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3 ■ 3^/
THE PUSHTO MANUAL.
COMPRISING
A CONCISE GRAMMAR ; EXERCISES AND
DIALOGUES ; FAMILIAR PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND
VOCABULARY.
BY
MAJOR H. G. RAVBRTY,
BOMBAY NATIYS INFAKTBT (BBTIBBD).
AUTHOB OF THE FUS'HTO GBAMMAB, DICTIONABT, SSLBCTIOirS PROSE
AND POETICAL, SELBOTIONS FROM THE POETBT OF THE AFOHA'NS (ENGLISH
translation), ASOP'S FABLES, ETC., BTC^^^TG.
APR5-80
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATEELOO PLACE.
PUBLISHERS TO THE INDIA OFFICE.
1880.
LONDOH:
FBINTSD BT W. H. ALLBN AND CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACF.
PREFACE.
Wb liave now probably emerged for good from the Pesha-
war side of the Qaibar, and its ** Puksbtu/' and left
" Paste " and " Pakbhto '* in the rear for ever, and
entered tbe parts closely bordering the old seats of the
PuSbtanah. Tbe Pui^bto therein spoken, as far west as
the boundary of the province of Hirat extends in that
direction, is very different from the "frontier dialects"
contaminated with PeShawari provincialisms andPanjabi.
This little book has been prepared at the express desire
of the enterprising publishers, to meet the present
demand for manuals of the vernaculars of India. My
desire has been to make it useful, in the hope that it will
meet the wishes of those who desire speedily to gain some
acquaintance with the important language of Afghan-
istan.
I would impress the necessity of acquiring the correct
pronunciation of each letter from a true Afghanis lips.
H. G. E.
January let, 1880.
\
PUSH TO MANUAL.
PART I.
GRAMMAR.
The Pu^hto language is written in the NasU^ character
of the Arabic, to some of which letters diacritical marks
are added to express other sounds peculiar to PuiShto.
The following is the alphabet, and an indication of the
sounds of the letters : —
Shape
Name.
Tranfl-
literation.
Bescriptioii.
1
alif
a, a, i, u
, As in English.
<^
bey
b
do.
^
pey
P
do.
(JLd
tey
t
do.
<*>
tey
t
By reverting the point of the
tongue to the palate. Like
Sanskrit 7
iAA
gey
g
As th in thing, or lisped «.
e
tsey.
ts or tg
As te or tz.
5
jim.
A& j m judge.
S
chey
ch
As in ehwrch.
>
i PUSHTO MAITCTAL.
Shape. Name, jj^^^ Deacription.
^ hey t Stronglyaspirated, as in doubled,
ji ttey tb Guttural, as ch in Scotch loch,
J dal d As in dear.
^ dal d Harsh, as double dy or Sanskrit
^ zal z As in zecU,
* rey r As in run,
* rey y As broad Northumbrian r.
\ zey z As in English.
^ ^^7 d§ or dz As da or dss would be in English.
^ jzey jz As « in pZeodwre, or soft French y.
^ Jzey JZ By reverting the point of the
tongue on the palate. It is a
slight degree harsher than the
Persian j
^ sin s As in sense,
^ shin sh As in shell,
^ 6hey ^h (W.) Peculiar to Pu^hto. Pronounced
or or by bringing the tip of the
k'hin k'h (E) tongue to the roof of the
mouth. The Eastern Afghans
pronounce it Yh ; the Westerns
give it the softer sound of ^h.
^ 9wad 9 ^ As 88 in dissolve,
^j3 zwad z As in English.
^ toey t English t, with slight aspiration,
lo zoey z do. z do.
© 'ain *a, 'i 'u, Guttural, changing with the
vowel point.
6 ghain gh Guttural.
GBAMMAB.
Shape.
J
r
&
Name.
fey
kaf
kaf
gaf
lam
Trans-
literation.
Description.
f As in English.
k Guttural,
k As in Mng,
g As in give.
1 As English I.
mim m do.
nun n do.
rnun rn Pronounced run, a combination
of the sounds of Ji and ^
Peculiar to Pu^hto and Sindhi.
wao w,u,o,ow. According to the vowel points.
hey h Slightly aspirated.
^^ yey y, e, i, ai,
aey, a%
or ey According to the vowel points.
» hamzah — As another form of alif.
There are ten Arabic letters which never occur in pure
Afghan words, to wit ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ L^ k>, g, <_*,
and a J therefore the language really contains but thirty
letters, including the eight peculiar to itself, namely,
"^ t (i8)» "^ ^i t (^)» cK* and^ or ^
The Eastern Afghans, or Lar Pu^htanah, often change
the ^ occurring in Persian words, used in Pu^hto, into ^
whidb they pronounce k'hin, and they also use the letter
for A*
* A Ghalzi MuUa, writing on the jargon spoken by
the tribes about Peshawar, gives the following specimen
of a pore Af^an sentence after it has undergone the
Pe^hawari transmutation. It is : " Plar mi khujz wuh ;
1 •
4 PUSHTO MANUAL.
In the same maimer the Western Af ghansy or Bar Pu^h-
tanah, invariably give ^ the softer sound of ^hey, and
use ^ in the place of i£^. The Qhalzis and some other
tribes substitute {r for ^ ; and there are a few other minor
local peculiarities of pronunciation which appear difficult
at first, but a little practice makes these familiar to the
speaker.
THE VOWELS.
There are three short vowels in PuiShto : a, as in America ;
I as in pin ; and u as in put When followed by the letters
*alif,' *yey,' and *wao' respectively, they become long, viz.,
' a ' as in fa/r, * i * as in police, and * u * as in rule, Wlien a
short is followed by the letters * yey* or *wao,' a diphthong
is produced, making 'ay ' or ' ai,' as in aisle, and 'au,' like
* ou * in sound, A peculiar sound, shorter than short a, is
in this book represented by (b diphthong.
It must be borne in mind that aM letters must be
sounded in Pu^hto ; thus W^wari, * humility ; ' Wbwa^hey,
*a wife's mother.' Words of this formation drop the
sound of w in Persian ; but this is not the case in Pui^hto.
THE PAETS OF SPEECH.
THE AETICLE.
The Pui^hto language contains no article. The article is
supposed to be inherent in the noun, or is expressed by
sajz may shah," " My father was ill : this year he died."
This in the " Paste," "Pukshto," or « Pakhhto" that we
hear about would be '^ Plar mi Uiug wuh : sag ma^: shah."
As Persian words are commonly used in the language, the
translation is really, <'My father was a hog: the dog
died!"
GBAMMAB. 5
the indefinite numeral yow, or the demonstrative pro-
nouns.
THE NOUN.
Nouns in Pu^hto are of two kinds, primitive and deriva-
tive ; the former proceeds from no other word in the
language, as Halak, ' a boy ' ; Jina'i, ' a girl ' ; the latter
spring from other nouns, or from verbs, as Tiara'h,
* blackness ' ; Barna, * brightness.'
Nouns are of two numbers, singular and plural ; and
of two genders, masculine and feminine.
There are seven cases : — the nominative, the genitive,
the dative, the accusative, the vocative, the ablative, and
the agent or instrumental case.
The cases are formed by the addition of particles to the
noun in an inflected state.
The Gknitive is formed by prefixing da (sometimes dak)
to the noun, as da dunya, * of the world.*
The Dative is formed by the addition of either tah^
larah, or lah ; as safi tah, sa^i larah, or sari lah, ' to a
man.' Sometimes the particle tah, assumes the form watah,
or wa watah, of which the wa may precede the noun ; thus,
wa sari tah, or wa sap watah, * to a man.' There is also a
form of the dative in which the particles are omitted ; as
'Umar as da Zaid wahi, * 'Umar strikes Zaid's horse.'
The Accusative remains the same as the nominative, or
assumes the dative form just given.
The Vocative is formed b^ prefixing the particles at, a>o,
or wo ; but these are sometimes dispensed with.
The Ablative case is formed by prefixing lah to the
noun, to which nah may also be af&xed ; thus, lah sari, or
lah sari nah, ' from a man.' Nouns ending in a conso-
nant reject the affixed nah in the singular only, and
replace it by short a or oA, as ma]^, ' the face ; ' lah
makba, or lah maUiah, ' from the face.' The particles tar^
D PXJSHTO MANUAL.
dar, or di are occasionally used to form this case, the last
generally having the noun followed by nah. Under this
case may be included a Locative, with the sense of * in,*
* on,' * with,' ' through,' * by means of.' It is formed by
prefixing * pah ' or * pa ' to the noun ; also by jpah before
the noun, and * ks'hey * or * ksQii' after it.
All the preceding particles remain unaffected by either
number or gender.
The Agent or Instrumental case is simply the inflected
form of the noun ; and it is used before transitive verbs,
in all past tenses of the active voice.
Gender*
There are two genders in Pu^hto, the masculine and the
feminine ; and they affect the terminations of nouns, ad-
jectives, and verbs. ^
The genders of many nouns can be distinguished by
attention to the different powers of the letters hey and
yey^ in which a great number of them terminate.
The letter h at the end of a word may be either percep-
tible, as in we^htah, *hair;' or, imperceptible, as in
^hadza'h, * a woman.' The former are all masculine, the
latter are all feminine.
Words ending in -aey (as saraey, * a man ') are mascu-
line ; those endmg in -a'i (as jina'i, * a girl ') are feminine.
Many feminine nouns (especially Persian derivatives)
exist of the form mirtei, 'trouble,' i.e. they end in long * i '
without the preceding short a ; and foreign words ending
in long * i ' which have crept into Pu^hto may be mascu-
line or feminine according to the custom of the language
whence derived ; thus hati, * an elephant,' is masculine,
and da'I, ' a nurse,' is feminine.
Nouns ending in silent e are all masculine ; as, dzo'e,
* a son,' so'e, * a hare.'
GBAMMAB. 7
Some nouns derive their gender from their meaning,
and not from their form; as, plar, *a father,* mor, *a
mother,* w*ror, * a brother,' ^or, * a sister.'
Feminine nouns can be formed from masculines by the
addition of the imperceptible ^, as, u^h, ' a male camel,'
u^ha'h, ' a female camel ' ; and by changing the masculine
termination aey into a'l, as murghumaey, * a male kid,'*
murghuma'iy / a female kid.* Words of the form mel-
mah, 'a male guest,' insert an n to prevent hiatus; thus,
melmana'h, * a female guest.'
Declension,
Pu^hto nouns have nine declensions, distinguished
according to the various methods of inflection, and the
formation of the nominative plural.
Id Declension. — ^Nouns which take * i * or * i ' in the
oblique cases singular and nominative plural ; and * o ' or
* u '* in the oblique cases plural.
The first variety comprises masculine nouns ending in
oe^, and adds short; a in the vocative singular ; thus : —
Sing,
N. safaey, ' a man.'
G. da sari, ' of a man.'
C sap tah, larah, or lah '^
D. < wa sap tah, larah, or lah > ' to a man.'
(, wa sayi wateih, &c. )
Ac. sa^aey, ' a man,' ' to a man.'
V. ai sa^aeya, wo saraeya, or sayaeya, ' O man.'
Ab. lah sari, or lah safi nah, ' from a man.'
Ag. sari, ' by a man.'
* Afghans, in writing, commonly write the short vowel
u instead of the letter o, therefore this u may be pro-
nounced as though were written.
8 PUSHTO MAKTJAL.
Flwr.
N. sayi, 'men.'
G. da safo, ' of men.'
{ sairo tah, larah, or lah '\
D. \ wa sayo tah, larah, or lah > ' to men.'
(,wa sayo watah, &c. )
Ac. sari, 'men,' *to men.'
V. ai sayo, wo sayo, or saro, ' men ! '
Ab. lah sayo, or laii Haro nah, ' from men.'
Ag. sayo, * by men.'
In some instances the final letter of the plural form
may be retained in the oblique plural, as sayio tah, <&c.,
* to men.'
The second variety comprises feminine, and generally
inanimate, nouns which take short i (occasionally ey) in the
inflected cases, vocative included ; thus : —
8mg,
N. lar, * a road.'
G. da lari, * of a road.'
D. lari tah, &c., * to a road.'
Ac. lar, * a road, * to a road.'
V. ai or wo lari, * road ! '
Ab. lah lari, or lah lari nah, ' from a road.'
Ag. lari, * by a road.'
Fhir.
N. lari, ' roads.'
G. da laro, ' of roads.'
D. laro tah, &c., * to roads.'
Ac. lari, ' roads,' * to roads.'
V. ai or wo laro, * roads ! '
Ab. lah laro, or lah laro nah, ' from roads.'
Ag. laro, ' by roads.'
OSAMMAJt. 9
2nd Declension, — ^Masculine nouns which do not inflect
in the singular oblique cases. They take short a in the
Tocative, and add two or more letters to form the plural
nominatiye, and often shorten a long vowel in the base.
The first variety takes * una ' or * unah ' in the nominative
plm*al; thus: —
plar, ' a &ther.'
Sing. Plur.
N. plar.* plaruna or plarunah.
G. da plar. da pianino.
V. ai or wo plara. ai or wo plaruno.
Ag. plar. plaruno.
The second variety, which are all masculine, inserts ' an '
before the final vowel in the plural ; thus : —
melmah, ' a guest.'
Sing. Plur,
N. melmah. melmanah.
G. da melmah. da melmano.
y. ai melmah. ai melmano.
Ag. melmah. melmano.
The word ah, ' a sigh,' which is feminine amongst some
tribes, takes the above masctdine form of the plural.
^d Declension. — Feminine nouns ending in impercep-
tible h, which becomes ey in the inflected form, as shown
below.
iShadga'h, ' a woman.'
Sing. Plur.
N. iShadza'h. ^hadzey.
G* da ^hadzey. da ^hadzo.
Y. ai ^hadzey. ai ^hadzo.
Ag. iShadzey. iShadzo.
* In the following declensions only those cases will be
given which illustrate the changes of form.
10 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Certain nouns of this declension, which, however, are
generally Persian derivatives, of the form mlrtei, ' distress,'
duiShmam, * enmity,' are inflected thus : —
8ing, Flv/r,
IT. nurt§i. mirtsa'i.
G. da mirtsa'i. da mirtsio.
y. ai mirtsa'i. ai mirtsio.
Ag. nurtfiia'i. mirtsio.
MK Declension, — Nouns generally masctdine and of two
varieties. The first take the peculiar vowel sound shorter
than short a referred to at page 4, and represented here by
<B, in the oblique singular and nominative plural.
The first variety merely adds oe, and sometimes cehj
thus : —
g hal. * a thief.'
Sing, Flv/r,
N. ^al. ^'lee or gi'lfleh.
G. da i^'lee. da ^'lo.
V. ai ^'Ise. ai gh'lo.
Ag.' ^'IflB. g h'lo.
The second variety consists of such nouns as n'miindz,
' prayer,' yun, * custom,' kojz, * a hyena,' and shkurn, * a
porcupine ' ; and changes the * ii ' or * u ' of the base into
* a', and aflBLxes short ' a,' or * ah,' as in the first variety ;
thus : —
n'miindz, * prayer.'
Sing, Plur,
N. n'miindz. n'mandza or n'mandzah.
G. da n'mandza. da n'mandzo.
Y. ai n'mandza. ai n'mandzo.
Ag. n'mandza. n'mandzo.
6th Declension, — The nouns of this declension, which
contains many exotic words, are not subject to inflection,
except in the vocative singular. In this case masculines
take a or ah, and feminines i or ey.
GBAMMAB. 11
The first variety adds ' an ' in the plural ; thus : —
u^h, ' a camel.'
Sing, Plur.
'N, uiSh. u^han.
G. da u^h. da ui^hano.
Y. ai u^ha. ai ui^hano.
Ag. u^h. ui^hano.
The second variety adds * gan * in the plural : thus : —
mandamo, 'a churning stick.'
Sing. Plur,
'N. mandarno. mandarnogan.
G. da mandarno. mandarnogano. '
Y. ai mandarno. ai mandarnogano.
Ag. mandamo. mandarnogano.
The third variety adds ' yan ' in the plural ; thus : —
mulla, *a priest.'
Sing. Plv/r.
'N. mulla. midlayan.
G. da mulla. da muUayano.
Y. ai mulla. ai mullayano.
Ag. mulla. mullayano.
The fourth variety comprises nouns of consanguinity,
and is somewhat irregular ; thus : —
mor, * a mother.'
Sing. Plur.
N. mor. mendi or mendey.
G. da mor. da mendo.
Y. ai mori. ai mendo.
Ag. mor. mendo.
12 PTJSHTO HAKITAL.
dzo'e, * a son.'
Sing, Phir.
N. dzo'e. dzaman.
G. da dzo'e. -da dzamano.
Y. ai dzo'ea. ai dzamano.
Ag. dzo'e. dzamano.
The fifth variety comprises nouns denoting sounds, the
whole of which take * har ' in the plural ; thus :
heng, ' a groan.'
8ing. Plur.
N. heng. hengahar.
G. da heng. da hengaharo.
Y. ai henga. ai hen^Jiaro.
Ag. heng. hengaharo.
6th Declension, — ^Noims which remain unchanged,
except in the oblique plural.
The first variety comprises masculines terminating in
perceptible h, such as wa^hah, ' grass,' which, in the geni-
tive plural, becomes da wa^ho, ' of grasses.' The second
variety consists of f eminines ending in long ' a,' such as
ghwa, * a cow,' the genitive plural of which is da ghwawo,
* of cows.' A third variety comprises f eminines ending in
long * i ' preceded by short * a ' (hamza'h), such as jina'i, * a
girl,' the genitive plural of which is da jino, * of girls.'
The fourth variety ends in short * a ' or * ah,' like barna, or
barnah, ' an eyelash,' which, in the genitive plural, becomes
da bamo, ' of eyelashes.' The fifth variety embraces all
nouuslerminatig in any other consonants than those
already mentioned ; and they shorten their last vowel to
€B in the plural; thus, s^hwandar, 'a steer,' becomes,
s^wandser, ' steers,' da s^wandsero, ' of steers,' <&c. The
remaining cases of the plural throughout this declension
follow the model of the genitive ; the singular, as said
before, is unchangeable.
OBAHMAB. 13
7th Declension. — ^Maaculine nouns, which add short ' a ' in
the oblique singular, and * una ' or ' unah ' in the nominative
plural. They shorten a vowel in the base ; thus : —
ghar. ' a mountain/
8ing. Plur.
N. ghar. g^'runa or g h^runah.
G. da £^'ra. da gh'runo.
V. ai gJb'ra. ai gh'runo.
Ag. g^'ra. gh^runo.
Sth Declension, — Nouns ending in ' i,' which undergo no
change in the singular, but which take ' a'i ' in the nomina-
tive plural ; thus : —
siz-ni, ' a swaddling-band.'
Sing, Plur.
N. siz-ni. siz-na'i.
Ot, da siz-ni, &c. da siz-no, <&c.
A few feminines in this declension are inflected as
follows : —
kuchutiy ' a puny female child.'
Sing. Plv/r.
"N, kuchuti. kuchuti.
G. da kuchuti, &c. da kuchutio, &c.
9th Declension, — ^Nouns which undergo no change of in-
flection whatever ; thus : —
wi-ar, * jealotLSj.'
Sing. Plwr,
N. wi-ar, * jecdousy.' wi-ar, * jealousies.'
G. da wi-ar, * of jealousy/ da wi-ar, * of jealousies.'
V. ai wi-ar, ' jealousv.' ai wi-ar, * jealousies.'
Ag. wi-ar, * by jealousy. wi-ar, * by jealousies.'
14 PUSHTO MANTJAL.
THE ADJECTIVE.
Adjectives should, in all cases, precede their nouns ;
they assume the same terminations in gender, number, and
case, as the nouns they qualify.
The nominative, oblique, vocative, and plural forms are
those which exhibit the changes of adjectives as of nouns ;
thus, mashar, * elder ' ; mashar w'ror, ' an elder brother ' ;
da mashar w'ror, * of an elder brother,' ai mashara w'rora,
' elder brother ! ' mashar w'rurna, * elder brothers ' ; da
masharo Vrumo, * of elder brothers ' ; ai masharo w'rumo,
* elder brothers ! '
Before feminine nouns adjectives take the imperceptible
h, and then follow the rule of the 3rd declension of nouns ;
thus, lo-e-a'h jsel, ' a grown-up girl' ; dalo-e-ey jseley, * of a
grown-up girl ' ; lo-e-ey jseley, ' grown-up girls ' ; da lo-eo
jaelo, * of grown-up girls,' &c.
Sometimes a noun is used instead of an adjective to
qualify another noun ; as kamaey z'rah, * a hard (stone)
heart.* In this case both nouns follow the usual inflection
according to their terminations ; thus, da kami z'yah, ' of
a hard heart' (see Declensions 1 and 2).
Adjectives containing ' o ' change that letter to * a ' in
the singular oblique and nominative plural, and affix per-
ceptible h to the end of the word ; thus, soy, * cold,' makes da
sarah in the genitive singular, sayah in the nominative
plural, and da saro in the plural oblique. In the feminine
the is changed to short a, and imperceptible h is added
to the word ; thus, saya'h, nominative ; da sayey, genitive ;
and sayey, nominative plural ; but the feminine oblique
plural is the same as the masculine.
There are a number of adjectives, principally active and
past participles, which in the masculine terminate in aey
(1st declension), whose feminines take *i' or *ey'; thus,
wa-yunkaey, *a speaker/ wa-yunki or wa-yiinkey, femi-
nine.
OBAMMAB. 15
The ordinal numbers are declinable, and subject to the
same changes by inflection as other adjectives.
Oomparison of Adjectives, — The positive is made com-
parative by the particles ta/r, lah, lah nah, &c., used with
the object to which comparison is made ; thus, * bad spuk
garnah tar bama'h ' (lit, ' evil light consider than a feather '),
* consider evil lighter than a feather.' A mere repetition
of the positive is commonly used in forming the compara-
tive ; thus, puch puch wa-yi, * he talks great nonsense.'
In forming the superlative, such words as tol, * all,' hadd,
* boundary,' pahor-tah or por-tah, * over,' * above,' are used
in addition to the particles employed to form the com-
parative ; thus, daghah lah tolo lo-e daey (lit, * this than
all big is'), * this is the greatest ' ; lah hadda zi-ata, 'beyond
bounds ' ; da sa^raey lah tolo nah der hoi^h-yar daey (lit,
* this man than all very clever is ') * this man is the cleverest
of all.'
THE PEONOUN.
The Pu^hto pronouns are of five different classes — the
personal, demonstrative, reflective or reciprocal, interroga-
tive, and indefinite. There are no peculiarly relative or
co-relative forms.
The first personal pronoun is not subject to any change
on account of gender.
Sing,
N. zah, ' I.'
G. dz'ma, * mine,' * of me.*
p C ma tah, larah, lah, | * to me '
' \ wa ma tah, wa ma watah, &c. )
Ac. ma, * me,' * to me.'
Ab. lah ma, lah ma nah, ' from me.'
Ag. ma, * by me.'
16 PUSHTO HAirUAL.
Flv/r,
N". mungali, mungah, or mujz,* * we.*
G. dz'mungali or dz'mujz, * of us,' * our.'
( mungah tah or mujz tah ')
D. < wa mungah tah or wa mu;^ tah > * to us.'
(, wa mungah watah or wa mujz watah )
Ac. mungah or mujz, * us,' * to us.'
A i^ C lah mungah or lah muiz 1 c£^ »
Ad. i 1 , ° , , 1 X. " 1, r from us.
( lah mungah nah or lah mujz nah )
Ag. mungah or mujz, ' by us.'
The second personal pronoun is as follows : —
8ing,
N". tah, * thou.'
G. sta or da ta, * of thee,' * thine.'
D. ta tah, &c., * to thee.'
Ac. ta, * thee,' * to thee.'
V. ai ta or wo ta, * thou ! *
Ab. lah tah, &c., * from thee.'
Ag. ta, * by thee.'
Maec. Flur.
N". tasu or tasey, * ye,' * you.'
G. stasu or stasi, * of you,' * yours.'
D. tasu or tasey tah, &c., * to you.'
Ac. tasu or tasey, * you,' * to you.'
V. ai tasu or tasey, &c. * you ! '
Ab. lah tasu or tasey, &c. * from you.'
Ag. tasu, or tasey, * by you.'
• The forms built upon * mungah,' <fcc., belong to Eastern
Pui^hto ; those deduced from * mujz ' belong to the Western,
dialect.
aSAMMAB. 17
The third personal pronoun has a feminine form in the
oblique cases of the singular, but the plural is the same
as the masculine.
Masculine Singular,
ha^^ah, * he,' * it/
N. hai^ah, ' he,' * it/
G. da haghah. ' of him,' &c,
D. haghah tah, &c., * to him,' &c.
Ac. haghah, * him,' * to him.'
Ab. lah haghah. <&c. ' from him.'
Ag. haghah. * by him.'
Feminine Singular.
haghahy * she,' * it.'
N. haghah. * she,' * it.'
Ot, da hi^ih or da highey. * of her,' &c.
D. highih tah or highey tah, Ac, * to her.'
Ac. haghah, * her.'
Ab. lah hi^ih or lah hi^ey, &c., * from her.'
Ag. highih or highey, * by her.'
Masculine and Feminine Plv/ral,
N". ha g hah. 'they.'
G-. da hu^o or da hu^oey, ' of them.'
D. • hugho tah or hughoey tah, &c., * to them.'
Ac. haghahy * them,' * to them.'
Ab. lah hugho or lah hu^^oey, Ac, * from them.'
Ag. hugho or hughoey ^ * by them.'
The demonstrative pronouns are of two kinds, the
proximate and the remote.
The proximaie demonstratives are daghah and da, which,
when inflected, are both masculine and feminine.
2
18 PUSHTO HAKITAL.
Masctdine 8ingvla/r.
M. & F. N". dagjiah or da, ' this/
M. G. da daghahy or da dey, * of this.*
F. G. da dig^ih, da di^ey, or da dey, * of this.'
M. D. daghah tah or dey tah, «&c., ' to this.'
F. D. dighih tah, dighey tah, or dej tah, &c., * to
this.'
M. Ac. da^ah, or da, * this,' * to this.'
F. Ac. daghah or da, * this,' * to this.'
M. Ab. lah daghah, or lah dey, <fec., * from this.'
F. Ab. lah dij^ih, lah dighey, or lah dey, <fec. * from
this.'
M. Ag. daghahy or dey, * by this.'
F. Ag. di^ih , di^ey, or dey, * by this.'
Plural (for both Oendere).
N". daghah * these.'
G. da dagho or da dewo, * of these.'
D. da gh o tah or dewo tah, &c., * to these.'
Ac. da^ah, * these,' * to these.'
Ab. lah dag^o or lah dewo, &c., * from these.'
Ag. da^o or dewo, * by these.'
There is another form of the proximate demonstrative
pronouja, more generally used by the Western than the
Eastern Afghans, and more emphatic in its signification
than the foregoing. It is not subject to change for gender
or number, and is thus declined : —
•
ha-yah, * this.'
N". ha-yah. Ac. hayah.
G. da ha-ey. Ab. lah ha-ey, &c.
D. ha-ey tah, &c. Ag. ha-ey.
GBAMMAB. 19
Tbe remote demonstratives are * daey ' for the masculine,
and * da ' for tbe feminine. Tbe latter is tbe same as one of
the proximate demonstratives before described. Tbe
difference is that tbe former is used for both genders, but
tbe latter only for tbe feminine.
daey, * that.'
8ing, Plv/r.
N. daey, M., da, F. du-i, M. and F.
G. da dab or da dey. da du-i, or da du-io.
D. dab tab or dey tab, &c. du-i tab or dii-io tab, <fec.
Ac. daey or da. dii-i.
Ab. lab daey or lab dey, Ac. lab du-i or lab dii-io. Sec,
Ag. dab or dey. dii-i, or dii-io.
Tbe reflective or reciprocal pronoun ^pul, * self,' is ap-
plicable to all persons. It is placed before tbe verb in the
sentence, and must refer to tbe agent or nominative either
expressed or understood, whatever it may be. Tbe plural
inflected form is used for both genders. It is declined as
follows : —
Singular,
Maac,
Fern,
N". thpul.
G. da thpul.
D. l^pul tab, <&c.
Ac. Uipul.
Ab. lab kbpula, <&c.
Ag. khpul.
kbpula'b.
da kbpuley.
Bipuley tab, &c
khpula'b.
lab ^puley, &c.
kbpuley.
Flwral. — Masculine <& Feminine,
N. Uipul M., Uipula'b F. Ac. kipul M., kipula'b F.
G. da kbpulo. Ab. lah ^pulo, &c.
D. I^pulo tab, &c. Ag. ^pulo.
Tbe interrogative pronouns are * tsok,' * kom,* and * kam.'
Tbe interrogative * tsok ' is applied to persons, and rarely
2 *
20 PUSHTO MANUAL.
to inanimate objects. It is used both for the singular and
plural, and masculine and feminine, and is thus declined : —
tsok, * who ? ' * which? ' ' what ? '
IT. tsok. Ac. tsok.
G. da cha. Ab. lah cha.
D. cha tah, <&c. Ag. cha.
This pronoun is also in common use as an indefinite,
and is for the most part applied to persons, but in some
instances to things also.
The interrogatiyes ' kom ' and ' kam ' are both singular
and plural ; but they undergo change in gender ; thus : —
kom or kam, ' what ? '
Maac. Fern,
N. kom or kam. koma'h or kama*h.
G. da kom or da kam. da komey or da kamey.
D. kom tah or kam tah, <&c. komey tah or kamey tah, <&c.
Ac. kom or kam. koma'h or kama'h.
Ab. lah koma or lah kama. lah komey or lah kamey, <&c.
Ag. kom or kam. komey or kamey.
The pronoun ' tsah ' is used both in an interrogative as
well as in an indefinite sense. It undergoes no change of
form in inflection ; thus, teah, * what ? ' * a,' * an,' * any,'
&c. ; da tsah, 'of what?' tsaJi larah or tsah tah, 'to
what?'&c.
There is another indefinite pronoun, dzini or dzini. It is
applicable to things both animate and inanimate ; but is
not subject to any change of termination on account of
gender. It is both singular and plural.
N". dzini or dzini. Ac. dzini or dzini.
G. da dzino. Ab. lah dzino.
D. dzino tah, &c. Ag. dzino or dzinu.
Several pronouns admit of composition ; thus, har-tsok,
* whoever,' har-tsah, * whatever,' har-yow, ' everyone,' kam-
GBAMMAB. 21
yow, * which one ? ' ' whichever ? ' These pronouns are
subject to the same rules of inflection, and change of ter-
mination for gender, as the pronouns from which they are
derived ; thus, kam-yow (wcwc), kama'h yowa'h (fem,)^
* which one?'; da kam-yowa (masc.), da kamey-yowey
(fern,), * of which one ? ' <fec.
The word ' chih ' is used as a relative pronoun, and the
co-relative is supplied by the demonstrative.
In addition to the regular form of the pronoims already
explained, there are three other forms, as follows : —
First Form, — Sinqular,
person.
1st. mi or mi, * I, mine, to me.'
2nd. di or di, * thou, thine, to thee.*
3rd. yeh or yah, ' he, she, it, her, hers,' &c,
Firet Form, — Plural,
1st. iim, muh, or mu, * we, ours, to us.*
2nd. mah or mo, * you, yours, to you.'
3rd. yeh or yah, * them, theirs, to them.'
The above pronouns are used with the past tenses of the
active voice to denote the agent in a sentence ; but they
have no meanings separate from the verbs. With any
other than active or transitive verbs they point out the
object or possessive case. They are not affected by gender,
and may be prefixed or inserted.
Second Form,^—8ingula/r and Plural,
Person.
1st. ra, ra tah, ra larah, or ra lah, * to me, to us.'
2nd. dar, dar tah, <fec., * to thee, to you.*
3rd. war, war tah, Ac, * to him, her, it, them.'
The above may be termed a pronominal dative prefix, as
it is alone used to point out the object in a sentence. It
2nd.
3rd.
22 PUSHTO MANUAL.
is used witli all verbs ; but, like the first form, bas no in-
dependent meaning. It is not subject to change on account
of gender.
Third Form.
Person. Sing, Plur,
1st. am, *L' u, 'we.'
ey, * thou.' a'ai, * ye, you.'
i, * he, she, it.' i, * they.'
The above are used in forming the tenses of intransitive
and substantive verbs, and, with the exception of the six
past tenses, for those of verbs transitive also. They are
inseparable from the verbs, and have no independent
meaning. The regular personal pronouns may also be pre-
fixed to the verbs with which they are used, but are not
absolutely required, and not generally adopted.
THE VEEB.
Verbs are of two kinds— primitive and derivative, which
may again be divided into six classes-the substantive,
intransitive, active or transitive (comprising causals), the
derivative, and the passive.
Active verbs may be obtained from some intransitives
by changing the termination -al or -ecUd of the infinitive,
into -ttwul ; as baledal, ' to take fire,' balawul, ' to set on
fire.'
Oausals are formed from intransitives and transitives in
precisely the same manner; thus, zghaledal. *to run,*
zghalawul, ' to cause to run.'
Derivatives may be formed from nouns, adjectives, or
pronouns, either by simply affixing the sign of the infini-
tive, or by also shortening the long vowel of the base : as,
poha'h, 'understanding,' pohedal, 'to understand,' pohawul,
• to inform,' ' cause to understand ' ; wuch, ' dry,' wuchedal.
GBAMMAB. 23
* to become dry,' wuchawul, * to make dry ; ' rurna, * bright,*
rumawul * to make bright ' ; gbara'h, * a brink or side,*
l^aredal, * to turn aside * ; ghayawuL * to put aside.'
Nouns and adjectives very frequently give rise to a kind
of compound verb, by the mere addition thereto of a regu-
larly conjugated verb ; thus, u-dah, * asleep,' u-dah kedal,
* to go to sleep ' ; wajzaey, * hungry,' wajzaey kedal, * to
become hungry.'
The passive voice is formed by the addition of the dif-
ferent tenses of the substantive or auxiliary verbs kedal
and sh'wal, * to be or become,' to the past pajrticiple or im-
perfect tense of a transitive verb, both of which are subject
to the same changes in termination for gender as other
verbs, to agree with the governing noun in the sentence.
The Substantive Vbbb.
Infinitive unknown.
Freaent Tense.
zah yam, * I am.' mujz or mungah yu, * we are.*
tah yey, * thou art.' tasu ya'ai or yasta'ai, * you
are.'
haghah daey or shtah, ' he hagbah di or shtah, ' they
is.' are.'
haghah da'h or shtah, ' she
is.'
Past Tense.
zah wum, ' I was.' mujg or mungah wu, ' we
were.'
tah wey, * thou wast.' tasu wa'ai, * you were.*
haghah wu or wuh, * he was.' haghah wii, * they were.'
haghah wa'h, * she was«' hagl^ah wey, ' they were.*
24 PirSHTO MAKtJAL.
Fuiwre Tense,
zah bah jam, ' I shall be.' mu jz or mungah bah ju, ' we
shall be.'
tah bah yey, * thou shalt be.' tasu or tasi bah jb,^b1* * you
shall be.'
haghah bah wi or bah wina, haghah bah wi or bah wina,
* he, she, it, shall be.' * they shall be.'
Aorist or Future Indefinite.
zah, tah, or haghah wi or mujz or mungah, tasu or
wina, * I, thou, he, she, or haghah wi or wimih, * we,
it may be.' you, or they may be.'
Conditional or Optative.
zah wae, wae, or bah wum, mujz or mungah wae, wae,
* were I.' or bah wu, * were we.'
tah wey, wae, or bah wey, tasu or tasi wa'ai, or wae, or
* wert thou.' bah wa'aj,t * were you.*
haghah wae, wae, or bah haghah wae, wae, or bah wu,
wuh, ' were he or it.' * were they.'
haghah wae, wae, or bah haghah wae, wae, or bah
wa'h, * were she or it.' wey, * were they.'
The following, as well as the preceding verb, is used to
denote mere existence. It is an auxiliary, and imperfect in
its conjugation.
* tasti oah yast, in Western Afghanistan,
t tasu wast or bah wast in the West.
GBAMlEAB. 25
Infinitive.
aosedal, ' to be, exist, continue/ <&c.
Noun of Fitness,
da aosedo or da aosedalo, ' of or for being, existing,' &c.
Active Participle,
Singular. — Maac, aosedunkaej or aosedunaej. Fern., aose-
duni or aosediinki ; aoseduney or aosedunkej, ' exister/
&c.
Plural, — Maac, and Fem,, aosediinki or aosadiini, 'existers,*
<&c.
Present Tense,
zah aosam, ' I exist.' mujz or mnngah aosd, ' we
exist.'
tab aosey. tasu or tasi aos'ai
ba^ab aosi. bagbab aosi.
Conditional or Optative,
2ab aosedam, * were I.' miijz aosedu, * were we.'
tab aosedej. tasu aosed'ai or tasu aose-
dast.
M. bagbab aosedab. bagbab aosedal.
E. bagbab aoseda'b or bagbab aosedej, or aosedal-
aosedala'b ey.
Future Tense,
zab bab wu aosam, * I will mujz or mungab bab wu
exist.' aosu, * we will exist.'
tab bab wu aosej. tftsu bab wn aos'ai
bai^ab bab wu aosi. bagbab bab wu aosi.
26 PirSHTO MANITAli.
Aorist Tense.
zah wu aosam, ' I may exist.' mujz or mungah wu aosu.
tah wu aosey. tasu wu aos'ai.
haghah wu aod. haghah. wu aosi.
PrecaMve.
zah wu aosam, ' I should mujz or mungah wu aosu.
exist.'
tah wu aosey. tasu wu aos'ai.
haghah di wu aosi. haghah di wu aosl.
Throughout the above three tenses the prefix * wu * is
optionally, and is often, omitted.
Imfperative.
tah aosah, ' exist thou.'
haghah di aosi, ' let him, her, <&c., exist.'
tasu aosa'i, * exist you.'
haghah di aosi, ' let them exist.'
The verb kedal, * to be or become,' used in forming the
passive voice.
Infim/iUve.
kedal, * be be,* * become.'
Fresemt Tense,
zah keizam mu|z or mungah kejzii.
tah kejzey. tasu kejz'ai.
haghah kejzi. haghah kejzi.
Eastern Afghans turn ' jz ' into ' g ' ; therefore, in this
tense, they would use * g ' f or * jz ' throughout.
GBAMMAS. 27
Im^perfect Tenae,
zah kedam, ' I was becom- mujz or mungah kedu.
ing/
tah kedey. tasu ked'ai.
haghah keda or kedah (M.). haghah kedal (M.).
haghah keda'h or kedala'h haghah kedey or kedaley
(F.). (F.)
If between the pronoun and the verb, the particle * bah '
be inserted in this tense, it assumes the habitual form.
Future Tense.
zah. bah kejzam, ' I will be- mujz or mungah bah kejzu.
come.'
tah bah kejzey. tasu bah kejz'al.
haghah bah kejzi. haghah bah kejzi.
In this tense the prefixed personal pronouns are often
omitted in a sentence.
The verb * sh'wal,' like that which precedes it, imports
transition from one state to another. It is used to form
the passive voice.
Infinitive,
sh'wal, * to be or become.'
Noun of Fitness,
da sh'walo or da sh'wo, * of or for being or becoming.*
Active PaHiciple,
Sing, — (M.) sh'wunkaey or sh'wunaey ; (F.) sh'wuney or
sh'wunkey, * the becomer.*
Plu/r. — (M. and F.) sh'wunld or sh'wuni, * the becomers.*
28 PirSHTO MAKTTAL.
Pcueive Participle,
Sing, — (M.) sbawaej, shawalaej ; (F.) shawey or shawalej,
' become.'
Plur, — (M. and P.) sbawi or shawall, * become/
Pre$eni Tense,
sham, * I become.' sliu, ' we become.'
shej. shaa'i.
haghah sbi. haghah shi.
Imperfect Tense,
sb'wam, bab sb'wam, or sb'wu, bah sb'wu, or sh'walu,
sh'wablam, * I was becom- * we were becoming.'
ing.'
sh'wej, bah sh'wey, or sh'w'aa, bah sh'w'aa, or
sh'waley. sh'wal'ai.
haghah shah or bah shah haghah sh'wu, bah sh'wu, or
(M.). sh'wal (M.).
haghaJi sh'wa'h^bah sh'wa'hy haghah sh'wey, bah sh'wey,
or sh'wala'h (P.). or sh'waley (P.).
Past Tense.
wu sh'wam or wu sh'walam, wu sh'wu or wu sh'walu, * we
* I became.' became.'
wu sh'wey or wu sh'waley. wu sh'w'ai or wu sh'wal'ai.
wu shah (M.). wu sh'wu or wu sh'wal (M.)
wu sh'wa'h or wu sh'wala'h wu sh'wey or wu sh'waley
(P.)- . , (P.)-
Throughout this tense the particle ' wu ' may be option-
ally omitted.
aBAMMAB. 29
Ferfeet Tense.
shawaey yam, * I liave be- shawi yu, *we have become.'
come.'
shawaey yey. shawi ya'ai.*
shawaey dey (M.). shawi di (M. andF.).
shawey da'h (P.).
Plwperfect Tense,
shawaey wum, * I had be- shawi wu, * we had become.'
come.'
shawaey wey. shawi wa'ai.
shawaey wuh (M.). shawi wu (M.).
shawey wa'h (P.). shawi wey (P.).
let Fui/wre Tense,
sham, * I should become.' shu, * we should become.'
shey. sha'ai.
ha^ah di shi. haghah di shi.
The particle * wu ' may be prefixed to the verb through-
out the above tense.
2nd Future Tense,
wu bah sham, *I will be- wu bah shu, 'we will be-
come.' come.*
wu bah shey. wu bah sha'ai.
wu bah shi. wu bah shi.
When the personal pronouns are prefixed to this tense
the particles * wu ' and * bah ' are transposed ; thus, zah
bah wu sham, * I will become ' ; haghah bah wu shi, * he,
she, it, or they will become.*
* In the West, * shawi yast.*
80 PirSHTO MANITAL.
Aorist Tense,
WTi sliam, * I may, shall, will, wu shu, ' we may, shall, will,
Ac, become.* Ac, become.'
wu shey. wu sha'ai.
haghah wu shi. haghah wu shi.
The particle * wu,' may optionally be omitted.
Conditional or Optative,
kah zah sh'wae, ' If I be- kah mujz or mungah sh'wae.
came.'
kah tah sh'wae. kah tasu sh'wae.
kah haghah sh'wae. kah haghah sh'wae.
Past Conditional,
kah zah shawaey wey, * If I kah mujz or mungah shawi
had become.' wey.
kah tah shawaey wey. kah tasu shawi wey.
kah haghah shawaey wey. kah haghah shawi wey.
In the singular the feminine form of the past part.
* shawey ' must be used in each of the three persons.
PastJFuture Tense.
shawaey bah yam, * 1 shall shawi bah yu.
or will have become.'
shawaey bah jey, shawi bah ya'ai.
haghah shawaey bah wi. haghah shawi bah wi.
The feminine form of the past participle is used for the
singular in each person.
Imperative,
wu shah, * become thou.' wu sha'ai, * become you.'
ha^ah di wu shi * let him, haghah di wu shi, ' let them
her, or it become.' become.'
In the Imperative the particle * wu ' may be dropped.
GBAMMAB. 31
Tbansitiyb and Intbansitiyb Yebbs.
All infinitives in the Pu^hto language end in * -1,' * -edal/
or * -wnl ' ; those ending in ' -1' are both transitive and intran-
sitive, those which take *-edal' are, without exception,
intransitive, and those ending in * -wul ' are all transitive.
There are no less than thirty-seven classes of verbs,
which comprise all the regular and irregular conjugations
in the language. Thirteen of these classes are intransitive,
including five imperfect, and twenty -four transitive, com-
prising nineteen perfect and imperfect, and five imperfect.
The peculiarities of each class will now be specified.
For the sake of brevity it may be mentioned that the
inflections of the verb arrange themselves under two
groups; the first group includes the Present, Aorist,
Future, and Imperative, and the other group the Imper-
fect, the Past Tense, and generally the Past Participle.
Intransitives,
Class I. — ^After dropping the * 1 ' of the infinitive the last
radical letter is changed to another in the 1st group of
tenses, but remains in the 2nd group. Thus, pohedal,
* to know * ; 1st. pohejzi, * he knows * ; wu pohejzi, * he
may know ' ; wu pohejzah, * know * ; but 2nd. pohedah,
* he was knowing ' j wu pohedah, * he knew * ; pohedalaey,
' known.'
Class IL — The two last radical letters are rejected in the
1st group of tenses, and retained in the second group.
Thus, z'ghaledal. * to run ' ; 1st. z'ghali, * he runs,' &c. ;
2nd. z'ghaledah, ' he was running,' <&c.
Class HI, — The three last radical letters are rejected in
the 1st group of tenses, and retained in the 2nd group.
Thus, k'l^henastal, 'to sit ' ; 1st. k'l^henl, * he sits,' <&c. ;
2nd. k'l^henast, ' he was sitting.'*
* These verbs do not take the particle * wu ' in the past,
accordingly the imperfect and past have the same form,
82 pirsHTO xAJiirAL.
Olass^IV. — The lajst radical letter is rejected, and the
long vowel elided in the 1st group of tenses. Thus, chaw-
dal, * to split ' ; 1st. ch'wi, * he splits ' ; 2nd. chawd, * he
was splitting.'
Cla88 V. — ^The last radical letter is changed for two
others in the 1st group of tenses. Thus, hiatal, 'to
ascend'; 1st. khejzi, *he ascends'; 2nd. Ubot, 'he was
ascending.**
Class VI, — The * -1 ' of the infinitive is simply rejected.
Thus, m'ral, * to die ' ; 1st. m'ri, * he dies * ; 2nd. mar, * he
was dying.' In the 1st group the verb * m'yal ' exception-
ally changes * y ' to * r.' The past participle is simply an
adjective ; thus, mar, * dead.'
Class VIL — ^A letter is added after the last radical letter
in the 1st group of tenses, and both that and the added
letter are rejected in the 2nd group. Thus, swal, *to
bum ' ; 1st. swadzi, * he bums ' ; 2nd. sah, * he was burn-
ing * ; but the Western Afghans in the imperfect and past
reject the perceptible * h ' in * sah * for * u ' ; thus, su, * he
was burning.'
Imperfect Verbs,
Class VIIL — This class conforms to the rule of Class I. ;
but all the tenses, except the Present and Imperfect, are
k'l^henast, but are known from the construction of the
sentence.
* Verbs of this class make this change of short * a * to
* o ' in the third person masculine singular only ; in the
third person plural the * a ' becomes * a ' (e,g, ^atseh and
khatal, the same as the infinitive itself, * they were ascend-
ing ') ; in the remaining persons no change takes place ;
thus, ^atam, * I was ascending,' &c., except in the third
persons feminine, to form which imperceptible *h' is
added to the root or to the infinitive, as, U^ata'h or
IdbataJa'h, * she was ascending.'
i
• * ' '- ' .
GBAMMAB. ^vj^v'^) 33
formed with the Past Papticiple, and the auxiliary verb
* sh'wal.' Thus, matedal, * to break ' ; 1st. matejzi, * he
breaks ' ; mat sld, * he shall or may break ' ; mat shah, ' let
him break ' ; 2iid. matedah, ' he was breaking ' ; mat shah,
* he broke ' ; mat or mat shawaey, * broken.'*
Class IX, — ^Wanting in the 1st group of tenses, which
are supplied from some other Terb; the 2nd group are
regular. Thus, z'ghastal, ' to run ' ; 1st. z'ghalif ' he
runs ' ; 2nd. z'ghast. * he was running.'
Class X. — ^Wanting in the 2nd group of tenses, which
are supplied from other verbs. Thus, driimal, * to go ' ;
1st. drumi, * he goes ' ; wu driimi, * he may go' ; wu dromah,
* go ' ; 2nd. tah, * he was going ' ; lar, * he went ' ; talaey
or t'lalaey, * gone.*
Class XI, — Consisting of such verbs as layal, *to go,'
the deficiencies of which are supplied by help of sh'wal,
* to become.* Thus, laral, * to eo* ; 1st. dzi, * he goes * ;
lay shi, * he may or shall go * ; lay shah, * go * ; 2nd. tah,
* he was going * ; lar, * he went * ; talaey or t'lalaey * gone.'
Class XII, — Containing only the verb t'lal, * to go,'
which has only the infinitive and imperfect. Thus, t'lal,
* to go ' ; 1st. dzi, * he goes ' ; lar shi, * he may or shall
go ' ; dzah, * go ' ; 2nd. t'lah or tah, * he was going ' ; lar,
* he went ' ; talaey or t'lalaey, * gone. * The pronouns * ra,'
* dar,' and * war ' (see p. 21), are used with this verb.
Class XIII, — Containing only the verb raghlaly *to
come,' which has merely a Past Tense and Past Participle.
This is really a compound of *ra' and a verb *ghlal,'
as the following indication of its tenses shows : — ra-ghlaL
* to come ' ; 1st. ra-dzi, * he comes ' ; ra-shi, * he may come ' ;
ra-dzah, ' let him come ' ; 2nd. ra-tah, * he was coming ' ;
ra-ghaey, * he came ' ; ra-ghlalaey or ra-ghaJaeyy * come.*
* These verbs are mostlv derivative, formed from ad-
jectives, by aid of the termmation ' -edal.*
84 PUSHTO MAinTAL.
OI}ra/n$iHve$.
As in the ca43e of Intransitives, before applying the
following rules, the * -1 * of the infinitiye is first rejected.
Class L — Lengthen the penultimate *a' to *a' in the
2nd group of tenses. Thus, taral, 'to bind'; 1st. tap,
* he binds * ; 2nd. tarah, * he was binding ' ; ta^alaey, * bound.'
The Terbs of this class are the most numerous in the
language.
Class IL — In the Present and Imperative the personal
terminations are simply added. The Imperative is some-
times formed by the Sbddition of the imperative of kral,
*to do,* to the shortened past participle. The Aorist,
Future, and Past tenses are always formed by aid of
* k'yal ' and the shortened past participle. In the Imper-
fect the penultimate *a' is lengthened to *a.' Thus,
^a^hawul, * to bury ' ; ^ai^hawi, * he buries ' ; kha^h k'yi,
* he may bury ' ; khai^h kf ah, * bury ' ; ^a^hawuh, * he
was burying * ; ^a^h kar, * he buried ' ; ]^a^h karaey,
* buried.' The verbs of this class are very numerous.
Class III, — The last two radical letters of the verb are
changed to two others in the 1st group of tenses. The
2nd group is regular. Thus, ghoiShtal, * to desire * ; Ist.
ghwari, * he desires ' ; 2nd. ghoi^ht, * he was desiring ' ;
gho^htalaey, 'desired.*
The letter-change is as follows : —
Examples,
^ht becomes aj* ghoi^htal ghwari.
st „ nd aghustal aghundi.
i^ht „ rn skai^htal skami.
^ho „ jzd or gd pre-iShowul prejzdi.
Class IV, — The last two radical letters are supplanted
by one other letter in the 1st group of tenses; but are
retained in the 2nd group. Thus, mundal, ' to find ' ;
GRAMMAB. 35
1st. mumi, ' he finds ' ; 2nd. mund, * he was finding ' ;
also, Twastal, * to read ' ; 1st. Twali, * he reads ' ; 2nd.
I'wast, 'he was reading'; and a^istal, 'to seize';
1st. aldlli, ' he seizes.'
Class F. — These verbs do not take the prefixed * wu ' ;
and form all the tenses and the Imperative by the mere
rejection of the *-l' of the infinitive; the 1st group of
tenses taking the affixed, and the 2nd group the pre-
fixed pronouns. Thus, ba'e-lal, * to lose (at play) ' ; 1st.
ba'e-li, * he loses ' ; 2nd. ba'e-lah, * he was losing.'
Class VL — ^The penultimate vowel of the verb is
lengthened. Thus, wa-yal, * to speak * ; 1st. wa-yi, * he
speaks ' ; 2nd. wa-yah, * he was speaking ' ; wayalaey,
* spoken.'
Class VIL — Short *a' becomes *o' in the 1st group
of tenses, and 'a' in the 2nd group. Thus, balal, 'to
call ' ; 1st. boll, * he calls ' ; 2nd. balah, ' he was calling ' ;
balalaey, * called.'
Class YIIL — ^In the 1st group of tenses the last radical
letter is changed for another; in the 2nd group it is
retained, and the penultimate 'a' lengthened to 'a.'
Thus, wajzM, *to kill'; 1st. wajzni, *he kills'; 2nd.
wajzah, *he was killing' ; wajzalaey, 'killed.'
Class IX. — These verbs reject the prefixed * wu ' in the
Past tenses. In the 1st group of tenses the last radical
letter is changed. Thus, * pra-natal, * to unloose ' ; 1st.
pra-na4zi, ' he unloosens ' ; 2nd. pra-nat, ' he was unloosen-
ing * ; pra-nataey or pra-natalaey, * unloosened.'
Class X, — In the 1st group of tenses the three last
radical letters are changed. Thus, wishtal, * to discharge ' ;
1st. wuli, * he discharges ' ; 2nd. wisht, * he was discharg-
ing ' ; wishtalaey, ' discharged.'
Class XL — ^The two last radicals are rejected in the
1st group of tenses. Thus, arwedal, ' to hear ' ; 1st. arwi,
* he hears ' ; 2nd. arwedah, * he was hearing' ; arwedalaey,
' heard.'
3 ♦
36 PirSHTO MANUAL.
Class XII, — The lajsit radical letter is rejected in the
Iflt group of tenses, and the penultimate vowel lengthened
in the 2nd group. Thus, pejzandal, * to know ' ; Ist. pejzani,
* he knows ' ; 2nd. pejzand, * he was knowing' ; pejzandal-
aey, * known.*
Class XIIL — The penultimate vowel is lengthened in
the 1st group of tenses ; the simple infinitive, with the
addition of the prefix * wu ' for the Past tense, is employed
in the 2nd group. Thus, j^andal, 'to laugh'; 1st.
^andi, ' he laughs ' ; 2nd. ]^andal, ' he was laughing ' ;
wu khandal, ' he laughed ' ; ^andalaey, * laughed.'
Class XIV, — The last radical letter is changed in the
1st group of tenses. Thus, mui^hal, * to rub ' ; 1st. mujzi,
* he rubs ' ; 2nd. mui^hah, * he was rubbing ' ; muiShalaey,
* rubbed.'
Imperfect Verbs,
Class XV, — Wanting in the 1st group of tenses, and
the Past tense, which are supplied by those of another
imperfect verb wanting in other tenses. Thus, ye^hal,
* to place ' ; 1st. jz'(H, * he places ' ; jz'di, * he may place ' ;
jz'dah, * place ' ; 2nd. ye^h, * he was placing ' ; ke-^ho, * he
placed * ; ye^haey, * placed.'
Class XVI, — The verb ke-shwal, * to place,' illustrates
this class. It has but one tense, which is used both for
Imperfect and Past. The deficiencies are supplied by
ke-jz'dal, *to place.' Thus,ke-^hwal, *to place'; 1st. ke-jz'di,
* he places * ; 2nd. ke-i^ho, * he was placing ' ; ke-i^ho, * he
placed ' ; ye^haey, * placed.'
Class XVII, — A verb of this class, jz'dal, * to place,'
has no Past tenses or Past Participle. Its deficiencies are
supplied by other imperfect verbs. Thus, jz'dal, * to place ' ;
1st. iz'di, * he places ' ; 2nd. ke-^ho, * he was placing * ;
ke-i§ho, * he placed ' ; yei^haey, * placed.'
Class XVIII, — Possibly the only verb of this class is
GBAMMAB. 37
w*yal, * to take or carry ' ; it takes its Aorist and Futures
from the verb *yo-sal,' whicli is also imperfect. Thus,
w'yal, *to take'; 1st. w'yi, * he takes'; yo-si, *he may
take ' ; 2nd. way, * he was taking ' ; wayaey, * taken.'
Class XIX, — Wanting in Aorist, Futures, and Past
tenses, which are supplied from other imperfect verbs. In
the Present and Imperative the last radical letter is
changed to two others ; but is retained in the Imperfect.
Thus, bi-wul, * to remove (inanimate objects) * ; bia-yi, * he
removes ' ; bozi, * he may remove ' ; bi-ayah, * remove ' ;
bi-wuh, *he was removing'; bot (from botlal), * he re-
moved ' ; bi-walaey, * removed.'
Class XX, — The Infinitives of this class prefix the post-
position k'iShey, * in,' to another verb ; and lengthen the
penultimate * a ' to * a ' in the 2nd group of tenses. Thus,
k'^he-nawul, * to cause to sit ' ; 1st. k'^he-nawi, * he causes
to sit ' ; 2nd. k'^he-nawuh or k*i§he-nawo, * he was causing
to sit.'
Class XXI, — Perfectly regular in inflection. Thus,
satal, ' to nourish ' ; 1st. sati, < he nourishes ' ; 2nd. satah,
* he was nourishing ' ; satalaey , * nourished.'
Class XXII. — The last radical letter is rejected in the
Ist group of tenses. Thus, n'ghaydal, ' to swallow ; 1st.
n'ghayi. * he swallows ' ; 2nd. n'ghay d, * he was swallow-
ing ' ; n'ghaydaey, * swallowed.'
Class XXIIL^A letter is added in the 1st group of
tenses. Thus, swal, * to bum ' ; 1st. swadzi, * he bums ' ;
2nd. su or sah, * he was burning ' ; sawaey, * burnt.'
Class XXIV. — The verb kawul, * to do,' represents this
class, and is exceedingly irregular. Thus, kawul, * to do '
1st. kawi, * he does ' ; wu ki, * he may do ' ; kawah, * do '
2nd. ka-wo or ka-wu, * he was doing* ; wu kah, *he did '
kayaey, * done.'
Participles.
The Present Participle is formed by dropping the final
* -1 ' of the infinitive, and adding — 1st. ' -nan ^ for the mas-
38 PUSHTO MANUAL.
culine, and ' -na'h ' for the feminine ; tlius, z'^astal, * to
run ' ; z'ghastanah. * running.* 2nd. perceptible * li ' for
the masculine, and imperceptible *b'for the feminine;
thus, wulal ' to wash ' ; wulah (masc), wula'h (fern.),
* washing.' 3rd. * h/ as before, and inserting * a ' before the
last radical consonant ; thus, watal, * to come out ' ; watah
or wata'h, * coming out.' 4th. * h,' as before, and inserting
* a ' before the last radical letter but one ; thus, yastal, * to
draw forth' ; yastah or yasta'h, ' drawing forth' ; jar-yastal,
*to turn aside' ; jar-yastah, 'turning aside.' 6th. * -iin' ;
thus, taral, * to bind ' ; tarun, * binding ' ; dakedal, * to
fill ' ; dakedun, * filling.' (Most commonly intransitivea
in *-edal ' reject the whole of that termination ; thus,
dakedal, *to fill'; dlakun, * filling'; ga^edal, *to mix';
gadun, ' mixing.') 6th. * a-un,' by inserting ' a ' before the
last radical letter to which * un ' is affixed ; thus, matawul,
* to break ' ; mata-un (masc), mata-una'h (fem.), * break-
ing.'
All the above participles are capable of inflection ; those
of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms, ending in imperceptible
* h,' like nouns of the 3rd Declension, 1st variety ; those
of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th forms, ending in perceptible * h '
or short * a,' like nouns of the 6th Declension, 1st variety ;
those of the 1st, 5th, and 6th forms, ending in * -un,' like
nouns of the 9th Declension.'
The 'Perfect or Pcwi Participle is formed — 1st. by the
addition of *-aey' to the infinitive for the masculine,
and of * -ey ' for the feminine ; thus, k'^he-yastal, * to
insert ' ; k'^he-yastalaey, * inserted.' 2nd. by the addition
of * -aey' as before, after rejecting the *-l' of the infini-
tive ; thus, aghustalj * to dress ' ; aghustaey, * dressed.*
3rd. by irregular changes; thus, walaredal, *to stand';
walar, * standing ' ; pre- watal, ' to fall ' ; pre- wot, * fallen' ;
nastal, * to sit ' ; nast, * seated.'
The Past Participle is also used as a past conjunctive
participle, as in Persian, an example of which is necessary ;
thus, ' da rukhsat salam mi karaey tri bida sh'wam,' ' my
GBAMMAB. 89
parting salutation having made, I bade them adieu ' (lit
*from them adieu took place or happened').
The Noun of Action is formed by dropping the * -1 * of
the infinitive, and adding * -unkaey ' or * -unaey * for
the masculine, and * -unkey ' or * -uney ' for the feminine.*
The plural form of this participle is both masculine and
feminine, and is formed by changing the * -aey,' or * -ey ,* of
the singular, to ' i ' ; thus, Twastal, * to read ' ; rwastimaey
or Twastunkaey, * a reader ' ; Twastuni, * readers.*
The Noun of Fitness is merely the infinitive in the geni-
tive case.
On the Tbnsbs.
The Past, — The formation of the tenses is best under-
stood by starting from the Past tense, the 3rd person, the
masculine singular forms of which have been already shown
when speaking of the different classes of verbs, and from
which five other inflections are formed by the addition of
the affixed personal pronouns. It is only needful here to
add that the 3rd person masculine plural of both transitive
and intransitive verbs is generally the simple infinitive,
with * wu ' prefixed or not, according to the nature of the
verb. The 3rd person feminine plural is formed by
changing the *-a'h' of the singular into *-ey. ' There
is another form of the 3rd person masculine plural
of this tense, which in writing may be mistaken for
the 3rd person masculine and feminine singular, and
in speaking is not easy to detect. It contains the sound
shorter than short ' a,' mentioned at page 4 ; thus, wu
ghuledah, * he was deceived ' ; wu-ghuleda*h, * she was
deceived ' ; wu-ghuledaeh. * they were deceived.* The
syllable *nah' or *na* is sometimes added to the 3rd
person singular and plural of this, as well as other
tenses, for the sake of euphony, and also as a respect-
ful form in reUgious works. In the case of verbs formed
by the junction of a preposition and a simple verb,
40 PUSHTO MANUAL.
it is usual to insert tlie particle * wu ' between the preposi-
tion and the verb ; thus, pre-watal, ' to fall/ becomes pre-
wu-wot, *he fell/ In case of rejecting the *wu,' it is
simply * pre- wot.' Verbs which lengthen * a ' to * a ' in the
Past tense singular, reject the long vowel in the plural.
