The Pygidiidæ, a family of South American catfishes

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THE PYGIDIIDAE, A FAMILY OF SOUTH
AMERICAN CATFISHES

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By Cari H. EKIGENMANN

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Reprinted from the Memorrs or THE Carnecige Museum, Vol. VII, No. 5, September, 1918

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MEMOLRS

CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Vou. VII. No. 5.

THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES.!
By Cari H. HIGENMANN.
(PLates XXXVI-LVI.)

INTRODUCTION.

The Pygidiide are a family of South American ecatfishes distinguished exter-
nally by the absence of an adipose fin and by the posterior position of the dorsal.
Most of them are even more readily distinguished by the presence of spines or
thorns on the opercle and interopercle, by twin barbels at the angle of the mouth,
and by the absence of all mental barbels. Other characters of the catfishes may be
present or absent, and by addition, subtraction, or modification of characters,
various subfamilies have been formed. <A description of the characteristic struc-
tures is given on pages 276-279. The basal habit of all the members of the family
is that of burrowing. The opercular and interopercular spines are an adaptation
to their habit of insinuation, which is at the root of the commensalism, parasitism,
and worse, to which some highly specialized members of the family are addicted.

Nematogenys from central Chile, the only representative of the Nematogenyine,
is probably more nearly like the ancestors of the Pygidiide than the other living
representatives of the family. It recalls the Silwride by having a pungent pectoral
spine, serrated on its posterior margin, by having but one barbel at the angle of the
mouth (the remaining subfamilies having two), by having a pair of mental barbels,

1 Contribution from the Zodlogical Laboratory of Indiana University, No, 164.

259

260 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

and by the absence of opercular and interopercular spines, which are present in the
other subfamilies. Its dorsal is farther forward than in the other members of the
family, again in this respect approaching the Siluride. It resembles the rest of the
Pygidiide in lacking an adipose fin and in the case of some specimens by having
a nasal barbel. I am not able to speak with certainty of its air-bladder.?

The principal subfamily is that of the Pygidiine. In addition to the main
characteristics of the family, the members of the subfamily have a barbel on the
anterior nostril, the gill-membranes are free from the isthmus, the teeth are in
bands. The genera of the Pygidiine differ but little from each other. Hremo-
philus, found on the plains of Bogota, has lost its ventrals; Hatcheria, living in the
Andes of Argentina and Chile, has an elongate dorsal fin, Scleronema from the
Uruguay has modified maxillaries and maxillary barbels. The main genus, Pygi-
dium, with sixty-three species, is found everywhere in the mountains and sparingly
in the lowlands. It attains the highest altitudes and flourishes in Lake Titicaca,
where it is a food-fish of importance. The only food-fish at Bogota is the closely
related Hremophilus, “El Capitan.’’ Seventy-one of the known species of the
family belong to the subfamily Pygidiine.

> The genus Pariolius may be related to Nematogenys, but it is more likely to be related to Phreato-

bius, Heptapterus, Myoglanis, Leptorhamdia (for Leptoglanis which is pre-oecupied), ete. The only speci-
men recorded has been lost.

I. PARIOLIUS* Cope.

Pariolius, Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 289.

Type.—Pariolius armillatus Cope.

Similar to Pygidiwm; no nasal barbel; a single barbel at the angle of the mouth; two pairs of mental
barbels; no armature on the opercles; gill-openings wide; teeth brush-like; origin of the dorsal behind that
of the ventrals; anus under dorsal; anal short.

Little can be said about the relationship of this genus until its skull and air-bladder are examined.
It appears to be closely related to some members of the Pimelodinw. There are no specimens available for
examination. It is known only from the type of the species, and that has been lost.

Habitat.—Basin of Peruvian Amazons.

Pariolius armillatus Corn, l. c. (Ambyiacu); Era@enmann & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), H,
1889, p. 50; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 324; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 36; EiGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 398.

“Head flat rounded, eyes small, superior, covered by the skin. Head 4.5 times in length to basis
of caudal fin. Depth at D. I. one-half length to basis pectoral fin; width of head two-thirds the same dis-
tance. Interorbital width 3.66 times in length of head. Maxillary and external mental barbels extending
beyond basis of pectoral; inner mental barbel one-half the same. Radii D. 7; P. 8; V. 6; A. 11; caudal
acuminate. Skin entirely smooth.”’

*T am not sure of the origin of this generic name. Is it from the proper name Parioli, or from

mapawoniv = to trick, hence a trickster or simulator, or from rapa = with, and ados = speckled?

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 261

Nearest the Pygidiine are the Pareiodontine, which lack a nasal barbel. The
teeth are very peculiar and in a single series (See Fig. 21) and the gill-membranes
are attached. But one species is known. The Nematogenyinw, Pygidiine, and
Pareiodontine are free-living, and have a terminal or subterminal mouth and pointed
or incisor teeth.

The Stegophiline, Vandelliine, and Tridentine differ widely from the members
of the above-mentioned subfamilies in structure and habit. They are all small or
minute; the mouth is inferior; the head flat below; the lower barbel at the angle of
the mouth is minute. The jaws are weak, the teeth absent or slender. The gill-
opening, in all but Acanthopoma, is greatly restricted, which, put in terms of habit,
means that the mouth is suctorial. Some of them are parasites, or commensals.

The Tridentine differ in having the anal fin much longer than the others.
Nothing is known of their habits and they are so small (the largest known specimen
is but 27 mm. long) that it is a wonder that any of them have arrived in the bottles
of the naturalist.

In the Vandelliine the teeth are reduced to a minimum, and the rami of the
lower jaw do not meet in the middle. The differences between the genera are
minute, but well marked. The habits of these fishes, as well as those of the next
subfamily, are discussed below.

The Stegophiline have a very large number of minute teeth in definite series
in both jaws. The rami of the lower jaw meet in the middle. The genus Acantho-
poma stands out in that its gill-membranes, while united, are free from the isthmus.
The genus, Henonemus, is well marked by the small number of opercular spines.
Ochmacanthus has numerous accessory caudal rays above and below, which make
the tail look like that of a tadpole. The remaining genera, Stegophilus, Homo-
dietus, and Pseudostegophilus, might well be united. They differ from each other
largely in the position of the ventrals, the shape of the caudal, and in the number of
accessory rays.

Hapits.

The habits, as well as the distribution, of various members of the Pygidiide
have been derived from the general tendency of the catfishes to get under banks,
under logs, out of the way, and out of sight. This general tendency has been
modified into the specialized, insinuating habit of the Pygidiide, for which the
opercular spines and the eel-like body are adaptations.

On the plains of Bogota the Indians secured the largest specimens of Hremo-
philus by thrusting their arms to the bottom of holes in the banks of streams.
At Honda I found one species buried in the sand in the bottom of the stream, It °

262 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

would dart from its hiding place as I raked my fingers through the sand, to dart
into the sand again much like a lancelet or young lamprey, or to dodge under a
rock. Mr. KE. B. Williamson wrote me that he noticed another species clinging to
the vertical sides of a waterfall. It looked like a water-weed, but he found by
watching closely that every little while the supposed weed would move up the wall
a short distance, and by using his butterfly-net he secured specimens. It is this
habit assisted by the opercular spines that accounts for the fact that the species of
the genus Pygidium are found in every mountain-stream.

The habit of insinuating themselves into crevices is undoubtedly also the
starting point of the habit of resorting to the gill-cavities and probably other organs
of larger fishes. There is a widely distributed belief among the Indians of the
Amazon Valley, that fishes called ‘Candirti’”’ enter the urethree of bathers. Some
travelers who have had this habit reported to them have simply dismissed the matter
as absurd. Others have made attempts to identify the fish with results that have
not always been fortunate. The native name, Candirt, is applied to some fishes
(Cetopsis of the Cetopside) at least a foot long, and at least two inches thick, as well
as to minute slender fishes, species of Vandellia, which might enter the urethra
without violating the law that the greater cannot enter the less. The habit has
been attributed to the large Cetopsis, to Pareiodon, more moderate in size and yet
too large, and to some species of Vandellia and to Acanthopoma. It is, of course,
possible that the young of the larger Candirtis have the urinophilous habit. It is
also possible that the Indians consider the small Candirtis (species of Vandellia)
as the young of the larger Candirtis, members of the genus Cetopsis, which according
to the classification adopted, belong to a different family. The habit is also phys-
ically possible for the species of Tridens, of Miuroglanis, of Paravandellia, Stego-
philus, Branchioica, and for some of the minute species or young of Pygidiwm.
However, these have not been indicated as being Candirtis. As far as I am able
to find, the first notice of the peculiar habit is given by Spix (Selecta Genera et Species
Piscium, 1829, p. vill), who says of Cetopsis:

De alio pisce hominibus infesto nonnulla afferre debeo, quem Brasilienses CANpIRU, Hispani
in provincia Maynas degentes CANpRO nuncupant. Singulari enim instinctu incitatur in ostia
excretoria corporis humani intrandi, quae quum igitur in iis, qui in flumine lavant, attingit,
summa, cum violentia irrepit, ibeque carnem morsu appetens, dolores, imo vite periculum affert,
Urine odore hi pisciculi valde alliciuntur, quam ob causam accole intraturi flumen amazonum,
cujus sinus hac peste abundant, preeputium ligula constringunt, et a mingendo abstinent. Pertinet
hic piscis ad Cetopseos, quod depinximus, genus; at nescio, an descriptarum specierum (C.
candiru et C. cecutiens) individua juniora, an tertiz cujusdam speciei minoris individua crudeli

hoe instinctu a natura sint donata.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 263

I am indebted to Professor Selatie E. Stout for the following translation:

I should briefly mention another fish which is dangerous to man. The Brazilians call it
Canptrt; the Spaniards in Maynas’ call it CaAnERo. It is impelled by a curious instinct to enter
the excretory openings of the human body. Whenever it comes in contact with these openings
of persons bathing in the stream, it violently forces its way in, and having entered, it causes
constant pain, and even danger of life, by biting the flesh. These fishes are greatly attracted by
the odor of urine. For this reason, those who dwell along the Amazon, when about to enter the
stream, whose bays abound with this pest, tie a cord tightly around the prepuce and refrain from
urinating. This fish belongs to Cetopsis, a genus which I have already described. But I do not
know whether it is the younger individuals of the two species which I have described (C. candiri
and C. cacutiens), or whether a third species of smaller fishes has been given this cruel instinct

by nature.

The habit here described by Spix in reality belongs to fishes of which he did
not secure specimens.

In 1808, Domingo Vandelli, professor of natural history at Lisbon, sent Lacé-
péde three small fishes, which he placed with the Loricariidw. They were described
by Valenciennes (Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 386,
pl. 547) as Vandéilia cirrhosa, and placed in their Esoces. Nothing was said of the
habits, and even the habitat of the specimens was unknown. The identification
of Vandellia with the urinophilous habit came later.

Castelnau in his Animaux d’ Amérique du Sud, Poissons, 1855, says of his
Trichomycterus pusillus = Pareiodon microps Kner:

Cette espéce est, de la part des pécheurs de l’Araguay, l’objet d’un préjugé des plus singuliers,
ils prétendent qu’il est trés dangereux d’uriner en riviére: car, disent ils, ce petit animal s’élance
hors de l’eau et pénétre dans l’uréthre en remontant le long de la colonne liquide.

As this species reaches a length of at least six inches and a corresponding thick-
ness, Castelnau was probably mistaken in the species acting in this remarkable
manner.

It seems that Paul Marcoy (Voyage a travers Vv Amérique du Sud, Vol. II, p.
145-147) gives an account with a figure of a Candirti. I have not seen this book,
but Liitken says: ‘‘ Etude de Candirti signeret med den Rejsendes Initialer, er en
fuldstandig Umulighed, hvad den saa skal forstille’’(Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh.
Foren. Kjobenhavn, 1891, p. 60).

Lange ‘In the Amazon Jungle,” p. 214, says:

In fact, throughout the Amazon this little worm-like creature, called the kandiroo, is so
omnipresent that a bath-house of a particular construction is necessary. The kandiroo is usually

3 Probably Maind, an Igarapé tributary to the Amazon, near the Rio Negro; or a province of Peru
with Moyobamba for its capital.

264 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

three to four inches long and one-sixteenth in thickness. It belongs to the lampreys, and its
particular group is the Myxinos or slime-fish. Its body is coated with a peculiar mucus. It is
dangerous to human beings, because when they are taking a bath in the river it will approach
and with a swift, powerful movement penetrate one of the natural openings of the body, whence
it can be removed only by a difficult and dangerous operation.

