Public instruction in Switzerland and in the Balkan states; comparative statistical study of applied demography (after offical documents)

L A GTPT

fc OCT *2

.^ UNION DES NATIONALITES

' ^ OFFICE CENTRAL

D. MISHEV

.. — i — _* ii — o..i^arjan Academy of Sciences.

SB E3T DMb

and in

the Balkan States

Comparative

Statistical Study of applied demography,
(after official documents)

Price : fr. 1. 50.

LIBRAIRIE CENTRALE DES NATIONALITES

Rue Caroline

Lausanne

1919

GIFT

or

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN SWITZERLAND

AND IN

THE BALKAN STATES

40

UNION DES NATIONALITIES

40

OFFICE CENTRAL

D. MISHEV

t v

Member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

and in

the Balkan States

Comparative

Statistical Study of applied demography,
(after official documents)

Price: fr> l.$0.

LIBRAIRIE CENTRALE DES NATIONALITY

Rue Caroline

Lausanne

1919

Of the same author:

La Macedoine et sa population chretienne. (Avec deux cartes
ethnographiques) sous le pseudonyme D. M. Brancoff.
Paris, Librairie Plon, 1905 p. 270.

Peuples opprim.es et oppresseurs (A propos d'un discours de
M. Louis Barthou) Fr. 1. —

La verite sur la Macedoine, 1918 ...... » 1. —

La Serbie et la Bulgarie deuant I' opinion publique. (A propos
des protestations publiques de Geneve et de Lausanne)
1918 Fr. 3.—

America and Bulgaria their moral bonds. Librairie Centrale
des Nationalites, rue Caroline, Lausanne . . Fr. —.50

Bulgaria in the Past. (Pages from the Bulgarian Cultural
History. (39, Union des Nationalites, office central, 39).
Librairie Centrale des Nationalites, rue Caroline, Lau-
sanne 1919 . Fr. 8.—

PREFACE

Presumption is a dangerous fault. It compels men
to think they alone possess strength, ability, wisdom,
justice, perfection. Self -worship perhaps would be
a better name for it. There is nothing more fatal for a
young nation than to be self-conceited and to believe
that it possesses talents, refinement, creative power, etc.,
which in reajlity it does not have. Culture, progress and
civilization are acquired only after prolonged efforts,
diligently applied, especially to one self.

As is the case with every well educated man, every
enlightened nation should be a Socrates to itself. A
cultured people may not be endowed with the genius
and wisdom of the Athenian philosopher, but their intel-
lectual class shooiM never forget the saying : « Know
thyself ».

To know oneself is to be enlightened. That is the anti-
thesis to presumption. He who fails to know himself,
and thinks himself greater than he is, lives in ignorance
and darkness, and disappointments are in store for
him. But let us not forget that the man who goes to

the other extreme — self-abasement through exaggerated
modesty — is in no better predicament.

The Balkan peoples do not possess a true knowledge
of themselves. Some of them suffer from vanity, others
from under-estimation of their own abilities and cul-
ture ; some of them idolize themselves, others are vic-
tims of their over-modesty. Though they have lived
for centuries in close contact with each other, they do
not knowT each other, they did not penetrate each
other's soul, they did not even try to judge each other's
character and capacities impartially. It is a melancholy
fact to witness how haughtily some of the Balkan nations
treat their neighbours, in consequence of which the
latter are always suspicious and distrustful of others.
The causes of this intense estrangement are many and
remote ; they are historical, psychological, and tempera-
mental.

Cherishing the same esteem towards all the peoples
of the Balkan Peninsula, we are bound to judge them
not by their words, but by their deeds, and above all
by what they have accomplished and are doing for
their education, development, and culture. The primary
characteristic of an enlightened people is their love for
learning and progress, and the sacrifice they are ever
willing to -make for their moral and intellectual progress.
Unquestionably the educational institutions of a nation
are the safe standard by which one may judge the
grade of its cultural accomplishment. In Western Eu-
rope, the most advanced peoples are considered not those
which are biggest, but those, which have built the
most and best equipped schools, \\hich boast of the

most modern and democratic primary, secondary, and
higher institutions of learning, and spend most to de-
velop the intellect of the inhabitants of the country.

The Balkan states also possess their own schools and
spend considerable sums for their maintenance. Some
of those states, however, have gone so far as to parade
as Kulturtragers in the East. Such statements have fre-
quently been made in the capitals of some of those
states.

What in reality is the standard of the educational
system and the intellectual level of their respective
countries ? What is the grade of cultural advancement
in Roumania, Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria ? These are
questions deserving the careful attention of all who are
interested in the subject.

This question has been adequately elucidated by the
official statistics of the respective states. The hard facts
and figures contained in them give a most eloquent des-
cription of the educational and cultural level attained
by them. The data furnished by the various statistics
are not the work of a politician, diplomatist or hot-
headed patriot, but the results of scientific investiga-
tion.

In order that the progress of the several Balkan
states may be more clearly seen, it was found necessary
to resort to a comparison with a criterium established
by an older and far more advanced country. The edu-
cational system of Switzerland, and particularly of the
Bern Canton, has been selected as such a criterium.
Switzerland was picked out because it has generally been
accepted as a model on the point of general education

8

and culture. The Canton of Bern was particularly con-
sidered not only because it is the largest political unit
of the Swiss Republic, but also because it is much
smaller tham any of the Balkan countries. This volume
deals writh the school statistics of Switzerland, Rou-
mania, Greece, Servia, and Bulgaria in 1908. We
are compelled to select that period of time, because
Roumania and Serbia possess printed statistics only up
to that year inclusive. As to Greece, since she has no
earlier statistical data in print, we had to limit our-
selves to the statistical books published by her for the
years 1900-1911. Bulgaria has published her educational
statistics regurlarly from 1900 till 1911 inclusive. The
Balkan wars have prevented Bulgaria, iais well as her
neighbours, Greece, Servia and Roumania from pub-
lishing any statistics since 1911. Switzerland, however,
has been able to issue her school data uninterruptedly
up to 1917 inclusive.

Lausanne, 31sl January 1919.

D. MISHEV.

Bibliography.

We have used the following sources for this work :

1. Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz, herausgegeben vom
Statistischen Bureau des eidg. Departements des Innern, neun-
zehnter Jahrgang 1910. Annuaire statist igae de la Saisse
publie par le Bureau de Statistique du Departement federal de
Flnterieur, dix-neuvieme annee, 1910. Berne. 1911.

2. Annuaires de I' Instruction publique en Suisse, 1910 et 1917 ,
publie par Frangois Guex, Directeur des ecoles normales du
Canton de Vaud, Professeur de pedagogic a FUniversite de
Lausanne, 1910, Lausanne.