The Imjperfect — This tense is formed by simply rejecting
the particle * wu * of the Past tense. When ' wu ' is not
used with the Past tense, then both Past and Imperfect
are identical in form. Intransitives derived from adjec*
tives, Ac, have a regular Imperfect, although they have
no regular Past tense. Transitive verbs of the 3rd and
24th Glasses, lengthen the short vowel * a ' preceding the
termination; thus, l^ai^hawul, *to bury'; ^ai^hawu or
^a^hawuh, * he was burying.' Another form of the Im-
perfect, implying continuity and habitude, is produced by
prefixing the particle * bah ' to the Past tense.
The Ferfect, — This is formed by adding the Present tense
of the auxiliary * to be ' to the past participles of verbs,
already described. The participle must agree in gender
with the noun.
The Flwperfect — This is formed in the same manner as
the preceding, but with the addition of the Past tense
of the auxiliary * to be ' instead of the Present tense.
The Bovbiful Past — This tense is formed by the addi-
tion of the Aorist of the auxiliary 'to be' to the past
participle. Another form of this tense is produced by
adding the 2nd Future of the auxiliary *to be' to the
past participle.
The Past Conditional. — This is obtained by subjoining
the Imperfect or Conditional tense of the auxiliary * to be '
to the past participle.
The Present, — The different ways of forming the Present
tense were shown when discussing the Glasses of Verbs,
and need not be repeated.
GBAMMAB. 41
The Aoriet — This tense is identical with the Present,
with the addition of the particle * wu,' but it is often re-
jected as redundant. Transitive verbs of the 6th, 9th,
10th, 16th, 17th, and 20th Classes, reject the particle * wu'
absolutely in the Aorist. Transitives of the 2nd Glass,
require the Aorist of kawul or k'yal, * to do,' to complete
them.
First Futwre, — This tense is identical with the Aorist,
with the exception that it adds the particle ' di ' to the
3rd person smgular and plural, whether masculine or
feminine. When a personal pronoun is used with the 3rd
person of this tense, the * di * precedes the prefixed * wu ' ;
but when the personal pronoun is not used, the * wu'
precedes the * di.'
Second Futv/re,^T\nB tense also is formed from the
Aorist, by the addition of the particle * bah.' As in the
First Future, when a personal pronoun is used with this
tense, the * bah ' precedes the * wu ' ; otherwise the * wu '
precedes the * bah.' A noun or adjective, or a pronoun and
no\m, may intervene between the *bah' and the verb
in a sentence.
Imperative, — This is a repetition of the Aorist, with the
exception that it has no 1st person singular or plural,
and that it drops the affixed personal pronouns for the
2nd persons. It is not liable to change of termination
for gender.
The Passive Voice.
The Passive is very simple, and is formed by prefixing
the past participle to the auxiliaries sh'wal or kedal, * to
be ' or * become,' just as in English.
Another mode of forming the Passive is by using the
3rd person singular and plural of the Imperfect tense of
verbs with the auxiliaries for all three persons ; but this
form is not used for the compound tenses.
42 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Pabadigms.
The foregoing explanation of the construction of the
verb will enable the following paradigms of the most
important and most irregular of the verbs in the langua^
to be fully understood.
Intransitive Verb.
Infinitive — raghlal,. * to come.'
Present — *I come,' &c.
ra-dzam. ra-dzu.
ra-dzey. ra-d^a'al.
ra-dgi. ra-d^.
Imperfect — ' I was coming,' Ac.
ra-t'lam or ra-t'lalam. ra-t'lu or ra-t'lalu.
ra-t'ley or ra-t'laley. ra-t*la'ai or ra-t'lala'ai.
ra-ta or ra-tah (M.). ra-t'lal or ra-t'leeh (M.).
ra-t'la'h or ra-t*lala'h (F.). ra-t'ley, ra-t'Mey, rat'li, or
ra-t'laH (F.).
Continuative Imperfect — *I used to come,' Ac.
bah ra-ghlam or bah ra- bah ra-ghlu or bah ra-
ghlalam. ghlalu.
bah ra-ghley or bah ra- bah ra-ghla'ai or bah ra-
l^laley. ^lala'al.
bah ra-|^i (M.). bah ra-ghM or bah ra-ghlash
(M.).
bah ra-ghla'h or bah ra- bah ra-^ley, bah ra-
glilala'h (F.). ghlaley, bah ra-ghli, or
bah ra-g^lali (F.).
OBAMMAB. 43
Fast — * I came,' <fcc.
ra-ghlam or ra-^laJam. ra-ghlu. or ra-g^alu.
ra-ghley or ra-ghlaley. ra-gUa'ai or ra-glilala*al.
ra-ghi (M.). ra-ghlal or ra-ghlsBh (M.).
ra-ghla'h or ra-ghlaJa'h (F.) . ra-g^ley , ra-ghlaley^ ra-ghliy
or ra-ghlali (F.).
Perfect — * I have come.*
Singular, Plural.
Masc. Fern, Masc, and Fern.
ra-^alaey yam. ra- g haley or ra-ghaJi yam, ra-^ali yu.
ra-ghalaey jej. ra-g^aley or ra-ghali yey. ra-ghali ya'ai.
ra-ghalaey dey. ra-ghaley or ra-|^ali da'h. ra-ghali di.
Pluperfect — * I had come/ Ac.
Singular,
Masc. Fern.
ra- g halaey wum. ra-^aley or ra-^ali wum.
ra-ghalaey wey. ra-ghaley or ra-^ali wey.
ra-ghaJaey wah. ra-ghaley or ra-^ali wa'h.
Plural.
ra-ghali wu
ra-^ali wa'al.
ra-ghali wu (M.).
ra-ghali wey (F.).
let Fui/ure — * I should come,' &c.
ra-sham. ra-shu.
ra-shey. ra-sha'ai.
haghan di ra-shi or ra di haghah di ra-sM or ra di
shi. shi.
44 PUSHTO MANUAL.
2nd Future — * I will come,' Ac.
zah bah ra-sham. mujz or mungah bah ra-shu.
tah bah ra-shey. tasu bah ra-sha'al.
ha^ah bah ra-shi. haghah bah ra-shi.
Throughout the above tense the personal pronouns may
be omitted, and then the prefix * ra ' may optionally
precede the particle * bah.'
Aorist — ^ I may, shall, etc. come,' &c.
ra-sham. ra-shu.
ra-shey. ra-sha'al.
ra-shi. ra-shi.
Doubtful Past — * I may have come,' <fcc.
Singular,
Mdsc. Fern.
ra-|^alaey bah yam. ra-ghaley bah yam.
ra-ghalaey bah jej. ra-^aley bah jej.
ra-ghalaey bah wi. ra-ghaley bah wi.
Plural. — Mase, and Fern,
ra-^ali bah yu.
ra-ghali bah ya'al.
ra-ghali bah wi.
Pa^t Conditional — * If I had come,' <fcc.
kih ra-t'lam or ra-t'lalam. Mh ra-t'lii or ra-t'lalii.
kih ra-t'ley or ra-t'laley. kih ra-t'la'ai or ra-t'lala'al.
Mh ra-ta or ra-tah (M.). Mh ra-t'lal or ra-t'lah (M.).
Mh ra-t'la'h or ra-t'lala'h Mh ra-t'ley, ra-t'laley,ra-t'li,
(F.). or ra-t'lali (R).
GBAMMAB. 45
Iw/peraMve,
ra-sbah, ra-slia, ra-dzah, or ra-slia'sd or ra-dga'al, * come
ra-dza, * come thou/ you.'
ra di shi, ra di dzi, haghah
di ra-shi, or haghah di
ra-dgi, *let him, her, it,
come,' * let them come.'
Potential Mood.
(This is really the Passive form of intransitive verbs.)
PreeerU — * I can come,' &c.
Singular, Plural,
Masc, Fern. Masc, a/nd Fern,
ra-t'laey sham. ra-t'ley sham. ra-t'li shu.
ra-t'laey shey. ra-t*ley shey. ra-t'li sha'ai.
ra-t'laey shi. ra-t'ley shi. ra-t'li slu.
Past — * I could come,' &c.
Singular. Phiral,
Masc, Fern,
ra-t'laey sh'wam. ra-t'ley sh'wam. ra-t'li sh'wu.
ra-t'laey sh'wey. ra-t'ley sh'wey. ra-t'li sh'wa'ai.
ra-t'laey shah. ra-t'ley sh'wa h. ra-t'li shu or sh'wal
(M.).
ra-t'li sh'wey (F.).
Future — * I will come,' &c.
zah bah ra-t'laey sham. mujz or mungah bah ra-t'U
tab bah ra-t'laey shey. shu.
haghah bah ra-t'laey shi. tasu bah ra-t'li sha'ai.
haghah bah ra-t'li shi.
46 PUSHTO MANITAL.
In tlie Singular form of the Feminine the paorticiple is
required as in other compound tenses ; and throughout
Singular and Plural the particle *bah' may optionally
follow, instead of precede the participle in hoik genders.
Agent,
ra-t'lunkaey or ra-t'lunaey ra-t'liinld or ra-t'luni (M. &
(M.), ra-t'lunkaey, ra- F.), * the comers.'
t'luney, ra-t'lunki, or ra-
t'luni (F.), * the comer.*
Past Participle.
Singular, raghalaey (M.), raghaley or ra^^ali (F.) ;
Plural, ra-ghali (M. and F.), ' come.'
Noun of Fitness.
da ra-t'lo or da ra-t'lu, da ra-t'lal or da ra-t'lalu, * of or
for coming.'
Intransitive Verb.
Infinitive — ^t'lal, * to go.'
Present — * I go,' &c.
dzam. dzu.
dzey. dza'ai.
dzi. dzi.
Imperfect — ' I was going,' &c.
t'lam or t'lalam. t'lii or t'lalu.
t'ley or t'laley. t'la'ai or t'lala'ai.
tah or ta (M.). t'lal or t'lseh (M.).
t'la'h or t'lala'h (F.). t'ley, t'laley, t'li, or t'lali
GBAMMAB. 47
Contin/uative Imperfect — * I used to go,' Ac.
bab la^am. bab lapi.
bab larej. bab la^a'ai.
bab lap (M.). bab la^al or bab larsdb (M.).
bab la|u'b, bab lara, bab bab lapej, bab la^ralej, baJi
larala'b, or bab larala (F.). layi, or bah layali (P.) .
Tbrougbout ibe above tense, witb sucb verbs as take
the particle * wu,' it may optionally be inserted after *bab.'
Past — * I went,' &c.
lairam or la^ralam. lafu or laralu.
larey or layaley. laya'ai or layala'aa.
lar (M.). laral or laysBb (M.).
lai*a'b, lapala'b, or layala layey, layaley, or laji (F.).
(P.).
Tbrougbout tbia tense tbe particle * wu ' may optionally
be prefixed.
Perfect — * I bave gone,' &c.
Singular.
Masc. Fern.
talaey or t'lalaey yam. taley or t'laley yam.
talaey or t'lalaey yey. taley or t'laley yey.
talaoy or t'lalaey daey. taley or t'laley da'b.
Phircd.
Maec, and Fern,
tali or t'lali yu.
tali or t'lali ya'ai.
tali or t'lali di.
48 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Flwperfect — ^ I had gone,* &c.
Singular,
Masc, Fern.
talaey or t'lalaey wum. taley or t'laley wum.
talaej or t'lalaey wey. taley or t'laley wey.
talaey or t'lalaey wah. taley or t'laley wa'h.
Plural,
tali or t'lali wu.
tali or t'lali wa'ai.
tali or t'laH wu (M.).
tali or t'laH wey (F.).
let Future — ^ I should go,' &c.
lap sham. lap shu.
lar shey. lar sha'ai.
haghah di lar shi or lap di haghah di lap shi or lar di
shi. slu.
2nd Future—^ I will go,' <fec.
zah bah lar sham. mujz or mungah bah lar shu.
tah bah lar shey. tasu bah lar sha'ai.
haghah bah lar shi. ha^^ah bah lar shi.
Throughout this tense the particle * bah ' may optionally
follow 'lar,' instead of precede it, when the affixed personal
pronouns are not used. See also 2nd Future Tense, p. 44.
Aorist — * I may, shall, etc. go,' &c.
lar sham. lar shu.
lar shey. lar sha'ai.
lap slu. lap slu.
OBAMMAB. 49
Doubtful Past — * I may have gone,* <fcc.
Masc, Fem,
t'lalaej t'laley bah yam. t'lali bah yu.
t'lalaey t*laley bah yey. t'Mi bah ya'ai.
t'lalaey t*laley bah wi. t'lali bah wi.
The other form of the past participle * talaey * may be
used as an alternative masculine form, both singular and
plural, and its feminine form for the feminine.
Past Conditiandl — * Had I gone,' &c.
kih t'lam or t'lalam. kih t'lu or t'lalu.
kih t'ley or t'laley. kih t'la'ai or t'Ma'ai.
kih tah or ta (M.). kih t'lal or tlseh (M.).
kih t'la'h or t'lala'h (F.). kih t'ley or t'laley (F.).
Imperative,
lap shah, wu lap shah, war lap sha'ai, wu lap sha'ai, war
shah, or d^ah, ' go thou.* sha'ai, or dza'al, ' go you.'
haghah di lai* shi, or lap di slu, haghah di dzi or ^ di,
* let him, her, it go,' * let them go.'
Potential Mood.
This confoi*ms in all respects to the Potential of
ra-ghlaly ' to come ' ; the participles throughout each tense
being, of course, for the singular masc. t'lalaey, fern,
t'laley, and for the plural of both genders, t'lali.
Agent,
t'lunkaey or t'lunaey (M.), t'lunki or t'luni (M. & F.),
flunkey, t'luney, t'lunki, ' the goers.'
or t'luni (F.), * the goer.'
4
50 PU8HTO MANUAL.
Past Participle.
Singular, t'l|daey or talaey (M.) ; t'laley or t'lali, or talej
or tali (F.) ; Plural, t'lali or tali (M. & P.)> * gone.'
^01*11 of Fitness,
da t'lalo, da t'lo, da t'lalu, or da t'lu, * of or for going.'
Irregular Intransitive Verb, in which the particle * wu ' is
used.
Infinitive — ^atal, * to ascend.'
Present — * I ascend,' &c.
^ejzam.* ^ejzu.
^ejzey. l^ejza'ai.
^ejzi. khejzi.
Invperfect — * I was ascending.'
khatam or ^atalam. ^atu or Miatalu.
khatey or ^ataley. Miata'al or ^atala'ai.
^ot (M.). ^atal or khatseh (M.).
^ata'h or ^latala'h (F.). ^atey, ^ataley, ^ati, or
ttatali (F.).
Continuative Imperfect — * I used to ascend,' &c.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particles * bah *
and * wu ' prefixed to each Person.
Past — * I ascended,' <fec.
Identical with the Imperfect, with the particle * wu *
only prefixed to each Person.
* In the conjugation of this verb the Eastern Afghans
would replace the letter *jz' by *j'; thus, ^ejam for
^ejzam.
GKAMMAB. 51
Perfect — ' I have ascended,' <fec.
Singular. Plural,
Masc. Fern. Ma^c, and Fern,
^atalaey yam. l^ataley yam. ^atali yu
khatalaey yey. ^ataley yey. ^atali ya'ai.
^atalaey daey. ^ataley da'h. ^atali di.
Pluperfect — ^ I had ascended/ &c.
Singular, Phiral.
Mase, Fern,
khatalaey wum. ^ataley wnm. U^atal! wu.
kbatalaey wey. khataley wey. Idiatali wa'ai.
khatalaey wuh. ^ataley wa'h. ^atali wii (M.).
^atali wey (F,),
let Future — * I should ascend,' &c.
wu khejzam. wu ^ejzu.
wu ^ejzey. wu kbejza'ai.
haghah di wu ^ejzi or wu haghah di wu kbejzi or wu
di Ubejzi. di ^ejzi.
2nd Future — * I will ascend,' &c.
zah bah wu l^ejzam or wu mujz or mungah bah wu
bah ^ejzam. ]^ejzu or wu bah khejzii.
tah bah wu ^ejzey or wu tasu bah wu ^ejza'ai or wu
bah ^ejzey. bah ^ejza'ai.
haghah bah wu Uh^ejzi or haghah baJi wu khejzi or wu
wu bah U^ejzi. bah ^ejzi.
Aorist — * I may, shall ascend,' &c.
wu ^ejzam. wu ^ejzu.
wu kbejzey. wu j^ejza'al.
wu ^ejzi. wu ^ejzi.
4 *
52 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Doubtful Past — * I may liave ascended/ Ac.
Masc. Mase. and Fern,
khatalaey bah yam. kfaatali bah yu.
^atalaey bah yey. khatali bah ya'al.
]^atalaey bah wi. ^atali bah m.
In the feminine singular the feminine form of the
participle ^ataley is used.
Past Conditional — * had I ascended,' &c.
kih ^atam or kih ^atal- kih ^atu or Idh khatalii.
am.
tdh ^atey or Idh ^ataley. kih k^ata'al or kih Uiatal-
a'al.
kih Ubot (M.). kih ^atal or kih U^atseh
(M.).
kih Uiata'h or Mh khatala'h kih ^atey or ^ataley (F.).
(P.).
Invperative,
wu ^ejzah or ^ejzah, wu kbejza'ai * ascend yon.'
* ascend thou.'
haghah di wu ^ejzi or wu di ^ejzi, * let him, her, it,
ascend,' ' let them ascend.'
Potential Mood.
This conforms in all respects to the Potential of raghlalj
' to come,' the masculine and feminine forms of the parti-
ciples, of course, being used.
Agent
^atiinkaey or Uiatunaey ^atunki or Saturn (M. and
(M.), Uiatiinkey or ^at- P.), * the ascenders.'
iiney (P.), * the ascender.'
GBAMMAB. 53
Past Participle.
Singular, ^atalaey (M.), ^ataley (F.) ; Plural, ^atali
(M. & F.), ' gone;
Noun of Fitness.
da ^atalo, da ^atalu, da ^ato, or da ]^atu, ' of or for
going.'
The following is the conjugation of the Imperfect
Transitive verb havml, * to do,' * to make,' or * perform,'
which is chiefly used as an auxiliary in forming the inflec-
tions of other verbs. The compound tenses are wanting.
Infinitive — kawul, * to do.'
Present.
kawum, * I do.' kawu, * we do.'
kawey, * thou doest.' kawa'ai, * you do.'
kawi, ka, or kandi, ' he, she, kawi, ka, or kandi, ^ they
or it does.' do.'
Imjperfect.
Transitive verbs in any past tense of the active voice
must agree with the noim in gender and number, and
whether it be in an oblique case or not. The imperfect
tense is treated as a past tense in Pui^hto ; and as this
tense will serve as a model for the others, it will be well
to study it. The first pronouns are the inflected personal ;
the others those mentioned at page 21.
54 PUSHTO MANUAL.
1st Form. — The goyeming noun being masc. singular.
ma or mi kawuh, ka, kah, or ka, I was doing,
ta or di kawuh, ka, kah, or ka, Thou wast doing,
haghah (M.) ) yey, oryah kawuh, ka, C He or it was doing,
hi^^ih (F.) ) kah, or ka, ( She was doing,
mujz or mu kawuh, ka, kah, or ki. We were doing,
tasu or mo kawuh, ka, kah, or ki, You were doing.
hughOy yey, or yah kawuh, ka, kah, or They were doing,
ki.
2nd. — The governing noun mascidine plxiral.
ma or mi kawul, I was doing.
ta or di kawul. Thou wast doing.
Jlg^ W I yey. or yah kawul. { ^^l^ l^^^^'
mujz or mu kawul. We were doing,
tasu or mo kawul. You were doing,
hughoy yey, or yaJb kawul. They were doing.
3rd. — The goveming noun feminine singular.
ma or mi kawula'h, I was doing.
ta or di kawula'h. Thou wast doing.
L^(f)^} ^«7,-3rahkawula'h.{|^/;it-^o^-
mujz or mu kawula'h. We were doing,
tasu or mo kawula'h. You were doing,
hughoy yey, or yah kawula'h. They were doing.
4th. — ^The governing noun feminine plural.
ma or mi kawuley or kawuli, I was doing,
ta or di kawuley or kawuli. Thou wast doing,
haghah (M.) ) yey, or yah kawuley C He or it was doing,
hi^^ih (F.) ) or kawuli, ( She was doing,
mujz or mu kawuley or kawuli, We were doing,
tasu or mo kawuley or kawuli. You were doing.
hughOy yey, or jah kawuley or kawuli. They were doing.
GBAMMAB. 55
Gontirmative Imperfect — * I used to do,' &c.
This tense is identical with the Imperfect, with the addi-
tion of *bah' or *bah wu,' which, when the inflected
personal pronouns are used, come between them and the
verb. When the other form of pronouns is used, the
* bah * or * bah wu ' precede the pronouns.
Past.
This tense also is identical with the Imperfect, except
that it takes ' wu ' after the pronoun if the inflected per-
sonal are used ; and ' wu ' before the pronoun with the
other form of pronoims. The particle 'wu' is sometime^
omitted in both cases.
let Fviure — * I shoidd do,' &c.
wu kam or wu kawum. wu kii or wu kawu.
wu key or wu kawey. wu ka'ai or wu kawa'ai.
ha^^^ah di wu ki or di wu hag]^ah di wu ki or wu kawi.
kawi.
Altematiye forms of the 3rd person are * di wu kandi,'
* di wu ka,' * wu di ki,' * wu di kandi,' or ' wu di ka.'
2nd Future—^ 1 wiU do,' &c.
zah bah wu kam or wu ka- mujz bah wu ku or wu
wum. kawu.
tah bah wu key or wu ka- tasu bah wu ka'ai or wu
wey. kawa'aa.
haghah bah wu ki or wu haghah bah wu ki or wu
kawi. kawi.
Alternative forms for the 3rd person are ' bah wu kandi '
or 'bah wu ka.' The personal pronoun can, also, be
omitted throughout, in which case the particles ' bah wu '
are transposed; thus, 'wu bah kam,' <&c.
56 PUSHTO MAKUAL.
Aofiat — * I may or shall do,' <fcc.
wu kam or wu kawtim. wu ku or wu kawu.
wu key or wu kawey. wu ka'ai or wu kawa'ai.
wu M, wu kawi, wu kandi, wu Id, wu kawi, wu kandi,
or wu ka. or wu ka.
Im/peraUve.
kah, wu kah, kawah, or wu ka'ai, wu ka'al, wu kam'aj,
kawah, ' do thou.' kawa'aa, or wu kawa'ai,
haghfth di wu Id, di wu kawi, ' do you.'
di wu kandi, di wu ka, or
wu di Id, wu di kandi, wu
di ka, 4et him, her, it,
do,' * let them do.'
Agent.
Singular^ kawunkaey or kawunaey (M.), kawunkey or ka-
wuney (F.) ; Plural, kawunki or kawoni (M. and F.).
Notm of Fitness.
da kawulo, ka kawulu, da kawo, or da kawu, ^ of or for
doing.'
Infinitive — ^k'lral, * to do.'
Present — * I do,' <fcc.
k'ftun.
k'ru.
k'rey.
k'ra'ai.
k'p.
k'p.
aSAMMAB. 57
Inyperfect
Ist Form. — ^The goyeming noun masculine singular.
ma or mi kay,* I was doing.
ta or di ka^, Thou wast doing,
haghah (M.) ) _, , C He or it was doing,
higiili (F.) 5 y^y* ^^ y^ ^^' I She was doing,
mu J3 or mu kia.^, We were doing,
tasii or mo ka^r, You were doing.
hu|]^o, jQj^ or yah kay , They were doing.
2nd. — The governing noun masculine plural.
ma or nu k'^, I was doing.
ta or di k'lral, Thou wast doing.
hai^ah (M.) ) , , ,^, C He or it was doing.
miijz or mu k'^al, We were doing,
tasu or mo k'f'al, You were doing,
huyhoy yey, or yah k'^, They were doing.
8rd. — ^The governing noun feminine singular.
ma or mi k'ya'h or k'fala'h, I was doing,
ta or di k^ya'h or k'pala'h, Thou wast doing,
hai^ah (M.) | yey, or yaJb k'lra'h or C He or it was doing,
highih (F.) ) k'yala'h, ( She was doing,
mujz or mil k'ra'h or k'rala'h, We were doing,
tasii or mo k'ya'h or k'^ala'h, You were doing,
huyhoy yey, or yah k'ya'h or k'lrala'h, They were doing.
4th. — ^The governing noun feminine plural.
ma or mi k'yey or k'raley, I was doing,
ta or di k'yey or k*paley, Thou wast doinff.
ha^^ah (M.) ") yey, or yah k'yey or C He or it was doing,
highih (F.) ) k'yaley, ( She was doing,
miijz or mu k'yey or k'paley, We were doing,
tasii or mo k'yey or k'yaley. You were doing.
hu|^o, yey, or yah k*yey or k'^aley. They were doing.
* See the Imperfect of kawul, p. 53.
58 PUSHTO MANUAL.
Continuative Imperfect — ^ I used to do,' Ac.
This tense follows precisely the analogy of the same
tense in the verb * kamil,' in both its forms.
Tas^r^' I did,' &c.
This tense is identical with the Imperfect just described,
with the addition of *wu' after the pronoun if the in-
flected personal pronouns are used, and with the ^wu'
before the pronouns if the other form is used. The * wu '
is sometimes omitted.
IPerfeci.
1st Form. — For a noun masculine singular with both
forms of pronouns.
ma, ta, haghah (M.) highih (F.), or nu, di, jej, w yah
ka^aey daey, ' I, iJiou, he, it, she, has done.'
mujz, tasu, or hugho^ or mu, mo, hughoy yey, or yah karaey
daey'(F.), * we, you, they, have done.'
. For a feminine noun in the singular number the only
difference in the conjugation is that karey, the feminine
form of the past participle, is used in lieu of the mas-
culine.
2nd Form. — For a noim masculine and feminine plural.
ma, ta, haghah (M.) hi^ih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah kap
di, ' I thou, he, it, she, has done.'
mujz, tasu, or hugho, or mu, mo, hughOy ^^^^ or yah
kayi di, * we, you, they, have done.'
Plwperfect
This is identical in every way with the Perfect, except
in the auxiliary verb.
GRAMMAR. 59
let Future — * I should do,' &c.
wu k'ram. wu k'yu.
wu k'rey. wu k'ya'ai.
haghah di wu k'p or wu di hagliah di wu k'p or wu di
k'ri. k'lri.
2nd Future — * I will do/ &c.
zah bah wu k'^am. mujz bah wu k'yu.
tah bah wu k'yey. tasu bah wu k'ra'ai.
haghah bah wu k'p. haghah bah wu k'p*
The pronoun can be optionally omitted throughout this
tense, in which case the particle * wu' precedes * bah.'
Bovhtful Fast,
1st Form — ^For a noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.) bah ka^aey wi, or bah
mi, di, yey, or yah ka^aey wi, ' I thou, he, it, she, may
have done.'
mu]z, tasii, hugho bah karaey wi, or bah mu, mo, hugho.
yey, or yah karaey wi, * we, you, they, may have done.'
For a noun feminine singular the only difference in the
conjugation is that ka^ey, the feminine form of the past
participle, is used, instead of the masculine.
2nd Form. — For a noun masculine or feminine plxiral.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.) bah kan wi, or bah mu,
mo, hughOy yey, or yah kayi wi, * we, you, they, may have
done.'
Fast Conditionah
1st Form. — For a noun masculine singular.
kih ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.) karaey wey or wae,
or kih mi, di, yey, or yah ka^ra^y wae or wae, * if I, etc.,
had done.'
60 PU8HTO HANITAL.
kih mujz, tasu, hugho. ka^raej wae or wae, or kih mu, mo,
hugho, yey, or yah kayaey wae or wae, * if we, etc., had
done.'
For a noun feminme singular all that is necessary is to
use kayey, the feminine form of the past participle.
2nd Form. — For a noun masculine or feminine plural.
Mh ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi^^h (F.) kayi wae or wae, or
Mh mi, di, yey, or yah kayi wae or wae, * if we, etc., had
done.'
kih mu]z, tasu, hugho, kari wae or wae, or kih mu, mo,
hugbo, yey, or yah kayi wae or wae, * if we, etc., had
done.'
Imperative,
wu k'yah or k'rah, *do wu k'ya'aa or k'ra'ai, *do
thou.' you.'
haghah di wu k'p or wu di
k'yi, * let him, her, it, do,'
* let them do.'
Agent
Singular, k'yunkaey or k'runaey (M.), k'yunkey or k'runey
(F.), * the doer ' ; Plural, k'yunld or k'pini (M. and F.),
* the doers.'
Noun of Fitness.
da k'ralo, da k'ralu, da k'yo, or da k'yu, * of or for doing.'
GBAMHAB. 61
Passivb Voice.
The construction of the Passive is so simple that it
will be necessary only to give the third person singular of
each tense.*
Present — ^ka^raey shi (M.), karey shey (F.).
Imperfect — ^kayaey shah (M.), kayey sh'wa'h or ka^ey
sh'wala'h (P.).
Continuative Imperfect — ^bah wu karaey shah (M.), bah
wu kayey sh'wa'h or sh'wala'h (P.).
Taat — ^wu kayaey shah (M.), wu kayey sh'wa'h or sh'wa-
la'h (P.).
Perfect — ^kayaey shawaey daey (M.), kayey shawey da'h
(F.).
Pluperfect — ^kaqraey shawaey wuh (M.), kayey shawey
wa'h (P.).
let Future, — haghah di wu karaey shi or wu di karaey shi
(M.) ; haghah di wu karey shi or wu di kayey shi ^.).
2nd Future, — haghah bah wu kayaey shi or wu kayaey bah
shi (M.) ; haghah bah wu kayey shi or wu kayey bah
shi (P.).
Aorist — ^wu kayaey sH (M.), wu kayey shi (P.).
Doubtful Poet — ^karaey shawaey bah wi (M.),kayey shawey
bah wi (P.).
Past Conditional. — kih haghah karaey shawaey wae or wae
(M.) ; kih haghah kayey shawey wae or wae (P.).
Imperative, — haghah di wu kayaey shi or wu di kayaey
shi (M.) ; haghah di wu kayey shi or wu di kayey shi
(F.).
* See the conjugation of the auxiliary s'hwal (page 27),
and mode of formation (page 41).
62 PUSHTO ICANXJAL.
Past Participle. — karaey sbawaej (M.), kairey sbawej (F.) ;
kafi shawi (plural).
Conjugation of a derivatiye transitive verb, formed
from an adjective, which requires the verb * k'ral ' or
' kawul ' in forming its different inflections.
Infmitive — dUikawul, * to fill.'
Present—' I fill,' &c.
dakawam. (jUikawu.
dakawej. ^ak&wsL^al,
dakawi. dakawi.
Past.
1st Form. — Governing noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, ha^ah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
dak kar, * I, thou, he, it, she, ^ed.'
mujz, tasu, hugho, or mu, mo, hu^^o, yey, or yah dak kar,
* we, you, they, filled.'
2nd Form. — Governing noun masculine plural.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah dak
k'ral, * I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
mujz, tasii, hugho^ or mu, mo, hugho^ yey, or yah dak
k'ral, * we, you, they, filled.'
3rd Form.— Governing noun feminine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), hi^^h (F.), or nd, di, yey, or yah
daka'h k'ya'h or k'rala'h, * I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
miijz, tasu, hu^^o, or mu, mo, hughoy yey, or yah daka'h
k'ya'h or k'rala'h, * we, you, they, filled.^
GBAMMAB. 63
4tli Form. — Goyeming noun feminine plural.
ma, ta, ha^^^ah (M.), hi^^ (F.), or mi, di, jej, or yah
dakej k'r^y or k'yaley, * I, thou, he, it, she, filled.'
mujz, tasu, hu^o, or mu, mo, hu^o, yey, or yah daL:ey
k'yey or k'raley, * we, you, they, filled.'
Aorist — * I fill or may fill,' &c.
4aik k'^m. 4^k k'fu.
4ak k'rey. 4&k k'^a'al.
4ak k'fi. 4^k k'^.
For the feminine ' ^aik* becomes ' 4^ka'h ' in the singu-
lar, and ' dakey ' in the plural.
Imperative,
tah dak k'^ah (M.), tah tasu 4^k k'^'aa (M.), tasu
4aka'h k'ya'h (R), *fiU 4akey k'ra'ai (F.), 'fill
thou.' you.'
haghah di 4^ ^?i or dak di haghah di ^^'k k'pi or dak
k'yi (M.). haghah di daka*h di k'yi (M.)> ha^^ah di
k'yi or 4aka'h di k'yi (F.), dakey k'p or 4akey di k'yi
* let him, her, it, fiU.' (F.), ' let them fill.'
Agent
Singular, ^akawunkaey or ^akawunaey (M.), ^akawunkey
or dakawuney (F.), * the filler ; Plural, dakawunki or
4akawuni (M. and F.), * the fillers.'
Past Participle.
Singular, dak kayaey (M.), ^ kayey (F.) ; Plural^ 4ak
kayi (M. and F.), ' filled.'
64 pushto manual.
Causal Yebb Ebgulab.
Infinitive — al-wuzawul, * to cause to fly.'
Present — * I cause to fly,* &c.
al-wuzawam. al-wuzawu.
al-wuzawaey. al-wuzawa'aa.
al-wuzawi. al-wuzawi.
Past
1st Form. — Governing noun masculine singular.
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
wal-wuzawuh, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasu, hu^o, or mu, mo, hugho. yey or yah wal-
wuzawuh, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
2nd Form. — Governing noun masculine pluraL
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or nd, di, yey or yah
wal-wuzawul, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasu, hughoy or mii, mo, hug]^o, yey or yah wal-
wuzawul, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
3rd Form. — Gk)veming noun feminine singular.
ma, ta, ha^ah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey, or yah
wal-wuzawula'h, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mujz, tasu, hughoy or mu, mo, hugho. or yey or yah wal-
wuzawula'h, * we, you, they, caused to fly.'
4th Form. — Governing noun feminine pluraL
ma, ta, haghah (M.), highih (F.), or mi, di, yey or yah
wal-wuzawuley, * I, thou, he, it, she, caused to fly.'
mvLJz^ tasii, hughOy or mu, mo, hugho. or yey or yah wal-
wuzawuley, ' we, you, they, caused to fly.'
GBAMUAM. 65
Aorist — *I may cause to fly,' Ac.
wal-wnzawam. wal-wuzawu.
wal-wuzawey. wal-wnzaw'al.
wal-wnzawi. wal-wuzawi.
Imperative.
wal-wuzawah or al- wuzawah, wal-wuzaw'ai or al-wuzaw'ai,
' do thou cause to fly.* * do you cause to fly.'
haghah di wal-wuzawi or wa
di I'wuzawi, ' let liim, etc.
cause to fly,' *let them
eause to fly.'
Agent
Singular, al-wuzawunkaey or al-wuzawunaey (M.), al-
wuzawunkey or al-wuzawuney (F.), * the causer to fly ' ;
Plural, al-wuzawunki or al-wuzawuui (M. and F.), ' the
causers to fly.'
Past Participle.
Sinaular, al-wuzawulaey (M.), al-wuzawuley (F.) ; Plural,
al-wuzawuli (M. and F.), * caused to fly.'
Negation and I^ohibition.
Negation and prohibition are expressed by the particles
* nah ' and * mah,' the position of which, however, depends
upon the kind of infinitives with which they are used.
The particle * mah ' is alone used with the 2nd persons
of the Imperative, and it invariably precedes the inflection
of the verb with which it is used, whatever its description.
5
66 PUSHTO MAKUAL.
InfinitiYeB, such as pre-watal, ^to fall,' which have a
prefixed particle, place the ^ nah ' after the latter both in
the past and present tenses.
pre-watal, * to fall.*
Past — pre nah wot, * he or it did not fall.'
Aorist, — haghah pre nah wuzi or pre nah wuzi, ' he, she,
it, may not fall.'
Imperative. — ^mah pre-wazah, * do not thou fall.'
Begular verbs, whether transitive or intransitive, take
the * nah ' after the prefix * wu.'
z'g^aledal, ' to run.'
Past — ^wu nah z'ghaledah. *he or it did not run.'
Aorist — ^ha^ah wu nah z'^ali, * he, she, it, may not run.'
Imperative, — mah z'ghalah^ * do not thou run.'
ra-w'ral, * to bring.'
Past — haghah ra nah war or jej ra nah way, * he or it did
not bring.'
Aorist — ^ha^ah ra nah w'ri, ' he, she, it, maj not bring.'
Imperative, — ^mah ra-w'yah, * do not thou bring.'
When the negative is used with verbs similar to * daka-
wul,' the * nah' follows the adjective or noun, and precedes
the auxiliary ;^ thus,
4akawul, ' to fill.'
Past — ^haghah dak nah kar, or jej dak nah kay, * he or it
did not fill.' '
Aorist — haghah dak nah k'p, * he or it may not fill.'
Imperative, — ^mah 4akawah, * do not thou fill.'
GBAJOIAS. 67
In the Passive tlie ' nah ' precedes the auxiliary ; thus,
wish-tal, * to throw.'
Past. — haghah wish-talaej nah shah or haghah nah shah
wish-talaej, * he or it was not thrown.'
Aorist — haghah wish-talaej nah shi or haghah nah shi
wish-talaey, * he or it may not be thrown.'
Imperative. — ^wish-talaey mah shah or mah shah wish-
talaey, * do not thou be thrown.'
ADVEEBS.
The Adverbs are for the most part indeclinable; but
some are subject to the usual change for the ablative case,
and a few (derived from nouns and adjectives) are liable
to the same change for gender, number, and case as the
nouns they may qualify. Thus, der, *much,' makes in
feminine singular, dera'h'; in feminine plural and oblique
cases singular, derey or deri ; in plural oblique cases, both
genders, dero.
Adverbs of Place.
here, hither — dal-tah, dali, before, in front, hitherto—
or his-tah. w*randi or w'yandey.
there, thither — haltah or behind, after — ^w'rustah or
haltah ki. w'rusto.
there, thither — ^huri or huri- hither, this side — daghah or
tah. dey ^wa.
hence, from this place — ^lah thither, that side — haghah
daghah. or lah dey dza'ea ^wa.
or dza'eah. beyond, there, on that side
thence, from that place — lah — haghah ^wa or haghah
haghah dza'ea or dza'eah. palau.
6 «
68
PTTSHTO HAinrAI..
side by flide-Ulwa pah
on both sides — dwaf ah
^wa.
elsewhere — bsBl char-tah or
bael dza'e.
here and there — daltah hal-
tah.
here, on this side — dey ^wa,
dej palan.
above, overhead — portah or
IVayah.
under, below, iSh'katah or
jzawar.
so far, t<> this degree — ^tar
daghah or tar dey pori
or pori.
so far, to that degree — tar
haghah pori or pori.
somewhere — chartah
everywhere — har chartah,
har yow dza*e.
nowhere — ^hichartah.
near, about — najzdey or
najzdi
somewhere or other — ^yow
dza'e, yow chartah.
where, wherever — ^har char-
tah.
within, inside — danana, da-
nanah.
above and below — landi
bandi.
Tipside down — ^naskorah.
far, at a distance — liri, lah
w'rayah.
round-about — chaperah.
Adverhs of Time.
now, presently — ^aos.
ever, sometime — kalah.
sometimes, frequently, occa-
sionally — kalah kalah.
never — hits kalah.
always — ^har kalah.
whenever — har kalah chih.
sometime or other — kalah
nah kalah.
daily — hara'h rwadz or
wradz.
nightly — ^hara'h shpa'h.
perpetually — war pah war,
&jn. pah dam.
instantaneously — zar pah
zar.
gradually — paya'h pah pa-
ya'h.
successively — palah pasey.
before, prior — pah khwa.
after, afterwards — pas.
to-day — nan or nan wradz,
or rwadz.
to-morrow — ^aba.
two days since — warama'h
wra^ or rwadz.
three days since — ^la wara-
ma'h wradz or rwadz.
four days since — la la wara-
ma'h wradz or rwadz.
at the dawn (of day) — sahr
gah.
GKAJCMAB.
69
eyet — hargiz, hits kalah.
long since, long ago — ^lar-
Ij^unaey.
last night — barayah, barayi
shpa'hy begana'i shpa'b.
as often, every time — ^har
dzalah.
once, at last — ^barey, a^ir.
often, repeatedly — ^teo war,
tgo dzalab.
repeatedly, often, frequently
— ^war pan war.
once — ^yow dzalah, yowa'h
pla.
twice — dwah dzalah, dwey
pla.
thrice — dre dzalah, dre pla.
instantly, quickly, without
delay — turt, sam lah
lasa.
quickly, speedily — zar zar,
marah mar.
shortly, soon — ^najzdey or
najzdi.
unawares, suddenly — ^naga-
han, na-tsapah.
all at once, suddenly — ^yak
la^tah.
first, in the first place —
yunbaey or w'yunbaey.
secondly — dway am.
at last, at length, finally, at
the end — a^ir.
yesterday — ^parun.
shortly, soon, to-day or to-
morrow — nan |aba.
the day after to-morrow —
bsdl 9aba.
early in the morning, be-
times — wa^ti.
always, ever — tal or tar talo.
always, continually, ever —
tal tah talah, tal tar talah,
hameshah.
as yet, up to the present
time — tar aosa,la tar aosa.
sometimes — charey charey,
or chari chari.
Adverbs of Quantity,
so much — ^hombra'h da gratuitously — weyia.
hombra'h, tsombra'h. a great number, several— r
that much — hombra'h kadr. ^o tso.
this much — daghombra'h much, in a great degree, by
kadr.
far — 4©r.
as much as — ^har tsombra'h. a little, a few — ^lajz, lakotey.
howmuchsoever — har tgo.
Adverbs of Similitude,
thus, in this manner — da or thus, in this way — da or
daghah shan. daghah rang.
70
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
like, as, as if, just as, for all
the world — ^lakah, shan,
ghundi. dod, -pah. dod,
ma^aej, pah tser.
so, in that maimer — haghah
shan,
so, in that way — haghah
rang.
Adverbs of
look out! have a care ! — wu-
gorah, wu-winah.
be cautious ! — bedar shah.
thus, so, in this manner —
hasej, daghah sej, da
hasey, dasey.
for example — masalan.
that is to say — ^ya'ni.
thus, in this manner — ^hasey
shan.
Admonition,
know ! recollect! — poh shah,
take care ! mind ! — ^abar-
dar shah.
Adverbs of Society and 8ejparation,
alone — ^yawadzaey .
face to face — makha-makh.
apart, at a distance — liri, liri.
far away, very far ofE — ^liri
larghah.
at the side — ar^, a^ra^.
side by side — ^artt pah
af]^.
singly, individually — yow
pah yow.
back to back — sha pah sha.
shoulder to shoulder —
aojza'h pah aojza'h.
apart, separately — beyal,
beyala'h, beyal beyal.
together — sarah.
besides, except — ^beylah dey,
siwa lah dey, pratah lah
dey.
separately — tar pah tar.
uselessly — ^wuch pah wuch-
ah.
on opposite sides, on both
sides — ^pori ra pori.
Adverbs of Extremity and Termination,
to, up to, until — ^tar, pori.
hitherto, up to — tar dey
pori, tar diaghah pori.
until, up to^tso, tso chih.
beyond bounds — bey hadda,
lah hadda zi'at.
to the last degree — ^tar
hadda T>on.
till now, as yet — ^tar aosa
pori.
so far as — ^tar haghah pori.
till when? how long? — tar
kalah pori.
to the end — tar a^ir pori.
to the last, to the extreme —
tar nihayata pori.
GBAMMAB.
71
Adverbs of Interrogation,
where? wMther? — chartah,
chari, cbari, kam dza'e.
how? in what maimer? —
tsangah.
since when? — lah kama or
lah koma wakta.
how much ? — tcfombrah,
tsomrah.
whence ? — lah kama, lah
kama dza'e or dza'eah.
when? at what time?—
kalah.
how much longer? — ^la tar
koma.
until when? how long?—
tar kalah, tar kalah pon,
tar kama pori or tar ^o.
how much ? — tsombrahkadr.
how often ? — tso dzalah.
why not ? — waley bah nah wi.
why ? how ? wherefore ? —
^ah larah, ,tsah lah, pah
tsah.
for what? wherefore ?— wa-
ley, tsah daparah.
in what way? how? — ^tsah
rang, tsah shan, pah tsah
togah.
Adverbs of Dubitation*
perhaps, haply — i§ha-yi, gun- may be — ^bah wi.
di, gundi. probably— pahgumansarah.
perhaps not — ^nah di wi. may or may not be — ^wi Mh
God knows — ^Qiuda-e z'dah. nah wi.
Adverbs of Affirmation and EmpTuisis,
certainly, doubtless — bey
shakah, la char,
necessarily — al-battah, ^o,
zarur.
yes, indeed, yea — ^ho.
merely, only, exactly — ^joy.
right or wrong — x^ai^ na
^akk, kam nah kam.
by no means, never — ^Mchar-
ey, lah sarah, lasarah.
reafiy, truly— pah ri^hti'a,
l^ak^an.
by God ! — ^uda-e jzo.
necessarily, it behoyeth —
boyah, baedah.
altogether, wholly, entirely
— ^har gorah, yak la^tah.
never, by no means — ha^o,
ha^u.
only, simply — fakat.
at all events, whether or
not, nolens volens —
^wah na-kbwah.
exactly, quite, the very
same — ^bedu, ho bah ho.
72
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
Adverbs of Negation.
no, not, nay — nah, yah. do not — ^mah.
CONJUNCTIONS.
if — ^kih, agar.
although — agar-chih.
also, even, likewise— ham,
baL
but, yet, however — ^waley,
wedi.
besides, except — siwa, prat-
ah.
if not, unless, otherwise —
kih nah, ki-nah,.
then, therefore — ^lah haghah
sababa.
but, moreover — ^balkih.
notwithstanding — sarah lah
dey.
unless — ^mangar, magar.
and, also — ^aw, o.
therefore, then — pas, sk^
dzakah.
that, because, since — chih.
unless, if not — ^bey lah.
then, because, therefore —
dzakah, lah dey jihata,
lah dey sababa, ^o.
or — ^ya.
PEEPOSITIONS AND POSTPOSITIONS.
of — da.
to— tah, larah, lah, watah,
wa larah, wa lah, wa wa-
tah.
in — k'l^hey, pah k*i§hey.
below, under — ^tar landi, da
landi.
with — sarah.
for, for the sake of — dapa-
rah.
from — ^lah, lah nah, di, di
nah.
to, until — ^tar.
on, upon — par, par bandi.
from him, her, it, or them —
pri, prey.
over, above— da pasa, dapa-
sah.
before— -dzakhah.
in, betwixt,between — ^mandz,
mi-yandz.
in between, in the middle-
pah mi-yandz.
QBAMKAR.
73
INTEEJECTIONS.
well done! bravo! — ^afrin!
sliabash !
have a care! — ^tam shah!
bedar shah!
alafs ! alas ! — ^hai hai !
sorrow! alas! — dre^j^!
aTaunt ! get away ! — chi-
kbah!
oh I — ^ao ! ad ! wahey !
dear! dear! — ^wuej! wuey!
woe ! woe ! — ^wae ! wae ! or
a^ ! a^ !
lackaday ! — af sos !
would to God ! — kash-ki !
kash-ki !
strange ! good God ! — *ajab,
hae hu-e !
indeed ! really ! — ^hah !
begone ! get away ! — liri
shah ! bi-artah shah !
hush ! silence ! — chhapah !
chhap shah !
hollo! oh! O!— ^ucha'h!
ghuchah ! ghuchey !
NUMEEALS.
1 yow or yowa'h.
2 dwah.
3 dre.
4 tsalor.
5 pindzah.
6 shpajz.
7 aowah.
8 atah.
9 nah.
10 las.
11 yow las.
12 dwah las.
13 di-yar las.
14 tswar las.
15 pindzah las.
16 shapa^as.
17 aowah las.
18 atah las.
19 nuh las or nunas.
20 shil.
21 yow wisht.
22 dwah wisht.
23 dre wisht.
24 tgalor wisht.
25 pindzah wisht.
26 shpajz wisht.
27 aoWah wisht.
28 atah wisht.
29 nuh wisht.
30 dersh.
31 yow dersh.
&Q, &c.
40 ti^we^ht.
50 pindzos.
60 shpetah
70 ao-ja.
80 at-ya.
90 nawey or newey.
74 PUSHTO MANUAL.
100 sal or sil. 700 aowah ^awa.
100 jow i^wa. 800 atali ^awa.
200 dwah ^awa. 900 nuh ^awa
300 dre ^awa or ter ^u. 1,000 zar or yow zar.
400 tsalor ^awa or tsun^u. 2,000 dwah zarah.
500 pmdzaJi9awaorpu]i9u. <&c. &c.
600 slipajz ^awa.
10,000 las zarah. 10,000,000 karor.
100,000 lak. 1,000,000,000 behand or alif.
1,000,000,000,000 nil.
The first of the foregoing numerals becomes * yowa ' or
* yowah ' ra the oblique cases ; and before a feminine noxm
takes imperceptible ' h,' and is liable to the same changes
for number and case as other adjectives. The other
numerals, beiug plural, take the indirect form of the
plural, and are not subject to any other changes for
gender or number.
The Ordinal Numhera.
first — ^yunbaey, w'yunbaey, sixth — shpajzam.
fern, yunba'i, w'yunba'i, seventh — aowam.
awwal. eighth — ^atam.
second — dwahyam. ninth — nuham, nam.
third — dreyam. tenth — ^lasam.
fourth — ^aloram, tsalaram. <&c. &c.
fifth — pindzam.
Before feminine nouns all ordinals but the first take
imperceptible ' h ' like other adjectives.
Fractions.
a quarter — pa-o. one and a half — ^yow nim
a haK — ^nim, mma'h. or yowa'h nima'h.
three-quarters — dre pawa, one and three-fourths — pao
dre pawa'h. kam dwah.
one and a quarter — pindzah
pawa, pin^gah pawa'h.
aBAMMAB.
76
Days of the Week.
Saturday — ^ali, shanbah.
Sunday — ^it-bar, atwar, yek shanbah.
Monday — gul, pir, do shanbah.
Tuesday — ^nahah, sih shanbah.
Wednesday — char shanbah.
Thursday — pan shanbah, panj -shanbah.*
Friday — ^jani'ah, adina'h.
Months of the Tear,
Name.
Hasan Husain.
• *
Safara'h.
Runba'i khor.
Bwahyama'h ^or.
Breyama'h ^or.
Tsaiorama'h ^or.
Da Khuda-e mi-asht.
Da sho kadr mi-asht or
•
Ba barat nu-asht.
Da rojzey mi-asht.
Ba warah akhtar mi-asht.
Mi-yani, Mi'ana'h, ]^ali.
Ba lo-e akhtar mi-asht.
}
Meaning.
Hasan Husain.
^afar.
The first Sister.
The second Sister.
The third Sister.
The fourth Sister.
God's month.
The month of the Night of
Destiny.
The Fast month.
The lesser Fast month.
The Intermediate month.
The greater Fast month.
The Seasons.
Spring — psar-laey. Autumn — ^manaey.
Summer — aoyaey, dobey. Winter — jzamaey.
* Amongst the tribes north of Peshawar, Thursday is
called da ziyarat rwa^z, ' the day of pilgrimage.'
76 PXTSHTO MANXTAL.
The Cardinal Points.
North — ihsuej taraf .
South — ^kirn taraf.
East — ^n'war ^latah, n'mar ^atah.
West — ^nVar pre-watah, n'mar pre-watah.
SYNTAX.
The general order of words in a sentence is as follows : —
First the nominative, the adjective preceding the sub-
stantive ; then nouns in the different cases, as required ; a
participle or adverb may follow; and the verb terminates
the sentence.
Nouns,
When nouns of different genders occur in the same
sentence, the adjective, verb, and participle, governed bj
them in common, must take the mascxdine form.
Whenever a noun is to be used in the same sentence
with another, which is more immediately acted upon by a
verb, the former must be put in the accusative case, wmch
in Fu^hto is the same as the nominative; thus, ' dul makr-
iina hasi kandi chih wa khalk ta'amuna war-kawina ao
j^pul dsan tah ^alkah marju' kawina',' ' Those (de-
ceivers) practice such deceptions — they give victuals unto
the people, and they bias the world towards themselves.'
The particle 'da,* which governs the genitive case,
generally precedes the noun it governs.
When two nouns in the ablative case come together in a
sentence, the ' a ' or ' ah,' the sign of the case, is only used
with the last.
The particles *tah,' *larah,' *lah,' <fcc., governing the
dative case, are often used to denote ' for,' * for the sake
of,' &c, ; thus, ' kih shahbaz larah sina'h da'h da chanjario.
GBAMHAB. 11
^ankabut larah sina'li da'h da magas/ ' If the breast of the
partridge is for the falcon, for the spider is the breast of
the fly.'
In sentences where there are two objectiye cases, the
one denoting the object and the other the person, the
object of the transitiye verb muBi be put in the datiye
case.
The dative case is sometimes used instead of the geni-
tive to express relation or possession ; thus, *ghah tuhfa'h
<;hih wa'h plar ma tab rastawuley,' &c., * That curiosity
which father had sent /or me,' Ac.
Diminutives and terms of endearment are formed by
the addition of one or other of the following terminations,
-k, -aey, -a'i, -ra'i, -kaey, -gaey, -ot, -oyaey, -ukaey,
-gutaey ; as bazargaey, * a small market,' jinaka i, * a little
girl,' chargoyaey, * a young or little cock,* w'rukaey, * a little
(boy),' &c.
Adjectives,
The adjective must always agree with its noun in gender,
case, and number, except with an uninflected masculine
noun in the plural number, when the adjective is used in
the singular.
Adjectives are often used alone, the substantive being
understood.
When any other than the first numeral adjective is used
with nouns in the masculine gender, the noun is most
generally inflected, and takes *-a' or *-aii ' ; but occasionally
it takes the plural form. When numeral adjectives are
used with feminine nouns, the latter take the plural form
without exception.
When the first numeral adjective is used with nouns, it
is subject to the same changes for gender, number, and
case as the noun it qualifies.
1
78 PXTSHTO MANXTAL.
Pronouns.
In the different tenses of intransitiye yerbs, and in the
present, future, and aorist of transitives, in wliich the
affixed personal pronouns are used, the separate personal
pronouns may be altogether omitted, or may be used with
them. When the meaning is clear without them, they
may be dropped in the 3rd person singular and plural of
intransitiyes also.
The third personal pronoun ' haghah ' is sometimes used
as the remote demonstratiye, and is declined in a similar
manner.
The prepositions 'tar' and 'par,* meaning *to' and
* upon * respectiyely, with the addition of long * i ' or
short * i ' are used as pronoims, when they become * tri ' or
* tri,' * from him, her,' &c., and * pri ' or^ pri,' * upon ViiTn,
her,' &c. The particle * na ' or * nah,' to which * tey ' or
* ti ' is prefixed in the oblique cases, is also used for * pri.*
These substitutes for pronouns cannot be called prepo-
sitions, because they haye a pronominal meaning inherent
in them. They are used for both things animate and in-
animate, and singular and plural, and are not subject to
any change for gender ; thus, ' Da haghah^ Adam Trha.Ti
daey chih Dur^ana'i tri biwaley da'h,' * This is that same
Adam l^knfrom whom DurMiana'i has been carried off.'
In speaking of one's-self with another, preference is giyen
to the 1st person in the first instance. The Afghans also
use the singular, not the plural form of the pronoun,
when referring to one person only.
When a third person is mentioned, the words of the
speaker himself must be repeated, instead of using the
3rd person ; thus, *Chih war tahyadah sh'wah chih k'ada'h
mi kayey nah da'h,' * When he recollects that " the k'ada'h
has not been performed by me" '
When a second pronoun is required to refer to the same
person or thing as the subject, the reflectiye pronoun
GRAMMAH. 79
'U^pul' must be used; thus, 'Mirza! ^pul dzan pa-
y^pulah sta-yi/ ' O Mirza ! he himself glorifieth himself.'
When, howeyer, a pronoun in the second member of a
sentence refers to the same subject or thing as the nomi-
native or subject of the verb in the first, the personal
and particular pronoun must be used, instead of the
reflective.
The reflective is joined to nouns and pronouns by way
of identity, peculiarity, or emphasis ; thus, * ]Quda'e pa-
l^pulah da wayalaey (daey),' * God himself hath said,' <fcc.
The pronoun * tsah,' used both as an interrogative and
an indefinite, is often employed as an exclamative ; thus,
' Xsah bala saj^ta'h dana'h yam na-pohejzam ! ' ' What
unfortunate hard grain I am, I know not ! ' It may, also,
be used as a discriminative; thus, ' Tsah hakim tsah ra'iyat
tsah i^air zer,' * Whether ruler or subject, whether foreign
or strange.'
The adverb * chartah ' is used emphatically to denote dis-
similarity, contrariety, and non-existence between matters
and things; thus, 'Chartah da yar shun^ey! chartah
jdiam da dil o jan ! * * Where (are) the lips of the beloved!
where (is) the sorrow of heart and soul! ' — ^implying that
there is similarity between them.
Verbs.
Transitive verbs, in any past tense of the active voice,
must agree with the object in gender and number ; thus,
^Bahram ^ala^a'h haghah jina'i Virala'h lah^kaidah,'
*Bahram released that damsel from confinement.' The
agent is used in the instrumental case, and takes the
inflected form when capable of inflection.
Some transitive verbs, such as * wayal,' * to speak,' and
* katal,' * to look at,' * to observe,' absolutely require the
object to be put in the dative case, without which the sen-
80 PXrSHTO MANXTAL.
tence would convey no meaning ; thus, ' Adam ]^an Bale
tah wuh wej cYnh,' <&c., 'Adam ^an said to Balo, that/ Ac.
Pu^hto nouns have no particular terminations for the
objective ; it is distinguished by its position, which pro-
perly is after the agent and before the verb. In all other
instances the object may be known by the gender and
number which the verb assumes to agree with it, and by
the affixed personal pronouns which point out the objective
case. Example : — ' C hih Auran g Bahram j^abar kah lah
dey halah, andeiShno yey ^urat tao ka^: shah pareshana,'
* When Aurang made Bah/rcmi acquainted with this circum-
stance, care and anxiety excited him: he became distracted.'
Eeverse the position of "Aurang," the agent, and he
becomes the object.
The infinitive form of the verb is often used to denote the
absolute necessity of an action; thus, 'bal halal halal gamal
daey,' * Moreover, what is legal and right, it is necessary
to account lawful.*
The infinitive in the genitive case, is the 'noun of fitness '
shown in the paradigms of conjugation.
The past tense of a verb is often used in a future sense ;
thus, ' bada ! kih da yar Uabar di ra-war, lah z'rah bah
waMiley da hi j ran sawi daghuna/ * O gentle breeze ! if
thou wilt bring (lit. if thou br<yughtest) news of the beloved,
from the heart thou wilt remove the absence-burned
scars.'
Of intransitive verbs, the 3rd person singular and plural
of the past tenses is alone subject to change of termina-
tion for gender, and the first and second persons merely
take the plural form of the affixed personal pronouns for
the plural number.
The present tense is in many instances used in a future
signification ; thus, ' da janat naksho nigar tri porey hits
shi chih ^h'karah ka yow nigar nigar lah ma^a,' ' the rap-
ture and bliss of Paradise vnll be nothing in his eyes, when
OBAMHAB. 81
the beloTed displajetli one of the channs of her counten-
ance.'
The Puihto has no regular potential mood ; and the
passiye form of the verb is used instead, with a slight
difference in the construction. Inatransitive verbs haye
no passive voice, but a passive form (that is, the different
past participles with the auxiliary *to be ') is used for the
potential in their case. The verb agrees with the agent,
and the masculine or feminine form of the past participle
must correspond accordingly.
The transitive form of the potential is easily distin-
guished from the passive voice, as both the agent and the
object mAist be expressed for the former ; whilst, in the
latter, the agent is never expressed, or remains unknown.
The verb also agrees with the object in gender and
number for the former, and the agent must be in the
instrumental case in the past tense.
The present .participle is constantly used as a noun ;
thus, *alwatah* means both 'flight' and 'fleeing,' * pre-
wataJi,* both ' a fall,' and * falling,' &c.
The past participles of Pu^hto verbs are very often used
as past conjunctive participles ; thus, ' da ru^^at salam
ml kairaey tri bida shwam, ' having made my parting saluta-
tion, I bade them farewell.'
Sometimes a meaningless sound is added to a word to
produce a jingle of rhyme ; thus, ' da dunya da sud da-
parah baedah nah daey chih grewan k'rey da 'izat pah cha
shuk piik,' * for the sake of the profit of the world, it
behoveth not that thou shouldest rend the collar of any-
one's fair fame.'
82
PXrSHTO HANUAI..
PUSH TO MANUAL
PART II.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
KISSET T.AH ISAPA Al-HAKlM.
FABLES FEOM ^SOP AL-HAKIM.*
1. Tapus aw Kowtarey.
Yow tso kowtaro lali derah
muddatali lah werey da yow-
ali X&^iia pah na-arama'i
k'shey rwadzi terawali, magar
chih tal yey bedarikawula'h,
awlahkorah^pulaliliri nah
t'lali, lah hamlev da du^h-
man tar-aosah-poripahaman
wey. Nur chih tapus wu-po-
hedah chih hamley mi bey-
f a-idah di, war da f arib aw
1. The Kite and Pigeons*
Some pigeons had long
lived in fear of a kite, but
being always on the alert,
and not going far from the
dove-cote, they had con-
trived hitherto to escape
the attacks of the enemy.
So when the kite found that
his sallies were unsuccessful,
having betaken himself to
craft, he brought stratagem
* These have been selected from my illustrated Pushto
Edition of -^sop's Fables.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
83
da makr pra-natalaej, hilah-
sazi yey w'randi wu-newal-
a'h: nur yey wa-du-i tah wa-
wey cldh, "Da jzwandun da
tal - tar - talah andeshney
tsalah ^wa^hawa'ip Kill
fakat ma ^pul badshah
k'ra'i hara'h hamla'h cbih
pah tasu kedey zah bah mo
da bala spar wum lah highey
bah mi khundi kawxdey."