A small but hard and pointed dorsal fin acts as a barb and prevents the fish from being drawn
back. While I was in Remate de Males the local doctor was called upon to remove a kandiroo
from the urethra of a man. The man subsequently died from the hemorrhage following the

operation.

The Candirti does not belong to the lampreys and its particular group is not
Myxinos. The lampreys are not found in the Amazon Valley. Its dorsal fin is
neither hard nor pointed, and hence cannot act as a barb to prevent the fish from
being withdrawn. The retrorse spines on the interopercle and opercle are the
obstacles which would prevent it from being withdrawn.

The question naturally arises: Is Lange more trustworthy in his account of
the habit than in his account of the structure and relationship of the Candirti?

The only known specimen of Acanthopoma annectens, another Candirt, seems
to have been collected by Gustav Wallis. In an article, “ Mittheilung von C. Miller
iiber die Reise von Gustav Wallis” in Die Natur, Zeitung von P. Ule u. K. Miller,
XIX, No. 23, p. 180, mention is made of the habits of presumably this species,
though it may have been drawn from the general report given the traveler concern-
ing the Candiri. Liitken quotes:

In diesen noch so wenig bekannten Gewiissern, namentlich im Hualliga, beobachtete der
Reisende (G. W.) einen Fisch, den ich der Aufmerksamkeit der Wissenschaft ganz besonders
empfehlen will. Man nennt ihn dort den Candiru und fiirehtet ihn mit Recht ebensosehr fiir
das Gebiet des Wassers, wie man fiir das des Landes die Moskitos und Ameisen fiirchtet. An
sich selbst ist es nur ein kleines, kaum .75 Spannen langes Ding von welsartigem Korperbau,
mit breitem, abgerundetem Kopfe, auf dem die beiden Augen ziemlich dicht neben einander liegen,
wiihrend die beiden Brustflossen fliigelartig dicht unter ihm sich ausbreiten und der wtbrige
Korpertheil keilformig zulauft. Den Riicken ziert eine dunklere Farbung mit undeutlich ver-
laufenden Flecken, so dass das Geschépfehen an sich selbst kaum irgendwie durch eine hervor-
ragende Eigenthiimlichkeit ausgezeichnet ist. Eine umso schrecklichere Plage ist es fiir den
Badenden, eine Art Blutegel nimlich, der mit unglaublicher Schwimmfertigkeit jenem zu Leibe
eeht, ihm tiberall schrépfkopfiihnliche Wunden beibringt und, wenn es ihm gelungen, sich dadureh
an dem Kérper festzusetzen, in der Wunde ein Nadelbiindel ausspreizt, an dem er wie an Wider-
haken sich derart festklammert, dass er nur durch eine schmerzhafte Operation aus dem Kérper
entfernt werden kann. Diese Unart des Fisches ist umso grésser und gefihrlicher als er am lieb-
sten die geheimsten Kérpertheile aussucht; man erzihlt sich Fille, die bei der Operation mit dem
Tode endeten. Ich werde dafiir Sorge tragen, dass dieser seltsame Fisch, den ich in Spiritus vor
mir habe, in die rechten wissenschaftlichen Hinde gelangt und seinen wissenschaftlichen Namen

empfingt, den er noch nicht hat.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 265

Boulenger (Proc. Zodl. Soc. London, 1897, p. 901) says of Vandellia cirrhosa,

the urinophilous Candirt, par excellence:

The “Candyrt,” as the fish is called, is much dreaded by the natives of the Jurua district,
who, in order to protect themselves, rarely enter the river without covering their genitalia by
means of a sheath formed of a small coconut-shell, with a minute perforation to let out urine,
maintained in a sort of bag of palm-fibers suspended from a belt of the same material. The fish
is attracted by the urine, and when once it has made its way into the urethra, cannot be pulled
out again, owing to the spines which arm its opercles. The only means of preventing it from
reaching the bladder, where it causes inflammation and ultimately death, is to instantly amputate
the penis; and at Tres Unidos, Dr. Bach had actually examined a man and three boys with
amputated penis as a result of this dreadful accident. Dr. Bach was therefore satisfied that the
account given of this extraordinary habit of the ‘““Candyrti”’ is perfectly trustworthy. Mr.
Boulenger further showed a photograph, taken by Dr. Bach, of two nude Indians wearing the

protective purse.

It is to be noted here that this evidence is only circumstantial. Dr. Bach did
not himself operate or help to operate to remove the Candirti and a much simpler
operation than amputation would be sufficient to remove it.

The literature on the evil repute of members of the Pygidiide has been re-
viewed by Pellegrin. In Bulletin Société Philomathique de Paris (10), I, 1909, pp.
101-104 [5-8 of the reprint], he says:

Le Dr. C. Jobert qui accomplit au Brésil, en 1877, un voyage ot il rassembla des matériaux
ichthyologiques considérables, a consacré 4 la question du Candiru un mémoire des plus docu-
mentés, oti il n’admet pas sans réserve les déclarations du practicien américain cité par G. A.
Boulenger. ‘Le Dr. Bach,’ écrit-il, ‘n’a pas vu le petit Poisson in situ; la chose est regrettable et,
cette fois encore, nous ne sortons pas du cercle de la légende.’

Toutefois, le Dr. Jobert rapporte les dires d’un médecin trés estimé de Belem (Para), le Dr.
Castro, qui lui affirma avoir extrait de luréthre d’une négresse un petit Candiru qui y avait
pénétré pendant la miction, alors qu’elle se baignait en riviére.

Mais ce qui fait le grand intérét de Varticle du Dr. Jobert, ce sont les renseignements qu'il
a pu lui-méme recueillir sur place au Brésil au sujet des Candirus.

Les Paraenses en distingueraient deux espéces, l'une petite, qui s’introduirait dans Vuréthre
des baigneurs, l’autre de plus grande taille, ‘trop grande pour tenter ces mémes opérations, mais
redoutable par les blessures qu’elle fait sur n’importe quelle partie du corps. On donne a cette
derniére le nom de Candiru de Cavallo et les indigénes prétendent qu’elle attaque les chevaux
pendant la baignade.’ Au sujet de celle-ci il rapporte en outre les faits suivants:

‘Un jour, 4 un mille environ en aval de Para, je voulus me baigner sans souci des Candirus
qu’on m’assurait étre trés abondants en cet endroit. Je n’étais pas dans l’eau depuis cing minutes
que je ressentis dans le région lombaire, au ventre, sur le cétés de la poitrine, comme de légers
coups de griffes qui se succédaient rapidement. Voyant leau se teinter de rouge autour de mot,

je me hatai de regagner le rivage et je constatai que, dans le région ou j’avais éprouvé la sensation

266 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

de ces coups de griffe, le sang s’échappait de blessures en scarifications paralléles, qui eussent pu
étre attribuées A un instrument, tant elles étaient réguliéres; elles constituaient des groupes de
5 A 6 lignes, longues d’un centimétre au plus et trés rapprochées; je n’ai pas cherché a apprécier
a profondeur, mais ces blessures trés étroites saignaient abondamment.’

Les Poissons qui ont attaqué ainsi le Dr. Jobert appartiennent suivant moi, incontestablement
au genre Vandellie, peut-étre méme A l’espéce Vandellia Wieneri. Si l’onse reporte a la descrip-
tion donnée plus haut de la bouche et de l’appareil operculaire, on s’expliquera ainsi facilement le
fonctionnement de ces divers organes; on comprendra aisément que la demi-couronne de dents en
crochet placée en avant de la bouche, dents susceptibles d’un certain degré d’érection et au nombre
de 5 46 principales produit ces scarijications paralléles, réguliére et en groupe de 5 a 6 lignes. Les
épines interoperculaires du dessous de la téte, aussi un peu érectiles, peuvent également, dans
une certaine mesure, déchirer les téguments, mais elles doivent sourtout servir 4 la fixation.
Quant aux épines operculaires du dessus de la téte, elles me semblent plutot, étant donnée la
direction de leur pointe, ‘destinées 4 faciliter la progression de |’animal et 4 empécher tout recul
lors-qu’il s’engage dans un conduit étroit, par example entre les lamelles branchiales des Platy-
stomes.

Sans vouloir trancher la question de la pénétration des Vandellies dans l’uréthre, pour laquelle
je ne puis apporter des documents nouveaux, il me parait tout au moins démontré en rapprochant
les détails anatomiques que j’ai pu constater sur les Vandellia Wieneri, des observations faites
sur lui-méme au Brésil par le Dr. Jobert, que les Candirus, véritables Poissons-sangsues, ne sont
pas, ainsi que le pensait Giinther, de simples commensaux des grands Siluridés sur lesquels ils
vivent habituellement; leurs dents et leurs épines operculaires et interoperculaires permettent.
non seulement de se fixer sur les branchies de leur héte, mais aussi de faire des blessures amenant
un écoulement de sang abondant qu’une disposition spéciale leur permet d’ingurgiter. Enfin a
état libre, comme la constaté le Dr. Jobert, les Vandellies ne craignent pas de s’attaquer a
Homme, dont elles percent les téguments, ce qu’elles font aussi certainement sur certains
Mammiféres domestiques. I] y a lieu en terminant de noter que les dents volumineuses peu
nombreuses, en forme de crochets acérés de la machoire supérieure, sont particuliéres au genre
Vandellia, qu’elles sont absentes dans les genres voisins Stegophilus Reinhardt et Acanthopoma
Liitken, ot elles sont remplacées par une bande de trés nombreuses petites dents acérées.*

Les Vandellies représentent donc, chez les Siluridés, le dernier terme de la spécialisation en
vue d’un parasitisme des plus caractérisés.

That fishes found in the Amazon Valley and called Candirtis are a nuisance
is certain. Whether the widely prevalent belief that the Candirti is tropic to
urine, and consequently has a tendency to enter the urethra, or whether the
Candirti’s tendency to burrow leads it accidentally to enter the urethra, are all
matters that must for the present remain in debate. A very interesting subsidiary
question is, whether, if Candirtis are tropic to urine they do not also enter the

4 While members of the Stegophilini have bands of minute teeth uniform in size in the upper Jaw

there are frequently a few elongate, slender teeth in the middle of the upper jaw, which are similar and
correspond to those of Vandellia.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 267

urethree of aquatic mammals and of large fishes. Further study may demonstrate
that some species of Candirtis have become parasitic in the bladders of large fishes
and aquatic mammals. These are all questions that may legitimately be taken
up by future expeditions.

The first of the commensals or parasites of this family to be described is the
Stegophilus insidiosus of Reinhardt. Reinhardt secured all of his specimens from
the gills of the giant catfish of the Rio das Velhas, a tributary of the Rio San Fran-
cisco. Haseman secured one specimen of this fish from the sandy island opposite
Januaria, near the mouth of the Rio San Francisco. The fish therefore may and
does live in the open as well as in the gill-cavities of larger fishes.

The account of Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt, given by the author of the
genus and species, which was published in 1858 (Cf. Naturhistorisk Forenings
Videnskabelige Meddelelser, Copenhagen, 1858, reprint, pp. 1-19, Pl. IT) possesses
great interest. Professor Reinhardt having been repeatedly informed that a large
species of catfish, belonging to the genus Pseudolatystomus and known by the natives
as Sorubim, protects its young by carrying them in its gills, determined, if possible,
to verify the statement. An English translation of a portion of his narrative is here
elven:

It deeply interested me to ascertain with exactness the circumstances under which this pecu-
liar method of protection takes place, and also to examine the young at the time when they make
use of it. I therefore offered the fishermen in the vicinity of Lagoa Santa, where I was staying at
the time, a good sum if they would bring me a Sorubim with some of its young in the gill-cavities.
Finally on February 27, 1852, a fisherman brought me one, in the gills of which he said there
should be a little “young one.’’ On examination I indeed found there a young fish, hardly an
inch long, which was already dead, although the Sorubim still showed faint signs of life. The
little fish looked so unlike the big one that I was astonished, and upon finding out that the old
fish was a male I was strengthened in my doubt as to their relationship. When the same fisher-
man two days later again brought a male Sorubim with a young one, which looked exactly like
the first, but was about three times longer, it became clear to me that these two small fishes
could in no wise be what it was claimed they were. On the other hand they recalled to me the
picture I carried in my mind of a Trichomycterus which I had obtained one year previously from
the Rio das Velhas under the name of Cambeja, or Bagre molle. I naturally concluded that the
fisherman in order to get the reward offered, had brought me the young of this Cambeja and was
passing them off as the young of the Sorubim. I complained to his face about this procedure,
and, though I did not obtain any confession from him, I nevertheless had no doubt that I had been
made the victim of a swindle. During the few weeks I still remained in Lagoa Santa before start-
ing on my homeward journey to Europe, nothing happened to induce me to think otherwise.