3. Annuaire statistique de la Roumanie, 1912, Ministerul
industriei si comergului, Directiunea comertului; Biurul statis-
tic. Anuarul statistic al Romanei. Bucaresti, 1912.

4. Buget general de venituri si eheltueli pe exercitiid, 1908-
1909, Bucaresti, 1912.

5. Statistique de I' Instruction publique, 1910-1911, Athenes
1912." (Royaume de Grece. Ministere des cultes et de Flnstruc-
ion publique, III6 section. Bureau de statistique).

6. Annuaire statistique du Royaume de Serbie, publie par
la Direction de la Statistique d'Etat du Royaume de Serbie,
Douzieme tome 1907 et 1908. Belgrade 1913.

7. Annuaire statistique du Roi/aume de Bulyarie. Troisieme
annee, 1911. Sophia, 1914. (Direction generaledela statistique).

8. T. K. T. Dareste. Les Constitutions modernes. Paris 1891,
deuxieme edition.

9. Constitution federate du 29 mai 1874.

10. Constitution pour le Canton de Berne, du 31 juillet 1846.

11. A. Ubicini, Constitution de la principaute de Serbie,
Paris 1871.

12. I. Peritet, La nouvelle constitution du Roijaume de Serbie,
1903.

13. Constitution du Roijaume de Bulgarie, votee le 16 avril
1879 etmodifiee le 15 mai 1893 et le 11 juillet 1911.

14. Loi sur I'insiruction primaire du Canton de Berne*
(6 mai 1894) Berne 1902.

I.

Comparative general Statistics

. of

in the

Canton of Berne

and in

THE BALKAN STATES

1.

Switzerland

(Year 1908)

Since 1874, public instruction has been compul'
sory and free in the elementary schools.

(Federal Constitution, revised Art. 27.)

15

Schools arranged by categories

Number of Schools

Boys

Girls

mixed

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools ....

—

—

1.083

1.083

2. Elementary schools ....

—

—

4.690

4.690

3. Complementary schools .

—

—

2.470

2.470

II

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnornal children

55

55

5. Industrial schools (reformatory) .

—

__

57

57

Ill

Secondary or Middle class school s.

6. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)

—

—

636

636

7. Upper second, schools incomplete

18

7

5

30

(Grammar schools, public schools)

62

2

14

78

IV

Special secondary schools,

8. Training colleges . . .

16

22

11

49

9. Reformatory schools ....

2

—

69

71

10. Commercial schools ....

13

9

14

36

11. Complem. commercial institutes .

—

—

75

75

12. Technic schools

5

—

05

13. Profes. and industrial schools

24

3

27

14. Complement agricultural schools

—

—

367

367

15. Compl. schools of dom. economy

—

384

—

384

16. Seh. of agric., viticult. & horticult .

13

—

13

17. Complement, agriculture schools .

6

—

—

6

V

Higher schools.

18. Higher commercial schools .

1

2

3

19. Schools of Arts

4

2

6

20. Polytechnic schools ....

—

1

1

21. Universities

7 .

7

TOTAL. . .

164

428

9.557

10.149

16

Switzerland

Schools arranged by
categories

Number of pupils and students

; Male Female
Boys Girls Stu- Stu-
dents dents

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools

1. Kindergarten schools .

23.187

24 337

47.524

2. Elementary schools

260.972

261.411

522.383

3. Complementary schools .

38.122

5.490

43.612

II

Special schools for children.

4. Sch. for abnornal children

1.028

877

5. Indust. schools (reformat.)

1.137

318

1.905
1.455

Ill

Second, or Middle class sch.

6. Lower sec. sch.(progynm.)

29.242

24.533

53.775

7. Upper sec. schools incomp.
(Grammar sch., public sch.)

12.244

3.628

15.872

IV

Special secondary schools.

8. Training colleges .

1.751

1.633

3.384

9. Reformatory schools .

1.735

876

2.611

10. Commercial schools

2.986

1.015

4.001

11. Complem. commerc. iristit.

7.738

1.598

9.336

12. Technic schools .

2.010

—

2.010

13. Profes. & industrial sch. .

4 896

56

4.952

14. Complement agricult. sch.

')

3)

15. Compl.sch.of.dom.economy

-}

4;

16. Sch. ofagric.,vitic.&hortic.

1.131

1 . 131

17. Complement agric. schools

184

184

V

Higher schools.

18. Higher commercial schools

234

234

19. Schools of Arts .

5)

6)

20. Polytechnic schools .

2.511

8

2.519

21. Universities ....

5.654

2.372

8.026

TOTAL. . .

388.863

325.772

8.399

2.380

724.914

1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 6). The statistics for 1908 do not give the number of pupils.
Those of 1917 show both the number of schools and pupils. The figures are
the following : Professional schools : school boys 15680, school girls 4
teachers 1466. Household and Cookery schools : pupils 22980, teachers 1

Switzerland

17

Schools arranged by categories

Staff of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female
teachers

Profes-
sors

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools ....

1.384

1.384

2. Elementary schools ....

7.323

4.554

11.877

3. Complementary schools .

')

II

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnornal children .

102

52

154

5. Industrial schools (reformatory).

HI

Secondary or Middle class schools.

6. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)
7. Upper second, schools incomplete

1.623
175

338

1.961
175

(Grammar schools, public schools)

1.026

11

1.037

IV

Special secondary schools.

8. Training colleges

463

465

928

9. Reformatory schools ....

102

43

145

10. Commercial schools ....

263

263

11. Complem. commercial institutes .

12. Technic schools

148

148

13. Profes. and industrial schools

2)

14. Complement, agricultural schools

3)

>. Compl. schools of dom. economy
16. Sch. of agric., viticult, & horticult.

4)

17. Complement, agriculture schools.

53

—

53

V

Higher schools.

18. Higher commercial schools

34

34

19. Schools of Arts . . ' .

20. Polytechnie schools

185

185

21. Universities ... .

830

830

TOTAL.. . . .

11.278

6.847

1.049

19.174

1). 2). 3^ et 4^. S<»<» nn!*» r\oo*» 1ft

18

Switzerland

Schools arranged by categories

Expenditure for public instruction

Francs

Pupils A™PP7

,

Fr.

1. Elementary schools . .

50.892.408

522.383

97

2. Complementary schools .

1.031.456

43.612

3. Lower middle class schools .

7.236.773

53.773

134

4. Upper secondary schools (Gram-
*mar schools, public schools) .

6 042.771

15.872

378

o. Special secondary schools .
6. Universities

5.396.861
4.739.648

8.026

590

TOTAL. . .

75.339.917

19

Switzerland

Population and expenditure.