Nur kowtaro, da dah pah
khabaro wisah karaey, pah
talAt da shaha'i yey k'l^he-
nawo ; magar chih pah takht
k'^henast pah ada kawulo da
Upul badshaa'i hakk pah
khwaralo da yowey kowtarey
bara'h rwadz sar shah. Pah
Udalo da dey hal yawey kaw-
tarey chih intizar da war
U^pul yey tskawuh, hum
daghah kadr yey wu-wey,
" Har-tsah chih wu-sh*wal
lah-mujz-sarah la-ik daey."
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih lah ^pulah lasah wa
kom zalim ya yowah du^h-
man tah pah dzan tasallut
war kawi, hits ta'ajjub di nah
k'ri kih haghah pah a^ir
k'^hey pah du-i zulm wu Fyi.
2. Lumbay aw Wuza'h.
Yow lumbar pah yowah
kuhi h'^hey Iwedalaey wuh,
aw lah derah muddatah yey
to bear : so he said to them,
" Why do ye prefer this life
of continual anxiety ? If you
would only make me your
king, I would secure you
from every attack that could
be made upon you.'*
The pigeons, trusting to
his professions, placed him
on the throne ; but when he
was established thereon, he
began to exercise his prero-
gative by devouring a pigeon
a day.
Whereupon one pigeon
that yet awaited his turn,
said no more than, "It
serves us right.'
»
Moral. — They who volun-
tarily put power into the
hand of a tyrant or an
enemy, must not wonder if
it be at last turned against
themselves.
2. The Fox and Gh)at.
A fox had fallen into a
well, and had been casting
about for a long time how
6 *
84
PITSHTO MANTTAL.
lah dzanah sarah ande^hna'h
kawula'h cbih pah tsah taur
bah lah dej kuhja pah bi-ar-
tah wu-wuzi. A^ir yowa'h
wuza'h wa haghah dza'e tab
wu-ra-ghla'h, ^o^ht y ey cbih
aoba'h wu-ts'iShi, nur lab lum-
bay yeypu^htana'hwu-k'ra*h
cbih aoba'h ^hey aw ^erej
dey kib yah. Lumbal^ za-
bira'h Miatra'b ^pula'h
po^haley, war-tab yey wu-
wey, " Ai dostey, ^h'katab ra-
shah ; aoba'h bsbsey ^haghal«
ey dey cbih nab pah aobe-
jzam, aw bombrab derey dey
cbih kam-wali nab-lari." Pah
dey j^abara'b wuza'b pab-
asana'i- sarah dalandi wa-
kubi tab artawa'b sb'wa'h.
•
Pah rasedalo da dey lumbar,
pah ^h'karo da dostey ^pul-
ey madad a^istaey, pah
chalaka'i sarah dangedalaey,
lab kulua da-bandi ra-wu-
liot, aw wa bigbey fareb-
^waraley gharibey wazey
tab yey bey z'rab-swaeyah
wu-wey cbih, "Pah nisbat
wa jzira'b sta tab kib nimey
da bi|^ih di poha'b dar-
laley, pa-^wa tar a^tawe-
dalo bah di kataley wuh."
3. Lewab aw KamoL
be should get out again. At
length a goat came to the
place (and) wantingto drink,
asked Eeynard whether the
water was good, and if there
was plenty of it. The fox,
dissembling the real danger
of his case, replied,
" Come down, my friend ;
the water is so good that I
cannot drink enough of it,
and so abundant that it can-
not be exhausted." Upon
this the goat, without any
more ado, leaped into the
well.
Upon her arrival the fox,
taking advantage of his
friend's boms, and nimbly
having leaped, came out of
the well, and coolly re-
marked to the poor deluded
goat,
" If you had half as much
brains as you have beard,
you would have looked be-
fore you leaped."
3. The Wolf and Crane.
Pah stuni k'ibey da yowab A wolf had got a bone
lewab yo ba4 af sbawaey stuck in bis throat, and, in
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOGUES.
85
wuh, aw pah der 'azab girif-
tar daltah lialtah z'ghast.
liar dzan-dar chih bah pah
pe^h shah pah 'ajizi bah yey
du'a da ^ala9a'i lah highey
sa^ta'i tri gho^htala'h, aw
pah trats k'^hey bah yey da
wayal chih wa haghah nek-
baU^t k'^hawunki tah bah
^rali ^hseh in'am war-k'^am.
Nur pah yowah kamol zara'i
aw wa'dey da dah asar kai^ey,
bey-fikrah jej iijzda'h
l^ara'h ^pida'h da lewah
pah kbula'h nanayastaley,
haghah had yey lah stuni da
dah ra-wu-yost. Nur pah
narma'i sarah yey haghah
in' am wa'da'h ka^raey tri wu-
l^o^ht. Pah arwedalo da
day lewah tandaey triw
l^a^h spin karaey pah zahir
^afah war tah wu-yey-wey,
^^ Ai na-shukrah maMilukah!
Zi'at tar dey in'am tsah
ghwayey chih sar di pah
zamo Iri^hey da lewah ysUh-
aey, pah salamat di ra-wu-
yost ! "
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih i^la§f-mandl kawi
fakat pah umid da 'iwa^
mundalo, nah bo-yah chih
ta'ajjub wu-Fyi kih pah
mu'amalah k'ihey lah l^m
zato sarah, pah 'iwa^ da
shukraney bey ^addah rish-
Uiand mumi.
the greatest agony, ran up
and down, beseeching every
animal he met to relieve him
of his pain, and hinted at a
very handsome reward to the
successful operator. A crane,
moved by lus entreaties and
promises, having ventured
his long neck down the
wolfs throat, drew out the
bone from it. He then
modestly asked for the pro-
mised reward. On hearing
this, the wolf, grinning and
showing his teeth, replied,
with seeming indignation,
" Ungrateful creature !
What other reward do you
ask for than that having put
your head into a wolf's jaws,
you brought it safe out
again ! "
Moral. — ^Those persons
who are charitable only in
the hope of a return, must
not be surprised if, in their
dealings with evil men, in
lieu of thanks they meet
with boundless jeers.
86
PUSHTO MANUAL.
4. K3iud-pasanda'h Ka-
gha'i.
Yawey kagha*i ^ud-pas-
andej pah hasej sban t§o da
dey pah jajuri k'shey dza'e-
da'h, tso bamey chih ta'usano
achawuli wi waU^istali,
pah ^pulo bamo k'shey
yej lekey k'rey, aw kadim
sialan ^pul na-tsizah shme-
ralaey, ^an yey pah derey
gustakha*! samh p^ yowah
sail k*i^hey da dey rangino
murghauo dakhil kar. Hu-
gho bey draugah ahwal da
hi^^ey bey - satah wa-ra-
^aley daryaft kayaey,
haghah 'ariatey bamey jej
tri wu-k'^haley, aw pah ma-
shuko wahalo hajum pri
kari, lah khpulah sailah yey
wu-yastala*h. Hij^ey bad-
ba^tey bey na^ibey ka-
gha'i. ^er azar mundaley
lah haddah zi'ata afsos
karey, biartah pah awwalnio
sialano gadah sh'wala'h, aw
^o^ht yey chih bi-a lah
du-i sarah wu-astejzi goya
chih hits pri shawaey nah
wuh. Magar du-i maghriiri
da dey pah yad dar-laley,
lah ]^puley mal-gira'i yey
wu-shairala'h, aw yowey lah
hugho chih lajz muddat
shawaey dey pah tsah nah
shmerala'h, pah taur da dars
4. The yain Jackdaw.
A jackdaw, as yain and
conceited as a jackdaw could
well be, having picked up
the feathers which some
peacocks had shed, stuck
them among her own, and
despising her old compa-
nions, introduced herself
with the greatest assurance
into a flockof those beautiful
birds.
They instantly detect-
ing the character of the in-
truder, stripped her of her
borrowed plumes, and falling
upon her with their beaks,
sent her about her business.
The unlucky and unfor-
tunate jackdaw, sorely
punished (and) deeply sor-
rowing, betook herself to
her former companions, and
would have flocked with
them again as if nothing
had happened. But they,
recollecting what airs she
had given herself, drummed
her out of their society,
while one of those whom she
had but lately despised,
read her this lecture : " Had
you been contented with
what nature made you, you
EXSBCISS8 AND DIALOaXTBS.
8?
yey war tah wu-wey : " Kih
ta pah haghah togah cbih
khuda-e paida k'rey kana'at
karaey wae, lah saza da loe-
ano tar ta aw hum lah maz-
amatah da l^pulo sialano
nijat bah di mundalaey
wnh."
would have escaped the
chastisement of your betters
and also the contempt of
your equals."
5. Kunda'h aw Chirga'h.
Yowey kundey yowa'h
chirga'h dar-lala'h chih bar
sahar bah yey yowa'h haga'i
achawula'h. Nur kundey lah
dzanah sarahande^hna'hwu-
k'ya'h, "Kih zah da l^pul-
ey chirgey danah war do-
chanda'h k'ram, dwah dzalah
bah di rwadzi haga'i wa-
chawi." Nur tadbir l^pul
yey wu-azmayah, aw chirg-
a'h hasey tsorba'h sh'wa'h,
chih bi-1-kull lah haga'i
achawulo wa-wata'h.
Fa-idah. — Har-cbib kbalk
atkalawi tal pah baghah
shan pah wuku' nab ra-dzi.
6. Ghar pah balat da
Langalwah.
Pah tero shawio rwadzo,
pah yowah ^'rah k'^hey der
zorawar gburumbey arwed-
ah shah. Wayalaey shah
5. The Widow and the
Hen.
A widow kept a hen that
laid an egg every morning.
So the widow thought to
herself, " If I double my
hen's allowance of barley,
she will lay twice a-day."
So she tried her plan, and
the hen became so fat and
sleek, that she left ofE laying
at all.
Moral. — What people
imagine does not always
happen. Figures are not
always facts.
6. The Mountain in La-
bour.
In days of yore, a mighty
grumbling was heard in a
certain mountain. It was
said to be in labour, and
88
PdSHTO MANUAL.
cliih ghar pah langalwah
k'^hey daey, nur tolaey tol-
aej malk lah liro najzdo,
da-parah da Hdalo chili tsah
bah wu - zejzawi jam'ah
sh'wal. Pas lah ^erahinti-
zarah tskawulo aw lah der
^hsBh ^hsBh atkal kawulo da
nandartsiano, na-tsapah da
band! yow majzak ra-wu-
wot!
Ea-idah. — Da ki^^a'h pah
shan k'^hey da hugho kasano
da'h chih lo-e-ey lo-e-ey wa -
dey yey pah na-tslzah 'ami
tar sarah rasejzi.
multitudes flocked together
from far and near, to see
what it would produce.
After long expectation and
many wise conjectures from
tile bystanders, suddenly
out popped a mouse !
Moral. — This story applies
to those whose magnificent
promises end in paltry per-
formance.
7. Chirg aw
ara'h.
Marghal- 7. The Cock and the
Pearl.
Tow chirg pah ghujal
k'^hey da yowah bazgar pah
unud da daney mundalo da-
parah da iShadzey lipuley
kbazala'h pah pi^ho lawast-
aley palafala'h, kaza-kar
nazar yey pah yowah gauhar
wu-n*^hat cluh ittifakan
haltah Iwe-dalaey wuh. Nur
yey wu-wey, "Ho! tah }io
yow ^hseh tsiz yey pah nazar
da hugho chih ta 'aziz
shmeri, magar wa-ma-tah
yowa'h dana'h da aor-bushi
bihtara'h da'h tar tamamo
marghalaro chih pah dunya
k'^hey cU."
A cock scratching up the
straw in a farm-yard in
search of food for his hens,
chanced to hit upon a jewel
that by some chance had
fallen there. "Ho!*' said
he ; " you are a very fine
thing, no doubt, to those
who prize you, but to me one
barley-corn is better than
all the pearls in the world."
EXEBCISBS AND DIALOGUES.
89
Ea-idah. — Haghah chirg
der lio^hyar chirg wuh, mag-
ar der kam-'akl kasan di
cbih zalil gami ba^ah tsiz
cbih der giran baha wi f akat
lah dej sababah chih wakif-
ijat nah pah lari.
8. Ser-laey aw Lewah.
Yow ser-laey pah bam da
yowey Twayey ^uney dare-
daJaey, yow lewah yey
k'l^hatah pah lari t'lunaey
wu-lidah aw pah peghor
war-kawulo wa-dah-tah sar
shah. Lewah fakat da-
parah da dzawab war kawulo
wa-dah-tah daredalaey, wu-
yey-wey, " Ai na-mardah !
da tah nah yey chih wa-ma-
tah kandzal ^awey, balkih
daghah dza'e daey chih tah
pri walay J^J*^*
9. KabWi aw Mor yey.
Yowey kabla'i yowah
rwadz wa-mor-tah wn-wey,
" Ai adey, tar spaey ^o tah
lo-ea'h yey, aw tar ga^randa'i
aw tar ujzd sahey jej, aw
da-parah da satalo da ^pul
dzau ^h'kar hum larey ; nur
^ah sabab daey chih lah
^h'kario spio hombrah we-
rejzey ? " Mor yey masedal-
Moral. — ^The cock was a
sensible cock, but there are
many silly people who
despise what is precious only
because they cannot under-
stand it.
8. The Kid and Wolf.
A kid being mounted on
the roof of a lofty house,
saw a wolf passing below,
and began to revile him.
The wolf, having merely
stopped to reply, said,
" Coward ! it is not you who
revile me, but the place on
which you are standing."
9. The Fawn and her
Mother.
A fawn said to her mother
one day, " Mother, you are
bigger than a dog, and
swifter and better winded,
and you have horns to de-
fend yourself; how is it, then,
that you are so afraid of the
hounds ? " Her mother,
smiling, said, " All this, my
child, I know full well ; but
90
PUSHTO MANUAL.
ey wu-yey-wey, " Ai farzand-
ah, pah da folah, zah ^hseh
pohejzam ; magar har-kalah
chih ^apa da spi arwam,
p^hey mi, las-pah-lasa, pah
har-kadr tgo tuwanejzi jzir
mi bia-yi."
Fa-idah. — Pah hits dalil
bah bey z'rah pah ghairat
ra-nah-wali.
no sooner do I hear a dog's
bark, than forthwith my
heels take me off as fast as
they can carry me."
Moral. — There is no argu-
ing a coward into courage.
10. Lumbar aw M'zaraey. 10. The Fox and Lion.
Tow lumbar chih luts-
kalah yey m'zaraey lidalaey
nah wuh, chih awwal war
lah ittifakah lah-dah-sarah
pe^h shah, hombra'h wera'h
pri wu-raghla*h chih najzdey
wuh lah werey mar shi.
Dweam dzalah chih war-
sarah mulakl shah, la dzini
pah wera'h wuh, magar pah
yowah shan yey ^pula'h
wera'h puta'h k'ya'h. Dre-
yam war chih yey wu-li-dah
hasey bey-bakah shah, chih,
pah w'randi yey wu-raghlaey ,
bara'h ga^ra'h yey war-sarah
wu-k'ra'h.
•
Fa-idah. — Lah 4©rey nas-
tey walarey spuk-walaey
paida kejzi.
11. Zor iSh'kari Spaey.
Tow i^h'kari spaey, chih
pah lipul 'umr k'^hey pah
^pul kar ^er mafanaey
A fox who had never seen
a lion, when by chance he
met him for the first time, was
so terrified that he almost
died of fright. When he
met him the second time he
was still afraid, but managed
to disguise his fear. When
he saw him the third time
he was so much emboldened,
that, having gone up to him,
he asked him how he did.
Moral. — Too much fami-
Harity breeds contempt.
11. The old Hound.
A hound who had been an
excellent one in his time, and
had done good service to his
EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES.
91
wuh, aw pah maidan da
6h'kar yey da - parali da
t§a^htan khpul ihsdh Idbid-
mat pah ^a*e ra-wuraey
wuh, a^ir lah derah 'umrah
aw lah wafiro mihnato zor
shawaey lah karah wu-wot.
Yowah rwadz, pah wakt da
^h'kar da so^aro, yow sodar
yey tar ghwajz wu-niwah,
magar ghai^hunah yey pah
jzamo k'l^hey da haghah lah
ao-urio wu-U^atal, aw pri
lazim sh'wah chih niwah
l^piQ prejzdi, nur sodar tri
tiala? shawaey lap. S'h'kari
pah daey pri ra-g^alaey, der
yey malamat kay. Lekin
haghah za'if spi dzawab war
kar, " Kladim nokar ^pul
mu'af k'rah ! Kuwat d^ama
wuh nah irada'h mi chih
kotahi yey wu-k'fah. Nur
pah 'iwaz k'^hey da peghor
ra-kawul wa-ma-tah da-
parah da haghah chih aos
yam, dar yad k'rah haghah
chih pa-^wa wiim."
12. As aw Sa-is.
Tow sa-is wuh chih dana'h
da as bah yey gh\& kayey
pro-la'h, sarah lah dey chih
tola'h rwadz bah lah sa^arah
tarn'ma-^hamah pah ghasho
aw timar da dah mashghul
master in the field, at length
became worn out with the
weight of years and trouble.
One day, when hunting the
wild boar, he seized one by
the ear, but his teeth gave
way from the gums, and he
was forced to let go his
hold, so the boar escaped.
Upon this the huntsman,
coming up, severely rated
him. But the feeble dog
replied, "Spare your old
servant ! It was the power,
not the will, that failed me.
Remember rather what I
was, than abuse me for what
I now am."
12. The Horse and the
Groom.
A. groom there was who
used to steal and sell a
horse's com, yet was very
busy in grooming and whisp-
ing him all the day long.
The horse said to him, " If
92
PITSHTO MAIOJAL.
wuh. As war-tah wu wey,
" Kih pah ri^hti-a ^warey
chih zah ^bseh ^h'karah sham,
wa-ma-tah lah ^asho aw com.
timarah lajz ra-krah, aw
ziat lah daney."
13. Dwey Dzola'i.
Har saraey dwey dzola'i
yowa'h par sha bsBla'h pah
ghejz k'ihey aldbli, aw dwa-
^'h dakey lah 'aibunah di.
Magar haghah chih pah
ghejz k'^hey da'h, daka'h lah
'aibuno da humsayagano
da'h, aw haghah chih tar
sha da'h, daka'h lah 'aibuno
Upula'h da'h. Nur hum
daghah sabab daey chih
khalk lah khpulah 'aibuno
kama'h aw yanda'h di,
magar da humsayagano jey
hits kalah lah nazarah da-
bandi na-dzi.
you really wish me to look
well, give me less of your
currying, and more of your
13. The Two Wallets.
Brery man carries two
wallets, one before and one
behind, and both are full of
faults. But the one before
is full of his neighbour's
faults, and the one behind
of his own faults. Thus it
happens that men are deaf
and blind to their own
faults, but never lose sight
of their neighbour's.
14. Spaey aw 'Aks.
Yowah spi tukra'h
ghwa^ha'h lah dukano da
ka^f ab ghla k'ra'h, aw wa-
taraf-tah da kor t'lalaey,pah
yowah sind pori wot chih
'aks ^pul yey k'^hatah pah
aobo k'iShey wu - lidah.
Eliiyal yey wu-kar chih bsel
spaey daey, tukra'h da
14. The Dog and the
Shadow.
A dog stole a piece of meat
out of a butcher's shop, and
on his way home was cross-
ing a river, when he saw his
own shadow reflected in the
stream below. He thought
that it was another dog
taking a piece of meat in
his mouth, so he resolved
BZBBCI8BS AND DIALOGITBS.
93
ghwaiho pah l^ulah mwal-
ey, nur jej lah ^zanah
sarah mukarrar k'irah chih
t§a^htan da highib bah hum
sham ; magar pah U^ulo
achawolo wa baghah ghani-
mat sbmeralaej tab, baghah
ghwa^ha'b chih dar-lodalej
jej Jab ^uley pre-wata*h,
aw pah da shan yej tola'h
za-i* k'ya'h.
Fa-Idah. — Las achawid
wa-'aks-tah aw za-i' kawul
da a^al da dab aksar bakfa-
ra'h da bag^o kasano chih
jow U^a9 tabai^uk pah ^at-
rah k'^bej achawi da-paraJh
da k^iaH neka'i mundal.
within himself that he would
become the master of that
also ; but in snapping at the
supposed treasure, the bit be
was carrying dropped from
his mouth, and in this way
he lost all.
Moral. — Grasp at the
shadow and lose the sub-
stance — this is the common
fate of those who hazard a
real blessing for some
visionary good.
15. Lewah aw W'm'i.
Haghab wa^t chih yowab
lewah pah sar da yowey
chiney aoba'b ^'ihaJey yow-
a'h w*ra'i awarah sbawaey
jej wu-lida*b chih pah tsako
Hri pah pa*e da chiney jej
pah aoba'h k'^hey parnankey
wahaley. Nur lah dzanah
sarah yej niwal da dey muk-
arrar Ear, aw pah filar shah
chih tsah bahana'h da-parah
da dey zulm jo]rah k*ram.
Nur, pah w'ra'i war-z*ghas-
talaey wu-yey-wey, "Ai
sharira'i! da l^ah bey-^aya-
15. The Wolf and the
Lamb.
As a wolf was lapping
at the head of a running
brook, be spied a stray lamb
paddling at some distance
down the stream.
He made up his mind to
seize her, and bethought
himself how he might jus-
tify his violence.
" YUlain I " said he, run-
ning up to her, " how dare
you muddle the water that I
94
PTTSHTO MANUAL.
galwi da'h chih haghah
aoba'h chih zah yey ts'^ham
tah yey ^serawe " ? W*ra'i,
pah *ajizi sarah, war- tah wu-
wey, " Ei^hti'a wayam nah-
winam chih pah tsah shan zah
aoba'h khserawuley sham
waley chih dz'ma lah taraf-
ah sta pah khwa aoba'h
nah bahejzi balkih sta lah
loria dz'ma pah palo ra-dzi."
Lewah dzawab war-kar, "Da
Mh wi kihnah wi, magkryow
kal shawaey daey chih ta
ma larah der i^h'kandzal
karaey wuh." W'ra'i rejz-
dediiney war tah yey wu-
wey, " Ai sardarah ! yow
kal pa-^wa tar daey zah la
nah-wum zu karey." Lewah
wu-wey, "Sliseh daey, kih
tah nah wey, sta plar kho
wuh, aw da yow tsiz daey,
lekin bey-fa-idah daey daHl
ra-w'ral sta chih zah di shii-
ma'h nah k'ram; " niir bey
lah way alo da bseley Mh.abarey
pah highey 'ajizey la-charey
w'ra'i war wu-^urzedah
sarah yey tsirey k'ra'h.
Fa-idah. — Zalim hits kal-
ah muhtaj da bahaney nah
daey ; aw haghah kasan lajz
iimid lari da-parah da rad-
awalo da zulm da zalimano
chih fa^at wasla'h da bey-
gunaha'i aw da 'akl Ian.
am drinking ? " " Indeed,"
said the lamb, humbly, " I
do not see how I can disturb
the water, since it runs from
you to me, not from me to
you."
"Be that as it may," re-
plied the wolf, " it was but
a year ago that you called
me many ill names."
" Oh, Sir ! " said the lamb,
trembling, " a year ago I
was not bom."
" Well," replied the wolf,
"if it was not you, it was
your father, and that is all
the same ; but it is of no use
trying to argue me out of
my supper ; " — and without
another word he fell upon
the poor helpless lamb and
tore her to pieces.
Moral. — ^A tyrant never
wants a plea ; and they have
little chance of resisting the
injustice of the powerful
whose only weapons are
innocence and reason.
BXEBCISES AND DIALOGUES.
95
16. Tajz aw Lumbar.
Yowah yajz lafey shafey
pah bab k'^hey da der
mubabbat lab insan sarab
bab wabaley, wayal bab jej
cbib bar-kalab daey mar wi
zab bits-kalab daey nab
tsandam aw nab yey tsiram.
Lumbar masedalaey, war
tab yey wu-wey, "Kib ta
daey jzwandaey bits-kalab
nab kbwayalaey ma bab sta
^abara*b bibtara'b sbmeral-
a'b."
Fa-idab. — Bibtar daey sa-
tanab da sari lab margab tar
da cbib pas lab margah yey*
'ilaj kawi.
17. Macban aw Mangaey.
Yow mangaey da 'asalo
pab dukan k'l^bey da bakal
naskor ka^raey sbawaey, ma-
cban da- parab da tsatalo, yey
tola'i tola*i pri jama' sbwal,
aw bum yey barkat lab ba-
gbab dza'eab tso yow t§ats-
kaey la baki wub, kabal
nab kar. A^ir p^bey yey
basey pab k'iSbey wu-n'sbat-
ey, cbib tuwan da alwatalo
war pato nab sbab, aw pab
16. Tbe Bear and tbe Fox.
A bear used to boast of
bis excessive love for man,
saying that be never worried
or mauled bim wben dead.
Tbe fox, smiling, observed,
"I sbould bave tbougbt
more of your profession if
you never ate bim alive.*'
Moral. — ^It is better to
save a man from deatb than
wben dead to salve bim.
17. Tbe Flies and tbe
Honey-pot.
A pot of boney in tbe
sbop of a grocer baving
been upset, tbe flies, for tbe
purpose of licking it up,
gathered round it in swarms,
nor would they move from
tbe spot while one drop re-
mained.
At length their feet be-
came so clogged that they
could not fly away, and,
stifled in the luscious sweets.
* This is tbe form of pronoun referred to in Q-rammar,
page 21, as pointing out the object or possessive case.
96
PUSHTO MANUAL.
haghah slurini k'^hej ^afah
sbawi, pah V war awaz jej wu-
wa-yal, " Tsah bad-ba^tah
makbluk ju, cbih da-parab
da yowab sa'at kbwa^ba'i,
mu abadi 'umir ba'elab ! '*
18. Spaey, aw Cbirg, aw
Lumbar.
Towab spi aw yowab cbirg
'abd da dosta'i wu-tarah
•
sarab malgari sbawi pab
^afar laral. Sbpa'b yey wa
yowa'b dzangal tab wu-rasa-
walab ; nur cbirg portab wa-
yowey waney tab alwataey,
pab ^bakhuno k'^bey yey
dza*e wu-niwab, aw spaey
k'l^batab tar bi^ey waney
landi nim-kbwabi pre-wot.
Cbib sbpa*b tera'b sb'wa'b,
aw rwadz ra-wa-^at'ala'b aw
sapedey-dagb sb'wey, cbirg
muwafik da dastur MipiQ
pab terab awaz sarab bang
sburu' kar. Yowab lumbar
da awaz arwedalaey, kbiyal
yey wn-tarab cbib daey bab
nibaraey Uipul k'ram, nur
ra-gbi landi tar bighey
waney wudredab, aw basey
yey cbirg tab wu-wey, " Tab
der ^bseb cbirgiiyaey yey, aw
kbalko larab bum der f a-idab
mand yey. K'^batab ra-
sbab cbib mujz da sabar
n'mundz sarab wu k'ru aw
pab ^waiSbi sar sbu."
they exclaimed with a loud
voice,
" Wbat miserable creatures
are we, wbo for tbe sake of
an bour's pleasure have
tbrown away our lives ! "
18. Tbe Dog, tbe Cock,
and tbe Fox.
A dog and a cock baving
struck ap an acquaintance
went out on tbeir travels
together. Nigbt found
tbem in a forest; so tbe
cock, flying up on a tree,
percbed among tbe branches,
and tbe dog dozed below at
tbe foot.
As tbe night passed away
and tbe day dawned, tbe
cock, according to his cus-
tom, set up a shrill crowing.
A fox hearing him, (and)
thinking to make a meal
of him, came and stood
imder the tree, and thus ad-
dressed him: "Thou art a
good little cock, and most
useful to thy fellow crea-
tures. Come down, then,
that we may sing our matins
and rejoice together."
BZBB0I8BS AND DIALOGUES.
97
Cliirg dzawab war kar, " War
shah, ai dz'ma ^hseh dostah,
wa-tal-tah da wanej, aw mu-
assin ra-wu-bolah chih a^an
wu-wa-yi.' Magar pah wa^t
da t'laLo da lumbar pah
nijzd da highey waney chih
haghah ra-wu-boli, spaey,
pah yowah gbota'h par ghnr-
zedaJaey, lumbal^ yey niwal-
aey, may yey kar.
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih dam da bsel pah lar
k'^he-jz'dl akgir band! pah
^pulah dana'h shi.
19. Zai^a'h ^hadza'h aw
U^iim da Sharabo.
Yowey zayey iShadzey yow
khali l^um da sharabo pah
z'maka'h prot wii-lidah.
Kih tsah hum yow tgatskaey
lah hugho la'lo mu^abo chih
pa-^wa tri 4ak shawaey wuh
pahk'iShey pato shawaey nah
wuh, magar marghub bu-e
yey la wa-rah-guzro-tah
war-kawuh. Bu^a'i, paza'h
I^pula'h har-V:adr chih tu-
wanedala'h war najzdey
k'ya'h, aw pah tol nafas yey
Burnawuh, pah narey sarat
yey wu-wey, "Ai shirinah
tsizah! yow wakt kbo bah
tsah mazah-dar wuh har- tsah
chih pah ta k'^hey wuh, har-
kalah chih kbafbel yey hum
hasey ^^r dil-kusha daiey ! "
The cock replied, " Go,
my good friend, to the foot
of the tree, and call the mu-
azsin to sound the call."
But as the fox went to the
tree to call him, the dog,
with one spring, leaped out,
seized the fox, and made an
end of him.
Moral. — They who lay
traps for others are often
caught by their own bait.
19. The old Woman and
the Wine- jar.
An old woman saw an
empty wine- jar lying on the
ground.
Though not a drop of the
liquid ruby with which it
had previously been filled
remained, nevertheless a
grateful fragrance it still
yielded to the passer by.
The old woman, ap-
plying her nose as close a«
she could to it, and sniffing
with all her might, ex-
claimed, " Sweet creature !
how charming indeed must
your contents once have
been, when even the very
dregs are bo delicious ! "
98
PTJSHTO MANUAL.
20. i^achara'h.
Yowa'h Uachara'h chili
lah sababah da zi'at-wali da
rozinah daney tsorba'li aw
masta'h shawey wa*h yowa'h
wrad^ daltah haltah l^ar-
chiley wahaley, a^ir laka'i
ttpiiley portah karey, pah
narey sarah jej wu-wey,
" Mor dz'ma shartey aspa'h
wa*h, aw pah har taur lakah
chih da ^hse'h wa'h zah hum
hasey ^hse'h yam.'* Magar
chih lah ^ar-tizo wahalo
aw z'ghaBtalo jzir stayey
sh'wa'h, na-tsapah wa-dey-
tah pah yad sh'wa'h chih
plar mi fakat Idbar wuh.
Fa-idah. — Har-yow haki-
kat dwah tarafah lari;
nur pa-khwa tar mulditaraw-
alo da kom yowah lah du-i
nah, i^hseh daey nazar kawul
wa-dwaro-tah.
20. The Mule.
A mule that had grown
fat and wanton on too great
an allowance of com, one
day, jumping and kicking
about, at length, cocking up
her tail, exclaimed, "My
dam was a racer, and I am
quite as good as ever she
was."
But being soon knocked
up by her galloping and
frisking, she remembered
all at once that her sire was
but an ass.
Moral. — Every truth has
two sides ; hence it is well
to look at both before we
commit ourselves to either.
21. Halak Shpun aw Le-
wah.
Yowah halak shpun, chih
rama'h ^pula'h jej najzd-
ey wa yowah kali tah po-
wula'h ozini wakto jej pah
taur da baza'i nara'h kawal-
a'h, " Lewah ra-ghi ! Lewah
ra-ghi 1 " Dwah drey warah
yey da cham pah kar wu-
21. The Shepherd, boy
and the Wolf.
A shepherd-boy, who
tended his flock not far from
a village, used to amuse
himself at times in crying
out, " Wolf ! Wolf ! "
Twice or thrice his trick
succeeded.
EXBBOISBS AND BIALOGXTES.
99
raghi. Tamam kalaey bah
pah hapa'h da dej z'ghastal-
aej wu«raghlal ; magar tol
'iwaz chih du-i pah badalah
k'^h^ da mil^iiat Uhpul
mund rish-^and wuh.
A^iru-1-Amar, yowa'h wradz
lewah pah riihti-a pah ghelo
ga4 shah. Halak lah z'rah
narey wu-k*yey ; magar hmn-
sayaJigan yey , hasey pohedali
chlh tash^'h kadima'h bazi
khpuWh kawi, pah naro da
dan yey hits ghwajz wa-na-
YOst, aw lewah rama'h dzab-
lah teirey k'yala'h. Nur hal-
ak z'dah k*rah, magar chih
kar lah lasah wu-wot, chih
pah darogh-jzano i'tibar nah
kejzi kih tsah hiim riiShti-a
wa-yi.
22. Karghah aw Man-
gaey.
Yow karghah chih lah
tandey najzdey wa marg tah
wuh, pall 46ra'h khwaiha'!
wa yowah mangi tah chih lah
liri yey pah nazar k'^he-wat
wal-wat. Magar chih najzd-
ey wu-raghiy wu-yey-lidah
chih aoba'h hombra'h k'^hat-
a'h dey, chih kih har-^o war
wu-dza]*edah aw war wu-
ghazedah.war wa-nah-rasld-
ah. Niir yey wu-gho6ht
chih mangaey mat k'f i ; bi-a
yey wTi»gho6ht chih naskor
The whole village came
running out to his assist-
ance; but all the return
they got was to be laughed
at for their pains.
At last, one day, the wolf
got into the flock indeed.
The boy cried in earnest ;
but his neighbours, sup-
posing him to be at his old
sport, paid no heed to his
cries, and the wolf devoured
the sheep.
So the boy learned, when
it was too late, that liars are
not to be believed even when
they tell the truth.
22. The Crow and the
Pitcher.
A crow that was ready to
die with thirst, flew with joy
to a pitcher which he saw at
a distance.
But when he came up to
it, he foimd the water (is)
so low, that with all his
stooping and straining, he
was unable to reach it.
Thereupon he wanted to
break the pitcher; then
again he wanted to upset it ;
. 7 •
. t^
,v
100
PirSHTO
yey k'ri ; magar kuwat jej
da-parah da jowah lah da^^o
dwuo karo bas nah wuh.
Attir, dzini gatey najzd-
ey lidalali, yowa'n yowa'h,
yey al^istey derey yey pah
mangi k'^hey wacliawuley,
aw lali kawTilo da dey karah
aoba'li yey tah ^uley pori
da mangi portah ra wu-rasa-
wuley, aw tanda'li k'^pul-
a*li yey pah mata'h Fya'h.
Fa-idah. — Hunr aw ta'm-
mul pah kar radzi haltah
chih zor kotah wi, lakah chih
matal di — " Ihtiyaj mor da
ijad di."
but his strength was not
sufficient to do either.
At last, seeing some small
pebbles near at hand, he
dropped a great number
of them one by one into
the pitcher, and, by doing
this, raised the water to
the brim of the pitcher,
and by that means quenched
his thirst.
Moral. — Skill and patience
will succeed where force
fails, as the proverb runs —
" Necessity is the mother of
Invention."
23. Eund aw Kimgaraey.
Yowah randah sari 'adat
dar-lah, chih har-kalah bah
kom dzandar pah las war
kar shah, ^howu bah jej
chih kom jins daey. Yow
wakt yow kungaraey da le-
wah yey war-larah war wor.
Dah las sar tar payah pri
wu-ts'kawuh, aw chih pah
shakk k'^hey wuh, wu-yey-
wey, " Zah nah pohejzam
chih plar sta spaey kih lewah
wuh, magar hombrah po-
hejzam, chih zah ta pah
rama'h k'^hey da gsedo nah
sham pre-^howulaey."
23. The Blind Man and
the Whelp.
A blind man was wont, on
any animal being put into
his hands, to say what it
was.
Once they brought to him
a wolf's whelp.
He felt it all over from
head to foot, and, as he was
in doubt, said, " I know not
whether thy father was a dog
or a wolf, but this much I
know, that I would not trust
thee among a flock of
sheep."
BXEBOISES AND DIALOGXTES.
101
Ea-idah. — ^Bad ^oeunah Moral. — Evil dispositions
pah halak-walaej ^h'karah are early shown,
shi.
24. Sharmai^han aw Gto4-
ej.
Yew wakt lah wakto,
sharmaiShano paigham pah
las da astad^ wa gse4o tah
war-stawuh, pah dey ^wah-
ish chih pah gando k*iShey
di 9ul-ha'h pah mi-yan^
dz'mujz aw stasu wi. Wu-
yey-wayal, "Tsalarah mud-
am da hala-hal jang sarah
wu-k'yu? Da sharir spi
sabab da tolo fasado di;
du-i tal-tar-talah pah mujz
ajzi-yi, aw tongra-yi. Du-i
rukhgat k*raa'i, aw pas lah
haghah pah abadi dosti aw
ful-ha'h dz'miijz aw stasii
V^hey bah hits harkat baki
pato nah shi.'' Ahimako
gse^o da l^abarey wu-n'gh-
wajzaley, spi ru^^at shVal,
aw rama'h, lah bihtarino
satandoio beyal shawey, pah
asana'i sarah ghanimat da
^a-ino du^hmanano khpulo
sh'wal.
25. M'zara'i.
Pah mi-yandz da folo hai-
wano ier ba^s shawaey wuh,
chih kom-yow tar niiro bah
pah 46r-walaey da aulad
24. The Wolves and the
Sheep.
Once upon a time, the
wolves sent an embassy to
the sheep, desiring that
there might be peace among
them for the time to come.
"Why," said they,
" should we be for ever
waging this deadly strife?
Those wicked dogs are the
cause of aU; they are inces-
santly barking at us, and
provoking us. Send them
away, and there will be no
longer any obstacle to our
eternal friendship and
peace."
The silly sheep listened,
the dogs were dismissed,
and the flock, thus deprived
of their best protectors, be-
came an easy prey to their
treacherous enemy.
25. The Lioness.
There had been a great
stir among all the beasts,
which could boast of the
largest family.
102
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
lafey wu-wahi. Nur du-i
pah w'randi da m'zara'i wu-
raghlal, aw pu^htana'h jej
tri wu-k'ya'h, " Tah ^o pah
yowah war lang-tun tso ra-
w'rej." Dej pah triw tand-
aey war tah wu-wey, "Tow,
magar haghah jow m'zaraey
daey.**
Fa-idah. — ^^La^^iiyat tar
mikdar teraey kawi.
So they came before the
lioness, and inquired of her,
"(And) how many do you
have at a birth ? "
She said, grimly, "One;
but that one is a lion."
Moral. — Quality comes
before quantity.
26. Lewah aw Gkeda'h.
Yow lewah chih spi ^war-
alaey wuh, aw pah der bad
hal wu-garzedah, lakahchih
tuwan da harkat kawulo yey
nah darlah, yowa*h gseda'h
chih haltah teredala'h war
"vni-yey-gho^htala'h, aw ilti-
mas yey tri wu-kar chih tsah
aoba'h lah chiney chih hal-
tah najzdey wa*h war larah
ra-w'ri, aw wayal jej, " Kih
tah dz'ma da-parah ts'^hak
ra-w'rey, khwarak bah zah
pa-khpidah paida k*ram."
G«dey wu-wey, "Ho, zah
pah dey bab k'^hey shakk
nah-laram ; tsalarah chih,
kih zah hombrah najzdey
da-parah da dar-kawulo da
aobo dar sham, tah bah jzir
ma kima*h k*ri."
26. The
Sheep.
Wolf and the
A wolf that had been
bitten by a dog, and was in
a very sad case, in such wise
that he was unable to move,
called to a sheep that was
passing by, and begged her
to fetch him some water
from the neighbouring
stream, and said he, " If you
will bring me drink, I will
find meat myself."
The sheep replied, " I
make no doubt of it ; for,
if I come near enough to
give you the drink, you will
soon make mince-meat of
me.
if
BXBBOISBS AND DIALOGUBS.
103
27. J^Tzaraey aw nur 27. The Lion and other
darindagan iSh'kar kawunkl. Beasts hunting.
M'zari aw nuro darinda-
gano da-parah da t'lalo pah
^h'kar sarah 'ahd wu-kair.
Har-kalah chih yow tsorb
ga-waz yey wu-niwah m'zari
khpul dzan pah taur da
amin w'randi ka^ aw haghah
^h'kar yey drey ba^rey kayi,
basey *aml yey wu-kay:
wu - yey - wey, " Awwala'h
ba^rey bah pah sabab da
man^ab da badshaha'i waU)-
1am dzakah chih badshah
yam ; dweama'h ba^ra'h
bah ^i^^a'h khpula'h wakh-
1am tsalarah-chih pa-^pul-
ah pah ^h'kar k'^ney mal-
gar wum; aw pah bab k'^hey
da dreyamey ba^rey — ^har-
tsok chih hasey jur'at land
wa-di-Hili."
The lion and other beasts
formed an alliance to go out
a-himting.
When they had taken a
fat stag, the lion proposed
himself as commissioner, and
having divided the game into
three portions, thus pro-
ceeded : said he, " The first
portion I shall take of&cially
as king, for king I am ; the
second I shall take for my
own perBonal share in thi
chase ; and as for the third
part, let him take it who
dares."
28. Spaey aw £§a^htan
yey.
Yow sayaey pah saf ar taJh,
haghah wakt, spaeY U^pul
paJi warah walar Kdalaey,
pah narey yey war-tah wu-
wey, " Tsalarah wit ^iilaey
walar gorey ? Da-parah da
t'lalo mh ma sarah taiyari
wu-k'yah." Spi, laka'i 6hor-
awaley, wu-yey-wey, " Ai
28. The Bog and his
Master.
A certain man was setting
out on a journey, when, see-
ing his dog standing at the
door, he cried out to him,
"What are you gaping
about ? G^et ready to come
with me.**
The dog, wagging his tail,
said, "I am all right,
104
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
$ahibah zah musta'idd yam;
ta larah taiyari karey bo-
yah."
P^Jbi Pu^hto hum matal
di. " Wa laram tah yey
wu-wey, *Kuch daey.' Wey
yey, *Bz*ma yowa'li lakai
da'h/ "
master ; it is you who have
to pack up."
There is a Proverb in
Pu^hto likewise. " They
said to the scorpion, **Tis
time to march.' He replied,
' I have only my tail.' "
29. Bad-tto-e Spaey.
Tow spaey hasey wahshi
aw bad-kho-e wuh, chih
tga^htan larah jej lazim
wuh chih yow drund koland
yey pah ^^ara'h pori wu-tari,
chih lah khwaralo aw dah-
ralo da ham-sayahgano
^pulo man'a'h shi. Spaey,
lah dey nughi ma^riir sha-
waey, pah bazar k'^hey yey
dzan zahir kar, kolan^
khpul ^horawulaey chih nuro
war- tah wu-gori. Magar yo-
wah ho^hyar dost yey karar-
karar pah pas-pasey war-tah
wu-wey, " Har kadr kam
shuhrat chih pah dey bab
k'^hey kawey bihtar daey;
da niihana'h da im-tiyaz sta
jaza da nek 'ami nah da'h,
magar nughi da bad-nama'i
da'h ! "
Fa-idah. — Sari der wakt-
unah shuhrat pah ghalat
namus shmeri, aw pah 'iwaz
k'^hey da dey chih shuhrat
29. The Mischievous Dog.
There was a dog so wild
and mischievous, that his
master was obliged to fasten
a heavy clog about his neck,
to prevent him biting and
worrying his neighbours.
The dog, priding himself
on this badge, paraded him-
self iu the market-place,
shaking his clog to attract
the attention of others.
But a sly friend of his
whispered to him, and said,
" The less noise you make
in this matter the better;
your mark of distinction is
no reward of merit, but a
badge of disgrace."
Moral. — Men often mis-
take notoriety for fame, and
would rather be remarked
for their vices or their follies
BXBBOISBS AND DIALOaXTBS.
105
nah mumi num watal pah
'aib aw ^ima^at ^pxd
U^waiihawi.
Pah Pu^hto wa-yi,— **Tow
sa^aey wuh, num yey nah
wot. Pah masjid k'^hey
yey gandagi wu-k'yala'h,
num yey wu-wot."
than not be noticed at
aU.
They say in Pu^hto—
"There was a man; (but)
he was not noted. He com-
mitted a nuisance in the mas-
jid, and his name got up."
30. Sa^aey spi dah^alaey.
Yow sayaey chih spi dah-
l^alaey wuh, daltah haltah
gSBrzedah, pu^htana'h yey
kawula'h chih 'ilaj dz'ma
tgok kawulaey shi. Yow
sai^y chih war-sarah pe^h
shah war tah yey wu-wey,
"Ai ^a^ibah, kih ghwayey
joy shey, yowa'h tukra'h
4o4a'i pah wino da haghah
za^m ^Lushta'h k']*ah, aw
wa-haghah sp! tah chih tah
yey dahyalaey yey wacha-
wah." Haghah sap, mase-
dalaey, wu-yey-wey, "K"ih
zah paJi muafiV ^^ ma^lahat
sta 'ami wu-k*]*am, lah folo
spio da ^hahr bah dah]*alaey
sham."
Pa-idah. — Haghah t§ok
chih dzan taiyar da-parah
da perodalo da du^hmanano
^pulo zahirawi mul^^taj bah
da 46r-wali da du-i nah shi.
30. The Man bitten by a
Bog.
A man who had been
bitten by a dog was going
about asking if any one
could cure him.
One that met him said,
" Sir, if you would be cured,
take a bit of bread and dip
it in the blood of the wound,
and give it to the dog that
bit you."
The man, smiling, said,
"K I were to follow your
advice, I should be bitten
by all the dogs in the city."
Moral. — ^He who pro-
claims himself ready to buy
up his enemies will never
want a supply of them."
106
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
31. Spaey pali A^or
Towah spi bechawma'h
IdbpuWli pah yowah aU^or
k'iShey jora*h k'ra'h, aw
hag^ah dza'e tgiamlastalaej,
pah ^apal aw Xam. wahal
jej asan lah tsarah mana'
kawul. Yowah lah hugho
wu-wey, " Wu-gora'i, tsah
bad ^o-e spaey daey, chih
pah-Upulah dana'h nah-shi
ttwayaley, aw nah bsel
chih khwarali yey shi war
prejz-di chih wu-yey khuri«"
32. Ghuinasha'hawGhwa-
yaey.
Towa'h ghuinasha'h chih
chaperah pah sar da yowah
ghwayah burnedala'h, a^ir
pah yowah ^h'kar yey k'lShe-
nastaley, lah dah yey da
ta^di' war-kawulo mu'afi
wu-ghoshta'h, aw wu-yey-
wey, " Kih drimd-wali dzma
wa-ta-tah tsah taklif dar-
kawl mihrbani karaey ra-tah
wu-wayah aw zah bah pah
yowah dam k*6hey lafa'h
sham.'* Ghwayah war-tah
wu-wey, " Pah dey bab
ttpTil matzah mah khurah,
tsalarah chih wa-ma-tah yow
tgiz daey kih pato shey kih
lara'h shey ; aw, kih ri^hti-a
wu-wayam, zahnahwu-pohe-
dam chih tah haltah wey."
31. The Dog in the Man-
ger.
A dog had made his bed
in a manger, and there
lying, by snarling and
growling, kept the horses
from their provender.
One of them said, "See
what a miserable cur it is !
who neither can eat com
himself, nor will allow those
to eat it who can."
32. The Gnat and the
Bull.
A gnat that had been buz-
zing about the head of a
bull, at length settling her-
self down upon one of his
horns, begged his pardon
for incommoding him, and
said, " If my weight at all
inconveniences you, pray say
so, and I will be off in a
moment."
"Oh, never trouble your
brains about that," says the
bull; "for it is all one to
me whether you go or stay ;
and, to say the truth, I did
not know you were there."
BXBBOISES AND I>IALO0irES.
107
Fa-idali. — ^Har kadr chih
'ilm kam daey ^ud-bini
ziata'h da'h, masalan da
Pei^hawar ^ud-pasand 'ali-
man.
Moral. — The smaller the
mind the greater the con-
ceit, as, for example, the
self-satisfied wise men of
Peshawar.
33. M'zaraey aw drey
Nadiman yey.
M'zari gseda'h war-wa-
gh o^htala'h aw wa-dey-tah
wu-farmayil, " Wu-wayah
Irih dz'ma ^iila'h bad bu-e
lari kih yah/' Dey dzawab
war-kar, " Ho." M'zari pah
^a^ho sar da dey dzini pre-
kar tsa]arah chih ahmaka'h
yey wu-garnala'h. Nur le-
wah yey wu-gho^ht, aw lah
dahyey pu^htana'h wu-k'ra'h.
Haghah wu-wey, "Yah."
Daeyyey tukartiikaykar tsal-
arah chih U^ushamad-gar
yey wu-shmerah. A^iryey
lumbar war-wu-ghoiSht, aw
lah dah yey suwal wu-kay.
Haghah wn-wey, " Pah
ri^hti-a zah zukam shawaey
yam, paza'h mi banda'h
da'h."
Fa-idah. — 'Akilkasan pah
]diatar-nako zamano k'^hey
hits nah wa-yi.
33. The Lion and his
three Councillors.
The lion called the sheep,
and asked her, " Say whether
my breath smells bad or
not."
She said, " Ay."
The lion bit off her head
for a fool.
Then he called the wolf,
and asked him.
He said, "No."
He tore him to pieces for
a flatterer.
At last he called the fox,
and asked him the question.
He replied, " Truly I have
got a cold, and cannot
smell."
Moral. — Wise men say
nothing in dangerous times.
34. Dwah Degah.
Dwah degah, yow Idbaw-
rin, bsel da koto, lah sail-
34. The two Pots.
Two pots, one of earthen-
ware, the other of brass,
108
PUSHTO MANUAL.
abah da yowah sind nezah-
wap sh'wal. Dahkotodegwa
khawrin tah iltinias karaey
wu-yey-wey, " Kih dz'ma
pah tsang aosey ^abar-dari
bah di wu-k'ram." Khawrin
wn-wey, "Da waina sta
dera'h mihrbam da'h, magar
lah dey karah ^o zah zi'ati
werejzam; kih tah yawa-
dzaey tsa^o tafawat satal-
aey larey, ^ha-yi chih zah
pah salamat pah sar da aobo
lar sham, lekin kih mujz
saxah wu-n'^halu, yakin daey
chih zah bah azar miindal-
aey sham."
Fa-idah. — Parhez wu-
k'raa'i lah dero zorawaro
hamsayahgano; tsalarah
chih, kih sarah wu-n'^hla'i,
haghah chih kam-zoraey
daey tabah bah shi.
36. Tabib aw Mariz.
Towah tabib lah tso mii-
dey pori 'ilaj da yowah
mariz ka-wuh, magar ha^ah
yey pah 'ilaj k'^hey mar
shah. Pah wakt da put-
awulo tabib pri 'azizano yey
gserzidah, wayal yey, "Kih
haghah gharib dost dz'mujz
chih haltah daey, f akat lah
shrabo parhez karaey wae
aw muwafik 'ilajunah jej
musta'malawali Imltah ban
were carried down a river in
a flood.
The brazen pot begged
the earthen one, saying, " If
you keep by my side I will
protect yon."
The earthen pot said,
" Thank you for your kind
offer, but that is just what
I am afraid of ; if you will
only keep at a distance,
perhaps I may float down in
safety ; but should we come
in contact, I am sure to be
the sufferer."
Moral. — Avoid too power-
ful neighbours ; for, should
there be a collision, the
weakest goes to the wall.
36. The Doctor and his
Patient.
A doctor had been for
some time attending upon a
sick man, who, however, died
under his hands.
At the funeral the doctor
went about among the rela-
tions, saying, "Our poor
friend there, if he had only
refrained from wine, and
used proper remedies, would
not have been lying there."
EXEBOISES AND DIALOGTJBS.
109
prot nah wuh." Towah lah
wera'h-jzalio dzawab war
kaiT, '^ Ai nekab f ahibab, aos
basey ^abara'b kawul bej-
f a-ii^Ekbda'b ; ta larab baedab
wubtasb^if kawul da basey
tgizo bagbab wakt cbin
mariz da-parab da kbwayalo
jzwandaey wob."
Ea-idab. — Hasej kejzi
cbib bibtarin naf i-bat mund
sbi pas lab bagbab cbib kar
lab-lasab wu-wat.
36. Kbar aw Kbiar-kar.
Tow ttar cbib pab lar
k'^bey tsai^btan pab maU^ab
sbaraii, na-tsapab w'^andi
wu-ta^btedab, aw lo-ea*b lar
jej pre-ya^bey, pab bar kadr
jzser-ti-a cbib towanedab
wa-tsandab-tab da yowab
g'rang wu-z'gbast. Hagbab
wakt cbib la bagbab dza'eab
pri Iwedab sbab, t§a^btan
yey mandey wabaley wa-
ragbi. aw tar laka'i yey ting
niwaley, ko^bi^b yey kawab
cbib bi-artab yey war-wu-
kajzi ; magar kli'rsBb muka-
bilab karaey pab ^ilaf da
dab yey zor wabab, nur sari
las dzini a^staey, wu-yey-
wey, " Kbiair, ai dzo-eab, kib
pab zor dzan malik kawey,
Uo, zab na-'ilajab yam.
Bo-yab cbib sar-ka^b baiwan
lar ^pula'b wu-nesi."
One of tbe mourners an-
swered bim, " My good sir, it
is of no use saying tbis now ;
you ougbt to have prescribed
tbese tbings wben your
patient was alive to take
tbem.
Moral. — ^It may so bappen
tbat tbe best awivice may
come too late.
36. Tbe Ass andbis Driver.
An ass tbat was being
driven along tbe road by bis
master, suddenly started on
abead, and leaving tbe
beaten track, made as fast
as be could for tbe edge of
a precipice.
Wben be was just on tbe
point of falling over, bis
master ran up, and seizing
bim by tbe tail, endeavoured
to puU bim back ; but tbe
ass resisting and pulling tbe
contrary way, tbe man let go
bis bold, saying, " Well,
Jack, if you will be master,
I cannot belp it. A wilful
beast must go bis own
way."
110
PUSHTO MANUAL.
37. Kaza'h Zarini Haga'i
Achawunkey.
Tow saraej hasey nek-
nasib wuli cliih yowa'h
kaza'h jej darlala'h cliih
harah wradz yey yowa'li
zarina'li haga'i achawula'h.
Magar lah hasey susta'i
amadana'i na-razab sbawaey,
kbiyal yey wu-kar, cbib tam-
ama'b U^zana'b pab yow-
ab dam pab kabza'b ra-
w*ri, nur kaza'b jey m'ya'b
k'ra'b; aw geda'b yey tsiraley
tsab taur jej mund — basey
lakab cbib nur kaz'an wi !
Fa-idab. — Der zi'tlti
•
ghwari aw tol tabab k'ri.
37. Tbe Goose with the
Golden Eggs.
A certain man bad tbe
good fortune to possess a
goose tbat laid bim a golden
egg every day.
But dissatisfied witb so
slow an income, and think-
ing to seize tbe wbole trea-
sure at once, be killed tbe
goose ; and cutting her
open, found her — ^just what
any other goose would be !
Moral. — ^Much wants more
and loses all.
38. Khar aw Tsa^btanan
Yow l^ar cbib mal da
yowab baghwan wuh, aw
^warak yey lajz mibnat
jey der wuh, iltimas jej lab
Jupitarab wu-kar club dey
lah kbidmatab da baghwan
Ubalas k'ri, aw bsel tsai^btan
war-k*ri. Jupitar, lah na-
kbwaiSba'i da dab na-razab
— " ■ •
sbawaey, daey jej wa yowab
kulal tab wu-sparah. Aos
pab nazar wa-pa-^wa-tab
bo-yah der lo-e barunab yosi.
Bi-a yey wa-Jupitar-tah
38. The Ass and his
Masters.
An ass tbat belonged to a
gardener, and had little to
eat and much to do, besought
Jupiter to release him from
tbe gardener's service, and
give bim another master.
Jupiter, angry at his dis-
content, made bim over to a
potter.
He bad now heavier bur-
dens to carry than before,
and again appealed to Ju-
piter to relieve him, and
BXBBOISBS AND DIALOGTJBS.
Ill
shikajat wu-kar cliili da dah
dast-giri wu-k'yi, aw Jupitar
hasej tajwiz wu-kar chih
dey pah kom ^myar wu-
prolah shah. !^ar aos pah
nisbat wa-w'yandini-tah wa
4er bad hal tah wu-rasedah,
aw chih da harey wradz-
ey kar da tsai^htan jej
mulahizah kawuh, pah
zgerwaey yey wu - wey,
" Af SOS ! af 80S ! tsah tor-
ba^tah yam! Dz'ma da-
parah bihtar wuh chih
^ana'at mi pah Vrunbanio
toa^htanano ka^ aey wae, tsal-
arah chih zah aos winam
chih aosanaey tsai^htan mi
tgo jzwandaey yam yawadz-
aey zi'ati mihnat bah pah
ma nah kajzi, balkih chih
mai* sham tsarman bah mi
hum pre-nah-jz'di ! '*
Fa-idah. — Haghah took
chih pah yowah dza*e k'^hey
nah kfawa^hah daey, kalali
nah kalah bah bsel dza'e
khwaih shi.
Jupiter so contriyed that he
was sold to a tanner.
The ass haying now fallen
into worse hands than eyer,
and daily obserying how his
master was employed, ex-
claimed, with a groan,
'' Alas ! alas ! what a wretch
am I! It had been better
for me to haye remained
content with my former mas-
ters, for now I see that my
present owner will not only
work me harder while living,
but will not eyen spare my
hide when I am dead ! "
Moral. — He that is dis-
contented in one place will
seldom be happy in another.
39. Ghal aw Spaey.
Yow ij^al chih da-parah da
ghla wa yowah kor tah war-
tah ij^o^nt yey chih ghapa da
spi pah achawulo da goley
wa-dah-tah man'a'h k*|i. Spi
war tah wu-wey, " Jzear lah
89. The Thief and the
Dog.
A thief who was coming
to rob a house would haye
stopped the barking of a
dog by throwing a sop to
him. The dog said to
him, " Away with you ! I
112
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
daey dza'eah liri shah! pa-
Uwa tar dej ma ^er shak-
unah pah tah dar-lal,
magar da bey-haddah mihr-
bani sta wa-ma-tah yakin
kawi chih luchah yey."
Fa-idah. — ^Bada h pah las
k'^hey zahirawi badi pah
z'rah.
had my suspidons of you
before, but this excess of
ciyility assures me that you
are a rogue."
Moral. — ^A bribe in hand
betrays mischief at heart.
40. Kama-chl giriftar
shawaey.
Yow kama-cbl pah jang
k'^hey giriftar shawaey, pah
dera'h j^aribi sarah yey
aman wu-£^o^ht. Wu-yey-
wey, "Ai neko ifa^ibano,
ma mu'af k'yaa'i, aw ma bey-
sababah wa-katl-tah mah
rasawa'i, tsalarah chih ma
pah-^pulah tsok wajzalaey
nah daey, aw pratah lah dey
karna hum hits wasla'h nan
laram." Hu^o kasano chih
dey yey giriftar kayaey wuh,
wu-yey wayal, "Da-parah
da dsHghah sabab ^o bah
jzser wa-katl-tah wa-rasejzi,
tialarah chih pah-^pulah
lah jangkawulo bey himatah,
nur ]^alk pah jang aw khun-
rezi patsawey."
Fa-idah. — Haghah saraey
chih da-parah da jang nur
patsawi ^er bad daey tar
hu^o chih pah k'iShey
sharik di.
40. The Trumpeter taken
prisoner.
A trumpeter haying been
taken prisoner in battle,
begged hard for quarter.
Said he, ''Spare me, good
sirs, I beseech you, and put
me not to death without
cause, for I have killed no
one myself, and save this
trumpet I have no other
arms."
They who had seized him
said, " For this very reason
shall you the sooner die, for
without the spirit to fight
yourself, you stir up others
to warfare and bloodshed."
Moral. — ^He who incites
to strife is worse than those
who take part in it.
BZEB0ISB8 AND DIALOOTTBS.
113
41. Musafiran aw Tabar.
Dwo sayo pah yowa'h lar
k'^hej safar kawab, haghah
wa^t yowah lah du-io yow
tabar Iwe-dalaey wa!^ist
aw wu-yey-wey, " Wu-gorah
chib ma tsah tsiz mundal-
aey daey!" Hag^ah beel
wu-wey, "Mah wayab chib
*ma,' balkib 'mujz,' mun-
dalaeydaey." Paslabiajzey
mudey, hagbo sai'o chib
tabar wuruk ka^aey wii ra-
gblal, aw par haghab saraey
cbib tabar war dza^ah wuh
tubmat da gbla yey ke-i^bod.
Haghab wa-malgari ^pul
tab wu-wey, " Af sos ! ' mu jz '
halak sh'wii ! " Haghab
bsel dzawab war-kay, " Mah
wayab chih 'mujz' halak
sh'wii ; balkib wayab * zab '
halak sb'wam, dzakah chib
haghab saraey chib nab
pre-jz'di chin dost yey
|^i99a'b-dar da ni'mat shi,
bo-yah chih ^iyal wa-nah-
k'ri chih ^i^^a'b-dar da
^atar bah yey shi."
42. Zof Safaey aw Marg.
Yowah zapah saraey cbib
yow lo-e ge^aey da largio
yey aUiistey wa'h 4era'h lar
t'lalaey wuh, basey stayaey
shah chih haghab ge4aey
41. The Travellers and
the Hatchet.
Two men were travelling
along the same road, when
one of them, picking up a
hatchet, cried out, "See
what thing I have found ! "
The other said, " Do not
say * I,' but that * we ' have
found."
After a while, up came
the men who had lost
the hhtchet, and charged the
man who had it with the
theft.
He said to his companion,
"Alas! 'we' are undone"
" Do not say * we ' are
undone," replied the other ;
but say ' I ' am undone ; for
he that will not allow his
friend to share the prize,
must not expect him to share
the danger."
42. The old Man and
Death.