Upon my return home, as soon as I could get access to the literature, and could make a direct
comparison between the supposed young of the Sorubim and the Cambeja, I at once saw that I
had made a mistake in assuming that the former were the young of the latter. In short these

268 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

so-called young of the Sorubim were the little fishes which I have had the honor of exhibiting to
the Society. The whole matter became more involved and enigmatical to me, because it appeared
that the fisherman, if he had been really guilty of an intended fraud, had for this purpose made
use of a fish which was so rare that I had never found it, although I had collected great quantities
of the various small fishes in the waters around Lagoa Santa; in fact a fish which I was forced to
conclude to be as difficult to obtain as the real young of the Sorubim. In 1854, when I again
visited Brazil, the solution of the riddle was one of my especial aims. Soon after I arrived at
Lagoa Santa in the latter part of November I indeed reached the solution much more quickly
than I had expected, and in the following manner:

A person from the vicinity of Lagoa Santa, but not the same one, who almost three years
before had brought me the first: Stegophilus, came to the village on a Sunday in the middle of
December to attend mass according to the custom of the country. He brought with him on this
occasion a Sorubim, which before he went to church he sold to a Frenchman who had a shop in
the town. When mass was over he returned to get his pay, and watched the shopkeeper cut the
fish into pieces. He remarked that when the fish had been pulled out of the water there had been
five young in its mouth, of which two had remained inside. The shopkeeper looked and actually
found the remaining ‘“‘ young,” and was kind enough, as he knew the matter would interest me,
to immediately bring them to me and relate the circumstances.

At the very first glance at the so-called ““young” I saw to my surprise that again Stegophili
had been brought me as the young of the Sorubim. That deception should again be at the bottom
of the matter appeared in the highest degree improbable. It could hardly be thought of, except
upon the assumption that the person who had sold the last Sorubim was in collusion with the
fisherman who during my previous stay, three years before, had brought me the first two Steg-
ophili. How could it be explained that both had conceived the idea of passing off the very same
fish as the young of the Sorubim, and that a fish, which has no particular resemblance to the latter?
But, even if there had been collusion, would it not have been more likely that the first party con-
cerned would have come directly to me with his “Sorubim young,” instead of leaving it to be more
or less of a chance whether or not they should fall into my hands? Even if a trick, prearranged
to allay a possible suspicion, were thinkable, nevertheless it was hard to believe that under the
existing conditions the parties involved would have taken the time and the trouble to deceive me,
unless they had expected to reap advantage from their effort. If a trick had been planned in the
present case it was entirely aimless, as no pay was either asked, or given, for these last “young
Sorubim”’; and neither the last person, nor any one else, came at a later date to offer me “Sorubim
young.”” There was therefore left for me no other alternative than to conclude that I had been
unjust in my suspicion in the case of the fisherman who on the occasion of my previous stay had
brought me the first Stegophili. In other words, this little fish in reality passes into and abides
in the gill-cavities of the Sorubim. Its presence there has through an easily explained mis-
interpretation on the part of the common people given rise in Minas to the story about the

Sorubim’s care for its young.

The second species, Branchioica bertonii, known to inhabit the gill-cavities of
larger fishes, is recorded in the present volume. It really belongs to the Vandelliine.
One specimen was sent me several years ago by Sn. A. de W. Bertoni from Puerto

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 269

Bertoni, Paraguay. Later he sent me two more specimens, all three having been
taken from the gills of a large characin, Piaractus brachypomus.

Ribeiro, of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, caught another very similar
member of this subfamily, Paravandellia, among the water-weeds of the stream near
San Luis de Caceres, in the Upper Paraguay basin.

With fishes as rare as these and as small as these, the question arises whether
two species are really different, or whether the described differences are due to the
fact that one worker uses a hand lens, and the other a binocular dissecting micro-
scope with an are spot-light. The results of the two instruments are comparable
to the effects produced by an old-fashioned cannon and a modern forty-two centi-
meter howitzer. Branchioica and Paravandellia may prove to be synonymous.

DISTRIBUTION (Plates XXX VI-XX XIX.)

In considering the distribution of the fresh-water fishes of South America I
found, among other things (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 18) ‘“‘that genera
of many species usually have a wide distribution, and conversely, genera of wide

d

distribution usually have many species.’ With one exception the number of
species of any genus of the Pygidiida varies directly with the greatness of the area
over which it is distributed. Some genera consist of but one species, and that
restricted to but one, or a few neighboring localities. As far as known, Hremophilus
is all but confined to the plateau of Bogots, Scleronema to the center of the Uru-
guay basin, Acanthopoma to a part of the Huallaga basin, Stegophilus to the Upper
San Francisco basin, Paravandellia to the Upper Paraguay basin, Branchioica to
the Lower Paraguay basin. The genera with more than one species invariably have
a wider distribution. Homodiatus, with two species, is limited to the lower and
central La Plata basin, Henonemus, with four species, to the Amazon basin, Hatch-
eria, With six species, to the Andes of central and southern Argentina and Chile,
and Pygidium, with sixty-three species, is found in all the mountain streams from
the Tuyra in southern Panama to central Chile and central Argentina, in the moun-
tain streams from Rio Grande do Sul to the Rio Sao Francisco, and sparingly in the
lowlands of Guiana and Brazil. The only exception to the general rule is Och-
macanthus, with three species, ranging from Guiana to Paraguay.

The Pygidiine are mountain forms, and while they are found in lowlands near
the mountains, we find the optimum in the plains of Bogoté and in Lake Titicaca.
They are sometimes the last species to succumb in the struggle with adverse con-
ditions found in high altitudes, and they range further south (to latitude 47° 30’ ),
than any other tropical American fishes.

270 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The Stegophiline, Vandelliine and Tridentine are essentially lowland forms,
although some species reach considerable elevations.

CHRONOLOGY.

The first species of the Pygidiide discovered was taken by Humboldt at Bogota,
and described in 1805 (Recueil d’Observations de Zodlogie, ete., pp. 17-19, pl. VI)
as Hremophilus mutisti.

The habit of one of the species was next described by Spix in 1829, but attri-
buted to a member of another family. See page 262.

The most prominent genus was first described by Meyen (Reise, I, p. 475,
Wiegm. Arch. Naturg., 1835, II, p. 269) as Pygidium. I have at diverse times
defended the name, Pygidium, as against the name Trichomycterus and its varia-
tions.

The various generic names and their present equivalents are given in the fol-
lowing table:

Name Proposed. Proposed in Present Equivalent.
Bremophilus, Humboldte asc. .: 2 = ete USD 3 6 oo< Eremophilus Humboldt.
Thrichomycterus Cuvier & Valenciennes........- 1805 eee Eremophilus Humboldt.
Trichomycterus Valenciennes...............--- 1833......Pygidiwm Meyen.
Vandellia Cuvier & Valenciennes..............1846...... Vandellia Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Thrychomycterus Cuvier & Valenciennes. .......1846...... Pygidium Meyen.
Dhrichomyctenus Gibardsee nace se cies sels es coos ok Pygidium Meyen.
IPanetodonSMenrsvcpn acta ashlar: 2 ae ee aes IC Waes ace Pareiodon Kner.
Gentronhorus het eer heen reer er eee S55 e eet Pareiodon Kner.
StegophiltussRembardtige erect es teint S58 meer Stegophilus Reinhardt.
Astemomycterus Guichenot.................... S60 eee Pareiodon Kner.
Parcodonn Gi here tras see yt) ys ster cine S647 -Ly: Pareiodon Kner.
TrachypomaiGiebele anes ae sais eee ee eee Olle eine Eremophilus Humboldt.
Tridens Higenmann & Eigenmann..........-.- 138 ORs Tridens Higenmann & Eigenmann.
Pseudostegophilus Kigenmann & Higenmann ....1889......Pseudostegophilus Kigenmann & Kigenmann
Miuroglanis Eigenmann & Higenmann.........1889...... Miuroglanis Kigenmann & Eigenmann.
Alcanthoponcamlt Ke Oivartntitertsten cis err hiare USOT ye Acanthopoma Liitken.
Homodietus Higenmann & Ward...............1907...... Homodietus Kigenmann & Ward.
Henonemus Eigenmann & Ward..............- 190: Snes Henonemus Kigenmann & Ward.
Hatcherta Bieenm anne este cei eh IQ ee eade Hatcheria Eigenmann.
Ochmacanthus Higenmann................-.-.-- 1 eas ose Ochmacanthus Eigenmann.
Gyrinurus Ribelrol seeeescr ee tee ee (OU 2 ees: Ochmacanthus Higenmann.
Poravandellia Ribeiro. -ee ee ee ee eee TOU Pele ass Paravandellia Ribeiro.
Cobitoglanis Howlers .- eo cee ee ae NOMA weer Henonemus EKigenmann.
Urinophilus Higenmann..................-.-- Ig 5 6 oe Urinophilus Higenmann.

Branchioica Bigenmanner. ss see eee eee a 1917......Branchioica Higenmann.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 201

LOCATION OF THE TYPES AND SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD.

The species are, for the most part, but little known. Over forty of the ninety-
five recorded species are known only from the types, which are widely scattered.
Ten or twelve of the types are in Vienna, two are in Berlin, eleven or twelve in
Paris, eleven in London, one in Torino, Italy, two possibly in Munich, one in the
University of Leipzig, two in Copenhagen, three presumably in Santiago, Chile,
three in Buenos Aires, five in Rio de Janeiro, two in Cordoba, Argentina, one in the
Field Museum, two in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, eight in the Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy at Harvard, eight in Indiana University, twenty-four in
the Carnegie Museum, one in Princeton University. The Carnegie Museum pos-
sesses forty-six species, Indiana University is next in line with thirty-two species,
and the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy comes third with twenty species.

The distribution of the known specimens in the various museums of the world
is given in the following table:

|
l l Sie we
| | . |8| &
= | | BS 5| & :
| q | | s | 35 S = Jj
d S| Sti @ eI
een] ene | EE Pill opi aese ode Sie meeacet | es a neces
3 I 3 o = ai {. S a = > a
a o 5 a ) D — Ss mn 5 8 oe S
1 RD oD = 4 ~ ay oD S i>) a |
é Z > 5 4 qa =| A 43 As} ro) 5 a)
a S =I = Py < Ss da 3 3 oe = By
Ss a S Pit beta 2 sao iS ast Zi ts a cS acs
a EI = a | & g & . zi | cao as | by
FI zB 2 eae ears || > = ZS |o|l 2 = =
ieee al Pesci ese wll Gk WW \iesee |) mee “en (Pe coo Uh al Cera
> Q ey 2) a 2) er 5 fe eq |) | ost & 5
1. Nematogenys inermis. type
a | YI | |
2. Scleronema opercula- | | |
WI co sade aelo Ono type
3. Hatcheria patagonien-| |
SUE ley Reet | | | | heal ap || ak
4. Hatcheria maculata. .. type, ? |} +
5. ss titeombi ... == type
6. es areolatum. . type| + ar Sis
ie 5 burmeistert.| = type, |
8. macret....| | | | type +
“7° | | |
9. Pygidium marmor- |
CHUM isp codoece cr type?) |
10. Pygidium pallewm ...| itype?| hen |
11. = tigrinum ..' 'type?| |
12. xf tenue®.....| |
ibs eS corduvensis® aia
14. af Spegazzinir . type
1B}, i borellit™ | type ae |
16. - eichornia-_ |
RUT Ur ga Ae oR eae | be | typel | ae

5 Type in Princeton University.
6 Types in Cérdoba, Argentina?
7 Types in Mus. Uniy. Torino, Italy?

272 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ial
mole lees |e
EI a | s| 8 & ;
Bis sel cealltege Peel bulma yeaa ieee
= LB 2 3 Bet a s 2 § i) So Ss 7
SRE A eerece le ee eee less | 2
SCM eae eee cs em S| ce eee eee se hs
BO | eae Se aT Oe eed ee erate eect lta ee cs alla
Salsa eee lee a) coos ee eel I Se SP eMeesh hE tS
17. Pygidium riojanum . type
18. “y heterodon-
Wie oeobin arco mes type} -
19. Pygidium fuscum. . type
20. oe eigenmanni Ff type
21. vittatum. type
22. 2 dispar .... type +
Doe punctula-
tum . type f + +
24. P: ygidium taczanowskit type| +
25. rivulatum . type; + ; + ap |) SF
26. oe poeyanum . type
Wife TR se, San type
"28. 4 barbourt . . type| +
29. oroye..... +| type] +
30. quechuorum) type
Gille sf laticeps®. . . |type? ar
32. uf stellatum . . +
33. oe chapmani . +
34. st tenium®. . . \type? ae
30: ue caliense... a
36. e latidens . .. type
37. f UNAMID 0 a0 6 type
38. i straminewm +
39. o unicolor. . . type
40. es [HOGG 350.0 type ote
41. 4 merid@ ... type aP
42. se bogotense. . ao +
43. Pygidium nigroma-
culatum . ee type ain =
44. Pygidium banneaui.. ar
45. es sptlosoma . type
46. ‘i dorsostri-
VOT [Oi CRE RIG ho Ba +P
47. Pygidium venulosum. | type
48. ne latistri-
GLU eee eee eee
49. Py ygudium striatum type AF a
50. regani.... type
51. ee retropinne : type
52. guianense .
Des sy conradi.. . alg
54. 3 gracilior . .
55. y amazoni-
cum. . .| type
56. P ygidium hasemani. . ar
57. Nigricans . . type
58. fe theringi.. . type
59. se zonatum . .
_ 60. fe proops.... type
S618 a paolence . .
62. as reinhardtt .
63. ef davist.....