Population

Expenditure for public instruction

—

Cantons

Communes

TOTAL

Average expense
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

3.647.479

36.304.961

39.034.956

75.330.917

20.-

Switzerland

Teachers and Pupils.

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 teacher

1. Infant schools

1 384

47.524

26

2. Primary schools .

11.877

522.383

44

3. Lower secondary schools

1.961

53.775

27

4. Upper secondary schools

1.212

15.872

13

Switzerland

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

Number

Population

Average number
of inhabitants
per School

1. Schools in general

10.049

\

364

2. Primary schools ....

4.690

777

3. Lower secondary schools

636

5.796

4. Upper secondary schools
5. Training colleges .

108
49

3.647.479

33.772
74.438

6. Commercial school .

111

37.761

7. Professional schools .

399

9.142

8. Agricultural schools .

19

191.575

Switzerland

Population : 3,647,479.
Pupils : 724,914.

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

There is one pupil
for the following
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

396.762

9

11

2. Girls and female students .

328.152

11

9

3. Boys ,girls, total . . .

724.914

5

20

2.

Canton of Berne

(Year 1908)

Since 1874, elementary education in the Can-
ton of Berne has been compulsory and free in public
schools.

(Federal Constitution, revised Art. 27.)

Canton of Berne

25

Schools arranged by categories

Number of Schools

Boys Girls

mixed TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

J. Kindergarten schools ....
2. Elementary schools ....
3. Complementary schools .

—

—

70
841
560

70
841
560

II

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnormal children

—

—

7

7

III

Secondary or Niddie class schools.

5. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)

—

—

94

94

6. Upper second, schools incomplete

2

—

1

3

(Grammar schoolg, public schools)

2

1

4

7

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges ....

4

4

16

8
16

8. Reformatory schools ....

9. Commercial schools . .

—

—

3

3

10. Gomplem. commercial institutes .

—

—

14

14

11. Technic schools .....

2

—

—

2

12. Profes. and industrial schools

—

—

2

2

13. Complement, agricultural schools.

—

—

55

55

14. Compl. schools of dom. economy.

—

59

—

59

15. Sch. of. agric., viticult. & horticult.

2

—

—

2

16. Complement, agriculture schools .

3

~

3

V

Higher schools.

17. Universities

—

—

1

1

TOTAL . .

15

64

1.668

1.747

Canton of Berne

Schools arranged by categories

Number of pupils and students

Boys

Girls

Male
stu-
dents

Female
Stu-
dents

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools ....

1.462

1.464

2.926

2. Elementary schools ....

52.916

53.765

106.681

3. Complementary schools .

8 959

—

8.959

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for ahnormal children .

85

96

181

m

Secondary or Middle class schools*

5. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)

5.382

5.351

10.733

6. Upper second, schools incomplete

(Grammar schools, public schools)

1.921

106

2.027

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges

318

251

569

8. Reformatory schools ....

468

383

851

9. Commercial schools ....

946

946

10. Complem. commercial institutes .

414

169

583

11. Technic schools

793

793

12. Profes. and industrial schools

239

239

13. Complement, agricultural schools

*J

__

3)

14. Compl, schools of dom. economy

2)

4)

lo. Sch. of agric.. viticult. & horticult.

268

268

16. Complement, agriculture schools.

184

' —

184

V

Higher schools.

17. Universities

—

—

1.461

523

1.984

TOTAL. . .

74.355

61.585

1.461

523

137.924

1), 2), 3) et 4). The statistics of 1908 do not give the number of pupils.

Those of 1917 give the number of schools and pupils. The figures are the

following : professional schools, male pupils 2077, female pupils 642, teachers

247; houseshold school (dom. economy) school girls 3595, fern, teachers 1511.

Canton of Berne

Schools arranged by categories

Staff of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female Profes-
teachers sors

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .

—

70

70

2. Elementary schools

1.318

1.128

2.446

3. Complementary schools .

')

—

—

II

Special schools for children.

4. Sch. for abnormal children

8

11

19

III

Secondary or Middle

class Schools*

5. Lower sec. sch. (progym.).

340

86

426

6. Upper sec. sch. incomplete
(Grammar sch., public sch.)

142

—

142

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges .
8. Reformatory schools .

70
15

10
11

80
26

9. Commercial schools

44

—

44

10. Compl. commerc. institutes

2)

—

—

11. Technic schools

49

—

49

12. Profes. and industrial sch.

3)

—

—

13. Complem. agricultural sch.

4)

—

—

14. Compl. sch. of dom. econ.

5)

—

—

15. Sch. of. agr., vitic. & hortic.

6)

—

—

16. Compl. agriculture schools.

')

"

V

Higher schools.

•

17. Universities. ....

—

—

147

147

TOTAL. . .

1.986

1.316

147

3.449

1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 6) et 7). See note page 26.

28

Canton of Berne

Expenditure

for public in

struotion

Schools arranged by categories

Francs

Pupils

Average expense
per pupil

Fr.

1. Elementary schools ....

9.706.063

106.681

142

2. Complementary schools .

139.878

8.954

15,5

3. Lower middle class schools .

1.672.956

10.733

156

4. Upper secondary schools (Gram-
mar schools, public schools

954.844

2.027

464

5. Special secondary schools .
6. Uniyersities ....

1.119.957
1.072.318

1.984

540

TOTAL. . .

14.666.016

29

Canton of Berne

Population and expenditure

Population

Expenditure for public instruction

Canton

Communes

TOTAL

Average expense
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr,

Fr.

624.641

7.068.554

7.597.462

14.666.016

23,25

30

Canton of Berne

Teachers and Pupils.

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 teacher

1. Enfant schools ....

70

2.926

42

2. Primary schools

2.446

106.681

44

3. Lower secondary schools .

426

10.733

25

4. Upper secondary schools .

142

2.027

14

31

Canton of Berne

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

Number

Population

Average number
of inhabitants
per School

1. School in general ....
2. Primary schools ....

1.747
841

\

i *

a52

742

5. Lower secondary schools .

94

6.532

4. Upper secondary schools .
5. Training colleges ....

10

8

, 624.641

62.464
78.080

6. Commercial schools

17

36.743

7. Professional schools . .

57

10.944

8. Agricultural schools .

5

124.928

Canton of Berne

Population : 624,641.
Pupils : 137,924.

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

There is one pupil
for the fellowing
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

75.816

8,23

12

2. Girls and female students .

62.108

10

10

3. Boys, girls, total

137.924

4,5

22

3.

BULGARIA

(Year 1908)

Liberated by Russia in 1878, almost 50 years after
Servia, Bulgaria is the youngert of the Balkan States.
But immediately after the proclamation of indepen-
dance and according to the Constitution of 1879 pri-
mary education has been compulsory and free.

