  Atkinboh^i 
eamp  by  way  of  tbe  Rapids.  Gen.  Alkxaudkb  objected,  stating 
tbat  it  would  be  a  violation  of  Gen.  Atkinsom's  orders,  which 
were  to  return  ianniediately ;  and  C^>L  Donoa  rejoined,  that  am 
there  was  no  route  speeit)«d  in  the  orders,  he  thought  they  might 
jreturn  by  any  route  they  should  deem  proper.    Gen,  JLukbt  oo- 


MS 

* 

aeided  wifch  this  opinion,  and  he  and  Ool.  Dooor  agreed  toretimi 
with  their  commands,  by  way  of  Book  Biver  Aapids,  leaving  Qen* 
Albxandbr  to  take  the  back  trail. 

Preparations  were  immediately  made  for  proceeding.  All  the 
worn  dovrn  horses  that  were  regarded  as  nnfit  for  the  .ezpeditioxi^ 
were  sent  home  to  the  Mining  country,  and  Maj.  Stephenson's 
company,  with  himself  at  their  head,  nearly  all  leaving,  thus  re- 
ducing Col.  Dodqb's  effective  force  to  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty;  and  Gen*  Hsnat's  force  was  also  greatly  reduced,  so  that 
both  commands  did  not,  atYhis  time,  exceed  six  hundred  men. — 
Taking  Mr.  Poqukite  with  us  as  interpreter,  and  some  Winneba- 
goes  as  guides,  we  set  out,  and  on  the  third  day  arrived  at  the 
Bapids,  (now  Heustisford ;)  but,  to  our  great  surprise,  found  no 
Indians  there,  except  some  emaciated  Winnebagoes,  who  told  us 
that  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  had  moved  farther  up  the  river,  to  the 

» 

Oranberrj  Lakes.  We  thereupon  encamped  for  the  night,  posting 
both  a  double  guard,  and  a  double  picket  guard ;  dispatching, 
meanwhile,  an  express  to  Gen.  Atkinson,  boroe  by  Adjutant 
WooDBRiDOB  of  DoDos's  battalliou,  and  Dr.  Mersiman,  one  cKf 
Gen.  Hbnby'b  adjutants,  with  a  Winnebago  for  a  guide.  When 
they  bad  proceeded  about  eight  or  nine  miles,  they  came  across 
one  of  the  main  trails  of  the  enemy,  plainly  pointing  out  tleir 
route  as  making  towards  the  west.  They  at  once  returned,  end 
as  they  approached  the  camp,  they  were  iired  on  by  one  of  the 
picket  sentinels,  and  Adjutant  Woodbbidob  was  barely  missed. 

This  new  information  entirety  changed  our  plan  of  operations^ 
for  instead  of  marching  up  the  river  as  we  intended,  we  marched 
down  it  early  the  next  morning,  and  at  a  rapid  pace.  The  ex* 
press  was  continued  to  Gen.  Atkinson,  by  the  same  men  selected 
the  previous  day  fur  that  service.  We  advanced  rapidly  upon 
the  trails,  which  consisted  of  three — one  main  center,  and  two 
flanking  traih.  The  first  night  we  camped  on  the  trail,  we  were 
literally  drenched  with  rain  ;  and  it  was  with  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty that  we  were  enabled  to  make  any  fire  by  which  to  cook 
onr  supper.    The  second  nighty  we  encamped  on  the  east  end  of 


8W: 

TfiSrd  Lake ;  utd^  previohftfy  to  our  wnviiig  ikete,  our  MMmte 
dbcovored  a  largo  force  df  Indiaiu,  wko  made  a  feont  to  attack 
us,  when  we  at  once  formed  into  evder  of  battle.  Seeiag  liiii^ 
moyement  of  oars,  Ihej  made  a  precipitoaB  ffigbl  into  the  woods 
earronnding  the  lake.  We  then  advanced  a  short  diatanee,  and 
took  up  onr  encampment.  That  night  oar  scouts  dlBcovered 
many  Indians,  and  it  appeared  from  information  reoeived  the  naoDk 
moniing  from  a  WioBebago,  that  about  one  half  of  the  main  body 
of  the  Sanks  and  Foxes  took  post  near  the  eroaslag  of  the  Oatfiah^ 
on  the  eastern  confines  of  the  dty  of  Madison,  with  the  intaEU&m 
of  there  attacking  us,  ehonld  we  attempt  a  night  pussuit ;  but  att 
we  did  not,  they  left  about  midnight 

The  next  morning — ^the  memorable  31st  of  July'-^we  were  upon 
their  trail  by  sunrise,  with  every  expectation  of  overtaking  them 
soon.  The  march  or  pursuit  was  consequently  rapid.  On  the 
bank  of  the  Third  Lake,  near  where  the  Lake  House  in  Madisoas 
now  stands,  our  advance  guard  killed  an  Indian,  who,  the  Win* 
'  nebago  Indian  before  alluded  to,  informed  us^  waa  sitting  upon 
the  grave  of  his  wife,  who  had  perhaps  died  of  fatigue,  hunger^ 
and  exhaustion,  and  her  disconsolate  oompanion  had  resolved  to 
await  the  advancing  foe,  and  die  there  also ;  and  he  boldly  bare^ 
his  naked  breast,  and  presented  a  full  front,  as  a  willing  target  fior 
the  balls  of  the  scouts.  He  but  too  aoon  met  the  death  he  cov- 
eted. This  may  be  thought  to  have  been  cruel  on  the  part  of  the 
scouts ;  but  it  will  be  recollected,  that  our  motto  was,  ^^  no  guar* 
ters ;"  and  besides,  in  such  an  exciting  pursuit,  there  was  little 
time  to  deliberate  as  to  their  course  of  action  in  such  a  case,  even 
had  they  then  been  aware  of  the  attending  ciroomstaiiees. 

In  OUT  pursuit,  we  passed  an  encampment  on  what  is  now 
called  Pheasant  Branch,  at  the  lead  of  Fourth  Lake,  where  was 


•  BiaoK  Eajtk,  ill  UU  aaU.biogzaph/>  manttone,  tiiAt  io  tbe  rtgion  of  th«  Vonr  htkn,  h%  vaA 
hit  people  **  were  hard  put  to,  to  obtain  enough  to  oat  to  lupport  natnrs  ;*'  that  th«j  wen  forced  to 
■nbtUt  cm  roots  an!  bark  of  tr«ei— henee  the  nstm  of  BaiHe  Rtrer,  4bore  Xofh-kiMionf  ;  and  that  ivrft. 
itt«d'lh«ifi<QlAiM|a«b«^9ieMiaacbnd«M^a4«e%w41f  todtowlthJiw^  He«Adfl,thA.tfkAQr 
voariqg  the  TTUconsln,  hi*  people  vorc  in  a  deuperate  condition,  etarrinfir  froa  hnoger,  and  that  o« 
the  ro»te  to  the  Bad  Ax,  iettrtl  oTd  mvn  and  thttdren  p^rltkH  fr»al  Hurt  caSM.  li,  €.  P* 


S«7 

.  94«ed  U>  hKfe  .4ied  the  ni^t  b(»fore*    Aboik%  ftro  lotlee  lii^m  ibiB 

.plaooi  our  aooiMs  kUled  an  Indlaa,  wkosaid  be  was  a  Wina^- 

go ;  and  when  in  tbet  act  of  ftUfng/he  fifed  JM9ri(a6».woQikdteg<m6 

.  v^f  the  volmt^iv  of  Capt.  Quutt'a  oompamy.    Fnom  tbia  pturt, 

.«[arfiQontB  were  contiimii^Uy  diaalag:  the  I»diwB^«ad  b^iogin 

tam  obfiaed  by  tham.    QoiMeqiieiitly  tbi^iaaroh.  became  aln^oetsu 

ifligbt  mpatBoitof  tbe  eoiemy.    UpcHi:  one  ocoaaionr  wei  wtiie 

,«tbM\irn  into  order  of  battle,  bat  the  ^eaemy  intoedialeljVrededieA, 

jwd  aniQnutg  fine:  was  then  kept  «p  almoat  constaujtlj  b j  oar 

iMwta  a&d  the  rehr  gttard  6t  the  ladians^y  .ujail  the  joftiu:  battte 

iwi  fought    It  IMS  boonght  nfoont  by.  thd  (basing  of  otir  aeoatB, 

iiirho  wer^  commaBid^d  by  Oapt.  ^tEeeaarH  Pid«sK»r,r  sow  of  Brant 

•»eMnk79.by  a  large  bodj  of  tb^eaemy  who  bad  been/etoreted  tfi 

Uto  l9ir  botfana  of  the  Wkeofiflin  Bjir^r.    Wbil^  tiiey  were  tpok-- 

jniag  the  doontB  up  a  long^dpe^  ibe  ndvUnce'pioirtkiii  qf  otor  xodn 

were  rapidly  aBcenduig  ftOJii  tbe  oj>poette  ald^v  and,  bb  a  e^taae- 

i]fQeDee,  ire  mat  bear  (the  top.  w  .    '     i    .    :/ 

fieve  #e  had  bardy  time  tO'  fcna  onrdelrea  in  battle  oodar. 
•CMiL'DoDQB?!  eosiiiiand,of  ^ScbknyioompaiiyArsneda  part^iaiid 
'IDbL  Wsu'L.  Dl  i^vnini^^  ibimed  tbefitnt^  and  iveife  bai^dlyifaaed 
'aboat,  Whidti  the  enemy  cbnkaoMreedfirtDgtnpOnnsy  ;.W6l*etiirfted 
ciihB  iiza  'witb  jgraai  rapidkyyiand)  \6fith'  deadly  aiili^.  iai  it  waaatote'- 
>lafaied  that  fovt^-^ight  of  1]ie  enetey  wete  Ikilied,  iil  this  oh^g^. 
«ify  orderly  Bar^eaat^  Jobir  'MfQ^TkiB,  M^aa  w<nWed. r iasthiai odnsol, 
iby  babot  jn  the:thigii^  bnti waaaii^t  oiiiaeiood  e£  it'nbtll the.'firildg 
loeaaed,  and  the  enemy  hlid/ied^  *  By 'Ibis  time;  tha  fvemaUdeiiK  j6f 
.<9^on.  HnBorVt  eommanA)  e(xee]f)t4he  command  of  Od.  iW<f  a  part 
'Of  whom  Irere^FngdcmBs  wai  brdnght^  into  line  oF  baitlo^asd 
iirktdi:  wda  withinten  aoinntea  after  the  fifing  eommaneed*         i 

'Aa  an  axst  of  jnatLce  to  Qen«  HsaBrr  aaajdhia  eoiiitoand^  TirotiU 

.  ^  BxJLCV  Hiirs  ttatet  tbat  thU  rear  partj  eoiuiited  of  only^  tvfen^  FVrioxs,  fomnuidf^  t|j  Km* 
t^TM  I  but  zro  reliance  tan  be  placed  in  Ma  atatement  of  kii  own  numberl^  for  he  sa,ya  ha  had  only  fingr 
^'jMMoM  all^Ml3ier  laaM  MftlerfU^  etiKied,  tb*  Mat  M^ 

AB^ta  czf  Mlig  tbe.>i;ittr--iod  t^V^  ^*^  f*^^  "-^  ^  ^^-'^^  ^!'f^Tt^'^^  ^'^^^flf* 
6me  for  their  aqtiawa,  ehildren  and  old  peradna  to  paaa  ^'e  rfre'r.  L.  0. 1^.  - 


S58 

bdre  remark,  that  Gen.  Sierra's  biBtarioal  narrative  of  dieiiiardi 
after  we  left  the  Four  Lakee,  and  of  the  battle,  is  not  altc^etiiar 
correct.  The  General  says :  *^The  ad  ranee  was  commanded  bj 
Ool.  Wm.  L.  D.  Ewing,  bnt  Ool.  Dodob's  command  becoming  dis- 
satisfied with  what  tbej  considered  a  tardj  march,  broke  off  to 
fhe  right  and  left,  and  took  the  front;''  and,  furthermore:  <*The 
position  of  Ool.  Dodgb  was  maintained  under  a  constant  Are  fW>m 
the  Indians  for  fully  an  hour  before  the  line  of  battle  was  formed 
hj  the  irrival  of  Gen.  Hebtbt  with  the  rest  of  his  brigade."  Now, 
according  to  my  recollection,  and  which  I  am  confident  is  correct 
in  this  particular,  the  facts  are,  that  Ool.  Dodob's  command 
marched  in  front  aU  that  day^M  well  as  on  all  the  previous  days  of 
the  pursuit ;  that  Gen.  Hbvbt's  entire  command  kept  close  in  our 
Tea  r,  and  were  there  when  the  engagement  commenced,  and  were 
in  line  of  battle,  in  ten  minutes  at  most  after  the  first  firing.  Bat 
it  is  true,  that  Oolonels  Dodge  and  Ewnro's  commands  alone  n* 
oeived  the  fire  of  the  first  charge  of  die  enemy. 

After  the  line  of  battle  was  now  flilly  formed,  which  wka  upon 
a  high  eminence,  and  in  open  ground,  considerable  firing  was 
'  kept  up  by  the  Indians,  who  had  taken  shelter  in  some  nnder- 
-  brush  upon  the  brink  of  the  opposite  declivity,  by  which  seven 
'  of  our  brave  volunteers  were  wounded,  and  one  killed — two  of 
the  wounded  belonged  to  Oapt  Olabk's  company,  and  the  others 
to  Oolonels  Jokbb  and  Oollinb'  regiments ;  and  the  man  who  was 
killed,  was  named  Sbobt,  and  belonged  to  OoL  Joitbs'  command* 
It  was  OoL  JoNis  who  had  his  horse  shot  from  nnder  him,  and  aok 
Ool.  OoLLQiB  as  stated  in  Gen.  Shtts's  History.    Seeing  that  o«r 
men  were  suflbring  more  in  this  firing  than  perhaps  the  enemj 
were,  though  we  were  not  idle,  I  stepped  to  OoL  Dodob,  and 
suggested  the  propriety  of  a  charge ;  and  he  immediately  suggest- 
ed it  to  Gen.  Hbbtbt,  when  the  charge  was  at  once  ordered.   The 
enemj  were  at  once  dislodged  from  their  hiding  place,  and  in 
their  flight,  twenty  more  of  them  were  slain  and  scalped,  making 
in  all  sixty  eight  of  the  enemy  killed  in  the  battle.    This  is  mj 
'recollection  of  the  matter,  and  which  is  corroborated,  I  believe, 


«8S9 

byXSen*  Am«w>s'af#part  to  the  W«f  Deparlaieafc*.  WepHrmid 
timn  to  the  bottom  of  the  WmquHiq,  where  we  rsaobed  the  UiXL 
greee,  which  was  wbt,  it  hftviQg  mned  nearl  j  the  entire  aftemooa 
of  that  day,  and  it  beiog  now  nearly  dark,  the  poranit  wae  eolft* 
titined  DO  farther* 

We  retumed  to  oamp,  and  just  «fter  enpper,  we  were  cheered 
by  the  arrival  of  Adjutant  WoooiiEmoK  and  Adjatant  "htEMxaiut^ 
who,  it  Will  be'  reeoUeeted,  had  been  tent  from  the  Bapids  of 
Bock  RiTcr,  as  an  express  to  Gtoo.  ATKiliflotr,  on  Bark  Biver. 
With  them  came  O^t  Jaxeb  B.  Estbs,  who  claims  to  ha^e  been 
in  the  battle,  but  was,  according  to  my  reaollection,  aboat  t#e 
IkCHirs  too  late.  Onr  interpreter,  Mn  Poqubtt^  and  onr  Indian 
spies  ^ho  had  accompanied  ns  from  Fort  Winnebajgo,  left  ns  imr 
mediately  after  the  battle.  This  tnmed  ont  to  ha^e  been  an  ni^ 
lortunate  event;  for  that  same  night,  the  silence  of  onr  campwas 
broken  by  the  lond  shrill  yoiee  of  an  Indian  from  the  snmmijt  Of 
one  of  the  highest  peaks  in  that  yicinity,  harangning,  as  in^e  stt|h 
posed,  bis  warriors  preparatory  to  an  attack  npon  ns» 

Althongh  we  were  well  posted,  and  snrronnded  with  a  doable 
gnardf  yet  Ujoatorallyprodnced  some  excitement,  and  was  well 
«alen)ate4  to  test  the  coolnese  and  material  of  oojr  officesa'anfd.riaeB. 
We  then  tbongtit  that  Bi.i0K  Hawk's  entire  force  was  being 
hronght.to  bear  npon  ns  in.anight  attack — the  most  to  be  dreaded 
oi  all  attacks,  esptoiaUy  when  made  by  an  Indian  enemy.  Oar 
»aterial .  proved  good ;  no  man  sbowed  the  white  feather,  and  onr 
'mmmandera^  in  concert  with  the  Indian  orator,  harangaedilieir 
SMa  ia  the  ^most  stirrii^g  manner.  Gen.  HsiaT,  in  particular^ 
addressed  his  men  in. a  most. patriotic  strain,  reminding  themnf 

\  '  .         ■  r- 

^  In  Geo.  ATKi]itoii*8  report  of  the  b«ttl«  ot  Bad  Az,  he  aayi :  '*  It  is  Moertained  from  o«r  ptlmm^ 
in,  that  the  estmj  lost  io  the  battle  of  the  Wiseonnln,  tiztj.efght  killed  and  a  very  large  nambv 
jV«ni)4ed.**  Otirt.  Eii||8..iD  hla  uwrallew  in  Qw.  flvm's  werk^  iMsa ttat  ladtan losflatibdMlglit 
BMmOBAiD  eUtes,  that  he  learned  after  the  war  from  eome  ef  the  aaak%  that  Black  Havx  loit  tixt^ 
Bine  In  the  battle,  and  that  thirteen  died  on  their  waj  to  the  month  of  the  Bad  Ax.  Sen.  BbaOUV 
i>Mi^  Boa«f  hie  «wm  kBowMga^  M««r  thBa*  «ho  bad  betMr  op^itnaitlia  ot  httoiHai^  SmI  «S» 
JMian  kM»  wae.between  fortj  and  flfV.  hUlcd  oa  the  field,  and  the  aomber  wnnadid  mkaMr^-ae  H^ 
INie  earried  ava/.  Tet,  etnnge  to  siqr,  Blaqs.  HaWK,  Ia  hie  narrative,  adaiti  the  loii  of  on^  df 
SAtkBteM*.  InSLD. 


bho^diicfedtt  dvead^  bro^gkl  apoilthi  Soekir  ariM  bytb^^Mfluftr 
l&f  Maj.  BvtuMkm^  and  other  Nmll«r  dkatftdre,  lap^ieaMiig  to  tiiekti 
in  the  name  of  thUr  Backer  mottLeie,  to>  vlodieate  the  valer  of  Ite 
4aekei«  and  the  Saoker  State*  In  ftiei,  it  iras  often  remarked  tf- 
terwards,  that  he  made  a  great  Saoker  speech,  nnder  the  impidee 
bl  irUoh,  hie  men^  no  doubt,  would  hare  well  yindioafeed,  s»  iSiej 
Jad'Hie  preceding  day,  the  valor  of  the  Saeker  arms. 
)  It  was  afterwards  ascertained,  howerer,  that  the  Indian  (%!ef 
was  ttiBSdnff  proposltiens  of  peace,  instead  of  nrging  or  eheeting 
QBi  his  warriors  to  battle,  which  lio  doubt  wionld  have  been  aecept- 
eidj  bad  the  Winnebagoes  been  in  camp.  The  proposals  -kcnre 
said  tb  hare  been,  that  the  Banks  and  Foxes  wonld  snrrettdehr 
^bemselres  all  up,  at  discretion,  and  only  asked  protection  for  ttte 
UpeB  of  their  women  and  children.  Bat  heating  no  veeponee,  and 
anppoeing  the  Winnebagoes  were  with  ns,  they  concluded  tluft 
Ikheir  proposals  were  not  aodeptable,  and  no  mercy  wonld  beehown 
IImq  ;  and  conBeqaently  every  effort  was  then  made  to  remove  as 
fast  as  possible  ont  of  the  conntry. 

•'  The  next  day  we  bnried  onr  slain  companion,  SBOvr,  and  niade 
Ulters  for  Mie  o6nreyanoe  of  thewontaded.  Expresses  wei<e  senut 
Id  GkJn.  AframiBON,  and  to  Prairie  dn  ddea,  after  ha'ving  manshed 
in  ^bk  morning  to  the  Wisoon^h^  snd  siscOrteined  that  the  Indians 
diiriag  the  night  had  all  effi^eled  s'eiDsaing.  Tbeibllowing  mord- 
ing^  tiie  whole  comihand  marohed  for  ttM  Bine  Monads,  wheto 
ve  amved  at  night,  after  one  of  the  most  fatiguing  ^ays  tha^mn 
-ezpeifieaoed  dniing  the  war.  The  diffloiilty  of  conrreytn^  «tt 
eVbundedtmant  on  litters  for  thirfyaitte^  over  ahnostimpassaiUi 
'breaks,  throogh  swamps,  over  hills,  and  throagh  thick  woodsjby 
a  winding  path,  was  attended  with  fifttigne  and  difficnlty  of  wfaiciL 
Ho  one  can  well  conceive. 

.i  >  Sere  I  maet  relate  an  sxamAag^  aad  wilba),  at  the  tinse^  an 
Slarmlng  Incident  of  the  day— one  which  I  can  never  forget.  AJf- 
thongh  ioas  MeN.AiB's  wound  was  a  flesh  eoe,  yet  it  was  so  •e»> 
WtKSatfti^IJr  ;p8(iilftil,  that  It  was  only  with  thfe  greatest  ;aifficnltj|^ 
hftaQDold  be  conveyed  in  any  way.    Being  my  Orderiy^ergeaalt 


with-fajm^  8li^iiigtfc»bo7«.^t>iild  UU  Urn  iilMMt)  ^if  I  ^vtBm. Mt 
.ateg.  Bmtan  to  gniAiy  Juni,  I  pkBo^d.  1D7  ebakpsnjr*  imder 
-eoniiHaatd  o£  mf  lisiltentat,  MxrtBw/r  0-.  EtrcH^  and  'mnafihAd 
<66ii8l(&i!tiy  iHtii  him.  ^  Aft^r  htmmg  cAcriod  him  in  my  ifalis 
^^Dorongb  ttBToral  creeksi  We  lit  iMgtli  Al!Ti<ved:  on  the  tot>  of  the 
EflQtBlae  Mcnindy  whioh  is(&Imci8ir  arSooiiQlidbiL  Thelitlier)  bjrililLB 
MtimMBy  had  beodme  ao  Urokaa^  by  tho  disMaa,  haMomk  .two  of  irhieh 
jit^was  ^nrnngy  hanrb^  to  vmd  'i»d  twiat  aloki^  the  laaiTo^  and 
-cteYibvB.piath  hj  trhidhi  we  iaclaaded  tbe^Mdnad^  fiml  it  would  bo 
-teigtoiaD6Varitx>  catvy  hiBi;>  HBve.wka  a  dtteMnii;  the  litter  waa 
^IsBokedmpy'  it'waa  dark,  -aiid  MoHais  deehnrmg  that  lie  cdnldaot 
Ixideczi  hdreehaefc^  and  tiia  dompaiDy  waa  fdJ!r  in  ddTaace,  .^thaU 
alhepr<nritiaata:'aiifl  oeoeasai^^  mateiiala  for  •eampiiM)'-  ^^^  ^^<^ 
.etmld  beabieitrioate  bipafcl^ea  ftom  tfte  dfffiditltiea  bMettiag'  dm 
^idiatiinr,  fw«0  a^qifetftlen  of  no  efisy  avldtion,  «ad  yet  it  mast  fie 
dMo.  I  at  len^  said,  ^^Beyay  bring  flia  lioraea  and  frtigmctaaabf 
eAb  fittar  to  thef<^  of  Che.tfound,  md  I  will  oa»y  IMi£^  duMm, 
^^abd  ihbn  "w^  will  meiid'ap  lihe  litter  so  Aat  it  will*  caisy  hiih  •on 
40'tliefei]ftWtfi)iflarf.'^   -'     :••''■  .■'    -• 

;.. '\EtMk him i^^Ib  ky  ari^  «3thdtigh  ba'ieiifhAd  alMalt^d]ie 
hundred  ponnde,  and  after  going  down  thU  Mbund^  whifch^wda 
Acpilie'itdefH  J'wasiibtfr^ted'tbli^hihftdowi^  it  mwis  th^t  I 
-filliefrMdlyiin  iMi,  oi»«6 lisar^' alst^jiflibamxMkiBim 
•Ikitic^te  idltttt^li  hW^stt^iaihili^aiaqb&libt&hmv.aaid  haaet,'^^ 
a  tenrible  vattli&g  or  whizziDg  Jts  to  frighten  me  mnch — the  bo^a 
talkfled/psieeqiitatdy^  -and  I  josaped)  haah  aeyarai  paaoai  ISie^peor 
^IfeJIoW  erf  ed  6yH  in.the  mpfit  gnppBfdalibg  tnanner,' « t),  Ckptiin,  fpr 
fltrd^nraidrt;,  liWt-litaTa  rriTr  hftm  tft  hn  ^iftT1^^^TH  Vy  thaiMdi"-^ 
•tbfflt^fir*'— f6r,:'l<y  this  time,  ftifere  VeVe  ^viderililt  tt^o  of  t&efti;'; 

AaafiiJl.'Hiiitaai>f  waKnuigA  SeoQveiuig  fffoniay  ivaHafiiitavy  frjgfat, 
aad'^ffife'Hftg'Ifi^  'necfesMty'df' instat^t  &dtf6n,'T  ^^nM^H'iriy^'^  as  pdB- 
ticians  aay,  caught  the  poor  fellow  by  the  heels,  and  dragged  him 
46 


iuii9er8iD4vrioQfiy  out  of  09  uDgcffOtti  ft  pffoiuntj'  to  ft 

more  frigbtfal  enemj  fluBi  Black  HAtrc  aad  all  Ui 

ftod^  remftffcftble  to  rebto,  tbe  poor  fdlov  never  vttered  ft  grosft. 

After  tfae  psirie  wm  a  little  orer,  I  broke  tiie  nlenee  bj  ftriUop^ 

^Mack,  dofiH  jou  think  jo«  eta  ride  on  bonebedc  now  t^    Tb 

wliieh  he  iDetantij  replied:  **  O,  Ood !  jes — ride,  or  sbj  tliiiiig.'' 

And  thus,  in  doe  time,  we  reeehed  tbe  eamp  of  amr  eompaD j. 

Hsriog  partaken  of  eome  refreahmenti,  I  waa  rdating  MgKaib^ 
eondnet  on  the  field  of  Iwttle — ^how,  when  1  direeled  him,  afterit 
iraa  diseorered  that  he  waa  wonnded,  to  fidl  into  the  rear,  he  ra> 
plied,  **0,  Ood !  Captain,  I  mast  liaTe  anodier  ahotf  and  eon- 
traated  thia  with  hia  adTontore  with  die  rattle-anakea.  He  Terf 
meekly  replied,  ^Well,  Captain,  I  alwaya  waa  d— 4  afiraid  of 
anakea."  Poor  Mack,  he  nerer  fnllj  reeorered  from  the  effeota 
of  hia  wound ;  aa  slight  as  it  seemed  to  be,  he  was  lame  for  Bfb. 
He  waa  an  honeat  and  worthy  man,  and  waa  at  the  time  of  hia 
death,  which  waa  nearly  fonr  years  eince,  and  had  been  for  many 
years,  tbe  Treaanrer  of  Iowa  eonn^.  The  adrentore  witfi  tiie 
rattlesnakes  waa  always  considered  a  atanding  joke  snflieieBlly 
goad,  to  call  ont  a  treat  from  Mack  at  any  time  whmi  related. 
Thia  incident  took  place  on  the  93d  day  of  Jnly,!iia  battle  hairing 
been  foogfat  on  the  21st.* 

The  next  morning  after  arriving  at  the  Moulds,  OoL  Dooaa^ 
command  were  diamissed  to  their  respectire  forts  for  a  new  anp- 
ply  of  proriaiona,  and  Oen.  EEsmnr's  troops  also  obtained  a  anpplj. 


•  W«  flad  fa  tb*  Jfifwrwl  PoM  THkmM  of  October  ltft»  IMS,  tt«tolk>irii«  notSc*  of  Ori.  VoKiB: 
MPM  te  iUlB  ttttaf*  ••  TlMffay  nonfat^  Uio  Mth  ImI,  of  tfOflt^,  OoL  Jon  Ifolf uoip  ia  «bi 
iitj-olKbtb  ^  ear  of  bit  •(•.  Bo  wm  a  notiro  of  rayetto  eoimty,  Kontnckj,  m4  mignted  to  tho  LmA 
Mloof  in  1137,  tod  hif  Woa  for  vyirardf  of  twontif-foiir  7«on,  a  tiHsra  of  Miaonl  FMnt  aad  Ml  Tidft* 
Of.  Hoiorr«daiMoa0tr«rthol7tbB4ffMBiof  y.S.lnfiwtey^latlMvarof  ItlS^alMaoafttln- 
foor  andor  Ota.  Hgarr  Oodos  la  tho  Blaok  Hawk  war  1a  ltS2,  and  wai  wtrvnlj  womnded  at  tho  batth 
of  fbo  Wloeoatia,  for  whleh  ho  drtw  a  yoaaloa  from  tto  GoToramoat.  At  tlie  tiao  of  bio  doatb,  ho  «« 
WiMamof  thliooaa«y,Mid  waa nowiaattdybataiwrdiyahtliioohfa  death, tertoUoHoifc.  B$Wfm 
a  maa  of  klod  aad  bamano  feolioga,  oror  ready  to  March  ont^aad  ooatribute  to  tho  vaati  of  the  poot* 
Ahvoy*  Althftil  fa  ibo  dleehai«o  of  off  017  doty,  both  pablft  aad  piHato,  ho  had  oadoarod  UnHf  fa  tH 
irtfa  bMv  hl%  oad  hia  loot  viU  loBff  bo  flillaBd  awMMd  tr  a  iMft  petMoft  of  ow  oDHnnllr,* 

U  0.  a. 


M8 

€toti.  ATKXlr0exfl',f  iHk>  had  broken  up  his  eneampmenl  .on  Bkrk 
&ii^^,  Boon  arriTed  'Wkh  bift  troops,  flo  that  on  the  36th  of  the 
lilonththe  entire  army  rendezvoused  at  Helena,  on  the  Wifloonaini 
ttnd  soon  crossed  the  river,  and  took  the  Indian  triil,  which  was 

w 

dliwn  the  raUej)  and  was  rendered  qnite  offensive  bj  the  stench 
of  nnmerons  dead  bodies  of  the  enem  j,  who  had  no  donbt  died 
in  conseqnence  of  their  wonnds  received  in  the  battle  of  Wiscon- 
flin.  On  the  2nd  of  Angnst,  the  Indians  were  overtaken,  and  most 
disastronsly  beaten.  Here,  as  at  the  battle  of  Wisconsin,  OoL 
DoDGs's  command  occupied  the  front  rank,  the  engagement  bar- 
ing been  brought  on  by  Oapt.  Dioxson,  who  still  commanded  the 
spies,  and  who  was  wounded  in  the  conflict:  It  was  more  a  mas- 
sacre than  a  battle,  as  the  Indians  onlj  fought  as  they  were  com- 
pelled to ;  many  of  them  were  killed  as  they  were  crossing  the 
liver,  women  and  children  as  well  as  men.  This  was  the  closing 
conflict  of  the  war.  Bulok  Hawk  was  soon  after  taken  prisoner, 
and  conducted  through  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union.  I  may 
add,  in  this  connection,  that  in  consequence  of  the  illness  of  my 
wife,  I  changed  commands  with  Oapt.  Hoabd  ;  and  what  I  relate 
of  the  movements  of  the  army  after  its  departure  from  Helena,  I 
have  derived  from  Oapt.  Hoabd,  and  one  of  my  sons,  who  also 
served  on  the  expedition. 

Thus  ended  all  our  Indian  diflSculties,  and  from  that  period  the 
progress  of  Wisconsin  has  been  rapid,  unexampled  and'  as- 
tonishing ;  and  if  in  future  her  laws  shall  be  made  and  executed 
by  wiso;  honest  and  discreet  men,  she  must  soon  attain  an  emi- 
nence of  great  distinction.  Having  migrated  here  at  an  early 
period,  and  having  been  actively  engaged  in  sanguinary  conflictSi 
and  in  repelling  savage  invasions,  for  the  safety  and  preserva- 
tion of  our  infant  settiements ;  and  having  moreover,  taken  some 
humble  part  in  the  early  councils  of  Wisconsin,  I  cannot  but  feel 


fOm,  AnciHBOV  wai  •  natlTe  of  North  OftroUa* ;  ho  ontorod  tho  tamj  la  IMS,  mad  wrvod  wUk 
cndU  daring  the  war  of  X9l%  and  daring  tho  In^aa  troaUoo  in  WlMonalo,oo  «o  have  mob ialWaaS 
18tt.  Ho  wM  itatioood  long  on  tho  weotem  ttontbu,  ood  tho  ladloaa  eoUod  him  tho  WMm  Biaw. 
BidMa«JolteBoaBMnMki,BMr8iLoalib  Jaiiol9th,lM^agodaboa*Mji«n.  L.a  D 


j|i4lep>ai4  nlbMmg laiMeii m  iJ^  w«lfin^ And  jpraqw^ir  of  tbs 
^aiiile  €C  mj  tdoptLon.  And  if  the  bri«e  and  impeifbot  A»tali:«f 
,mf  piotiMr  lift,  tQgother  with  my  tttOQUaeliaaB  of  tha  Wiam- 
^W^*  ^^  BtMk  Hawk  India*  wars,  sJiaU.  enable  the  firiwe  bja- 
f  tarifta  to  gleau  Any  tfusig  worthy  of  baiiig  parptMurted^  my  f il- 
iktft  douva  will  hata  been  acoomiiliBhed. 


•1  •  ■  / 


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PEKATONIOA  BATTLE  CONTROVERSY.* 


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fPT  am.  AaBAfflbTiBS  WAQ&EJf  4JKP  lU/..  PETSE  FlJWtON,  #K.        {/ 


Wjllnut  QtRorny  ,Oct.  S,  1852. 


A 


To  Gqiu  Wac*  B.  Smith,  State  Hiatofian :  t 

^  DsAB  Sib — ^In  accordance  with  my  promise,  I  herewith  trtaf^ 
ittit  to  yoa  an  acebunt  ^f  the  mtxrder  of  Bpaj9x>kd  and  otliers^^ 
dtiring  the  Bld^ik  SLwrnk  vsar^  together  with  the  details  of  lh«^» 
^^Sattle  of  the  Pekatonioa,"  fonght  on  the  16th  day  of  June,  tSWH,' 
af  the  Horse  Shoe  Bend,  on  that  stream,  and  on  Section  BtereBJ'^ 
Town  TwOjvRange  Five  East,  in  this  County.  t 

Very  respectfully,  1 

Tonr  obedient  servant, 

CHARLES  BR AOEEH.    I 


BATTLfi  OP  THE  PBKATONIOA, 

About  sundownf  on  the  14:th  of  June,  1882,  a  horseman  With-^^ 
out  a  hat,  "  blood/ with  spurring,"  was  seen  approaching  Fort' 
Defiance,  a  stockade  post  situated  on  section  twenty,  ill  Tolrji^ 
four  North,  Racge  three  East,  commanded  by  Oapt.  Robbbt  0:: 
HoABD.    The  rider  was  DArm  QiLBKRt.    He  communicated  the> 


* 


htmf\ 


of  19S3y  fm<i«9r}7  part  of  1S5G,  and  well  ieserve  a  more  permanent  vepoaitorj.    The  diaerepanelef  of 
memory' Wtwecn  tbe  writers  arc  not,  aft«r  all,  terj  numet«a«  or  of  much  faiporianee ;  while  ik^ 
■WttttbaMUk-etfirlllVrarelf  iMtta^feMMiate  WifCoialaltfatMT,  .  .     KCk.Pffa 


melanchoTj  information  tbat,  on  ihat  daj,  Spawobd,  8rnoiB| 
BDTNnr  MiLLTOH,  MclLWiniB  and  an  Englishman  called  Johv 
Bull,  had  been  eorprifted  by  the  Indians  while  at  work  in  a  eom 
field  on  a  farm  owned  bj  8PArFOKD  and  Spbrcbk,  situated  on  the 
main  Pekatf»nica,  about  six  miles  sonthea'^t  of  Fort  Hamilton 
(now  Wiota.)  and  that  all  the  party  had  been  mnrdered,  except 
MiLLTOK,  who  bad  by  his  fleetnt^ss  on  foot  made  his  escape. 

C&ptain  Hoard  at  once  dispatched  an  express,  commanicating 
the  ioformation  to  Oen.  Di»dob,  at  DO'^geville,  and  I,  being  sec- 
ond in  command,  was  ordered  to  repair  to  the  scene  ot  the  mor- 
der,  with  eleven  men,  all  that  conld  be  mounted  on  horseback. 
Arriving  at  Fort  Harnilton  late  at  night,  we  halted  at  that  post 
until  morning,  wLen  accompanied  by  Miluon  and  some  others 
from  that  place,  making  a  party  of  abont  twenty  men,  we  pro- 
ceeded to  Spafford's  field.  On  onr  arrival  there,  the  first  object 
that  presented  iteelf  was  the  headless  body  of  SpAnysD,  who  had 
died  facing  his  foes  I  Cn»1  as  he  was  brave,  he  at  once  saw  from 
the  number  and  position  of  thelodians,  that  flight  was  nselesa; 
Beiaing  his  rfle,  he  caltuly  awaited  their  approach,  and  his  iiner> 
ring  aim  sent  one  of  bis  f  les  to  eternity  before  him  ;  then,  like 
the  lion  at  bay,  he  died  covered  with  an  handred  wounds. 

While  the  ludians  were  thus  partially  checked  by  Spa^ffobb, 
the  others  fled  under  cover  of  a  ravine,  which  appears  to  have 
been  an  ancieut  bed  of  the  Pekatonica,  to  the  river.  On  reach- 
ing the  shore,  McIlwainb  and  John  Bull  attempted  to  escape 
acio>s  it,  and  were  shot  in  the  water;  their  bodies  were  taken  out 
of  the  river  by  us;  thny  had  been  scalped  and^ost  horribly  mu- 
tilated. MiLi  ION  stated  that  on  reaching  the  shore,  he  and  Sprbt- 
OSB  turned  down  the  river,  keeping  under  its  bank ;  that  they  had 
got  some  three  hundred  yards  before  they  were  perceived  by  the  In* 
dians,  who  were  for  an  instant  engaged  in  despatching  MclLWAjm 
and  JoflH  Bull.  On  seeing  them,  the  Indians  raised  the  war- 
whoop,  and  commenced  the  pursuit ;  Spknobb  continued  on  down 
the  tiv^r  bank,  and  MiLLf<>ir  plunged  into  the  stream,  which  was 
abont  flay  yards  wide  at  that  point,  and  never  raised  hia  head 


•boT6  water  until  he  (rtrack  the  oppoiate  shore.  YoQDg,  braTe, 
cool  and  actiye,  and  fljingfor  life,  it  woald  appear  almost  incred^ 
ible  that,  with  his  breath  ezhaoBted  hj  diring  across  the  riyer^' 
his  clothes  saturated  with  water,  that,  at  one  bomnd  he  shoald 
spring  from  the  slippery  shore  to  the  top  of  a  perpendicnlar  bank 
foUy  twelve  feet  high ;  jet  from  his  foot  prints,  it  was  evident 
that  he  did  so«  Gaining  the  bank,  nnhavmed  amidst  a  shower  oi 
balls,  he  continued  his  flight,  pursued  by  the  Indians,  who,  after 
a  hot  chase  of  about  five  miles,  gave  up  the  pursuit. 

It  appeared  that  Spshobb  was  pursued  by  two  Indians,  one  of 
whom  was  mounted  oa  the  horse  with  which  Spaffobd's  party 
had  been  ploughing  their  corn,  and  was  far  in  advance  of  the 
othw ;  and  he  having  his  gon  which  he  had  snatched  up  in  the 
flight,  Bfsnoxb  turned  and  shot  the  mounted  Indian,  which  ena* 
bled  him  to  escape  by  secreting  himself  in  a  thicket 

On  the  day  of  the  battle  of  the  Fckatonica,  Bpbncbb  ventured 
to  approach  the  fort,  and  saw  from  a  distance  that  it  was  sur» 
rounded  by  Indians.  They  were  friendly  Sioux  and  Menomo- 
nees,  who  had  joined  us  that  day  after  the  battle,  and  who  were 
yelling  and  pow-wowing  over  the  scalps  which  we  had  tsken. 
Supposing  these  Indians  to  be  foes  who  had  captured  the  fort,  and 
murdered  all  within  it,  he  was  horror  struck,  and  fled  some  six  or 
seven  miles  to  a  house  where  he  found  some  provisions,  and  se- 
creted himself  under  a  hog-pen,  where  he  was  found  some  ten 
days  afterwards.  Within  a  year  he  became  deranged,  and  wan- 
dered off,  none  knew  whither. 

Having  performed  the  melancholy  duty  of  burying  the  dead, 
we  returned  to  Fort  Hamilton,  where  we  found  Oaptain  Gjsntbt, 
and  Lieutenants  Bmuxns  and  Pobteb,  with  a  few  men.  At  a 
council  held  that  eveniog,  it  was  agreed  that  if  Gen.  Dodob  did 
not  arrive  at  the  fort  by  eight  o'clock  the  next  morning,  the  offi- 
cers  and  men  that  were  present  would  take  the  trail  and  pursue 
the  Indians. 

^  On  receiving  the  express  at  Dodgeville,  Gen.  Dodos  accom- 
panied by  laoiua  Jjojusa  and  Jobh  M&sskbsiuib,  jr.,  started  ior 


Edit  £EaiadltoiLtl)y  .the  Vrafof  the  Bliieldmlads^-i^eiefttmnpm^a 
ct  men  were  statiofi^,  vhoBe'hoisesiWeseirteliaad  fit  foe  Ber?ilc«ia 
Leaying  ordera &r  them  to fbUow,  he  eoatiaiied  di •hisrdnta  \tf'^ 
the  waj  of  FiuBf  wBLL'fr  DiggingB ;  haTing  ont-riddtii  JjEHsmrs  aoA^ 
IEbbiiwcrb:,  he  inuB  appF^aehing  the  fort  alo^  jiUt  iifiter  8iin«-> 
rne*    On  arriving  at  Hiioi.TOiH's  favm,  about  <»ie  mile  from  tiUs 'i 
fort,  he  left  the  wagon  r^ad  and  ttimed  into  a  pathway,  whieht 
shortened  the  distance.    On  csgainiog  the  rdad,  he  met  Apptis^f 
a  German,  who  propoeed  to  aooompalay  os  on  oor  scout,  and  wa&: 
going  to  his  cabin  near  by,  to  pf  ooore  a  blanket  for  the  eacpedi- 
tion ;  after  making  a  £aw  inquiries  of  him^  the  General  oontinned. 
on  to  the  fort.    Apple  had  not  pcoceeded  more  than  one  hnndmd . 
yards  from  where  he  met  Gen.  Dod«%  when  he  fell  into  an  am- 
buscade and  was  UteiiaUy  ehot  to  pieees.    It  afterwards  apipeare4>  * 
that  the  IndiatM  had  first  ambnshed  the  pathway,  bat  aeeing  onr: 
men  on  the  prairie,  sooth  of  the  road,  looking  for  their  horses, 
and  that  the  travelling  was  on  the  wagon  road,  they  removed  to 
it.    Had  the  General  arrived  half  an  hour  earlier  by  the  path^» 
way,  or  kept  round  by  the  wagon  road,  he  most  have  been  thfn 
victim  of  the  ambuscade  instead  of  Appi*x.    .  / 

Almost  simultaaeonsly  with  the  General,  the .  horae  of  Appue  \ 
reached  the  Fort  with  the  saddle  bloody,  wnd  a  ballet  hole  throuiglh  * 
his  ear.  All  were  ready !  tJie  order  was  given  to  moont,  and  in ' 
less  than  ten  minutes  we  were  formed  in  a  line  near  file  dead  body . 
of  the  murdered  man., 

The  Indians,  in  their  retreat,  appeared  to  disperse  in  Qvejty  diroo* 
tion  through  a  thicket  which  lay  north  of  the  road,  and  whith 
was  compoeed  of  a  thick  growth  of  vines  and  boshes,  prindpaUy 
pirickly  ash.    Through  this  we  advanced  in  li»e,  until  a  very  in«. 
teUigent  dog,  owned  by  B.  H.  EIibkpatsioc,  etraek  the  trail  on » 
the  extreme  left.    We  then  advanced  in  single  file,  following  the  i 
trail,  the  left  in  front,  until  We  reached  t^e  open  timber. .  Here 
the  trail  was  well  defined,  and  the  pursait  was  then  pellHBfteU,  the 
General  taking  the  lead.  The  trail  stmok  the  pnii4e  on  a  hranth 
raanlng  east  .from.  WttLXAK  iBvkunv^^  and.  •eentktaed  down  ik»; 


8ST 

'Immediately  upon  my  return  to  the  mines,  after  an  absence  of 
tbrea  days,  with  IntelKgeuce  snbstantially  confirming  the  alarm.-, 
ing  reports  we  had  previously  received,  Col.  Dodgk  (as  we  shall 
now  designate  him,)  collected  and  organi:^ed  a  mounted  company,  ^ 
of  which  Jambs  H.  Gkntet  was  chosen  Captain,  Heney  L.  Dodge, 
(son  of  Col.  Dodge)  first  Lieutenant,  and  Paschal  Bequeite, 
•(aifterwards  son-in-law  of  Ool.  Dodge)  second  Lieutenant.  This 
company  consisted  of  about  fifty  men,  and  was  kept  constantly  in 
the  field,  With  Col.  Dodge  at  their  head ;  and,  with  this  company, 
he  made  an  expedition  to  Dixon,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  some 
additional  force  from  Gov.  Rbtkolds,  of  Illinois,  who  had  arrived 
there  at  the  head  of  what  was  called  the  first  ^^Suokeb  Abht;" 
aa  well  also,  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  something  of  the  probable 
movements  and  designs  of  Black  Hawk,  and  whether  any  fma- 
randing  Indian  parties  had  been  sent  out  upon  our  frontiers.  For 
this  movement  Ool.  Dodge  has  been  censured  by  some,  but  I  think 
without  any  good  reason.  It  always  seemed  to  me,  that  this  step 
was  a  judicious  one,  fully  warranted  by  the  circumstances  attend- 
ing it.  He  failed,  however,  to  obtain  any  additional  force,  and 
fomid  none  of  the  enemy  upon  our  southern  border. 

Ool.  Dodgs  returned  to  the  Hining  District,  bringing  the  Intel 
ligenee  of  StUlvfum^B  defeiU^  at  the  mouth  of  Eish-wau-kee,  on 
Bock  River,  about  thirty  miles  above  Dixon,  which  was  on  the 
14th  of  May.  This  information  at  first  threw  the  inhabitants  into 
considerable  alarm  and  confusion.  But  fortunately  there  were, 
in  the  country,  quite  a  number  of  men  of  some  wisdom,  discretion, 
and  experience,  as  connected  with  Indian  difficulties,  of  whom 
Ool.  Doi>aB  seemed  to  be  the  chief.  Many  others  might  be  men- 
tioned, as  being  well  calculated  to  counsel  and  direct  in  sneh 
times  of  danger — such  as  Ool.  Wh.  S*  Hahiltoi7,  Maj.  Siohasp 
H.  EjBXPATBmK,  Oapt  John  H.  SoimrBBE,  Oapt  Bobebt  O^oabd, 
Oapt.  Jabibs  H.  Gekt&t,  Oapt.  Bobbbt  DioksoHi  Oapt  Oucbol^.i 
Oapt  John  Moobb,  lieut  Ohablbs  Bbaokbet,  Dr.  LoxraHBOBOTTOHi 
and  many  otiiera.  By  the  wiee  oouneels  and  untiring  erertfons  of 
these  men,  and  those  associated  with  them,  the  country  was 
48 


888 

quickly  put  in  a  Btate  of  defence,  by  the  erection  of  etockades  at 
the  moet  prominent  pointe — soch  as  the  Bine  MonndB,*  Dodge'a^ 
Kineral  Point,  Fort  Defiance  (now  my  place),  Fort  Hamilton 
(now  Wiota),  Gratiot's,  White  Oak  Springs,  Elk  Qrove,  Diamond 
Orove,  and  others. 

These  places  of  safety  for  the  families  of  the  settlers  being  com* 
pleted,  three  additional  mounted  companies  were  organized  in  th^ 
Hining  District,  commanded  respectively  by  Capt  Jobk  H. 
BouNTBSE,  of  Platteville,  Capt.  Clakk,  of  White  Oak  Springa, 
and  Capt.  Bkon  Gbatiot,  of  Gratiot's  Grove,  a  brother  of  OoL 
Gratiot,  Agent  of  the  Wionebagoes.  Some  changes  afterwarda 
took  place  in  the  commands.  During  the  organization  and  equip* 
ment  of  these  companies.  Col.  Donop,  Col.  Gbatiot,  and  others, 
proceeded  to  the  Four  Lakes  (now  ]VIadis()n),f  for  the  purpose  of 
holding  a  council  with  the  Winnebagoes,  whose  friendship  and 
good  faith  towards  the  whites,  were  very  much  doubted.  But  in 
this  council,  they'gave  every  aBsurance,  so  far  as  kind  words  and 
fair  promises  could  go,  of  maintaining  their  friendship  and  in* 
tegrity.J 

Upon  Col.  Dodoe's  return,he  was  joined  by  the  othernewly  raised 
companies,  and  all  were  immediately  put  in  motion  fyr  the  Bhie 
Mound  Fort,  upon  which,  it  was  apprehended  by  Capt.  Jobqbt 
Shsbhan,  who  commanded  there,  that  the  Indians  designed 
making  an  attack.  When  within  about  three  miles  of  that  fort, 
Col.  DoDOK  was  met  by  an  expreES  conveying  the  pleasing  intel- 
ligence of  the,' delivery  of  the  two  Misses  Hall,  who  had  been 
made  prisoners*  at  the  massacre  on  Indian  Creek,  near  Ottawa, 
for  whose  ransom  Gen.  Atkinsok  had  offered  the  generous  reward 

«  ThiB  vM  commtneed  on  t1i«  ]Oth  of  llaj->Tid«  Bbocchabd's  KimtiTc  la  Smith's  Wlaconiin. 

f  CtoDjSviTB  gtitefl,  tiuit  thif  eonf«reiiee  wm  held  on  the  2£th  ol  May,  <*at  tfae  head  of  Ui«  Fow 
LiikM)'*  whldi  WM  probably  at  Walus  RoirAk's  old  tradlDg  «ft1abU»biwDt,  tone  tix  ailltv  a  Httl» 
aorth  of  w«Bt  of  MadUon,  a  abort  dlataaea  b«low  th*  mo«th  of  Po-o-na,  or  Pheaaant  Braneh ;  ad4 
vhaM  In  the  tinet  of  1887,  a  paper  **  City*'  wai  attempted  to  be  ntannlaetuxed.    Caj.ts.  GiyraT  and 
MotaesMMa,  with  flfly  aunoted  Tolwateerat  aecampaaSad  Cola.  DoooiaBd  Gcaviot.  L.  C.  D. 

tCoUDoBai*a*<t«lk"to«haWiaMbHoee^«BthiaMsui(ni,m.yheA>«Dd  te  Siun(*6  Wlaeraiia,  l, 

«i«,4i7.  uo.n- 


88»* 

.     •    I 

of  two  ib^Bsand  dollars.  The  eaptiyeB  wafe  brought  inta  ilmk: 
Ibrt  *  by  a  baud  of  Wiouabagoee,  headed  by  the  chief  Wvnt' 
QboW|  or  ThejBlind^  ashe^asttsoally  called,  who  had  got  theioa 
from  the  Baaks  for  that  purpose. 

After  the  matter  of  the  captive  girls  was  arranged  and  both 
whites  and  Indiana  had  taken  np  their  quarters  for  the  night, » 
scene  of  some  alarm  and  confusion  took  place.  The  Whuis  Chsw 
had  told  Oapt.  Beon  Gkatiot,  that  he  was  friendly  towards  him^ 
as  his  brother  wasi  the  Winnebago  Indian  Agent;  that  he  did  noi 
wish  to  see  him  kiliedy  and  that  he  had  better  leaye  OoL  Donea 
and  go  home ;  that  the  Sauks  aud  Foxes  would  kill  all  the  whiles; 
that  the  whites  could  not  fight,  as  they  were  a  soft-shelled 
breed ;  that  when  the  spear  was  put  to  them  they  would  quaok 
like  duoks,  as  the  whites  had  done  at  Stillman's  Defeat ;  and 
he  proceeded  to  mimic  out,  in  full  Indian  style,  the  spearing 
and  scalping  in  tibe  Stillman  s(ffair ;  and  that  all  the  whites  who 
persisted  in  marching  against  the  Indians,  might  expect  to  be 
served  in  the  same  maniiier.  Besides  this  conversation^  the  Iiidi* 
aus  acted  and  conducted  themselves  in  many  respects  very  suspi- 
ciously, so  much  so  as  to  greatly  alarm  Oapt.  Q&atiot,  and  others, 
who  confidently  believed  that  the  Indians  meditated  an  attaek  in 
the  night  with  a  largo  force. 

Upon  this  information  being  conveyed  by  Oapt.  Gbattot  to  Ool. 
DoDoi,  who  had  retired  for  the  night,  he  instantly  jumped  up, 
and  said,  with  great  emphasis — ^' Be  not  alarmed,  SiV ;  let  them 
come ;  we  will  show  them.  Sir,  that  ws  are  not  of  the  sofbehelled 
breed ;"  and  immediately  went  out,  and  took  the  Wbttb  Osow 
and  a  few  others  into  custody,  and  next  morning  msrofaed  the 
whole  body  off  to  OoL  Jamvb  Mobbibon's  farm,  where  he  held  a 
council  with  them  in  the  presence  of  Ool.  Gaatiot,  their  Agent 
But  such  was  Coil.  Dodob's  suspicions  of  them  from  this  conduct, 
that  he  ret^ned  one  or  two  of  their  principal  chiefs  as  hostages 
for  the  good  behavior  of  the  nation  ;  a  course,  I  think,  fully  jus- 


*  Ob  tin  ard  tff  JiiiM,  htsfiag  bt«n  taktn  on  fli«  21st  of  M«j  pnoedlng.  l.  0.  D. 


340 

tifiable  from  all  the  attendant  circam8tanceB,)thongh  Bome  hare 
pMftsMd  to  tbfiik  dMBRftrentlj.    Tbese  partienlan  about  tbe  Wktre 
Cum',  I  gi^e  on  the  statements  <»f  mj  son  Fstbb  Pabshsoic,  Jr.  i 
wliD  was  with  tibe  troops  at  the  Bine  Monnds  and  Mosusos^s  at 
the  time. 

.  From  Mobkibok's  place,  Ool.  Dodgb  proceeded  to  Gratiofs 
Qro^e,  haHing  a  while  at  Fort  Defiance.  The  second  daj  after 
tUiy  wfaiefa  was  early  in  Jane,  information  was  received  hj  Ool. 
]^MB  while  at  Gratiots  Orore,  that  a  man  had  been  killed  near 
die  Blae  Monnd  Fort.  Being  on  his  route  south,  Ool.  Dodgk 
diqpatdhed  a  messenger  with  instructions  to  Fort  Defiance  and 
lEinenil  Point,  to  raise  what  force  could  be  mounted,  and  pro- 
ceed to  the  sconce  of  the  murdered  man.  Just  at  that  time,  a 
number  of  Fiench  ponies  had  been  brought  down  from  Prairie 
du  Ohien  Ibr  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Mining  District. 
Xbeee  ponies  were  immediately  mounted  by  accompany  formed 
of  about  thirty  men,  among  whom  I  was  one.  When  we  arrired 
at  the  Mounds,  we  found  that  the  man,  whose  name  was  Wtlliam 
AvsasT^*  was  just  buried.  We  remained  there  one  day  recou'* 
mHtering  the  country,  but  could  discover  nojtraces  of  Indians  ; 
but  we  were  confident  at  the  time,  that  Avbbbt  was  killed  by  the 
Winitebagoes.  The  company,  which  was  commanded  by  Oapt. 
JoHzr  F.  O^Ukil,  of  Mineral  Point,  returned  by  way  of  Fretwell*8 
Diggings  to  Fort  Defiance. 

About  this  time,  the  people  of  Fort  Defiance  and  Mineral  Point 
beoame  very  much  alarmed,  in  consequence  of  Oapt.  Jahies  B. 
BiTlBs  coming  under  whip  and  spur,  at  the  best  speed  of  his  horse, 
announcing  sucoessively  at  Fort  Defiance  and  Mineral  Point,  that 
he  had  seen  a  large  body  of  Indians  about  seven  miles  below  Fort 
Defiance,  making  their  way  towards  that  fort ;  adding  at  Mineral 
Point)  that  he  had  no  doubt  but  that  Fort  Defiance  was  then  iA 
poeaession  of  the  Indians.  In  reading  over  Oapt  Ebtbs'  narrative 
in  Gen.  &ai»'s  History,  I  was  not  a  litfle  surprised  that  he  had 


I*  ■<■ 


•  AimBKT  WM  kiUad  oa  the  6th  of  Jon*. 


S41 


•  I 


made  no  mention  of  this  circtimBtanoe ;  he  maji  haireTeT}  ))%ip 
cpncl,aded  tb«t h€| wa« miatakeo,, ^t Ib^ere }ie  wig.  , 

.  Immediately  upon  Gapt.  EassB  ai)yvounffifig  il^ia.i^UdligiiMet 
Capt.  Hqakd^  who  commanded  at  JFort  Depmiof^  ordeff«4  me.iiilb 
three  others,  Lieut  M.  Q*  I'jtohi  Jon  £aT}  and  Bsaooi  Sau<i  ^ 
fnake  a  reQonn9ifi8ane6  ^  aacetftain  the  faetSt  We  dj4  i0|  tefc 
could  find  BO  Indians,  qr  sigpa  of  any^  The  fo^  wai  not  altapluMi^ 
and  the  inhabitanta  of  Mineral  Point  learning  ^a  fact,  reanmed 
their  usual  quiet  and  confidence.  These  false  ajqnoa  weifa  net 
uncommon  in  these  critiiud  times.  Many  men  seemed  to  poepesa 
eyes  of  a  powerfully  magnifying  cl^aracter,  tortutisg  eyery  thiqg 
seen  into  an  Indian^  and  thn^  many  a  well  run  race  has  be^n  mada* 
when  there  were  no  Indians  probably  within  mmj  xnUes,  and  9<^^- 
ing  to  justify  the  flight  more  than  a  tree,  stump^  or  qlump  of 
weeds.  But  notwithstanding  there  were  a  few  of  these  ^Qigjbtj 
gentlemen,  the  most  of  the  men  then  in  the  country,  w^re,  of  th|^t 
bold  and  resolute  character,  who  could  readily  distingfiish  betwe<^ 
trees  or  buslies  and  Indians,  as  their  conduct^  upon  all  occi^aq& 
so  well  testified. 

After  Col.  Dodge  left  Gratiot's  Grove,  as  n^y.  son,  who  •  w»s  Qf 
the  party,  informs  me,  he  proceeded  with  his  commjEind  to  Kirket'o^ 
farnd, .and  there  halted  for  noon;  and  while  there,  the  Colonel 
addressed  his  men  in  a  rery  spirited  manner^  paying  that  tb^ 
were  then  fully  in  the  enemy's  country ;  that  every  thing  depend-* 
ad  upon  their  auooesa ;  that  the  p«blio  eye  waa^npon  theib,  and 
•Aat  every  thing  that  could  be  e;spected  of  valiant  and  during 
foldiera,  would  be  expected  of  i&em ;  that  their  faiiiiliee,  ae  imU 
<li8  the  country,  looked  to  th^m  for  protection ;  and  closed  by  re- 
iQxading  them  of  the  iBipartanee  of  vigila&ce  and  delamainatiott, 
snd  of  perfect  subordination  to  their  oflicers  while  in  the  field.* 
la  the  a£lterai>ojD>  they  maidied  ta  the  aoene .  ef  the  mord«r  oi  St. 

▼aaot,  Halb  and  Fowlbe,  whose  bodies  they  found  and  btirijeff; 
l^WLET,  who  was  sappoaed  to  luure  bean  killed  near  the 


QTkts  viddren  nay  te  M«n  in  fall  in  Smith's  Hirtory  of  WUconsin,  t«1.  1, 9.<40i* 


842 

time,  was  neyer  found,  nor  anything  entirely  satisfactory  ever 
heard  of  him. 

The  next  night,  OoL  DonoB's  party  encamped  at  Hickory  Pomi, 
lAere  fire  of  their  horses  were  stolen  by  the  Indians.  Early  the 
aett  morning,  a  detachment  nnder  the  command  of  Capt.  Oxrtbt 
rtarted  in  pnrsnit,  and  followed  them^  nearly  the  "^hole  day,  re- 
•^teking  some  of  the  lost  liorses,  together  with  some  others,  which 
/the  Indiuis  had  evidently  stolen  from  the  whites.  The  Indians 
elnded  them  by  abandoning  the  horses,  and  fleeing  through  or  in- 
to swamps  on  foot. 

'  This  night  we  encamped  at  Bock  River,  where  G^n.  Huor 
'  BBiJ)T*  was  in  command.  Learning  that  Gen.  Hbnbt  Atedtsoh 
was  at  Ottawa,  on  the  Illinois  river,  Col.  Doixje,  with  twenty-five 
men,  accompanied  Gen.  Bbadt  to  that  point,  where  OoL  Dodgx 
had  a  conference  with  Gen.  ATKiK80N,t  formed  a  plan  for  the  fatnre 
movements  of  the  army,  when  Col.  Dopgs  retarned  the  next 
night  to  Dixon  about  mid-night.  Early  the  next  moniiog  there* 
after.  Col.  Bodgb's  command  was  put  in  motion  for  the  Mining 
Country,  where  they  arrived  after  a  two  day's  march,  much  worn 
down  and  fatigued.  This  expedition  from  the  commencement  oc- 
cupied about  jight  days,  during  which  the  troops  had  been  almost 
constantly,  day  and  night,  upon  the  march.  Upon  their  return  to 
€htitiot's  Grove,  owing  to  the  worn  down  condition  of  the  horses, 

having  had  nothing  but  grass  to  subsist  on,  it  was  deemed  expe- 

•  . _^__ 

•fl«ii.  Bbadt  wm  bom  Ia  Fwrn^lrviia,  is  Jnift  lT68y  ftod  ^aUred  tht  vrnj  la  179^  «&i  wtamA  «  ■■ 
bilgn  in  Q«n.  Wjltki*i  eunpaiga  sfmiiMt  the  IndUas ;  and  in  th«  vnr  of  1812-*16,  h«  eommaadtd  • 
TCftnMit,  a&<  parttcnlio-lj  digtIiiguiBhed  himeelf  at  Landj*f  Lane,  and  !•  tk*  battk  af  Cltippaira,  tai 
iMA  Istter  aMfnlaaiy  coaUat  hl«  ngtmoat  was  almaat  analUUtad^  And  hiaiaair  Mvefrij  wvaadad.  Ik 
188S)  ha  waa  siatloaad  at  Dotroit^  in  command  of  tkat  nailMarjr  dopartxoaat^  and  ooatilbatad  gKaWy  to 
jutiaiilint  peace  on  tha  frontleri  daring  the  patrolt  distnrbanoe*  in  Canada,  in  1887.  He  antarad  wMi 
^llrtt  Sato  tha  Blaek  Haiwfc  war,  tad  txetoimed,  **  Qfva  aia  two  ioCkatiy  oompaalaa  SMvaiM,  and  I  «■ 
m§f^  to  whip  the  Sanka  ont  of  the  eoantiy  in  on«  ireek  ;'*  bat  ileknaas  iooa  came  upoa  tka  rataam^ 
aad  hii  ierrlees  vera  loat  for  the  campaign.  He  raoelred  from  hia  aatiTO  State,  tha  praaeat  of  a  avort, 
and  aktalaad  tha  Imvet  amkof  naaor-gaaaraL  Ha  died,  at  Datrolt,  April IMh, IStt,  U  hia eigh^HhM 
jaar.  A  life  of  purity,  rigid  temparanoa  and  ajatamatio  activity,  had  givain  a  haidiaeaa  ta  hiaftaan^  tfA 
aa  alaatieitj  to  hie  atep,  which  continued  ta  tha  da j  of  hia  death.  He  waa  a  younger  brother  af  Iba 
a<akaKLtpa>tiaBa la ladlaa  varlalai  Om>t.8AMBL  Bravt* of  tha 0^r  Ohio  TaOey  L.  0.  B. 

4tMa^aaeatfcelHhof  J^afc    Oen*  A wiMov  wai  eagagad  to  oigtaMat  thwa  MgtdM  af 

atOttewa.  L.  a*. 


848 

4feiit  by  Ool.  DoDov  to  dismiss  his  men  to  their  respective  forts 
for  a  few  days,  for  the  purpose  of  reoraiting  their  horses ;  sabjeot, 
:iioweT6r,  to  be  repealled  into  serrice  at  a  moment's  warning. 
'    l^e  moanted  men  had  jnst  arrived  at  Fort  Defiance,  wben  the 
«iad  intetligenoe  arrived  by  David  Gtmaan  as  Express,  that  five 
'men  had  been  killed  at  Spavvobd's  farm,  on  the  Pecatonica,  six 
mUes  sontii-east  of  Fort  Hamilton.*    A  dispatch  was  immediately 
sent  to  OoL  DodoV)  and  all  the  men  at  the  fort  that  could  be 
monnted,  were  soon  in  readinesil  to  proceed  to  the  scene  of  the 
murder.    This  detachment  consisted  of  B.  H.  Ejbepatbioe:,  Ohas. 
Bbaoxset,  who  was  first  Lienteaant  at  Fort  Defiance,  SAinnoc 
&.ACK  and  Pbteb  Pabkisok,  Jr.,  who  had  jnst  returned  from 
Ool.  DoDOB^B  expedition  to  Ottawa,  and  belonged  to  the  mounted 
force,  Lsvnr  Leaoh,  Domikiox  MoGbaw,  Matthsw  G.  Frrqa, 
Xbomas  H.  Pbiob,  Samitiel  Bubts,  Benjahiit  Lawhbab,  HiasToir, 
Tab  Wagooheb,  and  myself,t  who  belonged  to  the  Fort  Defiance 
company — making  thirteen  in  number.    Previous  to  our  depar- 
ture, some  dissatisfaction  was  expressed  by  some  of  the  men 
relative  to  being  placed  under  the  leadership  of  Lieut.  SbaoekVi 
who  was  entitled  to  the  command  of  those  who  belonged  to  the 
fort  company.    Oapt.  Hoabd  consulted  me  as  to  the  best  course 
to  be  pursued,  and  I  advised  placing  the  men  under  the  command 
of  B*  H.  EntKPATBioK,  who  afterwards  became  Major;  and  this 
was  accordingly  done,  and  the  men  proceeded  under  him.    I  state 
tills  in  justice  to  M aj.  Eibkpatbiok,  who  is  now  dead,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  seeing  Gen.  Bbackeb'19  statement  in  Gen.  Smtth's 
history,  claiming  to  have  commanded  this  detachment.    It  is  a 
matter  of  some  surprise  to  me,  that  Gen.  Smtth  should  have  so  tkr 
"^Binfegarded  the  truth  and  impartiality  of  history,  as  to  have  given 
Gen.  Bbaokbb^  statement,  and  at  the  same  time  suppressed  others 
relative  to  (his  affair  and  Fecatonica  battle,  which  I  know  were 
"plaeed  in  his  hands.    Other  mistakes  there  are  in  his  history,  birt 

*t1lifOflMmd«&th«14t]iof  JwM^lSaa.  L.O.  D. 

faM.BKAOKSvglTMt]Mtdditi«oaIanw«f  OM  MoOomnu.  L.  a  D. 


341 

tbe7  UU17  bave  been  made  icadvertentlyi  witfaonfc  lumn^  tte 
proper  lights  to  guide  him. 

In  coxi8e<iiience  of  this  momentaiy  diMajtigftifftioii  vlbonk  H^ 
conunaQd^  laent  Bsaceik,  wilb  Bm^MMSM  hscwtm^  atertod  m 
ad^anoe  of  the  detachzaenti  but  we  overtook  than  previoiia  to 
reaching  Port  Hamilton,  where  we  amred  abont  nddnight,  asd 
remained  till  morning.  We  found  the  iofi  and  its  oeoupaaia  is 
the  greatest  confusion,  with  no  quarters  or  refreshments  lor  na, 
and  we  had  to  shift  as  best  we  could.  Some  others  here  joined 
pur  partj^  and  some  further  altercation  oceornng  about  the  eoan- 
mand)  an  election  was  regularly  held^  and  B.  H,  Kdoefatwok  WW 
chosen.  The  detachment  then  proceeded  to  the  scene  of  the  mur* 
der,  under  the  guidance  of  Beswst  Moxxoiri  who  was  one  of  the 
party  attacked^  and  had  almost  miraculously  made  his  esoape, 
after  a  chase  of  fifteen  mileS|  and  having  swam  th0  Feoateiiioa 
five  times  during  the  chase,  and  at  length  arrived  at  Fort  Hamfl- 
ton,  in  full  lope,  about  an  honr  by  sun. 

The  first  thing  that  presented  itself  to  us  at  the  scena  of  hkw- 
der,  was  the  headless  body  of  the  unfortanate  Spa>vobd,  who^  it 
seems  from  Millioj^'s  statement,  was  killed  at  the  first  fire  of  tbe 
Indians,  and  was  found  near  where  the  attack  was  made«  Ezeept 
where  shot,  and  the  decapitation,  there  were  no  mutilatiops  of  the 
body ;  we  found  the  missing  head  on  the  bank  of  the  Tivttr,SDiM 
hundred  yards  from  the  body,  with  pretty  much  all  the  Imr 
taken  ofi*,  which  was  of  a  fine  flossy  appearaace,  and  hen^ee  the 
reason  of  their  taking  it  all.  The  bodies  of  Seaio^,  MoIlwibqI) 
imd  an  Englishman  called  JouNiiT  Suu^,  were  found  upon. the 
opposite  bank  of  the  river,  most  shockingly  mangled  ai|d  mjitihi 
ted.  The  body  of  Spestceb,  who  was  supposed  to  have  beqok 
killed  at  the  same  time,  could  no  where  be  foond.  Tba  othpr 
four  bodies  were  broi'ght  together,  and  buried  in  one  cowBiew 
grave,  presenting  a  moat  appalling  spectnole,  snoh  as  only  anen  of 
nerve  could  have  witnessed  with  any  degree  of  composure.  While 
Chese  solemn  obsequies  were  being  performed,  a  force  was  <5ijn* 
stantl^  reconnoitering  the  surrounding  Qountry  in  s^afph  oittJie 


<8iS 

ytt mMndJbody:  of  Sboom,  aad  toM6  Ihid  tiiere  ware  no  Ba- 
.ijantf  •  lurUng  fo  ov  vidnitf,  to  take  ti6  by  rarprise.  Aflnr 
.iMUTipg^ott  imldtteHite^fife&dt,  who  had  Mien  victims  through 
itimfBitwmtf  to^mSsB  aoro]^  of  <iovD|  we  bontfamed  Ae  s^uoh  ft«r 
Jtawrtfth  hoi)7  till  evBBing.  I  imwt  bear  m j  testimony  to  Hie 
IpradeBt^eanfciQiift  aad  sagadoqd  manner,  in  which  this  expedition 
:iil$B  dondseted  by  Mej»  EsKPATfti<nc,  the  offioer  in  eommand. 

.  Viben  At  nii^t  .we  retonied  to  Fort  Hamilton,  we  fovnd  Oapt. 
iQuvbT  tfaeie  with  a'p<»tiea  of  hie  compwy,  when  our  detachment 
.Ml  nadar  Ub  eommand.  After  eome  refreshments,  the  first  dt 
'Whiidi  wa  had  iMBrtalsen  since  leaving  Port  Defiance,  a  conncil  waa 
held,  in  which  it  was  determined,  that  in  the  event  of  Ool.  Donox 
iafling  to  amve  by  eight  o'elock  next  morning,  the  force  then  nn- 
4!br  eoaHnaad  ot  Oapt  GmTBr,  wonld  parsae  the  Indians,  and 
tsake  a  farther  seareh  for  the  body  of  ^nBzrcHB.  The  night  passed 
wjtl^nfc  any  nniumal  oceiiiTeBce.  Just  as  our  men  were  abont 
atarttng  the*  next  momiiBg,  in  pursnanoe  of  the  arrangements 
alpread  on,  Ool.  Dobkkb  amved  in  company  with  Thomas  JsHsms 
and  JoBV  Mbsssbskiih,  Jr.,  the  CMone),  in  paint  of  fact,  having 
oal-Jridden  the  others^  arrived  some  ten  or  fifteen  jtninntes  ahead 
<i£tikem. 

It  aeeaod^  that  upoB  reoeivingthe  ex|>resB  at  Dodgeville,  Ool. 
Sous  with  J^feiNBiirS'aiid  MaisBBSacrra,  bad  started  for  Fort  Hamil> 
ttmby  the  way  of  BhiaMo«&d8,wherewere  some  fresh  horses  and 
jWs&r^a  portioa  of  Gapt.Qwsrmt^s  command ;  and  leaving  orders 
^  tiiem  to  proceed  raimediately  to  Fori  Hamilton,  Ool.  Donoia 
etotiniied  his  route,  by  way  of  Fretw^l's  Diggings,  and  arrived 
jit  fart  iffioaiten  as  before  stated.  Bat  a  Htde  ^revioas  to  his  aiS 
'mal^  ha  had  left  the  main  road,  and  taken  a  by*way,  which  some^ 
5ffhat-ahoitBBed/ the distanoe ;  and  on  oomiaginto  tiie  main  road 
agpin^  ha.  met  oi»  Ask%  a^hsrman,  who  had  a  good  horse,  whl<^ 
fiafl  QauKste  that  aranlog  was  iriboat  te>  impress  into  tiie  service, 
aiheniLppfiapibniisad'him,  if  he  we^ild  allow  him  to  gd  to  his  cabfn 
aftqfr.MiiUtoketB,  he  ^MtM  aeeetapany  ns  on  onr  expedifion. 
Sdatwasjiylaaay aa^poaed te^baaiereiy ah eKottac/  tf»  g«t a^ay^ 


8M 

aad  thus  avoid  goiiig  kimiel^  or  letting  hk  kone  go.  Sbwetrar, 
he  had  proceeded  but  a  abort  distaaee,  after  leayii^  CbL  DeDaa^ 
when  he  fell  into  an  amboscadei  and  was  literally  shot  to  piBoea. 
It  appeared  afterward%that  the  Indiaas  hadfirrtwaj^laidthepaft. 
bj  which  Col.  Dobob  approached  the  fort,  whieh  passed  tiuoii|^ 
quite  a  thick  point  of  woods;  but,  in  the  morning^  seeing  some  of 
the  men  from  the  fort  pass  up  to  the  fidd  for  some  gndn,  by  Ike 
waj  of  the  main  road,  which  kept  roond  more  in  the  open  ground, 
they  changed  their  position  and  went  there.  Thus  had  OoL  DonetB 
arriTed  half  an  hour  earlier,  or  had  he  kept  around  tke  main  road, 
he  would  undoubtedly  have  £iJlea  a  victim  instead  of  tke  unfor- 
tunate German. 

Almost  at  the  same  moment  of  Ool.  Dodob  dismounting  at  the 
fort,  the  horse  of  Afplb  came  running  up  near  Oapt  €hurmi*a 
command,  who  were  some  dbtance  from  the  fort,  Oapt  Gmraar 
directed  mj  son,  who  was  then  a  mere  boy,  to  run  and  bring  Ap- 
piiB^s  horse  to  him,  which  be  did.  Upon  seeing  the  horse  with  a 
bullet  hole  through  his  ear,  and  one  throng  the  top  of  his  neok, 
the  saddle  bloody,  and  recollecting  the  report  of  guns  a  few  mo- 
ments before,  there  could  be  no  mistake  as  to  what  had  taken 
place ;  all  called  out  at  once  that  Applb  was  killed.  All  was  in- 
stantly wild  excitement  and  disorder,  and  but  for  the  stem,  deter- 
mined will  of  Oapt.  Gbhtbt,  aided  somewhat  by  ICi^  ILaarAat*' 
BUK,  Lieut  Bbaqkbm  and  myself,  instead  of  the  successfol  pursuit 
and  defeat  of  the  Indians,  a  failure  might,  and  I  think  would, 
have  been  the  consequence.  In  a  company  of  thirty  or  forty- 
men,  there  are  almost  invariably  some  who  possess  so  ezcitahla 
and  enthusiastic  temperamelits,  as  to  lose  all  prseenod  of  mind, 
or  self-control,  though  brave  it  may  be,  even  to  a  fault  This  waa 
tl^e  case  in  the  present  instance.  When  it  was  aecertained  thai 
Apple  was  unquestionably  killed,  quite  a  number  ci  men  of  this 
description  mounted  their  horses  without  ordeia,  and  vraee  qK>a 
the  act  of  rushii^g  indiscriminately  after  the  Indianst  Oaptaia 
OiansT  rushed  to  their  foont,  aad  ordered  them,  in  tbe  most  peip^ 
emptory  manner,  as  their  obtain,  to  hmlt,  r^mindiag  them  ef 


8i7 

SrHiUf AH*8  Dtfeat  being  brought  about  {>erhapB  bj  siinilar  xaoye- 
menta  and  insubordination,  and  then  declaring,  that  he  would 
ahoot  the  first  man  who  attempted  to  advance  until  ordered  to  do 
BO  bj  Ool.  DoDGS,  who  would  be  there  in  a  few  momenta* 

Upon  his  arrival,  Ool.  DonoB  ordered  the  men  to  nu>unt  and 
form  in  line,  when  he  addressed  them  to  this  effect :  ^'  Fellow 
soldiers  I  we  shall  immediately  follow  the  Indians,  whose  bands 
are  now  reekmg  with  the  blood  of  one  of  our  neighbors  and  fel- 
low citizens  whom  thej  have  just  slain.  We  must  overtake 
them,  if  possible.  Their  numbers  are  unknown;  but  numer- 
ous as  they  may  be,  I  shall  charge  them  sword  in  band;  and, if 
there  are  any  among  you  who  think  you  cannot  do  this,  you  will 
fall  back  now,  as  I  want  none  with  me,  except  those  upon  whom 
I  can  rely,  with  the  utmost  confidence,  in  any  and  every  emer- 
gency." The  order  was  then  given  to  advance  at  full  speed,  but. 
none  fell  back.  We  were  soon  upon  their  trail,  passing  the 
mangled  corpse  of  Applk,  which  we  left  in  the  hands  of  tibe  fort 
men  for  interment. 

The  trail  led  through  an  almost  impassable  thicket  of  under- 
brush, tree  tops,  prickly  ash,  grape  vines,  briars,  and  every  thing 
calculated  to  retard  our  speed.  We  finally  succeeded  in  dislodg- 
ing them  from  the  thicket,  and  making  our  way  through  it ;  but 
when  we  came  to  the  open  prairie,  the  Indians  were  far  in  ad- 
vance of  our  front,  our  line  being  extended  for  perhaps  half  a 
mile  in  length,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  the  men  getting  through 
the  thicket.  The  pursuit  was  somewhat  promiscuous,  every  one 
taking  his  own  course. «  Ool.  DonaR,  Oapt  Oentbt,  Lieut  Bs- 
quirrrE,  Johv  MEssBBSHrrH,  Jr«,  John  Hood,  and  I,  formed  the 
advance.  We  came  pretty  nearly  up  to  the  Indians  on  the  opea 
prairie,  about  two  miles  from  the  timber ;  when  I  suggested  to 
Ool.  DoDGX  the  propriety  of  commencing  an  attack  upon  them ; 
but  before  the  remainder  of  the  command,  who  were  close  at  handy 
and  coming  up  at  full  speed,  bad  joined  us,  the  Indians  had 
crossed  a  deep  creek  in  the  prairie,  of  which  we  knew  BOthing^ 
and  which  was  of  difficult  passage  for  horses.  This  retarde4  ns  s 


r 


84S 

lltfley  which  enabled  the  Indians  to  reach  the  main  J^ecatonica, 
and  were  crossing  it  just  as  we  came  up  in  full  view  of  them 
^again ;  and  some  shots  were  exchanged  here,  but  without  efG&ct^ 
the  distance  being  too  great. 

Just  after  the  Indians  had  effected  a  passage  of  the  river,  which 
was  then  much  swollen,  Capt.  Gentbt  and  I  effected  a  crossing 
by  swimming  our  horses.  Asa  DtTNOAi!^  made  the  same  attempt^ 
but  did  not  succeed.  This  placed  Capt.  Gknxbt  and  myself  upon 
the  same  side  of  the  river  with  the  Indians,  where  we  could  com- 
mand a  fall  view  of  their  movements^  and  which  perhaps  decided 
them  upon  making  no  further  attempts  to  escape,  butto  prepare 
to  fight.  They  then  marched  leisurely  into  a  grove  in  the  bend 
of  the  river,  and  secreted  themselves  under  tlie  bank  of  a  deep 
slough,  which  had  no  doubt  at  some  former  period,  been  the  bed 
of  the  river.  This  embankment  was  surrounded  and  sheltered 
with  thick  under-brush  and  trees. 

In  the  meantime.  Col.  Dodge  had,  with  the  remainder  of  the 
men,  effected  a  crossing  higher  up  the  river,  at  a  ford  on  an  old 
Indian  trail,  and  were  dismounted  at  the  head  of  the  grove  ii^ 
which  the  Indians  were  concealed.  Capt.  Gjsktby  said  to  me, 
**  Col.  Parkison,  you  may  remain  here,  if  you  will,  as  you  are  on 
a  fleet  horse,  and  I  will  go  to  Col,  Dodge,  and  conduct  him  this 
way  to  the  Indians,  and  then  you  can  join  us.^'  I  consented  to 
this  arrangement ;  but  before  Capt.  Gentry  reached  Col.  Donai, 
he  mired  his  horse  in  a  slough,  which  he  was  attempting  to  oroB&f 
and  lost  his  gun.  Col.  Dodge  had  made  one  advance  thh}ugh  tho 
grove,  and  came  out  in  sight  of  where  1  was  posted.  I  then  con- 
ducted him  to  the  point  where  the  Indians  entered  the  grove,  and 
found  their  trail ;  upon  which  we  marched  in  an  extended  line, 
"keeping  the  trail  at  the  centre  of  eur  line.  .    • 

'  When  we  had  advanced  upon  the  trail  about  two  hundred 
yards  with  death-like  stillness,  the  enemys*  whereabouts  was  sud- 
denly announced  to  us  by  a  volley  of  fire  arms,  accompanied  bj 
tiie  most  terrific  yells.  But  we  were  not  in  the  least  daunted,  and 
t)ol.  Dodge  instantly  gave  the  order  to  charge,  which  was  prompt- 


848 

1 

Ij  obeyed,  ^d  in  less  than  two  wnat^s  ejwy  Indian  waa.kilX^ 
and  scalped. .  In  their  first  &v^  thej  shot  thiee  of  our  x;ae%  moih 
tally  wounding  Black  and  Moews,  and  slightly  wounding  Thoiua 
JxNKiiirs.  In  the  charge  upon  the  bauk,  Wklls  was  mortaUy^' 
wounded.  Thus  ended  this  short  but  sanguinary  conflict.  .  The 
entire  war-party  was  exterminated,  leaving  not  one  t^  bear  the 
sad  tidings  to  their  Chief  and  people,  that  Ool.  Dodge  and  his, 
warriors  were  not,  in  fact,  of  "  the  soft-shelled  hreec^y  * 

All  our  men  behaved  well,  indeed  valiantly,  without  distinc- 
tion.'  Col.  Bodge,  in  his  oflicial  report  of  the  engagement,  says  >. 
"  The  volunteers  under  my  command,  behaved  with  great  bravery 
and  gallantry ;  it  would  be  impossible  for  me  to  discriminate  be 
tween  them."  This  battle  was  fought  on  the  16th  of  Jijne;  and 
the  names  of  the  persons  who  participated  in  it,  are :  OoL  Dodgjb, 
Lieut.  Bbquette,  Lieut.  Bkaokkn,  Lieut.  D.  M.  Pabkbon,  Lieut. 
PonTBs,  B.  H.  Ejkepatrick,  Dr.  Allen  Hill,  surgeon,  Thomas 
Jenkins,  W.  W.  Woodbeidge,  John  Messebsmith,  Jr.,  AaA  Dun- 
can, Benjamin  Lawhead,  Samuel  Patbiok,  William  Cabnes, 
John  Hodd,  Levin  Leach,  Alexandeb  Higgq^otham,  Samuel 
Blage,  Dominiok  MoGbaw,  Peteb  Pabeison,  Jr.,  Sajcuel  Bunts, 
Tan  Waggonbb,  Wells,  Mobbis,  and  Ranein.  Capt.  Gbntbt. 
joined  us  just  as  the  firing  ceased ;  and  M.  6,  FrroH  and  another 
man  were  posted  as  sentinels,  to  watch  the  retreat  of  the  Indians, 
should  they  attempt  any. 

We  then  conveyed  our  wounded  men,  partly  by  litter,  and 
partly  by  wagon,  to  Fort  Hamilton.  On  our  way  there,  wo  met 
Edwabd  Beouchaed,!  and  a  number  of  Winnebagoes,  Sioux,  and 


*Some  idea  of  the  bri«f  space  of  time  ooeupled  In  thiB  deiperato  hand-to-hand  conflict,  majr  be  gath- , 
«z«a  ftoa  <h»  gnpKio  dtMrlpfttom  of  one  ot  the  ▼olontoeMi  Jobs  If isnBSKiTH,  Jr.,  tm  tf^aiM.  in  S«n . 
Smsa*aBlibttv;»-"XfiMd  my  yager;  let  it  drop—drew  cot  mj  left  pistol;  fired  it  at  an  ladian    l«t  the 
piatol  fUl— diew  out  vaj  right  fiatoU  fimd  ^^  anethec  Ipdian   irme  pouring  povdar  1b  my  hmA  %* 
re-loady  vhaa  one  of  oar  oovpaoj  aaid,  <Th0j are  aU deadl' "  X^  0.  O.      * 

#BMOoeBAB»,lnfato»tateniirtiK«iD.«ifiTB»«Blaloir^«IM]iMtoliM«i«Mi^  - 

flxf«9«aHiiMBMMt,  aad  to  have  taken  pari  In  It ;  tad  ha  giiM  the  aMftiODal  naiae  of  Dama  ae  one  dT  ' 
thepartiflttmK  amd  Oea.  B»«onnr  ^Mahe  of  ona  I)«m--donUieM  the  nane  penon.  Oen.  BluOKiK  ' 
•liiri^v«i«haaaneofSKMM«H;KHoraoMofCta«.BaMi*«pa^«  There  iPai»ft>«»  aen  In  tfni^  " 


♦f  1>»lwwg, ti>i»  of  «hg»,.aaeordfait  to  Ceitf  BaAwanr,  wewFiBCTiad  *  ywrth  ifciaH  f  PWiiwiu  g  ' 


8S0 

Menotnoneedy  with  whom  Ool.  Hj^kilton  had  aniyed  about  the 
time  ot  onr  fight  with  the  Sauke.  These  Indians  had  come  down 
for  the  purpose  of  assisting  us  in  fighting  tbe  Sanks  and  Foxes  ; 
but  after  a  few  days  talking  and  connselling  with  Ool.  Dodos, 
Ool.  Obatiot  and  Ool.  Hamilton,  and  eating  up  a  great  deal  of 
onr  beef,  thej  became  discontented  and  departed,  frightening  the 
inhabitants  of  the  country  through  which  they  passed.  Col.  Dodgb 
was  anxious  to  have  retained  them  as  spies,  but  I  think  we  were 
better  off  without  them,  as  they  were  a  cowardly  and  treacherous 
set  of  miserable  fellows. 

About  this  time,  sooie  of  these  Indians,  with  some  of  the  white 
men  of  the  fort,  went  to  the  house  of  Mr.  B.  Miluok,  the  father 
of  the  young  man  who  made  his  escape  from  the  Indians  at 
Spaffokd's  farm,  for  some  provisious,  where  they  were  thrown 
into  the  greatest  consternation  by  the  appearance  of  a  man  rush- 
ing frantically  from  a  corn- crib  towards  them.  lie  proved  to  be 
Spsnoeb,  supposed  to  have  been  killed  at  Spaffokd's  farm.  He 
said,  that  in  the  affair  at  Spaffokd's,  instead  of  attempting  to 
cross  the  river  as  the  others  did,  he  ran  down  the  stream,  and  hid 
in  the  mouth  of  a  branch,  until  an  Indian  came  near  him  on 
horseback  whom  he  shot,  and  then  fled  across  the  bottom  in  the 
the  direction  of  the  fort,  but  finding  two  Indians  pursuing  him, 
he  secreted  himself  in  a  thicket  until  the  day  after  the  battle  of 
Pecatonica,  when  he  ventured  up  in  sight  of  the  fort.  Seeing  it 
surrounded  by  Indians,  and  having  heard  our  firing,  he  concluded 
that  the  fort  had  evidently  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
and  filed  with  terror  to  the  woods,  where  he  would  remain  quite 
hidden  during  the  day,  and  in  th^  night  would  venture  out  to  this 
deserted  house  of  Million's,  to  seek  provigiona.    In  his  rambles 


mA  frar  othen,  Moordlnf  to  Ool  Itoixn'fl  acootnit,  and  Bbouobabo'b  atotement,  were  pl&oed  bo  m 
to  waloh  ttte  enemy,  should  thej  attempt  to  eeeape.  Tn  otw  letter,  Cel.  Dodoi  fpeaki  of  eighteea 
wm^  ttd  ia  MMthei^  tiMalif' oae^  being  wtoany  eagac*^  in  ttai  ebnriew  een.  Bba«bsh  flita 
ftftt  the  charging  party  muDboied  twenty-one,  iBolading  Col.  DODoa.  11,  then,  ttiete  were  tweaty-«ae 
ta  the  ehaige^  twa  holding  honeei  four  videttea  or  ^iea,  and  Capi.  Omtht  belated  in  miring  his  faeise 
and  lotfBg  hit  gna,  we  have  Joft  thirty;  whiah  la  preeleely  the  n«mber  whoae  namea  an  gitealf  <3^* 
TAWraaen  and  Ooa.  Bnummt,  to  nj  nothing  of  BaoooBAiii,  and  the  man  who  waa  a  fldetli  wttti  If. 
thia  onnanMd  Tidette  may  have  been  one  of  the  thirty  already  indieatad.  U  fX  P. 


asi 

dmimgf^  ftig^  li^rumpoB  aa  Indin^  ahot  at  him,  and  tbetf 
nm  hiaiaal^  In  tbfa  saecaeiing  winter,  he  baeatne  ao  freiMad 
and  flighlj  in  oonseqiiAiioa  of  hia  frighta  an  this  oeoasion,  that  he 
wandered  off*-*  no  one  eTBr  knew  where. 

After  the  battle  of  Peoatonica,  the  volnnteers  retnmed  to  their 
reapectite  forta.  13ie  wonnded  men,  YfmzB  and  Jfosnia,  were  left 
at  Fort  Haaoiltofiy  where  thej  both  died  in  about  two  weeks ; 
SAKibUi  3laok,  a^  noble  and  brave  young  man,  was  taken  to  Fort 
Defiancoi  among  his  friends^  where  he  died  in  about  nine  days, 
lamented  by  all  who  knew  him« 

On  the  18th  of  June,  the  fifth  volunteer  company  was  formed, 
of  which  I  was  chosen  captain,  and  Sahuxl  Fatbios  and  Mxttssw 
Q.  FiTOB  respeotively  first  and  second  lieateDants.  Afber  the  for- 
mation of  this  company,  I  accompanied  OoL  Dodos,  with  a  portion 
of  Oapt.  Gsn^est's  company,  to  the  Blue  Mounds,  for  the  purpose 
of  burying  lieut*  Fobob  aad  Mr.  GniBir,  who  had  been  killed^ 
aboQt  two  miles  from  the  fort  by  a  parl^^  of  aboot  forty  Indians, 
supposed  to  Mvebeen  partly  Winnebagoes.  We  buried  Fobob— 
Qbiw  had.been  interred  before  our  arrival.  I  nmde  a  reconnois- 
sanee  in  the  direction  of  the  head  waters  of  Sogsr  Greek,  but  not 
finding  the  trail  of  the  Indians,  we  returned  to  the  foit  the  next 
day,  when  CoL  Dopqb  ^ith  Oapt  Gsbitbt's  compaDy  returned  to* 
Fcfft  Union,  his  head-qperters,  near  Dodgeville.  I  wns  left  with 
my  company  to*  guard  the  fort  at  the  Blue  Mounds,  where  I  re- 
mained four  days,  durlAg  which  I  reconnoitered  the  surroundteg 
country  for  some  diatanoe*  While  there,  I  received  for  myself' 
and  company,  the  kindest  hospitality  of  OoL  Ebevbzkb  Bbioham. 
I  was  then  oipderQd  to  return  taFort  Defiance,  and  make  imme- 
diato  preparationa  for  An  expedition  against  Bi^ox  Hawk,  who 
was  then  said  to  be  encamped,  with  his  entire  force,  on  Eosh-ko- 
nong  Lake. 

Previous  to  this  time,  numerous  depredationa  had  been  com- 
mitted by  the  Indiana,  and  some  bloody  confiicts  had  taken  place. 

I  ■        -  -■    -|      I  ,  ^_^__^.jT*      1 ~' •      '-      II     I    ■11 1   1        iji         n  m 


388 

DoDaB,  I  could  not,  had  I  ransacked  the  vocabnlariy  of  the  Eng- 
Kah  language,  found  expressions  more  suitable  for  the  occasion, 
or  given  better  testimony  of  his  coolness  and  discretion  on  the  eve 
of  a  battle.  His  mind  was  made  up,  as  he  stated,  *'  to  whip  the 
enemy  or  die  in  the  attempt.'*  He  therefore  coolly  and  discreetly 
forewarned  us,  that  there  would  be  no  snaps  or  flashes  of  our 
guns ;  he  required  us  to  gird  tight  our  loins  and  unbutton  onr 
shirt  collars,  that  our  respiration  might  be  free  to  sustain  him  in 
the  desperate  encounter  that  was  before  us. 

Again,  JMr.  Paekison  thinks  my  memory  is  at  fault,  when  I^ 
make  the  General  swear  terribly.  If  I  must  confess  the  fact,  he 
swore  far  more  terribly  than  I  have  represented.  If  Mr.  Pakkisoh 
had  been  disposed  to  task  his  memory  to  do  justice  to  my  conduct 
in  that  battle,  as  much  as  he  appears  disposed  to  detract  from  it, 
it  would  have  been  no  great  tax  on  his  memory  to  have  recollect- 
ed, that  in  my  hand-to-hand  encounter  with  the  Indian  at  the 
pond,  the  breech  of  my  gan  had  a  sliver  cut  out  of  it,  some  three 
or  four  inches  long,  by  the  spear  of  the  Indian.  That  gun  I  carried 
throughout  the  war,  and  Mr.  Parktsox  as  well  as  others  has  time 
and  again  seen  that  evidence  of  that  encounter. 

And  Mr.  Paekison  has  at  this  late  day  found  it  convenient  to 
unlearn  what  he  formerly  knew,  that  from  a  fortuitous  train  of 
circumstances  my  actions  on  that  occasion  were  such,  that  the 
General,  by  common  consent,  awarded  me  two  out  of  the  seventeen 
scalps  taken,  and  I  state  it  on  good  authority,  that  in  the  fall  of 
the  year  after  the  war,  when  the  annual  firing  of  the  prairie  took 
•  place,  and  the  woods  and  grass  were  destroyed,  that  the  bones  of 
fifteen  Indians  were  found  at  the  pond  where  the  battle  took  place, 
those  of  another  between  that  and  the  point  where  they  crossed 
the  creek,  and  those  of  another  at  the  crossing  of  the  creek  which 
I  alledge  to  have  killed ;  a  party  of  Menomonee  and  Sioux  In- 
dians, under  the  command  of  Oolonels  HAinLioN  and  MABSHbad 
arrived  at  the  fort  a  short  time  after  we  commenced  the  pursuit. 
These  Indians  taking  our  trail,  found  and  scalped  the  two  latter, 
and  overtook  the  detachment  as  we  were  retoming  with  our 


3S9 

^^myl^d  to  ^  fort  JJyea  «t  tfiia  late  daj^  if  o^arch  werp  xoadft 
};amof  tbo  opinion,  UmU  the  boaes  of  seyeAteeo  Indiana  could  yet 
hi^  foand  bleaching  on  the  ba^tle-groundy .  and  between  it  and 
ifhfin  tbe  Indians  crossed  the  Fekatonica;*  among  ihem  the 
bones  of  the  Indian  I  killed  at  the  spot  where  thej  crossed.  Ihe 
shout  I  sent  forth  when  I  fired,  was,  ^'  That's  my  hair  I'^ — ^a  cairt 
expression  then  in  vogue  to  denote  a  scalp* 

In  a  subse^ueiit  communication  which  I  addressed  you  in  mplj 
to  Mr.  Pabsisov  I  did  i^t  deem  it  necessary  to  enter  iato  a  spe<$i* 
fie  refutation  of  all  the  tergiversations  oontained  iu  his  essay,  or 
to  eacpose  his  mawkish  attempt  to  make  me.  an  assailant  of  Gei|. 
DonoB,  and  of  his  self  elecjtion  to  the  post  of  his  defender.  Al- 
though my  memory  might  have  failed  me  as  to  other  facts  touch- 
ing the  events  of  that  day,  it  must  be  supposed  that  I  could  not 
well  forget  the  rank  I  held ;  this  Hr.  FiJESisoK  denijsd/whlch  if 
uncontradicted  must  be  construed  as  an*  impeachment  of  my  ve- 
jracity;  I  therefore  confined,  myself  in  that  reply,  to  simply  correct- 
ing him  /on  this  point,  and  to  infer  from  it  that,  if  belonging  to  the 
same  coippany  and  assqciated  with  me  for  some  time  at  the  same 
post,  he  coxdd  not  roji^oUect  my  rank,  that  his  memory  could  not 
be  depended  on  as  to  other  facts  whei^in  he  differed  &om  me,  &a, 
&c.  To  this  Mr.  Pabkisok  has  rejoined,  by.  a  communication  ad- 
4reesed  to  yon  through,  the  colnmi^s  of  the  Tribune  of  the  IQth  of 
February,  ^herein  hip  ^s^er  lamely  concedes  the  question  as  to 
my  rank  as  a  first  lie^tenfmt^  bpt  ^eems  d|stermined  to  pluck  soflc^e 
cf  the  feathers  from  my  plume  by  ^roYing, -^sitwely  that  Kibk- 
PikXBioK  commanded  the  detachment  from  Fort  Defi^ce,  to  Foft 

*In  Edvakd  Bxouchaju>'8  Bamtir^,  ire  find  the  following  paragraph  relatlre  tp  the  number  of  X»> 
4lna  ilaitt:  ^Afktr  the  lattte,  •lerea  IndUuw  wt»  tonA  deaA  en  ifae  gronad ;  tiro  moM^  ith»  w^ 
wondad,  had  got  np  the  riwr-bank^  ad  were  tradigBd  ai|d  fluallj  eealped  li^  the  VlaneliagoM ;  GolttMl 
Hamilton,  tometlme  afterwards,  found  the  body  of  another,  after  the  prairie  fires  had  passed  orsr 
iktm ;  tad  kit»  la  the  ineteedfng  wliitdt,  mWmntik  ^BKppet  Ibsad  time  uoia^  in  the  iMiaip  near  the  ttt. 
.  Ife  fNond,  bMMth  hrath-VDiM^  aader  ir}fkk  V^j  |Md  enwled  vhen  woniided."  The  whole  nnmW 
tinu  accounted  for,  of  the  Sauks  who  feO  in  this  fight,  was  seyenteen ;  and  at  a  subsequent  period,  wha 
«t  Roek  Islaad,  after  tbe  termlaailloii  of^tbet  war,  Iteoomtlftb  vnlentood  Innn  some  ef  the  8aii1t%  Iblfe 
MfMJK.  Hawk  bed  often  fpoheaol  »^»and  tf  eeveirteeaof  hi*  frrtvea,  of  wlwm  hehad  nevyr  wooiTe<»y 
kittUigeooe,  and  he  knew  not  what  had  beeome  of  them.  BhXQjL  Hawk,  in  his  auto-biographj,  maki 
aoaattfllontothiibflUr*  t..C.1>; 


MO 

TbaSibm^  tnd  fi^olfc^,  Hut  I  dM  Ml  kill  sn  Indiiii  «t 
troming  of  the  Pelcatonica,  as  ■rteTfofl  bj  me^  and  flbat  in  fMBI- 
fng  liif  poit  ^  be  eaanat  permit  fhe  impreaBoii  to  go  down  to  pe»- 
teritj,  that  Gen.  Doogk  and  bis  eoniradee  in  anna  did  npon  tikat 
ooeation,  and  in  two  instances,  huk  in  die  lear,  sood  peRBit  LL 
ntACKSv  to  go  forward  and  enconnter  the  enenij  sii^le  banded 
and  alone." 

Bnt  a  few  minntes  before  fhe  express  arrired  wifli  die  inlelli- 
genee  of  the  mnrder,  I  retomed  to  Fort  Defiance  ftmn  an  expefi- 
tion  to  fhe  Bock  and  niinois  Biven,  where  I  bad  aeeompanied 
Oen«  Dodos  as  a  rolnnteer  in  Gnrnnr's  oompanj  ef  mounted  men. 
M7  horse  and  arms  being  ready,  I  was  soon  m  Ae  saddle  on  nif 
Waj  to  Fort  Hamilton  accompanied  bj  one  man.  I  then  heard  of 
no  dissatisfaction  abont  the  command,  nor  was  there  anj ;  all  in 
the  fort  were  too  mnch  horror-stricken  with  the  disti  easing  intelK- 
genee  jnst  received,  to  be  engaged  in  a  squabble  abont  a  peit^ 
command  in  a  night  march.  In  mj  absence,  the  command  otibb 
party  derelred  on  Lt  D.  M.  Paskibov,  and  enbseqnent  evmita, 
shown  b  J  his  attempt  to  supercede  me  who  entrsnked  him,  proved 
that  he  had  too  much  ambition  to  permit  Hoabd,  had  he  held  ftt^ 
times  the  rank  he  did,  to  'reduce  him  to  the  ranks,  and  place  a 
private  soldier  in  command  over  him. 

The  officers  of  Gshtbt's  company  were  Messrs.  BsQtneitt, 

PoBTEB  and  Hbvbt  L.  Dodox  ;  it  is  not  pretended  that  either  of 

'those  officers  were  at  the  fort  that  evening,  n6r  was  there  a  8cl»- 

tary  man  of  Gxhist's  command  there,  nor  could  there  have  been. 

GxNTBT  wifh  his  company  in  tail  force  accompanied  Oen.  Donoa 

to  Bock  Biver,  and  that  day  I  separated  from  him  and  his  com^ 

^  pany  at  Gratiot's  Grove,  they  taking  the  route  by  Erar hub's  and 

'  tixe  forks  of  the  Pekatonica  to  Mineral  Point,  the  headquarters  of 

•his  company.  B.  H.  EsEPAXBieK  was  at'the  time  a  private  in  that 

'  company,  not  having  been  elected .  Major  until  some  two  wesia 

after  the  battle  of  the  Pekatonica;  and  mangre  the  certificate  of 

'^ojusn  and  assertion  of  Pabkbok— A^  was  not^  nor  had  h$  hUmi 

mt  Fort  Defiance  thai  day,  that  0vming  or  that  night !  !  ! 


<:M1 

I  malte^hifl  itJtimrtit^n'ttiiB.gtotfllgittoq.  of •thOM  whose 
^miiB  «te  sore  to  11)10  veUediofa^  liitei 'HId^ahdVi  or^  PiaaoBM^s,  ««d 
^dwu  tmthMMM-far  more  eef  f  attMalarlyr  a  kdy  who  was  in  the 
fort  at  the  time,  who  ehortlj  after  the  war  beeaiae  tlM  w^  of 
;||a|er'EjBiE^iasiaK.  ^To  ebfcoborstq  tfak  ififMBt!  I  will  atato)  that 
fboth  Pjuudiov  and  SoAXDiathiiit  di0rb<were<hiit  eleyeo  men  kft 
tiii0  fert  that  e?«iiiiig ; ,  aAet  Boim#  if ihilde  and  enqidrj  I  hsye  aa* 
iCNBitltmedthenaiiiMof  fldl'bM  oitffrofilhofle  nen.  Thej  wwe 
Bwnx,  D«  ^M.  PABxnoir,  Tmnm  F^ksBMs,  Fitch,  MeQonEractii 
vVajt  IFAKHMMca^  iMiTMaaDJ  ]Ed0BAWy  BiiUsic;'  Pbio%  iMMmymuk- 
.iiigteii  of  the  pavtj)  tfie  nabie'Of  tb^o^kerj  oanaet  reeoUefat^or 
^Meertain^  but  he  wap  a  yemg  aMbifremTtaaesa^ei  who  had  bete 
pttrgning  a  oertam  Pjobb  iBmlwiuta  (atSae^BotT.  0.'He.ABD)  to  .the 
.-leest^  and  foand  Mia<ia  Ih^  ceannanding  offioer  atVert  Defianoe. 
.And  any  other  men,  mentod  or  diemonnted)  ef  aajr  other  coat* 
{panj  that  marched  with  lhe'4etaohment  tibat  night,  a»  stated 
h-y  HoiJiD,  werepill  ^  dr^esM  4n  itfobnm /"  ^ 

:  The  next  momiogv  when  the.  <\  etedimtat  was  paiaded  prsfiara- 
;«at7  to  staartfa^  for  Qg^AnmaiJB  field,  it  wae  rainftHnsed  by  aoaai^ 
4ir  aevea  mien  £rotn  Eert  fianultoD.  Basobl  M.j  F^iLBKOKar, '  who 
had  been  a  colonel  in  Illinois,  who  was  mj  seiiior  in  jfearalNat 
Junior  in  rank,  claimed  the  command  of  the  dietacbment  on  the 
plea,  that  he  had  cowm^mtk  Mni  commanded  the  party  an  the 
m0tehJiMiFarfJlli^lfiMc&  the  tdght  Itf&re  III  This  attempt  to 
aupersede  me  was  promptly  resisted,  and  hence  the  difficulty  be- 
tween us. 

B.  H.  EmcpATBioK,  who  was  one  of  the  re-inforcement  that 
had  joined  us  at  Fort  Hamilton,  was  then  in  the  ranks ;  the  day 
previous  he  had  left  his  company  (Gbntbt's)  at  Gratiot's  Grore, 
and  came  by  the  way  of  Wolf  Greek  to  Fort  Hamilton.  He 
was,  at  my  suggestion,  appointed  to  conduct  the  expedition  to 
bury  the  murdered  men  at  the  farm,  and  not  till  then,  did  he  eonh 
fnand  the  detaohmewtj  or  any  part  of  it  I 

None,  but  one  possessing  the  most  morbid  feeling  towards  me, 
<K>uld  read  my  account  of  the  batde,  so  honorable  to  the  com* 


uder  and  all  eogaggd  in  it|  and  drawjdM  iafiureiide  from  any 
one  flentenoa  it  dontaiBt^  that  tbd  Qeabral  and  wj  eamradaa  were 
<<  larioDg  in  the  rear/'  while  I  wee  in  firant  battling  the  enamj- 
aingle  handed. 