® Types possibly in Munich.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY

OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 273
= |)
q A 8 o = a ta oe 5 2
g eI aA 5 a S & e eS a les a ea
Se eee etealines 2 lewceun ly oct Smee gee ete |i getl he cee call = aati) =
= 5 a = a EI me | < 5 ail d= 2 8
- | isa) Ay i) n ies} ion] P cy <q i=) a & oO
64. Pygidium immacu- |
HOH Do oson8 bolo cox type +
65. Pygidium vermicu-
UTM Poooscdotar 0 type
66. Pygidium alternatum. + | type
67. i goeldit.... type
68. ss brasiliense. 2? + | + aa
69. oe itatiaye ... type |
70. ss triguttatwm type
(ale i punctatis-
SUMNUTS Bee ae type
72. Pygidium minutum. . type
73. mM sante-rile . type
74. Eremophilus mutisic . type ae || ar
75. Pareiodon microps. . .| type ae ae af
76. Pseudostegophilus
WAUTUS gas Gedo 8 type ab +
77. Homodictus anisitst . type
78. is macula-
UWSnc apd acateonte type +
79. Henonemus macrops .| type
80. punctatus type ar +-
81. & taxis-
Wgm@scrteis- 5). type
82. Henonemus interme-
GUUS) o seevc Bucket ce type
83. Stegophilus insidio-
CUE See coe +
84. Acanthopoma an-
MLECLETS een ete et
85. Ochmacanthus ba- |
trachostoma....... type) +
86. Ochmacanthus rein-
MGCHDS cooge¢ occ type 5
87. Ochmacanthus flabel- |
UD Ged oee cern Sea oe + | type
88. Vandellia cirrhosa.. . type| + + ar
89. “ plazai Ces GS type ae ae at
90. “ wienert . .. type
91, ss hasemant. . type
92. fe sanguinea. type
93. Paravandellia oxyp-
UC Sie Coins Hae ON type
94. Branchioica bertonii . type| +
95. Tridens melanops.. . . type} +
96. OF WIGHBs. ba bs = type
97. Miuroglanis platy-
CODNALUS He eee H type

» Types in Copenhagen.

10 Types in the collection of Professor Leuckhart.

274 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Sources OF THE MATERIAL EXAMINED.

In 1890 Mrs. Eigenmann and myself published a revision of the Pygidiide as
part of the general monograph on the Nematognathi of South America (Occasional
Papers California Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, 1890, pp. 316-347). Our account
was based on the material in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, which was col-
lected during the Nathaniel Thayer Expedition to Brazil, 1865-1866, during the
U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere, across the Andes
from Lima, 1849-1852, during the Hassler Expedition at Santiago, Chile, and Callao,
Peru, and during Alexander Agassiz’s Expedition of 1875 to Lake Titicaca. I have
freely drawn on this monograph, which describes some species, which have not been
duplicated.

From time to time Mr. J. D. Anisits and Sr. A de W. Bertoni have sent col-
lections to Indiana University from Paraguay, containing, among other things,
the types of Homodietus and Branchioica. Similarly collections were sent from
Sao Paulo by Messrs. Hermann and Rudolph von thering.

The collections made by the late J. B. Hatcher for Princeton University were
received and reported upon by me in Vol. III of the Reports of the Princeton Uni-
versity Expedition to Patagonia.

Miss Lola Vance made a small but valuable collection, containing specimens
of Pygidium oroye, near Tarma, Peru.

The Yale-National Geographic Society Expedition to Peru collected a few
specimens in the Urubamba Valley, which are being reported upon in the Bulletin
of the Museum of Comparative Zodélogy.

I collected several species in British Guiana, which were described in the
Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, V, 1912.

Mr. Thomas Barbour collected Pygidium barbouri in the Beni River in Bolivia.

Several specimens, some of them new, were purchased for the collection of
Indiana University from W. F. H. Rosenberg, London.

By far the greater and most valuable collections were secured in Ecuador and
Colombia, and in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and the Argentine.

The collections from Colombia were made by several field-parties. I collected
between Bogoté and Buenaventura and at Istmina. Mr. Arthur W. Henn col-
lected between Buenaventura and Istmina. Mr. Henn also collected in the upper
valley of the Patia and southward in the Andes of Ecuador. Mr. Manuel Gon-
zales collected in Colombia along the routes from Bogotdé west to Honda, north
to Mogotes, and east to Barrigona, securing a wealth of material. Messrs. A. 8.
Pearse, M. A. Carriker, Jr., and Alexander Grant Ruthven collected in the Sierra

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 275

Nevada de Santa Marta for the University of Michigan, and Mr. E. B. William-
son secured specimens for me in the Sierra Nevada, and in other places in Colombia.

Mr. J. D. Haseman, who collected for the Carnegie Museum, secured many
species, especially between the Rio Sao Francisco and Buenos Aires, as well as in
the upper Paraguay basin and in the Amazon.

At one time or another I have examined all of the seventy-one species pre-
served in American Museums, fifty-eight species in the Indiana University Museum
and the Carnegie Museum being under my immediate charge. Nine of the eigh-
teen known genera and forty-three of the ninety-five known species were described
by me during the course of my study.

I have attempted to collect what is known of the members of the family. I
hope the result will help the next one who undertakes the study of the group and
stimulate the collection of additional specimens and facts of the commensal or
parasitic members of the family.

THE ZOOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE PYGIDIIDA.

Puytum PISCES Artedi.
Class TELEOSTOMI Bonaparte.
SuPpERORDER OSTARIOPHYSI Sagemehl.
Order PLECTOSPONDYLI Cope.

Family: Pyaipirpa Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Subfamilies:
NEMATOGENYINA Gunther.
Pyaipuna EKigenmann & Eigenmann.
PAREIODONTINA Eigenmann.
STEGOPHILINA Giinther.
VANDELLIINA Kigenmann.
TRIDENTIN® Higenmann.

SYNONYMY.
Siluroidet Trichomycteriformes BLEEKER, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk., I, 1863, p. 112.
Siluride Opisthoptere GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 4 and p. 271.
Siluride Branchicole GUNTHER, l. c., p. 4 and p. 276.

||

Trichomycteride Grit, Arrangement of Families of Fishes, 1872, p. 19.

< Pygidiide EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Am. Nat., July, 1888, p. 649; Occasional
Papers California Academy Sciences, I, 1890, p. 316.

< Pygidiide GitL, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., VI, 1893, p. 132.

276 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGI£H MUSEUM.

< Trichomycteride Reaan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), VIII, 1911, p. 57.
= Trichomycteride Rrpetro, Archivos do Museu Nacional, XVI, 1912, p. 219.

LIMITS OF THE FAMILY Pyaipiip#®. (Plates XL and XLI.)

Giinther, in his “Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum,” V, 1864, pp.
271-277, arranges the then known members of the Pygidiide under three “Groups,”
belonging to two of his eight Subfamilies of the Siluride. His seventh Subfamily,
the Siluride Opisthoptere, consists of his Fifteenth Group, the Nematogenyina
(Heptapterus and Nematogenys) and the Sixteenth Group, the Trichomycterina
(Trichomycterus (= Pygidium), Eremophilus, Pariodon). His Kighth Subfamily, the
Siluride Branchicole, consists of his Seventeenth Group, the Stegophilina (Stego-
philus and Vandellia).

The genus Heptapterus'! included in his Fifteenth Group, was shown by us in
the American Naturalist, July, 1888, p. 648, to “have no real affinity with the
Pygidiuide.”

We do not now feel justified in joining the Cetopsine to the family.

The Pygidiide, as here understood, are the Pygidiine (exclusive of Pariolius
and the Stegophiline of the family, as described by Eigenmann & Eigenmann, in
the American Naturalist, July, 1888, and Occasional Papers of the California
Academy of Sciences, I, 1890. The species known at the time, thirty-six in number,
belonging to eight genera, were reviewed in the last named paper. The Cetopsine,
included in the papers mentioned, constitute a distinct family. Regan (Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), VIII, 1911, p. 574) has united the Pygidiine and Stegophiline
in his Trichomycterine of his Trichomycteride = Pygidiide. The family includes
the South American Nematognaths without an adipose fin, with the dorsal over or
behind the ventrals; posterior air-bladder obsolete; the anterior minute, in two
lateral parts, enclosed in bony capsules with a complete osseous floor, united to the
exoceipital and epiotic bones proximally and to the suprascapula distally; neural
spine of the coalesced vertebrae very low, not as high as that of the vertebrae fol-
lowing them; parapophysis of the vertebrae following the capsule short; skull de-
pressed, entirely closed in front, without an open space between the osseous roof of
the mouth and the ethmoid; vomer and palatines weak, without teeth; clavicles
wide, scoop-shaped, meeting below. The place of the adipose fin sometimes occupied
in part by numerous accessory caudal rays; none of the fin-rays modified into
spines; nares remote from each other, the anterior one frequently provided with
a barbel; the maxillary ending in a short barbel; the lower lip usually ending in

4 Related to Heptapterus is the genus Phreatobius, for an account of which see the Appendix to this

paper.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. Dia

another shorter barbel just beneath the maxillary barbel; this lower labial barbel is
sometimes very minute and has been overlooked in describing some species of
Henonomus and Pseudostegophilus, and in some species of other genera.

Mental barbels, characteristic of many Nematognaths, are lacking, except in
Nematogenys. Thorn-like spines firmly attached to the opercle and the interopercle
in all but Nematogenys. The opercles and interopercles to which the spines. are
attached are erectile, and by first erecting those on one side and then those of the
other, the fishes are able to “elbow”’ their way forward in narrow openings, under
rocks and up waterfalls. In some eases the spines are directed backward, but in
Vandellia the opercular spines point obliquely upward and backward, the interoper-
cular spines downward and backward.

All of the species secrete a copious mass of mucus, and the larger, ones are as

q HOMODIAT!
i ev) STEGOPHILUS- 11 ACANTHOPOMA
022

dd
8 PSEUDOSTEGOPHILUS aD OCdMRCANTHUS
7 HENONEmMus ~* ue
13 VANDELLIA
rm
k \kk (¢URINOPHILUS
mr
b PAREIODON ~4 t jt _— 19 PARAVANDELLIA
mmm
mmm mm
Bye ILBRANCHIOICA
5 EREMOPHILUS ~£€ Pansrodortinas
h-Slagpphluyds TRIDENS
hhandellimae zal
£ nn
4PyYcIplIUM ~~ ~igMIUROGLANIS
dd } 94 = Tnidamlinae
3 HATCHERIA®
Die

2 SCLERONEMA

Pygiduma® Pyie

MATOGENYS
| Ney Te afaa

Fic. 1. Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the Pygidiidw. The letters correspond to
the letters in the key to the subfamilies and genera. The Nematogenyine are undoubtedly the most
primitive of the family. The Pygidiine have the family characteristics fully developed. Beyond these
we have the more highly specialized subfamilies, culminating in the parasitic Stegophiline and the uri-
nophilous Vandelliine.

“=

278 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

slippery as the proverbial eel, which they resemble in other respects. The pectoral

gland is very large in the smaller species.

ad.

Key TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE PyGIDUD®.

. One pair of mental barbels, no opercular or interopercular spines; one barbel at angle of mouth; a

small nasal barbel; pectoral spine pungent; dorsal over ventrals. ( Nematogenyine.)