(Constitution, Art. 78.)

Bulgaria

35

Schools arranged by categories

Number of Schools

Boys

Girls

mixed

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools . .
2. Elementary schools
3. Complementary schools .

62

64

37
5

59
4.56i

59
4.660

87

II

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnormal children .

—

—

9

2

Ill

Secondary or Middle class schools.

5. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia).
fi. Upper second, schools incomplete
(Grammar schools, public schools)

15
15
19

9
11
11

240
22

264
48
30

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges
8. Seminaries. Divinity colleges .
9. Commercial schools
10. Profes. and industrial school*.
11. Sch. of agric., viticnlt. & horticult.

5
12
6
22
16

4

3

80

—

9
12
9
102
16

V

Higher schools.

12. Schools of Arts
13. Universities. . ...

TOTAL. . .

~~~~

160

2
1

2
1

236

4.905

0.301

i

36

Schools arranged by

Number of

pupils and

students

categories

Boys

Girls

Male
stu-
dents

Female
stu-
dents

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools
3. Complementary schools .

1.734
262.394

2.608

1 585
167.717
6.402

3.319
430.111
9.010

II

Special schools for children.

4. Sch. for abnormal children

65

17

82

III

Secondary or Middle
class schools.

5. Lower sec. sch. (progym.).
6. Upper sec. sch. incomplete
(Grammar sch., public sch.)

24.200
11.577

11.273
5.953

35.473

17.530

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges .
8. Seminar. Divinity colleges.
9. Commercial schools

901
680
868

1.065
5

1.966
680
873

10. Profes. and industrial sch.

368

3.273

3.641

11. Sch. of agr., vitic. & hortic.

387

18

405

V

Higher schools.

12. Schools of Arts. . . .
18. Universities.

119

'1 Q^O

101

01 •"/

220

1X£»Q

1 . oO^c

£1 i

. ooy

TOTAL. . .

305.78-2

197.308

1.471

318

504.879

Bulgaria

Schools arranged by categories

Staff of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female
teach.

Profes-
sors

Lady
profes.

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools
3. Complementary schools .

3
6.067
92

65
3.878
6

68
9.945
98

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnormal children

14

2

16

III

Second, or Middle class schools

5. Lower sec. schools (progymn.)
6. Upper sec. schools incompl.) .
f Grammar schools, public sch.)

603
437
614

177
119
121

780
556
735

IV

Special secondary schools.

7. Training colleges ....
8. Seminaries. Divinity colleges .
9. Commercial schools
10. Profes. and industrial schools

102
43
46
43

22

1

128

124
43
47
171

11. Sch. of agric., vitic. &horticult.

55

—

55

V

Higher schools.

12. Schools of Arts . .

—

—

13

60

2

15
60

13. Universities
TOTAL. . .

8.119

4.519

73

2

12.713

38

Schools arranged by categories

Expenditure for public instruction

Francs

Pupils

Average expense
per pupil

Fr.

1. Elementary schools ....

16.099.868

430.111

37

2. Complementary schools .

9.010

3. Lower middle class schools .

4. Upper secondary schools (Gram-
mar schools, public schools

1 5.859.475

35.473
17.530

134

5. Special secondary schools .
6. Universities

2.830.493
483.112

7.565
1.569

372

308

TOTAL. . .

25.272.948

39

Bulgaria

Population and expenditure.

Population

Expenditure for public instruction

state

Communes

TOTAL

Average expme
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

4.183.819

18.080.858

7.192.090

25.272.948

6

40

Teachers and Pupils

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 feather

1. Infant schools

68

3.319

48

2. Primary schools

9.845

430.111

43

3. Lower secondary schools

780

35.473

45

4.|Upper secondary schools . .

1.291

17.530

13

Bulgaria

41

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

Number

Population

Average number
of inhabitants
per School

1. Schools in general

5.301

788

j

2. Primary schools ....

4.735

872

3. Lower secondery schools .

264

15.832

4. Upper secondary schools . .

78

53.302

5. Training college ....

9

4.183.819

464.418

6. Commercial schools

9

464.418

7. Professional schools .

102

40.977

8. Schools of agriculture, viticul-
ture and horticulture .

16

261.234

42

Population : 4,183,819.
Pupils : 504,879.

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

Then is one pupil
for the following
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

307.553

13,5

7,4

2. Girls and female students .

197.626

21,17

4,7

3. Boys, girls, total . . .

504,879

8,28

12,1

GREECE

(Year 191 0-191 1>

Greece has been an independent kingdom since
1838. According to its constitution in 1864, every one
has a right to found schools, on condition of conform-
ing to the laws of the State.

(Constitution, Art. 16.)

Greece

45

Schools arranged by catgeories

Number of Schools

Boys

Girls

mixed

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools ....
2. Elementary schools

1.421

666

1

1.366

1

3.453

II

Special schools for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children

—

—

1

1

ill

Secondary or Middle class schools.

4. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)
5. Upper second, schools incomplete
(Grammar schools, public schools)

1

41

—

284

284
1
41

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges ...
7. Seminaries. Divinity schools .
8. Commercial schools
9. Profes. and industrial schools.

3
3
6
1

—

—

3
3
6
1

V

Higher schools.

10. Schools of Arts
11. Universities

TOTAL. . .

1
1

1
1

1.478

666

1.652

3.796

1). In the « Statistique de I'lnstruction publique du royaume cle Grece »
the complementary schools are not mentioned-

46

Greece

Schools arranged by
categories

Number of pupils and students

Boys

Filles

Male
students

Female
stu-
dents

TOTHL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools

184.896

88.892

273.788

II

Special schools for children.

3. Sch. for abnormal children

i~\

—

—

III

Secondary or Middle
class schools.

4. Lower sec. sch. (progym.).
4. Upper sec. sch. incomplete
(Grammar sch., public sch.

25.299
1.165

1.820
286

27.119
1.445

IV
Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges .
7. Seminar. Divinity colleges
8. Commercial schools
9. Profes. and industrial sch .

18?
131
.366

2)

187
131
366

V
Higher schools.

10. Schools of Arts
11. Universities

TOTAL. . .

87
3.358

87
3.358

212.044

90 992

3.445

306.481

1) et 2). In the «r Statistique de Tlnstruction publique du royaume de
Grece » the number of pupils is not given.

47

Greece

Schools arranged by categories

Staf of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female