An old man that had
travelled a long way with a
huge bundle of sticks, found
himself so weary that be
cast it down, and called
8
114
PUSBTO MANtTAL.
yey wu-ghurzawuh, aw
marg yey wu-^o6ht chih
wa-dah-tah lah dey derey
galiley zindagana'i khpuley
khalasi war-k'ri. Marg
barabar da balalo da dah
jzir hazir shah, aw pu^h-
tana'h yey tri wu-k'ra'h chih,
" ^ah ^warey ? " Hag^ah,
pah hairat k'^hey Iwe-da-
laey, wu-yey-wey, " Ai nekah
9ahibah, mihrbani karey
fakat pah Li-a akbistalo
k'shey da gedi wa-ma-tah
madad ra k'rah."
Fa-idah. — Gio^htal da
marg yow tpiz daey, aw ra-
t'lunkaey lidal yey bfiel teiz.
43. Da Na^htar Wana'h
aw Karkarna'h.
Yowey waney da na^htar
yowa*h wradz pah nijzdey
da karkaraey lafey shafey
wahaley war-tah wu-yey-
wey, "Tah bi-l-kuU pah hits
kar nah jey ; niagar tsah
anbar-khanev aw kom kor-
unah bey lah ma bina ke-
daUshi?" Karkarney war-
tah wu-wey, "Ai nekah
^ahibah, haghah wakt chih
tar-karnan lah- tabaro aw
aro ]^pulo sarah daltah ra-
shi, tso fidia'h bah di shan-
daley wa'h kih na^htar nah
yowah karkarn wey ? "
Fa-idah.-Maskina'h baJi-
npon Death to deliver him
from his most miserable
existence.
Death came straightway
at his call, and asked him,
" What do you want ? "
He, filled with terror, re-
plied, " Pray, good sir, do
me but the favour to help
me up with my burden
again."
Moral. — It is one thing
to call for Death, and another
to see him coming.
43. The Fir-tree and the
Bramble.
A fir-tree was one day
boasting itself to a bramble,
(and) said to it, " You are
of no use at all ; but how
could bams and houses be
built without me ?
»>
The bramble replied,
" Good sir, when the wood-
men come here with their
axes and saws, what would
you give to be a bramble
and not a fir ? "
Moral. — A humble lot in
BXBB0I8ES AND DIALOGUES.
115
ra'h pah salamat k*^hey
bihtara'h da'h lah kbataro
chih charperah par lo-eauo
aw mutakabbirano wi.
44. Bu^a'i aw suhelal
yey.
Yowey zayey kuiKjey
ho^h-yarey dwey suhelai
darlaley, chih haghah bah
yey tal pah wakt da chirg
Dang wa-^idmat-tah wa-
larawuley. Suhellodasal^ar-
^ezi diera'h na-pasandaJey,
yow lah bselah yey sarah
j^arar wu-ta^ ah chih ghaya'h
da chirg pechaley wa-yey-
wajzni, lah dey jihatah chih
dey pah sabab da wi^hawulo
da mir-maney khpuley pah
lo-e sa^ar k'^hey sabab da
tolo mi^nato da du-i wuh.
Har-kalah chih du-i da kar
wu-kaf , highey zafey ^ahib-
ey, mudami bang-kawun-
kaey khpul nah darlalaey,
weredunkey sh'wa'h chih
nah - bada pah - kbpula'h
bah zl'ata'h widah shi, nur
tal bah yey wa^t ghalata-
wuh, aw du-l bah yey nima'h
shpa'h wi^hawuley.
Fa-idah. — Lah haddah
zi'ati hila'h baz! aksir kbpul
dzan tah daghah war-kawi.
45. Na-jo^ah M'zaraey.
Yow m'zaraey , chih lah jih-
atah da kam-zora'i da zai'ti-a
security is better than the
dangers that encompass the
high and haughty.
43. The old Woman and
her Maids.
A thrifty old widow kept
two servant-maids, whom
she used to call up to their
work at cock-crow.
The maids, disliking ex-
ceedingly this early rising,
determined between them-
selves to wring o£E the cock's
neck and kill him, as he was
the cause of their trouble
by waking their mistress so
early.
They had no sooner done
this than the old lady, miss-
ing her usual alarum, and
afraid of over-sleeping her-
self, continually mistook the
time of day, and roused
them up at midnight.
Moral. — Too much cun-
ning often over-reaches itself.
45. The Sick Lion.
.A lion, no longer able,
from the weakness of old
8 ♦
116
PUSHTO MAKUAL.
pah gando k'^hey tuwan da
ih'kar kawulo da-parah
da ^warak nah darlah,
pah i^ar Upnl k'^hej k'l^he-
nast, aw nafas pah ier
mushkil k'^halaey, pah
naraej ahwaz sarah, jej
zahir k'ral chih zah lah had-
dah zi-at na-jorah yam.
Da awaza'h pah (jlerah tal-
war sarah pah mi-yandz
k'^hey da haiwanano mash-
hura'h sh'wa'h, aw derey
jzara aw arman lah jihatah
da dah wu-shah. Yow pas
lah bsBlah yey 'iyadey larah
wa-raghlal ; magar, m'zan
du-i hasey beyal beyal, aw
pah ^ar Upul k'^hey mun-
dali, pah asani jej ghanimat
^pul k'ral, aw pah dey
ta'am tsorb shah. Lumbar,
lah rasta*! da dey ahwaza'h
pah guman k'^hey Iwe-da-
laey, aMiir da-parah da
'iyadey yey wa-raghi^ aw
tsa^o liri daredalaey pu^h-
tana'h da hal da kiblahe-
'alam ]^pul jey wu-k'ra'h.
M'zari wu-wey, **Ao, lah-
tolah-nah 'azizah dostah
dz'ma, da tah yey ? Waley
hasey liri lah ma walar yey ?
Najzdey ra-shah, ai ^'ma
shirinah yarah, aw da 'ajiz
m'zari pah ghwajz k'^hey,
diih lajz wakt da jzwandun
Ian* yowa'h Uiabara'h da
age, to hunt for his prey,
hud himself np in his
den, and, breathing with
great difficulty, and speak-
ing with a low Yoice, gave
out that he was very iU
indeed.
The report soon spread
among the other beasts, and
there was great lamentation
for the sick lion.
One after the other came
to see him ; but, the lion
catching them thus alone,
and in his own den, made
an easy prey of them, and
grew fat upon his diet.
The fox, suspecting the
truth of this matter, came
at length to make a visit of
inquiry, and standing at
some distance, asked his
majesty how he did.
The lion said, ''Ah, my
dearest friend, is it you?
Why do you stand so far
from me? Come near,
sweet friend, and pour a
word of consolation in the
poor lion's ear, who has but
a short time to live."
BXBB0ISB8 AND DIALOOUB8.
117
z^rah da 4a4 wu-k'rah."
Li(mbaf pah dzawab k'^hej
war-tah wu-wey, " Wish,
Uudae di pah zerma'h
shah ! waley chih furfat da
patedalo nah laram mu'af
mi k'raa'i, tsalarah chih,kih
ri^hti-a wu-wayam, zah ier
dzal-baland sh'wam lah lida-
lo da palo chih daltah pah
nazar ra-dzi ^alarah folah
wa ghar sta tah dar-ghali
di, aw vow hum bi-yartah
ra-wataiaey nah daey.
Fa-idah. — Nanawatah
pah karo k'^hey asan daey
tar watah ; aw fakat rasmi
ho^hyari da'h chih pa-khwa
tar sar dananah kawulo lar
da da-dabandi watalo wu-
gora."
46. Lewah pah jama'h
k'^hey da Gte^ey.
Yow wakt lah wa^to yow-
ah lewah ^su^d wu-kar chih
9urat kbpul tabdil k'l*!, hasey
^ial ka^aey chih pah day
shan bah gusran ^pul der
asan mumi. Nur, warg da
yowey gsd^ej aghustaey.
hasey tadbir yey wo-kar
chih pah yowa'h rama'h
k'^hey da gsd^o da^il shah,
aw lah du-i sarah tsaridah,
hasey chih shpun himi lah
haghah makrah f areb wa-
The fox, in reply, said to
him, " Gbd bless you ! but ex-
cuse me if I cannot stay, for,
to tell the truth, I feel quite
uneasy at the mark of the
footsteps that I see here, for
all are pointing towards your
den, and not one returning
outwards."
Moral. — Affairs are easier
of entrance than of exit;
and it is but common pru-
dence to see our way out
before we venture in."
46. The Wolf in Sheep's
Clothing.
Once upon a time, a wolf
resolved to disguise himself,
thinking that he should thus
gain an easier livelihood.
Having, therefore, clothed
himself in a sheep's skin, he
contrived to get among a
flock of sheep, and feed along
with them, so that even
the shepherd was deceived
by the imposture.
118
PUSHTO MANUAL.
UiOf. Lakah chih shpa'h
shVah aw shpol wu-tarah
shah, lewah hum lah gsB^o
sarah band shah, aw war
wu-tayahshah. Magarhasey
wu-sh'wah chih shpun, wa
kom tsiz tah da-pa rah da
shumey ^puley hajat-mand
shawaej, da-parah da da-
handi ra-wustalo da yowey
gse^ey, dananah nana-wot,
magar lah ^alatah lewah
yow lah du-i ehmeralaey,
ra-wu-yey-yost, aw jzir yey
halal kar.
When night came on and
the fold was closed, the
wolf was shut up with the
sheep, and the door made
fast. But it so ha])pened
that the shepherd, wanting
something for his supper,
went in to fetch out a
sheep, but mistaking the
wolf for one of them,
brought him out, and killed
him on the spot.
47. Sli'kari Spaey aw
SoiBya'h.
Yow iSh'kari spaey pas lah
4ero z'ghastalo pah yowey
Boeyey pasey,* pah akhir
k'iShey barabar wa dey tah
wu-rasedah, awwal bah jej
dahai'ala'h bi-a bah yey tsa-
tala'h. Soeya'h, pah matlab
da dey kar da dah nah-
pohedalaey, wu-yey-wey,
" Kih tah mi dost jej, nur
tgalarah ml dharey? aw kih
duiShman jej tsalarah
mina'h ra sarah kawey ? "
Fa-idah. — Mubham dost
bad-tar daey tar yakin
duihman: bo-yah chih saf-
47. The Hound and the
Hare.
A hound, after long chas-
ing a hare, at length came
up to her, and kept first
biting and then liclang her.
The hare, not knowing
what to make of this, said to
him, "If you are my friend,
why do you bite me ? but if
a foe, why do you caress
me ? "
Moral. — A doubtful friend
is worse than a certain
enemy : let a man be one
i.e. pas yey. See Dictionary, p. 1105.
SXBB0I8BB AND DIALOOTTBS.
119
aey ya yow teiz wi ya bsel,
nur hapfhab wakt pohejzu
chih pah i§3,h shan lah dah
sarah mukabilah wa-k*]:u.
48. 'Arab aw tT^h.
Yowah 'Arab u^h khpul
le^halaey, puiShtana'h jej tri
wu-k'ra'h chih " wa-l'wafa'h
lar-tah t'lal khwaiShawey kih
wa-dz'wara'h lar." tJ^h pah
kinayah sarah wu-wey,
" Tsah, ai tsx^htanah, da
samey lar 'ubur da maidan
band shawey da'h ? "
49. Khar pah tsarman da
M'zari.
Yowah ^'rah tsarman da
m'zari a^ustey, harah khwa
tab gserzedah, Xo\ ab^i^rk
^aiwanan chih pah pri pe^h
sh'wal werawul yey, aw, yow
lumbar lidalaey, pah ko^hii^h
shah chih da hum wu-wera-
wi. Magar lumbar, awaz
da dah arwedalaey, wu-yey-
W3y, " Pah tahkik, zah bah
hum weredalaey wum, kih
naral sta mi arwedalaey nah
wae."
Fa-idah. — Haghah kasan
chih yow wa^f chih tiakk
yey nah wi pah dziin pori
l^a^awi aksir wa^tunah lah
ziyadati kawulo pah haghah
k'^hey kbp^ dsan ^ha-yi.
thing or the other, and then
we know how to meet him.
48. The Arab and the
Camel.
An Arab having loaded
his camel, asked him whether
he preferred going up hill
or down hill.
The camel dryly replied,
^*Pray, mxstsr, is the
straight way across the plain
shut up ? "
49. The Ass in the Lion's
Skin.
An ass haying put on a
lion's skin, roamsd all about,
frightening all the silly
animils he met with, and,
seeing a fox, he tried to
alarm him also.
But Raynard, having
heard his voice, said to him,
"Well, to be sure! and I
should h ive been frightened
too if I had not heard your
bray."
Moral. — They who assume
a character that does not
belong to them generally
betray themselves by over-
acting it.
120
FITSHTO MANUAL.
50. Da S^'rah Seo-raey. 50. The Ass's Shadow.
Yowah lah khfi d-pasandah
'alimano da Peshawar, pah
yowa'h toda'h rwadz k'^hey
da won, da-parah da sware-
dalo ^pul yow ^ar pah
Mraha'h wa^ist chih lah
Pe^hawarah Hot! Mardan
larah t'lalaey wa yowah
Farangi shagird l^pul tah
izabah da '* Pakshto " ta'lim
P rl . Pah nima' h rwadz k'shey
gharmahhasey swunki sh'wal
chih k'l^hatah shawaey.ghosht
yey chih pah seo-ri k'^hey
da li'rah ay^ wu-lagawi.
Magar, da ]^'rah shai'unkaey
cta-parah da haghah dza'e
lah dah sarah jagara'h wu-
k'ya'h, hasey wayai yey chih,
''HakV dz'ma da-parah da
dey dza'e sta tar ^akkah
zi'ati daey." Khud-pasand
'alim wu-wey, " Tsah ! ma
^ar da drast saf ar da-parah
pah kirahah a^istaey nah
daey?" Ha^ah bsBl wu-
wey, " Ho, ta Uar pah kira-
hah a^istaey daey, lekin
nah seo-raey da ^'rah."
Pah dey mi^yandz k*^hey
chih du-i jagara'h da-parah
da haghah d7a'e sarah ka-
wula'h, ^ar, na-tsapah lah
haghah dza'eah wa-lori-tah
da inairey taihtedalaey lap.
One of the self-sufficient
wise men of Peshawar, one
hot summer's day, hired an
ass in order to proceed from
Peshawar toHoti Mardan to
teach a Farangi pupil of his
the Pakshto language.
At mid-day the heat of
the 8un ^Bsso Bcordung,
that, having dismounted, he
would have sat down to re-
pose himself under the
shadow of the ass. But the
ass driver disputed the
place with him, declaring
that, " I have a greater right
to this place than you."
"What!" said the self-
sufficient wise man, ** did I
not hire the ass for the
whole journey ? "
The other replied, " Yes,
you have hired the ass, but
not the ass's shadow."
While they were thus en-
gaged in wrangling and
fighting for the place, the
ass suddenly took to his
heels and ran off to the
desert.
BXBBCISES AND DIALOGUES.
121
51. ^ar LeiSlialaey pah
Malgah.
Yowah purdah - f arosh
chih yow khar satah, basej
arwedalaej chih malgah pah
tsandah da darjab arzana'h
pall las ra-dzi, ^ar l^pul
yey wa hij^ih khwa tah da-
parah da ra-mwalo da tsa^o
Jah hi^^ey bot. Tro haiwan
khpul yey pah har kadr chih
yey w*falaey shah le^halaey,
wa kor ^pul tah yey ra-
wahah, magar, haghah wakt
chih du-i lah yowey ^hwa-
yandey par^hey teredal,
kfaar k'^hata'h pah smd
k'^hey pre-wat, aw inalga'h
aoba'h shawey, dey lah
^pulah barah ^ala? shah,
nur pah asani wa-tsan^ah*
tah wu-rasedah, pah safar
l^pul w'i'andi spuk pah
dzan aw pah naf s rawan
shah. Haghah khurdah-
&u:osh pas lah lajzey mudey
bl-a wa-tsan4ah tah da dar-
yab da-parah da ra-niwalo
da tsakho nurey malgey l&x
shah, aw ^ar yey pah nisbat
wa-awwal-tah (lah mumkin
51. The Ass carrying
Salt.
A certain huckster who
kept an ass, hearing that
salt was to be had cheap at
the sea-side, took down his
ass thither to buy some.
Then having loaded the
beast as much as he could
bear, he was driving him
home, when, as they were
passing a slippery ledge of
rock, the ass fell into the
stream below, and the salt
being melted, the ass was
relieved of his burden, and
then, having gained the bank
with ease, pursued his jour-
ney onwards light in body
and in spirit.
The huckster soon after-
wards again set off for the
sea-shore to bring some
more salt, and loaded the
ass (if it were possible)
yet more heavily than be-
fore.
* This noun is masculine in the Western dialect, and
belongs to the first form of the 6th Declension, like many
others of the same class.
122
PtrSHTO MANUAL.
wae) zrati wu-le^liah. Pah
wakt da bi-yartali ra-t'lalo
da du-i, lakali diih 'ubur jej
kawah lah haghah sindali
cliili Ubar w*ran<K pali k'shey
pre-wataey wuh, ^ar pali
kasd pre-wat, aw lali aoba'li
sli'walo da malgey, bi-a lab
Idhpulab barab ^ala^ sbab.
Tsasbtan yey, lab dey nuk-
sanab pah ghazab sbawaey,
fikr jej wu-kar cbib pab
kom taur 'ilaj da dey cbal
da dab wu-k'ri, nur pab bael
war cbib yej saf ar wa-tsand-
ab tab da daryab wu-kar
dzanawar kbpiil jej pab
sfanjo wu-le^bab. Ha^ab
wakt cbib du-i pab pa-kbwa-
naey sban wa bagbab sind
tab wu-rasedal, l^'rab kadim
cbal kbpul sburu' kar, aw
^pul dzaa yey pab aoba'b
k'sbey wu-r*gbarawub ; ma-
gar sfanjuno bi-1-kull lawnd-
ab sbawi, pab wakt k'sbey da
t*lalo wa-kor-tab, khar pab
^pul nuksan wu-pobedab,
cbiJi pab 'iwaz da spukawulo
da bar ttpul, ba^ab yey
zi'ati tri dwuo bi^^o drund
karaey wub.
Fa-idab. — Yow rangab
'amlunab bab muwafik da
bar hal nab sbi ; aw basey
bah wi cbib mujz ba^ah
yow cbal yow war zi'ati wu-
k'fu.
On their return, as they
crossed the stream into
which he bad formerly
fallen, the ass fell down on
purpose, and, by the dis-
solving of the salt, was
again released from his load.
His master, provoked at
the loss, and thinking how
he might cure him of this
trick, on bis next journey
to the coast freighted his
beast with a load of sponges.
When they arrived at the
same river as before, the ass
was at his old tricks again,
and rolled himself into the
water ; but the sponges be-
coming thoroughly wet, he
found to his cost, as he pro-
ceeded homewards, that
instead of lightening his
burden, he had more than
doubled its weight.
Moral. — The same mea-
sures will not suit all cir-
cumstances; and we may
chance to play the same
trick once too often.
EXBBCISBS AND DIALOOUBS.
123
52. Najum-gtfr.
Yow najum-gar hara'h
shpa'li da-parah da mula-
^izey kawulo da stoiio da-
bandi tab. Nur yowa'li
slipa'hhasejwu-sh'wali cliih,
najum-gar pah cbaperah da
^hahr gserzedali, tamamej
andei^linej ttpuley yey paJi
asman k'^hey 4»ibey shawey,
pah yowah tsah pre-wat.
Pah narey wahalo aw faryad
kawulo da dah, yowah sapi
chih wa-waila jej war-we-
dah z'^astalaey war-larah
wa-raghi. aw pas lah ghwajz
niwalo wa-ki99ey-tah da dah,
war-tah wu-yey-wey, " Ai
nekah saraeya, pah hag^ah
wakt k'shey chih tah ko^hiih
kawey da-parah da tajassus
kawulo pah asraro da f alak,
lah 'amo tsizo chih landi tar
piho sta di ghaflat kawey."
53. Halakan aw Chan-
ga^hey.
Towah tolgi da ha-
lakano pah tsaiKJla'h da
yowey dau^ey baza'i kawul-
aey, haghah wakt tso chan-
g£k^hey pah aoba'h k'shey lld-
ali, baran da 4^^^^o 7^7
pah du-i ao-rawul shurii'
k'ral. ^0 lah dey gharibah
ma]^liikah yey la wajzali
wey, chih yowah lah du-i
52. The Astronomer.
An astronomer used to
walk out every night to gaze
upon the stars.
It happened one night
that, as he was wandering in
the outskirts of the city,
with his whole thoughts
rapt up in the skies, he fell
into a well.
On his holloaing and cry-
ing out, one who heard his
cries ran up to him, and
when he had listened to his
story, said, " My good man,
while you are trying to pry
into the mysteries of heaven,
you overlook the common
objects that are under your
feet."
53. T&e Boys and the
Progs.
A troop of boys were
playing at the edge of a
pond, when, perceiving a
number of frogs in the
water, they began to pelt at
them with stones.
They had already killed
many of the poor creatures,
when one more hardy than
124
PUSHTO MANUAIi.
z'fah-warah tar nuro, sar
^Lpul lah aoba'h ra-yastal-
aey, nara'h yey war-tah wu-
k'ra'h, " Ai dz'ma halako, da
bey-rahmah baza'i khpuley
mau^ufey k'yaa'i; andesh-
nah wu-k'f aa'i, chih har-chih
tasu larah bazi da'h dz'mujz
marg daey."
54. Plar aw dwey Lumi
yey.
Yowah sayi chih dwey
lumi darlali, yowa'h yey wa
yowah baghwan tah pah nik-
ah war-k'ya'h, bsBla'h yey wa
yowah kulal tah. Pas lah
tsah mudey da ba^wan
karah da-parah da mulakat
wa-raghi, aw bara'h-ghaya'h
yey lah luri sarah wu-k'ra'h,
khair wa l^airiyat yey hum
tri wu-pu^htedah. Dey dza-
wab war-kay, "Fazl daey;
mujz har-tsah chih ghwarii
laru yey; ma-larah yawa^-
aey yowa'h du'a shtah, chih
dz'muj^ da-parah yow sa^t
tofam baran wu-shi chih
buzghali dz'mujz ser-ab
k'yi." Nur plar da kulal
karah rawan shah, aw ahwal
da bsBley luri ^puley yey
wu-puiShtedah. Hi^ey ^a-
wab war-kay chih, "Hits
tsiz nah-shtah chih mujz
wa-hag^ah-tah moJ^taj yu,
the rest, putting his bead
out of the water, cried out
to them, " Stop your cruel
sport, my lads; consider,
that what is play to you is
death to us."
54. The Father and his
Two Daughters.
A man who had two
daughters, married one to a
gardener, the other to a
potter.
After a time he paid a
yisit to the gardener's, and
asked his daughter how she
was, and how it fared with
her.
She replied, " Excellently
well; we have everything
that we want ; I have but one
prayer, that we may have a
heavy storm of rain to water
our plants/'
99
Then the &ther set off to
the potter's, and asked his
other daughter how matters
went with her. She replied,
saying, "There is not a
thing we want, and I onfy
BXBBOISBS AND DIALOOTnBS.
125
aw zah yawadzaey da umid
larom cnih da ^hsB'h hawa
aw tod n'mar pato shi, da-
parah dapa^awalo da loiShio
^'mujz." Plar wa-yey-
wej, "Dreghah! Dreghah !
kih tah gboihtunej da shsey
hawa jejf aw khor di da
baran da'h, nurzah da-parah
da komey yowey du*a wu-
k'ram?"
hope this fine weather
and hot sun may continue,
to bake our tiles."
"Alack! alack!" said
the father, " if you wish for
fine weather, and your sister
for rain, which am I to pray
for myself?"
55. Serla'i aw Lewah.
Yowa'h serla'i chih lah ram-
ey awarah shawey wa*h yow-
ah lewab pah maklxah k'ra'h.
Har-kalah chih day wu-lidah
chih hits bsBl umid da nijat
nah-shtah, maldh yey wa-
lewah - tah war - gurzawuh
aw war-tah yey wu-wey,
'' Ma-larah U^o V^'brd-
awul bo-yah chih albattah
fidia'h sta yam, magar lah
dey sababah chih jzwandun
dz ma aos lajz ba^i daey,
prejz-dah chih pah ^wa^hi
ter shi. Nur tah tsajd^o
shpela'i wu-wahah, aw zah
ball ga^ejzam." Pah wakt
da shpela'i wahalo da lewali
aw ga^ddalo da serla'i, spio
haghah saz arwedalaey, da
parah da lldalo chih haltah
^ah kejzi z'ghastaJi ra-ghlal.
aw lewah kbwaih wuh chih
55. The Kid and the
Wolf.
A kid that had strayed
from the herd was pursued
by a wolf.
When she saw all other
hope of escape cut off, she ,
turned round to the wolf
and said to him, " I must
allow, indeed, that I am your
victim; but as my life is
now but short, let it be a
merry one. So do you pipe
for a while, and I will
dance."
While the wolf was piping
and the kid was dancing,
the dogs, hearing the music,
ran up to see what was going
on, and the wolf was glad
to take himself off as fast
as his legs could carry him.
126
PUSHTO MANUAL.
tashrif pah har-kadr jzir-
walaej tso p^hey tar landi
dzi lah ba gh ah dza'eah yosi.
Fa-idah. — Haghah sari
chih da-parah da kawulo da
yowah be-hudah kar p^ha'b
da-bandi lah lari aejz'di, nah
bo-yab cbib ta'jjub wu-k'ri
kib lab mundalo da ghani-
mat kbata sbi.
Moral. — He who steps
out of tbe way to play the
fool, must not wonder if he
misses the prize.
56. Da Jang As aw Khar.
Yow da jang as pah khseh
bargastawan arastab shaw-
aey lakah tandara'h ghara
kawunkaey pah yowa'h lar
teredalaey, hasad da yowah
gharib ]^'rah patsawub
cbib pah drund bar pah sha
darlalaey pah baghah lar
pah karar karar tab. Ha gh ah
maghrur as wu-wey . " Dza'-
ma lab lari wu-wuzah ! kib
nab tar p^ho bah di landi
paemal kram.' * Kb'rab bits
war-tab wu-nah-wey, magar
puta'b ]^iila'h wa-tsandah-
tab shah chih as ter shi.
Pas lab tgakho miidey baghah
da jang as pah jango Fi^hey
hazir wuh, aw pah yowah
jang saj^t za^ni a^istaey,
da-parah da lasbkara'i kar
na-la-ik wu-gserzedah, aw
da-parah da kar da pafi da
yowah zamindar was-tawuh
56. The Charger and the
Ass.
A charger adorned with
fine trappings came thun-
dering along the road, ex-
citing the envy of a poor
Bss who was trudeing along
the same way with a heavy
load upon his back.
The proud horse said,
" Get out of my road ! or I
shall trample you under my
feet."
The ass said nothing, but
quietly moved on one side
to let the horse pass.
Not long afterwards the
charger was engaged in the
wars, and being badly
wounded in a battle, was
rendered unfit for military
service, and sent to work on
the lands of a farmer.
EXBBGI8BS AND DIALOOUES.
127
sliali. Nur chih ^'rali dey
pah der mihnat sarah yowah
drunda'h gada'i tskawuley
wu-lidah, haghah wakt wu-
pohedah chih teah kadr lajz
sabab wuh ma larah hasad
kawul lah hasey kasah sarah
chih, pah wakt da ikbal
khpul pah sabab da maghrur
mizaj, wuruk kari wu liaghah
dostan chih dah-larah bah
yey pah wakt k'shey da zarur-
at madad kawuh.
67. Lewah aw M^zaraey.
Yowa'hrwadz lewah yowa'h
gflBda'h lah shpalah* akhis-
tey wa*h, aw har-kalah chih
wa ghar ^pul tah yey
w'ra'h, lah yowah m'zari
sarah pe^h shah, chih las-
pah-las yey gseda'h dzini ra-
niwaley tri yo-yey-w'ra'h.
Lewah, liri daredalaey , iiara*h
yey war-tah wu-k'ra'h, " Der-
a'h da sharm ^abara'h da'h
chih m'zari dz'ma mal ra-
dzajiah ghla karaey daey."
M'zari wu k'handal, aw wu-
yey-wey, "Nur, zah khiyal
kawum, chih magar haghah
So when the ass saw
him dragging with great
labour a heavy waggon,
he understood how little
reason he had to envy one
who, by his overbearing
spirit in the time of his pros-
perity, had lost those friends
who might have succoured
him in the time of need.
57. The Wolf and the
Lion.
One day a wolf had seized
a sheep from a fold, and
when carrying him home to
his own den, he met a lion,
who straightway laid hold
of the sheep and bore it
away.
The wolf, standing at a
distance, cried out to him,
'* It is a great shame that
the lion has robbed me of
my own."
The lion laughed, and
said, " I suppose, then, that
it was your good friend the
* This is the second variety of the 4th Declension here.
The Eastern Afghans decline it as the first variety of the
2nd Declension.
128
PUSHTO MAHUAL.
nek dost sta ya'm slipun wuli
chih gsd^a*'!^ yey wa-ta-tah
baMishaley dar k'ya'h."
58. Lewali aw Shpanah.
Towah lewah dananah pah
jowah tsapar k'^hey katalaey
dzini shpanah chib tukra'h
da gsedey ghwasha'h jej pah
^wai^hi sarah U^warala'h
wu-lidal, wu-yey-wey, " Tsah
sa^ta'h hangania'h bah dey
Ualko patsawuley wa*h kih
yey zah hasey shumey l^war-
fiiikaey mundalaey wae."
Pa-idah. — Sari ^o aksir
ka-il di pah zamm kawulo
da hug^o karuno da nuro
chih pa-^pulah yey du-i
musta'malawi.
shepherd who
sheep to you.**
gave the
68. The Wolf and the
Shepherds.
A wolf looking into a
hut and seeing some shep-
herds comfortably regaling
themselves on a joint of
mutton, said, "A pretty
row would these men have
made if they had caught
me at such a supper.'
99
Moral. — Men are too apt
to condemn in others the
very things that they prac-
tise themselves.
69. Mis-gar aw Spaey
Yow mis- gar wuh chih
vow woykaey spaey yey dar-
lah. Pah tol wakt chih bah
dah mis pah tsatka'i (akawul,
spi bah ^Lub kawuh ; magar
har-kalah chih bah dey pah
khwarak k'she-nast, spaey
bah weshedah. Mis- gar,
yow had war achawulaey, wu-
yey-wey, " Ai kahalah spaea
chih jQj\ pah wakt k'shey
da tak-o-tiik da sindan u-dah
69. The Brazier and his
Dog.
There was a certain bra-
zier who had a little dog.
While he hammered away
at his metal the dog slept ;
but whenever he sat down
to his dinner the dog woke
up.
The brazier, throwing
him a bone, said, '^ Slug-
gard cur that you are! you
sleep through the noise of
the anvil, but wake up at
BXBSCISE8 AND DIALOOTTBS.
129
kawej, magar pah awwal
k^ap da gha^ho ^'ma we^h-
ejzey."
Fa-idah. — Khalk chili ko^
ghwajz wa randzo tah da
dostano l^pulo kawi, da-
parah da gharazo ^ipulo
^h£eh we^h di.
the first clatter of my
teeth."
Moral. — ^Men are awake
enough to their own in-
terests, who turn a deaf ear
to their friends' distress.
60. Lanbo-wahunkaey Ha-
lak.
Towah halak pah yowah
sind k'^hey lanbedah, aw, lah
payo-aobodaVadd l^pulwat-
alaey, najzdey wa-dubedo-
tah wuh. Pah dey mi-yandz
yow rah-guzar chih haltah
teredah wa-yey-lidah, nur
halak pah wa^ah zor Uipxd
wa haghah tah narey k'^ey
chih da-parah da madad yey
war-shi. Haghah sari yow
sabak war-tah shuru' Fra'h
ah bab k'^hey da hasey na-
ana'i chih yey wu-k*ya'h;
magar haghah halak pah
zari sarah narey kayey wu-
yey-wey, "Ai sahibaih, aw-
wal ma dar-wu-kajzah, pas
lah haghah da dars ra-tah
wayah."
61. Ase-wan aw dzo-e yey
aw !^ar da du-i.
Yow ase-wan aw dzo-e
yey ^bx M^pal da-parah da
60. The Boy bathing.
A boy was bathing in a
river, and, getting out of
his depth, was on the point
of sinking. At this junc-
ture he saw a wayfarer who
was passing by, so he called
out for help with all his
might and main.
The man began to read
the boy a lecture for his
f oolhardiness ; but the ur-
chin cried out to him, " Oh,
save me first, ^ir, and read
me the lecture afterwards."
61. The Miller, his Son,
and their Ass.
A miller and his son were
driying their ass before
9
130
PirSHTO MANUAL.
UarteaiWiilo* da haghah
pah yow da mausim bazar
k'^hey cluh haltali najzdey
wuh pah makhah sharah.
Du-i la der liri t'lali nah wu
chih lah yowey tola'i sarah
da 'n'juno chih lah ^hahr-
ah bi-yartah ra-t*lali, aw
dzab-lah yey ^labarey ka-
wuley aw ^andedaley pe^h
sh'wal. Yowey lah du-i pah
zorah wu-wey, " Haltah wu-
gora'i ! tasu hit§ charey
hasey ahmakan lidali di,
chih pah lar pi-a-dah fapar-
edali dzi, sarah lah dey
chih tuwan da swarla'i
lari ! " Haghah zarah da
Uabara'h arwedaley, pah
puta'h khula'h yey wa-dzo-e
tah WTi-wey, chih pah kh*rah
sor shah, aw pah-^pulah
bah lah tsanga da haghah
pah khwai^hi tai. Pas lah
tsakho mudey wa yowah
tolgi tah da zaro saro wu-
rasedal chih pah garma'h
mubahasa'h sarah Iwedali
wu. Yowah lah hugho wu-
wey, " Wu-gora'i ! haghah
wa-isbat-tah rasawi har tsah
chih ma wa-yal. Pah dey
wradzo k*^hey tsah hurmat
wa za^-ti-a tah war kawah
them to a neighbouring
fair to sell him.
They had not gone far
when they met with a troop
of girls returning from the
city, talking and laughing
together.
One of them cried out,
" Look there ! did you ever
see such fools, to be trudg-
ing along the road on foot
when they might be riding ! "
The old man hearing this,
quietly bade his son get on
tiie ass, and walked along
merrily by the side of him.
Presently they came to a
group of old men who were
engaged in earnest debate.
One among them said,
"There! it proves what I
was saying. What respect
is shown to old age in these
days? Do you see that
idle young rogue riding,
* To sell, especially in Western Afghanistan.
EXEBCISES AND DIALOGXTBS.
131
kejzi ? Aya, tasu haghah
kalial sharir halak sor
shawaey -wma'i, lakah chih
zor plar jej bo-yah paley
lar shi P K'^hatah shah, ai
na-pa-karah ! aw prejz-dah
chih ha gh ah zor saraey stayi
andamunah khpul hosa
k'ri.'* Pah dey hal sarah
plar wa-dzo-e U^piil tah da-
parah da kuzedalo wu-wey,
aw pah-khpulah sor shah.
Pah dey shan la du-i liri
t'lali nan wu chih lah yowah
jami'-yat sarah da ^hadzo aw
w'ruko makha-makh sh'wal.
Tso kaso pah yowah dam
jzabey U^alasey kayey, pah
zor yey wu-wayal, " Ai sus-
tah zarah chih tah jej !
Tsah shan pah haghah
dzanawar swarli kawuley
shey, lakah chih haghah
gharib kuchnaey halak pah
der mushkil sarah sta lah
tsanga barabar t'lalaey
shi." Haghah khwa^h miz-
ajah ase-wan mulamata'h
khpula'h wu-manala'h, aw
jzir yey dzo-e tar sha sor
kar. Nur najzdey wuh chih
du-i wa-^hahr-tah wu-rasejzi,
chih yowah ^hahri sari war-
tah wu-wey, " Ai din-darah
dostah, da ttar di ^pul
mal daey ?" Zarah wu-
wey, "Ho." Haghah wu-
wey, "Pah dey shan chih
while his old father has to
walk? G-et down, you
scapegrace ! and let the old
man rest his weary limbs."
Upon this the father told
his son to dismount, and
got up himself.
In this manner they had
not proceeded far when they
met a company of women
and children.
Several persons let loose
their tongues at once, and
cried out, " Why, you lazy
old fellow! how can you
ride upon the beast, while
the^poor little lad there can
hardly keep pace by the side
of you."
The good-natured miller
stood corrected, and imme-
diately took up his son be-
hind him.
They had now almost
reached the city, when a
citizen said to him, " Pray,
honest friend, is that ass
your own ? "
The old man replied
"Yes." Said the other,
" Oh, one would not ha^
182
PTTSHTO MANITAL.
tah dey barawey pah ri^hti'a
tsok hasej ^iyal kawulaey
nah-shi chili sta mal daey.
Tasu bihtar ta-kat lara'i
chih haghah ghanb haiwan
waU^a'i tar dey chih haghah
tasu dwarah wa^h ! "
Haghah zarah sayi wu-wey,
" Sliseh, pah har tsah chih
sta marzi wi ; mujz ^lo az-
mai^ht wu-k*yu.'* Nur, lah
d^-eah sarah k'shatah sha-
waey, p'^he da W^'rah yey
sarah wu-taraley, aw pah
madad da yowey bala'i pah
aojzo ^ptdo attistaey da-
parah da terawulo da dah
pah yowah pul chih da shahr
da lari pah mi-yandz k'^hey
wuh koi^hi^h yey wu-kar. Da
hasey da tafiih tamasha'h
wa'h chih sari tola'i tola'i da-
parah da ^andalo pah
haghah da-bandi ra wu-
z'g^astal ; tso chih ^'rah,
haghah shor aw g^ogha aw
halat khpul hum nah-pasan-
dalaey, pah la gh ato wahalo
rasa'i cMh pah taralaey yey
wuh wu-shlawala'h, aw, lah
hi^ey bala'i k'shatah Iwe-
dalaey, pah sind k'shey pre-
wat. Lah dey karah ^akah
haghah zor saraey, Idiafah
aw khijil shawaey, bi-yar-
tah wa-kor Upul tah rawan
shah — pah yakin pohedalaey
chih pah koi^hi^h kawulo
thought so, in truth, by the
way you load him. Why,
you two fellows are better
able to carry the poor beast
thau he you."
The old man replied,
"Anything to please you;
we can but try."
So, alighting with his son,
they tied the ass's legs to*
gether, and by the help of
a pole endeavoured to carry
him on their shoulders over
a bridge that led to the
city.
This was so entertaining
a sight that the people ran
out in crowds to laugh at
it; till the ass, not liking
the noise nor lus situation,
kicked asunder the cords
that bound him, and, tum-
bling off the pole, fell into
the river.
Upon this, the old man,
vexed and ashamed, made
the best of his way home
again — convinced that by
endeavouring to please
everybody he had pleased
BXBBCI8BS AND DIALOOTTBS.
133
Isi'iQiej da-parali da ^wa^- nobody, and lost his ass
awulo da nar kas hits-tsok into the bargain.
jej razi karaej nah wu, aw
zi'ati tar haghah ^ar Ubpnl
jej hum ba'e-lah.
IDIOMATIC SENTENCES.
Ok thb Absiyal of a Gttbst ob Fbibnd.
Host — Come always —
thou art welcome !
Oueat — ^Long life be
thine !
H. — May good betide
thee!
(?. — God be with thee !
H. — Thou comest propi-
tiously !
G. — May good attend
thee!
H. — ^Thy journey be ad-
Tantageous.
0. — ^May success attend
thee!
JT.— Art thou well ?
0. — May adversity never
be thine!
H, — ^Artthou well (happy,
Ac.) P
6?.— Thank (God) !
H^.— Thou art well?
6?.— Praise be to God (I
am)!
H. — Har-kaJah ra-shah !
0. — Har-kalah aosey !
H, — ^Dar shah neki !
0, — Q^udae di mal shah !
H. — Pah U^ir ra-ghaley !
0. — Pah Ubair aosey !
H. — Safar di pah U^air!
Q. — 'Akibat di pah ^air !
H.— Joy yev ?
G. — Mah iswarej^ey !
JT.— Qushtal yey P
G.— Shukr !
JT.— Tah jor yey ?
&.— Al-^amdu lillahi !
134
PirSHTO MANUAL.
H» — Are all the members
of thy family well?
6r. — ^It is the grace of Gbd
(they are all well).
H, — Mayest thou never
feel fatigue !
(?. — Mayest thou never O. — Mah Bbwarejzey !
encounter adversity !
H, — ^Ahl-i-bait kam aw
kabila'h di tol jor di ?
G, — Pazl da ^Qudae
daey.
H, — Stayaey mah shah !
H. — Mayest thou prosper
(become great, &c.) !
O. — May blessings attend
thee!
H, — Be religion thy daily
food!
O. — The Almighty be with
thee!
H. — Peace be to thee !
O. — To thee be peace !
H, — ^Lo-e shey !
G, — Pah barkat shey !
H, — I-man di rozi shah !
(?. — Elhudae di mal shah !
H. — ^XJs-salam 'alaikum !
G. — 'Alaikum us-salam !
On Weathbb, Countbt, and Climate.
The clouds are dark and
dense, and I think it will
rain much to-day.
The rain generally falls
heavily at this season.
Slight rain is useless for
the crops: the ground does
not become moistened with
it ; and summer rain is in-
jurious.
This rain is good for the
crops, for it is heayy.
War-yadzi torey aw gag^-
ey di, hasey pohejzam chih
nan wradz bah der baran
ao-ri.
Baran aksar gam pre-
w'zi pah dey mausim k'^hey.
Pa^al da-parah rangaey
baran fa'idah nah lari:
z'maka'h nah pah lam-
bejzi; aw da wo-ii baran
nuk^an lari.
Da baran der i^hseh daey,
tsalarah chih gam baran
daey.
BXEBOISBS AND DIALOGXTES.
135
The fog is dense and the
haze thick.
If the wind blows, the
clouds will be quickly dis-
persed.
In winter snow falls, but
only on the mountain tops.
We have ploughed and
tilled the land.
This land is very produc-
tive (fertile, strong, lit), and
yields, more or less, twenty-
fold in grain.
Last year there was great
scarcity (dearth), but it is
to be hoped that such will
not be the case this year.
This seems to be a very
hot (sultry) day.
To-day the sky is clear
(cloudless, blue) and the
wind gone down. It is a
fine (pleasant) day, but it
blew hard yesterday.
The sun is very hot to-
day, and a thick nust covers
the face of the ground.
Yesterday the heat was
great, but the dust was b>id
by the rain.
It rains but slightly;
now set out, and return
quickly.
To-day's sultriness op-
presses beyond all bounds.
Laira'h garna'h da'h aw
dund drund daey.
Kih bad al-wazi war-yadzi
(also, aor-yazi and aor-yadz-
ey) bah la zser zser l^warey
shi.
Pah jzamaey k'^hey waw-
rey pre-w'zi, waley tash da
g^'runo pah saro bandi.
Z'maka'h mu yow-ya'h
kayey aw karaley da*h.
Da z'maka'h dera'h zor-
awara'h da'h aw lajz ^er shil
pah yowa da gh anam ra-
w*yi.
Par-OS (or par-wosajz) kal
4era'h kakhti wa'h, magar
umid daey chih sajz kal bah
hasey nah wi.
Nan wradz dera'h toda'h
ma'lumejzi.
Nan asman shin aw bad
Iwe-dalaey daey. Giwara'h
rwadz da'h, magar parun pah
zor wal-wat (also wal-wot).
Nan rwadz n'mar 4©r tod
daey, aw da z'makey mafch
gam dund niwalaey daey.
Parun garmi dera'h wa'h,
magar pah baran sarah duf-
ey k'^he-nastey.
Baran pastah ao-rl; aos
lar shah, aw bi-a pah talwar
sarah ra-shah.
Da nan wrad^y tod-
walaey tar l^addah zi-at agar
kawi.
136
PTTSHTO MANUAL.
If you do not manure
(dress) tlie land, how can
you sow grain ?
The sun is eclipsed to-
day, and there was a halo
round the moon last night :
rain will set in.
With the heavy rain which
fell last night, the dust is
laid.
In this country, in winter
also, it is at times very
hot ; and sometimes, in
summer, hail falls.
It thunders much to-day :
the reverberations are con-
stant.
The wind blows very
strong : it will root up the
trees.
Kih wa z'makey tah sarey
wa-nah-chawa'i ghala'h baJb.
tsah-rang wu-kara'i ?
Nan n'mar tandarey ni-
waley dey, aw barayi (pr^
paruna'I), shpa'h spojzmal
shpol ka^aey wuh: baran
bah wu-shi.
Pah gam baran sarah chih
barayi shpa'h wu-aoredah,
du^ey k'l^he-nastaley.
Pah dey mulk k'6hey, pah
jzamaey hum, kalah kalah
zora'h-wara'h garmi shi ; aw
kalah pah wo^aey dzol {cdao.
jzala'i) Iwe-jzi {or^ ao-ri).
Nan wradz asman ^^r
ghurumbejzi : talanda'h sar-
pah-sar dah.
Per bad al-wazi : waney
{or^ dara^tey) bah Twa^ra-
wi.
On Tbavellino.
How many kuroh (about
two miles) is Paiway from
here?
How far may it be from
this place to Shaluzan P
Please God, it will be fif-
teen kuroh.
Show me the road, friend.
That is the way ; take
care thou dost not miss it.
Paiwair lah dey d^a'e nah
teo kuroha'h daey P
Lahdeydza'eah tar Shalu-
zan pori bah tsombrah liri
wiP
In-sha AUah, pindzah las
kuroh bah wi.
Tarah, ma tah lar wu-
lOiayah.
Lar haghah da'h: wu-
gorah chih hera'h di naJi
shey.
BXBBCISB8 AND DIALOOUES.
137
What village do you be-
long to ?
(hi what road has she
gone?
Where art thou going ?
My desire is to go to that
hill. Can I ride there ?
It is a long road, and a
good day's journey; more-
over, thou canst not ascend
it : there is no road up it.
Can any one go round on
the hither side of thy vil-
lage?
No : on that side robbers
infest the road.
Will some bread, eggs,
and milk, be procurable in
this village or not ?
Endeavour to bring some
pure water.
This brackish water is not
fit to drink.
Prepare some bread for
him; he is pinched with
hunger.
What language speakest
thou? I do not imderstand
thee.
I do not understand what
they say.
!But Httle grass (fodder)
is procurable in the village
of Ghal^ Ban^a'h.
Tasii da komey kaU yaa'I ?
Pah komey lari t'laley
da'h?
Chartah dzey ?
Irada'h mi da'h chih wa
haghah gj^'rah tah la^ sham.
Spor bah haltah t'lalaey
sham?
Liii lar da'h, aw da wrac|zi
purah manzil daey ; nur tah
bah ^'rah nah shey ^at-
alaey: da ^atalo lar nah-
da'h.
^ok sta kali wa-highey
l^wa tah gserzedalaey shi ?
Yah : haghah l^wa gh'keh
lar wahi.
Aya, pah dey kaH k'^hey
bah tsah 4o4A'i9 aw haga'i,
aw pa'i, paida shi kih yah ?
Pah ra'w'falo da t§o
khwajgo aobo wu-Fwajzah.
Da tarwey aoba'h da
ts'i^halo la-ikey nah dey.
Da haghah da-parah tso
4o4a'i pal^a'h k'^ra'h; nas
yey pah kulmo pori n' shataey
daey.
Eiuna'h jzaba'h wa-yey ?
nah dar pohejzam.
Nah pohejzam chih dii-i
tsah wa-yi.
Pah^alzi Banda'hk'i^hey
wa^ah kam paida kej^i.
138
PirSHTO TKAJSrUAL.
Afzal is my companion:
the road is soon got over
Speak slowly if thou de-
sirest me to understand thy
words.
From what part hast thou
come, where is thy home,
and whither goest thou P
My home (house) is on
that side of the Kupna'h
river. I am come into
Khost. and my intention is
to proceed into Daway.
They live on the banks of
the river (or river's side).
Show me the road ; I will
accompany thee.
G^t into the shade, and
then sit down.
Waken me at daybreak.
Seek the man at cock-
crow.
Milk the cow when the
Mulla calls to prayer.
My Kandahar is better
than thy Kabid.
I passed a long time
there, and spent much
money.
I and thou both of us
will go to (or set out for)
Kan£i.har together*
Whenever the rain lessens
or ceases, be ready to pro-
ceed to G^aznin.
Afzal ra sarah mal-garaey
daey : lar ^hse'h w'rey.
W'ro Wbabarey kawah kih
ghwarey sta pah waina wu-
pohejzam.
Tah lah kamey ]^wa ra-
ghalaey yey, aw kor di
chartah daey, aw kama'h
U^wa tah dzey ?
Kor mi da Kupney da
sin haghah ghara'h daey.
Khost tah ra-ghalaey ^am,
aw da Dawar da t'lalo irad-
a'h mi da'h.
Du-i da sind pah ^a|ra'h
astejzi.
Lar ra tah wu-^hayah;
lah tah sarah bah l&x sham.
Sio-ri tah dzan wu-rasa-
wah, nur k'l^he-nah.
Lo-e sahar ma wi^h k'lrah.
Pah chirg bang ha|^ah
saraey wu-lafawah.
Da Mulla pah bang ghwa
wu-rwashah.
Kandahar dz'ma sta tar
Kabxda i^hseh daey.
SLaltah mi 4^1^'^ muda'h
tera'h k'ra'h, aw derey riipa'i
mi !^artsey k'yey.
Zah aw tah bah dwarah
sarah Kandahar tah lar
shu.
Har-kalah chih baran
narm shi ya wudrejzi, da-
parah da t'lalo wa Ghaznin
tah tai-yar aosah.
BXEBCISE8 AND DIALOGirBS.
139
In a few days (oTy a short
time) — please Gk>d — ^thou
wilt reach thine own country.
The man is gone on a
long journey, and I do not
know on what day he will
come back.
Habib goes to Sujawand
and Haibat remains at
Ghaznin.
How far is the city of
]^andahar from the Arghand
river?
But G-irishk is on the
banks of the Hirmand, and
Farah on the Farah river.
My foot slipped, and I
fell topsy-turvy into the
pond.
Free the camel's foot
from the mire.
G-ive me a morsel of
bread that I may break my
fast therewith.
Spread out my carpet.
Spit this meat and roast
it.
The water gives out
steam (boils), and the meat
seems cooked.
Are apples and pears
come yet r
Throw this dirty water
away and bring me some
clean.
Pah tso rwadzo k'l^hey —
in-sha Allah — ^bah wa thpul
watan tah wu-rasejzey.
Haghah sa^aey pah ujzd
safar t'lalaey daey, nah
pohej^am chihkamah wradz
bah bi-a ra-shi.
Habib Sujawand tah d^
aw Haibat pah Ghaznin
FiShey patejzi.
S^hahr da Kandahar lah
Arghand ab nah tsombrah
liri daey?
Magar Girishk da Hir-
mand sin pah ij^a^a'h daey,
aw ^hahr da Farah pali
Farah rud daey.
Pi^ha'h mi wu-i^hakedala'h,
aw pah kol (or 4and) k'iShey
naskor pre-watam.
Da ush p^ha'h lah ^ato
nah Uiala^a'h k'lra'h.
Yow tiit do4a'i ra-k'yah
chih niharaey yey k'^am.
Dz^ma ^alicha'h wu-
ghwayawa'h.
Dag^ah ghwa^hey pah
si^t peyaley kabab yey
k'fah.
Lah aoba'h b'^as walaj*-
ejzi, nur ma'lumejzi chih
j^wa^hey pa^ey dey.
Marney aw nash-pati la
rasedali di ?
Da i^eeyey aoba'h to'e
k'yah aw tsah pakey aoba'h
ra larah ra-w'yah.
140
PU8HTO ICANUAL.
This butter-milk will be
of no use whatever, so
throw it awaj.
Da shlombi pah hits kar
ra-nah-shi, tro wu-yey ghur-
zawah.
MiLITABY, SpOSTINO, AND OAMPAiaNING SUBJECTS.
Pitch the tent under these
plane-trees.
First level the ground,
after that pitch the tent.
Strike the pegs with the
mallet, drive them in deep,
and pull the ropes tight.
Pack up the tent and
baggage, and load the
camels; it is time to load
them.
Where hast thou pitched
the tent P
I have pitched it in an
open place.
Let the camel-men take
out the camels to graze
early in the morning.
Take care you reach the
camp in good time. Make
no delay on the road, and
keep the camels together.
Did you see any men
going in that direction ?
Pah hugho chinaro wane
bandi ^ema'h (aUoy dera'h)
wu-darawah.
Bumbaey (pr^ Tunbaey)
z'maka'h] sama'h k'rah, pas
lah haghah dera'h wu-dara-
wah.
Mojzi pah 4a»bali sarah
wu-wahah, aw klak yey
^hak'h kah, aw pa^i fii^g
]^a-^h'kah.
^^ema'h aw asbab wu-
n'gharah. aw uihan wu-
leshah ; wakt da lejzdo (or,
da lejzdalo) shah.
Dera'h di pah kama dza'e
walar kayey da'h?
Pakh arat dza'e mi wu-
darawula'h.
U^hbanah di ^ubal^ iiihan
tsaralo tah bi-ayi.
Baidar sha'al chih wa
manzil tah pah khpul wakt
ra wu-rasa'i. Pah Tar bandi
dirang mah-kawa'i, aw
ii^han tol-tal dzabalah ra-
wala'i.
Tasu kom sa^i waha^^tiah
Uwa tah t'lunki wu-lidal ?
EXBBOISBS AND DIALOaiTBS.
141
They went over the hill
on that side, but came back
again and stood on the top.
Were they soldiers or
were they villagers ?
They were merely vil-
lagers.
Are the people here settled
or are they nomads ?
Some are settled, some
are nomads.
Can my horse get across
that ravine ?
Are the banks steep or
sloping, and is the bottom
soft?
Can any supplies be ob-
tained in this village P
Not a drop of water is to
be obtained here.
How far is the next halt-
ing-place where water is
obtainable P
A shepherd has come in ;
if thou commandest I will
bring him in.
O sir! one of thy ser-
vants in the plain beat me
severely ; do me justice.
Come again after a little
while.
Haghah da j^'ra pah
haghah tsang wu-lafal,
magar ra-wu-gserzedal aw
pah sar yey wudredal.
Haghah sipahian wu kih
da kali sar(^ wu p
Tash da kali sa^o wu.
Khalk da dey dza'e tal-
aosedunki di kih powandah
dip
Dzini dzini tal-aoseduni
^alk di, tsok kochi di.
As nu lah haghah kbwar
nah pori kedalaey shi p
Qhayey yey Twarey di kih
zawayey di, aw talaey yey
pos daey kih klak P
Pah dey kali k'^hey hits
rasad paida kejzi P
Daltah yow tsatekaey
(also, takaey) aoba'h paida
nah shi.
Lah dey dza'e nah bsel
manzil hal-tah chih aoba'h
mundaley shi tsombrah Hn
di?
Yow ban4esaey sa^aey ra-
ghalaey daey ; kih hukm
kawey danana bah jej hazir
k'fam.
^a^iba! sta lah naukarano
yowah pah maira'h k'^hey
zah ^er t^'kawulam; dz'ma
in^af wu-k'rah.
Pas lah lajzey mndey nur
^azir shah.
142
PU8HTO MANITAL.
How deep is the water?
Can a horse get through it P
There has been a great
deal of rain in the hills, and
the river has i^sen; it is
impassable.
K it rains to-morrow the
road will be slippery.
They seized the bridles of
the horses, and went to the
water, and, having drank
some, they set out for their
own homes.
Is there any danger in
proceeding by this road at
night?
When I reach the place
where the road divides into
two, which should I take ?
Take care of thyself if
thou art not tired of thy
Hfe.
This rifle will carry twelve
hundred yards.
How many cartridges
hast thou in thy pouch, and
how many caps will there
be in thy cap-pouch ?
The hammer of thy rifle
is dirty and rusty ; clean it.
How is it thy sword has
become so rusty ?.
Aoba'h ^ombrah jzawar-
a'h da'h ? As lah aobo nah
pori watalaey shi ?
Pah gh'runo k'^hey der
baran wo-redalaey daey, aw
sin Ubatalaev daey ; pori
nah shi kedalaey.
Kih 9aba baran pre-w'zi
lar bah i^hwayey (or, ^hwa-
yandey) shi.
Da asunah jalaw yey wu-
niwah, aw aobo larah wu-
raghi. aobah yey wu-ts'^hi,
nur kor tah rawan sh'wal.
Pah shpa'h k'^hey pah
dey lar t'M hits wera'h lari ?
Haghah wakt chih zah
wa-haghah dza'e-tah rasejz-
amhal-tah chih lar pah dwey
lari beyalejzi, bah pah ko-
mey dzam ?
Khpul dzan wu-satal kih
lah jzwandah mor nah jej.
Da topak pah zser dwah
sawa gaz wishtal kawi.
Pah toshdan M^pul k'lihey
tso kartusunah larey, aw
pah kamr kisa'h k'^hey bah
tso pata^ey wi ?
Sta topak kolang ^iran
daey aw zang-^^waralaey ;
pak jej k'rah.
Sta tura'h tsah ranga has-
ey zang-W^waraley sh'wa'h.
EXEBCISBS AND DIALOaXTES.
148
Draw the sword from its
sheath.
My sword is very sharp.
Thy sword, then, is much
sharper (keener) than mine.
These swords are all
blunt.
My horse and mare are
both lame.
Is this thy pistol, or is it
mine?
The man is shouting to
us.
The malik of the village
has put the loss upon me.
Go thou on ; I am after
thee.
Dismount from thy horse
and come in.
My horse kicks much.
Thy horse jumps very
well.
Hast thou found my stray
camels again ?
The camels have become
mangy.
Shall I be able to hire
camels in this village P
Hast thou committed this
act knowingly, or through
ignorance ?
Make me acquainted with
this matter.
I am not acquainted with
this matter ; inform me.
Tura'h lah tekey nah wu-
basah.
Tura'h mi dera'h tera'h
da'h.
Nut sta tura'h tar dz'ma
turey nah dera'h tera'h da'h.
Daghey turey toley patsey
di._
As aw aspa'h mi kho
dwayah gu4 di.
Da sta tamanchey da'h .
kih dz'ma da'h ?
Haghah saraey mujz tah
narey wahi.
Da kali malik tawan ra
bandi ke-i^hod (also, k'l^he-
^ho).
W'yandi t'lah ; pasey
yam.
Lah asa nah kuz shah aw
dananah ra-shah.
As mi derey latey wahi.
As di der i^hseh top lari.
Wuruk shawi ui^han mi
di bi-a mundali di P
tr^han paman shawi di.
Pah deyjkali k'iShey uiShan
bah pah kiraha'h a]^isti
shamp
Tah pah ka^d sarah da
kar kayaey daey, kih pah na-
pohiP
Pah da kbabara'h ma poh
k'rah.
•
Pah dey hal ^abar nah
yam ; ^abar mi k'^rah.
144
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
This matter I am well
aware of.
I have no option in this
matter ; the authority is in
the hands of another.
K thou grantest me leave,
I intend to go to my native
country.
Of what village art thou,
and where is thy country ?
Get into the boat, and
cross over to the other side
of the Lohgar river.
Why standest thou upon
this low place? Stand on
higher ground.
Hast thou obtained a
horse yet or not ?
Is there quietness in the
hill country at present ?
People say there is great
disturbance in Dera-wat.
How far is that hill from
this ? My object is to get
to it by some road.
Thou canst not get up
there; there are many ob-
stacles in the way.
Who will forbid my
going?
Art thou not aware that
there is a feud between the
LuQ^s and the G^arshins P
Da Uabara'h ra ^hsB'h
ma'luma'h da'h.
Pah dey kar k'^hey i^-
tiyar nah-laram; wak da
hsdl pah las daey.
Kih rutt^at ra k'rey ni-
yat mi da watan da t'lalo
daey.
Da kom kali yej, aw wat-
an di chartah daey ?
Pah bera'i k'she-nah, aw
da Lohgar sin wa-highey
giarey pori wu-wuzah.
Tsalarah pah daeykuz (or,
dzway) dza'e wudrejzey ?
Pah Twara'h z'maka'h wud-
rejzah.
Tar aosa di as mundalaey
daey kih yah ?
Pah kohistan k'shey aos
karari shtah kih nah shtah ?
E3ialk hasey waM chih
pah Dera-wat k'shey dl^r
pasat daey.
Haghah ghar lah daey
dza'eah nah tsombrah liri
wi? Ni-yat nu daey chih
pah kamey lari bah war-
dzam.
Tah wa-gh'rah-tah U^t-
aey nah i^hey; der a]-unah
di.
Tsok bah mi man'a'h
kawi?
Khabar nah jej chih da
Lumio aw da Ghaxshino
pah mi-yandz mirtsi da'h p
BXBB0I8BS AND DIALOGUES.
145
Both have taken post on
the boundary line, and are
making reprisals on each
other.
On what matter has the
feud been brought about
(or, arisen) ?
The cause of the mischief,
as usual, is a woman.
Under whose rule is thy
village, and who are its in-
habitants? Are they folks
in easy circumstances (also,
respectable, fig.), or are they
hungry (thieves) ?
They are quiet people,
sir, noted for probity, and
are not prone to dishonesty.
They are Afghans^ and
under the rule of the State.
This village is imder me
(or, in my charge). Thou
art master ; whatever thou
mayest require shall be pro-
duced.
Sir! the soldiers are
plundering my dweUing;
do thou thyself do me jus-
tice.
Whoever have done this
deed deserve a severe punish-
ment.
Remain here till the sun
sets.
If our property becomes
lost in such a place we shall
not find it agam.
Dwa^ah pah ^add (also,
btirid) nast di, aw yow tar
beela pah bota'h bramta'h
kawal mash-ghul di.
Pah kamey kb^barey mir-
tsi patsawuley shawey dey?
WeU^ da fasad, lakah
chih tal shtah,^hadza'h da'h.
Sta kalaey da chah pah
l^ukomat k'ihey daev, aw
astogyi yey took di ? Mairah
wugap di kih wajzi daf wi.