I. Nematogenys Girard.
No mental barbels; opercle and interopercle with spines; two barbels at angle of mouth; pectoral
spine not pungent.

b. A nasal barbel; mandible with considerable antero-posterior extent, teeth along less than half its
total length; teeth strong; anal short; no mental barbels; opercle and interopercle with
spines; two barbels at angle of mouth; free-living species, some of them of economic
importance. (Pygidiine.)

c. Opercle with a long dermal flap; maxillary bone longer than the attached barbel; teeth nar-
row incisors; pectoral without a filament; anal short...I1. Scleronema Higenmann.

ce. Operele without a dermal flap; maxillary very small.
d. Dorsal long; caudal pedunele subterete; anal usually entirely under the dorsal; outer
pectoralerayee wit boutea) tl andientty ener eter eer ieee Ill. Hatcheria Eigenmann.
dd. Dorsal shorter; caudal peduncle compressed; anal partly or entirely behind the dorsal;

outer ray of the pectoral prolonged or not.
e-. Wentrals present s.ys aadye cae eae deutch ee ee eae cement ete IV. Pygidium Meyen.
ee. No ventral fins; otherwise like Pygidiwm. .......... V. Eremophilus Humboldt.
bb. No nasal barbels.
f. Mouth subterminal, the teeth strong, in a single series; gill-membranes united with isthmus;
maya Sl aarera), (Pei AN MD) od once do bastonpSaennucaaseasees nade VI. Pareiodon Kner,
ff. Mouth inferior. s
g. Anal short, of 7-11 rays, its origin usually behind, rarely under that of the dorsal; lower
barbel at angle of mouth minute; eyes superior. Species small, some of them
commensals or parasites.
h. Mouth wide, teeth very numerous, in several very regular series; rami of the lower
jaw transverse, meeting, with teeth along its entire length; premaxillary large.
(Stegophiline.)
i. Accessory caudal rays few, not conspicuous; caudal not fan-shaped nor exces-
sively contracted at base; upper lip with fine, hair-like, movable teeth.
j. Gill-membrane confluent with the isthmus; gill-openings reduced to a
narrow slit in front of the pectoral.
k. Opercle with two spines. VII. ..Henonemus Figenmann & Ward.
kk. Opercle with four to twelve spines.

l. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe prolonged; eight or nine
spines on the interopercle; color in bands; origin of ventrals
equidistant from caudal and angle of mouth.

VIII. Pseudostegophilus Kigenmann & Eigenmann.

ll. Caudal emarginate or obliquely rounded, origin of ventrals
nearly equidistant from snout and caudal; color, if present, in
spots............1X. Homodietus Eigenmann & Ward.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID/, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 279

lll. Caudal rounded; few accessory rays; origin of ventrals one-and-
a-half to twice as far from snout as from caudal.
X. Stegophilus Reinhardt.

_ jj. Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. . XI. Acanthopoma Liitken.

ii. Accessory caudal rays very numerous, the tail like that of a tadpole; base of
caudal very narrow; no hair-like teeth on the upper lip.
XII. Ochmacanthus Higenmann.
hh. Mouth narrower, the rami of the lower teeth feeble, not transverse, not meeting in
the middle; teeth few, slender, pointed. ( Vandelliine.)

m. A few depressible teeth in a single series in the middle of the upper jaw;
mandibles without teeth, or with a few excessively minute teeth on the
ends of the rami; caudal rounded or emarginate

XIII. Vandellia Cuvier & Valenciennes.
XIV. Urinophilus Kigenmann.

mm. A band of depressible teeth in the middle of the upper jaw; a series of much
smaller teeth laterad of the median band; no teeth on the mandible;
caudal forked, the upper lobe longer...... XV. Paravandellia Ribeiro.

mmm. Two series of depressible teeth in the middle of the upper jaw; a single
series of much smaller ones laterad of the median series and a claw-like
tooth on the end of the maxillary” of the median series; two short series
of teeth on the ends of the mandible; caudal subtruncate.

XVI. Branchioica Higenmann.

gg. Anal long, with fifteen to twenty-five rays, its origin in front of that of the dorsal; eyes
large, lateral; caudal rounded or emarginate. (Tridentine.)

n. Opercular and subopercular patches of spines distinct; head greatly depressed, the

eyes infringing on both the upper and lower surfaces of the head; mouth inferior;

a series of fine labial teeth and strong teeth in the jaws; gill-membranes united,

forming a broad free fold across the isthmus; opercle long, slender, ending in a

few thorns; interopercle with similar but smaller thorns.

XVII. Tridens Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

nn. Opercular and subopercular patches of spines confluent; head less depressed ;

mouth subinferior; several series of strong teeth in each jaw; gill-membrane
broadly united with the isthmus, without a free margin.

XVIII. Miuroglanis Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Genus I. Nematrocenys™ Girard.

Nematogenys G1iRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 198.
Type.—Trichomycterus inermis Guichenot.

Origin of dorsal over or slightly in front of origin of ventrals, near middle of the
body; nasal barbels small; a single maxillary barbel at angle of mouth; a shorter
mental barbel below it; mouth wide, terminal; teeth in a broad band in each jaw;
gill-membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus; first pectoral ray spinous, with

” Possibly the premaxillary. See under the genus.

13 yova, 76 = thread, yous, 7 = jaw. In allusion to the maxillary barbel.
) Date

280 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

serre on its posterior margin; anal short; fontanel extending to the base of the
occipital process, with a bridge over posterior margin of the eye; opercle and inter-
opercle unarmed.

This genus resembles members of the Pimelodine more than the other species
of the family, and is probably nearer the primitive stock of the family than the
following more highly specialized genera, if it is not a member of the Siluride.

Habitat.— Chile.

1. Nematogenys inermis (Guichenot). (Plate XLII, figs. 1, 2.)
Native name “ Bagre.”’

Trichomycterus inermis GuicHENo?, in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zodl., II, 1848, p. 312;
1854, pl. EX, fig. 2 (Chile).

Nematogenys inermis GirarD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 198; U.S. Nav.
& Astron. Exped., 1855, p. 240, pl. XXXII (Rio Maypu near Santiago) ;
Gtnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 272; Patuiprr, Mb. Ak. Wiss.,
Berlin, 1866, p. 716; ErcENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proce. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
(2), II, 1889, p. 50 (Curico; Santiago); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I,
1890, p. 323 (Curico; Santiago); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1890, p. 36;
Detrin, Catalogo de los Peees de Chile, 1901, p. 29 (Central Provinces of
Chile); E1rgenmann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 1909,
p. 246, pl. XXX], fig. 2; 1910, p. 398, pl. XXXII, fig. 2.

Nematogenys nigricans Puriippt, Mb. Ak. Wiss., Berlin, 1866, p. 716.

Nematogenys pallidus Puiviprt, l. c., p. 716.

Habitat.—Fresh-waters of central Chile.

Head 3.8-4.33; depth 6-7; D. 10; A. 11; P. I, 8; Br. 11-12; eye small, superior;
interocular little less than snout; caudal peduncle about as deep as body; origin of
dorsal one-fifth nearer snout than to base of middle caudal rays in specimens 120
mm. long, one-fifth nearer caudal than snout in specimens 260 mm. long; origin of
anal much behind the last dorsal ray; fins all rounded; caudal with numerous acces-
sory rays. Light brown, mottled with darker; a series of about five light areas

along the lateral line; fins speckled.

Genus II]. Screronema™ Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVI.)
Scleronema E1rgENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 691.
i4ai Y = ?
Type.—sScleronema operculatum sp. nov.
Allied to Pygidium.
Ventrals nearer snout than to caudal; outer pectoral rays shortest, without a

M gxAnpds= hard, viue, r6= thread, in allusion to the hard base of the maxillary barbel.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 281

filament; opercle with a long dermal flap; interopercular spines in a much more
restricted area than in species of Pygidium; accessory rays of the caudal inconspi-
cuous; maxillary barbel with a large osseous base (maxillary). Teeth very narrow
incisors; mouth wide, terminal.

In other respects like Pygidium.

Habitat that of the single species.

1. Scleronema operculatum EiGenmMANnNn. (Plate XLIV, fig. 1.)

Scleronema operculatum EiGENMANN, Proe. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 691.
7077, C. M., type, one, 79 mm.; 7539 a-c, C. M. paratypes, 65-80 mm. Cacequy,

Uruguay basin. Feb. 1, 1909. Haseman.

Head 5.2-5.66; D. 12.5; A. 7.5 counting the rudimentary rays; P.7; eye in
anterior half of the head; interocular five times in the length of the head; width of
mouth nearly half the length of the head.

Nasal barbel short, reaching just beyond posterior nares; maxillary barbel
reaching about half-way to the tips of the opercular spines, the bony base much
longer than the soft filament; a broad, free membrane above from near the anterior
nares to the tip of the osseous base of the barbel, a narrower membrane along the
outer edge of the base of the barbel; six spines in the main row of the interopercle ;
opercular flap reaching to or beyond base of the last pectoral ray; pectoral about as
long as the head; origin of ventrals about equidistant from the snout and from the
base of the middle caudal rays; ventrals reaching beyond the anus, not quite to the
anal, equal to the portion of the head behind the nasal barbels; origin of anal under
the posterior part of the dorsal, the distance from the base of its last ray to the
caudal four times in the length; caudal narrow and long, equal to the length of the
head, its margin slightly oblique, rounded; origin of dorsal over posterior half of
ventrals, the distance from the first ray to the caudal 1.3 in its distance from the
snout.

Middle of sides with a series of large spots, similar spots along the back.

Genus IJ. Harcuerral® Eigenmann. (Plate XXXVI.)

Hatcheria E1GeENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 1909, p. 248.
Type.—Hatcheria patagoniensis Kigenmann.
Origin of dorsal behind that of the ventral, which is near middle of the body;
nasal barbels large; two barbels of nearly equal size at the angle of the mouth; no
mental barbels; mouth terminal; teeth conic or narrow incisors, in a few series;

15 Tn memory of J. B. Hatcher, leader of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia.

282 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

gill-membrane free or very narrowly joined to the isthmus; first pectoral ray not
continued as a filament; opercles and interopercles with numerous spines; dorsal

Fig. 2. A-C. Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigenmann. <A. Skull from above. B. Opercular appar-
atus, ete., as seen from above when attached to the skull. C. The same spread out flat. D-H. Sclero-
nema operculatum Eigenmann. D. Skull from above. #. Opercular apparatus spread out flat. 1,
Premaxillary; 2, ethmoid; 3, lateral ethmoid; 4, nasal; 5, frontal; 6, sphenotic; 7, pterotic; 8, supra-occipi-
tal; 9, epiotic; 10, supraclavicle; 11, parapophysis of coalesced vertebre; 12, maxillary; 13, palatine; 14,
metapterygoid; 15, quadrate; 16, pre-opercle; 17, interopercle; 18, opercle; 19, hyomandibular; 20, man-
dible.

long, emarginate; caudal peduncle slender, the fin wider than the peduncle, with
few accessory rays; origin and end of anal under the long dorsal, except in H.
areolata.

Habitat.—In the mountain-streams of northern Argentina, central Chile, and
southward. Replacing the species of the genus Pygidiwm east of the Andes in the
south, and largely also west of the Andes. Its definite boundaries not known.

Key To THE Specips oF HATCHERIA.
a. Dorsal with fourteen to seventeen rays.
b. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and some part of the snout; D. 15; last ray of anal
under the last ray of the dorsal or very little farther forward.

c. Distance between anal and caudal 4.5 in the length; origin of ventrals nearer the caudal than
the snout; origin of anal nearer tip of caudal than head; origin of dorsal equidistant from
tip) of (caudal Vand=posterionsnaresmer ee eet nee 1. patagoniensis Higenmann.

ec. Distance between anal and caudal 3.75 in the length; origin of ventrals nearer snout than to
caudal; origin of anal nearer the head than tip of caudal; origin of dorsal equidistant from
LIPS. Of FSnOUbsands (ca c aleei eee 2. maculata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH-AMERICAN CATFISHES. 283

bb. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of eaudal and occiput.
d. Last anal ray under the dorsal; D.17............ .....3. titcombi Eigenmann.

dd. Last anal ray behind the last dorsal ray; D.14....4. areolata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

aa. Dorsal with twenty-one rays; anal entirely under the dorsal.
e. Ventrals nearer tip of caudal than snout........:....................5. burmeisteri (Berg).
ee. Ventrals nearer snout than tip of caudal............................6. macraei (Girard).