teachers

Profes-
sors

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

4. Kindergarten schools ....

ij

2. Elementary schools1 ....

3.400

990

4.390

II

Special schools for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children

2)

—

—

III

Secondary or Middle class school.

4. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)

909

—

909

5. Upper second, schools incomplete
(Grammar schools, public schools)

262

—

262

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges

11

26
49

—

11
26

49

7. Seminaries. Divinity colleges .
8. Commercial schools ....

9. Profes. and industrial schools

3)

—

—

V

Higher schools.

10. Schools of Arts

Q

O

11. Universiiies.

^_

—

\j

155

ij
155

TOTAL. . .

4.657

990

164

5.811

1), 2) et 3). In the « Statistique de I'lnstruction publique du royaume de
Grece » the number of teachers is not given.

48

Greece

Schools arranged by categories

Expenditure for public instruction

Francs

Pupils

Averaga expense
per papi!

1. Elementary schools ....

7.559.359

273.788

27

2. Lower middle class schools .

27.119

|

3. Upper secondary schools (Gram-

- 3.953.950

1.305
j

mar schools, public schools) .

2.129

4. Universities . . .

395.080

3.358

117

TOTAL. . .

11.908.389

49

Greece

Population and expenditure.

Population

Expenditure for public instruction

State

Communes

TOTRL

Average expense
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

2.631.952

11.908.389

—

11.908.389

4,5

50

Greece

Teachers and Pupils.

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 teacher

1. Infant schools

2. Primary schools .....

4.390

273.788

60

3. Lower scondary schools . . .

909

27.119

29

4. Upper secondary schools .

262

1.445

5

Greece

51

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

Number

Population

Average number
of inhabitants
per School

i. Schools in general ....

3.796

\

691

2. Primary schools ....

3.453

735

3. Lower secondary schools .

284

8563

) 2. 631. 952

4. Upper secondary schools .

41

64.386

5. Training colleges ....

3

873.984

6. Commercial schools . .

6

438.658

Greece

Population: 2,631,952.
Pupils: 306,481.

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

There is one pupil
for the following
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

215.481

12,24

8,1

2. Girls and female students .

90.992

28,93

3,45

3. Boys, girls, total . . .

306.481

8,58

11,7

5.

Rou-rmnm

(Year 1908)

After the regime of the phanariot (hospodars)
(Governors of Greek origin, from Constantinople) dur-
ing the XVIIIth century and at the beginning of the
XXth , Wallachia and Moldavia were erected into prin-
cipalities, which were united in 1866 under the name
Principality of Roumania. It became a kingdom in 1881.
Since 1884 primary education has been compulsory
and free.

(Constitution, Art. 23.)

Roumania

Schools arranged by categories

Number of Schools

Boys

Girls

mixed

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools ....

—

—

118

118

2. Elementary schools ....

—

—

4.826

4.826

II

Special schools for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children .

—

—

—

—

Ill

Secondary or Middle class schools.

4. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)

121

10

—

131

o. Upper second, schools (Grammar

schools, public schools) .

43

—

—

43

IV

Special secondary schools,

6. Training colleges

6

2

—

8

7. Seminaries. Divinity colleges .

6

—

—

6

8. Commercial schools ....

i2

—

—

12

9. Profes. and industrial schools .

10. Seh. of agric., viticult. & horticult.

46

37

—

83

17

—

—

17

V

Higher schools.

11. Schools of Arts .....

4

4

12. Polytechnic schools . . . .

—

—

1

1

13. School of medicine ....

—

—

1

1

14. Universities

—

—

2

2

TOTAL. . .

251

49

4 952

5.252

1) and 2) The complementary schools and the schools for abnorma
children are not mentioned in the « Annuaire statistique de la Roumanie ».

56

Roumania

Schools arranged by

Number of

pupils and

student*

categories

Boys

Girls

Male
students

Female

stu-
dents

TOTRL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools

2.838
368.033

1.505
187.320

4.343
555.353

II

Special schools for children.

3. Sch. for abnormal children

III

Secondary or Middle

class schools.

4. Lower sec. sch. (progym.).
5. Upper sec. sch. (Grammar

2.187

6.050

8.237

shools, public schools .

13 321

13.321

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges .

1.165

280

1.445

7. Seminar. Divinity colleges.

988

988

8. Commercial schools

1.524

1.524

9. Profes. and industrial sch .

2.053

4.407

6.460

10. Sch. of. agr.jVitic. &hortic.

532

532

V

Higher schools.

11. Schools of Arts
12. Polytechnic schools
13. School of medicine . .
14. Universities

946
31
60

560
2

1.506
31

62

4 902

184

5.086

TOTAL. . .

392.641

199.562

5.939

746

598.888

Roumania

57

Schools arranged by categories

Staf of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female
teachers

Profes-
sors

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools'.
2. Elementary schools

')

5.676

1.238

6.9142)

II

Special schools for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children

—

~

III

Secondary or Middle class schools.

4. Lower sec. schools (progyinnasia)

2/289

180

2.469

5. Upper second, schools (Grammar

schools, public schools) .

814

—

814

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges

7. Seminaries. Divinity colleges

140

—

140

8. Commercial schools ....

70

70

9. Profes. and industrial schools

131

131

10. Sch. of agric., viticult. &horticult.

551

—

551

37

—

37

V

Higher schools.

11. Schools of Arts

69

69

12. Polytechnic schools ....

9

9

13. School of medicine .

22

22

14. Universities

—

—

366

366

TOTAL. . .

9.708

1.418

466

11.592

1) The number male and female teachers is not given separately, it is com-
prised in the number of teachers in secondary schools.
2) Including the masters and mistresses in the infant schools.

58

Roumania

Schools arranged by categories

Expenditure for public instruction

Francs

Pupils

Average expeise
pir pupil

i. Elementary schools ....

12.927.092

554.621

23

2. Lower middle class schools .

678.322

8.237

82

8. Upper secondary schools (Gram-
mar schools, public schools .

3.799.315

14. 319 *

266

4. Special secondary schools .
5 Universities . * ...

2.011.463
2.757.816

9.961
5.086

200
599

TOTAL . . .

22.174.008

1) Together with the number of the pupils in Divinity schools.

59

Roumania

Population and expenditure.