.  Althengh  Mr.  PjkXKmm  piofesBea  to  haye  no  nnkind  feeling 
teward  me,  or  intenlionaUj  to  miarepresent  me,  jek  a  man  with 
half  an  eye,  can  eee  what  kind  of  feeUbg  he  entertains  towalrd 
me^  in  almoet  every  paragraph  ef  hia  commnnicationa,  From, 
the.  day  that  I  indignantly  apumed  the  attempt  of  hig  fa&er  Id 
anpercede  me  in  oonmia^d  to  wbidi  I  waa  legally  entitled  by  my 
sank,  he  has  had  no  partientar  friendship  fer  me,  and  it  may  be, 
•that  a  Utile  of  the  old  leaven  htm  worked  n|M>n  him  to  seek  ihia 
controTeray,  and  ^^  Feed  fisU;  the  anci^it  gmdge  he  bears  me.''  *  * 
My  acooniit  of  the  battle  of  the  Pekatonioa  gives  to  Gener-^ 
al  DoDOB  the  credit  of  having  oendnoted  and  fought  the 
best  battle  with  the  Indians,  since. the  introduction  of  fire-anoa 
flonoDgst  them.  Mr.  "Pjaaosm  merely  fot  the  pnrpose  of  under- 
mating  me  and  my  statements,  rednoes  the  nnmber  of  Indiana 
alain  on  that  occasion  over  one-flfth,  thereby  atteqiptmg  to  deduct 
that  araonnt  from  the  well-earned  fkme  of  Qeneial  Dodgs  ae- 
'  iqeired  by  that  battle. 

Yety  Bespectfdlly, 

Yonr  Obdt  Servant, 

OHABLBB  BRAOEEN. 


•  .\. 


r    <U 


•   J 


I     • 


I  ■ 


.  I 


•> 


<  I        t  < 


i.    »;>.'!    *•"]    \-  '   "t 


t   .' 


.J 


■■I.: 


«  ' 


"J 


AJFFEfllHtX  So.  IL 


1. 


•  I 


JlTAIOTDBSS  TTPOir  GOV.  RORD'8  HIgSOBT  OB  SHE  ^LACK 

HArWI^  WAB>  '  ./ 


iv 


BY  MAJOR  PETEB  PABKIBOK,  JR. 


..'..I 


* .  t 


t    ♦• 


.»•  i: 


>    •    i 


MADisoif,  Sept  10,  1854. 

Mt* i^Bim^y  Editortot  the  Argngdi Deuoenit: 

Deab  Seb  : — ^TJpon  my  arrival  in  this  place,  a  few  days  siiice, 
itty  attienfion  was  called  to  a  cotiple  of  cha|)terfl  of '€bv.  Foied'b 
History  of  IffiiioiB,  published  in  yonr  paper,  purporting  to  be  a 
frrre  history  of  a  portion  of  the  Bldeh  Hmoh  vyar^  in  which  the 
is^'Ai^fest  t>Vjeet  of  the  hiftforian ' is  so  appiar^nt,  and 'tile  nieiim 
mttde  use  of  to  accomplish  tb^  object  are  so  unsuppo^ed  b;^ 
triMh,  that!  (as  one  who  was  ati  ejre  witness 'to  nieariy  all  the  6ir- 
eiirii^taiiees  pr^f6iid^  to  be  gtyen '  in  tliose  <?wo  chapters,  kxA 
Mfe^Wh6  ds  uni^Kllg  that  l&e  puhtiO  mirrd  lihould  be  misfed'apM 
^tMs  Sulbjed;)  enli  Constrained  to- give  iheiu  a  passing  notice.  * 
-  In  tti^  tf^i  pkce^  it  i#  liat  thie,  as  slated  in  Gov.  Fo&n's  ffis- 
tory,  that  Gen.  Dodob  endeavored  to  avoid  gohrg  frdm  Fort  WIi*- 
Mbag'o  to  ^e-  raipddr  of  Bock  Ktelf  (where  the  enemy  was^tiien 
supposed' to' t?e)  In  •consequence  of  the  worn  dowb  con^tidn  ofl& 
li^rses;  hdtb^r  ifid'he  reftise  to  gH>  without  wrif»t(9n  oid^rs  from 
•  Ctoui  Htonlr.  19ie  faets  are^  -that  Gkfn.  Dodge  wite  the  fiM  ^ 
suggest  and  mge  this  course  to  Gens.  Hekbt  and  Axxxasvsa^^ 
Oen.  HfiKBT  assenting,  and  Gin.  Alexaktdeb  dissenting.  This  wa& 
"  fbe  universal.  uAderatiu)4ing  at  titxe.  time  by  all  partiiea.  I  have 
fbt^  been  inftM^d  by  Ool.  DaMbl  M.  PiBsiiBOSr,  of  Lafl^etiie 
60 


toanty^  who  eammaiMied  a  eompany  viidar  Gen.  Dodoi  mt  tibe 
tune,  and  who  was  an  iatimafte  Mend  of  both  Qao.  Daooa  and 
Ckn.  Hsaxr,  thai  iiieh  waa  the  Utt,  that  he  waa  pteaent  and 
heard  the  eonrenation* 

Neither  is  it  tnie,  thatOen.  Hamx'a  menandoflieen  attempted 
to  matinize  at  this  place.  I  deem  it  quite  anfiur  aa  well  aa  n&- 
generous  in  the  oKtreme,  to  detract  firom  the  msrit  of  Oen.  Saa^ 
sr's  men  and  officersy  and  erery  body  else,  for  the  purpose  of 
mttdng  a  Gea.  jAoasea  of  Qml  Hmm*-a  l&iag  wUeh  -Gen* 
Hbbrt  would  never  haTO  done ;  he  was  a  bnrre  and  generoam 
man,  and  no  man  esteemed  him  higher  than  I  did.  I  had  known 
him  fjrom  mj  boyhood,  and  he  had  been  one  of  my  fiithei's  wann- 
est and  most  intimate  friends  for  more  than  ten  yeara.  Bat  at  the 
same  time,  many  of  hU  friends  and  officers  were  my  friends  and 
intimate  acqoaintanees,  and  are  yet  living,  and  it  is  bat  jostiee 
to  them  that  Xshoold  repel  this  dander.* 

From  tins  point  Geo.  Dodos  was  certsinJ^  the  mauMpriiig,  the 
life  and  energy  of  tiie  army,  soggesting  and  phfimng  all  ita 
moyements;  and  none  ooold  be  mistaken  in  this  psiticiUar  who 
were  present,  and  anprejodiced.  This  wss  bat  natoial,  and  cun 
be  said  witiiout  any  just  prejodiee  to  the  repattttien  of  Q^i. 
HnHKr.  Gen.DoDC^hadacqmied.ahighrepiitationasam]l]tiary 
snan,  and  as.  an  Indian  fighter^  He  a«s  well  acquainted  with  the 
^eonatry,  with  the  Wim^bngoeSi  (who  were  oar  guides),  with  lir. 
PoquaixBi  (who  was  omr  interpreter);  and  Gen.  Bnmw  was  piot 
s<r  Tsin-g^oQSy  as  to  be^mnwUliag  to  be  ge^enadr  by  tiie  sngges- 
tionB  of  Gen*  Donon. 

Many  partiealais  on  the  march  from  this  P^Mnt,  (Fort  Wiaae- 
bigo),  to  tfae  Wisconsin,  ,are  y^j  ineorrastiy  gif m,  ^aad  many 
omitted  by  Qow.  Fobd.  .Bat  ss  it  is  not  my  pmrpose,  pipon  tibe 
j^esent  ocesaioa,  to  point  oat  all  -of  tiie  mistakes  of  Oof.  Foaa, 
imly  whose  they  effsot  the  parties  concerned,  I  wall  only  notice 

^  It  would  app«tt  tkftt  thara  wm,  aftar  all,  Mmaihliig  th  at  aqiiiatad  tairardi  mntiBj  ainoiig  a  g|HU 
«i*  M  Saa.  Amfv  l>»o^.    W«  liav%  Sat.  VaM^i  tktAm»a^  ooBfoWtttfl  bf  Ckr.  BlTVOiM,  iilb 


W&j  whioh  are  ^  th#  Mme  note^  and  •ufloient  to  MtWj  (Mi;^ 
rfhat  there  k  eoiMidenible  gaeks  werk  »b(mt  knf  Uatorj.- 

First,  he  mokee  no  ittentton  of  the  kilUDg  of  wlndiu  on  tlto 
bank  of  the  Third  Lake,  aear  wliere  the  Lake  Honee  m^  Muida^ 
a  drcnmstanee  known  to  all  of  the  flret  eettlera  of  Maiifcuii. 
Second,  he  iaje  two  LmUmm  wer4  killed  about  noon  of  the  'day 
cm  which  the  tr(A>ps  marched  frem  tUe  place  to  the  WisooMia, 
when  there  was  bnt  one.  The  incenrectnecs  of  these  pavtieolatB 
and  many  o Aen  ttat  miKht  be  p«nted  oat  are  enflkien t  to  aaiiefy 
Biy  mind  that  the  main  objects  of  Qov*  Fosd  in  writing  thta^Hito- 
toity  of  the  JSkt^k  JKiioib  wor  wai,  fiiat,  tomakenaonef,  an&aai^ 
to  detract  from  die  well  earned  fiune  of  Gen.  Dodob. 

The  particnktfs  of  the  faatde  of  the  Witcoasin  are  ae  inaenreetly 
given  ae  any  man  cmld  give  tliem  who  knows  ae4hhig  of  theai 
whatever.  The  Indians  are  said  to  have  flaaked  to  the  nght, 
•  when  they  moet  certainly  flanked  to  the  left  Gten.  Donee  is  said  to 
have  refused  to  charge  the  enemy,  without  reinforcenMuts ;  wlian 
tke  fiusts  are  that  he  charged  them,  with  his  single  squadron 
alone,  and  received  almost  their  entire  fire  and  killed  matty  •  of 
their  number,  b^re  any  of  the  Illinois  forces  could  be  brought 
anccessluUy  to  bear  upon  them.  This  was  in  consequence  €£•  Us 
podtion  in  front,  where  Gen.  Hsasv  had  placed  him  for  the  pur- 
pose of  receiving  the  first  fire  and  iertific  yell  of  the  Indisis; 
having,  as  €^.  Hnmr  ^qmssed  iikhimself,  some  douUs  wbsthar 
his  men  would  staad  the  first  fliauid  Ae  frigfatfol  savage  yaU; 
and  well  he  mighl  have  SMie  doubts  of  this*  chaneter,  as  thv/Il- 
&ois  troops  had,  upon  two  oceasicm,  fled  at  tke^  first  onset  oltiae 
Indians. 

.  Upon  the  second  charge  upon  this  occasion,  it  is  most  untrae, 
that  Gen.  Donea  and  his  men  lock  no  part  in  the  ohaige,  end  the 
Idea  is  clearly  conveyed  in  the  iduipters  published  iu  your  paper. 
%his  diarge>  WW  suggested  by  Gen.  Donaa  to  Gen.  Haaur,  lasil 
am  most  credibly  informed,  and  I  know  upon  tiiis  occasidD  as  m^ 
>en  all  others,  where  I  was  with  the  anuy,  that  Gen.  DopoMi 
aquadrca  was  the  foremost,  moat  prompt  and  energetic.    Tlo  sdy 


aqrtiiiiig.ebtt  of  them ifl  moBtBngeneroiw  w  vtO.  m mo^t watuM^ 
Tbej  were  in  their  own  coufttrT,  defending  <their  own  immediate 
fi^tniliee  add  .fiire8ide%  and  it  was  expeated .  of  them  that  tliej 
Wttiild  take  the  foremost  mnk  at  all  tines  of  danger,  and  in  no 
instenoe  was  that  expectation  disappointed. 

At  the  battle  of  Bad  Ax,  Gen.  Dooob  and  his  squadron  Me 
again  grossly  misr^resented  by  Got.  Pobd's  Histoiy,  as  I  am 
(infonned  hj  those  who  were  there,  and  with  whom  I  have  coiir 
yeraed  since  seeing  tiiie  pablication  in  jonr  paper»  and  in  whoni 
I  have  the  utmost  confidence,  as  their  Yersion  of  the  affair  eonrea- 
.  ponds  with  what  I  have  always  xmderatood  to  be  the  facts.  Ih«t 
here,  as  upon  other  occasions,  Gov.  Donas  and  his  squadron  wane 
in  £nont,  and  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight;  Oapt  Diqksok,  of  Gtant 
eonnty,  commanded  the  spy  company^  and  brought  on  the  engage- 
ment between  the  scattering  parties,  whil&  Oapt.  Gxktbt,  of  Iowa 
bounty,  with  his  company,  brought  on  the  engagement  between 
the  main  bodies. 

Again,  it  is  not  true  that  Gen.  Hxnbt  was  placed  in  the  rear, 
in  charge  of  the  baggage  trains.  First,  there  were  oo  such  traliiB 
np<m  this  oooasion,  as  every  man  carried  his  own  provisions. 
Beoond,  Gen*  Hxnbt  marched  next  in  front  to  Gen.  Bodob's  com- 
mand ;*  and  that  Ghm.  Atkihbok  had  no  wish  to  degrade  Ge^ 
BxEKBT,  or  detract  in  theshghtesb  degree  from  the  merit  he  was 
entided  to,  as  intimated  in  Gh>v.  Fobd's  History,  it  is  only  neees- 
'  iary  to  mention  the  fact,  that  alter  the  battle  at  diis  plaoe  was 
d^ttr.  Gen.  Avkinson  met  Gkfn.  Hianx  and.  Gen.  Donon  both  at 
•  tiie  same  time^  and  taking  eaieh  of  them  by  ^e  band,  said,  widi 
much  warmth  and  feeling :  "  my  brave  fellows,  you  have  for^d 
me  on  to  victory." 

Without  wishing  to  do  the  slightest  injustice  to  Gov.  Fobd  or  his 

.  £Qstory,  I  am  constrained  in  justice  to  all  pasties  coneemed,  and 

iin  justiee  to  the  truth  of  history,  toaay,  that,  the  aeoounts.whieh 

J^e  gimas  of  all^  or  nearly  all,  the  inmdeats  oontaikied  in  the  two 

ehaplars  published  in  your  paper,  are  very  infCorrect,  and  I  hope 

Imat^  be  penaitled  to  iB)Mke<  the  reamrk^  that  too  awuiy  oi  ear 


9M  • 

histories  are  wrtlten  "by-  meiiy  Xke  Qor.  f^mD^  -vrtio  knDW  notUftg^ 
p'ersonally  of  the  matters  abont  Which  tbey<  vtlta. 

The  killing  of  St.  Ybaiv  and  his  party,  and  the  hatde  of  tbe 
Pekatoniea,  are  rery  imperfectly  and  incorrectly  given  by  €ltxy.* 
¥oBD.  I  was  at  the  l^nrying  ot  Mr.  tit  Ykaiit  aoid  his  party,  at- 
which  AQtriLLA  FXiOtd  wae  also  pre6enty  Tdio  bad  with  twa 
others  of  the  party,  made  his  eBcape,  and  his  acoonat  of  t&Q.a(& 
Mr  certainly  bears  no  analogy  to  that  given  by  Gtov.  Ford.  I  waa 
idso  an  nnimportant  actor  in  the  battle  of  the  Pduitanica,  and 
know  the  account  given  by  Qo^m.  Ford  to  be  quite' as  I  have  ataledsi 
The  affair  at  Pekatonica  was  the  first  defeati  that  the  Iniiians 
bad  met  with  since  the  cofamencement  of  hostilities.  They  wwa 
a  chosen  band  of  .fourteen,  Occupying  the  most  advantageoaa  po^ 
sition,  under  the  bank  of  a  slough  completely  covered,  or  con- 
cealed by  thick  underbrush.  We  were  nineteen  in  number,  and 
exposed  to  their  cool  and  deliberate  first  fire,  at  whieh  fbar  of  onz* 
lAen  fell,  leaving  us  but  one  superior  to  them  in  numbers.  It  was  * 
a  hand-to-hand  encounter,  steel  clashed  against  steel,  the  wooda 
resounded  with  the  most  terrific  yell  of  the  savage,  until  the  last 
one  was  exterminated ;  and  had  yon  been  t^ere,  I  am  confideot^' 
Mr.  Editor,  ydu  would  have  thought  it  a  little  more  than  a  simple 
hilUng  of  a  few  red  skins. 

Up  to  this  period,  the  Indians  had  been  signally  triumphant  in 
every  engagement.  Maj .  Sullman,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kish^wau. 
kee  Kiver,  about  80  miles  above  Dixon,  on  the  Rock  Biver,  had- 
been  most  shamefully  defeated,  by  a  force  much  inferior  to  his 
own.  Soon  after  this,  Ool.  (at  that  time  Maj.)  DausBrr,  at  Kellogg^ 
Grove,  suffered  a  most  disastrous  defeat  by  a  much  inferior  force 
to  hie  own;  and,  not  long  after  this,  Maj.  STSPHSsrsoir^  command- 
ing the  most  chosen  troops  of  Illinois,  was  also  Signally  defeated 
by  the  enemy.^  Thus  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  enemy  had,  in  every 
instance,  been  victorious  over  the  Illinois  forces.     Being  enn 


•  Btrletlj  vpeaklng,  M^on  Snranrsoir  and  DanoiT's  MMiiiitorft  with  tb«  ladka*  Twipptiwa  afl« 
Si«  F^ltttMiioft  tettU— th*  fomier  on  t|i»  Utht  And  ths  Ufctor  on  tbo  2MU  of  Joqt.  U  C.  O. 


boMined  bj  Ihtse  deoiiiire  yiotoiiM^  aaUiTed  awm  mudi  superior 
foroesy  and  in  qaidc  sacoMsioiiy  thay  ooneeived  the  bold  and  d«r^ 
lug  projeot  of  making  tbemaelves  oomplete  maaten  of  this  ooui- 
try,  bj  at  onee  attacking  and  daatroying  the  dafenaeleia  inhahU- 
aata,  whioh  bold  movement  they  carried  into  operation  by  a 
■imnltaneoiiB  attaek  npon  the  inhabitants  of  Apple  BiTer,  Sinsii^ 
awa  Hoandsy  in  Orant  Oonnty,  Bine  Monnde,  and  Hamilton's 
tiement  Qen.  Dodgb  had  jost  at  this  period,  returbed  from 
eiEpedition  to  Ottawa,  on  the  Illinois  Biver^  where  Gen.  Ateihsob 
was  then  at  head  qaarters  with  the  main  foroee  of  the  army. 

Gen.  DoDGB  had  made  this  expedition  for  the  purpose  of  repr^ 
eenting  to  Oen.  Atkinboh,  the  exposed  and  defenseless  conditLon 
of  this  oonntry,  and  nrge  upon  him  the  necessity  and  importance 
of  prompt  and  energetic  movements  on  the  part  of  the  army. 

This  was  the  second  trip  Qen.  Dodgb  had  made  to  the  main  anny 
for  this  purpose,  and  for  the  additional  purpose  of  obtaining  some 
immediate  force  with  which  he  could  successfully  keep  the  en^ 
my  in  cheek,  until  the  mala  body  could  reach  this  country.  Bnt 
fhiling  of  this  last  object,  he  hastened  home,  when,  after  almost 
incessant  marching  for  eight  days  and  nights,  he  arrived  just  ia 
time  to  meet  the  threatened  danger,  and  gave  the  first  and  effee* 
tual  check  to  the  audacity  of  the  enemy  in  the  battle  of  the  Peka* 
tonioa. 

Gton.  Dodqb's  entire  force  at  this  lime  did  not  exceed  one  hnn* 
dred  and  fifty  men,  and  they  were  dispersed  in  every  part  of  the 
eonntry  at  their  respective  forts ;  but  by  the  most  prompt,  energetic 
and  persevering  movements  of  Qen.  Dodge,  (aided  by  every  one 
of  his  officers  and  men,)  from  one  point  of  danger  to  another,  the 
enemy  was  kept  in  check  until  the  slow  movements  of  the  main 
anny  enabled  it  to  reach  this  country.  After  its  arrival  here,  so 
diseonraged  and  disheartened  were  many  of  the  Illinois  troops 
with  the  slow  and  unsuccessful  movements  of  their  officers,  .tiiat 
ihey  sought  to  make  Gen.  Dodge  their  commander,  (I  say  not  this 
of  Qen.  Hbhbt's  men,  with  him  they  were  fully  satisfied,)  and  it 
would  no  doubt  have  been  fortunate  for  Gen.  DoDCffi  had  this  satis^ 


itvM  the  JMloUBf  of  the  IlliiioiB.  offloeis  toirards  Gen.  Dto(i% 
growing  out  at  this  Qi«M|.irhioh  has  girsD  rise  to  the  false  state- 
meiita  respisDting.the  eottdnot  of  Qtu^  DeooB  npoa  tfie  ocsasloM 
aUadod  to  in  QoTi  Food's  histocj.  1ii$  bat  jnal  to  say,  and  I  d(0 
saj  it  without  the  fser  of  sncossslal  oontiadietioti)  that  after  tiie^ 
main  army  reaehed  this  oonntrj,  every  prempt  and  energelfo 
nMrrement  of  the  troops  which  faadaiteadency  to  overtake  the  In« 
dian  and  terokinate  the  war^  was  sng^sted  and  urged  forwavd 
by  Gen.  Dodob  ;  and  if  any  partieolar  credit  is  due  to  any  one  ia^ 
dividual  for  the  suooessfnl  termination  of  the  war,  it  is  certainly 
dae  to  Oen«  Donesu  X  am  cooideBt  in  my  own  miiMl,  asd  I  hare 
heaird  the  remark  often  from  men  in  the  Illinois  forces,  as  well  ae 
men  of  this  countryi  that  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  prompt  and 
energetie  morements  of  Gen.  Dqdqs,  the  Indians  weuld  hare 
nnade  themaelyes  masters  of  this  country,  despite  Gen.  AixiiisoBr 
nd  tfie  ^^  SueJcer  vetaj^^^  as  it  was  called.  This  was  the  universal 
impressiou  and  ezpresuon  at  the  time  of  all  unprejudiced  per* 
sons. 

All  thtf  historians  who  have  written  respecting  this  war,  have 
given  Gen«  Dodgx  the  credit  of  being  the  principal  man  in  it. 
These  men,,  or  many  of  them,  write  from  dates  kept  by  them,  int 
camp,  kept  from  day  to  day,  and  not  from  information  given  them 
by  jealous  and  unsatisfied  officers,  and  had  it  not  been  for  the* 
superior  sagacity  of  Gov.  Fobd,  of  Illinois,  the  extremely  small 
and  insignificant  part  which  Gen.  Dodob  took,  or  acted,  in  the- 
JBlach  HavA  Aoofr  would  probably  never  have  been  known. — 
How  long  it  took  to  make  this  discovery,  we  are  not  informed. 
But  one  thing  is  certain,  that  it  never  came  to  Ugbt  until  about  28 
years  after  the  circumstances  took  place,  and  not  until  after  the- 
author,  and  nearly,  if  not  quite,  all  of  his  sources  of  informatioA 
had  passed  oiit  of  existencci 

I  have  not  the  least  fears,  but  that  a  just  and  discriminating 
poblie  wJU ssadily  discover tbetme H>fageet  of  the  historian.  As 
to  the.ttcset  coanivaneti  of  GeB«  JDenftB/aad  Doct6r  PHOUBO/abetifc 


ipb.G^Deral  HMKr.0fdu»menfe'n<ihati)ftlUfid^^  lUltkiag, 
anA.moreorer 4<^  tu^tibalMrra  AAvi  it'  ma^'wted^of -  thith*  ia  it  I 
^tto^^  tbftt  ibd  aocfMUttt  p«blialMd  ili  tkiitfpspev  (the  (E?tfi<msji>  of 
thut  battle,  aft  well  at  all  others,  :irae  snbabnitiillj  trtte,*  and  I  also 
klK^'tliat  Qetu  HjUbt  wifl  too.-bnU  aui.daanig  a  man  to  Jiaya 
patied  tt^noliaed  anjf  auoh  Jxht  aad  oowardlj'  ooodoct.  Keitiiar 
wplild  Gku»  PoDea  or  Df«  £Hi]:jMr(#kii'va^'a  bmtre  aad  wwm- 
hearted' xdait,  and^aa  'okl  friend  and  ^aqaaintoNOtef  Qen.  HsaftT) 
hare  beem  guiltj  of-  any  aaoii inaomftess.  ,  .    I*  •      ^ 

The' letter  whioh  purports  to' have  been  mitloii  by  Gov.  Fobi>^ 
to  QaiiL  DooGft  may  have  been  nvrivCan j  bat  lam  oafifldent  no  acnk 
latter  waa  oyer  rec^t^d  hy  <Gen.;  DoDav-^^at'  least,  I  nevw  heaitl ' 
of  it. 

Gov.  FoBB  endeav^rate  throw  disfeepeat  atMm  Gen,  DioDlaB  for 
aasaming  to  be  Ooloael'  commanding  Mitshigaa  volanteerey  whwa' 
in  &ot  he  was  only  Major,  ae  Gto¥^  Ford  calla  hitti;    It  Got.  tosb' 
had  been  oorraotly  informed  on  tlits  aak^eat,  'aa  he  ehonid  hava 
been  upon  all  others  about  which  he  wrote,  he  would  hare  known 
Hiat  G^n.  DoDGB  wae  in  fiM  Oolonel  o<>niniandifig  Miehigtb  Tolan- 
teers.    We  wei«  then  under  Michigan  jariadiction,  and  General 
Ponaa  was  appointed  Oolonel  by  Gen.  Oabs,  the  Gotemot  of  the^ 
then  Territory  of  Michigan,  and  hie  forces  i^^era  Michigan  volnn* 

tears. 

I  have  already  extended  this  commnnication  maoh  beyond 
what  I  contemplated  in  the  ontatart.  I  am  well  aware,  that  my 
commnnication  is  not  written  in  the  same  intevesting,  racy  and 
i^iey  manner  as  Gov*  Fobd  wvote^  bitt  it  oontaiiia  facts  deriired 
most^  from  my  own  pereonal  knowledge,  and  the  remainder  from 
the  motiit  reliable  sourcea,  and  as  yon  no  doubt  had  no  motive  in 
the  publication  of  Gov.  Ford's  chapters,  exeept  that  jnstiee  should 
be  done  to  all,  you  will  no  doubt  readily  give  this  tiie  sMie  pob- 
Udty. 

I  would  here  remark/ that  I  have  not  been  prompted  Co  write 
Ml  oonuimioaliOD  by  any  dMfaiga  of  obUgatton  to  Geo.  Dooaa, 


401 

or  any  one  else ;  bat  solely  that  jastice  may  be  done  him,  as  well 
as  others  concerned. 

I  am,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

PETER  PARKISON,  Jb. 


51 


402 


APPBHDIZ  VO.  12. 


FDBIHEA  STRICTURES  ON  GOV.  FORD'S  HISTORY  OF  THE 

BLACK  HAWK  WAR. 

BY  OEN.  CHABLB8  B&AOKEN. 

A  BTAnmirr  of  thb  moyimints  of  thi  axbrican  tkoops  prior  akd  lrai>iiiq  to 

TBI  BATTLB8  OF  WISCOffSIN  HIIGHT8  AND  THI  BAD  AX. 

Gen.  Wm.  E.  Smith,  Pres't  of  the  Wis.  State  His.  Society : 

SiB : — Some  time  in  the  spring  of  1847,  Captain  James  H.  Oen- 
TBY  called  on  me,  as  I  understood,  at  the  request  of  God.  Hjotbt 
Dodge,  stating  that  Governor  Fobd  had  in  some  lectnres  deliv- 
ered by  him  the  previous  winter  before  the  Illinois  Legislature  at 
Springfield,  in  that  State,  made  numerous  mis-statements  with 
regard  to  General  Dodgb,  touching  events  in  the  Block  Hawk 
wwr^  requesting  me,  who  had  served  on  his  staff,^  and  as  one  fam- 
iliar with  those  events,  to  make  a  statement  of  them  in  writing; 
more  particularly  as  to  the  means  used  by  him  at  Fort  Wiuneba- 
go,  to  ascertain  precisely  the  whereabouts  of  Blaok  Hawk  and 
his  warriors,  and  to  induce  Generals  Hsnby  and  Albxahdeb  to 
disobey  the  orders  of  General  Atkinson,  (whix;h  required  them  to 
return  to  his  camp  by  the  same  route  by  which  they  had  marched 
to  the  fort,)  as  by  returning  to  Rock  River  in  a  more  northerly 
direction,  they  would  place  the  enemy  between  Atkinson  and 
themselves,  and  thereby  force  them  to  battle. 

•  Llcnt.  Braokik  Mted  ai  aid  to  Oen.  Dojkib,  and  a^ntant  of  DoDCtt'8  rrglment,  and  waa  tha  only 
•Bear  of  Dodoi'i  oommand  wbo  waa  momited  daring  the  batUa  of  Wlaoonaln  Heif  hta.  G«a  BiaOKBI 
haa  to«n  long  and  promlnant^  In  pablie  Ufa,  and  aerrad  aa  repfaaeBtatlTe  In  three  aaaaiona  of  Ilia  Vn- 
xitorial  LaglalatQr»-.l88»-dO.  L.  0.  tt 


403 

Such  statement  I  then  declined  makingi  which  I  now  vei^ 
mnch  regret,  because  I  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  General  Dodm 
to  refute  by  any  other  than  his  own  statement  the  maoj  misrep- 
resentations with  regard  to  himself,  which  were  summed  up  in  a 
letter  addressed  by  Governor  Fobd  to  him,  dated  from  Yersaillefli 
Brown  county,  IIU  April  13th,  1847.  I  further  regret  that  I  did 
not  make  such  statement  at  that  time,  because,  if  submitted  to 
Governor  Ford,  it  might  have  been  the  means  of  enlightening 
him  on  the  subject,  and  thereby  prevented  him  from  publishing 
many  misrepresentations  that  now  appear  in  his  book  as  history. 

Having  very  lately  perused  Gov.  Foed's  history,  and  seen  in  it 
so  many  misrepresentations,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion,  that  it 
is  a  duty  which  I  owe  to  the  future,  and  an  act  of  justice  which  I 
owe  to  Gen.  Dodgb,  to  state  what  I  personally  know,  more  par- 
ticularly regarding  the  movements  under  Dodgb  and  Henbt  from 
Fort  Winnebago,  by  which  the  Indians  were  overtaken  and  de- 
feated at  the  Wisconsin  ;  wherein  I  differ  materially  from  Gover'* 
nor  Fobd,  as  well  as  in  some  other  matters  touching  that  campaign. 

It  is  my  intention  to  place  this  statement  in  the  archives  of 
your  Society,  but  before  I  do  so,  I  submit  it  to  the  public  in  print*, 
BO  that  if  I  have  made  any  misrepresentations,  they  may  be  cor- 
rected. I  will  here  state,  that  in  my  narrative  of  the  war,  pub- 
lished in  your  History  of  Wisconsin,  at  page  219  in  the  third  vol- 
ume, yon  say,  '^  a  detachment  of  some  250  men,  consisting  of  the 
commands  of  Henry,  Posey,  Alexahdeb  and  Dodgb."  You 
should  have  said,  '^  Dodge's  command  of  about  250  men,  together 
with  Henbt's  and  Alexander's  brigades."  I  merely  refer  to  this 
error  in  your  history,  beeanse,  if  not  corrected,  there  would  ap* 
pear  to  be  a  discrepancy  between  it  and  my  present  statement 


Every  person  who  has  read  Fosd's  history  of  Illinois,  will  agree 
with  the  author  of  the  introduction  to  the  work,  that  Gov.  Fobd 
was  '^  a  man  of  strong  feelings.'^    I  knew  him  personally,  and  can 

•  ThM  arUde  flnt  appeared  in  the  Miners  Poimt  Dtmoerai,  April  SOth,  18M.  UO,D. 


404 

bear  my  testimony,  that  if  he  poBseased  great  bittemeae  of  feel- 
ing towards  those  he  disliked  or  considered  his  enemies,  he  ytus 
as  warmly  deroted  to  his  friends ;  and  saving  his  prejndices,  he 
was  truly  an  honest  man.    It  mast  also  be  apparent  to  those  who 
htfte  pemsed  his  history,  that  it  has  been  compiled  principallj 
from  his  recollection  of  men  and  things,  and  from  information  de- 
rived from  others.    This  is  particularly  the  case  with  regard  to 
the  Slack  Hawk  war.     Governor  Fokd  did  not  serve  in  that 
war,  was  not  present  at  any  of  the  events  of  which  he  speaks,  and 
coBsequently  he  has  been  made  the  inetrament  of  some  small 
men  in  Illinois,  who  are  their  own  trumpeters,  to  laud  their  feate 
of  arms  and  to  detract  from  others. 

About  the  first  of  July,  1832,  the  army  commanded  by  Gen. 
Ationsok,  operating  against  Black  Hawk  and  his  warriors,  moved 
u^  the  valley  of  Eock  River.    The  right  wing,  composed  of  the 
United  States  regular  soldiers  and  Hknby^s  brigade  of  Illinois 
volunteers,  commanded  by  Gen.  Atkihson  in  person,  marched  on 
the  east  side  of  the  river.   Gen.  Alexander's  brigade  formed  the 
centre ;  and  the  left  wing,  consisting  of  Posey's  brigade  and  the 
miners  under  Gen.  Hekbt  Dodge,  rendezvoused  at  Wiota,  and 
marched  from  that  place  about  the  same  time  for  Kosh  ko-nong 
Lake. 

Gen.  Dodge's  command  consisted  of  five  companies  of  mounted 
men,  commanded  by  Captains  Gentry,  Clark,  Dickson,  Parkibok 
and  Jones,  and  about  twenty  Menomonee  Indians  and  eight  or 
ten'  white  men,  commanded  by  Col.  "W.  S.  Hamilton.  On  the 
march,  near  Sugar  River,  he  was  joined  by  Capt  James  W.  Ste- 
phenson's company  of  about  eighty  men  from  Galena,  which  made 
his  force  fully  three  hundred  men.  Near  the  Four  Lakes,  the 
WmTB  Crow,  or  Blind,  a  Winnebago  chief,  also  joined  him  with 
aboit  thirty  warriors. 

Before  arriving  at  Kosh-ko*nong,  the  ofiicers  and  men  of  Dodge's 
command  became  dissatisfied  with  Posbt's  brigade.  No  one  ques- 
tioned  Gen.  Posey's  courage,  and  all  admitted  him  to  be  a  gentle- 
men«  yet  he  did  not  possess  the  firmness  requisite  to  command 


405 

Yolunteers ;  and  though  he  had  nnder  hifl  commaad  moDj  inteUi- 
gent  and  brave  men  and  good  officers,  jet  his  want  of  decialcm 
rendered  his  men  insubordinate  and  disorderly.  Fearful  if  we 
should  encounter  the  enemy,  that  they  would  desert  us^  avtdiea^e 
us  to  be  overpowered  by  numbers,  the  miners  to  a  man  insisted 
on  exchanging  them  for  either  Henby's  or  Alskaijipbb'b  brigade. 
This  was  effected  on  our  arriving  at  Lake  KoBh«ko-noag.  After  we 
had  pitched  our  camp  for  the  night  at  that  place,  Q^n.  Dodos  le- 
paired  to  Ate;inson'8  camp,  which  was  about  six  miles  distant,  at 
the  outlet  of  the  lake,  and  procured  an  exchange  of  Fosvr's  for 
Alexaistdeb's  brigade.  Gqu.  Alhxahdeb  having  joined  us  early 
the  next  morning,  we  moved  up  the  west  side  of  BocbSiver,  and 
on  the  second  day  joined  Gen.  Atxisbon  at  the  Burnt  Tillage  oft 
Bark  River. 

The  provisions  of  the  volunteers  being  nearly  exhausted,  Donao's 
command,  with  HjiEfBy's  and  Aijsxandjcb's  brigades,  were  ordered 
to  Fort  Winnebago,  about  fifty  miles  distant,  for  supplies.  Gtett. 
Bodge  with  his  command  of  between  two  hundred  and  fifty  and 
three  hundred  men,  proceeded  in  advance  of  Hbnby  and  Aus^ 
AifDEB.  This  was  a  movement  fraught  with  the  greatest  danger 
to  him  and  his  command ;  the  march  was  directly  toward  the  ene^ 
my,  who  were  estimated  at  from  800  to  1200  warriors.  Had  we 
encountered  them,  being  beyond  supporting  distance  from  the  H* 
linois  brigade,  we  must  have  been  overpowered.  Fortune,  how^ 
ever,  favored  us,  and  we  reached  Fort  Winnebago  on  the  evening 
of  the  second  day,  and  shortly  after  were  joined  by  Hbnby's  and 
Al^xandeb's  brigades. 

On  arriving  at  the  fort.  Gen.  Dodge  at  once  set  to  work  to  find 
out  the  position  of  the  enemy  from  a  number  of  Winnebago  In* 
dians  who  were  at  that  time  at  the  fort.  'This  be  effected  through 
Pibbbe  Poqttette,  a  half-breed  and  their  interpreter,  over  whom 
he  had  great  influence.  Through  him  he  learned  that  the  enemy 
were  encamped  on  Bock  Eiver,.  at  a  place  now  known  as  Hustis' 
Kapids.  Having  ascertained  the  position  of  the  enemy,  his  next! 
object  was  to  prevail  on  Generals  Henby  and  Altcxandbb  to  dis- 


406 

obey  their  orders  from  Qen.  Atkinson^  hj  vaiying  the  line  of 
mareh  in  returning  to  his  camp,  so  that,  by  striking  Rock  Biver 
ftbore  the  enemy,  they  would  place  them  between  Atkinsoh  and 
themselves,  and  as  it  was  known  that  the  Indians  were  encom- 
bered  with  their  women  and  children,  they  could  be  forced  into 
a  battle. 

The  negotiation  on  this  subject  was  opened  first  with  GFen. 
HxBnnr  by  Maj.  Jambs  W.  Stephenson,  of  the  Galena  company^ 
a^rring  under  Gen.  Dodge.  Between  Hbnby  and  Stbphensoh  the 
elosest  intimacy  existed ;  they  had  been  arraigned  together  at  £d. 
wardsTille,  III.,  for  a  high  crime,  of  which,  however,  they  had 
been  honorably  acquitted.  Haj.  Stephenson  possessed  great  influ- 
ence over  Gen.  Henbt,  and  on  this  occasion  he  used  that  influ- 
ence to  induce  him  to  embrace  warmly  the  plans  of  Gen.  DonaiL 
The  co-operation  of  Henby  being  secured,  the  subject  was  then 
submitted  to  a  council  composed  of  the  superior  officers  of  the 
two  brigades.  Alexander  and  the  officers  of  his  brigade  altoge- 
flier  refased  to  join  the  expedition,  and  the  officers  of  one  regi- 
ment of  Hbnbt's  brigade  also  refused  to  march  in  that  direction, 
but  were  finally  prevailed  on  to  do  so. 

Dodge  and  Henbt  having  agreed  on  their  line  of  action,  prep- 
arations were  immediately  made  for  a  march.  AH  the  men  of 
of  their  respective  commands  who  were  riding  horses  that  were 
unfit  for  the  expedition,  were  discharged.  In  Dodge's  command 
these  amounted  to  about  twenty-five  men.  He  was  not  reinforced 
here  by  Oraig's  company  from  Galena ;  but  that  company,  how- 
ever, subsequently  joined  him  and  did  good  service  after  we  had 
crossed  the  Wisconsin  river  in  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy  to  Bad- 
Az.  Having  secured  the  services  of  Poquette  and  a  number  of 
Winnebago  Infiians  as  guides,  the  expedition,  numbering  about 
seven  hundred  men,  marched  on  the  16th  of  July,  in  the  direction 
of  the  enemy  on  Rock  Biver.  Arriving  at  an  Indian  village  on 
tiie  river  on  the  third  day,  no  indications  of  the  enemy  were  found 
other  than  some  trails  that  appeared  to  be  several  days  old.  From 
hmr^  an  express  was  dispatched  to  Gen.  Atkinson  ;  this  expresSi 


407 

after  proceeding  a  few  miles  down  the  river,  fell  in  with  a  fresh 
trail  of  the  enemy,  evidently  bearing  towarda  the  Wisconsin  river, 
and  immediately  returned  and  reported  their  discovery. 

FoQUETT^  and  the  Winnebago  Indians,  from  the  time  we  left 
the  fort,  at  all  o^r  halts  and  encampments,  invariably  made  their 
camp-fires  close  to  that  of  Gen.  Dodgb.  No  man  who  knew  himi 
ever  suspected  the  honesty  or  patriotism  of  PoQUKriB.  He  pos- 
sessed unbounded  influence  over  the  Indians ;  treachery  conld  not 
have  existed  among  them  in  our  camp  without  his  knowing  it ; 
and  none  in  that  encampment  ever  heard  before  it  was  printed  in 
Fobd's  History,  that  Major  Mu&ba.y  MoOohnxll  had  discovered 
that  those  Indians  were  treacherous ;  that  he  had  single  handed 
and  alone,  stopped  more  than  a  dozen  of  warriors  in  their  flight 
from  our  camp,  carried  them  to  the  quarters  of  General  Hksbt, 
where  they  confessed  their  treason — and  all  this  too  without  the 
assistance  of  Poquette,  their  interpreter,  the  only  man  in  the  camp 
who  C3uld  render  into  English  a  single  word  they  said  !* 

— — ^ ■  ■■  II..  Ml  HI 

*  Whether  Got.  Fosd  has  mftde  Bome  mistake  in  this  matter,  we  know  not,  but  €k>T.  RvnroLDi^  Inhto 
XMtat  lAjt  oihI  TimuMy  Mems  to  corroborate  It  RimoLM  statee,  that  on  the  leeond  day'a  march  of 
Gen.  HxHBT  and  Col.  Dodob  from  Fort  Winnebago,  their  eplea  eesled  two  unarmed  Indtaai  wha  satf 
fliej  were  Winnebagoes,  bat  the  whitee  eoneidered  them  as  Saoka,  and  eplee  of  Black  Hawk  ;  and  wllih 
tlito hnprecaloa,  they  weie  confined.  That  npon  the  retam  of  A^ntanta  Woodbbidgi  and  ICssbixah,  and 
their  Indian  gnide,  a  chief  eallAd  LiTTuTammB,  when  WooDBBUKsmnowlr  tecaped  being ahot  bj  oa« 
•f  the  aentinele  in  the  dark,  the  two  Indian  prlsonem,  who  had  heard  from  Lirrui  Tbuvdb  that  the  tia% 
if  Black  Hawk'i  band  had  iwen  ffiacorered,  managed  to  effect  their  escape,  bat  were  re-oaptared  in  thif 
wfie :  *<  Mi^or  UoOoavm.,'*  aa/a  Gar.  Bbthoum,  «  had  been  ont  about  dark  xaooonoHaring  atnit  dli* 
tanoe  fh>m  the  main  ajm^  with  another  person,  and  had  feond  the  Indian  trail  of  Bi^ck  Hawk.  Tht 
Inditidnal  retained  alone  to  the  anqr,  and  reported  the  Ihct  Jast  at  dark— If  oComnox  was  still  reconnoi- 
ttrfsff— two  ladiant  came  thxoogh  soma  braih-wood,  within  ten  yards  of  him,  and  one  of  them  gave  ■! 
Indian  whoop^  eridentlj  showing  great  alarm.  MoCoriobx  supposed  the  Indiana  were  the  enevj»  aaft 
VM  ahuut  shooting,  when  one  of  them  cried  out  in  tolerable  English,  <0ood  Indian,  me  I— good  Wln- 
■abago  r  HoOomBUL  Immediately  dlaco?ered  that  they  wero  the  two  priMners  who  had  been  manblBC 
with  the  ar^y  He  captared  them,  and  tied  their  hands  behind  theif  backs,  and  marehad  themtecaBf. 
fia  this  enterprise  with  the  Indians,  and  thronghout  the  whole  campaign,  Mi^or  MoOoanaj.  displayed 
eileienqy  and  eounge  as  a  aoldier  and  an  oflloer,  which  won  for  him  the  approbation  of  the  whole  army . 
Thelndian  prisoners  conftased  their  guilty  that  th^  were  spies  Ibr  Blaoe  Haitk.  Tb^  ezpeetad  to  N 
Aot ;  but  the  General  did  not  proclaim  their  guilty  and  they  were  spared.  The  General  acied  with  hu. 
tlMAlTf  M  ^^  *nBy  was  then  nearly  on  the  Indian  trail,  and  the  splea  ceuld  do  no  ii^ury  to  the  whltsiy 
and  to  destroy  two  deluded,  unarmed  human  beings»  after  their  hairing  been  prieoaen  ilir  sons  Italk 
seemed  to  be  a  cruel  act  The  General  was  compelled  to  ezerelsa  much  care  orer  the  Indians^  or  somt 
TUtatMrmi^  have  shot  them,  If  the  fiiet  had  been  known."  llij.  MtCoimu  stni  lires,  andlsnvaO 
known  oitiaen  of  nUnois.  L.  0.  P. 


408 

Hmring  by  the  diaooyery  of  the  exprees  got  hold  of  sometliiiig 
tngible  with  regard  to  the  whereabontB  of  the  enemyy  the  pniBuit 
eommenoed  early  next  monmig.    It  was  rapid  and  pereeTering 
until  we  reached  the  Third  Lake,  early  in  the  afternoon  of  the 
aecond  dsy.    Here  Gen.  Hmnr  refhsed  to  advance,  nntil  a  neck 
of  land,  formed  by  the  junction  of  a  creek  with  the  lake,  OTer 
which  the  trail  of  the  Indians  led,  and  which  was  coTered  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  nnderbmsh,  had  been  examined  by  our  spiee, 
under  Oapt  Jo.  Dickbon.    After  this  was  effected,  it  was  deemed 
too  late  for  a  farther  advance  that  evening,  and  we  encamped  for 
the  night  on  the  bank  of  the  lake. 

Early  the  next  morning  the  pnrsait  was  renewed.  An  Indian 
who  was  sick  and  nnable  to  travel,  was  shot  the  moment  the^eye  of 
Oapt  Fbed.  IhosBON,  of  Oapt  Jo.  Digksoh's  company  of  spies, 
fell  on  him,  he  not  being  aware  that  the  Indian  was  sick.  This 
Indian  was  killed  on  the  bank  of  Third  Lake,  within  less  than  one 
half  mile  of  where  the  Oapitol  now  stands.  Another  sick  or  dis- 
abled Indian  who  begged  for  quarters  was  shot  by  Dr.  PmiXBo 
daring  the  pursuit  In  falling,  the  Indian  discharged  his  gon,  and 
wounded  a  young  man  of  Olabk's  company,  of  Dodqk^i  command. 

The  advance,  from  the  time  we  left  Rock  River,  preceded  by 
Oapt  Jo.  Dioxsok's  spies,  was  led  by  Ool.  W.  L.  D.  EwniQ^s  bat- 
etalion  of  Hkn&t  s  brigade,  the  order  of  march  being  in  two  col- 
himns.  Dodge's  command  becoming  dissatisfied  with  the  slow 
gait  at  which  Ewzvo's  battalion  led  the  pursuit,  reasoned  among 
themselves  that  it  was  safer  to  dash  ahead,  overtake  the  enemy, 
and  fight  them  on  terra  fi/rma^  than  to  suffer  them  to  reach  the 
islands  of  the  Wisconsin,  where  if  we  advanced  on  them,  we 
would  be  without  cover  and  liable  to  be  shot  in  the  water.  They 
therefore  insisted  on  Gen.  Dodge's  taking  the  lead  and  engaging 
the  enemy  with  his  command.  For  this  purpose  the  heads  of  our 
eolumns,  striking  off  at  a  brisk  trot,  were  inclined  to  the  right 
and  left  of  Ewma's  battalion.  On  seeing  this  movement,  that 
officer  urged  his  men  forward  with  blows  and  curses,  and  bug- 
ceeded  in  keeping  up  with  us,  and  held  a  position  in  our  centre. 


409 

In  thiB  order  we  advanced  rapidly,  halting  and  forming  once ;  pr 
twice  to  meet  the  enemy,  who  appeared  in  some  nnmberB  iq.  onr 
&ont|  nntil  we  arrived  near  the  Wisconsin . bottom,  where;  (be 
horse  gnard  was  fold  off,  and  the  men  dismounted.  This  had 
scarcely  been  effected,  when  Cafpt.  Diokson  and  his  spies  patae 
galloping  over  a  ridge  a  little  in  advance  of  ns,  pursued  iby  a 
number  of  the  enemy.  The  columns  immediately  advanced, 
Ewing's  battalion  formiug  the  centre,  to  the  top  of  the  ridge,  and 
formed  in  line  by  wheeling  the  heads  of  columns  to  the  rigb^. 
One  fire  from  our  line  caused  the  Indians  to  retreat  as  rapidly  as 
they  had  advanced.  We  occupied  this  position  until  the  arrival 
of  General  Hbnsy  with  Collins',  Jones'  and  Fby's  regimi^ntB, 
who,  owing  to  onr  rapid  advance,  had  been  left  far  in  the  rear. 
During  this  delay,  the  enemy  were  concentrating  their  forces  on 
a  hill  that  commanded  our  position,  about  two  hundred  yards 
in  advance  of  us,  and  kept  up  a  constant  fire  on  our  line  for  fully 
one  hour  before  Hbnbt  arrived,  and  arrangements  were  made  to 
charge  them.  When  the  line  of  battle  was  formed,  Donos's  com- 
mand, including  Swing's  battalion,  formed  the  right  wing ;  Fbt's 
regiment  was  ordered  to. occupy  a  position  on  our  right,  to  pre- 
vent the  Indians  from  oat-fianking  us  when  we  charged,  conse- 
quently this  regiment  was  not  in  the  action.  As  I  before  re- 
marked, owing  to  the  delay  of  General  Hensy  in  coming  up,  ih» 
main  body  of  the  enemy  had  concentrated  in  front  of  Doixuii'B 
command.  I  have  no  doubt  but  that  the  Indian  commander,  w)^ 
occupied  a  high  mound  which  overlooked  our  position,  was  de- 
ceived by  the  movement  of  Fby's  regiment  to  our  right.  He 
reasonably  supposed  that  movement  was  to  cut  him  off  from  his 
women  and  children  at  the  river.  He  was  distinctly  heard  giving 
an  order  to  his  warriors  in  a  loud  voice,  who  immediately  re« 
treated.  That  the  Indian  commander  fell  into  this  error,  is  con- 
firmed from  the  fact,  that  juat  previous  to  the  charge,  the  hill 
franting  the  right  whig  was  covered  with  Indians,  and  although^ 
our  advance  was  over  open  ground  and  in  full,  view  of  the  enemyi 
yet  we  had  none  killed  and  but  one  man  wounded,  in  reaching 
62 


410 

flu  posiCioii  occupied  bj  them*.  The  action  lasted  bat  m  ehoii 
time  after  the  charge.  In  front  of  Dodge's  command  the  princi- 
pal part  of  the  Indians  were  kiOed.  The  greater  part  of  the 
Winnebago  Indians  who  accompanied  ns  firom  the  tort,  hid  in 
afaik  holes  or  sheltered  behind  trees,  except  the  Wnns  Pawbxb 
and  the  son  of  Whttb  Ckow,  who  together  with  Foquxits  &H 
mto  onr  ranks,  and  fought  nncoTcred  like  white  men.  All  the 
Indians,  together  with  Poqubttb,  started  fi>r  Fort  Winnebago  im- 
anediately  after  die  action. 

I  hare,  in  as  condensed  a  manner  as  possible,  giren  the  moTO- 
mentB  of  GFeneral  Dodge  and  the  volonteers  under  his  coomiand, 
from  the  time  we  joined  Posbt  at  Wiota,  until  the  close  of  the 
battle  of  the  Wisconsin.  I  have  shown  conclnsivelj,  if  credit  is 
due  to  any  one  for  baring  overtaken  Black  Hawk  and  his  forces, 
and  defeating  them  at  the  Wisconsin,  it  is  to  General  Dodos.  He 
planned  the  enterprise,  and  owing  to  the  generoos  support  be  re- 
ceived from  Oen.  ECeebt,  carried  it  out  If  he  was  not  the  sctnal 
commander,  he  was  Tirtoally  so.  He  was  the  only  officer  bolding 
the  rank  of  Colonel  (the  highest  rank  to  which  he  saold  be  ap- 
pointed under  the  Territorial  law)  commissioned  hj  the  Governor 
ef  Michigan  west  of  the  lake.  He  was  from  this  appointment 
sole  commander  of  the  militia  within  the  territorj  which  was  the 
seat  of  war,  and  from  the  extent  of  his  command  entitled  to  ths 
rank  of  a  Brigadier  OeneraL  He  had  been  appointed  in  the  reg- 
ular service  as  commander  of  United  States  Bangers,  in  which 
corps  General  Henbt  had  been  appointed  to  a  captaincy  under 


•  Th*  ladha  fmntmrnOmr  wm  Buok  Ha vk  Mi—alf,  if  w  n^  cndit  kfa  ov«  mmtnXhm  vf  tkit  at- 
air.  "IwMBovatodonaftMhorac^"  Mjfl  BiACS  Hawk,  *<MidwM  plMMlto  tMa^Mxteatt 
Iaddi«Med«lMBlB*l<radTolo0,tol]Iaf  than  to  rtud  their  groui4,  ud  iwT«r  jitid  It  to  4hi 
AttkUtia^IinHMfh«rin4irfthni,wlMnIwlihed  U  fMvmywHiion,  ttetwvadgfeA 
te?e  MBM  advaiitac*  «▼«  th*  whites.  Bat  the  memj  eoeeeeded  la  getnlag  this  poln^  wUck  eoa- 
filled  ne  to  Ml  teek  into  «  deep  mtIim^  from  which  we  eoattaned  flriag  el  thoM,  end  thej  a|  ae,  ealS 
agiewduk.  Mj  bone  hsfiag  been  wowdedtwieedwlagfhlie«gefiBiBt»  end  fterlnc^frMi  hie  Mi 
«f  Mood,  thet  he  would  eooa  ciTeont-«ad  fladlag  theft  the  eaeay  w««Jd  »ot  eeiM  Mw  oaetill  U 
ant  Ore,  In  theduk  of  the  OTOBing>-«ad  knowing  thet  am  women  end  ehfldren  had  ted  eal^ 
to  leeefa  the  iilaad  U  the  WieooMln,  I  ofdoMd  «7  warrlon  to  roCnn,  In  dlitewftt  nmtai^ 
Met  the  Wleeoaela-eadweceeetoDiebed  to  ftid  theft  the  01*0117  wwewt  i1l<|»i*t»yN 

L.  as. 


411 

He  was  bjr  many  years  the  senior  of  General  BJttmT,  and 
had  been  a  M^jor  General  in  the  State  of  Mlssonri,  and  held  an 
important  command  on  that  frontier  in  the  war  of  ISIS,  when 
General  Sjsjstby  was  in  his  bojhood^.  Hiat  General  HBarnT  rir- 
tually  yielded  the  command^  and  implicitly  entmsted  himself  and 
his  brigade  to  the  direction  of  General  Donas,  are  apparent  from 
his  decUbiog  to  write  letters,  although  nrged  to  do  so,  claiming 
the  honor  of  the  expedition  and  victory. 

General  Hinbt  was  truly  a  soldier,  braveet^  among  the  brave  I 
He  was,  howcFcr,  young  and  inexperienced  in  warfare  of  any 
kind.  Being  patriotic  and  without  vanity,  and  anxious  to  put  an 
end  to  the  war,  he  had  the  good  sense  to  know,  that  he  did  not 
detract  from  his  own  merits  by  yielding  to  the  guidance  of  one 
having  the  age  and  experience  of  Gen.  Dodos. 

Governor  Fosb  states,  that  after  the  battle  of  the  Wisconsin, 
General  Doncw,  in  styling  himself  Oolonel  of  Michigan  volun- 
teers, assumed  a  rank  to  which  he  was  not  entitled ;  he  being  the 
commander  of  a  "  smaU  battalion ;"  and  that  he  travelled  out  of 
the  line  of  his  duty  when  be  addressed  a  letter  to  the  command- 
ing officer  at  Fort  Crawford  (now  Prairie  du  Obien)  informing 
him  of  the  victoiy  over  the  lodians,  and  advising  him  of  tiife 
course  that  ought  to  be  adopted,  if  the  enemy  attempted  to  reaeh 
the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi  by  descending  the  Wisconsin 
Biver.  I  have  heretofore  explained  the  command  Gen*  Dodgb 
held  in  the  Michigan  militia,  consequently  he  assmmed^no  rank 
to  which  he  was  not  entitled  ;  and  in  advising  the  Commanding 
officer  at  Fort  Crawford  of  the  course  he  thought  it  proper  fbr 
liim  to  pursue  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the  Indians,  he  did  no 
more  than  his  duty. 

It  having  been  ascertained,  that  our  supplies  of  provisions  were 
not  sufficient  to  enable  us  to  pursue  the  enemy  across  the  Wis- 
consin, and  being  also  encumbered  with  a  number  of  wounded, 


^■■^ 


•  And  In  that  w«r,  it  tomj  farther  be  added,  that  Gen.  Bmi'a  father  lerred  nnder  Gen*  DeMH  ; 
tad  hence  it  is  not  strange,  that  Gen«  HimT  ihoold  liaye  ptid  great  deftrenee  and  leepeel  to  tl»«fte* 
Urns  ef  Gen.  Oodos,  who  wae  lo  mncfa  hia  lenior  in  years,  and  hla  snperior  la  BBitttaijr  experinoe* 

L.  0.  n. 


412 

it  wiw  thoiigbi  adyiflftble  to  return  to  tiie  Hoe  MomrfA,  wbieb 
could  be  pUinlj  $eea  from  an  emineiioe  near  tiie  battle  ground. 
On  our  arriTal  there,  Dodqb'b  command,  indnding  BrBPHKHscn's 
eompanj*,  were  ordered  to  their  reepective  posts,  with  ordere  to 
rendezvous  at  Helena  on  the  Wisconsin,  as  soon  as  General  At- 
KoaoM  should  arrive  there  with  die  r^nlar  forces. 

Governor  Fobd  asserts  that  General  Amasov  and  the  officers 
of  the  regular  army,  were  so  chagrined  at  the  snooeas  of  General 
Hxnnr  in  overtaking  and  conquering  the  Indians  at  the  Wiscon- 
sin, that  in  the  pursuit  from  the  Wisconsin  to  the  Bad  Ax,  Qen. 
Atkoiboh  placed  the  regular  soldiers  in  the  advance,  and  General 
'ELam  and  his  brigade  in  the  rear,  to  guard  the  ba^age.  This 
is  very  far  from  the  truth.  From  the  commencement  of  the 
march  from  the  Wisconsin,  Dodob's  command  occupied  the  post 
of  honor,  forming  the  advanced  guard,  supported  by  the  regular 
soldiers  under  Col.  Z.  Tatlob  ;  Dlinoisians,  with  Hehst's  as  the 
leading  brigade,  bringing  up  the  rear.  That  Henbt's  brigade 
maj  have  marched  next  to  the  baggage  train  of  the  regular  armj 
is  no  doubt  true,  but  not  as  its  guard. 

It  cannot  be  qaeetioned  that  Generals  ATEmsoK  and  Brady, 
Oolonels  Z.  Tatlob  and  Datenpobt,  and  the  officers  of  the  rega- 
lar  army  serving  under  them,  were  well  qualified  to  judge  of  the 
qualifications  and  merits  of  Dodob  and  Heztbt — ^no  newspaper 
pnffii  could  impose  on  them — they  well  knew  to  whom  to  attribute 
the  movement  from  Fort  Winnebago,  by  which  the  enemy  was 
overtaken  ahd  defeated  at  the  Wisconsin,  and  those  officers  felt 
that  the  regular  army  was  not  degraded  when  the  post  of  honor 
was  occupied,  in  the  pursuit  to  the  Bad  Ax,  by  General  Dodoe  and 
the  volunteers  under  his  command. 

From  Governor  Fobd's  account  of  the  battle  of  the  Bad  Ax,  it 
would  also  appear,  as  if  the  action  was  alone  fought  and  won  by 
BbiKBT  and  his  brigade,  while  General  Atkinson,  with  the  regular 

•  Oil.  D. M.  Pauiboh,  in  bte  BArrattre,  pmg«  9S5  of  thia  roloxne,  sUtea,  tli&t  ^ne&rly  all**  of  Oq>t. 
m^t/tTM  Mmpwty,  wffh  MmMlf  aft  fheir  li«ad,  left  Doooi  and  BxivftT  at  Fort  Winn«bago,  and  i»- 
I  to  «!•  Mtataf  •omtry.  L.  C.  D. 


41S 

solera  ftad  Dodob's  volanteenra,  were  following  an  ignis  fatfuus  up 
the,nver/  '  ' 

fiarly^  ia'the  morning,  the  spies  under  Capt.  Jo.  DtoKsoir  had  a 
skirmieh  with  the  Indians,  in  which  he  had  one  of  his  men  severe- 
ly wounded.  Later  in  the  day,  after  the  regular  troops  and  Dodge's 
yolanteers  had  formed  in  line  and  advanced  nearly  to  the  top  of 
the  blnff  overlooking  the  Mississippi  River,  Diokson  again  attack- 
ed the  enemy  on  the  river  bottom.    Directed  by  the  sound  of  his 
guns,  the  regulars  and  Dodge's  volunteers  marched  directly  down 
the  bluff  to  his  support.     When  they  arrived  on  the  ground,  they 
found  DioKsoK  severely  wounded,  and  Gen.  Henbt,  who  with  his 
brigade  had  followed  the  Indian  trail  down  a  ravine  to  our  left 
that  led  to  the  river,  was  on  the  ground,  supporting  Diokson. 
From  the  point  at  which  Diokson  was  wounded,  the  enemy  was 
followed  down  the  river  some  distance,  when  both  the  regular 
troops  and  Dodge's  command  were  engaged  with  them ;  and  that 
they  had  the  severest  encounter  with  the  enemy  is  apparent  from 
the  number  of  men  they  had  killed  and  wounded,  which  on  the 
pav4;  of  the  regular  troops  amounted  to  seventeen,^  and  on  that  of 
Dodge's  to  seven  more,  to  wit :  Oaptain  Joseph  Diokson,  Sergeant 
Gbobge  WiLLiLBD,  privatcs  Shtih,  Hood,  Lowbbt,  Skinneb  and 
Payne;  of  these.  Smith,  Hood  and  Lowery  died  of  their  wounds. 
In  EjbI^by's  brigade  there  were  but  five  men  killed  and  wounded.f 
On  the  part  of  the  enemy,  I  saw  but  one  dead  squaw  and  one  war* 
rior;  there  were,  however,  a  large  number  of  squaws  and  children 
taken  prisoners. 

In  the  pursuit  from  the  Wisconsin  to  the  Bad  Aic,  it  was  evi- 
dent that  the  Indians  were  greatly  distressed  by  starvation  and 
aickness ;  numbers  of  dead  warriors,  women  and  children  were 
found  along  their  trail.  Their  principal  subsistence  seemed  to  be 
roots  and  the  bark  of  trees;  where  they  killed  a  horse  for  food, 
there  was  no  vestage  of  the  animal  left  but  the  hair.    The  day 

•  Gen.  Atkirsoh's  official  report  lUtei  th«  loae  of  tho  itgiOan  tA  flw  kUM  ilrf  ftnu  woitndt4 
and  nine  UlUd  «ncl  wounded  of  the  IlUnoiB  roluateen.  L.  0.  D. 

f  The  eSdal  rtport  ayi  leren  killed  tad  wounded.  L.  0 .  D, 


414 

be&re  Htyej  ve»  arcrtiktQ  br  the  izmj,  &«f 

OD  the  MiwflRppi  Birer  by  the  iteaoi-bos:  Waj 
wfaicL  vere  a  number  of  United 

KisOsTCKT,  with  tvo  pieces  of  nmljeiy ;  tbeK  fhechrf 
treat  acroee  the  rirer  nntil  tovarde  ni^t,  wkea  the  boel 
pelled  i/j  £ali  beck  t>  Preirie  do  Chieo  ibr  n  ssppljof  foeL  HiBr> 
iDg  eapplied  henell^  abe  retnnied  the  next  dej  at  the  doee  of  the 
battle.  After  tnuisportiiig  a  detachment  oi  United  Stalee  eol^fias 
under  CoL  Z.  Tatlob,  to  two  large  ulacds  in  front  ai  tlie  bslte 
ground,  where  it  was  8npp'«ed  there  was  a  number  of  the  enemjf 
she  left  next  daj,  carryiDg  General  Atdbbos,  his  etafi^  and  secrlf 
all  the  U.  S.  troops  and  w-^nnded  down  the  Jiret  to  YorX  Crawfbid. 
A  short  time  pre^ous  to  her  departure,  the  celebrated  Sioox  chief 
Waba-shaw,  with  a  number  of  warriors,  reported  himself  to  Gsb. 
Atkcts^^s.    He  was  inunediatelj  dispatcbed  in  pnisnit  of  tiie 

enemj,  and  the  little  remnant 'of  Black  Hawk^s  bend  ef  men, 
women  and  children  who  had  escaped  into  their  own  conntijfivim 
starvation  and  the  bajoLets  and  baiets  of  the  white  man, 
nearly  all  exterminated  bj  that  chief  and  his  warriors, 

ditary  foes.*  CHARLES  BRACKED. 

April,  1856. 


* BuiOK  Hawk  that  wf^aJkM  of  this  D«*^e«  cnx^Ur :    •* On  mj  arriTal  at  Pnlri* fc  Cktai,! CmbA 
to  my  aomw,  tbml  a  luf»  tM>47  of  flloox  hftd  pamcd  sad  kil1«d  ft  nanber  •f 
who  h*d  K«t  Mi«lj  acroM  th«  Mu>«iMippi     Tb«  white*  ought  not  to  h*T« 
ttoiM  hot  trrwardt  wonM  erer  hsve  bacn  foilty  of  rach  craeltj,  which  has  alwsji 
BStl'/D  by  th«  8io«x." 

Aootb«r  iaci'leot  of  the  war,  which  is  nowhere  meDtioned  in  the  Bamtifee  of  the 
Tiron  of  the  war,  wm  thU — gmthered  from  Black  Hawv*b  aatobiogmphj,  mud  Sea.  Aikubq**!  npoit 
of  Bed  4x  hettle.  Thet  ^ler  the  bettle  of  Wieoonidn  Heighta,  m  perty  of  Black  Havk"8  fbOewcn  d»- 
eeended  the  Wijicon«in,  hopiof  to  ee«ape  to  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  that  they  K^ht  lOteB 
honw  Bat  Cept.  LooHit,  who  commAnded  the  fsirimD  et  Prairie  da  Chiea.  and  Gen.  SraBt  the  la* 
dton  Ageai,  had  plaeed  a  detarhmeat,  a  sbort  distaaee  ahore  tiie  vamth  of  the  Wiseoasia,  aader  fhO' 
•ommaod  of  Llaatraant  RirirKa,  who  fired  npoa  the  distreeeed  aad  fbilora  ladlsne  caplMiint  fhlHj* 
tiro  women  aod  cfaDdreo,  and  foar  nten,  aod  killing  some  fifteen  aien ;  and  Buck  Bawk  addi^  (hak 
**  other*  were  drowned,  aad  the  halsaca  lecaptd  to  the  wooda  aa^ perished  with  hv^ger ;  amoag  thif 
party  were  maaj  w<««b  and  children/'  Ik  is  atoted  ia  the  Oeleaa  Osxette,  of  Aosaat  6th,  that  ea  Ai 
dth  of  that  month,  ^'a  pari/  of  fifteen  men  from  CaasriUe,  under  eommaad  of  Captain  PaioB.  wert  i9- 
•onoolterlng  the  eooatry  hetaeea  that  idaea  aad  the  Wisconsin,  and  Ml  npon  a  fiaah  Sank  trail,  nafc- 
S»ff  towarda  the  Mtseiarippj.  They  raahed  witt  fall  speed  of  horses,  and  aoon  came  npoa,  kiUed  sad 
took  prieonera  to  the  namherof  iwelT*.**  This  paitj  of  BMiks  iret«  piobahlj  some  of  those  who  had 
Crom  Ltoat  BivsWa  attoik.  JL  C.  9. 


416 


AFPEHDEE  Vo.  13. 


SOME  AOOOUNT  OF  THE  ADVENT  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 

INDIANS  INTO  WISCONSIN. 

BT  CHDSr.  ALBBBT  a.  ELUS. 

• 

The  Holland  Land  Oonipanj  had,  for  many  years,  held  the  pre-^ 
emption  right  of  purchase  from  the  Indians,  to  most  of  the  land 
of  Western  "New  York,  having  derived  it  from  Massaohusetta 
originally,  subsequently  confirmed  by  the  State  of  New  York.  A 
large  purchase  was  made  of  the  Indians,  by  Fhblps  and  Gobham^ 
of  nearly  all  the  lands  east  of  Genesee  River.  Of  the  balance, 
lying  west  of  that  river,  a  large  cession  was  made  to  that  com- 
pany, at  a  council  of  the  Senecas,  held  at  Geneseo,  in  Sept.  1797; 
excepting  certain  re8e7vation8.  These  reservations  were  large,  and 
included  the  most  choice  parts  of  the  whole. 

^*In  1810,  the  Holland  Land  Oompany  sold  all  their  pre-emp- 
tive right  to  the  Indian  reservatious  to  David  A.  Ogdbn,  for  fifty 
cents  per  acre."  Mr.  Ogdbk  and  his  associates  in  this  purchase 
were  afterward  known  as  the  *'Ogden  Company."  Up  to  1817, 
they  had  succeeded  in  extinguishiug  but  a  part  of  the  Indian  title ; 
the  large  reservations  of  Cattaraugus,  Alleghany,  Tonnewanda, 
Tuscarora,  and  Buffalo,  still  remaining.  The  anxiety  of  the  com-^ 
pany  to  effect  the  extinguishment  of  the  Indian  title  to  these  re- 
Bervations,  and  the  removal  of  the  Indians,  had  exhibited  itself  in 
rarious  forms,  and  sundry  unsuccessful  efforts,  for  years.  In  this 
year,  a  new  plan  was  conceived,  and  its  accomplishment  set  on 
foot,  to  wit : — to  secure  in  the  West,  by  consent  and  aid  of  the 


.**    t* 


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•i^it  to 


♦r/>  ♦/,/•■',    ^^*i  ^^/y/^   V/-.W    '.'." 

U»M*  H/<<Jf  //^J^  Uiti^',  f.r  i).H  IniuTfi  Wj  1.4  tmiyration  fe€$tward^ 
•ff/I  Uii»  ijv?rifif/pr  //f  nfjch  an  tixUiUi  f*f  c^^antry,  as  would  enable 
ffi/  //f  f/f  f/^f fri  fii;ir  ii4di]fjn4iTifMf  at  ftnch  didtance  from  the  whites, 
an  •/>  HfK^aff/*  fffftti  uroffnhrfjm  and  whiiikey. 

'nmlf  fMldnfft  rnlfulonary,  Her.  Johm  8EBaKABT,feIl  in  with  and 
M'«//fidi»4  ih#  rliiwii  //f  the  jotrng  chief.   In  a  short  time  the  whole 


41T 

tribe  wa^  indoctriDoted  with  the  new  scheme,  and  anxious  for  its 
consnmmation.  The  American  Board  of  Missions  gave  their  in- 
fiaence  and  aid ;  through  whose  suggestions  the  late  Dr.  JEDKmAM 
MofiSE,  of  Kew  Haven,  became  deeply  interested  in  the  J^l&n, 
This  gentleman  counselled  the  Indians  and  their  friends  to  take 
immediate  measures  to  have  a  visit  paid,  bj  some  discreet  agents, 
to  the  Western  tribes,to  select  a  proper  point  for  locatiou,and  open 
negotiations  for  a  cession  of  lands.  Dr.  Mobsb  himsplf  was  thought 
to  be  the  very  person  to  nnderj:ake  such  a  mission.  Application 
being  made  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  Dr.  Morse  was  commission- 
ed to  mak0  a  general  tour  among  the  I^orth-Wostern  Indians, 
with  a  yi^w  to  forming  a  better  nndorstanding  between  those 
tribes  and  the  Government  Under  this  appointment,  this  gentle- 
man spent  the  summer  of  1820  in  visitidg  several  of  the  Korth- 
Weatem  tribes.  Whatever  other  purposes  may  have  occupied 
the  attention  of  this  commissioner,  it  is  certain  that  of  securing 
a  western  retreat  for  the  Stockbridges  and  other  Kew  York  Indian 
tribes  was  a  leading  one ;  though  the  writer  has  no  evidence  of 
any  collusion  in  the  matter,  at  this  date,  with  the  Ogden  Land 
Company.  Green  Bay  was  a  point  specially  visited  by  Dr.  MoBSKy 
where  he  spent  nearly  three  weeks,  and  preached  the  first  protest- 
fmt  sermon  ever  delivered  at  that  place.* 

It  n^ust  not  be  omitted  here,  that  a  part  of  the  same  tribci  ad- 
hering to  a  chief  of  much  influence,  named  John  Metozes^,  about 
the  same  period,  sought  a  western  asylum  among  the  Miami 
Indians,  on  White  Biver,  in  Indiana,  and  actually  moved  out 
to  that  country  in  1817  and  ISlSf-  The  United  States  Govern- 
ment,  however,  purchased  out  the  Miamies,  and  with  that  pur- 
chase fell  the  expectations  of  Hstoxsn  and  his  adherents  to  a 


*  Br.  Mow»x«maliied  flflMa  daji  at  Gmmi  Bij,  from  the  7th  to  the  23d  of  Jnljr,  1820,  m  we  lean 
Ikom  Us  Beport   He  mm  the  gueit  of  Ool.  J.  Skitb,  Umb  eemmaiMliMtt  of  thai  garriaoa.     L.  C.  9; 

fllielCIainlei  had,  many  yean  before,  girea  the  Stoekbrtdgee  a  Uttgetiaat  of  laad  on  WUteBltM; 
and  flortlTawd  H  fa  Jaly,  IglT,  and  that  anaunar  two  Stoehhil^ga  luttiliai  «mvad  thaiadadtookpaft. 
Hirfoaof  thalaa^andtheaaatyearalaifebo^aygBitoJ^btttbeibta  their  anettaly  th<  Mlwriw  hid 
MdedlMretmatiytothelMenieovandDMt.  '    I(.0.9. 

58 


418 

home  in  that  conntrj.    The  whole  partj  mored  to  Green  Bay  in 
1822. 

A  remarkable  personage  appeared  among  the  Oneida  Indians 
in  tly  year  1816-17,  no  other  than  Eleazeb  Willia:^?,  a  descend- 
ant of  Bey.  JoHK  Wiluasis,  of  Deerfield  memory,  bnt  who  moi« 
recently  claims  to  be  the  Danphin  of  France — Lons  SsYKErrssinH. 
It  is  no  part  of  the  present  pnrp'jse  to  discuss  his  claims  to  be 
Danphin,  nor  even  to  enter  into  his  former  history  prerious  to 
his  appearance  at  Oneida,  fnrther  than  to  acconnt  for  his  location 
with  that  tribe.  As  a  descendant  of  Bev.  John  WiixtAsis*,  he 
was  sought  out  by  the  friends  of  the  family,  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, apd  placed  with  Dr.  Elt,  of  Long  Meadow ;  he  remained 
among  the  people  of  New  England  five  years,  after  which  he  re- 
tamed  to  his  father,  Thomas  Wiluaus,  one  of  the  St.  Begis'  In- 
dians. Arrived  at  that  village  from  his  studies  in  New  England, 
he  was  soon  approached  by  the  Boman  Catholics,  who  proposed 
to  him  to  accept  authority  from  their  Bishop  as  teacher  to  the 
Indians  of  his  tribe.  This  was  in  1811.  The  war  of  1S12  called 
him  to  a  new  sphere.  By  invitation,  he  joined  Gen.  BaowK's 
army,  under  good  pay,  in  canfidentidl  service  ;  collecting  througli 
the  Canada  Indians  important  information  of  the  movement  of 
the  British  troops,  and  thereby,  in  several  instances,  rendering 
very  important  service  to  the  American  interests.  He  was  in 
the  affairs  at  Flattsbnrg  and  Saclett's  Harbor,  leading  the  French 
and  Indians  in  those  engagements,  in  one  of  which  he  received  a 
wound  from  a  splinter  in  the  left  side. 

After  the  war  he  returned  to  St.  Begis.  Of  an  ambitious  turn 
of  mind,  he  did  not  long  remain  quiet  in  that  village.  In  the 
summer  of  1816,  he  made  a  tour  in  the  State  of  New  York,  among 
the  several  tribes  of  the  Six  Nations.  The  Oneidas  received  him 
with  kindness  and  attention.    They  were  more  inclined  to  civili* 


i«Mi«li»d»b0aHMftflaBOtlholio^Mii  atefriftd  ui  ladiM,  by  nlma  rii*  k»4  Morval  chUOii^ 
■r«Mtla«aMfeiaL  Ftmb  lur  dapMadf  Euaub  WnxtAxi.  L.C.  O. 


419 

sation,  and  a  party  of  them  to  christianitj,  than  any 
of  the  Six  Nations.  Making  his  obsenrations  and  refieotions  en ' 
their  condition,  afler  a  short  visit,  he  went  to  New  York,  sought 
an  interriew  with  the  late  Bishop  Hobabt,  gare  him  an  acconnt 
of  the  condition  of  tiiese  Indians,  and  submitted  to  him  ^a 
plan  for  their  christianization,  and  the  engrossing  ot  the  whole  ^ 
tribe  in  the  Episcopal  Ohnrch.  The  Bishop  readily  fell  in  widi 
the  suggestions  of  Mr.  Williams,  and  immediately  commissioned 
him  as  Oatechist  and  Lay  Reader  to  the  Oneida  Indians.  Wn^ 
LUVB,  besides  being  tolerably  versed  in  the  christian  system  and 
in  theology,  was  thorough  master  of  the  Indian  language,  his 
mother  tongne,  besides  being  a  natural  orator  and  most  gracefal 
and  powerfbl  speaker,  the  sine  qtia  non  of  persuasion  and  sucoesa- 
with  Indians. 

He  found  at  Oneida  a  nominal  christian  party,  and  the  name- 
only  of  1^ church  under  the  patronage  of  the  Presbyterians,  a  Mr.- 
JxNxnis  being  missionary.  Jenkins  was  weak,  inefficient,  with- 
out influence ;  and  his  (yure  partook  of  the  like  character ;  the 
numbers  were  small,  and  the  congregation  on  the  decline.  Wnu- 
LiAW  saw  at  a  glance  his  vantage  ground.  He  told  the  Oneidas^ 
it  was  a  mistake  in  that  order  of  christians  to  intrnde  themselves 
among  Oneidas,  and  called  to  their  recollection  the  fact,  that  twa 
venerable  missionaries  of  the  London  Missionary  Society  of  the 
Ohnrch  of  England  had  many  years  ago  planted  the  gospel  ^mon^ 
them.  That  old  Dr.  Babolat  and  Dr.  Ooilvib,^  of  that  church, 
had  been  specially  commissioned  by  the  Great  Head  of  the 
church,  to  baptize  the  Oneidas,  and  that  he,  Williaks,  had  been 
sent  by  the  same  divine  authority  to  remind  them  of  the  claima 
of  that  church,  and  to  bring  them  back  to  their  allegiance.  In- 
stant success  attended  these  addresses.  Many  of  the  older  In- 
dians of  both  sexes  remembered  Dr.  Babolat  and  Dr.  OoiLvn^ 
and  confirmed  the  statements  and  claims  of  the  young  Oatechist  r 


«B«r.  HwetBasout  wtA  Her.  Joav  OoiItib  weke  Wll^  st  diSlBviit  ptxlodi,  mkwIdiiMta  «•  tta» 
lioliMrkt-«lM  foiiMr  *t  Fort  Ruter  In  17Z&, uid tin liiHv  Jb  1786-^82 ;  iwttMsoA  Umib  ji^  h90mm 
la  Soo.  Hlft.,  K.  T.  il,  714,  Hi,  1152,  It,  310.  I*  C.  JX 


4ao 

tiie  whole  christmn  party  very  80on  for^l  Jknkus,  and  liaiif  oa 
ike  teachings  of  WiLUAica. 

Bat  hia  views  went  further ;  four-fifths  of  the  whole  tribe  were 
Pagans,  and  held  Christianity  in  utter  abhorrence ;  and  the  con- 
Torsion  of  this  part  of  the  tribe  now  engaged  his  attention.    As- 
suming a  tone  of  authority,  and  demanding  of  them  to  listen  to  a 
message  to  them  from  the  Great  Spirit,  he  assembled  them  in  the 
open  air,  and  challenged  them  either  to  obey  or  refute  the  GospeL 
In  a  few  weeks  the  Pagan  party  made  a  formal  renunciation  of 
pagaDism,  and  recognixed  Christianity  as  taught  by  the  Protes- 
tant Episcopal  Church  as  the  true  faith,  and  announced  their  de- 
termination, as  a  tribe,  to  receive  it  and  encoarage  its  promulgation 
among  the  people.   The  following  winter,  the  chief  of  this  party, 
taking  Williams  and  their  interpreter,  repaired  to  Albany,  and 
there  treated  with  the  Governor  of  the  State  for  a  cession  of  a 
part  of  their  reservation,  for  the  express  purpose  of  building  a 
Protestant  Episcopal  Oharch,  and  providing  a  small  fund  for  the 
support  of  a  minister.    The  church  was  built  in  coutbc  of  the 
year — a  v^ry  neat  edifice,  about  thirty-six  by  fifty  feet,  with  a 
eaudl  tower,  tastefully  painted,  and  otherwise  fitted  up  in  an  ap  - 
propriate  manner  for  a  place  of  worship.    Wsllxams  entered  it  as 
minister,  though  not  as  yet  ordained;  and  the  worthy  Bishop  was 
called  to  consecrate  it,  and  confirm  about  fifty  communicants. 

The  eclat  of  this  sudden  success  of  the  Gospel  at  Oneida,  under 
the  efforts  of  Mr.  Williahs,  sped  far  and  wide,  and  brought  him 
suddenly  to  great  notice,  and  to  a  dizzy  height.  Had  he  been  con- 
tent to  have  continued  in  the  work  there,  he  might  have  been  very 
useful  to  the  Indians,  and  an  honor  to  the  Church.  But  the  field 
was  quite  too  small  for  his  vaulting  ambition :  the  little  band  of 
•ome  fifteen  hundred  Oneidas,  too  incomparative  to  compensate 
his  time  and  talent. 

Whether  Mr.  Wiluaks  borrowed  the  idea  from  Dr.  Mobsb,*  the 


•«*thStiPM ft plaa «f  Dr.  Mbanrs/*  mU B«r.  Jobm  SnoiAJrr  in  «  Mbu,  dalad  Deo.  18^  16SI ;  uid 
Br.  Horn  iWMn  to  tev*  taas  In  oorrtQMrfMiot  withlCr.  Snmun  about  It,  m  mdrMJun^JUB.— 
SMlfoMnrtJMCai»Aporl^»iipeBdlz,110,n8.  L.  0.  D. 


491 

Mo-he-kxm-nncksy  or  the  Ogd^n  Land  Company,  or  wliether  it  wai, 
as  he  stontlj  nialntainedi  original  in  his  own  mind,  certaiii  it  ii, 
that  Bome  time  in  1818,  he  began  to  broaoh  eantionslj  among  his 
Indian  people  a  proposition  of  remoying  all  the  Indians  of  thai* 
State,  as  well  as  many  of  those  of  Canada,' and  the  Seneoas  al- 
Sandusky,  to  the  neighborhood  of  Green  Bay,  and  there  nnita 
them  in  one  grand  confederacy  of  cantons,  but  all  under  one 
federal  head ;  the  government  lo  be  a  mixture  of  civil,  military^ 
and  ecclesiastic,  the  latter  to  be  pre*eminient    Grand,  imposing 
and  fascinating  in  the  extreme  were  the  plans  and  designs  of  the 
new  government,  which  h^  conceived  and  embodied,  to  lay  before' 
the  Indian  Chi^fb.    With  some  of  the  younger  men,],the  tiling  took 
deeply ;  but  with  the  older  and  more  sober  minded  chiefs,  it  had 
no  charm,  and  his  late  popularity,  so  high,  now  descended  more 
quickly  than  it  had  risen. 

'  Seeming  to  withdraw  his  proposition,  he  however  adroitly  plied 
his  ingenuity  with  the  yonuger  men  of  note  and  talent  in  the  tribei 
and  very  soon  succeeded  in  drawing  into  his  plans  some  four  or- 
five  of  the  young  hereditary  chiefs.    Having  secured  this  point 
among  the  Oneidas,  he  visited  the  other  tribes  of  the  Six  Nations, 
and  by  holding  out  darzling  promises  of  future  glory  and  aggran^. 
disement,  he  enticed  a  few  young  men  of  each  tribe  to  enter  into, 
his  scheme.    He  next  addressed  the  War  Department,  in  imitar 
tion  of  the  Stockbridgss,  soliciting  its  countenance  and  assistance- 
to  enable  a  delegation  of  twenty  from  the  several  tribes  of  the  Six 
Kations  to  visit  the  Western  tribes,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
a  cession  of  country  for  a  new  home.    The  response  of  the  Depart- 
ment was  favorable,  having  doubtless  been  influenced  by  othe,r 
parties  moving  for  the  same  objects. 

Thus,  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  whether  singular  or  not,  ther^ 
was  a  combination  of  influences,  dissimilar  in  motive  but  perfectly 
consonant  in  purpose,  all  operating  at  the  same  moment  in  urging 
a  removal  of  the  JSTew  York  Indians  to  Green  Bay.  Each  one  of 
the  parties  claimed  the  eclat  of  originating  the  scheme :  we  in- 
oline  to  the  belief,  liowever,  that  they  all,  the  Land  Company,  the 


I 


4aa 

Mc^be'kaBi-iiiii^a  and  Mr.  Willuhs,  mighty  and  probably  did  con- 
edlvd|  at  prettj  near  the  same  period  of  timei  the  idea  of  a  new 
home  for  these  Indiaoe  in  the  West  Sat  to  proceed :  In  the  win* 
tttr  of  1819  and  'aO|  the  application  of  the  OaeidaB,  Toscaroras, 
Seoecas,  Ooondagas;  St.  Begia  aad  Stockbridge  delegates  (th« 
latter  acting  independent  and  separate)  was  made  to  the  WarDe* 
partmenty  for  permission  to  visit  the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Green  Bsj.  The  response  of  the  Department  was  made  by 
granting  them  a  copy  of  an  order  to  the  several  Saperintendenta 
of  Indian  aflfairs,  and  Ck)mmandants  of  military  posts,  to  issoe  to 
the  delegates,  not  exceeding  twelve,  certain  amounts  of  rations, 
blankets,  powder,  lead,  (&c.,  and  to  facilitate  their  movements  on 
their  journey.  The  Superintendent  of  Indian  affwrs  at  Detroit 
was  moreover  ordered  to  make  a  requisition,  on  the  naval  officer 
stationed  at  that  place,  for  a  U.  S.  vessel,  should  one  be  at  that 
post  fit  for  service,  to  be  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  delegates  to 
take  there  across  Lake  Huron  and  Michigan  to  Green  Bay.  Thus 
equipped,  in  July  of  1820,  the  delegation  repaired  to  Detroit*,  and 
paid  their  pespects  to  Gen.  Oass.  '    ^ 

As  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  Gov.  Oass  received  the 
party  courteously ;  bat  it  was  soon  apparent  that  as  Gk>vernor  of 
Michigan,  the  project  of  New  York's  quartering  her  Indian  tribes 
oa  his  territory,  would  receive  no  special  encouragement,  beyond 
tiie  line  of  his  duty,  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  his  superiors. 
By  him  the  delegates  were  furnished  with  the  blankets,  powder, 
lead,  rations,  &c.;  but  were  inf<Htned  that  no  Government  Tessels 

•  Ia  tb«  Detnit  QatetU  of  Fridaj,  Jul/  28, 1830,  w  find  th*  following  iMntloB  of  Mr.  If  iuiami* 
tftlTal  aad  mtttion :  **  Ber.  S.  WiuiAxa,  who  hu  fbr  wTenl  jmn  paat  beec  oSdatlng  m  *  prMfoim 
fte  tU  Onvtd*  lodiMM,  in  the  BUto  of  N«w  Yorki  anlTOd  kMn»  In  tho  •tvMnboal  IPMH^-lli  — lai 
iMt  Batordaj.  H«  is  •ceiwipuiiod  \>j  ■ora«  of  the  men  of  tho  tribe,  who  oomtitato  a  delefMioa  to 
▼Itit  the  iDdlana  In  thie  Territory,  for  the  purpose  of  acoertalnlng  the  prospect  of  snooeM  in  the  on- 
4e»for  to  ohiiitluilae  them.  Wo  iMm  that  it  is  a  f^uthor  o^tt  with  tbe  ddegstloB,  to  flbad  a  nlliiUA 
tnct  of  oonntiy  within  the  Territory,  to  which  the  Oneida  Indians,  or  a  part  of  them,  wiU  remoTO— 
fiff  this  porpose  the  eoontrj  in  the  Tldnity  of  Green  Baj  will  be  rislted.  No  doubt  can  be  entertained 
•I  ChotepofliMe  of  thli  pn^eei  The  Influeaoe  whtah  the  example  of  Indlang  wbe  are  in  a  gnat 
■Miu^  aiTillMd,  wUl  haTO  over  the  haUta  of  their  more  unfbrtaaate  toethxea,  will,  perhaps,  hare 
aaoh  more  effect  in  weaning  them  tnm  their  sarage  modes  of  Uring,  than  all  the  theoretioat  lesson 
wiMi  m  be  glren  them  br  white  men."  U  0. 1>. 


433 

were  fit  for  the  service.*  They  were  further  informed,  (and  the 
news  waB  aetounding  enoiigh,^  that  their  proposed  journey  to  Green 
Bay,  if  for  the  purpose  of  treating  with  the  MenomoneeB,  would 
be  quite  unnecessary,  as  that  tribe  ^ad  a  few  days  before  ceded 
to  the  United  States,  Col.  John  Bowykb,  Indian  Agent  at  Green 
Say,  acting  as  commissioner,  y<^y  miles  square  of  their  land  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fort  Howard.  The  eye  of  their  intend- 
ed purchase,  the  key  to  the  country  they  sought — this  purchase  by 
the  United  States  frustrated  all  their  plans,  defeated  their  dearest 
hopes.  Chagrined  but  not  diBoouraged,  the  delegates  retraced 
their  ste2>s  to  Kew  York.  That  State  took  the  cause  of  its  Indians 
in  keeping.  Bowyer'b  treaty  was  rejected  by  the  Senate,  and  the 
ground  again  ckiured  of  the  impediments. 

A  new  order  was  issued  from  the  War  Department  to  the  Su- 
perintendentp  of  Indian  Affairs,  and  the  commandants  of  military 
forts  in  favor  of  the  delegates,  for  a  renewal  of  their  eflEbrt  in 
1821.  Fourteen  delegates  went,  three  from  the  Stockbridgee,  fonr 
from  the  Oneidas,  one  from  the  Onondagas,  two  from  the  Tusca- 
rora's,  three  from  the  Senecas,  and  one  from  the  St.  Regifl,  and 
arrived  in  Detroit  in  July  of  that  year.  Gov.  Cass  again 
received  them  courteously,  but  informed  them  that  the  French  in- 
habitants at  Green  Bay  were  hostile  to  their  intentions.  The 
Bteam-boat  Woflk-inthe-waier  being  expected  in  a  few  days  on 
her  trip  to  Green  Bay,  with  a  detachment  of  United  States  troops 
for  that  post,  it  was  determined  by  the  delegates  to  take  pateag* 
in  her.  Gov.  Cass  added  to  the  party,  Chakles  O.  TsowBEnyoB, 
clerk  in  his  Indian  Bureau,  to  superintend  the  negotiations  for  the 
United  fitates.  The  party  arrived  at  its  destination  early  in  Au- 
gust, 162Lt    TSo  Indian  Agent  was  found  at  Green  Bay,  Oolonei 

■»       ■!  ■        .  I  -  I  .111-11.- I..  ■  ■■      »■ 

•BxomButwwTBLHt  JMm9$,it  HVWf  tk*t  Sot.  Gam  ma  «bie»k  hoUiiig  *  tfMtjr^ m  1m n^ 
vitb  the  PfttUwrttaioiM  M  ItUainM  BiTar-Vut  ?mUj  ob  hia  explorlog  expcdittdn  to  Uie  ooppw  i6-< 
glon  «f  L»kf  3iip«rXo»-4md  lA/wX.  Got.  Woodbwdoi,  with  whom  tb^  ooaftrxwl,  deoUaed  tanUkr 
Ing  themaU,  whe  b»M  beJbaABOMuthtrl^  to MtfattlMm.  L.  O.  O. 

f  The  Daroit  Chuetts  of  JqIj  18th,  1821,  thoB  Botioep  tho  BRiral  at  Detroit  of  Mr.  ^vjlumm  and  bli 
MogiilloB :  «  Anirod  jetterdsj  momlBf  ia  tho  atMoiboiLt  ffatk-in-the'waUr,  the  Bbt,  Ex.paibb  Wijr 
UAys,  mifljilonary  to  the  Oneida  ladianfl,  with  a  depntatioa  of  tho  Six  Natioaa,  who  aro  oathoir  wajr  %9 


424 

« 

BowTBB  having  died  the  winter  before,  and  the  vacancy  not  hav- 
ing been  filled. 

The  Menomonecs  and  Winnebagoes  having  been  apprised  of 
the  intended  visit  of  their  granc^aihers^  the  Not-ta-ways^  but  a 
few  days  delay  occurred  before  they  appeared  on  the  bank  of 
Fox  Eiver,  to  meet  their  Eastern  brethren.  The  reception  of  the 
delegates  was  cordial  by  the  Menomonecs  and  Winnebagoes,  and 
had  there  not  been  a  third  party  to  interfere,  the  New  York  In- 
dians would  probably  very  soon  have  accomplished  their  object. 
The  French  inhabitants  and  half  breeds  settled  at  Green  Bay,' 
numbered  about  five  hundred  souls* ;  their  alliance  with  the  In- 

Tisli  their  brethren  In  the  Ticlnlty  of  Green  Bej.  The  object  of  those  vho  eompoee  tibia  mission,  is 
(under  the  euspiees  of  the  General  GoTemment,)  not  only  to  endeaTor  to  plant  the  gospel  among  the 
Western  Indians,  bat  to  treat  "vrlth  them  for  a  tract  of  their  territory,  with  a  view  hereafter  to  loeate 
tbemaeltes,  and  sneh  of  their  brethren  as  may  he  disposed.to  remoTe  to  flaat  region.  Thus  it  appears 
ihaX  our  GoTernmeot  is  not  only  irllliDg,  bnt  is  ualng  practical  meana  to  ameliorate  the  condition  o 
this  unhappy  people,  and  by  an  effort  to  concentrate  and  christianize  them,  rescue  them  fh>m  gradoa 
aslermination,  their  name  from  oblivion,  and  render  them  happy  here  and  hereaiter/* 

Mr.  Williams  and  his  party  lelt  Detroit  on  the  Slst  of  July,  In  the  WitJMn4hfwU€r,  with  upvarda 
of  200  passengers,  mostly  connected  with  the  army,  and  arriyed  at  Green  Bay  on  the  6th  of  August.  A 
aorporal  of  the  XJ.  S.  Infiintr;,  who  waa  a  passenger  in  the  boat^  was  drowned  in  attempting  to  swiaa 
the  Fox  Riyer  at  Green  Bay, 

On  this  Tlslt  to  Green  Bay,  Gen.  Ellis  aaoompanted  Mr.  Williajcs.  In  Hahson'b  JAtt  iVince*  we 
fkad  it  stated,  '<  Am  the  mission  at  Oneida  has  suffered  greatly  in  eonsequenoe  of  hlsf^Mr.  WiulxamsJ 
ahaenoe  in  1820,  he  procured  immediately  on  his  return  from  the  Wast,  in  the  fiUl  of  that  year,  the 
aei^eea  of  a  young  gentleman  of  the  name  of  Ellis,  to  act  as  lay  reader.  The  health  of  Mr.  Si&tB 
tna  weak,  and^  in  the  spring  of  1831,  Mr.  WiixiAXa  detenniaed  to  take  him  with  him  to  the  West  fn 
the  benefit  of  his  health."  For  some  time  Mr.  Ellis  acted  a«  ach  ool  teaehez  ior  the  mission  aahool  of 
fha  Kew  York  Indians,  near  Green  Bay.  Remaining  iu  the  eountr  y,  Mr.  EuJS  has  proved  himself  a 
wafUettiaen.  He  ezeoated,  at  Green  Bay  ,  in  1827,  the  first  prlntlag  i  n  Wisoonain.  It  was  printing 
tioiketa  for  a  lottery  scheme,  which  was  done  on  bvoTler  type»  and  instead  of  a  press,  a  «  plainer  *'  was 
iiaed  to  take  the  impression.  When  the  Qrtm  Bay  Xntdhfencer,  the  pioneer  newspaper  of  Wiaoonsiii, 
«aa  commenced,  Dec  11th,  1883,  by  J.  V.  Sutdav,  Mr.  Ellis,  after  two  or  three  numbers  were  iagueOy 
hacane  connected  with  it ;  and  twenty  years  later,  we  Ond  him  establishing  the  ISnerp  newapapw  at 
Sterena  Point,  high  up  the  Wisconsin.  In  the  first  Territorial  Legislature^  in  1836,  ha  serred  as  one  of 
thirepreseatatlTeaof  Brown  county,  and  again  in  1840,  *41,*42  and  '48.  He  la  now  Register  of  tba 
V.  S.  Land  Office  at  Stayans  Point.  L.  U.  D. 

•  The  Fkeach  Inhabitanta  eonalated  of  two  classes.  lat.  Of  fbimer  elerka  «f  the  did  North  West  For 
Oasnpaay,  who  had  located  there  in  early  timee,  tor  the  expresa  purpose  of  Indian  trade.  These  tret* 
ga&aially  men  of  good  common  edneation,  Intelligent)  shrewd  aad  of  great  tnflnenee  irtUi  the  Indiana, 
amotog  whom  they  had  marrle<?.  2d.  Of  such  men,  angageea  in  the  Indlaa  tnule,  aa  had  flrom  age  or 
InflTmlty  become  disabled  from  pursuing  the  Toyaglng  business,  and  had  retired,  taking  up  amaH 
patchea  of  land,  and  finding  subsistence  In  a  kind  of  mixed  life  of  agriculture  and  hunting  ;  they,  t00| 
ir«ra  all  married  with  Indian  women^had  half  Ixreed  IhmiUes,  and  exercised  a  strong  InflneBce  otct  the 
MtifW.  A.  0.  S. 


i 


425 

dians,  particularly  the  Menomonees,  was  very  close,  and  their 
influence  with  them  very  strong,  almost  potential.  Some  of  the 
more  shrewd  among  them  very  soon  penetrated  the  ambitions  de« 
sign  of  WnxiAKs,  which  was  no  less  than  a  total  snbjngation  of 
the  whole  country,  and  the  establishm.ent  of  •an  Indian  govern-* 
meni;,  of  which  he  was  to  be  the  sole  dictator.  The  French*  and 
traders  immediately  organized  into  an  opposition  to  the  whole 
programme  of  the  delegates.  They  were  familiar  with  the  Me- 
nomonees  and  Winnebagoes,  present  at  their  debates,  couiiselled 
and  advised  with  them  in  their  deliberations,  and  when  the  an- 
swer of  the  Menomonees  and  Winnebagoes  was  given,  it  was  a 
deliberate  and  decided  refusal  to  cede  them  an  inch  of -soil  west 
of  Lake  Michigan.  It  was  plain  to  all,  that  the  French  and  half 
breeds  had  answered,  and  not  the  Indians.  The'  delegates  ex- 
pressed as  much  in  their  reply  and  affectionately  requested  their 
brothers  to  re-consider  the  matter,  and  answer  for  themselves,  in- 
dependent of  the  French  and  half  breeds. 

Several  days  Were  spent  by  both  parties  in  out-door  discussions ; 
the  French  and  half  breed  interest,  finding  their  position  not 
safely  tenable,  counselled  a  kind  of  compromise,  which  being 
adopted,  resulted  in  proposing  a  cession  to  their  Eastern  brethren, 
the  Not-ta-ways,  of  a  strip  of  land  five  miles  in  width,  running 
across  the  Fox  Biver  at  Little  Chute  as  a  centre,  and  thence  to 
the  North-west  and  South-east,  equi-distant  with  their  claims  or 
possessions.  In  offering  this  cession  to  the  delegates  as  their  nl-' 
timatnm,  these  tribes  urged  their  limited  possessions,  the  poverty 
of  their  hunting  grounds,  and  their  inability  in  consequence  to 
subsist  their  people  !  The  possessions  of  the  Menomonees  then 
reached  from  the  mouth  of  Oreen  Bay  to  the  Milwaukee  Biver, 
North  and  South,  and  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi, 
Southeast  and  North-west.  Those  of  the  Winnebagoes  included 
all  the  remainder  of  what  is  now  known  as  SoTitiiem  Wisconsin, 
except  the  inconsiderable  tract  we&t  of  Sugar  River,  claitned  by 
flie  Sauks  and  Foxes.  They  were  very  much  crowded,  of  course  t 
The  delegates  saw  that  the  object  was,  by  placing  them  on  a 
54 


426 

great  tfaorougbfare,  the  Fox  Biver,  between  these  two  tribes,  to 
establish  saeh  a  surFeillaace  orer  them  as  effeetuaUj  to  prevent 
anj  design  or  movement  the  New  York  Indians  might  erer  at- 
tempt, contrary  to  the  wishes  or  intereats  of  the  gmtees,  or 
the  F^nch  inhabitants.  After  mnch  deliberation,  and  a  good 
deal  of  hesitation^  it  was  coneladed  on  the  advice  chiefly  of  Hkh* 
DBicKythe  Ko-he>kim-nack  chief,  to  accept  the  grant  A  treaty  waa 
acoordiogly  drawn  np  by  Mr.  TsowBRnx^x,  and  signed  by  the  par- 
ties on  the  18th  o(  Angnst^and  witnessed  by  the  citizens  and  U. 
8*  officers  at  the  poet  Five  hundred  dollars  were  paid  the  Me- 
nomooees  and  Winnebagoes  at  the  time,  and  fifteen  huidred 
dollars  stipulated  to  be  paid  in  goods  the  following  year,  in  fnll 
fi»r  the  ceeeion. 

On  returning  to  New  York,  Mr.  Willlucs  found  a  more  formi- 
dable opposition  to  his  proc6eding8,than  he  had  met  with  at  Green 
Bay.  The  Oneidas  had  held  several  councils  disapproving  of  the 
whole  plan  of  removing  to  Green  Bay,  condemning  Mr.  Williajcb' 
movements  in  the  most  severe  terms,  formally  and  soleomly  repu- 
diating the  purchase  at  the  West,  and  announcing,  in  the  moat 
earnest  manner  possible,  their  determination  never  to  remove.. 
All  the  other  tribes,  except  the  St  Begis,  very  soon  took  corres- 
ponding action  on  the  subject,  and  censured  in  the  severest  man- 
ner the  young  men,  delegates,  who  had  assumed  as  such^  to 
pledge  the  several  tribes  to  their  Western  brethren.  These  pro* 
ceedings  were  duly  laid  before  the  Wai:  Department  The  Onei- 
das immediately  Uivided  into  two  parties  on  this  question,  as  did 
also  the  Onondagas  and  Toscaroras.  The  Senecas,  as  a  body,  all 
remained  under  the  influence  of  their  head  chief,  steadily  op- 
posed. 

The  tact  and  skill  ot  Wiluaks  among  the  Indians,  and  the 
Ogden  Land  Oompany  with  the  Department,  enabled  the  friends 
of  the  measure  to  prosecute  it  still  farther;  all  the  old  delegates 
in  all  the  tribes  remained  true,  and  induced  considerable  num- 
bers of  their  immediate  friends  to  join  them.  They  had  no  idea 
9f  remaining  satisfiied  with  the  trifling  oe«sion  obtained  cf  tbf 


487 

Menomonees  and  Winnebagoea  in  1821,  but  determined  on  a  re- 
newed effort  tbe  next  year  for  its  extension.  Notwithstanding  the 
remonstrances  of  the  opposition,  a  q^w  order  was  obtained  from 
the  War  Department,  providing  for  another  visit  to  Green  Bay. 
The  delegation  was  still  larger  than  t^e  former  year.  John  Sbb- 
osANT,  Jr.,  was  commissioned  by  Gov.  Oass  to  superintend  such 
farther  n^otiations  as  might  be  bad,  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States.  The  party  arrived  at  the  Bay  on  the  1st  of  September, 
1822,  and  took  possession  of  the  old  Indian  Agency  House,  on 
tbe  west  side  of  the  Fox,  which  had  been  vacated  by  the  decease 

of  Ool.  BOWYEE. 

In  about  ten  days  the  Menomonees  and  Winnebagoes  assembled 
to  greet  their  new  friends  the  Nd  taways^  as  they  called  the  New 
York  Indians,  and  to  receive  the  $1600  payment,  in  goods,  on 
the  cession  of  1821.  Such  an  assemblage  of  wild  Indians,  young 
and  old,  women  and  papooses,  was  seldom  seen.  Of  the  two 
tribes,  there  could  not  have  been  le^s  than  five  thousand  souls, 
besides  the  New  Yorkers,  the  French^  half  breeds,  and  Ameri- 
cans. The  best  specimen  of  Indian  character,  and  especially  of 
a  war  dance,  ever  seen  by  the  writer,  was  there  given  for  several 
days.  The  Winnebagoes,  of  that  day  at  least,  exhibited  the 
Ittrgest,  most  perfectly  formed  set  of  both  men  and  women,  almost 
ever  seen  anywhere.  The  great  display  of  action  and  muscle  in 
these  dancee^struck  the  beholder  with  admiration  and  terror.  The 
%  ring  round  the  dancers  contained  several  thousand,  all  singing  is 
chorus  to  the  lead  of  the  chief  drummer ;  the  voices  of  the  Win- 
nebago women  prevailing  in  clarion  tones  above  the  whole. 