I
^a^iba, ma^ah kbalV ^h
ah neki mashhur, aw
ah bade wezar. Puihtanah
di, aw da sarkar pah daulat
k'^hey di.
Da kalaey lah ma landi
daey. Tah ^akim jej ; har-
tsah chih di pah kar wi
^azir kalaey biQi shi.
^a^iba! sipahian kor ml
lufawi ; dz'ma in^af tah pa-
khpulali wu-k'yah.
Har teok chih da kar kal-
aey daey hugho tah sa^^ta'h
saza kafaley bo-yah.
Tso n'mar pre-Vzi daltah
aosah.
Pah hasey dza'e k'l^hey
kih dz'mujz mal wuruk shi
bi-a bah nah mumu.
10
146
PUBHTO MANUAL.
I reached my own yillage,
safe from thieves and from
rain, along with a convoy.
On the way several thieves
came in front of us, but as
we were well armed they did
not see any advantage in
attacking ns.
The Yasin Khel will re-
taliate on the Daulat Khel
in fine style.
Is there any one aiding
them or not ?
How many men are there
in the Mi-yandz-Lar Pass ?
How much grain will
there be in that village ?
Take care not to lay your
hands on the property of
any poor people.
Don't shoot the village
people; merely fire your
rifles over their heads.
The enemy have all crossed
over to the other side of the
Logar rivet, and only the
Tajziks remain in Ehiishi on
this side.
The Upper Banga^h people
gained the victory, because
they were the most nume-
rous, and, in their difficult
district, they are as bold as
lions.
Zah, pah aman lah gh'lo
aw lah barana, lah badragey
sarah, ^pul kali tah wu-
rasedam.
Pah lar k'iShey dz'mujz
pah ma^ tso gh'heih ra-
ghlal. wall kabu jej nah
ra-tah lidal chih pah waslah
put wu.
Yasin Khel bah pah Dau-
lat Khelo pah ihseh. shan
badala'h wa-^li.
Da hugho x>ah marasta'h
tsok shtah aw kih nah-shtah p
Pah Mi-yandz-Lar Gha^hi
k'^hey tso tana di ?
Pan haghah kali k'iShey
tsomrah ^ala'h wi ?
Da cha gharib sa^ri pah
mal band! las mah-wa-cha-
wa'al.
Pah kali khalko bandi
mah waha'ai ; tash da dewo
da sar da-pasa topak mo
khalaig k'ra'ai.
Du^hmanan tol da Logar
sind pori wa-highey gharey
tah watali di, aw siwa lah
tajzik majzik hits tsok ra-
pori pah Khushi k'^hey pa-
taey nah daey.
Bar Bangai^h ^al^baraey
wu-gafah, dzakah chih dii-i
der gam wii, aw pah saMjit
mulk ^pul k'^ey, lakah
m'zario <B.
BXBBCISES AND DIALOaUBS.
147
The case has become
Tery serious, for blood has
been shed on both sides.
Why don't they settle this
matter by compromise: is
there no mediator to be
found?
The road is straight and
not dificult : thou wilt not
miss it, and there is no
danger on it.
First go straight forward,
then turn to the left, and
afterwards to the right.
Sir! thieves have seized
and carried off twenty of
our camels.
Are there many horses in
your district ? How many
may they amount to ?
What is that on that de-
tached hill on the left hand ?
It is a man. He is coming
towards us with a jaza'yU
in his hand.
Call out to him to stand,
and if he does not stop I
will take a shot at him.
How many men have
stayed behind in the village ?
Not a man has stayed
behind: all the people have
run away.
They are at feud with one
another, and were afraid of
Mukaddama'h 4era'h gran-
a'h shawey da'h, tsalarah
chih da dwayo lorio winey
to-e shawey di.
Da mukaddama'h pah
ghwa^h wall nah ^washi :
tsok ghwai^h-grandaey nah
paida kejzi ?
Lar sama'h da'h aw asan-
a'h : wuruka'h bah jej nah
k'rey, aw wera'h pah k'^hey
hits nah-shtah.
W'yumbaey ma^a-mal^
barabar lar shah, bi'a kirn
las tah wu-gserzah, aw pas
i^haev lor taSi.
Sahiba ! gh'lo dz'mujz
shil uiShan niwali botlal.
Sta pah tapey k'^hey der
asunah shtah ? T§o asunah
bah wi?
Da tsah daey da highih
ghandey pah sar bandi?
Yow sa^raey daey. Jaza'yil
pah las niwalaey dey ^wa
miijz larah ra-dzl.
War tah narey wu-wahah
chih wudrejzah, aw kih nah
wudrejzi zah bah pri guzar
kawam.
W'rusto pah kali k'l^hey
tso sa^ri patedal! di P
Yow sayaey ^o patedal-
aey nah daey : fol j^alV
z'ghastali di.
Da hu£^o pah mi-yandz
mirtei pre-wataley dey, '
10 *
148
PirSHTO MAKITAX.
treachery on the part of their
own clansmen, therefore they
did not stay.
Which of these two gnns
hast thou taken a fancy to ?
Give this man in charge
to the guard.
I would have killed him,
but I was afraid to do so.
Mount the horse, and
gallop him.
The trees in the wood are
so deuse that we cannot
make our way through it.
Set up some stick here as
a mark, and cut down the
dead trees, but leave the
others.
I am still standing exactly
on that spot : I have not
moved at sill.
I went alone, voluntarily,
to the top of the hill.
My adversary gave me a
cut with his sword.
The mountaineers attacked
the kafilah and plundered it.
The regiment must march
QXi hour before daybreak.
After some little skirmish-
ing the enemy fled.
du-i da U^pulo 'azizano
lah bey-imana'i nah wa-
weredal, lah dey sababa pato
nah sh'waL
Lah dewo dwaro topako
di kam-yow ttwa^h karaay
daeyr
Daghah sa^aey wa-pas-
wan-tah wu-paslawah.
Wajlaey bah mi wuh,
magar wu-weredam.
Pah as bandi sor shah, aw
wu-yey-tezah.
Da bam waney hasey
gamey dey chih pah k'^hey
nah shu t'lali.
Da nai^hey da-parah dal-
tah kom largaey lak k'rah,
aw komey waney chih wuch-
ey dey pre-vey k'ra'ai, waley
nurey pre-jzda'ai.
Ju^t (or, joy) pah haghah
dza'e bandi walar yam : lah
sarah nah yam khwadzedal-
aey.
Ma pa-khpulah da |^un-
da'i wa-sar-tah yawadzey
wu-^ot.
Dui^hman mi da turey pah
guzar ghwats k'ralam.
Da gh'ra ^alko pah ka-
filey bandi pre-watal aw
mar-dar jej k'ra'h.
Yow sa'at pa-^wa tar
sapedi da^ pori bo-yah
chih paltan kuch kawey.
Pas lah tsa^o tas tus ka-
wulo du^hmanan tai^htedali
layal.
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOOXTBS.
149
When you are within fifty
paces of the enemy, at once
charge them.
Fifty or sixty men have
come in, but they are all
Damar Kaka^s and Isot
Famis.
There are one hawal-dar,
two nayaks, and twelve
sipahis on duty to-night,
and that guard will furnish
four sentries.
Give the labourers two
rupis each.
I have two horses, but
they are both lame.
Look up like a soldier, not
on the ground like a clod-
hopper.
Accoutre thyself, and go
along with him.
Take off thy accoutre-
ments, and take my gun, and
follow me : perhaps we shall
find some game here.
Set this lance upright in
the ground.
There is no vacancy in
my regiment; if there had
been I would have given it
to thee.
How many troops are there
now present in camp ?
When you cast your right
Har-kalah chih du^h-
manan lah tasu nah pindzos
kadam liri wi, yek la^Ltah
pri tamla'h wu-k'ya*ai.
Pindzos shpetah sari ra-
ghali di, magar (ol warah
Damar Kakaran, aw Isot
Pamian di.
Nan-shpa'h (or, nanana'i
shpa'h) yow hawal-dar,dwah
nayak, aw dwah-las sipahian
naukari kawi, aw haghah
garat bah tsalor paswan war
kawi.
Mazduran larah dwey
dwey rupa'i war-k'rah.
Dwah asunah laram waley
dwarah gud dl.
Da sipahl pah shan portah
wu-gorah, nah wa-z*makey-
tah lakah da kali saraey.
M'la taraley lah haghah
sarah la^ shah.
M'la pra-nataley, dz'ma
topak wu-nisah (or, wu-
nisah), aw pah ma pasey ra-
dzah: i§ha-y! daltah tso
^h'kar bi-a-mu-mu.
Da neza'h sama'h pah
z'maka'h wu-darawah.
Dz'ma pah paltan k'iShey
kom dza'e ^aH nah-shtah ;
kih kh&li wae ta tah bah mi
dar kayaey wuh.
Tso tanah sipahian aos
pah Urdu k'iShey hazir di ?
Har-kalah chih tasu ^ha'i
160
PXrSHTO MANUAL.
eye on the sight you should
shut the left one.
Surround the hill, for I
imagine the enemy are lying
there in ambush.
First ascend to the top of
the hill, and then their
whereabouts will be yisible.
They may perchance be
lying in the ravine, or in
yonder broken ground.
If such be the case we
will lay an ambush for them.
It was mid-day when they
got near the fort ; and the
brave fellows attacked it,
and in the short space of
one watch (three hours) it
was captured.
Yahya Eban, together
with his younger brothers,
not one of whom had, as
yet, reached man's estate,
girded up their loins to
avenge their father.
Ascend to that high
ground, and carefully recon-
noitre all round; then select
three men and station them
thereon as a picket.
starga'h pser didban jz'da'al
kima'h s^ga'h puta'h karey
boyah.
Ghar cha-perah wu-nisa'ai
(or, wu-nisa'ai) chih guman
mi dasey kejzi chih du^h-
manan haltah pah tsaw
k'iShey nast di.
Wrumbey da gh'ra pah
sar bandi wu-^ejza'ai, nur
da du-i dza'e dar i^h'karah
shl.
Gundi pah Jiwar k'lShey,
ya huri pah highey ^ar-
mwara'i k'^hey nast wi.
Kih hasey wi mujz bah
pah p'suni k'^hey war-tah
ki§he-nu.
Boz-i-ro^han nima'h wradz
wa'h chih kot watah najzdey
sh'wii ; dzwanano pah kala'h
manguli wu-lagawaley, pah
yowah pahar k'^hey fath
shah.
Yahya ^ban, lah kashar-
ano w'rurno sarah, chih hite
yow la balaghat tah rasedal-
aey nah wuh, pah kisa^ da
plar m'la wu-tarala'h.
Pah highey I'warey bandi
wu-^ejzah, aw cha-pirah
pah ^hseh shan sarah pah
dzir dzir wu-gomh ; pas drej
kasa sipahian da yaJah-
dara'i da-parah ^waih
k'rah aw pah dey dza'e ban-
di wudarawah.
EXBBCISBS AND DIALOOITBS.
161
A bullet struck him in the
side. He was not to arise
again (i.e. being mortally
wounded), and was left be-
hind.
He displayed much
bravery in action.
He is not dead yet : see,
he moves.
Take out the mules and
camels to graze, and be
careful you all keep with
them.
My horse is stuck fast in
the ravine, and can neither
come up out of it, nor can
he withdraw himself again.
Come hither, and hold my
horse that he may not run
away, and throw him some
grass.
Dismount from thy horse,
and distribute fodder among
the cattle.
Accoutre thyself (gird up
thy loins), the time to march
has arrived.
Make over these things to
a certain soldier.
Hire a camel for me.
The treasury is empty of
rupis.
How many men hast thou
brought in for service ?
Twenty men, but they are
all of one place, and all are
kinsmen of each other.
Gk)la'i jej pah ay^ wu-
lagedala'h. Da ^ato nah
wuh, pato sh'wah.
Haghah pah jang k'^hey
4er maranaey wu-k'yah.
Tar aosa pori mar nah
daey : gorah.. khwadzejzi.
Kacharanawu^han tsaralo
tah boza'ai, aw pah ^abar-
dari tasu tol war-tah najzd-
ey wudrejza'ai.
As me pah ^war k'^hey
wu-n'^hat, aw nah portah
^ataey shah, nah pastanah
watalaey shi.
Haley ra-shah aw as
dz'ma nisah chih wu-nah-
ta^hti, aw tso wa^hah war ■
wachawah.
Lah asa nah kuz shah, aw
wa^hah dzanwarano tah
wesh k'rah.
M'la wu-taya'h, wa^t da
kuch ra-ghi.
Da tsiziinah falani sipahi
tah wu-sparah.
Yow nih. dz'ma da-parah
kiraha'h k'lpah.
!^izana'h lah rupa'io nah
tasha'h da'h.
Tso sar! da naukara'i da-
parah di niwali di ?
Shil sari, magar tol da
yowah dza'e di, aw fol sarah
azizan di.
152
PUSHTO MAIHTAL.
This youth is round-
backed and weakly : he will
soon break down.
I am stronger than they
are.
Sit down: arise: stand
up: look up: do not look
down : stand upright : put
thy heels together: do not
move.
Obey my order : look to-
wards me: what art thou
looking at ? Stand so.
The army regulations are
very severe and momentous.
Look at him what he is
doing! O scapegrace! why
dost thou not obey my com-
mand?
Do not ungird thy loins :
if thou dost not work with
a will how wilt thou earn
money?
Pardon him his fault.
Forgive me my fault this
time ; for this command I
had forgotten.
Bun and seize him, and
bring him hither.
If you had, at that time,
given me an order, I would
have gone in pursuit of him :
I would not have let him
escape.
Da halak chughaey daey
aw kam-zoraey: zser (alsOy
jzir) bah stapaey shi.
Zah lah hug^o nah pah
zor-awar yam.
K'lShe-nah : patsah: wud-
rejzah : portah gorah :
k'^hatah (or, kuz) mah-
gorah : pun^a'i ^pidey yow
dza'e k'^ah: sam wudrejz-
ah : mah khwadzejzah.
Dz'ma ^ukm pah dza'e
ra-w'irah : ma-tah gorah :
wu-tsah-tah gorey ? Hasey
wudrejzah.
Da lai^hkar a'munah der
saU^t aw gran di.
Haghah wu- gorah chih
tsah kawi ! Ai kam bakhta !
waley dz'ma hukm nah
maney?
M'la mah pra-nadzah : kih
mihnat pah dzan wa-nah-
^ley rupa'i bah tsangah wu-
gatey ?
Da ha g hah gunah war-wu-
ba^^hah.
Dz'ma gunah da dzala'h
ra-wu-ba^^hah ; chih da
^ukm mi her shawaey wuh.
Pah manda'h lar shah:
wu-yey nlsah, aw haley ra-
yey-walah.
Kih tasu ha^ah wa^t,
ma tah ^ukm kapiey wae
(aZffo, wae) pah ha^^ah pasey
bah t'lalaiey wum: ma bah
nah wuh pre-ya^haey.
BXBBCI8BS AND DIALOOUBS.
153
K you had not come to
my succour they would have
burnt my dweUing.
The enemy are not nume-
rous : a few men only it
seems.
Fire off (discharge) thy
rifle.
It is obstructed (foul or
choked), and will not go off.
Clean the barrel inside,
and see that the nipple is
clear, then it will go off.
Whenever thou mayest
meet with a good sword buy
it for me.
On this speech they set to
fighting.
Adam Khan and Salim
came home on leave.
I will send someone else
in thy place.
Set up this target {or,
mark) that I may fire at it
with the rifle.
If thou doest so thou wilt
obtain a reward.
There is no fear : God is
our Protector.
While you may remain in
this country do not act op-
pressively towards anyone.
O Sir ! my wife is imwell :
it will be a great favour on
thy part if thou wilt grant
Kih tasu dz'ma pah hapa'h
nah wae {or, wae) ra-ghali
du-i bah mi kor sawaey
wuh.
Du^hman lajz di: yow
mm sap ma'lumejzi.
Topak di kba^a? k'^rah.
fopak band daey, nah
^ala^ejzi.
Shpela'i jQj dananah pak
k'r^'h, aw wu-gorah chih da
ranjak dza'e saf daey, tro
bah Uala9 shi.
Har-kalah chih ^ha'h
tura'h wu-winey dz'ma da-
parah yey wakh-lah.
Pah dey waina bandi jej
lane wu-n'i^halawuh.
Adam E^an aw Salim pall
ruU^^at kor tah ra-ghlal.
Sta pah badlah k'^hey
bah nur tsok was-tawum.
Da na^ha'h wudrawah
chih pah topak j&j wu-wal-
am.
Kih hasey wu-k'^ey ina'am
bah wu-gatey.
Hits wera'h nah-shtah :
!l|^udae dz'mujz Satunaey
daey.
Tso pah dey mulk k'^hey
aos'al pah cha bandi zulm
mah kawa'ai.
Sahiba! t^kbar mi na-jo^ra'h
shawey dey : mihirbangi
bah di wi kih ma-tah dwey
154
PTTSHTO MANUAL.
me two or tliree days' leave
to attend her.
Sir! this soldier solicits
three days* leave in order to
meet his brother who has
arrived at a certain village.
Very good ; as I know he
is a good man, I will consent
to his leave.
That soldier, Sir, repre-
sents that a letter has
reached him from his family,
and the Treasury bill, which
he had remitted to them
three months ago, has not
yet reached them.
This affair happened be-
fore : what is the fuss and
noise about it now ?
I was going in company
with the Ghalzis towards
the head of the Kajahah
valley ; and in that same
place, on the night in ques-
tion, such quantities of hail
and rain fell, that up to the
dawn of the morning we
entertained no hope of our
lives.
The whole country has
become perfectly white with
snow.
When I set out it was a
pitch-dark night.
drey rwadz rukhsat ra-k'rey
chih timar jej k'ram.
Sahiba ! da sipahi da dro
rwadzo ru^^at ghwari da-
parah da mulakat da w'ror
khpul chih wa-falani kali
tah ra-^alaey daey.
Shseh daey; chih yey
pejzanam jor saraey daey,
ru^^at bah yey kabul shi.
Sahiba ! haghah sipahi
'arz kawi chih da 'iyal lah
taiuf a jej kaghiz ra-ghalaey
daey, aw haghah Bil da
Khizaneyy chih drey miasht-
ey terey shawey dey war-
stawalaey wuh, la naJb. daey
war rasedalaey.
Da khabara'h pa-khwa
shawey wa'h: aos da dey
jagara'h aw sharr-o-shor
tsah daey?
Zah hum da G-halzio
sarah pah sar darey da Ela-
jahah laram; pah haghah
dza'e ra bandi pah ^hpa'h
hasey jzaley aw baran wu-
woredah, chih tar §abah pori
miih (or, mxi) umid da zinda-
gana'i nah wuh (or, wu).
Tol mulk pah wawrey tak
spin shawaey daey.
Haghah wakt chih rawan
sh'wam taka'h tora'h shpa'h
wa*h.
BXBBCISBS AND DIALOOXTBS.
155
Our coimtry is very rug-
ged : it is all hill and dale.
I am much fatigued, and
hungry and thirsty to boot.
They have come unseason-
ably (late). Tell them to
come in the morning; at
that time I will talk with
them.
Whether they be camels,
horses, or mules, wherever
they may be, and whatever
they may be, bring {or, lead)
them along.
Who is this man who ap-
pears in sight?
Through cowardice Bah-
ram did not fight.
Mulk mu ^<&t zijz daey :
tol ^ar aw sama'h daey.
Zah der sta^aev shawaey
yam, aw pratah lah dey hum
wajzaey aw tajzaey yam.
Na wakta ra-ghali di. Du-i
tah wu-wayah chih ij^aba^ ra-
sh! ; haghah wakt bah lah
du-i sarah khabarey wu-
k'lram.
£[ih ui^han wi, kih asiinah
wi, kih katar wi, har chir-
tah chih wi, aw har tsah
chih wi, ra-yey-walah.
Daghah sa^raey chih pah
nazar ra-dzi tsok daey ?
Da na-marda'i lah ji^
hata Bahram jang wu-naJi-
k'yah.
SENTENCES ON GENEEAL SUBJECTS.
Who art thou ?
I am an Afghan.
What Patau art thou by
lineage ?
I am a Lumaey Mianah.
Dost thou imderstand
Pu6hto ? {or, Hast thou ac-
quired Pu^hto ?)
Yes, I understand Pu^h-
to, but neither Pukhsto,
Pakkhto, Pasto, nor Pashtu,
nor any such nonsense.
Tah tsok jqj ?
Zah Pui^htun yam.
Pah a^al kom Pu^htun
yey?
Zah Lumaey l^anah yam.
PahPui^htopohejzey ? {ory
PuiShto di z'dah daey ?)
Ho, Pu^hto ^o pohejz-
am, wal-e nah Pukhsto, nah
Pakkhto, nah Pasto, nah
Pashtu, ya hasey puch go-e
hits na'h pejzanam.
156
PUSHTO MAirUAL.
What is thy name ?
Tar Muhammad is my
name.
What village dost thou
belong to ?
I have come from tTrgun,
and am going to Zar^un
Sliahr.
Art thou married or not ?
I was married, but my
wife is dead.
Hast thou any sons ?
How many children hast
thou?
How old will the eldest
son be?
Is thy father living ?
Yes, he is living, but is an
old grey-beard.
Is thy mother alive ?
My mother is dead.
Hast thou any brothers ?
I have one brother.
Is there a son bom in thy
house, or a daughter?
My wife has given birth
to a son.
What is thy name, and
what name hast thou given
to thy son ?
Is thy master within or
not?
Sta num ^ah daey P {or,
Num di tsah daey ?)
Num mi Tar Muhammad
daey.
Da, komey kali yey ?
Lah tTrgiina raghalaey
yam, aw Zarghun S^hahr tah
^zam.
Wada'h di karey dey*
kih yah.
Wada'h mi karey wa'h,
wali fabar mi mai*a'h sh' wa'h.
Dzaman di shtah ?
Tso f arzand dl shtah ?
Mashar ^o-e (aUoy zo-e)
bah da tso kalo wi ?
Plar di jzwandaey daey ?
Ho, jzwandaey daey,
wal-e zor spin-jziraey daey.
Mor di jzwanda'i da'h ?
Mor mi m'ya'h da'h.
W'rumah di shtah.
Yow w'ror laram.
Sta pah kor k'^hey dzo-e
shawaey daey, kih lur?
Tabar mi dzo-e rawaraey
daey.
Num di tsah daey, aw
peer dzo-e di tsah num ya^h-
aey daey ?
Tsa^htan dl dananah daey
kih nah daey ?
See Syntax of the verb, para. 1, pa^e 79.
BXBBOIBBS AND DIALOaUBS.
167
Ib. anyone within (the
house) ?
Master is within.
He has just now arisen
from sleep (got up).
Why hast thou come ?
Why, during the whole
day, didst thou not come?
My house is defenceless.
I was much astonished at
this act.
After having dressed thy-
self come to me.
When he comes inform
(acquaint) me.
Gome inside.
Sit beside me, friend.
My back itches : scratch
it.
I had become as one de-
mented.
This peach is sweeter than
sugar or than confection.
The roof leaks : repair it
(mend it).
The cup cracked in my
hand and went to pieces.
That (female's) comeliness
does not come up to this
one's good looks.
Attend to my words, and
before going finish this
work.
Pah kor k'^hey tsok
shtah ?
Sa^ib pah kor k'^hey
daey.
AoBlaJittabapatjedalaey
daey.
Waley ra-ghlaey yey ?
Da t§ah da-parah drasta'h
rwadz ra-nah-gley ?
Kor mi ^ushaey daey.
Lah dey kara mi ^^r ta'j-
jub wu-kay.
Zayukaey a g hustaey pah
nazd dz'ma ra-shah.
Har-kalah chih haghah
ra-shi ma t^abar k'y ah.
Dananah ra-shah.
Tarah, ma tsaU^ah k'she-
nah.
Sha mi ^ari^htejzi : wu-
yey-garawah.
Da lewanaey pah shan
shawaey wum.
Da shuftalu tar kand tar
halwa khojz daey.
Da U^uney chat tsatsi : joi*
yey k'yah.
Dz'ma pah las k'l^hey
piala'h wu-chawda'h darey
dayey sh'wa'h (oTy sh'wala'h).
Da highey ^ha-ist da
dighey wa i^ha-ist tah nah-
rasejzi.
Dz'ma ^abara'h wu-man-
ah, aw pa-U^wa lah t'lalo
{pr^ pa-khwa tar t'lalo) da
kar purah k'^rah.
158
PXTSHTO MANUAL.
Witli this affair you have
no concern.
Draw the curtain back
that there may be some
light : the room is very
dark.
It grows late : it is neces-
sary we should depart.
Keep this thing about
thee (oTy with thee) : some
time or other it will be use-
ful to thee.
Why have you come back
agaiu ?
What business have ye
here?
Call that little boy to me.
Whom dost thou teach
now?
At this time, indeed, I
have no pupil.
I do juot know who thou
art.
Put this letter (lit. paper)
into an envelope.
This vessel (basin, pan),
is filled with water. Empty
it, but pour out the water
slowly.
With what object (desire,
bent, longing) have you
come?
Come inside the door.
Pah dey bab F^hey stasii
hits gharaz nah-shtah.
Parda'h liri k'rah chih
rama shey: khuna'h dera'h
tarika'h da'h.
Na-waktejzi : bo-yah chih
lar shu.
•
Da tsiz lah dzana sarah
wu-satah: kalah nah kalah
pah kar bah di shi.
Waley bi-yartah ra-ghali
ya'ai ?
Daltah tsah kar lar'ai?
Haghah wu^rukaey halak
ra-wu-bolah.
Tah cha tah aos sabak
war-kawey ?
Pah dey rwadzo k'^hey
kfao shagird nah laram.
Tah nah pohejzam chih
tsok yey.
Daghah kaghiz pah lifa-
fa'h k'iShey wachawah (pry
pah lifafa'h k'l^hey dza-e
k'yah).
Da lo-i^haey lah aobo nah
dak daey. Tash yey k'rah :
waley w'ro Vro yey to-e
k'rah.
Pah kama'h tama'a'h
sarah ra-ghali ya'ai ?
Da warah dananah ra-
shah.
BXEBCISBS AND DIALOGUBS.
169
Thou startest at this like
a horse at a post.
Drive away the dogs from
the house (or, tent) : they
annoy me much.
Blacken Hafiz Nuri's
beard, it has become
grizzled.
I have never said so at
any time.
Weigh this thing how
much it is.
How much is this thing
in weight)?
Stand in dread of fire, so
that thy house be not
burnt.
Do not be heedless of this
communication.
Do not throw this thing
away, it will become useful.
Do not trouble me to-day :
I will talk with thee on this
subject some other day.
Win 'TJmr have reached
that place by this time ?
At the time they were
coming I was saying my
prayers.
I had told thee before
that I would do so, so it
behoveth me to do it.
Tah lah dey nah hasey
tarhejzey lakah as lah naiih-
ey.
Lah derey nah spi wu-
sha^rah: ^^r mi bad dzini
ra-dzi.
Da Hafiz Nun jzira'h
tora'h k'yah, braga'h shawey
dey.
Ma hicharey (alsOy hits-
kalah) dasey nah daey way-
alaey.
Da tsizah wu-talah chih
tsombrah daey.
Da tsiz pah tol k'l^hey
tsombrah daey ?
Lah aorah pah tara'h
k'l^hey aosah, chih kor di wu-
nah-swadzi.
Lah dey wa-yalo nah bey-
parwa mah shah.
Daghah tsiz mah-ghserza-
wah, bah pah kar ra-slu.
Ma tah nan za^mat mah
ra-kawah : bsela'h rwadz bah
pah dey bab k'iShey lah tah
sarah ^abarey wu-k'^ram.
'TJmr bah tar aosa pori
haghah dza'e tah rasedalaey
wi?
Haghah wakt chih du-i
ra-t'lal namundz mi kawuh.
' Ma ta tah wa-yalaey wuh
chih dasey bah wu-k'ram,
nur bo-yah chih yey wu-
k'fam.
160
PU8HTO ILLNXTAL.
After some time we will
come.
To-day a woman tlirew
herself into a well.
This boy is very bashful.
Those maidens are very
modest.
I passed a long time at
Kandahar.
Smell that flower: what
delightful perfume it yields.
It behoveth that this busi-
ness be completed in a short
time.
Sell me this thing.
The palm of my hand
itches : some say it is a sign
of coming wealth, but God
knows whether it is true or
not.
Thou spendest my money
improperly.
Why dost thou grieve so
much about this trifling
ntoitter (or, affair) ?
This is good and that too:
both are good.
Bring a needle and thread :
my clothes are torn.
All my garments are
soiled witn mud.
Pas lah tsah mudey bah
mujz (dlao, mungah) ra-shu.
Nan yowey iShadzey khpul
dzan ku-i teh wu-ghserza-
wah.
Daghah haJak der sharm-
nak daey.
Dii-i pegh-ley derey haya-
darey dey.
Pera'h muda'h mi pah
Kandahar k'l^hey tera'h
k'ya'h.
Haghah gul bu-e k'rah:
tsah iSha-istah bu-e tri patsi.
Pah lajz sa'at b'^hey (or,
pah kama*h muda'h k'l^hey)
da kar tamam karaey bo-
yah.
Da tsiz pah ma wu-pro-
lah.
Warghowaey mi ^ari^ht
kawey, aw dzini wa-yi chih
da naiSha'h da daulat da
rat'lo da'h, magar Khudae
z'dah chih ri^hti'a daey kih
nah.
Tab dz'ma rupa'i bey-
dza'eah khartsawey.
Pah dey spuk kar k'iShey
hombrah gham t§alarah
khurey ?
Da hum ^hseh haghah
hum ^hsoh : dwarah ^hseh di.
Stan aw spamsaey ra-
w'rah : dz'ma n'mara'i tdrey
shawey dey.
Toley jamey nu pah kha^o
sarah kakarey shawey dey.
EXBBCISBS AHD DIALOGXTBS.
161
They are not five nor ten,
but more.
I have no small cliange,
otherwise this thing is to be
purchased (or, to be bought) .
What merit do these men
possess ?
I do not understand the
purpose of these men.
It does not come within
my comprehension that from
them a good action will pro-
ceed.
Thou wilt be sorry for
these words hereafter.
I now much regret this
act.
So-and-so 19 ill : let us go
and inquire after him.
This act is incumbent on
you.
Bemind me at mid-day
(mid-day prayer time), and
I will do it.
This is a very wonderful
matter (or^ thing, <&c.) : I
cannot understand it.
In bygone (former) years
it could not happen so.
But this is a difficult
matter : it is not to be done
by him.
I have made a bet (laid a
wager) with thenu
Pindgah nah <U aw nah
las di, magar zi-at di.
Paisey nah-laram, kih nah
da tsiz da ra-niwalo daey.
Daghah sari tgah ^ubi
lari ?
Da dagho sa^ro pah matlab
bandi nah-pohejzam.
Dz*ma pah poha'h nah
ra-dzi chih lah du-10 bah da
khair kar wu-shi.
Pah dey ^abarey pasi
(oTy pasey) bah tah arman
wu-k'rey.
Aos 4era'h toba'h kajzam
lah dey kara.
La^r shu, falanaey, mariz
daey, pu^htana'h jej wu-
k'ru.
Da kar pah tasu bandi
lazim daey.
Namaz-peiShin tah ma yad
k'pah, da kar bah wu-k'f am.
Daghah 4era'h nadira'h
Uabara'h da'h, dz'ma 'akl
nah pah rasejzi.
Pah pa-kbwa kaluno
k'iShey dasey nah shah ke*
dalaey.
Wal-e da ^abara'h sakh-
ta'h da'h: da dah kawulo
nah da'h.
Ma lah hugho sarah shart
wu-tafah.
11
162
PTTBKTO ICAHITAX*.
What ftffliotioii (oty dis-
tress) has befidlen thee?
What art thou annoyed
about?
With the will of God,
such will take place (hap-
pen).
What a good master so-
and-so is !
He is a most ruthless fel-
low.
He is a most wrathful
officer.
Oh friend! usedest thou
to do this?
If Mahmud comes I will
give him a book.
If you culldyate know-
ledge you will obtain respect.
ITsman is gone, friend!
he was a good man: may
God reward him!
Oh !^an ! may God long
preserve thee !
This man snores in his
sleep.
I want to sneeze, but can-
not.
Why hast thou shown so
much tardiness in coming ?
Didst thou meet with any
obstruction ?
Take a broom and sweep
the place.
laght the fire and put out
the lamp.
Pah ta bind! tsaih tangsa'h
da'h ? Pah tsah swadzey ?
Da S^udae pah ^ukam
sarah bah hasey wu-shL
Falanaey tsah ^hseh ^|a^
tan daey!
Lah l^adda zi'at der na-
kara saraey daey.
Haghah tar hadda 4^
kshr-jsai. sardar daey.
Yarah ! da kar baJi di wu-
kar?
Kih Mahmud ra-sM kitSb
bah war-k'^am.
Kih 'ihn kar'ai 'icnsat bah
mum'al.
TTsman wu-lar yarah !
ihsdh sa^raey wuh: Qiudae
di ^air war pesh k'fi 1
Rhan Sahiba! !^udae di
tar (Jer jzwandaey larej !
Daghah sapaey pah ^ub
k'iShey ^arkaey kawi.
Ghwaram chih wu-n'jzam
lekin n' jzaJa^ na-sham.
Pah ra-t*lo k'lyiey dl waH
hasey 4er dirang (or, dzan4)
wu-kar? teah n'ihata'h li
peiSha'h sh'wa'h (pr^ kj pe^h
shah)?
Bibuz (or, ribuz) wa^hkh
aw dza'e tah jaru k'fi^.
Aor bal Idk aw chirigh
map k'pth.
EXBROIfiBa JkJSfJ) BIALOGUBS.
168
I hare no appetite: I am
not hungry : I do not desire
anything.
Dost thou not know the
difEerence between right and
■wrong?
Why dost thou bark like
a dog?
Such pain comes over me
that I am unable to bear it.
Hast thou seen my helmet
anywhere ?
xou made inquiry of me
.before.
Do not keep the fast at
this time, for thou art sick.
Open the door.
I may have opened it.
Open the chest.
Alas! alas! what is this
thing that thou hast done P
SaKm brought me by
Torce.
The kazi of our city iB
.very just, and men of learn-
ing he cherishes much.
Does any acquaintance-
ship exist between thee and
so-and-so ?
I do not know who he is.
What dost thou call this
thing?
This is called a lun^.
Where are such things
made?
Wulgah mi nah-kejzi :
lewal nah yam: hits nah
ghwayam.
Hits U^abar nah yey pah
lljiaram aw pah ^alal ?
Waley da spi pah shan
l^apey p
Da rangah dard ra-dzi
chih z'ghamalaey yey nah
sham.
Q}ol mi di ohartah lidal-
aey daey?
Tasu lah ma nah pa-]^wa
pu^tana'h wu-k'fa'h.
Pah dey rwadzo k'iShey
rojza'h mah nisah chin
mariz yey.
War pra-nadzah.
i^ialaf ke^wej bah mi wi.
gmduV kbalas k'^rah.
'reghah ! D'reg^ah! tsah
kar daey chih di wu-kay ?
Salim zah pah zor botam.
Dz'mujz da i^hahr V^?^
4er 'adil daey, aw da 'alim-
ano ^hseh tarbiyat kawi.
Sta aw da f alani tar mi-
yandg $gah pejgand-galwi
shtah?
Zah yey nah pej^anam
chih t§ok daey.
Da tsiz Ifiah boley! (or,
Dey tah tsah wa-yey ?
Da lunga'i wa-yaley shey*
Hasey t^zunah pah kam
ds^e joreji^i P
11 ♦
164.
PltSHTO MAKUAL.
: These words are contrary
to reason.
I have not the heart to do
this (or, lit My heart does
not desire that I should do
bo).
I do not desire to come.
My heart does not incline
me to go.
This is a momentous
"affair: it requires to be
done with reflection (or^
carefully).
I ran at such a pace that
all became astonished.
I went to the bazar on
Friday.
Jalal said thus before the
magistrate (or, official).
Thou art a mean fellow
that thou hast done this
tiling.
I am certain that this is
thy doing.
Why hast thou not in-
formed me ?
• These words of mine are
for thy advantage, if thou
(but) knowest.
First look to your own
advantage and injury.
^ Whatever thing pleases
thee, take it.
• This is a bygone affair
(matter) : it is not good to
remember it in any way. .
Da l^abarey lah 'akl nah
lirey dey.
Z'rah mi nah-ghwari chih
hasey wu-k'ram.
Nah ghwa^ram chih ra-
sham.
Z'rah mi nah kejzi chih
dzam.
Da giran kar daey : pah
fikr sarahkaraey bo-yah.
Pah hasey z^ghasta'h wu-
z'ghastam chih tol hairan
sh'wal.
Da Jum'ey pah rwadz
k'iShey bazar tah laram.
Jalal da hakim tar ma^a
hasey wu-wa-yal.
Tah spuk sajuey yej chih
da kar di karaey daey.
Yakin mi daey chih da
da sta k'rah daey.
Ta waley ma ^abar ka;«
aey nah daey ?
Da wa-yal mi sta da sud
di kih pohejzey.
W'pumbaey l^pul sud o
zi-yan tah wu-gora'i.
Har tsiz chih di ^wa^
wi wa-yey-^lah.
Da tera'h ^abara'h da'h:
yadawul jej pah Mts shan
^hsBh nah da'h.
EXBBCISBS AND DIALOGUBS.
165
This information (or, ac-
count, rumour, &c.) ema-
nated from the city.
Come at noon : at present
I am not at leisure.
A long time has elapsed :
what, has not that man
arrived yet ?
Sprinkle water here to lay
the dust (lit. that the dust
may lie).
We are now freed of all
our griefs.
TVTiile you were coming I
was donning my clothes.
BoU water and get some
tea ready.
I took fifty rupis on loan
(or, I borrowed fifty rupis).
To whom shall I give the
money ?
I gave them to Daulat.
*TJmr, Tusuf, and Isma'il
(all three) beat A^mad.
. I beat ^alil : I gave him
such a beating that he will
remember it.
I saw 'Isa when we were
(both) riding.
I saw Farid while he was
being beaten.
The water is risen level
with the wood.
One rupi is a great deal
between thee and Jamal too.
Da kbabara'h lah i^hahra
wu-wata'h.
G^arma'h ra-shah: aos
waz-gar nah yam.
Per wa^t ter shah : aya
haghah sa^aey tah aosa la
ra-^alaey nah daey ?
Aoba'h daltah wu-pashah-
chih duyey k'lSheni.
Aos lah tolo ghamo bey-
gham yu. -
Chih tasu ra-t'la'aa ma
n'mara'i aghustaley.
Aoba'h wu-yashawah aw
chahey tai-yarey k'rey.
Pindzos rupa'i mi pah por
wakhistaley.
Rupa'i wa-cha-tah war-
k'ram?
Ma wa Daulat tah rupa'i
war k'yey.
'TJmr, aw Tusuf, aw Is-
ma'il Aljimad yey wu-wahah.
^^alil mi wu-wahah (or,
Ma Khalil wu-wahah) : pah
hasey wahal mi wa-wahah
chih yad bah yey lari.
Ma 'Isa pah sparli k'^hey
wu-lid.
Farid mi wahalaey wu-
Udah.
Aoba'h lah largi sarah
barabarey sh'wey.
Pera'h da'h yowa'h rupa'i
pser ta lah Jamal sarah.
166
PUSHTO MANUAL.
I brought Ibrahim on thy
account.
All are not the same
alike: some are oldsters,
some youngsters, some old^
some young.
He is a great wag (wit,
satirist, <fec.)
Such may be the case or
not, but if he is wise he will
not practise his jokes upon
tis.
Do not practise thy plea-
santries upon me if tnou art
wise.
If you act according to
this advice (lit, speech, <fec.)
you will obtain much ad-
vantage.
I cannot imagine that
from this good will accrue.
He did not see me, but I
saw him.
Do not say anything to
them on this subject.
They are base people:
they never acted honestly.
Do not act like an ass:
use manliness in thy doings.
Had we laughed, they
would have been greatly
pleased.
May God preserve thee,
but do not forget us.
Ibrahim mi sta pah sabab
ra-wost.
Tol pah yowah shan nah
di: tsfok masharan, dzini
kasharan di, ^ok zor» dzini
d^wan.
Haghah ^^r toki sa]raey
daey.
Hasey bah wi kih bah nah
wi, waley kih ho^hyar daey
lah mujz sarah tokey bah
nah k'fi.
Lah ma sarah tokey mah
kawah kih hoiShyar jej.
Kih 'ami pah da wa-yal
wu-k'^'ai ^er ^air bah mu-
m'al.
Dz^ma pah poha'h nah ra-
^ chih lah dali da ^air kar
wu-shi.
Zah yey nah lidalam,
waley ma yey wu-Hdah.
Hugho tan pah dey bab
k'iShey hits mah-wa-yah.
Haghah kam a^l l^alk di :
hits-kalah yey ri^hti'a nah
kawal.
Da U'rah pah dod (or,
pah shan, ot, ghundey) kar
mah-kawah :• saraey-tob pah
kar ^artg k'^ah.
Kih mujz Randall wae,
dii-i bah der kbwa^h shawi
wu.
Khudae di wu-satah,
waley mujz mah herawah.
BXBB0ISB8 AHB DIAXOGUBS.
167
God bless tliee ! (pr^ God
be good to thee ! <&c.)
May God preserve you:
I haye committed you unto
God.
Tbis is a very upright
person.
They are honest men.
That is an honest woman.
These are upright women.
That is a very old and
toothless old woman.
Fetch twenty-one rupis
from him.
Take this melon from
him.
That woman has fallen in
loTO with (or, become at-
tached to) him.
I understand that thou
art in love with Nadir's
daughter ; in fact, that thou
art mad after her.
They sure my friends, if
thou understandest.
What sort of friendship
(aX8o, intimacy) is it that
'tiiou showest towards them?
I will sing a ditty, do
thou pipe a little.
Wish, !^udae di pah zer«
ma'h shah!
Da IQ^udae pah aman:
pser i^udae mi suparali
ya'ai.
Ha-yah 4^r ri^htinaey
saraey daey.
Haghah riiShtini sa^i <U.
Haghah riihtiney kbadz-
a'h da'h.
Daghah riihtim kb&d^ey
dey.
Haghah ^era'hza^ra'h kan*
4asa'h da'h.
War dzaU^ah yow-wisht
rfipa'i ra-w*yah.
Da sardah lab haghah
dza^ah wakb-lah.
Falana'i kbadza'h pah
haghah bandi mayana'h
shawey dey.
Pohejzam chih da Na§iir
pah lur bandi mayan yey;
balkih pasey* lewanaey yey.
Haghah ^'ma ashna'ean
di kih pohejzey.
Da kam rang da ashna'i
da'h chih lab nugho sarah
tab yey kawey ?
Zah bah lan^al wayam,
tab tsa^o shpela'i wu-wah-
ah.
♦ For this form of pas and yey combined, see Dictionary,
page 1105.
168
PUSHTO MANUAL.
. What doBt thou do (pvy
occupy thyself in) at home ?
' I pass my nights in idle-
ness.
Is there a son bom in thy
house, or a daughter ?
My wife has given birth
to a son.
What is thy name, and
what name hast thou given
to thy son ?
*Umr's father and mother
are both blind.
His sister is a widow, and
his mother is grown very
aged.
Women generally are
weaker than men.
My intention is not such
that I would lend out money
on usury : if thou imaginest
such thou dost not under-
stand.
These two youths are my
foster brothers, and that
man is my middle brother.
That is a very pretty
girl.
She is our foster sister.
Which among these bro-
thers is the youngest, and
which the oldest ?
This is a good man.
These are good men.
Pah tor k'llhey ^ah kar
kawey?
: Pah bey-kari shpey tera-
wum.
Sta pah kor k'iShey dzo-e
shawaey daey kih lur?
Tabar mi dzo-e rawaraey
daey.
'Nuxa di tsah daey, aw pah
dzo-e di tsah num yashaey
daey?
Da 'TJmr 'plar mor dwa^r-
ah randah di.
Khor yey kunda'h da'h,
aw mor yey spinsara'h shaw-
ey da'h.
!Qbadzey aksar tar saro
nah kam-zorey di.
Ni-yat mi da rangah nah
daey chih pah sud bandi
rupa'i spari k^am : kih dasey
atkalawey nah pohejzey.
Daghah dwah dzwanan
dz'ma da ti w'riimah di, aw
haghah sa^raey ^'ma mi-
yandzwaey w'ror daey.
Da 46ra'h i^haista'h jina^i
da'h.
Dz'miijz ti JAor da'h.
Lah hugho w'rumo nah
kam yow mashar w'ror daey,
kam kashar ?
Da (or, daghah. or\ ha-
yah) ihadh sa^aey daey.
Da (oTy dau^ahy or^ ha-
yah) ^hsBh sap di.
EXERCISES AND DIALOGTIES.
169.
This is a good woman.
These are good women.
What sayest thou to poor
me?
Would that Ea^man had
come!
I swear, by Qod, that I
never drink wine.
Who said so ? Hast thou
heard so?
This fellow contends with
me.
What ! did Shahbaz strike
thee?
brother, hear my words !
Islam !^an is a great
man ; he is very rich.
If you come to me I will
give you a present.
1 shall not read with my
pupils to-day, because it is
Friday.
I am the third generation
(third in descent) from
Midla Muhammad.
This thing has come into
my hands gratis.
. Take out the meal from
Da (or, daghah. or, ha-
yah) iSha'h ^adza'h da'h.
Da (or, daghah, or, ha-
yah) iShey ^adzey dey.
Ma ^war tah tsah wa-
yev?
E!ash-ld Ea^man ra-ghal-
aey wae !
^asm Khudae jzo kih
sharab hits kalah wu-
ts*iSham.*
Hasey cha wu-wayal ? Ta
hasey arwedalaey daey?
Da sa^aey lah ma sarah
jang ka^n.
Tsah ! Shahbaz wu-wa-
halejr ?
Ai w'rorah, dz'ma ^a-
barey war-wah !
Islam W^slh lo-e saraey
da^ ; 4®r daulat lari.
£[ihma tah ra-sha'ai in' am
bah dar k'^am.
Nan zah wa-shagirdano
tah sabak nah-wa-yam, chih
juma'h da'h.
Lah Mulla Muhammad
nah zah dreyama'h pe^ra'i
yam.
Daghah tsiz mi wepa
pah las k'iShey wataey daey.
. Da wayah (or, aoyah) tri
* Lit. " It is an oath bv God if I ever drink wine."
Conscientious Musalmans will not take an oath.
170
PUSHTO MANUAL.
the liand-mill, and make
bread with it.
To-night give an enter-
tainment to five or seven
persons.
I am become somewhat
himgry: I will eat some
meat.
Bring me a little salt.
I have lost a thing: if
thou hast seen it bring it
to me.
IJnto whom did the lot
faU?
In this affair you have
wearied us much (greatly).
My sleeve is very loose
(or J open) : tighten it a
Httle (somewhat).
The kid sucks its mother's
teats.
Pull up (root up) the tree
from that place and plant it
in another : it will strike.
*
My father has cows, and
I am his cow-herd.
That cow is a stranger:
it is not my property.
Is this mountain-goat a
female or a male P
Upon what rids^es do the
mouTtain - deer generally
feed?
michan wu-basah, aw map-
a*i tri pali^ah Frah.
ITan shpey lah da pindzo
aowo kaso melmasti'a wu-
k'yali.
Zah lakutey(aZ90,lakatey)
wajzaey shawaey yam : tsan
ghwaihey wu-^uram.
Lakutey malga'h ra-Iarah
ra-k'^ah.
Tow tsiz mi wuruk shaw-
aey daey : kih bah ta Gdal-
aeywey ra-yey-Frah.
Hiska'h da cha pah namali
wu-U^atala'h (or, Pacha^h
pah cha bandi pre- watala'h) ?
Pah dey kar k'^hey tasu
miijz der stari kari yu.
Lasturnaey mi der arat
daey : tsaU^o yey tang k'i*ah«
Wurghumaey da mor la
rawi.
Da wana'h lah haghah
dza'ea wu-kajzah aw bsdl
dza'e yey kej^dah : wu-bah-
lagi.
Plar mi ghwa (in Western
Af gh anistan the plural is
ghwawi) lari: ghobah yey
zah yam.
Da ghwa prada'i da'h:
dz'ma mal nah da'h.
Da ghartsa'h khadza'h
da'h kih nar daey ?
Sijgey pah komo wawako
bandi aksir tsar! ?
BZBBOISES AND DIALOGUES.
171
Where is thy home?
At G^wara^h Margha'h.
That is a very distant
country (also, home, &c.) :
Gk)d only knows how we
shall reach it.
Do not entertain (nourish)
any hope from it : you will
not obtain any adrantage
therefrom.
Call him hither who is
standing at the gate : I have
business with hun.
There is neither room
within nor without: where
shall I recline (repose) my-
self?
Thou art not equal to me
in height.
Inform the master of the
house that I have come.
He is not within (not at
home) : he has gone out.
A man was going along
the road with some woman.
Another man met them, and
he inquired of the man,
What relationship is there
between this woman and
thee ? " He replied, " My
mother - in - law and her
mother-in-law are mother
and daughter." What rela-
tionship, therefore, bears
this woman to the man ?
«
Kor di chartah daey ?
Pah Ghwara'h Margha'h
daey.
Da 4©r liri watan daey:
i^udae z'dah t§ah-rang bah
war wa-raeejzu.
Hits umid lah ha|^h
mah lar'ai : f a'ldah bah nah
tri wu-win'ai.
Haghah chih pah wara
bandi walay daey ra yey wu-
bolah : kar pah laram.
Nah dananah dza'e shtah
nah dabandi: chartah aykh
wu-lagawum ?
Tah pah kadd k'^ey
^z'ma barabar nah jej.
Da kor tsa^htan ra-]^abar
k'rah chih zah ra-glaey yam.
Dananah nashtah : da
bandi watalaey daey.
Tow saraey lah komey
iShadzey sarah peer lari ta-i
(E., tah). Bsel sayaey peer
pei^h shah, suwal yey tri wu-
kar chih ''da i^hagza'h sta
tsah da*h? '* Dah war-tah
wu-wey, "dz'ma ^wai^hey
da dey l^waiShey sarah mor
aw lur di." Nur da i^hadza'h
da dey sa^ri tsah kejzi ?
172
PUSHTO MANUAL.
Wise Saws and Sayings.
Entertain not the hope of
faithfulness from the base.
' Error on the part of the
honourable is not to be ex-
pected.
The base possess not
faithfulness : (nor) the noble
faithlessness.
Acquire knowledge, for it
is glory in religion . and the
world.
This world is the field of
the world to come: that
which you sow that you will
reap.
Guard thyself from igno-
rance, for it is dishonour
both in religion and the
world.
Every one is ignorant of
his own fatilts.
Grieve not about what
has passed, for it will not
come back again.
To give abuse to anyone,
or to terrify one out of one's
life, is not the act of a man.
The acquintanceship of a
hundred years becomes
severed in a moment.
No human being is free
from fault: all are stained
with sin.
The kid lies down by its
mother's side.
Lah bad-aiplah da wafa
umid wa-mah-k'rah.
Lah asilah da ^ata umid
nah kejzi.
Bad-a?! wafa nah lari :
nek-sat bey-wafa'i.
'Hm z'dah k'rah, chih 'izzat
da din aw da dunya daey.
Da dunya ki^ht da a^irat
daey : har-chih kar'ai hagh-
ah bah re-b'al.
Lah jahla dzan wu-jz*-
ghorahy chih bey 'izzati da
din aw da dunya da'h.
Har tsok pah khpul 'aib
na-poh daey.
Da ter shawaey kar arman
mah kawah, chih bi-yartah
pah las nah ra>slu.
Peghor war-kawul wa-
cha-tah, ya tsok lah dzana
tarhawul, da maro kar nah
daey.
Da salo kalo ashna'i pah
yowah dam ghwutsa'h shi.
Hits bani adam lah gun-
aha khalagah nah daey: fol
pah gunah aliidah di.
Ser-la'i da mor pah tsang
k'l^hey pre-w'zi.
EXBBOISES AND DIALOGITES.
173
The brown (dusty brown,
lit) dog is the wolfs bro-
ther.
As the forest is, so is its
jackal.
Do not eject the water
from the eyes of the blind.
If the mountain is a for-
ti*ess, there is a road on the
summit of it.
Than two raisins one date
is good.
The sport of an ass is
either wind from behind or
■a kick.
Death on a full belly is
good.
Before reaching the water
dofE not the sandals.
From an empty gun two
persons quail.
Drive a thief, but not to
the house.
It is a great art to do the
right thmg at the right
season.
Slow and steady wins the
race.
Pride at last shall have a
fall.
Example is better than
practice.
The most insignificant
persons are generally the
most presuming.
Better be wise by the mis-
fortunes of others than by
your own.
W^^X spaey da lewah
w'ror daey.
Lakah dzangal hasey yey
chaghal.
Da irundo stargo aoba'h
mah-basah.
Qhar kih hi^ar da«y, pai
sar yey lar dey.
Tar dwey watskey yow
^urma ^ha'h*
Da ^'rah bazi ya goz ya
laghata'h.
Marg pah ^ak nas ^hseh
daey.
Pa-liwa tar aobo gaw-li
mah kajzah.
Lah tasha'h t^paka'h
dwai kasa werejzi.
Ghal wu-sha^ah, magar
nah tah kor.
Lo-e hunr daey kawul da
la-ik kar pah munasib wakt
k'^hey.
J^arar aw gabit-kadam
shart gafi.
Maghruri ^o bah a^ir
pre-w*zi.
Tamgil bih-tar daey tar
pand kawulo.
Per spuk aw na-karah
]j^alk*aksar lah tolo nah la
tar l^addah gusta^ di.
Bih-tar daey hoi^hyar
sh'wal lah afato da nuro tar
afato Upulo.
174
PirSHTO UAXVAL.
There is no eye like the
master's eye.
One man's meat is another
xnan's poison.
A bird in the hand is
worth two in the bush.
Stretch thy arm no farther
than thy sleeve will reach.
Old birds are not cai;ight
with chafE.
•
Avoid too powerful neigh-
bours ; for, should there be
a collision, the weakest goes
to the wall.
It is one thing to propose,
another to execute.
They who neglect their old
friends for the sake of new,
are rightly served if they
lose both.
He that prays harm for
his neighbour, begs a curse
upon himself.
In choosing allies we must
look to their power as well
as their will to aid us.
Nah-shtah hits starga'h
lakah starga'h da tsaihtan.
Khwaya'h da yowah
8ha^9 zahr da bsel da'h.
Yow murghah pah las
k'^hey sh^eh daey tar dwo
nasto pah butaey.
Tax aoj^walaey da las-
tiimo U^pulo las mah-ghaz-
awah.
Zaipah murghan pah prar-
ah nail- girif tare jzi.
Parhez wu-kra'al lah dero
zorawaro ham - sayagano ;
tsalarah chih kih sarah wu-
n'l^ial'ai, hagbah chih kam-
zoraey daey tabah bah shi.
Wyandi kawal da tadbir
yow tsiz daey, magar pah
*aml ra-w'ral bsel tsiz.
Ha gl^ ah kasan chih ghaf-
lat pah nisbat wa kadimi
dostano tah da-parah da
nai^o dostano kawi, Idh
dwarah wuruk k'ri la-Ik
daey.
Haghahtgok chih du*a da-
parah da zi-yan da hum-sa-
yah ^pul kawi, iltimas da
bala pali ^pul dzan kawi.
Pail ghwarah kawulo da
'alidiano har kalah chih
nazar wa-marzi-tah da du-i
da-parah da madad dz'mujj
kawii bo-yah chih pser
tawan da du-i hum nazar
wu-k'pi.
EXEBOISXS AND DIALOGTTES.
176
He who incites to strife
j8 woarse than he who takes
f axt in it.
There is more danger from
a pretended friend than
from an open enemy.
The worth of money is
not in its possession, but in
its use.
The quarrels of friends
BJte the opportunities of
foes.
Facts speak plainer thaa
words.
Eetribution, though late,
ecfjnGB at last.
Presumption begins in
ignorance and ends in ruin.
* It is too late to whet the
sword when the trumpet
sounds to draw it.
One good turn deserves
another.
Better scare a thief than
snare him — drive a thief,
but not towards tihe house.
When our neighbour's
house is on fire, it is time to
look to our own.
Hafi^ah saraey chih da-
paralTda Jang nir patgawi
4er bad daey tar hugho
chih pah k'l^hey shank di.
Lah libasi dostah zi-atey
^atra'h da'h tar zahiri
duiihmanah.
Fazilat da datdat pah
darlal k'^hey da haghah
nah-shtah, balkih pah kar
raVpalo da haghah daey.
Jagrey da dostano f ur^at-
unah da dulhmanano di,
fzaba'h da j^^al fa^Jf, tar-
a'h da'h tar j^aWh da ma^al.
Jaza, kih tsah hum pah
dirang wi, magar pah a^ir
kho ra-dp.
Gusta^ pah jahalat
sharu' kejzi aw pah tabahi
k'iShey tamamej^i.
Har-kalah chih kama wa-
haley shi da k'^halo da turey
wa^t da-parah da terawalo
da highey ter shah.
Ei'l da neka'i wajibu-1-
'iwaz daey.
Werawul da ^'Iseh Jbih-
tar daey tar achawulo jej
pah dam k'^hey — ghal shaf -
ah magar nah tah kor.
Har-kalah chih pah kor
da hum-sayah ^z'muj^ aor
lagedalaey wi, wakt daey
cluh mujz Uabardari da kor
U^pul wu-k'fu.
176 PirSHTO MAIHTAL.
A coward can be a hero at Na-mard lah lin bahadur
a distance ; it is tbe presence kedalaej shi ; magar buzur
of danger that tests pre- da ^atrey daey chih azma'
sence of mind. iiSlit da z'yab-war-tob kawi.
It is a wise son who knows Per 'akil dzo-e daey chih
his own father. ^pid plar pejzani.
Fortune is like unto a potter: it &.shioneth and
breaketh :
Many, like unto me and thee, it hath created and
destroyed.
Da f alak kulal daey ; sazawul aw matawul ka :
Der jej ma wa ta ghiindi paida k'yal hum fana.
He who placeth any hope upon the fabric of this world,
Embarketh, on a tour of the ocean, in a paper boat.
Chih umid pah 'imarat da di dunya ka,
Da ka^iz pah kii^hti sair da darya ka.
A spoiled son taketh not to discipline and instruction ;
And a shaded palm-tree yieldeth not ripe dates.
Nazawulaey dzo-e nah a^-li adab ;
Aw da seo-ri na^l nah nisi ratb.
The deeds of men will be many, (and) their words few ;
But the acts of recreants are few, and their boastings
many.
Da mardano kardah 4^^t, wayal yey lajz wi ;
Da na-mardo 'ami lajz wi, der yey laf wi.
177
PUSH TO MANUAL.
PART III.
YOOABULAET,
ENGLISH AND PUS'HTO.
Abbbeyiations.
[n. noun; a, adjective; vd, verb intransitive; v.^. verb
transitive ; Ice. where the auxiliary kedal is used ; ha,
where kawal is used ; ad. adverb ; co, conjunction ; jpr.
preposition ; jpo. post-position ; and in, interjection.]
A.
ahandon — ablution,
abandon, v.t. pre-jzdal, pre-iShodal, pre-iSh*wal.
abandonment, n. pre-^hodana'h, pre-i^howuna'h.
ahaae, v.t. spukawul.
abasement, n. spuk-walaej.
abash, v.t. shannawul.
abate, v.i. kamedal, lajzedal ; v.t. kamawul, lajzawul.
able, a. tuwana ; to be able, v.i. tuwanedal, v.t. tuwan laral,
takat laral, zor laral.
ability, n. was, jarz, takat.
ablution, n. ghusl^ (ceremonial) wazu.
12
178 abode — accoutre.
abode, n. astogah, dza'e, nushta'li.
aboliehy T.t. maukuf ka., man'a'h ka.
abominable, a. palit, bad, kraka'h, stu^.
abominate, v.i stu^ lagedal, bad manal, kraka*li akhiatal.
about, ad. chaper, chaperah ; pr. (relating to) da-parah,
(time and place) najzdey, (quantity) pah andaz, pah
hisab.
abreast, ad. tsang-pah-tsang.
abroad, ad. pah pradi mulk k'l^hey.
absence, n. ghair ^aziii ; (separation) bejal-tun, hijran.
absent, a. ghair ^azir, na-shtah, (separated) bejal, (in
mind) 4^b pah fikr l?6hey.
abstain, y.t. parhez ka., pal ka., dzan satal, las a^istal.
abstemious, a. parhez-gar.
abstract, y.t. k'iShal, kajzal, beyalawul.
abundance, n. 4er-walaey, tal-walaej, wadani.
abundant, a. der, f 'rewan, tal.
abuse, n. ^h'kandzal, kanzal, peghor ; y.t. peghor war-ka-
wnl, ^h'kandzal, or kanzal ka.
accept, y.t. manal, pasandawnl, a^istal, khwai^hawul.
acceptable, a. ghwarah^ ^wa^h ; to be acceptable, y.i. pas-
andedal, ghwarah ke., Uhwashedal.
a^icident, n. hadisa'h, afat, waki'a'h.
a^ccidentaZ, Sb. kaza-i, kismati.
a^icidentaUy, ad. pah sahwa'h, pah \BJzk,
accommodate, y.t. dza'eawul, a^amal.
accommodation, n. dza'e.
accompany, y.i. mal-gari ke.
accomplice, n. mal-garaey, sharik.
accord, n. rog^a'h, jorii^nt, pal^ula-tob ; of one's own, ad.
pah ^pulah, pah ^pul sar, lah ]^pulali anda ; of one,
jow-z'irah, yek-jihat ; according to, pah-sarah ; (custom)
pah dastur sarah; accordingly, ad. dzakah, lah dej
jihata, tro.
account, n. Ijiisab, shumar, (relation) ki^^a'h, bayan ; y.t
garnal, pohedal, shmeral.
accoutre, y.t. a g hustal^ m'la ta^al, drasta'h or wasla'h
aghustal.
aecoutremenU— alike, 179
accoutrements^ n. drasta'h, wasla'h.
a^cumulatey T.i. toledal ; T.t. tolawul.
accurate, a. ri^hti-a, ju^t.
acctisa^ion, n. tor, tuhmat, daVa'h; T.t. tuhmat ta^al or
wajal, tor pori ka.
a^scuaer, n. mudda'i.
a^ihe, n. ^ujz, randz, dard ; T.i. ran^zuredal, Uiujzedal ;
T.t. dard kawnl.
a^^tiaint, T.t. pohawul, ^abarawal, ^abar ka.
a>equaintance, n. ashna-e, pejzandali, pejzandana'h.
acquaintanceship, n. pejzan-galwi.
acquire, T.t. gafal, mundal, ^a^ilawul.
across, ad. pori, pori gharey.
act, n. (action) kawuna'h, k'^rah, kar, 'ami; T.t. kawul
k'fal, 'amal ka.
active, a. tak^ah, chalak.
actively, ad. pah chalak! sarah.
activity, n. chalald.
a>ctor, n. kawunkaej, k'piiikaey.
a/iv^, a. terah, saj^t ; hoi^hjar, pohand.
admonish, T.t. na^ihat ka. ; to accept admonition^ na^il^at
akhistal.
advance, n. w'randi ; T.i. w'randi ke.
advantage, see profit
adversity, d. tangi, tangsa'h.
advice, n. pand ; to advise, T.t. pand wa-yal.
afar, ad. liii.
afraid, T.i. tarhedal, weredal.
after, ad. and pr. pas, w'rusto.
again, ad. bi-a, bi-yartah.
a^e, n. 'umr.
agreement, n. itta-fak ; to agree, T.t. manal, kabulawul.
aid, n. hapa'h, komak, madad, marasta'h ; to aid, T.t. hap-
a'h ka., marasta'h ka., madad war-kawul.
ailment, see sickness,
alarm, n. wera*h; to alarm, T.t. werawul.
alight, to, T.i. kuzedal.
alike, see similar.