Population

Expenditure for public instruction

State

Communes

TOTRL

Average expense
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

6.771.722

19.717.629

3.157.379

22. 875. 008 '

3,5

1) The budget of the Ministry for religious and public instruction in Rou-
mania for 1907-1908 amounts to fr. 32,114,392 and for!908-1909 to 38,706,250.
In this sum are included the following expenses: a) fr. 7.349,000 for the admi-
nistration of the churches, bishoprics, monasteries, towns and village priests,
mosques, subsidies and pensions ; b) fr. 8.445.397 for the central administra-
tion of the ministery and for public libraries and theatres.

60

Roumania

Teachers and Pupils.

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 feacher

1. Infant school1. .....

4.343

2. Primary schools

6.914

555.353

81

3. Lower secondary schools*

8.237

4. Upper secondary schools

814

13 321

16

1). The number of teachers is not given separately, it is comprised in
the 8237.

61

Roumania

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

Number

Population |

Average namter
of inhabitants
per School

1. Schools in general . . .

5.252

1.291

2. Primary schools ....

4.826

1.405

3. Lower secondary schools .

131

51.692

4. Upper secondary schools .

43

157.714

5. Training colleges ....

8

\ 6 771.722

846.902

6. Commercial schools

12

564.310

1. Professional schools .

'

83

81.586

8. Schools of agriculture, viticul-
ture aud horticulture .

17

393.101

62

Roiimania

Population : 6,771,722.
Pupils : 598,888.

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

There is one pupil
for the following
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

398.580

16,98

5,95

2. Girls and female students .

200.308

33,8

2,95

3. Boys, girls, total

598.888

11,3

8,8

6.

SERVm

(Year 1908)

In the autumn of 1815 was made a principality
under the suzerainty of the Sultan by the treaty of
Akerman in 1826 and by the treaty of Adrianople in
1830. She became a kingdom in 1882. By the Consti-
tution revised in 1888 the elementary education has
become compulsory and free.

(Constitution, Art. 21.)

65

Schools arranged by categories

Number of Schools

Boys

Boys

mixed

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools . .
2. Elementary schools . .

1.139

165

' —

1.304

II

Special schols for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children

—

—

—

—

III

Secondary or Middle class schools.

4. Lower sec. schools (progymnasia)
5. Upper second, schools, incomplete.
(Grammar schools, public schools)

—

3

11

9

11
12

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges
7. Seminaries. Divinity schools .
8. Sch. of agric., viticult. £horticult.

2
1
3

2

—

4
1
3

V

Higher schools.

9. Higher commercial schools .
10. Universities.

±

—

1

1
1

TOTAL. . .

1 146

170

21

1.337

1), 2) et 3). The statistical annual of the kingdom of Servia mentions neither
schools for abnormal children nor lower secondary schools (progymnasia).

66

Servia

Schools arranged by
categories

Number of pupils and students

Boys

Girls

Male
students

Female
stu-
dents

TOTAL

I

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools

106.880

29.233

136.113

II

Special schools for children.

3. Sch. for abnormal children

—

—

—

—

III

Secondary or Middle
class schools.

4. Lower sec. sch. (Progym.).
5. Upper sec. sch. incomplete
(Grammar sch., public sch.J

7.111

1.112

8.223

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training, colleges .
7. Seminar. Divinity schools.
8. Sch. of agr., vitic. & hortic.

195
311
207

217

412
311
207

V

Higher schools.

9. Higher commercial schools
10. Universities. ....

TOTAL. . .

145
985

145
985

114.704

30.562

1.130

146.396

Seruia

67

Schools arranged by categories

Staff, of teachers and professors

Male
teachers

Female
teach.

Profes-
sors

Lady
profes.

TOTAL

i

Kindergarten schools and
elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools .
2. Elementary schools

1.493

977

2.470

II
Special school for children.

3. Schools for abnormal children

III

Second, or Middle class schools.

4. Lower sec. schools (progymn.)
5. Upper second, schools, incomp.
(Grammar schools, public sch.)

439

—

439

IV

Special secondary schools.

6. Training colleges ....
7. Seminaries. Divinity schools .
8. Sch.of agric.,vitic. <fe horticult.

23
18
20

—

23
18
20

V

Higher schools.

9. Higher commercial schools
10. Universities

TOTAL. . .

—

—

17

82

99

~

17

82

1.993

977

3.069

68

Sepuia

Schools arranged by categories

Expenditure for public instruction

Francs

Pupils

Average expense
per pupil

I. Elementary schools ....

4.840.987

136.116

35,5

2. Lower middle class schools .

—

—

—

3. Upper secondary schools (Gram-
mar schools, public schools) .

1.338.966

8.223

175

4. Special secondary schools .
5. Univerties

881.701
476.891

1.084
985

813
572

TOTAL. . .

7.538.545

69

Servia

Population and expenditure.

Population

Expenditure for public instruction.

State

Communes

Total

Average expense
per inhabitant

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

Fr.

6.028.520

6.028.520

1.510.025

7.538.545

2,5

70

Servia

Teachers and Pupils.

Schools arranged by categories

Teachers

Pupils

Number of pupils
for 1 teachtr

1. Infant schools ...

2. Primary schools ....

2.470

136.113

55

3. Lower secondary schools

4. Upper secondary schools

439

8.223

18

Servia

71

Schools and population.

Schools arranged by categories

*

Number

Population

Average number
of inhabitants
per School

1. Schools iu general ....

1.367

2.065

2. Primary schools ....

1.404

2.163

3. Secondary schools ....

4. Middle schools

23

> 2.821.015

122.652

5. Training colleges ....

4

705.253

6. Schools of agriculture, viticul-

ture and horticulture.

3

940.338

72

Servia

Population: 2,821 ,01 5.
Pupils : 146,396

Attendance at Schools by sexes

Number
of pupils

There is one pupil
for the fallowing
number of inhabitants

Number of
pupils for 100
inhabitants

1. Boys and male students

115.834

24,50

4

2. Girls and female students .

30.562

92,32

1,08

3. Boys, girls, total

146.396

1 9,26

5,1

II.

Comparative Statistics

Comparative table of schools

Schools arranged by categories

NUMBER OF SCHOOLS -,-.*,^^

«S"*3

P

CO

o

§ «

is

CP

«3
c5

ioa

3

<x>

C9

s

ed

"i

9

0

od

ed

Ji

i

Kindergarten schools and

elementary schools.

1. Kindergarten schools
2. Elementary schools .
3. Complementary schools

1083
4690
2470

70
841
560

59
4660
87

i

3453

118

4826

1304

II