The  payment  of  the  fifteen  hundred  dollars  worth  of  goods,was 
made  with  as  much  ceremony  as  possible  by  the  delegates,  ae- 
companied  by  a  set  speech  setting  forth  the  great  advantages  that 
would  be  derived  to  their  Western  brethren  by  their  settling 
among  them.  After  the  payment  and  the  proper  receipts  of  ac- 
knowledgment on  the  treaties,  followed  feasting,  dancing,  and  a 
general  hilarity  for  two  days.  The  delegates  then  invited  the 
Menomonees  and  Winnebagoes  to  a  formal  council,  and  renewed 


428 


great  thi 
establiBl 
My  desi 
tempts 

the 
deal 

acoox-d  i 
tiea  o 

nomo 
dollar* 
fortir 
Oil 
dabla 
Bay. 
whol^ 
moyer' 
diatiri 
earoB 

Allt" 

pood 

ner  '^ 

pledf 

ceed 

dasi 

aI«o 

poae 
T 
Og, 

oft 

W 
9f: 


llm  nftMii  fi»r  a  fiirtlior  extension  of  territory 
iimI  a  iiiiml.  Illinriil  ciHor  in  tho  shape  of  aunt 
wi'iM  |Mn|iii»iMl  In  vain.  Tlio  Winnobagoes  gav< 
MinmlMH  lurlluM'  i\rK'»t.latlonB.  That  tribe  sooi 
\\y\^\^\\  hi  llu^lr  huntn.  Tho  Monomonoes  lingei 
un(  U\(u  oo»\noll  wUh  tho  dologatoB,  which  coi 
n»*  mn \y\vk\  \\\\\^^  null  ttnally  rosnlted  in  the  grei 
^»i\^\  Mu\  Now  \\M^k  luiUan;*  the  foot  hold  on 
\\\\\\  \\^\\^  \\\  Y^\\  \>\A\utauud  to  th?s  day.  T!:^ 
A  U>^^»''>;  0xM\w\NUv\Atu^*.\  civ.vJ  to  :l.e  Xew  T.^ 

\ 


V\ 


*• 


<•  \^  v^ 


>.      ^ 


\ 

V 

V 


«.  *        ■««.        M 


«      « 


•»       «    ..     ~ 


•^-.  i"»  r 


.429 

428 

naU  immigrant  party  of  some  fifty  of  the  Stockbridges, 

ensioa  of  territ:r ame  on  this  year,  located  late  ia  the  fall  at  the  Grand 
the  shape  of  ani^^  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Riyer.  The  year  following, 
)  WinnebagoesSS't  tribe,  which  had  joined  the  Mofae-kunnncks  in  the  pnr- 
tid.  Tliat  tribe  3i«>  wit,  the  Munsees,  became  identified  in  the  interest,  and 
Menomonees  linpP^^J  ^^  *^^  Brothertowns  reached  Green  Bay  the  follow- 
o\*4:fttofl,  wMck  ^y  and  located  at  LittJe  Kakalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
rr^eultoilintlic.'^ 

•^A  fiX^th-^Ii  leveral  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians  now  hoped  to  be 

/i^t^Udiv.  ?>ccupy,  without  further  hindrance  or  trouble,  their  new 

-' r»^ -.. >V- J^^^^'^y  with  the  Menomonees;   but  subsequent  events 

''  ^^/*^  *  ,     . .  theix  wishes  but  half  attained.    The  whites  and  traders 

' .  .^  ^  -jn  Bay  saw  that  the  Menomonees  had  been  grossly  over- 

"  "^  '/     1^-^     ^J  *^®"^  ^^^^  friends,  the  New  York  Indians,  in  a  bargain. 

"'    "  .  *  .*  J  .  ary  soon  showed  that  tribe,  that  in  making  the  Not-taways 

^  -"  ^    *  '     wners  with  them  in  their  country,  they  could  no  longer 

their  own  affairs,  especially  in  the  great  business  of  treat- 
fa  their  great  Father;  that  the  New  York  Indians,  if  their 
were  to  stand,  would,  in  a  short  time,  out-general  them  in 
and  probably  in  numbers,  and  put  them  completely  in  the 
'"  round  in  all  public  matters.    The  arguments  had  their  ef- 
'  '*  J""r  .    "d  in  a  short  time  the  Menomonees  repented  of  the  bargain, 
-.  -  -      ight  means  to  invalidate  the  treaties.    The  same  ingenuity 
**'     had  helped  them  to  a  dislike,  found  a  ready  pretext  for 
g  and  repudiating  the  treaties,  especially  the  last  one.    It 
—  -'id,  that  at  the  treaty  of  1822,  several  of  the  chiefs  highest 
lority  were  uot  present,  which,  being  true,  gave  the  tribe 
.  .— --  '   .  reason  fbr  denying  and  with-holding  sanction  to  the  ar- 
~    .    naent    As^  usual  in  such  cases,  the  Menomonees  separated 
_-    -    '  7o  parties,  the  one  adhering  to  the  treaties  and  the  interest 
-   •"  *  ",j  New  York  Indians,  the  other  denying  them  and  resisting 
rights  to  any  part  of  the  country.    The  adverse  party  had 
apport  of  all  the  trading  interest,  together  with  most  of  the 
"*  ^  _      oreeds,  and  soon  became  the  strongest*  both  in  point  of  in- 
-   -     je  and  numbers. 


•■^ 


428 

the  eflFort  foip  a  further  extension  of  territory.  Every  argument 
and  a  most  liberal  offer  in  the  shape  of  annaities  for  ten  years, 
were  proposed  in  vain.  The  Winnebagoes  gave  the  answer,  stoutly 
refusing  further  negotiations.  That  tribe  soon  left  in  a  body  to 
repair  to  their  hunts.  The  Menomonees  lingered,  and  were  again 
got  into  council  with  the  delegates,  which  conference  continued 
for  several  days,  and  finally  resulted  in  the  great  transaction  which 
g^e  the  New  York  Indians  the  foot  hold  on  Fox  River,  which 
they  have  in  part  maintained  to  this  day.  The  Menomonees,  for 
a  trifling  consideration,  ceded  to  the  'New  York  Indians  a  riffhi 
in  common  to  the  whole  of  their  lands.  Although  some  two  of  the 
principal  chiefs  were  not  present  to  join  in  this  important  cession, 
this  treaty,  as  well  as  the  one  of  the  previous  year,  were  approved 
by  the  President,  and  the  New  York  Indians  thereby  recognized 
as  joint  owners  with  the  Menomonees  of  all  their  immense  ter- 
ritories comprising  nearly  half  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.* 

*  TUb  trvaty  or  purchww  indaded  all  the  eoon^,  beginning  at  the  GwafL  EaftBlin,  oa  Fox  BItst, 
ttMDoa  east  on  the  lower  line  of  the  purchaae  of  the  Hew  Toifc  Indians  of  the  pnceiiagje^t,  to  or 
equl-dlatant  with  the  Man-a-wah-ki-ah  (Milwaukee)  River;  thence  down  said  rlrer  to  its  mouth;  thenee 
Bortiieri/,  on  the  bordere  of  Lako  Mlehigan,  to  and  aeroae  the  month  of  Gteea  Biy,  ao  aa  to  Inclada  aU 
the  ifhuids  of  the  Grand  lyareree ;  thence  Irom  the  month  of  Gr^n  Bay  northerly,  to  the  Baj  d* 
Noque,  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  thence  a  westerly  course,  on  the  hcighth  of  land  separating  the  watem 
ol  Lskes  Snperlor  and  Michigan,  to  the  head  of  thoMenoBumee  River ;  fhenee  eontbnUng  xMBXlx.tlM 
nne  oounie  vntll  it  strikes  the  north-eastern  bonndaiy  line  of  the  land  porohaaed  Igr  the  New  YoUl 
Indians  the  year  preceding,  and  thence  south-easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning.    This  api>ean  to  haxe 
been  a  complete  cession  of  "aU  the  rlgh^  title,  interest  and  dalm**  of  the  Menomoneea^  to  the  oovntiy 
deacilbed,  reserving,  howerer,  •*  the  free  permission  and  privilege  of  occnpyiqg  and  residing  upon  the 
lands  heroin  ceded,  in  conunoa  with  them— the  Stockbridge,  Oneida,  Tuscarora,  St.  Regis  and  Muneee 
nations  ;  Provided  nevarthdeu,  That  they,  the  Menomoaee  nation,  shall  not  in  any  manner  lafHage 
vpoB  any  settleaaents  or  improvements  whatever,  which  may  be  in  any  manaar  made  V  ^^  *>Ul 
Stoekbridge,  Oneida, Tuscarora,  St.  Regis,  or  Munsee  nations."    The  consideration  was  one  thonaand 
doUan  in  goods  to  bo  paid  in  hand,  and  one  thousand  dollars  more  in  goods  tlie  next  year,  and  *  almi- 
lar  wnoan*  the  year  following.    This  treatj  was  concluded  Sept  SSd,  1892.    Bat  JVesldent  Moxmm 
£d  not  approve,  to  its  full  extent,  this  purehadb ;  his  approval,  bearing  date  March  13th,  1823,  is  thrts 
qnslifled  :    **  The  aforegoing  Instrument  is  approved  so  fiir  aa  tt  conveys  to  the  Stoekbridge,  Onetds, 
Tdflcaron^  St.  Regis,  and  Mansee  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians^  thatt  portion  of  the  oouatiy  thenfaa  de- 
aoribed,  which  lies  between  Sturgeon  Bay,  Green  Bay,  Fox  River,  that  part  of  the  former  pnrefaaae 
made  by  said  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  of  the  Menomonee  and  Winnebago  Indians,  on  the  8th  of 
AagaiA,  1821,  which  Uet  sooth  of  Fox  River,  and  a  Ujm  drawaih>m  the  sonth-eaatem  extremity  of  osM 
pnrdUMe  to  the  head  of  Sturgeon  Bay,  and  no  farther ;  that  quantity  being  deemed  soffideat  Ibr  the 
nse  of  the  flrat  befbre-mentloned  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians."    This  trea^,  and  that  of  the  preoedin^ 
year,  may  be  found  In  AiU,  appnded  to  the  jiddress  of  Hon.  MMOAjf  h,  ILsianx  before  the  WUmmaim 
JBUU  HUUm'cal  »  eitt%  Jan.  21, 1861.  L.  C.  D. 


429 

The  &maU  immigrant  party  of  some  fiftj  of  the  Stockbridgee, 
which  came  on  this  year,  located  late  in  the  fall  at  the  Grand 
£akalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Kiver.  The  year  following, 
another  tribe,  which  had  joined  the  Mohe-knnnacks  in  the  pur- 
chase, to  wit,  the  Munsees,  became  identified  in  the  interest,  and 
a  small  party  of  the  Brothertowns  reached  Green  Bay  the  follow* 
ing  year,  and  located  at  Little  KakaUn,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river. 

The  several  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians  now  hoped  to  be 
able  to  occupy,  without  further  hindrance  or  trouble,  their  new 
homes,  jointly  with  the  Menomonees;  but  subsequent  events 
proved  their  wishes  but  half  attained.  The  whites  and  traders 
at  Green  Bay  saw  that  the  Menomonees  bad  been  grossly  over- 
reached by  their  new  friends,  the  New  York  Indians,  in  a  bargain. 
Ihey  very  soon  showed  that  tribe,  that  in  making  the  Not'tav3ay% 
equal  owners  with  them  in  their  country,  they  could  no  longer 
control  their  own  affairs,  especially  in  the  great  business  of  treat- 
ing with  their  great  Father;  that  the  New  York  Indians,  if  their 
treaties  were  to  stand,  would,  in  a  short  time,  out-general  them  in 
tactics,  and  probably  in  numbers,  and  put  them  completely  in  the 
back  ground  in  all  public  matters.  The  arguments  had  their  ef- 
fect, and  in  a  short  time  the  Menomonees  repented  of  the  bargain, 
and  sought  means  to  invalidate  the  treaties.  The  same  ingenuity 
which  had  helped  them  to  a  dislike,  found  a  ready  pretext  for 
denying  and  repudiating  the  treaties,  especially  the  last  one.  It 
was  said,  that  at  the  treaty  of  1822,  several  of  the  chiefs  highest 
.  in  authority  were  not  present,  which,  being  true,  gave  the  tribe 
a  good  reason  for  denying  and  with-holding  sanction  to  the  ar- 
rangement As*  usual  in  such  cases,  the  Menomonees  separated 
into  two  parties,  the  one  adhering  to  the  treaties  and  the  interest 
of  the  New  York  Indians,  the  other  denying  them  and  resisting 
their  rights  to  any  part  of  the  country.  The  adverse  party  had 
the  support  of  all  the  trading  interest,  together  with  most  of  the 
half  breeds,  and  soon  became  the  strongest,  both  in  point  of  in- 
fluence and  numbers. 


428 

the  effort  for  a  hirther  extension  of  territory.  Every  argument 
and  a  most  liberal  offer  in  the  shape  of  annuities  for  ten  years, 
were  proposed  in  vain.  The  Winnebagoes  gave  the  answer,  stoutly 
refusing  further  negotiations.  That  tribe  soon  left  in  a  body  to 
repair  to  their  hunts.  The  Menomonees  lingered,  and  were  again 
got  into  council  with  the  delegates,  which  conference  continued 
for  several  days,  and  finally  resulted  in  the  great  transaction  which 
g^e  the  New  York  Indians  the  foot-hold  on  Fox  Eiver,  which 
they  have  in  part  maintained  to  this  day.  The  Menomonees,  for 
a  trifling  consideration,  ceded  to  the  'New  York  Indians  a  ri^ht 
in  common  to  the  whole  of  their  lands.  Although  some  two  of  the 
principal  chiefs  were  not  present  to  join  in  this  important  cession, 
this  treaty,  as  well  as  the  one  of  the  previous  year,  were  approved 
by  the  President,  and  the  New  York  Indians  thereby  recognized 
as  joint  owners  with  the  Menomonees  of  all  their  immense  ter- 
ritories comprising  nearly  half  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.* 


*  lUs  tTMty  or  parchww  i&daded  all  the  eoimtry,  beginnlDg  at  Iha  Giana  Katelia,  oa  Fox  BItst, 
ttMnoa  east  on  the  lower  line  of  the  purchase  of  the  Mew  Yatk  IiMUaiu  of  the  pxecedinf  year,  to  or 
eqni-diatant  with  the  Man-a-wah-ki-ah  (Milvraukee)  Riircr;  thence  down  said  rirer  to  ita  mouth;  thenea 
Bortheilj,  on  the  bordert  of  Lake  Miohlgan,  to  and  acroaa  the  laoath  of  Green  Biy,  m  aa  to  ladnda  all 
the  Ulands  of  the  Grand  TraTerae ;  thenoe  from  the  mouth  of  Grfen  Bay  nortfaerlji  to  the  Baj  d9 
Noque,  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  thence  a  westerly  course,  on  the  heighth  of  land  separating  the  watera 
ol  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  to  the  head  of  the  Menomonee  River ;  the&ee  eontiiming  neavl^flM 
nne  oomne  u^tU  it  strikes  the  north-eastern  bonndaiy  line  of  the  land  purduued  Igr  the  K«w  Yoik 
Indiana  the  year  preceding,  and  thenoe  south-easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning.    This  appears  to  hare 
been  a  complete  cession  ef  «an  therlgh^  title,  interest  and  dlalm*'  of  the  Meiioinonees^  to  the  oovntrf 
daacilbed,  rsserTingi  howerer,  **  tiie  fireo  permission  and  piirilege  of  occupying  and  residing  i^n  tha 
landa  herein  ceded,  in  common  with  them— the  Stockbridge,  Oneida,  Tnscarora^  St.  Regis  and  Mimaee 
nations  ;  Pnnided  neverthdesa,  That  they,  the  Menomonee  nation,  shall  not  in  any  manner  inlHnga 
«poB  any  settlements  or  ImproTements  whateveri  which  may  be  in  any  mannar  made  V  tba  mJ4 
Stockbridge,  Oneida, Tuscarora,  St.  Regis,  or  Munsee  nations."    The  consideration  was  one  thonnad 
dollars  In  goods  to  be  paid  in  hand,  and  one  thousand  dollars  more  in  goods  the  next  year,  and  a  rimt' 
tar  wnonnt  the  year  following.    This  treaty  was  oenclnf  ed  Sept  3Sd,  1832.    But  Pirestdent  Mosbm 
£d  sot  approve,  to  ita  full  extent,  this  purehaA ;  his  approval,  bearing  date  March  13th,  1823,  ia  th4s 
quaUfled  :    <<The  aforegoing  iDstrument  Is  approved  so  far  aa  !t  eonreys  to  the  Stocklnidge,  Oneida, 
thvearoia,  St  Begis,  and  Munsee  trtles  or  natlona  of  lndlaai,tha(fc  portion  of  tha  oooatiy  therain  da- 
scribed,  which  lies  between  Sturgeon  Bay,  Green  Bay,  Fox  River,  that  part  of  the  former  pnrdiace 
made  by  said  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  of  the  Menotnonee  and  Winnebago  Indiana,  on  tiia  8tti  «C 
Avgnat^  1821,  which  Ueii  south  of  Fox  Biver,  and  a  line  drawaiW>m  the  so«th-«aatem  axtremlty  of  mM 
psrchase  to  the  head  of  Sturgeon  Bay,  and  no  further ;  that  quantity  being  deemed  sufficient  fbr  the 
use  of  the  first  befbre*mentioned  tribes  or  nations  of  Indiana."    This  treaty,  and  that  of  the  preeeding^ 
yaar,  may  be  found  in  ftaU,  appandea  to  the  jiddrasa  of  Hon.  MMOAir  L.  Xanxm  befot«  the  WUmmaim 
Aate  mtlorieal  S  cirfy,  Jan.  21, 1861.  L.  C  I>, 


4&9 

,  The  small  immigrant  party  of  some  fifty  of  the  Stockbridges, 
which  came  on  this  year,  located  late  ia  the  fall  at  the  Grand 
£akalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Kiyer.  The  year  following, 
another  tribe,  which  had  joined  the  Mo-fae-kannncks  in  the  pur- 
chase, to  wit,  the  Munsees,  became  identified  in  the  interest,  and 
a  small  party  of  the  Brothertowns  reached  Green  Bay  the  follow* 
ing  year,  and  located  at  Little  Kakalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river. 

The  several  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians  now  hoped  to  be 
able  to  occupy,  without  furthor  hindrance  or  trouble,  their  new 
homes,  jointly  with  the  Menomonees;  bnt  subsequent  events 
proved  their  wishes  but  half  attained.  The  whites  and  traders 
at  Green  Bay  saw  that  the  Menomonees  had  been  grossly  over- 
reached by  their  new  friends,  the  New  York  Indians,  in  a  bargain. 
They  very  soon  showed  that  tribe,  that  in  making  the  Not-taways 
equal  owners  with  them  in  their  country,  they  could  no  longer 
control  their  own  affairs,  especially  in  the  great  business  of  treat- 
ing with  their  great  Father;  that  the  New  York  Indians,  if  their 
treaties  were  to  stand,  would,  in  a  short  time,  out-general  them  in 
tactics,  and  probably  in  numbers,  and  put  them  completely  in  the 
back  ground  in  all  public  matters.  The  arguments  had  their  ef- 
fect, and  in  a  short  time  the  Menomonees  repented  of  the  bargain, 
and  sought  means  to  invalidate  the  treaties.  The  same  ingenuity 
which  had  helped  them  to  a  dislike,  found  a  ready  pretext  for 
denying  and  repudiating  the  treaties,  especially  the  last  one.  It 
was  said,  that  at  the  treaty  of  1822,  several  of  the  chiefs  highest 
in  authority  were  not  present,  which,  being  true,  gave  the  tribe 
a  good  reason  ibr  denying  and  witii-holding  sanction  to  the  ar- 
rangement As*  usual  in  such  cases,  the  Menomonees  separated 
into  two  parties,  the  one  adhering  to  the  treaties  and  the  interest 
of  the  New  York  Indians,  the  other  denying  them  and  resisting 
their  rights  to  any  part  of  the  country.  The  adverse  party  had 
the  support  of  all  the  trading  interest,  together  with  most  of  the 
half  breeds,  and  soon  became  the  strongest,  both  in  point  of  in- 
fluence and  numbers. 


428 

the  eflFort  foip  a  further  extension  of  territory.  Every  argnment 
and  a  most  liberal  offer  in  the  shape  of  annnities  for  ten  years, 
were  proposed  in  vain.  The  Winnebagoes  gave  the  answer,  stoutly 
refusing  further  negotiations.  That  tribe  soon  left  in  a  body  to 
repair  to  their  hunts.  The  Menomonees  lingered,  and  were  again 
got  into  council  with  the  delegates,  which  conference  continued 
for  several  days,  and  finally  resulted  in  the  great  transaction  which 
g^e  the  New  York  Indians  the  foothold  on  Fox  River,  which 
they  have  in  part  maintained  to  this  day.  The  Menomonees,  for 
a  trifling  consideration,  ceded  to  the  New  York  Indians  a  riffhi 
in  common  to  the  whole  of  their  lands.  Although  some  two  of  the 
principal  chiefs  were  not  present  to  join  in  this  important  cession, 
this  treaty,  as  well  as  the  one  of  the  previous  year,  were  approved 
by  the  President,  and  the  New  York  Indians  thereby  recognized 
as  joint  owners  with  the  Menomonees  of  all  their  immense  ter- 
ritories comprising  nearly  half  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.* 


*  Thj«  tTMty  or  |»DKiha80  inoladed  all  the  eonntry,  beginoiog  at  Ihe  GnnS.  Katelin,  oa  Fox  Biw, 
ttk«Doe  Met  on  the  lower  line  of  the  purchara  of  tl^e  Mew  York  IncUane  of  the  precediagyear,  to  or 
eqni-dlBtant  with  the  Xan-a-wah-ki-ah  (Miliraukee)  River;  thence  down  said  rirer  to  ita  mouth;  thenee 
■oriheilj,  on  the  borderi  of  Lake  Miefaigaa,  to  and  aeroM  the  month  of  Grcea  Bi^,  ao  ai  to  Indiida  all 
the  Ulanda  of  the  Grand  Trarene ;  thence  Irom  the  month  of  Grten  Bay  northerly,  to  the  Bay  d« 
Noqne,  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  thenoe  a  westerly  coarse,  on  the  hcighth  of  land  leparating  the  waters 
ol  Lakee  Snperior  and  Michigan,  to  the  head  of  the  Menomonee  River ;  fhcnee  eontlBning  nepAl^tlM 
■HBO  oouxve  until  it  strikes  the  north-oasterA  boondaiy  line  of  tb»  land  porehsaed  Iff  the  K«w  TodC 
fcidiana  the  year  preceding,  and  thenoe  south-easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning.    This  appean  to  hare 
been  a  complete  cession  of  <<aH  the  right,  title,  interest  and  olalm*'  of  the  MokioiiKmeei^  to  the  oovntiy 
deacilbed,  reserviogi  howerer,  **  the  free  permission  and  prlTilege  of  ocenpying  and  residing  vqpon  tbe 
lands  herein  ceded,  in  common  with  them — the  Stockbridge,  Onetds^  Tascarora,  St.  Regis  and  Munaee 
nations ;  Provided  nevarthde»$t  That  they,  the  Menomonee  nation,  shall  not  In  any  aaaaner  laiUiif* 
vpOB  any  settlements  or  improTOments  whatevvr,  which  may  be  in  Miy  maimer  made  Iq^  the  aaid 
Stockbridge,  Oneida,  Tuscarora,  St.  Rcgl^  or  Mnnsee  nations."    The  consideration  was  one  thonaaad 
dollars  In  goods  to  be  paid  in  hand,  and  one  thousand  dollars  more  in  goods  the  mext  year,  and  a  afml* 
lar  aanonnt  the  year  following.    This  treaty  was  concluded  Sept  38d,  1822.   Bnt  Pit^dent  If  osbm 
£d  not  approve,  to  ita  full  extent,  this  pnreha^  ;  his  approval,  bearing  date  March  13th,  1823,  ia  thtt 
qualified  :    **  The  aforegoing  instrument  Is  approved  so  fiir  aa  !t  conveys  to  the  Stockbridge,  Oneida, 
Vknaroza,  St  Begis,  and  Mnnsee  triles  or  nations  of  Jndlaai,  thai  portion  of  the  eonntiy  thenfai  da- 
aoribe^  which  lies  between  Sturgeon  Bay,  Green  Bay,  Fox  River,  that  part  of  the  fbrmer  parchaaa 
made  by  said  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  of  the  Menomonee  and  Winnebago  In<Uan8,  on  tho  8tti  of 
Aagost^  1821,  wMoh  Uea  south  of  Fox  Bivar,  and  a  liM  drawaiW>m  the  sonth-eaatem  aztremi^  of  nM 
porehase  to  the  head  of  Sturgeon  Bay,  and  no  farther ;  that  quantity  being  deemed  sufficient  fbr  tha 
use  of  the  flrst  before-mentioned  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians.*'    This  treaty,  and  that  of  the  ^^eedin^ 
yaas',  Soay  be  fonud  in  fall,  appettded  to  the  jiddnss  of  Han.  MOBOAjf  L.  XHHrm  beion  the  IWnpiaafti 
Aate  JKtUn-ictxt  S  ekty,  Jan.  21, 1861.  L.  a  I>. 


42d 

Tiie  small  immigrant  party  of  acme  fifty  of  the  Stockbridges, 
which  came  on  this  year,  located  late  ia  the  fall  at  the  Grand 
£akaliii,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Kiver.  The  year  following, 
another  tribe,  which  had  joined  the  Mofae-kannacks  in  the  pur- 
chase, to  wit,  the  Munsees,  became  identified  in  the  interest,  and 
a  small  party  of  the  Brothertowns  reached  Green  Bay  the  follow* 
ing  year,  and  located  at  Little  Kakalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river. 

The  several  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians  now  hoped  to  be 
able  to  occupy,  without  further  hindrance  or  trouble,  their  new 
homes,  jointly  with  the  Menomonees;  but  subsequent  events 
proved  their  wishes  but  half  attained.  The  whites  and  traders 
at  Green  Bay  saw  that  the  Menomonees  had  been  grossly  over- 
reached by  their  new  friends,  the  New  York  Indians,  in  a  bargain. 
They  very  soon  showed  that  tribe,  that  in  making  the  Not-tawaye 
equal  owners  with  them  in  their  country,  they  could  no  longer 
control  their  own  affairs,  especially  in  the  great  bueiness  of  treat- 
ing with  their  great  Father;  that  the  New  York  Indians,  if  their 
treaties  were  to  stand,  would,  in  a  short  time,  out-general  them  in 
tactics,  and  probably  in  numbers,  and  put  them  completely  in  the 
back  ground  in  all  public  matters.  The  arguments  had  their  ef- 
fect, and  in  a  short  time  the  Menomonees  repented  of  the  bargain, 
and  sought  means  to  invalidate  the  treaties.  The  same  ingenuity 
which  had  helped  them  to  a  dislike,  found  a  ready  preteft  for 
denying  and  repudiating  the  treaties,  especially  the  last  one*  It 
was  said,  that  at  the  treaty  of  1822,  several  of  the  chiefs  highest 
in  authority  were  not  present,  which,  being  true,  gave  the  tribe 
a  good  reason  fbr  denying  and  witfa-holding  sanction  to  the  ar- 
rangement. As' usual  in  such  cases,  the  Menomonees  separated 
into  two  parties,  the  one  adhering  to  the  treaties  and  the  interest 
of  the  New  York  Indians,  the  other  denying  them  and  resisting 
their  rights  to  any  part  of  the  country.  The  adverse  party  had 
the  support  of  all  the  trading  interest,  together  with  most  of  the 
half  breeds,  and  soon  became  the  strongest,  both  in  point  of  in- 
fluence and  numbers. 


428 

the  eflFort  foy  a  further  extension  of  territory.  Every  argument 
and  a  most  liberal  offer  in  the  shape  of  annuities  for  ten  years, 
were  proposed  in  vain.  The  Winnebagoes  gave  the  answer,  stoutly 
refusing  further  negotiations.  That  tribe  soon  left  in  a  body  to 
repair  to  their  hunts.  The  Menomonees  lingered,  and  were  again 
got  into  council  with  the  delegates,  which  conference  continued 
for  several  days,  and  finally  resulted  in  the  great  transaction  which 
g^e  the  New  York  Indians  the  foothold  on  Fox  Eiver,  which 
they  have  in  part  maintained  to  this  day.  The  Menomonees,  for 
a  trifling  consideration,  ceded  to  the  New  York  Indians  a  ri^hi 
in  common  to  the  whole  of  their  lands.  Although  some  two  of  the 
principal  chiefs  were  not  present  to  join  in  this  important  cession, 
this  treaty,  as  well  as  th6  one  of  the  previous  year,  were  approved 
by  the  President,  and  the  New  York  Indians  thereby  recognized 
as  joint  owners  with  the  Menomonees  of  all  their  immense  ter- 
ritories comprising  nearly  half  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin.* 

*  This  tvMty  or  porchMW  indaded  all  the  eonntry,  begianiDg  at  the  Grand  KikaliOi  oa  Fox  RiTOr, 
ttMnoa  oiat  od  the  lower  line  of  the  purchase  of  the  Kew  York  Indlwu  of  tho  precedini^  year,  to  or 
oqul-diatant  with  the  Man-a-wah-ki-ah  (Milwaukee)  River;  thence  down  said  tirer  to  its  month;  thence 
BortiieHy,  on  the  horders  of  Lake  Michigan,  to  MidaeroM  the  month  of  Qreea  Baj,  loai  to  tndnde  all 
tho  islands  of  the  Grand  Trarerse ;  thence  Irom  the  moutli  of  Grfen  Bay  northerly,  to  the  Baj  do 
Noque,  on  Lake  Michigan  ;  thenoe  a  westerly  coarse,  on  the  heighth  of  land  separating  the  waters 
ol  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  to  the  hoad  of  thoMenomonee  River  ;  thenee  eontlnuing  nearijLflw 
nne  ooome  n&tll  it  strikes  the  north-eastern  boandaiy  line  of  tho  land  pnrdiaaed  I9-  the  K«w  Toik 
Indians  the  year  preceding,  and  thence  south-easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning.    This  appears  to  bote 
Iwen  a  complete  cession  of  ■'aH  the  right,  title,  interest  and  dalra*'  of  the  Menomonees^  to  tho  oonntrf 
dsscilbed,  reserving,  howerer,  **  the  firce  permission  and  privilege  of  occupying  and  residing  upon  tho 
lands  lierein  ceded,  in  common  with  them— the  Stockbridge,  Oneida,  Tuscarora,  St.  Regis  and  Msnaee 
nations  ;  Prowled  nevarthdeM,  That  they,  the  Menomonee  nation,  shall  not  in  any  manner  Infiitago 
vpoB  any  settlements  or  improTements  whatever,  which  may  be  In  any  manner  made  bj  tha  as&d 
Stoekbridgo,  Oneida,  Tuscarora,  St  Regis,  or  Honsee  nations/'    The  consideration  was  ono  thousand 
dollars  In  goods  to  bo  paid  in  hand,  and  one  thousand  dollars  more  in  goods  the  next  year,  and  a  riaio 
larwnoont  the  year  following.    This  treaty  was  oonclnded  Sept  23d,  18Q2.    Bot  President  Monwi 
fid  not  approve,  to  its  full  extent,  this  pureha^  ;  his  approval,  bearing  date  March  13th,  1828^  is  thtt 
qnallfled :    **  The  aforegoing  instrument  Is  approved  so  far  as  ft  conveys  to  the  Stockbridge,  OneidS) 
TSdRsroia,  St.  Regis,  and  Mnnsee  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians^  that  portion  of  ths  eonntry  theretn  dt- 
sorlbed,  which  lies  between  Sturgeon  Bay,  Green  Bay,  Fox  River,  that  part  of  the  former  porchsse 
mftde  by  said  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  of  the  Menomonss  and  Winnebago  Indians,  on  the  nh  of 
Angnst,  1821,  which  lies  south  of  Fox  River,  sad  a  lino  draws /h>m  the  sonth-sastom  oxtremi^  of  ssM 
parohase  to  the  head  of  Sturgeon  Bay,  and  no  ft&rther ;  that  quantity  being  deemed  suffident  fbr  the 
ase  of  the  first  befbre-mentloned  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians."    This  treaty,  and  that  of  tho  jweecdiag 
jmtt  nay  bs  found  in  ftill,  appended  to  the  jiddress  of  Hon.  MOaoAjf  L.  MiHTm  beion  the  JWsisasai 
SHU  BitUrricttl  «  cjrfy,  Jan.  21, 1861.  L.  a  D. 


42d 

The  small  immigrant  party  of  aome  fifty  of  the  Stockbridges, 
which  came  on  this  year,  located  late  in  the  fall  at  the  Grand 
£akalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Kiyer.  The  year  following, 
another  tribe,  which  had  joined  the  Mofae-knnnncks  In  the  pur- 
chase, to  wit,  the  Munsees,  became  identified  in  the  interest,  and 
a  small  party  of  the  Brothertowns  reached  Green  Bay  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  located  at  Little  Kakalin,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river. 

The  several  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians  now  hoped  to  be 
able  to  occupy,  without  further  hindrance  or  trouble,  their  new 
homes,  jointly  with  the  Menomonees;  but  subsequent  events 
proved  their  wishes  but  half  attained.  The  whites  and  traders 
at  Green  Bay  saw  that  the  Menomonees  had  been  grossly  over- 
reached by  their  new  friends,  the  New  York  Indians,  in  a  bargain. 
Ihey  very  soon  showed  that  tribe,  that  in  making  the  Not-taways 
equal  owners  with  them  in  their  country,  they  could  no  longer 
control  their  own  affairs,  especially  in  the  great  bueiness  of  treat- 
ing with  their  great  Father;  that  the  New  York  Indians,  if  their 
treaties  were  to  stand,  would,  in  a  short  time,  out-general  them  in 
tactics,  and  probably  in  numbers,  and  put  them  completely  in  the 
back  ground  in  all  public  matters.  The  arguments  had  their  ef- 
fect, and  in  a  short  time  the  Menomonees  repented  of  the  bargain, 
and  sought  means  to  invalidate  the  treaties.  The  same  ingenuity 
which  had  helped  them  to  a  dislike,  found  a  ready  pretext  for 
denying  and  repudiating  the  treaties,  especially  the  last  one.  It 
was  said,  that  at  the  treaty  of  1822,  several  of  the  chiefs  highest 
in  authority  were  not  present,  which,  being  true,  gave  the  tribe 
a  good  reason  ibr  denying  and  with-holding  sanction  to  the  ar- 
rangement. As  usual  in  such  cases,  the  Menornonees  separated 
into  two  parties,  the  one  adhering  to  the  treaties  and  the  interest 
of  the  New  York  Indians,  the  other  denying  them  and  resisting 
their  rights  to  any  part  of  the  oountry.  The  adverse  party  had 
the  support  of  all  the  trading  interest,  together  with  most  of  the 
half  breeds,  and  soon  became  the  strongest,  both  in  point  of  in- 
fluence and  number;:. 


480 

Things  were  scarcely  more  fiiyorable  to  the  Kew  York  Indians 
in  that  State  than  in  the  West  The  opposition  to  the  whole  plan 
became  stronger  with  time,  and  great  bitterness  of  feeling  erinced 
itself  by  every  sort  of  evil,  and  often  false  and  slanderous  report| 
about  the  Western  Indians  and  conntry.  Not  one  of  the  Senecas, 
Tascarorasy  or  Onondagas,  would  hear  a  word  of  emigration.  A 
small  party  of  Oneidas,  together  with  a  second  one  of  the  Stock- 
bridges,  came  out  in  1823 — the  former  under  the  lead  of  Nkddt 
Atbiqust,  located  at  Little  Kakalin,  where  they  remained  until 
1825,  when  they  removed  to  Duck  Creek. 

With  the  opposition  of  a  large  part  of  the  Menomonees  to  the 
treaties,  and  that  of  most  of  the  several  Kew  York  tribes  to  emi- 
gration, the  Stockbridges,  and  ia  few  of  the  Oneidas,  being  the 
only  ones  who  had  come  out,  things  wore  on  with  a  discouraging 
prospect  for  the  ultimate  success  of  Williaacb'  grand  scheme,  and 
the  views  and  interests  of  the  Ogden  Company,  till  the  year  1827, 
when  the  matter  of  the  rights  of  the  New  York  Indians  came  up 
before  the  council,  at  the  treaty  of  Butte  Des  Morts,  Hon.  Lewis 
Oass  and  Col.  Thoma^s  L.  MoKiknbt,  commissioners.*    The  second 

•  It  «u  «t  thii  trwtj,  thAft  OtKKon,  tli«  piMtnt  hmA  Cblor  of  fhA  1E«Bi«momMi,  mt  fint  i«0*g- 
alMd.  Alter  the  Conncil  wm  opeiud,  Qoy.  Cass  nid  .*  **  We  h*Te  obeerred  for  some  ttane  the  Menom- 
•sees  to  be  in  s  bad  litastion  m  to  their  chlefii.  There  Is  no  one  we  eaa  talk  to  m  &e  head  of  tho 
mlhni.  If  a«i7thinf  ehotild  happen,  we  want  ioiM  nan,  who'haa  antbority  In.the  naUcni,  Hiatwe  ein 
iMk  tc^  Yoa  H^pear  like  a  flock  of  geeae,  wltboat  a  leader,  aome  flj  one  w^  and  aoiae  aaother.  To- 
morrow, at  the  opening  of  the  Coandl,  we  shall  appoint  a  principal  chlw  of  the  Menomooeet.  We 
fl^baU  make  enquiry  thie  afternoon,  and  try  to  aelect  the  proper  man.  We  ahall  gl?*  him  tlie  medals 
•Bd  expect  the  Meoomonees  to  reqpect  him.*'  A.  6.  E. 

Ttom  Hahsou*!  Lost  Prince,  or  Life  of  Rev.  Eliaiib  Williaxb,  we  make  the  following  notice  of 
OlBKoiB,  aa  related  in  that  work  In  connection  with  the  treaty  of  Bvtte  dea  Horta,  in  t827 :  *0b  • 
Aiiguat  Tth,  two  young  men  weie  ealled  in  ihmt  of  the  oommieaieaejw (one  named  Ouooai^  aliu  Cla,w, 
the  other  wai  ealled  CAaBOv.)  Col.  McKiitnbt  then  addressed  them,  an^  pat  medals  around  thrir 
Becks.  OiBcoBB  or  Obkoshv,  as  the  name  is  spelled  in  the  printed  treaty,  was  made  head  ehlef ,  and  ttie 
ftilMPe  organ  of  commanieatioB  with  the  ComBnaissioneni  and  thn%  by  his  instrttmentalitr,  the  pro- 
perty of  the  New  York  Indians  was  giyen  oyer  to  the  United  States.  A  short  story,  which  Mr.  Wu- 
UAMS  told  me  in  eonrersatton,  win  show  who  Oisoon  was,  and  what  a  *  proper  pers<m  *  wee  found  in 
Mb.  One  morning,  %t  dawn  of  day,  about  a  year  ffffvioas  to  the  treatr  ^  Bntto  dea  Herts, «  youg 
htiX  breed  Indian,  who  was  |a  distant  lelatiTe  of  Mrs.  Jousdav,  the  mother-in.law  of  Mr.  Wiluams, 
was  paddling  in  his  canee  down  Hell  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Fox  Rtrer.  It  was  still  dazk,  so  that  oh. 
|a^  eonld  not  be  diatineUy  discemed.  As  he  glided  bj  the  tall  reahes  growieg  near  the  bank,  he  6b. 
sailed  them  more,  as  if  aome  animal  was  among  them  Supposing  It  to  be  a  deer,  he  fired  at  the  spot 
where  he  saw  the  motion,  and  then  paddled  through  an  opening  in  the  reads  to  see  the  elTeet  of  Us  shot. 


in 

article  of  that  treaty  is  in  the  following  words,  to  wit :  *•  Much  diffli- 
cnlty  having  arisen  from  the  negotiation  between  the  Menomonee 
and  Winnebafi:o  tribes,  and  the  various  tribes  and  portions  of  tribes 
of  Indians  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  claims  of  the  respec- 
tive parties  being  much  contested,  as  well  with  relation  to  the  ten- 
ure and  boandaries  of  the  two  tracts,  claimed  by  the  said  New  York 
Indians  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  as  to^the  authority  of  the  persons 
who  Eigned  the  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  Menomonees,  and  the 
whole  subject  having  been  examined  at  the  council  this  day  con- 
cluded, and  the  allegations,  proofs  and  statements  of  the  respec- 
tive parties  having  been  entered  upon  the  journal  of  the  com- 
missioners, so  that  the  same  cail  be  decided  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States ;  it  is  agreed  by  the  Menomonees  and  Winne- 
bagoes,  that  so  far  as  respects  their  interest  in  the  premises,  the 
whole  matter  shall  be  referred  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  whose  decision  shall  be  final.  And  the  President 
is  authorized,  on  their  parts,  to  establish  such  boundaries 
between  them  and  the  New  York  Indians,  as  he  may  con- 
sider equitable  and  just.^  The  United  States  Senate,  in  its  rati- 
fication of  this  treaty,  took  care  to  save  the  New  York  Indians, 
by  providing  "  that  the  said  treaty  shall  not  impair  or  effect  any 
right  or  claim  which  the  New  York  Indians,  or  any  of  them,  have 

To  hii  inexpressible  horrori  he  foand  an  Indian  in  hie  eanoe^  which  was  half  drawn  oi^  ahore,  drooping 
Hftlefldy  met  thaaid^  of  hia  bark^  with  a  ehot  through  hia  head.  As  the  deed  traa  afiddantal,  be  had 
BO  viah  io  oonoaal  it,  and  putting  the  body  in  hia  own  canoe,  paddled  dom  to  OfMn  Bt^,  to  tha  tA* 
campment  of  Ouooas,  ai  the  Indian  UUed  belonged  to  his  party.  On  landing,  he  went  stmit  to  Oiscoss, 
and  informed  him  of  what  had  happened,  when  Onootf,  who  waa  drank  at  the  time,  drew  hU  knU^,  and 
pluigiBg  It  Tepeatedlj  Into  hia  body,  eontlnaed  stabUng  him  tUI  he  waa  dead.  He  waf  saReated  far 
murder,  bnt  aa  he  waa  a  man  of  great  inflaenoe  among  HiB  Indians,  was  acquitted.  Bat  tiiongh  he  had 
escaped  the  law,  there  waa  another  tribonal,  of  a  dlfTerent  kind,  to  which  he  was  itiH  exposed*  then  is 
•  traditiotatt  tmtltiitlfm  anoiig  the  Indlaa^  ynf  similar  to  the  avenger  of  Weod.  Mts.  l<NiiiMJi,  u 
the  relatire  of  the  slain,  and  a  medicine  ieoaia«,  had  only i  according  to  the  custom  of  the  nation,  to 
tako  a  pipe  and  a  war-dnb^  and  lay  them  down  at  the  feet  of  any  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Menomonees,  and 
yroBoanceiheiunna'  OHieoM^*  in  ecder  to  Ittnre  a  Inst  and  ioamedbrta  MtcUmtiDB.  Whantfc#  4af 
appointed  for  the  oonndl  at  Batte  des  Horts  drew  near,  fearing  that  nnlesa  he  waa  reoojiielled  with  her, 
his  Ufb  might  be  taken,  he  proceeded  to  her  honse,  acknowledged  the  iilarder,  threw  himself  on  her 
WBMfp  flftd  iniilored  paid»n.  It  waa  granted,  and  th»  only  piuishmsiit  te  xMeiteA  m*  tk«-  mtmUk- 
Teddre  which  the  eloquent  tongue  of  an  indignant  woman  can  bestow."  !#.  0.  D. 


482 

to  the  landi,  or  9117  of  the  laade,  mentioBed  in  the  said  trea^/' 
which  was.  just  eqaivaleut  to  rejecting  the  second  article  of  the 
treaty  altogether. 

In  1830,  MesBrs.  Esastus  Boot  and  Jakes  MoOall,  of  New 
York,  and  John  T.  Maaon,  Secretary  of  Michigan,  were  appointed 
cominiBsioners  by  the  IJDited  States  to  effect  between  the  con- 
tending Indians  an  adjustment  of  the  whole  matter.  They  ar- 
rived at  Green  Bay  in  August,  an4  immediately  assembled  the 
Menomonees  and  Kew  York  Indians.  Eight  days  were  spent  in 
council,  and  great  exertions  used  by  the  commissioners  to  bring 
the  party  to  terms.  The  Menomonees  were  inflexible.  Oshkosh, 
a  powerful  and  influential  chief,  was  at  the  head  of  the  nation. 
He  oonfessed  to  no  knowledge  whatever  of  the  claims  of  the 
New  York  Indians ;  said  as  they  were  in  the  country,  they  could 
stay  during  good  behavior,  but  must  be  regarded  as  tenants  at 
will,  and  in  no  sense  considered  as  owners  or  controllers  of  the 
soil.  Several  of  the  other  chiefs  held  the  same  language.  The 
commission  broke  up,  effecting  nothing.  , 

CoL  Samuel  C.  Stahbaugh,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  appointed 
Indian  Agent  to  succeed  Henby  B.  Bbbvoobt,  who  had  been  re- 
moved. The  new  agent  soon  became  acquainted  with  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  contending  parties,  and  espoused  the  interests 
of  the  Menomonees,  traders  and  whites,  in  opposition  to  the  New 
York  ^dians.  He  affected  to  have  examined  the  several  trea- 
ties, and  the  whole  ground  of  the  claims  under  them,  and  told  the 
Menomonees  that  they  were  without  validity  or  force,  and  that 
duty  to  themselves  and  their  children  demanded  an  absolute  de- 
nial of  the  whole  claim.  No  advice  could  have  gone  farther  to 
place  him  in  favor  with,  and  in  the  confidence  of,  this  tribe.  The 
Ageat  told  the  chiefs,  that  no  other  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  United 
States  was  so  poor  as  they  were ;  that  with  a  wide  waste  of  lands 
entirely  useless  to  tiiem,  they  had  not  a  dollar  of  annuity,  while 
many  of  their  neighbors  received  annually  twenty  to  fifty  thou- 
■aftd  doUars ;  that,  happily  for  them,  he  had  been  sent  among 


488 

theni,  juBt  in  time  to  save  them  from  the  rapacity  of  Indian  and 
white  sharpers  from  Kew  York,  and  that  now  they  conld  in 
place  of  giving  away  their  country  to  the  New  Yorkers,  sell  a 
small  portion  of  it  to  the  United  States,  and  have  heavy  annui- 
ties for  all  time  to  come.  It  was  unnecessary  for  him  to  repeat 
the  argument.  His  plan  was  as  much  opposed  by  the  French 
and  traders  as  that  of  the  New  York  Indians  had  been,  but  with- 
out the  least  effect.  The  Menomonees  were  for  going  to  Wash- 
ington and  making  a  treaty  to  get  annuities.  Stahbauqh  applied 
to  Gov.  Cabs,  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  for  permission 
to  take  ten  of  the  Menomonee  chiefs  to  Washington  that  fall — 
got  a  fiat  refusal,  to  which  he  paid  not  the  least  attention,  but 
left  Qreen  Bay  with  fourteen  Menomonees  on  the  8th  November^ 
1880.  Arriving  at  Detroit  about  the  20th,  he  was  received  with 
evident  surprise  and  reserve  by  the  Superintendent.  Prolific  in 
excuses,  he  soon  made  it  fair  weather  with  Gov.  Cass,  who  sane* 
tioned  the  proceeding,  and  added  Robebt  A.  Fobsyth,  his  special 
confidant  in  all  Indian  matters,  and  John  T.  Masok,  late  Secretary 
of  Michigan  Territory,  to  the  delegation. 

Mr.  Williams,  and  Daniel  Bread,  principal  chief  of  the  Onei^ 
das,  had  followed  up  Col.  Stambaugh  to  Detroit,  and  were  by 
Gov.  Cass  also  added  to  the  party,  all  of  which  were  now  under 
Ool.  Stamqaugh,  as  Indian  Agent  from  Green  Bay,  traveling  to- 
ward Washington  at  public  charge.  The  Ilth  of  December 
found  the  whole  party  at  Washington,  and  duly  recognizt-d  by 
Hon.  Mr.  Eaton,  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  Gen.  Jackson,  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  The  occasion  was  one  of  intense  ia- 
terest  to  all  parties  concerned.  Jonir.  W.  Qxtiiin&t,  one  of  tne 
Stockbridge  tribe,  (Hbndriok  having  diei  four  years  before)  waa 
in  attendance  for  tbe  Scockbridges.  Thos.  L  Oodrk,  Esq ,  of 
New  York,  protected  the  rights  of  the  New  York  Indians,  and 
incidentally  the  interests  of  the  Ogden  Land  Company,  who  bad 
not  yet  abandoned  tbe  hope  of  procuring  the  proper  location,  and 
induciDg  eeyeral  bands  of  SeneKms  to  migrate  to  Green  Bay. 

The  Menomonees  were  formally  presented  to  the^Presidenl,  and 
65 


434 

lh«  chief  qwakor,  Obbslt  Bbab,  or  JSmuh-tmw  mo  m'wa*,  «i> 
Bouiced  the  object  of  their  riftit,  to  clear  a  friendlj  path  between 
Aeir  lodges  aad  the  President's  mansion,  to  cement  a  lasting  and 
perpetoal  friendship  between  his  people  and  those  of  his  Oreat 
Father ;  and  finally,  to  gire  him  a  small  piece  of  their  land,  and 
to  beg  an  annual  remembrance  of  their  Great  Father  in  the  shape, 
of  an  annnitr.  In  all  thi->,  not  a  word  was  said,  or  an  allasion 
made,  to  the  New  York  Indians,  although  they  were  present  at 
the  presentation.  The  President  replied  kindly  to  the  speech^ 
promised  them  every  attention  dnring  their  stay  at  the  eeat^  o^  ^ 
OoYernment,  and  referred  them  to  Gen.  Ea.to^  Secretary  of  War, 
and  Col.  Stambauoh,  whom  he  named  as  commissioners  to  treat 
with  them,  for  an  answer  to  their  proposition  to  sell  lands.  The 
Kew  York  Irjdians  and  their  friends  watched  the  proceedings  with 
painfol,  fearfnl  interest.  They  saw  their  claims  to  the  Menomo- 
nee  conn  try  ware  to  be  pat  on  trial  before  Gren.  Eaton  and  Ool. 
Stambaugh  as  comniissionerB,  one  of  whom^  at  least,  they  knew 
to  be  hostile  to  their  dearest  rights.  They  called  separately  on 
&e  Secretary,  and  made  known  to  him  briefly  their  position,  and 
fhe  ground  of  their  rights.  Gen.  Eaton  was  really  candid,  An<i 
well  di6|x>sed  to  see  fall  jastice  done  them;  and  they  were  ii^- 
debted  to  him  alone  for  the  meagre  provision  finally  made  for 
them  in  the  treaty. 


*  A  WMbiogtoD  corrMpoodont  of  th«  Saltimon  JS^pttUioaJt,  gives  the  foUovinf  interMtisg 
A»tB  of  OvizZLT  BCAK,  ^kxU  OQ  fhffl  vUlt  1o  WAAhlaglon :  "  Wte  met  CbL  StAXBArcB  to-daj  th  ib^ 
t0tam$t  of  Mm  Cftpiip]^  *i»d  wM«  W6  w«n  U^kloy  at  tba  iffrfwtHiiinii  ovar  the  ^oor^mji  •/  ^ 
mtBiida,  the  reteriui  IndUn  Agent  told  aa,  that  in  1S30,  irith  a  Magation  of  MaooaBOoee  Indiajia,  lie 
vltlted  the  Caplto!,  and  explained  the  natnM  and  design  of  the  atone  gVtmps  In  th<^  rotnuda,  when  ta* 
dtfH;  9m*WLT  M*Ji%  ^VQtd  U  the  e*atexii  cbor^wvi  Dv«r  wh^k  tbare  i»a  rtyreaentelioB  4f  ewilw^' 
log  of  the  Pilgrinu,  and  aa  d  :  <  2?kcre  Inffin  give  whii»  «mi»  com;'  and  to  the  north,  repreaentii^ 
TmntB  tnkiy  :  *  Theie  tngin  gvu  «ai  Uatdf  and  to  th«  west,  where  Pocaboiitas  te  aeen  sating  tM 

1l§^^O^^ai^4vm9l^ffiL\*T^mnh^inff^9wmliMi*  m4 iMtlj t» «ie M«th« wImm tbt ktf^ p|of 
mmt,  Daiiisl  Boof  b.  ta  aeea  planglag  his  hnifs  into  the  breast  of  ona  red  man,  white  bis  hffX  rMti«B 
liw  dttfd  bodj  of  Mother :  •  7Vf«  wAtle  ««i»  kUL  Ingin/'* 

.  f>Dngit<liBijB»WMmtlton»ltttvU»iowHsiAiMt  witHoBt  ftBii<ttt<iw,BttBtbtoMdit#»^s»r 
llBiloni  and  sareassi  fere  expressed  with  seatentions  bfevitj  and  striking  eflset. 

Kavia-KAW.MO-tfiaw  or  Ms  &re«d  Speoktr,  wai  %  man  of  grtet  personal  dlgnltf.  Bis  flame  o^ 
—I.T  Btu%  wtm^ifmi  ytm,  fcr  mi  wiliiiiin  wtk%  ^  pet  By4M»<Wi^  BedMaboBfrthneerJlf* 
fmn  after  tho  trN^oT  Ittl,  L.  Ot.D. 


4M.X 

After  seTOMl  ^elay^  i»d  v$mk  ipformftl  MfefNttttioQ^  in  wimh, 
thia  olaimB  of  the  New  York  Indiana  vera  tfaoroug bly  dUcoasedv ' 
the  commiflsioiiQrs  aod  the  Menomaojdes  finally  met  <m  the  Sth  of 
F^broaiy,  1891,  when  the  treaty^  eince  familiarly  known  as  ike 
Stcmbwugh  tr^atj/y  was  definitely  ooneluded,  and  aigned  by  the 
parties.  The  New  York  Indians  wei'e  not  parties  to  tbe  treaty*. 
In  order  to  a  proper  nnderstaniiing  of  the  aubjeot,  it  is  nececoai  . 
rj  to  make  copious  extracts.  The  treaty  sets  forth  ^he  boandalriea 
as  claimed  by  tbe  Menomonees,  taking  all  the  lands  «ast  of  ofiX 
Biver,  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Winnebago,  and  from  Fond  dn  Lae 
south-easterly  to  the  sources  of  the  Milwaukee  Biver,  and  down 
the  same  to  its  mouth — this  tract  was  ceded  to  the  United  Statet. 
They  claimed  westerly  and  north-westerly,  everything  west  of 
Green  Bay  from  the  Shoskonabie  [Es-co-na-ba]  Biver  to  the  up^ 
per  forkd  of  tbe  Menomonee,  thwce  to  Plover  Portage  of  the 
Wisconsin,  and  thence  up  that  river  to  Soft  Kaple  Biver ;  wesf  to 
Plume  Biver  of  the  Chippewa,  thence  down  the  Ohippewa  thirty 
miles ;  thence  easterly  to  the  fork  of  the  Monoy  or  Lemonweir 
Biver,  and  down  that  river  to  its  mouth ;  thence  to  the  Wisconais 
Portage,  thence  down  the  Fox  to  Lake  Winnebago.  ^ 

The  first  article  of  the  treaty  relates  exclusively  to  the  New 
York  Indians,  and  is  in  the  following  words:  '^The  Menomonee 
tribe  of  Indians  declare  themselves  the  friends  and  allies  of  the 
United  States,  under  whose  parental  care  and  protection  they  de* 
aire  to  continue ;  and  though  always  protesting  that  they  are  u&« 
der  no  obligation  to  recognize  any  claim  of  the  New  York  Indiana 
to  any  portion  of  their  country;  that  they  neither  add,  nor  v^' 
ceived  any  value,  for  the  land  claimed  by  these  tribes;  yet,  at  the 
aolicitation  of  their  Great  Father,  the  Preaident  of  the  United. 
States,  and  as  an  evidence  of  their  love  and  veneration  for  him^. 
they  agree  that  such  part  of  the  land  described,  being  within  tha^ 
following  boundaries,  as  he  may  direct,  may  beset  apart  as  a  homa 
to  the  several  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indiana,  who  may  remoter 
to^  and  aettle  upon  the  aame,  within  three  yeara  from  the  date  efi 
this  agreement,  viz :  Beginning  on  the  weat  aide  of  Fox  Biver, 


486 

V 

• 

BMT  the « Littie  EftckaUn/  at  a  point  known  as  the  KM  Mill  Dam,' 
thence  north-west  forty  milee;  thence  north-east  to  the  Qoon- 
to  ereefe,  falling  into  Oreen  Bay  f  thence  down  said  Oconto  creek 
to  Oreen  Bay ;  thence  up  and  alcmg  Green  Bay  and  Fox  Btrer  to 
the  place  of  beginning ;  ezclnding  therefrom  an  private  claims 
oonfirmed,  and  also  the  following  reservation  for  military  pnr* 
poses :  Beginning  on  the  Fox  Kirer,  at  the  month  of  the  first 
creek  aboye  Fort  Howard,  thence  north  siztyfonr  degrees  west  to 
Dock  Greek ;  thence  down  said  Duck  Greek  to  its  mouth ;  thence 
np  and  along  Green  Bay  and  Fox  Biyer  to  the  place  of  beginning. 
The  Menomonee  Indians  also  reserye,  for  the  nse  of  the  IT.  States, 
from  the  country  herein  designated  for  the  New  York  Indians, 
timber  and  firewood  for  the  United  States  garrison,  and  as  much 
land  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  public  highways  to  be  loca- 
ted by  the  direction  and  at  the  discretion  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  country  hereby  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  New  York  Indians,  contains  by  estimation, 
about  fiye  hundred  thousand  acres,  and  includes  all  their  improve- 
ments  on  the  west  side  of  Fox  Riyer.  As  it  is  intended  for  a 
home  for  the  several  tribes  ot  New  York  Indians,  who  may  be 
residing  upon  the  lands  at  the  expiration  of  three  years  from  this 
date,  and  for  none  others,  the  President  is  empowered  to  apportion 
the  lands  among  the  actual  occupants  at  that  time,  so  as  not  to  as- 
sign to  any  tribe  a  greater  number  of  acres  than  may  be  equal  to 
one  hundred  for  each  soul  actually  settled  upon  tlio  lands ;  and  if 
at  the  time  of  such  apportionment,  any  lands  shall  remain  unoc- 
enpied  by  any  tribe  of  the  New  York  Indians,  such  portion  as 
would  have  belonged  to  said  Indians,  had  it  been  occupied,  shall 
revert  to  the  United  States.  That  portion,  if  any,  so  reverting,  ta 
be  laid  ofi^  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  It  is  distinctly  un- 
derstood, that  the  lands  hereby  ceded  to  the  United  States  for  the 
^ew  York  Indians,  are  to  be  held  by  those  tribes,  under  such 
tenure  as  the  Menomonee  Indians  now  hold  their  lands,  subject 
to  Buch  regulations  and  alteration  of  tenure,  as  Oongress  and  die 


4S7 

President  of  the  United  States  flhajl,  ir<Hii  time  to  time,  tiiiok 
proper  to  ad<^t" 

After  making  provision  for  an  extensire  farming  and  ednoatioft- 
al  establishment  for  their  own  benefit,  (which^  by-tbe-byot  prored 
abortive,  the  traders  and  Roman  OaAolies  persuading  the  Indiana 
to  reject  all  its  proposed  benefits,)  they  return  to  the  Kew  Toii: 
Indians  again,  in  the  sixth  article,  as  follows:  ^^Tbe  Menofmonee 
chiefs  request  that  such  part  of  it  as  relates  to  the  New  York  In*, 
dians,  be  immediately  submitted  to  the  representatives  of  their 
tribea.  And  if  they  refuse  to  accept  the  provision  made  for  their 
benefit,  and  to  remove  upon  the  lands  ^t  apart  for  them,  on  the 
west  side  of  Fox  Eivor,  that  he  [the  President]  will  direct  their 
immediate  removal  from  the  Menomonee  country ;  but'  if  they 
agree  to  accept  the  liberal  offer  made  to  them  by  the  parties  to 
this  compact,  then  the  Menomonee  tribe,  as  dutiful  children  of 
their  Great  Father,  the  President,  will  take  them  by  the  hand  as 
brothers,  and  settle  down  with  them  in  peace  and  friendship." 

Thus  were  the  long  cherished  schemes  of  one  of  the  principal 
actors,  Elxazbs  Williams,  finally  crushed  forever.  Those  of  the 
Ogden  Laud  Company  were  also  nearly  forlorn.  The  tract  c^  land 
set  off  for  the  New  York  Indians,  was  quite  too  limited,  and  by 
no  means  inviting  for  agricultural  purposes.  But  the  greatest  ob- 
jection of  all  was,  the  limitation  of  time  to  three  years  as  the  ex  - 
tent  to  which  the  tract  would  be  open  for  occupancy.  Ke  reason- 
able hope  could  be  entertained  of  getting  the  consent  of  the  Sen- 
ecas,  and  other  Western  bands,  to  whose  reservations  the  Ogden 
Land  Company's  right  of  pre  emption  attached,  to  remove  in  so 
short  a  time.  The  treaty  was  therefore  regarded  as  neiurly  a  final 
bar  to  the  whole  enterprise,  and  given  up  in  despair. 

The  New  York  delegates,  however,  kept  up  courage,  and  con- 
tinued their  remonstrances  against  the  inj  ustice  and  cruelty  of  the 
stipulation.  They  had  the  sympathy  of  the  New  Yoiic 
Senators  and  politicians  generally.  Col.  Stambauoh  soon  fonnd 
that  he  had  over-shot  the  marie,  and  that  the  treaty  would  likely 
be  rejected  by  the  Senate,  and  further  that  his  appointment  u 


'4«8 

Indiaa  Agent  at  Green  Bay,  not  yet  conflnned,  wonid  be  rejeiA- 
ed.  A'cting  under  these  apprehensions,  he  undertook  a  eure  ^ 
Mte  «i41^-^  oorreotion  of  hSs  blunders.  Accordingly,  the  Mebom- 
onees  having  been  previously  instructed,  they  were  again  brougM 
befbre  the  eonmdssion^rs,  on  the  17th  of  February,  and  the  fSA- 
lowing  supplementary  agreed  to,  to  wit : 

^  Whereas,  certain  Iffticles  of  agreement  were  entered  into  an!d 
eonoluded  at  the  city  of  Washington,  on  the  8th  day  of  February, 
instaiit,  between  the  undersigned,  commissioners  on  behalf  of  die 
United  States,  and  the  ohiefe  and  warriors  representing  the  M^ 
nomonee  tribe  of  Indians,  whereby  a  portion  of  the  Menomonee 
oeontry,  on  the  north-west  side  of  Fox  BiVer  and  Oreen  Bay,  was 
ceded  to  the  United  States,  for  the  benefit  of  the  New  York  Li- 
diaus,  upon  certain  conditions  and  restrictions  therein  expressed : 
And  whereas,  it  has  been  represented  to  tne  parties  to  that  agree- 
ment,  who  are  parties  hereto,  that  it  would  be  more  desirable  and 
satisfSactory  to  some  of  those  interested  that  one  or  two  immaterial 
dianges  be  made  in  the  f^w^  and  mmth  articles,  so  as  not  to  limit 
the  number  of  acres  to  one  hundred  to*  each  soul  who  may  be 
settled  upon  the  land  when  the  President  apportions  it,  as  also  tb 
inake  unlimited  the  time  of  remoral  and  settlement  upon  these 
lands  by  the  New  York  Indians,  but  to  leave  both  these  matters 
discretionary  with  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Now,  there- 
fore, as  a  proof  of  the  Sincerity  of  the  professions  made  by  the 
Menomonee  Indians,  when  they  declared  themselres  anxious  to 
terminate,  in  fin  amicable  manner,  their  disputes  with  the  Ifew 
Yoik  Indians,  and  also  as  a  further  proof  of  their  love  and  ven^ 
ration  fbr  their  Oreat  Father,  the  President  of  the  United  Statea, 
the  undersigned  representatives  of  the  Menomonee  tribe  of  In- 
dians, unite  and  agree  with,  the  commissioners  aforesaid,  in  mak- 
ing and  acknowledging  the  following  supplementary  articles  a 
part  of  their  aforesaid  i^reement. 

<^  Firf^.  It  is  agreed  between  the  undersigned,  oommissionem 
^n  behalf  of  the  United  States,  and  the  chiefs  and  warriors  repre- 
'ieiitiBg  the  Menomonee  tribe  of  Indians,  that^  fi^  the  reasotis 


4^ 

above  expressed^  inch  partB  of  tbe  first  article  of  the  ii(p|eeine^ 
e^tered  ibto  between  ,yie  parti^^  heh'^to,  on  tl^'e^ighih,  ^^jf^^  ^ 
lipit$  the  removal  and  Bettlement^bf  tlie  iTew  York  lodJIai^B  i|PpXL 
the  lands, tl^ereip  provided  for,  jthebr.  fatiire  homM,  to  three  veais. 

5 hall  be  altered  and  anjiended,, so  as, to  read  as  follows :  That  th^ 
^r^di^enft  of  the  TTnite^  otate's  snail  preacriDO  the  time  lor  the  i^ 
moval  an^  setilemei^  of  the  Itew  York, Indians  npon  tne  landji 
thus  provided  for  them;  and,  at  the*  expiration  of  snch  reaaona- 
ble  tiinei  he  shall  apportion  the  liE^ia  amopg  the  actual  settlers  kft 
such  manner  as  he  shall  dee^i  e9T^ta.ble.an4  ju^t.  And  if  withi^ 
such  reasonable  time,  as  the'PreisIdent  of  tiie  United  States  shall 
prescribe  for  that  purpose,  the  Kew  X^T^  Indians  shall  refuse  tp 
accept  the  provisions  made  for  their  1>enefit,  or  having  agreed^ 
shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  remove .  from  Kew  York,  and  settle  on 
the  said  lands,  within  the  time  prescribed  for  that  purpose,  that 
then,  and  in  either  of  these  events,  the  lands  aforesaid  shall  bo 
and  remain  the  property  of  the  United  Btates,  according  to  said 
Jirst  article,  excepting  so  niucli  thereof  as  the  President  shall 
deem  jnstly  due  to  such  of  the  Kew  York  Indians  as  shall  actually 
have  removed  to,  and  settled  oi^,  the  said  lands. 

^^  Second.  It  is  farther  agreed,  that  the  part  of  the  sixth  article 
of  the  agreement  aforesaid,  which  reqnires  the  removal  of  those 
of  the  Kew  York  Indians,  who  may  not  be  settled  on  the  lands 
at  the  end  of  three  years,  shall  be  so  amended  as  to  leave  such 
removal  discretionary  with  the  President  of  the  Upited  States. 
The  Ifenomonee  Indians  having  full  confidence,,  that  in  making 
this  distinction,  he  will  take  into  consideration  the  wel&re  and 
prosperity  ot  their  nation." 

l^is  relieved  the  treaty  of  twe  of  its  odious  features  in  the  view 
of  the  Kew  York  Indians.  Still  the  country  set  oflf  was  objection- 
able both  in  ffuality  and  qtcantily^  and  they  avowed  their  itteur 
tibn  of  opposing  the  ratification  of  the  treaty.  As  was  aQtici- 
p^ted,  the  Senate  .refasjB/l  to  take  np  either  the  treaty,  or  th^ 
nomination  of  Stambaugh  as  Indian  ^gent  at  Qreen  Bay,  at  thf  t 
session  of'  Congress.      An  expedient  was  resorted  to  by  Ooi. 


BnAKBkxnm  and  the  Secretary  of  War  to  aare  the  treaty,  whieh 
iras'to  a4d  a  Btipolation  to  itj  whereby  its  coDditions  wpte  to  stand 
good  tilllhe  nextselbion  of  t£e  Senate,  lliis  was  done  on  the 
16th  of  Harch.  There  waa,  of  conrsei  now  a  vaoancj  in  the  In- 
\dian  agency  at' Green  Bay.  The  President  appointed  Stakbaugh 
special  Agent  to  retorn  to  Green  Bay  with  the  Menomonees,  and 
close  np  the  acconnts  of  the  expenses  of  the  expedition.  The 
treaty  was  taken  up  at  the  next  session  of  Congress. 

Tbe  proviso  added  to  it  by  the  Senate,  shows  the  inflaence  the 
IfTew  York  Indians  had  with  that  body.  It  is  in  the  following 
'words,  to  wit :— "  Provided^  That  for  the  purpose  of  establish- 
ing the  rights  of  the  New  York  Indians  on  a  permanent  and  just 
footing,  the  said  treaty  shall  be  ratified  with  the  express  under- 
standing, that  two  townships  of  land  on  the  east  side  of  Winne- 
bago Lake,  equal  to  forty  six  thousand  and  eighty  acres,  shall  be 
laid  off,  (to  commence  at  some  point  to  be  agreed  on,)  for  the  use 
of  the  Stockbridge  and  Muusee  tribes ;  and  that  the  improve, 
inenta  made  on  the  lands  now  in  the  possession  of  tbe  said  tribes 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Fox  Biver,  which  said  lands  are  to  be  re- 
linquished, shall,  after  being  valued  by  a  commissioner  to  be  ap* 
pointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  be  paid  for  by  the 
Government :  provided^  however,  that  the  valuation  of  such  im- 
provements shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  twenty  five  thousand  dol- 
lars :  and  that  there  shall  be  one  township  of  land  adjoining  the 
foregoijg,  equal  to  twenty-three  thousand  and  forty  acres,  laid  oS 
and  granted  for  the  use  of  the  Brothertown  Indians ;  who  are  to 
^t>e  paid  by  the  Government  the  sum  of  one  thousand  and  six 
hundred  dollars  for  the  improvements  on  the  lands  now  in  their 
possession,  on  the  east  side  of  Fox  River,  and  which  lands  are  to 
be  relinquished  by  said  Indians.  Also,  that  a  new  line  shall  be 
mn  parallel  to  the  south-western  boundary  line,  or  course  of  the 
tract  of  five  hundred  thousand  acres  described  in  the  first  article 
•f  this  treaty,  and  set  apart  for  the  Kew  York  Indians,  to  com- 
mence at  a  point  on  the  west  side  of  Fox  Biver,  and  one  mile 
above  the  Grand  Chute  on  Fox  River,  and  at  a  suflSicient  distance 


from  the  said  boundary  line  as  established,  by  the  said  first  artiol^ 
as  shall  comprehend  the  additional  qnantity  of  two  hnndred 
thoaeand  acres  of  land,  on  and  along  the  weeft  side  of  Fof  Biver, 
without  including  aoy  of  the  confirmed  private  land  claims  on 
the  Fox  Biyer,  and  which  two  hnndred  thousand  acres  shall  be  a  , 
]^art  of  the  five  hundred  thousand  acres  intended  tp  be  set  apart 
for  the  Six  Nations  of  the  New  York  Indians  and  the  St  Regia 
tribe  *,  and  that  an  equal  quantity  to  that  which,  is  added  on  the 
south-western  sidoi  shall  be  taken  off  irom  the  north-eastern  side 
of  said  tract,  described  in  that  article,  on  the  Oconto  creek>  to  b^ 
determined  by  a  commissioner  to  be  appointed  hy  the  President 
of  the  United  States ;  so  that  the  whole  number  of  acres  to  be 
jD^ranted  to  the  Six  Nations  and  St.  {legis  tribe  of  ladian^^  shall 
not  exceed  the  quantity  originally  stipulated  by  the  treaty." 

This  proviso  of  the  Senate  was  fully  satisfactory  to  the  Stock- 
bridges,  Mansees^and  Brothertowna,  and  silenced  all  objections 
from  them ;  that  for  the  Six  Nations  and  St.  Begis  tribes,  although 
satisfactory,  fell  so  far  short  of  the  policy  of  Williams,  and  the 
Ogden  LandCompany,  that  they  abandoned  the  whole  concern^ 
and  from  that  day,  gave  up  all  hope  or  attempt  at  a  general  coloni- 
zation of  the  Six  Nations  at  or  in  the  neighborhood  of  Green  Bay. 

When  the  treaty  came  to  be  promulged,  in  July  of  1832,  with 
the  proviso  of  the  Senate  thereto,  a  new  difficulty  arose  with  the 
Menomonees,  who  declared  their  intention  never  to  permit  a  New 
York  Indian  to  occupy  a  foot  of  land  south  of  the  Little  Kakalin 
line,  proposed  by  themselves  in  the  treaty.  It  then*  became  ne- 
cessary to  get  their  assent  to  the  Senate  amendment,  or  to  make 
a  new  arrangement  before  peace  could  be  had  between  the  par- 
ties. For  this  purpose,  Hon.  Gbobgb  B.  Pokteb,  Governor  of 
Michigan,  was  appointed  commissioner,  in  the  fall  of  1832,  to  re- 
pair to  Green  Bay,  and  essay  a  final  settlement  of  the  difficulties. 
Gov.  PoBT£B  was  a  man  of  indomitable  energy  and  perseverance^ 
of  consummate  tact  and  penetration,  and  brought  to  his  task  a 
firm  determination  not  to  leave  the  ground  till  the  object  was  ao* 
oomplished.  Both  parties  soon  found,  that  they  had  got  past  the 
66 


Mid^roii  by  (Sdvi^PoiMt makii &11'^krtl'4&"ib iiii'ittiioaUe i^ 
a'eMttufd!^^;  and  a  fltAl  bMtl^bi'etii'eif  HtM."^  ilkiil'-arrakg^men't, 
'j<diicltided  V^^-  1^6ki^;0'ct:  i^tli,''l«d^,  i's  ae  important  i^  fli& 
.  1ilitbV;tha1fth^Mldw?niei<i'ibi»iU-i>ei'eJ&fc6pie;i:  '^ 

•'■'»  Firtt.  'Rxi  aaid-  i^idfs  ^nc^  h&aamdii  df  ike  lUeAomon^  na^ 
'tion  of  Indiand,  ib  not  dlije^t  fcl  ahj  of  me  mati  era  contained  m 
^e  proViso  anbefed  to  th^  r^soldtibii'  ^f  ^th^'S^nate  of  the  ITnited 
'Statte,  80  tkic  as  the  sam^  felat^  to  the  grantSng  of  three  townships 
of  land  on  th^  east  side '  of  lake  AVItiili^tiago  to  the  Stockbridg^^ 
Mnnsee,  atid  Bk'oftiei'towii  tribes ;  to  tiie  vaTnatlon  and  payment 
'Ibr  their  itap/tbrements,  <kd^  (ending  with  the  words  *  and  ^Dhioh 
iand&are  to  he  relinquiehed  hy  ^aid  Inciians?)  Ihey  therefore 
assent  to  the  saine.   '  •  .       i  •  .         > 

^^  Second.  The  said  chiefs  and  head'  men  of  the  Atenomonee 
'nation  of  Indians,  objectibgto  all  the  matters  contained  in  thip 
said  proviso  annexed  to  the  resolution  of  the  Sena,te  of  the  United 
States,  so  far  as  the  same  relate  to  the  running  a  new  line  paral- 
lel to  the  soutli-western  boundary  line  or  course  of  the  tract  of 
five  hundred  thousand  acres,  described  in  the  first  article  of  the 
treaty,  and  set  ap^rt  for  the  New  York  Indians,  to  commence  at 
a  point  on  the  south-western  side  of  Fox  River,  and  one  mi^^ 
above  Grand  Chute,  on  Fox  River,  and  at  a  sufficient  distanp^ 
from  the'saidboindary  line^  as  established  by  the  said  first- ar- 
ticle, as  shall  compreliend  the  additional  quantity  of  two  han; 
^ed  thousand  acres  of  land,  pn  and  along  the  west  side  of  Fox 
iuver^  without  mcUiding  any  of  the  confirmed  private  land  claima 
on  the  Fox  River,  to  compose  a.  part  oi  tibe  five  hundred  thoti- 
sand  acres  intended  to  be  set  apart  for  tlie  Sis^  l^ations  of  tl^j^ 
jTew  Tork  Indians  arid  St.  Reikis  tribe,  oij^r^^?,  in  lieuof  this  propo- 
sition, to  set  ofl"^  a  like  c(uantity  of  two  hundred  thousand  ^acre^ 
is  follows  :  The  said  Henomonee  nation  liereby  agree  to  cede« 
^for  the  benefit'bf  the  ITew  Y*orh  Indians,  along  the  south-western 
boundary  Hue  pi  the  present  five  hundred  thoujBand  i^crjBS  de- 
stJi'ibedMn  the 'first  article  of  the  treaty  as  set  apart  for  tie  IStew 


44S 

TMr  InAiftM,  a  tract  of  land  boanded  m  ^Tlbws :'  'Bek^M&|&k 
iHe  Mid  treaty  litie,  at  tiie  6)d  inili^dam  on  Fox'Rir^,  andf  tU^ncte 
'  extending  up  along  Fox  'Biver  to  the  little  Sapid'  Oro6h^ ;  h(}ii 
fbenfee  rnnninff  a  north- west  cour^  three  mUesV  thence  cm  aM'e 
nmniAg  parallel  iriih  the  several  courses  cf  Pox  Klver,  and  tnr^ 
iiiileB  distant  from  the  river,  ontil  it  will  Intersect  a  line  mnnitig 
on  a  north-west  eotffse,  commencing  at  a.  point  one  mile  ahov'e' the 
Qrand  Ofanto;  thence  on  a  Ikre  rttm^ing  north-west,  so  far  fe 
^1  be  necessarj  to  inclade,  between  the  said  last  line  and' the 
line  described  as  the  sonthf-westem  boundary  line  of  the-Hfe 
hundred  thousand  acres  In  the  treaty  aforesaid,  the  quantity  Of 
two  hundred  thousand  acres ;  atid  thence  running  north  east  uti- 
til  it  will  intersect  the  line  fbnhiog  the  •south-western  boundary 
line  aforesaid ;  and  from  thence  along  the  said  line  to  the  old*m!Bl- 
dam,  or  place  of  beginning,  containing  two  hundred  thousatid 
aeree.  Excepting  and  reserving  herefrom  ihepriinlege  of  Ohas. 
A.  GxtoNON  for  erecting  a  mill  on  Apple  creek,  etc.,  as  approved 
by  the  Department  of  War,  on  the  tweuty-second  day  of  April, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-one,  and  all  ct^nfi^mdd 
private  land  claims  on  die  Fox  Biver.  '  The  lines  of  said  tract  M 
land  so  granted,  to  be  run,  marked,  and  laid  off  without  delay,  by 
a  commissioner  to  be  appointed  Jt)y  the  President  of  the  Unftdd  / 
States.  And  that  in  exchange  for  tbesbove,  a  quantity  of  (add 
equal  to  that  which  is  added  to  the  south-western  side,  shaU  f^ 
taken  off  from  the  norA-eastern  side  of  the  said  tract,  desdriMi 
in  that  article,  on  the  Oconto  creek,  to  be  run,  marked, and  d^er- 
mined  by  the  commissioner  to  be  appoihted  by  the  President  df 
the  United  States,  as  ofc^i'esaid,  so  that  the  whole  numbek*'6f 
acres  to  be  granted  to  the  Six  .Nations  and  St.  Begis  tribe  of  In- 
dians, ^hall  not  exceed  the  quantity  of  Ave  hundred  thotrsaiMi 
aoree." 

Of  whioli  terms  and  condfttonsy  th^  several  tribes  of  the  K^^ 
•York  Indfans  signified  their  acceptance  and  approval,  i^  tin  Wtt- 
ele^cif  a^iwetUMt  entered-  intb  with 4ov.  Pontxft, and'M^ti^d'^b^ 
Aefi^  headineii,'oii  the  S<rth  dajKof  lO^ftober,  1889,  in^^  -^olld^ 


444 

iog  irotds :  "  So  far  m  the  trHMs  to^  vhioh  we  belong  are  ooa- 
cerned,  we  are  perfeotlj  eatUfied,  that  the  treaty  ahould  be  rati- 
fied on  the  teroiB  proposed  by  the  Meoomoneee.  We  farther 
believe,  that  the  tract  of  laad  which  the  Menomonees  in  the 
within  agreement  are  willing  to  cede,  in  exchange  for  an  equal 
quantity  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  tract  of  five  hundred  thou- 
sand acres,  contains  a  sufficient  quantity  of  good  land,  favorably 
and  advantageously  situated,  to  answer  all  the  wants  of  the  Kew 
York  Indians  and  St.  Begis  tribe.  For  the  purpoae,  then,  of  put- 
ting an  end  to  strife,  and  that  we  may  all  sit  down  in  peace  and 
harmony,  we  thus  signify  ojar  acceptance  of  the  modifications 
proposed  by  the  Menomonees;  and  we  most  respectfully  request, 
that  the  treaty,  as  now  modified  by  the  agreement  this  day  enter- 
ed into  with  the  Menomonees,  may  be  ratified  and  approved  by 
the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States." 

This  was  a  snbtantial  settlement  of  the  whole  question,  and 
gave  perfect  satisfaction  to  all  the  New  York  Indiana  who  had 
moved  on,  or  were  even  expected  to  move  on  to  Green  Bay.  The 
whole  of  the  Stockbridges,  Brothertowns,  a  part  of  the  Munsees 
and  some  eleven  hundred  of  the  Oueidas,  moved  soon  after  on  to 
their  respective  locations.  The  Stockbridges  immediately  aban* 
doned  their  location  at  the  Grand  Eakalin,  and  occupied  the  new 
grounds  assigned  them  east  of  Lake  Winnebago ;  and  the  Bro- 
thertowns did  the  same.  The  Oneidas  continued  by  accessions  of 
small  parties  annually  to  aagment  the  settlement  at  Duck  Oredc. 

There  was  one  interest,  that  of  the  Land  Ooiiopany,  that  was 
not  appeased.  As  matters  now  stood,  there  was  virtaally  no  suit- 
able home  for  such  of  the  western  tribes  in  Kew  York  as  occupied 
the  reservations  to  which  this  Company  held  the  pre-eniption  right 
of  purchase,  and  no  prospect  of  their  selling  and  removing  West. 
With  the  vast  amount  at  stake,  the  large  sums  of  money  locked 
up  in  these  prospective  rights,  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the 
Oompaf  y  would  rest,  or  cease  their  exertions  to  purchase  out  and 
remove  these  Indiaus.  A  thousand  plans  were  proposed  aud  re- 
jected, till  at  length  an  attempt  was  made  to  induce  them  to  re- 


445 

f 

more  to  the  Indian  Territory,  sonth-weBt  of  the  Miflsonri.  The 
agency  of  the  General  Ooyemment  was  obtained,  and  a  commis- 
sioner, I^ANBON  H.  GiLLETT,  appointed  on  the  part 'of  the  United 
States,  to  treat  with  the  "  chiefs,  head-men  and  warriors  of  the 
seyeral  tribes  of  the  New  York  Indians." 

The  treaty  purports  to  have  been  made  at  Baffalo  Greek,  on 
the  15th  of  January,  1838.  The  United  States  are  styled  one  of 
the  parties,  thongh  in  fact  they  had  but  a  smlEilI  share  in  the  trans- 
action. The  ostensible  object  would  seem  to  have  been,  the  pro- 
viding the  several  bands  of  the  Senecas  with  a  honie  !  To  a  care- 
ful observer,  the  result  sets  forth  quite  a  different  purpose.  But 
not  to  anticipate.  The  first  article,  after  the  preamble,  contains 
a  relinquishment  or  cession  by  the  New  York  Indians  gf  "  all 
their  right,  title  and  interest  to  the  lands  secured  to  them  at  Green 
Bay  by  the  Menomonee  treaty  of  1831."  This  cession  purports 
to  be  made  by  the  New  York  Indians,  as  if  for  those  who  had  ac- 
quired the  lands.  But  not  one  of  the  individuals  subscribing  this 
treaty,  except  Elbazkb  Wiluaus  as  for  the  St.  Begis,  ever  bad 
any  lot  or  part  whatever  in  bringing  about  the  Green  Bay  treaties. 
They  were,  one  and  all,  of  those  who  had  always  opposed  and 
repudiated  those  treaties,  and  the  acquieitiuns  under  them.  The 
parties  ^ally  interested  in  those  treaties  were  all  at  Green  Bay, 
and  had  no  cognizance  of  this  Buffalo  Creek  treaty. 

However,  as  if  sensible  of  this  fact,  and  for  a  show  of  justice 
to  the  few  Oaeidas,  and  others  there,  this  cession  contains  what 
purports  to  be  a  reservation,  doubtless  as  if  for  their  benefit;  the 
reserving  clause  is,  however,  unintelligable,  and  in  fact  reserves 
nothing — vide  U.  S.  Indian  Treaties,  p.  651 .  So  then  the  New  York 
Indians  living  on  their  reservations  in  that  State,  in  1838,  affect  to 
sell  out  their  lands  in  Wisconsin  I  Then  the  United  States  for 
Buch  a  cession,  are  made  on  their  part  to  stipulate,  to  provide  all 
theNew  YorklndianshomesBouth  west  of  Missouri,  toincludeone 
million  eight  hundred  and  twenty  four  thousand  acres  of  the  best 
land  in  the  West;  and  to  pay  thein  the  sum  of  411,000  dollars  in 
cash,  besides  for  snndry  improvements  som«  00,000  dollars  more  t 


44« 

l^^,<^nl7  coD«ideii^io]i  ta  tbd  .Unitod  Stote%  in  this  imnMiiae  sti- 
pBlfttion  in  fnYOT  of  the  Ner  Yotkere,  is  a  cosBioii  of  their  pre- 
tended rigkta  (wl^ich  were  roid  an4  vmlneleM)  to  itMat  100,OM 
ftCHBB  at  Qreen  Bay»  wurth  at  that  day  about  ten  centB  per  acre, 
say  ten  thonaand  duUars.  It  is  clear^  that  this  immeose  sum  was 
not  to  be  paid  to  the  Senecas,  Toscarora*,  iDonewandaa,  and  On- 
ondagaB,  f«>r  their  rights  at  Grten  Bav^  the  only  considavlioii' 
made  in  the  deed  of  cession. 

It  is  natural  to  inquire  aftc^ .  the  real  consideration,  that  these 
tribes  were  to  ofier  for  these  l,824,QpO  acres  of  choice  land  in 
Miseonriy  and  the  (411,000  in  cash.  It  is  proposed  in  this  treaty 
to  furnish  them  homes  in  the  West  Had  they  no  homes  in  llew 
York?  A  little  further  od  in  the  treaty,  we  find  they  had  117,488 
acres  of  the  beet  liuid  in  New  York,  probably  under^eetimated  by 
the  commiesion  one  qearter ;  call  it,  at  least,  150,000  acres,  worth 
ten  dollars  an  acre  at  that  day,  making  the  snog  little  sum  of  oae 
million  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  the  reservations.  Where 
did  this  go  to  ?  The  reeerTations  werl  all  ceded  by  this  hocus 
pocas  legerdemain  proceeding,  called  a  treaty  between  the  Uiuted 
States  and  the  Seneca  Indians,  to  Messrs.  Ogden  and  FsUiOWB, 
for  the  ostensible  sum  of  two  hundred  and  two  thousand  doHars. 
This  treaty  after  all  had  but  slight  bearing  on  affairs  al^reea 
Bay ;  it  left  the  bona  fide  settler  from  the  New  York  tribes,  in  full 
possession  of  their  lands,  which,  but  for  their  own  counsels,  they 
they  might  have  had  to  this  day.* 

It.  is  necessary  to  allude  to  but  one  other  transaction  touching 
the  New  York  Indian  settlement  at  Green  Bay.  In  February  of 
the  same  year,  1838,  under  the  advice  of  Rev.  Soix>M02r  Davibi 
their  naissionary,  the  Oneidas  resolved  on  having  some  money^ 
an^  for  that  purpose  negocieted  with  the  United  States.  They 
Wjsre  the  sole  representatives  of  the  large  cession  of  the  treaty  ef 


^Ila»y  M«M«y,  t^t Hilt  tmlj •f  tt#  0|aM  Jkmftm^wlfkVmUutm^mUdkinm 
flsndMidbrihMj,  vsatooMtorUUjMnMBdadly  tteUaitedStelMSMatab  Mtoaak>U«liBO>i«anr 
•liH  kaa  tftfll  H  #w  net  ihtlifMli>f7  to  ft  lujoittf  »f  eM  SMMii,  irbo  7«t  ittttU  Ia  th^ 


appointed  by  the  Preaident  oh  the  part  of  the  United  States 

dgneda  tteaty'6f 'WhictnyibllbWlAg  JVa  copy  :'''  '"  '"'  •'"•  '"* 

"  Art.  1.    The  First  Christian  and  Orchard  P^l^]^^;jpf  Jnj^viB^A 
eede  to  the  United  States  all  their  title  and  interest  ip  the  lar\d  set 

a^'ai*t  for  thb^'lii  t«y  lltsll 'krtlHie'i^  th^e  *t!r^atj iiil{\he  Ve^^^ 
nees,  of  ¥^htvt^/^i^,  ti^f- ^aiidf 'ili^^  s^Ufacl  art^eld  oAte  tVeat]^* 
irtlti'th(a«biwi^tPib^,'vOttWb'e!f  l&7«h/l'8W*'    •■'  '/  '■ "  '  '  ■:  "'''^  *' 

^'  ^^•^:4W;  2;   ■  Vtord  'the  f'ir'e^bing^  (^^681611'  ttere '  sHall  be  •  reseiVe^ 
tb^hesiiainlKin^/Wyo'h'eld  a.4  o^eHndrd'n  lands  are  helk,"^ 
ti^ctof  latid  feontaimfag  c<iie1iutidrcd'aci^efe,'ibr' each  individual    . 
atid  the  lin'is 'shfilA  be/si  i-un  is  to'ihclude  all  their  settlement' 
ani4"impro^errientslhtlio  vicinity  of  G>eehCa  "     '         '' ^ 

'f  .4r^.  3.   .  In  considqratijon  gf  the  cession. contained  in  the  firflt 
article  of  this  treaty^  the  ynitc(i  States  ^gree  to  pay  to  the  Ofch-' 
ard  party  ot  tne  Oneida  Indians  three  thousand  dollars,  and  t«b- 
the  First  Onristian  paj-t^^'of  Opejda  Indians  thirty  thousand. and 
fiVe  hundred  dollars^  of  ^yhich  last  sum  three  thousand .  dollars 
maybe  expended,. under  the  supervision  of  the  Bev,  S^lo^n 
Davis,  in  the  erection  of  a  church  and  parsoi^age  house,  and  the 
residue  apportioned,  under  .^he  direction  of  the  President,  arp()ng 
tne  persons  having  just  claims  theret6  5  it  beinff  und^rsto^J^d  thai, 
said  aggregate  snip  of  thjjcty  three  thousand  and  five -hulxdredv 
dollars  is  idesigped  tv  be  in  reimbursement  of  paonies  expended 
by  said  Indians,  and  an  remuneration  of  the  Services  of  their 
chiefs  and  agents,  ^  ip  purchasing  apd  securing  a  title  to  the  Jand 
ceded  in  the  1st  article.     The  United. Statas  further  affree*  to 
cause  the  tracts  reserved  in  the  2nd  article,  to  be  surveyed  as  soon 
as  practicable.     ,'  . 

\^Art.  4u;  I^  con^si^^r^^pf  t,he  wpi.iof  pyp  ^qndi?e4  dolkr^t 
to,  be  pai4  tfj^hiift.by^tlffP.  pM^fs-ian^^r^^^  aaJ4( 


448 

Ibeir  interpreter,  agrees  to  reiniqiuah  to  them  aQ  his  title  and  in- 
terest in  the  traet  reserred  in  the  2nd  article  of  this  treatj. 
^ArL  5.  It  is  nndftstood  and  agreed,  that  the  expenses  of  this 

Ireatj,  and  of  the  chiefs  and  representatiTes  signing  it,  in  coming 
to  and  retaming  from  this  city,  and  while  here,  shall  be  paid  bj 
the  United  States. 

"  ArL  6.  This  treatj  to  be  binding  npon  the  contracting  par- 
lies when  the  same  shall  be  ratified  bj  the  United  Statea.'' 

It  was  ratified  bj  the  Senate,  and  promnlged  on  the  17tfa  May, 
1838.  By  it  the  possessions  of  the  Six  Nations  were  reduced  to 
the  present  reseryation  oT  the  Oneidas  on  Dock  Creek,  near  Oreen 
Bay,  being  abont  eight  by  twelve  miles,  and  containing  some  six^ 
one  thousand  acres.  Some  twelve  hundred  of  these  people  now 
live  there,  and  are  slowly  progressing  in  civilization.  Several  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  curtail  this  reservation  without  success. 
Until  some  hungry  white  man  shall  gain  their  confidence  suffic- 
iently to  make  them  abandon  their  own  prudence,  and  go  to 
Washington,  they  will  probably  remain  there,  and  in  the  end 
possibly  become  sufficiently  enlightened  to  assume  citizenship, 
and  be  lost  in  the  general  mass  of  our  American  people. 

The  Brothertowns  have  entirely  laid  aside  the  aboriginal  char- 
acter, been  admitted  to  all  the  rights  of  citizenship,  and  remain 
quietly  and  prosperously  pursuing  the  avocations  of  civilized 
meov  The  Stockbridges  are  not  as  fortunate.  A  premature  at- 
tempt to  imitate  their  neighbors,  in  1834,  resulted  in  a  failure, 
and  a  division  of  the  tribe,  which  has  never  been  healed.  Their 
affairs  are  in  an  unsettled  state,  and  the  Government  has  now 
pending  a  negotiation  for  a  final  adjustment  of  the  difficulties  be- 
tween the  citizen  and  Indian  parties 

Written,  as  this  article  has  been,  in  a  remote  part  of  the  State, 

out  of  the  reach  of  libraries,  without  a  scrap  of  the  records  of  the 

transactions,  and  only  from  recollection  of'  events  transpiring 

asore  than  thirty  years  ago,  this  paper  is  unworthy  the  character 

,et  history;  but  the  main  facts  narrated  being  true,  it  may  serve 


449 

* 

to  pmnt  the  ftitore  historian  to  the  Bonrcea  from  which  to  draw 
the  material  for  a  more  accurate  and  faithfal  account  of  the  whole 
matter. 

BteyeoB'  Point,  Jan.  Sth,  1856. 


67 


450 


APPOSIX  Ho.  14. 


▲  SKBTOH  OF  THE  EABLT  HISTORY  OF  KENOSHA.  COUNTT 
WISCONSIN,  AND  OF  THE  WESTERN  EmORATION 

COMPANY, 

BT   KEV.   JASON  LOTHROF. 

» 

A  fall  and  complete  history  of  Kenosha  county  is  not  pretended 
in  this  short  account.  Other  statements  have  been  made,  particu* 
larlj  that  of  Hon.  M.  Fbakk  in  his  '^  Sketch  of  the  Early  HtOorsf 
and  SubaequeiU  Settlement  of  Southport^^^  which  gives  as  correct 
and  general  a  view  of  the  first  settlement  as  could  be  expected 
from  one  not  on  the  ground  at  the  time ;  for  the  author  of  that 
publication  was  not  here  till  two  of  the  most  trying  years  had 
past.  He  evidontly,  however,  took  great  pains  to  give  a  correct 
view  of  tl^e  whole  series  of  events  transpiring  in  the  settlement  of 
t|j^e  place. 

In  the  following  narrative,  it  will  be  seen,  that  I  was,  from  the 
first,  acquainted  with  the  formation  and  movements  of  the  ^^  Emir 
gration  Oomjxmy^^  till  its  dissolution.  Its  connection  with  the 
interests  of  many  others  beside  the  stock-holders,  created  a  laige 
interest  in  its  affairs  in  all  this  part  of  the  new  Territory.  A  very 
small  portion  of  the  facts  known  to  me  are  here  given  concerning 
tiiat  Oonopany,  as  they  cannot  interest  the  public  so  many  years 
after  the  extinction  of  all  its  titles. 

As  the  first  settlements  of  any  importance  in  Eenosha  county 
were  made  by  a  company  from  Oswego  county,  N.  Y.,  it  will  be 
most  proper  to  give  something  of  the  history  of  "  The  Weetem 
Mmgraiiofi  Chmjpcmy.^^ 


4fit 

Efttly  BDthii  wintar  df  1864f  E  fe^v  p^rsont  lAdnlgiBgiiili^irMk  > 
to^oonigriifai^lko  the  West,' made  known  to  edcti  otiiior  dieir  dete*  [ 
mibftlioiu    jLimmg^  timMfhxAt-pTobMj  tha  tntot.i\i^^^wfa»^ 

Soov^Dr.  Bi  B.  OAst^  Jmqh  Lothbop,  Hussoiir  Baoov,  Pjim 
Wioomjsrf  Aimss^  Fotn»>  OBi.Ajrto  Fo«tb%  William  BuixiV)  ; 
Gbobgb  ^BiirNBTT,  and  Bidnby  BoiBBBTi.    After  soma  oocaaional  « 
coBi^eiMlS^  vkpon  Hm  (dofigD^  J.  BtShutSy  Jt^  inyited  the  above 
nawed^pearaonato  a'ttapperat hia  hooae id HaDnibal) audtofipend 
tfa^eyeinQg.    Smigmtioa  to  tbei  Weat:  wae  the  priAoipal  topic  of 
thair  ooayersatkai.  ,  The  fiist  objeet  was  to  aaeertain  who  would  < 
go ;  aad  the  propyl  waa  made  to  form  a  compaDj,  ia  order  to  . 
render  the  removal  aBchaa{>>  and  pleauinfe  as  poafiible»  apd  that 
the:C0ippan7  90  f orm^d,  tqigbt  bcata  at  Bome  important  poiat|  and 
thai^  make  a  towia^).  and  f<>rm  a  commaidtj  of  the  right  eort  • 
Tbose  pai99an8  present  )Edl  appeaned  willing  to  ehare  in  snch  an 
entorpdse.    Si^eh  were  the . deeigoa  expresBed  on  the  occasion; 
and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draft  a  OonstitntioA  for  the 
company »  and  a  meetiiig  wiia  proposed  to  be  held  at  tho.  Ball, 
once  the  ^lasonic  Hall,  fpr  the  t^aasaotion  of  farther  baainess.  , 
Notice  of  this  meetitOg  was  widely  ezte^ided  bj  J.  BvlusrjJt^ 
who  was  then  post-master  at  Hannibal. 

DQie  first  meeting  in  the  Hall,  a  pretty  large  number  attended.  ' 
The  OonstitntioB  was  pre^rated  by  the  committee  consisting  of  0, 
W.  TusNEB|  W*  TowsbBY,  A.  Oabt  and  J.  Lothbop.    At  the  sng-  . 
gestion  of ^.  Bui;.lxk,  Jr.,  an.  article  was  inserted,  as  from  his  . 
father, ^U^en. in  Albany,  pi^  temperance^  which  was  rejected  in  the 
amei^i  Constitution  o^  Jan.  let,  1836,  which  is  here  giyen. 

Oonstitntion  of  the  Western  Emiobation  Oompaky  as  amended 
and  revised  Jan.  1, 1830 : 

Art*  L— For  the  pnrpoif  of  aidipg  those  disposed  to  emigrate 
to  the  Western  States  or  Territories,  in  the  purchase  of  land  and  , 
th^  puronitrol  agri^jEiltW!»,  :mani|liEiotures,  mechanics  and  othet 
bwQfrinet  of  indnatr^,  aiid  the  formation  of  a  desirable  commmutyi  . 
w^  4|he  ^>«ab9oribeiai  do  by-  thp  r^tifioatioQ  and  signntoxe  of  thia 


488 

OoQstttdtioni  agree  to  and  hereby  do  asiooiate  owaelrea  into  a 
joint  stock  oompanj,  to  be  called  the  *\  WnUm  £Mf9vUm 
Onnpany  /"  and  we  do  ieverallj  promiBe  and  agree  f^  and  -with 
each  other,  joinflj  and  sererallj,  to  abide  by  and  keep  all  and 
each  of  the  stipnlationa  herein  contained^^UiiB  instrument  being 
intended  for  all  the  purposes  of  legal  or  eatable  liability,  aa  a 
contract  between  the  parties  thereto. 

Art.  3. — The  capital  stock  of  the  Company  shall  be  eight  thou- 
sand dollars,  to  be  divided  into  shares  of  ten  dollars  each,  to  be 
paid  to  such  person  as  shall  be  anthorijsed  by  the  Company  to  re^ 
ceire  the  same ;  on  the  payment  whereof,  scrip  shall  be  issned, 
signed  by  the  chairman  and  secretary,  citifying  the  amount  of 
stock  to  which  the  holder  thereof  shall  be  entitled. 

Art.  8. — ^The  capital  stock,  when  paid  in,  shall  be  inveeted  in 
the  purchase  of  lands,  improvements  thereon,  and  claims  thereto, 
in  any  of  the  Western  Btates  or  Territories,  and  in  snch  other 
manner  as  the  Company  shall,  in  porsnanoe  of  their  general  ob- 
ject, in  regular  meeting  direct. 

Art.  4. — ^The  officers  of  the  Company  shall  be  a  Cbairman, 
Secretary,  Assistant  Secretary,  a  Soard  of  Directors  to  consist  at 
nine  persons,  a  General  Agent,  a  Treasurer,  and  a  Committee  of 
Finance. 

ArL  5.-^The  Chairman  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
stock-holders,  sign  scrip,  and  do  snch  other  duties  as  the  Com- 
pany, in  regular  meeting,  shall  from  time  to  time  direct 

Art.  6. — ^The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  records  of  the  Company, 
record  the  proceedings  of  all  meetings  of  the  stockholders,  sign 
scrip,  and  preserve  all  papers  of  the  Company  deposited  with 
him. 

Art.  7. — The  Assistant  Secretary  shall  keep  a  copy  of  all 
recordi  kept  by  the  Secretary,  and,  in  his  absence,  perform  his 
duty. 

Art.  8. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  IVeasurer  to  keep  all  money 
and  securities,  and  disburse  the  funds  of  the  Company  upon 
proper  vouchers ;  he  shall|  before  receiving  any  aaoh  money,  giv% 


468 

•eenxity  to  be  approved  by  the  Board  of  Direcftorg,  for  tlie  ft4thfal 

'  ^DpHcation  of,  and  aoconnting  for,  all  such  moneys  as  shall  come 
to  bis  hands  in  the  eapacilgr  of  such  Treasurer ;  and  once  In  each 
year,  and  within  ten  days  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 

.  office,  he  shall  make  a  full  report  of  his  reoeipts  and  disburse- 
ments, accompanied  by  an  account  current,  to  the  Board  of  Di- 

r  rectors. 

.  :    Art.  9.-*The  Board  oi  Directors  shall  hare  the  general  super- 
vision, management  and  control  of  all  the  Company's  business, 
/property  and  interests,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  Oom- 

-  pany,  in  regular  meeting,  may  from  time  to  time  establish  by  by- 
laws or  otherwise ;  they  shall  hare  power  to  appoint  ofBcers,  and 
fill  vacancies  in  their  own  body,  ad  interim^  which  appointments 
shall  continue  valid  till  the  next  regular  meeting  of  the  Com- 
pany, and^o longer;  they  shall,  at  the  annual  meeting,  at  the* 
expiration  of  their  term  of  office,  or  the  first  thereafter,  make  a 

i  full  report  of  all  their  doings,  and  of  the  state  of  the  Company's 
business,  accompanied  by  all  reports  from  other  officers  made  to 
them ;  and  they  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  as  President  of 
said  Board. 

Art*  10. — ^The  Qeneral  Agent  shall  have  the  immediate  gen-» 
eral  superintendence  of  all  the  Company's  affairs,  and  shall  be 

•  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Directors ;  he  shall  once  in 
each  year,  and  within  ten  days  before  &e  time  at  which  flie 
Board  are  rf  quired  to  report,  make  a  full  report  to  said  Board  of 

.  all  his  doings,  and  of  tfa^^atate  of  the  Compaoy's  property  and 
business,  so  lar  as « they  have  come  within  his  supervision  or 
knowledge^  speeifyiag  all  purchases  and  other  contracts  for  ex- 
penditures, ml^e  by  him ;  and  he  shall  at  any  time,  when  re- 

'  quired  by  iks^  Company,  on  reasonable  notice,  make  a  similar 

*  report  djjrectly  to  tixem  at  their  meetliig. 

Art,  Hi — Xhe  Financial  Committee  shall  eoniriAt  of  tbrne  per- 
sons, who,  or  any  two  of  them,  shall  examine  and  audit  aQ  ac- 
counts of  offleersi  ot  otimra  with  tha  Con^any,  and  nb  actount 
shall  be  paid  or  iJlowed  ttU  ift.has  been  so  ex«imined  and  aodiled. 


• .    Ari^  1S.^^A11  cffiodrt  thdll  be  stook4uddert  ia  the  OompuKj; 
titey-  shall  be  elected  bj  ballot  at  the  .annual  meetinga,  aai  daD 
fhold  their  offices  for  one  year,  and  until  etharaehall  be  elected  to 
fill  their  places. 

ArL  lt.-^Each  stockholder akall  be  entitled,  m  all  m^Map^ 
to  one  Tote  Sir  each  share  of  stock  held  bj  him,  whether  aa  an 
original  subscriber  or  an  assignee  thereof:  Prowided^  however. 
That  no  one  indiTidnal  shall  in  his  own  right  be  entitled  toiinore 
than  ten  votes. 

Art.  l^.-** Assignees  of  stock  shall  not  become  vested  with  any 
of  the  rights  of  stock-holders,  till  they  shall  have  snbscfibed 
the  Oonstitntion,  or  procured  their  signatures  to  be  affixed  theieto 
by  some  autkoriced  person. 

ArL  15, — ^AU  lands,  or  claims  thereto,  purchased  by  any  stock- 
holder in  the  vicinity  of  lands  held  by  and  for  the  Oompany,  shall 
be  deemed  to  belong  to  such  stock-holder  and  the  Oompany  joint- 
ly, and  held  by  such  purchaser  as  trustee  of  the  Oompany,  as  to 
their  share  thereof;  and  the  Oompany  shall  have  the  c<»tit>l  and 
disposal  of  such  lands,  in  the  same  manner  as  of  otlw  lands  or 
claims ;  but  they  shall,  when  the  same  shall  be  sold,  allow  the 
said  stockholder  one-half  the  profits,  togetiier  with  the  original 
))urcha8e  price  paid  by  him. 

Ah*  16.— Hie  moneys  arising  from  the  sale  of  any  lands,  shall  be 

distributed  to  stockrholders  according  to  the  amotant  of  their  stock, 

the  Board  of  Directors  to  make  such  distributions,  and  Ibe  Treas- 

,  nrer  to  pay  the  same,  on  the  order  of  the  President  of  said  BoaitL 

Atrt.  17^— Whenever  a  sto^-holder  shall  ereet  boilings,  or 
iOnake  other  impmvements  on  any  of  the  Oampai^^  land,  or 
iaads  held  in  traat  fbr  them,  eicept  mill  sites,  and  the  eaid  landa 
lOiaU  afterwards  be  sold  to  any  other  perfon,  siie&  stock-holder 
shall  be  paid  the  actual  value  of  sooh  imprevement,  >awl  shalUbe 
allowed  to  retain  possessien  theredf  liz  mondia  after'  audi  sale, 
:/and  until'  such  payiMBt  be  miade. 

'  'Afi.  lS.-^Any  stopk*helder  magr  anAwriae  fmothet  to  anfeaad 
'ieeto<i]» hini in  wosf  nsetbir of  thai OoHqiany. 


I 


455 

•  •  • 

Art.  19.-^There  shall  be  an  annnal  meeting,  of  the  Bto^k* 
holders  held  on  the  first  Thursday  in  June  in  each  year,  at  Pike 
Birer,  at  which  all  officers  shall  be  elected/  and  such  other  busi- 
nesB  done  as  the  Oompany  may  think  necessary.  The  ertraordi- 
nary  meetings  of  the  Company  shall  hereafter  be  called  by  Hhe 
Board  of  Directors,  who  shall  publish  a  notice  hereof  for  four 
'  weeks  in  a  newspaper  printed  in  Oswego,  and  the  New  York 
'  State  piiper,  of  the  time  and  place  of  holding  such  meeting. 

Art.  20. — This  Oonstitution  may  be  amended  by  two-thirds  of 
the  votes  given  at  any  regular  meeting. 

Art.  21. — All  former  Oonstitutions  of  this  Oompany  are  hereby 
repealed,  but  all  rights  acquired,  and  liabilities  incurred,  under 
the  old  Oonstitution,  are  intended  to  be  reserved  and  retained. 

Art.  22. — "No  money  shall  be  paid  out  by  the  Treasurer,  except 
on  the  order  of  the  President  of  the  Soard  of  Directors,  which 
Older  shall  state  for  what  object  the  money  is  to  be  paid. 

Art.  23. — The  Oompany  may,  at  any  regular  meeting,  remove 
any  of  their  officers,  and  elect  others  to  fill  their  vacancies. 