1. Hatcheria patagoniensis KIGENMANN.

Hatcheria patagoniensis EIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
ITI, 1909, p. 250 (Rio Blanco, at base of Andes, latitude 47° 30’, longitude 72°
W.; the southernmost record of the family); l. c., 1910, p. 399.
Habitat—Eastern slope of the Andes between latitudes 47° 30’ and 31° 30’.
Mr. Haseman collected the following specimens:

7084, C. M., two, 66 and 82mm. San Juan, Argentina. Feb. 25, 1909.

7085, C. M., six, 34-77 mm. San Juan, Argentina. Feb. 26, 1909.

11370 and 11371, I. U. M., four, paratypes, 94-120 mm. Rio Blanco; Hatcher.

Fic. 3. Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigenmann. From a paratype in Indiana University.

Head 5; depth 8; D. (13) 15; A. 6. Elongate, slender; caudal peduncle slender,
its depth nearly three times in the head, about four times in its length; upper
maxillary barbel reaching pectoral, lower maxillary barbel reaching to margin of
interopercle; a broad lobe of skin joining base of lower maxillary barbel to the lower
lip; snout pointed, mouth narrow, its width 3.5 in head, equal to interorbital;
nasal barbels reaching beyond eye; width of head but little less than its length;
greatest width of body behind the pectorals, 1.6 in the length of the head. Gill-
opening not extending forward to below eye; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of
caudal and posterior nares; base of dorsal equal to its distance from the caudal, its
free surface emarginate, the anterior lobe rounded, the posterior pointed; beginning
of last third of dorsal not much more than half as high as anterior lobe. Caudal
moderate, emarginate, its lobes rounded, .8 of the length of the head. Anal
broadly rounded, its last ray about under last ray of dorsal. Ventrals broad, their
middle under origin of dorsal, 1.5 in head, equal to height of anal. Base of pectoral
horizontal, closing edgewise to the body, its lower part folded when appressed, its
first ray sickle-shaped, slightly prolonged. Dark yellowish, more or less regularly
spotted with darker; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals irregularly blotched with black.

284- MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGI£ MUSEUM.

Some of the cotypes are more robust in body; in one the anal is blotched like the
caudal; in some the spots form regular series along the sides, leaving lighter stripes

between them.

2. Hatcheria maculata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Plate XLII, figs. 3-5.)

Trichomycterus maculatus Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII,
1846, p. 493 (San Iago); GurcHENorT, in Gay, Hist. Chile, II, 1848, p. 311
(Chile); Ginrner, Cat Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 273; Puiippr1, Mb.
Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 716 (Chile); DeLrin, Catdlogo, de los Peces de
Chile, 1901, p. 30.

Thrichomycterus maculatus Grrarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199;
U.S. Naval & Astron. Exped. 1855, p. 243 (Rio Mapocho).

Pygidium maculatum EraeNMANN & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. (2), HU,
1889, p. 51 (Rio Mapocho); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 329;
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1890, p. 36.

Hatcheria maculata E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, II,
1909, p. 249, pl. XX XIII, figs. 1, la and 1b; 1910, p. 399.

Habitat.—Pacifie slope of Chile.

Head 5.33; depth 7.5; D.15; A. 9. Elongate, somewhat compressed; head as
long as wide; caudal peduncle long and slender. Eye small, midway between tip
of snout and end of operele. Lips and lower surfaces of the head thickly covered
with warts. Gill-openings not continued forward to below the eye, the membranes
joined to the isthmus for a distance equal to one-third the width of the mouth.
Pectorals rounded, the first ray not produced; origin of dorsal in front of the vent,
but some distance behind the ventrals, equidistant from tip of snout and tip of
caudal, its last ray over the last ray of the anal. Caudal long, truncate. Anal
short and high, its height about equal to the length of the caudal, its distance from
the base of the caudal 3.75 in the length. Origin of the ventrals equidistant from
tip of snout and base of caudal, their tips reaching beyond the vent. Back and

sides marbled with light and dark brown; fins pale, immaculate.

3. Hatcheria titcombi E1GeENMANN. (Plate XLIV, fig. 2.)
Hatcheria titcoombi EriGeENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., LVI, Jan. 1918, p. 692.

Pygidium areolatum EveRMANN & KENDALL (non Cuvier & Valenciennes), Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p.86. (Rio Comajo, tributary of Lake Traful,

tributary to Rio Limay.)
Habitat.—Eastern slope of the Andes in Argentina, Limay basin.
11110, I. U. M., one, 164 mm. Arroyo Comajo, J. W. Titcomb.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 285

This specimen is one of those mentioned by Evermann and Kendall in the
paper quoted above. It differs from P. areolatum as described by Cuvier and
Valenciennes, whose specimen came from Chile, west of the Andes. The origin of
the dorsal is farther back, and its last ray is beyond the last ray of the anal.

Head 6.33; depth 6.5; D. 17.5 (3 and 14.5); A. 9.5, counting the minute im-
bedded rays in each ease; P. 9; front margin of the eye in the middle of the head;
interocular a little over three times in the length of the head, eye three in the mter-
ocular. Teeth very narrow chisels; nasal barbel reaching to above first interopercular
spines, maxillary barbel to middle of opercular spines. Pectoral rounded, its first
ray not prolonged, nearly two-thirds the length of the head; origin of the ventrals
equidistant from snout and last fifth of the middle caudal rays; first anal ray under
the sixth dorsal ray, the last anal ray under the fourth from the last ray of the
dorsal; distance between anal and caudal 4.75 times in the length; origin of dorsal
equidistant from tip of caudal and middle of pectorals, its distance from the caudal
two times in its distance from the snout.

Sides without distinct markings; faint traces of longitudinal lines.

This specimen differs from a specimen of H. areolata in the Harvard Museum,
in which the last dorsal ray is over the fourth ray of the anal. In a specimen of
areolata in the British Museum drawn by J. Green, the last dorsal ray is over the
penultimate anal ray.

4. Hatcheria areolata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

“

Native name “Bagre.”

Trichomycterus areolatus CuvreR & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846,
p. 492 (coast of Chile); GuicHENoT, in Gay, Hist. Chile, II, 1848, p. 309;
GintueER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 274 (Chile); Paitipp1, Mb. Ak.
Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 714; DeLrr, Catdlogo de los Peces de Chile, 1901, p. 30.

Pygidium areolatum E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), I, 1889,
p. 51 (Rio Mapocho, Chile) ; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 330;
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; ? Bera, An. Mus. Nac: Buenos Aires,
IV, 1895, p. 1438 (Arroyo del Tala, Catamarea, Argentina).

Hatcheria areolata K1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,
1909, p. 251, pl. XXXIV, fig. 2; 1910, p. 399.

Thrichomycterus maculatus Girarp, part; U. 8. Naval and Astron. Exped., 1855,
p. 243 (Mapocho).

Habitat.—Pacific slope of Central Chile; ? Catamarca, Argentina.
It is doubftul whether the specimens mentioned by Berg, which had come from

286 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

east of the Andes, belong to H. areolata, the definitely known habitat of which is

the western slope of Central Chile.

ea ( ~ iw S —

Fia. 4. Hatcheria areolata (C. & V.) after Eigenmann. From a specimen in the Mus. Comp.
Zool., 103 mm. Mapocho, Chile.

Head 5.75; depth 8.5; D. 14; A. 8. Elongate, subterete. Lips and lower sur-
faces of the head thickly covered with small warts. Gill-openings continued for-
ward to below the eye, the membranes free from the isthmus. Upper maxillary
barbels reaching to the pectorals. Pectorals rounded, the first ray not prolonged;
origin of dorsal slightly in front of the vent, equidistant from tip of caudal and occi-
put, its last ray over the fourth ray of the anal. Caudal very slightly emarginate.
Distance of anal from the base of the caudal five times in the length. Origin of the
ventrals equidistant from tip of snout and middle of caudal; tips of the ventrals not
reaching the vent. Light brown, with purple longitudinal streaks.

5. Hatcheria burmeisteri (Berg.)

Pygidium burmeisteri Bera, An. Mus. Nae. de Buenos Aires, IV, 1895, p. 128,
Lam. 2, fig. 1 (Rio Mendoza); E1gGeENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 400.

Trichomycterus burmeisteri BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), IX, 1902, p.
336 (Palmira, Rio Mendoza, 900 m.).

Habitat.—Province Mendoza, Argentina, elevation 900 meters.
Known from the type and the specimen recorded by Boulenger.
Reaches a length of at least 260 mm.

Fig. 5. Hatcheria burmeisteri Berg. After Berg.

Head 7.5 (9 in total); depth 9 (10); D. 21; A. 7; P.10; eye in the middle of the
head; nasal barbel reaching to the eye, maxillary barbel scarcely to gill-opening;
head much longer than broad, depressed; interopercular spines numerous; pectoral

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 287

ray scarcely produced, shorter than head; anal inserted under the eighth dorsal ray;
caudal emarginate, the upper lobe slightly produced and pointed, the lower obtuse.

Color uniform.
6. Hatcheria macrei (Girard.)

Thrichomycterus macret Grrarp, U. 8. Naval and Astron. Exped., 1855, p. 245
(Uspullata, 7,000 feet).

Pygidium macr@i EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889,
p. 51 (Uspullatuo*); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 328; Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; DeLrin, Catalogo de los Peces de Chile,
1901, p. 29.

Hatcheria macret EIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,
1909, p. 248, plate XX XII, figs. 1, la and 16; 1910, p. 399.

Habitat.—Kastern slope of the High Andes of central Chile.

7458a-7, C. M., 24-113 mm. San Juan, Argentina, Feb. 25, 1909, Haseman.

7549a-f, C. M., 37-70 mm. Rio Colorado, March 5 and 6, 1909, Haseman.

Fic. 6. Hatcheria macraet (Girard). After Eigenmann. From No. $298, Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
Uspullata, Chile.

Head 6.5; depth 7; D. 21 or 22, rarely 20 or 23; A. 10. Elongate, rather com-
pressed, especially backward. Head nearly or quite as broad as long, snout rounded ;
eye small, midway between tip of snout and end of opercle; none of the barbels
reaching the gill-opening. Gill-opening scarcely continued forward, joined to the
isthmus for a distance equal to half the width of the mouth. Pectorals obliquely
truncate, the first ray not produced in the type, or slightly produced in the speci-

*? A misprint for Uspullata? ‘‘ Uspullatuo” is not found in gazetteers or on maps. Editor.

288 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE£ MUSEUM.

mens collected by Haseman; origin of dorsal some distance behind ventrals, equi-
distant from occiput and tip of caudal in the type or from some portion of the snout
and tip of caudal in the specimens collected by Haseman; fourth or fifth dorsal ray
highest, then gradually decreasing in height to the last. Caudal emarginate, the
upper lobe pointed, the lower rounded; anal inserted about under the ninth dorsal
ray and terminating under about the seventeenth; ventrals inserted nearer tip of
snout than to tips of middle caudal rays, reaching to the vent or slightly beyond.
Sides and back in the San Juan specimens profusely spotted, much less so in

the specimens from the Rio Colorado.

Genus IV. Pyarpium!® Meyen.

Trichomycterus VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt, Rec. d’Obs. Zool. et Anat., I, 1833,
p. 348 (nigricans); not Thrichomycterus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 7n Humboldt,
of which it is a misspelling. GtUnruer, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p.
DD:

Thrychomycterus CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 485
(misspelled).

Thrichomycterus non Cuvier & Valenciennes, GIRARD, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VII, 1854, p. 198; Girard, U. 8S. Nav. Astron. Exped., II, 1855, p. 242 (mis-
quoted).

Pygidium Mryen," Reise, I, 1835, p. 474 (fuscum).

Type.—Pygidium fuscum Meyen.

Skin naked; head depressed, nearly or quite as broad as long, its length
five or six times in the length from snout to caudal; body terete, the caudal
peduncle compressed, deep; a nasal barbel as long as the head or shorter, on the
posterior edge of the anterior nares; two barbels at the angle of the mouth, the
upper, connected with the rudimentary maxillary, may reach to the tip-of the

16 -vyytdov, 76 = & thin rump = the tail much compressed. :

7 Tn “Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte von Dr. Ar. Fr. Aug. Wiegmann, Zweiter Band, Berlin, 1835
(Part. IL), p. 269,” the original description with addenda appears as follows:

“Tine neue Gattung der Siluriden, Pygidiwm, hat Meyen (Reise, I, p. 475), nach einem todten
Fische aufgestellt, den er in einem kleinen Bache Peru’s antraf.