Special schools for children.

4. Schools for abnormal children.

55

7

2

1

—

—

5. Industrial schools (reformatory)

57

—

—

—

—

—

III

Sec. or Middle class schools.

6. Lower sec. sen, (pro gymnasia).
7. Upper sec. schools incomplete .
(Grammar sch., public schools)

636
30
78

94
3

7

264
48
30

284
1
41

131
43

11
12

IV

Special secondary schools.

8. Training colleges ....

49

""M

8

9

3

8

4

9. Reformatory schools
10. Seminaries. Divinities schools .

/I

16

12

3

6

1

11. Commercial schools .

36

3

9

6

12

—

12. Complera. commercial institutes

75

14

—

—

—

—

13. Schools of Arts .

27

2

2

102

1

83

—

14. Profes. and industrial schools .

15. Gomplem. agricultural schools .

367

QQX

55

—

—

—

—

16. Gompl. sch. of dom. economy .

oo4

59

17. Sch. of. agric., viticult. & hortic.
18. Gomplem. agriculture schools . .

13
6

2
3

16

—

17

3

V

Higher schools.

19. Higher commercial schools.

q

A

20. Schools of Arts

o

A

L

JL

21. Polytechnic schools ....

/j

1

**

22. Universities .

i
7

1

1

1

2

1

TOTAL. . .

10149

1747

5801

3796

52521)

1337

1) Together with one school of veterinary medicine.

76

Comparative Table of the

Schools arranged by categories

Switzerland

Canton of Berne

•

tot
e
PQ

JS
"Si

5

TOTAL

•
>>

o
m

•
"5

3

TOTAL

i

1. Infant, primary and complemen-
tary schools ....

322281

291238

61&519

63337

55229

118566

II

2. Special schools for children .

2165

1195

3360

85

96

181

Ill

8. Lower and upper secondary
schools . ....

41486

28161

69647

7303

5457

12760

IV

4. Special secondary schools .

22431

5178

27609

3630

803

4433

V

5. Higher schools

8399

2380

10779

1461

523

1984

TOTAL. . .

396762

328152

724914

75816

62108

137924

77

pupils and students

Bulgaria

Greece

Roumania

Servia

09
>.

o

m

|
3

*j
I

M

N
o
«

09

T*
3

TOTAL

•

1

0)

JM

o

TOTAL

CO

>»

o
»

|
5

TOTAL

266736

175704

442440

184896

88892

273788

370871

188825

559696

106880

29233

136113

65

17

82

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

35777

17226

53003

26464

2100

28564

15508

6050

21558

7111

1112

8223

3204

4361

7565

684

684

6262

4687

10949

713

217

930

1471

318

1789

3445

_

3445

5939

746

6685

1130

_

1130

307253

197626

504879

215489

90992

30M81

398580

200308

598888

115834

30562

146896

Comparative Table of masters,

Ecoles par categories

Switzerland

Canton of Berne

Masters

09

•

1

ta

i

|

H

Masters

Mistresses

j
1

I

1. Infant, primary and comple-
mentary schools

7323

5938

13261

1318

1198

2516

II

2. Special schools for children

102

52

154

8

11

19

III

3. Lower and upper secondary
schools . .

2824

349

3173

482

86

568

IV

4. Special secondary schools .

1029

508

1537

178

21

199

V

5. Higher schools

1049

1049

147

147

TOTAL. . .

12327

6847

10174

2133

1316

3M9

79

mistresses and professors

Bulgaria

Greece

Roumania

Servia

2

2

•

.

Masters

i

TOTAL

8
1

•

i

TOTAL

|
•

s

TOTAL

Masters

1

1

6162

3949

10111

3400

990

4390

5676

1238

6914

1493

977

2470

14

2

16

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1654

417

2071

1171

—

1171

3103

180

3283

439

—

439

291

151

442

86

—

86

929

—

929

61

—

61

73

2

75

164

164

406

406

99

_

99

8194

4521

12715

4821

990

5811

10114

1418

11532

2092

977

8069

80

Comparative Table

of the populations and expenditure of
public instruction

STATES

Popu-
lation

Expenditure for public instruction

Etats (Canton)

Communes

TOTAL

Francs

Francs

Francs

1. Switzerland

3.647.479

36.304.961

39.034.956

75.339.917

2. Canton of Berne .

624.641

7.068.554

7.597.462

14.666.016

3. Bulgaria . . .

4.183.819

18.080.858

7.192.090

25.272.948

4. Greece ....

2.631.952

11.908.389

—

11.908.389

5. Roumania .

6.771.722

19.717.629

3.157.379

22.875.008

6. Servia ....

2.821.015

6.028.520

1.510.025

7.538.545

81

Comparative Table

of the pupils per 100 and 1000 per inhabitants

STATES

POPULATION

PUPILS

There is one pupil 1
for the following
nnmber of inhabitants I

Number of 1
pupils per 100 I
inhabitants 1

Number of
pupils per 1000
inhabitants

1. Switzerland .

3.647 479

724 762

5

20

200

2. Canton of Berne

624.641

137.924

4,5

22

220

3. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

504.879

8,28

12,1

121

4. Greece ....

2.631.952

306.481

8,58

11,7

117

5. Roumania . .

6.771.722

598.888

11,3

8,8

88

6. Servia ....

2.821.015

146.396

19,26

5,1

51

82

Comparative Table

of young girls and lady students per 100 and per
1000 inhabitants.

STATES

POPULATION

Young girls and
female students

There is one pupils 1
for the following
number of inhabitants 1

Number of
pupils [per 100
inhabitans

Number of 1
pupils per lOOOl
inhabitants 1

1. Switzerland .

3.647.479

328.152

11

9

90

2. Canton of Berne

624.641

62 108

10

10

100

3. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

197.626

21,17

4,72

47,2

4. Greece ....

2.631.952

90.992

28,92

3,45

34,5

5. Roumania

6.771.722

200.308

33,8

2,95

29,5

6. Servia ....

2.821.015

30.562

92,32

1,08

10,8

III.

Statistics

by descending gradation.

Population

85

STATES

Population

1. Rouinania

2. Bulgaria

3. Switzerland

4. Servia

5. Greece

6. Canton of Berne

6.771.722

4.183.819

3.647.478

2.821.015

2.631.952

624.641

Expenditure

STATES

Population

Expen-
diture

Hverage ex-
penditure per
inhabitant

1. Canton of Berne . .
2. Switzerland

624.641
3.647.479

14.666.016
75.339.917

23,46
20,70

8. Bulgaria

4.183.819

25.272.948

6

4 Greece

2.631.952

11 908 389

4,5

5. Roumania1

6 771 722

22.875.008

3,80

6. Servia

2.821.015

7 538.545

2,5

l With 8,445,897 frs. more, the expenses of the central administration,
libraries, theaters &c., would be covered, which would make a total of francs
30,619,405. But even then Roumania woudl keep her rank, but with a
cost of fr. 4. 35 per inhabitant. In this hypothesis, it would be also
necessary to increase the expenses for Switzerland by 2,073,878 fr. and
for the Canton of Berne by 13 7,060 fr., sums which the Confederation grants
for constructions, repairs, &c. (Cf. Annnaire Guex, 1910, p. 353.)

87

Number of schools

STATES

Population

Schools

Rveiage
number of
inhabitants
per school

1. Canton of Berne
2. Switzerland

624.641
3.647.479

1.747
10.049

353
364

8. Greece
4. Bulgaria

2.631.952
4.183.819

3.796
5.301

691
788

5. Roumania

6.771.722

5.252

1.291

6. Servia

2.821.015

m 1.337

2.065

•

88

Number of little girls and young ladies