Art.  24. — In  the  absence  of  the  Chairman  and  Secretary,  and 
Assistant  Secretary,  from  any  regular  meeting,  such  officers  may 
be  appoimted  ^o  tern. 

Elder  WooDiN  was  chosen  the  first  Chairman,  and  JohnBulleh, 
Jr.,  the  first  Secretary.  Four  hundred  certificates  of  scrip  were 
issued  at  $10  each,  and  signed  by  the  officers.   They  read  thus : 

'^  No. b    This  certifies  that  Jmots  Lotbbop,  or  his  aseigiis, 

is  entitled  to  one  share  of  the  stock  of  the 

^  Wegiem  Mnigratinff  Company ^^ 

after  signing  the  Constitution  of  said  Oompany,  and  in  idl  res- 

pects  complying  with  its  provisions,  and  not  otherwisa 

Dated  l^nibal,  K.  Y., ) 
March  9th,  1836.      J 

By  order  of  said  Company, 

FEI£B  WOODIir,  Chaimm.'' 

'  lam  Biojm,  Jr.,  Becvetaty. 


E 
Id  ifit«>  Wci(y  ^  Lapei  )e» 
ps£<i  tMir  oiCBcj  wad  ^ixi 
bec^rucd  :<?  cemTTgrrog 
C  W.  Tmnft^  a»i  Scrnr  RiasKa 

«f  tLcd  iSiOL  tcfok  A  p^rt::a  :c  rie  jxctaer 
iZtyvid  c-Ge  d:Cjr  per  dir,  &2^i  i^£cr  iv<e  .Oi.  i 

tkr^itf  wcxe  z^roL  s««i:  It  t»  Czci^AaT.  s  i*mvz  xa  3  «   ^  — ^^ 

At  tLe  T.Tjt  rj(  the  aciio-intzijiz.:  :f  iii  cdjcEt.  a: 

2B  iLe  o'.'^ne  Crf  s  few  sn-.iirr?.  if  si  :Q*r j  r*..iil-i  'k  aEBBL 
lt>  take  tLeplAcecf  t^ie  f::Lr*l-«iiT  Ei«z:Lm=ti.  :rflr««  3 
ticctotnea.  After  itfeert;&£2irz:l^i:ie  5:arwar»«:«iiL'x;  r 
W  waft  ac  ZfOizZitd  ac-i  ^c  siizif^i:  c-iti  i  Lcz."i«:  CciiLirr  :r 
to  carrj  £=.:<>  e£!tc£  vLiT  t^«  rrafi  ag^^cs  i*i 
so  take  fcie  e^ar^e  of  :iie  Bi*?cej  rsSsed  fmiL  a*  iicr  & 

I:  waa  ti-:  ::z^t  ci: 
to  do  Aaa  to  par  cxer  t&e  nuc-^j  ca  &e 
It  isve  bean  made  f  jr  a&  f^toiit  ar  B.: 

EKpIoroay  oa  cocciax  Vest*  m^die  tL^ 
a  k«a^*3a  at  MLaraakee,  b^  fr<£z^  Soum  J 
K  Waljcxb;,  asd  oc&era*  oa 
ii  TT-mV*  CO  cooiprr-ciaic,  they  areotiottth  to 
abo  f?«s<I  cia£3B«ita.    To  C*pc  GrLaaxr  ..»..» 
:^.  Hc^^aDy  tiftey  rs^ie  jrcp 

m 


457 

the  agents.  J^muoEB^was  not  inclined  to  return  east  with  the  other 
explorers,  bat  tarried  till  the  arrival  of  J.  BuiiUEir,  Jr.,  and  went 
still  farther  south  in  search  of  a  location  either  for  himself  or  the 
Oompanj.  He  and  Bullen  fixed  ou  the  month  of  Pike  Biver  for 
a  habitation.  Differences  arising  between  them,  they  did  not 
long  act  in  concert,  bat  in  opposition  to  each  other.  As  early  as 
the  first  of  Angnst,  1835,  Tu&neb  made  his  claim,  and  put  np  his 
hoQse  near  the  month  of  the  river,  where  he  resided  till  his  death, 
His  claim  of  160  acres  was  allowed  him  by  the  Judicial  Oommit- 
tee,  and  he  had  it  surveyed  into  blocks  and  lots,  and  made  sale 
of  some  of  them.  Buixsv  made  a  claim  south  of  him,  near  the 
present  brick  yard,  and  there  made  his  first  residence.  But  when 
the  Government  surveys  were  made,  these  two  claims  were  sup- 
posed to  be  on  the  same  quarter  section. 

From  what  I  could  learn  on  my  arrival,  Bullbk  had  hired  the 
WooDBBiDGBB  to  build  him  a  log  house  on  the  claim  since  held  by 
S.  Halb,  then  supposed  to  be  one  with  the  Kqcbaix  claim;  and 
that  after  this  was  built,  they  put  up  another  about  twenty  rods 
west  of  it,  since  occupied  as  a  shoe-shop,  and  sometimes  as  a 
dwelling  house  by  E.  Woodbbidge.  Bullen  had  put  Mr.  A.  Kel- 
logg into  the  first  named  house  before  it  bad  a  door,  floor,  or  win- 
dow— a  mere  pen.  After  that,  I  finished  and  lived  in  it  till  Jan- 
uary following.  In  consequence  of  this  house  being  oceupied| 
the  WooDBBiPGES  pretended  to  eccupy  their  small  shanty.  On  this 
a  dispute  arose  between  them  and  Bullen,  who,  on  raising  the 
first  frame^  was  opposed  by  E.  Woodbbidge  with  his  axe.  Tht 
committee  on  claims  were  called  upon  to  settle  the  dispute,  but 
no  decision  was  obtained  from  them.  For  a  long  time,  the  parties 
attempted  a  settlement,  and  finally  the  WooDBBnxiBS  relinquished 
all  their  claims  to  Bullen — viz. :  the  Ktmball  claim,  and  those 
soon  after  occupied  by  W.  Bullen,  J.  Lothb^p,  A.  Fo8te%  and 
eighty  acres  by .  8.  Doolfitlb,  together  with  a  quit  claim  of  t)ie 
other  eighty,  if  JkuomM  would  consent  to  relinquish  it,  which  it  - 
appears  he  did  not  Foral),  theBuLLSNs' paid^.I  think,  about 
1*00. 

68 


458 

m 

Hitherto  no  meeting  of  the  Company  had  been  held  in  this 
Territory,  nor  any  buslniasfl  done  in  their  name  in  Sonthport,  ex- 
cept by  their  agent,  J.  Bitllbk,  jr.  Kot  long  after  this,  however, 
Directors  were  appointed  at  Hannibal,  N.  Y.,  and  some  in  this 
place,  to  transact  basiness  with  the  agent  for  the  Company. 

The  first  Constitution  required  of  each  member  of  the  Com- 
pany, that  he  should  remove  West  to  their  location  within  a 
given  time — by  Jane,  18S6 ;  so  that  all  calculated  upon  the  Com- 
panyj  and  the  aid  of  all  its  members,  whenever  the  home  should 
be  found.  This  encouraged  some  to  remove,  who  would  not 
otherwise  have  gone  West,  especially  at  so  early  a  period.  But 
on  the  change  of  the  Constitution,  those  who  had  emigrated 
found  too  late  that  they  were  to  bear  all  the  burdens  and  expense 
of  making  and  sustaining  the  location  and  the  contiguous  claims^ 
while  those  behind  were  to  share  in  the  profits.  This  fact  they 
saw  early  in  the  winter  of  1836,  and  the  newly  appointed  Direc- 
tors in  what  afterwards  became  Wisconsin,  resolved  th^t  to  equal- 
ize the  burdens,  each  one  holding  a  contiguous  claim  bo  allowed 
$12  per  month ;  but  in  the  ensuing  spring,  finding  no  funds  in 

'  the  hands  of  the  Company  to  meet  the  great  expense  of  living 

"here,  it  was  again  resolred,  that  all  the  contiguous  claims  should 

'  be  surrendered  to  the  holders  of  the  same. 

\  The  Location. — On  the  25th  of  August,  1885,  Mr.  Busssll 
Allen,  who  was  to  start  on  his  return  to  New  York  the  next  day, 
came  out  on  the  prairie  where  some  of  us  were  busily  engaged, 

'  and  stated  that  he  was  about  to  return,  but  that  he  did  not  like  to 
carry  back  the  report  that  the  Company  had  yet  made  no  loca- 
tion ;  that  he  understood  that  C.  W.  Tubkbb  had  proposed  to  put 
in  his  claim  at  the  mouth  of  Pike  River,  on  condition  that  JTohk 

'  BuLLEN,  j.r.,  would  put  in  one,  with  certain  others,  and  make  a 

'location  suitable^  to  iiivite  the  emigrators  from  the  East,  and 
Worthy  of  the  Company.  We  all  went  down  to  Bullsn's,  when 
J:  BtTLLii^,  E.  Allkn  and  I  went  over  to  Wilson's  and  Bacon's, 
tod  after  coWderable  conversation  together,  and  privately,  Ifr. 
Aixbn  delayed  his  journey,  and  a  meeting  of  the  fiiends  of  liie 


r 


469 

HiOonqpuy  was  called  at  Mr.  WtiiMir'fl^VzKl  there  the  following  per- 
sons surrendered  their  olaims  as  oomnKm  stoekibr  the  Oemptoy : 
.  ©.  ivmoaa,  J.  Bitluen,  jr.,  J,  O.  WiLsoir,  H.  Biooir,  O.'W.  Toenke 
.  aAd  ^(BtsssLL  AiJjsr.     But  in  the  process  of  this  business,  it  was  ' 
named,  that  any  member  of  the  Oompany  could  cast  as  many 
TOtes/as  he  might  hold  shares  of  stock.    Upon  le^iming  this  fact, 
Hi.  TusvBB  refused  to  surrender  his  claim,  or  to  do  anythkig 
'  aboati  it.  i  It  was  engaged  by  tbe  Agent,  that  ihe  cflsnsiye  article 
in  th^  Oonstitution  should  be  so  amended,  as  again  to  limit  lihe 
vote  to  ten,  eren  should  stock-hotderB  own  more  than  ten  shares. 
'  Hr.  TimisnsB  still  objected;  but  all  the  otiiers,  however,  were  dis- 
•<  poeedto  abide  by  these  proposals,  some,  if  not  all  of  them,  re* 
serving  an  ^ere  or  two  for  their  own  use,  to  be  selected  where 
they  might  choose.    I  wrote  a  letter  to  be  conveyed  by  Mr.  Al- 
LEsr  to  Hannibal,  the  purport  of  which  was,  that  these  persons 
had  surrendered  their  locations  for  a  home  for  the  Oompanyi 
tiiereby  sacrificing  what  they  had  for  the  benefit  and  welfare  of 
that  body ;  leaving  it  with  them  to  make  juch  compensation  as 
they  might  deem  proper,  when  they  should  see  what  these 
claimants  had  endured  to  secure  Sv>  good  a  location. 

It  was  not,  till  many  months  after  this,  generally  known  that 
any  security  was  given  to  any  pisrsons  for  the  relinquishment  of 
.  their  claims  to  the  Company.  When  the  Directors  were^  transact- 
ing different  matters  of  business,  they  learned  that  BaoOn  and 
Wnjwv  had  notes  against  the  Oompany  to  the  amount  of  $l,li09 
and  $2,000,  from  Allbr  and  Bttulik  ;  and  since  then,  (hat  Dnwrnr 
Bin:i;BBr  had  also  a  note  from  them  for  tl,iK)0,  fbr  the  TCTMBaiii, 
daim.    All  tUs  appeared  to  have  been  kept  a  secret  as  long  'as 
,  possible,  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  0.  W.  Ttrnmni  into  a  relin* 
quishment  of  his  claim ;  but  when  the  Direetors  were'  consultlhg 
'  on  the  amount  to  be  allowed  to  them  for  holdiug^e  same,'it  was 
i>  aseertained  that  they  even  had  a  greater  amount  secured  to  tibem 
than  some  of  the  Directors  were  disposed  to  allow.    On  a6()oibit 
i'of'tfaiB,  and  other  deceptions  practised  by  the  Age^t  abed*  this 
'  tftoni)  Hir*'9DBim'#  reftual  to  surrender  his  claim  w4s  fully  jwti- 


460 

&e4f  espeoiaUy  by  the  Judicial  OonmiiCtee  of  the  ckimimti -in 
B^ine  eonntj  in  their  opinion  on  that  trial. 

The  jBeeulL — It  has  often, been  asked,  what  beoame  .6f.ffae 
money  raised  by  the  Emigration  Oootpany,  by  the  sale  bf 'thoir 
scrip  ?  It  ifi  difficnlt  to  tell.  Perhaps  some  of  the  A^pts^  were 
they  disposed,  could  cast  some  light  npon  the  sabjeet  '^Wenvnll 
make  the  best  apology  we  can,  in  all  charity.  There  was  an.eArIy 
prejadice  in  all  the  surrounding  country  against  the  Emigration 
Oo.y  not  only  because  of  the  offence  taken  at  Bacine,  bat  because 
there  was  a  suspicion  of  monopoly  which  operated  agmnst  all  the 
doings  of  the  Company.  But  the  principal  difficulty  was  early 
seen,  that  no  company  or  corporation  could  obtain  pre-emption  on 
their  lands.  This  cut  off  the  expectations  of  the  stock  holders, 
unless  their  claims  to  a  portion  of  the  location  were  giren  up. 
Attempts  were  made  to  obtain  a  special  pre  emption  on  two  sec- 
tions  of  land,  which  included  the  Company's  claim,  to  be  divided 
into  lots,  and  sold  at  a  fixed  price  for  the  purpose  of  building  a 
harbor.  The  bill  failed  in  the  House  of  Bepresentatives.  Some 
portion  of  the  location  had  been  surveyed  by  the  occupants ;  the 
Company  could  not,  therefore,  obtain  the  preemption.  But  there 
had  been  residents  on  the  same,  who  had  neither  surveyed  nor 
sold  any  part  of  the  quarter  section  on  which  they  had  lived ; 
therefore  David  Caossrr  obtained  the  pre-emption  on  the  Kimbajll 
claim,  and  Wiluam  Bullw  on  the  Baook  claim.  Those  who  had 
bought  lots  of  the  original  proprietors,  were  secured  in  their  pur- 
chase. As  the  matter  stood,  nothing  was  done  to  call  the  Direc- 
tors to  account,  and  the  Agents  not  being  called  on,  retained  what 
they  had  and  could  safely  hold.  Williah  Boujot  had  some  funda 
to  be  divided  ampng  the  stock-holders,  not  amounting,  however, 
to  more  than  about  thirty-three  per  cent— a  part  of  which  he  paid 
from  his  store.  Thus  ended  the  Emigration  Company,  which  had 
it«  origin  in  good  faith,  but  being  conducted  by  bad  policy,  ended 
in  the  benefit  of  a  few,  and  disappointment  of  many. 

Claims  ^knd  Olmim  TriaiU. — ^The  generationf  to  oMoe  #111  not 
understand  the  worth  6f  their  possessions,  only  as  ihqr  see^  tnd 


461 

imderataiid  their  cost  The  object  of  all  the  emigrante,  was  to 
obtain  lands  for  an  inheritance  for  their  children.  As  for  them- 
selvesy  the  trials  and  labors  incident  to  a  new  oonntry  were  often 
too  m«o1i  for  them ;  some,  nnable  to  endnre  the  conflict,  returned 
to  the  East ;  while  others  came  prepared  to  bnffet  all  trials  and 
hardships)  however  seyere.  Mnch  conflicting  interest  was  mani* 
fest  between  the  settlers,  from  the  flrst,  in  making  their  claims. 
Some  were  greedy  in  securing  at  least  one  section  of  840  acres  for 
themselves,  and  some  as  much  for  all  their  friends  whom  they 
expected  to  settle  in  the  country.  Before  the  lands  were  sur« 
yejed,  this  often  brought  confusion  and  disputes  with  reference 
to  boundary  lines,  and  still  greater  confusion  followed  when  the 
Ooremment  surveys  were  made  in  the  winter  of  1885-86.  These 
coslentiens  often  led  to  bitter  quarrels,  and  evenl>lood  shed.  Dr. 
B.  B.  Oabt,  of  Racine,  probably  carries  to  this  day  a  ball  thus 
received.  Early  meetings  were  called  to  devise  measures  to  se^ 
cure  peaceftble  possession  of  each  one's  claim.  It  was  found  ne- 
cessary to  form  a  kind  of  protective  union,  and  establish  some 
rule^  ihat  should  be  our  laws  for  the  security  and  protection  of  our 
claims.  Accordingly  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  store  of  BuXiLBn 
&  Oo.,  at  Pike  Biver,  on  the  13th  of  February,  1886,  when  Aus- 
TDT  Kkllogg  was  chosen  chairman,  and  Wm.  0.  SrHBinaii  clerk, 
when  a  suitable  preamble  and  resolutioDS  were  adopted,  Md  del- 
egates appointed  to  attend  a  similar  and  more  general  meeting  at 
Bacine*  This  Bacine  meeting  was  attended  by  delegates  from  the 
sevml  settlements  iur^then  Milwankee  county,  and  resulted  in 
the  formation  of  the  Mihoaukee  Union.  Congress  was  petitioned 
to  assist  us  by  the  enactment  of  suitable  preeinption  laws.  Hie 
pi^eeedings  of  these  two  early  meetings  or  conventions,  are  here- 
with appended.  These  proceedings  I  printed  at  the  time— Ihe 
former  on  a  large  slip  or  broadside,  and  the  latter  in  a  pamphlet 
of  nine  pages.  I  have  but  a  single  copy  of  each  remaining — ^that 
of  the  Pike  Biyer  meeting  is  a  rejected  proof,  as  all  the  good 
copies  were  taken  away ;  I  send  both  as  specimens  to  the  Histo- 
rical Society  for  preservation.   This  printing  I  did  on  a  ru4e  press 


/  . 


madai  itbpat  twely^  by  tireuty-four  iMbeB  io  size,  wilh  bidcfB.iiiih;  . 
ing  iilM>y6  tbe  baa^  oa  wbioh  the  tjj^  were  made  to  etend^ioC  tha 
helgbt  of  the  type.;  I  piade  my  own  ivlky  wd  ii^ed  the>oUl  &ehr  ; 
ioned  bell  ji^ith.  wh|)Qh'  todi^tdbote  the  h^  oa  the  typa^  iind  tfcen'  a^. 
roU^  peaied  over  the  pupef  oa  the  lotm,  reating  on  the  sidea  of  the  f 
bos;  01  .table,  tbat  did  the  pjeesa^work*    The  iv^kole  espense  of  toy  >t 
priiatiDg. materials,  laclodiDg  type,  oooidnot  have  beep-ten  del*'- 
laif.    It.waa  with  each  Umited  aeeommodatiooa  that  I,ez0eated 
ihia  early  .prmtiag  at  Pike  Ri^er..    By  theae  aimple  materiala  I.  j 
ha^r^  printed  aomethmga,  when  and  whore  no  other  priatiiipy 
covjd  be  had.    At  one. time,  I  priiited>260  c<^8  of  a  Tolume  of  >• 
about  ISO  pages.     When  ^^  cvi  qf  eartOf"  Z  oaat  eome  of  certain 
lettdYB,  taade.  quads  and  apaces ;  and  thns  I  maaaiged  to  niaiiii£ae»  > 
tn^  booksi  botmd  them  myself^  and  rsad  tk$m.      As  aomd  ith-  '. 
proyeifitenta  have  been  made  in  printing  sinee  that  day^  I  cati  w^ey  . 
weiL !  diapense  wi(ih  my  old  eatablishmeDt  and  bosineaa  ia  tiiat 
lin^:(  I  Qotay  add^  that  my  press  and  atensils  for  printing  w^d 
noW'b^aeabjeot^for  sporty  of  which  they  hare  elieiited  an  libuin. 
daRce  ;:the  type  havre  probably  been  deing  ibusineas  in  another 
forsb  £pf  yeara  past. 

][iQay  truly  aay^  that,  this  old  subject  of  ckdm  is  an  unpleasant 
one;&t;efleates  hard  feelings,  and  stirs  up  bad  blood,  which  haira 
not  j^  heeome  entirely  exifinot. 

j^fK^Mma.— They  were  plenty  among  us,  and  through  this  eoiln* 
ty^  in  188$<  ■.  We  had  frequent  visits  fi-oia  them,  and  saw  them 
in  ail  potts  of  the  eounty*  Beer  Were  the^  plenty,  so  much  so 
th^lp  making  a  s^iryey.  ^f  twenty  mifes,  more  than  fifty  au^t 
be  i|^n,  and  sometimea  as  many  as  twenty  together^  Whete 
th^c0  wm  ao  much  game,  of  oourae  tibere  w^e  Indians,  and  they 
wei<0  often  with  ua  tm  ouif  aurreying  exciisione.    In  the  autuBUi 

•l9ri«.9fi24U«il>7'aiB.  LDnitof  ttVfll  hirsbMadiAeili  lWbr«»^;  lad  lUiNik,  1886,  Md  ftis  tfifie 
priBtlog  t^bliflnept^  w«  think,  nwjit  hAT0  tetn  th*  Moond  |n  WlMOOPin.  T!h»  Qttm  Ay  ^ni^ 
fencer  vaa  commenced  Dec.  11, 1833 1  and  the  Miltimuhu  Jdvtrtitir  fliOt  tUl  J0I7,  1836.  Th«  ffUeon^ 
fi»JN»*f')r«lb.«tarftnBft7vi»w^a>MMa«4qa«l^t«l|w^  LbC.BL^ 


;■» 


>f  • 


of  1885,  we  had  i^lQi^^Yisit  from.  thidZQi— :loiig0r  titan  they  wjatiq^,. 
to  pay,  or  we  receiye.    They  were  on  their  return  from  OMongf;^  . 
where  they  had  received  their  annual  paymenli  fr<pm  the  Q<;»Y.e|i^- 
mtnt>  when  a  storm  droye^them  on  ahore  with  .us,  a]»4.^out  three: : 
hundred  of  them  were  weath^ribouud  for  p^a^ly  th;ree  wee]nft< :  J^^-  ^  i 
first  they  were  peaceable  and  gpod  o9Btoiners,  till  our.pronsioil^i.j 
ran  short ;  ^hen  they  pressed  us  hardt  wi  sowetivaea  /alarmed  tbei  > 
few  who  ought  to  haye  sold  to  Ihism  ei?u>ugh  to  have  satisfipd  their., : 
wants*   In  their  eztrexfiityy  they  tool^  some  hogS'i^xM}.  cattle.   Ibe-.:.> 
chief  trouble  arose  from,  their  constant  desire  Ibc  whiAkj^,.whiQ]lL, 
th0y  seemed  to  suppose  every  whit^  man  mus6  have  on  hand^  t 
and  not  getting  it,  they  disturbed  our  nights  as  if  ell  as  days<  As. 
the  country. had  not  yet  been  surveyed,  there  was  §ome  fenr  of; 
them* 

Mummg  the  Prairies^ — After  the  fir8|;  frost,  ii^  the  a^tujogin  of  < 
1885,  had  killed  the.  miUioQs  pf  tons  of  grass  west  of  ns,.  we, be- 
gan, at  Pike  Biver,  to  see  the  rising  smoke  at  a  distance.    The  i 
Indians  probably  had  fired  the  prairies  as  early  as  they^  ooold  f^  ^ 
hunting  purposes.  It  was  some  time  in  the  latter  part  of  Septem- 
ber.   We  began  to  see  the  advancing  fire  towards  evening  on  the  .: 
prairie,  three  miles  west  pf  us ;  and,  before  twelve  o'clock,  it 
became  a  serious  affair.  ^The  wind  was  from,  the  south-west,  and 
pretty  stronfic,  and  the  fire  progressed  rapidly.    The  blaze  and 
burning  fragments  being  blown  by  the  wind,  caught  the  tops  of  . 
the  high  grass,  and  the  raging  fire  cQntini^ed  to  advance  so  swift- 
ly that  a  deer  would  hardly  escape  it.    About  nine  o'cbek  in  the 
evening  it  reached  the  woods,  which  extended  back:  from  the  Lake  > 
half  a  mile,  when  the  rich  folic^e  and  fallen  leaves  fed  the  fiame   . 
to  a  great  height.   Some  precaution  had  been  used  for  the  protec- 
tion of  our  shanties  andstacks  of  hay;  but  we sp¥f,  as-ihe  fiood 
of  fiame  poured  in,  that  we  were  npl  sufficicAtly  prepared.  Oover- 
lets  and  blankets  were  thrown  into  th^  water,  a^d  spread  over 
the  hay  for  its  safety.  The  roaring  terror  came  through. the  woodp  ^ 
with  awful  grandeur.    Large  trees^  as  well  as  all  .smaller  vegeta*. 
tion^  quickly  fell  before  the  rut^l^  invader.   Thiswas,  when  the   . 


464 

pndriea-wereuncroppedbythe  countleGS  herds  that  now  roam 
OTdr  them. 

J^rth  of  Julyy  1886.— The  first  celebration  of  Independenoe 
day  was,  according:  to  the  age  of  onr  new  settlement,  a  matter  of 
some  interest  to  nearlj  all  onr  popalation,  and  nambers  from  Sa- 
cine.  The  place  chosen  for  this  display  of  their,  loyalty  to  old 
cnstom,  was  in  a  beantifdl  grore  near  the  north  end  of  the  Island, 
and  near  the  lake.  Borne  hundreds  were  addressed  by  the  writer ; 
and  several  good  old  songs  were  snog  with  much  spirit^  the  whole 
people  constitntiog  the  choir,  making  the  grove  resound  with 
their- patriotic  sentiments  in  Anld  Lang  Syne.  Pleasant  Prairie 
sent  a  large  d^egation  of  men,  women,  and  children,  on  a  car 
drawn  by  twenty  yoke  of  oxen,  carrying  flags  suited  to  the  occa* 
sion.  A  suitable  dinner  was  furnished  near  the  house  of  Mr.  Bb- 
8IGH1I,  on  the  bank  of  the  Lake.  Their  toasts  required  the  aid  of 
neither  rum  nor  party  politics.  At  this  period  every  settler  was 
chiefly  concerned  in  making  and  protecting  his  claim. 

The  SdHar  and  Piera. — ^Por  some  years  after  the  first  settle- 
ment was  made  at  Pike  River,  much  difficulty  was  experienced 
in  landing  passengers  and  freight  from  the  boats  which  called  at 
the  place.  In  1886,  schooners  from  the  Lower  Lakes  ventured 
within  a  mile  of  the  shore,  and  some  a  little  nearer,  and  sent  their 
lading  on  shore  by  their  small  boats,  at  the  risk  of  hard  labor  and, 
damage.  Smaller  craft  came  near  land.  Oapt  Bobiksok,  of  the 
small  schooner  ^'  JTtram,"  brought  lumber  in  1835 ;  and  the 
schooner  ^^  JFly'^^  brought  potatoes  from  Michigan.  The  steamer 
^^ Ditrait^^*  in  1886,  was  the  first  that  ventured  here  with  passen- 
gers and  provisions ;  the  ^^  Damd  Webster^^  made  us  a  call  in 
1887 ;  and  after  this,  all  kinds  of  vessels  called  in  good  weather. 
In  the  summer  of  1 886,  our  first  citizens  provided  a  lighter,  which 
considerably  lessened  the  risk  in  landing ;  A.  Q.  Nobthwat  de- 
serves the  credit  of  having  built  and  managed  this  craft. 

:It  had  been  observed  by  some  of  the  early  settlers,  that  where 
poles  had  been  driven  in  the  Lake,  so  as  to  penetrate  firmly  into 
the  day,  they  withstood  the  severe  north  casters.    This  fact  eug- 


j: 


iA65 


,  .igested^ttoi^MBirbiliYy  of  :bra)g'»bkif^'  enc«l » j^ier  orbvidge  into 
, . the  Xake.  Bu\QK  Oihb»  wlio  ofttMH^Abt^  piice  iB  ISM^iimft  the 
-7  %fit.16  Hiafc^  a  move  for,  a  pt^.  H^iJ^iopoaad  it  {9.  ISiQ^bot  was 
(1  .  bwli^erefi  ^hiiMrioil  in  hie  cateotakioDe,  In  18^0^  he  saw .  Mr. 
V  €fAMmr,,thQ  iflr^knowa  pimQt]!7mJUKiind>b<>rticaltturi6t)  atvdfen- 
t^:  uagad^m  t^.  prosecute  the  -p^orki  etoA  <>^  this,  the  mid4tteLpfiery 
•j.iand  ou  the  IvarebeBse,  lir^  OTolexpeDded  not  less  thai)  $a>000. 
.1  The  attempt  was  At  first  a  good  deal  ridicQled  b7*som0  of  onr  sis- 
.;t.ter  Lak^  port  towns ,  which  have  sioee  profited. faj  .th^  example. 
:  Two  more  piers  were  afterwards  bnilt^  and  all  faave;!been  bon- 
:i  stsntly  naed  during  the  season  of  navigatioa*  vAU  the  Lake  pofrts, 
:  aad  tbe*  country  generally  I  hare  beim  greatly  ilKtebted  to  these 
.   snbstitntea  for  harbors. 

Temperanoe, — ^Kenosha  once  boasted  of  being  ahead  of  all 
plaoes  iipoaLake.MichigAn  in  the  temperance.' oanse.    This  was 
in  part  owing  to  the  temperanoe  olstaae  in  the  Oonstitntion  of  tibe 
.  Emigration  Company/  which,  pf  eonrsoy  di»w  together,  a  •dasi  of 
.  persons  of  habits  s6  f4>rmed  as  tojeadily  comply  withthia^i^^oire- 
,  ..ment  (tf  theiCodstitation*    In  the^anttimn  of  i  836,  a.reqnest  was 
.  made  to  the  writer  to  give  a  temperance  lecture  at  th^'li6ms6  of 
,  CHHiBraFssa'DfEBBTSBiaBy  in  Plta^mt  Prairie^  on  a  Sunday  afibsr- 
lioon,    Mr.  HiQO£B(S  and  Sbbsho  IV)wij»  wiere  the  first  movrera  of 
>  this  meetiiig*    A. good. congregation  was pnssent,  and atihe^ close 
of  the  address,  fotty-five.  persons  gave.their  names  py^  pfedgeiof 
total  abstiaieoce  from  all  intoxicating  drinks..  .  ^ 

. ;  A  few  weeks  after,  a  meeting  was  called  at  Pike  Greek)  and  aniad- 
dress  made  by  ;the  writer,when  thirty  names  were  ftitbacribed  to  the 
temperance  pledge.    From. th^t  time,  till  abotit  184:0,  Pike  Ortek 
.  ^or  Southport)  was  remaiiK:aUe.fi>r .the. temperance,  of  its  inhabi- 
tants.  A  chasigey  however,  esme  oy^  tb»,  place,  by ;  the  introdvc- 
ti<m  of  Hmiited  temperance^  'Que  fact  will  illustratetfae  new  prin- 
ciple .  Yariona  talents  wem  called  intOfnsqniattion:  to-  present  at 
.  our  meetlnga  the  subject  of;  tentperafCa.*:  Bev*  Mir4'AiiJk^Qas^'0f 
.tb^JBpiaCoplJ<sharch|  was  requai'tcKl%tQ>givCvht8!Tiew^ 
said  he,  ^  I  have  often  lectured  on  temperance,  and  will  accept 
6» 


466 

yonr  inritatioii  for  next  Taetday  .^Vening."  Mmnwlule,  it  'was 
ascertaiiiedy  that  big  yicrwg  fsTOred  nk>d&rats  drinking.  He  was 
'  told,  that  sneh  were  not  the  principles  of  the  Sonthport  Temper- 
ance Society;  when  he  concloded  not  to  lectare,  hot  to  giveius 
notlonB  on  the  preyions  Sabbath  evening.  He  did  so,  infbrailng 
the  people  that  he  did  not  deny  himself  the  privilege  of  wetting 
his  lip  when  he  chose  to  do  so,  but  warned  them  against  in- 
toxication, as  a  beastly  act,  and  nnworthy  of  the  dignity  of  man* 
He  allowed  that  there  were  cases  in  which  the  principles  of  total 
abstinence  might  be  the  most  proper  for  a  society  to  adopt; 
that  when  a  person  was  aware  of  the  fact,  that  he  could  not  drink 
without  indulging  to  excess,  such  might,  if  they  chose,  unite  with 
such  a  Society,  and  be  benefitted  by  it,  and  rather  advised  such 
to  join  it 

When  the  next  Tuesday  eyening  came,  no  one  was  prepared  to 
address  the  meeting ;  and  the  writer,  who  was  then  President  of 
the  Society,  was  pressed  into  the  work.  He  stated  that  Southport 
had  been  acknowledged  as  the  most  noted  for  temperance  of  any 
place  on  Lake  Michigan ;  and  then  remarked,  that  it  was  by  total 
abstinence  principles  that  this  high  reputation  had  been  attained. 
He  then  warned  them  agaiast  the  introduction  of  the  new  tbecfrj 
of  Mr.  Alansok  ;  yet  to  test  the  practical*  efficacy  of  the  two  theo- 
ries, he  would  ask  the  committee  to  circulate  in  the  large  congl-e- 
gatioii  a  paper  for  the  names  of  such  as  could  not  drink  without 
excess.    After  a  carefol  circulation  of  the  paper,  it  was  foufad 
|hat  not  one  had  signed  it.   He  then  suggested,  that  as  Paul  had 
.  advanced  the  benevolent  idea,  that  *^  It  is  good  neither  to  eat 
'  flesh,  nor  to  drink  wine,  nor  any  thing  whereby  thy  brother  is 
'  ofEbnded  or  is  made  weak,  •'  so  ihey  might  act  upon  the  same  prin- 
'  ciple,  and  sign  the  total  abstinenice  pledge,  if  uot  for  theii*  own 
sakes,  yet  for  the  good  of  o&ers ;  that  it  was  hard  fbr  those  whom 
.  we  love,  and  for  whom  we  would  even  makeSacrifice,  toact  alone, 
*"  but  upon  this  benevolent  principle  liiey  would  sign  it  in  company 
''<with«  others*    The  pledge  ^vas  now  circulated,  add  about  thirty 


'  ^ 


467 

additional  names  obtained.    This  argument  was  not  lost  on  ^o 
public  mind. 

Bat  soon  after  this^  the  Washingtonian  temperance  organizatien 
becoming  the  fashion  of  the  daji  the  old  officers  resigned,  and,  as  a 
premium  to  others  for  becoming  temperate,  they  were  appointed. 
Soon  after,  the  Glee  Ohib^  which  thought  to  put  down  the  evil  of 
intemperance  by  songs  and  good  cheer,  made  the  experiment,  and 
found  this  kind  went  not  out  by  laughing  and  singing.  Then 
came  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  who  were  disposed  to  make  the 
principle  of  secrecy  subservient  to  the  good  cause  of  temperance* 
This  Had  two  objects,  self-protection  and  temperance.  The  firsti 
as  might  have  been  foreseen,  gained  the  ascendancy,  and  the 
lailnre  has  become  universally  obvious.  Since  then,  little  haa 
been  done  to  stem  the  torrent,  except  the  efforts  put  forth  to  lEte- 
cure  the  aid  of  the  Maine  Law. 

J?^t^ca^tt?n.— Early  attention  was  given  to  the  subject  of  edu- 
eation.  In  the  winter  and  summer  of  1836,  a  school  was  kept  in 
the  first  framed  house  built  in  tbe  place.  On  this  subject,  Hoa. 
M.  Fbanx  says  in  his  sketch  of  Southport :  ^'  On  the  approach  of 
winter,  the  inhabitants,  with  commendable  enterprise,  succeeded 
in  establishing  a  school ;  Bev.  Jason  Loxhbop  collected  about 
thirty  scholars,  the  larger  part  of  which  were  from  the  surround^ 
ing  country."  A  large  log  school -house  was  built  at  an  early  day. 
From  that  time  special  pains  have  been  taken  to  advance  the  in- 
terests of  education,  providing  good  houses  and  the  best  of 
teachers.  The  high  standard  of  education  now  supported  by  the 
city  of  Eenosha,  may  be  justly  regarded  as  the  natural  conse- 
quence of  these  early  exertions. 

Religion, — ^It  was  a  very  appropriate  remark  concerning  many 
of  the  professors  of  religion  migrating  from  the  East,  that  their 
religion  would  not  bear  transportation,  but  was  generally  lost  ia 
the  passage  over  the  Lakes.  It  was  a  lamentable  fact,  that  very 
few  showed  any  greater  interest  for  any  object,  than  they  did  for 
a  "  goad  daim  /*  even  in  the  early  meetings  which  the  tfettlers 
'  held  in  1835,.the  frequent  allusions  to  making  a  good  daim  in 


468 

heaven,  showed  where  the  heart  wag.  I^early  two  years  passed 
before  any  move  was  made  for  the  organization  of  any  church. 
Mr,  Abnsb  Bablow,  then  a  Methodist  preacher,  residing  fn  Pleas- 
ant Prairie,  was  the  first  person  who  sUtedly  preached  in  what  is 
now  Kenosha.  After  him  we  had  various  calls  from  those  who 
professed  to  preach  the  gospel.  When  different  demonihations 
came  to  be  represented  by  their  preachers,  they  met  usually  in 
the  old  log  school  house  on  Main  street.  Then  tbere  was  much 
harmony.  No  church  was  constituted  till  January,  1837,  when 
the  Methodists  formed  a  society.  The  Congregational  church  was 
organized  in  June,  1838,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Crawtoed;  their^first  pas- 
tor was  Rev.  Mr.  Nichols*.  The  Baptist  church  was  constituted 
in  September,  1833  ;  Rev.  Jason  Lothkop  was  their  first  pastor, 
and  hold  that  relation  about  nine  years,  when  illness  compelled 
him  to  resign  the  charge.  The  Episcopal  church  was  organized 
in  1840,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Hull  ;  their  first  pastor  was  Rev.  William 
Alanson.  No  other  churches  were  formed,  within  the  period  of 
which  I  write. 

First  aettlera  of  Kenosha  County. — 6.  H.  Kimball,  Hudson  Ba- 
con, John  Bullen,  Jr.,  S.  Resigne,  Jonathan  Pierce,  Gardner.  Wil- 
son, Jason  Lothrop,  William  Bullen,  Nelson  Lay,  Alfred  Foster, 
Waters  Towsley,  David  Croseit,  may  be  named  as  early  settlers 
at  Pike  River,  afterwards  called  Southport,  and  still  later  Ke- 
nosha. Many  came  into  the  place,  and  remained  till  they  could 
secure  claims  in  the  country  back  ;  these  are  not  named  in  the 
above  list. 

Pleasant  Prairie, — Horace  Woodbridge  and  Jacob  Miller 
were  the  first  settlers  in  this  town  ;  the  latter  kept  a  tavern  in  a 
log  house  on  the  United  States'  road,  where  John  Eastman,  Esq., 
now  resides.  After  them  came  Sylvester  Pierce,  Oalob  Pierce, 
Robert  Barnes ;  the  first  two  moved  into  Hickory  Grove,  and  the 
latter  located  on  the  United  States'  road,  where  Charles  Morgan 

« til  VwKt%  HlBloiy  of  ill*  ^nthyinHxi  and  Gong regatloBftt  eharvhte  In  WlMotiaiii.lt  la  ttated  ttialttat 
XMoaliAolMrdk  waft  orgavlMd  Juoe  Sfrth,  1888.  by  a*T.  QiLMBf  C^Aif909»  {  vaA  K«t.  0.  0.  €a»i 
.     ir^  Um  Otat  mlnUtar,  from  Jul/,  I6S8,  to  Jolj,  1839.  L.  C.  O. 


469 

aow  liyecu  Then  came  John  T.  Cadj,  and  sooa  after  Owiq  Bte- 
TenB,  who  afterwards  left,  Abner  Barlow,  who  subeeqaenUy 
preached  atPike  River  and  elsewhere.  Earlj  in  1836,^  Daniel 
Stevens,  Obristopher  Derbjshire,  and  the  Talcotts. 

Sorrier^* — ^The  family  of  Felches  were  here  in  1835,  as  early  as 
March,  and  were  soon  followed  by  Montgomery,  Griffin,  Shaarti 
Allen,  Bond,  Willard,  Stevens,  Miller,  and  Deacon  Cephas  Weed. 

Paris. — Hammoxid  Maieh,  the  Korthways,  R.  Marston,  Falsom, 
and  Ouffin. 

BriatoL — Rev.  Ira  Bristol,  from  whom  the  town  was  named, 
Levi  Grant,  Ethridge,  Wilbnr,  Fitch  A.  Hjggins,  his  son  William 
Higgins,  and  Rawlen  Tattle,  were  the  first  settlers.  Joel  Walker, 
in  the  spring  of  183^,  made  his  claim  on  what  has  since  been 
known  as  Wnlker's  Prairie, 

Salem. — John  Dodge,  John  Ballen,  David  Ballen,  and  Amoa 
Qratton. 

Brighton. — Dr.  Johnson,  and  Mr.  .Wight man. 

Wheatland. — Jenkins,  the  Dixons,  and  Powers. 

Did  time  and  space  permit,  wo  should  like  to  present  more 
names,  with  a  more  particular  account  of  them  ;  as  it  is,  we  must 
be  content  to  close  with  some  brief  sketches  of  a  few  of  the  more 
noted  and  prominent. 

G.  H.  Kimball  was  an  early  settler  at  Pike  River,  after  pnr- 
ehasing  a  large  tract  south  of  the  creek  or  river  ;  and  having  sold 
ont  much  of  his  interest,  he  still  lives  here.  He  ba^  a  fine  resi- 
dence, where  he  can  spend  his  old  age  amid  the  beauties  of 

» 

nature,  in  a  thick  forest  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees. 

Gen.  John  Bcllbk  came  in  the  year  18>6,  and  located  in  the. 
town  of  Salem,  at  the  place  still  known  as  BuUeu's  Bridge.  He 
was  active  and  iufiaential  iu  labors  for  his  town  and  county,  and 
was  appointed  general  of  militia  by  Gov.  Donos.  He  died  in 
Kenosha  in  1852. 

JoHur  Bdllek,  Jr.,  son  of  the  general,  was  an  early^  settler,  and 
for  awhile  sole  Agent  of  the  Emigration  Company,  and  as  deeply 
interested  in  its  fortunes  and  issue  as  any  other  man.    He  was  for 


470 

many  years  engaged  in  mercantile  bnsines8|  and  has  been  an  ex- 
tensive land-holder.  He  still  liyes  to  witness  the  great  changes 
Ihat  haye  taken  place  since  the  days  of  1835  and  '36. 

William  Bullen ,  his  brother,  was  one  of  the  first  claimants  on 
the  island,  and  afterwards  procured  a  pre-emption  on  the  claim 
made  by  H.  Baoon.  He  pursued  mercantile  business,  and  built 
a  number  of  large  houses,  and  was  much  engaged  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  town.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Territorial 
Oouncil  in  1838,  the  two  sessions  of  1839,  and  in  1840  and  '41. 
He  was  honored  as  a  citizen  and  legislator.  He  died  some  years 
since. 

Ohaslbs  Dubkeb  came  from  Vermont,  his  natiye  State,  in  1838. 
He  purchased  considerable  property  here,  and  early  commenced 
building,  which  he  pursued  extensively  to  the  advancement  of  the 
best  interests  of  the  place ;  the  last  of  these  buildings  reared  by 
him  was  the  large  hotel  which  will  continue  to  bear  the  name  of 
Dwkee  JBatMS  while  it  stands.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the 
few  he  found  in  the  place,  and  his  friends  have  steadily  increased 
with  the  population.  Few  men  have  done  so  much  business, 
dealt  with  so  many  persons,  and  made  so  few  enemies.  He  was 
engaged  in  every  good  work,  and  did  his  full  share  in  its  prosecu- 
tion. He  never  waited  to  be  led^  but  was  forward  in  all  plans  of 
mercy  and  benevolence,  even  when  he  knew  the  majority  would 
Oppose  him.  In  the  cause  of  temperance  and '  freedom,  he  was 
an  early  and  earnest  advocate.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
first  Territorial  Legislature  in  1836,  and  also  in  1837  and  '38 ;  in 
1850,  he  was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the  lower  house  of  Congress^ 
where  he  served  his  two  years'  term ;  and  in  1855,  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  United  States'  Senate.  He  now  resides  in  Dane 
county,  where  he  has  an  extensive  farm. 

R.  H.  DsMma  came  here  in  the  year  1836,  and  for  a  time  was 
employed  in  mercantile  affairs.  He  soon  took  a  prominent  part 
in  public  matters  relating  to  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  the 
place.  His  early  labors  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  temperance  and 
education,  have  identified  him  with  the  history  and  progress  of 


r 


471 

SoBibport^  toA  the  tb«a  oonnty  of  lUtiJie.  Bat  all  his  o&m 
pnblic  positions  and  semces,  will  weigh  little  in  comparison  with 
his  inflaence  and  labors  connected  with  the  establishment  and 
snp^rt  of  onr  public  schools.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  favor 
the  organization  of  free  schools,  and  he  has  nniformlj  given  them 
his  warm  enoooragement.  Eenosha  is  much  indebted  to  him  lor 
the  success  of  her  schools,  and  he  has  lived  to  see  some  of  tho 
firuitfi  of  these  labors,  and  in  his  own  fkmilj* 

MioHAXL  FsASK  deserves  to  rank  high  as  one  of  the  most  promi- 
neut  and  useful  of  our  citizens.  He  has  done  much  towards  the 
growth  and  prosperitj  of  Kenosha.  In  1887,  he  exchanged  his 
home  in  Virgil,  Oourtland  countj,  N.  Y.,  for  Southport.  Though 
unobtrusive  in  his  manners,  he  soon  became  appreciated  as  editor. 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  President  of  the  Oorporation,and  member  of 
the  Legislative  Oouncil — ^in  which  latter  body  he  served  from 
1843  to  1846,  inclusively.  He  has  been  Oolonel  of  the  i?egiment, 
and  had  the  offer  of  a  General's  commission,  but  he  never  valued 
any  military  office,  and  seemed  not  to  love  the  business  of  war. 
If  he  has  taken  pride  in  any  public  stations,  it  has  been  in  those 
which  enabled  him  to  promote  popular  education.  In  our  public 
school  system,  he  is  beginning  to  see  the  utility  of  his  labors  in  a 
generation  rising  up  to  bless  suoh  philanthropists.  His  <<  Annals,'' 
carefully  kept  since  he  has  been  a  citizen  with  us,  may  be  of  much 
use  and  value  hereafter. 

Ohaut.ub  0.,  and  Ohbistophbb  Lathah  Sholbb  did  not  settle  so 
early  among  us  as  many  others,  but  the  promin^it  part  they  have 
taken  in  our  a&irs,  demands  our  notice. 

0.  0.  Shoub  has  been  long  known  in  Wisconsin — ^finitat  Green 
Bay,  a^d  since  in  onr  place.  He  represented  Brown  county  in 
the  Territorial  Assembly  in  the  six  sessions  from  18S?  to  1840; 
and  in  1856,  represented  this  county  in  the  Assembly,  and  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  that  bddy.  Here  in  Kenosha,  he  has  bees 
known  as  an  active  citizen,  engaged  in  all  good  labors.  As  mayor 
of  par  city,  his  name  has  been  more  as8K>ciated  with  the  prosperity 
of  the  place  thim  that  of  any.othef  person.    In  every 


K 


<  f 


I'l 


471 

btfo^ttpiedylie  hft^  ezhibit^a^olKft^eter  of  rterling  fMthtiili|e«0 
and  Hobosty^  of  pnrpdse/   '  ^'  -  •         "     • 

0.  L.  SflotSB  eaCablifth^d  lAn  newspaper  pfess  here  id  1640,  and 
has  snataified  its'tredit  and-  ble  repntation  ae  editoti,  taking  raiik^ 
with  the  abletC  in  WiisoonBin  ;  its  independent  and  ^  liberal  char- 
acter 18  well  known.  He  served  in)  the  State  Senate  in  1 8  ^8  and 
'49,  and  in^Uie  Assembly  lnll85d  and>'68)  and  is  now  serving  an- 
other two  years'  term  in  the  Senate.  Hefaas  always  been  forw^aid' 
in  eyery  itnprovement  and  good  work.'  If  the  spirits  of  the  de^ 
parted  inflaenee  none  lo  woi^d  d^edsthan  they  do  btim^  we  shall 
not  be  very  jealons  of  their  visits/ 


"  CLAIMANT'S  UNIQN/' .    :       '        > 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  Pike  Biver/at  the  store  of 
Bin:i;BN.&  Co.,  on  the  18th  day  vi  .  Febrnary,  1836,  Avsin^  Eel* 
Lodo  Was  chosen  moderator,  and  Willtak  C.  Etbbhidgb  clerk, 
when  the  following  preamble  and  ConfiKitation,  presented  by  the 
committee  appointed  to  draft  the  same,  w^re  nnanimously 
adopted :  • 

^\  WberekS)  a  nnion  and  cooperation  of  all  the  inhabitants  will 
be  indispensably  necessary,  in  case  the  |>re*empti()n  law  should 
not' pass,  for.  the  seearing  and  protecting  of  our  claims:  And 
whereas,  we  duly  appreciate  the  benefit  which  may  result  from 
anch  an  association,  not  otHy  in  regulating  the  manner  of  making 
and  sustaining  claims,  andsettling  differences  in  regard  to  them,'' 
but  in  securing  the  same  to. the  holders  thereof  against  specula- 
tora  at  the  laad  sale ;  and  being  .well  awars  that  consequences  the'' 
most  dangerous  to  libd  jntecests  of  tslEi^tlerswill  followv  if 'Ebeli  a 
imidn  be  notl&riiied ;  aiud  as  Governmeut  h^  heretofore  encour-' 
aged  enligcation  by  grantltig '  pre^mptioi^  to  actual  settlers,' we 
are  asatiredltkat  our  setdliig  and  cnltivating  tbe'  pltbtic  lands  is  in 
accordance,  with  the  best  ;s^iahesof  €h>Ternment  ;•  and  knowing 
that  in- apoia  instances  out  neighborsibat^'beeu  deallt  wi4h  in  an 
un&^IiDgtjmapner^'driyen  from'tkel^ 'bomeS)  tibeir  property. dee* 


o 


M 


^.J 


trogred;  tiMir  perwmt  attaoked^  and  their  livaS'  jeopaidaA,  to  lal*  . 
isfj  the  maligtisnt .  dmpwitian .  of  vofHiiicspled  andi  aTarkiow  ^  i . 

men  :  and  looking  upon  Bnch  proceedings  as  nnjnst,  cakolatod  titirx 
prodaeeanafoliy,  aonfioaioii  aiid  tkalike  avkong  ap/xie^ro^  M>xk 
fair  pnsp^tBySaibTerti  the  good  ordenof  soeiat^^afBdorander  oir 
homes 'the  httbitatioDa  of  terror  and  diBtniatr*^tht>Be.'hcKneey  tb.oh-. 
taia which'  wehaire  /left:. on jr  friends^ .  deprited,.oina0brM.of  tlia 
many  blessings  and  privilegesof -^aocietT'^  have.  batno4ibe  es- 
pe]ise8,.a&d.enoonnterad'thq  hardahipe  of  a  .parilons  d<larnej|^y.adt 
yaopihg  into  a  spade  beyoiBithe'bo^daoS  eWili^eltiota,! add- bar- 
ing the  manj  difficoltleetttnd  obititiiG^iofie  of  a  state:  of •natara  to. 
OYercome,  aiMijonJlie^  ip^aceable  ^possesaioQ  of  wl^iehi^tir.^aU  ia 
depending :  We,  tfaereforey  as.  well  meaning  ii^habitan^j  having 
in  view  the  promotion  of  the  interett  of  onr.eettLeaieDt^  and 
knowing' the  man;  advan^a^s  derived  from  unity  df  fueling  and 
action,  do  come  forward  X\m  davt  ^^d  solemnly  pledg^.^^tMr^^W^. 
to  render  each  other  onr  matnal  assifl^tance,  in  the  pi;otection  <^ 
onr  just  rights^  and  in  furtherance  of  these  TiewSi  we  adopt  ai|d 
agree  jbp:  abide  by  and  Bnpport^.the  following  .    .    / 

OOKSliTOT^ 

mm  *  «  •  ■  • 

Ark  1.  The  name  and  title  of  this  Soeiety  shall  be  the  ^Ptfa 
Hwet  OlairmnM  Union^  aiixtliirff  to  the  County  >Umony  for 
the  attabiment  and  Bocsrity  of  titiee  tOi  claims  osx  GovenKment 
lands. 

AM^  2.  Besides  a  Ohairmaai  and  .Olerb,  ^.boavd  <J  twelve.Osii* 
sors  shall  be  appointed  for.theipnrpbBe  of.  deciding  ooaljb cases  of 
dispute  between  claimants,  coming  before  them,  be  chosen .witb». 
ont&vorto  name  orparty';t£Te  fromLtlm  twelveftoeofastitote  a 
qna:^ai  Ijo  adtraei  the^  Board;  the  oth4>  seven  being  anbjeett^ob* 
jection,  if  drawq  j  y6t  none  bnt  the  parUea  axid-,  the\QlerkvabaU 
be  priyy  to  the  p^oess.of  drawing  and  objecting*.   ..   >,/,;•• 

A^i.,  S, .  Xp  '<[0Ji9titute  a  •elaitn,  there  shall  be  a  hoase^body,  <ir 
frame  Qf^soffioient |ii<njansion8 for.a.' family  to d^^ellin,  or ba)f  ap 
acre  ploughed,  or  a  piece  enclosed  with  at  least  100  rails— either 
60 


47« 

of  which  AsOl  oo&ititat0  a  dhdia;  and  be  raftered  OB^heiBi^^hfipt 
by  the  Olerk  for  that  pcorpoe^^  giving  the  Bane  and  time  of  mak? 
iDg  the  same. 

Art.  4.  Any  person  ooxnplTuig  with  the  abore,  shall  be  albW« 
ed  to  hold  one  quarter  section,  and  as  much  more  as  the  Oommit* 
tee  shall  say  whea  the  qnestion  comes  before  them ;  aod  shall  be 
alloired  to  act  as  agent  for  others,  which  agency  shall  in  all  cases 
be  made  satisfactory  to  the  Oensors. 

Art.  6.  The  claimant,  to  secure  the  protection  of  the  Union, 
shall,  within  thirty  days  after  signing  the  Oonstttation  or  making 
the  daim,  have  the  same  entered  on  the  Olw k's  map. 

Art.  6.  Thirty  days,  from  the  time  of  signing  the  Ooastitntion, 
shall  be  allowed  for  perfecting  the  required  labor  on  claims  pre- 
yiously  made  under  other  regulations. 

Ari^  7.  At  the  close  of  each  trial,  the  Oensors  may  make  out 
a  bill  of  all  the  expenses  attending  die  same,  and  determine  by 
whom  it  shall  be  paid ;  on  the  refhsal  of  any  one  to  pay  the  sum 
pui  to  him  for  expenses,  or  for  fines  for  non-attendance  as  witness, 
his  name  shall  be  recorded  by  the  Olerit  as  a  delinquent,  and  so 
debarred  from  protection  and  benefits  of  the  Union. 

Art.  8.  A  delegation  of  five  members  shall  be  sent  to  the  Boot 
Biver  Union,  for  the  purpose  of  generalizing  our  operations,  and 
uniting  claimants  in  the  county,  in  a  more  eittensire  bond  for 
mom  ^Sdctual  operation,  yet  without  interf<wiiig  with  each  others' 
peculiar  local  concerns. 

Art*  9.  The  Ohairman,  Oleife,  and  a  quorum  of  Oensors  may, 
at  toy  time»  call  a  meeting  of  the  Union,  on  application  to  the 
Ohairman. 

Proceeded  according  to  the  Oonstitution,  and  made  the  fbUow- 
ing  appointments : — ^Watbbs  Towbiby,  OAairman  ;  Wuxxak  O. 
ExnoKiDas,  Olerh;  ABHsa  Bablow,  Jobk  F.  Oia>t,  Obsbdsi  Sist* 
KNs,  OaBiiff  JsBoxB,  OaFHAs  WsKD,  OjECAVKOin'  Datis,  Nklbov 
AixxN,  AmaDFoBTBK,  Josbph  OAmiOWXLL,  jABfeoFox,  NiBLSoir 
GAttiFF,  and  Hiom  Millbb,  Omsors;  Jasoit  Lothbop,  Abubb 


h 


471 

BixLow,  Jomr  F.  Oaoti  J«  M.  Shbbwood,  and  Watxbs  TowBunri 
Delegates.  ^ 

Besolyedy  shonld  a  yacancj  in  the  above  Oommittee  occnri 
three  of  the  same  are  allowed  to  appoint  some  one  to  fill  that  ra- 
cancj. 

Besolvedy  That  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting  be  printed. 

AUSTIN  EELLOGG,  Qhainnaa. 
Wh.  0.  EthbbidgEi  Olerk. 

Printed  for  fhe  UnioBi  «t  Pike  Btrw,  \j  Jakmi  Lomor. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  MILWAUKEE  UNION. 

That  we  the  nndersigned^  as  settlers  of  public  lands  within  the 
county  of  Milwaukee,  deem  it  of  vital  importance,  that  there 
should  be,  for  the  interest  of  the  settlers,  cordiality  of  feeling 
among  them.  That  should  Congress  refuse  to  extend  the  pre- 
emption law,  our  whole  dependence  is  upon  union,  and  our  respect 
for  each  others'  rights :  if  we  go  on  contending  and  sfcriving  one 
against  another  until  tibe  day  arrives  when  it  shall  be  decided 
whether  we  are  to  have  a  home  upon  the  spot  that  we  have  se- 
lected, there  will  be  no  hope  of  success.  Aid  now  let  us  come 
forward  determined  to  protect  one  another,  and  our  success  will 
be  complete ;  let  not  the  imprudence  of  any  one  destroy  the  fair 
prospects  of  the  whole.  What  must  be  the  condition  of  those 
who  have  expended  their  last  farthing  in  reaching  the  spot  they 
claim,  if  they  are  to  be  driven  from  their  temporary  refuge  by  a 
mob  or  the  unfeeling  speculator.  To  the  instigator  (^  the  mob 
we  would  say,  beware ! — ^to  the  speculator,  remember  the  mourn- 
ful  feeliugs  of  the  emigrant,  sobbing  adieu  to  the  tombs  and 
temples  of  his  fathers—  his  toils  and  sufferings  in  building  up  a 
new  habitation,  and  gathering  the  manna  of  heaven,  like  the  Is- 
raelites, from  the  bosom  of  the  wilderness. 

And  now,  as  American  ^citizens,  (and  there  is  a  charm  and 
magic  in  the  word,)  we  pledge  ourselves  to  support  and  protect 
each  other  in  holding  our  just  and  lawful  claims,  against  all  op^ 


i  I 


47i 


r  t 


position ;  also  to  support  and  abide  hj  the  following  resolutions:  .^ 
for  the  support  of  this,  we  solemnly  avow  to  each  other,  and  call 
upon  God  to  witness  their  truth  and  sinceritj,  and  invoke  dis-  , 
grace  upon  our  heads,  should  we  prove  guilty  of  duplicity : 

Art.  1*  Jlesolvedy  That  the  County  be  divided  into  two  dis- 
tricts;  that  the  first  district  shair  include  all  that  part  of  the 
county,  liorth  and  east  of  the  township  line  of  towuBhip, /our — 
second,  all  that  part  of  the  county  south  and  west  of  the  nortii 
line  of  said  township. 

Art.  2.  That  each  district  shall  be  entitled  to  a  Megisier^  who 
ahall^be  a- surveyor,  legally  appoioted  fay  tbo  ooanty  s^rv^yorfby 
the  recommendation  of  the  district  in  which  he  may  reside; 
whose  duty  it  sliall  bid  to  tiiake  a  correct  plot  of  his  district,  and 
recbrd'the  same  npon  a  book  of  record,  which  said  surveyor  shall  . 
keep  for  the  recording  of  claims ;  which  shall  be  subject  to  the 
inspection  of  any  person  holding  or  "wishing  to  make  a  claim, 
who  has  or  may  hereafter  sigh  this  Constitution.  Said  surveyor 
shall  attend  to  all  calls,  to  examine 'and  survey  any  premises  ap-* 
plied  for,  and  in  case  there  is  no  provioua  claim  upon  said  premi- 
aes,  the  surveyor  shall  make  a  survey  of  the  same,  and  keep  a 
record  of  all  such  euireys,  and  give  a  ceftificate  to  the  said 
applicant  for  said  premises  to  the  same  effect ;  which  ceriificato 
fihall  be  filed  in  the  Treasurer's  office  of  the  same  district;  and 
upon  application  to  the  Treasurer,  to  file  said  certificate,  the  party 
applying  for  it,  shall  pay  to  the  Treasurer  two  dollars,  and  it 
fihall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  give  a  receipt  for  the  same. 

Art.  3.  To  constitute  a  claim,  there  shall  be  a  house  erected 
on  the  same,  at  least  13  fo^t  square,  with  roof  covered  With  boards 
or  shingles;  also,  if  in  timber  lands,  there  shall  be  at  least  oile 
acre  chopped  for  cultivation,  and  fenced  7  rails  high,  and  if  on 
the  prairie,  there  shall  be  at  least  two  acres  fenced  as  above ;  all 
to  be  performed  within  forty  days  from  the  iadoption  of  this  Con- 
stitution,— the  first  claimant  shall  be  the  person  who  shall  have 
made  the  first  improvement  without  evident  design  of  relinquish- 
ing the  same,  by  absence,  or  by  making  other  claims, — that  within 


*7T 

forty  dajB  from  this  time,  or  fipi^ty  dfiys  from  the  time  of  'iQ,alang 
'  the  claim,  ehall  have  the  same  recorde^  by  the  District  RepordeTi 
'  and  pay  the  snm  of  two  dollars  inta  tl^e  Distriqt  Treasury. 

Art,  4.  That  all  male  citizens  over  the  age  of  eighteen,  and 
ftmales  over  the^  age  of  sixteen,  shaU  be  entitled  %o  hold  a .  clf^m 
' ,  by  complying  with  tlje  foregoing  resolijitions. 

Art.  5.  That  every  person  wiehipg  to  m^ke  or  hold  a  clldni 
within  this  county,  shall  make  such  claim  in  pe^fson,  and  coolly 
with  the  2d  and  3d  re9oIutionfl,  except  females,  who  i^aU  reside 
J  within  the  county,  who  may  employ  an  agent  in  making  a  qlaim, 
and  be  i>rotected  by  this  Oonstitution,  and  resolutions ;  in  Qase  of 
leaving^  the  same,  they  sha^l  emp|i^oy  an  agent  to  reside. o^eaid 
claim. 

Art  6,  A  Treasurer  shall  be  appointed  in  e^fjh  district  by 
their  own  delegates  in  this  OonvenUbn,  who  shall' receive  all 
money  paid  into  the  Treasury,  f^n^  give  a  receipt  for  the  same,  a 
copy  of  which  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  Recorder.     .. 

The  Treasurer  shall  keep  a  true  account  of  all.  monies  received 
and  e2;pGnded  by  him,  applied  to  the  purposes  ordered  by  this 
Constitution,  and  if  the  same  shall  not  be  wholly  expended  when 
the  land  shall  be  obtained  by  sale  or  .pre  emption,  and  all  diffi- 
culties S6ttled,'shall  refund  the  remainder  to  each  person  who  has 
signed  this  Constitution,  m  proportion  to  the  amount  received 
frpm  each  individual.  Said  Treasurer  sb^  give  to  the  Board  of 
Arbitrators  a  good  and  sufficient  bond,  ampi^pting  to  two  thous- 
and dollars.  Each  Treasurer  shall  provide  himself  with  abook 
sufficiently  largo  to  record  all  claims,  and  enter  upop  the  flame 
all  testimony  and  decisions  of  the  Committee,  with  the  certifipfite 
of  the  presiding  officer  within  his  district^  which  shall  -be  k<ppt 
and  subject  to  the  inspection  of  all  persons  as  specified  in  Article 
•  2ind.  He  shall  keep  in  his  possession  this  Coustitution  and  reso- 
lutions ;  and  every  person  shall,  before  pay.ipg  in  h/S:mQney,  qign 
the  samo'-any  person  complying  with  the.  fox;egping,;.Bballvbe 
considered  a  member^  and  e(}T^aUy.  protected  by  th.e/ao^  Said 
IVeaaurer  shall  be  entitled  to.  tw.o;ityrfive  cen|;^.  ibr  ^veij  .o^ctifi- 


478 

•ate  he  may  legally  issne ;  and  for  all  recordiDg,  the  same  fee  aa 
the  Oonnty  Becorder ;  to  be  paid  by  each  indiyidual  that  may 
require  snch  recording  to  be  done. 

Art.  T.  SesoVoedy  That  a  Board  of  Arbitrators,  conBisting  of 
fiye,  shall  be  elected  by  the  people  of  their  district  The  duty 
of  said  Arbitrators,  shall  be  to  attend  to  all  summons  legally 
served,  coming  from  a  Jadge  or  Justice  of  the  Peace,  to  sit  as  a 
Boa/rd  of  Arbitrators^  to  hear  and  try  any  case  brought  before 
fhem,  within  the  meaning  of  this  Oonstitution.  The  Judge  or  Jus- 
tice issuing  the  same,  shall  preside  over  said  Board,  and  record 
all  testimony  and  decisions  of  the  same.  A  majority  of  said  Ar- 
bitrators shall  constitute  a  quorum,  and  proceed  to  business  after 
being  duly  sworn  according  to  law ;  and  in  case  the  whole  num- 
ber of  Arbitrators  are  present,  etich  party  may  have  the  privilege 
of  rejecting  one  member  of  said  Board ;  and  in  case  that  one 
party  has  no  objection  to  any  one  member,  the  other  may  reject 
two  of  the  same,  the  oldest  claimant  so  contending  shall  have  the 
preference,  provided  he  has  made  a  legal  claim ;  and  in  all  cases 
the  decision  of  the  Board  shall  be  final.  All  the  proceedings  of 
said  Board  shall  be  made  a  rule  of  court,  and  the  Judge  or  Jus- 
tice shall  proceed  accordingly ;  and  each  member  summoned  and 
appearing  to  sit  upon  any  such  case^  shall  be  entitled  to  twa 
dollars. 

Art.  8.  JSeaolvedj  That  each  member  and  clerk  of  this  Ooik 
vention,  shall  be  entitled  to  two  dollars  per  day  while  attends 
ing,  including  the  time  of  going  to  and  returning  from  saidf 
Oonvention,  to  be  paid  equally,  out  of  the  funds  of  each  Treasury 
of  the  districts  sending  the  same,  by  the  members  presenting  ft. 
certificate  signed  by  the  President  and  Oierk  of  this  Oonvention. 

Art.  9.  That  all  decisions  of  the  Board  of  Arbitrators,  in 
conformity  to  any  of  the  foregoing  resolutions,  shall  be  put  in 
force  and  complied  with,  peaceably  if  can  he^  and  forcibly  if 
TnniH  he.  In  case  forcible  means  should  be  resorted  to,  all  rea- 
sonable expenses,  so  made,  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of 
the  district  where  such  expenses  are  made. 


M<' 


Art.  10.  Jiesohedy  That  in  case  any  difficulty  shonld  arise,  in 
regard  to  claims,  not  comprehended  in  the  foregoing  resolutionB, 
the  Board  of  Arbitrators  shall  have  universal  jurisdiction  oyer 
the  same,  and  their  decision  shall  be  final,  as  proyided  in  the  fore- 
going resolutions. 

Art.  11.  Be9olo€dj  That  any  person  who  has  a  family  of 
three  or  four  children,  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  one  claim  for  such 
children,  provided,  the  oldest  of  such  children  does  not  exceed 
Ih^  a^e  of  eighteen  ot  sixteen  years :  and  that  he  or  she  ^all 
have  complied!  with  the  foregoing  resolutions. 

Alanson  Swssr,  B,  W,  FmoH,  Albebt  Fowiass,  Hobaoe  Ohasb, 
Hekby  0.  West,  Milwaukee  Delegates. 

QuMxt  'Exijf^j  litsn  MAsoif ,  Walteb  Ooolt,  Wzujam  Lttob, 
S0ot  Biver  DeUgatee. 

Smm  IiOTHBogpi,  Wat]b»  Towblby,  G.  F.  Fost^  Gso.  W.  Gsomv , 
Fike  £wer  DdegaiUa^ 
>   Jozmr  FowxB,  JoHjf  F*  Haioht,  Oak  Greek  Deiegatea. 

Symmbbc  Butlbr,  SkwnVs  Chrove  Ddegaie. 

GILBERT  KNAPP, 

B;  B.  Oabt,  Ohairman. 

X  0.  Ekafp,  Secretaries. 

B7  order  of  the  ConTentloo,  printed  by  JiJOR  LozsBor,  Pike  Biytr,  W«  T." 


•i  f       »  •        ■■  1        ■        I .  ' 


I 


480 


I 


»  .'  '    ^  I 


i'l  r;    !•;    'jvi-f:     ;••/<•;     .•,.!:>    c"'  .t..    !*'»/       .      .  ■•.'    .A 


t  .K         ■/      •■   '    -.      W-.   J,  t    '   (■  /-r  •  .'•-'•.  .'  I    .        :  ,'i(i':i^  ".:* 


aiphsee  vo.  i& 

r  i'       «         '         <  < 


.«  »      ' 


•       I 


.     ,  •■»     .  ,  i  '  fm    Jim  i    •'     '  ••     .     >    -^      ■ 

I      .  ■'•''.■  '•      ■  •  "    .  I     .    ■     '     *  '         [  '^•' 

-wiBOOVsrs^-iTa  i^ise  jlsd  prqobes^.  with  kotices  of 

MINERAL  FOmt  AiSP  RICHLAND  COUKTT,     . 

'       '       '  '  fer  STEPHEN  TATLOB. 

In  tbd^  jn6ar.  1835)  I  pitched  mj  tent  ftt  Mineral  Poinl/  me  of 
the  principal  nacIeaseB  of  the  early  settlement  of  the  I^orth*wesl, 
prkn^  )to'<wy(sh^time  West  Michigan  was  bnt  spBnely  popalated. 
Agricnitnre  occupied  rerj  limited  atteDtibii;'EUningv  imiltikig, 
and  their  ^qaislte  meohahicaWooatlon&J  almbet  exdasiTaly  ab- 
sorbed the  jndustrial intelreataof  {he  people /jof  th^  Lead  Mines. 
SobsBqbrtitiyi' July  *th,  1836,  Wisconsin  Territory,  covering  the 
regtoniB  eOlbraced  by  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  mergedinta  existence, 
with  a  total  population  (in  1835)  of  about  twelve  theasAnd^  (indn- 
ding  the  Oneida,  Stockbridge  and  Brotbertown  Indians,  some  of 
whom  enjoy  the  rights  of  civilized  citizens,)  nearly  seven  thousand 
of  which  resided  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  State,  under  its 
present  limits,  numbered  in  1860,  over  three  hundred  and  five 
thousand,  and  in  1855,  it  contained  over  five  hundred  and  fifty- 
two  thousand  inhabitants  I  a  respectable  increase  indeed,  in  the 
settlement  of  a  new  country.  This  rapid  infinx  to  me  is  not  at 
all  surprising ;  for  as  nature  allotted  a  portion  of  our  favored 
oonntry  as  an  earthly  paradise,  Wisconsin,  with  its  fertility  of 
soil  and  salubrity  of  climate,  is  eminently  qualified  in  such  dis- 
tinction. Viewing  the  country  from  Milwaukee  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  upon  a  transverse  line  from  Janesville  to  Oreen  Bay, 
and  from  the  latter  point  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  in  Minne- 
sota, and  from  the  eminences  of  the  bluffs  along  the  "  Father  of 


481 

Waters/'  Bonthward,  an  observing  tonrist  will  find  that  the  State, 
thronghout  its  whole  extent,  assumes  one  general  horizontal  ap;* 
pearance ;  no  mountains  or  hills  are  here  to  mar  the  beauties  of 
the  enchanting  scene  or  disturb  the  harmonj  of  its  undulated 
surface,  save  a  few  isolated  out-lajers,  the  largest  of  which  are 
tibo  Blue,  the  Platte,  and  the  Sinsiniwa  Mounds.  These  natural 
prominences,  (neither  of  which  covers  more  than  two  hundred 
acres,)  are  of  an  irregular,  pjramidical  or  conical  form,  and  aid 
gpracefuUy-  in  embellishing  the  otherwise  natural  attractiveness  of 
the  plain.  They  served  as  guides  for  the  roving  aborigines — the 
red*man  and  the  warrior.  Thej  still  serve  as  majestic  '^  beacons  ^ 
for  civilization  ;  and,  elevated  a  few  hundred  feet  above  the  gen- 
tle swells  of  the  prairie,  observable  at  distances  of  thirty  miles 
or  more,  as  they  are,  will  ever  remain  as  objects  of  admiration 
in  all  time  to  come.  The  diversified  view  from  either  of  these 
natural  observatories  is  indescribably  grand. 

After  an  absence  of  over  twelve  years  from  Wisconsin,  I  was 
amazed,  during  a  recent  visit,  at  the  change  time  had  wrought 
in  its  progress.  Milwaukee  was  scarcely  known  other  than  pros- 
pectively ;  she  is  now  rapidly  acquiring  importance  as  a  great 
city,  having  a  population  of  over  thirty  thousand,  with  immense 
commercial  business  and  business  capacity;  her  streets  are  spa- 
cious, well  graded  and  paved,  her  public  and  business  houses  and 
private  mansions  are  constructed  upon  magnificent  scales,  and  of 
tasty  architecture ;  the  brick  used  for  building  are  of  a  beautiful 
buff  color  and  of  fine  texture,  which  gives  to  the  whole  city  the 
pleasing  aspect,  as  I  fancy  it,  of  a  tall  prim  Quakeress,  clothed 
in  plain,  buff  colored  garb. 

Madison,  the  second  in  population  in  the  State,  now  numbers 
upwards  of  eight  thousand  six  hundred  inhabitants.*  The  cityi 
upon  an  isthmus,  or,  more  properly,  upon  a  peninsula,  between 
Lakes  Mendota  and  Monona,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in 


•  UMprMfBtpopsUtlM of  IIUirMkM(/«^  1,1816^)  U  MllMi  tUD  IMM^wfllbi4Mo9fU^ 

L.  0.  D. 

61 


482 

width  at  its  narrowest  point,  has  an  irregular  undulating  surface, 
though  of  easy  and  accessible  grades  in  all  directions.    The  cen- 
tre Park,  or  that  one  on  which  the  Capitol  stands,  is  an  almost 
level  plateau,  elevated  seventy  feet  above  the  lakes,  and  contains 
about  fifteen  acres.    Nature  has  studded  it  with  thrifty  forest 
trees — art  has  tastefully  adorned  it  with  gravelled  walks  and  gas 
lamps!    The  grounds,  without  the  park,  gradually  descend,  and 
again  with  gentle  ascents  form  numerous  elevations,  varying  in 
altitude  from  thirty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  afford- 
ing many  desirable  sites  for  villas.     University  Park,  containing 
over  fifty  acres,  is  the  most  prominent  of  these  elevations,  'and 
from  the  college  buildings,  situate  at  the  highest  point,  and  from 
many  other  prominences  and  public  and  private  observatories,  a 
view  of  the  city,  its  public  buildings,  and  its  numerous  princely 
mansions,  equalling  in  magnificence  those  of  our  eastern  cities 
— justly  entitling  Madison  to  the  provincial  cognomen  oi  Palatial 
City — the  sparkling  lakes,  skirted  with  ^yqtj  variety  of  scenery, 
the  bluffs,  the  capes,  the  coves,  the  prairies,  the  ravines,  the 
groves,  the  meadows,  and  the  vision- encompassed  luxuriance  of 
the  husbandman,  is  sublime  bejond  comparison.    In  truth,  the 
grandeur  of  the  scenery  of  the  "  Four  Lake  Country"  is  equalled 
only  by  that  part  of  Ililges'  Panorama  of  the  Creation  and  Deluge, 
representing  the  Garden  of  Eden,  with  its  lifelike  crystal  lakes 
and  floral  verdure ;  and  those  who  have  feasted  upon  that  imagi- 
native picture  only  can  fancy  the  beauties  hereabouts- 

In  the  summer  of  1836,  with  a  comrade,  I  camped  at  the  head 
of  Mendota  or  Fourth  Lake,  within  six  miles  of  the  spot  wher^ 
the  Capitol  now  stands,  at  which  time  there  was  not  within  twenty 
miles  of  that  point  a  single  white  inhabitant,  and  none  within  the 
present  limits  of  Dane  county,  an  area  of  twelve  hu;idred  and 
forty  square  miles,  excepting  Col.  E.  Brigham,  at  the  Blue  Mounds, 
and  those  of  his  household*  Contrast  the  present  with  the  condit 
tion  of  the  country  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  Indian  and 
the  deer,  unmolested,  roamed  the  forest  and  the  plain,  and  you  be- 
hojd  the  county  of  Dane  with  over  thirty-seven  thousand  enlight- 


488 

eDed  M()io4mtrioti»  •|>eople  I  and  the'flonri Aing^city  of  Madbioii) 
ibe  coticwtraldoD.of  fafibionandafflaencey  viein^ ^^tli oldev ciftiM 
fi^'preeminenoe  as  theifioat  of  ficienoe,  lite ratore  t and  the  artk) 

with  her  TTniversity,  State  Historical  Bociety,  State  Agricnltnnd 
Society,  Natural  History  AssoGliatioiiytPublK'Libraries,  and  va- 
iriouQ  other  local  ioetittttions,  respecfitobly  compariog  with  thoae  of 
similar  character  in  the  eastern  States. 

^'The  Lake  Side  Water  Oare,"  a  hydropathic  institnte,  of  large 
dimensions,  '^  across  the  waters,"  in  the  midst  of  a  natural  park 
of  fifty  acres  or  more,  and  in  view  from  all  ,the  prominences  of 
the  city,  is  another  object  of  attraction,  and^is  fast  gaining  celeb- 
rity among  invalids  from  all  parts  of  our  country.*  .^ 

The  buildings  of  the  city,  both  public  and  private,  also  partake 
of  the  Quakeress  character,  though  not  of  brick ;  the  material 
generally  used  is  a  naagnesi^n  limestone,  entirely  destitute  of  fbs^ 
sils^  susceptible  of  tolerably  fine  sculpture,  and,  upon  penetrating 
the  quarries  beyond  the  influence.! of  sur&ce  discoloration,  of  a 
beautiful  buff  color.  I  presume  it  to  be  the  lower  magnesiaA 
stratum.  Are  there  in  it  indications  of  a  lead-bearing  character? 
'  The  lakes  around  Madison  are  deep  and  of  remarkable  tnwa- 
parency,  abounding  in  many  pisbatory  virieties,  of  large  siae^ 
where  disciples  of  Izaak,  male  and  female,  enjoy  the  angling  plea- 
sures with  more  reality  than  mere  nibhlera.  i 

Prairie  du  Chieu,  on  the  Mississippi,  at  its  confluence  with  the 
Wisconsin  river,  contains  about  two  thousand  inhabitants;,  thovgh, 
like  Kip  Yan  Winklci  she  has  reposed  for  many  years.  A  rail- 
road, in  pro£:resB  from  Milwaukee  terminates  ii^re,  and  the  proe- 
'pect  of  the  near. approach  of '  the '^Hron  horse,"  ivithrits  fihriU 
•whistle,  seems: to  have  aroused  hor  citisens  from  their. lethargy. 
^^  The  Prairie,"  a'handsome  river  plain,  covering  an  area  of  ten 
or  twelve  square  [miles,  is  skirled  on  the  east  by  the  same  pic- 
toresque  bluifs,  which  adorn  the  sepneiiy  of  the  Mississippi  as  far 

ij-  -  1^  fl~i •  '  '  -■-    —       -^ 

*  This  Iiutitation  if  now  nndsr  the  gaperintendencs  of  ono  of  the  ablest  hydropathUteof  the  Union 
—Dr.  E  A.  KiTTKDoi,  xoeentty  of  Boiton,  lo  ftronblj  knoim  by  hla  hnmoronf  pTodnetlou  orer  the 
tfgnatozt  of  *<  Koggi."  ^\         .    .•  L.  C  D. 


4M 

Miiie  Falls  of  Stw  Anthony.  The  snperiw  eteaailboat  Indfaig 
aad  her  agricnltnral  and  other  advantages,  warrant  for  this  w- 
oient  frontier  trading  post,  at  no  dUtaat  ^ay,  an  eminent  positieii 
at  a  popolons  oooiinercial  citj. 

Between  Prairi^  da  Chien  and  the  Falls  of  3t  Anthony,  the 
oeuntry,  prior  to  1S3&,  conteined  few  inhabitants  other  than  semi- 
dvilized  Indians ;  who  occnpied,  as  villages,  many  of  the  prom- 
inent locations  which  now  flonrish  as  populous  miniature  cities ; 
the  most  important  of  which  are  Lansing,  in  Iowa,  Prairie  La 
Orosse,  Frescott  and  Hudson,  in  Wisconsin,  and  Winona,  Bed 
Wing,  Wabasha,  Stillwater,  St.  Paul  and  8t.  Anthony,  connected 
with  Minneapolis  by  a  wire  sospension  bridge,  from  an  island 
alK>Te  the  cataract,  in  Minnesota.  These  are  all  eligible  points, 
in  every  view,  yet,  as  inducements  to  capitaUsts  and  business 
adventurers,  (I  merely  throw  out  a  suggestion)  would  it  not  tend 
to  advantageous  results,  in  the  prosperity  of  these  citips,  were 
the  proprietors  to  reduoe  the  price  of  grounds  to  a  grade  at  leaet 
as  low  as  that  of  Kew  York  or  Philadelphia  f 
.  To  antiquaries,  the  most  interesting  feature  in  this  regi^n|  is 
that  of  its  earthwork  embossments.  The  writer,  during  18i2,* 
devoted  much  labor  in  preparing  an  essay  on  the  existence  of  the 
tnmuli  of  Wisconsin,  and  was  sorely  perplexed,  in  his  reeent  per- 
ambulations in  that  State,  at  the  ruthless  desecration  of  many  of 
the  mounds.  Why  should  these  interesting  relics  of  antiquity 
be  thus  thoughtlessly  leveled  with  the  earth  by  the  plough  share 
and  the  hoe}  Truly  the  patriotic  agriculturhlist  should  at  least 
devote,  in  their  preservation,  a  spark  of  the  same  veneration  be- 
Utowed  upon  them  by  the  uncultivated  Indian.  They  remainfid 
.VBdisturtied  by  the  savage  for  countless  yeu-a-^they  are  now  in 
ebarge  of  a  civilized  destroyer  I  Upon  the  Pbesb  of  the  State 
rests  die  responsibility  of  the  pfot^tion  of  these  labors  of  an 
ancient  people— should  that  palladium  fail  in  dieir  tranamissioti 
to  posterity,  in  their  pristine  condition,  I  warn  the  habitMtt  to 


.■»T 


*  Aan.  J<mr.S<tonot^fL4i^p.H. 


486 

d^iifft  {a  tbe  doKMlitiQn  of  the  monnd^t  lest  t)i6  •pints  of  tho^^ 
wbo  revere  them  most,  should  in  an  nnpropitioos  moment  yI^ 
their  deseoratore  with  tbe  yengeance  snoh  profanity  aierit^. 

MmiCBAI.  POINT  m  DATS  OF  TO&B. 

For  some  time  prior  to  the  settlement  of  the  Lead  Mines,  the 
aiiners,  nnder  the  regnlatipos  of  the  War  Department,  were  U- 
eensed  to  explore  and  occt^py  the  mineral  lands  in  that  regioi^ 
though  in  conseq^uenoe  of  the  hostility  of  the  Indians  to  the  enr 
plorations  and  encroachmex^  of  the  whitesi  they  seldom  ventn^^d 
far  beyond  that  protection  which  numerical  strength  and  tl^ 
defensive  organizations  near  Galena  secured. 

It  was  in  the  autumn  of  1827|  upon  the  cessation  of  the  Win 
nebago  distprbancesi  that  the  ,i9ore  daring  and  enterprisingt 
prompted  by  the  hope  o)?.  discovering  vast  mineral  treasures,  ik^ 
existence  of  which  over  a  wide  extent  :of  territory,  the  manj 
flattering  accQunts  had  so  truthfully  p(ct<^ed,  banded  together  in 
well  armed  squads,  over-run  the  coxxnXrj^^prospectmg*  in  all  di- 
rections. .  They  were  usually,  in  thofie,  itynes,  jgpvernpd  by  oerta^ 
surface  iudications,  the  most  infallible  of  wbic^  were'  the  old 
Indian  diggings,  which  were  found  ijx^ipQst  f^very  direction,  and 
their  locations  were  marked  by  the  many  smf^U  aspen  groves  pM 
patches  indigenous  to  tbe  up- turned  olay  of  the,  prairies  in  th^ 
lead  region.  By  the  rude  and  superficial  mode  of  excavation  by 
the  Bed  men,  mnch  mineral  remained  in  the  diggings,  as  weE  at 
among  tbe  rubbish ;  mining  in  these  old  burrows,  therefore,  not 
only  at  once  justified  the  labor,  but  frequently  led  to  the  discov- 
ery of  productive  mines.  ^'  Gravel  mineral,"  carbonized  so  ^ 
scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  water-^Qm  pebUes,  and  ocp^ 
sionally  lumps  weighing  several  poundei,  v^ere  exciting  evidenc^ 
of  the  exiscence  of  larger  bodies  upon  the  highlands  in  the  vicinity* 
The  amarpha  canescene^  or  ''  mi^pnic  wee^/'.peculiar  to  the  wh^iff 
•oun^y,^  when  fpun4  in  a^  cluster  of  rapk;^gf9.wth,.aIso  attraate4 

^■fy  '■■■■I  ■■■  »r"  1^'  ''  ' 

*  A  term  applltd  bj  diggtn  to  those  trho  mored  from  pUc*  to  piMo,  ainkiog  imaU  ■baftt  with  i^ 
>im4ifiiiM«*ila«mlA«Mlliktatt|«Modi«|^iVk  »   '  '       '    <  S.!*'.' 


486 

flie  att^tl(m  of  the  Indian  as  well  as  the  more  experienced  miners 
lis  it  was  supposed  to  indicate  great  depth  of  clajorthe  existence 
of  crevices  in  the  rock  beneath.  Bj  sneh  means  were  the  min- 
eral resources  of  Wiscoiisin  explored  and  deyeloped,  and  thns 
was  the  manner  of  the  discovery  of  the  prodactiye  mines  at 

MINERAL  POINT, — 

li  piece  of  land  elevated  about  two  hundred  feet,  narrowing  and 
descending  to  a  point,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  valley,  as  it 
were — a  ravine  bounding  the  same  both  eastward  and  westward^ 
tbtough  which  tributaries  of  the  Pekatonica  River  flow,  uniting 
in  a  wider  valley'^to  the  southward.  It  was  upon  this  point  that 
the  ^Meads  were  struck,"  the  fame  of  which  spread,  and  so  quick- 
ly became  the  centre  of  attraction,  the  miners  flocking  to  them 
ftoin  every  quarter.  It  was  customary,  upon  the  discovery  of 
new  diggmgs,  to  distinguish  them  by  some  appellation,  so  this 
locality,  on  account  of  its  peculiar  position  and  shape,  was  for- 
mally called  "  Mineral  Point,''  and  hence  the  name  of  the  present 
village,  the  nucleus  of  which  was  formed  by  the  erection  of  a  few 
Small  log  cabins,  and  hats  bailt  with  square  cut  sods,  covered  in 
with  poles,  prairie  grass  and  earth.  These  very  comfortable 
though  temporary  shelters  were  located  in  the  vicinity  of  the  in- 
tersection of  what  are  now  called  Commerce  and  High  streets,  at 
the  margin  of  the  westerly  ravine,  and  in  view  from  the  diggings 
on  the  point. 

Females,  in  consequence  of  the  dangers  and  privations  of  those 
primitive  times,  were  as  rare  in  the  diggings  as  snakes  upon  the 
Emerald  Isle,  consequently  the  bachelor  miner,  from  necessity, 
p6rformed  the  domestic  daties  of  cook  and  washerman,  and  the 
preparation  of  meals  was  indicated  by  appending  a  rag  to  an  up- 
right pole,  which,  fluttering  in  the  breeze,  telegraphically  con- 
veyed the  glad  tidings  to  his  hungered  brethren  upon  the  hill, 
ttence,  this  circumstance,  at  a  very  early  date,  gave  the  provin- 
cial sobriquet  of  "  Shake  Rag^^  or  "  Shake  Rag  under  the  RiU^ 
which  that  part  of  the  now  flourishing  village  of  Miperal  Point, 
lying  under  the  hill,  kas  acquired,  a^d  whiieh  in  all  probability  it 


487 

if{\\  ever  retain.  So  mticli  for  the  origin  of  Mineral  Point.  I 
vrill  now  venture  a  few'reniarks  regarding  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  its  inhabitants  in  days  of  yore. 

The  continued  prosperity  of  the  mines,  in  a  comparatively 
brief  period,  increased  the  population  of  the  village  to  several 
hundred,  comprised  as  is  usual  in  mineral  regions,  of  represen- 
tatives from  every  clime  and  country,  and  in  such  conglomera- 
tion, it  is  fair  to  presume,  of  every  stripe  of  character.  This  in- 
orease  of  population,  including  many  of  those  expert  in  the 
"  profession,"  warranted  the  establishment  of  numerous  gambling 
saloons,  groceries — a  refined  name  for  groggeriqs — and  other  like 
places  of  dissipation  and  amusement,  where  the  unwary,  and 
those  flushed  with  success  in  digging,  could  be  "  taken  in  and 
done  for,"  or  avail  themselves  of  opportunities  volantarily  to  dis- 
pose of  their  accumulated  means,  either  in  drowning  their  sor- 
rows in  the  bowl,  or  "  fighting  the  tiger  "  in  his  den. 

Notwithstanding  such  were  the  practices  almost  universally,' 
more  or  less,  indulged  in  by  the  denizens,  yet  the  protracted 
winters  in  this  then  secluded,  uncultivated  and  sparsely  populated' 
country,  and,  for  that  reason,  the  absence  of  those  more  reputable 
eajoyments  which  mellow  and  refine  sociality  in  other  regions, 
in  a  measure  justified  a  moderate  participation  in  this  mode  of 
driving  dull  cares  away.  These  congenial-  customs,  peculiarly 
western,  were  as  firmly  based  as  the  laws  which  governed  the ' 
Medes  and  PersianSy  and  wo  to  those,  from  lands  of  steadier 
habits,  who  would  endeavor  to  introduce  innovations  adverse  to 
the  established  policy  of  those  days  I  Hence  the  propriety  and 
necessity  of  harmonizing  with,  and  following  in  the  trail  of  the 
popular  will.  But  such,  I  am  happy  in  the  conviction,  is  not  now 
the  ease— ^virtue,  in  the  progress  of  events,  has  naturally  sue-  ^ 
ceeded  profligacy,  and  Mineral  Point,  freed  from  contamination, 
stands  redeemed  of  her  former  errors. 

Among  the  most  distinguished  of  the  earliest  pioneers  of  Min- 
eral Point,  yet  upon  the  stage*  of  action,  areOol.  Bobt.  C.  Hoabd, 
Ool.  BoBEBT  8.  BhLOKy  (now  of  Dodgeville,)  Ool.  Hbmbt  M.  Bil- 


488 

uvea,  Ool.  Dasikl  H.  PioixiBQir,  OoL  Abwb  'NuaoiMyTRAwam 
YmAV^  Pabuet  Eaton,  Lsvi  Stebung,  Edwasd  Bbouohabd,  Jb- 
hah  TrACKy  Jambs  James,  Samusl  Thomas  Jirs.  Hood,  Amu  W. 
CoMFQBT,  O.  p.  Williams,  (now  of  Portage  City,)  M,  V.  B.  Bum- 
Mu,  Milton  Batans,  Pstkb  Habtman,  John  F.  O'NkuX)  WnxiAn 
SuBLETT,  John  Phillifs,  John  Hilton,  Gbobgb  Cobbags,  Jajck 
HiroBiNS,  John  Oaskblt,  Edwabd  Coode,  and  Wiujam  Tbbqat* 
And  the  following,  who  have  since  paid  the  debt  of  nature,  vis : 
Ool,  John  D.  Anslst,  Col.  John  HoNaie,  Bobbbt  Doughkbtt, 
Oapt  WiLUAM  Hbnbt,  Stephbn  Tbbbill,  Mabx  Tbbhill,  Dr.  £b- 
WABD  McShbbbTi  Dr.  Biohabd  G.  Bidgust,  Nioholab  Ubkk^ 
Biohabd  Mabtin,  Jambs  S.  Bowdsn,  John  Hood,  Lobd  Blahbt, 
Joseph  Stltbsteb,  Matthew  G.  Fitoh,  Thomas  MoEnioht,  Sns- 
FBEN  B.  THBAeHBB,  Bobbbt  W.  Gbat,  Jobkph  Mobbison,  Jambb 
Hugo,  Hugh  R  HuNrsB,  Edwabd  Jambs,  (late  U.  S.  Marshal,) 
WnxuM  Pbidbaux,  Joseph  James,  Benjamin  Salteb,  and  ^^  Gad* 
WAiXADBB  the  keg-maker." 

Mineral  Point,  nnmbers  at  this  time,  not  far  from  three 
thonsand  inhabitants.  Besides  the  Oonrt  House  and  Gonntjf . 
ofilces,  the  United  States  Land  office  is  located  here,  which,  with 
the  lead  trade,  gives  to  the  place  quite  a  bnsinees  aspect  Tl|e 
^  new  town ''  is  well  laid  out  with  spacious  streets,  ayd  improved 
with  commodious  mimsions  and  large  gardens,  decorated  with 
thrifty  groves  of  spontaneous  growth,  contrastibg  materially  with 
the  original  miners'  huts  and  sod  cabins  of  the  old  village  of 
<<  Shake  Hag  under  the  Hili!^  The  increase  of  population  and 
the  erection  of  numerous  Ohtirch  edifices  with  towering  spires^ 
has,  to  a  remarkable  degree,  changed  the  manners  and  cnstoma 
of  the  people.  Tho  village  is  now  classed  among  the  meat 
healthy  and  respectable  in  the  State,  and,  upon  the  completioB  of 
her  railroad  connection  with  the  east,  bids  fair  to  become  quite 
an  important  business  place.  Bo  mote  it  be,  is  the  prayer  of  one 
oi  its  early  denizens. 

Saving  thus  briefly  disposed  of  Mineral  Point,  perhaps  it  majy 


48> 

Q^t  h%  eoBsidoMd  oni  of  plA06  here  to  Introdvee  a  brief  notiee  of 
the  origin  of 

Therefore,  asi  a  prelnde  to  the  eJketoh  of  that  oountjr  hy  Iba  8. 
H^JiKLTiNSi  Esq.)  published  in  the  B^port  an4  Oollectiopa  of  the. 
Wis.  State  Historical  Societj  of  last  year,  I  offer  the  fQUoving  z 
Daring  the  winter  of  1811-42,  the  total  adult  noiale  resident 
population,  within  the  bounds  of  whatis  now  Bichland  oovitji 
numbered  only  seven — viz :  Messrs.  John  Oookbs,  Eowabp.  OoombSi 
Habdin  Moorb,  Matthsw  Albzandbb,  Capt.  Jahbs  B.  Esthb, 
Stbphen  Taylob,  and  a  trapper  named  Enapp,  whose  secluded 
hermitage  was  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  a  stream 
near  the  southwest  comer  of  the  county,  which  stream  subse- 
quently received  his  name.  This  section  then  composed  part  of 
Crawford  county.  Its  remoteness  from  Prairie  da  Ohien,  the  seat 
of  justice,  dictated  the  project  of  a  new  organization,  and  its  con- 
sequent annexation  to  Iowa  county  for  judicial  and  other  pur- 
poses. With  a  view,  therefore,  of  comparing  ideas  upon  the 
utility  of  such  an  organization,  notices  for  a  meeting,  to  be  held 
on  a  future  day,  at  the  Eagle  Hill  on  Eagle  creek,  were  posted, 
at  which  meeting  the  entire  people  assembled,  and  the  preamble 
and  resolutions  prepared,  in  the  form  of  a  petition  to  the  Legisla- 
tnre,  then  in  session,  by  a  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose, 
were  with  great  unanimity  approved  I  These  proceedings  (now, 
doubtless,  on  file  among  the  archives  of  the  State,)  were  appro- 
priately referred  to  the  representatives  of  Iowa,  Grant  and 
Orawford  counties,  upon  whose  favorable  report  the  act  establish- 
ing the  county  of  Bichland,  was  passed,  defining  its  limits,  &c.| 
in  accordance  with  the  desires  of  the  petitioners.  In  addition  to 
which,  Ool.  Abnbb  Kiohols,  John  Bat,  and,  if  memory  serves 
me.  Jambs  Mubpht,  all  of  Iowa  county,  were  commissioned  to 
locate  the  future  seat  of  justice.  These  gentlemen  in  the  following 
summer,  after  partaking  of  a  sumptuous  feed  (usually  provided 
Bpon  such  occasions  by  parties  most  interested,)  formally  ^^  stuck 
69    . 


490 


ti^  stake"  upon  Beetion  85,  town  9,  range  1,  *t  the  lav>&r  feny^ 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the  meridian. 

In  selecting  a  name  for  the  new  coonlj,  some  differences  of 
opinion  existed ;  the  nnited  object,  however,  was  to  adopt  snch  an 
one  as  wonld  elicit  attraction,  and  at  the  same  time  bespeak  the 
tnie  character  of  its  territory — the  appellation,  'Sicfdandy  was, 
therefore,  adopted.  This  cognomen  being  the  only  claim  the 
writer  possesses  in  the  connty,  and  which  he  will  never  snirender; 
bas,*he  presumes,  been  justly  awarded. 

Philadelphia,  Jan.,  1856. 


in 


.  •  "1 


<r 


.1 


I     ■»  • 


APPENDIX  Ho.  16. 


LEGEND  OF  THE  KED  BANKS, 

BY  BON.  OHABLKS  D.  BOBINSON. 


Upon  a  high  bank,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Green  Bay  about 
twelve  miles  north  of  the  town,  is  an  interesting  earth-work,  bear- 
ing a  singular  resemblance  to  military  defences  of  modem  times.' 
Its  walls,  at  one  time,  must  have  been  some  seven  feet  in  height, 
or  thereabouts,  having  a  ditch  Or  moat  on  the  outside,  and  pro- 
vided on  its  three  exposed  sides  with  regular  bastions.  Its  fourth 
indt  fronts  on  a  precipice  of  perhaps  one  hundred  feet  in  height^ 
whose  base  is  washed  by  the  waters  of  Green  Bay ;  and  leadirig 
down  this  steep  bank  impassable  at  any  other  immediate  poiot, 
$19  what  seems  to  have  once  been  a  protected  passage  of  steps  cut 
hijfco  the  clay,  and  perhaps  covered  with  bonghs  of  trees.  This 
W%18  the  communication  from  the  fort  to  the  water ;  and  standing 
bere^now,  it  needs  but  little  fancy  to  see  those  grim  wdrriom 
of  the  olden  time  filing  down  their  covered  way,  with  Igbq  of 
the  pomp,  and  more  of  the  nervoeof  the  mailed  knights  of  feudal 
days,  issuing  from  their  rock-bound  castles. 
.-  Iq,  or  near,  the  centre,  are  two  parallel  walls,  about  twenty-five 
&et  long,  which  were  probably  united  at  the  ends,  as  there  ia  some 
Uppearance  of  it  now.  It  is  very  difficult  to  imagine  the  use  of 
fhisipart  of  the  structure,  unless  it  was  to  protect  valuables,  <Mr 
BUoh  inmates  of  the  fort  as  were  incapable  of  aiding  in  its  de« 
fence.  Had  the  place  been  constructed  in  these  days,  it  would 
litav^  mad^  a  magazine  of  the  most  approved  ^ind.  A  few  rods 
to  the  north,  outside  the  walls,  and  on  the  veiy  brink  of  the  pre» 


4tt 

«lpioe,  is  what  was  once,  qpparenti j,  a  look-<mi — a  big^h  nummd 
of  earth,  a  few  feet  high,  now  half  carried  off  hy  the  wearing 
away  ot  the  dift  To  the  Boathward  and  eastward  of  the  tbrif 
occnpjiDg  some  handreds  of  acres,  were  the  planting  grounda  of 
the  people  who  inhabited  the  place.  Large  trees  now  oTer^grow 
the  ground,  jet  the  farrows  are  ss  distinctly  marked  ma  if  made 
bnt  last  year,  and  are  snrprisingly  regular.  The  whole  work  is 
admirably  placed,  and  would  do  credit  to  the  forethought  and 
judgment  so  necessary  in  correct  militaiy  ^positions  of  modern 
times. 

This  is  the  only  ancient  earth-work,  it  is  belieyed,  which  pos- 
sesses an  undoubted  history  or  tradition,  and  that  is  but  the  his- 
tory of  its  fall.    When  and  by  whom  it  was  built,  there  is  no 
story — ^notfaiog  bat  the  persistent  dedarations  of  the  Indiana  of 
the  Ticioity  that  it  was  the  work  of  red  men  long,  long  ago.    The 
tradition  which  follows,  is  related  by  O  kkb-wah^  or  The  SeOt  aa 
Indian  woman  now  liviog  near  the  Bed  Biyer,  on  the  eaBteie 
ihore  of  Oreen  Bay,  and  who,  beyond  doubti  is  upwards  of  cm 
hundred  years  of  age.    She  sat  oyer  a  wigwam  fire,  only  a  few 
Bights  ago,  and  related  this  stoiy,  while  the  light  of  other  dajW 
fftintly  illumined  her  wrinkled  face  as  she  marked  out  in  4|a 
ashes  the  plan  of  the  campaign,  and  as  she  told  of  the  long  ds^ 
ef  disperate  fighting,  in  which  her  aaceeton  were  engaged,  her 
irilhered  arms  seemed  neryed  with  the  strength  of  youth,  like  ilit 
«ld  soldier^  who 

-«-*«-''  Sbooldtrsd  hii  flvaloh, 
And  fooglbt  kit  battlM  e'er  sfsia.^' 

**  It  was  long  ago,*'  said  O  kxb-wah  * — ^**  I  was  so  high**— pi*** 
ing  bsv  hand  about  three  feet  firom  the  ground^  ^^  when  my  gran^ 
iithertold  me  the  story.  The  Sanks  and  the  Outagamies  llfsd 
i»  the  old  fort  at  the  Bed  Banks.  They  had  lived  there  a  iMi 
time,  and  had  their  planting  ground  there,  and  ruled  the  wbols 

»>»1M1II»  II  ^l.l»l>       MM>II»  I*  11  ■ ■■■  ».■■■       ■■  —Ml  P        ■■!  I         I         I'  l^^^*^ 

•  Tb«  tn4itlao  !■  T«ad«w4  into  EnglUh  with  th«  itrleltrt  ponrfkU  adtertsM  to  OovVAa*!  i«>r 
Sott,  thovf b,  or  aoQiM,  without  attrmptiDg  to  follow  tho  laiUa  MUna.     Bh«  tali  M  fai  hff* 


IftlPHlntttoMtyftfoMUU^' ^  urn*/ 


^3 

OMhtrj*  The  S»Yest(  «A(rtward  w«re  foil  of  deer,  the  wttters  of  Aid 
^y  wem  fall  of  flsh,  and  they  pOB^seed  the  wbole  We  ^thi 
M^fiottioiieee)  lived  wet  the  Bay,  (at  the  MenomoDee  Birer,)  mA 
wWeent  down  the  Lake^i  faiViting  the  other  tribes  to  come  tip  ttMl 
kelp  us  drive  out  the  Banks  and  the  Oatagafmiecr.  They  came  ik 
Utaoea— the  Chi^pewaa^ '  ai)d  Pottawattamiee, '  and  Ottaiwas,  and 
diany  more.  Yon  see  how  wide  this  Bay  is ;  their  canoes  stretok- 
edlialf  way  across;  the  Bay  waa  half  fall  of  canoes,  and'eack 
eanee  was  fall  of  fighting  men ;  they  sent  their  greatest  braves. 
They  landed  here  at  the  Sed  River,  after  coming  across  from  Mb- 
noihonee,  and  for  two  miles  along  the  beach  their  canoes  were  se 
thick  that  no  more  conid  be  crowded  in.  From  here  they  all  went^ 
hi  the  night,  to  the  Red  Banks.  They  had  bows  and  arrows,  and  the 
keads  of  the  arrows  were  of  flint  Silently  they  paddled  along 
tintil  they  came  to  the  fOrt,  and  then  the  canoes  were  stationed 
all  along  in  front,  oat  of  reach  of  arrows  from  the  shore.  A  part 
of  the  warriors  staid  ta  the  canoes,  and  a  part  went  on  skore  and 
flamed  a  line  aronnd  the  fort,  so  that,  with  those  on  shore  andiboee 
on  the  water,  it  was  completely  sorronnded,  and  there  was  no  es. 
eape  for  the  people  inside.  60  cantionsly  was  all  this  done,  that 
of  all  within  that  fated  fbrt,  bat  one  diecovered  it.  A  yonng  wo- 
man, whose  parents  lived  within  the  walls,  had  that  day  beeii 
given,  against  her  will;  to  be  the  wife  of  one  of  the  Banks  living 
in  the  immediate  vicinity.  In  the  night  she  ran'^away  from  kia 
wigwam  and  went  home,  passing  on  her  way  the  lines  of  tfce 
besiegers.  Rashioglnto  the  fb'ft,;6he  awakened  her  family,  witk 
the  cry,  ^  We  are  all  dead  !^  The  father  laaghed  at  her  stoij, 
and  laid  down  to  sleep  again. 

^^  Jast  before  daylight  the  battle  began,  and  it  lasted  many 
days.  The  besieged  foaght  bravely,  standing  in  the  trenches 
within  the  walls,  and  tke  blood  was  np  to  their  ankles.  They 
kad  no  water,  for  the  snpply  was  cat  off  by  the  party  on  die 
beach.  They  tried  in  every  way  to  obtain  it.  Vessels  attacked 
to  cords  were  let  down  to  the  water  by  night,  bat  the  cords  were 
cut  before  they  ooald  be  drawn  np.    *  Gome  down  an4  drink  I' 


4M 

mied  out  the  MenomoDe^is ;  'here  » |>lait7  cmT  water,  if  joa 
locooiedown  and  get  it.*  Ar:d  iuej  did  g>  down  maaj 
&efetaiuit«,  ajid  their  great  n-ceaEitj,  made  that  Barrow  wa^ 
the  scene  of  mazij  desyti^ie  rallies,  bat  all  to  no  pnipoee.  Tbm 
besiegers  were  u-o  str«jng. 

"  TLe  Iieat  of  a  bmxlng  san^  and  tlie  dreadfol  enffering  for  the 
want  of  water  became  iDtoIerable.    Soii;e  rain  fe!l  once,  bat  it 
waa  odIj  a  partial  relief  for  th':i6e  wLo  were  perkhlng  in  sight  of 
that  sparkling  water  wLich  was  almost  within  reach.    At  length 
one  of  the  voungest  chiefs,  after  fasting  strictly  for  ten  days,* 
thus  addressed  his  c-  '^ip^niuns  :  '  listen ! — ^last  night  there  stood 
by  me  the  form  of  a  jouLg  man  clothed  in  white,  who  said^  ^I 
was  alive  once — was  dead,  and  now  lire  forever ;  only  trust  in 
me,  now  and  always,  and  I  will  deliver  you.    Fear  not.    At  mid* 
night  I  will  cast  a  deep  sleep  op>n  yoor  enemies.    Then  go  forth 
boldly  and  silently,  and  you  shall  escape.' 
,    "  Thus  enconragf-d,  and  knowing  this  to  be  a  direct  revelation, 
the  besieged  warriors  decided  to  leave  the  fort    That  night  an 
unusual  silence  pervaded  the  entire  host  of  their  enemies,  who 
had  been  before  so  wakeful.    Sj  in  silent,  stealthy  lines,  the 
wearied  people  passed  out  and  fled.     Only  a  few,  who  disbelieved 
the  vision,  preferred  to  remain,  and  they  were  massacred  with 
fiercer  barbarity  than  ever,  when  next  morning  the  besieging 
|rib^  awoke  from  their  strange  slumbers  to  find  that  their  prey 

;WBs  gone.'' 