12 •
180 oZtve— opflw^.
alive, a. jzwandaey.
aU, a. toC'W'arah.
allotf see distribute.
alms, n. ^air, ^airat ; to give alms, v.t. khairat ka. ; to
beg alms, T.t. ^air ghoi^tal.
alone, a. jBiyrkdzaej.
along with, ad. sarah, lah sarah, pah sarah.
also, CO. hum.
alter, see change,
although, co. agar-chih.
always, ad. tal, har-kalah.
amass, to, T.t. tolawul, jama' kawul ; amass wealthy to, T.t.
daulat tolawol.
ambuscade, or arnbv^sh, n. psunaey, pat-gana*i; to lie in
ambush, T.t. pah psuni k'^hey k'^he-nastal, put-ganal
ka.
an^iestor, n. jadd, plar-nikseh.
ancient, see old.
ankle, n. pa^-kaey, ^atgaraey, gital.
anger, n. b'fos-walaej, ^afagi, kahr.
angry, a. ^a&li, b'ros, ghusga'h-nak; to become a/ngry^ T.t.
kahr ka., b'lrosedal, T.i. Miafah ke. ; to mdke angry^ T.t.
b'fosawul.
anim^al, n. dzan-dar, dzanawar.
annoy, to, T.t. parawul, rab-yawul.
a/noint, to, T.t. ghwayawul.
answer, n. dzawab ; to answer, T.t. dzawab ka.y dzawab war-
kawul.
ant, n. mejzaej ; white ant, aoej-nah.
antagonist, see enemy,
antelope, n. aosaej, chikara'h, hosaej.
antimony (for the eyes), n. ranjah.
antler, n. ^h'kar.
anvil, n. saiKJLan.
anxiety, n. andei^hna'h, ^am, fikr, andoh.
anodous, a. andei^h-man, ^am-jan, fikr-man.
any, a. tsok, tsah.
apart, a. beyal, juda, yawadzaey.
a^parbnent — armpit. 181
apartment, n..kbuna'li, dza-e.
apparel, n. a^ustan, zapiki, n'waraej.
appa/rent, a. tsargand, i^h'karali.
appea/r, T.i. tsargandedal, iSh'karah ke., m'aluinedal.
appea/ranee, n. tsihra'li, ^iirat, shakl.
appea^ae, T.t. sapawal, papula ka.
appetite, n. wulga'h, Twajza'h.
applaud, see commeTtrC^.
oppZottaa, see praise,
apple, n. marna'h.
applicable, a. munasib, jo]r.
application, n. koi^lii^li, mi^mat, sawal, 'arz.
apply, Y.t. lagawal, pori taral, pori ka., sawal ka., 'arz ka. ;
Y.i. baxabaredal, joredal, lagedal.
appoint, T.t. k'^he-nawal, wudrawid, gamaral, mul^arrar
Ka., (a time) wa'da'h ka.
apprehend, see seize,
apprehension, see fear,
apprize, T.t. ^abarawul, agab ka.
approa^ih, T.i. najzdej ke.
approbation, or approval, n. pasand, pirzo, ra^a, li^wai^hi ;
to approve, T.t. pasand ka., U^wa^hawol, ^bagbal, manal.
apt, a. munasib, la'il^.
arable, a. shud-yar, da karalo.
arbitrate, T.t. gwai^hal.
arbitration, n. gwa^b.
arbO/rator, n. gwa^h-grandaeT.
ardowr, n. tod-walaey, todu^a'h.
arduous, a. saJLbt, gran, driind.
argument, n. dalil, bal^g, Ijiujjat.
arid, see dry,
arise, T.i. patsedal, U^tal, wudredal, wala]redal.
arm, n. (lit. hand, but also signifying the whole arm), las,
(from wrist to elbow) letea'h, sangal, (aboTe the elbow)
gardaey letsaey, tor-gtia^aey.
armed, a. m'la taralaey, wasla'h-dar ; to arm, m'la ta^al,
darasta'h aghostal.
armpit, n. t'Uiarg, arkb) tra]i^.
182 orww — at
arms, n. drasta'li, waisla'h, t^^^'^-^ftl Qi^* sword and
shield).
army, n. fauj, lai^hkar.
around, ad. chaper, cha-perah, char-cha-perah.
arouse, v.t. patsawul, wiiShawul, baidarawul.
arrange, v.t. jorawul, tan^al, ^ejzdal.
arrangement, n. zerma'li, joriiSht, tartib.
arrival, n. ratag, ratah, ra-t'lana'h, rasedana'li.
arrive, v.i. ra-^lal, ra-t'lal, rasedal.
arrogance, see pride,
arrow, n. ghashaoy.
artful, a. chal-baz, hilah-baz.
artizan, n. karigar, peshah-war.
artillery, n. top-^ana'b.
as, CO. basej, lakah ; as if, lakab chib, gamah.
ascend, v.i. khatal, portab ke.
ascent, n. kbatab, ^atana'b, Twara'b.
ashamed, a. pai^biman, sbarm-sar ; v.i. pa^biman ke.,
sbarmedal.
ash, v.t. pu^btedal, ^oi^btal.
asle^, a. u-dab, kfaiib-waraey ; to fall asleep, v.i. u-dab ke.
ass, n. Uar, (wild) gorab-^^ar, gb*yara'b.
assault, n. bala'b, tsot ; to assault, v.t. bala'b ka., tsof ka.
assay, v.t. azmayil.
assemblage, or assembly, n. tolaey, jam'iyat, (for debate or
counsel), jirga'b, majlis.
assemble, v.i. toledal, jam'a'b ke.
assent, to, v.t. manal, manziir ka.
assessment, n. baj, U^iraj, maliya'b, kalang, ^b'kewaf.
assist (see aid), v.t. las niwal, las war-kawul, marasta'b ka.,
pu^bti ka.
assistance, n. marasta'b, pui^bti, madad, kumak.
associate, n. mal, mal-garaey.
association, n. mal-giri, mal-gar-ti'a.
astonish, v.t. rabrawul, bairanawxd ; to become astomsKedf
v.i. rabiredal, bairanedal.
astonishment, n. bairat, ^airani, ta'jjub.
atf pr. pab, pab k'l^bey ; ex. pab kor k'libey, at borne.
attach — backwards. 183
atta4:h, y.t. ta^al, pori ka., paiwastah ka.
atta4:hmenty n. tapin, paiwastun ; ma-yan-tob, mina'h.
attack, see assault
attain, Y.t. mundal, gafal, rasedal, ^h'wal.
aUemjpt, see essay.
attend, y.t. timar ka., arwedal, ghwajz basal, n'ghwatal.
l^azir aosedal, mal-giri ka.
attendant, n. mal-garaej ; naukar, ^idmat-gar.
attentive, a. ho^jar, baidar, Uiabar-dar.
attire, n., see ga/rment.
want, n. tror (father's brother's wife) tandor, (mother's
brother's wife) mama'i.
autumn, n. manaej.
avarice, n. shumi, tam'a'h, bakbili.
aversion, n. kraka'h, kajzana'h, ghandana'h.
avoid, T.t. dzan satal, parhez ka.
await, y.i. patedal, muntazir aosedal. See expect,
awake, a. wish; to awake, y.i. wi^hedal; to awaken, y.t.
wi^hawul, baidarawul.
aware, a. z'dah, agah, li^abar.
away, ad. liri, bi-yartah ; io. lin shah ! bi-jartah-shah I
awe, n. wera'h, U^of .
awful, a. werawunkaey, werawunaey.
awktoard, a. Twa^.
axe, XL tabar.
axle, n. tirak, tfa-fliaej, laf.
aaure, a. shin.
B.
hack, n. sha ; ad. bi-yartah, or bi-artah, Vrusto, pastanah ;
to go or turn hack, y.i. w'rusto, or bi-yartah, or pastanah
ke., stunedal; (aid) y.t. pushtl ka., or war-kawul.
ha^ckbiter, n. chughul; to haclcbite, y.t. chugliull ka.
hackhone, n. m'la tir.
backside, n. kunataey, kuna'h.
backwards, ad. paJbi oi-yartah, w'rusto.
184 had — baein.
body a. na-karah, U^rab, bad.
badge, n. nai^lia'h.
badness, n. khrabiy bad!, na-kari.
bag, n. dzola'i, ka^opa'li, (large, of hair) ghundaey. (ammii-
nition) kamr-ldsa'li, kisbat.
baggage, n. asbab, saman, partal.
bail, n. zamanat, zamini, (person) zamin.
bait, aeefood,
bake, v.t. kayawul, pa^awul (lit, to cook), Vritawul.
baker, n. nan-paz, nan-wa-e.
bald, n. kal, (from disease) ganjaey.
ball, n. gola'i.
band, n. tolaej, tolgaey, payk.
bandage, n. ta^runae^, pata'i.
banish, T.t. sbayal, ]ila-watan ka.
bank, n. ^aya'li, (high) kamar, (opposite) pori ghara'h,
banker, n. ^arraf .
banner, n. tu^, bairak, nai^ha'b.
bar, n. bul, tanba'h, (upright) a^ram; v.t. tanba'h, or, hoi
or airam lagawul.
barber, n. hajjam, na*i.
bare, a. barbaiKJL, luts, (as a country of trees, etc.) wuch,
wijar.
barefooted, a. piihey-yabal.
bare-headed, a. sar-tor.
bark, n. ghap^ g hapa ; T.t. |^ap wahal, ^apal ; T.i. ghap-
edfJ.
barley, n. aor-biishey, (a grain of) aor-busha'h.
barley-bread, aor-bashina'h.
barm, see yeajit,
bam, n. ambar-J^ana'h, firman.
barrel (tube), n. nal, nali.
barren, a. shanda'h, (piece of land) 4ag, u-jay (lit waste,
deserted).
barrier, n. pulah, btirid (vul. brid), l^add.
base, see vile,
basin, n. (wooden) kun^a'i, kuma'i, (earthen) kandol,
kan4ola'i.
basket — believer. 186
baahetf n. tokra'i, (flat) sli'koraey, (smaller) sh'kora'i.
bastard, n. Jbtaram-zadah, ^ata-zowtdaey.
ba;th (vapour), n. ^ammam, (cold) ghusL
bastion, n. burj, damdama'h.
bathCf T.i. lanbedal ; T.t. (wash or clean) lanbal, lanbawul,
^usl ka.
battalion, see regiment,
batter, v.t. fakawul, narawul, wahal.
battery, n. murcba'h.
battle, n. jang, (array) t§i]ra'h, ^aff-tapm or tarana'b.
battlement, n. kangura'h.
ba/yonet, n. sikbcha'li, san^.
be, T.i. aosedal, kedal.
beam, n. bainsh, patera'h, laba^raey.
bea/r (animal), n. yajz, milu ; T.i. sahedal, sahal, z'ghamal ;
bring forth, v.t. w'^ral, ra-w'yal.
beard, n. izira'h, (a grey-beard) spin-jziraey.
beast, n. ^anawar, Taiwan.
beat, v.t. takawul, k^fal, wahal ; defeat, v.t. bar ka., baraey
ka., or gafal or miindal.
beating, a, n. taVawuna'h, kutana'h, wahana'h.
bea/utiful, a. ^h'kulaey, lilia-istah, pa'i-maUbaey.
beauty, n. ^ha'ist, ^ha'ist-walaey, pa'i-ma^aey-tob.
because, co. dgakah, lah dey nan, lah dey jahata, da dey da
parah.
become, v.i. sh'wal, kedal, aosedal, (suit) perzo or munasib
ke.
bed, n. bey-charaa'h, (stead) palang, manj, kat.
befall, see happen,
beg, v.t. ^air ghoiShtalf gho^htaly gada'I ka., (entreat, etc.)
sawal ka.
beggar, n. gada or gada-e, darwez-gar, kangal, fa^ir, muflis.
beggary, n. gada'i, U^wari, muflisi, fa^iri.
begin, v.i. sburu' ka., agl^az ka.
beginning, n. sar, sharu', ibtida. See also origin,
belief, n. bawar, i'tibar, iman, din ; v.t. bawar ka., iman
ra-w'i^l, etc.
believer, n. iman-dar, miimin.
186 heUows— bleed.
bellows, n. bana'!, pugar.
belly f n. ge^a'h, ^eta'h, nas.
belong, v.t. ta'liik laral ; T.i. lagedal.
belt, n. tasma'h, rog, (waist) kamar band, kamr kisa'hy
(sword) pata'h.
bend J T.i. titedal, kajzedal; T.t. tit^'Wul, kajzawul.
benefit, n. siid, fa'ida'h, nafa', gafa'h, ^he-gafa'h.
bent, a. fit? kojz.
besides, ad. nur, siwa, zi-at.
bet, see wager.
best, a. tar tolo ghwara'hy de^: de^: ^IisbIi, lah tolo nah ^hffik.
better, a. ^wara'h, bihtax.
bewail, y.t. wir ka., wa-waila ka.
beware, v.i. pohedal, hoiSliyar ke., baidar ^h'wal.
bier, n. tabut, da m'fi takl^ta^h.
big, a. lo-e, gha^y star, katseh.
bigness, see «ts;e.
&i2Z (of a bird), n. ma^huka'h.
bind, T.t. taral.
bird, n. murgha'h^ (small) miirgha'i.
birth, n. zejzedana'h, zowuna'h, (place) tun; to give birth,
T.i. langedal.
bit, n. tota'h, tofaej, t^k> ti^^kra'h, ^a^oza'h, (of a horse)
m'luna'h, dabana'h.
bite, T.t. chichal, dahral, khwa^ral.
bitter, a. trikh.
black, a. tor, (yerj) tak tor ; become or turn black, t.L tor-
edal.
blacken, T.t. torawul.
blackness, n. tor-walaej.
blacksmith, n. psesli, ahangar.
blade, n. te^, palka'h.
blame, n. malamat, gram.walae7, taVfir ; T.t. trafal, ratal,
malamatawul.
blanket, n. shara'i, (felt) krasta'h.
blaze, n. lamba'h, gnaranda'hy lu^ara'h ; T.i. baledal.
bleed, T.i. winedal, winey bahedal ; T.t. winey k'^hal, wina-
Wlll.
hleet'-boHanUeBa, 187
hlesBi '^•t. du'a ka.
blind, n. run4.
blindness, n. riind-walaej.
blood, n. winey.
bloodshed, ^un.
blow, n. guzar, (of fist) 4ab, suk, gasa'h ; v.t. (a fire)
pukal, (as wind) alwatal, (as a flower) t^kedal, (out)
m&x ka., sor ka., (a bugle, &c.) gl^ajzawul.
bhie, a. shin, ml, asmani, abi.
blunt, a. pats.
bluntness, n. pats-walaey.
boa/rd, n. ta^ta'h, tanba'h.
boast, T.t. lafej ka., lafej wabal.
boaster, a, n. lafuk, laf-jan, lafey-wahunkaej.
boa;t, n. bera'i, kishta'i.
boatman, n. man-gaej, mallah.
body, n. dzan, ^urat, taa, (of people) tolaey, tolgaej, ^o\,
bog, see quagmire,
boil, n. nanaka'i, dana'b ; to boil, T.i. ae^hedal, ^ut 1^^* ;
T.t. aesbawul.
boiling, n. ae^hna, ^utkaej, ^uta-bar.
bold, a. [(man) mayanaey, tur-yalaey, z'^ab-war, gustaUb,
witak.
boldaiess, n. z'^b-war tob, maf ana'b, dilawari.
bone, n. ba4, ba^ukaey.
bony, a. bacjLawar.
boolc, n. kitkb.
boot, n. mozab, cbakma'h.
booty, n. gafa'b, tala'b, luf.
5or(2er, n. Ijiadd, burid, pMa'b, ghaya'h, tsan^a'h.
bore, T.t. su|raey ka., petsal.
bom,Si, zejzedaJaey, zowulaey ; T.i. zejzedal, zowul,paida ke.
borrow, T.t. por a^istal, pali por a^istal, pah 'ariyat
akfaistal.
bosom, n. ghejzy t^tar, sina'h.
both, a. dwa^ah.
boUom, n. talaey, mun4, we^h, pa-yab.
bottomless, a. bey-pa'e-an, na-pa-yab.
188 hough — broad,
houghy u. tsanga'h, iSha^, (small) laiShta'li.
hounda/ryy see horder,
bowels, n. kul-mej, lannanah.
bowl, n. (earthen) kan^ol, kan^olaej, (wooden) kasa'h,
kuma'i.
box, n. sandu.]^, dablaej.
boy, n. halak, woir-kaej, dzaraaej, dzamkaej.
boyhood, n. lialak-walaey.
brain, n. maghza'h.
bramble, see thorn,
branch, see bough,
brass, n. zi-ja^ .
brave, see bold.
bray, v.i. na^al, hamedal (also to neigh).
bread, n. doda'i, n'ma^a'!, ^amira'h.
breadth, n. plan-walaej, psor.
&reaA;, y.i. matedal ; v.t. matawul.
breakfast, n. naraej, niharaej.
breast, see bosom.
breastv)ork, n. sangar, ^U.
&rea^, n. sah, dam.
breathe, v.t. sah or dam aU^stal or ra-k'^hal or wahal, or
kawul.
breed, n. na^l, ai^l, zat.
br^e, n. ba^a'h.
brick, n. (iinbumt) ^i^hta'h, (burnt) paja'h.
bride, n. nawey.
bridegroom, n. zalmaej (afeo a youth).
bridge, n. pul, (of nose) tindoraey ; to bridge, v.t. pul ta^raL
bricUe, n. m'luna'h, wagah, jalaw, (of a camel) pezwan.
bright, a. rum, ro^han, spin.
brightness, n. rama,rosh]ia'i, bre^hna ; to brighten (becom.e
bright), y.i. rumedal, dzaledal ; v.t. rumawul, dzalawul.
brim, or brink, n. morga'h, ghara'hy t§Ckn4&'h, lor.
bring, v.t. (inanimate things) ra-w'^al, (animate) ra-wustal.
bring forth, v.i. langedal.
broad, a. plan, arat, sarah-war; to make broad, v.t. plan-
awul.
hroJcen — hy. 189
hroJeen, a. mat, (to bits) mat-gu^, char-clior, chor-machor.
broom, n. jam, ribuz, (in-law) ao-^baej.
brother, n. w'ror.
brotherhood, n. w'ror-walaey Vror-galwi, w'rori.
browse, see graze.
brute, n. baiwan, dzanawar.
bucket, n. boka'b, tagbaraey^ solagha'by ga^bal.
bud, n. gbu^a*!.
bugle, n. turaey.
bugler, turi-mar.
build, v.t. joyawul.
building, n. mama'i, kor, 'imarat.
buH, or bullock, n. ghwayaey,. gbwayaey^ (buffalo) san^ab.
bullet, n. gola'i, mardak.
bundle, n. ge^aey, pan^a'b, pan^ukaey, (of bay, <&c.) beda'b,
tiinbaey.
burden, see load,
burial n. ^a^bawuna'b, U^a^edana'b, (ground) goristan,
kabristan.
burn, v.i. swal, baledal ; v.t. swadzawul, balawul, sedzal.
burst, y.i. cbawdal, b'jzab ke., tsiredal, sbledal, (out) mat-
edal, (into) v.t. cjusa'b ka.
bury, v.t. U^a^bawul.
bush, n. .butaey, (Jakaey.
business, n. kar, pesbab, sbewa'b.
busy, a. masbgbul, lagi'a.
butcher, n. ka^^ab.
butt, n. na^ba'b, muU^a*b.
butter, n. kucb, (clarified, also grease, tallow, Ac.) ghwayi>
butter-milk, n. sblom, sblombey, sblomley, (sour) tarwey.
button, n. gbuta'i. (loop) pulwa^ba'b, ghayasha'b.
buti/ress, n. pusbti, airam.
^y, v.t. pirodal, piral, pab bai'a'b a^istal.
by, p. by, witb, <&c. (by all means), pab bar sban sarab.
190 eq^ole — ishain.
c.
cajole, v.t. ghulawnl.
calamity, n. bala, afat.
calculate, v.t. shmeral, gamal, l^isab ka.
calf, n. sUiaej, (cancel) jungaej, (buffalo) kafaey, (of the
leg) par^aey, s^apaej.
call, v.t. nara'n wahal, ghajz ka., (summon) balal.
camel, n. ii^h, (young, just fit for a load) jong or jung.
camp, n. dera'h, urdii.
canal, n. wala'h, (small) lai^btaej.
cannon, n. top, topa'h, (ball) gola, gola'i.
canbonment, n. urdu, cha'orni, ^al.
ca{p, n. topa'i, l^ola'i.
capital, n. a^l, majah, panga'h, (good) ^er ihsdh.
captive, n. banda'n, burda'h.
captivity, n. bandagi, band.
caravan, n. karviran, kafila'h, (sara-e) karwan-sara-e.
care, n. ande^hna'h, gham^ waswas.
careful, a. ho^h-jar, ^abar-dar.
ca/rele88, a. bey-parwa, bey-^abar, ghafil.
carelessness, n. bey-parwa-i, ghaflaty bey-fikr-i.
carpenter, n. tarkam, daruz-gar.
carpet, n. ghaWi. ghalicha^h. ^ursh, (for prayer) sajjada'h.
carry, v.t. w*yal, ra-w'yal.
cart, or ca/rriage, n. arabah, gada'i.
ca«%, n. nakd.
cattle, n. hi^ar, kala', ga^a-i, kot.
cat, n. pisho, (wild) pisho prang.
catch, v.t. niwal, akfaistaly giriftar ka.
catbse, n. sabab, jibat, (suit) mukaddama'h.
cavalry, n. swarlani, swaran, (troop of) risala'h.
cave, n. smats, ghar.
cease, v.t. prejzdal, pre^odal, pre-i^h'wal ; v.i. tamamedal.
ceiling, n. bam, (J/it, roof) tsapar, chat.
certain one, or person, a. falanaey, p'lankaey.
chaff, n. bus, pro?.
chain, n. zanjir, zanzir.
^hair — cistern. 191
chair, n. kursi, chauki.
chamber, u. khuna'h.
champion, n. pahalawan, tur-jalaey.
chance, n. puk, daw, war, (fate) kismat, na^ib; y.i. pse-
watal, nazedal.
change, v.i. badaledal, gserzedal ; v.t. badalawul, gserzawul,
awui^htal.
changeable, a. na-pa'e-dar, na-Varar, nima'h-Uiwa.
channel, n. lar, la^htaej, l^wair, rud-U}ana'h.
character, n. bashanj, namus, num, (lit disposition) ^o-e.
charcoal, n. skor (pi. form, skarah), (live) skarwafa'h.
charm, v.t. dam ka., huda'h ka.
chase, n. ih'kar ; to follow the chase, v.t. ^h'kar ka.
cha,sm, n. 4oghal daj-gholy gor-handa'h, jzawara'h, chawd.
cheap, a. arzan.
cheat, n. cbal-baz, darghaL makar ; v.t. cbal-bazi ka., dar-
ghali ka., fareb ka., drobawul.
cheek, n. anangaej, bar^o, rukhsar.
chest, n. tatar, (cavity) gargas, gogal.
chew, v.t. jzo-yal, jzowul, che-chal, krapawul, (the cud)
shkhwand wabal.
chicJeen, n. chirguiraej.
chief, a. masbar, w'^unbaey, awwal; n. khan, sardar,
malik, ra'is, hakim, arbab.
chief ship, or chieftainship, n. kfaani, sardari.
child, n. wof-kEiej, w'fukaej, farzand, tankaej, halak
(females take fem. form). See Grammar, page 77.
childbirth, n. langa'h lang-walaej.
childhood, n. halak-walaej, w'yuk-walaey.
chin, n. zana'h, zanakh.
choice, n. (power to choose) wak, i^^tijar, U^wa^hi, raza ;
a. ghwarahy ^hseh, ^a^?.
choke, v.i. l^apa'h ke. ; v.t. ^apa'h ka., mara'i ^apa'h ka.
choose, v.t. khwa^hawiily amawul, sbaghaL ghwarah ka.
cinder, n. skor, (live) skarwata'h, ^ug-lan.
circuit, n. daur, dauran, gai^ht, 'arfia'h.
circular, a. ghiin^*
cistern, n. ^awz, (jUui4> nawar.
192 citadel — confess,
citadel, n. arg, kala', bala-hi^ar.
city, n. ^hahr, mi^r.
claim, n. da*wa*h ; v.t. daVa'h ka.
clan, n. khel, cham, ulus.
claw, n. nuk, mangul, panja'h.
clean, a. pak, spin, ^aif , pakizah ; v.t. pak ka., &c.
clear, a. pak, ^af, rum, (apparent) t§fargand, autsar, (free)
^ala?, jalali ; v.t. spe^a^ pal^ or ^af ka., spinawnl ;
jalah or ^ala? ka.
clearness, n. pak-walaej, <&c. ; tfifargand-walaej.
cliff, n. kamar, tsaka'li, las^h.
clima/te, n. ab-o-hawa, biwad.
climb, y.i. ^atal.
cloaJc, n. chogha'h , baraka'b, barana'i, (blanket) sbaira'i,
(felt) kosaey, (fur or wool) postin.
close, v.t. bandawul, joyawul, (as a door) pori ka.
cloth, n. (linen) U^amta'b, sbo-e, karbas, (woollen) banat.
clothes, or clothing, n. n'mari, zapiki, aghostan.
cloud, n. war-yadz.
clouds, war-ya^.
coa/rse, a. gha^. Twa^ , pef.
coai, n. andraJ^a'h, kada'i, kaba.
cock, n. chirg, (crow) cbirg-bang, (of a gun) pa-e, kajak.
cold, a. sor, yakh ; n. sa^rah, ya^ni, (a cold) zukam, diun-
aey.
collect, y.t. tolawul, jam'a'h ka.
colovT, n. rang, laun ; y.t. rangawul.
colours, n. togh. jan^a'h, bairak.
come, y.i. ra-t'lal, ra-gh*lal.
command, n. hukm, farman ; y.t. hukm war-ka., farmaylL
com^nion, or comrade, n. mal-garaey, mal.
com^pany, n. tolaey, payk, ghoL
complaint, n. gila, faryad.
complain, y.t. faryad ka.
complete, or conclude, y.t. tamamawul, pura'b ka.
con^ceal, y.t. putawul, po^hal.
concealment, n. put-walaey.
confess, y.t. kablawul, or kabiilawul, ^wala'h wa-yal, manal.
eonquer — crime. 198
conquery v.t. baraej ka., landi ka., matawnl.
conaider, y.t. ande^hna'h ka., fikr ka., gamal.
eontenty n. moir.ti'a, pa^ula-tob.
contented, a. mor, razi, Tpaoified) pal^ula.
convey, y.t. (animate tbmgs) botlal, ra-wustal, (inanimate)
w'ral.
convoy, n. badraka'b, badragha^h.
cook, n. bawarclu ; y.t. pakbawuL
cool, v.t. soirawiLl, jakbawTil.
coolness, n. sara'h, soy-walaey.
com, n. ly^ala'h, dana'h, (green) ^wid, ^asil,
corpse, n. m'^aej, lash, murdah.
coUon, n. ma^lach, (plant) kalaka'b.
cough, n. Xukhwej ; y.i. fu^edal ; y.t. fu^ wahal.
council, n. majlis, jirga'b, (a member of) jirgatu.
counsel, n. pand, naf^i^at ; y.t. pand war-ka., &c.
count, y.t. shmeral, gamal.
countenance, n. ma^, (f ayour, <&c.) mara8ta'h«
country, n. mulk, watan, (native) tun.
cotiple, n. juft, dwah, joya'h.
courage, n. marana'h, z'^ ah-war-tob, himmat.
courageous, a. maranaey, z'^rah-war, dilawar.
courier, n. ka^id, chapar, astadzi, (lit, messenger)*
court, n. daxbar, dalbar, (civil) 'adalat.
cover, n. sar-po^h, kara'h, (dish) bargholaey.
cover, v.t. pu^awul, poiihal. *
covet, v.t. tama' ka., hir? ka.
covetous, a. tama'-jan, liwal.
cow, n. ghwa. (milch) pa'i-wara'h ghwa.
coward, n. na-mard, tu-zan.
cowardice, n. na-mardi, tu-zan-walaej.
crocA;, n. chawd, dafa'h, (sound) <jaz, t^s, ^rach; v.i.
chawdal ; v.t. 4a>z wahal.
crashed, a. chawd.
crafty, a. chal-baz.
create, v.t. joirawul, paida ka.
creator, n. ^alilj:.
crime, n. gunah, taV9ir, ^ata.
13
194 crooked — deadly.
erookedy a. kojz, tit, kpng.
crop, n. fa?!.
cross, v.i. poriwatal, porit'lal; v.t. terawul.
cross, a. sut-but, marawar, ^apah.
crowd, n. dala'b, tol, \o\sj&j,
cry, n. jzara, napaJi, (weep) y.i. jza^al, (out) na^raly narej
wahal or ka.
cultivate, v.t. yow-ya*h or jsiwej ka., abadawul, wadan-
awul.
cunning, a. cbal-baz, fareb-jan.
cup, n. kan^ol, kan^olaej, (china) kasa'h, piala'h, (metal)
jam.
cure, n. ragbawuna'h, jo^-walaej, 'ilaj ; y.t. raghawtiL
joyawul.
curtain, n. parda'h, ^ij jab.
curse, n. la'nat, ^hera'h ; y.t. la'nat wa-yal or ka., ^hera'h
ka.
custom, n. dastur, rasm, dod, lar, (tax) malija, baj.
custody, n. jzghorana'h. satana'h, hawala'h, fehundi-walaey.
cut, n. tsira'h, (of a sword) guzar, (water, canal) wala'b,
(small) la^htaej ; a. tsiralaej, jzobal, ghwuts ; y.t. teiral,
pre-kawul, pre-k'yal, (wound) jzoblawul, ghwatsawul^
(witb a sword) gu^ar ka. See v)ound.
D.
da/mage, n. trot, tawan, nuk^an.
damp, a. lund, nam-nak, z'yam-nak.
danger, n. wera*h, ^atra'h.
dark, a. tor.
darkness, n. t'jara'h, tor-tam, tor-gamaej.
date, n. tari^, (tree) kfaurma, ^ajur.
daughter, n. lur, (in-law) n'jzor.
day, n. wradz or rwadz, (light) rama wradz, (dawn) chirg-
bang, sapedey or sapedey dagh.
dead, a. mar, (as a tree) m'f am.
deadly, a. katil.
dsaf — desert 195
deaff Sp. kum/
deafness, n. kiim-walaey.
dear, a. gran, 'aziz.
dearth, n. ka^ti, tangsa'h, tangsi'a, gram.
death, n. marg, ajal.
debt, n. por, ^irz.
debtor, n. porawuyaey, ^?-dar.
deceit, n. droh, chal, fareb.
deceitful (person), a. drohunkaej, chal-baz, fareb- jan.
deceive, y.t. ghulawnl.
decrease, n. lajz-walaey ; y.i. lajzedal, kamedal ; y.t. lajz-
awul, kamawul.
deep, a. jzawar, star, (acute) hoi^hjar.
defeat, a. mat, mat-ja'h, peep ; y.t. matawul, mat ka., peer
ka.
defect, n. trot, wa^a'h, (deformity) *aib.
defection, n. jarwatah, (sedition) yaghi-gari.
defend, y.t. satal, jzghoral. gal-al.
defUe, n. tangaey, kiii^ht, dara'h.
delay, n. dirang, dzand, larghah ; y.t. dirang or dzand ka.
delicate, a. naraey, baiik, nazuk, ih'kulaey.
delight, n. ^waim, sa^a'h, U}ush-]^ali.
deliver, y.t. azadawtd, yalah ka., (make oyer to) sparal,
^awala'h ka.
deliverance, n. U^ala^i, azadagi, azadi, yalah-walaey.
- deny, y.i. miinkiredal, y.t. inkar ka.
depart, y.i. t'lal, lairal, drumal, lejzdal.
d^arture, n. tab, t'lab, t'lana'b, lejzdana'b, wartag.
depend, y.L mau^uf ke., dzawrandedal, y.t. ta'luk laral,
i'tibar ka.
dependence, n. bawar, unud, i'tibar, talda'h.
deplore, y.a. arman ka., afsos ka., tartab ka., toba'h iSb'kal.
d^th, n. jzawar-walaey or jzawar-tob.
desc&nd, y.i. prewatal, kuzedal, naziledal.
descent, n. jzawaredana'h, jzawar-walaey, kuzedana'h, pre-
watah; peira'i, a^l.
desert, n. maira'h, daiht, ^a^ra, chul ; a. wijap, wairan ;
y.t. (see abandon) tark ka., (run away) taiihtedal.
13 ♦
196 deaerUr^diieaver.
deserter, a, xl ta^htedonkaey.
desire, n. gl^oiSlit, han^a'h, haWh $ bawi ; t.t. glioflital,
han^a'li land.
despise, y.t. kajzal, spuk gaisal, ghandal.
destroy, y.t. waranawul, irangawiil, ^aribaw^l^ wija^aWiiL
detain, y.t. patawul, man'a'h ka., ^ifalawuL
devastate, y.t. natal, wijarawul, p&'e-ioal ksu^ taraj ka.,
lutal.
devotee, n. zabid, darwesh.
devotion, n. 'ibadat, n'mundz.
deiff, n. parUba'h.
die, y.i. m']ral, ibax ke.
different, a. bsel, beyal, judi, nur.
difficult, a. grajl, ss^t, musb^iL
d[t^, y.t. kandal, kanodal.
digestion, n. bazm ; to digest, y.t. ba|mli.wal.
diminish, y.L kamedal, laa^edal; y.t. kamawul, laji^^wuL
dinner, n. U^warak.
d^, n. ghupa'h. ^ota'b ; y.t. 4ubawiil| i^ota'h war-kawul,
ghupa*h Uwa^, or wabal.
direction, n. lor, loraej, ma^, U^wi, pala'h, (order) Jt^iikm,
farman, (of a letter) sar-nama'b.
dirt, n. U^ira'h, ^piraej, rasb, na-pald.
dirty, a. ^iran, ^achan, palid, na-pak.
disaffected, &• yaghiy sar-ka^b, fasadi.
discharge, n. X&lf, Xr^k, Xs^\, 4^9 sbilak, pre^jastana'by
ru^^at, bar-tarafi.
discha/rge^ y.t. basal, pre-basal, pre-^jastal, gbnrzawiilf
wisbtai, ta^ ka., ^ala^awul, tasbjawtO, (dismiss) ^S^wab
war-kawiil, bar-taraf ka., ru^^at ka., Hri ka.
discipline, n. a'ln, l^a'ida'b, tadib ; y.t. tadlb ka.
disciplined, a. ta^b kawulaej, amo^tah.
disclose, y.t. tsargandawid, bartger ka*
discontented, a. na-raz, U^apab, na-^waih.
discontiwue^ y.t. pre-U^odaJ, pre-iSb'wal, tark ka. ; y.i. prejs-
dal.
discord, n. fasad or fasat, fitna'b.
discover, y.t. malumawul, pejzandal; mundal, bi-a-mundal.
diseoBe — dream. 197
diaeaae^ n. maraz, rand^, ni-rog^-ti'a, n&-jofi.
disgrace^ u. bad-n^nu, ruswa'i, ma^-tori ; y.t. bey-nang
ka., makb-tor ka., sharmawul, bej-'izzat ka.
dishf n. taba'i, ta^araej, (iron) taba^aej, (brass) ri^aU.
dismiss, see discharge.
disperse, v.t. tar-pah-t&r ka., ^warawul, U^wadsawul.
displease, v.t. marawur ka., wezarawul, kaqrawul, randzawul.
displeaswre, n. marawur-tob, wezari, na-razi, Uiapa'h-gi.
di^sition, n. Uo-e, ^wa, tab'a'h; tartib, jof-ti'a.
dispute, n. jagfa'h, steza'b^ jang ; v.t. steza'h ka., &c.
disrespect, n. bej-adabi, bej-^urmad.
distance, n. lar, dza'e, f ark, (time) muda'h.
distant, a. liri, prata'h.
distinguish, v.t. pejzandal ; z'dah ka., ma'lumawal, lidal.
distress, n. ^wari, tangsa'h, tangsi'a, mirt§ii, ^^am ; v.t.
tangawul, zahirawul, rabfawul.
district, n. tapa'h, cham, torman.
distribute, v.t. weshaJ, bra^a'h or bald^ra'h ka.
ditch, n. kb^'Uda^, ka-ba'i, kanda'h.
dive, n. gho^a^h^ gMpa'h ; y.t. ghota'h ka., &o.
divide, y.t. pre-kawul, pre-k'^al, tsirej ka., tfiirawul, ghwntg*
awul ; weshal, wan4 ka., ^ismat ka.
do, y.t. kawul, k'yal, joyawul.
doer, n. kawunkaej, kafunkaey. jofawfmkaey.
dog, n. spaej ; bitch, spa'i.
domestic, a. ael or il, koranaej; il naukar, (economy) kor*
walaey, kor-mana'h.
door, 0. war.
double, 9^ dwah-b^argah, dwah-bra^^^, dwah ta.
doubt, n. shakk, guman, shubha'h; y.t. shakk laral,
shubha'h ka.
dough, n. I^amira'h, aiSbali, (mass of) pe^a^h, gfaiin4a*h.
doze, y.t. par-na w'ral ; y.i. nim-^wabi pre-watal.
drag or draw,Y.t, ra-kajzal, ra-^h'kal, ra-k'^hal, kashala'h ka.
drawers, n. paftug, shalwar.
dreadful, a. werawunkaey, sahm-nak.
dream, n. kbub, (imagination) kbiyil; y.t, {[j^iib Hdal,
Uliyal ka.
198 dreu — early.
dress, n. ag^ostana'h, zarukaey, n'mari, kalaey; y.t.
aghostal. aghostawul, poiShal, (cook) pa^awul.
drink, n. ts'shak ; y.t. ts'kal, ts'ihal.
drip, or dribble, or drop, v.i. tsatsedal.
dnessle, n. puna'h, rangaej baran.
drive, y.t. (away) sharal, ratal, liii ka., tai^htawul, (cattle)
bi-wal, botM, ramawul, (horse) zoral, (nail or peg), tak-
awtil, manual, wahal.
drop, y.i. (leak) tsatsedal, (descend), kuzedal, (slip) ^bwa-
yedal, (fall) pre-watal, (leaye off) prejzdal, pre-i^hodaL
drove, n. (sheep or goats) rama'h, ghela'h, kan^ak, (oxen)
gohar, goram.
drover, n. gorwan, ghobah, gaharaej, (of sheep) shpun, (of
buffaloes) gujar.
d/rown, y.t. cjubawul, gharkawul. (lay under water) lahu ka.
drunh, a. mast, nasha'h-wa^r^key.
d/ry, a. wuch, (as land) tajzaej, tosand ; y.i. wuchedal ;
y.t. wuchawnl.
dryness, n. wuch-walaey.
dung, n. (horse) U^arshinah or ^arshirnah, (camel, sheep
or goat) pachey, (of cows or buffaloes) ghushayahy
(human) |^ul; y.t. ghul ka., ^a^ral, ^ajat ka., (heap
of) de^an, ^adzala'h.
dush, n. ma-sham, la^u'h.
dust, n. duyey, ^awrey; y.t. tsan^al, (to dredge or
sprinkle) durawul.
dusty, a. du^edalaey, khawrin.
d/aty, n. (military) pahra'h, tsoka'i, paswani, (tax) baj,
chungaey, ^akk, (business) kar, (obligation) farz.
dwarf, n. chiinaey, mandaraey, Tweshtinak.
d/well, y.i. aosedal, astedal, patedal, m'ledal ; y.t. astogna'h
ka., astoga'h ka., nnshta'h ka.
B.
ear, n. ^wajz, (of com) wajzaey.
early, a. pah lo-e sa^r or sa^ar, pah sa.har, wa^ti, (crop)
mahina'h.
earn — enemy. 199
earn, y.t. gafal, l^a^il ka.
eoHh, n. kbawra'h, (land) z'maka'h, zanmiyinTilk, (the earth)
na^ra'i, dunja, jahan.
earthen, a. ^awrin.
ease, n. astogna'h, dama'h, aram, asuda'h-gi.
easy, a. asan, spuk, sam, (circumstances) mop.
eat, y.t. kbwara).
eatable, a. khwarald.
edge, n. (of a sword, <&c.) mal^, dam, (brink) ghaya'h^
tselma'h, tsarma'h, (rim) ja'i, lor; to set on edge (the
teeth), i^aih ^aghawuly (sharpen) tera'h ka.
ediicate, y.t. palal, (cause to read) Pwalawul.
effect, n. pazah, kar, agar; y.t. jopawul, kawid, k'^al.
^ecta, n. mal, saman, asbab, kali.
egg, n. haga'i, ha.
elbow, n. tsangal, tsangala'h.
elder, a. mashar ; n. mashar, spin-jziraej.
el^Juint, n. hati, pil.
elevation, n. khata'h, Tway-tob, IVair-ti'a, uchat-walaey,
hask-walaej.
dope, y.i. (run away) taiShtedal; y.t. (with a woman)
matiz ka., (as a woman) matiza'h ke.
embark, y.i. pah jahaz or pah bepa'! U^atal or swaredal or
sparedal.
embrace, n. ^ejz, ghiizaey ; y.t. pah gl^ejz or pah ghiizi
k'^hey niwal, ba^garandi ka., bara'h-gaira'h ka., rogh«bay
ka.
employment, n. kar, roz-gar, ^idmat, mashghula.
empty, a. tash, 4a49 ^afi ; y.t. tashawul, to-yawul.
encowrage, y.t. tasalli or dam-dilasa war-kawul, kbatir-
dari ka., takia'h ka.
end, n. pitska'h, pitskaey, sar, tsuka'h ; a^r, U^atm,
l^iiadd, teehna'h ; y.t. aU^ir ka., l^atam ka., tamamawul,
etc.
endv/re, y.i. sahal, sahedal ; y.t. z'ghamal. petsal ; (to last)
y.i. pa'edal.
endurance, n. pel^na'h, z'^^am, ^abr, ta^at, zor.
enemy, n. dui^hman, mirtsaman, l^arif .
200 engage^'-exeeuie.
engage^ y.t. mashghulawuly lagawul, pah kir n'^haLawxd,
(fight, set to) jang n'^hataL, jang n'^halawul ; y.L jang-
edal.
enjoyment^ n. maza'h, U^wand, ^wa^hi, iShadL
eiUa/rge, y.t. planawul, ujj^dawul, lo-e-amd.
enmity, n. dushmani, mxr-t«[, badL, faka'h.
enquiry, n. pu^htana'h, shanana'h, taiaj^^us.
entcmgle, v.t. n'^halawul, tsapolaej ka. ; to heeame entangled,
ya. n'^hatal, tsapolaej ke.
enter, y.i nanawatal, k'ihe^watal, dakhiledaL
entire, a. dra9t, tol-tal» tamam. v/ *^v^
entrails, n. la^manah, kul-mey. ^ V^^'^r
entrance, n. nanawatah, war, kbula'h. H4ot^^
entreat, y.t. minnat ka., 'ar? ka., ^o^btal* — *.^
entrenchment, n. bara'h, sangar.
equal, a. barabar, sam, jo-shan, maU^aey.
erect, a. w'lap, jig, lak, ting ; y.t. w'U^wul, kho-jsdal, wud*
rawul.
eecofpe, n. U^ala^i, nijat, teihta'h; y.t. teihtedal, nijat
mundal, ter-watal, ^ala^iidal, wur-hedal.
eeeort, n, badral^'h, badragha'h, (cayaliy) swar^lam, swarli;
y.t. rasawul.
estimate, y.t. shmeral, garjpd.
evacuate, y.i. jarwatal; y.t. tashawul, ^aH ka., (stool)
l^ulka.
even, a. sam, hawar, barabar, (alike) gund, yow shan, twaL
evenneea, n. sam-walaej, hawar-ti'a, gun<^.
evening, n, ma-^am, begah, ghiima'h.
evil, n. badi, bala, wabal, kbaxabi, afat.
ewer, n. kuza'h, kiiza'h-fa'i.
examine, y.t. goral, dzir katal; shanal, lafairul; azmajil,
azma'i^ht ka.
e^ieeUent, a. ^ha^h, der ^hseb.
exchange, y.t. badalawnl.
epBcuee, n. bana'h (lit. bahaoa'h), hiral, ^xaspc, J^Ua'h ; y.t.
bana'h ka., hira'i ka.
execute (perform), y.t. kawul, k'yal, joyawul, pah d«»-e ka.,
(kill) wajzl, wajM, V^tlawul, ma^r ka.
esMH--faU. 201
exertf y.t. koiihidli ka., zor ka. or wahal.
exhalation, n. bpas, Isqra'h, wajgm, wajzma'b.
exhomstedy a. stairaey.
am^, y.i. aosedal, kedal, sh'wal ; v.t. jzwandun ka.
existence^ n. jzwand, jzwandun, jzwak.
expect^ y.a. lar katal, timid laral, *intizar ka., tawakku' ka.
expectation^ n. intizari, tama', tawakku'.
expedient J a. ghwara*h. munasib, wajib, (contrivanoe) cbal,
tadbir, cbara'h, band.
expedition^ n. (military, campaign) safar, (inroad) ^ot,
chapa-o, ta^t.
esepeZ, y.t. sba^ral, basal, ratal, jastal, ^afal, pori-jzani ka.,
liri ka.
expense^ n. ^arts, l^imat, bai'a'b.
explain^ y.t. bajanawnl, pohawul, ^howul, tsargandawul.
explode (go off), y.i. ^ala^edal, y.t. t^^ wahal ; (let off) Xk\
ka.
extent, n. plan^w&laej, fLJzd^walaey, andaza'h, kadr.
extinguiehf y.t. ma^awul, sarawul.
eye, n. starga'h.
eye-hrow, n. Vrudza'h, Vruza'b.
eye^laehf n. bama'h.
eye'Ud, n. ^Q^m&'h, ^ejgmsJhy ^ezma'h.
F.
/oee, n. ma^.
face to face, inaU^a-maU}} V^andi,
fagot, n. ge^aey.
faint, n. na-tuwan, za-if, bey-tab, bey-kbud; y.i. bey-hoiihe-
daly bey-Uiud or bey-t&b ke.
fair, a. spin, pa'i-^makbaeyi i^-istah, k'liliTilaey.
fair (a), n. mausim bizar.
faith, n. sah-wisa'li, Idialf biwar, iman, din.
faithful, a. ri^tunaey, li^htinaey, din-dar.
faithless, a. bey-wafa, bey-iman.
fall, y.i. pre-watal, lwe-dal» drabal ; let fall, y.t. pre-yastal,
pre-baisal, pre-jadaJl ; foUen^ a. prot, pre-wataey, etc.
202 fdOr-felt.
faUy n. pre-watah, pre-watana'h, drabawuna'h.
foMow, a. lijah, waz-gar, shair, tash, wadl.
false, a. daroghy daro^-jzan, batil.
falsehood, n. palma'h, darogh. fareb.
family, n. kor, koirma'h, ka^a'h ; tabar, nasi, aulad.
famine, n. gram, kal^ti, 4^^^^!^-
f amyous, a. masliur, namer.
/or, a. liri, bi-yartah.
farmer, n. zamin-dar, ijara'h-dar.
fast, a. graiKJLaej, talwari, zser, halwak ; tu^g, klak, mazbut.
fa^i, n. rojza'h ; v.t. rojza'h land or niwal.
fasten, y.t. ta^al ; klakawul, tii^gawul.
fai, a. tsorb, ^at, pey, peray, tand, pim4, ^arat ; n.
(grease) wazda'h, wazga'h, spina'h, (melted) ghwan, mu.
fate, n. Vismat, kaza, nasib, takdir.
father, n. plar, (grand) mkah.
fatherless, a. plar-mapaej.
fatigued, a. sta^uej, stoman, bankah ; to hecoms fatigued,
y.i. stapaej ke., haukah ke. ; v.t. staraej or haukah ka.
fault, n. wabal, gnnah, kn^ur, takdir.
faultless, a. bey-gunah, be j.« takdir.
favour, n. ma&, mal^-mula^iza'h, sat, sela'b, sel-
wa'b, mibrbangi ; v.t. sela'b or selwa'h ka,,, makh war-
kawul, mibrbangi ka.
fea/r, n. wera'b or yera'h, sahm, tara'h, tarbara'b, ande^b-
na'b, ^of ; y.i. weredal, jeredal, tajrbedal, andei^hna'b
ka.
fearful, a. weredunkaey, (inspiring fear) werawunkaey, tar-
bur, ^of-nak.
feeble, a. za-if, kam-zor, sost,
feed, v.i. tsaredal, tearal ; v.t. ^waral, (nourish) palal,
satal ; v.t. tsarawul, ^iirawul, wai^bab acbawul.
feel, v.i. sabedal, k'^bal, ^waral, kajzal ; v.t. z'^^mal ;
sbanal, latawul, lamsawul, (feel for) gham-khori ka.,
z'rab-s'waey ka.
feeling, n. z'raJi-^waey, pob, rahm, tars.
fellowship, n. rogha'hy jopi^bt, mal-gar-ti'a.
felt (material made from wool), n. lamtsa'i, krasta'b.
femdl&-'flat 203
femalef n. kba^'h, artina'h ; a. kba^ga'h.
ferry, n. guzar, gudar, pafam.
/er^, n. Iap-t§»>t9 fi^aJa'li-kbez.
fetch, see &fun^.
/ei^(2, n. bad!, mirtsi.
fever, n. taba'h.
/ev;, a. laj[z, tso, patsamey, pofuskaey, pufaey.
fidelity, n. wafa-dari, iman-dari, namak-^alaU.
field, n. (aUotment) wau4, pafaej, kii^ht.
fiery, see ^^.
/2a%^i^, n. jang, mdVaddama'h ; T.t. jang n'^halawul, jang-
edal, (a skirmisli) jauguraej.
fill, T.t. 4akawul.
find, T.t. mundal or mundal, bi-a-mundal, paida ka.
Jme (a), n. tawan, nagha^h ; a. naraej, majun, bank ; T.t.
tawan a^istal.
finger, n. guta'h (aUo a toe), (thumb and great toe) bafa'h
or kata'h guta'h.
fir, n. na^btaor.
fire, n. aor, (wood) balam, (place) n'gharaeyy aor-ghalaey ;
T.t. (set on) sedzal, balawul, aor pori ka., (discbarge)
^ala^awul, wisbtal, wabal, acbawul.
firm, a. klak, ting, pa'e-dar, mazbut.
first, a. awwal, awwulnaey, um^raey, w'pmbaey, w'fumbal-
aey.
fish, n. mahaey.
fid, n. suk, muf, mutaey.
fit, a. ]ox, barabar, pirzo, yarzan, baedah, dza-e lari, muna-
sib, wajib, lazim ; T.t. barabarawul, palah-pori ka., jo^r-
awul, (as a dress) T.i. barabaredal.
fitnees, n. joir-ti-a, pirzo-walaey, H-akat.
fix, T.t. ta^ral, lagawul, pori ka., w'larawul, wudrawul, n'jat-
al, kba^bawul.
flame, n. lanba'h, sbu^la'h, ba^ran^a'b, lu^aira'h; T.i.
swal.
flask (for powder), n. kisbat.
flat, a. sam, sat, hawar, (flat, table-land) steza'h, buira'hi
(stale) bey-kbwand, (pressed) tsap-lak, cbit, chit-pit.
204 fAxtten—frciMd.
flatten, T.t. samawul, hawar ka., tsap-lafc ka., ehit-ipLt ka.
flattery, n. chaplusi, (jdrpali.
flsece, n. warg.
fl£8h, n. ghwakha'h.
flight, n. tashtedana'h, tei^hta'h.
fling, v.t. achawul, wishtal.
fl^at, y.i. bahedal, lahu or lanbah ke«
flock, n. rama'h, kan^ak.
fl^og, v.t. wabal, karoyey wahal.
flood, n. m-uz, niz, sail-ab, (of tears) rat.
flA)ur, n. aofa'b.
fl>ow, y.i. babedal, rawanedal.
fly, v.i. alwatal, wur-zedal.
fodder, n. tgar wai^bab, alaf, ^wid, shna'h.
foe,,BeQ enemy.
fog, n. larab, dand.
fold (sheep), n. shpol, (layer) bragh.
fold (up), v.t. n'gha^htal.
follow, y.i. palah-pasey ka. ; manal, laman niwal, pai^n^u!
ka.
food, n. ^wara'b, shuma'b, (lit bread) n'in9.ra'i.
fool, n. palwan4» x>ohar, pobairaey, na^dan.
foot, n. p^ha'h, (on foot) palaey, pah pi^ha'h,
foray, n. ^sot, botah^ z'ghast, hapa'h, ilghar.
forhld, v.t. man'a'h ka.
force, n. was, bram, zor, tawan, kuwat ; jabr^ zulio.
ford, v.t. pori t'lal or watal.
forenoon, n* pe^hin, tsa^ht.
forest, n. bam, ^angal, beiha'h.
forget, v.t. herawul.
forgive, v.t. ba^^hal, psBlawnl, pulawuL
forgivenees, n. bal^h, bakb^hana'h.
form,, v.t. joyawul, sazawul, tan<jLal.
forsake, see ahcmdon,
foundation, n. we^, bonsat, bunyad, af 1.
fovmtain, n. china' h.
fowl, n. cbirg, (hen) chirga'hr
fravdi, n, chaL, droh, ghla^ fareb.
free^ a. aelali^ yala3i, stH-ah, waz-gar, azad, ^alaf.
freshy a» slun, zarghiin. tazah, tai^yar, tak^h.
friendy n. dost, ashna'e, jar.
friendship^ n. dosti, ashna'i, pejzand-galwi or gali, jari,
fright, see fear.
frighten, v.t. werawul, tarhawnl, darawul.
front, n. ma^, Tin front) ma^a-ma^.
/ro«^, n. kangal Qvt. i^), jakh (Zt^. ice), (hoar) asa'i.
frozen, a. ja^-shawaej, kangal-shawaey.
fry, v.t. talawul, te-yal, Vritawul.
fud, n. b&lam, kbaJsala'h, war'-^ar&'l^y largaey.
fusee, n. falita'h, fatila'h.
/ttK» a. ta^ 4ak> mop.
a.
9(»{i», n. gata'h, sad, naf a'h, fa-ida'h; v.t. gatal, Aiundal.
gale, n. sila'i, tufan, bad.
gallop, v.t. tezal, po-ya'h ka.
garh (garment), n. zarukaey, &^ostana'h, aghustany
n'waraey, libas, jama'h ; (fashion, mode), toga'h, shan,
rang.
garrison, n. da kil'ey or da ^i^ar U^al^.
gather, v.t. tolawul, jam'a'h ka., (pluck) arnawul, shuk-
awul.
gathering (of people), n. tol, tolaey, tolga'i.
genealogy, n. pera'i, pusht, zu-2at, shajrah, nasab, nasal,
a^l.
generation, a, n. pusht, pera'i ; daur, zamana'h.
generosity, n. ba^i^hana'h, sa^awat, sakhi-tob.
gentle, a. ^alim, afil.
get, v.t. mundal, gatal, paida ka., (up) v.i. patgedal,^ por-
tah ke.
gift, see present,
girl, n. ]ina'i, jinaka'i, pe^^la'h, (betrothed) changala'h,
(slave) win^a'h.
girth, n. tang, tatang, pa(a'i.
206 give — gra4se,
give, T.t. ra-kawTil, dar-kawul, war-kawul (see Grammar,
p. 21), bakb^hal, ihandal, (eyidence or pay respects)
tal, lawdal.
giver, n. war-kawunkaey.
glad, a. ^wai^h, ihad, ^ush-hal.
glad-tidings, n. zeraej, (a bringer of) zerah-garaej.
gladness, n. kfawa^hi, ^hadi, l^ush-hali.
glare, n. dzala'h, rama, (glow) bre^hna, wajzm.
glass, n. ^hi^ha'h, (mirror) a-ina'lL.
glow, n. todu^a% tod-walaey, swaey ; v.i. todedal, swaL
go, y.i. t'lal, dramal, drumedal, la^ rawanedal; T.t.
kuch ka.
goat, n. wuz, psah, (she) b'za'h, waza'h, (wild) mar-U^ur,
(hair) aojz-ghuney.
Ood, n. Allah, iQiuda-e, Eabb; Ood knows, l^uda-e
z'dah.
gold, n. sarab zar, zar, tila.
good, a. ^hsdh, ^haghalaey. ghwarah. nek ; n. i^he-gara'h,
^he-garey, neki, sud, fa'ida'h.
goodness, see preceding.
goods, n. asbab, mal, ra^t, kali (plural of kalaey).
gorge, n. dara'h, tangaey, mara'i, ku^ht.
govern, y.t. hukamat ka., hukm ka., 'ami ka.
government, n. hukumat, 'ami dari, sardari, j^ani, (state)
sarkar.
governor, n. hakim, sardar, 'amr-dar.
grain, n. dana'h, ghala'h.
granary, n. anbar khana'h.
grant, y.t. ba]^i^hal, manal, kabulawul.
grasp, y.t. pah mut or pah mangaley niwal.
grass, n. wa^hah, 'alaf .
grave, n. gor, kabr, (clothes) kafan.
gravel, n. jzaghal. shiga'h, gitaey, (small) gita**!*
gravelly, a. shiglanah, gitin.
gray, a. speraeh, ^aer (lit mud-coloured), (hair) brag, (a
horse) shin.
graze, y.i. tsaredal, tsaral, (abrade) blosedal, b'lodal, sul-
edal ; y.t. powul, pia-yil, tsarawul.
grassier — gu$1i. 207
grassier, n. (also a nomad) powandah,* powunkaey.
grease, n. ghwayaey^ spina'h, mu, wazda'h, wazga'h ; T.t.
i^warawul.
greasy, a. gnway.
great, a. star, ghat. ^o-'Oy z'barg.
grea;tne88, n. star-walaej, ^at-walaey, lo-e-walaej.
green, a. shin, zarghuif. (unripe) um, tanda'h.
grief, see sorrow.
grievous, a. sa^t, randz-nak, gham-nak.
grind, y.t. ao-]rawul, ao-ira'li ka., amal.
grindstone, n. tsarU^ psan, (for com) median.
groan, n. zgerwaej, neng (plural, henga-har) \ y.t. zger-
waej ka., henga-har laxal, henga-har ka.
ground, n. z'maka'h, zamin.
grow, y.i. (as yegetation) tukedal, zarghunedalf (increase)
zi-atedal, gha^edal. lo-e-edal, (become) kedal, (old) zEqr-
edal.
growl, y.i. ghyunbedal.
guard, n. paswan, tsoH-dar, pahra'h-dar, (a protector)
satandoaej, satunkaej, jz'n^oraej; y.t. paswani ka.,
tsoka'i ka., jz^ghoraly satal.
guest, n. melmah.
guide, n. lar-iho-wunkaej, balad, (spiritual) pir, peshwa,
murshid.
guilty, a. gram, gunah-gar, ta^^iri, tak^ir-war.
gun, n. fopak or topak, (powder) daru, (ball) mardaka'h,
mardal^j, gola'i.
gunner, n. topak-chi, top-chi.
gvsh, n. dara'h, shuturaka'h, ^fapka'h ; y,i. dara'h wahal,
shuturaka'h wahal.
* From the yerb " powul." The nomad Af ^ans are
known as Powandahs and Kochis, but some of the " masters
of the subject" style them "Proyindahs" and "Proyin-
diahs," and erroneously imagine the name to refer to tribes
of Af n^ans so-called.