“Char. gen. Corpus elongatum, caudam versus compressum. Cirri maxillares 4, nasales nulli.
Pinnee pectorales ut pinne abdominales due cum pinna anali circa anum posite. Pinna adiposa parva.
(Die einzige Art P. fuscum ist 5—6” lang). Die Gattung bedarf einer genaueren Charakteristik; die
gegebene ist dahin zu berichtigen, dass cirri nasales vorhanden sind, und die Riickenflosse Strahlen hat,
also keine Pettfosse ist. Die Gattung steht demnach nicht Malapterus, sondern Silurus nahe, unter-

scheidet sich von diesem durch Zahnlosigkeit des Vomer, durch ein operculum aculeato-serratum, und

durch die weit hinten stehende Riickenflosse. Das Exemplar ist im Berliner Museum.”’

EIGENMANN. THE PYGIDIID4, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 289

pectoral, but is usually shorter; no mental barbels; eye small, in the middle of the
head, or just in front of the middle, without a free orbital rim; interopercle with
numerous spines in several series, those of the outer series largest (in the very young
in a bunch as long as the opercular bunch, in the older in a much larger patch);
operele with a bunch of similar spines; gill-membranes narrowly united with the
isthmus and usually with a narrow, free margin across it; mouth of moderate width,
terminal, the jaws with two or more series of chisel-shaped or conic teeth; no teeth
on lips or on the vomer; fins without spines, the pectoral short, the outer, simple
ray usually prolonged into a filament extending distinctly beyond the rays; ventrals
small, placed in the middle or considerably behind the middle of the body; anal
short, usually in part below, more rarely behind, the dorsal; caudal short, broadly
rounded, truncate or slightly emarginate, accessory rays variable, sometimes very
conspicuous, sometimes much less so; origin of the dorsal between the vertical from
the origin of the ventrals and anal, always nearer the base of the caudal than to the
snout; the fin is low, rounded, short, with a variable number of rays up to twelve.
Cuvier & Valenciennes state that the first ray of the dorsal of P. nigricans is pro-
longed in a filament. Is this a lapsus digiti for first ray of the pectoral? The
dorsal and anal have from two to four minute accessory rays entirely hidden in the
thick skin in front of the evident portion of these fins.

The color may be uniform, or there may be one or three longitudinal stripes
or rows of spots, or large spots less regularly arranged, or numerous small spots
which may be discrete, or which may coalesce into vermiculations. There are no
distinct cross-bars. If the markings are longitudinally arranged, a series of spots
may be replaced by a stripe or vice versa in different individuals of the same species.

Some of the species are of very small size, the maximum recorded size is 350
and 390 mm. in P. rivulatum and P. taczanowskii from Peru.

The eggs reach 2.5 mm. in diameter.

The species differ from each other largely in the shape of the teeth, the length
of the barbels, the relative position of the dorsal, anal, and ventrals, and in the
color.

Distribution.—The members of the genus Pygidium belong particularly to the
mountains, where they live in all waters from small rills to large lakes like Titicaca.
They are frequently found under rocks or buried in the muddy banks of streams.
They extend from Panama southward to Chile and Patagonia, where they are
replaced by the members of the allied genus Hatcheria. In favorable places they
descend to the sea, as at Jequetepee and Callao, and they are among the last or are
the very last to disappear in ascending the mountains, where they are associated

290 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

with a few other mountain forms like Grundulus at Bogota, Astroblepus and Bry-
conamericus in the High Andes from Panama to Cuzco, and Oresteas in Lake Titi-
eaca. The only fish found by Haseman in the headwaters of the Rio das Velhas
was a member of this genus. Species of Pygidiwm were found in the most elevated
places visited by Henn in Colombia and Ecuador. In Titicaca they are of con-
siderable economic importance, and on the plains of Bogota, the nearly related
genus Hremophilus is of prime economic importance. They are found in Guiana
and in the Amazon, but only as dwarfs. They also flourish in the mountain-
streams of southeastern Brazil, but the species do not reach the size of those in
Peru. Some of the species are found on both slopes of the Andes, but, unlike low-
land species of other fishes, which if found on both sides of the Andes, usually have
a very wide distribution, the species of the genus Pygidium all have rather limited
ranges. Many of them are restricted to a single small river and no river has many
species. In 1910 I said (Patagonia Report, p. 248), “‘There is no place on record
harboring more than one species of this genus.”’ This statement requires modifica-
tion. While, so far as known, many basins contain but a single species, a number
of other smaller rivers, the Iguapé for instance, contain several. Judging by its
wide distribution, both horizontally and vertically, the genus is probably one of
very long standing.

The species of the genus need a careful revision, but the descriptions usually
omit mention of the character of the teeth, and no collection contains any great
percentage of the total number of species described. Furthermore, judging from
the fact that they are abundant in all the high mountain-rills and even in lowland
rapids, and that from the stretch from Caracas along the eastern slope of the
Andes to Peru we have only the types of the species P. merida, kneri, mete, and
dorsostriatum, the revision of the entire genus may be left in abeyance. The species
are grouped according to the areas from which they have been reported.

CHILEAN SPECIES

The species from Chile where the members of the genus Hatcheria have in part
replaced them, are P. marmoratum (Philippi), P. palleum (Philippi), and P.
tigrinum (Philippi).!§

1. Pygidium marmoratum (Philippi).
Trichomycterus marmoratus Pururprt, Mb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 714; ErcEn-

MANN & EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 326;

DELFIN, Catalogo de los Peces de Chile, 1901, p. 31.

* In addition to the three species described by Philippi, Pygidiwm nigricans (Cuvier & Valencien-

nes) is recorded from Chile by Gay. This is probably an error.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 291

Pygidium marmoratum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, p. 36; ErG—ENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,
1910, p. 399.

Habitat.—Chile.
Blackish gray, marbled with many black spots, as in punctatum; fins dark.
Depth 10.82; D. 10; A. 6.

2. Pygidium palleum (Philippi.)

Trichomycterus palleus Puttrert, Mb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 715; E1GENMANN &
EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1891, p. 325; Dr.rin,
Catalogo de los Peces de Chile, 1901, p. 30.

Pygidium palleum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 36; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p.
399.

Habitat.—Chile.
Light reddish; fins colorless; head 6.5 in total; D. 9-10; A. 6.

3. Pygidium tigrinum (Philippi).

Trichomycterus tigrinum Puitipp1, Mb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866, p. 714; EtGENMANN
& EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 326; DELFIN,
Catalogo de los Peces de Chile, 1901, p. 31.

Pygidium tigrinum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 36; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910,
p. 399.

Habitat—Chile.
Light with reddish points; fins immaculate; head 6.5; depth 6.5 in total length;

D9 or 102 AG:

Members of the genus Pygidium have been recorded from the mountains of

Argentina, north of the latitude of Buenos Aires. South of this latitude species

of Hatcheria take their place.

Key TO THE SPECIES OF PyGipIUM FROM ARGENTINA AND THE ParaGuay Basin
a. Teeth pointed (not examined in tenue).
b. Plain yellowish, eyes and barbels black; head triangular; opercle and pre-opercle well armed;
bodyamuchmeompnessed il) G-meAtro arene eee seer ater ee ee 4. tenue (Weyenbergh).
bb. Back spotted, sides with a band.

c. Pectoral ray prolonged; head as wide as long, 4.66—5 in the length; eye very small, a little in
advance of middle of head, its diameter three in the interorbital; maxillary barbel reaching
pectoral; depth of caudal peduncle half its length; origin of dorsal behind the ventrals,
its distance from the caudal two and one-half in its distance from the snout; origin of

292 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

ventrals equidistant from snout and tip of caudal, or a little nearer the latter; caudal
truneate, or slightly emarginate; olive above, more or less distinetly spotted with brown; a
blackish band from operele to the caudal; D.8 or 9; A.6....5. corduvense (Weyenbergh).
cc. Pectoral ray not prolonged; body and head tuberculate; head 6.5-7.5 in the length (with the
caudal); eye a little in advance of the middle of the head; maxillary barbel broad and short;
teeth minute, in many series; 6-8 spines in-the main row of the interopercle; fins small;

posterior part of dorsal over anal; caudal subtruncate or rounded; D. 3 + 8; A. 3 + 6.
6. spegazzinii Berg.
bbb. Back with spots; no lateral band; maxillary barbel reaching origin of the pectoral or farther;
distance between origin of dorsal and eaudal 2.5-3 in the distance between dorsal and

snout; origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and tip of caudal.

d. Pectoral ray not prolonged; head 5.33-5.5; eye in middle of the head, 3 in interorbital; origin

of anal under end of dorsal; caudal truncate; D. 10; A. 7. Spots of back large, round.
7. borellii (Boulenger).
dd. Peetoral ray much prolonged; head six times in the length; eye entirely in anterior half of
the head; origin of anal nearly under origin of dorsal; caudal rounded; back, sides, dorsal
and ‘caudal densely spotted. .......0...2....4.+....522 4..-5. elchormiarum! Ribeiro:

aa. Teeth in part, at least, incisors; head as long as broad; barbels short; first pectoral ray prolonged.

e. Head 8.5 in the length with caudal; eye in anterior half of head, 1.5 in the interorbital; dorsal
obliquely truneate, its posterior third over the anal; caudal truneate; D. 2 + 9; A. 1 + 6; faint
| 110) (ea oe ee eT cnet 3 co Sis.c aod cua bio bo au Lihow Bebra smile Ot 9. riojanum Berg.

ee. Head six times in the length without the caudal; eye in middle of the head; thirteen spines in the
main row of the interopercle; caudal emarginate; D. 4 + 6.5; A. 2 + 5.5; nasal barbel extending
to posterior margin of the eye............................10. heterodontum Eigenmann.

4. Pygidium tenue’’ (Weyenbergh). (See fig. 7, p. 293.)
Trichomycterus tenuis WEYENBERGH, Act. Acad. Nac. Ciene. Exact., Cordoba, ITI,
1877, p. 12, pl. III (Sierra de Cérdoba, near Cruz del Eje); ErgenMAnn &
EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 326.
Pygidium tenue EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 36; ErgenmMann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910,
p. 399.
Habitat.—Rio Primero, Cérdoba.
Yellow, eyes and barbels black; head triangular; operele and pre-opercle well
armed. Body much compressed; D. 6; A. 5.

5. Pygidium corduvense (Weyenbergh).
Trichomycterus corduensis Weyenbergh, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Exact. Cordoba,
III, 1877, p. 11, pl. HI (Rio Primero); E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Occasional

* Berg (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, [V 1895, p. 144) makes this a synonym of Hatcheria areolata.
3oulenger (Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat.Comp. Univ. Torino, XII, 1897), contends that Weyenbergh is right
in placing it near P. dispar.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 293

Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 326; BouLenGER, Boll. Mus. Zoél. Anat.
Comp. Univ. Torino, XII, 1897 (Caiza).

Fie. 7. Pygidiwm tenue (Weyenbergh). After Weyenbergh.

Pygidium corduvense EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 36; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910,
p. 399.

Fie. 8. Pygidium corduvense (Weyenbergh). After Weyenbergh.

294 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat.—Sierra de Cordoba, near Cruz del Eje, Argentina; Caiza, Bolivian
Chaco.

The following is from Boulenger’s description of specimens up to 62 mm. long:

“ Head 4.66-5; D. 8-9; A. 6; eye three times in interorbital, a little nearer snout
than to opercle; maxillary barbel reaching pectoral; caudal peduncle twice as long
as high; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal two and one-half times in the
distance between dorsal and snout; outer pectoral ray prolonged; origin of ventrals
equidistant from snout and tip of caudal, or a little nearer the latter; caudal trun-
cate, or slightly emarginate. A dark lateral band.”

6. Pygidium spegazzinii Berg.

Pygidium spegazzinvi Brera, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 267; Higen-
mann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399.
Habitat.—Rio de Cachi, Province de Salta, northern Argentina, 2,500—2,800 m.
Known only from the types, 29 specimens, the largest of which is 95 mm., in

the National Museum of Buenos Aires.

Head 6.5-7.5 in the length with the caudal; D. 11 (3 + 8); A. 9 (8 + 6); eye
much nearer snout than to edge of opercle; nasal barbel extending beyond the eye,
maxillary barbel short and broad; gill-membrane without free margin at the middle;
teeth in many series; interopercular spines few, in three or four rows, the sixth to
eighth in the lower row moderate in size; opercular spines also few and minute; body
verrucose; pectoral obliquely rounded, its first ray not prolonged; anal inserted
under posterior part of dorsal; caudal subtruneate or rounded.

7. Pygidium borellii (Boulenger).

Trichomycterus borellii BouLENGER, Boll. Mus. Zoél. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino,

XII, 1897 (Mission d’Aguairenda; Tala; Lesser); Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

(7), [X, 1902, p. 336 (Palmira, Rio Mendoza).

Pygidium borellii E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,

1910, p. 400.