■»-■        ...  I         ■      ■   ,  »^,— ■■    ■     ■  ■   II  I 

*  Tht  Indian  caatom  when  deiiroai  of  Bnpenuitanl  dix«ctloii.  C.  D.  K, 


t 


%'    'J 


t. 


I 

I    I 


>)  .    !• 


405 


APFEHSIX  ITo.  17. 


THE  PROQKESS,  CONDITION  AND  PROSPEOIS 

OF  WISCONSIN, 

BY  HON.  TOM  0.  BDWABDS. 

If  coming  events  cast  their  shadow  before,  Wisconsin  mnst 
needs  become  the  '^  Empire  State."  The  youngest  now  of  die 
five  giant  offsprings  of  the  immortal  Ordinance  of  '87,  she  is  yet 
in  swaddling  cloths — whilst  Ohio,  the  oldest,  is  now  fairly  decking 
herself  in  the  ^'  Toga  virilis."  Wisconsin,  altho'  the  youngest  dT 
the  "  five,"  has  given  evidence,  by  her  vigorous  growth,  her  sinewy, 
nervous  frame,  and  her  feats  of  infantile  prowess,  of  what  may  be 
expected  of  her  adult  age. 

As  her  growth  in  the  past  has  not  depended  upon  a  miracle,  so 
her  future  development  will  result  from  natural  causes.  Otber 
States  have  grown  because  they  contained  natural  elements  iof 
activity  and  wealth.  These  elements  exist  in  Wisconsin  to  « 
degree  not  found  in  any  other  State  west  or  east  We  have  ar* 
rived  at  this  conclusion  after  looking  over  the  whc^e  course  of 
past  increase  in  population  and  wealth  in  this  and  other  States, 
and  fearing  the  critici3m  of  this  opinion  may  be  the  too  common 
expression  of  ^'  humbug,"  or  be  traced  to  that  boastful  spirit  which 
abounds  in  vague  generalities  that  prove  nothing  and  satisfy  but 
few,  we  append  reasons  for  this  opinion,  and  challenge  the  severest 
scrutiny.  Q^ographieal  position  is  a  most  important  element  of 
growth  and  prosperity.  Wisconsin  is  lx)cated  between  42^  and 
47^  50'  of.  north  latitude.  This  is  the  northern  temperate  region; 
and  is  Ijhe  one,  in^which  mftn  has  exhilHted  most  energji  and  devel- 


4N 

opment  Her  atmosphere  is  oool,  clear  and  dry,  and  consequent- 
ly invigorating.  Bilions  and  miasmatic  affections,  the  sconrg^eB 
of  Michigan,  Illinois  and  Iowa,  are  little  known.  Health  aad 
longevity,  two  most  desirable  blessings,  are  conieqnently  attainm* 
ble  here.  From  a  table  of  the  last  United  States  census,  (azL 
impartial  report,  of  conrse,)  we  obtain  the  following  facts : 

This  table  gives  the  relative  health,  progress  and  deaths  of  the 
several  States,  and  illustrates  that  the  number  of  deaths  in  ratio 
to  the  number  of  living  is — in  the  State  of  Maine,  1  to  77 ;  Ver- 
mont, 1  to  100 ;  Oonnecticut,  1  to  64 ;  Illinois,  1  to  73 ;  Iowa,  1 
to  94 ;  Wisconsin,  1  to  lOS ; — ^and  this  is  not  only  a  fair  compari- 
son among  the  above  named  States,  but  exhibits  the  least  number 
of  deaths,  proportionate  to  the  pcpnlation,  in  Wisconsin  of  any 
State  in  the  Union. 

CoioiBBoiAL  Advahtaobs  cau  be  ascertained  by  simplj  men" 
tioniog  her  position-i--on  her  eastern  border  is  Lake  Michigan,  on 
the  north,  Lake  Superior;  and  on  these  Lakes,  in  conjanetion 
with  Lake  Erie,  already  floats  a  commerce,  by  the  tabalar  state* 
nients  of  the  census  returns,  greatly  exceeding  our  en  fire  foreign 
trade — on  her  west  runs  the  Mississippi  River,  the  entire  length  of 
the  State,  400  miles,  connecting  her  with  St  Louis,  Kew  Orleans 
and  foreign  nations.  These  facts  need  no  comment  Statistics 
prove  that  the  exports  of  Wisconsin  for  last  year  amounted  to 
more  than  sixteen  millions  dollars.  Her  soil  is  an  element  of 
wealth  not  sufficiently  known  to  be  fully  appreciated.  Wisconsin 
k  preeminently  an  agricultural  State,  and  is  capable  of  beeomiog 
as  wealthy  as  any  one  of  the  western  sisterhood.  By  the  lats 
oensuB  and  oAer  data,  it  may  be  safe  and  fair  to  caTealate  tbtt 
thAre  are  about  one  and  a  hi^f  millions  acres  of  (Cultivated  land 
in  the  State ;  which,  as  now  occupied,  constitntes  about  60,000 
farms,  more  or  less  tilled.  Thore  were  shipped  from  Milwaukee 
oyer  4wo  millions  bushels  of  wheat  the  pAst  eeasotk. 

Besides  this  oie  and  a  lialf  millions  acre^  df  iilnprov^d  lauS, 
tbetre  is^  within  ihe  an^a  of  the  fitate^  above  80^060,000  acres  of 
hm4j  Kit  whieh  al  leaal  tO,OdO,000  fa  suitable  to  ht  eonverCed  inlb 


productiye  fttid  pleasant  flufma^eiioagli  land  to  midce  two  millions 
additional  ftmns — ^waiting  foi^  occnpants ;  and  may  be  pnrckased 
at  low  prices,  ranging  from  $1,95  to  $(tO  per  acre. 

tn  regard  to  the  v^ne  of  improved  lands  in  the  new  States,  the 
same  report  shows  that  the  ererage  ralne  is  ^in  Illinois,  |7,M ; 
in  Iowa,  $6,00 ;  In  Texas,  |1,09 ;  and  in  Wisconsin,  it  fs  |d,S8— 
a  very  fair  show  for  a  yonng  State. 

And  by  looking  carefolly  through  the  tables,  we  find  that  the 
average  valne  of  prodncts  per  acre,  ezceedb  that  -  of  the  other 
Stktes  named,  in  abont  tiie  same  proportion  that  the  land  exceeds 
theirs  per  acre  in  valne.  Draw  a  line  from  Manitowoc  to  Portage; 
thence  directly  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Oroix,  the  farming  lands  lying 
sonth  of  this  line,  and  comprij^ing  nearly  one  half  the  State,  are 
not  equalled  in  all  TeepiotA-as  farmmff  lands^  in  any  State  of  the 
Union ;  on  which  an  indnstrions  farmer  can  raise  from  80  to  SO 
bnshels  of  wheat,  or  from  00  to  80  bnshels  of  com  to  the  acre. 
Korth  of  this,  a  belt  of  hard  timber  extends  east  and  west  150 
mites  on  the  latitude  of  Sterens  Point — from  50  to  100  miles  in 
width.  The  soil  of  this  region  is  fertile,  but  the  timber  is  its 
present  wealth.  ITnlike  the  prairies,  building  material  for  fences 
is  conyenient,  and  no  country  px^oduces  better  or  more  wheat 
—the  staple  crop.  The  indigenous  and  cultivated  grasses  flour- 
ihs  admirably,  eaii  Combined  Vith  numerous  streams,  aflbrd 
the  best  facility  for  gra2dng.  This  peculiarity,  (abundance 
of  water,)  pervades  the  entire  State,  and  presents  inducements 
for  caitle  growing  not  found  in  the  other  prairie  countries,  where 
running  water  is  found  at  distances  too  great  for  cattle.  The  wa- ' 
ter  power  on  the  St  Oroix,  Black,  Ohippewa,  Rock,  Crawfish, 
TTisconsin  and  other  rivers,  surrounded  by  these  agricultural 
regidns,  and  every  kind  of  raw  material,  and  iabundant  lumber-*- ' 
without  any  coilipetition  in  the  Mississippi  valley — this  water 
power  is  but  partially  used,  but'  in  time  must  be  most  valuable.  ' 
Eastern  men  can  appreciate  this  important  fact,  and  we  need  but 
designate  the  points  to  make  the  water  power  of  this  State  an 
important  element  of  wdalth  and  greatnese. 

«3 


■  ■ 

Zbe  immense  Pineriee  at  the  Bonrce  of  these  rive^  are  ,ood?«- 
nieDt  to  their  vftrions  ^alls — taken  into  acconnt  with  tbe^  scarcity 
of  timber  in  Illinuia,  Iowa  sad  Hia^oiiri — afford  cis  treasures  ioev 
hanstible.  Tbej  ^re  at  preaent  demaqded  bjr  these  States.  Host 
of  these  rivera  empty  ipto  the  Mi^8i68ippi|.and  are  nayigable  for 
rafts,  whilst  not  a  few  ace  aeoes^Ul^  at  eertaia  peaeoas  to  boats  of 
large  size. 

On  the  aonth-west,  the  conqtry  aboeindfi  in*  Lead, which  is  extea- 
$ive\y  worked  ;  on  the  north,  the  Copper  jnines  have  ohallenged 
the  interests  ot  eastern  capitalit^ta.  These  mines  give  employment 
to  labor^  apd  offer  a  home  market  fur  .intense  ^gricultnral  pro- 
ducts, as  well  as  foster  inanufac^urtog  on  a  most  extensive  scale. 
TVith  all  these,  we  *  hare  ^  system  of  railroads  traveraing  the 
State,  and  reaching-  tbe  most  desirable  ^points  above  mentioned — 
and  witbent  this  advantage,  many  of  these  sources  of  wealth 
would  be  lost  Her  natural  scenery  eq.ual8  any  State  of  the 
Union. 

We  have  stated  factSy  and  from  them  what  are  our  most  reason 
able  deductions  t  Is  not  her  conrse  in  accordance  with  her  mot- 
to, "Forward?"  In  1840,  Wisconsin  had  30,000  inhabitants;  in 
'50,  305,000  ;  in  '55,552,000.  In  population  she  has  outstripped 
all  the  Western  States,  np  ope  having  increased  ten  fold  in  ten 
years.  In  five  jears  she  has  nearly  doubled  ^er  population,  bay- 
ing increased  217,000;  whilst  Illinois,  a  growjng  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing State,  has  added  but  30  per  oentnm  to  h«r  population* 

The  territory  of  Wisconsin  is  larger  than  either  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio  or  Indiana.  The  last,  by  the  last  census,  had 
a  population  of  1,000^000>  the  ne^t  befor^  2^0(^0,000,  the  second, 
8,000,000,  and  the  firat^  in  round  numbers,  4,000,000.  Wisconsia. 
has  a  richer  soil  than  NewYork^  and  more  acres,  susceptible  of 
cnltivatiMi  than  New -York  or  Fennsylyania*  The  S.  £,  counties 
of  Wisconsin  are  the  only  settled  portions  of  the  State,  whilst  tbe 
north  and  north -west  are  comparatively  a  wilderness.  Taking  the 
po|.n]ation  of  New  Yo'^k  as  4,000,000  for  our  data  of  calculaiion, 
and  taking  into  account  that  bhe  has  a  larger  proportion  of  sterile 


499 

land  than  Wisoonein,  and. that  the  eitj  and  enrirono  may  be  re- 
garded as  national  and  dependent  upon  pot^ition,  we  inay.eaft^lj 
give  the  rural  districts  3,200,000;  and,  mon^wer^  wereeheaa. 
deneelj  populated  as  Maseachnsetta,  Bbe  would  have  6,000,QUO} 
these  heing.tbe  data,  and  Wisconsin  one  fourth  larger,  would  eon- 
tain  7,ft00,000,  with  tlie  aame  naiuber  to  tbeeqnare  mile*.  Taking 
the.  growth  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  as  a  data  for  WiBconaia  inerease^ 
we  can  safely  prediot,  in  five  years,  800^000  inhabitants,  in.  tan 
jears,  l,UiO,000,  in  tifteeen  years^  1,5  >0^000, in  twen»y  five  yearS|. 
8,U00,0OO,  in  fifty  years,  6.000,000.  These  are  snhjecrs  challeug* 
ing  the  attention  snd  inrerest  of  all  desirous  of  seeking  a  home^ 
and  a  State  with  special  advantages. 

The  advantages  presented  in  the  preceding,  impress  every  visi* 
tor  to  the  State,  and  have  induced  greatly  the  improverneuts  we 
have  simply  glanced  at.  The  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Cincinnati,  visited  this  State 
last  summon  We  know  the  writer,  and  m^  man  is  better  quali-^ 
fied,  by  travel,  reading  and  observation,  to  give  a  correct  opin- 
ion than  he.  The  following  extract,  from  a  letter  written  during, 
a  summer  tour,  will  exhibit  his  opinion  of  the  present,  and  from 
it  we  may  deduce  the  futuregreafness  of  the  Sfate. 

In  a  communication,  to  the  Cincinnati  Gazette  of  the  9th  of 
Angust,  1855,  he  says : 

*^  One  pecalarity,  wherever  I  traveled  in  Wisconsin,  strnck  me 
forcibly,  viz :  the  appai  ent  high  degree  of  culture,  cleanliness  andi 
thiifiiaess  of  tlie  farms.  There  is  not  half  so  much  to  remind  cga* 
ef  a  fiew  country  as  there  is  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and'  this  is  afe- 
tributable  c/<i<;;/2y  to  the  fact,  that  almost  evQpy  quarter  section,  w 
its  natnriil  state,  is  ready  for  plowing  and  fencing  without  the  1»- 
bor  of  fcllirg  trees  enough  to  burden  the  navy  of  the  world  ;  and 
parfl^  to  the  fact,  that  the  class  of  settlers  are  (iffshoots  from  tiMi 
hardy  and  industrious  sons  of  New  England,  or  the  farmeraof 
Western  New  Yoik  and  Northern  Ohio.  Fifty  tkars'  hivimtm 
Nhw  Enul^md,  oa  ywbmtt  tkabs'  toil  in  Ohio,  abb  notilqual  tM 
ruxuL  jucavLT  lo  aivs  ixinnftiKioDS  txasb  is  Wisaojraur.  T/'   . 


500 

Here  is  told  in  plain,  simple  and  coadlse  langnage,  fsots  that 
ctiild  not  be  more  forcibly  or  trathftiUy  delineated  in  a  colnmn, 
and  are  the  obserrattons  of  a  man  whose  opportanities  and  capa* 
bUities  for  jadging,  are  equal  to  any  man's  in  the  IJnioir. 

The  Legislature  of  onr  State  has  fixed  the  rate  of  interest,  by 
contract  at  12  per  cent,  and  has  repealed  all  laws  ferfeitiDg  the 
prvmoipaly  if  intereet  beyond  this  sum  be  agreed  on.  Oar  laws 
noV|  whilst  fixing  the  rate  at  IS  per  cent,  require  a  tender  of  the 
principal,  before  a  suit  can  be  brought  to  recover  any  excess,  giving 
a  freedom  to  the  value  of  money,  unknown  in  any  other  State  in 
the  Union.  We  doubt  not  this  will  bring  the  surplus  capital  of 
other  States  to  ours,  and  will  aid  in  developing  our  valuable  re- 
sources. 

Health  and  longevity  have  ever  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
benevolent  and  scientific.  The  selection  of  a  home  has  many  res* 
ponsibilities — none  more  imperative  than  climate.  The  denizen 
of  the  North  must  pay  the  penalty  of  acclimation  in  a  Southern 
latitude.  This  most  frequently  ultimates  in  diseases  only  termin- 
able with  life.  The  Southerner  cannot  with  impunity  remove  to 
a  Northern  climate  without  Bimilar  penalties.  A  climate  without 
either  extreme,  or  one  approximating  the  45th  deg.,  (being  equi« 
•distant  from  the  equator  and  pole,)  would  a  priori  be  a  common 
ground  of  compromise  and  safety.  The  latitude  of  Wisconsin  is 
between  42^  and  47^  50^,  and  thus  from  geographical  position, 
is  not  liable  to  objections  existing  either  north  or  south.  Individ- 
ual experience  confirms  this  fact — ^yet  with  it  we  have  incontro'* 
vertible  truths  to  sustain  the  position,  that  this  parallel  is  not  only 
the  most  healthful,  but  that  business,  general  prosperity,  and  all 
the  elements  of  social  life  we  have  most  happily  combined.  One 
of  these  truths  is,  that  no  nation  ever  has  arrived  at  or  for  any 
pmod  maintained  greatness  or  wealthy  unless  in  the  changes  of 
4limate  in  that  nation,  winter  be  found  to  exist.  If  the  winter  be 
even  protracted  or  severe  (not  too  extreme  in  either  respect)  it  is 
better  than  no  vicissitude.  The  ice-bound  coast  on  which  the 
Maysflower  landed,  was  as  evidently  the  direction  of  Providence, 


iioi 

m-ymrt  tlM  priiunpl^s  of  the  Pilgrims  traeeaUe  to  tibe  Baiaf 
f^  Arom  wham  eomes  eyeiy  good  and  perfect  gift?*  The  meoeesi- 
ties  of  oar  forefiitiierB  under  a  rigorous  climate^  ina4e  them  not 
only  the  most  thriftj,  but  the  most  enterprising  and  succesi^ful  of 
their  age.  We  are  on  a  parallel  with  Boston,  with  more  than  SO 
degrees  lees  depression  in  temperature,  and  with  climatic  advan- 
tages beyond  conception.  We  haye  no  easterly  or  north-eastern 
winds,  sweeping  ever  thousands  of  miles  of  ocean,  robbed  of  heat 
and  balminess,  to  teirify  the  infirm  or  aged. 

We  have  winters  commencing  about  the  10th  of  December — 
terminating  in  March— -characterized  by  many  peculiarities,  yet 
noted  for  no  inconvenienees*  iikc<dmpatlble  with  health,  comfort 
and  business.  Snows  here  are  never  deep — strong,  persistent 
winds  are  uaknown  in  winter — and  rain  does  not  fall  after  the 
middle  of  December,  until  the  early  rain  unlocks  tiie  frost*  and 
gives  life  ufxi  being  to  vegetation ;  the  rain  guage  shows  a  ff^l  of 
but  35  inches  during  the  yoar-^tiie  usual  average  east  is  about  58 
i]|\chps..  Oar  summers  are  cool  and  not  variable,  and  the  atmos* 
phera  during  the  entire  year  is  remarkable  for  its  clearness,  dry- 
ness and  trtosparency.  No  country  can  surpass  the  purity  and 
clearness  of  the  water  in  this,  ft  is  convenient  and  acoessiUe — 
springs  and  natural  lakes  are  the  predominant  characteristic^. — 
These  things  are  not  miracles,  but  are  dependent  on  naturid  laws, 
feoverning  countries  of  certain  geographical  and  topographical 
4HMiti(»n.  '  Xhe  latitude  of  Philadelphia  is  aboiU  40''  novth,  yet 
ftt)m  position,  the  vicissitudes  of  climate  are  greater  than  with 
rus*  There  the  winter  is  somewhat  shorter  and  appairently  con- 
centrated—yet its  changes  are  destructive  to  comfort  and  health* 
Ijlew  Yjwk  la  liable  to  similar  but  greater  objections.  Witjh  every 
change  of  wfnd  there,  the  temperature  changes—all  f^om^he  con- 
tiguity and  antagonism  of  large  bodies  of  land  and  water,  can 
never  be  averted.  Our  position,  approximating  the  centre  of  the 
continent,  exempts  us  form  these  changes — ^and  this  blessing  is 
manifested  in  general  good  health  and  a  corresponding-  physical 
development.    We  have  no  epidemics — no  endemics  i^  miasmatic 


5(A 

irfbeUoDS  with  tWr  o<^uQtle6$  itls  ate  nnknowii  kefe^-HiBd  thub 
lofttre  of  the  laagaid  eye  U  refttored,  and  paleneaB  of  tke  faded 
ahetak  disappeajrtt  whea  broaght  into  oor  midst 


^»» 


ERRATA. 


ait>48,  iMvMth  Ua»  ttpm  ttp,  <*  tottn**'  vhoald  fa»  Mter. 

•2|  Dots,  BL40K  Bird  ■hoald  b«  Bl^cs  Partridoi. 

104,  iRMt  paragrmpli,  *•  four  or  &▼•  ol  the  GrtgDoaa,**  lofltiRd  ti^at  t&t  OrigiiMft* 

10BI,  wfvati^Dth  Una  trom  top,  **  learn  lo  ittore  "  loafeMd  of  "^  htTi  in  vtoriT* 

121,  Jras  Uauim  QotR  de  Lamoaehe,  ahould  be  Jca.v  IIarxi  QatRii  dit  LRmooohtfto 

m,  eight  tint>  from  top,  iii«t«ad  of  8t    JosephH  on  Lake  UlciilgRo,  it  wu  nu  Jonopto.  r  lRijg»ttl« 
Rod  in  tbo  StMtti  of  St.  \iMr/'«,  b«tir«oo  Ukeo  Svperlor  Rnd  Uoroo,  and  •»•«!  fortf  nllM 
north -OMt  of  Mocklaaw  ;  Rod  not  oo^  intolUfescR   wm  aooght,  bat  rU  the  keif  rIro  tbt/t 
eonid  pouiblj  be  obtained. 

MO,  tAoeoth  Uoo  foom  the  top,  ealittltaU  the  word  fra9iti9a$  Ibr  <*p»mlMion.'* 

144^  OiCAsio  amoRi  ehonld  be  0r4V0  Sisrvsb  ;  Rad  page  190^  eiRT|t£OR  •honid  rIro  bt  ansm. 

151,  Sotir  ehonld  be  Lotir. 

liA,  aid  olaevberR,  WAtt-vatf^aoK-aX  AonlA  be  WA>*Bifl-»iOK-AX. 

in*  note  firing  Got.  Rrt aoldr'  charge  that  eqaatn  had  been  fordblj  Ukan  on  boRrd  the  tw 
keel-boata,  in  1827,  for  oorrapt  parposus,  Judge  LooKirooo  prononnoM  bntirrtf  withoil 
fbnndatiotti  After  the  IbrMe  Of  Jodgo  Lockwood'r  ooRnmuDloRtlbB  bad  boM  woitod  iff 
Md  Rant  hiA  at  Prtlrlo  dn  Chioa,  he  exhlbitad  Gor.  Biraoi^a  RtRHeBMntto  Qoo  Oomail^ 
and  eereral  old  French  aettiere  wbo  were  lo  the  eonntr/  in  1827*  Rad  who  wera  wall  $&• 
foaloted  wltti  tha  Preoeh  TojageaTC  who  ahippad  from  Frairla  dn  Chlea  far  thfai  trl|i^  ant 
Ihay  all  nolta  with  Jndga  Look  wood  la  deeUrtag,  that  th«tf  oavar  bcfoia  hoard  aaoh  rb  Im- 
tlmation,  and  that  It  is  ba/ood  all  question  eotlralj  nntma  and  nq{nRt ;  that  Oot,  Rrtiioi,m 
■mat  ha?a  bean  impoaod  upon  bjr  aoiaa  one  who  either  Ignorantlf  or  mtH^nmAf  mleiapi^ 
aaoteA  to  him  the  orom  of  tha  atteck.  The  coaoaotlonv  aaaooiatloaa  and  af  m^thiaa  flf 
the  Frvnoh  rojageora  ware  iarariablj  with  tha  Indiana,  and  tha/  navac  wovld  hRta  baM 
yuiltf  of  partldpstlng  fn  any  endi  alrodty* 

1M,  thictwnth  V  na  tma  topv  ■*  aoldier  **  abonld  be  i*afir, 

17^  OiMfw  ehonld  be  Oia8«oh,  and  tenth  line  of  aama  paga  tfioald  read,  **  thai  I  had  aald  ttal  I 
would  make  him,*' Ito. 

390^  flftb  Haa  from  top^  gran  ioattad  of  *'  grapa." 

m,  tbird  Itao  from  boUom,  '* loose**  should  be  lote- 

n7.  Boaaav  OuncaoH  ahonld  be  Jo^anr  Droaaosr.  If  A  i. 


IISTDEX 


«        V 


INDEX  OF  PAPERS. 


« 


Xistoroffieers  and  eommittoes  for  1856, '  3 

jOMscts  of 'conection  desirecT  by  the  Society, .1.1. '. 4 

.Aimiial'Bepbrtof  Ezecutive  Oommittee, • ff 

Appendix  TTo.  1,  Treasurer's  Report, 25 

2,  List  of  donors — ^periodicals, ..-,.     27 

3,  Librarian's  Report  on  Picture  Gallery, ,...     39 

4,  Eulogies  oh  Wrigbt,  McLane  and  Sully, ., "SS 

6,  Annual  Address — Early  History  and  Oondition  of 

of  Wisconsin, .,    Vj 

^ ,  ^       '  6,  Early  Times  and  Events  in  Wisconsin, ^98. 

-     *?,  Personal  Narratire  of  Col.  John  Shav. I9T 

V.      B,  Memoir  of  Hon,  Thgmas  P.  Burnett, • 1'--  233 

*•,  Pioneer  Life  in  Wisconsin, 526 

*  "  '     To,  Fekatonica  Battle  Controrersy, .^- --  365 

11,  Strictures  on  Got.  Ford's  History  of  the  Black  ^ 

^      "^  Hawk  War,....: 1 ...V.  39S 

■    "12,  Turther  Strictures  on  do _..'..-.  ^ 

13^  Some  Account  of  the  Advent  of  the  H.  Y.  Indians 

into  Wisconsin. ^ 415 

T4,  Sketch  of  the  Early  History  of  Kenosha  county,  ^50 
■       "  .  '    ,       15,  Wisconsin — its  Kse  and  Pro^ress»  with  notices   ,* 

of  Uineral  Point  and  Richland  county,. ^  ^80 

^  ,     '  .'  16,  Legend  of  the  Red  Banks, ^J ^  4^1 

.  ^                   "n.  Progress,  Condition  and  Prospects  of  Wisconsin,  495 
rrata, _ « ,  502 

64 


./• 


.11 


li' 


S06 


GENERAL  INDEX. 

.    -.1     /  1 


Abbott,  Jobn  S.  0.»  doDor, — .* «  9, 

Abbott,  Judge  of  Mackinaw,..!^ ^....^ 

Abert,  Col.  J.  J.,  donor, — • SO 

Adams,  Hon.  Charles  Francis, donor, .  ^».S7 

promises  works  of  John  Adams*  .^..^ . ,, .    .14 

commends  the  Society, .,' 1 SI 

Agricultural,  mechanical  and  scientific  works,  number  in  librarj,.        € 

Aird,  James,  early  trader .-,.. lt9, 

Alabama  Historical  Society, — 

Alanson,  Rev.  William,  early  clergyman  at  Kf^nosha, 465*  466 

A^lbany  Institute,  donor,, ft 

Allen,  Nelson,  early  settler  of  Kenosha  county,  .... 474 

Allen,  Russell,  a  pioneer  of  Kenosha  county,. —  468,  46^ 

Allen,  Prest  W.  H.,  of  Girard  College,  donor, ...1 90 

..Alexander,  Matthew,  a  Richland  county  pioneer,  .^„.' ••••  489 

'  Alexander,  Gen.Milton  K.,  in  Black  H^wk  War,...  S64.  S65,  993^406 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  donor, ..., 1. 9,  t7,  tB 

condition  of • 18,10 

American,  EUinological  Society,  donor, -.  9,  fO 

,  American  Philosophical  Society,  promises  its  publications,. •• lO 

pamphlets  received  from,-^- - r*---»- -     M 

American  Institute,  donor,  ----- ,-^-J^ M 

American  Fur  Company  and  its  affiliations, . .  101,  102,  107,  130,  lU 

,  Anderson,  David,  donor, , ^... ^ .--     31 

Andrews,  Constant  A.,  erects  a  pioneer  mill, ^-n- ^^'^9  ^^* 

Ansley,  Col.  John  D.,  early  Mioeral  Point  settler,  — t95,  4^9 

Antiquities  of  Wisconsin, ,-. 4M 


«07 

:JLp^6t  •>  German,  killed  io  Blaek  Hawk  Wa^'  Mift,.  S48;  868;  l18^  3lS 
('AatOt,JobB  JaGoW>i*^ttP^<2k)iBpflttte9,....^  ioti  lOS;  107;  130^  Yiil 
^iOkiasoa,  Oeo.  Henry,  ia  Wionebagv  Wa^  18t7, «..:,:  160,  Ui,  SSl 
.  :  /  bBlackHawk  War,  1832,;....J..J  9*9,  ise,^¥7,  268;  ^ft, 
i         .  .  283,  338,  342,  362^56^  368,  d6(S  Mk,  9<i9,  4(tB^<4 

>    :         notice  of ..- i .-^...J.:...' ..  883 

Cl3teii|1iet,  2feddy,  settlea  mth  N.  Y.  Indiana  aililuleKakalin,  j....  480 

fAiwaier,  Calebs  donor, «....«..4..Ji.'i.L..L.^.j  'St 

\i4woodv  Hon.  J^iliua  P«,  manibar  of  ]lxebfdiii^e'Oeiaaiitt«ii»,  1858,^,.  it 
1    •    A     .    '    '      :'  do  1866»..      S 

AudiU Treaaurer's Report, ^ *....'......... .u.....Ji..l.L  •  18 

I.'  Eulogy  on  Judge  H.  A,  Wright,. _^^--LJ.i..-rj.i.-..J^.--'-'  83 

(Atwood,  Col.  David,  member  of  Execuiite  Commtltee,  t885^..iu.    ft 

■   do  •  .  M.I    '18601---:^-    J  3 

donor, ^j1  *.-... .'-..* : i.-  34,  38 

^  Anbr^y,  William,  kUkd  in  Black  Hawk  Wac,^..!  l.....: :....  840 


<  t I       •       '4        ,\ 


Backe.  Prof.  A,  D.,  donor, ::,i.--..-:-:-:j-:    80 

'  Bacon,  Hud:M>n,  a  Kenoaha  pioneer, L  :•....  48  f  i  4kB,  458,-  468 

'Bad  Ax  battle,  1832,. j :.._•_  '398,  4^18;  412-414 

Baird,  Hon  Henry  8,  procures  Jndge  Reanme'a  old  coat, *ii'  1 1,  87 

•*      -     portrait  of,  in  Pietnre  Gallery, i.,.. l-.J:.   id,  40 

-  aaniTereary  address, :_ ..i v.     i% 

error  in  addrtes, ...i 151 

pioneer  Ifitvjrer, ...' ..* -- -  —  ---'-•-'.  182 

^'Balloo,  D.  W,  Jis,  promisee  over  80  Tele.  1^.  A.  Reriew,  ...u — .>'.*'  14 

'^Bakkelli,  J.R.,dbnoF,..-.-.-uv.: ...a.......^  84 

•^ Baner of fc,~Hon» -George,  eom^ii]f^n4B  lh^8<kdety,..l.i.i..-L.....  21,  22 
*"  Barber,  Hon. -J.  Allen,  1846|  meiiiber  ConstilutiDna!  OonT^n^iibn, . .  •  822 
^        '     annonnoesdeathof  Hmi,  T.  P.J^niett;.J.I..-.;..^L:«:...  322 

Ba^kRiter,..>...^.U^:.-- ^-—^ ^ »• 

-BarTow,  Rev.  AUer>  Eenoskaeennty  pioneer, 46*,  469,  474,  478 

i'BartiaW,  Hdn.Henry,  donor, _^.-^-.-^-.-- ....1; :..-     28 

^  BarneSf  Rev.  Albert^  d<mor,  ...... ^ .*..--* '.-.-.-•..^..-     30 

'  ftaraee^  A  S.  A  Cbiidon<Mrfei«..'...: ^. .....: 28 


soe 

^fisn^^Hey.  John  8,  toior, w-.:.-.* ,  «y  tS 

iBv-^tww,  ex-6oT.Wiiu4-*portcfd(JAFMftaraQtlkr7^ «  ld»  4t 

iBlMrtliBl^  Hoo.  J.  R., prMiiites  wwk»» ..m...^ 4 ^    ^4 

.BeiuQ^  IbomuB,  in  Blaok  Hawk  Wwr, ^ SSO,  3at 

)B»a«i»  JE^iiury,  dtooK, 31 

:Baaubiep«  OqI  John  B.,.Qar}7  trader  at  Milwaukee^ IM 

Baaimon*,  Dr.  IBSlUam* ^ at»  *•'' 

'OBee^oA,  EM.doQor* ^-••.-^.*.     Jl 

9€aqa6lt/Lie«tFMdhalyiilBla«kHawkWa«»^... : SftT 

347,  349,  367,  370,  S9t 

« JelchtfT^  B«T*  Dr.  Jo89pbf  donor....^ w^..« 30 

iBen«dict/8tepli«Q  G,,  donor^,......^. .^..^ 93 

tSentoA, Him.  TKanuM U*»  dontr, ..^«..^ ^.  .     31 

i  BeouQhard*  iBdward,  in  Black  Hawk  War, 849,  350,  389 

>'    .'     early,  settlfir  at  Mineral  Point, «.;....  386 

<Blddle,ILC.  &  J.,  donors,^ 30 

Biddle,  James  W.,  narratire  referred  to 186 

Biddle,  Maj.  John,  Michigan  delegate  to  Congress 138 

(Sierce,  Gen.  L.  V.,  donor ,-^ •.^••i-^*     32 

.JSlUiiigfi  GoU  H^nry  M.,  promises  portrait rn--i-rn     43 

earlj  seiiil^r  at  Mineral  Point • ..^.  4ff7 

.^ingham,  G,  0^  donor, ^ ,-- ^     JO 

,Bird|jHon.  Augustus  A.,  promises  portrait^  ......^.^ ^...     IS 

;91ack,  Samuel,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War,  «...^ ---f.--  M8 

,  349,  951,  369,  370,  $7%,  376,  387,  391 

3)aek#  Col. Robert  S.,  early  settler  at  Mineral  Ppiati <.*.....^..^...  487 

j^lack  Dog,  a  Sipu;^  Chief, --..., -w ^-,-J-.  lf« 

^Blaqk  Hawk,  portrait  in  Picture.  (Wlery,  ..„.--,.•  18|  13,  41,  4Z».(f 

at  treaties  of  1804  and  1816,  note,. n»  ^ 

I  l«13» flank  war  party  in  Miai^wri^^r -. -»«  M^ 

t  1814,  in  Bink  Hole hatilfl, ...-.^ .— ,  «li,  «1« 

1Q81 »  Winnebi^goes  of  Prophet's  Village  join  tbe  Saiikfi .  •>  ^^ 
Ii^dms.  thi^a«MJipafcUi|i#a,w.........  M8.  %B9,  SM».4^ 

Origin  pf  the  War, - ...17»,  HI,  I7*u»6 

0'  1831,  Col  Gratiot  captnred, ^^.^.-^ -.-*  996 

( '>  .     DemeoCff,  Stepkenspn's  and  Snyvi#''i^  figi)t%  146^  96!l»' .397 


t « 


0  • 


509 

'•  .  '1SS2  wUteitiaejrbT'fiioutBidWiii&ebAgMi^ .'.1^  MMMf  ^ 

opinkm  of  Oea.  Atldii[9oni •  4. ^ ..'..  ttB* 

PekatMHca  battle 2ff 8,  d47-dffl ,  306i39S,  m ' 

WiaeonsiBHeigirsbita^'...........  SSS-*a06i  40^41 1' 

Street  and  Biumett  securing  calKMs,...  S5D^Mi/t89-285 

Bad  Ax  battle ' atft,  5^6,  40«,  412-414 

exaggerated  accounts  of  the  war :l.j.  fetol 

benefits  resulting ; _     '     frit 

Blitok  Hawk's  son,  portrait  of l8,  13;  41*47,  67' 

Blaek Partridge,  a  Pottawattakie  efaief ::...  82/  508 

BiacU  Hirer  Fallsi  early  mills  and  lumbering .' .  1 18/ 149/  28i0' 

IHlss,  G.  Wr,  promises  newspaper  files. :r „.:-       7 

BUody  Bon,  origin  of  name.. ^.   118,  119 

BdilTi^,^Nicholas,  trader,  Indian  Agent  imd  Justice  of  the   ' 

Peace - ..-  116,- 122,  144,  IW),  220,  2»^ 

character  and  anecdote  of 1.   126 

death  of - * t5Q 

BbOiie,  OoL  Daniel,  and  sons 199,  204,  206,  211,  212,  434' 

Bbtkin^  Col.  Alexander,  donor -'.: --.. 83 

BMthilUer,  Francis,,  early  trader 116,  Itt,  149,  226 

Boutw^,  Bx-GoT.  G.S.,  donor -.-.J L.     86 

Bdyer,  CoL  John,  Indian  Ag^t  at  Green  Bay  In  1 820, _ . 423 

••   .•' makes  treaty 1 .-.'1 .L.  423 

4eathof j ,  424,  427 

Briusken,  Gen. -Charles^  donor _  35,  3^ 

in  Black  Hawk  War, 337,  348,'  844,  846,  S49,  ^5d,  8fl9 

Pekatonioa  controTersy ^ - : 865-^392 

*      strictures  on  FordV  History --.--..:- 1  402-414 

i      eervioes .- _• ------ l. 402^ 

Bradford,  Hon.  A.  W.,  donor  . : l--:..--:..! 1     29 

B^ady^Gen*  Hugh,  in  Black  Hawk  War '- . 842 

^    •      sketch  of --I..-.-.: .-^-L.-,  JJ4ir 

ftr*ad,  Daniel,  head  Chief  of  Wisconsin  Oneidas  -'. - i  4*3 

BrevoOrt,  Henry  B.,  Indian  Agent : .' ::..  43^ 

K^^hfttn,  CoL  Ebenezer,  visits  Galena  in  1822  -;....-::,.-- 1 329 

-  ''      inBkckHaWkWfer.- :-,.s. ;.-:.--.:. :....!  SSr 


610 

M^i4A«  Col  Ebenegftr,  portrait  of  J»Pkilur«Qiill«7»^: jlS,  4S 

Bn$htoi\.  Kenosha  county,  early  seiHlera of. .«..>- ^^. ».....••• 469 

Bmbaoe;  Dr. •Wip.U.,  donor,; , *,.*-„.^,-.-^.» 8,  83 

Bruboif,,  11» «ar)y  vader  113.  116^  119,  ItC^  }2%  126,  If 9,  9M,  258 

.arbilrary  treatment  of., «.. ^..^...^.^^ 128,  280 

death  find  baria'l - - 173 

BriAoia,  Joseph : 164,  269 

Bristol,  Kenosha  county,  early  settlers  of — ^.^«««.* « 469 

Britt,  Chaacy  C,  donor ^^^,j.w-^-- 89 

Brooke,  Gen.  Geo.  M.,  stationed  at  PrairwdaCluen.. —«  167 

Brookes,  Samuel  M.,  portraits  by..... •..••.« 18,  14,40,  4l«  4Q 

donor  of  busts 1-. 14 

ticetch  of --•     81 

Brothertovn  Indians  In  Wisconsin «...., ^...^.^.....i..^ 4lS-44# 

Brown,  Beriah,  Vice  Pretident  of  the  Society « 8 

donor , ^ 88 

Brown,  Danii'l  C  ,  doqor , 84 

Brunet)  Jenn  of  Prairie  du  Cbien 161,  164,  166,  172,  858 

Brunson,  Rev*  Alfred.  1835,  visits  PiairieduCbiep ....^, 147 

tDterprise  and  usefulness ••.«• ^   148 

memuir  of  Hon.  T.  P.  Burnett 298-^825 

sketch  of  Crawford  county  cited j^ 146 

contributes  newspaper  file  and  Continental  mo^ey ...  7,  11 

promises  portrait ^ „..*-  '  18 

Bryaoi  Hon.  John  A.,  donor ^^ 26 

Bryant,  Wna.  Cullen,  donor 28 

Buck,  Royal,  donor ^^ ^.     ZS 

Buffalo  in  18u8 198 

Buffalo  Lake lOO 

Bull,  Otn.  Henry  C  ,  member  of  Executive  Committee ^..       8 

Life  Member  of  the  Society ,86 

Bull,  Johnny,  killed  in  Black  Ha^k  War, 345.  366.  875.  887 

Bullen.  Gen.  John,  early  Kenoaha  coijnty  seuler^ 469 

Bullen,  John,  Jr.,  Keocshs pioneer ^.   4^1-458.-468 

sketch  of 469 

B«lkii,  Hon.  William,  Kenosba pioneer 451.  456,  457,  463*  468 


511 

Bonen,  Hon.  .William,  sketch  of 470 

Bullen,  DeWitt l.-l 469 

Bunts,  Samuel,  in  BWk  Hawk  War  ..^ ill '..  843.  349 

Bnrlej,  A.  H.  A  Co, donors J.J , 8^ 

Barnap^  Rer.  O.  W.,  donor ...,1.^ 80 

Bnrnett,  Hon.  Thomas  P. — ^^birth,  t^dacation  and  profession.:..  233-235 

1829,  appointed  Sub  Indian  Ag€nt-J_,. 235,  271 

dangerousily  huit 230,  271,272 

1830,  arrives  at  Prairie  dn  Chien J. .IL  236 

Indian  disturbances 17l,  172' 

1830 -'SI,  duties,  correspondeiMJe ^  237-241 

1831,  American  For  Company 242-244 

cost  of  equipping  a  far  trader  J 244-  246 

Yigilance 1 .^  246-248 

clashing  of  authorities 217-261 

Indian  movements _ 2o2,  253 

visits  Kentucky _ " 263-265 

1682;  returns — ordered  to  raise  Sioux 25.5-262,  288-285 

practices  lair— controversy 264,  26.>,  262-987 

toils  and  unremitting  services _ 283,  .Si 84 

1189,  proposes  to  engage  in  lumbering 288,  289 

sought  an  Indian  Agency 289 

thought  of  returning  to  Kentucky 289 

politics— need  of  local  government 289,   290 

revisits  Kentucky,  and  returns 290,  291 

1834,  sub-agency  abolished I.   292,  293' 

invited  to  remove  to  Mineral  Point 295 

1834-'35,  returns  to  Kentucky,  obtains  a  divorce  .*.-_.   296-299 

1835,  efforts  for  a  territorial  government 299-301 

app- inted  District  Attorney,  resigns 300,  301 

solicited  to  run  for  delegate  to  Congress 1 —  301 

chosen  a  member  of  the  Mich.  Terr.  Council 301 

Council  meets  at  Green  Bay ^-  301,  302 

"Mich.  Terr,  government  continued...  301,  302,  306,  307  ' 

1888^  Uen.  Cass'  sdministration  of  Indian  Affairs 302,  303 

(uggesttd  for  Territorial  Secretary  or  Judge. •«  304^  305 


518 

Biiniett,  Hoiu  Thoi.  P^— 1836,  Wiio««m  Territory  orgijiiirf   3C»r,  305 

cho«en  to  Couidl^  rqeeted 308-411 

appointed  District  Attornej,  deelines S13 

marriM  Mtts  Bmnflon —   SIl 

reporter  of  Supreme  Court  9t  Territory 31 7,  31? 

1837,  settles  in  Grant  eonntj -..   Sll 

1838,  solicited  to  ran  for  delegate 312--3I4 

1839,  Toted  for  for  delegate - ™  ns 

1840,  settles  on  his  farm  - - 31S 

1842,  appointed  Brig.  Gen.  by  Gov.  Doty S15 

defends  soldiers 315-5l7 

1844-'4d,  member  of  legislature 31&-320 

1846,  Indian  disturbance  and  alarm « 31S-220 

member  of  Convention 320 

sickness  and  death 320-^25 

county  named  after  him 325 

Burnett,  WiUiam,  in  Black  Hawk  War 878 

Boms,  Lieut.  Gov.  Timothy,  daguerreotype  of II 

Bush,  D.  C,  donor 33 

Butler,  Bymmes,  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 


Caddie,  Rev.  Mr.,  early  preacher  at  Prairie  du  Chien 147 

Cad  well,  Bev.  C.  C,  early  preacher  at  Kenosha. 468 

Cady,  John  F.,  early  Kenosha  settler 469,  474,  476 

Cahoon,  B.  P.,  early  Kenosha  settler 465 

Calkins,  Elias  A.,  member  of  Executive  Committee,  1855 22 

do                                1856 3 

donor 33,  35 

eulogy  on  Judge  Wright 57 

Cameron,  Murdock,  early  Indian  trader ^.,.  l73,  190,  191 

Campbell,  early  ssttler  and  officer  at  Prairie  du  Chien ,...  120,  126 

Campbell,  Major,  expedition  in  1814 ,.^.  ^.  220 

Campbell,  Mon.  Wm.  W.,  donor '.....  29 

Campbell,  'S„  donor ' 34 


518 

Oarey*  H^^ry  C,  donor 30 

Oarnes,  William,  in  Black  Hawk  War 349^  3)0,  872 

Carpenter,  S.  H.,  member  of  Exeontire  Oommitiee,  1656  ...^  .^..     22 

•    do  1860 3 

report  on  Piotnre  Oallery 30 

Carr,  Prof.  £ira  S.,  member  of  Executive  Committee,  1856 3 

Carr,  Rot.  Spencer,  donor 34,  36 

Carroll,  William  S.,  clerk  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  donor 30 

Carrer  claim  alluded  to - 117 

Oary,  Dr.  B.  B.,  early  Racine  settler 461,  481 

Secretary  of  Milwaukee  Union j^..,  479 

Case,  Hon.  Squire  S.,  donor -. 9,  33 

Oa«8,  Hon.  Lewis,  1819,  organises  Brown  and  Crawford  counties  ..  116 

1819-'20.  exploring  the  North-West,  etc....  422,  423,  427,  433 

1825,  holds  Indian  treaty  at  Prairie  du  Chien 163 

1826,  seeking  information  concerning  the  Indians 169 

1827,  Winnebago  difficulties, 166,  167,  330,  430 

preserves  speech  of  Wabasha 194 

administration  of  Indian  affairs 302,  303 

promises  his  portrait 13,  40 

donor 32 

•ommends  Historical  Societies ..«.«     21 

CassTille,  site  ^f  Indian  town _ .* 181,  132 

Castleman,  Dr.  A.  L,  donor 33 

Catlin,  Hon.  John,  commissioner  to  publish  laws  and  reporta 318 

Life  Member  of  the  Society.. ♦ ..*     25 

Cadin,  Qeorge,  supposed  to  have  painted  the  Clinton  portrait. . .  48,  61 

Cauldwell,  Joseph,  early  Kenosha  county  settler 474 

Caulkins,  Miss  Frances  M.,  donor * * 9,  28 

commends  the  Society 22 

Chambers,  Col.  Talbot,  arrival  at  Prairie  du  Chien 128 

arbitrary  rule 129,  229,  230 

Chapman,  Silas,  donor .—  9,  33^  36 

Chappin,  Stanislaus,  pilots  Col.  Miller  in  1816 83,  103 

Chase,  Hon  Salmon  P.,  donor ^..     31 

Chase,  flon.  Lucien  B.,  donor ^ 29 

65 


514 

GhMe»  Hezekiab  S.,  donor 2S 

Chase,  Horace,  delagateio  Milwaukee  Union -479 

Cbilds,  George  W.,  prom  ises  books  and  engravings 15 

Childs,  Col.  Ebenezer,  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 13,  48 

cited 105,  107 

Chippewa  Indians 131—139 

144,  145,  140.  153,  156,  219,  241,  247,  262,    265 

aid  Menomonees  against  the  Sauks  and  Foxes 491—494 

Chippewa  River  and  tributaries,  early  lumbering  on 132,  134-141 

Chouteau,  Col.  Auguste,  holds  Indian  treaty  in  1815 222,  223 

do  1816 92 

Clark,  Gen.  George  Rogers,  1779,  captures  Y incennes 107 

portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 12,  47,  50 

his  Life  in  preparation - 47 

Olark,  Gov.  William.  1814,  at  Prairie  du  Chien 219 

1815,  holds  Indian  treaty f 222,  223 

1816,  do  - 92 

1825,  holds  treaty  atPrairie^u  Chien 153 

1 830-34,  Superitendent  of  Indian  Affairs 243 

246,  250,  252.  255,  270,  28S,  289,  291,  294 

Clark,  Captain,  in  Black  Hawk  War 337,  338,  357,  358,  404,  408 

Clark,  Julius  T.,  member  of  Executive  Committee,  1855 22 

do  do  do         1856 3 

DoBOir - - 54 

Clark,  Darwin,  promises  portrait 13 

Donor 33 

Clark,  Hon.  J.  V.  H.,  donor 29 

Clarke,  A.  F.,  donor 34 

Clay»  Henry,  personal  memorial  of 14 

Clement,  Hon.  Charles,  donor 9,    83    , 

Clement,  Jesse,  donor, 29    ' 

Clergy,  early  of  Prairie  du  Chien 146,  147 

Kenosha , r 468 

CUnton,  De  Witt,  personal  memorial  of u ,    14 

original  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 13,  48 

oomo^ends  Historical  Societies 31 


515 

Clinton,  Hon.  .George  W^  donor : 29 

Coe,  Ber.  Mr.,  early  preacher  aft  Prairie  du  Chien 140 

Coggeshall,  Wm.  T.,  donor--- 34 

Cole,  Samuel,  chief  elei^k  Penjuon  Office,  donor 9,    30 

Collins,  Gen.  Lewis,  donor 31 

Collins,  Col.  James,  in  Black  Hawk  war 358,  409 

Congressional  publications  in  the  library ^      6 

received  from  State  Department.. ,, 30 

Connecticut  Historical  Society,  condidon  of SO 

donation  from — SB 

ConoTcr.  Prof.  0.  M.,  Treasurer  of  the  Society,  1866-'66.----  3,     2S 

Treasurer's  Report 25 

Cooke,  D.  B.,  <fe  Co.,  donors _ 9,     3S 

Cooly,  Walter,  Racine  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 

Coombs,  John  and  Edward,  Richland  county  pioneers _ 489 

Cothren^Hon.  William,  donor _ SB 

Coutume  de  Paris,  or  law  of  France,  in  North*West 105,  121 

Coyer  J.  C,  promises  newspaper  files 7 

Cox,  Maj.  James  P.,  in  Black  Hawk  war - 363 

Craig,  Neville  B.,  donor _ - -..     30 

Craig,  Capt.,  of  Galena,  in  Black  Hawk  war 406 

Crawford,  Rev.  Gilbert,  early  preacher  at  Kenosha :. 46B 

Crawford  county  organized 116 

civil  officers 115,  116,  239 

Crooks,  Gen.  Ramsay,  agent  of  Fur  Company, 101,  107 

Cropsey,  Jasper  F.,  donor  of  punting 14,  49,     51 

Crossit,  David,  Kenodia  pioneer, _ 460,  46B 

Cnbbage,  Colonel,  ransoms  Col,  Gratiot 336 

Curtis,  Daniel  S.,  donor 38 

Custis,  Geo.  W.  Parke  promises  personal  memorial  of  Washington.  14 
Cutler,  Major,  at  Sault  Su  Marys,- 117 


Darling,  Hon.  Mason  C,,  promises  portrait 13 

Darlington,  Dr.  William,  donor 80 

Davenport,  Colonel,  commanding  Fort  Snelling . .  SdO,  41S 


C16 

DftvidsoB,  Wtlliam^  Grtat  eounty  piiwMr/dagiionmtyp^of ii 

D»Tid8on»  Rev.  Dr.  R.«  promises  hit  works —     14 

DaTidson,  David,  donor —     SS 

Davis,  Rev.  Solomoa,  ttissioBarj  to  Wisoodsib  Onndas 446,  447 

Davis,  Ghauncj,  early  Kenosha  ooonty  seltier 4?4 

Day-kau-ray,  Winnebago  chief 167,  177,  178,  25»,  881 

Day-kauray,  Rascal _ —   17S 

Day-kaa-ray,  One-Eyed,  of  La  Crosse 173,  178,  253,   261 

Day-kau-ray,  Wakon  or  Washington - 260^  262 

Dean,  John,  donor 2S 

Dean ,  Prof.  Amos ,  d  onor —      29 

De  Bow,  J.  D.  B.,  donor, 31 

Decth,  S.  G.,  donor, 9,  29,      35 

Deeth,  George  Ogden,  donor 9,  30^     35 

DeHass,  Dr.  Wells,  donor , 31 

Delaplaine,  George  P.,  donor  of  portrait  of  Hon.  I.  P.  Wafter.  .13,     48 

promises  his  portrait _._ 13 

Dement,  Maj.  John,  in  Black  Hawk  War 352,  355,  397 

Deming,  R.  H.,  Kenosha  pioneer , 470 

Denny  John,  alias  John  Sandown,  an  Oneida 447 

De  Peyster,  Gen.  J.  Watts,  donor •. 29 

Derbyshire,  Christopher;  Kenosha  covnty  pioneer 465,  469 

Detroit,  in  1815 101 

Detroit  Gazette,  early  file  cited 89,  95,  149,  422,  428 

Devee,  in  Black  Hawk  War 849,  863,  369,   887 

Dewey,  Ex-Gov.  Nelson,  promises  portrait 18,     40 

Dickson,  Capt.  Joseph,  in  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights 387 

857,  404,  408,   409 
do  do        Bad  Ax 368,  898,  413 

daguerreotype  of... II 

Dickson,  Capt  Fred  ,  kills  an  Indian 496 

Dickson,  Col.  Robert,  British  officer 82,  191 

Disturnell,  John,  donor 20,     U 

Dixon,  John ..,* 836 

Dodge,  Gen.  Henry,  donor 9,  SS,    31 

.    promises  portvait * ,— ,-    18,    40 


617 

Dodge,  Qen.  Hjttaj,  1808,  Sheriff  of  Oapa  Oirardaan  Go.|  Mis«oiur]«  198 

1814,  Expedition  up  the  Ki880uriv..^«.«.« •••..«.««  220 

:    1827,  in  Winnebago  War 167,  881 

1828,  mining S54«  885 

1832,  Indian  War  comaeneea ....,.« ..««.. .^..^^  886 

Sends  express  to  Dixon •«•,.....•.•  880 

Expedition  to  Dixon 837,  39B 

Forts  ereeted ,.,-,-  888 

Holds  conference  at  Four  Lakes.... ^.^.••» ..* .  838 

Siezes  Indians  at  Blue  Mounds 838,  339 

Addresses  his  men  at  Kirker's.... .^.......^  341 

Attack  at  Spafford'a  farm 343,  350,  :i66,  867 

Apple  killed  at  Fort  Hamilton 346,  346,  868 

Pekatonica  battle 268,  847-361,  368-392,  897 

returns  to  Dodgeville . ......  851 

present  of  a  gun ^ ^ .....  268 

preparations  for  expedition .• 863 

battle  of  Wisconsin  Heighta 366-362,  393-396,  402-412 

battle  of  Bad  Ax 262,  363,  396,  412-414 

1836,  gorernor 302-304,  308-310 

1841,  superceded  by  Judge  Dotj... ^.. 815 

1845,  reappointed 819 

1 846,  Indian  alarm 318-820 

Dp'fej,  Hon.  Augustus  C,  donor...... .. ^.•. 32 

Dodge.  Henry  L.,  in  Black  Hawk  War 337,  390 

Dodge,  Capt.  George  L,  promises  his  collection  of  coin . 12. 

DcK>little,  S.,  early  Kenosha  settler - —  ......  457. 

Doty,  Hon.  James  Duane,  a  Vice  President  of  the  Society 3 

donor -    ...... 9,  33,     95 

promises  newspaper  files... —  * 8 

1823-'32,  served  as  Judge 91,  151,  152 

1823-'24,  first  post-master  at  Prairie  dn  Chien 151,  162 

1827,  incident  at  Green  Bay, 86 

1833,  political  suggestions 289 

1834,  interests  himself  for  T.  P.  Burnett 295 

1835,  member  of  Michigan  Territorial  Legislature 299,  801 


618 

Doty,  Hon.  Jas.  Daane,  1836»  aided  mseleeHng  and  locating  Ma<Uacm  d05 

1838,  elected  delegate  to  Congreas 313 

1839,  re-elected  delegate 314,  315 

1842,  goTcrnor  of  the  Territory,  hampered 315,  319 

Dougherty,  Hon.  J.,  promises  newspaper  files 8 

Donglas,  Hon.  Stephen  A.,  donor _.      32 

Donsman,  Ifichael,  noticed 128,  502 

Donsman^Gen.  Hercules  L., lYO,  174,  259 

appointed  Associate  Judge 17S 

cited 50£ 

Drake,  Samuel  G.,  the  antiquarian,  donor 9,  27,     3S 

Draper,  Lyman  C,  Corresponding  Secretary,  1855-'66 3,     22 

preparing  a  Life  of  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark 47 

donor 33,     35 

eulogy  OB  R.  M.  Sully 63-71 

writes  Col.  Shaw's  Narrative _ 19T 

notes  historical  and  explanatory 12 

58,  82,  85,  87,  89,  91,  98,  94,  100,  101,  104,  105,  107 
111,  116,  117,  119,  124,  125,  126,  129,  145,  146,  149 
150,  151,  162,  163,  168,  173,  177,  178,  194,  195,  202 
203,  219,  224,  226,  228,  229,  231,  244,  259,  291.  303 
320,  325,  329,  331,  338,  339,  341,  342,  343,  349,  350 
356,  357,  359,  362,  363,  365,  374,  875,  383,  389,  394 
397,  402,  403,  407,  410,  411-414,  417-420,  422,  428 
424,    428,    430,    434,    446,    462,    468,    481,    483,  502 

Drown,  S.  De  Witt,  donor 32 

DuChouquette,  a  voyageur 136 

Dudley,  Dean,  donor 23 

Duncan,  Asa,  in  Black  Hawk  war 348,  349.  370 

Dunn,  Hon.  Charles,  accidentally  wounded  in  Black  Hawk  war...  354 

Durkee  Hon.  Charles,  donor 9,  33,     35 

sketch  of 470 

Durrie,  Daniel  S.,  member  of  Ezeoutive  Committee,  1855 22 

labratian,  1856 3 

donor 9,     33 

Durrie,  John,  of  New  Haven,  donor.  .^ 23 


519 


Eag^r,  Hon.  Samuel  W.,  donor 2% 

Esflrtoian,  Hon.  Ben.  B.,  donor 9,     33 

commissioner  to  publish  laws  and  reports ,  318 

Earthquakes  of   1811-'12 20^-204 

Edwards  Hon.  Tom  0.,  member  of  Ezecuti7e  Committee,  1866. ...       3 

Progress,  Condition  and  Prospects  of  Wisconsin ,..  495 

Edwards,  Clement  R.,  donor  of  portraits 12^    47 

sketch  of .-- 50 

Edwards,  Gov.  Ninian,  holds  treaty,  1816 222,  223 

do  do  1816. 92 

Ellis,  Gen.  Albert  G.,  a  Vice  President  of  the  Society 3 

early  file  of  Green  Bay  Intelligencer *I 

donor 34 

promises  a  file  of  the  "Pinery" 8 

do        portrait 18 

Advent  of  I^.  Y,  Indians  to  Wisconsin 415 

sketch  of : - 424 

Elwyn,  Dr.  A.  L.,  donor ! SO 

English  Prairie,  origin  of  name.... 219 

Essex  Institute,  donor - 27,    35 

Estea,  Capt  James  B.,  in  Black  Hawk  War S58,  340,  341,  359 

1841-.'4-.\  pioneer  of  Kichlanfd  county 489 

1846,  Indian  disturbance  at  Muscoda 318-320 

Etheridge,  William  C,  Kenosha  pioneer 461,  474,  475 

Etting,  Frank  M.,  donor; 10,  11 

Everett,  Hon.  Edward,  donor • • • 27 

commends  Historical  Societies 21 

Ewing,  Col.  Wm.  L.  D.,  m  Black  Hawk  War 367,  358,  408,  400 

Farribault,  Francis,  early  trader 122,  125 

Varwell,  Ex-  Gov.  Leonard  J.,  in  Executive  Committee  1 856 22 

do                                  do                          1866 2 

Life  member 25 

donor 34,  95 

promises  portrait 13,  40 


620 

Ferris,  Benjamin,  donor «..     30 

Field,  Col.  Abner,  in  Winnebago  War 166^  380 

Finch,  Asahel,  Jr.,  promises  portrait 13 

Life  member - 85 

Fincb,  B.  W,,  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 4Y9 

Findtey,  John  L.,  services  and  death IIO,  122,  127,  149 

Fish,  Hon.  Hamilton,  donor 20 

Fisher,  Judge,  earlj  settler  at  Prairie  du  Chien 220 

Fitch,  Lieut.  Matthew  G.,  Mineral  Point  pioneer 488 

in  Black  Hawk  war...  341,  343,  349,  351,  361,  369,  387,  391 

published  a  sketch  of  Pekatonica  battle 379,  880 

Flagg,  Edmund,  promises  his  works 14 

Floyd,  Aquilla,  in  Black  Hawk  war 862,  397 

Follett,  Hon.  Frederick,  donor 29 

Foote,  John  P.,  donor 3t 

Force,  Lieutenant,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  war 351 

Ford's  Histqrj  of  the  Black  Hawk  war,  strictures  on. 393-401,  402-414 

Forsyth,  Maj.  Thomas,  notice  of  the  Prophet 42 

Forsyth,  Robert  A.,  in  Indian  department 4B8 

Foster,  H.  C,  donor 92 

Foster,  Alfred,  Eenosh a  county  pioneer 451,  457,  468,  474 

Four  Lake  Company 305 

Fowle,  John,'  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 

Fowler,  Albert  do  479 

F  owler,  Sereno,  Kenosha  pioneer 465 

Fowler,  Maj.,  arrives  at  Prairie  dn  Ohien,  1818 229 

Fowler,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War 341,  352 

Fox,  Jared,  Kenosha  pioneer " 474 

Fox  or  Outagamie  Indians,  driven  from  Red  Banks 491-494 

131,  132,  163,  170-172,  219,  228,247-251,  263,  255-262,  336-414 
Frank,  Hon.  Michael,  Kenosha  pioneer*... 450 

cited,  and  sketch  of , 467,  471 

Fry,  Col.  Jacob,  in  Black  Hawk  war 357,  409 

Fur  companies  and  fur  trade. 101,  102,  107-109,  130,  181 

Qagnier,  killed  at  Prairie  da  Chien 160-162,  167 


521 

GAllatiiii  Hon.  Albert,  commends  Historical  Societies 21 

Garland,  Maj.  John,  mentioned 270-278 

Gates,  John  P.,  Prairie  du  Chien  pioneer 116,  122,  150 

Gatliff^  Nelson,  Keoosha  county  pioneer ^ 474 

Gayarre,  Hon.  Charles,  donor 31 

Georgia  Historical  Society,  promises  publications 10 

its  condition 20 

Genealogical  works  in  library 7 

Gentry,  Capt  James  H.,  1829,  at  Mineral  Point 834 

in  Black  Hawk  War 337 

338.  342,  346-249,  361,  367,  376,  390,  396,  402,  404 

Gilbert,  David,  in  Black  Hawk  War 343,  366 

Gibnan,  Dr.  Chandler  K,  donor ,     20 

Oirard,  Basil,  land  grant  in  Iowa 118 

Ooodall,  Hon.  I.  E.,  donor 34 

Graham,  Capt.  Duncan,  early  trader  and  British  officer..  ISO,  161,  166 

Grand  Chute,  mentioned 108 

Grand  Sierure,  a  Yankton  Chief 144,  190  602 

Gratiot,  Col.  Henry,  Indian  Agent 336,  838,  359,  360 

Gratiot,  Capt.  Beon,  in  Black  Hawk  War 338,  339 

Gr^y,  Lieut.  Drakeford,  in  Sink  Hole  battle 213-218 

Gray,  Dr.  Joseph,  donor •     S3 

Green  Bay,  legend  of  the  Red  Banks,  near 491 

1763.  abandoned  by  the  English 177 

1783-1836,  incidents ' 82-96 

1816,  garrison  established 83,  103 

early  steamers 94,  95,  423,  424 

early  printing. 424,  461,  462 

Green  Bay  Intelligencer,  file  in  library • .  • 7 

Green,  Emerson,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War, » 361 

Griffin,  G.  W.,  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 

^'^gg8>  S.  C,  <fe  Co.,  donors , 82 

Grignon,  Augustin,  1816,  pilot  for  Col.  Miller 83,  103 

trader  at  Little  Kakalin 104,  108 

Grignon,  Charles  A.,  mill  privilege  to •  •  • « •  443 

Griazly  Bear,  Menomonee  orator.  •  • .  •  • 434 

66 


593 
^oild,  R.  A.,  donor 3« 

Haigbt,  John  P.,  delegate  to  Milwaukee  ITiiioii 470 

Hale,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War 341,  552 

Hale,  Hon.  Samuel,  earlj  Kenosha  settler 457 

Hall,  Rev.  Dr.  Edwin,  donor 28 

Hall,  Reasin,  in  Black  Hawk  war -_ 341 

Halls,  Misses,  capture  and  release 338,  339 

Hamilton,  Col.  Wm.  a,  1827,  in  Winnebago  war 329,  330 

1832,  in  Black  Hawk  war 26« 

337,  360,  353,  354,  388,  889,  404, 

1836,  visits  Washington 304 

Hamilton,  Lieut  Col.,  at  Prairie  du  Chien _ 128 

Hanson's  Zo«/ Prince  cited J 423,  424 

Harney,  Gen.  Wm.  S.,  on  frontiers  in  1813 212 

Harpole,  Robert,  exploit  and  death  of 221 

Harrison,  Prest.  W.  H.,  goyernor  of  Indiana  Territory 105,  107 

1804,  holds  Indian  treaty 91 

eommends  Historical  Societies 21 

personal  memorial  of,  promised 14 

Hart,  William,  artist  intimates  presenting  a  painting 14 

Harvard  College,  donor 27,    35 

Hathaway,  Hon.  Joshua,  donor 34 

promises  valuable  newspaper  files 7 

promises  portrait 1 13 

Hawkins,  £.  G.,  donor  of  photographs 10 

Hawley,  killed  in  the  Black  Hawk  war 341,  352 

HaMrd,  Samuel,  donor 90 

Head,  Wm.  J.,  paints  portridt  of  Hon.  I.  P.  Walker 13,  48,     61 

Hendrick,  Solomon  U„  Stoekbridge  chief 416,  426,  483 

Hempstead,  Capt.,  on  Taylor's  expedition  in  1814 221 

Hempstead,  Wm.,  of  Galena,  at  Mineral  Point  in  1829 334 

Hennie,  Bishop  John  H.,  bust  by  Brookes 14 

portrait  promised 13 

Henning,  Dr.  B.  8.,  donation .". 26 

Henry,  Gen.  James  D.,  in  Black  Hawk  war 364^59,  362,  893-413 


52S 

Henry,  Capt.  William^  early  settler  at  Mineral  Point 

Hielnnan,  Capty  commanding  Fort  Crawford,  1818 S8f    ' 

Hiokcoz,  Gen.  Geo.  W^porirmt  promiaed ^...  19    - 

HiokeoZyJohn  H.,  donor 9,  29p    S$ 

Higbton,  in  Black  Hawk  war ^....  343 

Higginbotham,  Alex.,  in  Black  Hawk  war 349 

362,  389,  880,  882,  383,  386,  38T 

Hildreth,  Biobard,  commends  the  Society 11    ; 

Hildreth,  Dr.  8.  P.,  donor St 

HiU,  Dr.  Allen,  m  Pekatonica  battle 349,  370,  373 

Hinman,  Hon.  Royal  B.,  donor __ t9 

Historical  Societies,  condition  of  in  U.  8. 18-21 

Historical  works,  number  in  the  library 6  • 

Hoard,  Capt.  Robert  C,  at  Mineral  Point  in  1829 334,  488 

in  Black  Hawk  war 337 

341,  343,  366,  366,  378,  880,  381,  390,  391 

in  Bad  Ax  battle 363 

Hole^-tbe-Day,  a  Chippewa  chief 156 

Holt,  Dr.  H.D^  donor , 9,  S3 

HoM^  David,  donor 83 

Hood»  John,  early  settler  at  Mineral  Point 488   t 

in  Black  Hawk  War 347,  349,  37© 

mortally  wounded  at  Bad  Az  batUe 413 

Hopkins,  B.  F.,  member  of  Execatiye  Committee,  1866 , 3 

Life  member  of  the  Society 26 

H«mer,  Hon.  John  S ,  promises  portrait 18 

1835,  acting  goTemor  of  Michigan  Territory 302,  306,  307 

1836,  secretary  of  Wisoonun  Territory 304,  308  . 

Hough,  Dr.  F.  B.,  donor 9,  29,  35 

Howard,  Got.  Benjamin ^ t06 

appointed  general,  visits  forts 208,  209 

1818-.M4,  expedition  and  death 212,  222 

Howison,  Robert  R.,  donor 31 

Hubbard,  early  Racine  settler 466 

Hnbbell,  Hon,  Levi,  donor  of  a  curious  idol 11 

Hudson,  Prrf.  F,,  donor W 


524 

BuSloiirS^  Croixeounty 484 

Hull,  Ray.  Mr^of  Kenotba 46S 

Huniy  Dr.  John  W.,  member  of  Bxeontive  Cammkie^  1865 St 

Beeording  Secretary,  1866 d 

andiU  Treasurer's  report 9 

donor —  * -  83»     36 

enlogymi  Hon.  G.  R.  MfeLane 68-63 

Haul,  £z-QoT.  WashiDgton,  of  N.  Y.,  doser , 9 

Hyer,  Hon.  Oeorge,  Territorial  printer^. 318 

promisM  yalnable  newspaper  files 7 


Idol  fonnd  ia  Wisconsin,  in  Oabinet 11 

Illinois,  Sangamon  connty,  early  customs 3t7,  3fi8 

Hsley,  Edward,  member  of  Executive  Committee,  1854 3 

Indians,  Hall  db  MoKinney 's  illustrated  work  on 7 

Indian  Affairs,  annual  reports,  from  Indian  Bureau 30 

mode  of  defence — 145 

customs  of  Sioux 17^1M 

wretobedness  in  consequence  of  war  of  1813 194 

Indians  in  Eenosb  a  county  in  1836 46f 

Indian  trade,  traders  and  voyageurs  107,  lOd-112, 114,  \2%  180, 134,  141 

Io#a  county,  Wis.,  organised 239 

loira,  Girard's  land  grant  in 116 

Iowa  Indians 153 

Iowa  Historical  Society 80 

Irving,  Ron.  Wasbingten,  commends  Historical  Societies 21 

Iririn,  Judge,  attempt  to  supplant  bim  in  1836 300 


Jackson,  Hon.  M.  M.,  eulogy  on  T.  P.  Btimett " 328 

James,  Dr.  Edwin,  at  Prairie  dn  Ohien 168,  169 

Janney,  S.  M.,  donor 31 

Jarvis,  Wm.  B.,  member  of  Executive  Committee,  18S6 6 

Jarvis,  Dr.  Edward,  donor 9,  28,     36 

Jenkins,  Miij.  Thomas,  in  Black  Hawk  War,  345,  349,  367,  368,  370,  87t 


625 

JaiUMioiu  flL  Hm  donor :.^,  .  M 

ilorome  Orrin,  Kenosha  pitMor 467,  469,  474 

Jewett,  John  P.,  donor 9,    27 

Johnson^  Daniol  Noble,  donor 9,*  88 

Johnson,  G.  A.,  ease  of  daguerreotypet  from 11 

Johnson,  Oen.  B.  P.,  donor 29 

Johnson,JobnW.,  Prairie  dnChien  pioneer..  116,  116,  122,  130,  149 
Jones,  Hon.  Geo.  W.,  delegate  io  Congress...  301,  802,  304,  806,  313 

Jones,  Colonel,  in  Black  Hawk  War 868,  .409 

Jones,  Ci^tain  do  ^404 

Jones,  Wm.A.,  donor -i 29 

i  Juneau,  Hon.  Solomon,  pioneer  settler  at  Milvrankee 104,  466 

dted 107 

portrait  in  Picture  Gallery IS,  48 


Kakalin,  Litde,  alluded  to 104,  107,  108 

N.  Y.  Indians  settle  there  awhile 430 

Kay-ray -mau-nee,  a  Winnebago  chief, 269 

Kellogg,  Austin,  Kenosha  pioneer. 467,  461,  476 

Kellogg's  Grove,  affair  at,  in  1832 146 

Kenosha  county,  sketch  by  Bev.  Jason  Lothrop 460e^479 

Indians  and  game t462 

bumingof  praines w  5468 

4th  of  July  celebration,  1836 464 

harbor  and  piers - _--_.  464 

temperance - •*466 

education  and  religion '467 

early  settlers _ 46^472 

Claimants'  Unions 472-«479 

Kent,  Bey.  A,  donor _ _ 36 

Kentucky  Historical  Society,  condition  of £0 

Kettle,  a  Fox  chief,  killed  in  1830 170,  171,  228 

Kvskapoo  Indians .._  -ISl 

Kilbourn,  Hon.  Byron,  1839,  candidate  for  Congress "316 

bust  and  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 18^  14^  48 


526 

Kimball,  G.  H^  Eenofilia  pioneer 467,  469,  460,  468,  469 

Kiniie,  John  H.,  1825,  at  Prairie  duKJhiea 168 

afterwards  atMackinaw  and  Detroit — —  169 

Kinsie,  Mrs.  John  H.,  her  '  WauBuu*  cited..  42>  107,  126,  150^  178 

Eirkpatrick,  Richard  H.,  at  Mineral  Point  in  1829 334 

in  Black  Hawk  war 387 

843-346,  349,  853,  368,  370,  374,  375,  381,  883»  886,  390,  391 

KHtredge,  Dr.  £  A.,  and  Lake  Side  Water  Cure 488 

Koshkonong  Lake 404,  406 

Knapp,  early  trapper  of  Richland  county 489 

Knapp,  Capt  Gilbert,  Racine  pioneer 466 

delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 

Kmapp,  J.  C,  Secretary  of  Milwaukee  Union 479 


La  Crosse,  origin  of  name .,  189 

alluded  to 484 

l4Mld,  Hon.  A.  P.,  daguerreotype  of 11 

alluded  to 56 

l4ifromboi8e,  early  trader  at  Milwaukee 104 

Lamson,  Rev.  Dr.  A.,  donor 28 

Langham,  Major,  mentioned _ w. 252 

Lanman,  Charles,  donor 30 

I^apham,  Increase  A.,  a  Vice  President  of  the  Society 3 

portrait  in  Picture  Gallery ^---  13,  48 

donor 33,  35 

La  Pointe,  early  settlement  of 98 

Lariviere,  Pierre,  Prairie  du  Chien  pioneer _-.  113 

Larrabee,  Maj.  Charles,  at  Green  Bay  in  1821 94 

Larrabee,  Hon.  Charles  H.,  alluded  to 94 

promises  portrait 13 

L'Ark,  a  Sioux  Chief 26£ 

Lawe,  Judge  John,  early  Green  Bay  settler 104,  107 

Lawhead,  Benjamin,  in  Black  Hawk  War  343,  344^  349,  374,  886,  891 

Lawrence,  Hoel  £.,  Life  member  of  the  Society ^ ftb 

I*wrence,  Hon.  W.  B.,  donor 88 


,'27 

* 

Lawrence,  Dr.  Wm.  R.,  donor 28 

Lawson,  Gen.  Thomas,  U.  8.  Surgeon  General,  donor 80 

Lajy  Nelson,  earlj  Kenosha  settler ^ 40g 

Lea,  Isaac,  donor -- - .^ 30 

Leach,  Levin,  in  Black  Hawk  War 843,  349,  370,  373,  891 

Lead  Mines,  settlement  of 91,  328,  329,  331,  486,  486 

Lead  Mines  and  lead  trade ^..  224-229 

Leavenworth,  Col.  Henry,  mentioned 115 

Leavenworth,  Hon.  E.  W.,  donor 28 

Lee,  Mr.,  investigates  land  claims  at  Prairie  da  Chien 116 

Legend  of  Red  Bank,  Green  Bay 491-494 

La  Grand  Siernre,  a  Yankton  Chief 144,  1 90,  602 

Lenox,  James,  of  N.  Y.,  donor 29 

libraries,  destruction  of Ig 

of  Historical  Societies,  condition  of 18-21 

Lipcap,  killed  at  Prairie  du  Chien 160,  161,  167 

Lippincott,  J.  B.,  &  Co ,  Philadelphia,  donors *_ 9,     so 

Little  Crow,  a  Sioux  chief 195 

Little  Thunder*  a  Winnebago ^ 261,  407 

Lockwood,  Hon.  J.  H.,  promises  portrait 13 

donor _ __,     S3 

Early  Times  and  Events  in  Wisconsin - 98-196 

birth  and  education 98-100 

1814-M6,  in  thearmy 100,  101 

1816,  goes  to  Mackinaw 101,  102 

1816,  arrives  at  Green  Bay 103 

engages  in  Indian  trade 106 

1819,  settles  at  Prairie  du  Chien 112,  1 16,  119 

declines  a  Judgeship .-- 116 

appointed  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 116 

1822-'30,  aided  in  erecting  mills 132,  288 

1823,  declines  clerkship  of  Court,  and  studies  law 151,  152 

1824,  appointed  post-master 152 

1826,  erects  first  framed  house  in  Prairie  da  Chien 166 

1827,  Winnebago  outbreak 167-168,  329^331 

1827-'29,  absent  from  Wisconsin 172 


528 

Loekwood,  Hon.  John  IL,  1830,  appointed  ■tuociite  pidgt 171 

1836,  member  of  first  Terrilorinl  Legislntnre .. 

Loomis,  Capi.  at  Pntrie  dm  Cbien tM,  414 

Lining,  J.  S.,  donor. - f8,    36 

Loanng.  Beo&on  J^  promiaea  his  worka 14 

Loihrop,  Rer.  Jason,  Historj  of  Kenosha  county 10<^179 

earlj  Kenosha  settler 451,  456,  467,  468 

executes  early  printiog _ 461,  462 

deliTcrs  address,  July  4th,  1836 464 

temperance  efforts 465,  466 

educational  and  religious  sendees 467,  468 

delegate  to  Milwaulcee  Union _ 474,  479 

Lowery,  mortally  wounded  in  Bad  Ax  battle. 415 

Lowry,  Rev.  Darid,  early  preacher  at  Prairie  du  Chien 147 

Loughborough,  Dr. ,  at  Mineral  Point  in  1829 337 

Loyer,  John  B.,  early  mail  carrier  and  messenger 151,  165^  602 

Luce,  William,  early  Racine  settler 466 

delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union -470 

Ludewig,  Herman  E.,  donor --. TO 

Lumbering,  early,  in  Wisconsin 118,  13^141,  149,282 


Mackinaw,  British  capture  of,  in  1812 123,  602 

Macy,  Hon.  John  B.,  donor 9,    88 

McCall,  James,  treats  with  Indians 432 

McClelland,  Hon.  Robert,  donor.. 80 

McConnell,*;Maj.  Murray,  in  Black  Hawk  War 407 

McConnell,  in  Black  Hawk  War 891 

McDonald,  John  C,  donor 32 

McDowell,  Colonel,  British  commandant  at  Mackinaw 194 

McGoon,  Richard  H.,  promises  portrait 18 

McQraw/Dominick,  in  Black  Hawk  War 343,  349,  870,  891 

.  McHugh,  Rer.^Mr.,  funeral  discourse  on  T.  P.  Burnett 828 

MoHugh,^Hon.  Thomas,  donor... —     58 

Mcllwain'e,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War 844,  dee,  376,  887 

McKay,:Col.,  British,  Uklis  Prairie  du  Chien 124,  190,  219,  226 


529 

McKiimej,  Col.  Thomas  L.,  at  treaty  of  Battle  dea  Moats 430 

McEinnejiin  Black  Hawk  War 362 

McLane>  Hon.  George  R.,  donor 38 

death  of 17 

enlogy  on,  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Hupt 68-63 

MoMutrie,  J.,  artist,  promises  a  painting 13 

McNair,  Capt.  Thomas,  Prairie  da  Chien  pioneer 112 

'    lie,  122,  127,  160,  167,  164,  166 

McNair,  Col.  Alex.,  trader  at  Prairie  da  Chien 117,  122,  127,  229 

MoNair,  Col.  John,  of  Mineral  Point,  seryices 867,  360,  362,  488 

McNair,  Lient.  John,  defeated  and  killed  in  Illinois 209-21 1 

Madison,  Wisconsin,  1832,  an  Indian  killed  at 366,  396,  408 

1836,  Fonr  Lake  company,  village  laid  out 806,  306 

locality  and  natural  beauty 481,  482 

literary  institutions,  and  Water  Cure 483 

buildings,  building  materials,  and  crystal  lakes 483 

Mail  facilities,  early 94,  101,  162,  163 

Maine  Historical  Society,  publications  receired 9,    27 

condition  of 1  19,     20 

Marriage  customs,  early,  in  l^sconsin..  121,  122,  127,  176,  226,  227 

Marsh,  John,  sub-Indian  Agent 164 

167,  160,  169,  170,  256,  267,  268,  888 
Marshall,  Chief  Justice,  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery  12,  13,  47,  48|    68 

Martin,  Hon.  Morgan  L.,  a  Vice  President  of  the  Society 3 

18S3,  in  Michigan  Territorial  Legislature 290 

Historical  Discourse,  cited 104,  427' 

promises  portrait 13 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  tassel  from  her  bed  curtains,  in  Cabinet 11 

Maryland  Historical  Society,  promises  publications 10 

pamphlets  receiyed: 36 

condition  of 19,     20 

Mason,  John  T.,  treats  with  Indians • 452,  438 

Mason,  Capt.  R  B.,  stationed  at  Prairie  du  Chien 263-279 

Mason,  Hon.  J.  M.,  donor 1' 31 

Mason,  Hon.  Charles,  donor • 30 

Mason,  Leyi,  delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union 479 

67 


580 

MftssaebuscUs  Hiitoiicftl  Society,  puWicttdcfns  ]rem¥«d>. .  /.. . .  i  9,'    ^ 

i '.      .  condition  of  wi.*.  v  .  v  t.  •-.-.--«.-  --t  ---.•.•-.-'.-  J.*. ' —  •.  -  -  -  —  -•-• —    *  TO 

Mastin,. Major,  mentioned  -•_ . _  -• •-• — _•- 1 .  1* . -. ^ . -.-:  .*. .-. .   VV6 

Maurj,  Lieut.  M.  F,,  donor •  #  «««•««••  4 .  t  ^  •»»»«»  ^  •-.-..-.-•.  •'.    i  • .     35 

Maxvell,  -Col.  James>  donor <«.  ^  *../..;•;../«.;...(.•••• .     25 

promises  portrait.-.  • .-. •;...'..•'•'..;.«•••- ^J.  '  - 1^3 

Meeker,  Hon*  Moses,  promises  portrait «••..•;.•.....  .'.-• .  •  ;'•      ]^ 

Mcbarfl;  Mai7  Ann,the  dootress 125,  126,  129,   161 

Mendota,  sigmficaiion  of ••••.»••••».  •  -•  i . ; . .'-. ..  1  •••'.;...-.. . '.-.    f9& 
Menomonee  Indians,  jnentioned  ..•'•«.•.  491-494,  191/134-139,  15^ 

:!        160,  l!ro,   171,  176,  177,  219*  247,  fl2,  2o3,'255,  Jf56,'35d,  mA 

\     .'cede  lands  to  N.Y»  Indians.. ,...•... -.'....' 454-44i 

litorriman,  Dx.,.  Adjutant  in  Blaok  Hawk  war.  .<.... I  355;  359,  407 

M^asezfoittiitb,  JxJin,  portrait  promised  .^^  ..•••'••* i  •  •  • . . .     13 

MeasersmiOi,  John.  Jr,,  in.  Blaok  Hafwk  ^ar.  ••..<........  1 .... .   345 

347,849,367,368,370 

I^badd  Bud  family,  lulled,  March,  1827.  .•.•..  .• 'i i . . . . .   1^5,  15^* 

^etoj^en,.  John»  a.  Stockhridge  ehiefw  .«.<.•  w  ..'.'......'..'. .-  4i7,'  4fi 

llfcyei;. Herman. J.,.  donor«« ••••••.••»«»*«% >>>>«•.-.  .&. 29 

^icbigttsi  organized  iniX)  a  State.  ••.»••*  r.>b. .« •  ^^^^ ; .  /. . .'.  -. .   2BdM9di 

i  ; .    .  bx)iindary.  jdispute  .  .•...^•. .  ..##1'  •«,..  .4 ..  i  •'..'...*••*• ..    9di 

Miller,  fiev- M.  D;,'.  donor  ,,.:...'.;..  v^. 34 

lifiller^.Mauk,  dOnon. . .... ,  • . . .  v . .  /. .  • .'. .'  I V. . .. ; .  .^  .  .v.  ...1..  '  »3i 

Miller„  JCoL  Johni^.  at  .Green  Bajr  in^  1  S'l  6-;-.  ....;....;..'..•.. '  83,  Mi 

^ler^  John.  S.,. escape,  ttom  Indians.'.  *  •. . ».  V.'. . . .... .  '.....•....   224 

M31er, (Henry,.  Kenosha. pioneer*  ••»*•%«'...  ^  ;♦.*.•.'•...  .^, . ; .-.  -.v . .   474 

Million^  Bennett,  in.  Blaok  Hawk  war.- .- .-  ^ .-  • .  •  <  1  s .  • ;'.- .  i.  .'.'*. ../;..  345 

:        1'  366j-»75, '880,  883,  '384,  aw* 

Ifills,  jearly,. in. WiscoDsifi  .»..,....'/.>.    118/ 13^1 41/ -229]  280-,  98^ 

Mills, .Clark,  jionor.  of. statuette  ef  Jaokeon --•.-_.'_ -.l-i-.-i- - II 

Mills,  .Hon.  .Simeon,,  member  of  Executive  CesHBitteef  1855--'55  3,     22 

/iportrait in. Picture  .Galleryi»iL^.-i.  .j_l-J-,  il---..-  13^-  -^d 

Mihraukee  .Union,.for. protection  ofisetilei^s-'-v ..:.•. ..L. h^l^  461,  ^^ 

r..     .pioneer. Indian,  traders  located  there -•-.--->.- .1. 1-1  i -'.-•-   YOi 
. Ad vertiseTr pioneer  newspaperi:.wi.*:.-:.-.'__.'.i*_L---i.  i.L--.'-4Wl 

'ii      •vi8ited.ial835..,..x**..i.:..;.iL._ji..\---.J-.iv-.  }:.'.. l   4©i 


,  < 


</• 


531 

Milwaukee,  past  and  present... 48i 

Mineral  Pokit,  etLT\f  iettier4.--'-'..'.l.:--:_L'J..J  334-^3d,'  487;'"4fej 

'•       ' council  held,  in  1832 33^ 

'  *        early  discorcry  of  minerHf - .  1 .'. L . I _ ^ _ .  Jl L ^^  j[ i  486',  48$ 

-  itssobriquet .' 1 ..J L _^  48ff 

'■■   ^  €f«rTy='<m^msv .' :*:.'. :.:...:.*....:..:._.:.;j;.''^  'isr 

Ifinnesota  Historical  Society,  publications  received 1 9,     35 

condition  of . _ _ '. 10,  '  20 

'■•   *  Annals, cited :.:::-.-.'..:.....:::.::'.::....:....  m/'iis 

lllscellaneous  works,  number  in  library 1 6 

Missouri  Historical  Society,  cofnditibn  of' . .  _' 1 . .  _' i.  J . . . .  _  ^     20 

Mitcbel,  Martin,  donor. .  _ 1 .  —  J *. 35 

ttStebW,  S.  Augustus,  donor  of  maps  J. .  1 ._..... . . ' '     St 

promises  largcfinap ^  1 . J . _ -..._ 15 

Mooi'e,  J.  W.,  of  Philadelphia,  donor... !..._ 30 

Moore,  Hardin,'JElichland county  pioneer 1--. 489 

oorc,  Capt.  John,  pioneer  of  lead  region  ._.  1  --.'-.._  _ 337 

Moorman-,  Hon.  T.  J.,  daguerreotype  of .. 1 _     11 

Mbtgan/  Col.  Willoughby,  1816,  commanding  atRock  Mand* 227 

'•  •         •  •    '     do    '*'     ■  Prairie  duChien..::  12f 

^■''        1881-'82 l-./.:.:'..'...'.l:' ^-246-245^,  251,  263-27i^' 

Morris,  killed  in  Pekatonca  battle......  _'._... '^1   849,  351,  37d  372' 

Morrisoiij'Cbrjanierf,  donor.  J-^.-_ I-.-1...J..  .1 53 

•   promises  portrait « ^ r-    13 

mentioned  in  Black  Hawt  War  .i...^. .:....! _.-...  339;  340 

Morse,  Rev.  Dr.  Jedediah,  visits  Green  Bay  .1-..I : 417,  4^6 

Muhlenberg,  Major,  ccfmmatrds  Fort  (5i*awiford -.1 11 5 

Muir,  Dr.  noticed .1- 1 ^212,  224 

Munsees  in  Wisconsin : 416-448 

Munsefl,  Joel,  donor - .-1 9,  29,  36 

Murphy,  James,  commissioner  to  locate  Richland  county  seat 489 

Muscoda — English  Prairie,  Grant  Co 219 

1846,  Indian  alarm - 318-326, 

Musick,  Capt.  David,  in  war  1 81 2-'  1 5. . .  a .  1 206,  209,  2i4-2l8^ 


t  •  t 


V     - 


632 


Na-sbe-a-kusk,  Black  Hawk's  son,  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 12 

13,  41.  41,  67 

Neagle,  John,  artist,  promises  a  painting ^ 14 

Ne-a-pope,  in  battle  of  V^sconsin  Heigbts 357 

New  England  Historic -Genealogical  Society,  publications  reeeiyed    9,  2*1 

condition  of - £0 

Newball,  Dr.H.,  donor 35 

New  Hampshire  Historical  Society,  publications  received 9,  29 

condition  of 20 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  publications  received 9,  29 

Newpaper  files,  bound,  in  library,  number  and  value 7,  8 

Newspapers,  regularly  received  by  the  Society 8,  35-ft8 

New  York  Historical  Society,  promises  publications 10 

condition  of 18,  19 

report  of,  cited _ 21 

New  York,  State  Department,  books  from 28 

Regents  of  do 28 

New  York  Indians  in  Wisconsin 415-448 

Nichols,  Col.  Abner,  pioneer  and  commissioner 488,  489 

Nichols,  Rev.  Mr.  early  preacher  at  Kenosha 468 

Noonan,  J.  A.,  early  newspaper  publisher 7 

Northern  Antiquaries,  Royal  Society  of,  publications  in  part  rec'd  ...  10 

32,  35 

North  Carolina  Historical  Society  at  Chapel  Hill 20 

Northway,  A.  G,,  Kenosha  pioneer 464 

North -West,  early  French  voyageurs  and  explorers 76-7  8 

1783,  forts  not  surrendered 78,  82 

1705,  Jay's  Treaty,  effect St 

1812-'16,  war 82,  83,  122-124,219-22 

Coutume  de  Paris,  code  of  laws  in  vogue 106 


Objects  of  collection  desired  by  the  Society 4 

Ohio  Historical  Society,  publications  received, 9,31 

condition  of _. , 20 


Oloott,  Charles,  donor ^ 22 

Onderdonk,  BL  Jr.,  donor... J 29 

Oneida  Indiana  in  Wisconsin 416-448 

0*Nei]>  Oapt  John  F.,  Mineral  Poimtpioneer 488 

in  Black  Hawk  war .* S40 

Oshkosh,  Menomonee  chiei^  noticed * 420 

Otis,  R.  0.,  Kenosha  pioneer , 465 

OUawa  Indians 82,83,491-494 

Owens,  Wilfred,  Prairie  du  Chien  pioneer 116,  11'^,  127,  149 

Outagamies — see  Fox  Indians. 


>,  Dr.  Martyn, donor -.. ..-.  9,29 

Ptunphletsin  the  library 8 

Paris,  Kenosha  connty,  early  settlers 469 

Park,  President  Roswell,  donor 84 

I,  Col.  DanielM.,  donor... _ 34 

promises  portrait 18 

narratireof  Pioneer  Life  in  Wisconsin ^ 326-364 

1790-1819,  birth  and  early  life ..- S26 

1 819,  remores  to  Illinois — early  customs 327,  828 

1822-'27,  Lead  Region  excites  attention 328,  329 

1827,  TisitB  Galena^Indian  outbreak 329-331 

mores  to  the  Lead  Region 831,332 

1828-'32,  settlement,   customs,  hardships 332-336 

1839,  Indian  war — goes  express  to  Rock  River 336,  343 

Spaflford's— Pekatonica ^ 347-361 

366-376,  378, 380-383,  386,  390,  391 

chosen  captain— ^repairs  to  Blue'  Mounds 361 

expedition — battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights  ......  866-362 

393,  404,  412 

notat  Bad  Ax ^ 363 

public  services --  363,  3o4 

I,  Maj.  Peter,  Jr.,  in  Black  Hawk  War 340,  343,  849 

Pekatonica  controversy 1 365-392 

Strietores  in  Ford's  History 393-401^ 


Farkman,  Francis  donor 28 

commends  the  Society - .- ..  ^  2J 

History  of  Pontiac,  cited ,..,    19! 