SOS 1uAilation^-*ear.
habitation, n. astoga'h, astogna'h, borjal, kor, mishta'h.
haily n. jzala'h, jzala'i ; T.t. jzaley or jzala'i aoredal.
hair, n. weiihtah, (goats') aojz-ghuney.
half, n. nim, nimajali ; y.t. mmawul, dwah nimali ka«
halt, y.i. astedal, daredal, wudredal; y.t. dem'h ka., mu^am
ka.
hamlet, n. ban^a'h, kala^y.
hammer, n. pselk, tsafak, (wooden, a mallet) ^balaej,
4abla'i, ba£^ar ; y.t. takawul, t&k wahal, trakawul, wa-
bal.
hand, n. las, cbaka'b, mangul^ panja'h, (handful) lapa'fa,
(double handful) lapakaey.
hamdie, y.t. las lagawul, las war-w'ral, las mthal.
handsome, a. iha-istah, k'lihulaej, pa'i-ma^aej.
hapj^en, y.i. pe^hedal, pre-watal, teredal, sh'wal, kedal,
naziledal.
ha/ppy, a. ^wai^h, U^ush-ljial.
harass, y.t. azarawul, rab^awul.
hard (rigid), a. klak, Xmg, sa^t, (diflcolt) gran, (ripe,
hard, etc.) po^.
harvest, n. fa^l, (spring) ao^aej, (autumn) tnanaej,
(gathered in) lau.
haste, n. talwar, ga^randaey-tob ; (to make) y.t. garandaej
ka., talwar ka.
hate or hatred, n. du^hmani, duiihni, bad!, Uwa-badi, fak-
a'h, ghachy kraka'h ; to hiUe, y.t. kajzal, g^AnrJAlj kraka'h
a^istal.
ha/ve, y.t. darlal, laral.
hay, n. wuch wa^ba'h, pash-kalaey.
head, n. sar, ko^aej.
heal, y.i. ra^^edal, joredal ; y.t. la^awul, jofawul.
health, rogh-ti*a or walaey, joy-ti'a or wakej.
heap, n. ^^ra'i, top, (dung) deran, rash; y.t. tapal, ghnnj*
awul*
hear, y.t. arwedal, ghwaj^ basal.
heart — humble. 209
heart, n. z'^ab, dil.
heat, n. tod-walaej, todutta'li, garmi ; v.t. todawul, (warm)
taira^ni ka., (boil) yasbawul.
heavy, a. drund.
height, n. ucbat-walaey, Twaf-walaey.
he^, see assistance,
helpless, a. z'mol, la-cbar, na-tawan, 'ajiz, (from wounds)
zam-z'molaej.
herd, jl park, (cows, bullocks) gabar, gobar, (borses)
gala'b, (buffaloes) goram.
herdsman, n. sbpun (of sbeep), gabu, ghobab (of cows and
oxen), gujar (of buffaloes, also name of a non-Afghan
people in parts near Peibawar).
hide, v.i. pu^edal ; v.t. putawul.
hiU, n. gbiin^a'b, (billock) gh uncjla*!. See mountain,
hinder, v.t. bafalawul.
hire, n. kira-ba'b ; v.t. pab kira-ba'b a^istal.
hold, v.i. patedal, Xinged&l, dza-edal, n'^batal, lagedal ; v.t.
niwal, satal, kbundi ka., a^istal, jzghoral.
hole, n. suira'b, suf'aej.
hollow, a. kawak, tabana'b, dB4 ; n. jzawara'b.
home, n. astogna'b, astoga'b, kor, borjal, misbta'b
honesty, n. rilbti'a, dijanat, dijanat-dari.
honour, n. nang, num, ma^, 'izzat.
hoofy n. swa'b, sum, (cloven) ^ongaraej, nuk.
hope, n. umid, ^al, tama* ; v.t. umid or taw^ku' laral.
horn, n. ^b'kar.
horse, n. as, (pack) yabu (lit. pony), (man) swor, spor.
hospitality, n. melmasti'a.
host, n. tsa^btan, me^rab, (army) fauj, lai^bkar.
hostess, merman, tgaibtana'b.
hostility, see enmity,
hot, a. tod, garm,
hov/r, n. sa'at, (a watcb of tbree bours) pabar.
house, n. kor (also bousebold), ]^una'b, mena'b, (storied)
marnal.
hum>anity, n. sari-tob.
humble, a. na-tsiz, gbarib^ 'ajiz.
14
^10 humid — infantry,
humidy see damp.
humility, n. na-tsizi, gharibiy 'ajizi.
hunger, n. Iwajza'li, lewal-tob.
hungry, a. wajzaey, nagh-land* lewal.
husband, n. mefaJi, tsa^htan.
husbandman, n. zamin-dar, baz-gar, ki^ht-kar, (hired)
/ charey-kar, dih-kan, or dih-gan.
husbandry, n. kar, ki^bt-kari, zamln-dari.
I.
ice, n. kangal, ya^.
idle, a. a^al, lat, sust, gharand. (unemployed) wazgar,
(trifling, as talk) puch, puch-piicb, prat, prata'b,
idleness, n. laf-walfiey, wazgar-tob.
iqnorance, n. nab-pobi, bey-^abari.
til (sick), a. na-jor, na-rogb, randzur, bimar.
illness, n. na-jo^r-ti'a, etc., randzuri, randz, bimaii.
illegal, a. baram, na-bakk, na-rawa.
impassable, a. bey-gudar or gu^ar, bey-lar.
impede, see hinder,
implements, n. lo^bi.
important, a. gran, lo-e, bada'i, (weigbty) drund.
imprison, v.t. kaid ka., band ka.
improper, a. na-kar, na-munasib, na-i^banaey, na-la-ik, na-
kardaey.
inclination, n. ^wa, gho^bt, mina'b, z']*ab,
increase, n. zi'at-walaey, der-walaey, wadam ; v.i. zi'atedal,
4eredal, (expand) parsedal, ^waredal, wadanedal ; v.t.
zratawul, derawTil, wadanawul, parsawul, ^warawul.
indolence, n. sbatal-walaey, sbadal-w^aey, laf-walaey.
industry, n. ko^bi^b, mibnat, jabd.
infancy, n. kacbut-walaey, tufiiliyat.
infant, n. tandaey, tanka.ey, wof-kaey, kachutaey, (suck-
ing) pa'i-rawaey.
infantry, n. pi-adab-gan, (battalion) paltan.
inferior — intrust. 2H
inferior, a. (in age, rank, etc.) kashar, lar, ih'keah, k'^hat-*
a'h, (mean, unimportant) spuk, adna, dun.
infidel, a. kafir (lit unbelieving), bey-din, bey-iman ; n.
kafiraey.
infirm, see weak,
inflict, v.t. war-kawul, rasawul, k'yal, kawul, acbawul.
inform, v.t. j^abarawul, ^abar ka., pohawul, ^bo-wul.
information, n. ^abar.
ingress, n. nanawatab.
inhabit, v.i. astedal, aosedal ; v.t. astoga'b or astogna'h ka.,
pre-mishtal, mishta'h ka., wadanawul.
inhabitant, n. aosedunkaey, astedunkaey, astogyaey.
inheritance, n. miras.
injwe, v.t. azarawul, ziyan or tawan rasawul ; wranawul,
(pain) tapi ka., jzobalawul, khujzawul, randzurawul.
injury, n. tap, kbujz, ziyan, azar, randz, nu^^an.
injustice, n. zulm, bey-dadi, bey-insafi, na-^akki.
innocent, a. bey-gunah, bey-tak^ir, pak, ^af , spin.
inquire, v.t. pushtedal, pui^htana'b ka., sawal ka., (seek,
examine into) latawul, sbanal.
insensible, a. bey-ho^h, bey-U^ud ; bey-parwa, bey-^abar.
insolent, a. sar-kai^h, bey-adab, gusta^, diler.
inspect, see see,
inspection, n. katana'h, katah, lidah, Hdana'b.
injector, n. katunkaey, lidunkaey, nazir, daro^^ah.
instalment, n. ugf'a'i,
instruct, see teach.
instrument, n. lo^haey, kalaey, alat, hatiyar.
insurgent, n. ya^i-gar, fasadi, pasati.
intellect, n. poha'h, bosh, fabm, 'akl.
intelligence, n. poha'h, fabm, 'akl, hoiSh-yari.
intention, n. ka^d, niyat.
interrogate, see question,
interval, n. (of time) muda'h, war, (space) dza-e.
interview, n. katah, lidah, lidana'b, didan, mulakat.
intimidate, v.t. werawul, darawul.
intrust, v.t. sparal, paslawul, ^awala'h ka., amanat yei^-
awul.
14 *
21fi invade — kiek.
invade, y.t. da^a'h ka. or pre-watal, ta^jit ka.
invent, y.t. jofawul, ^ikmat rawanawul, paida ka.
invention, n. ^ikmat.
invert, v.t. arawul, naskorawul, badalawal.
invest, v.t. hi^arawul, mahasara'h ka.
investigate, y.t. puihtedal, lafawul, shanaly ta^^Ipk ka.
invite, y.t. sat m, balal, da'wat ka.
iron, n. aospana'h, aospina'h.
irrigate, y.t. lundawul, ^a^rob ka.
irritate, see vex,
island, n. jazira*h.
issue, y.i. watal, bahedaJ, pre-watal ; y.t. jari ka.
J.
jaw, n. jzama'b, (upper) portana'i jzama'hy (lower) k'ihat-
ana'i jzama'h.
join, y.t. jorawul, ga4awul, paiwand ka.
joint, n. joy ; ghuta'b ; paiwand, band.
jov/rney, n. safar, pand, (day's) manzil.
joy, n. ^wa^hi, ^usb-hali.
joyful, see hajf>py,
judge, n. kazi, mon^if (also as, just, foir, etc.).
judgment, n. hukm, fatwa, mun^ifi, (intellect) poha'hy sud,
tamiz, *akl, (opinion) fikr, kijas, rae.
jump, y.i. trapedal ; y.t. fop wahal, traplal, (j^eer wahaL
just, a. 'adil, mun^if ; rast, risbtini ; barabar, jukht, sam.
justice, n. in^af , dad, njaw.
K.
"keep, y.i. (continue, etc.) patedal, pa-e-dal, aosedal ; y.t,
(retain, etc.) jz^^oral, sataJ, (nourish, etc.) palal, par-
waral, n'manzal, (obey) manal.
lee&per, n. jzj^oraey, satandoaey, satunaey, palunkaey.
Icicle, n. lata'h, la^at, laghata'h ; y.t. lata h wabaJ, la^^tey
wahal, pah la^^atey wahal.
kid^'4ame. 218
hidf n. serlaej, psharlaey, chelaej» nr-ghumaeyy wur«
ghiimaey. (^d) wuz-garaey.
kiU, y.t. wajlal wajzaJ, wajzlal, l^atlawnl, map ka., (for
food) l^alalawul.
hilled, a. wajlalaej, wajzalaey, wajzlalaej, mar-ka^aey,
ma^tul.
Jdnd, a. mihrban^ (sort, species) rang, shan, jins, Ipsm,
dod, t&ur.
kindle, see Iia^.
X:itu2r6(2 or X^ii, n. 'azizan, UieiShan.
king (badshah, sultan, malik (this is the title by which the
head-men among the Afghans are styled).
kinsmcmf n. 'aziz, Utei^h, (on the mother's side) mor-ganaey,
(on the father's) plar-ganaey.
kiss, n. k'l^hul ; y.t. V^hi^wul, k'lihul ka.
kna/very, n. chal-bazi, farebi, bey-imam, kb^'Jftnat.
knee, n. zangun, 4oga'h.
kneel, y.t. pah zangano or pah 4ogo k'4he-nastal, zaugano
lagawul, char zano k'l^he-nastal.
knife, n. cha^ra, (small) cha^u-ka'i.
knock, y.t. takawul, t^^P or tira^ wahal (against, come
in contact) b'losedal, b'lodal, kbwairal.
know, y.i. pohedal, ^^abaredal, ma'lumedal, z'dah ke.; T.t.
pejzandal, z'dah ka., gargal.
knowledge, n. pejzand-galwi, pejzandah, pejzandana'h,
pohedana'h, poha'h, kbabar, ap, 'ilm.
L.
laborious, a. gran, sa^^t, mushVil.
Idbowr, n. mi^nat, koiShi^h, dak, mashaW^'t, Utwari, (child*
birth) stam ; y.t. mil^t ka., koi^hiih ka., kbwari ka^
etc. y.i. (be in labour, as a woman) langedal.
labourer, n. mazdur.
lad, n. halak, za^gaey, zalmaey.
lady, n, merman, mermana'h, 9a]|^iba'h, bibu
lame, a. gu4> kbujs, ka^am.
214 lamenes* — level.
lameness f n. gu^-walaej, ^ujz-walaej.
Icumentf y.t. jza^ral, wir ka., gila'li ka., wa-waila ka.
2amp, n. chiragh, (J^'^a'ljL.
landy n. z'maka'li, zamin.
landholder, n. zamin-dar, daftari, jagir-dar, braU^'h or
baj^ra'h j^of.
2ap, y.t. tsatal.
large, a. lo-e, gh&X, star.
last, a. pasin, w'rustaej ; y.i. (contmue) patedal, aosedal,
pa-e-dal.
late, a. na-wakt, (recent) aosan, aosanaej.
laugh, y.i. ^andedal ; y.t. Randal.
laughter, n. ^anda.
law, n. sliara', shari'at, a'in.
lead, y.t. biwal, botlal, ra-wustal.
leader, n. sardar, peshwa, sar-guroh.
leak, y.i. tsatsedal, taledal.
lean, a. dangar, naraej, khwar.
lea^, see jump.
learn, y.t. z'dah ka., jadawul.
learning, n. 'ilm.
least, a. kashrin, lab or tar folo nab wur or lajz.
leather, n. tsarman.
leave, n. ruj^^at, ijazat, bukm, raza ; y.t. (abandon, etc.)
prejzdal, pre-sbodal, pre-^bwal, (take) ru^^at akfaistaL
ledge, n. morga'b, f^a'b, kamar.
left, a. kim, gats.
leg, n. ibanga'b, piSba'b (applied to tbe leg as well as to
tbe foot wbicb is tbe literal signification), (below tbe
knee) pa^kaej, lengaej.
leisure, n. wazgar-tob or ii'a, format.
lend, y.t. por war-kawul, karz war-kawul.
length, n. ujzd-walaey, (of time) der-walaej.
lengthen, y.t. iijzdawul.
lessen, y.i. lajzedal ; y.t. lajzawul.
let, see permit, (bire) pab kiraba'b war-kawul.
level, a. sam, sat, barabar, bawar ; y.t. samawul, bawarawul)
(raze) na^wul.
liberal — hfty. 215
liberal, a. saU^i, ba^^hunkaej, war-kawunkaej.
liberate, y.t. prejzdal, jalah ka., ^ala^awul.
liberty, n. jalah-tob, azadagi, ^ala^i, (option, etc.) wak,
i^tiyar, (permission) rul^^at, ijazat.
Uch, y.t. tsatal.
lie, n. palma'h, darogh ; y.t. palma'h kawul, darog^ wayaL
lie down, y.i. m'lastal, tsamlastal, (in wait) ghalaey ke.
life, n. jzwand, jzwak, jzwandiin, ^lajat, dzan.
lifeless, a. ma^, bey- dzan.
lifetime, n. jzwandun, ^ayat, 'umr.
lift, y.t. ^ejzawnl, portan ka., riyawdal.
light, n. rama, rarna'i, ro^hna'i ; a. rurn, rum, ro^ban,
ro^ban, (not beavy) spuk; y.i. mrnedal, ro^ban ke., (de-
scend) kuzedal, pre-watal, naziledal, (as a fire) baledal;
y.t. rurnawnl, ro^ban ka., balawnl.
lighten, y.t. spukawul, kamawul ; y.i. rumedal, bre^bedal,,
^aledal.
lightning, n. bre^bna, bark, balk.
like, a. tser, gbundaey, rang, sban, dod ; y.t. ^wa^bawnly
ghoiSbtaly pasand ka., kabul ka. or kabulawul.
limit, n. burid (vul. brid), badd, pula'b; y.t. ^add tai*al.
lineage, n. ^awraey, nasab, a^l.
lion, n. m'zaraey, (furious) sbln m'zaraey.
lioness, m'zara'i.
lijp, n. sbun^a'b, sbun^.
listen, y.t. n'ghwatal. ghwajz niwal or basal, arwedal,
(eayes-dropping) g^^wajz tsaral.
little, a. la^, spuk, l^armandey, z'wam, kam, pufaeji
potuskaey, woy, woykaey.
live, y.t. 'umr terawul, rozgar ka., guzran ka. See exist,
livelihood, n. rozi, rozgar, guzran.
load, n. bar, (one of two loads eacb side of a camel, etc.)
' an^aey, waraey or wuraey, (for tbe bead) pan^a'b^
(small) pan^uKaey ; y.t. lejzdiEi.1, le^bal, barawnl ; dak:«
awul.
loan, n. por, V^?> (borrowing a tbing to be returned)
'ariyat.
lofty, see high.
8l6 lon^ — maintain,
long, a. ujzd (also tall), (time) der, (distance) liri.
I ongingy n. ghoiht, lewal, lewal-tob, tswab, ndna'h, perzo-
jana'h, perzo-walaej, arman ; y.t. mina'h ka., ghoshtaL
took, n. katah, katana'li, lidah, lidana'li, nazar ; y.t. katal^
goral, Hdal, nazar ka.
loose, a. arat, gharand, spa^alaej, spai*dalae7, pranatalaej,
pranataej, ^ushaej, (wandering) jalah ; y.t. arat ka.|
pranatal, prejzdal, jalah ka., etc., ^ala^awul.
lose, y.t. wuruk ka., (at play, or a cause) ba'elal ; v.i. paef
ke.
loss, n. trota'h, ziyan, nnk^an, ba'elana'h, psera'h.
lost, a. wuruk, put, ba'elawaey, ba'elalaey.
tot, n. ba^t, nasib, kismat, (portion) ba^ra'h, wesh, wand,
. hisk ; to cast lots, y.t. hisk ka. or acbawul, (with straws)
Uasarnaey acbawul, (with orbicular dung of sheep,
goats, etc.) pacha'h achawul, (to win) pacha' h w'yaL
love, n. mina'h, mayan-tob, *ishk, muhabbat.
low, a. kuz, landaey, k'^hata'h, lar, chit, (mean) spuk, gan-
dah, spajzan, (price) arzan ; y.i. ghurchedal. y.t. ram-
bara'h wahal.
lower, a. k'^hatanaey, k'^henaey, kuz, lar, landaey ; v.t,
k'shata'h ka., Idizawul, landaey ka., (bend downwards)
titawul, (debase) spukawul, kamawul, (frown) brandlawul,
y.i. (as the sky) toredal.
loyalty, n. daulat-^wahi, namak-hallali.
hick, n. bal^t, nek-ba^ti, na^ib.
lurking-place, n. p'siinaey, put-gana'i, tsawaey.
lustre, n. brei^hna, rama, ruma, rarna'i.
M.
fnad, a. (also, a madma/n) lewanaey, ^ushaey or khushaey.
fnadness, n. lewan-tob.
magnitude, n. lo-e-walaey, ghat-walaey. star-walaey.
maid, n. peghla'h, juna'i, jina*!, (servant) chiiya'i, suhelii
' (bond) win^a'h.
maintain, y.t. (support) palal, satal, (defend) jzghoraJj
kbundi ka.
make — ma/mry. 217
makey v.t. joyawul, sazawul, kawul, k'^al, (mix) ga4awi]l ;
n. shakl, ^urat, taur, dod, rang,
waiter, n. joiraw^nkaej, kawunkaej, {in eomp,) saz, kar,
gar.
male, a. nar, narinah, meirah, (of cattle for breeding)
mindah.
mxiXice^ see enmity,
mMety n. ^Bhh^^j, ba^^dar, (washerman's) tsoba^raej.
man, n. sayaej, insan, (an individual) wagayaey, jzawaey.
manage, v.t. chalawul, tadbir ka, intizam ka.
m^anagement, n. tadbir, kar-sazi, intizam.
mane, n. ao^hi, aowi, w'rajz, yal.
manhood, n. (virility) dzwani, zalmaey-tob, mardi, (bravery)
maranaey-tob.
m^anifestf a. tsargand, ^h'karah, bartser, zahir ; v.t. tsar-
gandawul, ih'karah ka., zahirawul, bartser ka.
manhindf n. sa^I, narinah, insan, ^aUf, ban! adam.
manly, see brave,
manner, n. toga'b, shan, rang, taur, tarata'h.
mantle, n. kosaey, cbogWh. (a female's) payunaey, pacbor-
aey, chayal.
manure, n. sara, sara'b; v.t. (to manure land) sarey
achawul.
ma/ny, a. ^er, garn.
m>arch, n. koch or kiicb ; v.t. koch or kiicb ka.
m>are, n. aspa'b.
m^argin, n. ghaya'h. teelma'b, trats, 4&4a'h, tsan^a'h, mor«
ga'b, laman.
m^irh, n. andzor, darak, naiha'h, rakish, da^ ; v.t. naiha'h
lagawul, da^^awul.
market, n. bazar, char-su.
marriage, n. wada'h, nika^.
married, a. (a man) wada'b-kafaey, (a woman) wada'h-
sbawey, v.i. (to be married, a woman) wadedal, (a mar-
ried woman) ma^ro-iha'h.
marry, v.t. (as a man) wadawul, wada'h ka., (as a priest)
nikah taqraJ, (take a husband) t§aihtan ka., (take a wife)
^hadga'h ka.^ kor kawul.
218 mason — merchandise.
m,ason, n. mi'mar.
m^aster, n. tsaihtan, bad-ar, j^awand, merab, malik,
(teacber) ustad, a^un or a^und (also signifies a
learned man, tbeologian, preacber).
m^ateriaUf n. asbab, saman, kali, batiyar.
m^attoch, n. kodala'i, saibsora'b.
mattress, n. tola-i, tosbak, nibali.
meadow, n. wursbo, cbaman, rkgh, jal-gab, ulang.
meaZ, n. aorab, wo]rab, (fine) maidab.
m>ean, a. spnk, dun; ba^l, sbum, na-karab, (middle)
aowsat, miyandzwaey.
meaning, n. matlab, mnrad, ma'ni.
msans (manner), n. to-gaey, sban, rang, wajba'b, taur,
(competence, resources) panga'b, saga'b, sar-maya'b,
mal, amadani, (aid) kabl, wasila'b, wa^ita'b.
measure, n. mecb, kacb, paimaesb, andaza'b, joka'b, (por-
tion) wesb, (for grain, etc.) aojzaey, (fourtb part of
aojzaey) kurbaey, kuraey; v.t. mecb ka., mecbawul,
kacb ka., andaza'b ka., andaza'b niwal, jokal, (liquids)
v.t. p'yamal, (apportion) v.t. wesbal.
m^at, n. gbwa^ba'b^ (food) ^warak.
msdiate, v.t. gwai^bal, gwasb-grandaey ka.
mediator, n. gwa^b-grandaey, mandz-garaey.
medicine, n. dawa, daru, darman.
meet, v.i. pe^bedal, ma^a-ma^sb'wal; v.t. b'lodal, b'los-
edal, (witb, find) mundal.
fneeting, n. bara'b gara'b^ didan, mulakat, wa^lat, (assem-
bly) tolaey, tola'i, jam'a'b, jam'iyat, majlis, (for delibe-
ration) jirga'b.
melt, v.i. will ke., aobab ke. ; v.t. wili ka., aobab ka.
memory, n. yad.
menace, v.t. tra^al, 4arawul, ratal, werawul.
m£nd, v.t. jorawul, ragbawuL (darn) bezal, pezal, (improve)
v.i. tan^al, joredal, ragbedal.
merchant, n. tajir, saudagar, bazargan, (clotb, draper)
paran-cba'b.
m£rchandize, n. mal, sauda, (commerce) tijarat, sauda-
gari.
merctf — moist 219
mercy, n. ra^m, rahmat.
merciful, a. rahm-dil, (God) rahim, ral^man, karim.
m^erit, n. ^ubi, sazawan, kadr, li-akat.
message, n. paighaniy (command) kar-ya'h.
msssenger, n. astadzaey, astodzaey, V^^id*
mid-day, n. gharma'h, takkama'n or takanda'li gharma'h,
nima'li wradz.
middle, a. mijandzwaey, mijandzmaej, mi'anah, (the
middle) miyandz, mi'an.
mid/night, n. nima'h-slipa'li.
mid-way, n. nima'h-lar.
might, see power, strength,
mighty, a. zorawar, tuwana, kawi.
military, a. jangi, la^hkari.
miUc, n. pa'i, sliaudseh ; y.t. I'waslial.
mill, n. (hand) mechan, (water) jzaranda'h, a-sija.
miller, n. a-sija-wan, a-sewan, jzarand-garaej.
mind, n. poha'h, ho^h, 'akl, dzan, z'^ah.
mine, n. kan, (sap) sarangaey, na^b.
minute, n. dam, sa'at, la^za'h.
mire, see mud.
mischief, n. nuk^an, zijan, badi, pasat, fasad, shai'arat,
: wita'h.
miser, n. shum, bakbil.
misery, n. ^wari, tangsi'a, tangsa'h, muflisi, na-kari.
misfortune, n. tor-ba^ti, bad-baU^ti, afat, bala, mu^ibat.
mist, n. dnnd, <j[a4uza'h, lara'h.
mistake, n. U^ata, ij^alat, ghalati ; y.t. ^ata*ka., ghalat
or ghalati ka.
mistress, n. merman, mermana'h, t§a^htana'h, bad-ara'h ;
m'ashuka'h, jara'h.
mistrust, see doubt,
mix, y.t. ga^awul, laral, rakawnl.
moan, n. zgerwaej, bilama'h ; y.t. zgerwaej ka., angahar
ka. ; y.i. bilama'h ^atal.
mode, XL shan, rang, togaej, toga'h ; rasm, dastur, tarik-
a*h.
moist, a. lund, z'jam-nak, nawan.
220 moitture — mummr,
moisture^ n. z'jam, lund-walaej, naw.
moment, n. dam, sa'at.
m>om>entou8, a. driind, gran, muslildl, zariir.
money, n. rdpa'i, nakd, dunja, daulat.
month, n. mi-asht. For names see Grammar, page 75.*
m^ntMy, a. mi-asht pah mi-asht, mah-wari, mah pab mail.
moorif n. (new) mi-asht, (full, also moonlight) spojzmal.
morass, n. bo^htana'h, bushtana'h, tarama'h, jaba'h.
more, a. 2a'at, zi'ati, nur.
more or less, lajz der.
morning, n. sahi*, sa^ar, (to-morrow) ^aba, ^ubha.
mortal, n. sa^aej, jzawaej, wuga^aey, insan.
mortar, n. (mud) pa^sa'h, lew, (cement) ahak, gach,
kunaey.
mostly, ad. aksar, agblab.
mother, n. mor, (term of endearment) adej ! aba'i ! (in*
law) maira'h, (a father's other wife) been or bsen mor.
mound, n. potaey, 4ora'i, ghun<Ja'i, ghuncjLa'iy ^sb^.
mount, y.i. kbatal, (get on) sparedal, y.t. (to raise up)
Bbejzawul.
mountain, n. ghar, koh, (ridge) kamar, (crest of a pafis)
gha^haey ; a. ghartsah. ghartsanaey. kohistani.
mourn, y.i. nuledal ; y.t. gham ka., gnam ^waral, jza^al,
wir ka.
mouth, n. U^ula'h, (small) ^ulga'i or U^ulaga'i.
mouthful, n. gola'h, n'wara'i.
move, y.i. khwadzedal ; y.t. U^wadzawul.
mow, see reap.
mvoh, a. 4^t, frewan ; n. 4er-walaey, frewani.
mvd, n. l^ata'h, la-e, (mixed for mortar) pa^sa'h, lew.
mule, n. ^achar, ghatoy kachar.
murmur, n. pus-pus, gungosaey, ^h'kalwah, zwajz, juy juj,
kur l^ur ; y.t. gila'h ka., mana'h ka., (as a brook) juf ka.,
jufahar wahal, zwajz ka., (as the intestines) iuf juf ksL^
kur kur ka., (of conyersation) i^h'kalwah laral or ka.
* The names of Indian months are peculiar to Peiiha-
war and parts nearest India.
imuiket — Tidce. 221
fnushet, topak, banduU^.
mvstery y.t. sbmeral, san niwal, to^*^^^^ l^a^irawul; y.i.
^aziredal, toledal.
mutilate, y.t. jzobalawul, ghwatsawuly kapam ka.y pre-ka-
wul.
mutiny, n. fasad, pasat, yaghi-gariy balwa.
mutineer, n. fasadi, pasati, yagni-gar.
mutinous, a. yaghiy sar-ka^n.
mvMon, n. da geedey ghwa^ha'h.
N.
nail, mekbi mogaey ; (of finger or toe) n. nuk; y.t. fak-
awul.
naked, a. barban^, luts, luts, (stark) lutg-puts, lutg-lapaf .
na/me, n. num ; to give a name to, y.t. num ye^hawul or
kejzdal ; to name (style), y.t. numandaej ka.
named, a. numandaej, numafaej.
narrow, a. tang.
narrownees, n. tang-walaey, (meanness) baU^ili.
nature, n. ^o-e, ^a^lat, mizaj, tab'a'h.
nea/r, a najzdey.
necessary, a. baedah, bo-yab, lazim.
neck, a. ghara'h, mara'i, markan^a'i, (the nape) aormej^y
warmejz.
needful, a. pab kar, zarur, lazim.
needle, n. stan, (and thread) stan aw spamsaey.
negligent, a. bey-parwa, ^afil, bey-^abar.
neigh, n. ham^ shashrnaey ; y.i. barnedal, shashmedal.
neighbour, n. gawan4aey, gawaniji, hnmsayah.
nephew, n. (brother's son) w'rarah, (sister's) ]^orah-yaey.
new, a. nawaey, aosanaey, tazah.
news, n. Ubabar, (good) zeraey, sar.
nice, a. aghala'h. ghwarahy ^ha-istah, maza'h-dar, (deli-
cate) nazuk, (accurate) juJdlt, jof, barabar, (fine) barik,
naraey.
222 niece — ohvioua.
niece, n. (brother's daughter) warera'h, (sister's) ^bor^
dza'h.
nigh, see near,
night, n. shpa'h, (to-night) nan-shpa'h.
nimble, a. gai^andaej, zghard, tak-lastaey, chalak.
noble, a. lo-e, gha^: ; sahu, sawu, ashraf, a^il ; n. * sardar,
^an, amir, arbab.
noise, n. jzwajz, zwajz, ghajz, ghao. chagh^ bang, shor ; y.t,
(create a noise) gnajzawuly chaghawuly jzwajz ka.
nominate, see appoint,
noon, n. gharma^hy t^^^^^a^^'^ or takanda'h ghanna'hy do-
pahr.
noae, n. paza'h, poza'h.
noted, a. num-war, mashur, nam-dar, tsargand.
nothing, n. hits, na-tsiz.
notice, n. katana'h, lidana'h, nazar, (warning) jar, ittil'a,
izhar; y.i. katal, lidal; y.t. nazar ka., jar wahal, ittila'
ka., izhar ka.
notify, see preceding.
nourish, y.t. palal, n'mandzal, satal, parwarai.
numb, a. kar^echan, marghechan.
number, 'adad, hisab, shumar ; y.t. hisab ka., shmeral,
numerous, a. ^^r, gam, wadan.
0.
oath, n. kasm, half, saugand ; y.t. kasm a., (to administer
an oath) kasm war-tawul.
obey, y.t. manal, hukm pah dza'e ra-w'ral, n'ghwatal.
obligation, n. (duty) farz, (favour) minnat.
obscure, a. tirah, yund, put, (ignoble) kam a^l.
observe, y.t. katal, lidal, goraJ, nazar ka., (say) wajal.
obstinacy, n. hod, hoda'h.
obstinate (person), a. hodaey.
obtain, y.t. ga^al, mundal, bi-a-mundal.
obvious, a. tsargand, 6h'kaiuh, barjger, zahir.
occasion — order, 223
occasion, n. bar, dgal, hey, hera'h, pla, nobat, war, muda'b,
(cause) sabab, ba'ig, j^^araz, ihitiyaj ; v.t. kawul, k'^al,
kbejzawul.
occupy, see employ,
occur, v.i. ^b Val, kedal, teredal, peiShedal, pre-watal, (to tbe
mind) yadedal, pah yad raghlal.
occurrence, n. hadisa'h, waVi'a'h.
offence, n. gunah, tak^ir, wabal, (umbrage) Uiafagi, randz,
marawur-tob, etc. ; y.t. gunah ka., tak^ir ka., marawar
ka., U^afah ka.
offender, n. gunah-gar, tak^ir-dar, tak^iri.
office, n. kar, man^ab, ^idmat, dza'e, 'uhda'h.
officer, n. man^ab-dar, 'uhda'h-dar, sardar.
offspring, n. aulad, farzand, nasi, zu-zat, zah-o-zad.
old, a. zof , (man) spin-jziraey, (woman) spin-sara'h, (age)
zar-ti'a, zar-walaey. See ancient
often, ad. der dzalah.
omit, v.t. pre-jzdal, terawul, pre-iShwal.
onset, n. tsot, Vrid, ^amla'h, guzar.
ooze, Y.i. tsatsedal, watal.
open, a. arat, pranataey, pranatalaey, waz, (clear) spin, ^af ,
(apparent) ^h'karah, tsargand ; v.i. aratedal, gbwayedal,
kbwaredal ; v.t. pranatal, ^ala^awul, aratawul, (spread)
ghwarawul, ^^warawul, spaydal.
opinion, n. poha'h, rae, guman, fikr.
opportunity, n. war, puk, dao, muda'h, wakt, raU^na'h.
oppose, v.t. mukabala'h ka., a^awul, hafalawul, man'a'h
ka. ; v.t. (in battle) barabap ka., v.i. jangedaL
opposition, n. ho4, ho^a'h, zidd, dzel, ikhtilaf .
oppress, v.t. zulm ka., jaf a ka., azarawul, dzwarawul.
oppression, n. zulm, jaia, dzwar, zorawari, zabardasti.
oppressor, n. zalim, jafa-kar, sitam-gar.
option, n. i^tiyar, wak ; to have option, v.t. i^tiyar laral,
wak laral.
order, n. ^ukm, farman, (method) yun, intizam, tartib,
(kind) kam, jins, (custom) rasm, dastiir, tarika'h, ka'id-
a'h ; v.t. hukm ka., ^ukm war-kawul, farmayil ; tanijial,
jofawul, atgamal.
r
224 ordina/nce—folm,
ordinance^ n. amr, hukm ; a'ln, ^a'ida'h, V^i^^ shar^ali,
shari'at.
origin^ n. affl, bonsat, nasi, weU^.
outrage J n. jafa, zor, zulm.
(ndsiae, n. bahir, ma^.
overhf n. tanur.
overcast, a. tor, gur, gam, puf.
overcome, y.t. wahal, landi ka., psB^ ka., baraej ka., inagh»
lub ka.
overloolcy y.t. goral, lidal, katal, (pass over, forgive)
pulawul, ba^i^bal.
overset, y.t. a^awul, naskorawul.
overthrow, n. mat-ja'h, sat, sbikast; y.t. nairawul, matawul,
naskorawul, (ruin) pa'e-mal ka., lata^awul; sat ka.,
sat ^ shikast war-kawul.
own,Y,t, dar-lawul, dar-lal, laral, (assent) manal, kabiilawiiL
owner, n. tsa^btan, malik, me^ab, ^awand.
ox, n. gbwajaey, ghwayaey^ gbutskaej, ijia^g^u' (also a
buffalo).
p.
pace, n. yiin, tag, raftar, kadam, pal.
j^ify, y.t. papula ka., sai^wm, dUasa or tasalli war-
kamil.
jpack-saddle, n. palan, kata'b, mof'a'b.
pad, n. (for a saddle) X&ghax, (small, for tbe band) bali^i-
tak, (to support a round-bottomed yessel) manjila'b.
pain, n. ^ujz, dapd, randz, swaey, sozisb, *azab ; y.i. (to
acbe) Ubuj^edal, swal, dardedal, y.t. (cause) U^ujsawul,
swaey ka., 'azab ka., dapdawul.
painful, a. kbujz-mand, dard-mand.
pains, n. ko^bi^b, jabd, mibnat, zor, (of cbildbirtb) da
langedalo or langedo dard ; to take pains, y.t. koibiiib
ka., mibnat ka., jabd ka., zor ka.
pale, a. zi-yay (lit yellow), spor (lit, grey).
palm, n. war-£^owaey, j^apa^r, lapa'b, (measure) tsapak.
pailpitate — jpay, 225
jpalpitate, T.i. rapedal, drakedal.
jpan, n. bat, kaiuhaej, (earthen) loshaey, kafwaey, taba'i,
(wooden) i^hanak, kachkol.
jpanic, see fear,
jmraJn/ais, n. shall, guzan, (of the face) lakwa'h.
j^ralyUcy a. shall-o-shul, guzan-wahalaej.
fHirdon, n. baU^^h, ba^ihana'h, mu'af ; y.t. mu'af ka.,
ba^iShal.
jfHirentf n. plar, mor.
jfHirentage, see origin,
parry, v.t. daf a'h ka., gsBrzawnl, liri ka., bachawul.
part, n. baM^ra'h, wesh, hi^^a'h, (place) ^wa, dza'e, muk-
am, taraf ; v.i. bejaledal, I'wu^htal ; v.t. beyalawul,
juda ka., weshal.
partiality, n. pas-walaej, taraf-dan, marasta'h, sela'h, sel-
wa'h, (affection) mina'h, (inclination) ^wa.
particular, a. kha^s, (detail) taf^iL
pase, v.i. teredal, t'lal, laral, (by) ter watal, (cross) pori
watal; n. (defile) tangaey, dara'h, (over a mountain)
^aiShaey, kotal, (state) hal, (permit) rawana'h, par-
wana'h, (stroke) guzar, daw, war.
past, a. ter, ter ^hawaey, t'lalaey.
pasture, n. (ground) wursho, tsarah-gah, (forage) waihah,
tsar, 'alaf ; v.t. tsarawul, powul, piayal.
path, n. lar, wat, (narrow or bye, unfit for horsemen) tsar-
a'h-lar, (one by which a horse can go) da as lar.
patience, n. tahammul, 9abr ; v.t. (to have) 9abr niwal, 9abr
ka., 9abr laral, tahammul ka.
patient, a. ^abr-nak, ^abir ; n. (sick person) bimar, mariz,
na-jor, randzur.
patrol, n. talaya'h ; v.t. talaya'h ka.
pattern, n. namuna'h, na^ha'h, kalib.
pause, v.t. dama'h niwal, v.i. wudredal, v.t. (reflect) fikr ka.
pawn, v.t. gama'h ka., (put in pawn) pah garney k'^hoy
ke-sShwal or ke-^hodal, grau ka.
pay, n. talab, mawajib, tanUi^wah, mahina'h (lit, monthly
pay) ; v.t. mawajib or talab or mahina'h war-kawul,
(discharge, settle) ada ka.
15
226 peaee^^piaui*
peace, n. ^ul^a'h, ashli, rogha'h, t^tob, paM^tila tob or
walaej, aram, asudagi; y.t. ^ul^a'hka. ashti ka.yro|^'h
ka., (treaty of) ^ulba'h nama'h.
peaceable, a. i^arib, papula.
peasant, n. bazgar, zamindar, dihgan, dibJkan, (la>bourer,
plougbman) charikar.
pebble, n. gjXs^j, gi\8k\ (large) gita'h, gataey, tarara'h.
pebbly, a. gifin.
pedigree, n. pera'i, affl, nasab, pusht.
pedlar, n. ^urda'h farosh.
peg, n. sparU^y, mojzaej, mekb.
pdt, y.t. acbawiQ, wishtal, t&P ^
penetrate, v.i. pori ra pori watal, pori aori wataL
penitent, a. paibiman, toba'h-gar.
penitence, n. pa^himanl, toba'n.
people, n. 'alam, U^alk, wuga^i ; y.t. abadawul, wadanawul.
perceive, y.i. pohedal, pejzandal ; y.t. lidal.
perform, y.t. kawul, k'i'ad, ada ka., purah ka., pah dza'e
ra-w'yal.
period, n. muda'h, wakt, wal^t, nobat, war, he^.
perseverance, n. bimmat, koi^hi^h.
pereon, n. saraej, wuga^aej, tan, kas, (tbe body) d^an,
9urat, andam.
pestilence, n. waba, ta-wun, ta'un.
petition, n. 'arz, darkhwast, sawal.
physic, n. dawa, darman, dlru, (practice) tabibi.
physician, s. tabib, Itiakim.
pick, y.a. sb^awuL, (gather) amawul, (the teeth, etc.)
funbal, (up) a^stal.
pick-axe, n. kaha'i, parokaey, taraza'h, tswaL
piece, n. to^aey, tuk, tiik, tukaey, pina'h, (land) pa^aey,
wan4, marima'h.
pierce, y.t. sufaey ka., tetsal, zanal, ea^hal, tsar^L ka.
pillage, see plunder,
pillow, n. balii^ht.
pine, n. nai^htar, sanobar.
pinCf y.i. pa^sedal, zahedal, ka^redal, nuledal.
pious^ a. iman-dar, din-dar, n'man^^.
pi8tolr--poinU 227
jpistolf n. tamanclia'li.
pitf n. tubkaej, t^blaej, j zawar-ghalaeYy 4Qghaly ka^lial.
jpitch (as a tent), v.t. J^ejzawul, walayawul, wudrawul,
(cast) wishtal, achawul.
jnty, n. z'rah s'waey, ^wa-^oizi, rahm, dard.
jplace, n. dza'e, mukam, (dwemng) astoga'h, astogna'h,
nushta'h, (instead) badaJ, (rank) martaba'h ; v.t. iz'daly
ke- jz'dal, ke-^hodal, ke-iShwal, ye^hawul, jeiShal, yeiinodal.
plague, see pestilence,
plain, a. (simple) sadah, (flat) hawar, sam, sat, (pure) tor-
aej, spor, karah, (apparent) bartser, tsargand ; n.
sama'li.
plan, n. tadbir, band, tajwiz, ^ikmat, chal, sa^tagi, tugh-
jan ; T.t. tadbir ka., chal ka., l^ikmat ka., joi^wul.
plank, n. ta^ta'h, tanba'h.
plant, n. buzghalaej, tandaej, bufaey, te^ ; v.t. n'jatal,
karal, ^a^hawul, jz'dal, zanal.
plaster, n. akherana'h, a^a^rab, gacb, (mud plaster) lew,
kbata'h, (for a wound) malham, paha'b, tab ; v.t. a^e^al,
fefaata*h ka., lewawul.
play, n. loba'b, luwaba'b, lobey, bazi, (gambling) ju'ari ;
y.t. loba'b or lohej ka., luwaba'b ka., bazi ka., ju'ari ka.,
(act) pe^hey ka., (music) ghajzawul,. taxana'h or taraney
wahal.
pleasant, a. ^hseh, U^wand-nak, maza'b-dar, lazizi aghalahy
dil-pazir.
please, y.t. ^wand war kawul, maza'h ka., l^waibawul,
^usl^alawul, razi ka., iShaghal.
plenty, n. 4er-walaey, f'rewam, wadani.
plot, n. (of land) wan<j[, pataey, (stratagem) lamghaya%
jofii^ht, (conspiracy) sazish, bandish.
plough, n. yow-y a'h, kulba'h ; T.t. yow-ya'h or yawey ka.,
kulba'h ka.
plunder, n. awar, ulja'h, tar. ta^ak, tala'h, talan, cbiir, luf ;
y.t. tala'h or talan ka., liita^wul, natal, awar ka., ta^ak ka.,
taf ka., etc.
point, n. tsuka'h, sar, peza'b ; y.t. (sharpen) tera'h ka.,
(point out) ^howul, ^bayal.
15 *
228 'polish — quit
polish, y.t. mui^hal, tojzal, z'doyal, saiVal ka.
pollute, Y.t. ^iranawul, palitawiQ, na-pak ka., kakarawuL
pool, n. 4and, (small) ^an^a'h, dan^ukaey, joejr, dab, kol.
poor, a. ^war, tai'ah, dar-mandah, na-dar, muflis, bey-zar,
bej-ma-ya'li.
populous, a. wadan, abad.
portion, n. ba^ra'h, hi^fa'h, wan4, wesh, (destiny) kis-
mat.
position, n. dza'e, mukam, tama'h.
possess, y.t. dar-lawal, dar-lal, laral.
Q.
quagmire, n. bo^htana'h, tramna'b, yala'li, ^ata'h. (lit
mud).
qu>dke, y.i. larzedal, pai'akedal, rapedal.
quantity, n. andaza'b, ^adr, wazn.
quarrel, n. jang, jagara'b, steza'h, kaziya'b; y.t. Jang ka.,
jagara'h ka., kaziya'h ka., steza'b ka. ; y.i. jangedal.
quarter, n. tsalorama'h ba^ra'h, pao, (place of abode)
astoga'b, astogna'h, astojza'b, dza'e, (side) tselma%
ttwa, lasta'b, lor, loraey, (mercy) aman, amn.
queen, n. malika'h, (m her own right), sultan, badshah.
quell, y.t. k'^be-nawal, sa^rawul, matawid.
quench, y.t. sarawul, ma^r ka.
question, n. pu^htana'h, sawal, (doubt) shakk, guman ; y.t.
pui^btana'b ka., sawal ka., sbakk ra-w'ral, guman ka.
quick, a. zser, zghard, garandaey, g^andaey, talwar, tez,
cbalak.
quiclcsand, n. ghal sbiga'b.
quiet, a. aram, karar, ghalaey, (meek) gharib ; quiet or
quietness), n. aram, karar, ^^alaey-tob ; j^aiibi.
qu%lt, n. brastan, tola-i, nihali.
quit, see lea/oe.
race — rashness. 229
ra^ce, n. z'^^ast, z'gha^ht, inan4a'h, (kind, lineage) kor,
nojza'h, a^l, nasi, zat, ^anadan ; y.t. z*ghalawiiL.
raft, n. jala'h, dzala'h, zango.
rafter, n. bainsh, pafera'li, laharaej.
ragged, a. gand-po^li ; re^liey re^hey, tuk tuk, ^ukL tuki.
raiment, see clothes.
rain, n. baran, (heavy) sliebali or sbabah baran, gam
baran, (slight) puna'h, rangaey baran, (spring shower)
da psarH baran, ha^hma'h, wasa'h, (summer) da wo-ri
baran, (rainy season, the rains, used by Afghans of
Peshawar and parts nearest the Panj-ab) parshakal,
(bow) shna'h zarghuna'h. shna'h kasa'h sara'h kasa'h,
da bu^a'i tal ; v.i. aoredal, woredal, baran pre-watal.
raise, v.t. (up) patsawul, portah ka., ^ejzawul, (erect)
lakawul, wudrawul, walarawul.
ram, n. majz, gsed.
rampart, n. bara'h, ^hahr-panah.
range, n. (moving about) ga^ht, (of shot, etc.) partab ; v.t.
ga^ht ka.
ranic, a. s^a, w'rost; n. martaba'h, darja'h, dza'e, (of
soldiers) ^aff, para'h, katar ; (to form into a rank) v.t.
i^aff taraJ, para'h taral or ka, ; v.i. (to move in rank)
pah para'h t'lal, (to stand in rank) pah para'h dar-
edal.
ransom, n. da ^ala^a'i baha, (for bloodshed) khun-bahfly
di-yat, (black-mail) bunga'h ; v.t. khala^awuL
ra/pacious, a. gharat-gar, luf-mar.
rope, v.t. pah zabardasti zina ka., {yul.) pah jabr ghowuL
rapid, see quiclc.
rare, a. matra'h, nadir, (thin, scant) naraey, z'wam.
rascal, n. charland, laralaey, bad-ma' ash, harami.
rash, a. talwar-grandaey, bey-ihtiyat, bey-bak, bey-ta'm-
mul, bey-tadbir, jalt.
rashness, a. tal-wal, bey-ihtiyati, jur'at ; (to act with rash-
ness) v.t. ta]-wal ka., bey-i^tiyati ka., jur'at ka.
230 rate — recompense.
rate, n. nir^, bai'a'h, kimat, ^isab, (ratio) andaza'li ; slian,
taur ; v.t. nirkh, iai^l, (to scold) tratal, ratal.
raUle, n. shrang, gar, gar-kaej, g'ranj, (a child's) chan-
chamaey, g'yanjawu ; v.i. shrangedal, g'raajedal.
ravage, n. ujar-walaey, ujayi, wejar-walaey, mar-dar, wa-
rani ; y.t. ujafawtd, etc., mar-da|' ka., warahawul, natal,
latai'awnl, t&x ^^'f chiir ka.
ravine, n. !^wa]r, kanda'h, algada'h, cbur, khur.
ravish, v.t. bikr shlawul, (seize forcibly) pah jabr or zor
a^istal.
raw, a. aom, amghalan, nim-garaey, nima'h-^wa, nim-pokh,
(cold) soy, ya^, (abraded) suledalaey.
rawness, n. aom-walaey, sop-walaey, sa^ra'h.
raze, v.t. narawul.
reach, v.i. rasedal, ra-t'lal ra-ghlal, (touch) lagedal.
read, v.t. Twastal.
ready, a. tai-yar, hazir.
real, a, ri^htunaey, rkhti'a, ri^htinaey, a^H, karah.
reojp, v.t. rebal, rawdal, lau ka.
reaper (a), n. lau-garaey, rebunkaey, rawdunkaey, (reaping
hook) lor, lawa-aor.
rear, n. sha. (lit the back) w'rustah, dumbal ; ad. in the
rear, pah w'rustah, pah w'rusto, pah sha, pastanah.
rear, v.t. palal, parwaral, n'mazal, n'mand^al.
reason, n. poha'h, 'akl, (proof) dalil, ^ujjat, subut, (cause)
ba'is, sabab, jihat, wasita'h.
reasonable, a. munasib, wajib, ^hseh, pirzo, perzo.
rebel, n. baghi-gar. ya|^i-gar, sar-ka^h, mufsid ; v.t. sar-
kaiShi ka. ; v.i. baghi ke., ya^i ke. ; v.t. yaghi-gari ka«
rebellion, n. yaghi-gari. fasad, baghawat. khuriij.
rebelliovs, a. fasadi, sar-kai^h, baghi, baghiy yaghi.
receive, v.t. miindal, a^istal, (allow) manal.
reckon, v.t. shmeral, shmaral, garnal, pohedal, hisab ka.
recline, v.i. tsamlastal, m'lastal, ghazedal.
recognize, v.i. pejzandal.
recollect, v.t. yadawul, z'dah ka.
recommend, v.t. sparal, siparish ka.
recompense, n. sawab, badal, tawan, jaza.
reconcile — religion. 231
reconcile, v.t. papula ka., U^wa sarawul.
recover, y.i. jofedal, raghedal ; y.t. (fiii4 again) bi-a-mun-
dal.
recovery, n. joi'edaiia'li, raghedana'h, joy-ti*a.
redress, n. in^af , nyaw, dad-rasi ; y.t. nyaw ka., tawan war-
kavnQ, dad-rasi ka., jorawul.
red, a. sur, surU^.
reduce, y.t. kamawul, lan4awul, (oyercome) matawul, psBf
ka.
refuge, n. panah, nanawatah.
refuse, y.t. iba ka., iba ra-w'iral, inkar ka., na-manal ; y.i.
munkiredal, ghayedal ; y.t. na-l^abulawtd.
regiment, n. paltan.
regret, n. arman, afsos, pa^hemam, toba'b ; y.t. arman ka.,
afsos ka., toba'h ka. ; y.L pai^heman ke.
regulation, n. a'in, l^anun.
reject, y.t. basal, jar-basal, yastal, jar-jastal, ^ha-yal,
shairal, liri ka.
rein, n. waga'h, (reins complete) m'luna'h, (a leading rein,
a rope) ba^gol.
rejoice, y.i. ^ush-^aledal, iShadedal; y.t. ^ush-^ali ka.,
^hadawul, (oyer another spitefully) wi-a]ral.
relate, y.t. bajanawul, pah bayan ra-Viral, Vi??^'!^ ka.,
wajal, (appertain) ta'lluk: laral, nisbat laral; y.i. lag-
edal, (attribute) nisbat ka.
relation, n. bayan, l^i^^a'h, (reference) ta'lluk, nisbat, (kin-
dred) ^e^h, 'aziz, (paternal) plar-ganaey, (maternal)
morgana'!.
reloitionship, n. ^pulawi, khpul-wali, l^pul-walaey, j^pul-
galwi, (by marriage) ^leshi ; to contract relationship,
y.t. !^e^ ka., ^pulawi ka.
release, n. ^ala^i, ^ala^iedana'h, azadi, azadagi ; y.t.
Ifcbalagawul, azadawtd, wur-hawul.
reUa/nce, n. bawar, i'tibar, umed.
relieve, y.t. madad war-kawal, komak war-kawul or rasa-
wul, hapa'h ka., aram war-kawul, (lessen) sayawuly
(change) badalawul.
religion, n. din, mashab, iman.
232 relinquish — retaliate.
relinquish, v.t. prej'zdal, pre-i^hwal, pre-iShodal.
rely, y.t. bawax ka., i'tibar ka., tawakkul ka. or laral.
remain, v.i. patedal, pato or patey ke., aosedal, pa'edal.
remedy, n. 'ilaj, darman, dawa, tsara'li, tadbir; v.t. 'ilaj
ka., darman ka., etc., tadbir ka., jorawul, raghawuL
remember, v.t. z'dah ka., yadawul, (recognize by recollection)
pejzandal.
remembrance, n. pejzandah, pejzandana'b, yad.
remind, v.t. yad war-kawul.
remit, v.t. (send) astawul, lejzdal, (lessen) kamawnl, lajz-
awul, (absolve) ba^i^hal, pnlamil.
remove, v.t. U^ejzawnl, liri ka., (migrate) ka^a'h ka., kuch
ka., lethal.
renowned, a. nam-war, mashur, tsargand*
rent, n. ijara'b, kira-ba'b.
repair, v.t. jorawul, raghawul^ tan^al.
repent, v.i. pai^heman ke. ; v.t. toba'h ka. or k'l^hal, arman ka.
repentance, n. paiihemani, toba'h, arman.
reply, see answer,
report, n. ^abar, awaza'h, (soiuid) bang, ]^jra8, daz,
ghajz.
repose, n. %kX6h, aram ; v.i. (take rest) tsamlastal, m'lasial,
u-dah ke., ghazedal ; v.t. ^ub ka.
reprimand, see reprove.
reprove, v.t. fratal, ratal, malamat ka. malamatawnl.
repulse, v.t. matawnl, hatalawul, ta^htawtd, daFa'h ka.,
tar pah tarawul, shikast ka.
reputation, n. num, abru, nang, nek-nami.
request, n. ghosht, sawal, dar&wast, 'arz ; v.t. sawal ka.,
etc., gho^htaly pui^htedal.
reside, see dwell.
resolute, a. z'rah-war, diler, klak.
respect, n. 'izzat, adab.
rest, n. aram. karar, (sleep) ^ub, (pause) dama'hy war ;
v.i. tsamlastal, m'lastal ; v.t. aramawul, ^ub ka., (the
rest) a. pato, pataey, nur.
retaliate, v.t. badal or badla'h or jaza or kisa^i akj^istal,
bota'h bramta'h ka., intikam a^istal.
retinue — roaet 233
retinue, n. swarli.
retire, see retreat,
retreat, n. te^hta'h, (asylxim) panah, nanawatah; y.i. tasht-
edal^ z^ghaledaly z'gnastaly pah stana'h puri watal ; y.t.
sha war-kawul.
return, n. jarwatah, jarwatana'h, (profit) sud, gata'h,
gatana'h, jaza ; y.i. bi-artah raghlal. bi-artah geerzedal,
jar- watal, stunedal; y.t. (send back) pab bi-artah
astawTil.
revenue, n. mah^ul, baj, ^iraj, saw.
revile, see aibuse.
reward, n. sawab, jaza, in'am, ba^iShana'h, (retiim for
labour) ujrat, mi^nat.
riee, n. w'rijey, (in husk) sholey, shala'i, (field) shala*i-
zara'h, shol-gara'h, (ground prepared for sowing rice)
kad-hal.
rich, a. daulat-man, mal-dar, dunja-dar.
riches, n. dunya, daulat, mal.
ride, y.i. swaredkl, sparedal ; y.t. swarli ka.
rider, n. swor, spor, sporlanaey.
ridge, n. kamar, warsak, pu^hta'h.
right, a. jor, juMit, ri^hti'a, rawa, barabar, ^hseh, lazim,
wajib, rast, (not left) i^haey, (hand) ^haey las, (right
and left) ^haey ow kim ; n. hakk. mal, milk, (justice)
in^af, 'adl; (make right) y.t. joyaWul, samawul.
ring, n, kara*i, (finger) tsalaey, (seal or signet) muhr ; y.i.
trangedal, shrangedal, g'^anjedal; y.t. shrangawul,
g*ranjawul, etc.
ringleader, n. sar-guroh.
ripe a. pokh, khuyin.
rise, n. ^atah, (eleyation) pechuma'h, pechumaey; y.i.
patsedal, ^atal, walayedial. portah ke.
river, n. sin, sind, rud, daryab, (small) nahr.
rivulet, n. lai^htaey, wila'h, wela*h.
road, n. lar, rah, wat (peculiar to PeiShawar and its yicinity).
rooAT, n. tarn, g hrumb. dandukar ; y.t. tamahar ka. or laral;
y.i. jj^yumbedal ; y.t. ghyumbal.
roast (ox fry), y.t. talawul, te-yal, w'ritawul.
234 roh — ruined.
rob, T.t. ghla ka., natal, lufal, lutawul, lar wahal.
robber, n. ghal.
robbery, n. ghla.
ro66, see garmient
rock, n. s^ar, dabara'h, tejzah, gaf; T.t. tal ^wairal,
juta'i ^wa|:al ; v.i zangal, zangedal, shanedal ; y.t. tal
wahal, juta'i war-kawul, zangawul, shanawul.
roehy, a. ^Aharinah, gatin, sang-laU^.
rogvs, see rascal,
roll, n. r'gha^hty n'gha^ht^ wal, tao, (of paper) dasta'hy ferd,
(list) daftar; T.t. (up), n' g ha^taly n'gharal ; (on the
ground) v.i. r*gha6htaly r'ghayedal.
roof, n. bam, sa^f , tsapar, chat.
room, n. l^una'h, dza'e, kota'h, l^njra'h (also in Pe^awar
and parts adjacent, a public room for travellers, a guest
room).
root, n. muncji, wula'h, we^, (base) kunsata'h, bonsaf, bun-
yad ; (to root up) v.t. lah muncjia basal or jastal, etc., or
weBtj wula'h, etc., kajzal or k'^hal or k'^hawul.
rope, n. pai^y, rasal, (hair, etc.) wa^h, wa^h-kaey, cola*!,
(made ^om fibre of palm-leaf) bum, bijasta'h, (of
strips of hide) sar-bancjiej.
rot, v.i. Vrastedal, sha^rhedal, s^a ke., bomedal.
rotten, a. w'rost, s^a, shairhedalaej, bomedalaej.
rottenneee, n. w'rost-walaey, sU^a-tob or ti'a or walaey.
rotLgh, a. zijz, (to the taste) z'mo^, z*mo^t, triw, (austere)
but, Tway , klak, (plain, unmixed, etc.) spor.
round, a. g hund. g huncjL ; n. (beat) ga^ht, (bout) gusar,
war ; (to turn round) v.i. churledal, gserzedal; v.t. churi-
awul, gsBrzawul.
rouse, see wake,
rout, see r^ptdse.
rub, v.t. mu^hal, mujzal, tojzal.
rubbish, n. kbadzala'h, war-^a|ra'h.
ruin, n. warani, wiyay-walaey, ^arabi, rang-walaey ; v.t.
waranawul, wijayawul, yangawul, nayawulj l^rab ka.
ruined, a. waran, wija^, rang, khyang o ^rang, mat-gu4,na;|ra-
wulaej.
rule — salve, 285
rule, n. l^ukumat, ^ukm, ^ukm-rani, 'amal, (regulation)
a'in, kanun, ka'ida'h, tarika'h ; y.t. ^akumat ka., Ijiukin-
rani ka.
rtUeTf n. ^akim, amir, wall.
mn, n. z'gj^ast, man^a'h, dau ; v.i. z'ghaledal, z'^^astal,
z'gj^a^htal ; v.t. man^ey wahal ; (away) v.i. ta^htedal ;
(away with) taiShtawul, (after) pasey z'^^aledal, pasey
pre-watal, (over) to-yedal, (out) watal, (flow) bahedal ;
(down, disparage) v.t. ghandaL (down, overtake) v.t.
landey ka., (up) v.i. ^atal ; v.t. ^ejzawul.
ruet, n. zang.
ruetf/y a. zang-sliawaey, zang-^wa^alaey.
s.
$aeJc, n. (of goat's hair) ghundaeVy (of hair or hemp) tsaf-
a'h, juwal, dzola'i; v.t. (plunder) natal, lutawul, mar-
dar ka., na-tar ka.
aadf a. zahir, gham-jan. gham-nak. gham-gin, dil-gir,
malul.
saddle, n. zin, (pommel) n'gubaey, kash, (cloth) zin-po^h,
to g ham^ (bag) ^urjin, (girth) tang, tatang, (pad) U^o-
gir ; v.t. zinawul, zin ye^hawul.
saddler, n. zin-saz, sarraj.
sadness, n. zahir-ti'a or walaev, gham^ dil-giri, nul.
safe, a. aman, salamat; n. (conduct) badraga'h, (guard)
pushti, panah.
saint, n. pir. wall, abdal, z'barg, (the saints) auliya.
sale, n. prolana'h, prowuna'h, plor, bai'a'h; v.t. prolal,
prowul, ploral, bai'a*h ka.
saU, n. malga'h ; a. malgin.
saMation, n. salam, allah-bash, rogh-bay. barga^andi ; v.t.
(salute or make salutation) salam achawul, ro^-bar or
bargantndi ka., allah-bash ka.
saUve, n. malham, paha'h.