STATES

Population

Pupils

flverage number
of pupils

par 100
inhabitants

par 1000
inhabitants

1. Canton of Berne

624.641

62.108

10

100

2. Switzerland .

3.647.479

328.152

9

90

3. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

197.626

4,7

47

4. Greece ....

2 631.952

90.992

3,45

34,5

5. Roumania .

6.771.722

200.308

2,95

29,5

6. Servia . . . . 4

2.821.015

30.562

1,08

10,8

89

Number of pupils

STATES

Population

Pupils

Average number
of pupils

per 100
inhabitants

per 1000
inhabitants

1. Canton of Berne

624.641

137.924

22

220

2. Switzerland . . .

3.647.479

724.762

20

200

3. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

504.879

12,1

121

4. Greece ....

2.631.952

306.481

11,6

116

5. Roumania

6.771.722

598.888

8,8

88

6. Servia ....

2.821.015

146.396

5,1

51

IV.

Statistics

by descending gradation

in the Balkan States.

92

Population

Balkan States

Population

1. Rouraania

2. Bulgaria

3. Servia

4. Greece

6.771.722

4.183.819

2.821.015

2.631.952

93

Expenditure

Balkan States

Population

Expen-
diture

Average ex-
penditure per
Inhabitant

1. Bulgaria

4.183 819

25.272.948

6

2. Greece

2.631.952

11.908.389

4,5

3. Roumania

6.771.722

22.174.008

3,80

4. Servia

2 821 015

7 538.545

2.5

94

Number of schools

Balkan States

Population

Schools

Average
number of
inhabitants
per school

1. Greece

2.631.952

3.796

691

2. Bulgaria

4.83 7 19

5.301

788

3. Boumania
4. Servia

6.771.722
3.821.015

5.252
1.337

1.291
2.065

95

Number of little girls and young ladies

Balkan States

Population

Pupils

Hverage numbei
of pupils

par 100
inhabitants

par 1000
inhabitants

1. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

197.626

V

47

2. Greece ....

2.631.952

90.992

3,45

34,5

3. Roumania . .

6.771.722

200.308

2,95

29,5

4. Servia ....

2.821.015

30.562

1,08

10,8

96

Number of pupils

Balkan States

Population

Pupils

Average number
of pupils

per 100
inhabitants

per 1000
inhabitants

1. Bulgaria ....

4.183.819

504.879

12,1

121

2. Greece

2.631.952

306.481

11,6

116

3. Roumania

6.771.722

598.888

8,8

88

4. Servia ....

2.821.015

146.396

M

51

V.

Compulsory primary
education.

99

Compulsory primary education

States

Constitutions

Date

CANTON
OF BERNE

SWITZER-
LAND

Constitution of the Canton of Berne.

Art. 81, — The right of teaching is free,
legislative enactments being however re-
served.

Every body must give the pupils ent-
rusted to him (or her) flie degree of edu=
cation fixed for public primary schools.

Law on primary education.

Art. 4. — Tuition is free in all public
primary schools,

Art. 57. — Attendance at school is com-
pulsory.

Art. 59. The time of compulsory atten-
dance at school is, as a general rule, nine
years. However the communes are allow-
ed to diminish the number by one year.

Federal Constitution.

Art. 27. -- The cantons provide for
primary education, which must be suffi-
cient and exclusively placed under the
secular authorities. It is compulsory and
in public schools free.

Public schools must be so organised
that the adherents of any faith may at-
tend them without any one suffering in
any way in this liberty of conscience
or beliefs. The Confederation shall take
the necessary measures against the Can-
tons, which do not fulfil these obliga-
tions.

1846
31 Juh

1894
May

1874
29 May

100

Compulsory primary education

States

Constitutions

Date

BULGARIA

ROUMANIA

Transitory dispositions.

Art. 4. — A delay of five years is left
to the Cantons to introduce free educa-
tion into all public primary schools.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Art. 78. — Primary education is com-
pulsory and free for all the subjects of
the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

Law on primary education.

Art. 14. — Public education is compul-
sory and gratuitous, lasting four years.

Art. 18. — The public schools are unde-
nominational the teachers are laymen.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Roumania.

Art. 23.— Teaching is free. The liberty
of teaching is guaranteed, provided the
practice of that liberty is not contrary
to morality and public order. Primary
schools shall be gradually opened in
every commune of Roumania.

Education shall be gratuitous in all
State schools.

Instruction shall be compulsory for
all young Roumanians, in every place
where a primary school has been opened.

1879, 16 April
1893, 15 May
1911,llJuJy

1909
18 Janurv

1884

101

Compulsory primary education

States

Constitutions

Date

SERVIA

Servian Constitution.

Art. 124. — All Servian schools and

other etablisments of instruction are

placed under the oversight of the State.

1869

Constitution of the Kingdom

of Servia.

Art. 21. — Teaching is free, if not con-
trary to public order and morality.
Primary education is compulsory. It

1888
22«d Decemb.

is gratuitous in public primary schools.

GREECE

Constitution of the Kingdom
of Greece.

Art. 1P. — The higher education is given

at the expense of the State. The State

supports also a part of the expenses of

communal schools, according to the needs

of the communes. Every one has the right

to found establishments of instruction,

1864

in conformity with the laws of the State.

TABLE OF MATTERS

Pages

Preface ........ . . . $

Bibliography ......... . 9

I.

General statistics ........ .... 11

1. Switzerland ... ..... ...... 18

2. Canton of Berne ... ..... .... 28

8. Bulgaria . ............ 88

4, Greece . ........ '...-. 48

B. Roumania .............. 53

6. Servia ............... 63

[I,

Comparative Statistics ... ..... ... 73

III.

Statistics by descending gradation ....... 88

Statistics by descending gradation in the Balkan States . 90

V.

Compulsory primary education ... 97

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'31. Question des Nationalites et Messages

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N° 32. GASSENKO. Pays de Cholm ....

N° 33. Albanie et Albanais

N° 34. BRUNHES. La Nation francaise. Bigar-
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N° 35. Prof. Dr A. ISCHIRKOFF, La Question de
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N° 36. J. GABRYS. Carte ethnographique de
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N° 38. Lex Wilsonia. La Paix du President
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N° 39. D. MIGHEFF. Bulgaria in the Past . .

N° 40. D. MIGHEFF. L'Instruction publique en
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1.—
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