Parsons,  Dr.  Uaher,  donor .._. „  ,^ 

Patrick,  Samuel,  in   Black  HawW  war '....' 1  340/361,  3?'o 

Payne,  wounded  at  Bad   Ai.. 413 

Peet'a  Htat.  of  Presbyterian  and  Congregational  churche3,.cited-,-   4j6(1 

Petatonica  ba  tie ...l'.. '341-351.  265-7392,  3!| 7 

l^eDns^IvaDia  Historical  Society,  publications  received,. ^   io,  30.  .3$ 

condition  of '..'.'l'!.-..!  J. .,'!,-, '.■-';,--';-- -;--  j?,  29 

Pennsylvania,  State  Department,  donor '.     30 

Percival,  Dr.  James  Q.,  donor 34 

^frfpnfi,  Lieut.,  commanding  at  Prairie  da  ^^'^I^,,,,,,  ,,  ,.  ^^■'h^^\^^ 

Perkins,  Hardin,  early  mill  builder -r.-itl-rir;  ^^^l^^^iW* 

^^fljfry,  Com.,  bronse  copy  of  medal  to,  j^ijnjiee4-",Tnn:T -.in-Tina/r-.  n/H" 

Pjieasant  Branch,  mentioned f,j,|,|,-,,,..,,.j..ri-j,,,,^3|B,  5^ 

Pbelps,  Hon.  N.  A.,  donor ,.^^,^,..,.  ,j-^  j.. „-■--„, t,.^ 

PliiIIeo,Dr,  Addison,  in  Black  Hawk  war ^.,.,,,j...,g^,.4oo.  *08 

earlv  mail  carrier ....^..^.^ — _;^.^.,M--^l-v^^,^,-«I^-    ^^^ 

r,  condiUonof  .--'-,.,|,,l.,.---r,^--,.  ,^^-^.4,38^^,  67  68 
ie,  Kenosha  Co-^,  e^Jy.,8ettJl9i^^^>--.-.._,i,f,nT-.tr.T —  **8 
William  doajirJ..,^..-^^..^.!..;!  .,.,.. ,,.---^-. ..,.»,.-.  2S 
jrtrait  and  'ita"\ui^9g„'.,,,,',.'-.,,j,.,.  l,f,,,13,.4j^47,  68 

.'.1^'., .',",.,,'.. ..."..„,„„„... Ill 

re,  noticed. -.--,-,--,_,^-,  ^,5,5,  359,3f|5^4q^40ftj\O7,  410 
Benjamin  Boy  .early  settler...... -^.,..j.f,^j.^^:\09, 170 

in  BUckHiawic  war !.„.'. .^j.,.,,-.Hp,,„;^4|9»  367,  370,390 
lep,  B.,  treijt?  with.  Indians. 441-443 

BiickHk^k|,f»i«r-.-,V;.T,-,,nr.^,r^?HT3-?i^^"*'*°^'^ 

egateto  Milwauk^  jD'njon,..,-^-.:.. j.-i1-.-,vt5 4^8 

Indiana'.-- . ' '. . . . ! .  82,  83, 131,  219,  4fil-«4 

ax  Byrd,  portrait  of .....^-.^  .^j,..   12,47,60 

)arid  J.,  member  of  Executive  Copi.j^,18|^-'5G 3,  22 

fuidif's  Treasurer's  r^rt,--.-,...p--|--., —  ..^...[f  -j^n  ,  ,?ft 

^      Life  member  of  the  Society, and  dQp«..,.|^,..  --.^.^,.^^^,(26,  34 

IJr^rief^^ftatumnal  burning ,.^,...w...,.,.l.^j  .,^^,^,,,,1.-  **' 


6d5 

jpjIftiriedu.Chien^  origin  pfname^.earjy, ft^yJei^        .4.  1X4,  ^IjO 

y.     ,     1805^  Ciyjt  Pike'8risi.t-..*«.--iH^'i------>.-4--*4.--.----v*'c^ 

c.  1809--'10,  Campbell  and Brisbpis.^^u,*^, ..,_..  JrJ^O,^} 21,  126 

)      .  1812-'15j  war  ..--.--. .--,-..>v.-.*,^^.,_-.vH-*:li^2-lWi, ^ 

'  >      . J815i ;Ti8i^l  bjr  PoL  Shaw^  X|rDtip^dJ.-**;*^.H---]r-^f•^^--^^-^•.fta6 

,^        1816,  first  visted  by  Judge  Lockv<>od^H, 4- -h*.^ --*•-.-  Ii2,r,^ljj9 

ft     CqL  Qmjthe  ej:^«ts  J'prt  Pi  awford.  j .  .iw^^.  ->^-.  J127,  ,^^ 

-3       , I816-d7,  Col.  Chamber's  Mrires.,-.^^^^,*.,^.  1^^^  ??!^rA*P 
:.    /     .;     J       !     arbitrary  ruk_.,_^.,._,..,.,_^  12^^^ 

18i9,  Crawfoi^d -Coupler  ^rganwed.  ,.....^.^,u.-.^  -11^^  U'^taSP 
...J       1820-;2i,  land  titles  investigated, .  ,._>..-. •.^^.,, 116,  U^jrJi^ 

1823,  Judge  Doty  holds  court.. 161 

1823-'4,  Doty  and  Lockwood,  first  post  masters _161-163 

S       .  Ifl2^  ^r«t  Steamer«aFriye  ...-..•.-..  -..:..  J. .  _  J:'-\i .  iL'-X  ^.^  11* 
..1825,.  IiKiian  treaty ...... v.. .w::::..::?-.':i.::-2..  J. -l-i'v^^^ 

^       a  Sunday.  Sekool  esteblished:- 1 J  r: -•:•-.:.- J.  1  lW,Tdl 

1826,  first  framed  house  built- -_ _ 166, 167 

1826-'27,  Fort  Crawford,  its  evacuation  ordered 164,  &p 

\         iWr,  Winnebago  bWbfeak... J  i. '-:--.  ^54-168,^  2^-33  fi'sff^ 

'  ^     '  1B3D-'*31 ;  TndiM  "tVoiiblesV.V.V--.  - . '.  .  . . .' . .!.'.: . .  I  - 1  1  ^^^IT^ 

"        5L8a2;  iWian  WW/se-e*  «ad*  *j5f&«if, -cff  3*.  J^imrneti:     ^        '    '" 

•^^     -I]6a«iiiibfedatfdU4d^ftdft::::::::.l._i:.Ll'!:.A;22*^^^ 

'*Mlyi>tt<*Sof  |>roauc^  and  m'erdhandiiBe .■-..'. -.---.. US 

I     •  wrty  wAdwsvAv.v --v.:::..-.::.,:.::'.'.,:.:.:.-  l2i/!^ 

"  eitil^'jliistrcefi  and  Indian  agentis... i l..  —  I.I.J  12o 

pYiihltitdftiarnage  "cU'sloms  ..—  'tin;  l24,  f27,^  lV6,'l26,  227 

'  moie^of  early  buiMihg.:^^: ::::.:!. :.:.-[ 119 

\ [    \ fftfflis— btistottifi  df  the ptebpid '.r: -^ :.....'. 120,  288 

•'  'iwto^W^8WpWtfodtt(fe*-.-.-.i:-.-':.:L:.:r:..:.L.^^^^^^ 

^ ^  •>swiyjftfl.v:..-._v-.^v -.-... v.- v.v::..:::::'J..J^::^  ftc 

•  *  •  Ars:  M6iitffd,-the-  hferb-do^trefis;:. .  .1  .L.l  /: ':.  J.T! :  -  1^5,'  X^ 

^  PaXhW  PrifeM,  thtf  fil-St  Oath'6iic  priest  ■ . .". . :  1 . 1 . .  1 .1 .  t:'. :'  'i^ 

^  '  tto-ly pYbtMtawt  defgfymfen.."--; ;;;;■- V-. ..v-.-.v.-V-  146-148 

^  -EEekiel Tdntfif/^tfriygetttet-tfifd merchant  .^':. i. .'--:.  147-149 

*"*  •  attemptato«tabli8h-distaMriesJJ..-l.L:\::L:.':^             176 

'  T      ,  ?  j        ■   '  J         I  )  •*"••►•»'•'#' 


*  I 


536 

da  Chiea^  past  and  preieni 48S 

Preaooity  William  H.,  the  historiaiiy  donor 9,  27 

eommenda  the  Society _  tl 

Prescotty  Pieree  eonnty,  mentioned 484 

Price,  Thomaa  H.,  in  Blaek  Hawk  War 848,  349,  370,  886,  391 

Price,  Capt,  in  Black  Hawk  War 414 

Priere,  Father,  early  Catholic  Priest  at  Prairie  da  Ghien 127 

Printing,  early,  in  Wtsconain 424,  461,  462 

Prophet,  the  portrait  and  character  of 12,  13,  41,  42,  47,  67 

Prophet's  Tillage  on  Bock  Birer 852,  386 

Ptovdfit^  Andrew,  member  of  ExecatiTe  Committee 3 

Packawa,  Lake,  mentioned 109 


Qnincy,  Hon.  Josiah,  donor 28 

Qainer,  E.  B.,  promises  newspaper  files 8 

,  John  W.,  Stockbridge  Chief 488 


Bamsey,  Dr.  J.  G.  M.,  the  historian,  donor 31 

Bandall,  Hon.  Henry  S.,  donor 29 

Bankin,  in  Black  Hawk  War ^  849,  870 

Bay,  John,  in  Black  Hawk  War 341 

commissioner  to  locate  Bochland  Co.  seat 489 

Bead,  William  T.,  donor  of  aatographs 10 

Beaome,  Jadge  Charles,  old  court  dress  in  Cabinet 11,  87 

sketch  of  by  Hon.H.S.  Baird 87-89 

Hon.  J.  H.  Lockwood 106-107,  126 

L.  C.  Draper !_ 107 

Bed  Bird,  Winnebago  Chief.l 166,  161,  167,  168,  329 

Bed  Jacket,  anecdote  of, 86 

Besigne,  S,  early  Kenosha  settler 464,  468 

B^nolds,  Hon.  John,  promises  portrait 13 

donor 32 

in  Black  Hawk  War 387 

commissioner  at  Bock  Island  treaty.... 146 

works  cited 162,  163,  393,  407,  602 


a 


637 

Bhode  liland  Historical  Soeietjy  publieations  received 9,  28,  S5 

oonditionctf 20 

Biohland  County,  early  setUement  and  pioneers - 489,  490 

Biggs,  G.  W.,  Jr^  promises  works 15 

Bilej,  lient  Bennet,  on  frontiers  in  1813 212 

Bitner,  Lient,  in  Black  Hawk  War 414 

Boberts,  Sidney,  Kenosha  pioneer 461,  466 

Bobinson,  Hon.  Charles  !>.,  mentioned 66 

Legend  of  the  Bed  Banks 491 

Bobinson,  Rex,  early  Mackinaw  lawyer , 162 

Began,  Hon.  Patrick,  pioneer,  promises  portrait !.     13 

Bolette,  Joseph,  early  Prairie  dn  Chien  trader 122,  126,  127,  226 

marriage 226 

banished  to  an  island 129 

early  mill  building 1S2,  1S8 

political  leader,  influence 142,  144 

opposed  Sunday  schools 168 

Chief  Justice 172 

anecdotes  of - 160 

death 160 

character.. , 178-176 

Boot,  General Erastus,  treats  withlndians 432 

Bothermel,  P.  F.,  the  artist,  intimates ^a  painting.. 14 

Bountree,  Hon.  John  H.,  promises  portrait 13 

in  Black  Hawk  War ..« 887,  888 

Bouse, Hon.  Lewis,  noticed. « .-i..  ••••• 100 

Bowan,  Wallis,  trading estabUahment* •••. 338 

Boy,  Benjamin,  early  settler  at  YHsoonsin  Portage. . . . , *  109,  170 

Boyal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries,  donor 10,  32,  86 

BubleCy  Horace,  member  of  EzecatiTe  Oomniittee 3 

donor. ..••• » 96 

Bussdl,  Hon.  Levi,  donor • 11,  33,  36 

Byan,  Ool.  Samuel,  pioneer,  promises  portrait. 13 


S«irord,W.  H.,  donor 32 

68 


fBiflem»^K^os}kA  C<mMif,  pioaMK ^.>..:  4fp 

%Iiabiirj,  Hon.  Siepben^  donor .>••     28 

generoos  conirlbutor  la  Ab.  ^■Hi|BarMit  S^ciciy.. •  • « •  •  ..^     i|2 

Qmp«on,  George  R.  donor , —  -i-^-  ^r:  3f 

Sib  Regis'  Indians-.----. 1 -416;-4^ 

6li  Vrain,  Indian  ageni,  killed — ^.  541,^2*  3^ 

fiipicj  Jick,  noUe  conduct., .. , .103^,  ^Hf 

%Hik  Indians 1.51^  132,  Itt,  170,  flS^  £16,  21Q,  21^  jU9 

24^246,  »a,  263,  e»lK-2^7,  J69-262 

wmrof  1832... ^ .'^ 3ai&-4t| 

*  drirea  from  Red  Bari»«  kgead ^91-48* 

flipryVj  Joto  ¥«fk.  escape  feflm  ladiana J223»  ^U 

ftptt.  Gen,  Wuifieli  1 8  >?,  goes  to  Cbica^<x ,. 96 

I       treaty  at  Rock  Island. , ^.--..^ 146,  284 

tent.  Major  ifartin,  sutioned  at  Prairie  dn  Ckka 118,  119 

9dpU»  J«hn  C,  at  JCneral  Pdait.  1829  ^...-,,_ *..  334 

a^rU.  killed  in  Black  Hawk  wat .:-..:. -.  .W4,  383 

fltrgemt, John Jr» menrii^fd ..«*j.--— .1..  427 

loar,.  William  X^ilonor :.. --*--     33 

vCoL  John*  donor *---     33 

Personal  Xarratire ^--i  197-232 

hirtk  and  early  life. i — —  197.  kfli 

.  1808,  goes. veal, .-.  Iftft,  Ml 

i       .  1809,  visits  Rocky  MooiteiBjCB^^-^ ^ ^  IW^M 

1811-'12»  cartkquakaa ..: i :  202-204 

.  J       1812-'1S,  war,  serrioes .\..^..  a04-4MI 

.  1815,.  elected  Colonel,  and  m^km  an  ezpwlitUA  j ft22»  ^fM 

»     .   losses  by  tba.vAr ^ 2«,  W 

:      C  1815-!18  trading  advMtaiM .i^ I...,-.  8»4^  Ml 

18ia-'X9,biuldaaiiatin\VinMDk..^ B2»^  ttW 

€       .  1821»aetaes  in  Illinois— ia  public  life .«  930,  231 

<         1845-'46,  visits  and  lemoTea  to  \nsooiMn U.*  ^M 

fltea, JoluL Gilmary, donor ^ ri.vJ--    M 

Sbeldon,  Major  John  P.,  promises  portrait -     13 

Sheep  and  swine  introduced  into  Western  Wisconsin 174 

Capt.  John I../-J 


» « 


gherwood,  J.  M.,  KeaoshapfQ^i^^^4„..,.y..^_^,;._^__.^._,^.^5^^ 

gJbiel^A,  Gen,  Jamc*,  doiwr,^^^-.. 32.  35 

^i|«jan.  Dr.  E.  C,  donor  MT.Tr-r.----r",-.-cT---»-r.--.rH-,-i..^ 
gboles,  Hoi»,  ChM. . P.^,8f:«TOW^i>«»r^  .-^r.-.T - .- ^ - ---r -  ,r.rf-r -;, .1| 

,.,        sketch  of .rr.MiW 

Shales,  Hon.  C.  Latham, jjltetch,f)f.,,.,)..,_.„^.^.-,.^.....,f7l„:4^ 

SJvprt,  killed  in  battle  of  WiscpRfif  ^>S^lf  -r i-----'-'-'-<-r-.-'.i^ 

^uU,  J/fsse  W.,  1827,  condjiqip  ^IfiaRqsfucJfJ^a.GW^,.,..,.^,^^.,,  §{jj 
^«**<  Le  Grand,  a  Yankton  C|i^ef.,...^,.;..,, ..,,_*.  .144^,^0,,^ 

Slljliman,  Prof.  B.  Sr..  donor  . . ........... .,^_^....^..„|., ^^  ,^ 

Siiljman,  Prof.  B.  Jr.,  donor  ..,^^,.v-,.tJ.-j,-—.,- ,,^,...,>._..  f  ^ 

^W't*^^*^* i^i ^^i*^"!^!  ^o'lo'" • •  •     29 

^fi^. ?^4^°.«!  .• •  •••  •.•:^!'  'n'"it  ?.- ' » *  W»'  152,  137,  144,  'l,4f 

.--   .•..         W?»;i^  i^a,.wa..)i69,  i79,,;4i,.^i| 

W'\\  ?^*^.^^8^*. :  ? !  T  ? :  • '  "r  ^'  •  t^.*' f  ••*.*"<•  ?!•  •. •V  •.^•.-^  »*•  •  •  •. .!^T^.  "WS 

''(>i-      deaths  and  burials. ^„  ♦^^.  .j. , * .  •»;.,•  vJ  .  * •  r ..  • »}  .  •••  ?t?f 

•  'V:  religious  stuperstitions  -••....  ♦.^ ••  4  • ,  •*,»., .;, > . , .  y  ,  •/.»•  «i  j  1,94 

*:  jugglers  or  medicine  men  . . .  ^^  *•-»•»• .  • . w.  .•  > -k.  *> . .  ,,*' IW 

f»j.     ci^^.'^^  ••  ^^  •-♦■'•.  •  \*.^*  *  T  'A  •  •.  f*  •  'i^  \\*^:*  ♦• ••    184—187 

,.  flecret  societies— amnsemefttp..,, .  .:.,^.r,..  r,-  •..♦,♦ , .  r •-•i  •  •  ji.J^ 

.   ':  9^  ^«  •  •  •  •  •  •'•  •  •  ••.•.•.•..•,••  v.- .vfT-.M,-J ••?.<(•  .-•  -..r  1^ 

*  •:  .;<«ol^t«»•»«:;---.--t'*---■';-r^^ 190 

,.        drying  Buflfalo  me^t.^^. ,.,,.,., p.,.. ...^..^..y._<.„«f.,.,J^ 

.„  , .  „.}rar  parties— chief8....,.^^...;^^..^._,..^..^>..  .49?>i.4.^ 
iX     .-?o¥!«r'!.Wg?-'liW*!a%-.T«t-ir--r(--rh'?-tr--.-M'--t--nA^ 

;  different  bands ...i.. i,),..,,}..,.^... .,..■......:..... r,.),f3-tl%|[ 

,,  1880-:31-'32  ..^.„ ......  241,  2f«^7j,  .!^,.  3*9,  »p8,  414 

Qkilton,  Dr.  A.  T.,  donor  ........... -— rr-- .—.--:,--    29 

§)pi^er,  wounded  at  Bad  Ax ............. — ....j.^..  418 

fikkmer,  Rev.  Dr.  T.  H.,  donor „,--.-.„t., ..._.,.-     29 

Smead,  Horace,  apioneer,  cited---.. _ ..^^w ,-.,.- -^.-,.^. 2^4,  831 

^Qmith,  Gen.  Wm.  R.,  President  of  the  Society ^4-.^.^.--.,.-     3  22 

\  dpnor.-.-  —  ---.-------.-. ---------------^-.^rr-'*!  ^^»  ^* 

^pgltfrreotjpe  and  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery -r:.}^  l^i  ^^ 


.J  ■ 
•  1  -I 


540 

Smith,  Gten.  Wm.  R,  Hist,  of  Wis.  alluded  to 74 

220,  221,  388,  343,  349,  868 

Smith;  Hon.  A.  D.,  portrait  in  Picture  Gallery 13,  41 

Smith,  Hon.  John  Y.,  member  of  Ezeeutive  Committee,  1865 22 

Smith,  James  T.,  donor 34 

Smith,  Col.  J.,  commanding  at  Oreen  Bay,  1820 4l7 

Smith,  mortally  wounded  at  &ad  Ax  battle 413 

#  Smithsonian  Institution,  publications  receired 9,  80,  35 

Smyth,  Gen.,  at  Prairie  du  Ohien  in  1816 127,  1tK8 

Smyth,  Rer.  Dr.  Thomas,  donor 31 

Snelling,  Ool.,  commanding  at  Fort  Snelling, 132, 

133,  154,  156,  165,  166,  830 

Sbelling,  Joseph,  at  Prairie  du  Ohien  in  1827 165 

Snow  storm,  near  Red  River  of  the  North 191,  192 

Snyder,  Dr.,  orator  on  4th  July,  1829,  at  Mineral  Point 834 

Snyder,  Capt.  Adam  W.,  in  Black  Hawk  war 352 

Somers,  Kenosha  County,  early  settlers 469 

South  Carolina  Historical  Society 20 

Spafibrd,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  war 343, 

350,  366,  367,  374,  375,  381-^88,  386,  387,  391 

Sparks,  Hon.  Jared,  commends  theSodety 21 

Spencer,  in  Black  Hawk  war 344, 

345, 350,  351,  366,  367,  375,  883,  38*4 

Sprague,  Rev.  Dr.W.  B.,  donor  of  autographs 10 

Stambaugh ,  Ool,  Samuel  0.,  Indian  agent 432-440 

Stamp,  an  original,  of  the  Stamp  Act,  in  Cabinet 11 

SUrkweather,  Charles  R.,  donor 32 

.  State  Historical  Society,  officers  for  1856 - 3 

Second  Annual  Report 5 

pecuniary  condition 5 

success . ••••••  5,  96 

increase  of  library 6,  7 

works  on  genealogy.. -  7 

newspaper  files 7,  8 

pamphlets 8 

donors 9*15^  27-38 


541 

State  Hiat.  Society — ^HiBtorical  and  Antiquarian  Society  publications  9, 10 

maps  and  engrayings 10 

autograph  collections i 10 

statuettes  and  daguerreotypes 11 

additions  to  the  Cabinet • 11,  12 

Picture  Oallery — pictures  and  donors 12,  13,  d9-*52,  64-71 

portraits  promised - 13,  14,40 

busts  and  personal  memorials _ 14 

works  promised 14,  15 

improved  style  of  Annual  Report  needed 16,  16 

MBS.  collections  of  the  past  year 16 

Yattemare's  International  exchanges 17 

meetings — new  members — ^usefulness 17 

death  of  Wright,  McLane  and  Sully » 17,  53-71 

endowments  needed « • .«••••••     18 

fire  proof  building  needed.* • 18,  19 

gro^h  and  condition  of  other  Historical  Societies.  •«....    19*>21 

its  rank  compared  with  other  Societies • .  •  •  •     21 

value  of  such  collections.  _ .••.•..••••••     21 

high  encouragements « .  •  21,  22 

its  early  apathy  and  present  success 78 

State  Department,  Washyigton,  donor 9,  10,  30 

State  Department,  Albany,  donor • 28 

State  Laws  and  State  legislation,  works  in  library  on 6 

Steamboats,  first  arrive  at  Prairie  du  Chien 152 

early,  on  Lake  Michigan 94,  95,  423,  424,  464 

Stephenson,  Maj.  J.  W.,  in  Black  Hawk  War 852,  353,  355,  397 

404,  406,  412 

Sterling,  Hon.  Levi>  early  Mineral  Point  settler 588 

Stevens,  Orrin,  Kenosha  pioneer.  • .' 469,  474 

Stevens,  Hon.  Chase  A.,  donor 34 

Stillman*8  defeat J 337 

347,  360,  397 

Stockbridge  Indians,  in  Wisconsin .' 416-448 

Stone,  Ret.  Edwin  M.  donor 9,  28,35 

Street,  Alfred  B.,  promises  his  works ••••••     14 


542 

Street, ^ii.  J'^weph  M..  TndlAri  AgeAt.J. .'.  'I4tf,  IVi;  iW/WS,  iWY,  5i4i 
».      246,  247,  249,  253,  255,  266,  259--261,  284;  M5,'26r;29df,  i^&l,  414 

<.  removed  to  Rock  Island ;..;./...  J. ....  ^2,  t94 

sketch  of ....'.-  '..  1 ........... .   173 

■ 

Street,  Maj.,  paymasterT ;....;; ... ..'.;. .' . . . . ; .'  ^16,  316 

ateH'a  Washington,  Sully's  copjr  ih  Pic Wre' Gallery'. .  i . ;  .* . . :  12,  47 
Sblly,  Thomas,  the  artist,  copy  of  Stuart's  Wasftiltrgtott. -.:,...  12,  47 

sketch  of ;...'.'..'.......:.....;  49,  50 

SttUy,  Robert  M.,  portraits  in  Picture  Gallery \. :'. . : . .   1^^  40,  47 

.     .»    deathof.' ;' ^....'..'.V.....^:..:.i...:.'.   17,  61 

>  Draper's  eulogy :...... I .........  • . . .  1  65-71 

Sumner,  Gen.  W.  H.,  donor ...'........  1 .  • 1 ..... .     28 

Sunday  Schools,  first  established '^t  PtaiHe  dtl'Chieh rts,  169 

Sundown,  John,  alias  John  Dehty,  ah  Oneida. . .  i :  -  J.  1 . .' .  J  J. . . .  -  447 

Sutherland,   Hon.  James,  donor i  J ..:...._.  .M:'. .  -     34 

Suydam,  Hon.  John  V.,  pioneer  published*  nnd  eflltbr. '.-.!. . A. .  J..  424 
Swa?A,  Hon.  David  L.,  d6noV  '.  J. .-.'..-  J.  J. : .  *. . I . .  L 1 .  J.  ?! .  J. .     31 

S^eet,  Hon.  Alanson,  portrtit  in  Picture  Gillery  J.- J:. -J.  IB,  48 

delegate  to  Milwaukee  Union L-l-:.-.J----i.Il:_--  479 

Sweet;  in  Black   Hawk  war : --.'-   --.'. 399 

Sweet,  Col.   Samuel,  donor :..:...:.  J..  _:.: ...'.--.:_..     28 

9#ind  and  sheep  brought  to  Westei^n  WisTJonsin' - .  J- 1  - 1 1  -  -1 .  174 


,  .."    . > .       ♦. ♦  • 


Tamter,  Ezekiel,  Prairie  du   Chicaa  pioneer ^ ,. .-,147 

Taliaferro,  Major,  agent  of  the  Sioux ^ .-.-,,.^^.,--  132 

Tallmadge,  Ex-Gov.  K/ P.,  vjjuable  donation..--,,. t--n--'-  ^•'^^ 

promises  his  portrait 13,40 

favored  T.  P.Burnett 304 

Taylor,  Stephen,  promises  his  portrait ^--„--,-^. ,,     13 

donor - , ,,     30 

cited : - -'. ,....  219 

.Wisconsin — its  rise  and  progress 480-490 

1835,  trayelsin  Wisconsin -e.. rr .---  ^BO 

.1836,  camps  at  head  of  Fourth Lake--.,........^,,.,.-^-^-. 48? 

early  settler  in  Richland  county  .,  _ ., ^-, ^...  48^ 

gave  name  to  Richland 490 


546 

Taylor,  Col.  Zacbary,  1814,  expedition  ap  the   Mississippi, 220-222 

'    •  stationed  iat  Prairie  du  Chien ..:.-l-J.-:-:.. :...'_..' Tsf 

•'      •' 1832;  In  Blacif  Ha'^frk  ?rar....-j..'....-..:'.-\:.'...!i  4I2;'4l4 

Temperance  cause  In  Kendsha  connty-:,' --.-iL-.-l  465i*4CB 

Thomas,  Lieut.  Martin,  mentioned .M 1 •.-..'  16ff 

Tibbits,  F.  G.,  member  of  Executive  Committee ' v*      S 

l^ffdny,  Geo.  O.,donor.-: i.-.^.J-l-'.-.L:.  J. J.::..     34 

Toland,  Patrick,  donor j ::....._..  J:. ---•.'..-.  "  34 

i^omah,  the  great  Menomonee  chief,  mentiotredl  .>-'..  Si  J. . '  82,  l7(5;  17^ 

Towne,  TIoil.  Wm.  B.  donor i ..:  J ..._.._'.  9,  27, "3^ 

T*ownsend,  in* Black  Ilawk  war ._.... L....>..  "349^  *7^ 

Townsend,  lion.  Absolom  A.,  promises  portrait." '.-.:'.*.  1  __  I  _  Jl^  *  IS 

Towsley,  Waters    Kenosha  pioneer :.  451,  '456;  468,  474,  476,  479 

T*fader8  and  Voyageurs i-.'.-L.:'.:.:..-.!....'  i07,  109,'112,  114 

Treaty,  1804  at  St  Louis j :'....  j..1.".' 91,  92 

1815  at  Portage  des  Sionx -l-.-.-'il-J-.J-'.. '_'...  222,  223 

1816,  with  the  Sauks  at  St.  Lonis :.'.'.'. v." : 91,92 

1825,  at  Prairie  du  Chien:...':J.*-'-Aj ILv.i 163 

'  •     •  1-827,  at  Butte  des  Morts :.....'- '.J 1  '■l'66,,  480 

'  '       1832,  at  RocklsKnd. -!-..:. ■'--i-.-.:....'.:lL!_..  146  284 

Trowbridge,  Charles  C.,'  attend* 'treaty IJ..:...!':'.'-.-  423,  426 

Thibner,  N.,iondon,  donor_  .* ...■._'-.-.'._'--•:: 9,  10,  32 

Trimbtfl],  J.  H.,  donor.: jiLjJ.  ._.L.  *  .l'...'.: 28 

Turner,  Charles  W.,  Kenosha  pionB'ef.::'J..........l.  451,456-459 

Twiggs,  Maj./  at  -Fort  %il}nebago  in'  1881 . 1 . .  1': L . . : L  i'  _•.' 253 

••:     .       .::'      .  •.     •.';'.       .'  :•      .*!.•'     t   u.' 

VaientiDe,.Pa?id  T.,  donor •u — ^--jfr...-^..  — j^^ 29 

Vai-Waggolier^  in  Black  Hawk  war wUj.u349*:  3*9^:870,  374,  391 

YflttteovBfire'^  internatiouAl  ie^cehiinges^  JL. . .  ^^- .  *  ^ .  i . ,  .»u^*  - . . .. .  47 

Ycttax^fecques,, early  trader  «b Milwaukee.. -i^ k^.v I. j^... 104 

YjmnQti  Historical  Soawif.  ,uJ--i.--*-w--j-Mkv^-.LL-.j».*„- 29 

¥ifw  pn  the  Hudson^by.Oroptt3y-..->-pUJ•-;---*;.-^  — ^k-^^ 49 

yi]aB,^£i9n.  Leyi  B.^  life  member  Qjf  fl)ieiSooi©ty>jf:;-,u,.-: 25 

Virginia  Historical  SpcijB^/  conditio  ^  .L  .♦rf. — ^  *. . ;  -i- ; . .  i,^ .; 20 

ViTiani  Frai^Wi  Miw^al  ffoiflt  pioMW.  -  ^  .^^  t  -  ^..  - .  *--  w  *v; 488 

8 — See  Indian  trade  and  traders. 


544 


Wa-ba-shaw,  Sioux  chief 131,  132,  194,  246,  252,  414 

Wa-ba-shaw's  Prairie  and  Village 194,257 

Wah-nah-peck-ah,  a  Winnebago 155,158,169,160,167,502 

Walker,  Hon.  Geo.  H.,  Milwaukee  pioneer 456 

Walker  Hon.  Isaac  P..  donor _ 9,38 

portrait  in  Picture  Gallery, ' 13,  48 

Walk-in-the- water,  early  Lake  Michigan  steamer _  423, 424 

Wanzer,  McKim  &  Co.,  donors 29 

Wa-pe-she-ka,  or  the  Prophet 12,  18,  41,  42,  4T,  67 

Ward,  A.  H.,  donor 28 

War  in  Missouri.  1812— '16  : 

1811-'12,  several  killed 204 

1812,  GUbert's  Settlement  destroyed 204 

forts  erected. ^  204,  206,  209 

O'Neil's  family  killed 1. 205 

rangers  employed 206 

Russeirs  and  Edward's  expedition •  • .  206 

1813,  Indian  ambuscades 207,  208 

Forts  Madison  and  Mason  attacked 208 

Gov.  Howard  appointed  Brig.  Gen • 208 

Capt.  David  Musick 206,  209,  214-218 

Lieut.  McNair'^  defeat 209-21 1 

Capt.  K  Boone  attacked. .- 211 

Gen.  Howard's  expedition-*— Maj.  N.  Boone 212 

Fort  Madison  evacuated,  and  Fort  Johnson  built 212 

1814,  Forts  Johnson  and  Mason  evacuated 212 

Indians  commit  mischief 213 

Sink  Hole  battle .-  218-218 

Capt.  Peter  Crrig  killed  at  Sink  Hole 213,  214 

Lieut.  Edward  Spears,         do  218,  216 

Lieut  Drakeford  Gray,  at  Sink  Hole 218-218 

Moore  and  Began  killed  in  Illinois 218 

Capt.  Whiteside  pursues 218,  219 

Gov.  Clark  goes  to  Prairie  du  Chien' 219 

BriUsh  Col.  M<^y  captures  Prairie  du  Ohien. .  122-124 

219,  226 


546* 

ia  MiflsooH: 

1814,  Ueut.  Campbell't  ezpedkka i... AM 

Maj.  Z.  Tajlor'a  ezpedkion Ha^Mt 

1815,  Col.  Shaw'a  ezpedkion Wl,  Mli' 

Wtihingtoa,  Stoart's  portrait,  Saliy's  copy  in  0allei7.......«.ie,  4Y' 

Watkfcigtoii  Harbor  and  Island,  origm  of  name 204 

Wataon,  W.  H.,  donor 9a  W 

Wateoii,  John  F.,  donor t^ 

Wau^mar-nar-see,  a  Winnebago  Cbief - 261 

Wahftter,  Daniel,  personal  memorial  of*promised ;: 14 

eommends  Histmrieid  Societiea..- ^..i.*.'^.'.....     21 

'Webster,  Prof,  Horace,  donor ^.^ \....«.^ M 

Weed  and  Sberhard,  donora -^1 88 

Weed,  Dea.  Cepba8,Eeno9lia pioneer il.409»  474 

WMi,  killed  in  Black  Hawk  War 349^  S6I,  970^  df  %  878,^877,  382 

Wells,  Hon.  Daniel,  Jr.,  donor. w -• 9,  38 

promises  bis  portrait ^ *j-» IS 

West,  Henry  C.,  delegate  to  Milwaakee  Unioa 479 

Wheatland,  Eenosba  County,  early  settkva 369 

Wbitdi  Wm.  A.,  member  of  Ezeeutii^e  Conmitlee,  185fr«-'W. 3,  22 

Whiter  Robert^  donor  of  curiosities- .• ^^...i*** 11,  12 

White  Crow,  a  Winnebago  Chief. 889,  340,  313^  8&4».404,  416 

White  Pawnee,  a  Winnebago.. ........-•..»•»•.•••  410 

White*idB,.Capt.  Samuel,  1814, services -. ...:*... l  818,  221 

Generalin  1882... .-* l....^..  852 

WUting,  Hon.  Wm.,  donor. ....*«».•• 28 

WUtney,  DanieU  erects  a  miD  ett  the  upper  Wiaeonsin^ 141 

Wldton>  Edward  Y.,  Chkf  Jtistioe,  pnMiiises  portrailu  ..^ 13 

WWtUeeey,  Ho«< Elisha,  donor .— — ..     32 

WaHaml,  Hrs.  Emma»  donor •«.».. ....'^a;..  9;  29,  35 

commends  the  Society.. ^^ ^^^ -.*  21,  22 

Willard,  Hon.  Joseph,  donor « «....w.^-^^«i- ««'•<»--     28 

imiajrit  George,  Sergemit,  wounded  at  9ad  Ax. .v. ^y^'..*l,,i-**^'  418 
WiBiams,  Rev.  Eleazer,  yiaito  Green  Bi^  in  1821.... ...*-«**^.-     94 

efforts  to  eolonize  N.  Y.  Indiana —  418-441 

Williams,  Co].  John  So  deoor^. ,«..«..'... ...^^M.^r^.^-r^.**     29 

69 


546 

UraiiAinfl,  Dr.  Stephen  W.»  works  from  his  library  promifed*^..^^...     14 

WiUUms,  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  R., doaor iji.     29 

WUeont  J.  G.,  Kenosha  pioneer. ---r - 458,  459 

Winnebafo  Fort^  1831,  Maj.  Twiggs  there l.  253 

Winnebago  Indians 146, 153,  154^168,  177, 178,  219,  252,258,  25« 

257,  259r262,  329-331,  336,  349,  355-^57,  394,  410,  424-448 

Wmneehick,  Winnebago  Chief 260,  261,  331 

Wjseonsin,  early  French  explorers  and  settlers 75-78,  104,  105 

1763,  Green  Bay  evacuated * 177 

1783,  npt  surrendered, • 76,  82 

1 796,  Jay's  treaty,  and  surrender  in  1796, 62,  238 

1806,  Capt.  Pike's  visit 226 

1809-'10»  Campbell's  rule  at  Prairie  du  Clien 12#,  121,  126 

aai2.  British  force  collects  at  Green  Bay ': 82 

.18I2^a5vwar  events  in 82,  83^  122-124 

American  settlers  at  mercy  of  the  British 88 

1814,  Prairie  du  Chien  affairs 219,220 

lieut.  Campbell's  relief  expedition ^ 220 

CoL  Taylor's  expedition  up  MissiMippi 220-222 

1816,  gikriUon  al  Prairie  du  Chiea 127«126,22f 

{purrisonat  Green  Bay 88,  84^  198 

1816-*24y  uSUtory  sway 84-67,  128, 129,  229,  230,  266 

.  1B22,  white  men  stabbed  at  Green  Bay 88* 

1823,  dva  code  established 90,91,  151,  162 

1825,  first  steamers  arrive  at  Prairie  du  Chien... -.-i.  152 

Indian  murders  at  Lake  Pepin 241 

Indian  traaty  at  Prairie  da  Ghien 168 

r       ...    SondAy  school  established  at  Prairie  du  ChisB..  168|  188 

1827,  Winnebago  out-break 154-168,  329-881,  608 

'  {'  <  • .  lead  mines  commence  settling. 91, 828,  329,  331, 466 

l827-'32,  settlers,  miners,  customs 832-.836 

1829,  Maj. John  Biddle  delegate w. 138 

1830,  Indian  disturbdnces... 170^178 

1830*'31,  Sioux  and  Ch^ppewas  at  war 241 

' '^-  l831-'32,  Indian  movement* ^v... 246,  262;  263,  255 

1M2,  Indian  war— See  Black  Hawk-^-^en.  J>odg«. 


'.*! 


54/T 

Wteanaiii,  Idas,  BMd  of  a  local  g0V«r&m«nt 2B9,n€  - 

1835,  morements  for  a  territorial  gorenunent -  29^301 

Burnett  appointed  Diatriot  Att'7 — ^resigns 300, 301 

).  G.  W.  JoneB  chosen  delegate 301 

Mich.Ter.  continued  west  of  Lake  Michigan 301,  80t 

Council  meets  at  Oreen  Baf  ^ 301  30t 

1835^^36,  Homer  acting  Qoremor 301,  302,  306,  807 

1836,  Wis.  Ter.  organiaed— Dodge  Gof 807, 308 

Burnett  and  the  Council— 308-^11 

Burnett,  Diet.  Att. — declines 810 

1888-'89,  delegate  election 312-814 

1849,  Doty,   Goyemor 315 

■ 

1845,  Dodge  re-appointed 818f 

1846,  Indian  disturbance 818-3M 

Judge  Reaume,8  administration  of  justice 87-80,  105-107 

a  French  Justice's  decision 88 

character  of  early  traders  and  Toyageurs 109,  112,  134, 141 

Indian  trade  and  traders 107,  109-112,  114,122,130 

early  commerce 94,  95 

advent  of  steamboats 94,  96,  152,  423,  424,  464 

early  mills 118,132-141,  229,28a 

early  laws  and  litigation 95,  96,  106,  120,  142-144' 

'         primitiye  lawlibraries 126,152 

early  marriage  customs 121,  122,  127,  176,  226,  227 

French  Canadians  and  elective  franchise 141,  142 

early  clergy  at  Prairie  du  Chien 146-149 

lead  mines  and  lead  trade 224-229, 329-336,  485,  486 

early  mail  facilities 94,  151,  152,  158 

early  printing 424,461,462 

Rise  and  Progress 480-490 

antiquities - 484 

Progress,  Condition  and  Prospects 495-502 

geographical  position 496-496 

health  tables — commercial  advantages 496 

lands  improved  and  imimproved 496,497 

agriculture — ^lumber — minerals 497,  498 


548 

Witconnai  population,  past,  psetciit  and  psoBpeeliTt* «««....  41^8^ 

adrimtages  with  eaatern  HlXkn*..*.* _ 409 

rates  of  interest • • 5<M) 

climate — health — ^longeTity. «. 500,  501 

Wisconsin,  State,  donor ♦ 3$ 

Wisoonam  Agricultural  Society^  donor 55 

'Wisconsin  Chraod  Lodge,  donor u... 54 

Woodbridge,  Lieut.  QoT.  of  Michigan , 4ftZ 

Woodhridge,  W.  W.,  in  Black  Hawk  war a 540 

S55|  355,  350,  377,  378,  407 

Woodbridge,  E.,  early  Kenosha  settler^ - 457 

Woodin,  Rev.  Peter,  mentioned 451,  455,  450 

Woodman,  Cyrus,  a  Vice  President  of  the  Society 5 

donor 9,  38,85 

promises  portrait « ^^^ ...,«..,.     13 

Wright,  Hon.  Geo.  F.,  donor ^-     t5 

WrightjHon.  Hiram  A.,  death  of 1? 

eulogies  on, by  Messrs.  Atwooddc  Calkine...,. «--  53-58 

additional  notice  of -   --*-     58 

Wr^hty  Mrs.  Htram  A.  ^  promises  newspaper  files — 8 

Wr^ht^  Got.  Joseph  A.,  of  Indiana,  donor 3t 

Wyman,  W.  W.,  donor ^ 85 

public  printer...  ^ ,...*.. 510 


Taokton  band  of  Sioux ,, 144,  145,  105 

Teisei^  Capt^  at  Prairie  du  Ohien,  1814 , ,.  Vtfr-IH 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THB 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


\ 


(NT  THB 


STATE    OF   WISCONSIN. 


BY  JAMBS   O.  PEROIVAL. 


MADISON: 

OAUUITB  A  PBOUDFTT,  PaDrTSB& 

1866* 


«  1 
/ 


f.     * 


PREFACE. 


It  appears  to  have  been  the  design  of  Dr.  Peroiral  to  include  in  this 
report  further  remarks  under  the  heads  of 

The  conformation  of  the  surface. 

The  character  of  the  soils ,  their  agricultural  capabilities  and  connexion 
with  yegetation>  particularly  forest  trees. 

The  metalic  cnres. 

Minerals  useful  in  the  arts  and  in  agriculture. 

• 

The  surface  deposits ;  and 

The  ^ects  of  primary  and  ignious  rocks  upon  the  lead  mines,  showing 
the  object  of  much  of  his  detailed  sunrej  under  the  head  of  **  Surface 
Arrangement,*'  &c.  d^c. 


I  1 


4;..'  '-  -1       J 


k    I 


.  .'  "1 


ti.  It  • ' 


J  -1  ';■  ii   '••■; .  ■ 


L 


NOTE. 

While  Dr.  Perdral  was  engaged  in  preparing  hta  seocmd  annual  report 
of  the  geological  aorrey  of  the  State  of  'Wiaconainy  he  was  attacked  by 
a  disease  which  terminated  in  his  death  on  the  2d  day  of  May,  1856. 
The  unfinished  manuscript  has  been  carefiilly  copied  and  prepared  for 
the  press,  but  it  is  undoubtedly  far  from  possessing  that  degree  of 
finish  and  completeness  that  would  haye  been  giyen  it,  had  its  distin- 
guished author  been  spared  to  complete  this  important  portion  of  his 
labors. 

It  is  deemed  not  improper  here  to  insert  the  following  brief  obituary 
notice,  taken  from  the  July  number  of  the  American  Journal  of  Sdence, 
published  at  New  Haren,  by  Professors  SiUiman  and  Dana. 


'     •! 


.r     ]     , 


r      ,. 


.»     \t     • 


!• 


DEATH  OP  DR.  JAMES  G.  PERCIVAL. 

Died,  on  the  2d  of  May,  1856,  at  Haz^I  GPreen,  Wis,,  in  the  6l8t  jear 
of  his  age.  Dr.  Jahks  Gtates  Pebciyal,  eminent  as  a  poet,  scholar^  andt 
philosopher. 

He  was  bom  in  the  Tillage  of  Kmaingtcoi,  m  the  tows  ^if  Borliii,  in 
Cona^«tf<mt^  September  Idth,  1795.  At  an  earty  ag«  hemantoted  tite 
poetieM  abiUty  and  gMteral  intelleetaal  power  for  wUeh  In-  sifter  life  ha 
waa  to  distingwshed.  He  entered  Tale  College  in  1810,  but  on  aooonnt 
of  iU  health  he  did  notgradvate  until  1815.  Dnring  his  eollcgiateeonrae 
he  wa0  eminent  for  soholarship,  although  he  deroted  much  time  to  gen- 
eral studle*  and  to  the  coltivation  of  his  poetical  powers.  He  studied 
the  profession  of  medicine,  receiving  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1820,  but 
he  never  engaged  in  the  practice.  His  first  volume  of  poems  was  pub- 
lished in  1820,  his  last  in  1843.  His  verse  shows  great  force  and  fresh^ 
ness  of  expression,  a  fertile  imagination,  and  remarkable  rhythmical 
skill.  Many  of  his  songs  have  taken  permanent  rank  in  American  liter- 
ature. Chiefly  as  a  poet  will  he  be  remembered,  but  we  must  here  speak 
of  him  in  other  relations. 

Ift  1894  he  was  for  a  short  time  in  the  aerrice  of  the  United  States  as 
ProHMsor  of  Chsttdstry  in  the  Military  Academy  of  West  Pomt,  and  sul^ 
sequendy  as  a  surgeon  connected  with  the  recruiting  service  at  Boston. 
But  he  preferred  solitary  study,  and  gave  himself  to  philological  and  his- 
torical researches,  and  to  general  literary  pursuits.  Having  great  readi- 
ness in  acquiring  languages,  he  soon  became  a  critical  scholar  in  most  of 
the  modem  European  tongues,  and  composed  verses  in  many  of  them. 

In  1827  he  was  employed  to  revise  the  manuscript  of  Dr.  Webster's 
large  Dictionary,  and  to  this  work  he  rendered  a  service  much  more  im- 
portant than  is  conmionly  supposed.    He  was  from  time  to  time  engaged 


8 

m  rariouB  literarj  labon,  as  editor  and  translator.  Among  the  worb 
which  he  published  may  be  named  a  revised  translation  of  Malte  Bran's 
Geography,  and  a  Sketch  of  the  Varieties  of  the  Human  Bace,  and  their 
Ungoistio  relations,  a  tract  drawn  chiefly  from  the  Mithridates  of  Ad- 
dnng  and  Yater,  and  printed  in  1831. 

Always  an  ardent  lover  of  nature,  and  fond  of  out-door  explorations, 
he  combined  with  his  literary  pursuits,  the  study  of  natural  history  and 
geology.  In  1835  he  was  appointed  in  conjunction  with  Prod  OLTT. 
Shq)ard,  to  make  a  survey  of  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  State 
of  Connecticut.  Dr.  Percival  took  charge  of  the  general  geology,  and 
explored  the  whole  State  thoroughly  and  minutely  on  foot.  He  collected 
materials  for  a  report  to  fuO  and  extensive  that  it  was  thought  inexpe- 
dient to  ofier  the  whole  for  publication,  and  he  consequently  presented 
only  a  brief  sammary  thereofi  This  report  was  issued  at  New  Haven, 
in  1842,  in  an  octavo  volume  of  495  pages,  accompanied  by  a  geological 
map.  The  work  is  prepared  with  great  minuteness  and  precision  of 
detail,  but  in  a  manner  too  much  condensed  to  be  very  attractive  or 

popular. 

'I 
He  spent  the  summer  of  1858  in  the  service  of  the  American  Mining 

Company,  in  exploring  the  lead  mines  of  tllinois  and  Wisconsin,  and 

gave  such  satisfaction  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  region,  that  the  next 

year  he  was  offered  a  commission  as  State  Geologist  of  Wisconsin.    His 

first  annual  report  on  that  survey  was  published  at  Madison,  Wisconsin, 

in  January,  1855,  in  an  octavo  volume  of  101  pages.    The  larger  part 

of  that  year  he  also  spent  in  the  field.    While  engaged  in  preparing  his 

second  report  in  January,  1866,  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  after  a  few 

months  of  decline  he  pasled  away. 

Dr.  Percival  possessed  intellectual  faculties  of  a  very  high  order,  and 
few  men  have  exceeded  him  in  variety  and  exactness  of  learning. 


GEOLOGICAL  SUBVEY. 


rfV^v^-V^  ' 


To  HiB  ExOBtLBNOY  CoLES  BaBHFOBD, 

Oovemor  of  Wisconsin, 

In  preeenting  mj  Annaal  Report  on  the  geological  Bnryey  of 
the  state,  it  may  be  proper  to  give  a  brief  narrative  of  my  pro- 
ceedings in  pursuing  the  object  of  the  survey. 

The  winter  (t  864-5)  had  been  employed  in  preparing  and  at- 
tending to  the  publication  of  my  last  report ;  and  after  a  short 
visit  to  the  east,  whicb  my  private  affairs  rendered  necessary,  I 
recommenced  my  explorations  early  in  April.  I  first  visited  the 
iron  mines,  at  Iron  Bidge,  Dodge  county,  and  at  Hartford,  Wash- 
ington county,  and  at  Marston,  on  the  Little  Baraboo,  Sauk 
county,  examining  also  such  other  objects  of  interest  as  occurred 
on  my  route.  After  this  excursion,  I  recommenced  (May  1st) 
the  examination  of  the  lead  district,  loft  unfinished  the  former 
season,  and  completed  it  June  30th.  I  have  employed  the  re- 
mainder of  the  season,  till  December  Sth,  in  a  reonnoissance  of 
the  state,  for  the  purpose  of  forming- a  general  idea  of  the  geolo- 
gical arrangement.  In  so  doing,  I  have  aimed  to  traverse  as. 
mnch  of  the  state  as  possible ;  and  while  the  determination  of  the 

2 


\ 


10 

different  strata  and  formationB  baa  been  my  leading  object,  I  have 
improved  every  opportunity  of  visiting  such  localities  as  were  of 
particular  importance.  I  have  visited  in  this  and  my  other  pnr- 
snits,  thirty  eight  of  the  fifty  counties  in  the  state,  all,  indeed,  ex- 
cept a  few  of  the  more  nothem  and  less  settled  counties.  I  first 
made  a  tour  (July — August)  through  the  north-eastern  counties 
as  far  as  Sheboygan,  Oreen  Bay  and  Stevens  Point.  I  then  pro- 
ceeded (September — October)  on  an  excursion  through  the  west- 
em  counties,  north  of  the  Wisconsin,  as  far  as  the  Palls  of  St. 
Oroic,  and  from  the  want  of  communication  on  the  Wisconsin 
side,  near  the  Mississippi,  returned  on  the  west  side  of  that  river, 
through  Minnesota,  from  the  St  Croix  to  La  Crosse.  During 
NoTcmber,  I  made  a  tour  through  the  south-eastern  counties,  and 
thus  have  been  able  to  take  a  general  view  of  the  largest  and,  at 
present,  the  most  important  part  of  the  state. 

In  making  this  general  examination,  I  have  not  only  had  in 
view  objects  of  direct  geological  interest,  but  also  the  agricultural 
capabilities  of  the  surface,  and  have  been  agreeably  surprised  to 
find  in  the  more  nothem  districts,  but  a  small  extent  not  capable 
of  improvement. 

The  importance  of  such  a  general  examination  as  I  have  made, 
however  hasty  it  may  have  been,  will,  I  trust,  be  obvious.  It  has 
enabled  me  to  form  a  connected  view  <^  the  geological  arrange- 
ment ;  and  in  all  my  observations,  should  I  continue  the  survey, 
will  furnish  me  a  guide  through  any  difficulties  I  may  encounter. 
The  statements,  which  I  shall  make  in  this  report,  will,  I  hope, 
render  similar  aid  to  others  who  may  engage  in  the  same  pursuit. 
I  have  endeavored  to  determine  with  exactness,  and  believe  that 
the  statements  I  shall  make  will  stand  the  test  of  observation.  In 
several  instances  I  have  found  occasion  to  differ  from  the  reports 
of  former  geologists.  I  have  done  so  on  (to  me)  satisfactory 
grounds.  A  comparison  of  my  statements  with  those  in  former 
reports,  particularly  as  exhibited  in  the  maps,  will  show  yoa  how 
far  I  have  differed* 


11 

Sotn6  of  tfaeee  differeneefl  will  be  of  mrtth  practical  inrpoftance. 
Thus  the  penit)8tkla  east  of  Oreen  Bay  has  been  marked  as  occn'' 
pied  by  the  upper  magnesian  limestone  (Oifeti's  Kep.  18SS).  I  am 
satisfied  that  it  shonld  be  marked  as  occnpied  by  the  mound  lime- 
stone, at  the  base  of  ^  which  is  the  poftitioil  of  the  Dodge  c6tinfyiron 
ore.  The  eastern  shore  of  that  bay  is  thus  the  line  along  which 
that  ore  may  be  traced,  and  from  indications  already  discovered 
perhaps  with  access. 

The  limeetones  of  the  tipper  Mississippi  have  been  referred 
(Orrin's  Reports,  184S  and  1869)  to  the  lower  magnesian  and  bine 
limestone.  My  observations  have  led  me  to  consider  them  as 
beds  subordinate  to  the  lower  sandstone.  The  occurrence  of  such 
extensive  beds  of  limestone  in  that  formation  offers  much  addi- 
tional encouragement  to  the  prospects  of  deep  mining  in  the  lead 
district.  All  the  different  beds  of  limestone  there  reached  have 
been  found  mineral  bearing,  and  if  the  extensive  beds,  which  I 
think  I  have  traced  in  the  lower  sandstone  in  the  north  eastern 
counties,  should  extend,  as  may  be  considered  probable,  beneath ' 
the  lead  district,  and  there,  like  the  known  limestone  in  that  dis- 
trict, should  prove  mineral  bearing,  the  fild  for  operations  in  a 
downward  direction  would  be  largely  increased. 

A  few  instances  have  occurred,  where  the  sandstones,  both  up- 
per and  lower,  appear  to  be  traversed  by  metalic  substances,  in  a 
manner  similar  to  the  limestones  in  the  mineral  openings.  A  re- 
markable instance  of  this  occirs  in  t'he  upper  sandstone  on  Bkin- 
ner^s  branch.  Green  county,  where  the  whole  depth  of  the  rock  is 
traversed  by  iron  ores,  (iron  pyrites  and  oxyds  formed  from  it); 
and  the  deposits  of  copper  with  iron  at  Obpper  Greek,  near  the 
Baraboo,  and  of  the  brown  hetnatite  at  Marston,  on  the  Little 
Baraboo,  show  a  similar  arrangement  in  the  lower  sandstone.-^ 
These  facts  are  encouraging  to  the  prospect  of  tracing  the  mineral 
veins  in  tiie  lead  district  through  the  siliceous  strata. 

I  have  ascertained  this  season  that  lead  has  been  found  in  the 
same  strata  as  in  the  mineral  ^strict,  (the  upper  magnesian,  blue 


la 

ItmestoDe,  oud  lower  magaesiao,)  in  diffarent  places  remote  from 
it,  toward  the  north-eaat,  as  far  at  least  aa  the  vicinity  of  OahkoBh, 
on  lake  Butte  des  Horta. 

Bot  in  these  remote  localities  it  has  been  found  only  in  small 
quantity,  not  sufficient  to  offer  present  encouragement. 

I  have  examined  at  different  points  an  extensiye  range  of  sieni- 
tic  rocksi  not  laid  down  in  £ormer  maps  andrq>orts,  trayersiog  the 
country  from  the  south  side  of  Fox  river  through  Marquette  and 
Waushara  counties,  and  apparently,  from  its  arrangement,  having 
an  important  bearing  on  the  phenomena  of  the  lead  district,  as 
well  as  on  the  general  arrangement  of  the  secondery  strata,  south 
and  east  The  extensive  ranges  of  grey  quartzite  in  the  Baraboo 
country  and  east  of  Portland  have  also  an  apparent  connexion  with 
the  same. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  tho  principal  falls  aud  rapids  of  the 
larger  rivers  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  are  formed  by  the 
passage  of  primary  rocks.  Only  a  few  of  the  smaller  falls  and 
rapids  are  formed  by  the  passage  of  beds  of  limestone.  The  falls 
and  rapids  of  the  Lower  Fox  river,  are  formed  by  beds  of  lime- 
stone, apparently  of  the  upper  magnesian. 

In  presenting  this  report,  I  do  not  offer  the  details  of  my  sur- 
vey, but  only  such  a  summary  as  may  be  of  practical  importance. 
I  trust  I  shall  be  able  to  offer  many  facts  in  my  report  on  the  min- 
eral  district,  still  more  encouraging  to  the  prospects  of  mining  in 
the  lower  strata ;  (the  blue  lio^tone  and  lower  magnesian,)  than 
those  I  have  offered  in  my  former  report  I  have  been  employed 
this  season  in  examining  the  more  northern  mines,  which  I  have 
found  to  a  large  extent--^tuated  in  the  two  upper  beds  of  the 
blue  limestone.  Some  of  the  largest  and  most  productive  dig* 
gings  have,  been  there  worked  in  that  rock,  praticularly  those  at 
Black' Jack,  Grow  Branch,  Oenterville  and  Franklin.  My  obser* 
vations  this  season,  will  euable.  m^e  to  mark  with  more  precision  the 
characterietins  and  position  of  the  different  openings  in  that  rock| 
as  well  as  in  the  lower  magnesian.    Ab  a  general  result,  I  am  still 


18 

more  etrongly  perenaded  of  the  probability  of  continued  deep 
mining,  and  that  by  scientificallj  oombining  the  facts  observed  in 
the  different  diggings,  rnlee  may  be  determined  whicb  will  enable 
mining  to  be  conducted  with  more  certainty  and  less  ontlaj  of  ca- 
pital than  it  has  yet  been.  The  probabitities  of  deep  mining,  of- 
fered by  the  oalcareons  beds  in  the  lower  sandstone,  I  have  already 
hinted  at. 

Kext  to  the  lead  mines  in  importance*  if  not  even  more  impor- 
tant to  the  nltimate  prosperity  of  the  state,  are  the  iron  mines. 
The  very  extensive  beds  of  lenticnlar  red  oxyd  at  Iron  Bidge  and 
Hartford ;  the  deposits  of  brown  hematite  found  in  the  counties 
north  of  the  Wisconsin,  particularly  at  Marston,  Sauk  county,  and 
the  Iron  Mountain,  Orawford  county,  the  primary  ores  in  the 
northern  districts,  particularly  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Black  Biver 
Falls ;  and  even  the  Bog  Ores,  so  extensively  diffused  through 
the  marshes  of  the  state,  particularly  in  the  south-eastern  countieSi 
offer  inexhaustible  supplies  of  that  most  valuable  metal,  and  in 
the  most  important  instances,  in  the  vicinity  of  extensive  forests. 
My  examinations  have  not  yet  offered  me  any  encouragement  for 
the  discovery  6f  coal  in  the  state ;  and  when  we  consider  that 
the  highest  known  roeks  in  the  state  are  r^arded  as  the  ihird 
formation  below  the  coal  inettsures,  the  probability  of  such  dis- 
covery is  very  remote.  BtiH  wHb  the  great  supplies  of  fuel  in  the 
forests  of  the  state,  and  ttie  faeiiitiee  of  transportation  from  :the 
coal-fields  toward  the  south,  which  tbe  numerotis  raUroadfe  zn^hat 
direction  will  ultimately  ofier,  undoubtedly  Wiscionsin  wdU  not 
only  be  able  to  supply  itself  with  iron,  but  to  export  it  e:i|epsively 
to  its  neighbors. 

The  copper  mines  of  LvAlq  Superior  I  have  not  yet  visited — 
they  must  be  deferred  to  another  season.  But  a  range  of  oountiy 
in  the  adjoining  parts  of  Orawtbrd  and  Bad  Ax  counties,  and  ex- 
tendinff into  Sauk  county,  on  the  Bamboo,  m  which  tapper  ores 
Iwve  been  tomady  has  lately  attracted  renewed  atteation,  and  may 
prove  of  much  importanee.    I  hav%  ezamlQad  aeVteal  looalkieB 


14 

in  tbat  4i^rlct,  Hub  peason,  bat  farther  resdarches  are  iie6e9aarj 
tq  speak  with  precisioxi  of  their  vali%e« 

I  have  aBcertainedy  this  eeason,  I  think  BatiBfactorlly,  the  exis- 
tence of  two  Bhell  beds,  analagoas  in  their  fosaila,  as  well  as  their 
lithological  diaracters,  to  the  shell  beds  ia  the  upper  part  of  the 
blae  limefl(toD/e.  They  are  all  particularly  oharacterieed  by  the 
abundance  of  shells  of  the  genns  Lepimna,  The  first  occurs  at 
the  base  of  the  blae  shal^,  underlying  th^  mouud  limestone,  and 
thus  immediately  above  the  upper  magnesian.  It  is  as  Uiirgely 
developed  as  the  Bay  settlement  on  the  east  shore  of  Green  Bay, 
ten  or  twelve  miles  below  the  town  of  Greon  Bay,  and  at  the 
iron  mine,  at  Iron  Bidge,  Dodge  county.  It  is  marked  in  both 
localities  by  an  abundance  of  branched  •  corals.  Ift  oc^pies  the 
same  position  in  the  strata  as  the  fossiliferous  layers  called  hard- 
pan,  at  the  base  of  the  blue  shale,  of  the  mounds  in  the  mining 
districts^  but  differs  ia  its  shells.  ThQ  conpox^on  of  the  two  is 
formed  by  the  cotals,  which  ave  also  found  in  the  hard-pan.  The 
other  is  found  in  the  lower  sandstone  in  the  country  on  the  Upper 
Missisaippi,  aod  has  been  regarded  by  O weyn  as  the  same  with  the 
shell  bed  of  the  blue  limestone.  It  has  appeared  to  me  evident 
that  itspasifioot  is  in  the  lower  aandstoue,  a(^#  higher  level  than  a 
largur  bed  of  limestone^  regairded  by  Owe«  as  the  same  with  the 
lower  magnesian.  This  Bal]|jeQt  will  be  fartfafcr  discussed  in  its 
place  in  the  report  If  these  three  didtiopt.  beds,  simUar,  at  least 
generically  in  Momt  fossiU^  but  so  remote  ia  their  position  in  the 
'Stfato,  shail  be  fully  determined,  as  I  doubt  net,  .they  will  be, 
ttey  will  offer  an  intereeting  fact  in  feseil  histoiy.  They  will 
serve,  too,  as  important  landmarks  in  determining-  ttie  strata  less 
distinctly  marked^  by  fossils. 

In  my  present  report,J  shall  first  complete  my  remarks  op  the 
mineral  distiict,  in  the  tame  order  as  iu  my  last  report*  I  there 
amoved  the  iscte  of  iiifwt:inteeest  and  importaoee  undevtshe  gen- 
eml  heads  ^  etmtifioBtioa,  mioeral  depeails,. '  ineltidiiig  the  ar- 
rangenieBfts  itf  the  reiM  and  epeniogs  in  the  different  atsalay  and 


15 

surface  arrangement,  in  which  the  different  diggings  were  partic- 
ularly notieed.  I  shall  pursue  the  same  method  in  what  remains 
to  complete  the  survey  of  the  mineral  district.  The  facts  which 
I  have  this  year  collected  concur  in  general  with  those  given  in 
my  last  report,  and  add  much  strength  to  the  views  I  then  pre- 
sented of  the  future  prospects  of  mining  in  that  district 

I  shall  then  give  the  general  result  of  my  explorations  of  the 
state  as  far  as  I  have  now  carried  it.  I  shall  iirst  notice  the  rock 
formations,  both  primary  and  secondary. 

I  have  had  opportunity  to  observe  the  former  class  of  rocks,  on- 
ly in  a  few  detached  localities,  particularly  at  the  falls  of  the 
northern  rivers  ;  still  I  have  noticed  the  same  tendency  to  group- 
ing in  locfil  formations  which  I  have  pointed  out  in  my  report  on 
the  geology  of  Connecticut.  Those  rocks,  as  far  as  I  have  observ- 
ed them  in  this  state,  have  the  most  striking  analogy  to  the  pri- 
mary rocks  of  New  England,  and  if,  as  distinguished  geologists 
suppose,  the  two  are  of  remote  periods,  still  the  causes  which 
have  produced  them  both  must  have  acted  in  a  manner  very  near- 
ly if  not  quite  identical.  Trap  rocks  have  been  noticed  in  for- 
mer reports  as  occurring  in  different  localities  which  I  have  vis- 
ited, but  I  have  not  yet  observed  any  rocks  which  correspond  in 
arrangement,  as  well  as  character,  with  the  trap  rocks,  which  ap- 
pear as  intrusive  iii  the  midst  of  rocks  of  a  very  different  character. 
The  rocks  known  as  trap,  at  the  Falls  of  the  St.  Oroix,  and  in  the 
vicinity,  are  most  nearly  allied  in  character  to  such  intrusive  trap 
rocks,  but  in  arrangement  more  nearly  resemble  the  primary 
rocks,  and  might  be  regarded  as  approaching  the  primary  green- 
stones. At  the  other  localities  visited,  where  trap  rocks  have 
been  indicated,  I  have  observed  only  horn  blendic  or  sienitic  rocks 
clearly  belonging  to  the  primary  series.  I  have  not  yet  seen  suf- 
ficient reason  to  regard  the  primary  rocks  as  metamorphic 
in  their  origin.  But  there  are  ranges  of  rocks  in  the  state, 
in  some  instances  extensive,  which  are  apparently  truly 
metamorphic   in    their    character.      That   rock  which   is  most 


16 

obyionaLy  bo,  is  a  white  compact  qnartz  rock,  strikioglj  re- 
sembling certain  primary  quartz  rocks,  and  yet  fonnd  in 
larger  or  smaller  masses,  as  a  constitaent  part  of  the  sandstones, 
particularly  in  the  lower,  in  the  form  either  of  horizontal  beds  or 
yertical  dikes.  The  grey  quartz  rock,  which  forms  mountain 
masses  in  the  ridges  adjoining  the  Baraboo  valley,  and  in  a  tract 
east  of  Portland,  and  which  includes  minerals  characteristic  of 
the  primarjr  rocks,  although  leas  obyioualy  connected  with  the 
sandstones,  yet  appears  to  have  been  really  formed  from  them  by 
metamorphic  action.  The  quartz  rocks  near  Black  Biver,  cennec- 
ted  with  beds  of  iron  ore,  has  some  appearance  of  a  metamorphic 
rock,  but  is  nearly  vertical  in  position,  like  the  primary  rocks  in 
the  same  district. 

The  reconnoissance  which  I  have  made  this  season,  will  enable 
me  to  give  a  general  view  of  the  stratification  of  the  secondary 
rocks,  and  of  the  extent  of  surface  occupied  by  each.  The  mi* 
nute  detail  of  the  arrangement  and  distribution  of  these  rocks, 
can  only  be  obtained  by  long  continued  observation  ;  but  it  is  im- 
portant that  rallying  points  over  the  whole  surface  should  be  early 
established,  so  that  the  particular  details  may  be  collected  and  ar- 
ranged as  they  occur,  with  more  facility  and  a  better  degree  of 
precision.  Detached  and  remote  observations,  without  such 
a  connecting  guide,  may  lead  even  experienced  observers  into 
error. 

The  metallic  ores, '  included  in  the  different  rocks,  both  pri- 
mary and  secondary,  as  well  as  in  the  surface  deposits,  will  next 
be  noticed.  Their  characteristics,  as  well  as  their  position  in  the 
rocks  or  elsewhere,  will  be  detailed,  and  such  remarks  on  their 
importance  abd  economical  application  as  have  occurred  to  me^ 
will  be  added.  Attention  will  also  be  directed  to  the  other  mine- 
ral substances  capable  of  useful  application,  whether  in  the  arts 
or  in  agritsulture.  The  occurrenee  of  gypsum  on  the  peninsula 
east  of  Green  Bay,  in  Door  county,  is  here  worthy  of  particular 
notice. 


IT 

'  The  snrfiiee  deposits  will  form  an  important  section  in  thfs  re- 
port, interesting  both  in  a  scientific  and  economical  point  of  viefr. 
For  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  traversed,  is  covered  with 
loose  materials;  the  rock  formations  occnrring  nsnally  only  iii rt^ 
irlnes  and  escarptpents,  or  traversing  the  beds  of  rivers.  Thes^ 
loose  materials  appear  to  have  been  deposited  parti j  hy  k  drift 
eorrent  acting  over  the  whole  surface,  partly  by  local  cttrrettll 

t  • 

along  valleys,  and  partly  by  sediment  from  still  water,  either  otBV 
an  extensive  surface,  or  in  limited  basins.  The  boulder  dHM 
accumulated  in  hjUs  and  ridges  over  the  gianeral  surface  wtieise 
it  prevails,  is  uniformly  arranged  so  as  to  exhibit  the  action:  of  ^ 
tensive  currents  and  eddies.  '  A  smaller  drift  of  gravel  lind  colb^ 
bles  is  found  limited  to  the  valleys  of  -rivers,  and  appears  to  haVe 
been  formed  by  the  action  of  currents  confined  to  such  traUejfts. 
The  former  currents  are  analogous  to  those  of  an  ocean ;  ^e  ltf& 
ter  to  those  of  a  strait.  In  the  districts  where  surface  is  covereft 
by  the  boulder  drift,  the  surface  conforms  to  the  original  drift 
surface,  and  has  only  been  secondarily  modified  by  washing.  9a 
tiiose  districts  where  the  surface  is  covered  by  depodts  from  still 
water,  the  surface  conforms  to  that  produced  by  washing,  and 
the  degree  of  washing  depends  on  the  character  of  the  subjacent 
rock,  or  the  amount  of  exposure.  Thus  there  is  a  greater  diegree 
of  denudation  where  the  subjacent  rock  is  sanddtone,  er  in  th)& 
yicinity  of  valleys  and  out  crops.  The  Surface  of  the  stated  so  fk^ 
as  I  have  traversed  it,  may  be  thus  divided^ifato  two  greafdis^ 
tricts,  distiDguished  by  the  conformation  of  tfie'  stiribce,'  Whfidi 
may  be  called  the  Drift  and  VTash  Districts  \  sepaV^ted  f>7'a^lini 
drawn  from  the  St.  Croix,  in  Pierce  county,'  in  a  general  '(^asteriy 
direction,  near  the  falls  of  the  rivers,  to  the  Vfiilley  of  tlie  Wbcon- 
sin,  and  thence  south  by  the  head  of  the  valley  of  S^af  river  and 
Monroe,  to  the  south  line  of  the  state  near  the  Fe6atOn1ca.  Tiie 
country  north  and  east  of  this  line,  belongs  to  tlie  Drift' Districi^ 
that  south  and  west  of  it,  to  the  'S^Ash  District.'  This  ^ifidnctioii 
is  of  importance  in  an  agricultural  point  'of  vieiv*,  the  soils  in  tl|e 
8 


Wash  District  being  more  dosely  coBMoted  witi^  tfa^  wbjnBat 
rook  than  in  the  Drift  Dtatrict .  - 

I  haye  had  iu  view  daring  my  reconnoisaace  this  bmsob^  the 
general  character  of  the  soils  of  the  different  districts,  and  their 
eonsfsion  with  regetation.  The  relations  of  the  different  soilg 
with  Tegetation,  particolarlj  with  the  growth  of  trees,  is  of  gregft 
piportapce,  and  shoald  be  carefoUj  noted*  In  this  report  I  shall 
endeavor  to  point  oat  the  different  cUases  of  soils,  so  far  as  I  hare 
been  able  to  distinguish  them  by  pbeervation,  without  analysis. 
Snoh  a  preliminary  surv^  is  important,  in  enabling  the  geologist 
to  make  a  jadioioos  selection  of  specimens  for  aPiSlysis,  such  as 
wiU  be  most  extensivelj  i^pplicabl/i  to  the  whole  agricnltnral  lev- 
terest  The  state  ib  of  soch  extent,  that  all  that  is  important  can- 
not be  effected  at  onoeu  Time  must  be  allowed  to  do  all  that  is 
peedfol  and  desirable  welL  I  trust  I  shall  be  excused  if  af^ 
paying  completed  the  ezaminatien  of  the  Mineral  District,  which 
was.  firs^i  required  by  the  aet,  I  have  been  only  able  to  make  sack 
a  general  recounoisamce  as  I  haye  made  through  the  more  settled 
pact  of  the  state.  AnalyBea  of  the  different  classes  of  soils  as 
irell  as  the  different  useful  minerals,  will  properly  form  one  of  the 
Qoncluding  labors  of  the  eurvey. 

. .  The  formation  of  a  cabinet — to  be  deposited  in  the  state  nni- 
yersity — will  alsq  be  oi^e  of  the  objects  best  attended  to  towards 
^  dose  of  the  anryey,  Sup^  a  cabinet  should  be  selected  so  ap 
to  exhibit  most  clearly  aqd  instructively  all  that  is  most  impor- 
tant to  the  geology  of  the  state  both  in  a  scientific  and  economi- 
cal point  ef  viaw.  It  is  onl^  when  the  wholes  ground  is  suijveyed 
that  the  geologist  can  nial^e  his  jselections  to  the  best  advantage, 
^nd  until  then  the  sj^eci mens  be  may  collect  should  justly  be  un- 
der, his  own  care  and  keeping.  I  have  constantly  collected  such 
ipecimens  as  Ij  thought  wpuld  beat  illuatraifce  the  different  rocks 
and  miijiera!^  in  their  different  localities.  Many  of  these  will  only 
sepve  a  temporary  purpose,  to  enable  me  tp  connect  the  different 
locali^es^    Such  as  are  proper  to  preserve  with  others  collected 


1» 

Ibr  4hd  pnipM*  hi  tbote  IgMUtUB  whiob  ire  found  Im^t  adapted 
to  afford  good  illoatratiTe  fpeofanenB)  smj  be  comlidiMil  to  fom 
the  cabioet  proposed. 

The  collections  of  fossils  will  be  best  effected  bj  the  aid  of  in- 
telligent persons  in  the  riointty  of  excavations,  such  as  mines  or 
qnanries,  vAih  will  see  that  liie  specimens  now  and  then  collected 
shall  beoat^fnUy  preserved.  I  am  happj  to  refer  to  the  zealons 
labors  of  Mr.  Hale,  of  Racine,  in  this  parsnit,  and  hope  that  his 
example  will  be  followed  bj  many  others,  who  will  find  in  this 
employment  of  their  leisure  not  only  a  high  gratification,  but  that 
honorable  fame  which  is  so  dear  to  us.  I  need  not  refer  to  the 
labors  of  Mr.  Lapbam  in  this  department.  They  are  known  to 
alL 

It  may  be  thought  by  some  that  a  geological  survef  can  be  best 
conducted  by  numerous  local  observers,  who  will  each  devote 
himself  to  the  investigation  of  his  vicinity.  Such  labors  are  of 
great  importance  in  completing  the  details.  But  the  advantage 
of  a  survey  conducted  by  one  person  is  the  systematic  unity 
which  such  can  best  give  to  the  whole.  ,  It  is  only  by  personally 
inspecting  numerous  localities  in  every  section  of  the  state  that 
the  connection  of  the  whole  can  be  detennined.  When  the  gen- 
eral system  is  once  well  ascertained,  the  details,  as  they  arise,  can 
be  adjusted,  each  in  its  appropriate  place,  and  an  order  be  esteb* 
lished  as  useful  in  the  common  pursuits  of  life  as  it  is  interesting 
to  the  man  of  science.  Ko  one  can  flatter  himself,  with  his  best 
efforts,  that  he  will  not  leave  many  things  to  be  added  or  cor* 
reoted  by  others ;  but  an  honest  devotion  to  one's  duties  will 
doubtless  be  appreciated  and  rewarded. 

The  extent  of  the  stete.  and  the  great  numbe  .'  importent  ob- 
jects to  be  investigated,  would  only  enable  me  ^ould  I  continue 
another  year,  to  give  an  outline  of  a  full  survey.  I  would  hope, 
for  the  best  interest  of  the  stete,  that  the  legislature  will  consent 
to  the  farther  continuance  of  the  survey.    I  do  not  su|;gest  this 


I  approprnlioii,  wdl  60p]oy6d,  will  amiv  tksi  mpttj  its 
Henwith  I  bare  the  honor  of  8iibiiiittiii|^  the  foDowing  repoit 

JAMBB  &.FBBC9I[YAL, 


B  I  P  0  B  T. 


.  THH  MINSRAL  DIBTBICTT  OOJITIN  UJtO. 

In  my  former  report,  I  gave  the  result  of  ihy  examination  of  the 
joaihem  part  of  the  mineral  district.  I  have  this  season  visited 
the  more  nothem  diggings,  and  have  thus  completed  the  ezamin* 
ation  of  the  whole.  These  northern  diggings  are  partly  in  the 
upper  magnesian,  but  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  in  the  sonth* 
em  diggings,  in  the  lower  strata,  particularly  in  the  two  upper 
beds  of  the  blue  limestone.  The  strata,  in  these  more  northern 
diatricts,  conform  very  nearly,  in  their  characters,  to  the  same 
strata  in  the  more  southern  districts.  Such  additional  particulars, 
as  have  occurred  to  me  in  relation  to  them,  may  be  first  stated* 

STBATIFIOATIOlf. 

The  effect  of  the  general  dip  of  the  strata  to  the  south,  in  ele* 
vating  the  lower  strata,  and  thereby  causing  a  denudation  of  the 
upper,  is  more  obvious  in  these  northern  districts,  than  in  the 
more  southern.  In  approaching  the  Wisconsin  river,  the  upper 
magnesian  is  reduced  to  its  lowest  portion,  and  even  this  is  only 
leund  capping  the  highest  points  and  ridges;  the  lower  strata 


S2 

SQCoefleiyely  occupjiog  a  greater  extent  of  the  surfacei  till  at  laat 
the  lower  magneaian  forms  a  belt  of  some  width  [along  the  Wis- 
oonsin,  and  the  lower  part  of  its  principal  branches. 

The  same  inequalities  in  the  strata,  caused  bf  detached  points 
of  eleyation,  may  be  also  noticed  here  as  in  the  southern  districtB. 
The  diggings  I  have  examined  this  season,  are  mostly  on  the 
northern  border  of  some  of  the  centres  of  elevation,  noticed  in 
my  former  report,  viz.,  those  on  the  east  and  west  Pecatonica, 
and  on  Platte  and  Qraot  rivers ;  on  the  norih  or  south  side  of  the 
great  divide  between  the  Wisconsin  and  the  streams  flowing  south 
to  the  Mississippi. 

Facts  observed  by  me  this^^'season  seem  to  indicate  that  there 
are  points  of  depression,  as  well  as  elevation,  in  the  mineral  dis- 
trict. The  mounds  apparently  occupy  such  centres  of  depression  i 
the  strata  dipping  in  toward  them,  at  least  from  the  north  and 
south,  and  that  at  times  quite  abruptly.  The  northerly  dip  from 
the  centre  of  elevation  on  Fever  river,  at  Buzzard's  Boost,  towards 
the  Platte  Mounds,  was  noticed  in  my  former  report  A  line  of 
depresMon  of  the  surface  extends  across  the  country  from  east  to 
west,  two  to  three  miles  north  of  those  mounds,  along  the  south 
side  of  which  the  strata  are  abruptly  elevated,  particularly  at  the 
south  diggings,  north  of  the  east  mound.  A  deep  valley  there 
extends  west  from  the  west  fork  of  the  west  Pecatonica,  on  the 
south  side  of  which  the  upper  sandstone  is  raised  to  nearly  tiie 
satte  elevation  as  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone  on  the  norHi; 
and  in  the  middle  of  which  detached  bluffs  of  the  sandstone  rise 
to  an  elevation  of  at  least  thirty  feet  above  the  sandstone  on  the 
north  side  of  the  valley,  within  a  short  distance.  There  would 
aeem  to  have  been,  along  this  valley,  a  line  of  fracture,  with  an  ab- 
nipt  elevation  of  the  strata  on  the  south,  accompained  with  a  eov*' 
mponding  dip  towards  the  -east  movnd.  The  Blue  Mounds  aare 
bordered  on  the  north,  at  a  short  distance,  by  de^  ravines,  in 
whieh  the  upper  sandstone  rises  to  an  elevation  leaving  little  room 
to  the  strata  interposed  between  it  and  tjie  mound  strata,  if  their 


fo^SiAotL  WM  Mizaalftl,  Iwt  -whSHx  miglil  bar  MpUned  Isj  a  dip 
tb^ardg  the  xnomidd*  ^ 

Some  instances  of  a  lat^e  dip  from  ontaropt  of  the  lewer  Btvifta 
along  TaU^js  and  ravine  have  occurred  to  me  tills  seasOB,  naakh 
lug  a  eaddeo  elevatioa  at  these  oatovops.  Remaiicable  instaooei 
Of  this  ooonr  on  the  Mkie?al  Point  and  Madison  rbad,  oa  bbe  a» 
oent  eonth  of  the  Bodgeirille  hraD<Ay  wliera  ttie  apper  eandstou 
dips  largely  (ffteen'  degrees)  to  the  south ;-  aad  at  the  Orovr  Braaok 
diggings,  where  the  d*p  ise^en  greater  thaainthe  former  iiistanc^ 
and  has  been  traced  bj  ranning  a  lerel  irois  the  outcrop  of  tha 
upper  sandstone  into  the  opening  in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper 
bed  of  the  bine  limestone  (the  pipe  day  opening,)  across  the  two 
lower  beds  of  that  rock.  The  irregular  position  of  the  npper  sandc 
stone  iu  the  breaks  of  the  Wisconsin,  or  the  country  adjoining  it 
on  the  south,  intersected  by  deep  yalleys  and  ravines,  indicates  a 
similar  disturbance  of  the  stratiSeation ;  that  rock  being  found 
there,  within  short  distances*  at  very  different  degrees  of  eleva^ 
tion.  The  two  knobs  north  of  Eidgeway  are  remarkable  instances 
of  this  kind.  I  have  not  yet,  however,  made  a  sufficiently  minute 
examination  of  that  district  to  enter  into  farther  deftails. 

MOXrJKD  STEA.TA. 

These  I  had  examined  last  year  in  the  Sinsinawa  mound  and  the 
Platte  mounds,  and  have  noticed  the  particulars  there  observed  in 
my  former  report.  I  have  this  season  explored  the  Blue  mounds, 
and  have  found  there  the  same  general  arrangement  as  in  th4 
others,  bnt  the  upper  bed  is  there  apparently  wanting,  and  tlvi 
middle  bed,  which  in  the  other  mounds  is  only  a  limestone, 
abounding  in  layers  of  flint  or  homstone,  is  there  composed  of  4 
mass  of  similar  flint  or  homstone,  naturally  white  or  light  grey^ 
but  generally  much  stained,  red,  brown  or  yellow,  by  oxyd  of 
hron.  This  flint  contains  frequent  fossils  analogoua  to  those  in  th^ 
corresponding  bed  in  the  other  mounds,  particularly  the  Pentem^ 
er'us.    This  remarkable  anomaly,  by  which  silex  has  almost  if  not 


M 

fidte  r^Iaoed  the  liiMBtone  of  tiie  middle  bed^  ^PP^w*  peoidiw 

id  this  locality.  The  middle  bed  in  the  Platte  mounds  ftbovnds 
indeed  in  flint  more  then  that  in  the  mounds  farther  south  end 
west,  and  thet  too,  mnch  lesembling  the  flint  of  the  Blue  mounda^ 
hftt  in  no  other  part  of  the  eonntrj,  where  I  have  examined  the 
aaomnd  strata,  have  I  observed  such  an  entire  conversion  of  the 
middle  bed  to  a  silioeons  mass.  This  flint  bed  is  confined  to  the 
west  moand ;  the  east  monnd,  which  is  mnch  lower,  being  com- 
posed  of  the  lower  bed  only.  This  lower  bed  is  here  composed  of 
a  Terj  light  grey,  nearly  compact  limestone,  in  which  fossils  are 
much  more  rarely  observed  than  in  the  same  bed  in  the  SiDsina- 
wa  monnd,  and  closely  resembles  the  corresponding  bed  in  many 
k>calities  in  the  overljiog  limestone  on  the  east  side  of  the  state* 

The  underlying  blue  shale  has  been  found  at  different  points  « 
in  the  ravines  near  the  base  of  the  Blue  Mounds,  and  in  ezcava- 
iions  in  the  same  situation,  but  it  has  not  been  penetrated  so  far 
as  to  expose  its  junction  with  the  upper  magnesian  and  the  fot- 
siliforous  layers  toond  in  that  position.  These  layers  are  impor- 
tant in  connectiog  the  Mound  limestones  with  the  overlying  lime- 
stones on  the  east  side  of  the  state.  This  connection  has  been 
already  hinted  at,  and  will  hereafter  be  more  particularly  noticed 
in  my  general  view  of  the  stratification  of  the  state. 

UPPKB  HAGHBSIAV. 

This  formation  is  less  complete  in  the  more  northern  districts 
than  in  the  southern.  The  upper  bed  is  clearly  distinguished  only 
Bear  the  mounds  and  in  the  higher  dividing  ridges ;  the  surface 
where  the  upper  magnesian  is  found,  being  to  a  much  larger  ex- 
tent occupied  by  the  flint  or  lower  bed.  The  lower  bed  rarely 
shows  the  brown  rock  with  its  disseminated  tiff  (calc  spar)  being 
usually  marked  only  by  the  green  rock,  and  the  abundance  of 
iron  ore  (iron  pyrites,  ochre  and  hematite),  in  the  openings.  The 
brown  rock  is  well  marked  only  in  a  series  of  diggings  extending 
along  a  line  south  of  Lancaster,  between  the  Beetown  diggings  on 


tike  West,  and  the  New  CUifornla  diggings  on  the  eMt,  inelnding 
Ike  Pigeon,  Orob  and  Whitaker  diggings.  Althongh  the  middle 
pert  of  the  upper  megneaian  oontaine  the  largest  proportion  ot 
flints,  yet  these  are  found  more  or  less  thronghostits  whole  depths 
partionlarly  in  its  lower  part,  and  mark  its  presence  where  only  a 
thin  cap  of  it  ia  found  on  the  ridges,  towards  the  Wisconsin,  oe« 
espied  by  the  lower  strata. 

BLUX  UXESTOinB. 

This  formation  is  much  more  exposed  in  the  northern  districts 
ttian  in  the  more  southern,  and  has  been  th^re  more  extensively 
excavated  in  mining,  and  thus  offers  there  a  much  better  oppor- 
tanity  of  studying  its  arrangements.  The  divisions  stated  in  my 
-former  report  are  there  confirmed,  and  after  the  examination  I 
have  there  made  of  them,  can  be  laid  down  with  more  precision 
than  in  that  report. 

The  upper  bed  may  be  divided  into  two  distinct  portions,  an 
upper  and  a  lower.  The  former  is  composed  of  thicker  and  more 
vniform  layers,  yet  of  a  schistose  structure,  with  blue  marly 
seams,  and  disposed  to  separate  into  thinner  layers  by  decompo- 
sition. It  is  sometimes,  in  its  thicker  layers,  of  a  distinctly  gran- 
ular structure,  like  the  upper  magnesian,  and  is  then  subject  to 
disintegrate  like  that  rock,  whence  it  is  called  sand  rock  in  the 
more  northern  diggings.  It  is  much  less  fossiliferons  than  the 
lower  portion,  and  rarely  contains  any  large  openings ;  the  min- 
eral being  usually  found  there  in  thin  sheets,  horizontal  or  verti- 
oaL  This  rock  too,  like  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesian, 
in  some  of  the  northern  diggings,  is  sometimes  stained  green, 
particularly  on  its  marly  seams,  by  the  hydrate  of  iron,  and  like 
that  might  be  called  the  green  rock.  The  lower  portion  consists 
of  alternate  layers  of  a  harder  and  purer  limest6ne,  either  com- 
pact or  of  a  peculiar  sparry  structure,  and  of  a  soft  blaish  marl 
or  shale,  and  abounds  in  fossils,  forming  tfhe  proper  shell  bed  of 
the  blue  limestone*    The  most  characteristic  fossils  of  this  shelt 


Ml  SM  cl'  the  genu  L^fittmm^  The  fo^gils  are  ofai^flf •  t^mxA  » 
Hii  limedtoikie  layers,  which  are  semetimed  mainly  CQinpoeed  eff 
lhem«  The  upper  pipe  day  opeoiDg.  ie  looiineeted  paclicalaAfi 
'wSth'thig'lower  perlioiu 

The  three  diTisioiis  of  the  midxUe  bed,  notieed  in  my  former 
report,  are  generally  well  characterised  ia  the  nortliera  dittricts^ 
The  upper  fine,  granular  portion,  forma  the  cap  of  th^  proper 
glass-rock  opening,  and  it  is  at  the  junction  of  this  T^ith  the  middle 
compact  portion,  that  tbat  opening  is  situated.  This  cap  rockia 
peculiarly  subject  to  a  brown  ataia  oear  that  <^pening,  and  is 
hence  called  the  brown  rock  by  the  miners.  The  compact  portktt 
forme  the  iloor  of  the  glass  rock  opening,  and  in  the  northern  die«% 
trict  is  preferred  for  lime,  and  hence  called  limeetone.  The  lower 
portion,  consisting  of  thinner  layers,  with  blue  marly  seamS)  9Jv3k 
of  a  peonliar  compact  .nodular  structuve,  is  usually  divided  intei 
small  jointed  fragments.  It  is  not  considered  proper  for  lime,  ImeI 
Imms  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  hydraulic  cement,  and  ia  usu- 
ally called  haatard  limestone.  It  is  sometimes  found  forming  abed  • 
of  unusual  thickness,  nearly  replacing  the  middle  compact  portioB^ 
It  abounds  in  fossils  like  the  lower  portion  of  the  upper  bed,  b^fc 
the  most  characteristic  fossils  of  the  latter  are  rarely  found  in  IL 
The  lower  bed  has  presented  nothing  peculiar  in  the  Qorthern  dia* 
tricts,  nor  has  any  producUre  opening  been  yet  worked  thefe^ 
m  It. 

LOWiCB  HAONESIAK. 

This  formation,  in  my  former  report,  was  divided  into  two  bede^ 
an  upper  and  a  lower  ;  the  latter  characterized  by  a  greater  abun* 
dance  of  flint  than  the  former.  I  then  conjectured  the  existence  of 
a  third  bed  below  the  lower  of  those,  corresponding  in  some  de- 
gree to  the  upper  bed  in  its  character.  My  ezamiDation  of  the 
bluffis  on  the  Mississippi  and  Wisconsin,  near  their  junction,  hae 
eonfirmed  this  view.  Three  distinct  beds  are  there  observed ;  the 
upper  and  lower  less  marked  by  flint,  but  containing  frequent 


S7 


geodes  of  cbrystalired  quartx^  a  character  diBtiDgMhipg  AtalMW 
magneaian  from  the  higher  limestooe  alrata ;  the  middle  marke4 
nnmeroaB  lajera  of  flint,  fioxne  of  great  tbicknees,  partioolairljr 
eae  rear  the  upper  surface  of  that  bed,  the  poBitlon  in  whitb 
most  oi  t!ie  mineral  fonnd  in  the  lower  magoeeian  has  been  difr> 
eoFcred.  Marly  layers  aud  seams,  stained  green  by  the  hydrate 
of  iron,  ^abound ^in  connection  with  mineral  in  this  poaitioOi  aa 
well  as  with  that.fonnd  in  the  upper  bed. 

The  upper  and  lower  sandstones  not  baviugyet  been  fonnd  pro* 
dnotive  vf  mineral,  the  consideration  of  them,  as  well  as  cf  the 
extent  of  aoiface  occupied  by  the  different  strata,  will  be  deferred 
to  the  general  view  of  the  geology  of  the  state  in  a  anbaeqnent 
part  of  this  leport. 

MIIYEBAL  T)EF08IT8. 

The  mineral  deposits  in  the  more  nortu'^m  diggings  are  found 
in  ttie  same  strata  as  in  the  more  southern,  is  well  as  in  the  lower 
magnesiai),  but  to  a  less  extent  in  the  upper  magnesian.  As  the 
upper  bed  of  the  Jatter  is  there  generally  wanting,  except  in  the 
rioinity  of  the  mounds,  or  on  the  higher  dividing  ridges,  the  min** 
eral  is  more  generally  found  in  the  middle  (flint,)  and  lower  beds, 
extensive  flat  openings,  like  those  in  the  two  latter  beds,  noticed 
in  my  former  report,  each  as  those  offBenton  and  Shnllsburgh^ 
are  more  rare,  and  the  form  most  usually  observed,  in  the  north* 
em  diggings  in  the  upper  magnesian,  ia  the  kind  of  openin] 
called  tumbling  openings,  in  which  the  mineral  is  distribut< 
through  the  rock  of  the  openings  in  bnnches  or  pockets  and  veins ; 
the  latter  forming  connexions  between  the  former,  and  intersect^ 
ing  the  rock  in  various  directions.  These  openings  are  so  called 
from  the  circumstance  that  that  part  of  the  rock  included  between 
the  more  decomposed  part  of  the  rock  accompanying  the  ban* 
chee  and  veins,  retains  nearly  its  original  hardness,  and  forma 
loose  and  detached  masses  in  the  more  decomposed  rock  of  the 
openings.    Usually  the  walls  of  such  openings  are  well  defined* 


Ify  Tertical  seams.  Sometiinee  eyenly,  at  other  times  more  irre- 
gulwrljy  the  dietinction  between  the  softer  and  more  decompoaed 
mifieral- bearing  rock  and  the  harder  bounding  rock  being  quite 
ebrioni.  These  tumbling  openings  are  usually  of  a  greater 
hight  than  the  regular  flat  openings,  and  the  mineral  is  arranged 
in  them  more  in  a  vertical  position.  They  are  sometimes  of  mndi 
width,  even  twenty  to  thirty  feet  wide,  and  then  appear  as  a  com* 
bination  of  different  veins,  more  or  less  connected,  in  the  same 
general  openings.  The  tendency  of  the  mineral  to  form  bunches 
is  general  in  these  openings.  These  openings  usually  continue 
in  the  same  line  or  vertical  plane,  with  occasional  deviations  or 
shiftings ;  but  sometimes  branches  diverge  from  them,  and  in  some 
instances,  at  a  certain  distance,  take  a  course  parallel  to  the  main 
openings.  These  openings  are  generally  east  and  west  or  quar- 
tering, but  norths  and  souths  are  sometimes  observed  of  a  similar 
efaaracter,  forming  openings  of  several  feet  in  width,  with  chunk 
mineral  arranged  in  a  manner  conformable  to  that  in  east  and 
west  opening.  Examples  of  these  tumbling  openings  may  be 
observed  in  the  upper  magnesian  in  most  of  the  more  northern 
d'gg^i^gS}  &8  at  the  Blue  Mounds,  Dodge ville.  Pedlar's  Creek  and 
Wingville.  An  example  of  a  north  and  south  of  a  similar  char- 
acter ocqurs  in  the  brush  range  at  Porter's  Grove.  l%ese  open- 
ings are  of  the  same  kind  as  those  described  in  my  former  report, 
as  occurring  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mineral  Point  and  in  some 
of  the  more  eastern  diggings,  as  in  those  on  the  Yellowstone,  in 
which  the  mineral  is  arranged  in  pockets  or  bunches,  rather  than 
in  regular  flat  or  vertical  courses.  The  peculiar  arrangement  of 
the  mineral,  in  these  openings,  in  bunches  rarely  disposed  in  even 
eonrses,  and  often  connected  only  by  ochry  seams,  requires  a 
greater  degree  of  skill  in  working  them  where  the  mineral  is  more 
regularly  arranged.  In  some  instances  diggings  of  this  kind 
have  been  considered  as  worked  out,  which  have  afterwards 
yielded  to  miners,  better  skilled  or  more  careful  in  following 
the  slighter  trace  of  connexion,  an  amount  of  mineral  nearly  or 


fBite  equal  to  that  obtained  bj  followisig  the  more  obviona  ooor 
nezions. 

Some  of  the  most  important  ranges  in  the  more  northem  dig* 
gings  are  formed  of  a  combination  of  flat  and  pitching  sheeta^ 
such  as  those  described  in  mj  former  report  These  as  I  haT^ 
there  observed,  hare  a  greater  downward  range  than  other  open* 
ings,  ejctending  with  little  interruption  throngh  different  beds  and 
even  differwit  formations.  They  appear  in  s^eneral  to  form  two 
inclined  sheets  or  conrses^  uniting  at  the  summit  in  a  common  flat 
sheet,  and  dipping  on  either  side  of  a  middle  bar,  arnch  lees  pro* 
dnctiye  than  the  two  lateral  courses,  if  not  quite  barren.  This 
middle  bar  has  more  or  less  of  an  opening  character,  being  often 
Intersected  throughout  with  eeams  of  iron  pyrites,  with  the  ocea* 
sional  occurrence  of  black  jack  or  mineral ;  the  latter  sometimes 
occurring  in  veins  or  bunches  of  workable  yalue.  In  some  in* 
stances,  the  flat  and  pitching  course  is  composed  of  only  one  shee^ 
bnt  in  others,  several  parallel  sheets  are  combined  in  one  opening 
ground,  and  even  this  difference  may  be  observed  in  diffex«»t 
pacrts  of  the  same  range.  Such  flat  and  pitching  ranges  sometimet 
ate  extended  in  the  form  of  carves  or  horee  shoes,  and  this  ai>* 
rangement,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  appears  to  be  peculiar  to 
these  ranges.  The  Heathcock  range  (Linden)  noticed  in  my  fortn- 
«r  report,  and  the  Lathrop  range  (IX>dgeville)  on  which  the  eil« 
gipe  of  Washburn  and  Woodman  is  placed,  are  examiri^e  of  aaoit 
carvilinear  ranges.  The  arrangement  of  sheets  of  mineral  anmnd 
a  central  maes  or  bar,  in  these  ranges,  has  in  some  degree  a  pav^ 
allel  in  some  more  regular  east  and  west  openings,  kk  whtek  a 
similar  central  mass  of  iron  pyrites  or  pyritiferous  rock  forma,  aa 
it  were,  a  core  to  Uie  opmiog,  on  the  iiides  of  which  the  baaehea 
and  veins  of  mineral  are  deposited.  Such  a  pyritifSorous  maaa  I 
have  noticed  in  my  former  report,  as  traversing  to  a  eoaaidataUe 
^dokant  the  middle  of  the  opening  at  Mr.  A.  Looney'ls  leveli  (New 
Diggings^)  and  apparently  cutting  off  the  mineral  The  level  haa 
Men  iextended  two  or  three  hundred  feet  faHher  daring  the  pasi 


80 

jnac^  and  althovgli  liie  eeatral  mass  has  oontmnad  fimrngbatt^ 
yfift  a  large  amount  of  mineral  has  been  found  adjoining  it  later- 
alhff  partioalarly  on  the  north.    I  stated  in  my  former  report  that 
tile  aheel  on  the  sonlh  phcfa  at  the  west  end  of  the  Q^athoook 
noDge  had  been  traced  a  few  feet  into  the  npper  bed  of  the  bine 
Uttteetone.    It  has  ainee  been  followed  down  to  e  flat  eh^etreat' 
big  on  i^'pyiitifercms  mass  apparently  forming  the  base  of  a  flat 
opening  in  the  position  of  the  upper  pipe  clay  opening,  and  aimlh 
k»  to  the  pyrkiferons  mass  sometimes  occapying  the  same  post* 
tion  in  thie  flail  openings  in  the  lower  bed  of  the  upper  iMgneaian* 
The  flat  and  pitehinn:  ranges  jast  noticed,  may  either  preseotapro* 
per  sheet  arraogement,  or  a  series  of  banchea  ranged  in  a  similar 
order ;  the  mineral  being,  in  the  one  eaae,  more  erenly  distribated ; 
in  the  other,  more  detached.    Th^  Heatbcock  range  presents  an 
example  of  the  fixrmet  arrangemeBt,  while  the  Lathrop  range  ia 
l&ore  disposed  to  die  latter.    This  last  range,  like  the  instaoeea  of 
such  flat  and  pitching  ranges,  noticed  in  my  former  report,  has 
been  worked  with  little  intermption  from  an  early  ^riod,  and 
is^alill  productire.    It  was  first  stroek  in  tiie  npper  part  of  the 
opper  magnesian,  and  is  not  yet  worked  to  mnch  extent  in  ttai 
lnwer  bed  of  that  rede 

The  greater  part  of  the  diggings  in  the  ITpper  Magneiian,  ia 
the  more  northern  districts,  a#e  in  the  lower  b^d  of  diat  rock,  ani 
fioos  its  great  denudation  often  forms  patches,  or  wide  openinga 
immediately  beneaith  the  surface  depoeits,4rom  which  tbeeap  roek 
hfle'be«>  removed.  The  openings  in  this  lower  bed,  in  those  di» 
triMS)  are  more  usually  oobre  or  clay  openings ;  the  sine  or  dry* 
bone  openings  generally  occuring'  tbere  in  the  blue  litnestoaei. 
Uie openings  at  Wingville  are  dnoh  ochre  and  clay  openings;  Ihe 
|;re«id  being  usually- soft,  and  the  mineral  generally  either  in 
pMkBtSier  boadi^,  or  mor^  uniibrmly  disseminated  ibbroegh  thd 
asft* ground  of  tihe  opening.  In  the  former  case,  it  is  oftdu  iaig% 
aad  ift/more  or  lees  regnhMr  toftm ;  sometftnes  forming?  geodes^  dt 
ot  oonneeted  cabes  around  a  pnyjeoting  piottiiiMi  of  tbe 


81 

(Opening  rook.  In  tii6  latUr  oMe,  it  ifr  vaatUy.  foite  smftll, 
•ometiiBM  eves,  wla^re  abandantly  ditaemiiiatod,  §o  tmall  sb  to  b« 
cfbtained  only  by  waahing.  Tet  in  these  iBstAnceiyib  will  be  foQiid^ 
iHbea  observed  in*  its  origiiMl  pesitloo^  i»  bed^etranged  in  Iheenms 
maimer  as  the  lalger  maaaes* 

The  bro^vQi  rock  of  the  hnrer  bed  of  the  npper  mi^esiaii  ia 
TiaEelj  fonnd  in  the  more  northern  diggings.  Indeed  it  majr  be 
said  to  be  foi»nd  well  oharaoteriaed  onl  j  in  a  range  <tf  diggings^ 
itMadj  notioedi  on  an  east  and  meet  ^ine  between,  the  Baetown 
and  l^&w  California  diggings*  In  those  it  oecnrs  in  mndi  the 
same  &ann0r  as  in  the  looalities  ^j^eotioned  in  my  fbrmer  repent; 
not  onl  J  with  the  pecnliar  ohooolate-brown  color  of  that  rook^bat 
more  or  less  £Ued  with  disseminated  tiff  (cak.  spar.)  The  open^ 
iUgs  in  that  roiek^  in  those  diggings)  resen^le  too  the  wide  flat 
openings  in  the  same  took  in  tha^moce  aevthem  diggings,  bnt  ae 
far  aa  I  ha^e  obssirTed  are  without  akic  ores,  and  eoirespond  rafliet 
to  the  oebre  ofMiiiags.  Themindi^al  in  these  wide,  4at  openinga^ 
is  ehlefly  aniaogedi  In borfaonfial  ooarsea)  one  above  and  another 
below,  bat  sodietimes  two  in  one/ or  both  those  positions,  with 
oeeaak>nal  vertical  veiila  or  shaata  iatersectb^  them.  The  openjvg 
rooAc  is  g^aeralljF  mnah  diteompoiledr  and  the  mineral  aasbmpa- 
Iliad  with  sand  or  el^  ;  bat  in  aome.instanoito  .tiie  rock  is  litda 
aUeaed^  And  aoba#d  aa.to  i^eqmxe  bfattting. 

The  Opinion  e^ipresaed  iti^my  iormer  report,  that  ihe  laoao:  Bm»' 
t^rial  folmd  in  the  i&pedinga  iand  imreiting  theBsinaral  hava^been 
^mjr  iw^y  iptaodnoed  fiedm  witholii^  bnii  are  the  result  ot  the  <d#? 
aeivpomtioA  oC  Ihe  opening  rook  and^of  the  miitriz  of  theoiinflral^ 
jb^  boon  eoafirmed  this  season  bjirdeoiti^e.faats,  bearing  directtjr 
fipqn.il,  as  woU  aa^by  th^  getieffaUesf^ll}  of  my  obaei^atione,  TMB 
^f  of r the opeipingai  i^psartionlaiv U (Oftaik &Qild diiitinctlT'stfat^ 
^^d,  liks  a <6hal%  and  iA  following  tbe.fiame. bpening^  it  tnay . be 
fonnd  to  pass  into  a  hard  state,  occupying  the  opening  in  theaamif 
mannni: :a^  the  ^y .  .  A^  in(t«ifB9twg .eac^njf^le.  of  this  rkind  haa  re- 
Hen^ly  oeenived  in  the  iS^igino  fM^  ^  tho;  Jassestoy^  aajne.    Tha 


SMge  is  ^nnaed  sboot  twenty  IboI  wmI  of  Hie  shaft  by  s  enM 
sferioe,  west  of  whieh  it  hts  been  tstj  prodnotiTe  in  the  upper 
(reriieel)  opening.  In  sinkiDg  below  thbnpper  openings  the  rook 
eloeed  with  an  ochrj  nunerel  ereviee  passing  down,  and  again 
opened,  first  in  a  small  caye  like  opeai^)  and  then  in  a  murrow 
Tertieal  opening,  occnpied  by  a  hard  slate  arranged  in  distinst 
horinontal  layers,  and  bonnded  on  eaoh  side  by  an  odiry  seam, 
like  that  trayersiog  the  elose  ersviee  above.  This  may  be  regard' 
ed  as  a  matrix  in  a  barren  part  ot  the  range,  and  fte  same  might 
be  expected,  in  following  it  westward,  beyond  tbe  cross  ereviee  te 
the  prodnetif«  part  of  the  rangOi  to  be  found  changed  by  deeom* 
position  to  a  soft  slaty  day  investing  mineral.  In  boring  from 
the  bottom  of  the  shaft,  minend  has  been  lately  stmek  at  the 
depth  of  twenty  feet,  and  followed  down  for  eight  foot,  thns  iadi- 
eating  that  the  same  range  may  be  barrM  in  one  of  its  opemi^ 
and  prodnotiye  in  another.  TbiB  point  will  be  forther  considered 
in  a  subseqnent  paragraph.  The  sand  too  oi  the  openings  may 
often  be  traced,  in  the  same  range,  into  a  hard  limestone,  and  wfll 
be  fonnd  stratified  conformably  to  the  latter.  The  passage  of 
h^ers  of  flints  throngh  the  soft  sand  and  even  the  day  of  the 
openings)  searcely  at  all  disturbed  in  their  arrangement,  haaoften 
oocnrred  to  me.  Those  smooth  ronnded  iJMrma  of  the  mineral, 
fonnd  imbedded  in  soft  materialSi  pertlcnlariy  in  day,  whidi  haTa 
been  regarded  by  some  as  wmter-wom,  hare  been  observed  by  wae^ 
in  several  instances,  in  the  hard  nnaltersd  matrix,  diflsring  onty 
in  being  lees  coated  <a  the  snrfoce  by  the'  carbonate.  8pedm«ne 
of  the  same  smooth  ronnded  forma  I  have  myself  detached  from 
an  nnaltered  matrix  of  calcarons  spar  on  the  snlphate  of  baiytea. 
That  the  mineral,  with  a  fow  exceptions,  where  it  is  fonnd  on  or 
near  the  snrfoce,  is  in  its  ori|paal  position  and  invested  with  ita 
original  matrix,  only  more  or  less  altered  by  decomposition,  a|^ 
pears  to  me  withont  donbt 

North  and  sonth  sheets,  as  wdl  as  those  in  othw  direetiens,  ars 
ef  freqnent  eocnrrenee  in  the  more  northern  diggings,  and  as  hi 


9^ 

Uiittieft^midiiiiftoiiie  iaVen  WpredbtiA'iiatiV'^il^  fn  6tliersl]l^by' 
9mne$jijof  qti4t^  irtintlnjf:  "Tbiia  in  tW  PedUt'e^Oreet,'  Dodge-* 
^riUhj  iuid^PoMer'tf  &t6ir^  ^likg^oga;  th«y  ai-b  butM^rons;  Vbilci  i&' 
tk^'-Wingvilte' tfbd'Bltie  Monlid  diggings' fliej  are^ry  rafe.'TKeJr'* 
8lici«rrtb«' sniiie  ttod^ticy  1o  groupiiig  In'  f)bdie6  \)f  Mms^iA  ak  fn'* 
tb€P«ototh#ra  diggings,  'as  ethtea  id  mjr  fel-iner'ft^brt.  *  Tile  partV-'J 
cvlcm'dr  thii  AfrUgemlbiSt'^R  tM^gfTi^n' tinder  YhbTiead  6f  SiM&ce^ 
Acmbgeinenl'   '^hecJpenfDgs'ih'tfrd-blurfRme^feri'e,  in' tlie  moife' 
narliief It  4Hggitig8'  Mamfned'  tMs  ^^afaon;  are^we!Tl  marked,  aikdf ' 
IiKto't>e^tt'(|fcf&ODg'tti6]aaod1>^rofdQefife/'  'ftidbe  aV^'  tWo  princlp^l^ 
o]»etiii]g8 ; '  to  Tipped,  sitiiated  in  fhef  IcJwer  parf  (tf  the'  upiler  Vetfy" 
and- at  h>#«i*,  in'  the  mppei^  part  of  tlio  ^mtddle  'bed.*'  Mtneral 'fS'* 
foond  in'^olbfef  pai«<Vf  th«^blM  Hn^aton*^,  !)hf  ^^ilfcK' aV  is  'coifijJaifi ' 
atirrtyiof  lilfcte  imj^rtance.'  '     '  ^  '      ^    ^  •   ^^*        '  •      -    **'"' 
The  npper  of  these  openings  (the  upper  pipe  cla^  op'entiig  of"* 
yifofoier  re|H^P^*4i  at  tie  baSetif  thh  iipj/fei^*bedi";in^bat  part  of 
the  bMl  m<Mt-ilbmidtt!ft  to'fbsftifd,  fdrnAng  the^prb^cf  fefteh  bed  of'^ 
thetblMlimMtmi^.'  Thib  part/ of  the>dck  (Sdiststs'bF  Uy^ti'fk''^'' 
harddr  and  ptiter  linl^ston^, '  ibcAinding  ^M '  fossils,  an^'  of  a  blue ]* 
mairlj  <aliale,'ferttlQg>by  tls'deMMlf^itidh  «  sbf t^d^,  Tisn^ftj^btaiii- 
ed  ytUim  ©r teoim  By  oxyde^bf  ifkA;  TMi^  cla^,in We  bi'-'iioW'^ 
of  iU  layers^  biteak^  iki  small  jomtddYfagmenf^,  andi^  very  adiie- ' 
%iwe4  aiid2r«aUcdM&-dang<t^  soteeih^nM^i  tHi^fid^  tii(l3*ot)edfng^^' 
is'Oidlad  by »thwi^  Bait'  Dtidg  e^pening.-    This^'fi»''^a»iftRi9  ili'^lik- 
nei8,  f  BbmeiitaieSi  awdling  iiito"  a  large  titiitch  of  l€)titica!ar  %rm['  - 
aod^totiier ttm^ tyVidiBgoilt^  Ibef^'tirse  ortJriti^rUtJeing'Qibh^ 
nanlly.rdplMed  by  <Mi'6»vbtfdit)^'eti)argem^''V>lF  be'  Ikyerfa  of ' 
foeitUfaroiis  ihrMtUkih  k^re  n6Ucdd^j  Vltfch  &Tso  ttifn'oat  ad  the 
maoral'ista^gainre^niiEkl] There arels^midtiitn'eb,  boweVe^'  didbr^nt^' 
layen  ^  Mks^M<a  mineral/  and  dooiieiim^i  Atie  biAeral  breakW'^ 
oUiqwly  aiiroeaihe  wek^hy  short  filitB  aiicfpltchdB,  from  one'  Uo^ 
ri^nta^tnuMe  W  another;  '■  ^-    '.-":•  '""•  '^•'^'  ^^  '  ''•  •  '  *^--"'^ 

Ttae>nppw  ojietllDg  isf  of  diflbtent  cfiaJ^otcir  'from  ii^'  cohtente'V^ 
6 


m 


Hht  mineral  being  flometjinee  iMie  eooneetod  iritis  iNMkOfii%(i 
pg^ritee,  or  the  retnlts  of  ito  deoonpoiitioB,}  el  other  tuaee 
sine  ores,  (bla^  jeck,  er  di7-boQe,y«nd  at  otlieie  with  eley ; 
fofmiog.what  are  called  aalphiiri  black  jade  or  dr^4HM^ 
day  epeniogs.  The  mineral,  in  thcM  opemsge,  it  iwelj  ewma^ 
ariangedi  bot  it  ^able  te  enlargement  and  eontmetion^  or  te  rnoOn 
iotermptioD ;  the  accompanying  ores  (of  iron  or  adne)  ia  the  tive 
former  sets  of  lopeninga,  in  the  latter  eaee  replawg  it|  e&A  aooMr 
timee  forming  solid  sheeta  of  great  eoUent  and  tbiefaieMw  Tertiaat' 
Of  pitching  creyicea  oooaaionallj  traTerae  theae  epeningii 
tUnea  bringing  down  a  sheet  of  mineral  kom  the  iq>per-part  of 
roek»  and  sometimes  mineral  being  fimnd  i»  them  only  aa  ttej' 
traverse  the  opening.  TTsnally  the  mineral  in  or  near  theee  em* 
Tices  is  larger  and  more  regular  in  its  ft>rm  than  in  the  flat  ore» 
▼ices  generally,  and  it  sometimes  forms  ia  them  geodes  at  or  neav 
tbe  crossing  of  the  opening. 

These  openings  are  of  the  class  of  flati  ofeniags,  and  ase 
nsaallj  of  mnch  ^dth,  and  in  some  igsianeesy  several  oontigor 
ons  parrallel  openings  are  connected  by  mineral  seams,  naoally 
carrying  only  a  thin  oonzfe  of  iron  pyritea,  or  the  resulta  of  ita 
deeompoaition,  so  as  to  form  one  general  ranges  of  ^v^t  width.  Ia: 
this  ^aiiner^  di^erent  openings  are  connected  tc^psther^  so  as  to* 
nnderlie  the  whol9  ground  to  a^  width  of  some  hnadred  feet  The 
digging^,  all  BlaQkJai^k  and  Grow  Branohi  oCstf  rsmarlDable  ez^ 
angles,  of;  a^ch  co|inexioB4  In  theae  andi  otiieri  inatanees,  tibsae 
parallel  and  c^qtignous  ()||>enirgp  are  of  aliiSsfent  eharaoter  in 
refipeet  of  tl^eir.Qontents.  Thaa  at  the  BlackrJtek Diggings,  theie 
are  three  parcel  rajoges ;  the  tpo  senihemr  nioat.  iatimaljely  oonr 
nected  iu,  thp  mapner  aj^ve  stated ;  the  northern  mora  remote 
and  lesi^  aonnected.  Tl^i^.  xuf^  apnthera  of  >  theae  aboonda  in  irsa 
pyrites,  although  it  carriea  al^o  large  intcyrri^ted  sheets  of  sine 
cHre ;  the  n^idfllo, range  abeunda  nM>re  in  dnc  ore,  generslly  iathe 
maaltered  form  of  black-jack ;  while  in  the  nortbenii  thoidttA  ere^ 
nearly  equally  aboiidant,  ia  generaUjr  in  the  altcpred  fern  ^:  the 


Mrbonate  or  dry-bone.  At  the  Orow  Brandi  TOijg/fiagB^  (hero  art 
Ihreo  eontignona  paranel  oponinge ;  the  coaraes  of  minersl  Ia 
etch  being  connected  by  thinner  eeams  of  iron  ores,  and  the  nei^ 
row  interval  of  ground  between  the  openings  being  aleo  soi^  so  ai 
to  give  to  the  whole  the  appearance  of  one  connected  openings. 
Die  eastern  opening  (the  bearing  of  the  ranges  being  nearly  8.  S.) 
ia  here  a  black  jack  opening,  the  mineral  being  accompanied,  aa 
umal  in  such  openings,  by  lateral  sheets  of  black'jadr,  which 
sometimes  interrupt  and  replace  it ;  the  middle,  a  sulphur  opeB« 
ing,  the  mineral  being  in  the  same  manner  accompanied  by  ircm 
pyrites ;  and  the  western,  k  clay  opening,  tiie  mineral  being  im» 
bedded  in  a  clay  matrix,  in  which  more  or  less  of  iron  pyrites  is 
disseminated,  for  the  most  part  minutely,  but  sometimes  in  more 
distinct  concretions.  These  openings  are  mote  or  less  affected  by 
undulations  lirom  west  to  east,  idiich  are  more  strongly  marked 
towards  the  west,  where  they  fbrm  a  series  of  large  flats  auA 
pitches.  This  is  apparently  connected  wiA  tlte  large  dip  of  the 
strata  towards  the  east  from  the  out-crop  of  the  upper  sandstone, 
not  far  west,  already  noticed. 

In  some  instances,  the  openings  in  an  eztensive  group  of  dig* 
gings  are  formed  of  a  common  character*  while  those  of  a  neigfa* 
boring  but  detached  group  are  of  a  different  charaeten  Thus,  at 
Franklin,  the  openings  at  the  Dry  Bone  Hollow  arequite  uniform- 
ly einc  openings,  with  occasional  alternations  of  sulphur  openings ; 
while  in  the  Manning  and  West  Point  diggings,  which  form  a  se- 
ries  to  the  northwestof  the  former,  the  openings  are  all  dayopett^ 
ings,  with  pure  mineral.  In  one  instance  in  that  vicinity,  (at  lilie 
Suddorth  diggings,  north  of  the  Dry  Bone  Hollow)  a  peculiar  a»* 
rangemeot  occurs,  which  I  hare  not  noticed  dsewhere.  Two  par* 
aUel  ranges,  the  north&m  a  dry  bone,  the  southern  a  clay  openiag^ 
are  met  on  the  west  by  a  dry  bone  range,  which  forks  towavda 
the  east,  and  approaches  each  of  the  two  former  ranges,  but  so  aa 
to  overlap  the  southern  clay  range  on  the  south. 