236 $and — secret,
aand, n. shiga'h, (sandy soil) shiglana'h, (sandy desert)
kar.
sandal, n. tsapla'i.
sandy, a. shiglan.
sap, v.t. surang or surangaey wahal, suyaey ka.
satiety, n. mor-ti*a, moy-walaey, marah khwah.
satiate, v.t. marawul, 4^^^^^^) soyawul.
satisfaction, n. raza-mandi, khatir-khwahi.
satisfy, v.t. razi ka., Uatir-jam'i ka., pohawul.
save, v.t. satal, jzghoral, ^undl ka.
saw, n. ara'h, (dust) chur.
say, Y.t. wayal, ^abarey ka., lal, lawdal.
scabbard, n. teka'h, tekaey, mi'an.
scales, n. tala'h, tarazii.
scarce, a. pitsamey, lajz, rangaey, matra'li, kam, pufaey,
potuskaey.
scarcity, n. kakhti, tangsi'a, kam-yabi, dukal.
scatter, v.t. ^warawul, khparawul, tar-pah-tarawul, rajz-
awTil, tarmey tarmey ka.
scholar, n. shagird, (erudite) 'alim, mulla.
school, n. maktab, (master) ustad, mu'allim, a]^und.
science, n. 'ilm, hikmat.
scour, v.t. mu^hal, mujzal, tojzal, z'doyal.
scout, n. tsari, zaraey, yalah-dar, tsar-kawunkaey ; v.t. tear
ka., tsaral, zarana'i ka.
scrap, n. tota*h, tuk, parukaey.
scrape, v.t. garawul, garjzal, skoyal.
scratch, see scrape,
scream, n. surey, jala'i, nara'h, chighara'h ; v.t. narey surej
ka., jala'i wahal, narey wahal, chig^ara'h ka.
screen, v.t. putawul, po^hal.
screw, n. pech, marwat, (of a violin, etc.) ghwajzj ghwajz-
aey.
seal, n. muhr ; v.t. muhr lagawul or muhr ka.
seami, n. jor, darz, sko-e, sko.
search, v.t. shanal, lafawul.
season, n. mausim, f a^l ; wakt, muda'h*
secret, a. put-pinham.
secure — setUe. 237
secure, aman, salamat; Xmg, j^a-im, mazbut, (against
surprise or attack) bej-kabii ; v.t. satal, jzghoraly ka-im
ka., inazbut ka.
security, n. ^undi-tob, jz^j^orana'h, (bail) zamanat, sala-
mat, (bond, bondsman) zamin.
sedition, n. balwa, fasad, pasat.
see, T.t. katal, goml, lidal ; v.i. (understand) pobedal, ras-
edal.
seed, n. tn^m, dana'h, (of fruit) za^raej, zamaej, (sperm)
man!, (progeny) aulad, zu-zat, za-o-zad.
seeing, n. katah, katana'h, lidah, lidana'h, nazar; a. bina.
seem, v.i. tsargandedal, ^b'karah ke., ma'lumedal.
seize, v.t. niwal, akhistal.
select, v.t. amawul, U^wa^bawul, ghwarah ka., pasand ka.
selfish, a. Upul (j^araz, ^pul matlab.
sell, v.t. prowul, prolal, ploral, pah bai'a'h war-kawul,
bai'a'h ka.
send, v.t. astawul, lejzdal, (for) balal, ra-balal, gho^htal.
senior, a. lo-e, mashar.
sense, n. poha'h, f ahm, pahm, hoi^li, 'a^l, (meaning) ma'ni ;
(to have) v.t. hosh lajral, 'al^ laral ; (have sense oQ v.i.
pohedal.
sensible, a. pohand, ho^h-jar, bedar, kbabar-dar.
sentence, n. hukm, fatwa.
sentinel, n. pasban, tsoka'i-dar, pahra'h-dar.
s^arate, a. be^al ; v.i. beyaledai, Twui^htal, Twaf edal ; v.t.
beyalawul, juda ka, rwarawul.
separation, n. bejaltun, juda-i.
servant, n. naukar, chakar, kfaid mat-gar.
serve, v.t. naukari ka., ^idmat ka., chakari ka.
service, n. naukari, khidmat, chakari.
serviceable, a. pah kar, fa'ida'h-man, sud-man.
set, v.t. (place) iz'dal, ke-jz'dal, ke-^hwal, ke-'6hodal, ke-
^howul, ye^hal^ye^hodal; jorawul, lagawul, k'iShe-nawul,
k'^he-yastal ; v.i. (go down) Imzedal, pre-watal, (set out)
t'lal, laral, drumal, drumedal, rawanedal.
settle (down), v.i. astedal, basiya ke., k'l^he-nastal ; v.t.
astawul, astogna'h ka., abadawul, basiya ka., dga'e niwal,
288 setUmnent — shoot
mishta'h ka., k'^he-nawul, mukarrar ka., (an account)
ada ka., (a quarrel, d^erence, etc.) paU^ula ka.
gwaiShal, (arrange, set in order) atearnal, tartib ka., jo^r-
awul, (finish) tamamawul, J^alafawul,- (a suit) fai^ala'h
ka.
aMement, n. (of reyenue) bandobast, (colony) no-abadi,
(of a dispute) gwash, (of a suit) faif ala*h.
fever, v.t. Twarawul, pre-kawul, bejalawul.
severe^ a. tund, tez, sa^t, zii^bt, Mak.
sew, T.t. gandal, sko-e ka., (sew up) age-jil.
ehadef n. sew-raey, seo-raey ; v.t. sew-raey or seo-raey ka.
shadow, n. 'aks, cbali. See shade.
shake, v.i. Miwadzedal, rapedal, ^horedal ; T.t. Ubwad^wul,
rapawul, ^horawul, (down) drabawul.
shallow, a. tawshal, pa-yab (Jit, fordable, within one's
depth).
shame, n. sharm, haya, sharmindagi, ^^airat.
sha/meful, a. bad, dl^r bad.
share, n. ba^ra'h, wesh, wancji, wanda'h, hi^^a'h.
sharp, a. tera'h, tez, (clever) pohand, (acid) toiw.
sharpen, v.t. tera'h ka., tez ka.
shatter, see break.
shave, v.t. ^'riyal, tojzal.
shear, v.t. skustal, skwal ka.
sheep, n. (male), majz, gsed, (ewe) mejz, g8a4a'h9 (lamb)
gsedoraey, w'raey, (ewe lamb) gflB^ora'i, w'ra'i, (long-
tailed sheep) heraey, (ewe) hera'i, (wether) wuch-kM,
wuch-kulaey, (cot) shpol, banda'h.
shelter, n. panah, s'yab, chah, satana'h.
shepherd, n. shpun, (boy) shpankaey.
shine, v.i. dzaledal, brelhedal, rumedal.
ship, n. jahaz.
shirt, n. ]^ata'h, pairahan, kami^.
shiver, v.i. rapedal, larzedal; v.t. (shatter) matawul, (in
pieces) dar dar ka.
shoe, n. parna'h, juta'h, (horse) na*l.
shoot, v.t. wishtal, topak, etc., j^alafawul, (as plants) ; va.
tukedal, zarghiinedal.
shop— akin. 239
shop, n. dukan, (keeper) dukan-dar.
shore, n. ghara'h, tsanda'h.
sh^ort, a. (in len^h), land, (in size or quantity) lajz.
sh>orten, v.i. lan^edal ; v.t. landawul.
sTiot, n. (small) cbara'h, (bullet) mardakaej, (cannon) gola'i,
(a discharge) guzar.
slwulder, n. aojza'h, (blade) walaey.
shout, see cry out
show, n. nandara'h, tamasha'lL ; v.t. tsargandawul, bartser
ka., ^howul, ^b'karah ka., pohowul, fabmawul.
shower, n. (spring) da psarli baran, (summer) wasa'h, da
woyi baran, (slight) rangaey baran, (heavy) gam or
shebah baran.
shrub, n. butaey, (thorny) karkarna'h.
shut, v.t. bandawul, pe^hawiQ, (as a door) pori or pala'h pori
ka., (a book) tapawul, (the eyes) putawul.
sick, a. randzur, na-jof, na-roghy bimar, (sick of, disgusted)
wezar, sta|:aey, stoman, (at stomach) mi^h jnlih,
sichnees, n. randz,na-jo|:-ti'a, bimari.
side, n. tselma'h, j^wa, (jb^a'h, loraey, lor, palan, taraf , (of
the body) ar^, tgang.
sight, n. katah, katana'h, lidah, lidana'h, nazar, (show)
nandara'h.
sign, n. ishara'h, isharat, naiSha'h, na^iSha'h, 'alamat.
sin, n. gunah, tak^ir, ^ata, wabal.
sinner, n. gunah-gar, ta^^iri.
single, a. tsayah, yawadzaey, witar (of one fold, not
double) yawa-stawaey, (unmarried) lawanijL.
sink, v.i. diibedal, gharkedal ; v.t. cjiibawul, gharkawul.
sister, n. ^or, (husband's) n'dror, (wife's) iShena'h, (foster)
da ti khor.
sit, v.i. k'she-nastal, nastal.
sitting, n. nasta'h, k'she-nasta'h, (a seat, a place for sitting
on) da nastey dza'e.
size, n. star-walaey, andaza'h, j^adr.
skin, n. tsarman, pot, (bark), ^war, (for water) mashk,
mashkoraey, (small) jaey ; v.t. tsarman ti^awul or
kajzal or k'^hal, spinawul.
240 skirmish — soU.
skirmish, n. tas-tus ; Y.t. ta>s-tus ka.
skuUy n. kakara'i.
sky, n. asman, (cloudless) sliiii asman, (cloudy) gam or
gur asman.
slander, n. palama'h, pe^^or, tor, tuhmat.
sla^, n. sila'i, 4&b, tsapefa'h, tak ; y.t. tsapepa'h wahal, tak
wahal, sila'i wahal.
slave, n. m^rajaey, g^ulam, (girl) windza'h, barda'h, (who
has borne a child to her master) sur-jata'h.
slavery, n. m'rayaey-tob, ghulami.
slay, Y.t. wajzal, wajzlal, wajM, katlawul, (for food) ^alal-
awul.
sleep, n. ^ub ; y.t. ^ub ka., udah ka. ; (fall asleep) y.i.
^ub zangedal ; y.t. parna w'ral, (grow sleepy) khab
ra-ghlal ; (put to sleep) y.t. ^ub w'ral, (put to bed)
tsamlawul.
sleepy, a. ttub-wayaey, parna wayey stargey, draney stargej.
slender, a. naraey.
elide or slip, y.i. ^hwahedal, shwayedal; n. (a slip) lihwah-
edana'h, laghzy (slippery ground) ; shwahanda'h z'mak-
a'h.
slippery, a. iShwaey, ^hwayand, iShwayandar.
small, a. wor, lajz, kuchinaey, kachiitaey, kachut-walaey,
mandaraey.
smallness, n. lajz-walaey, wuy-walaey.
smell, n. bu, bu-e ; y.i. (emit) bii-e Vial ; y.t. (sniff) bu-e
-yawul.
smoke, n. lu, lii-gaey, (jiaduza'h.
smoothe, a. sam, hawar ; y.t. samawul, hawarawul, ateamal.
sneeze, n. pranj, pranjaey, prach; y.i. pranjedal, prachedal,
(cause to sneeze) pranj awul, prachawul.
snore, n. lAaer, ^serkaey ; y.t. ^8Br wahal, ^serkaey ka,
snow, n. wawra'h ; y.i. wawrey aoredal or pre-watal.
soak, see steep,
soh, n. aswelaey, salga'i ; y.t. salga'i ka., ar^a^h k'Shal w
ka., (with yiolence) alhang ka., aswelaey ka.
soft, a. post, pos, ^uyin, narm.
soil, y.t. ^ran ka., palitawul, kaka^rawuL
tqfoumy 666 dweU.
ioldier, n. sipah-!, (vtd,) spahi, (feudal retainer) m'la tftf •
ioldiership, n. sipah-gaii.
ioldiery, n. fauj, la^hkar.
^on, n. dzo-e, zo-e, (in-law) zum, zumgaeji (grand) n'Tras-
aey, n'masaev, (only) kasliaey,
iBOothe^ Y.t. tasalli ka. or war-kawuL
9ore^ n. (also a wound) tap, zaMim ; a. gazak.
iorrow, n. arman, ^awr, randz, |^a^ nid; y.t. gham
U^waral, arman ka. ; y.i. randzedal, nuledal, Ss^'Wredal.
9^>rry, a. pa^heman, toba'h-gar.
$orty n. sban, rang, \\am ; y.t. atsamal.
$oulf n. ruh. See spirit,
Bound, n. zwajz, gbajz, bang, awaz ; a. (well) jop, rogh,
(safe) salamat, amani, gabit, (right) juU^t.
aour, a. triw, (morose) but, sut but.
§ouree, n. nun4, weUj, 'a?!, sar.
tow, y.t. karal.
Bpa/re, a. (scanty) lajz, rangaey, (surplus) ziyat, faltu, (tin*
occupied) wazgar, kbali ; y.t. (saye) baUj^haJ, pulawol.
9parJc, n. batsarkaey, batsaraey, ghurutskaey.
sparkle, y.i. bre^hedal, ^aledal, rumedal.
speaJc, y.t. wayal.
spear, n. neza*h, (small) shal, sbalgaey.
special, a. kha?§i.
species, n. jins, zat, kism.
spectacle, n. nandarah, tamaiSlia'h.
speech, n. jzaba'h, wayana'h, wdijsbejf w'rasba'liy kbabara'li.
speechless, a. gung.
spend, y.t. kharts ka., ^arf ka.
spill, y.i. to-yedal, to-edal ; y.t. to-yawul.
spin, y.i. churledal, tsarkbedali gserzedal ; y.t. churlawul,
; tsar^awul, gserzawul.
spindle, n. tsar£baey, tsar^algaey.
spirit, n. (resolution) z'rab, dil, (courage) himmat, mar-
ana'b, gbairat, nang, (essence) kbo-e, mizaj, 'ara^, jau-
' bar, (immateriality) ru^, naf s, dzan, sab.
spirited, a. z'^ah-war, mayanaey, bimmat-nak.
16
242 $pii — daUmini.
spit (spike), n. si^, si^cha'h ; T.t. pew-dal, pe-yal ; T«ti,
• (expectorate) tukal, tu ka., ink ka., larnej tukaL
epitey n. kbwa-badi, droh, g^ach, Idna'h.
sptttle, n. lara'hy larnej, tuk.
€plit, n. chawd, chawda'h, trak, (sound, as wood splitting^
kras ; v.i chawdal, shledal ; v.t. chawal, shlawal.
spoil, n. tala'h, tala, lut, shuka'h, gharat ; v.t. (plunder)
natal, lufal, lufawul, shukawul, gharat ka., (destroy)
wranawul, rangawul, kbarabawul.
spcutj n. t§^^hWh, tsu^hkaej, tsu^ha'i, (gush) dara%
shuturaka'h, cha^ak (also, sound of water spouting);
T.i. pah darej watal or bahedal ; v.t. shuturaka'h wahal,
dara'h wahal, cha^a^ahar wahal.
spreadt v.i. Uiwaredal, pheledal, wiredal, ^paredal ; T.t.
kbwarawul, phelawul, wi|rawul, Uiparawul, tarawul.
spring, n. (leap) top, trap, trapa'h, tindak, dang, ghur^
zang, (source) china'h, (instrument, lit. a bow) kaman*
cha'h ; y.t. top wahal, traplal, tindak or ghurzang wahal,
dangal ; Y.i. (issue) khalal, watal, bahedal, (germinate)
tukedal, zarghunedal.
sprinkle, y.t. (as water) pashal, (with flour or the like)
sprout, n. buzghalaeyy tegh^ ^alaey; y.i. (ukedal, ghnndg#
edal, zarghunedal.
spy, n. jasus, zaraey. See scout, y.t. jasusi ka., zaranal
ka.
stah, n. tsarUi, zal ; y.t. tetsal, zanal, tse^al, sugbawol,
lakawul.
stage, n. manziL
stand, y.i. patiedal, wudredal, walaredal, (&8t) tarn ke.,
(erect) neghedal, lakedal, (at bay) jah ke.
standing, a. walai:, lak, ne g hy pa'edar.
start, y.L (fear) tarhedal, bugnedal, (set out) rawanedal,
laral.
staie, n. (condition) l^al, l^alat, (realm) daulat, mam1afcat»
saltanat, (ostentEition) shauljAt.
statemerd, n. bayan, wayana'h, wayaey, (account) I^sab;
y.t. (to state) bayanawul^ lal, lawdaC wayaL
station — strange. 243
gtation, n. (place) dza'e, manzil, (degree) darja'h, martab-*
a*h ; v.t. k'^he-nawul, walarawul.
8tay, y.i. astedal, aosedal, patedal, pato-kedal ; (stop, pre-i
vent) Y.t. man'a'h ka., hitalawul.
gteal, Y.t. ghlsi ka.
eteaUhf n. g^alaey-tob, put-walaej.
etee^ySi,. zawar, IVar, uchat, (liigli) hask, (a steep), Twai*-*
a'h, kamar.
steep (soak), y.t. ^ushtawul, lundawul.
step, n. pal, kadam, yun, gam.
sterile, see barren,
stem, a. zijz, triw, but, sut but.
stick, y.i. n'^hatal, n'shaledal ; y.t. (pierce), tetsal, tsekjbtal,
sughamil. (to stick in, plant) n'jatal, n'jzatal.
stiff, a. ting, Idak, lak, ne g h. zijz, (erect) Tway.
stiU, a. band, bey-harakat, puta'h khula'h.
stir, v.t. lai'al, (mix) rakawul, gadawul.
stomach, n. geda'h, kheta'h, aojzraey, (crop) jajura'h,
jajuraey.
stone, n. karnaey, (a monolith) tejza'h, (of fruit) ha4
zaraey ; y.t. paJi kamo wishtal, sangsar ka.
stony, a. kamedz, karnaey, (ground) tara|:a*li, karnedza'h
z'maka'h, sang-lakh.
stoop, y.i. tit^^^; '^•t* (bend or stoop the 'head) sar fit-
awul.
stop, y.i. tarn ke., (continue) aosedal, patedal, pato ke.,
(halt) wudredal, walayedal ; y.t. (impede) arawul, kari-
yabawul ; y.i. n'iShatal, n'iShaledal, (prevent) hitaledal ;
v.t. (delay) dzancjiawtil, (discontinue) tark ka., (rest)
aram mwaJ.
store, n. ambar, ganj, (house) ambar Uiana'h, khizana'h ;
v.t. tolawnl, jam'a'h ka.
stores, n. asbab, saman, to^ha'h, tsowraey, za^ira'h.
storm, n. sila'i, tiif an ; v.t. (assault) ^amla'h ka.
stout, a. tsorb, |^at, katseh, khris, gagar, napar, mazbut,
stra^^le, y.i. ^waraey Uiwaraey t'lal or gcerzedal.
straight, a. sam, sat, tsak.
strange^ a. beganah, pradaey.
16 '
244 sbrcdagem — Bumman,
itratagem, n. lam^^ara'!, hHa'h, fareb.
straWf n. ]^ass, ^assarnaej, (chopped or broken) bus.
stray^ a. wuruk, wuruk-shawaej, ^ushaej ; v.i. immk ke.
or wurukedal, ^ushaej gserzedal.
itream, n. (gush of water) dara'h, shuturaka'h, (riytQet)
laihtaej, wala'h ; y.t. dara'h wahal, shuturakah wahaL
atrength, n. bram, zor, kiiwat.
itrengtJien, v.t. zor war-kawul, mazbut ka. klakawoly (as a
fortress) tingawuL
gtriet, a. sa^t, Xing, klak, zorawar.
itrife, n. jang, steza'h, mirtsi, jagra'h.
strikey y.t. wahal, t^^^wul.
stri^, v.i. barbandedal ; v.t. barbandawul.
strive, v.t. ko^hi^h ka. mihnat ka.
strohef guzar, war, waraey, (at play) daw ; v.t. (make or
deliver) waraej ka., gugar ka.
stubborn, a. takarnaej, jah, ^pul-sar, sar-kai§li, bo4.
sttimble, v.i. drabal, budii or skandari or kangas ^wapal.
stupid, a. palwan4, kaw-dan, na-poh.
sturdy, see stout,
svhdue, v.t. landey ka., ghamawul, magblub ka.
subject (see svhdue), (a subject), n. ra'ijat, zer-dast, tabi'-
dar, tabin.
submit, v.t. hukm manal, farman w'^al, farman-bordari
ka., ita*at ka.
subordinate, a. k'sbatab, kashar.
subsistence, n. rozi, rizk, roz-gar, gugran.
success, n. baraej, gat ah, gafana'h, wserana'h, baU^t.
succour, see aid,
such, v.t. (breast or teats) rawdal, (imbibe) chupal,
z'bei^hal, jiskawul, ts'^hal.
suckle, v.t. taey war-kawul.
suffer,, v.t. petgal, z*g^amal, (in comp,) w*yal, ^Lwajral,
k'^al ; v.i. sahedal, sahal ; v.t. (allow) pre-jg'dal, pre-
jShodal, ijazat or hukm or ru^^at war-kawul.
suitable, a. pirzo, perzo, jarzan, muna^ib, wajib, lihsBh.
summit, n. peza'h, tsuka'h, selma'h, sar.
eumm>on, v.t. balal, ra-balal, talab ka.
sunr^talh. 246
iwiy n. n'mar, n'war, (rise) n'mar ^atah or hhataiia'h»
(set) n'mar prewatah or pre-watana'h.
Muperior, a. (greater) lo-e, ghat:, star, (age or rank) mashar,
(preferred) ^warah, (upper) bar, pasanaey, portanaey.
mipplicationf n. minnat, du'a.
support f n. palana'h, n'mandzana'li, parwarish, (preserve)
satal, jzghoral. (assist) marasta'li ka., pushti ka.
supporter, n. palunkaej, jzghoraey. satandoaey, satunkaey.
mippoae, y.i. pohedal ; v.t. gamal, angeral.
surprise, v.i. na-tsapah pre-watal.
swrrov/ndy v.t. chaperah niwal, isarawul, hisarawul (corrup.
of Ib^^ar), (by men — post men around) cliaper dzan ^.zan
kawul.
survive, v.i. jzwandaey ke., jzwandaey pato ke., pa'edal ;
Y.t. zist ka.
suspect, y.t. shakh ka. or ra-w'ral, guman ka.
sustenance, n. ^wa^ak, ts'i^hah ^wa|:ah, rod.
Bwallow, Y.t. n'g^ardal, terawul.
swear, y.t. ]k.asam khwa|:al, saugand j^wa^ral, (to administer
an oath) l^am, etc., war-kawul.
sweat, n. Unwala'h ; y.i. U^wala'h or khwaley ka.
stoe&p, y.t. jarii ka.
sweet, a. U^oj^; (become) y.i. ^ojzedal; (make) y.t.
Ub^aj^awxd.
surift, a. gai;undaey, jalt, tez.
swell, y.i. parsedal, pun^edal.
smm, y.t. lanbo wahal.
sword, n. tura'h, tegh.
swordsman, n. turzan, tur-yalaey.
T.
tail, n. lam, laka'i.
iaike, y.t. a^istal, niwal, (carry) V^al, yosal, (lead) botlal,
biwal, (out) kajzal, k'shal, (o£E) basal, yastad.
t<M, n. wayana'h, wayaey, w'rasha'h, kh^bara'h; y.t.
wayali khabarey ka.
046 taUr-IMck.
idU, a. (in stature), dang, I'war, (high) hask, achat, njsd.
tary n. ^randza^'ah, chu^el*
target, n. naiSha'h, mu^a'h, kuhara'h, (shield) spar.
taste, n. (flavour) kbwand, maza'h, tsaJdndan, to^ka'h ; y.t.
Uiwand a^istal or ka., tsakal, (give savour) ^vrand or
maza'h wahal or laral, tsakindan wahal.
tax, n. baj, ^iraj, saw, mah^ul.
teach, v.t. I'walawul, sabak war-kawul, ^howal, amok^tah
ka., t'alim ka.
teacher, n. ustad, mu'aUim, aU^iind.
tea/r, v.i. tsiredal, shledal, Vraredal ; v.t. tsiral, Vraraimli
shlawul, (out) basal, kajzal, jastal.
tear, n. aoi^ha'h, (tears) ao^hej, (tearful ejes) aoiihajiej
{ stargej; v., v.i. (shed tears), ao^ej toejedal.
teat, n. taej.
tell, v.t. wajal, bayanawul, ^howul, ^abar ka.
temper, n. ^o-e, lo^haey, ^a^lat, tab', tab'ijat, (of metals)
dam, ab.
tempest, see etorm.
tend, v.t. timar ka., Miidmat ka., (sheep) shpam ka.
tent, n. dera'h, ^aima'h, (hair tent of the pastoral tribes)
kijzda'i, (rope) mazaej, mandara'h, maranda'h.
terrible, a. haul-nak, khof-nak, haibat-nak.
terrify, v.t. tarhawul, da^awul, dhalawul, werawul, haibat
wahal or ka.
terrified, a. haibat- wahalaej, tarhawulaej, werawulaey, tar*
hur.
terror, n. tor, wera'h, tara'h, tarhara'h, haibat, Hiof.
test, v.t. azmajil, azmojal, azmiidah ka., azmai^ht ka.
testify, v.t. gawahi lal or lawdal, or gawalil ada ka., shahidi
lal or lawdal.
tJumk, n. shukrana'h or shukr pah dza'e ra-w'ral, shukr
guzaral, shukr ka.
thatch, n. tsapar, chat.
thaw, n. wi-li-walaey ; v.L wi-li ke ; v.t. wi-li ka.
iheft, n. ghla.
ihicJc, a. gh&X, (bulkv)'per, IVay, (inspissated) tmg, (dense,
as trees, hair, etc.) tat, tal, gam, (as the voice) 4a4*
thief — time. 247
ihief^ n. g^al, (expert) chakah ghal.
ihighf n. w'riin, patun, (including leg and foot) ^hanga'h.
thin^ a. (lean) trandz, dangar, H^war, (scanty) rangaey,
(delicate) naraej, barik, mahin.
ihingy n. tsiz, kalaey, shai.
ihinle, y.i. pohedal; y.t. angeral, gamal, ande^hna'h,
goman, ^ijal or fikr ka.
ihirttf n. tanda'h, tajzaej-walaej ; y.i. (become thirsty)
tajzaej ke.
thirstyy a. tajzaej.
thorn, n. aghzaej, (bush) karkama'h, (thorns, brambles)
S^nej, (thorny tree) aghzana'h wana'h.
thought, n. ande^hna'h, guman, poha'h, ^iyal, fikr.
thrash, y.t. wahal, t^kawul, kufal, (com) gnobal ka.
thread, n. spamsa'i, mazaey ; y.t. pew-dal, pe-yal.
threaten, y.t. ^a-rawul, tarhawul.
throat, n. mara'i, mar-kanda'i, gharaey^ gharandaey,
(fauces) s^ara'h, (larynx) stunaey, (tonsil) da jzabey
LajT or ha4.
throw, y.t. wishtal, achawul, lawastal, (away) ghurzawnl,
to-yowul, (down) pre-wastal, pre-yastai.
thrust, y.t. (into) manual, k'^he-yastal, |k*^he-basal, t§e-
^aly nanayastal, (push aside) t6yl wahal.
thumb, n. ^afa'h guta'h.
thump, y.t. suk wahal, dabawul.
thunder, n. talanda'h, tamah, (bolt) tandar, %2^dih; y.i
ghuyumbedal.
tidings, n. ^abar, (good) sar, zeraey, (a bearer of) zerah-
garaey.
tie, n. tarun, tarna'i ; y.t. ta^al, lagawul.
tight, a. ting, ting, ra-k'^halaey, tang, (yery tight) tap tingi
(fitting) chust.
tighten, y.t. ting taral or ka., ra-k*^hal, klakawul.
tCll, y.t. karal. See plough,
tillage, karana'h, kar, zamln-dari.
tim^e, n. wakt, awan, daur, zamana'h, (age) 'umr, kal;
(season) mausim, miida'h, naubat, (turn, spell) t^ng,
war, pla, d^^ guzar, her, (leisure) f urfat, waz-gar-tob.
M8 tire — tramport.
Ure^ y.i. Btapaej ke. ;*v.t. stairaej ka.
Uredi a. staraej, stoman.
ioBf n. da pihej guta'h.
toU^ y.t. mihnat ka., ko^hi^h ka., jahd ka., chopa^ wahaL
toJlf n. mah^ul, chunga'i.
ton^e, n. jzaba'h, (long-tongued) jzaba'h-war, (on the
tip of) da jzabej pah sar.
toolf n. kalaej, alat.
iooth, n. g^ash, (less) kandas, kapshap, (ache) ghaAh-
Uiujzaej.
iop, n. peza'h, tselma'h, tsuka'h, sar.
ioTcht n. (of pine wood slip) shunta'i.
torment, see torture,
torrent, n. niz, ni-uz, sail-ab.
torture, n. 'azab ; y.t. azab ka.
to88, y.i. ghurzedal ; y.t. ghurzawuly achawul, lawastal.
total, n. tol, wa^ah, tol-tal, drast.
touch, y.i. b'losedaJ; y.t. b'lodal, las achawul, las war-
w'fal, lams ka., (the feelings) lamsawul.
tough, a. klak, pata^i, sakbt.
tower, n. burj.
town, n. ^hahr, Ifia^ba'h.
track or trace, n. man4, darak, belga'h, raksh, na^hali,
(way) lar ; y.t. mundal, belga'h basal, latawul.
tract (of country), n. hewad, z'maka'h, mulk, (leyel) sama'h.
trade, n. tijarat, saudagari, sauda, pesha'h, kasb, kar, war-
k'lrah ra-k'^'ah.
tradesman, kasb-gar, peshah-gar.
trader, n. tajir, saudagar, paranchah.
train, y.t. amo^tah ka., taiyarawul, riijzdawul, (following)
BwarH, jalab, hashmat.
tramjple, y.t. pa'emal ka., latarawul, ghobal ka., ghoey-
man 4 or ghwaey-mand ka.
tranquilize, y.t. tatob ka., sapawul, aramawul, aram war-
kawul, pakbula ka., l^ararawul.
transfer, y.t. paslawul, sparal, taslim ka.
transport, y.t. (animate things), botlal, biwal, (inaiumate)
. Vral, yosal, (banish) jala-watan ka.
travel — tvm. 249
ira/oelf y.t. safax ka. ; y.i. (to set out on) pah safar t'lal.
iraveUer, n. musafir.
treachery, n. ^ayanat.
tread, y.t. p^hey jz'dal, (under foot) pa'e-mal ka., lata^al,
(out com) ^obal ; y.i. (as birds) ^atal.
treoion, see rebellion,
treaiy, n. ta^a'h, tapana'h, tapin. 'ahd, ^ulha'h, (enter into)
*ahd ka., tapun ka., ^ul^a'h ka., (articles of) 'ahd nam-
a'h, ^ul^a'h nama'h.
tree, n. wana'h.
tremble, y.i. rejzedal, larzedal, pa^kedal, rapedal.
trial, n. (test) azma'ii^ht, imti^an, (of a case) tajwiz.
tribe, n. V^'Um, iQus, firka'h, (section of a) kbel.
trick, n. ghulat. na^ra'h, fareb, (habit) ^o-e.
trivmph, n, wi-a^rana'h, baraey ; y.t. baraey mundal, wi-
arail.
troop, see crowd,
trot, n. 4achko, ^a^chka'h, England ; y.i. pah 4a^hko or pah
^ugWd t'lal.
trovile, n. randz, dzawr, talwasa'h azar, rabap , mihnat, dil«
azari ; y.t. randzawul, dzawrawul, rab^awal, azar rasa-
wul.
trothgh, n. nawa'h, (small) nawa'h-gal, piil, tamao.
trudge, y.i. taparedal.
true, a. riiihtinaey, rii^htiinaey, riihti'a, rast, (genuine)
karah.
trust, n. sah-wisa'h, bawar, ^bal, Ttibar, (credit) nasia'h,
(hope) umed, tawakkul, (charge) ^aw^'h.
trusty, a. i'tibari, mu'tabar, wafa-dar.
truth, n. rii^hti'a, rasti.
try, y.t. azmoyal, azmayil, azmai^ht ka., was ka., ko^hi^h
ka., (a suit) 'adalat ka., tajwiz ka.
tumuU, n. balwa, jzwa^, zwajz, tirap, shar, ghulghula*h.
turhan, n. dastar, (small) patkaey, (a doth tied oyer the
turban and under the chin) man^us.
turn, n. (reyolution) tsarkh, daur, (time, occasion) pla, war,
d^aly he^) guzar, (twist) pech, marwat, wal, (also, bend)
tao, (bend) kajz-lech, kal-kfich; y.i. awuihtal, tifar]^-
250 imst — unfold.
edal, churledal, gserzedal, ^a^redal, stunedal, (back)
jar-watal, (become, grow, etc.) sh'wal, kedal; ▼.t.
tsar^awul, cburlawtQ, gaerzawul, ^arawul, (back)
stunawul, jar-jastal, (out) shafal, (from) prejzdal, tark
ka., (over) apawul.
twist (bend)»n. pecli, tao, wal, marwat; v.i. tawedal, kjing-
edal; v.t. pech j^wa^al, t^awul, wal ka., wal kbwaral,
kpngawul, wal ka., (spin) gt^htal, gharawuly ghaj^
ta'o-awul.
tyranny f n. zulm, jafa, jawr, zor, jabr.
tyrannize, v.t. zulm, jafa, etc., ka.
tyrant, n. zalim, jafa-kar.
TJ.
ugly, a. triw-ma^aej, bad-shakl, bad-furat.
unable, a. na-tawan.
unanimity, n. jorii^ht, rogha*hy jek-dili, jek-jihati, ittafa^.
unbecoming, a. na-la-ik, na-mtma^ib, na-kardaej.
unbeliever, n. bey-din, kafir.
uncertain, a. na-jakin.
uncle, n. (paternal) trah, (maternal) nu-e.
unclean, a. ^iran, palid, na-pak, na-wulaej.
unconcerned, a. bej-parwa, bej-|^am.
uncultivated, a. shar, wijar.
und&rgo, v.t. z'ghamal, sahedal, Vpal.
understand, v.i. pohedal.
understanding, n. poha'h, fahm, 'akl.
undo, Y.t. pra-natal, spa^rdal, ^warawul.
undress, jamej or zaf^ukaej basal or jastaL
unemployed, a. a-fal, bej-kar, waz-gar.
uneven, a. Twair, jzawar, tubki tubki, kandej kawdarej,
na-bawar.
unfit, a. na-]^abil, na-la'ik, na-muna^ib.
unfold, Y.i. Uwaredal, ^waredal, fukedal, (manifest)
tsargandedal; y.t. pra-natal, spa^dal, (manifest) tsar-
gandawul, i^b'karah ka.
unfortunaie — utter. 251
unforttmatef a. tor-ba^t, asi, afat walialaej, iia-t§ar, sham,
bad-na^ib, na-mubarak, bej-nafib.
unfruitful, a. shan^.
ungrateful^ a. na-shukr, na-^akk-sliixias.
unhappy, a. zabir, ^am-jan, maliil.
uninhabited, a. gh air-abad. wairan.
union, n. (accord) ittafa^, jofii^ht, rogha*hy paiwastun,
tapin, tarana'h.
unite, Y.t. paiwastah ka., taral, lagawiQ.
universe, n. nafa'i, jahan, dunja.
unjust, a. bej-in^af, na-ba^k, bey-dad, jafa-kar.
unlawful, a. ^aram, na-rawa.
unload, y.t. tashawul, bar kuzawul.
unlucky, see unfortunate,
unmarried, a. (man) na-wadah ka^aej, lawan^^ (female)
na-wadah shawej.
unripe, a. aom, umghalaiiy nimah-Uwa, nim-gafaej.
unroll, y.i. Ubwaredal, ghwayedaly wi^edal ; v.t. pra-natal,
spa^dal, ^warawiQ, etc.
unsafe, a. ^atr-nak.
untie, see unloose,
upper, a. bar, pasanaej, portanaey.
upright, a. (honest) iman-dar, ri^htunaej, riihtinaej,
(erect) w'lap, jig, lak, negh.
upset, Y.i. naskoredal, nairedal, pair-ma^ or paf-makhaej
pre-watal ; v.t. naskorawul, narawul, ap awul.
urge, y.t. tezal, zoral, (enjoin) takid ka., (stimulate) ajzi*
jil, lamsawul.
urgent, a. zarur.
use, n. f a'ida*h, kar, (possession) ta^arruf ; y.t. pah kar
ra-w'^al, ta^arruf ka.
useless, a. puch, tash, na-kara, bej-f a'lda'h.
usurp, y.t. pah jabr a^istal, pah zor dzan tah aU^istaL
utter, a. bashpsqr,- nihajat ; y.t. (speak) wajal, lal, lawdal,
(set agoing jari ka., chaJawul.
2S2 vaeani — vioIenM.
V.
v<icantf a. tasli, ^usliaej. See empty,
valianiy a. ma^anaej, tor-jalaej, z'^ah-war, bahadur.
valley (between two mountains or ranges), dara'h.
value^ n. ^imat» bai'a'h ; v.t. kimat or bai'a'h tapal.
vanquish^ v.t. landaej ka., psBi: ka., matawul.
vapour, n. la^a'h lugaey, lu, b'yas.
vary, y.i. gserzedal, badaledal; v.t. awuihtal, gserzawul,
badalawnl.
vasaal, n. bum-sajab, fa^ir. Tbese terms are almost ex-
clusively used by tbe tribes immediately nortb of
Pe^bawar.
vegetable, n. (in general) sabu, (culinary vegetables) aag,
sabzi.
vein, n. rag, nabz {cor. nas), (open a) rag wabal.
venerate, v.i. grohedal.
vengea^nce, n. badal, intikam; v.t. badal akbistal, intil^am
akbistal.
verdant, a. sbin, zargbiin.
verdure, n. sbin-gaibti, sbin-walaey.
verge, n. tsan^a'b, ja'i, morga'b, gbaya'h.
vessel, n. (recipient) lo^baey, katwa'i.
vex, v.t. payawul, tongreyil, tongawul, rab^awul.
victim, n. jar, dzar, kurban.
victory, n. baraey, w'yana'h, zafar.
victuals, see food,
view, n. mandara'b, katab, lidana*b, lidab, nazr, (inten-
tion) matlab, niyat, g^araz ; v.t. lidal, katal, goraX nazr
ka., (bave in view) matlab laral, niyat laral, ghara^
laral, (deem) gamal.
vigilance, n. baidan, boiOiyari, ^abardaii.
vUlage, n. kalaey, dib.
villager, n. da kali sa^aey, dibkan.
violence, n. jabr, jafa, zor, zulm, zabardasti, (inclemency)
tundi saU^ti.
virtue — watehftd. 253
virtue^ n. ^e-gai*a']i, cUn-dari, neH, nekokari, (qualify)
U^o-e, ^a^lat, jauhar, lo^kaey, ^ifat.
visible^ a. autsar, bartser, tgargand, ^h'karah, zahir.
voice, n. zwajz, jzagh. jzwajz, bang, awaz, tarana'h.
volley, n. shilak; y.t. (pour in a) shilak war-kawul.
vow, n. loya'h, wada'h, neta'h ; v.t. lop a'h ka., wada'h
ka., neta'h tapal, j^o, (Bj thy head, I vow !) sta pah
sar jzo.
w.
wages, n. talab, ma-wajib, mihnat, muzd.
wagon, n. 'araba'h, ga^a'i.
toail, see lamentation,
waist, n. m'la, landa'h.
wait, y.t. aosedal, patedal, ^azir aosedal, (attend) khidmat
ka.
wake, Y.i. wishedal, patsedal, baidar ke. ; y.t. wishawul,
pat§awul, baidar ka.
wall, n. diwar, sadd.
wander, y.i. ramedal, bey-lari ke.
wanfd, n. ghoi^hty ^ajat, (poyertj) tangsi*a, tangsa'h,
khwari ; y.i. ^waredal ; y.t. ghoshtaly ^ajat land,
^wari k'l^hal.
war, n. jang, kar-zar, (religious) jihad, |^aza.
warlike, a. jangi, tur-yalaey.
warm, a. tod, garm, (luke) taram, (somewhat) todukaey ;
y.t. todawul, garm ka.
warmth, n. tod-walaey, todul^'h, garmi.
wa/m, see adm^onish.
wash, y.t. w'lal, windzal, (for prayers) awdas or wazu ka.,
(one's self) lambal ; y.i. lambedal ; y.t. lambawul.
waste, &, rang, shair. wijar, wairan, uja^r; n. shaira'h, mair-
a'h, (misuse) talaf ; y.t. talaf ka., na-l>akk kba»rts ka.
watch, n. paswan, ^oka'i-dar, pahrah-dar, kashak-chi,
(oyer cultiyation) ka^haey, (house) tsoka'i, tai^a'h.
watchful, a. hoshyar, baidar, ^abar-dar.
254 vxUer — white.
wateTf n. aobah, (carrier) mashH, sakao ; y.t. (cattle) aob-
awul, lundawul, U^a^ob ka., tsakawul.
watery, a. aoblan, lund, z'yam-nak, nam-nak.
wave,n. ^apa'h, mauj.
way, n. lar, (babit, etc.) togab, ^o-e, sban, dod, taur,
tarikab.
waylay, y.t. lar mwal, put-gana'i ka., pab patsunl k'^bej
k'sbe-nastal.
wayward, a. ^tak, ^pul-sar, sar-ka^b.
weak, a. za-if, (jjangar, na-tuw^an, kam-zor, kam-k:nwat,
(unimportant) ^war, spuk» na-tsiz.
wealth, n. daulat, dunja, mal, zar.
wealthy, a. daulat-man, mal-dar, dunja-dar.
weapon, n. drasta'b, wasla'b, y'ra^, batiyar.
wear (clotbes), y.t. ag^ostal, aghustaly pab dzan acba-
wul; y.i. (last) pa'edal, (abrade) suledal, (wear out)
zaredal.
weary, a. staraej, stoman, baukab.
wedge, n. sbpetaey, pa-na'b.
weep, y.t. jzaral aoibey to-yedal ; y.t. (cause to) ao^bej
to-yawtu.
weigh, y.t. tolawul, tol ka., talal, jokal.
weight, n. driind-walaey, darab-nawaey, tol, jok, wazn,
andaza'b.
well, n. tsab, kubaey, spargba*b. (witb steps to go down)
baba'i, (witb a Persian wbeel, at Pedbawar and in
vicinity) arbat.
we^l, a. ^bseb, jor, ro^, (bom) sawu, sabu.
wet, a. ^usbt, lund, nau-an, nawan, z'yam-nak, nam-nak ;
y.t. lundawul.
wetness, or wet, n. nam, nau, z'yam, lund-walaey, l^usbt-
walaey.
wheat, n. ghanam.
wheel, n. tsar^ ; y.i. cburledal, tsarkbedal, geerzedaL
whet, y.t. tera'b ka., tez ka., (stone) belaw, barju, p'san.
whisper, y.t. pas pasey ka.
whi^, a. spin ; y.i. (turn) spinedal ; y.t. (make wbite) spin-
awul.
whiteness — wither^ 255
whitenessy n. spin-walaey, spin-ti'a.
whhz, n. sajz, sagh ; v.t. sa^ or sagh ka.
wicked, a. bad-kar, sharir, gunah-gar.
wiclcedne88y n. bad-kan, gunah, badi.
wide, a. (broad) plan, psorawar, sarahwar, (open, gaping)
wit, wit, ching, (as a door) liri, (unconflned) arat,
width, n. plan-walaey, sor, psor, arat-walaey, 'arz.
widen, v.t. planawul, (open wide) chingawul, wit ka., (as a
door) liri ka., (relax) aratawul.
widow, n. knn^a'h, kun^a'h.
widower, n. kun4 or kund.
wife, n. artina'b, artina'b, t^bar, ^aram, merman, kor,
(contemporary) been, (" feme covert ") mapo^ha*h, (hus-
band's brother's) yor, (brother's) warandar, (son's)
n'jzor.
witd, a. dai^hti, dzangali, wal^shi, ^a^ra-i ; n. da^ht, $a^ra,
maii*a'h, dzangal.
witdemesB (see wild), n. bayaban, bedia, da^ht, ^ahra.
will, n. ihwa^hi, U^atir, raza, marzi, (control) ^wak, t^km,
i^tiyar, was.
willing, a. ^wa^h, razi, hazir.
win, v.t. gatal, w'fal, peer ka., (gain over) grohedaL
wind, n. wo, bad,' hawa, (hot) paro, tod bad, (cold) sop
bad, sula'i, (breath) sah, dam.
wind, see tvrist
winding, a. kojz-wojz, kajz-lech, wahlandaev.
window, n. darbacha'h, daricha'h, kafka'i.
wine, n. mai, sharab.
wimiow, v.t. tsapawul, tsap wahal.
winter, n. jzamaey, sapa'h.
wijpe, v.t. muihal, saf ka.
wisdom, n. poha'h, 'a^l, fahm, sha'ur, danish, dana'i.
wise, a. pohand, dana, 'akil, hoi^hyar, (way) toga'h, shan,
dod, rang.
wish, n. ^osht, han4a'h, hatsa'h, arzu, irada'h; v.t.
ghoshtal. han<}a'h, etc., laral.
wither, v.i. m'^amedal, m'fawedal, kumai^edal; v.t.
m'ramawul, etc.
256 hffithitand — yam.
withstand, v.t. hitalawal, a^wnl, dafa' ka., barabaii ba.
witness, n. shahid, gawah.
wolf, n. lewah, sharma^h.
woman, n. ihadza'h, 'aiirata% zan.
wonder, v.t. ta'jjub ka.; Y.L {lit become astonished)
^airanedal.
wood, n. largaey, (fire) balam, (brake, copse) jap.
wool, n. wara'i, Qit down) pashm, (made of wool) wapnah,
pashmmah.
woolly, a. waran.
word, n. ^abara'h, wajana'h, wajaej, bfz, (intelligence)
khabar.
work, n. kar, char, kasb, shughl, mi^nat, j^idmat; yX
kar, etc. ka., k'ral, (man) kan-gar, kar-kawunkaej.
world, see universe,
worm, n. cbinjaey.
worn, a. zor, (rubbed or frayed) suledalaey, (fatigaed,
worn out) tap staraey.
wound, n. parhar, za^m, zam, ^ujz, ^ujz ; v.t. wi.^]Tni
ka., ghwutsawul, jzobalawul, ^ujzawul.
wounded, a. parhar- jzalaey, ^ujz, ^ujz-mand, ghwntSy
jzobal, zal^mi, (badly) zam-zamolaey.
wrap, v.t. n'ghaihtal, n*gharal.
wretched, a. khwar, tarah, tabah, bey-kas.
wretchedness, n. l^wari, tabah-i, tor-bakhti.
wring, v.t. nichorawul.
wrist, n. marwand.
write, v.t. kajgal, k'shal, Uatt kMhal, tahrir ka.
writing, n. ^att, tahrir.
wrong, a. haram, na-hakk, na-rast, na-rawa, na-la-i|^, na-
muna^ib ; n. bey-in^afi, zulm, jabr, jafa, zarar, niik^an,
(incorrect) ghalat, Uiata ; v.t. zulm, etc. ka., zarar
avnil, etc.
wry, a. tsor, kojs, kring.
Y.
yard, n. gaz, (enclosure) hadera'h, gholaey.
yam, n. sparnsaey.
year — zealous. 245
year, n. kal, (this) sajz or sajznaej or sakh tal, (next)
ra't'lunaej kal, maU^aej kal, (last) paros or paro-sajz
kal.
yearn, v.t. pa^sedal, pirzawa'h ka.
yeast, n. j^amira'h, tomna'li.
yield, v.t. (produce, bring in) ra-w'yal, war-kawul, paida
ka., (consent) manal, n^ghutal. n'^watal, (consign)
paslawul, sparal.
yoke, n. jngh.
young, a. dzwan, halak.
youth, n. dzwani, zalnu-tob, lialak-walaej, (a youth) dzwan,
zalmaej, halak.
z.
zeal, n. ghairaty tapak, gharmi, jan-fishani.
zealous, a. ghairat-mandy tez, sar-garm.
The words in this vocabulary have been taken
from my English-Pu^hto Dictionary now preparing for
the Press.
17
LONDOM :
PKIMTBD BT W. H. Al.LEK AND CO., 13 WATERIXX) Pl.ACr.
WORKS BY
MAJOR RAVERTY,
Recently published, which may be obtained of
ME88B8. W. H. ALLEN AND GO.
"We cannot but regard the contributions of Captain
Ravertj to the study of Asiatic literature as eminently
useful and valuable. The author has now devoted many
years of menta^l toil to the* task he has undertaken, having
commenced when a very young man in 1853 ; and the pre-
faces and introductions to the Dictionary and G-rammar were
composed in a solitary military station in India. Never-
theless, Captain Eaverty has in these introductory treatises
presented much curious matter on the origin, language,
and literature of the Afghans, which may be read with
interest even by those who do not contemplate making a
study of the Puihto tongue."—" Daily News," April, 1864.
" M. le capitaine Raverty, s'est surtout appliqu^, d'une
mani^re toute sp^ciale, k T^tude du puschtu ou langue
des Af gans, qui n'^tait gu^re connue avant lui que par les
travaux de M. B. Dom, de Saint-Petersbourg ; mais qui,
par ceux de M. le cap. Raverty, est mise tout a fait en
lumifere et peut etre ^tudi^e d^sormais aussi facilement que
les laugues orientales pour lesquelles abondent les res-
sources de r Erudition europ^enne. . . . Les ouvrages
de M. Raverty sur la langue puschtu off rent un ensemble qui
permet d'apprendre la langue sans avoir recours k d'autres
livres que les siens." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
I.
In One Vol., Imp. 8to., pp. xxxvi. and 1166, strongly and liand-
somelj bound. Price £3 3«.
A DICTIONARY
OF THE
PUS'HTO, PUK'HTO, OE AFGHAN LANGTTAGE,
WITH CONSEDEEABLE ADDITIONS.
" He has shown an unwearied patience in collecting and
expounding the whole word-treasure of the language.
There are very few words that are in use in writing and
good conversation which have escaped the industrious
collector. Besides the pure Afghan vocabulary, he has
also inserted the Arabic and Persian idioms, <fec., which
are so prevalent in this language.'' — Dr. Sprenger, 1862.
"This is hardly the place for reviewing a Pooshtoo
Dictionary, further than to mention that it is beautifully
printed, full without being too explanatory, and has re-
ceived the approval of competent scholars. . . . He
has a claim to be justly congratulated, in the phrase of
Dr. Dorn, on having * executed a monumental work ' ; or,
to use his own modest words, on having * rescued from
oblivion, and thrown considerable light upon, an ancient
and unique language, which has not hitherto received the
attention it deserves from Oriental scholars.* " — " Scots-
man," Feb. 1866.
" There had not been above two attempts at Afghan
vocabularies before Captain Eaverty's dictionary appeared
, . . From our ignorance of the Pushto tongue, we
are, of course, entirely disqualified from speaking of the
merits of Captain Eaverty's works, except that they
appear to be the results of great study, elaborate research,
patient toil, and untiring industry . . . Dr. Dorn, in
particular, speaks of his dictionary in terms of the highest
eulogy, describing it as a monumental work, which
scarcely needs addition, and with the aid of which one
may read and understand any Afghan writer.*' — "London
Review,** June, 1864.
"A peculiar feature of the work, which we notice at the
first glance, is, that under every infinitive are given, the
third persons masculine singular of the present, past, and
future tenses, the imperative mood, the active and past
participles, and the verbal noun. This is to obviate the
greatest difficulty in the path of the student — the some-
what complex nature and the irregularity of the verbs in
many instances. The slight differences of pronunciation
of the Eastern and Western Afghan tribes are also given,
together with the plural form of each noun, and the class
or declension to which it belongs, as arranged in his
Grammar of the language. This^ would not have been
necessary in the Dictionary of a language already known
to the world ; but being, as it is in reality, a language
now, so to say, for the first time brought to light, it
greatly smoothes the path of the learner, and considerably
enhances its practical value." — "Naval and Military
Gazette," June, 1864.
n.
Uniform with the above, One Vol., pp. 416. Frioe £2 2s.
GULSHAN-I-ROH:
BEING SELECTIONS, PBOSE AND POETICAL,
IN THE PTTS'HTO, OE AFGHAN LANGUAGE.
" The * Gulshan-i-Roh,' or Text-book, is a very useful
complement to the above-mentioned works. The texts,
both poetical and prose, are well chosen, and are printed
correctly ; so that in any future examination of students
of PuiShto, they will prove to be of superior use. Who-
ever will, in future, have to teach the Afghan language,
will most certainly take the ' Gulshan-i-Eoh ' for his
guide-book, and it will be an excellent one." — ^Dr. Dom,
Feb. 1862.
"Captain Raverty's other works in the Pushto lan-
guage comprise a complete Grammar (which has gone
through a second edition), a large selection of prose and
poetry, called the * Gulshan-i-Boh ' (which is the text-book
in the examinations in the Panjab), and his English trans-
lation of Afghan poetry Q The Poetry of the Afghans ')
8
will enable the student to acqtiire a thorough knowledge
of the Afghan language without being obliged to have
recourse to any other books ; indeed, they are the sole
implements to pioneer the way." — " Naval and Military
Gazette," June, 1864
" Le Gulschan-Eoh " le Jardin de Roh," c'est-k-dire de
I'Af gauistan ou plut6t de la partie montagneuse du pays
d'oil est tir^ le nom de Eohillas, offre un choix consider-
able de fragments des meilleurs ^crivains afgans en prose
et en vers." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
in.
In One Vol., pp. 265, nniform with the above. Price £1 la.
A GRAMMAR
OF THB
PUSTCTO, OR AFGHAN LANGTTAGE.
" A grammar of the Afghan language was, strange to
say, a complete desideratum until the year 1855, so that
no English of&cer before that time had any opportunity of
learning the rudiments of the tongue. Previous to the
breaking out of the Afghan war, more than twenty years
ago, the Emperor of Russia had appointed a professor of
Pu^hto (the language of Afghanistan) at St. Petersburg,
in which capital all young diplomatists were made to pass
examinations in the Roh dialect. Notwithstanding this
example on the part of the Russian Government, nothing
was done by our country in the way of assisting officers
and plenipotentiaries in India in acquiring the Afghan
language; and even when employed on missions of the
greatest importance, they had to depend entirely on the
honesty of interpreters for correct iiiormation." — "Lon-
don Review," June, 1864.
" It will hardly be believed that before the year 1857
there was no grammar to be had in England or in TTirlifl
from which an English officer might acquire the rudiments
of the language of Afghanistan. Nor can it be too often
repeated that, even before the beginning of the Afghan
wars, the Russian Government had appointed a Professor
4
of Pushto, the language of the Afghans, at St. Peters-
burg. There, in the northern capital of Eussia, an
Afghan grammar and reading-book was published bj
Professor Dom, at the expense of the Emperor's Govern-
ment, before our Government even knew that the Afghans
had a language of their own. There, at St. Petersburg,
young officers and diplomatists had to pass examinations
in the dialect of the warlike mountaineers of Eoh, while
our generals and ambassadors, employed on missions of
the highest importance, in the very heart of that country,
had to depend for information on the honesty of inter-
preters. Afghan chiefs were able to talk treason in
Pushto before the noses of our generals, while assuring
them of their fidelity in high-flown strains of Persian
eloquence . . . We claim for Captain Eaverty public
support, and we are glad indeed to see that his long and
very valuable and laborious undertaking has already re-
ceived an amount of encouragement which argues well for
the future success of a work which is to all intents and
Purposes national." — "Army and Navy Q«»zette," June,
864.
" The Grammar of Lieutenant Eaverty, which is suffi-
ciently elaborate, and in which the rules are supported by
copious and well-chosen extracts from classical (Pushto
authors, will be gladly hailed by every linguist." —
" Athenaeum," August, 1856.
" The first edition, which was printed at Calcutta in
1855, has now been followed by a second edition, which
has had the benefit of the author's careful corrections,
and will probably continue the standard Grammar of tliis
interesting and important language for many years to come.
. . . Of the practical importance of an Afghan Gram-
mar we need not waste any words." — " Saturday Eeview,"
Nov. 1860.
" M. Eaverty explique la formation de la langue
et entre dans des details curieux sur sa littdrature. II
aborde enfin les regies de la grammaire d'apris la nomen-
clature arabe, et il appuie tou jours les regies qu41 donne
d'exemples bien choisis et empruntes aux meilleurs ^cri-
yains en prose et en vers." — " Journal Asiatique," 1862.
" When on my last travels in Central Asia, I often con-
sulted, at Hirat, at Sabzdwar, etc. etc., the Sidars and
Moolahs as to the correctness of the phrases and examples
cited by the Author, in order to prove the rules of his
Gmmmar; and I was especially desirous to take their
opinions on the way in which Captain Eaverty explains
the arrangement and conjugations of the Pushto verbs, so
difficult and complicated as they are to unravel ; and I
am much pleased to repeat, that their opinions were very
favourable to the conscientious and intelligent work of
Captain Eaverty."— M. N. de Khanikoff, Feb. 1862.
IV.
New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo., pp. 380. Price 14».
SELECTIONS FROM THE POETRY OF
THE AFGHANS,
FBOM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTTTBT :
Translated into English from the original Pus'hto, with Notices of the
different Authors^ and remarks on
THE MYSTIC DOCTRINE AND POETRY OF THE .SUFIS.
" The volume is of undeniable interest, and its execu-
tion must have been most laborious and difficult. Quaint
wisdom, reminding the reader of the * Proverbs ' (Solo-
mon's, not Tupper's), and fanciful imagery used to illus-
trate * the old, old story,* told in every language that has
ever been written or spoken, imagery which is sometimes
beautiful, and sometimes ludicrous, are the principal cha-
racteristics of the poems." — "Morning Post," April, 1862.
" Captain Raverty's new volume in truth opens a new
source of enjoyment to all lovers of real poetry, and at
the same time a rich field of inquiry for our philologists,
and students of the varieties of our race, with their intel-
lectual peculiarities." — " Daily News," March, 1862.
" We feel much indebted to Captain Eaverty, who (un-
like so many of his comrades, with; equal opportunities
6
and imlimited command of time) has turned his leisure
to such excellent account, and introduced us to a totally
new field of literature, in which his own carefully-compiled
grammar and dictionary form the best, almost the sole,
implements to pioneer the way." — " The Parthenon,*' 1862.
"Some among the poems remind the reader of the
Book of Ecclesiastes, in their melancholy clear insight
into the * vanity of vanities,' and the transitory nature of
this world, and all it cont.iins. Others of the poems, even
in their literal translation, are singularly beautiful; in
their original melody and rhythm they must be captivat-
ing."—" The AthensBum," August, 1862.
" From these scanty passages some notion may be
formed of the treasure of new poetical delights Captain
Raverty has collected in this volume. He deserves the
thanks of all classes of readers for opening up such a
fresh vein of literary enjoyment; and we trust that his
book may have as wide a circulation as its singular merits,
and marked originality, eminently deserve." — "The Home
News," June, 1862.
" The volume which is now before us (* The Poetry of
the Afghans ') is more likely to command general atten-
tion than his previous works : it has attractive matter to
the theologian as well as to the general reader. It is a
remarkable circumstance that the productions of the
Afghan poets are now for the first time rescued from
oblivion, and the other dangers which beset manuscript
literature, by being printed in an English translation." —
" Christian Reformer," October, 1863.
" As to the merit of their poetry, we cannot form an
adequate notion. But the * Selection' which Captain
Raverty has translated enables us to understand that, in
many respects, it differs from the poetry of other Eastern
nations, and to conclude that the subject eminently de-
serves the attention of all those who believe that a nation's
truest history is written in its literature." — " Westminster
Review," July, 1862.
"The highly meritorious labours of Captain H. G.
Raverty, in a field so little cultivated as that of the Afghan
language and literature, have met with due appreciation
in a former number of this journal. They have gained
him a European reputation amongst Oriental scholars,
and the present volume, * Selections from the Poetry of
the Afghans,* is a worthy successor to the' learned and
elaborate works previously published." — " The Army and
Navy Gazette," 1862.
V.
New and Cheaper Edition. Imp. 16mo. Price 5«.
THESAURUS
OF ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI TECHNICAL TEEMS,
Used in Buildingf Engineering f and other useful Arts,
" We would draw particular attention also to his valu-
able little work, ' English and Hindustani Technical
Terms, used in Building and other Useful Arts, and
Scientific Manual of Words and Phrases in the Higher
Branches of Knowledge.* This useful and long-required
manual has been found extremely useful to, and has been
highly commended by, officers of the Engineers and the
Public Works Department throughout the three Presi-
dencies of India, by the officials and working staff of the
different railways, by interpreters of regiments, and the
public generally. But it requires a special notice from us,
since by the recent orders issued from the India Office and
the Admiralty, naval officers, consequent upon the aboli-
tion of the Indian navy, have great encouragement held
out to them to study Hindustani, Persian, and Arabic ;
and Captain Eaverty's little book is the only one that we
know of which contains a long chapter on naval terms,
which being chiefly Aj^bic and Persian words, are used
alike in all three languages. It cannot fail, therefore, to
be of great use to all naval officers serving in the Indian
seas, as well as to their brothers of the army, since the
work contains a key to the pronunciation, and all the
8
words and plirases are given in Eoman as well as the Arabic
and Persian character." — "Naval and Military Gazette,"
1864.
The Secretary of the Civil and Military Examination
Committee, Bombay, reports on this work, " In reply the
undersigned is directed to report that the work is doubt-
less very useful."— Bombay Castle, 2nd August, 1859.
VI.
Crown 8yo., toned paper. Price 12a.
THE FABLES OF ^SOP AL-HAKI'M :
Translated into the Afghdn Language^
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS ON WOOD FBOM DESIGNS BT JOHN TENNIEL.
'^ His latest work, translated from James's ^sop into
Pushto of a simple but pure kind, ought to become a
useful reading-book for students in the earlier stages of
their progress." — " The Home News," April, 1872.
Preparing for Publication^
A DICTIONARY:
ENGLISH AND PUSTETO.
" A dictionaiT, English and Pushto, is now in prepara-
tion by Major Kaverty, but it can only be brought out
by the aid of the Q-ovemment, for the expense of printing
such bookci, consisting, in a great measure, of foreign
words reqxdring a special and peculiar type, is very large.
Judging from previous experience, SMajor Eaverty has
but little hope of Sir Charles Wood supporting his efforts,
though the Russian Government, never forgetful of any-
thing which may facilitate its designs on Central Asia, has
taken a great many copies of the works already published ;
for the young officers and diplomatists of St. Petersburg
have for many years been obHged to pass examinations in
Puihto. It would be extremely humiliating to this
country if the English-Pu^hto Dictionary were to be
brought out at the expense of that very Power which
we have most to dread in the far East. Yet such might
be. Up to the present time the gallant officer has had to
thank the Bussian G-ovemment far more than that of his
own country for support and countenance." — ^* Daily
News," 2nd April, 1864.
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