Although  in  the  Orow  Branch  diggings,  the  daydn  Uie  ctaf 


36 

« 

op^iqg  if  xaor^^^r.  leas.  ^U^  wjjth  .disspiodnated  iron  pjrritoBj  _ 
io  most  in^tanqes  In  th.^  claj  opoQings,  the  a^ineral  is  merely  em- 
l:i(QddQd  .in,  a  etiff  jplIoYr  pipe  claj,  derived  frqm  the  decompoeition 
of  a  day  stone  pr .shale,  and  in  such  cases  it  is  usually  fonnd  de. 
tafihed  and  in  .pore,  .regular  pubic  forms,  but  sometimes  in  alieets 
of  coni^tedi  fiat^n^d  pul^^s  oi;  table9j| ,  as  noticed  in  my  former, 
report  The  cubpB^  in  the  latter  case,  are  usually  very,  sraal] ;  in 
the  former  Qase,  o^oa,  largCi  and  .sometimes  variously  modified. — 
Such  modffic^tifns  ^;alsQ  common  in  the  Crow  Brajich  divings. 
Although  the  .cl^  in  the  pijpe  claj  openings  is  usually  stained 
yellow,  or  bf own,  jet  spmetimes,  as  in  Bosse^s  diggings,  (Linden',) 
itretainft  the  original  blois  color  of  the  shale,  although  in  t&e  state 

QfBoft.dfty,.- _  ,  ..,,.,,..  .  ;  ;..^ 

,  ^Jtbough  UiQgreate^r  J>art  of  the  mineral  yet  discovered  iu  the  ui»- 
per  bed  of  the.  blue  licae^t9i\e,.  h^  bqen  foppd  in  the  large  flat 
cgpening  initsjlow^r  pc^r^o/i  above  described,  yet  considerable 
4jminUtiea  of  m^ne^alhambpef^^ometime^  found  in  its  i^pperpor- 
4ion,  usually  i;(i  the  .form  of  sheets,  more  or  ],e$s  closely,  embedded 
in  the  rock,  but  mostly  accompanied  with  lateral  seams  of  qchrex)r 
clay.  These  are  foi^nd  in  different  positions,  vertical,  horizontal  or 
4nelined|  fnd  spo^etim^^  are  .continued  down  through  the  whole 
thickneaa  of.  the  upper  bed,  or  from  the  upper  magoesian,  when 
foun^  overlying  it,  to  the  large  t^^  ojpenipg  in  its  lower  portion  \^ 
Bometames  presenting  .alternate,  flats  and  pitches  in  the  desceotj 
•flometipaeii  sendijpg  off  lateijally  flat  sh/eets,  in  the  maun^r  of  a^ 
thU^  flat  opeping.    The  n^xnc(ral  i^  the  upper  portion  pf  the  i\pper  ^ 
becL   is   usually  ania^ged  in  t^s  manner,  and  as  the  sheets  are 
raoelF  of  A^poh  tbickaesSy  J3  comDa^atively  of  little  importance^, 
btttpiay. serve. i»./A.gui4ft  in.  leading  tojthe  la^ge  upper  opening. 
A  reoMrkahl^  examine,, of  this  arrangement  occurs  ii\  Imhoff^s, 
raDgiBt  i^  the.  Dry  Bftne  SoUow,  (Ffanklin,)  where  a  supcessipn  o^^ 
^vBertiqal  ai^i  flat  .ahe^t^  may  be  traced  dqwn  from  the  top  of  the 
rock  (the  upper  magifeif^  there  wanting),  to  the  upper,  or  bull 
dwg  ofitDing^.  I^heia  c^^ets  are  much  larger  on  the  flats 'than  ^^n 


1 


Iff 

thbrerticill^itehed,  and  ^tfe  ak)c5tn^sliii6d  -vrith  MAnis  of  btee  lAd 
%bile  clay,' with'  more  or  less  iron  rtiBtadd  ochr^.'  '  The^miiieiiliB 
Jiete  accompanied  with  Irteral  dlieetB  of  ^ifieotcr  (dry  ione},  |Mnr- 
ticola/lybn  the  flbtET;  ahd  terttdnat^g  tibloir  in  'simitEV  dry  bone 
aheists  in  the  large  flat  openlag.  '  •  '•  -  •  •  ^  i  / 
'  The  ^la8s  rock  openings,  in  the  ttbitherh  districts  esuunined  this 
season,  are  generally  ditnated  between  !ii^  tipper  fine  •grantOsr 
and  (he  middle  compact  portion'  of  the  middle'  bed  of  "tiie  bkie 
limeBtobe,  or  more  exactly  in  the  Idwer  plirt  of  the  former.  This 
indeed  appears  to  be  the  constat t  position  of*  the  proper  glaae 
rock  openings.  In  this  position  is  a'  lHyer  of  more  deeomposible 
pyritiferons  rock,  rather  analogbns  to  the  upper  fine  granntar 
than  to  the  middle  compact  portidn,  accompanied  with  layers  of 
a  black  or  dark  brown*  shade,  decomposing  'into  a  soft  clay,  l^ese 
openings  differ  in  their  coiitents,  like  the  upper  openings  above 
described,  forming  either  dry  bon€f'(2iil<s)  snlphtir  (iron)  orclay 
Opetiings,  according  to  the  predomltiant  material  <^  the  matrix; — 
Like  the  upper  openings,  they  are  wide  and  flat,  and  usually  pre- 
sent a  larger  course  of  mineral  under  the  cap,  with  sometimes  an- 
other below  of  a  similar  character,  The^e  are  nsnally  connected 
Vy  cross  veins  or  the  one  passes*  into  the  other  in  like  manner,  and 
sometimes,  after  a  limited  distance,  separates  and  returns  to  its 
former  position.  A  common  arrangement  is  that  of  an  upper 
aheet  or  course  of  mineral,  accompanied  with  zinc  or  iron  ore  as 
a  matrix,  or  with  both,  tinderlaid  by  a  layer  of  clay,  formed  from 
decomposed  shale,  through  which  small  square  (cubic  or  tabular) 
mineral  is  more  or  less  disseminated,  presenting  the  same  arrange- 
nlent  as  has  been  noticed  in  the  upper  clay  openings.  This  latter 
mineral  is  usually  of  little  importance,  but  is  sometimes  sufficient- 
ly abundant  to  be  valuable  as  wa6h  mineral;  The  regular  ar- 
rangement of  the  mineral  in  these  openings,  in  relation  to  the 
matrix,  is  the  same  as  noticed  in  my  former  report ;  the  iron  and 
clue  ores  lateral,  the  zinc  next  to  the  mineral,  the  iron  to  the  rock, 
and  the  mineral  (lead  ore)  central  either  forming  a  continued  sheet 


iMtwMo  the  lataMlfliM^  of  jnoe  ore,  or  goodos  or  bancbos  in  Ae 
«iikigeiB«nts  in  the  oourae  or  toio,  or  dweemjpated  through  tibe 
■aitruL    In  eome  inataaoM,  boBides  the  central  course  of  laigv 
iniaenj,  hiteral  conrMB  of  bbiaII  mineral  are  fonnd,  adjoining  the 
rock,  bat  thej  are  still  separated  from  the  latter  by  a  thin  seam  of 
4w  matrix,  at  leiet  by  the  irmi.    OUj  openings  are  less  freqaent 
in  the  glass  rode  cqpeniags  than  tfiose  carrjing  ores  of  zinc  and 
irea,  bnt  oooasbnaUy  occnr.    In  these  there  is  nsvally  an  upper 
eoorse  of  larger  mineral,  nnderlaid  by  clay  or  shale,  in  which 
email  sqnare  mineral  is  disseminated.  The  larger  mineral  is  some- 
times arranged  in  a  oontinned  sheet,  or  in  tranches,  as  in  the  open- 
logs  earryiag  ainc  and  Iron,  only  imbedded  in  olay  and  at  other 
times,  forms  a  series  ,of  cubes  or  more  irregular  lamps,  in  small  pock- 
elsin  the  cap  rock,  and  is  then  accompanied  more  with  ochre  Aan 
day ;  bat  the  ochre  in  such  cases  is  in  small  quantity,  only  form- 
ing a  seam  enclosing  the  mineral.    The  mineral  in  the  clay  (^ea- 
inge,  however  arranged,  in  more  usually  in  regular  detached  forms 
tiian  in  the  other  openings.    Occasionally  the  mineral  is  found 
imbedded  in  cdcareous  spar,  which  replaces  the  other  materials  of 
the  matrix,  particularly  in  the  zinc  and  iron  openings.    It  is  then 
also  more  detached  and  more  regular  in  iU  form,  and  sometimsi 
presents  those  smooth  rounded  forms,  which  have  been  supposed 
to  have  been  worn  by  currents  of  water,  but  which  are  found  as 
complete  in  the  solid  undecomposed  matrix  as  in  the  soft  clay  in 
which  they  are  more  uaually  found  imbedded,  only  less  carbonsr 
tod  on  their  sur&ce.    This  is  an  additional  proof  that  such  fom 
are  original,  and  not  the  result  of  the  action  of  water,  although 
their  occurrence  in  a  stratified  day/conforming  in  its  arrangement 
to  the  adjoining  rock  and  apparently  formed  from  a  decomposed 
shale  or  daystone,  filling  the  openings  and  investing  the  minenl 
as  a  matrix,  is  suffident  evidence  of  tiie  same  fact. 

The  distance  between  the  upper  and  glass  rock  openings  vsrifli 
in  different  districts,  and  even  in  the  same  mine.  Generally  it  ii 
greater  in  the  more  eastern  diggings,  where  they  have  been  wei^ 


80 

mi  J  Am  in  'Ae  more  wm^m.  That  in  tlie  di^ngs  east  6f  Bodgo- 
ftll^,  where  the  glnss^rodE  openings  have  been  ^hiefljr  workedi 
md  the  npper  openings  onlj  inoidentallj,  the  diBtance  between 
:them  is  fh>m  eight  to  ten  feet ;  while  at  Otter  dreek,  it  is  only  I 
-fl^e  or  six  feet ;  at  Franklin,  bnt  two  or  three  feet ;  and  at  Oen* 
lerville,  bat  one  or  two  feet ;  thns  gradnallj  diminishing  towards 
*4iM  west  In  some  instances,  in  the  more  eastern  diggings,  the 
^glose  rock  opening  is  seen  to  rise  on  a  more  or  less  graidaal  slope, 
ior  by  a  series  of  flats  and  pitches,  (o  within  one  or  two  feet  of  the 
upper  opening,  and  then  to  recede  from  it  to  its  former  position ; 
snd  in  snch  bases,  the  cap  is  nsually  broken  in  mining,  and  the 
tiro  openings  oonnected  at  that  point  In  some  of  tho  Franklin 
diggings,  and  in  one  instace  at  Oenterville,  the  glass  rock  open- 
ing tias  been  fonnd  below  the  upper  opening,  separated  only  by 
1^  thin  cap  of  fine  granular  rock  (the  npper  part  of  ^e  middle 
bed,)  and  the  two  openings  hare  been  marked  together,  like  the 
^per  and  lower  eonrses  of  mineral  in  the  same  flat  opening.  In 
iMher  instances  in  the  Franklin  diggings,  and  generally  in  the 
more  eastern  diggings,  the  glass  rock  opening  has  been  worked 
Separately,  and  the  upper  opening,  in  snch  cases,  has  rarely 
proved  productive. 

I  have  noticed,  in  my  former  report,  an  instance  of  a  glaes  rock 
o]>ening  (at  Meeker's  Grove)  in  which  the  mineral  was  imbedded 
in  heavy  spar  (sulphate  of  barytes)  as  a  matrix.  A.  similar  ar- 
nngement  occurs  at  (he  sonth  diggings  (south  of  the  blackjack 
diggings)  where  several  ranges  of  glass  rock  openings  bear  north 
by  west,  the  mineral  accompained  in  general  by  iron  pjrites  and 
ealcareons  spar,  bnt  in  tibe  south  part  of  the  two  western  ranges 
(on  nearly  the  same  east  and  west  line)  it  is  imbedded  in  heavy 
Spar.  This  latter  forms  a  layer  under  the  cap  ix>ck,  more  or  less 
enlarging  and  contracting,  or  lenticulariy  arranged,  and  is  bor- 
flaved  by  bands  of  brown  shale  with  small  square  (dice)  minel'al 
disseminated  or  in  thin  connected  sheets.  The  mineral  U  arrang- 
ed in  the  heavy 'Sfpar,  nftneh  as  in  the  instance  at  Meeker's  Gro Vis, 


•KU) 

ifi  A  }^g^t  mjddl0oo4rfl^  forming  9t«oa%eeM  ih^tit^  reaUtrgi^ 
and  contracting  like  th^  matrix  iteelf  aAd  iq  the  thicker.  porUMt 
8on}etin)ejs  formiDg  geodep,  or  detoohod,  and  thw  iniaore  rcfgnkr 
forips.  Oalcaroo^s  fiypar  iB.^o,faaiid  here  and  ib^n  ^hmg  tix^liae 
of  tbo middle coqrse,  either. ip^enqptipg  ik^  waera)  or:  imbed- 
ding it.  .  Lateral  courses  of  aipaller  and  morp  deta$he4  ndinesd 
are  also  found  ftberq  ^a  well  as  at.  Meeker's  jG^roy^  The-  Qce«^ 
ranee  of  this  lieav;  spar  oii.tbe  s^me.past  %ni  west  lioe,'  croBuog 
at  .nearly  right  angles  twp  4i9tjnct  noif  h  ,a9d  Anth  oponipga,  u 
.worthy  of  nptice.      j  ,, 

Contiguous  ranges  of  glass  rock  openings  sametimee  piteeot 
tne  samiB  differences  iQ,their  contents  as  areobaoryed  in  the  upper 
openings.  In  the  i^ame  group  ol  diggings,  dry  bone  and  clay 
openingSi  or  dry  bone  and  sulphur  openings^  are  often  foimd  a^ 
ternating.  la  a  range  in  the  north  part  of  the  Lost  Groye  dig- 
gingSi  near  G.  Goldthrop's,  there  are  two  parallel  oontiguooa  east 
and  west  glass  rock  openings;,  the  southern  o£  which  is  a  day 
opening,,  the  mineral  imbedded  in  a  yellow  pipe  clay,  or  in  a  dark 
grey,  decomposed  shale,  and  usually  detached.and  in  regular  forms^ 
the  northern^  in  its  WiSstempart,  containing  large  sheets  of  iron 
pyrites,  with  little  mineral  imbedded,  but  towards  its  oaslarD 
part,  the  |ron  pyrites  is  more  and  more  replaoed.by  black  jack  Vith 
an  increase  of  mineral.  The  mineral)  too,  Is  there  apparently 
transferred  from  the  cl^y  opening  on  the  south,  to  the  bhickjaok 
opeping  on  t^ie  north^  diminishing  i^  the  fonner  as  it  increases  ib 
the  latter. 

,  I  have  not  observed  any  openinj2;s  worked  in  the.lower  bed  or 
buff  limestone,  in, the  more  northern  digfi^ings  examined  this  sea* 
son.       ;      . 

I  had  poticed  ip  my  former  report  th^  occurrence  of  Apparent^ 
three  4i6tinct.opening^,in  tne.  lower  magnesian;  one  in  the  up 
per  bed  of  the  rpck,  at  ^  sm^U  depth  below  the  upper  eandatoMt 
another  near  the  upper  surface  of  the  middle^  bed ;  and  a  third  is 
i{ie. latter  bed«    My  examinatiofis  thia  aeaaon  ha^e^abown  that  the 


41 

M(Jbtf«tof 'tlMd  i*  ih«f«nait  Makl  portion  ih  ^Kidh*  mldetaf^  iik  fonnd 
l&i^edaww  fnagnQfltlitt.  -  Zl  ^oecai^s  there  in  bon^ection  witli  k 
thiok^b€d:af  ftliit^'orfltiify'  qoariz,  '^fortsAng  flitd  tippisr  part'  bf  the 
ttliddle^bed'Of  tb^  Tbok,^  ^hicb,  wh^  accompaiiied  with  teinerat, 
iBr^rf  CBv^dniotfs^  Md stained  bi^beate^i^  with  iron  x'abt,  froin  de- 
aompcMd  pytiteft.  Thib  bed  hf  •flfDt,'thi!k^  littifffed  ox'  coited^  is  a 
trae  mineral  opeftiitki ;  the  m^et*al  beidg^  fonn^  in  it  as  it  is  fbnnd 
in  parfietilar  layel^  of  rook  in  theopQnJng^in  the'hi^ef  strata 
along  Cbe^  liM  ht  Faoges. '  The  arrAn^mfent  is  appar^iitly  li^at  of 
a  "^ide  'flat  opebiog,  'in  whieb  the '  tnineral  ie  arranged  in  horizontal 
order,  but  vsnally  detUcb^d,  orin^bnhch^s,  as  it  is  often  in  the 
higher  openings,  parti<mlarly'in  iftie  flint  openings  of  the  npper 
magnesian.  The  flint  in  this  bed 'id  arranged  in  layers,  and  occn- 
pies  nearly  the  entire  bed;  ttye  layers  being  onlyseparated  by  thin 
layers  oi»  seams  of  marl  colored  bright  green,  by  the  hydrate  of 
iron,  and  tbns' diflTering  in  tint  from  th^  ^reen  oVei^  of  copper  (the 
carbotjiate  ahd  siftcate).  These  green  seamifi  are  apparently  a  con- 
stant attendant  of  tilel  mineral  openings  in  the  lower' magnesian, 
paiticnlarly  of  the  main  flint  opening  abote  noticed,  and  have 
been  obsefved  in  all  the  mineral  localities  in  that  r6ck  visited  by 
me,  even  the  most  rembte;  Oalcat'edns  spar  has  been  observed 
by  me  in  connection  with  the  mineral  in  the  lower  magnesian,  but 
only  in  small  qnanrtity.  The  mineral  found  in  the  lower  majgne- 
sian  is  pure,  or  only  slightly  connected  with  iron  ores,  and  is 
nanally  in  regnlaf  forms,  and  often  in  large  masses.  There  has 
been  Uttle  searcltfbr  mineral  in  the  loiter  part  of  that  rock,  and 
the  few  attempts  at  ainkliig  below  die  taaib'  flint  dpemng  have 
been  nnsnccessfal  in  tracing  down*  th6  mineral,  or  ill  finding  a 
lorwer  opening.  The  proper  mode  6t  working  snch  deposits  as 
oe^irin  that  flin4  opening,  is  by  drifting  in  them  till  a  vein  or 
w«U  marked  mineral  crevice  is  fonnd  -leading  down  to  a  lower 
leveL  » 

'  The.  discoveries  ifn  the  lower  magnesian'  haVe  all  been  inade 
thnafBT  on' the  outskirts  of  the  mliieral'dittrfet,  At  die  otiteA>p  of 
6 


dwifoek  in  the  Tieim^  of  the  Witoomwi  aoA  in  th#  smm  Uom 
north-eagt.  These  discoTeriee  in  the  more  remote  fKnnli  of  that 
district  have  shown  that  that  rook  is  miaeiisl  bearfag  ;  but  tbotr 
lesnits  should  not  be  held  as  deoiding  the  naiiieral  charaeter  ef 
the  rock  in  the  more  central  jMurts  of  the  distriet  where  it  under- 
lies the  great  openings  there  fomd  in  the  upper  strata.  Depeeili 
of  mineral,  corresponding  to  those  in  the  apper  openings^  maj 
there  not  nnreasonablj  be  expected  in  the  lower  magneeian. 

The  diggings,  in  the  lower  magneskn,  have  all  been  in  nmnaa 
and  bluffs,  at  the  out-crops  of  that  rock,  and  hare  penetrated  but 
aahort  distance  from  the  surface.  Th^  bare  been  rather  worked 
as  prospects  than  as  mines,  althoagh  in  some  instances  large  mi? 
neral  in  considerable  quantities  has  been  found,  partieakur- 
Ij  in  the  ravines  leading  to  the  Blue  river,  west  of  Franklin. 
•Mineral  has  been  observed  in  that  rock  here  and  there  along  the 
northern  frontier  of  the  mineral  district,  from  the  Mississi|^i  on 
the  west,  on  the  north  as  well  as  on  the  south  side  of  the  Wiseen- 
sin,  and  in  a  north  east  direction,  beyoad  the  limits  of  that  dis^ 
trict,  at  Randolph,  in  the  north-east  corner  of  Oolumbbi  eoantgr, 
but  less  far  to  the  north  east  than  it  has  been  observed  in  the 
upper  magnesian,  via :  in  the  vicinity  of  Oshkosh.  The  point  of 
most  interest  to  determine,  is  the  probability  of  deep  mining  in 
the  more  central  parts  of  the  mineral  district,  and  the  ooeor- 
rence  of  mineral  in  the  lower  magnesian  at  so  many  points, 
and,  in  some  instances,  in  such  quantity  on  its  nferthem  frontier, 
may  be  regarded  as  offering  no  little  aocouragement  to  the  expeo* 
tation  of  finding  it  in  large  quantity  in  that  rock  beneath  the  great 
deposits  in  the  central  parts  of  the  district 

Several  facts,  noticed  by  me,  seem  to  indicate  that  the  mineral, 
in  its  descent,  does  not  always  pass  dire^y  down  from  one  opea* 
ing  to  another,  but  that  in  one  part  of  the  raoge  it  naay  occupy 
one  opening  and  then  leave  it,  and  in  the  next  succeeding  part  ef 
the  range  occupy  the  next  lower  opening..  This  would  correspond 
with  the  arrangement  sometimes  obaerved  in  the  same  opening, 


48 

where  the  mineral  passes  from  one  lerel  to  another,  by  a  series  of 
pitches  or  steps  in  the  direction  of  the  range.    An  instance  appi^ 
rently  of  this  change  of  openings  has  recently  oocnrred  at  the 
Jamestown  mine,  as  already  noticed.    The  pecnliar  arrangement 
of  the  two  great  openings  in  the  blae  limestone,  where,  in  some 
localities  the  mineral  isfonnd  in  the  npper  opening,  and  in  others  in 
the  glass  rock  opening,  while  the  npper  opening  is  fonnd  nearly  nn* 
productive,  appears  to  indicate  a  similar  transfer  on  an  extended 
scale.    Many  instances  noticed  in  my  present  and  former  report, 
show  that  the  mineral  sometimes  shifts,  on  the  same  level,  from 
one  range  to  another  parallel  range  in  their  progress.   These  shift- 
U3g8  of  the  mineral  on  the  same  level,  or  at  different  levels,  are 
worthy  of  notice,  as  if  well  established  and  nnderetood,  they  will 
lead  to  more  certain  methods  of  mining.    The  most  certain  rale 
in  mining,  where  such  shiftings  prevail,  is  to  follow  the  mineral, 
or  those  signs  which  best  indicate  its  course,  and  whenever  an  ob- 
▼iouB  shift  occurs,  to  pursue  that,  and  where  the  mineral  is  inteiv 
rupted,  to  endeavor  to  trace  its  leaders,  and  always  to  search  for 
these  in  such  a  direction  as  conforms  to  the  prevailing  arrange- 
ment in  the  vicinity.    Thus  it  is  known  in  some  diggings  that  the 
mineral  is  liable  to  shift  in  a  particular  direction  on  the  same 
level,  as  to  the  left  in  the  body  of  the  mineral  traversing  the  south 
part  of  the  Hazel  Green  diggings.    In  such  cases,  when  the  mine- 
jml  is  interrupted  in  a  ^range,  it  may  with  more  probability  be 
found  in  the  direction  of  the  prevailing  shift,  than  in  the  opposite 
direction.    So  where  a  range  which  has  been  worked  in  an  upper 
opening,  approaches  a  tract  where  the  mineral  has  been  found 
chiefly  in  the  next  lower  opening,  and  is  there  interrupted,  it 
might  with  more  probability  be  sought  in  that  lower  opening,  and 
traces  might  be  found  leading  to  It 

Although  decomposition  both  of  the  opening  rock  and  matrix 
is  found  to  have  taken  place  more  or  less  extensively  in  most  pro- 
ductive openings,  yet  in  some  such  the  rock  and  matrix  are  found 
little  changed,  and  the  same  occunT  more  frequently  where  the 


roci:  in' the  line  of  SDcti  openiDgs,  preserves  !ti  opening  character, 
%nt  18  found  barren  of  mineral,  forming  a'bar'in  the  course  of  the  I 
range.'  This  last  circumstance  would 'seem  to  indicate  that  the 
tendency  to  decomposition  is  greater  in  the  productive  openings, 
perhaps  from  the  combination  of  different  ores,  and  their  mntoal 
reaction,  for  in  all  mineral  openings,  iron  is  niore  or  less  frequent^ 
originally  in  the  state  of  pyrites.  .  But  in  many  instances,  differ- 
ent ranges,  even  contiguous,  or  different  parts  of  th6  same  range, 
of  the  same  character  as  to  contents,  are  formed  in  very  different 
states,  one  very  much  decomposed,  another  very  little  or  not  at 
all  altered.    This  is  particularly  true  of  the  zinc  openings,  which 
when  decomposed  from  dry  bone  openings,  and  when  unaltered, 
black  jack  openings.'   It  is  not  always  easy  to  determine  the 
cause  of  such  differences.    In  some  instances  this  decomposition 
is  most  strongly  marked  at  the  outcrop,  and  diminishes  as  the 
opening  recedes  from  it,  and  is  then  obviously  caused  by  the 
greater  degree  of  exposure  to  decomposing  agents.    This  is  well 
observed  in  Topp^s  range,  (Oenterville)  in  which  at  its  outcrop  on 
the  south  slope  of  the  ridge,  the  zinc  ore  was  almost  entirely  in 
the  state  of  dry  bone  ;  as  it  wad  carried  into  the  ridge,  partly  dry 
bone  and  partly  blackjack,  the  latter  increasing  until  it  ifinowin 
the  state  of  unaltered  black  jack.'  In  other  instances,  the  change 
appears  to  have  been  caused  by  the  passage  of  a  vertical  or  pitch- 
ing sheet  from  the  top  of  the  rock  to  the  main  flat  opening.    This 
tendency  to  decomposition  in  the  mineral  openings  has  greatly 
facilitated  mining,  and  in  those  instances  whore  the  mineral  is 

■ 

small  and  dissemitiated  through  the  opening  rock  or  matrix  it  can 
be  worked  fo  advantage,  as  wash  mineral  in  a  decomposed  ground* 
Vhere  it  could  not  be  if  the  ground  was  unaltered. 


SUBRACB  AABAKOBiUarr.  « 


The  surface  arrangement  in  the  more  northern  diggings  obviously 
eorresponds  to  that  in  the  more  southern  as  laid  down  in  my  for- 
Bier  report.    The  arrangement  there  exhibited  is  rendered  more 


oompleto  by.thesaporthern  d^ggiogs,  and  on  a^compaosQn  of  the 

whole^  8om^  pointa.  of  interest,  wnich  remainea.  nol  enfficiently* 

certain  may  be  now  coDsidered  as  established.  In  general  the  same 

pripQipI^  of  arrangement,  in^ relation  to  the  combination  pf  ran gea 

intp.^rou|)8,  and  pf  groups  into  more  extended  series^  prevail  m' 

the  Uiore.. northern  as^in  the  naofo  southern  diggingjs^  ,1  shall. 

th^efoij^jp; the. pree^enlpopi^rty. coifing  mjpelf  chiefly       a  detail 

of  the  different  series  observed  in  the  more  northern  diggings, ^ 

and  el^all  state^.anj  ^ccyl^aritiep^wh^ch  may  occur  in  the  pore 

portiqi^Ja^  arraugiaa^ent  in  ^^ir^pla^e  in  the  different  series. " 

/Xt\e  d^SV.eii^t  groap-vi^  the  Bfore.northern  diggings  are  arranged 

ia  a.nviq;iber  of  series  a^,  in  ^he  papre  69uthern.    One^  (10,)  as  bl>- 

8ery.ed  in  ^ny^fprmeif  ^epqrt,  m$y  J^q  regarded  as  a^ continuation  of 

series  X  Qf  th^^t  repof  t,  aq,4  Q;steijds^  e.a^f  ex|y  from  the  Beetown  dig- . 

glnga,^throi\gh  flie  jPig^oij,  th^  Grf^b^  ,and  the  New  California, 
and  Crow  Branph  digging!?,  toward  the  S.  W.  point  of  the  diggings^ 

in  Mifflin  N'.  W.  of  the  Black  Jack  d^gginffs.    X  second  series  (II) ' 

may  be  traced  from  the  Giittenberg  diggings,  in  Iowa,  through' 

the  diggings  at  Raja's  Landing  and  Feuimore  diggings  to  the  Wing- 

ville  diggings,  first  bearing  north  easterly  and  tnen  easterly,  qor- 

responding  to  the  conrse  of  series  1.    This  is  the  motft  northern 

aeries  of  diggings,  if  wo  except  the  few  diggings  in  the  lower ' 

masnesian,  on  the  northern  frontier  of  the  mineral  district.    East' 

of  the  points  above  stated,  there  is  a  remarkable  turn  to  the  north 

in  the  course  of  the, two  series.    The  second  series  (Ijl)  shifts  to' 

the  north  from  .the  Wingvill^  diggings  to  the  Centerville  diggings,' 

a()d  then, bears  easterly  through  the  T^ratiklin  diggings  to  the  Otter 

Greek  diggings.    East  of  series  1  (iO,\  as  traced  above,  there  are  * 

"  '  "         **  *"     '   '     ^       '  g  north  and  north-*' 

9,  and  the 

through  the  Dodgeville  i 

(Ridgeway)  diggings  to* the  Blue  Mound  diggings.    !the  lines  of 

ffroups  bearing:  north  and  nprth  east  include  the  Black  Jack  and 

Mifflin  diggings  (12,)  the  Lost  Grove  and  Peddler's  Creek  (Linden)  ^ 


4M 

digging*  (IS,)  ana  the  Mioend  PofBt  diggi]ig»  (to  i^^       my 
former  report,  with  other  minor  gronpe  oonneeted  with  theni. 

The  aeries  (10,)  extending  eeet  from  the  Beetown  diggingii  flie 
different  linee  of  diggings  bearing  north  and  north-east  (IS,  18,  t^* 
apd  the  series  extending  east  from  the  Dodgeville  to  tte  Bias 
Konnd  diggings,  may  be  regarded  as  one  great  series,  eontiniied 
from  series  1  of  my  former  report,  and  wiU  be  first  noticed  in  de* 
laiL 

In  following  this  series  east  from  the  Beetown  diggings,  wefint 
meet  a  number  of  diggings  along  the  top  of  the  blnft  east  of 
Grant  river,  on  both  sides  of  the  Beetown  and  Tiancaster  road, 
and  neariy  east  of  the  northern  Beetown  diggings.    Tliese  are  in 
tfie  lower  bed  of  the  upper  msgnesian,  the  whole  series  of  strata 
being  exposed  in  the  blnffs  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  nagn^ 
sian,  the  latter  rising  a  few  feet  aboye  the  water  lerel.    These 
diggings  are  in  ochre  openings,  and  the  bearing  of  the  ranges  is 
generally  K  S*  E.    The  Pigeon  diggings  form  a  more  important 
group  on  the  north  side  of  Pigeon  creek,  south-west  of  Lancaster, 
presenting  a  number  of  oonsiderable  ranges,  generally  bearing  £. 
8.  E.  bot  sometimes  more  nearly  east  and  west,  with  rery  few  ; 
north  and  south  or  quartering.    These  two  are  in  the  lower  bed  of 
the  upper  magnesian,  and  generally  accompanied  with  the  brown 
rock  with  dissemineted  tiff,  and  the  openings  are  usually  ochre 
and  clay,  but  in  a  few  instances  sand  openings ;  the  rock  in  the 
latter  case  light  grey,  but  with  disseminated  tiff,  like  the  brown 
rock.    Zinc  ores  have  not  been  found  to  any  extent  in  these  dig* 
gings,  but  a  dry  bone  range  has  been  worked,  on  the  south  side  of 
Pigeon  creek,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  upper  bed  of  the  bine 
limestone.    A  number  of  ranges,  also  bearing  K  8.  K  occur  at 
the  Hurricane  settlement,  south  west  of  the  Pigeon  diggings,  and 
east  of  the  south  part  of  Beetown  diggings^  in  a  light  grey  sandy 
limestone  with  flints,  apparently  the  flint  bed  of  the  upper  magne- 
sian, and  resembling  the  prcYailing  rock  in  the  Beetown  diggings. 
In  a  line  nearly  east  of  the  Pigeon  diggings,  on  both  sides  of  tbe 


Mriw  iM^g'  t»  the  Big  Plitto,  noitii'^WMl  of  BIlMbowMiJli 
iie  tb»  Otiib  diggings,  $,  trnftU  group  i&  tlMi^iier  pert  of  thro 
npoper  siagQOctaDi  In  a  light  gvoy  Btmdj  UmesloBe  with  fllDtOi  iho 
btotm  rook  only  fftroly  obserTod.  These  diggmge  were  only  ro* 
oeailljr  diioo^ored,  bat  weM  not  worked  when  I  risited  them. — 
Tb$j  ibe  In  a  dfareelioD  "S.H.lLc^tkt  Fotoei  diggings,  and  from 
tlris  {Kiitti  the  Miiea  bears  north  east  ak>ag  tiie  oonrse  of  the  Big 
Ffartta  to  the  Whilakw  dfgginga,  wlkcfnee  it  extends  east  through 
tfas  Kew  CUUfomia  and  Orow  Branch  diggings.  In  this  latter 
port  of  liio  series,  the  general  bearing  of  the  ranges  ia  S.  8.  B.  be* 
c^aodng  more  south  eastsity  towardt  the  east  The  Whitaker  dig* 
gtngs  axoa  smII  group  on  a  high  ridge  east  of  the  Big  Platte,  bk  ' 
wUth  the  mitteyal  is  fotind  hi  oebre  q>enings  at  the  junetion  of 
the  upper  magnesian,  (here  a  bit>wn  rock  with  Itff  and  flint)  and 
the*  bine  liinestone« 

The  mineral,  too,  has  been  traced  down  iato  the  upper  part,  of 
the  blue  limestone.  The  bemng  of  the  ranges  is  here  partly  Bi 
8.  E*  and  partly  east  by  south.  The  New  Oalifornia  diggings  are 
in-  a  line  esat  of  the  latter  on  tiie  ridges  oq  the  east  sido  of  the  Yal- 
lef<  of 'the  Big  PIsMe,  which  bare  bears  southwest,  and  present 
thnso  prinaipal  groups^  in  an  extent  of  about  two  miles  from  west 
toeaski  The  bearing  of  the  ranges  is  quite  uniformly  8.  Bi  ik-^ 
The  diggKOffi  are  all  ia  the  uf^er  bedof  the  blue  limestone,  in  the* 
nuiin  <gpening  in  the  lower  part  of  that  bed ;  the  mineral  accom- 
paniad  with  olsy  and  0(^e,  and  the  rock  attending  the  opening 
abgUzH^aog  in  foie^  Thesa  diggings  were  only  recentiy  discor- 
eredj  btat  are  not  much  worked  at  present  Hie  Crow  Brandi  dig* 
gbgiEV  so  calied  from  a  branch  of  the  Big  il^atte,  cm  which  Aey 
are.  situated,  are  in  the  same  line,  about  two  miles  farther  east^ 
and  in.  the  stole  main  opening,  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  lime* 
stsMi  ISkay  maybe  eonsiderea  as  a  single  range,  more  soutii* 
eaaterly  in  Its  bearing,  and  presenting  a  combination  of  three  con. 
tignons  openings^  (black  jack,  sulphur  «id  clay),  already  noticed-^ 
These  ^gginga  have  bayi^aaid  are  still  vety  productive.    South  of 


work,ed  oil  ^)^-fi^geyrfi|rtbM'^^tyiQ:tW,Mme'part  ^«.tlio  ^F**'* 
magf^iw,  aad  with :  a.^iq^U«i)  $«  S^  ]&.  btfacisig*  tXhiB tdiffiarepoet 
iq.  ^Q^djrfQt^of,  t}ie  r^g»8M^lii9i4)fftftDtf  ib»tis  4«  vtafdi|r9of 

of  ibl^e  rayii^e  Ipadio^aoatb  fco  tWiLUlkiBlatt^  i8.d.MaD[all»  S^^i^ 
of  ^'ggings'i^tive  m^ia-opvu^giA'th^iipp^ 
Bto^ie ;,  tb^  qw^  ^V  ac«9ffiip^w^'(ib#tb  ^f&tk4qr.^boDe3aiuii  odm-; 
thQ   b^f^^pg  iP'.  oii€^   Yapg%  fli>Htli«$;Qfet^  dn :  the  lottnen,  iB..^  S.; 
These  gro4]^&  of  diggipgt#i|8t  fOf*  tbei  Big  f  iMtoil  fmomrtb  of  HsBh 
Platt^▼^l9  diggiBgp,  :apd  owlb'  hy  west-  of  th6>:.Wiag^iUe*.digH. 
gings.    It  was  noticed  in  my  former  report,  that  tfaeiFlattefilte 
digg^^^m.^  Il^gecr^iip,ezJbon^lig  iMi:th:i)Ui0U  beyiondiite 
goac^  ^ipe  oC  ih^  da^.tt wd  weit  qertefy'WilbtwhkkilMTi  ate  tcoa-i 

^b^  WuigyiUer4iggil^g^  'f^^ew  ft  amiloriBtftatided  gro&piiiDaBl'iM' 
(liyapd  qefvrly  half  vW^yaas  line  ketwefan/'thfiBi^fllndvllMCiOrow  ' 
Bra^lj^  diggiqga^  a  avail  gpoiap^f  Afi«tha«d  aapuhks>(th9iIn>B.^Bil' 
diggjpgs)  Ia  Vi§  Bpper  magpeeiai^ iorDa«8iit';weiB>a  xxttneetiBg* 
link  between  tb«  Boriep  10. 1^^  U.:  ^SQboejPlalieirfll*  id^giiigB  aM^ 
also  ixxii^P  lifleof  tbe  i^eatem  patt  ef'seritsS^  (fiirmer.  nport^o 
bearing 2T. N,  S.,AiOi|i^T(b^  Faii^lay  te ,ihi^;<PatidiidiggiiKg0,l and/ 
serieii  11  9]i4fta>tQ  th^  norths  the  Mme)lm&  froohr  tluer^Qiigtdtta"' 
to  the  QeJKterville  digg(ngi^.tibtMprea»iiliag;attje9dseade(lno^ 
Bootti  8eriea'tfapaye?ii^Jo  tlte  eKatjaadjwmtaeriei..  In  prooMcttpg 
eaatw^;in,ihe  aQries^.we  meet^afteii  ••wsUbrabl&inlerml^ilhe-^ 
first  line  of  idjggin£9,,bMmtB:iilo«tb  and' Jil^.  eaaik;  iiioiadKiigi?tbe{>' 
Bly^  «rapk  And  Tf\&ii>i  diggjzigs.  .  <  Tiua  Jisft  ^IB)  eaBtendsL^  along  « 
the  djvi(^  beitweeatbe  UMle.^glatte.aiwi  tiM.wweitfiB^  nf  Ibewent^ 
Pdoaton^ai  aii4  ^l^Pg  tbe  wUeji^f'th^Iattelr..  iltiBplddea^um*'.^ 
ber  <^f  ^^litinot  gC9«pa«  whioh  Mfvynht  Bxnmg^  iu.^diS%nnkiBbeih  ^ 


49 

diaate  linee. '  Thediggioge  aloog  the  divide  and  on  the  apper  ' 
part  of  the  wbft^  fork  are  in  the  upper  magneaian  ;  tihose  along  the 
iower  part  of  the  west  fork,  in  the  bine  limestone.  The  first  sub- 
ordinate line  commences  in  the  Burying  Ground  diggings,  oa  a 
ridge  between  two  small  branches  of  the  little  Platte  ajjjoioing 
the  diride  on  tiie  west,  and  consists  of  a  long  series  of  only  two 
main  parallel  ranges  first  bearing  £.  N.  £.  and  then  north  by  easti 
shifting  to  the  west  near  the  middle  of  the  latter  part  of  their 
cottfse.  The  mineral  is  in  the  form  of  sheets  closely  wedged  in  ' 
the  rock,  or  in  crevices  with  ochrj  day.  In  a  line  north  east 
from  these  diggingSi  is  ala^ge  and  productive  east  and  west  range, 
(Ladd's,)  forming  a  wide  opeping  apparently  in  the  flint  bed  of  the 
nppet  magneaian,  east  of  which  is  a  group  of  north  and  south 
sheat  rangoB.  The  bearing  of  the  east  and  west  is  £.  8.  E.;  that 
of  the  north  and  souths,  north  by  west  Iforth  of  this  group  is 
anoiber  detaclied  group  of  north  and  souths,  terminating  this  line 
on  the  north. 

Another  subordibate  line  may  be  traced  along  the  divide  * 
commencing  in  a  group  of  diggings  south  west  of  Blackjack,  com- 
posed chiefly  0f  east  and  wests,  bearing  both  E.  S.  E.  and  E.  N^. 
E.|  and  crossed  bj  a  number  of  north  and  souths  on  the  west 
W.  K.  W.  of  Black  Jack  is  an  extensive  group  of  sheejt  ranges, 
generally  bearing  N.  K.-E.,  but  sometimes  E.  8.  E.  or  even  shift- 
ing their  course  so  as  to  present  a  curvilinear  arrangement  These 
sheets  are  generally  accompanied  with  ochre  or  iron  pyrites,  and 
in  one  instance  with  black  jack,  and  are  apparently  in  the  middle 
or  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesian,  according  to  the  elevation 
of  the  surfaoe.  In  a  line  north  by  east  of  these  diggings,  and 
east  of  the  north  group  in  the  first  line,  is  a  large  detached  group 
(the  Tail-holt  diggings),  consisting  chiefly  of  east  and  wests,  form- 
ing regular  openings  or  wide  patches,  crossed  by  a  few  n6rth  and 
souths,  particularly  along  the  west  side  of  the  group.  A  third 
subordiaate  line  maj  be  traced  along  the  west  fork  and  the  east 
side  of  its  east,  branoh,  in  a  direction  neai^ly  north  and  souttu 
7 


50 

This  inolodas  fint  the  aoath  digging!  (oo^tiie  west  etdeof  the 
fork  end  on  the  north  side  of  the  remarkfible  eMt  end  weet  Til* 
ley  marked  bj  an  eztraordinarj  eleration  of  the  lower  etrata,  air 
ready  noticed,)  consiating  of  a  groap  <>f  ranges  of  glase^rock 
openings  bearing  N.  by  W,^  the  two  western  ranges  orossed  on  the 
south  by  a  body  of  heavy  spar  inTesting  the  mineraL  North  of 
this  are  the  blackjack  diggings,  among  the  most  important  in  tho 
mineral  district,  consisting  of  three  main  ranges,  already  notioad^ 
bearing  sontheasterly,  and  terminating  in  the  bluff  on  the  west 
side  of  the  ;nre8t  fork.  These  are  in  the  main  opening  in  the  npper 
bed  of  the  bine  limestone,  and  are  particularly  remarkable  for 
the  great  quantity  of  sine  ore  in  the  openings*  On  the  east  sida 
of  the  west  fork,  {nst  north,  are  a  few  unimportant  east  and  wes( 
ranges  worked  in  the  lower  part  of  the  npper  magnesian,  and  6»- 
tending  down  into  the  blue  limestone.  This  line  is  continued  np 
the  east  side  oi  the  east  branch  of  the  west  fork  by  a  few  ranges 
of  little  importance,  to  the  Madden  range,  a  large  east  and  west 
range  nearly  east  of  the  TailhoU  diggings*  These  diggings  ou 
the  east  branch  are  all  in  the  npper  magnesian. 

The  second  line  beariug  north  and  north  east  (18),'  inclnding 
the  Lost  Orove  and  Pedlar's  Greek  diggings,  ezteods  from  a 
point  east  of  the  south  diggings,  above  noticed,  up  both  sides  of 
Pedlar's  Greek  to  the  Military  road  on  the  dinde  between  the 
Pecatonica  and  the  Wisconsin.  It  commences  in  a  large  east 
and  west  range  in  an  ochre  opening  in  the  upper*  magneaian,  on 
the  divide  between  the  west  fork  and  Pedlar's  Creek,  north  eass 
of  which  a  line  of  <iiggiogs  in  the  blue  limestone  extends  along 
the  west  side  of  Pedlar's  Greek,  generally  in  the  glass  rock  open- ' 
ing,  but  in  a  few  instances  in  the  main  opening  in  the  upper  bed. 
The  ranges  generally  bear  east  and  west,  but  in  a  few  instancea 
in  the  opening  in  the  npper  bed,  north  by  west.  Nearly  opposite 
these  diggings^  on  the  east  side  of  Pedlar's  Greek,  are  the  Lost 
Grove  diggings.  These  are  partly  in  the  lower  bed  of  the  npper 
magnesian,  on  the  highest  parte  of  the  ridges,  and  partly  in  the 


51 

blAe'liinBttose,  oh  the  sides  of  the  ridged  toii^Ards  the' rarifiei' 
The  prodnctive  ranges  in  the  blae  limeetone  are  all  in  the  gTasa^' 
reck  opening,  the  upper  opening  being  foand  here  of  little  im- 
p^rtanee.  This  gronp  presents  on  the  north,  on  the  north  side  of' 
a  raTine  leading  west,  a  long  east  and  west  range  in  the  upper 
magnesian,  on  the  higher  ground,  and  two  parallel  east  and  west 
rmoges,  lower  on  the  descent  and  farther  east,  already  noticed ; 
the  northern,  a  sniphnr  range  towards  the  west,  and  a  bfack  ja<dc' 
range  towards  the  east ;  the  southern,  a  clay  range.  On  the  suhi- 
■lit  of  the  ridge  south  of  the  ravine,  is  a  large  patch  in  the  uppor* 
magnesian  apparently  formed  by  a  wide  east  and  west,  crosiMd 
towards  the  west  by  a  similar  north  and  south.  On  the  souttk ' 
aide  of  this  ridge,  is  a  large  range  in  the  glass  rock  opening,  in 
which  the  mineral  is  accompanied  with  tiff  and  clay,  bearing 
south  by  east  Other  less  important  ranges  occur  in  this  gtonp, 
both  in  the  upper  magnesian  and  blue  limestone.  Farther  north* 
in  the  bluff,  on  the  west  side  qf  Pedlar's  Greek,  copper  ore  (simi- 
larto  that  of  Mineral  Point)  has  been  discovered  in  the  main 
opening  on  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone,  but  has  not  been ' 
worked  to  any  extent  Nearly  opposite,  on  the  side  of  the  ridge 
east,  is  a  single  vertical  sheet  range,  bearing  £.  S.  E.,  (the  Black 
Hawk  diggings,)  and  nearly  in  the  same  line  towards  the  creek,  a 
range  worked  to  a  small  extent  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue 
limestone.  North  by  west  of  these,  the  Pedlar^s  Greek  diggings 
extend  in  an  almost  continuous  series  from  a  point  nearly  west  of 
Linden  village  to  the  divide  at  the  Military  road  already  men- 
tioned. They  commenced  farthest  south  on  the  west  side  of  the 
creek,  at  an  east  and  west,  (the  Wbym  range,)  from  which  ex* 
tends  a  line  of  north  and  souths,  (the  Provision  lot,)  nearly  east 
of  which  is  the  Heathcock  range,  the  most  southern  on  the  east, 
and  the  most  important  in  the  whole  group. 

This  last  forms  a  curve,  convex  to  the  N.  east,  and  opposite  its 
west  end,  a  line  of  north  and  souths  extend  along  the  westsideof ' 
the  creek,  and  then  apparently  crosses  to  &e  east,  and  is  eontinu-^ 


52 

ed  in  a  line  of  east  and  wests  slightly  conyex  to  the  north,  Throiigh.  . 
out  this  whole  extent  zinc  ores  are  more  or  less  abundant,  while  in 
the  other  ranges  of  the  group  tbej  are  rarely  met  with.  From  this 
apparently  connected  range,  lines  of  north  and  souths  extend 
along  both  sides  of  the  creek  to  a  point  north  of  the  Franklin 
road^  crossed  in  a  few  points  by  east  and  wests,  particularly  at 
Ooyel's  diggings,  in  a  line  nearly  east  of  the  Hadden  range.  At 
the  point  north  of  the  Franklin  road,  aboye  mentioned,  there  is  a 
small  group  of  east  and  wests,  from  which  the  main  line  of  the.dig- 
gings  recedes  east  to  a  line  of  north  and*  souths,  which  continues 
more  interruptedly  to  th  e  divide  north  of  the  Military  road.  The 
diggings  throDgbbut  this  whole  group  are  in  the  upper  magnesian, 
except  at  Koas'  range,  in  the  line  of  north  and  souths,  east  of  the 
creek,  not  far  north  of  the  drybonc  range  connected  with  the 
Heathcock  range.  An  opening  has  there  been  reached  in  the 
blue  limestone  in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  bed,  in  which  the 
mineral  is  imbedded  in  a  soft  blue  clay.  The  north  and  souths 
form  sheet  ranges.  In  the  Heathcock  range  and  its  connexions, 
*the  mineral  is  arranged  in  flat  and  pitching  sheets,  generally  ac- 
<sompained  with  zinc  ores.  The  east  and  wests,  particularly  at 
Oovel's,  form  large  ochre  and  clay  openings,  sometimes  abonnd- 
ding  in  iron  pyrites  and  hematite,  (the  latter  from  the  decompoei« 
tion  of  the  former.)  A  few  scattered  diggings,  are  found  in  the 
prairies  north  west  as  far  as  Cross  Plains,  at  the  crossing  of  the  . 
Franklin  andMillitary  roads. 

A  line  of  diggings  parallel  to  the  former  may  be  traced  from 
Diamond  Orove,  west  of  Mineral  Point,  on  the  ridge  west  of  the 
east  fork  of  the  West  Pecatonica,  to  a  point  north  of  the  Military 
road.  This  commences  in  a  large  north  and  south  range  (Thrash- 
er's) in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesian.  Farther  north, 
beyond  a  deep  ravine,  is  a  group  of  east  and  wests,  in  the  same 
part  of  the  upper  magnesian,  generally  in  ochre  and  clay  open- 
ings, sometimes  forming  patches  at  the  surface,  from  which  the 
cap  has  been  removed.    Korth  by  west  irom  these,  are  too ,  small    ; 


53 

groups  of  diggiDgo  in  the  blae  limestone  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
east  fork  of  Pedlar's  Oreok.  Those  on  the  west  are  in  the  glass* 
rock  opening ;  those  on  the  east  in  the  same  opening  towards  the 
sonthy  and  in  the  opening  in  the  upper  bed  towards  the  north. 
Btill  north  bj  west,  on  the  ridge  west  of  the  fork,  is  a  detached 
east  and  west  range,  crossed  and  shifted  to  the  north,  in  its  middle 
part,  hj  north  and  souths,  from  which  a  line  of  remotely  detached 
north  and  souths  extends  to  the  military  road,  terminating  in  a 
larger  group  of  ranges  (the  Pamp  Diggings)  bearing  around  from 
N.  N.  K  to  E.  K  E.  These  diggings,  west  of  the  east  fork  of 
Pedlar's  Creek,  are  all  in  the  upper  magnesian,  north  of  the  Mili- 
tary road,  and  N.  W.  of  the  Pump  diggings,  is  a  wide  east  and 
west  range  (Black  Davy's,)  on  a  ridge  betweerf  two  ravines  leading 
to  the  Wisconsin.  This  range  is  in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper 
magnesian,  in  a  rock  with  green  seams  and  bat  little  flint,  resem- 
bling the  green  rock  of  Mineral  Point ;  and  the  mineral  is  either 
in  sheets  in  the  hard  rock,  or  in  soft  sand  or  ochre  openings.  The 
Otter  Creek  diggings  at  the  east  end  of  series  11,  are  N.  W.  from 
this  point. 

Prom  the  Dreadnaught  range,  at  the  north  end  of  the  Mineral 
Point  diggingg,  as  represented  in  my  former  report,  a  series  of 
diggings  extends  northerly,  by  Van  Meter's  survey,  to  the  8.  W. 
point  of  the  Dodge ville  diggings.  None  of  these  are  important, 
*  except  two  large  east  and  wests  at  the  survey.  They  are  all  in 
the  upper  magnesian,  and  east  and  wests  till  we  reach  the  nor- 
thern diggings  at  the  survey,  whence  a  line  of  north  and  souths 
extends  along  the  west  side  of  the  Dodgeville  diggings. 

The  line  of  diggings  (14)  bearing  easterly  along  the  divide  be- 
tween the  Wisconsin  and  the  Pecatonica,  from  the  Dodgeville  to 
the  Blue  Mound  diggings  inclusive,  may  be  considered  as  termi- 
nating the  great  series  continued  from  series  1,  unless  it  be  ex- 
tended south  easterly  to  the  Sugar  river  diggings  at  or  near  Exeter, 
as  suggested  in  my  former  report.  The  diggings  in  this  line  are 
mostly  on  the  south  slope  divide,  but  in  a  few  instances  pass  north 


64 

,betW9^  the  nTiBes  leadiog  to  tba  Wiaccaain.    The  Do^eo^iU* 
diggiogs  commence  on  the  west,  in  the  line  of  north  and  aoutht 
.^boYO  indicated,  which  betn  N.  N.  £.  bj  a  series  of  ahifta  to  the 
(fOfSty  to  a  ri^  between  rapines  leading  to  the  Wiseonein.    An 
other  line  of  north  and  eouths  commences  on  the  west  of  tho  Jj^ 
(hrop  range,  at  Dodgcville  village,  and  ino!inefl  to  the  west,  till  it 
xmites  with  the  former  towards  its  northern  extremity.    This  last 
line  is  qnite  anintenmpted  in  its  southern  half,  and  is  there  cross* 
,ed  on  the  north  and  sonth  by  east  and  wests,  those  on  the  sovth 
connected  with  the  south  part  of  the  Lathrop  range.    .Thia  last, 
tbemost  important  in  these  diggings,  forms  a  carve  or  hone  shoe, 
Arsk  bearing  north  by  west,  and  then  north  easterly  across  a  ravine 
/It  Washbume's  engine.    A  group  of  sheet  ranges  bears  north  by 
j^est,  parallel  to  the  south  part  of  the  Lathrop  range  on  the  east, 
Md  apparently  crosses  the  north-east  part  of  the  latter.    The 
Dodgeville  diggings,  thus  far,  are  all  in  the  upper  magneaian, 
^mmencing  on  the  higher  grounds  in  the  upper  bed,  and  extepd* 
ing  in  the  ravines  to  the  lower*  but  chiefly  in  the  middle  flint  bed, 
particularly  in  the  southern  east  and  wests  and  the  Lathrop  range. 
The  north  and  souths  are  all  sheets,  nsaally  closely  wedged  in 
hard  rock ;  the  east  and  wests  as  well  as  the  Lathrop  rarge,  pre- 
sent tumbling  openings,  which  in  the  latter  are  arranged  in  pitcheson 
each  side  of  a  middle  less  productive  bar.    Farther  east  a  line  of 
diggings  in  the  blue  limestone  extends  northeasterly  from  a  point 
about  a  mile  east  of  Dodgeville  to  the  Hoi j  head  diggings.  Thseo 
are  all  on  the  sides  of  the  ravines  of  different  branches  whieb 
unite  to  form  the  Dodgeville  branch  of  the  East  Pecatonioa*  They 
are  all  apparently  in  the  glass  rock  openiog,  the  upper  opening  not 
having  been  found  productive.    The  mineral  is  generally  accom* 
panied  with  zinc  ores,  but  sometimes  with  iron  or  clay.  The  bear- 
ing of  the  ranges  is  usually  south  east,  but  varies  from  8. 8.  &  to 
E.  8.  £.  presenting  remarkable  irregularities  in  their  course.  North 
of  the  Holyhead  diggings,  is  a  group  of  diggings,  at  Uercersburg, 
chiefly  in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesian.    Towards  the 


M 

Mtrtby  OBI  tlM  ri<g«  WMt  of  the  Ht)Ijhe«d  braMh,  i«  a  laiige  patek 
bearing  north  and  south ,  presenting  a  fiat  sheet  in  the  npper  mag^ 
noeian^  intertected  by  a  number  of  north  and  south  vertical  sheets. 
A  abaft  has  been  sunk  there  to  a  pipe  olay  opeubg  with  square 
«uiieral>  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone*  Farther  north 
is  a  group  of  nordi  and  south  sheets  in  the  lower  bed  of  the  upper 
^agnesian.  This  is  oontinued,  with  some  interruptions,  to  the 
ifemmit  of  the  divide  towards  the  WisconBin,  orossing  a  oonsider- 
able  east  and  west  range  in  its  oourse.  On  the  summit,  a  ridge 
east  of  the  south  part  of  the  diggings  in  the  bine  limestonOi  are 
Ike  Korway  diggings,  a  group  of  east  and  wests  in  the  upper  mag- 
uMian.  Esst  of  these,  on  the  high  grounds  east  of  the  Holyhead 
branch,  is  another  large  group  in  the  upper  magnesian.  Those 
towards  the  west  are  mostly  east  and  wests,  first  bearing^  EL  6.  & 
and  then  £*  N.  £.,  and  are  crossed  towards  the  east  by  a  large 
l^oup  of  north  and  souths  bearing  N.  N.  W, 

Not  far  east  of  the  group  last  noticed  the  Porter^s  Oroye  dig- 
l^ngs  form  a  considerable  group,  chiefiy  on  the  south  of  the 
divide,  but  extending  across  it  towards  the  Wisconsin.  These  dig- 
"gings  are  chiefly  north  and  souths,  crossed  towards  the  south  by 
h  large  east  and  west  (the  Wakefield  range.)  There  are  two  large 
Aorth  and  souths,  (the  Firm  and  Brush  leads),  the  last  of  which 
has  been  followed  about  two  miles,  extending  far  across  the  diride^ 
Und  terminating  in  a  flat  opening  with  dice  mineral|  in  the  upper 
bed  of  the  blue  limestone.  The  north  and  souths  carry  sheets,  ex- 
cept the  Brush  range,  which  at  the  divide  forms  a  wide  opening 
with  chunk  mineral*  These  diggings  are  in  the  upper  magnesian 
with  the  exception  abo7e  noticed.  Scattered  diggings  occur  along  * 
the  south  side  of  the  divide  between  the  Porter's  Orove  and  BIhe 
Mound  diggings,  but  none  are  of  interest  except  a  line  extending 
iiorth  by  east  along  a  ridge  about  half-way  between  them.  These 
diggings  are  apparently  in  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  mague- 
tian,  and  are  chiefly  patches  or  wide  ochre  '  and  clay  openit^ 
near  the  surface.    They  oohimence  on  the  south  west  at  O'Neills 


6« 


diggings,  and  extend  at  interrala  abont  Iwo  nulea  to  the  oMtmj 
road. 

The  Blue  Hooiid  dig^gs  fgrm  a  nnmber  of  diitinet  gronpB, 
sonth  of  the  Blue  Mounds,  and  are  dao  in  the  npper  mag^aBian, 
generallj  in  the  flint  bed,  although  in  a  few  instances,  at  the  ra- 
Tines,  mineral  has  been  traced  into  the  bine  limestone.  The  ranges 
are  almost  inrariably  east  and  west,  bearing  aboat  east  ten  de- 
grees south,  and  usuallj  present  wide  tumbling  openings,  which 
at  the  ravines,  particularly  in  the  more  soothem  ranges,  are  vn- 
eapped,  forming  patches  near  the  sarfaoe.  The  principal  group 
is  at  Brigham's  range,  a  large  and  productive  east  and  west,  north 
of  which  is  another  considerable  range  on  which  an  engine  has 
been  recentlj  placed.  Dudley's  range,  south  west  from  this  group, 
is  a  large  detached  east  and  west,  and  two  large  east  and  wests 
occur  at  Hawthorn's  diggings  on  the  south.  Hyde's  range,  more 
remote  to  the  8.  S.  W.,  is  another  large  range  bearing  £.  S.  K  by 
a  series  of  shifts  to  the  south,  the  parts  of  the  range  having  the 
usual  beariog  above  noticed.  A  number  of  less  important  di|g- 
gings  extend  E.  S.  £.  from  Brigham's  range,  about  five  miles,  to 
Bhaw's  diggings,  a  small  gronp  of  east  and  wests  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  upper  magnesian.  This  point  is  the  most  remote  in 
the  series,  unless  we  include  the  Sogar  Biver  diggings  towrards 
the  8.  £. 

Betnrning  west,  the  series  11,  may  be  traced  from  it^  8.  W. 
point  towards  the  N.  £.  and  £•  It  commences,  in  this  state,  in  a 
high  bluff  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  at  Boy's  Landing, 
8.  W.  of  which  are  the  Oattenberg  diggings,. on  the  opposite  banfc) 
in  a  similar  situation.  This  bluff  forms  a  narrow  ridge  overlaid 
by  a  thick  bed  of  the  upper  magnesian,  forming  an  abrnpt  wall 
on  the  west,  below  which  is  a  steep  slope  occupied  by  the  blue 
limestone  and  upper  sandstone,  extending  to  a  low  terrace  of  the 
lower  magnesian  at  the  water's  edge.  This  ndge  is  apparendy 
traversed  by  an  east  and  west  range,  in  the  flint  bed  of  the  upper 
magnesian,  crossed  on  the  east  side  by  a  north  and  sMth  ersvioe, 


move  pfodii0llv«  eTiBii  tfuu  the  Mrt  and  w^t  The  opifAihg  is 
oecopied  by  isod  and  olay,  with  nmoh  tiff  in  large  mafiaes  or 
diaMminated.  Small  quantities  of  mineral  have  been  found  in 
the  apper  part  of  the  lower  magnesian,  near  the  Mifleifleippi, 
one  or  two  milee  farther  north. 

Proceeding  north  easl,  we  arrive,  after  a  long  intervali  at  the 
Venimore  diggings,  in  a  line  west  of  Wingrille,  on  the  diyide  be- 
tween Gfant  river  and  the  Wisconsin.  They  consist  of  two  small 
groups,  abont  two  miles  apart ;  one  north-west,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  divide,  consisting  of  two  east  and  wests,  the  oilier  farther 
east  of  one  large  east  and  west,  by  the  military  road,  and  others 
ttnaller  on  the  north.  They  are  in  clay  and  ochre  openings,  in  a 
'  i*ook  with  flint,  but  apparently  the  lower  part  of  the  upper  mag- 
nefiian,  and  in  character  resemble  the  Wingville  difrgings. 

Proceeding  east  along  the  divide,  by  the  military  road,  we  ar- 
rive  at  the  Wiogville  diggings,  the  first  of  importance  in  this 
series.  The  main  body  of  the  diggings  crosses  the  divide  east  of 
Wingville  village,  and  extends  nearly  twice  as  far  from  north  to 
South  as  from  east  to  west.  Tins  corresponds  with  their  position 
in  the  transverse  series  extending  from  the  Platteville  to  the  Oen- 
terville  diggings,  already  noticed.  They  are  in  ochre  and  clay 
opening?,  in  a  sandy  rock  with  flint,  apparently  the  lower  part  of 
the  upper  mas^nesian.  The  ratiges  are  all  east  and  wests,  varying 
from  E.  N.  E.  to  E.  S.  E.  Black  jack  has  beeti  found  here  only 
in  two  remote  points  on  the  west. 

Shifting  to  the  north  across  the  valley  of  Blue  river,  the  series 
is  continued  in  the  Centerville  digginga.  These  are  all  situated 
in  the  main  opening  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone,  ex- 
cept in  one  instance,  already  noticed,  where  a  lower  opening,  ap- 
parently corresponding  to  the  glass  rock  opening,  has  been  reach- 
ed at  a  short  distance  below  the  main  opening.  They  extend 
from  west  to  east  along  the  ridge  immediately  north  of  Blue  riv- 
er, and  presents  three  distinct  groups,  two  west  and  one  east  of 
'  the  village.    The  ground  is  these  groups  is  nearly  under)  aid  by 


a 

MAtifttoiw  wide  flak  opening^!  the  apptrent  direofehm  ef  wioA  ii 
Boalh  eaBlerlj,  but  by  nooeeslTe  «hifU  to  tbB  tx<nA^  in  pfoooedii| 
eMt|  the  bearing  of  the  groupa  variea  from  B«  H.  E.  ad  nortiiMt 
Tbia  ia  pariienlarlj  obeerrable  in  tbe  two  western  groupie  Ha 
mineral  is  generally  aecompanied  with  sine  orea,  moretaaaallyb 
the  state  of  dry  bone,  with  more  or  less  of  iron^ 

The  series  ia  oontinaed  north-easterly  from  Oanterville  to  le 
Franklin  diggingSi  one  of  the  moat  extensiTe  and  imporMilitgvoapi 
in  the  mineral  district.  This  group  ia  of  greateat  dEtont  frav 
nortfi  toBonth,  and  incladea  a  nnmber  of  anbordinate  grouixs  <t 
which  the  moat  central,  and  also  the  moat  important,  is  that  attfM 
Dry  Bone  Hollow,  north  of  Franklin  village.  Theae  diggings  sre 
in  the  blae  limestone,  except  a  few  of  little  importanee  in  the  low- 
er part  of  the  upper  magoesian,  on  the  higher  gf-oands  towsrdi 
the  sontb,  and  those  in  the  lower  magnesian  in  the  ranaes  lesd- 
ing  to  Blae  Riyer,  west  of  Franklin  village.  Those  in  the  blue 
limestone  are  chiefly  in  the  main  opening  in  the  lower  part  of  thi 
npper  bed ;  the  glass  rock  opening  having  been  worked  only  Ift  * 
few  instances,  as  a  lower  opening,  or  on  the  outskirts  of  the  gronp 
toward  tbe  north  and  east  The  ground  in  the  Dry  Bone  HeUow, 
is  nearly  occupied  by  contiguous  ranges,  bearing  aoath-eastaify 
obliquely  across  the  hollow,  and  worked  chiefly  in  the  main  opes- 
ing  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone,  bat  in  a  few  insta^M 
the  glass  rock  opening  has  been  reached  only  tiro  or  three  M 
below  the  upper  opening,  and  worked  in  connection  with  it  Tto 
mineral  was  first  struck  on  the  east  part  of  the  ridge  adjoiiuDg 
the  hollow  on  the  north,  in  a  thin  overlying  cap  of  tbe  upper  o^ 
nesian,  where  the  bearing  of  the  ranges  is  apparently  EL  S«  £**" 
This  difference  in  the  bearing  of  rangea  in  different  strata  hsi  st 
ready  been  noticed.  South  of  the  central  group  at  the  Diy  B^ 
Hollow,  are  only  a  few  scattered  diggings ;  those  on  the  west,  sA' 
joining  the  ravines  of  Blue  Biver,  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  bti* 
limestone ;  two  small  groups  on  the  dlvitle,  between  Bio^I'^^ 
and  Otter  Greek,  in  die  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesiaat  ^  * 


59 

'M^0e  OA  tbe  east  of  the  diride  (Jone*^,  in  the  ^^aw  rook  opea- 
^g*  Oopper  ore  kas  been  fouud  on  a  line  east  of  Oentecnllei 
^K>th  in  the  blae  limeetone,  and  one  of  the  two  groape  in  the  np- 
^r  magnesian,  that  to  the  aonth^^ast  Korth  of  the  group  at 
the  I>ry  Bone  Hollow  ia  an  extensive  line  of  diggisge  from  w^t 
to  eaet,  forming  three  distinct  gronps — the  Iriah  diggings  on  the 
weat^  West  Point  in  the  middlei  and  the  Saddorth  diggings  on 
the  eaaL  The  general  bearing  of  the  ranges  is  there  E.  S.  B. — 
Xhoae  diggings  are  all  in  the  npper  bed  of  the  bine  limestone,  ia 
^he  two  western  groaps^  in  pipe  olay  openings,  on  the  eastam 
rfH^c^vp^  ehieflj  in  sine  openings,  but  in  one  of  the  ranges,  in  a  olay 
opanin^^.  North  of  the  ^eastern  group  in  this  Uney  a&er  a  consid- 
'Wable  interval,  is  a  detached  group  (the  Strawberry  diggings),^ 
'  two  parallel  ridges ;  on  the  south,  the  mineral  accompanied  with 
*ino  ore  in  the  npper  bed  of  the  bine  limestone;  on  the  oorth, 
-with  elay  and  tiff  in  die  glass  rock  opening  .  Still  farther  north, 
I  near  the  point  of  a  ridge  towards  the  Wisconsin,  is  a  small  group 
-^^  diggii^gs  in  the  blue  limestone;  on  the  south,  in  the  npper  bed, 
I  on  the  north,  in  the  glass  rock.  This  may  be  regarded  as  the  ex* 
I  ^reme  northern  point  of  the  transverse  series  through  Wingville^ 
I  already  noticed*  The  d^gings  in  the  lower  magnesian,  west  of 
I  franklin,  are  in  two  ravines  leading  to  Dry  Hollow,  one  on 
I  J(he  west,  the  other  on  the  east,  where  that  rock  underlies  bluffii 
^  of  the  upper  shndstoneeb  Those  on  the  west  were  noticed  in  my 
I  fi>rmer  report,  and  have  been  worked  in  the  upper,  softer  bed  of 
I  the  rock,  and  in  the  thick  layer  of  flint  at  the  top  of  the  middle 
I  bed ;  those  on  the  east,  only  in  the  latter.  These  diggings  have 
been  the  most  productive  yet  worked  in  the  lower  magnesian. 

The  series  11  terminates  £.  S.  E.  of  Franklin  in  the  Otter  Creek 
d^gings,  in  a  line  towards  the  most  north  eastern  point  of  the 
Fedlar's  Creek  diggings.  These  are  situated  in  two  ridges  be* 
tween  ravines  near  the  head  of  Otter  Creek;  the  group  on  the 
northern  ridge  at  (W.  S.  Adam's)  is  the  most  important.  They 
ere  chiefly  in  the  glass  rook  opening,  though  the  upper  opening 


•0 

is ab»  prenot,  bvl  hat beea  Iflde ptodoefire.  JbrnmnsAM 
^iwm  roek  opening  is  geaenllj  aeecMnpained  visli  boc  cr^ 
•MietiiBet  widi  trcm  or  ehj.  Ike  ioterrd  between  the  tvefl 
ings  is  here  grater  diea  8tFmUiii,ii0iiaIl7fiTeoraxlB&' 
beering  of  the  imogee  is  genenlly  EL  8.  E.,  bet  cronipi 
woaIIj  beering  sooth  bj  eest 

VimeanX  bss  been  diseorered  in  the  lower  mngnestan,  ifaq 
northern  frontier  of  the  mfneral  district,  st  lensk  ss  fir  m 
FrsnUm.  At  the  different  localities  which  I  hsTe  Tinted,  i: 
been  worked  to  maeh  extent  only  in  the  Ticinity  of  Fm 
Bmall  qaantHies  hare  been  f  jnnd  on  the  east  side  of  tlie  I 
slppf,  north  of  Baj*s  Landing ;  on  Tront  Ban,  nordi  ^  1 
Qrore ;  and  on  the  lower  part  of  Green  river,  near  ABdeu 
saw  mill.  It  ha«  been  f  jnnd  in  larger  qnantitr  on  the  1 
Eiclcapoo,  north  of  the  Wisconfein,  in  the  layer  of  flints  at  th 
^  the  middle  bed,  and  like  that  at  Franklin  ia  pnre  aod  h 
and  nsnallf  in  regular  forms  ;  shafts  hare  been  there  snnkl 
the  flint  in  which  it  is  f^und,  bnt  it  han  rot  been  traced  d 
ward. 

An  extensive  transverse  series,  from  th*^  Pairplay,  throngs 
Plattevillo  and  Wingville  to  the  Franklin  diggings,  has  bea 
ready  noticed.  Similar  transverse  scries  of  less  moment,  ma 
traced  on  the  west  from  the  Beot^wn  to  the  Fenimore  diggi 
and  from  the  Potosi  to  the  Grab  and  Whit'^ker  diggings,  ant 
the  east  from  the  Wiota,  throngh  the  Yellowstone,  to  the  1 
Mound  diggings,  and  from  Skinner's  to  the  Sngar  river  digg» 
The  genoral  bearing  of  these  transverse  scries  is  north  by  ^^ 
but  the  most  important  of  such  transverse  scries  is  that  lon 
by  the  great  body  of  diggings  from  Hazel  Green  to  Shnll^'^'' 
on  the  south,  the  most  extensive  and  connected  in  the  whole'* 
era!  dintrict,  and  that  from  the  Mifflin  to  the  Mineral  Po5o^^ 
gings,  on  the  north.  These  arc  in  the  same  north  by  east  bo« 
bearing,  and  both  present  a  number  of  lines  of  diggiogf*  ^^ 
same  direction.     A  large  vacant  space  around  the  Platte Mott> 


61    , 

I 

is  interpoBed  between  them,  and  on  either  Bide  of  thisi  yiz :  at 
Keeker's  Grove  on  the  soaih^  and  at  the  south  diggings  <m  the 
north,  are  t]^o  most  striking  appoaranoes  of  disturbance  of  the 
atrata  bjr  faults  yet  observed  in  the  mineral  district  They  tra- 
▼er^e  too,  th%  middle  line  of  it^e  district,  and  are  as  it  were^  its 

E'la.    Their  relation  to  certain  appearances  of  the  primary  and 
itamorphic  rocks  to  the  north- east  will  be  hereafter  noticed. 
e  -faiults  above  noticed,  are  each  iQ  the  line  of  a  remarkable 
series  of  ravines  extending  for  spme  distance  from  east  to  west, 
perhaps  having  an  important  relation  to  the  east  and  west  series. 
Lb^ye  already  noticed  the  i)ccurrence  of  small  quantifies  of 
coppei*  ore  similar  to  that  of  Mineral- Point,  on  the  west  side  of 
Pedlar's  Creek,  in  the  upper  bed  of  the  blue  limestone,  and  in  an 
east  and  west  line  south  of  Franklin,  in  the  same  bed,  as  well  as 
in  t^  lower  part  of  the  upper  magnesian.    I  have  visited  this 
season  a  group  of  copper  diggings  (Mc£aigbt's)  no  longer  work- 
I  ed,  on  the  west  side  of  the  west  Pecatonica,  south  of  Wiota. — 
I  The  ore  consists  of  the  yellow  and  variegated  sulpburets,  accom- 
'  panied  ^ith  the  blue  and  green  carbonate  and  blac^  oxyd,  and  is 
^leaa  accompanied  with  iron  than  in  the  more  northern  diggings. — 
It  is  found  in  vertical  sheets  or  seams  traversing  the  upper  fine 
granular  portion  of  the  middle  bed  of  the  bine  lin^estone ;  the 
sheets  enlarging  and  contractiug,  sometimes  it  is  said,  two  inches 
thick-  It  is  accompanied  with  calcareous  spar,  partly  fibrous,  part- 
ly mammillary  and  composed  of  minute  tables.    I.have  also  ex- 
amined a  new  range,  worked  during  the  past  year,  in  the  copper 
diggings,  east  of  Mineral  Point   The  ore  is  the  vitreous  sutphuret, 
accompanied  with  iron  pyrites,  and  more  or  less  changed  to  the 
green  carbonate.  It  is  found  iu  a  soft  ochry  and  clay  opening,  with 
seams  and  pockets  of  black  ochre,  and  occurs  in  their  seams  inter- 
l^lacing  the  opening  ground,  or  in  veftical  and  flat  sheets  or  small 
bunchefit.    The  copper  diggings,  at  Mineral  Point,  are  not  at  pres- 
ent ip  a. situation  to  judge  well  of  their  importance. 
The  ores  of  zinc  in  some  of  the  northern  diggings,  are  very 


almndflnt,  particvlti-Iy  in  the  two  great  openiogs  in  theUQelhue- 
ttotie.  The  largest  maBses  hare  been  found  in  the  main  opening 
in  the  npper  bed  at  Black  Jack,  Grow  Branch  and  FrankUB; 
iometimeey  where  intermpting  the  minera1|  forming  solid  iht 
theeta  more  dian  a  foot  thick  and  of  large  extent  Terj  large 
fnantitiea  hare  been  aeonmnlatod  in  the  mbbish  and  piled  awij 
in  the  openinga,  and  conld  be  enpplied  at  little  expense  of  labor; 
probably  large  quantities  yet  remain  undisturbed.  Zinc  wwki 
located  at  points,  where  the  largest  quantities  of  the  ore  might  to 
easily  procared,  might  well  repay  inrestmeot 

I  noticed  in  my  former  report  (p.  M)  the  general  occurrence  of 
iron  ore  in  the  diggings,  originally  in  the  state  of  iron  pyritei, 
but  more  usually  at  present  in  that  of  ochre  or  hematite,  from 
its  decomposition.    These  are  paiiicnlariy  abundant  Jiu  the  ochre 
openings  in  the  lower  bed  of  the  upper  magnesian,  «a  noticed  iir 
my  former  report  in  sach  openings  in  Benton  and  New  Diggings 
They  are  also  abnndant  in  some  such  openiogs  in  the  northen 
diggings,  where  the  hematite  is  obserred  at  times  in  large  masses, 
apparently  full]lrecomposed,  particularly  at  Wingrille.  I  noticed 
too,  in  my  former  report  (p.  18)  the  common  occurrence  of  seauiB 
and  nodules  of  iron  pyrites  and  hematite  in  the  upper  eandstoas, 
at  its  junction  with  the  blue  limestone.    I  hare  this  season  ob 
serred  a  remarkable  instance  where  the  whole  thickness  of  the 
upper  sandstone  is  apparently  perraded  to  a  large  extent,  and  is 
a  similar  manner,  by  iron.    It  occurs  on  Skinner's  branch,  near 
the  Peeatonica,  in  a  line  8.  W.  from  Skinner's  diggings,  where  a 
narrow  ridge,  on  the  east  side  of  the  branch,  is  composed  of  a 
deep  red  sandstone,  more  argillaceous  than  is  usual,  and  incladiog 
lajers  of  a  thin  red  shale,  through  which  seams  and  nodules  (^ 
iron  pyrites  or  hematite,  and  also  of  brown  ironstone,  are  <)ib' 
seminated.    On  ascending  the  ridge  towards  the  north-east,  this 
hi  overlaid  by  a  bed  of  light  grey,  indurated  sandstone,  equally 
abundant  in  pjrites  and  hematite,  and  underlying  the  blue  MoQO- 
stone.    This  is  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  I  hare  yet  obserred^ 


•8 

Its  pQM<m  iB  tli#  line  of  the  traBsvene  ieriea  from  Ibe  Sbgsr 
tir%f  dlgcisg9  to  Skioiier's  diggiogs.  Is  worthj  of  notice.  It  peiv 
ikftps  tndioates  that  beneetli  the  ranges  in  the  higher  Umeetoiie 
Btmtay  the  upper  ssoidstoDe  may  be  trayersed  at  least  bj  the  iron 
<wea  accempan  jing  the  mineral,  leading  down  to  the  other  iepo- 
idta^.  of  mineral  in  the  lower  magnesian. 

The  faets  eoUected  this  season,  as  well  as  those  stated  in  ody 

foraser  repo^,  show  eonelnsirely  that  all  the  limestone  in  the  mi* 

nenJ  distrieti  from  the  upper  to  'the  lower  magnesian  inelnsiroi 

are  mineral  bearing.    The  lower  magnesian  has  been  worked 

only  on  the  oonfiues  of  the  district  to  the  north,  nor  should  the 

reavlts  there  be  considered  as  decisiye  of  its  prodnctireness  in 

tlie  central  part  of  the  district    The  most  productive  diggings 

jet  woiiced  in  it,  are  those  in  the  yicinity  of  tiiie  important  dig-^ 

gings  at  Franklin,  in  the  blae  limestone.    The  lower  sandstone 

ia  found  to  contain  extensive  beds  of  ealciferous  rock,  particularly 

in  the  north* western  counties.    If  these  should  extend  below  the 

mineral  dibtrict,   and  from  analogy  with  the  other  limestones, 

prove  mineral  bearing,  the  chances  of  deep  mining  wojold  be 

much  increased.    The  opinion  expressed  in  my  former,  report 

that  the  mineral  was  derived  from  beneath^  is  strengthened  not 

only  by  the^enera^  results  of  my  observations  in  the  diggings,  but 

by  the  appearance  of  disturbance  in  the  strata,  particularly  along 

the  b'nci  of  the  great  body  of  mineral  traversing  the  middle  of  th9 

district,  and  by  the  relation  in  the  bearing  of  that  body  to  the  Wr 

tensive  ranges  of  primary  and  metamorphic  rocks  towards  th§ 

north  east^  indica.ting  that  the  mineral  mi^  have  ari/Ben  from,  a 

mass  of  such  rocka  beneath  the  secondary  strata.    This  will  be. 

rendered  more  probable,  when  I  describe  the  arraqgement  of 

these  rocks  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  report 

But  whatever  may  be  the  prospects  of  deep  miningi  a  iantt: 
field  still  remains  in  the  strata  which  are  known  to  Jiave  hean4>rar 
dnctive*  partioalariy  in.  the  more  aanthem  districts,  wJieie  4be 
seriee  of  strata  is  more  complete. 


64   : 

in  tke  strata  aboye  the  water  leFol  or  easily  aceeoatble  bj  4Ma- 
ing.  .  Tbe  large  depositB  discovered  last  winter  (1864  5)  lilSteL 
pbe^'s  raagie,  (Shuliaburg)  and  in  two  rapgea  in  the  Bouth  part  of 
the  Fairpla;  diggings^  and  the  recent  difiooveries  in  the  yioiaity  of 
Orawfoard'a  pump  (Hazel  Green)  below  the  water  level,  may  be 
cited  as  favorable  instances.  In  any  attempt  ftt.deep  mioisgy 
those  pqints  where  the  mineral  has  been  found  most  abandant  in 
the  upper  openings,  should  be  aeleoted,  aiid  care  shoalcl  be  taken 
in  sinking,  'to  follow  the  strongest  indications.  The  ahifung  of  die 
mineral  from  one  line  iq  another  will  cause  embarraMmeatj  but 
snob. is  ^common  in  the  most  regular  and  continued  veins,  and  the 
regularity  and  order  here  observed,  in  this  will  render  tbe  difficult 
ty  more  easy  to  obviate.  Witb  stich  evidence,  of  large  depoaita  in 
the  lower  strata,  it  would  little.accord  with  the  American  enter- 
prise to  be  dissuaded  from  the  search  of  tbem  by  faUofe  of  a 
few  attempts,  not  sufficiently  sustained. 

GENERAL     BEOONNOISSANOK. 

I  have  iJready  stated,  in  the  introduction  to  this  report,  that  af- 
ter I  had  completed  the  survey  of  the  mineral  district,  I  under- 
took a  general  reconnoissance,  iti  which  I  aimed  to  traverse  as 
much  of  the  state  as  possible.   In  that  and  my  other  employments 
I  have  traversed  more  or  leas  than  thirty  eight  counties,  all  except 
a  few  of  the  more  northern.*    As  I  was  only  five  months  on  my 
general  reconnoissance,  I  conld  take  only  a  hasty  view  of  the 
country,  and  sbali  attempt,  in  this  part  of  the  report,  only  a  gen- 
eral outline  of  the  geological  arrangement    If  I  can  succeed  in 
fixing  a  few  laud-marks,  which  may  serve  is  stations  in  the  fature 
investigation  of  details,  it  will  be  all  that  I  can  expect  to  accom- 
plish.   I  might  have  employed  the  time  in  a  more  detailed  exam- 
inatieu  of  a  few  localities  of  interest,  but  my  former  experience  . 


1*1  A 


*Ik/k  «iMliaB  not  Tialed  an  Mamtovoo^  Ctteasst^  Kswrnmrn,  Door.  OtotttoiBbafwa- 
D«m;  WayqpMea,  lUnUloii,  01trk»  Biil|iIo,  La  Poioto  an4  Do^gtaw 


lud  0«tiBfiied  me  of  the  grent  adyantage  of  such  a  preyioos  r^cQU- 
aoiBBance  in  a  eacoeaafal  poraoit  of  the  details.  I  had  before 
oommeDciDg  it  the  benefit  of  a  more  particular  examination  of  the 
formations  in  the  mineral  district,  and  as  those  include  all  the 
eeeondary  formations  iu  that  part  of  the  state  yisited,  except  the 
lower  sandstpne,  and  perhaps  a  few  overljiog  strata  in  the  west 
^ore  of  Lake  Michigan,  I  haye  been  able  to  refer  my  obseryations 
in  other  parts  of  the  state  to  the  points  which  I  haye  determined  in 
thai  district.  In  giying  the  results  of  my  reconnoissance,  I  shall 
first  present  a  general  yiew  of  the  different  rook  farmationa^  and 
at  the  secondary  rocks  occupy  the  country  generally,  where,  not 
ooyered  by  the  loose  surface  deposits,  the  primary  rocks  appearing 
only  in  a  few  detached  points,  I  shall  place  them  first  in  order. 

SEOONDABT  BOOKS. 

The  well  established  secondary  formations  in  the  part  of  the 
etate  yisited  by  me  are  the  mound  limestone,  blue  shale,  upper 
ivagnesian  limestone,  blue  limestone,  upper  sandstone,  lower  mag- 
nesian  limestone  and  lower  sandstone.  These  are  all  obseryed  in 
ttie  country  south  of  the  Wisconsin  riyer  including  the  minerfd 
dietrict,  but  the  lower  sandstone  only  at  a  low  leyel  along  the  yal- 
ley  of  the  Wisconsin.  I  haye  giyen  in  my  former  report  and  th^t 
part  of  the  present  relating  to  the  mineral  district  the  results  of 
my  obseryations  there  in  relation  to  the  formations^  and  shall  now 
giye  such  yiews  of  them  as  are  generally  applicable,  and  in  par* 
tioular  the  extent  to  which  they  are  distributed  oyer  the  surlGsce. 

THK  MOUHD  LIMBSTONK.* 

This  formation  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  is  only  found 
oyerlying  a  few  detached  mounds  in  the  mineral  district,f  as  well 


*  This  vock  has  been  n^carded,  from  iU  fomSk,  as  sqaiTsIent  to  the  Niagara  lim$dom, 

f  Tha  Sinaisawa  moimd,  on  tha  line  of  Haaal  Oraan  aad  Jameatown,  (Grant  eonnty); 
Uia  PIstta  inoondi^  in  Bdaumt  (La  A^xatCv  eovntj);  and  tiba  Bloa  Bomd^on  tha  Una 
of  Dana  and  Iown< 

9 


66 

as  the  north  point  of  a  chain  of  ridges  and  monnds  east  of  QtAe- 
na.*    Oo  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi  it  occtipies  the  high- 
lands, an  almost  nnbreken  escarpment  rising  above  the  level  of 
the  upper  magnesian,  and  extending  at  a  short  distance  from  that 
river,  at  least  from  Tnrkey  river  soothward.    It  also  overlies  there 
some  detached  monnds,  adjoining  the  highlands,  soch  as  Sherald's 
monnd,  and  Table  monnd,  near  Dabnqne.    The  chain  east  of  Ga- 
lena, above  noticed,  extends  south  into  Illinois,  where  it  spreads 
over  a  large  surface,  but  is  much  more  broken  than  the  high  lands 
west  of  the  Mississippi.    On  the  east  side  of  the  State  this  fonxy- 
ation  is  apparently  the  overlying  rock  throughout  the  whole  ex- 
tent along  the  west  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  including  the  penin- 
sula east  of  Green  Bay,  and  the  islands  at  its  entrance,  and  extend- 
ing west  to  Lake  Winnebago.  This  part  of  the  State,  particularly 
towards  the  south,  is  so  covered  with  drift,  that  with  a  few  excep- 
tions it  is  difficult  to  determine  there,  the  western  limit  of  this 
formation  precisely.    This  forcfTation  on  the  east  side  of  the  State 
is  much  less  elevated  thaif  towards  the  west.    On  the  'west  it  dips 
with  the  other  strata  to  the  south,  or  rather  to  the  westof  sonth  ; 
but  in  the  east,  to  the  sonth  east.    Between  the  two  escarpments  ) 

of  this  formation  on  the  west  and  east  is  a  wide  extent  of  country 
where  it  is  wanting,  extending  south  along  the  course  of  Bock  river 
into  Illinois.  ■ 

I  have  stated  in  my  former  report  that  in  the  south-western  I 

mounds  in  the  mineral  district,  where  the  formation  is  more  com- 
plete, three  distinct  beds  may  be  distinguished  an  upper,  abound- 
ing in  iossils,  particularly  corals,  of  which  the  Catenipora  may  be 
considered  as  characteristic :  a  middle,  abounding  in  flint,  and  in 
which  too  the  Peniamerua  is  particularly  observable ;  and  a  lower, 
leas  abundant  in  fossils,  but  which  may  be  characterized  by  a  pe- 
culiar coral  (the  Beticvlites.)  In  the  Patte  Mounds,  and  western 
Blue  Mound,  the  upper  bed  is  wanting,  but  the  middle  bed  is  there 


*  TenninatiDg  in  the  ridge  at  Gntiot'e  groTe,  sontli  of  BMMmg. 


J 


«7 

t&are  abfiiiilBnt  in  flint,  and  in  the  vrestero  Blao  Mound,  this  even 
apparentlj  oecapiea  the  irhole  bed,  but  the  Pentamerus  is  there 
frequent  In  the  eftstern  Blae  Moand,  the  lower  bed  is  only 
present.  ^ 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  State,  this  formation  occurs  gener- 
ally in  detached  localKies,  presenting  only  a  small  thickness  of 
rook,  and  it  is  there  more  di£3cnlt  to  determine  the  different  beds, 
ttian  in  the  soath-vest.  Tne  rock  is  most  exposed  in  the  long  line 
of  Uuflfs  extending  north  from  Iron  Kidge,  along  the  east  side  of 
Lake  Winnebago.  In  that,  the  lower  and  middle  bed  can  be  dis- 
tingnished ;  the  lower  usually  nearly  destitate  of  fossiU,  but  occa- 
sionally presenting  its  characteristic  fossil,  the  Heiiculites]  the  mid- 
dle, less  abundant  in  flint  than  in  the  sonth-west,  but  marked  as 
there  by  tbe  Pentamerus,  At  the  Bay  Settlement,  on  the  eastside 
of  Green  Bay,  ten  or  twelve  miles  below  the  town  of  Green  Bay, 
tiie  lower  bed  is  very  distinct,  marked  by  its  peculiar  fossils,  and 
«nderlaid  by  tbe  blue  shale.  The  latter  also  underlies  the  same 
bed  at  Iron  RidglB.  The  Caieniporay  characteristic  of  the  qpper 
bed  in  the  mounds,  is  found  in  the  quarries  west  of  Milwaukee,  at 
a  low  level,  indicating  a  considerable  dip  of  the  strata  to  the  east 
Specimens  of  it  were  shown  me  at  Green  Bay,  from  the  highest 
part  of  the  rock  at  the  Door,  and  in  the  adjacent  islands. '  It  is 
found  in  blocks  on  tbe  surface  in  the  middle  and  eastern  parts  of 
the  district  occupied  by  this  formation.  Such  blocks  are  frequent 
on  eaci)  side  of  tbe  range  of  drift  hills  called  the  Pots  and  Kettles, 
in  the  western  part  of  Sheboygan  county.  ' 

The  rock  of  this  formation  presents  a  peculiar  lithological  char- 
acfter  by  which  it  may  be  distinguibhed  from  the  other  limestones. 
It  is  usnally  of  a  nearly  o^^mpact  grain  of  a  light  grey  or  light 
Cream  color,  approaching  whi'e,  is  easily  dressed,  forming,  when 
sufficiently  thick,  a  good  material  for  building,  and  at  times  ad- 
mits of  a  sufficient  polish  to  be  called  a  marble.  This  id  particu- 
larly true  c^  the  lower  bed.  These  characters  are  so  very  simi- 
lar in  the  ionth-weetem  and  eastern  parts  of  the  state  that  the 


«8 

foek  ean  be  eastlj  identified.  Layen  of  a  thuuier  eompaot  nib- 
argillaceonB  rook  of  a  verj  e^eQ  grain,  oocanonally  occur,  par- 
ticalarly  in  the  lower  part  of  the  lower  bed  as  it  approaches  tke 
blae  shale.  Specimens  of  this  from  the  Door,  at  the  entrance  of 
.Green  Bay,  have  been  tried  and  approved  for  litbogcaphio  pur- 
poses. An  appearanoe  has  very  generally  presented  itself  in  this 
rock,  particoiarly  in  the  lower  beds  whieh  I  have  never  obeerred 
in  any  other  limestone,  and  by  which  it  may  be  distiogniaked. 
This  is  the  ocenrrence  of  numerous  finely  grooved  seama,  which 
in  one  instance  (on  the  south  fork  of  Fine  Greek,  in  Kenoeha 
county)  wore  occupied  by  thin  layers  of  bitomen,  but  in  meek- in- 
stances this  is  evidently  wanting.       , 

In  traversing  the  eastern  part  of  the  atate  I  have  had  bat  few 
opportunities  of  seeing  the  rock  of  this  formation  in  place.     It  is 
exposed  most  continuonsly  on  its  western  border  towards  the  north 
at  least  as  far  south  as  Iron  Bidge.    South  of  Aat  point  the  coun- 
ty is  so  covered  with  drift,  particularly  along  tUe  range  l^nown  as 
the  Pots  and  Kettles,  which  may  be  eonsidered  near  the  wsfttem 
line  of  this  formation,  that  the  roek  is  exposed  only  at  a  few  points 
and  those  generally  at  low  levels*  In  its  eastern  part,  through  the 
whole  extent  traversed,  only  a  few  points  of  rock  are  expoaed, 
generally  in  the  bluflb  and  beds  of  rivers  or  near  the  water  lev- 
el on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.    At  the  entrance  of  Green  Bay, 
the  rode  is  more  elevated,  formiag  h%h  and  abrupt  blaffsi   but 
that  point  I  have  not  yet  visited.    Specimens  shown  me  at  the 
town  of  Green  Bay,  prove  suffloiently  that  the  roeks  there  are  of 
ihe  present  formation.       Immense  accumulations  of  limestone 
drift  (boulders  and  cobblestone),  are  fiiund  on  tbe  surface  of  this 
formation,  particularly  along  the  line  of  the  Pots  and  Kettles, 
generally  having  the  character  of  its  rock,  and  sometimes  distin- 
jguished  by  its  peculiar  fossils. 

The  most  northern  point  visited  by  me  is  at  the  Bay  settlement 
on  the  east  side  of  Green  Bay  already  notieed.  Here  the  rotik 
of  this  formation  forms  a  low  bluff  about  a  mtle  back,  front  the 


69 

•faord  alid  is  eridenfly  the  lower  bed,  marked  by  the  JSetkmdUei. 
It  is  eroeeed  bj  a  small  stream  forming  a  cascade,  by  which  the 
roek  is  ezdeiTated  so  as  to  expose  the  underlying  bine  shale.  From 
this  the  western  line  of  the  formation  extends  8.  B.  W.,  east  of 
Depere  to  Olifton  at  the  north- east  corner  of  Lake  Winnebago, 
and  theroe  south  in  the  ridge  east  of  that  lake  by  Taycheedah 
towards  Iron  Ridge.    At  Taycheedah,  where  I  crossed  it,  the 
middle  and  lower  beds  may  be  distingnished,  bnt  I  did  not  obserre' 
there  any  fossils.    In  the  long  line  of  blnfls  extending  from  near 
Mayrille  to  Iron  Ridge  there  is  the  same  deficiency  of  fossils  in 
the  lower  bed,  bnt  in  the  middle  bed  which  is  seen  only  in  the 
higher  part  of  the  blnflb  towards  the  north,  the  Pentamerus  may 
be  dutingnished.    West  of  this  line  of  blnfb,  blocks  of  monnd 
rock  are  fonnd  scattered  over  the  snrfnee  as  far  as  the  east  sid« 
of  Lake  Horricon.    The  lower  bed  at  Iron  Ridge,  is  immediately 
ttnderlaid  by  the  bed  of  iron  ore  which  itself  is  underlaid  by  the 
Une  shale.  At  Hartford,  thongh  in  a  line  farther  east,  the  lower  bed- 
is  observed  near  the  mblicon  overlying  the  same  bed  of  iron  ore, 
on  the  south  side  of  tiiat  stream,  but  on  the  north  side  sunk  appa- 
rently by  a  fault  bekw  its  level.    The  rock  is  here  deficient  1a 
fbseUs  as  at  Iron  Ridge,  bnt  a  pocket  of  red  and  white  clay  was 
exposed  in  it,  in  a  cut  of  the  railroad,  adjoining  which  fossils  were 
more  abundant.    Frooeediog  south  from  this  I  have  observed  the 
risek  of  the  present  formation  in  place  only  at  Waukesha,  Oaesoi- 
man's  quarry  in  East  Troy  and  Toree  near  Burlington.    In  alt 
these  localities  tiie  rock  has  the  characters  of  the  lower  bed,  as  it 
it  seen  in  the  mounds  and  ridges  towards  the  Mississippi.    It  te 
the  same  l^ht  colored  nearly  compact  rock,  easily  dressed^  and 
often  admitting  a  good  polish,  and  when  sofflcieotly  thick,  is  m 
valuable  material  for  building.    This  is  particularly  the  case  a» 
Waukesha  and  Oasseknan's  quarry  where  the  rock  is  thicker  B»i 
finaer.    At  Toree  it  is  thinner  and  softer  and  alternates  wills 
layers  of  shale,  and  apparently  lies  near  the  base  of  the  formation. 
In  all  these  localities  fossils  are  unfrequent,  but  occasional  laywi 


7P 

occiir  in  wMch  they  are  more  aboo^ant.  The  rode  in  alV  these 
localities  ia  at  a  low  level,  raieed  bat  a  few  feet  above  ^uz  riven 
or  its  branches,  to  which  they  are  contiguous.  Farther  aouth  in 
Wheatland,  a  large  accumulation  of  blocks  was  found,  on  the  east 
side  of  Lake  Kipirriog  apparently  from  ike  breaking  up  of  an' 
nrderljing  le<jge,  and  similar  in  character  to  the  thicker  bedded 
rock  in  the  preceding  localities. 

East  of  the  localities  above  noticed  along  the  apparent  line  of 
the  lower  bed /the  rock  is.  very  rarely  exposed  until  we  reach  aa« 
other  parallel  line  near  to  Lake  Michigan.    A  limestone  nearly  or 
quite  destitute  of  fossils  is  exposed  at  Sheboygan  Falls,  at  Pigeon 
river  north  of  Sheboygan,  and  at  the  light  iiouse  near  the  laitor 
place;  in  the  two  former  iostances  little  elevated,  and  in  the  latter 
at  the  bed  of  the  lake.    It  is  in  alternate  layers,  light  grey,  or 
nearly  white  and  sub  crystalline,  and  blue,  and  more  compact, 
and  is  apparently  unlike  the  rock  of  the  lower  bed,  and  from  its. 
want  of  fossils  cannot  be  readily  identified,    At  Grafton  (Ozaukee ' 
county)  an  extensive  range  of  limestone  rock  is  exposed  along  the 
Milwaukee  river,  having  the  general  charaeter  of  the  present  for^ 
mation,  the  greater  part  containing  very  few  Ibeeils,  but  a  few  lay* 
en  abounding  in  them.    About  three  miles  north  of  Racine,  at' 
Cooler's  and  Toes'  quarries,  beds  of  limestone  rock  have  been  ex- 
eaVated  but  a  few  feet,  some  of  the  layers  of  which  abound  in  foB' 
sils  similar  to  those  at  Grafton,  and  at  the  rapids  of  Boot  river 
nearly  west  of  these,  a  similar  fossiliferoud  rock  is  exposed*    In  a 
line  between  Grafton  and  Bacine,  along  the  Menominee  river, 
west  of  Milwaukee,  a  limestone  is  exposed  abounding  in  fossilsi 
and  in  which  the  Catenipara  is  observed.    This  fossil  I  have  not 
iioticed  at  Grafton  or  Racine.  This  range  of  fpssiliferous  limestone, 
fPltending  north  and  south  from  Grafton  to  Baoiive,  iSiapparendy 
Ifce  upper  bed  of  the  present  formation  clearly  identified  in  tb^ 
nMk  west  of  Milwaukee.    The  rocks  in  the  vicinity  pf  fifaeboygan 
aae  in  a  Une  farther  eaat  and  perhaps  m^y  form  an  orerlying 


71 


raw  BiASE  SHALV. 


.  Tiiid  has  already  been  noticed  in  nay  former  report,  as  underly- 
ing tbe  mounds,  at  all  of  which  it  has  been  exposed  by  excava- 
tion.  As  it  is  composed  of  a  thin  argillaceous  Blate,  readily  de- 
oompofiing  into  a  sott  clay,  it  is  always  concealed  unless  thus  ex- 
posed. The  slate  itself  is  apparently  without  fossils,  but  at  and 
near  its  base  at  the  mounds  are  a  few  thin  fussiliferous  and  con* 
oretionary  layers,  which  are  also  found  in  a  bed  of  pipe  clay  over- 
lying the  upper  magnesian  in  different  places  remote  from  the 
mounds.  This  circatnstanco  was  noticed  in  my  former  report  as 
indicating  an  apparent  extension  of  the  blue  shale  over  the  uppeV 
magnesian.  This  same  bed  of  blue  shale  may  be  observed  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state,  underlying  the  mound  limestone,  where 
that  roQk  is  sufficieutly  elevated  to  expose  it.  Thus  it  is  exposed 
at  tbe  foot  of  the  cascade  at  the  Bay  Settlement,  and  has  been  found 
by  excavation  to  underlie  tbe  bed  of  iron  ore  at  Iron  Kidge,  The  re* 
aemblance  of  the  rock  at  these  localities  to  that  underlying  the 
mounds  is  obvious*  The  position  of  the  bed  of  iron  ore  at  IronSidge 
is  apparently  in  the  upper  part  of  this  formation,  and  in  the  same 
position  at  the  Bay  Settlement,  traces  of  a  similar  iron  ore  may 
be  distinguished.  But  at  the  base  of  the  blae  shale  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state  instead  of  the  few  thin  fossiliferous  layers 
at  the  mounds,  there  is  a  third  bed  of  fessiliferous  limestone  very 
similar  to  the  shell  beds  in  the  upper  part  of  the  blue  limestone, 
and  which  might  at  first  be  mistaken  for  it  It  abounds  like  that 
in  shells  of  the  genus  Lqptcena^  and  in  some  of  its  layers  is  round 
and  flattened  branched  corals,  which  are  also  observed  in  the  shell 
beds  of  the  blue  limestone,  but  are  there  much  lesp  abundant. 
The  fossiliferous  layers  in  the  shale  of  tbe  mounds  djifier  entirely 
in  their  shells  from  this  shell  bed,  in  the  pastern  shalid,  but  similar 
branched  corals  are  observed  in  them,  forming  as  itj  were  a  con- 
necting link  with  the  latter.  This  shell  bed  expends  along  the 
shore  of  Green  Bay  at  the  Bay  Settlement,  and,  is  found  in  some' 


V 


79 

of  the  small  streams  in  that  mini^)  efidently  at  a  small  depttk 
below  the  mound  limestone.  At  Iron  Bidge  it  has.  been  fonnd  in 
sinking  below  the  bed  of  iron  ore  at  the  depth  of  from  ten  to 
twentj  feet  below  the  latter.  It  exhibits  there  the  same  shellb 
and  corals  as  at  the  shore  of  Green  Baj. 

The  character  of  the  rock  of  this  formation  in  the  mineral  dis- 
trict has  been  described  in  my  former  report    I  have  stated  there 
that  it  most  nsually  occurs  partly  fine  grained  and  compact, 
and  partly  coarse  grained  and  more  crystaline,  or  even  with 
small  geodic  cavities.    These  dictinct  parts  are  arranged  in  a 
concretionary  manner,  and  as  the  coarser  grained  is  more  de- 
compbsible  the  rock  has  often  a  peculiar  cavernous  appearance. — 
This  character  of  the  rock  prevails  more  or  less  in  other  parts  of 
the  state  where  it  is  distributed.    Bat  even  the  more  compact 
parts  of  the  rock,  unless  when  in  very  thin  layers,  exhibit  a  pecu- 
liar subcrystaline  grain,  by  which  it  may  be  distingnished  from 
the  other  limestones.    In  the  mineral  district,  three  distinct  beds 
in  this  rock  may  be  distinguished,  the  middle  of  which  is  charac- 
terized by  an  abundance  of  flints,  usually  arranged  in  regular 
layers.    The  flints  in  this  rock  are  always  in  noduleS|  and  com- 
pact; crystalized  quartz  is  very  rarely  observed.    Flints,  too^are 
found  more  or  less  in  the  upper  and  lower  beds  of  this  rock,  par- 
ticularly the  latter,  and  in  this  it  contrasts  strongly  with  the 
underlying  blue  Umestone.    In  the  lower  bed  in  the  mineral  dis- 
trict, the  rock  is  sometimes  observed  of  a  dark  brown  color  (the 
brown  rock),  and  at  other  times  marked  with  green  seams  (the 
green  rock),  but  is  then  only  stained  with  iron,  usually  in  connec- 
tion with  mineral  openings.    This  rock  is  not  abundant  in  fossils, 
although  in  some  of  the  thinner  layers,  particularly  at  the  junction 
of  different  b^ds.  they  are  more  frequent    The  honey-comb  coral 
{Chaomopara)  is  the  most  distinctive  fossil  of  this  formation,  and 
so  far  as  I  have  observed,  is  oonfined  to  it    It  was  in  this  rook 


7S 

that  arfaertl  OmA  om)  WW  flnt  foud,  and  in  the  m<m  BoatbeiB 
diggings,  it  hat  been  worked  almoBt  entirely  in  it ;  bat  in  the 
mero  northern  distriotB,  the  blue  limeetone  is  equally  prodoctiTe. 
The  upper  nagneaian  ia  the  overlying  rook  thronghoat  the 
greater  part  of  the  oonntry  in  the  aonth  weatern  part  of  the  statu 
sonth  of  the  Wiae(wain,  and  west  of  Sugar  river,  forming  the 
mineral  distriot.  It  ia  there  little  interrupted  towards  the  south 
and  west,  but  towards  the  north  and  east  is  more  broken  and  de* 
noded.  The  subjaeent  strata  are  observed  towards  the  south  and 
west  only  in  the  valleys  of  the  rivers,  but  towards  the  north  and 
eaat  they  occupy  a  greater  extent  of  the  surface,  the  upper  mag- 
nesian  there  i^pearing  only  on  the  higher  ridges.  It  is  from  the 
valleys  of  the  rivers  that  the  denudation  of  the  upper  strata  haa 
proceeded,  and  while  these  have  only  been  broken  through  to* 
w«rite5  the  south  and  west,  ezposuig  the  lower  strata  in  the  bloffi, 
they  ha^e  been  removed  to  a  greater  or  lees  extent  towards  the 
north  and  east,  the  strata  receding  from  the  valleys  in  sncceesiiTV^ 
terraces  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest.  Some  exceptions  to  this 
general  statement  occur  in  the  interior  of  this  district,  caused 
aiqptarently  by  elevations  of  the  strata  at  diffcr^it  centres  noticed 
in  my  former  report.  Such  centres  of  elevation  were  there  points 
ed  out  on  Fevw  river,  at  Meeker's  Grove,  on  the  West  Pecatonica, 
at  Mineral  Point,  on  the  East  Pecatonica,  at  Argjle,  on  the  Big 
Platte,  at  Eilenborough,  and  on  Grant  river.  At  these  centres  of 
elevation  the  lomet  strata  are  more  exposed,  and  occupy  sncoea* 
nvely  receding  terraces  in  the  manner  above  indicated,  but  to  it 
iSQch  less  extent  than  on  the  north  and  east  of  the  district  In  $dr 
ditiott  to  the  above,  I  have  noticed  this  season  a  remarkable  line 
of  elevation  along  the  north  of  the  Platte  Mounds,  from  Ihe  weal 
fetk  of  the  West  Pecatonica,  at  the  Sonth  Diggings,  along  th# 
little  Platte,  apparently  leading  from  the  centre,  at  Mineraft 
Point,  towards  that  at  Sllenborough,  and  corresponding  to  tbafe 
tewaida  die  south,  on  Ee^^er  rirer,  at  Heeker'a  Gvove ;  also  a 
ef  elevation   on   the  West  Peeateuea,  aoutk  of  WiotSb 

10 


74 

where  the  lower  magneeian  is  expoeed,  and  aoottmr  on  BkiiiDer's 
branch,  near  its  JQnction  with  the  Pecatonicay  iDclading  the  re- 
markable  locality  of  i'erraginoas  sindstooe  noticed  in  a  former 
part  of  this  report.  The  upper  magoesian  has  been  broken 
throngh  on  the  Mfesissippi,  from  Dunleith  northward ;  ob  the  Big 
and  Little  Platte  and  Grant  riv^er,  from  their  months  nearly  to 
their  sources ;  on  Fever  river  from  near  Meeker's  Grove,  on  the 
north,  to  near  Galena  on  the  sonth  ;  on  the  different  branches  of 
the  Pecatonica,  from  near  their  sonrces  south  into  Illinoie.  It  will 
thus  be  perceived  that  the  greater  extent  of  surface  where  it  is 
unbroken,  is  in  the  tract  extending  north  between  the  Mississippi 
and  Fever  rivers,  then  east  between  the  centre  of  elevation  on 
the  latter  river  and  the  Little  Platte,  then  south  between  Fever 
river  and  the  West  Pecatonica.  Another  extensive  tract  where 
it  is  unbroken,  extends  betweto  the  Mississippi  and  Grant  rivers, 
including  Blake's  Prairie,  and  a  third  along  the  divide  south  of  the 
Wisconsin,  from  the  valley  of  Sugar  river  by  the  Bine  Monnds,to 
the  head  of  Pine  Fork,  a  branch  of  Grant  river.  These  two  latter 
tracts  are  there  separated  by  a  narrow  break  throngh  the  lower 
sandstone  connecting  the  valley  of  Pine  Fort:  with  that  of  Greeu 
river,  a  branch  of  the  Wisconsin. 

The  remarks  which  have  been  made  above  on  the  suoccfBsive 
denudation  of  the  strata,  will  apply  to  the  different  beds  of  the 
upper  magnesian ;  the  upper  being  most  denuded  towards  the 
north  and  east,  and  around  the  different  centres  of  elevation 
This  circumstance  is  of  importance  in  mining,  as  showing  the  ex* 
tent  of  mineral  rock,  and  the  probable  number  of  openings  whieh 
may  be  expected  in  any  locality.  It  is  known  that  as  we  approach 
die  north,  or  the  centres  of  elevntion,  the  diggings  are  found  sao- 
cessively  in  the  lower  beds  of  the  upper  magnesian,  and  finalty 
of  the  blue  limestone.  The  details  of  this  have  been  given 
already  in  connection  with  the  mineral  district 

'  Beyond  the  diatriet,  south  of  the  Wisconsin  and  west  of  Sift- 
gar  rivers,  the  upper  magnesian  occupies  a  less  extent  of  anrfaos* 


71. 

On  the  north  of  the  Wisoonsia)  it  overlies  the  sanimit  of  thm 
ridge  between  the  Mississippi  and  tlte  Kiokapoo,  for  a  few  milee 
towards  the  south.  Between  Sogar  rirer  and  Eoek  river  it  may 
07erlie  some  of  the  higher  ridges  and  prairies  towards  the  sontib 
line  of  the  State,  such  as  the  high  ridge  between  Sugar  river  and 
the  valley  at  Footsville,  and  the  high  prairies  west  of  Janes- 
▼ille.  1  have  only  observed  these  on  the  road  from  Monroe  to 
Janesville,  and  on  the  west  side  of  the  former  found  the  upper 
sandstone  so  elevated  as  to  leave  little  room  for  the  upper  mag- 
nesian,  while  the  summit  was  so  covered  as  to  conceal  the  rook. 
On  the  west  side  of  the  latter  are  several  qnarries  of  blue  lime- 
stone, the  highest  apparently  near  the  junction  of  the  upper  mag^ 
nesian,  leaving  room  on  the  higher  summits  for  that  rock|  bub 
these  were  so  covered  with  drift,  that  it  was  not  observed.  East 
of  Bock  river,  the  upper  magnesian  occurs  in  the  sides  of  a  higher 
prairie  south  of  Rock  I^rairie,  where  it  is  quarried  at  difPerent 
points  near  Emerald  Orove,  east  of  Janesville.  This  prairie  ex- 
tends from  this  point  south  west  towards  Beloit,  t>f  the  same  el- 
evatioo,  and  is  partially  occupied  by  this  rock.  North  from  thiS} 
I  have  next  observed  it  in  a  number  of  quarries  on  a  group  Of 
low  ridges  south  of  Bark  river  near  Fort  Atkinson.  Near  the 
tops  of  the  ridges  it  contains  frequent  layers  of  flints,  but  near 
the  base  these  were  not  observed,  and  the  thicker  bedded  rock  is. 
there  accompanied  with  thin  marly  seamed  layers,  closely  resem- 
bling a  rock  frequently  occurring  at  the  rapids  of  the  lower  Fox 
river.  The  rock  in  all  of  these  localities  east  of  Bock  riuer,  has 
diattnctly  the  characters  of  the  upper  magnesian,  its  sub-cry staline . 
grains  and  its  flints,  and  also  its  peculiar  i^osaU,  the  Ooscinopora. 
It  is  quarried  there  for  building,  and  in  its  upper  flint  beds  near 
Fort  Atkinson,  for  lime.  The  next  point  towards  the  north,  where 
I  obeerved  the  upper  magneeian,  was  at  two  quarries  north  of 
WatertowD,  on  the  road  to  Oak  Grove.  It  there  contains  flints,, 
and  like  the  corresfKnidiDg  rock  near  Fort  Atkinson ,  is  burnt  for 
Ume.    The  upper  magnesian  then  «xtenda  by  Hustisford  and  Oak 


7< 

Orore,  and  tlie  west  eide  of  Rolliog  Pndne,  east  ol  Fox  Lake  to 
Wanpun.  It  lies  througlioatViiB  extent  at  a  low  level,  geneiiOy 
eoaeealed  by  drift|  and  lias  been  ^qpoeed  only  to  a  eligfat  depth  bj 
qnarrfea.  At  Wanpnn  it  terminates  in  a  low  binff  towards  the 
west  Mk  of  Bock  riyer,  but  nnderiies  a  lai^  extent  at  a  few  feet 
from  the  surface.  The  rook  in  thk  part  of  its  eonne  is  hardor 
and  firmer  than  farther  south,  and  is  well  adapted  lor  boilding. 
The  State  Prison  at  Wanpnn  is  bnilt  of  this  materiaL  The  snr- 
faee  of  the  rock,  wherever  its  ooyering  of  drift  has  been  removed, 
has  been  fonnd  smootiilj  polished  and  marked  with  scratches 
beating  north  east  This  rock,  Aough  deviating  somewhat  in  its 
character,  is  still  clearlj  identified  with  the  npper  magnesian  by 
its  peculiar  fossil,  the  Oosemoporay  which  is  here  of  general  occnr- 
rence.  A  range  of  drift  hillocke,  chiefiy  composed  of  fragments 
of  limestone,  apparently  the  npper  magnesian,  as  it  here  occurs, 
extends  in  a  north- easterly  coarse  across  Rolling  Prairie.  Iliese 
fragments,  as  well  as  the  rock  in  the  qaarried,  are  bamt  for  lime. 

The  extent  of  Ihe  npper  magnesian  as  far  as  Wanpnn  along  the 
line  above  indicated  may  be  considered  as  clearly  determined. — 
Its  precise  extent  from  east  to  west,  I  have  not  been  able  to  deter- 
mine, bnt  it  may  be  coneidered  as  occnpying  the  space  betw^sen 
the  western  line  of  the  moand  limestone  on  the  east  and  the  range 
of  &e  bloe  limestone  on  the  west,  which  will  be  afterwards  point- 
ed oat  It  appears  to  extend  from  west  to  east  at  least  from  the 
vicinity  of  Fox  Lake  to  the  east  of  Lake  Horicon.  Farther  to  the 
north  east  its  coarse  is  less  clearly  identified.  The  rock  in  the 
line  of  its  direction,  at  and  near  Oshkosh,  and  along  the  Lower 
Fox  river,  to  Dock  'Oreek,  north  of  the  town  of  Green  Bay,  al- 
thoDgh  differing  considerably  from  that  farther  south,  and  although 
I  have  nowhere  observed  in  it  the  Chroinopcra^  has  yet  presented- 
throughout  rather  the  character  of  ttie  upper  mi^eeian  than  of 
the  ottier  limestones.  Two  varieties  are  observed  here  more  par- 
lieulariy ;  one  a  very  hard,  nearly  compact  thicker  rode,  with  blaa 
mxthf  seams,  covered  more  or  less  with  figures  whieh  have  beca 


T7 

ooiuidered  faeoidal,  bat  wbidi  appear  lo  me  obTbmdy  omofe- 
tioiiary,  there  being  a  want  of  regular  reonrriDg  forms  and  of  in^ 
ternal  argaoic  stmeture ;  the  other  marked  by  a  pecnliar  parallel 
etracture  as  if  compoeed  of  Teiy  thin  marly  seamed  layera,  firm- 
ly cemented,  bat  withoot  the  pecnliar  concretiona  of  the  other. — 
These  varieties  althoagh  more  str<Higly  marked  here  have  yet 
been  observed  farther  soath  in  the  npper  magnesian.  Tory  few 
fossils  have  been  found  in  the  rock  on  the  Lower  Fox  river,  and 
these  so  far  as  I  have  noticed  are  common  to  the  npper  magne- 
sian. The  upper  magnesian  if  thus  continued  will  extend  in  a 
regular  coarse  very  nearly  north  to  Lake  fiatte  des  Morts  and 
Oshkosh,  and  then  more  north-easterly  along  the  lower  park  of 
Fox  river  parallel  to  the  western  line  of  the  mound  limestone  in 
that  part  of  its  course.  The  shell  bed  along  the  east  side  of  Green 
Bay,  which  I  have  identified  with  that  at  Lron  Bklge,  underlying 
the  mound  limestone,  will  thus  be  found  in  its  true  poeilion  above 
the  upper  magnesian.  The  shell  bed  in  the  bl«e  limestone  will 
be  traced  along  a  line  west  of  Fox  river. 

THX  BLUB  LIMESTONB. 

The  character  of  this  formatioo,  and  of  the  different  beds  into 
which  it  may  be  distiognished,  has  been  given  in  detail  in  my 
former  report,  and  that  part  of  this  report  relating  to  the  mineral 
dtetrioL  It  has  not  the  same  uniformity  of  character  througfaou 
as  the  upper  magnesian,  the  difi'erent  beds  being  easily  diatin 
guished.  I  have  described  three  different  beds  of  which  the  two 
upper  may  be  divided  into  distinct  portions.  The  upper  bed  oon- 
<stsl8  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  portion,  ^e  latter  highly  fossitifergns 
and  forming  the  upper  shell  bed  of  this  formation.  This  shell 
bed,  like  that  underij^ing  tbe  blue  shale  is  peculiarly  marked  by 
shells  of  the  genus  Lepicma^  but  contains  few  of  the  corals  so 
abundant  in  the  latter.  It  is  in  connection  with  this  shell-bed  that 
the  main  upper  opening  in  the  blue  hmestene  is  sitnated*  The 
Middle  bed  may  be,  di'vided  Into  three  porttons,  but  of  variable 


78 

tldekiiefis,  one  Bometimes  to  a  certain  extent  repladng  another. — 
The  upper  fine  grannlar  portion  forma  the  cap  rock  of  the  glaae 
rock  opening.  The  middle  compact  thick  bedded  portion  formB 
the  glass  rock  of  most  miners.  The  lower,  compact,  thinner  and 
more  marly  seamed  portion  is  the  most  foseiliferons  pa^t  of  the 
formation  next  to  the  shell  bed  above  noticed,  bat  is  rarely  mark* 
ed  by  Zeptmndm,  It  sometimes  replaces  to  a  large  extent  the  mid 
die  portion.  The  lower  bed  or  bnff  limestone  is  more  uniform 
in  its  character,  except  near  its  junction  with  the  upper  sandstone, 
where  marly  and  sandy,  and  sometimes  oolitic  layers  occnr. — 
Thronghout  the  whole  extent  to  which  I  have  traced  this  forma- 
tion, these  distinctions  may  be  observed  more  or  less  obvionsly, 
as  far  as  the  rock  is  present,  for  in  some  instances  the  upper 
part  of  the  rock  has  been  removed.  Diis  rock  in  the  mineral  dis- 
trict has  been  mineral  bearing  as  well  as  tihe  upper  magneeian, 
and  in  the  northern  die^gings,  as  productive,  particularly  in  its 
two  main  openings. 

The  blue  limestone  nowhere  occupies  such  an  extent  of  surfigtce 
as  the  upper  magnesian.    In  the  country  south  of  the  Wisconsin, 
and  west  of  Sugar  rivi^r,  it  forms  only  narrow  terraces  on  the  north 
and  east  towards  those  rivers,  and  in  some  instances  around  the 
oentrea  of  elevation  already  noticed,  or  occurs  underlying  the  up- 
per magnesian  in  the  bluffs  of  rivers  and  ravines.    On  the  Miss- 
issippi  it  appears  underlying  the  uppev -magnesian,  from  Dnnleith 
northward,  but  nowhere  extends  back  from  that  river,  except  on 
its  branches  and  in  ravines,  tfll  we  approach  the  Wisconsin.    On 
the  lower  part  of  the  Big  and  Little  Platte,  and  Orant  rivers,  it  is 
generally  confined  in  the  same  manner;  but  on  the  upper  part  of 
fliose  streams,  around  the  centres  of  elevation  above  noticed,  it 
extends  farther  back,  occupying  a  portion  of  surface  adjoining 
the  main  valleys.    This  is  particularly  observable  around  the 
head  of  Fine  fork  (Grant  river),  south  of  the  break  through  to  the 
Wisconsin,  already  noticed,  on  the  Big  Platte,  Near  the  New  Oal- 
ifomia  and  Orow  Branch  diggings,  and  on  the  Little  Platte,  south- 


east  of  tira  latter;  Bbrth  ct  the  higheet  point  of  elevation  on  tboee 
risers.  Oq  Fever  river,  the  bloe  limedtone.is  expneed  thronghout 
the  whole  extent  that  the  upper  magnesiao  is  there  broken  throngh- 
bat  is  oon&oed  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  river  and  its 
branches.  It  extends  in  that  manner  along  the  SbulUbargh  branch 
nearly  to  Shnllsburgh.  It  entends  in  the  same  manner  along  the* 
Peoatooica  and  its  braaohes,  but  recedes  farther  aronnd  the  cen- 
tres of  elevation  noticed  at  Mineral  Point,  south  of  Wiota,  anii 
at  Argyle  and  Skinner's  branch.  The  lower  strata  have  indeed 
been  so  elevated  in  the  country  drained  by  the  Pecatonica,  that 
the  bine  limestone  may  be  traced  along  its  numerous  branchee 
nearly  to  their  sources,  and  at  some  points  beeides  those  above 
enumerated,  is  exposed  to  a  larger  extent  than  usual.  This  may 
be  observed  on  the  lower  part  of  Pedlar's  Greek,  and  on  the  west 
fork  at  the  south  diggings,  along  the  supposed  line  of  elevation,, 
north  of  the  Platte  Mounds,  and  also  on  the  Dodgeville  branch,, 
east  of  Dodgeville,  at  the  numerous  diggings  in  the  glass  roek. 
opening.  I 

North  of  the  Wisconsin  the  blue  limestone  overlies  the  sides  qf ' 
the  ridges  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  £ickapoo  towards  the 
south  where  the  summit  is  occupied  by  the  upper  magnesian,  and 
extends  to  the  top  of  the  hlnfb  east  of  Prairie  du  Ohien,  where 
the  middle  and  lower  beds  may  be  distinguished.  North  of  the 
upper  magoesian  it  overlies  the  summit,  at  least  to  the  iron  moun- 
tain, north  of  which  it  only  forms  caps  of  more  or  less  detached 
ridges  or  mounds  of  the  upper  sandstone,  extending  chiefly  along 
the  divide,  but  in  a  few  instances  on  the  sides  of  the  main  ridge^ 
It  cape  thoFO  ridges  or  mounds  nearly  as  far  north  as  Yiroqua, 
beyond  which  they  are  composed  only  of  the  upper  sandstone. — 
The  arrangement  of  these  ridges  will  be  explained  in  connection 
with  the  upper  sandsAne.  Only  the  lower  bed  of  the  blue  lime- 
stone is  usually  present  in  the  capdflif  these  ridges. 

In  the  wide  valley  of  Sugar  river  the  blue  limestotne  only  forms^ 
eaps  of  mineral  detached  ridges,  usually  rieing  in  bluflTdin  Uiemid- 


80 

die  of  the  valley,  and  in  tkese  caps  also,  onlj  die  lower  bed  is 
nenally  present.    Sometimes  the  anrnmits  of  these  ridges  from  a 
considerable  plateau  covered  with  a  fertile  soil.    A  gronp  of  sack 
ridges  occars  north  east  of  Dajton,  and  another  adjoining  the  vil* 
lage  of  Deeatar  on  the  north-west.    A  range  of  conntry  travers- 
ed by  the  bine  limestone  passes  aronnd  the  head  of  Sngar  rivor 
on  the  north  and  extends  across  the  soath  part  of  Dane  ooonty, 
and  the  north  part  of  Bock  conntj  to  Bock  river,  or  rather  to  the 
western  line  of  the  npper  magnesian  east  of  that  river.    The  bine 
limestone  does  not  here  overlie  the  entire  snrfaoCi  bat  forms  caps 
of  the  higher  ridges,  while  the  lower  swells  are  composed  of  tiie 
npper  sandtttone.      In  some  of  the  higher  capped  ridges  all  the 
beds  of  the  blae  limestone  may  be  distingnished,  and  in  other  low- 
er ridges  only  th6  lower  bed.    The  rock,  particularly  in  the  mid- 
dle and  lower  beds,  is  often  quarried  for  lime  and  building.  South 
from  this  tract  the  blae  limestone  is  exposed  along  the  sides  of 
the  high  prairie  ridges  west  of  Bock  river,  particularly  on  the 
west  side ;  namely,  the  ridge  between  the  valley  of  Sngar  river 
and  that  at  Footville,  and  the  ridge  between  the  latter  valley  and 
Janesville.    On  the  west  side  of  the  former  ridge  it  overlies  the 
upper  sandstone  iat  a  high  level,  but  on  the  west  side  of  the  lattsr 
it  lies  lotwer,  and  ail  its  beds  may  be  distinguished.    In  the  vicin- 
ity of  Janesville  it  appears  in  low  bluffs  along  Bock  river,  parti- 
cularly at  the  Monterey  quarries  on  the  south,  and  in  the  west 
bank  of  the  river  about  two  miles  north.      In  both  tiiese  it  over- 
lies the  upper  sandstone,  but  at  a  higher  level  in  the  bluff  towards 
the  north.    At  Monterey  the  three  different  beds  may  be  distin- 
guished.   The  lower  bed,  although  chiefly  stained  buflP,  is  in  some 
layers  marked  by  its  natural  blue  color,  and  as  in  other  localities 
is  well  adapted  to  building,  and  even  admits  of  a  polish  like  mar- 
ble.   Taming  north,  the  bl  ae  limestone  is  apparently  the  over- 
lying rock,  through  a  wide  tract  extending  from  Bock  river  at 
Lake  Kosbkonong  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Tliird  Lake  at  Madison. 
At  Lake  Eoshkohong  it  sinks  to  the  water  level,  but  on  Sjoshkd. 


81 

flong  Oreek  and  othar  strMina  farther  west  the  apper  sandstoi^  id 
largely  ezpoeed.  IhU  part  of  the  oonntr j  is  eztensivelj  covered 
with  drifk|  bot  the  blae  limestone  h  found  at  manj  pointe,  near 
the  mrfaoe,  particalarly  on  the  prairiee  where  the  drift  is  usually 
lest  aeonmulated.  Farther  north,  this  tract  extends  to  the  east 
side  of  Bun  Prairioi  where  the  blue  limestone  maj  be  obserred 
OTorljing  the  upper  sandstone.  As  we  proceed  north  in  the  di- 
rection of  this  tract,  the  country  is  so  covered  with  drift  that  few 
opportunities  occur  for  observing  the  blue  limestone.  It  occurs, 
however,  north-west  of  Portland  where  the  lower  bed  is  found 
ovavlying  the  upper  sandstone,  and  south  west  of  Oolumbus  where 
it  appears  along  an  extensive  range,  the  upper  sandstone  exposed 
ooly  by  excavation,  and  in  some  points,  as  at  Allen's  quarry,  the 
two  lower  beds  well  marked.  In  that  quarry  small  quantities  of 
lead  have  been  found  particularly  in  the  middle  bed.  The  line 
of  direction  of  the  blue  limestone  continued  north  would  pass  by 
Ihe  west  side  of  Fox  Lake,  but  I  did  not  there  observe  it*  It  ap- 
pears, however,  in  the  escarpment  along  the  east  end  of  GFreen 
Lake,  overlyiag  the  upper  saudstone  at  a  high  level,  and  bearing 
aneutid  to  the  east,  occurs  in  a  similar  position  above  the  sandstone 
at'.the  quarriee  at  Bipon  and  Oereseo,  on  the  east  and  west  sides 
of  the  deep  valley  passing  through  the  latter.  At  these  quaitiea 
the  middle  and  lower  beds  can  be  distinguished.  North  of  this 
ita  ceorse  has  already  been  indicated  to  me,  by  a  thin  layer  ovei^ 
^iog  a  low  detached  ridge  west  of  Waukau  composed  of  the  up- 
per sandstone  testing  on  the  lower  magnesian,  which  there  uikder- 
lies  the  surface  generally.  A  well  marked  specimen  of  the  ehell* 
bed  of  the  blue  limestone  was  shown  me  at  Appleton  from  the 
town  of  Freedom,  north  of  Eaukauna,  indicating  the  course  of 
<ibat  reek  near  the  divide  between  Fox  and  Wolf  rivers. 

THB  UFPHB  SAJiDSTOHX. 

This  rock  has  been  described  in  my  former  report,  lui  it  occurs 
lb  the  mineral  district.    It  has  exhibited  nearly  the  same  charao^ 
11 


82" 

terg  yherever  I  have  observed  it,  and  my  obeervations  this  seawm 
have  preeeuted  but  few  peculiarities  worthy  of  notice.    The  most  • 
remarkable  is  that  occurring  on  Skinner's  branch,  noticed  in  the 
former  part  of  my  report,  where  nearly  the  whole  thickness  of  the  ' 
rock  is  colored  deep  ore  by  oxyde  of  iron,  and  nodules  of  iron  py* 
rites  and  hematite  are  disseminated  throughout.    This  dissemin- 
ation of  iron  id  common  in  this  rock,  at  its  junction  with  the  blue 
limestone,  but  in  no  other  instance  have  I  observed  it  in  this  man- 
ner pervading  the  whole.     This  rock  is  generally  composed  of 
uniform  fine  grains  of  quartzose  sand,  usually  very  little  coherent 
inHhe  interior,  but  hardening  on  the  surface  so  a&  to  resist  decom- 
position more  than  the  adjacent  limestones,  consequently  the  blofb 
of  sandstone  remain  abrupt  and  prominent,  whilst  the  linaestones 
are  concealed.    I  have  in  no  instance  observed  this  sandstone  in- 
durated, as  if  by'  metamorphic  action,  so  as  to  resemble  a  quarts 
roek.    This  is  said,  however,  to  occur  at  the  knob  north  of  Bidge- 
way,  already  nMiced,  but  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  reri^ 
fying  it.  Such  induration  I  have  repeatedly  observed  in  the  lower 
sandstone.    This  rock  is  xisually  thick  beddef],  but  sometimes  in 
thioner  layers,  and  even  schistose,  particularly  along  the  branches 
ofitiie  Fecatonioa  and  Sugar  rirer.    It  never  presents  calciferoua 
beds  like  those  so  common  in  the  lower  sandstone.    This  is  proba- 
bly bwing  to  its  occurrence  as  a  comparatively  thia  bed,  between 
retj  thick  maases  of  limestone,  while  the  Icwer  sandstone  ie  a 
formation  of  very  great  thickness,  in  which  caldferous  beds,  some- 
times forming  well  marked  liiLestonesyore  deposited,  as  the  upper 
sandfitone  is  deposited  among  the  limestones. 

The  .npper.  sandstone  follows  closely  in  its  distribution  the  over- 
lying blue  limestone.  In  the  mineral  district  it  forms  lines  of 
blaffd  along  the  outskirts  of  the^  terraces  of  blue  limestone,  or  ap- 
pears merely  as  a  bed  in  the  abrupt  sides  of  valleys  and  ravines. 
Bluffs  of  this  sandstone  extend  all  along  the  northern  frontier  of 
the  miAesal  district,  towi^xls  the  Wisconsin,  extending  far  Into 
th^  yalleys  and  ravizies,r  and  to  a  considerable  e?(tent,  though  leas 


8S 

nntformly,  alcmg  its  eastern  fVontier  towards  Sagar  river.  In  the 
interior  of  the  district,  this  sandstone  is  exposed  along  the  valleTB 
of  streams  in  the  same  manner  as  the  blue  limestone,  bnt  to  a  less 
extent,  and  in  some  instances  at  the  centres  of  elevation,  presents 
low  detached  ridges  qnite  isolated.  On  the  Mississippi  it  rises 
abore  the  water  level  sonth  of  Platte  river,  but  apparently  sinks 
again  below  it  above  Potosi,  not  !  ring  exposed  at  Oissville,  nor 
on  Grant  river  at  Waterioo.  It  again  rises  north  of  Oassville,  but 
along  that  part  of  the  Mississippi  is  apparently  of  little  thickness. 
It  appears  on  Grant  river  sonth  of  Beetown,  and  extends  to  the 
upper  part  of  that  river  and  its  branches,  and  in  particular  js 
largely  exposed  near  the  break  at  the  head  of  Pine  Fork  already 
noticed.  I  extends  along  the  Big  Platte  far  towards  its  source, 
and  from  the  extraordinary  elevation  on  that  stream  at  Ellenbor- 
ough  is  sometimes  largely  exposed.  This  is  observed  at  the  ferry 
east  of  Potosi  where  it  forms  by  itself  a  low  ridge  in  the  valley, 
underiaid  by  the  lower  magnesian,  and  also  north  of  Whittaker's 
diggings,  where  it  presents  bluffs,  one  of  them  abrupt  and  isolated. 
On  the  Little  Platte,  in  the  middle  part  of  its  course,  it  is  not  ex- 
posed, but  it  again  appears,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  at  the 
apparent  centre  of  elevation  north-west  of  the  Platte  Mounds.  On 
Fever  river  it  occurs  only  for  a  short  distance,  at  the  point  of  ele- 
vation, at  Meeker's  Grove,  and  on  the  east  side  forms  there  a  low 
terrace' of  some  extent  uncovered  by  the  blue  limestone.  On  the 
West  Pecatonica  it  is  largely  exposed  at  the  centre  of  elevation, 
near  Mineral  Point,  particularly  oh  the  east  fork  west  of  that  vil- 
lage. It  extends  from  that  centre  towards  the  sources  of  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  that  river,  but  less  fkr  than  the  blue  limestone, 
and  towards  the  sonth  only  in  the  vicinity  of  Bonner's  branch, 
while  the  blue  limestone  is  apparently  exposed  along  the  whole 
course  of  the  river  to  the  centre  of  elevation  south  of  Wiota. — 
The  upper  sandstone  is  there  again  exposed,  forming  low  detached 
swells  in  the  valley.  On  the  East  Pecatonica  it  is  exposed  in  a 
similar  manner  at  4^rgyle,  and  from  this  centre,  bluffs  of  this  rock 


84 

amj  be  trMsd  along  the  naein  stream  and  iti  branohei  far  towarda 
Oy^  eonroee,  in  tome  places  apparentlj  higher  and  more  detail- 
ed than  otherBi  xnarking  points  of  greater  eloFation.  Thia  ooevrs 
oa  the  DodgevUle  branob)  soath-east  of  Dodgeville,  where  the 
rook  makes  a  large  dip  to  the  sonth.  At  the  centre  of  elevatioQ, 
on  fikioner^s  branch,  this  rock  forms  several  detached  rid^pea  and 
bb»ffs,  and  is  to  a  large  extent  nncovered. 

Korth  of  the  Wisconsin,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Kick* 
apoO|  the  apper  sandstone  extends  along  the  sides  of  the  ridge 
towards  the  sonth,  and  overlies  its  snmmit  for  a  short  diatanea 
north  of  the  iron  mountain*    Farther  north,  it  appeara  only  in 
more  or  less  detached  ridges  or  mounds,  along  the  summit  of  the 
main  ridge,  but  in  a  few  instancea  along  its  sides,  generally  over- 
laid bj  the  blue  limestonci  nearly  as  far  north  as  Yiroqnai  bat 
ftrther  north  uncovered.    These  ridges  have  generally  an  east 
and  west  direction  across  the  divide,  but  in  some  instancea  these 
east  and  west  ridges  are  connected  by  north  and  south  ridgea  eac- 
tending  along  the  divide,  so  as  to  form  a  continuons  seriea.    The 
moat  southern  of  these  ridges  is  Mount  Sterling,  entirely  detaoh* 
ed  and  covered  with  blue  limeatone.    Towards  the  north  the 
sondetone  becomes   more  detached,  and  presenta  only   ano^ 
mounds  and  points  of  rock  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  anrfaccu 
The  farthest  north  to  which  this  rock  extends,  is  along  the  north 
of  Ooon  Prairie,  in  the  north  part  of  Bad  Ax  county.    In  two  re- 
markable instances,  the  sandstone  forms  high  detached  pillan  of 
email  diameter,  the  remains  of  more  extended  masses.    One  of 
Iheee,  called  the  monument,  is  on  the  ridge  road  south  of  Bad  Ax 
Tillsge,  at  the  east  point  of  a  ridge  of  sandstone.    Its  diameter  is 
least  towards  its  base,  and  it  appears  near  ita  fall.    The  other  ia 
fiorth*west  of  Yiroqua,  near  the  road  from  Springville  to  Goon 
Prairie.    These  high  and  slender  pillars  here  stand  on  a  common 
platfiDrm,  and  are  known  as  the  three  chimnies.  They  are  pari  of 
a  line  of  detached  sandstone  rock  extending  north  from  an  east 
and  west  rUge-af  the  sandstone*    On  the  east  aide  of  the  Kidca- 


86 

poOy  on  tile  road  from  Tfroqoa,  by  Beed^s  Mills,  to  Port  Andrew, 
on  the  WiBeonsinf  the  tipper  sandstone  appears  only  as  detached 
«RitIiers  on  the  tops  of  ridges  of  the  lower  magnesiany  and  tliat 
wlj  on  tiie  son  A  towards  the  latter  rirer . 

In  the  valley  of  Sagar  river,  beside  the  high  detached  ridices 
capped  by  the  blae  limestone  already  noticed,  the  npper  sand- 
stone  forms  by  itself  lower  ridges  and  swells,  aod  probably  nnder-> 
lies  many  sneh  where  it  is  oonoealed  by  drift  Near  the  head  of  the 
valley,  mt  Gross  Plains,  a  remarkable  detached  ridge  of  this  roA 
MCwe  in  the  middle  of  a  lary^e  bssin  between  swells  occupied  by 
tile  lower  mi^estan,  in  which  the  latter  rocic  is  higher  than  tike 
base  of  tiie  sandstone,  oflering  a  satisfactory  instance  of  the  undu- 
lation in  tiie  strata.  East  of  Sagar  river  the  npper  sandstone  ap- 
pears 801  attendant  of  the  blue  limestone,  either  nnderlyiog  that 
rock  in  MnA,  or  on  the  sides  of  ridges,  or  forming  low  BWefis 
where  the  higher  ridges  are  over  laid  by  the  latter.  It  may  be 
traced  here  and  there  thronghont  the  tract  occopied  by  the  bine 
limestone,  east  to  Bock  river,  and  then  north  to  the  detached 
ridge  west  of  Wankan,  already  noticed.  Along  the  west  border 
of  this  tract,  where  it  extends  towards  the  north,  I  have  observed 
DO  ontiiers  beyond  the  limits  of  the  blae  limestone,  except  along 
the  east  side  of  Ban  Prairie,  north  of  Madison,  where  it  caps  lo^ 
lidgee  ocenpied  by  the  lower  magneaian.  In  general,  thronghoat 
this  whole  extent,  from  Sugar  river,  the  sandstone  presents  its 
^nsnal  character  even  to  the  most  northerly  locality  near  Wankan. 
It  is  everywhere  the  samo  white,  fine  grained,  friable  qnartscMe 
•andstone,  mdre  or  less  liable  to  stain  red  or  yellow,  and  the  ple- 
enliar  characters  noticed  near  its  junction  with  the  bine  lime* 
atene  are  often  observed.  In  once  iustance,  in  tiie  west  bank  of 
Koshkonong  creek,  at  the  village  of  Clinton,  I  observed  a  pedi- 
liarity  in  this  rock  which  I  have  no  where  eUe  noticed.  A  bed  i>f 
thicket',  hard,  grey  lointed  sandstone  was  there  traversed  in^^lta 
middle  by  abend  of  thin,  white,  marly  sandstone,  itself  travetMd 
ta  tiie  same  manner  by  nodnles  and  layers  of  white  lint    lie 


86 

landstone  here  risee  high  on  the  side  of  the  ridge  eiist  of  ib/b 
creek,  and  this  peculiar  bed  must  be  towards  the  lower  part  of  the 
rock.  The  occurrence  of  flint  in  a  calcareous  bed  in  the  sand- 
Btone,  illustrates  the  segregatioB  process^  by  which  fllintB  were 
formed  in  the  limestone. 

THE  LOWKB  MAONE8IAN  LIMEBTONB. 

This  formati6n  I  had  not  examined  through  its  entire  depHi 
previous  to  my  former  report,  but  had  then  obserred  in  it  two 
distinct  beds  analogous  to  the  upper  and  middle  beds  of  the  high- 
er limestones,  and  suggested  a  third  1  wer  bed,  which  my  obser- 
tions  this  season  have  verified.  I  noticed  as  distinctive  characters 
of  this  formation  a  peculiar  concretionary  nodular  structure,  and 
the  occurrence  of  geodes  lined  with  minute  crystals  of  quartz, 
and  of  layers  of  flint  less  interrupted  and  nodular  than  in  the 
preceding  limestones,  ei&er  abounding  in  geodes  of  quartz  or  re- 
sembling a  striped  jasper  and  then  rarely  geodlc  The  nodular 
structure  is  exhibited  particularly  in  the  weathered  sucface,  and 
most  in  the  middle  bed.  The  layers  of  flint  are  chiefly  observed 
in  the  middle  bed,  where  they  sometimes  occur  nearly  massive, 
forming  small  subordinate  beds.  A  thick  bed  of  this  kind  occurs 
near  the  upper  surface  of  the  middle  bed  accompanied  with  thin 
layers  and  seams  of  green  marl,  and  the  position  in  which  most 
of  the  mineral  found  in  the  lower  magnesian,  has  been  discover- 
ed. Layers  of  a  thin  laminated  flinty  quartz  are  found  in  this  sub' 
ordinate  bed  along  with  the  varieties  of  fliiit  above  noticed.  The 
flint  where  the  mineral  is  found  is  much  stained  with  iron  or  ac- 
companied with  iron  pyrites,  thus  presenting  the  characters  of  an 
opening.  Besides  the  geodes  lined  with  minute  crystals  of  quartp, 
which  are  found  chiefly  in  the  flint,  and  when  in  the  limeBtone 
are  inclosed  in  a  very  thin  coat  ot  flint,  other  small  geodes  are 
fbserved  in  the  limestone,  particularly  in  the  lower  bed  lined  with 
amaU  bat  less  minute  crystals  of  white  quartz.  These  last  I  have 
observed  in  the  beds  of  limestone  occurring  in  the  lower  sand- 


•7 

«toM|  but  the  fliat  of  the  l^wer  viAgnMian  tppMfft  to  be  peculiar 
ps>  that  rock.  The  upper  and  lower  bedB  mtioh  resemble  each  oib- 
Mj  and  are  compoBed  of  a  more  eren  oompaot  limestone  than  the 
middle  bed,  but  in  which  the  nodalar  etraotnre  above  noticed 
.may  be  observed*  Alteroatione  of  marly  and  subsilioioiia  laTeis 
occur  in  these  beds  bat  chiefly  near  their  juncttoo  with  the  adja- 
cent sandstones.  lu  that  position  too,  oolitic  layers  are  generally 
observed.  The  middle  bed  is  composed  of  a  harder  and  purer 
jUmestone,  of  a  more  distinctly  nodular  structure^  and  abounds  in 
^flints  like  the.  middle  bed  of  the  upper  magaesian.  The  lower 
•magnesif^n  is  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  fossils,  nor  have  I  yet 
observed  any  wherever  I  have  examined  it  Oaves  are  found  Sn 
it  apparently  more  firequentfy  than  w  the  other  limestones,  and 
there  generally  abound  in  stalactites,  the  whole  cavity  being  often 
lined  with  them.  A  remarkable  cave  of  this  kind  oqouar&on  the  lit- 
tle Kickapoo  near  the  discoveries  of  mineral  noticed  in  the  former 
part  of  this  report.  Sink  holes  are  very  common  on  the  surface 
of  this  rock,  caused  apparently  by  subjacent  caves.  They  are 
found  too  on  the  surface  of  the  upper  magnesian,  and  even  of  the 
blue  limestone  in  the  mineral  district,  sometimes  equally  remark- 
able, but  are  there  less  frequent.  In  one  instance  near  Lodi,  (Co- 
lumbia county)  on  the  south-west,  I  observed  a  vertical  crevice  in 
the  lower  magnesi  n  chiefly  occupied  by  a  massive  fibrous  carbo- 
nate of  lime  accompanied  with  ochre  resembling  a  mineral  vein, 
:but  no  ore  was  iqpparent.  This  substance  might  be  used  for  orna- 
mental purposes,  but  is  in  toosmiall  quantities  for  other  use.  The 
Bichland  marble,  is,  apparently  situated  in  the  present  formation, 
but  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  visit  it.  The  lower  magdesian  is 
quarried  for  building,  particularly  in  its  lower  bed,  and  in  some 
instances  is  burnt  for  lime,  and  although  this  is  inferior  in  white- 
ness and  slow  in  slacking,  yet  it  forms  a  strong  mortar. 
.  South  of  the  Wisconsin,  the  lower  magnesian  is  little  exposed, 
except  in  the  vicinity  of  thai  river.  It  first  appeals  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, at  Bay's  Landing,  i^nd  rises  as  it  proceeds  northward,  fom^ 


«8 

ing  mlower  terrtee  of  blvlft  to  the  WIboodsIo,  where  the  gratar 
part  of  its  thinness  !•  exposed.  Along  the  south  side  of  the  lil- 
ter  river,  it  forme  a  line  of  bluffs  along  the  main  Talleys  and  ei- 
tends  in  the  same  manner  into  die  yalleys  of  the  different  branchssi 
and  even  into  die  ravines  nearly  to  the  divide  at  the  military  road 
forming  narrow  terraces  or  slopes,  where  the  upper  part  of  the 
roek  is  coneealed.  In  ascending  the  Wisconsin,  the  lower  sand 
atone  emerges,  and  the  lower  magnesian  rises  gradnally  higher  in 
Ibe  blnffik  In  the  interior  of  the  mineral  district,  this  rock  is  ex- 
posed more  or  less  at  the  centres  of  elevation  already  noticed.  On 
Grant  river  it  appears  east  of  Beetown,  and  rises  in  low  blnfis  at 
Barber's  Mills,  above  the  junction  of  Pine  Fork.  On  the  Platte, 
it  emerges  near  the  ferry  east  of  Potosi,  and  at  Ellenborongb, 
rises  on  the  west  side  of  the  Big  Platte,  to  at  least  a  hundred  feeti 
occupying  a  point  in  a  bend  of  the  river.  Near  Mineral  Point,  It 
appears  in  a  low  bluff  along  the  east  fork  of  the  west  Pecat  »nica, 
above  the  junction  of  Pedlar's  Greek,  and  may  be  seen  just  emer- 
ging at  other  points  in  that  vicinity.  South  of  Wiota,  it  rises  a 
few  feet  in  the  east  bank  of  the  west  Pecatonica,  at  J.  McKDigbfs, 

_  ■ 

on  the  road  to  Winslow.  At  ths  other  centres  of  elevation,  I  have 
not  observed  it  It  appears  at  a  few  detached  points  in  the  valley 
of  Sugar  river,  and  would  probably  be  there  largely  exposed  if  it 
were  not  concealed  by  drift.  In  my  former  report  I  have 
noticed  its  occurrence  at  a  fow  feet  beneath  the  surface  in  die 
plain  east  of  that  river,  and  at  a  small  elevation  on  its  west  fork  at 
Primrose.  It  occupies  several  low  swells  in  a  basin  at  Cross 
Plains,  near  the  head  of  that  river,  already  noticed,  and  haslately 
been  exposed  by  excavation  in  a  similar  swell  on  the  soath  (H 
Dayton  village.  The  valley  of  Sugar  river  offers  an  extensive 
denudation  of  the  upper  strata,  through  a  large  part  of  its  extent, 
probably  to  the  lower  magnesian. 

North  of  the  Wisconsin,  it  forms  a  low  terrace,  in  the  valley  of 
that  river,  near  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  It  extends  9\onff 
Ihe  sides  of  the  niain  ridge  between  the  Mississippi  and  die  Kick- 


tipoOi  ibrmivg  a  line  of  Mf h  bliiflh,  east  of  Prairie  4a  -Ohien, 
where  it  reaefaee  to  tlie  lerel  of  tbe  plain,  and  is  orerlaid  hj  the 
apper  sandstone  and  bine  limestone.  Farther  north  the  lower 
sandstone  emergesi  and  the  lower  magnesian  rises  higher  in  the 
blaft,  while  the  orerlying  formations  recede  more  and  more  to* 
wards  the  summit  of  the  main  ridge.  Bonth  of  Mount  Steriing 
the  lower  magnesian  extends  across  that  ridge,  and  farther  north 
occnpies  the  surface  except  at  the  detached  ridges  and  mounds  of 
sandstone,  already  noticed,  as  far  as  the  south  side  of  the  valley  of 
the  La  Orosse  river.  Towards  the  north,  as  we  approach  the  Hissia- 
lippi,  and  the  Kiekapoo,  it  is  more  and  more  inraded  by  the  lower 
sandstone,  which  gradually  rises  to  the  tops  of  the  bluffs,  leaving 
only  a  thin  cap  of  the  lower  magnesian  at  the  summit  On  the 
south  of  the  La  Orosse  it  apparently  terminates  at  some  distance 
from  the  main  valley.  la  descending  the  Little  La  Oroese  it  ap- 
peared to  run  out  on  the  tops  of  the  blofPd,  at  least  five  or  six 
miles  south  of  tbe  Leon,  near  the  south  side  of  that  valley.  In  as* 
oending  from  the  town  of  La  Orosse  by  the  State  Oooley,  the  bluff 
at  the  head  of  the  latter,  at  least  three  miles  from  the  Mississippi^ 
were  composed  entirely  of  lower  sandstone.  The  northern  fron* 
tier  of  the  lower  magnesian  then  apparently  extends  along  iSie 
south  side  of  the  La  Orosse  vafley,  and  may  be  continued  west 
along  the  south  side  of  the  valley  of  Boot  river  (Minoesotay- 
These  two  valleys  lie  in  nearly  the  same  east  and  west  Koe,  and 
form  a  remarkable  break  across  the  country  in  that  direction. 
Outliers  of  the  lower  magnesian  may  be  found  beyond  that  line, 
bnt  the  beds  of  limestone  which  I  have  observed  farther  nortfi 
has  appeared  to  me  subordinate  to  the  lower  sandstone.  I  have 
not  yet  had  an  opportunity  of  tracing  the  frontier  of  the  lower 
magnesian  from  the  Little  La  Orosse  to  the  east  side  of  the  Wla- 
eonsin,  opposite  Sauk  Oity,  but  it  must  pass  west  of  the  Little 
Baraboo  and  south  of  Sank  Prairie,  where  the  lower  sandstone 
occupies  the  surface,  only  a  few  outliers  of  the  lower  magnesian 
being  found  near  the  former.  This  latter  rock  at  least  occupies 
IS 


1 


90 

the  sarface  in  thb  §0Qth  western  part  of  lUchland  count/  oil  the 
road  from  Beed's  Mills  to  Port  AndreWi  overlaid  only  by  a  iw 
ooutliera  of  the  upper  sandetooe. 

I  have  already  stated  the  manneir  in  which  the  lower  magoesiaii 
extends  along  the  south  side  of  the  Wisconsin.    Its  sonthera  bor- 
der there  apparently  extends  east  soath- easterly  from  sbme  point 
north  of  the  head  of  Sugar  river,  by  the  south  side  of  the  prairie        ^ 
at  Middleton,  to  the  east  poiot  of  a  ridge  south  of  Dead  Lake, 
near  Madison.    It  appears  again  north  of  Madison,  near  the  east 
side  of  Sun  Prairie,  where  it  is  overlaid  by  the  upper  sandstons. 
Between  theoe  two  points  the  lower  sandstone  is  exposed  adjoin- 
ing the  Fourth  Lake,  particularly  on  the  south,  at  the  quarries 
west  of  Madison,  in  one  of  which  at  least  it  is  distinctly  overlaid 
by  the  lower  magnesian.    From  this  exposure  of  the  lower  sand- 
stone and  on  the  east  side  of  Sun  Prairie,  north  <^  it,  the  lower  mag- 
nesian apparently  exten<)s  across  the  country  to  the  east  side  of  the 
Wisconsin,  opposite  Sauk  City,  above  noticed ;  and  may  be  traced 
thence  north  north  easterly,  within  corresponding  limits,  at  least 
to  the  east  side  of  Wolf  river,  at  Hortona.  Its  western  frontier  or 
outcrop,  may  be  most  easily  traced,  as  it  generally  preseots  an  es 
carpment  in  that  direction,  towards  a  lower  surface,  occupied  by 
the  lower  sandstone.  I  have  crossed  this  frontier  on  the  east  of  Lodi 
grillage,  about  half  way  between  Otsego  and  Wyocena,  two  or  three 
miles  east  of  Marcellon,  and  about  the  same  distance  north-west 
of  Kingston.    It  then  passes  by  Princeton,  on  Fox  river,  north  of 
which  I  have  observed  it  between  Berlin  and  Waukau,  at  Eureka, 
on  the  east  side  of  Fox  river,  south  of  Omro,  and  at  different 
points  in  a  ridge  along  the  east  side  of  Lake  Poyagan,  north  of 
Winnekonna.    Specimens  of  this  rock  were  shown  me  at  Apple- 
ton^  from  extensive  ledges  at  Hortona,  east  of  Wolf  river,  farther 
north.    South  of  the  head  of  Fox  river,  the  country  trav^fsed  by 
the  lower  magnesian,  is  mostly  occupied  by  prairies,  which  form 
a  connected  series,  from  Middleto|i  on  the  south,  to  Portage  prai- 
rie, in  Scott  and  Randolph  on  the  north.     I  have  pbserved  this 


•f 


rock  at  different  poioto  on  the  latter  prairie,  and  ia  BflVidolfihy 
towardafttbe  east,  lead  haa  been  found  in  it  in  sinking  for  wella,  ia 
two  instances,  in  the  same  connection  with  flint  and  greea  maid, 
M  on  the  northern  border  of  the  mineral  district  near  the  Wiscoii- 
gin.  The  series  of  prairie  is  continued  north  east  in  the  Green 
Lake  and  Bipon  prairies,  but  these  are  rather  in  the  range  of  the 
blue  limestone,  though  large  accumulations  of  limestone  frag- 
ments are  found  upon  their  surface,  apparently  derived  from  the 
lower  magnesian. 

Outliers  of  this  rock  maj  occur  at  different  points  west  of  this 
frontier  in  the  country  occupied  bj  the  lower  sandstone,  but  tbjs 
only  one  I  have  visited  is  at  Eagle  Hill  (Westfield,)  in  the  north- 
west corner  of  Marquette  county.  The  rock  at  this  locality,  though 
so  remote  from  the  main  body  of  the  lower  magnesian,  has  the 
distinctive  characters  of  that  rock,  its  concretionary  structure,  and 
its  peculiar  geodic  flints.  It  occurs  there  in  two  contiguous  bluffs 
,  in  which  the  rock  has  a  large  dip,  on  the  whole,  to  the  north,  but 
on  the  west  side  more  to  the  east,  as  if  to  a  centre,  and  at  one 
point  on  the  south  side  of  the  west  bluff,  the  lower  sandstone  is 
exposed,  exhibiting  characters  peculiar  to  the  point  of  junction. 
The  rock  is  quarried  for  lime  by  Mr.  S.  M.  Brown,  and  like  the 
lower  magnesian,  generally  gives  a  brown  lime,  slacking  slowly, 
forming  a  strong  mortar.  Its  remote  position  in  a  part  of  the 
country  destitute  of  limestone,  gives  it  a  peculiar  value. 

The  frontier  of  the  lower  magnesian,  above  indicated,  sweeping 
around  from  the  Mississippi,  first  east  by  the  south  side  of  the  La 
Orosse  valley,  and  then  south- east  to  the  Wisconsin  near  its  bend 
to  the  west,  and  then  bearing  N.  K.  E.  to  the  east  side  of  Wolf 
river,  is,  if  I  mistake  not,  the  limit  towardjs  the  north  of  all  the 
great  limestone  formations  in  the  State ;  all  the  country  beyond 
it,  as  far  as  I  haye  proceeded  being  occupied  by  the  lower  sand- 
stone, except  in  a  few  instances,  where  the  primary  rocks  are 
exposed.  The  great  curve  to  the  south,  at  the  bend  of  the  Wis- 
consin, is  connei&ted  with  the  exposure  of  the  lower  sandstone, 


Mar  MMisoD,  «ad  with  the  remarkable  denudation  of  the  «pptt 
etrata  in  the  rallejs  of  Sogar  and  Book  rivers,  extending  Ibnthiak 
minoit.  Tbeee  taken  together  wonld  seem  to  indicate  an  eitn* 
ordinary  upheaval  in  that  direction,  which  may  be  rendered  moit 
probable  when  certain  facts  pertaining  to  the  arrangement  of  ihi 
lower  sandstone^  and  of  tbe  primary  and  metamorphic  focks  e0» 
MOted  with  it  have  been  stated. 

TBS  LOWSB  SANDBTOnL 

This  formation  is  apparently  of  very  great  thiekneas,  and  oees- 
pies  a  wide  extent  of  country  north  and  weet  of  the  frontier  of  the 
lower  magnesian.    It  is  far  less  uniform  in  its  character  than  tlie 
vpper  sandstone^  and  includes  a  number  of  different  beds,  TS17- 
ing  in  composition  from  a  pure  silicious  sandstone  to  a  well  mark* 
ed  limestone.    It  might  indeed  be  regarded  as  a  group  of  different 
formation,  but  to  determine  the  precise  position  and  extent  of 
these  would  require  a  more  detailed  examination,  rather  than  snA 
a  hasty  reconnoissance  ^s  I  have  been  able  to  make.    In  that  part 
of  the  country  east  of  the  Wisconsin  occupied  by  tEis  formatiaD 
the  rock  is  very  rarely  observed,  and  appears  to  have  been  snb* 
jected  to  great  denudation  and  concealed  by  drift.    Farther  weM, 
towards  the  Mississippi,  it  has  suffered  less  denudation  and  is  nmch 
more  exposed,  but  the  denudation  increases  towards  the  north  un* 
til  as  we  approach  the  pineries  only  a  few  ridges  and  mounds  re* 
main,  the  greater  part  ot  the  surface  being  there  covered  with 
drift    Beds  of  pure  white  silicious  sandstone  are  found  at  diffid- 
ent levels  in  this  formation,  sometimes  quite  thin,  at  other  times 
of  great  thickness,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  rock  is  less  pure  and 
apparently  contains  a  portion  of  lime  even  where  not  obviously 
calciferous,  in  consequence  of  which  the  rock  is  generally  less 
incoherent  than  the  upper  sandstone,  and  so  better  adapted  for 
building.    The  pare  silicious  beds  are  generally  as  friable  as  the 
upper  sandstone.    The  presence  of  lime  in  this  rock  may  account 
for  the  fertility  of  the  sandy  soils  in  that  part  of  the  country  oeen- 


9$ 

pied  by  it^  which,  will  appMr  remttrkable  to  one  Mooitonwd  to 
•ittilar  Boila  in  other  dietriots*    The  lime  diiseiiitiuitod  thrmf^' 
thie  rock  is  often  found  in  grains  and  c(mcretions,  the  latter  lome-^ 
iineB  of  a  tabular  from  and  travereing  the  layers  ▼ertically,  Iroot 
lis  also  very  generally  disseminated  through  this  rook,  and  the 
greater  part  of  it  is  thns  stained  yellow  or  brown,  and  in  many  in* 
ataaoeB,  parts  of  it  are  so  iron  shot  as  to  be  hard  and  heary  like  iroa 
ore*    These  iron  shot  portions  usually  occur  as  seams,  send  sobm* 
times  as  tubes  traversing  the  rock  in  different  directions,  and  oc^ 
easionally  as  layers  or  even  as  beds  interstratified.    A  bed  of  Ass 
kind,  of  considerable  thickness,  and  which  might  eve^  be  regaid* 
ed  as  an  iron  ore,  was  observed  by  me  near  the  dells  of  the  Wis» 
consin  river.    The  iron  thus  disseminated  was  probably  original^ 
in  the  state  of  iron  pyrites^  which  sometimes  is  now  observed  uft> 
altered.    This  rock,  although  sometimes  as  thick-bedded  as  the* 
upper  sandstone,  particularly  in  the  more  purely  silicious  portions^ 
is  generally  in  thinner  layers,  and  sometimes  even  thinly  schistose. 
The  most  remarkable  feature  in  this  formation  is  the  occnrrenee 
of  distinct  calciferous  beds,  some  of  which  may  be  regarded  as 
truly  limestones,  and  are  burnt  for  lime,  while  othees  may  be  estt* 
sidered  as  marl  or  marly  ssndstone*    Some  of  these  are  quito 
thiU)  while  others  are  of  great  thickness,  and  mif{h(  be  legand* 
ed  as  subordinate  formations.    The  oolitic  stmetnre  is  mmmon 
to  the  calciferous  beds  in  this  formation,  and  is  found  largel]^ 
pervading  them,  particularly  the  purer  limestones,  while  in  thsi 
higher  limestone  formations  I  have  observed  ii  only  at  their 
junction  with  the  sandstones..  This  has  appeared  to  um  int* 
portent  in  determining  whether  such  beds  in  the  tract  gene* 
rally  occupied  by  this  formation  are  subordinate  to  it^  or  con- 
tinued from  the  overlying  limestones  towards  the  south.    In  these 
positions,  where  the  lower  sandstone  is  found  overliud  by  the  low* 
er  magnesian,  a  calciferous  bed,  usaally  of  considerable  thickness, 
is  generally  found  bat  little  below  the  line  of  janotion,  but  some* 
times  overlaid  by  a  thin  bed  of  pare  white  sandstonsw      Afc  the 


94 

bM6  of  dm  lower  magDOsian  there  ere  generallj  a  nHmber  of 
marly  and  randj  layers,  often  oolitic,  which  mark  its  joDction  with 
the  eandstone.    The  calciferous  bed  b^low  varieB  from  a  marly 
sandstone  through  a  thin  soft  marl  to  a  thicker,  nearly  compact 
marly  limestone.    It  is  often  stained  green  by  iron,  particularly 
near  its  snr&ce  and  at  the  seams,  particularly  the  thinner,  more 
marly  portion.    Such  beds  I  have  obseryed  well  marked  atBeed'i 
MiUe,  in  ibe  blnff,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Eickapoo,  and  in  the 
ridge  north  of  the  village  of  Lodi.    The  sandstone  qnarried  near 
Madison  is  a  marly  sandstone,  in  the  same  position;  near  its  jnoc. 
tion  with  thejower  magnesian.  I  had  not  observed  the  latter  rock 
overlying  it  previous  to  my  last  report,  bnt  in  one  of  the  qnarries 
north  of  the  railroad,  I  have  this  season  found  that  rock  distinctly 
overlying.    The  rock  in  this  bed  has  always  a  peculiar  yellowish 
tint,  which  may  be  considered  characteristic.    A  similar  calcifer- 
ooa  bed  is  generally  observed  near  the  tops  of  the  higher  blnfis 
in  the  country  east  of  the  St  Oroix,  particularly  in  those  near  the 
Falls  of  the  Einnickinnic.    These  blDffs  are  from  one  to  two  hun- 
dred feet  in  height,  and  present  distinctly  the  characters  of  the 
lower  sandstone  in  the  altematioDS  of  snbcalcarious,  and  sometimes 
even  thin  limestone  beds  with  the  purer  sandstone.   It  is  beneath 
these  high  blufEs  that  a  very  extensive  and  thick  bed  of  limestone 
is  situated,  occurring  at  different  points  along  the  east  side  of  the  ' 
Sfc  Oroix,  from  Prescott  northward,  which  has  been  considered  in 
Owen's  Reports,  as  a  continuation  of  the  lower  magnesian.    The 
The  consideratioif  of  this  bed  is  important  in  dertermining  wheth- 
er the  limestones  of  the  upper  Mississippi,  which  have  been  re* 
garded  as  the  same  formation  as  the  lower  magnesian  before  dis* 
oribed,  are  really  so,  or  only  subordinate  to  the  lower  sandstone. 
This  bed  extending  along  the  Mississippi,  above  and  below  the 
St.  Oroix,  and  along  the  latter  to  within  five  or  six  miles  of  Hud- 
son, evidently  passes  under  the  high  sandstone  bluffs  above  noticed, 
aa  it  may  be  traced  at  the  level  of  their  base  to  within  a  short 
dialanee  of  them.    The  same  bed  obviously  forms  the  Falls  of  the 


95 

KftiDickinnic,  where  it  still  more  evidently  nnderliefi  the  nTimer- 
OT18  bfgh  fedtidstone  bluflfis  in  that  ricinity. 

It  appears  again  at  the  falls  of  Willow  riror  where  it  is  deep- 
ly intersected  and  shows  a  great  thickness  ad  well  as  in  the  vicin-  ' 
ity  of  Prescott.  A  bed  of  a  similar  limestone  was  observed  by^ 
me,  at  a  comparatively  low  level  in  the  great  woods  west  of  the 
Menomoiiee,  near  the  creek  entering  that  river  below  "Wilson's 
mills.  This  rock  has  appeared  to  me  very  difiierent  in  its  charac- 
ter  from  the  lower  raagnesian.  It  generally  shows  more  or  less 
of  the  oolitic  structure,  like  the  smaller  limestone  beds  which  oc- 
cur in  the  lower  sandstone,  where  it  is  distinctly  marked  by  its' 
position  relative  to  the  lower  ma£:nesian.  I  have  never  observed 
in  it  the  pecnliar  flint  of  the  lower  magnesian  althongh  geodes  of 
qnarte  are  not  nnfreqnent.  The  sandstone  which  overlies  it  is  of 
much  greater  thickness  than  the  npper  sandstone,  and  corresponds 
in  character  with  the  lower  sandstone,  particalarly  in  the  pre'sence 
of  lime  either  disseminated  or  in  calciferous  beds,  resembling 
those  occurring  in  that  formation  where  it  is  unquestioned.  Snch 
a  bed  occurs  at  Winelow's  quarries,  on  a  ridge,  two  miles  south* 
east  of  Hudson,  at  a  much  higher  level  than  the  great  bed  just 
noticed,  and  evidently  subordinate  to  the  sandstone  ;  partly  com- 
posed of  a  caleiferous  sandstone,  and  partly  of  a  nearly  compact 
limestone  burnt  for  lime.  Beds  of  this  character  of  little  thick-  ' 
ness  have  been  observed  in  the  lower  sandstone  near  its  southern 
border,  where  it  approaehes  the  frontier  of  the  lower  magnesian, 
but  at  a  lower  level  in  the  formation  than  the  calciferous  bed  near 
ita  upper  surface,  finch  a  bed  extends  along  a  ridge  on  the  west 
side  of  Sank  Prairie,  near  Otter  creek,  and  another  occurs  near 
the  Baraboo  narrows,  apparently  of  limited  extent,  and  near  the 
base  of  a  high  bluff  of  sandstone.  The  latter  has  been  quarried 
for  lime,  but  the  lime  from  this  as  well  as  from  the  bed  near  Hud- 
son, although  it  gives  a  strong  mortar  and  might  answer  for  ce- 
ment, is  more  diffiealt  to  slack  than  that  from  the  lower  magne- 
sian. 


M 

Hie  eoottdorations  here  o£Pered  bare  indiloed  me  to  regsfd  the 
great  bed  apparently  extendiog  from  Prescott  to  Willow  rirer,  m 
•abordinate  to  and  at  a  conaiderable  depth  in  theloirer  sandstone. 
A  bed  of  a  dmilar  character,  bat  of  mach  leee  thickneas,  extends 
along  the  top  of  the  blnffii  at  Stillwater,  weBt  of  the  SL  Qroix. — 
Tbii  bed  is  onderlaid  by  sandstone,  apparently  the  same  as  that  in 
the  blnffi  oyerlying  the  former.    Oslciferons  beds^  but  more  of 
the  character  of  calciferons  sandstone,  occnr  en  Appl^  river,  at 
McOarty'B  Prairie  (Polk  county)  and  at  the  Falls  of  the  St.  Croix. 
At  tbe  latter  the  sandstone  is  arranged  in  its  nsoal  nearly  hori- 
aoDtal  position,  on  tbe  side  ot  an  abrnpt  ledge  of  the  trap  or  green- 
stone forming  the  falls,  and  includes  beds  of  a  thin  marly  shale. 
Tbe  rock  is  more  or  less  fossiliferous,  and  the  shale  nearly  com- 
posed of  shells.    The  Lingyla  is  the  most  abnnaant  and  charae- 
teristio.    I  hare  noticed  it  at  different  localities  in  the  lower  sand- 
stone, as  far  as  Sauk  Prairie,  but  always  in  calciferons  beds  or 
layers.    I  haye  in  no  instance  observed  fossils  in  the  pnrer  silio- 
ions  sandstone.    Oa  the  summit  of  a  bl  ifi^  one  or  two  miles  west 
of  the  St.  Croix,  opposite  Hudson,  I  observed  in  aqnarry  a  bed  of 
limestone  abounding  in  shells,  particularly  Le^Umc^  and  resem- 
bling by  these  and  other  fossils,  and  even  by  its  structure,  tbe  shell 
bed  of  the  blue  limestone,  but  evidently  disoonneeted  with  beds 
resembling  the  other  beds  of  that  formation  and  immediately  con- 
nected with  a  sandstone  at  the  same  level  with  that  in  thd  high 
bluff  east  of  the  St  Croix,  which  I  have  regarded  as  the  lower 
sandstone.    I  was  shown  at  Presoott  a  specimen  of  a  Zeptcma^ 
from  one  of  the  high  bluffs  north-east  of  tiiat  place,  indioating  the 
presence  of  the  same  bed  in  that  position.    This  shell  bed  hss 
appeared  to  me  also  subordinate  to  the  lower  sandstone,  but  at  a 
higher  level  than  the  beds  before  noticed.   Iq  proceeding  through 
Minnesota  from  Prescott,  by  Hastings,  to  La  Crosse,  I  observed 
beds  of  limestone  in  bluffs  and  ravines  throughout  a  great  ex* 
tent,  generally  at  a  higher  level  than  the  gieat  bed  east  ef  theSt 
Groix. 


^  07' 

teri  mud  in  :boi  lutMiM  pfwtated  die  ptauUmr  cbaraeken  of  tbe 
lo#M  msgiietiim.    Wliei^  I  Ud  an  opporhiniti^  of  obserring  it 
dUtttactily  ^zpoeedi  it  4ppe«red  to  foim  a  bed  included  Id  the  Mnd- 
•toM.    It  appeai^d  80  in  ttie  bluff  along  the  weet  side  of  Cannon 
river,  and  In  <yfllM<eat  blnfb  along  the  westddeof  the  Miflsiesippi 
and  Lake  Pepin,  from  Bed  wing  to  near  the  Znmbro  rirer.  On  thd 
priitiee,  It  appeared  Ofnl/  fn  pofnts  and  ravines  dieconneeted  irith  . 
other  roek,  bnt  in  a  recent  exearation  dn  the  goremment  road, 
west  of  Lake  Pepin,  in  ascending  to  the  high  prairie,  it  was  die*" 
tineliy  oterlaid  by  sandat^ne.  In  crossing  the  prairie,  sooth  ^(W 
ZnmbWy  the  rocks  appMted  in  ike  same  diseoonected  manners 
on  Jthe  prairies  farther  n<^h,  but  sottth  of  Ao  Whitewater,  it  evi- 
dently passed  nnd«r  a  nHig<e  off  saoda^tone  bkiff^,  erossing  the 
prArie  from  east  to  w«0t  •  In  crossing  this  range,  I  observed  Mi 
OTllilyin^  bed  0#  fbsilHftrotLS  litneMone,-  perhaps  anaIag((kiAcin  pb>-  ^ 
sitien{to  thalfwest  of  &ndM>n,  bcft  not  marked  liWthatby  Zepminmi 
and  imm^lately  With  a  litidstone,  having  the  ehai«oters  isf  the 
lower  rather  than  the  npper  sandstone,  which  continued  to  show 
itself  near  the  snr&oe,  at  alevel  corresponding  to  that  inlheblndb^ 
soolk  ^La  Orosse,  passing  nnd^^r  the'  iOW^  magnsM&n;    I  ii9t¥€ 
only  givcoi  here  a  very  genoNtl  statsnieati  snflkoieat  te  eonveyrthe*. 
in^msrfon  made  on  me  by  th^  facts,  observed.  I  have  thonght'i^  • 
pr^r  to  state  that  imptessioti  in  the  hope  that  it  may  attraot  tlm 
attention  of  others  who  may  have  opportttnity  for  a  more  dstsiledf' 
ezaiminatioii.    It  has  l/ppeared  lo  me  not  improbable  that  ihoM 
aro  d^erent  beds  t>f  limeitone'in  the  lower  sandstone,  some  Kka 
the  lower  magn^iaa,  ecaHafaiing  few  ot  no  fossils,  like  the  great 
bed  east  of  tlie  81.  Oroix,  and-  the  limestone  extending  on  the 
wM  side  of  the  Mississippi,  south  of  the  Whitewater,  and  oiheift 
abonndii^g  ki  fossils  like  that  M  a  low  lev^l,  at  the  fblls  of  the  8L 
Oroix,  aboundiDg  in  lAngid<B,  and  that  at  a  higher  level  west  of 
HnfAson,  analagons  to  the  shell  bed  of  the  bine  Umestonn^     The 
lower  sandstone,  ^  W4  ptM^  east  (hm  (fae  lfjssissippi|  doea^ 
18 


08 

not  lAdoed  pitient  bwIi  rtmttkiAle  btds  of  liaMatopft  «  extaKt 
along  the  upper  Miasiiilp^ ;  but  ctlcifoPM^  bMlaownr  tbere  em» 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  WiMXHuein*  Ia  lliat  pMT  of  the  formetioft 
the  eelciferons  beda  appear  tp  be  of  limited  exteQi.  That  at  the 
Baraboo  Narrows,  offers  an  appasreat  instance  of  this,  nor  is  the 
marly  bed'  near  the  junction  with  the  lower  megnesian  always 
equally  deyeloped,  Tb^  lower  sandstone  in.  the  eonntry  traversed 
by  the  npper  Mississippi,  may  thos  be  «uHre  pervaded  by  beds  of 
limestone  which  do  not  extend  in  an  eqnal  degree  Awards  t)ie 
eas^ 

J^eis  occaeiooally  occar  in  the  lower  ainditone,  th9iigib  an- 
freqiaentlj,  containing  rounded  or  ilattened  pebbles  <^  q«arti|  of- 
ten Umpedy  appereiUlj  formed  by  attrition*  These,  so  £sr  as  I 
have  observed,  i^  never  lerge,  and  nsnaUy  very  small,  and  the 
lattv  particnlarly  nisemble  concretions ;  stHl  theee,  ae  well  as  Ae 
smaller  gv9un|9  of  which  the  sandstone  js  eomposedi  appear  to  have 
been  mther  the  resnlt  of  attrition.  Such  liiyer^  ar^neoallf  tfaiay 
nor  luaye  I  observe  faij  thidi  bed*  <^  eofliglQmerite  in  tius  forn^ 
ation* 

33be  lower  sandstone  is  more  generally  arranged  in  even  hoar 
zoital  layercti  bnt  in  many  inet«aces  I  have  observed  an  arrange- 
ment* wUdi  I  have  Ad  noticed  in  the  other  sepopdary  IbrmatioDS. 
Liq^eni  or  beda  ocicnr.  marked  by  oblique  lines  of  stratification,  wd, 
these  in  difierent  directions,  alternating  with  others  in  which  the 
linns  <f  .alratifieatioa  are  regularly  horizontal.  .  This  arrangemeat 
is  itrikini^y  exhibited  at  the  Dells  of  |the  Wisconein  river,  but 
may  be  observed  in  many  other  localities.  In  one  instance^  on 
the  Ohippewa,  near  O'Keil's  creek,  this  anraogement  appears  to 
be  udulatory,  as  jf  formed  by  the  action  of  waves,  but  in  most 
instannes  the  oblique  lines  a{q;»ear  to  extend  only  iicross  the  li^er 
or  bed.  Such  oblique  lines,  alternating  with  h<Mnxoiital}  I  keve 
obfarved  in  beds  of  diift  sand. 

Bocks  apparently  of  melaamorphic  origin  are  obeerved  in  cooh 
nemm  With  the  lower  aandstone,    11^  mest  evidently  connecftr 


i 


99 

ed  with  «h«  wnditoifc  it  n  wUto  or  iUghtif  blvM  eempMt 
qiuvtiy  rMembHng  mpfimary  quarts,  either  forming  beds  or  layen 
in  the  white  friable  aaadBtone,  or  traveteing  the  Bame  vertioiillj, 
in  the  maoner  of  a  dike.'  A  very  thick  bed  of  each  a  quartz  roek 
oooapies  the  rammit  of  a  high  bluff,  west  of  the  Trempelean,  by 
the  stage  road  from  Black  River  Falls  to  Hudson.  This  rock  over- 
lies the  sandstone  in  regular  strata,  with  thin  layers  of  friable 
sandstone  interposed,  and  even  inekideB  nests  of  the  same  iti  its 
mass.  Z  have  observed  th#  same  quarts  in  other  instances,  form- 
ing only  ifadn  layers,  ot  limited  depositee  or  nests  interposed  in 
the  sandstone.  A  remarkable  instance  of  an  apparent  dike  of  tiie 
same  qsaits  roek  oconrs  in  the  Mnsqnito  mountain,  in  fiie  town 
of  Abo^ond,  (Portage  oounty,)  two  or  liiree  miles  west  of  the 
Portage  and  Stevens  Point  road.  This  rock  here  extends  in  the 
msBBer  of  a  vertical  dike^  along  the  middle  of  a  long  narrow 
ri^fe^  bearing  nearly  east  and  west,  and  is  bounded  on  each  side 
by  lower  terraces  of  friable  sandstone,  and  is  more  or  less  blend- 
ed with  the  latter,  like  the  qnartz  bed  on  the  Trempeleau.  This 
dike  would  seem  to  have  been  formed  along  the  line  of  a  fissure 
by,  thSi  action  of  some  agent  then  escaping,  capable  of  changing 
the  sandstone  into  a  compact  quarts.  Mounds  of  a  granular 
quarts  rook,  including  beds  of  iron  ore^  oocur  near  Black  Biver 
Falls,  apparently  emerging  from  the  lower  sandstone,  and  pre* 
senting  some  appearance  of  a  metamorphic  origin,  but  arranged 
nearly  vertically,  like  the  primary  rocks  of  that  vicinity.  These 
will  be  noticed  in  connection  with  the  iron  ore  oi  Black  river. 
Several  fiscts  seem  to  indicate  that  the  grey  quarts  rock  of  As . 
Baraboo,  and  east  of  Portland,  was  also  formed  from  the  sand- 
stooe  by  metamorphic  action,  but  I  have  preferred  noticing  it  un- 
der a  separate  head. 

The  lower  sandstone  has  been  subject  to  great  denudation,  on 
the  north  and  north  east  particularly,  in  the  country  east  of  the 
Wisoonsin.  North  of  a  line  which  may  be  traced  from  the  St 
Oroix^  by  Willow  river,  the  upper  part  of  the  Kinniekinnic  and 


•/: 


Bwh  riftn,  Mcoii  tk»  f^t  befewttM  tii«  Manninnant  aiiA  Mm 
Ohippeira»  tad  by  tlie  heads  of  tlie  Baffido  rirarandtlMil^eaipa- 
laao,  to  BlaokBirar  FaU%  aad  thwee  aartk  of  tlia  Lwxmitwto 
tiio  WiMaoain  aad  Fo^  rivofa*  Thk  loek  is  aoatfy  ooAoealod  biy 
•and  or  drif^  and  ia  axpoaad  only  in  noi^  or  lew  dataahad  lidgM^ 
or  moand%  or  in  low  awalk  or  plaiaaaa.  Same  at  theaaridgaa  or 
moonda  an  lingalarl/  dateahad,  aneh  aa  the  Boalia  a  Oriai  fha 
Moaquito  moantain  and  Pilot  Knob,  aaafc  of  the  Wiaaouin.  I 
bare  viaitad  only  tiba  two  but  of  tboaa»  and  ba^^  tbeia  obtenrad 
i^paarancaa  wbioh  nay  aoaanni  Cot  ibelr  priterTakioil  atnidst  tba 
gaqinMd  daandatiQn*  Tbe  ICaa^ailo  monnlMn  af^ieara  to  baira 
baenioeaarTad  by  the  dike  of  qoarta  rock  traraning  it^  nboM 
notioad.  Xhe  Pilot  Knob  la  traTaned  in  a  iimilar  anoMr  by  a 
narrow  difca^Iika  maaa  of  iodt»  tnteiaeatod  tooagfaont  with  naaiM 
of  |jarmatita»  and  riaing  to  a  great  heights  berderad  by  lower  awdh 
of  (Hable  sandttoM.  Thia  anbjeot  will  be  ftrther  eeaMid^n^ 
wheal  ooaaa  to  tiaat  of  tbe  eonfiwpation  oJ  tbe  anrfcaa. 

Within  the  firoatier  of  tbe  lower  iagneiiaw»  tbe  lower  and- 
•tonoia  expeaed  only  to  n  email  extenti  generally  nndariyJng  *<ba 
fiNrmer  in  the  Uuffii  along  tba  riTwa  and  amaUer  gtnwnn  B  it 
notiaxpoaed  on  the  Wiaooiiain  at  ili  janelMNi  with  the  Miaataalp* 
pi,  bat  gradnally  riaea  in  aaeending  that  river^  taiitoeen|dea  niMa 
flianhalf  the  height  of  tbe  bkiff  at  Olift<»,  oppoaito  Bank  Oily.-- 
ItdoainotiVpaar  intheblnflb  OMteftiie  IfMsppi,  till  aana 
diatanoa  north  of  Pkairie  da  Ghiea,  bat  liaee  to  tbe  tope  of  |l» 
UaffiiaonthofLaCrQaBe.  It  nearly  reMhw  the  tope  of  tbe  Unflb 
adjoining  the  IQekapoo^  at  Baad^  milk,  and  extoada  &r  ba^  in* 
tottaraTinea.  Eaitfrom  ttat alream it ia  mora  imd  moia  es- 
poaed  tiU  Uooanpiee  the  t(^  of  die  lidget  af^cini^  SnakP^vna^ 
The  meet  remarkable  eiqKwnre  of  the  lower  imndatMio  witUn  the 
iSrontier  of  the  lower  m^nealan,  ia  that  on  thaPoaath  Lah^  near 
Madiaoik  Iheeoantiy  firom  the  Wiaeomin  to  that  point  ia  appa^ 
lent^  overlaid  by  the  lower  m^gaiaian,  bat  that  reek  ie  theiade- 
nndad  to  a  limited  «xtent»  partiaalariy  along  tihe  eonthaide  of  Ae 


101 

lonitli  Liks,  wd  the  ionrtr  itadstone  MptcMd.  Thki  to6k  is 
qoAvrM  tli#n  oetr  its  jonelioa  with  the  lo#ei^  mttgeeeiM,^  tfid  ii 
moKS  or  leM  oaleiferaiey  whtoh  rettdem  it  rafBleietitly  etOherAity 
•Bd>thii  with  itefine  graiii)  and  other  qnaBttaBM  a'freest^ney^rfll 
glTB  it  great  yalue  for  kmildiBg.  The  ttf^oeiire  Of  this  rotik  seetae 
to  make  a  oentve  of  eleT«tk>ii  at  that  point,  aptwretitly  ^otmeeted 
with  the  baBina  of  the  lakee,  and  with  the  great  deiindalLon  Of  Ike 
upper  atiata,  exteadiog  thiMigh  the  a^dctte  of  the  Virata,  from 
notth  to  aovtb. 

ZHX  QOAXtZ  2K0CB, 

(Of  the  JBmrdbooj  and  of  P&rOand.) 

The  quarts  rock  in  the  ridges  adjoimng  the  Baraboo  vaUey,  on 
the  north  and  sonth,  and  that  east  of  Portland,  are  so  similBr  in 
eharacter,  that  they  may  be  considered  in  ctmnexioiu  The-rteek, 
in  both  instances,  is  a  light  or  dark  grey  hard  graonlar  qmite) 
iBiarked  more  or  less  distinctly  by  parallel  lines  of  strattfleiition, 
and  resembling  mneh  a  pricnary  grannlar  quartz,  bnt  preaenjt^g 
eertain  peculiarities  both  in  position  and  oharaeter,  whioh^i^etem  to 
indioate  it  an  altered  sandstone*  This  rock,  adjoining  the  Bssialioo 
TaUeyy  lies  within  the  limits  of  thjs  lower  sandstone  and  forms  either 
detactked  ridges,  in  the  range  of  ridges  of  the  sandstone,  oc  iifmere 
ivu&eiifitejly  connected  in  th^  fapie  ridge.,  with  the  latter*  ;.£last 
ici  Portland,  it  appears  inr  two  parallel,  ranges,  apparentiy  detach- 
ed fi^em  other  ro^ks  on  the  east  side  o^  a  marsh  trarersed  by^TSTa- 
rierleo  c^eek^  on  the  west  side  of  which  the  n^Mir  sandstone  oeoars 
avBrlaid  by  tiie  bine  limestone.  In  the  Barciboo  rock  two  ol^sMc- 
:  ters  are  xfii  nnjfrfqnently  ojbserTed  which  a[ppe.ar  to;eonneotitim- 
.iwdiatelj  with,  the  lower  sandstone.  Tbefe  arc)  the  ocqnrrenw  of 
rJilfers  more  or  less  filled  with  rounded  pebbles  of  qoarti^  usually 
TMj  sm^l  but  sometimes  larger)  precisely  resembling  the  J%]^rs 
of  the  same  kind  in  the  lower  sandstone,  and  ateo  of  obli^piely 
'{cross  liwB  leffai^ed  betweeia  the  regulair  lines  of  stratiftoatimt  in 


102 

tbe  maanvr  already  noUoed  in  the  latter.  Theae  af^eataneet  I 
liare  not  obeerved  ia  tbe  FortUnd  reek  nor  in  the  upper  aaadatone, 
njth  whieh  that  reek  from  ita  poeitioft  might  be  regarded  aa  eon- 
aeoted.  Bot  the  rock  in  both  inatanoea  ie  ao  similar  in  ge&eial 
oharaoter  aa  to  render  a  common  origin  probable.  In  the  Banboo 
lock,  croBB  yeina  and  nests  of  white  qnarte,  sometimes  containing 
geodea  of  very  distinct  crystals  are  found  in  some  localities^  puH- 
eolarly  ia  the  ridge  south  of  Pevil  Lake.  Titanic  iron  resembling 
the  Orichtonitei  not  unfrequent  in  primary  quartz,  is  also  found  in 
that  rock,  generally  in  their  seams,  but  one  instance  noticed  in  a 
ridge  north  of  the  valley  east  of  Baraboo  village  occupying  a  ver- 
tical vein  two  or  three  inches  thick.  In  tbe  Portland  rock,  in  its 
eastern  range,  I  noticed  cross  seams  at  the  joints  of  a  dark  green 
mineral  resembling  hornblende. 

The  quarts  rock,  adjoining  the  Baraboo  valley,  forms  two  ranges, 
one  on  the  north,  the  other  on  the  south,  which  are  apparently 
eenneoted  on  the  east  by  a  ridge  of  sandstone,  closing  the  valley 
in  that  direction,  the  Baraboo  passing  through  to  the  Wisconsin 
by  the  narrows,  a  gorge  at  the  east  point  of  the  range  of  quartz 
on  the  north.  The  ridges  of  quarts  rock  are  less  elevated  on  tlie 
north  and  appear  generally  detached  from  the  sandstone.  On  die 
south  the  ridge  adjoining  Devil's  Lake  on  the  east  and  west  are 
more  than  three  hundred  feet  in  height  and  are  parts  of  the  same 
eaat  and  west  range,  deeply  cleft  at  that  point.  These  ridges  also 
appear  detached  from  the  sandstone,  but  farther  west  on  the  same 
side  of  the  valley  I  noticed  a  ridge  of  this  rock  at  the  summit  of 
a  high  ridge  chiefly  composed  of  the  sandstone.  In  general  fiie 
bearing  of  the  ridges  is  here  east  and  west,  and  the  dip  as  deter- 
mined by  the  lines  of  stratification,  but  moderate  to  the  north.  If 
this  rock  was  formed  from  the  sandstone  by  ignious  action  from 
beneath,  as  the  circumstances  already  mentioned  seem  to  indi- 
cate, this  metamorphic  change  does  not  seem  to  have  been  acdom- 
pained  by  much  disturbance  of  the  strata,  although  from  thej^reat 
Mght  of  the  hills  surronnding  the  vmllcly,  partteularly  on  ^e 


gouth  and  tMl,  there  maj  h$nrB  been  a  j^nebd  tiplteatal  aA  at  tbe 
oentres  of  eleTatton  in  th^  minerri  difatridt.  The  cpiartz  toek 'of 
Portland|  is  largely  exposed  in  a  low  ridge  on  the  east  side  of  the 
mavahat  Waterloo  ereek,  and  lose  so  on  the  west  aide  of  a  ridge 
about  a  mile  fltrther  emt  The  bearing  of  tiiese  ranges  is  aoath 
bj  eas^  and  Ae  a^i>arBnt  dij^  albont  twenty  degrees  east  B^  a 
xMoriBnee  to  the  map,  tt  will  be  seen '  thlat  the  bearing  of'  tiiie 
quarts  rook  at  PotilMid  £t>m  ttiaft  at  the  Ba^abob,  Is  abont  E.'  8.  £. 


■i  '» 


THB  PBOMCAST  WOKS.  *  ", 

These  in  the  part  of  the  Btale  whielk  I  hare  visited  wd  ^ednflned 
to  a  few  detached  looalities/some  of  whioh  at  least  are  eonneeUd 
is  more  extensive  ranges.  These  localttieB  are  all  wifliin  the  litai- 
Us  of  Ae  lower  sandstone,  and  most  of  tiiein  boent  at  the  firils  ^'of 
tlie  northern  rivers.  The  lower  sandstone  appears  in  no  instance 
t '  to  have  resisted  the  aotic«i  of  the  enrrents,  but  U)  hare  been  deeffl j 
cut  Arongb,  forming  tlie  Dells  of  tiiose  rivers.  The  harder  pri- 
mary rocAai  have,  ^n  the  cootraty,  resisted  that  action,  and  when- 
ever they  h«fie  croand  tiie  channels  of  the  rivers,  have  formed 
:  jGdIs  or  rrnpida^  €teneraUy  these  rods  are  little  elcTated^  bnt  in  a 
fsw  instances  they  fotm  ridgea  of  oonfiidemble  height'  In  moat 
jiSitafteeB  they  are  no*  obeertvd  in  immediate  connexion  with  the 
•aaadatene,  bnt  in  a  la  w  instances,  particnlarly  in  the  banks  of  riv- 
«r8, 1  have  notieed  the  saadstoDe  in  sack  connbxioiBy  either  over- 
lying  or  on  the  aidea  of  the  primary  ledges,  bnt  rather  appearing 
Ae  have  been  depoaited  enhseqaenUy  to  the  fermation  of  tibe  laMer 
Jdian  to  have  been  diatnrbed  by  their  intmrion.  A  few  instanises 
where  the  sandstone  may  aMm  to  hare  been  diatvrbed  will  be  m>- 
tteed  inoideoftaUy.  Bob  though  the  sandstone  wonld  seem  to  have 
keen  depoaited  after  the  primary  rocks  had  been  fimned,  yet  in 
several  instancea  it  has  been  apparently  modified  at  its  jnnotlen 
with  the  latter ;  eilher  a  tikin  band  of  vrhile  oompaet  qnarta'snch 
aa  haa  been  ali9eady  noticed  in  the  sandatokie  adjoining  tiie  pri- 
amry  rodnH  or  fte  aandstoiie  it  tiiat  poritton  appearing  mtUe  in- 


N 


m 

4» 


toto«rthf» 

_^ ,    _       „       \^  to 

^mhUm,  botk  ia  '  '  -         »- 

is  !■«•  bMB  tb«  rantt«ra» 

tttMcaaMshaT^  opcnted  in  Ae  twoiHtaaeai^  at&si 

ral  period,  or  fli  rante  iiitarTriii^  tarn  onlf  b»  detoniBad  by  » 

>»af  flbe  fia  period,  wilhort  ^cidad  fMMBi  to  Hi»MiiMy> 
I  luiM  flliMdy  ilAtod  tka  I  kave  Ml /■!  otovwd  my  ti^^  iMks 
mllMlocaliliis  Tiiitod  by  BM,  v^bgoM  tote 
toip^  or  wA  M  intonect  reA»  of  a  v^y  dMiwMii  ^—1  ■  ■     »^ 


tnlp^  Mmely,  thai  wUdi  oeem  li  tl«  lUb  «f  St  Cbuz,  Md 

in  the  Tuimv,  kM  niWr  tho  diaraBter  nd  wngMMBl  af  Ihe 

primary  gMeailaBea.    b  dis  nihar  locaHligg  ^iaitod,  mlva  tiR^ 

nokBliaTa  beeo  indinatod^  I  hmre  obwraad  o^  hw  ■Martii  md 

sieaitte  rocto  davly  priMry  in  tladr  ehaoMtor  tBnd  aoaMdMi. 

Althongk  fhe  pmnaiy  iwka  gnanUy  betv  mdy  ia  dttadiadi^ 

adjliaa  of  liaitod  egtoal,  yat  thw aiaiaot  dia.aaaittod,  ba»*6 

:  eaairinad'm  a  nafllMr  of  f^vnpa  orioMdltooitioaii  aoiodklilto 

'  DtoDptod  by  primary  lotki  wdariaaly.   la  aqriopott  <«  too  ||b- 

^obgy  of  Gonaectiea%  IoBdoa?»itd  lo^dMbigaUi  too  loool  ftfih- 

atoms  ia  too  priaioiiy  lootoof  toat ttoto.  fiimUtoloeolftrmalUiiB 

.anyboohtolydmtoigaUiod  ia  too  piimmy  imto  of  toio  ftoito, 

'  aldioog^  ooenniDg  oolf  «t  dotaokod-^Koato,  wpoiatodby  widoto* 

ItowalB  of  diift  or  ondBloiio. 

An  aatoaafare  nmg^  of  poimoiy  rotli  mqtba  tfooiaAnMigli  too 


itf'VHLiivoraqd  ostaadiiig  X;  K.  JL  toaawla  Woopoooo  owtoiy 


ulUadav^  U  billed  ft  Jteiilie(Mi«i,  alkMgk  iMtadiitg  fodki^ 

lyiftlClHm  a  lii^««d  Aieiilfe,  lit 'ifU^^ 

ftdMkiigreM  flOM  m-)Whi«b  hQnittliiiflft;|>ietttiji8,  aad.ewa  to.  ft 

gnoifti.rOMtmiiig  kfttkiJioipUtfidft  ftnAsMft.     IbftM  itiihuiit 

MffkftOQiw.iftidiitinafaftDlMBdiiiftto  muffftk  Od  thftneafeiifi'ftxftftge 

ftr«BA;«ie»H6^.whJdiJMtiOftd  ctttlM  toD^  oa  the  north  ftidft'of 

Pox  liver  At  JCaftteUo,  ftkid  ,thralir.N.fi.froBillifttpdntm.tlift 

toim  ol  JCarioiif  ia /W^ftnalMn  oona^.    lifts  lookli'fteea^Kmftd 

ofiddidlftpftrftnd  dftik^giwa  homUBftde,^  wiuek  itkf.  ftnoftr 

,  Iftrgdj  pr«dMttiiftte%  ftOBKfttimet.witliAliftdft  qiptftftdiawmihifttrt. 

.  A  pfti^lilppftiftaftQ  ba  ftKK»iMr  kn^diitliie%  0hMirnd9.tet  IIm 

>fMkjigiftctafi|'{ solid  ftod  thick^haidftd,  Tftvy  iBi«ly  riiowlog  ft 

km^Mtiy  t«  dere.iaJhe  dfiMtifta  of,  tiie  giftin.    OrotB  "utaa^  ftftd 

imftU  Mitt  ofj^uftrtft  octariiaore  teqaitetty  ftt  Jlnoa thfta ftt 

HwteUo.    Odenaita.'apfMMrftt'fieoiefioniiaroftud  vli|<di  ibemek 

ift  ittam  |>iiiftly  iUq»«tib»L      At  MoBtollov  >^t  bMvmg  of  the  rook 

ii  jnetfaineari;  ;S4  N.  JLy  ftfc  Mamoo^  xuve  fteii%  K.  K      A^  4ihft 

fanateiplftO0^  it  foi»e:ft  wi^ejrflilgd  iturhudi^tbreft  dtftiaoi  bods 

Hkftybft  difltitigidahed ;  <ne«oft  (he  «Krthy  .eontftuung  ■  ibom  hom- 

hlaftdejoneiia;tkeiaQiddhJftOBe.pvielj^f^  .ireiy  oom- 

lant^add coie oa. tl^e Math^Mf.WdiBg 4he lktt«  m doAiiiMttlob^ 

ilM^ooanto  grained  ftodip^revdittiMtilrf^^  At 

IG&ridny  it  laUDB  ithjee  distiflfttiridgefi,  twoHon?  tho  nw^  lUuLone  on 

like  ^iM;;;ef  Siinog  lake  :.tkeir  arehttiro.  haaAig  hwnpi  ftW0.  JtOJ^imt 

.^fftftolu:  .NiinieKftiis  bMUeid  ^ftUa^voekflveaeftttiiedda^Aft 

nrteeJBifhfiirieibity  o$:die  ledg^ai  JUhpMiy  eoiaeef  Uq^  aiie. 

/XUvrwktt%kfc»faQ!«b0#finrhftildiag^  md^qaonddtgeneealljf^  faraift 

▼ery  indestructible  material,  but  it  is  too  hard  to  be  dtoiodto 

.ftd^rmlagd  '  iaft  Jtiue^fftithftftoaBti  ia  a: vange  ofidHrk  gveta  stone, 

.ftMitadb  towaards  the  loiilh^wett  in  the  Obmrwutotj^  a^lUgh  ri^ 

>  in  ihft  toaiii  of  Bo&lo,  aovth  of  IConteUoy  aiftd  towftrdsiibe  notth- 

.ftftit  ia/two[.igtoifpft of  Jadgea  abint,half  iii^f£4^Mw«|)n  Jftarqiuftto 

uflnd  tkmbU  riw^  401.  this  iwd  totlfontalhK  ': 

'    4hi8wnnk.'jft.i9irj^>d»kiftftlond  mA^bamf^  bl«l^  bsife^^ilB 

14 


ft 


»i 


Iwddad  aad  Im  gniaad  Hki  tlMt  of  te  ObMvratoqr,  talwM- 
liniflt  Mack  «d  uMoliil j  cfpMf,  Vkb  %  fmj^jwj^  trilfa  Am 
•diiitoie  liyan  JBtaffiMMad,  pttttyefw  end  iM^ 
vwroa  Mid  moBD  IwniiHrtri,  Hm  ndks  of  tiui  n^gs  in^t  be 
*tkmtit£ni  mf^ijf  tmp^iiat  HkB  pvmlkl  ■UttiiJ,  snd  tlie 
ttTMgeoienfc  k  that  arprimsy  greflHk^  lliiiiocfcat  ttttOb- 
Mrratoij  Smbm  a  kigh  rid^  m  wlddk  k  ii  «qpoMd  alike  an* 
Milaadoalfaf  ■oolh^bah^ooaeoaladoalhaiMaAky  drift,  aad 

baaiB  MonB.  H.  E.  Kb  the  lodE  at  MontaUa.  In  Iba  t«#  gHN9* 
naar  Mavqoatte,  h  nam  from  Oa  plain  nailh  <tf  Otwid  rifar,  in 

kwr  ladg6a»  baariag  more  iiaadj  noilh-aMt,  irUle  tka  baariag  of 
Ihe  gronpa  if  Deailf  Inwvaiaa  to  Ihal  of  the  ladgia.  Tha  lUrd 
langa  axtaada  in  a  lina  atfll  Cvtkar  aaal|  abaig  a  zidgn  on  the  east 
aide  of  Fox  riTw,  in  the  inimediate  Tidnilj  of  BavUn.  Ibaroek 
iaffaataadaikgiaygndaii  with  a  dialiaalif  parallal  almelnre, 
hat  thiafcbeddad  aad  Taiy  alighliy  achiatoaa,  with  JaUmlBuunmA 
horablenda  and  miea^  with  oaeadonal  porphTiitio  laddirii  talipir- 
Yeinaof  qaasti  iatanwelitboflilnutfTataaandinfteqpQaad.  Hub 
■DckbyilifaiaUalalniotaie,  and  ito  jointl^  biaaka  laadilj  into 
«al  bloeka,  aad  ia  Ikna  Tafaialila  fiir  bafldingy  bat  ia  not  eaiil7 

dnaMd.  Iha  bearing  ia  naady  nmlh  avt  The  di^  harc^  •§  WI 
Min  the  two  oOiar  rnngaa,  ia  aboat  eighir  di^ginaa  wai^  eraaaiiy 

▼ertieaL 

Ihe  two  #aab8tn  langaai  ithaa  been  teeai  mppmnaAfrntmA^ 
Ihe  e<tatii-weat  in  a  flMoa  eeat  north  earterly  dinaoluai^  aad  than 
bear  mora  nofih«eaatoil j*  The  eaatom  lange  haa  bean  notiaad 
onlj  at  one  pointi  eael  of  Ihe  man  noiAan  part  of  the  two  ««i^ 
am  rangeai  and  has  the  aaaaanordi-eeetBriy  bearings  ^EfaaliA*** 
mnpa  may  be  ragariod  aa  one  oeniaeled  fermatiaB^  in  ^^^ 


107 

lionbleiid^  It  the  ohMtetoritlia  miiiMU  on?  the  woti  Aifi^  wbQr4i- 
OMrte  to  filtpir,  in  the  middla  pradomiauti  «iid  in  the  eMt  Mcam- 
panied  vith  xaiee.  The  diffetent  parte  are  here  remote,  but  in 
.  eactiier  iAstaiice»  at  Baok  Sirer  FaUg,  a;  similar  arrangement  ^will 
be  notioed  wtthin  a  nanrow  eompaae. 

The  next  point  towards  the  west,  where  I  have  oUerved  the 
primarj  rodb,  ia  in  the  yicinity  of  Steyena'  Point,  I  have  yia- 
itod  there  onl j  tliree  looalitie8»  viz :  at  the  f alia  at  Stevens'  Point, 
and  at  the  head  of  Oonant's  rapids,  about  three  miles  below,  on 
the  Wisconsin,  and  at  Grier's  mill,  on  Pbver  creek,  E.  N.  £<  of 
Stevens^  Point.  In  the  rocks  of  all  these  loGaUtier,^  mica  is  pie- 
'4ominaQt  and  hornblende  only  subordinate.  ThepreTailing  reek 
at  the  two  localities  on  the  Wisconsin  is  goeiss,  either  light  grey 
granitic,  or  dark  micaoeoas  in  alternate  beds,  with  veins  and  beds 
v>f  granite,  and  more  rarely  of  aienite,  and  a  few  beds  of  hornblende 
gneiss.  At  the  falla  at  Stevens'  Point,  the  rock  at  the  foot  of  the 
ihUs  on  the  east  side  ia  a  hard,  thick  bedded  dark  gray,  of  submi- 
caceons  gneiss  crossed  by  a  lai^  oblique  vein  of  hard  red  sienite, 
with  seams  of  epidote.  In  a  ravine  south-east,  the  rock  is  a  ra- 
ther lighter  grey  gneiss,  with  a  white  felspar  (albit^  decomposing 
readily  to  a  soft  clay  inteneoted  with  small  oblique  veins  of  a 
hard  red  f  elspathic  granite,  aaad  of  a  white  ftlspar,  decompoaiag 
to  a  clay,  and  with  a  fisw  rich  veins  of  a  red  sienite.  It  is  wor^ 
ti^  of  note  that  the  sienite  at  diis  locality  containsa  few  scaleaof 
mica  disseminated.  At  the  head  of  Oonant's  rapids,  on  the  east 
Bide,  the  rock  is  chiefly  a  light  grey  subgranitic  gneiss,  with  fyw 
Yeins,  with  alternate  beda  of  dark  micaceous  gneiss,  more  inter- 
sected by  layers  obliquely  cross  veined,  and  by  smaller  inter- 
posed veins  and  nests  of  red  granite  and  quarts,  and  including 
"thinner  bands  of  honiUende  gneiss.  The  south  side  of  the  ledge 
is  much  deocunpoBed,  like  the  rook  in  the  ravine  atStevens'  Poi^t 
Xhis  ledge  ia  overlaid  with  sandstone^  and  at  the  junction  there  is 
a  layer  of  a  nearly  compact  white  quartz,  auch  as  has  been  already 
in)t{ced  in  the  lower  attdatone.    The  itMtk  at  McOrier'a  mill  ie  a 


108 

liM^Iy  vaiforttiiliielr  bedded  light  grey  giMilic  gft«lM|  not  fNrile, 
«id  breaking  in  large  bloeks  by  jointed  Beams.  It  haa  die  eon- 
poaitioB  and  appeara&ee  of  &  granite,  bnt  with  a  diflttnettj  pMtl- 
Id  grain,  and  mere  or  leae  porj^jrkie,  ^itb  a  reddiah  fds^. 

The  porphjritic  crystals  are.  paitly  donble  and  portly  eii^e, 
irith  minnte  scales  of  mica  disseminated,  both  of  whieh  appear- 
ances are  noticed  in  I3ie  porphjritic  rocks  of  New  England.  TUs 
rock  is  genenJly  snbject  to  d^ompositfen  at  its  snrfisee,  bnt  seme 
of  Its  beds  are  less  so.  It  might  be  qnarried  witii  faeiKty,  and  if 
'  it  were  not  for  the  defect  jnst  mentioned,  wonld  be  ralnable  foir 
1)uildlng.  The  general  bearing  of  the  primary  rocks  near  SteTtfli^ 
Point,  is  nearly  east  and  west,  rarying  from  E.  N.  E.  to  E.  8.  8., 
and  the  general  position  nearly  TertieaL 

The  next  group  of  primary  rocks  towards  the  webt  risited1i>y 

int  is  that  of  Black  Biyer,  extending  upwards  from  the  falls,    in 

this  hornblende  is  the  cbaracterestfc  mineral,  and  the  rooks  are 

Sienite  and  greenstone  accompained  with  chlorite  slate.    The  ftiUi 

are  formed  by  a  sienite  composed  of  red  ftlspar  and  dark  gtMi 

hornblende,  the  weathered  surface  light  red,  the  interior  dariker 

from  the  hornblende.    13iis  extends  up  the  river  abont  a  liUle 

"  Where  It  occupies  the  west *side eppolfte IiOWis'Iron  mound  smdis 

*  there  boundedon  the  east  by  aband  of  darkgreenstone,  partly  seMs- 

tofle,  and  even  or  contorted  and  partly  fhlck  bedded,  and  tibia 'by 

'aband  6f  thin  dark  green  chlorite 'Sklein'ttie^dasl  bank  imfiMdi* 

atbly  adjoining  on  the  west  the  bed  of -iron  ore  in  ^e  m^Md. 

'ISiis  bed  is  apparently  bordered  on  the  east  by  ^6  satne  chlbifite 

-slate  but  is  nearly  concealed  on  that  side  1^  drift.    The  chtorite 

lAate  is  aeemnpained  witii  bands  and  seafSM  of  red^hte  anJFhem- 

atiite,  apparency  the  result  of  deoomposMon.   NbtHh  of-  the  mound 

tile  chlorite  slate  cresses  to  the  west  bank  aecompained  witfi^o 

time  red  ochro  and  hematite,  and  frnrthernMh  cHsappears  under 

'the  sandefioito.    At  Hamikon's  mlllB,  eight  miles  norAi  the  iM4m- 

ary  roehs  *are  again  exposed*  and  eenslslimalnfy  ef  a  Tory  ftlq^ilth'' 

'*  ie  rfenite  widi  only^eHght  traces  ot  hornblende,  chiefly  ted  "Ms- 


piihic^  bot  Iftt  wliite  ftbiatibfe  in^     Th>  ted  iftTg]TMhie  joek  . 
p«K^  'digtfiwtiy  porpbyiiliow  Oti  thie  Mrt  side  the  rotk  ift  trirVBMad 
bjF'biadsof  s  oUotiiie  date  partly  daiic  green  and'thudy  fiaailei 
paifly  light  green  amdtldokwiUidiBfleminatedpTrit^^  AtthetAnj 
gle%  one  or  two  miles  aboire,  the  pTimaty  rodka  are  a^in  expoee4|  >  ' 
aqdffmaiat diiefly  of  » thiekbedded hornblendio gnein  or  green* 
•ten,  darker  in  tiie  interier, bnt wtaatii^ing lighter  on thenifiBibe. 
ThJeteck  ia  geaemlly  eren  and  nniferm,  and  with  a  dietineftly  par* 
aUdetmctore.  It  is  boaaded  on  the  west  by  a  thin  dark  green  Mof 
rite  slate  and  inelndes  a  T^tj  wide  interposed  bed  consisting^  twt> 
paste  intimately  oonaectid;  tiiat  on  tiie  west  composed  of  a  vei^ 
finis  grained  or  compact  nearly  blaok  tr^) like  gi^enstone,  and. 
tfagt  on  the  eaet  :of  a  Tery' fine  grained  rod  felspatiiic  sienito  with  % 
band  of  compact  red  f!Blq[>Ar  vesembUog  a  porphiy.  •  This  bed  ap-> 
pears  regalarly  interpoaedy^  and  obvkmsly  an  ori^nsl  cbnstilnani  * 
of  the  primary  rocks.    19m  primary  redis  «re  eacpofled  at  difibv* 
ent'pointe  h^er  np  the'rireto,  bofei  ha^not  exteoded  my  moKat*  > 
inakiotis  any  fartbor* 

Qaarta  ^eins  and  neate  oeemr  m^re  or  less  in  all  ihe  sienitie  and 
•other •homblendie  rocks  from  thd  Fall^  to  the  Angles^  and  somie^' 
of  those  at  Hanriltooa's  ICitt  •incbideeegr^;ations  of  felspar.  The  . 
general  bearing  of  the  primary  rocks  of  Black  rirsr  iB^north  by 
west,  tlm  dip  wert  near^  Tirtisal;:  The  iron  ores  cf  Black  rirer 
^nught  here  be  noticed)  as  ihey  are  partly  connected  with  one  of 
iihe  primary  rocks  aiboTe  deaeribedf  bnt  the  consideration  of  them 
^wilL  bcr  deferred  to  their  plaee  nnder  the  head  of  metolic  ores. 

On  die  Chippewa  I  Tiated  only  two  localities  of  priouiry  xodm, 
namei^^  at  Ohippewa  FaHa  amd  at  the  YermillioaFalU  or  Armon- 
teger's  rapids.  The  rook  at  Ciiippe wn  Fails  is  b  granitic  gneiss  or 
•stratiform  granite,  vriA  a  distinctly  ptarallel  gradlii,  bearing  north- 
easterly  with  a  dip  west^nearly  vertical.  This  rook  is  genenikly 
lij^  grey  with  white  felspar^  bnt  ia  some  layers  darker  grey  and 
more  mieaceons.  It  is  (grossed'  more  or  less  obliqMly  by  smeill 
▼eina  of  red  fehpargranlte  and  of  >q[Qarte.    Oross  bands  intimate^ 


110 

ly  coimeotoi  witti  Hht  main  loek  in  fltmotozo,  r^srj  hud  and  fin0 
gnuned  dark  grey,  breaking  by  jointi  in  obUgnely  ^pritmjtic  teg- 
menta and  chiefly  oomposedof  felapar.    A  Bimilar  rerj  fine  gnili" 
ed  red  fidspar  band  was  noticed  irith  a  little  hornblende  diasem^ 
mated.    The  weathered  smrfiice  of  the  rook  ia  lighter  than  the  m- 
terior;  and  often  atained  reddidi*    In  soaie^parts,  where  f  oarried, 
black  Bcamfl  apparently  of  specnlar  iron  are  oBse/red  in  the  inta^* 
rior,  which  near  the  Bnr&oe  are  changed  to  red  ochre.    This  rodic 
breaks  by  joints  in  large  regular  blocka  and  may  be  qnartied  fbr 
ordinary  nses  in  buildings  bnt  ia  lose  easily  wrought  than  gmnitio 
rodu  of  a  less  parallel  stmctore.    At  the  YermiUon  Falls .  Ae. 
ledges  are  composed  of  a  rery  dark,  nearly  blade  schistose  rock^ 
TarylDg from  a  mioaceoos  to  a  hornblendic  gneiBs;  (m  the  south, 
move  micaoeons,  on  t|ie  north  moie  homblfi&dic*    The  bearing  o£ 
the  rock  is  R  H^  Ew,  the  dip  north,  neailj  yevticail.    In  the  aootli* 
em*  ledges,  the  rock  is  in  part  simply  toiesioeona,  and  in  part  mi- ; 
caoeoD8*with  ialerlaminated  homUende,  in  the  northern  ladgss 
a  hornblende  gneiss  with  mere  or  less  interlaminaled  mica.    Ilila 
roek  is  traversed  both  on  the  north  and  south  fay  lai^  intefpased 
beds  of  coarse  red  or  reddidi  white  fdapar  granite  with  Tsias  and 
nests  of  white  quarts,  and  by  email  interposed  seams  of  white 
and  reddish  feh^ar. 

The  rocks  known  as  Trap,  forming  the  FsUs  of  fit.  ptoiz,  and 
trayersiDg  tha  adjoining  county,  through  a  large  extent,  may  bd . 
here  noticed  in  connexion  with  the  primary  rocks  to  wUeh  it  haa 
much  analogy  in  its  airaogement  A  parallel  grain  can  be  mora 
or  less  clearly  distiuguished  in  this  rock  corresponding  with  thA 
strike  of  the  ledges,  and  generally  beanng  £i  N.  E«  with  a  nearly 
vertical  dip  nixth.  Small  nests  of  quarts  and  red  felspar,  the  laat  • 
giving  to  the  rock  a  porphyritic  appearance,  and  segrega^oos  diS- 
fering  in  color  and  texture  from  the  rock  in  general  may  be  some- 
times observed  in  the  direction  of  this  giaan,  indicating  a  stratifona 
arrangementi  as  in  the  primary  greenstones.  This  rock  is  distrir 
beted  over  a  wide  extent  of  surface,  and  i»esents  groups  of  ledges,. 


Ill 

uraoged  tnuiSTeraelj  to  their  direotioii,  m  has  been  noticed  in  the 
sienite  and  greenatone  rocks  near  Fox  rirer.  It  has  however  the 
general  character  of  trap  rockB,  and  sometimea  presente  an  amyg- 
daloidal  etmctore  peculiar  to  thoee  rocks,  and  snch  as  I  hare  not 
observed  in  the  proper  primary  greenstones.  It  may  be  regarded 
as  intermediate  between  the  latter  and  the  trap  rocks  distinctly 
known  as  intmsiye*  *  This  rock  is  generally  dark  green  or  nearly 
^<  black,  fine  grained  and  very  hard,  bat  sometimes  coarser  grained 

and  then  more  deoomposible.  It  is  generally  very  solid,  breaking 
only  by  joints  in  larger  blocks,  bnt  sometimes  breaks- in  smaller 
jointed  fragments.  Although  generally  uniform  in  character  it  is 
sometimes  much  pitted  with  seams  and  nests  of  quartz  and  red 
felspar  or  with  seams  and  nodules  of  a  light  yellow,  like  epidote^ 
very  hard  and  compact,  sometimes  giving  to  the  rock  the  appear- 
ance of  a  breccia  or  conglomerate.  These  latter,  as  well  as  the 
red  febparj  are  more  characteristic  of  the  primary  than  of  the 
proper  trap  rocks. 

The  different  localities  visited  by  me  may  be  here  briefly  noticed. 
A  repiarkable  range  crosses  McOarty's  Prairie,  extending  nearly 
a  mile  east  from  the  Hudson  and  Falls  road,  bnt  narrow,  generally 
presenting  only  two  lines  of  ledges,  but  at  its  east  end  two  other 
ledges  project  to  the  north.  These  ledges  have  nearly  the  same 
easterly  bearing.        *  *  *  * 


ledc^ 


i;k&< 


IX 


f