Pygidium schmidti Bura, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 266 (Rio de

Belen, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina); EIGENMANN, l. c., p. 399.

Habitat.— Mission d’Aguairenda, Bolivian Chaco; Tala and Lesser, Province
Salta, northern Argentina; Rio de Belen, Province Catamarea, northern Argentina;
Palmira.

Reaching a recorded length of 110 mm.

Head 5.35-5.5; D. 10; A. 7; eye very small, in middle of the head, three times
in the interorbital; body compressed, caudal peduncle one and one-half times as

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 295

long as high; maxillary barbel reaching pectoral; origin of anal under end of dorsal;
distance of origin of dorsal from caudal two and one-half to three in its dis-
tance from the snout; pectoral ray not prolonged; origin of ventrals equidistant
from tips of snout and caudal; caudal truneate; sides and back with large dark
spots.

8. Pygidium eichorniarum (Ribeiro). (Plate XLIV, fig. 3).
Trichomycterus eichorniarum Ribeiro, Comm. Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas

Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo, 5, 1912, p. 27 (Caceres).

Habitat—Upper Paraguay.

Evidently allied to P. riojanum, prodps, and mete.

Known from the types, two specimens, the larger 44 mm., and
7556a-—c, C. M., 24-830 mm. Caceres, May 27, 1909. Haseman.
7557a & b, C. M., 33-48 mm. Caceres, May 23, 1909. Haseman.
7558a, C. M., 42 mm. San Francisco, Rio Jaurt, Paraguay basin, June 10, 1909.

Haseman.
7559a, C. M., 32 mm. Bastos, Rio Alegre, eight miles south of Villa de Matto-

Grosso, June 26, 1909. Haseman.
7560a—c, C. M., 39-41 mm. San Antonio, Rio Guaporé, plantation of Maciél,

July 31—-Aug. 11, 1909. Haseman.

Head 5-5.75; D. 9-10; A. 8; P. 6; posterior margin of eye slightly in advance
of the middle of the head; eye about 1.5—2 in the snout, 5.5-6.5 in the head, about
equal to the interorbital; maxillary barbel reaching to axil or middle of pectoral;
nasal barbel to the tip of the opercular spines or the axil of the pectoral; teeth
conical, a very narrow band of but two or three irregular series; origin of ventrals
equidistant from tip of snout and tip of caudal; origin of anal under, or but slightly
behind, the first dorsal ray; distance from base of last anal ray to base of caudal
about six times in the length; distance from origin of dorsal to base of caudal two
and three-quarters in its distance from the snout; caudal rounded, accessory rays
moderate; first pectoral ray much prolonged, with its filament nearly equal to the
length of the head. ;

General color of P. brasiliense, back and sides profusely spotted; caudal rays
with numerous spots, dorsal and anal less profusely spotted.

9. Pygidium riojanum Berg.
Pygidium riojanum Brera, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, V, 1897, p. 269; EraEn-
MANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399.
Habitat.—Arroyo in the Cordillera de la Rioja, northern Argentina.

296 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Known from the type, a specimen 85 mm. long, in the National Museum at
Buenos Aires.

Head 8.5 in the length with the caudal; D. 9 (2+ 7); A. 7 (1 + 6); eye 1.5 in
the snout, 1.5 in interorbital, 2.5 in posterior part of the head; nasal barbel scarcely
extending beyond the eye; maxillary barbel scarcely to end of opercle; gill-membrane
with seareely a free margin; interopercular spines in two or three series, medium in
size; teeth small, in irregular series, anterior ones larger, their tips broader; fins
small; first pectoral ray prolonged; anal under last third of dorsal; caudal truncate.

10. Pygidium heterodontum ErceNMANN. (Plate XLIV, fig. 4.)
Pygidium heterodontum E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., LVI, Jan., 1918, p.

692.

13832, 1. U. M.,88mm., 9, Rio Mendoza, Palmira, Argentina, 900 m. Purchased
from Rosenberg.

Palmira is probably the southernmost locality on the eastern slope of the
Andes from which species of this genus have been taken.

Head six times in length, as long as broad; D. 10.5 (4 + 6.5); A. 7.5 (2 + 5.5);
P. 9; eye in middle of the head, interocular 3.5 in the head; teeth in three series in
each jaw, those of the outer row narrow incisors, of the second row much smaller
incisors and of the third row conic. Head much depressed, interopercular spines
numerous, thirteen in the last row.

Nasal barbel extending to the posterior margin of the eye, maxillary barbel to
the base of the opercular spines; first pectoral ray scarcely produced, equal to the
portion of the head behind the posterior nares; origin of ventrals midway between
opercle and caudal, reaching to the vent; origin of anal under posterior part of the
dorsal, the distance between its last ray and the base of the middle caudal ray 4.4
in the length; depth of the caudal peduncle 2.5 in its length; caudal narrow, emargi-
nate, a little more than five in the length; origin of dorsal midway between the tip
of the caudal and the occiput, over the tip of the ventrals, its distance from the
‘audal 1.75 in its distance from the snout.

A faint lateral band and obscure spots or marblings.

The members of the genus Pygidium reach their largest size and greatest
economic importance in Peru. The Carnegie Museum has no specimens from this
region, except P. oroye Eigenmann & Eigenmann. To the key below should be
added P. fuscum Meyen, the type of the genus.

Key To THE Sprcins or Pyaiprum rrom Peru AND WESTERN BOLIVIA.
a, Pectoral ray prolonged.
b. Dorsal entirely in front of the anal.

c. Caudal truneate or rounded.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 297

d., Uniform brown, darkest on the back; head flat above; width of head less than its length;
barbels scarcely extending beyond the eyes, which are in the middle of the head; a
broad band of villiform teeth in each jaw; first pectoral ray but slightly prolonged;
origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and nares, over posterior edge of base of
ventrals; last ray of the dorsal over the origin of the anal; caudal rounded, distance
between anal and caudal 4.5 in the length; ventrals nearer tip of snout than to tip of
caudal; head 5; depth 5.66; D.10; A.9............ 12. eigenmanni (Boulenger).

dd. Head and body with dark spots; a dark lateral stripe; head as broad as long; barbels
equal to eight-tenths the length of the head; snout slightly shorter than the postor-
bital part of the head; outer pectoral ray as long as the head, longest branched ray
three-quarters as long; origin of dorsal in advance of the vent, its distance from the
base of the caudal one and one-half times in its distance from the snout; origin of anal
slightly behind the last dorsal ray; caudal truncate; distance between anal and
eaudal 4.5 in the length; head 6.25; D. with six, A. with four branched rays.

13. vittatum (Regan).
ec. Caudal emarginate.
e. Back and sides profusely spotted; head longer than broad; barbels not quite reaching gill-
openings; origin of ventrals equidistant between tip of snout and tip of caudal;
head 5.2-5.66; D. 12; A. 9 or 10.

f. Sides, back, dorsal, and caudal with large spots; spots as large as, or larger than, the
eye, smallest on the head; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and
anterior margin of eye; distance between anal and caudal five or six times in the
lengthy iia eyneriac eatyae se PE int SPN het Rate ts RRD 14. dispar Tschudi.

ff. Spots much smaller than the eye; origin of dorsal equicistant from tip of caudal and
a point between occiput and anterior margin of the eye; distance between anal
and caudal 6-6.5 in the length...... 15. punctulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes),

ee. Back and sides unspotted; maxillary barbel reaching past origin of pectoral; origin of
dorsal varying with age; origin of ventrals a little nearer snout than to tip of caudal;
distance between anal and caudal five times in the length; head 4.66-5.5; eye minute,
in adult a little behind the middle of the head; teeth conic.”
16. taczanowskii (Steindachner).
bb. Dorsal in part over the anal.

g. Accessory caudal rays conspicuous; caudal rounded; outer row of teeth narrow incisors;
maxillary barbel reaching edge of pre-opercle; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of
caudal and a point between occiput and posterior nares; distance between caudal and
anal 4.4-4.5 in the length; head 4.5-5.5; D. 18; A. 11.

17. rivulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

gg. As under g, but “differing in its large, dark blotches.”’............. 18. poeyanum (Cope).
ggg. Accessory caudal rays not evident; caudal emarginate; teeth conic; head 4.66; depth 7;
D. 8; A. 6; eye in middle of the head; head longer than wide; nasal barbels reaching
posterior margin of the eye; maxillary barbel to the gill-opening; distance between dorsal

and eaudal about 2 in its distance from the snout; distance between anal and caudal 5.5.

19. barbouri Higenmann.

gggq. Accessory caudal rays not conspicuous, the caudal truncate; teeth conic; head 4.85; depth

20 The male of dispar as figured by Tschudi agrees with this.

298 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

6; D.9; A. 7; eye in middle of the head; head a little longer than wide; nasal barbels
reaching lateral end of head, maxillary barbel a little beyond origin of pectoral.
20. fassli Steindachner.
aa. Peetoral ray not prolonged; end of dorsal about over the middle of the anal; caudal rounded; head as
long as wide; sides and back with irregular spots.
h. Eye moderate; origin of the dorsal over or in front of the vent, equidistant from eye and tip of
caudal or nearer the latter; head 5.75-6; D.12; A.10.............. 21. oroye Eigenmann.
hh. Eyes very minute; origin of the dorsal in front of the vent, nearer the eye than the tip of the
caudal; head 5; D. 8; A. 6 or 7 not counting the hidden rays; a dark lateral line.
22. quechuorum Steindachner.

11. Pygidium fuscum Meyen.
Pygidium fuscum MnyeEn, Reise, I, 1835, p. 475; Wiegmann’s Arch., 1835, II, p.

269; EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890,

p. 825; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; Eraznmann, Reports Prince-

ton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399.

Habitat.—Peru.

Very little is known about this species. It was imperfectly described by Meyen.
Fortunately the type which was found dead in some stream in Peru, is in the Berlin
Museum (fide Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichthyologie, 1845, p. 21). Tschudi
tells us that fuscum is specifically distinct from his own species dispar. This and
the original description is all we know about the species.

12. Pygidium eigenmanni (Boulenger).

Pygidium knerti EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN (non Steindachner), Occasional Papers
Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 3835 (Cumbaca).

Trichomycterus eigenmanni BouLENGER, Boll. Mus. Zodl. Anat. Comp. Univ.
Torino, XIII, Dee. 2, 1898, substituted for P. knerii Eigenmann & Eigenmann,
non Steindachner.

Pygidium eigenmanni E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
III, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat—Cumbaca. Location on map not known.

Boulenger based his eigenmanni on the description of P. knerii Kigenmann &
Eigenmann, which, according to Boulenger, was based on a specimen distinct from
knerit. The species is known from the description of a specimen 110 mm. long from
Cumbacea, collected by the Thayer Expedition and now at Cambridge, Mass.

Head 5; depth 5.66; D.10; A.9. Elongate, compressed; head greatly de-
pressed, flat above, the eyes entirely superior; width of the head less than its length.
Barbels scarcely extending beyond the eyes, which are equidistant from tip of snout
and end of opercle. A broad band of villiform teeth in each jaw. Pectoral rounded,

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 299

the first ray slightly prolonged. Origin of dorsal above posterior edge of base of
ventrals, equidistant from tip of caudal and nares, the last ray over origin of anal.
Caudal rounded, its distance from the anal 4.5 in the length. Ventrals nearer tip
of snout than tip of caudal. Uniform brown, darkest on the back.

13. Pygidium vittatum (Regan).
Trichomycterus vittatus Reaan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XII, 1903, p. 623 (Col-
lected by Ockenden).
Pygidium vittatum K1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,

1910, p. 400.

Habitat——Marecapata Valley, eastern Peru.

Known from the types, 78 mm. long, in the British Museum.

Head 6.25; D. 6 (branched); A. 4 (branched); head as broad as long; diameter
of eye 2.33 times in the interocular width, which is 3.5 in the length of the head.
Snout slightly shorter than the postorbital part of head. Barbels equal to eight-
tenths the length of head. Dorsal originating in advance of the anal opening, the
the distance from its point of origin to the caudal one and one-half times in the
distance from the former to the tip of the snout. Anal originating slightly behind
the vertical from the last dorsal ray, the distance from the base of its last ray to
the caudal four and one-half times in the total length. Longest branched ray of
pectoral three-fourths the length of the simple outer ray, which is as long as the
head. Ventrals extending six-tenths of the distance from their base to the origin
of the anal. Caudal truncate. Head and body with dark spots; a dark longi-
tudinal stripe along the middle of the side.

14. Pygidium dispar Tschudi. (Plate XLV, fig. 5.)

Pygidium dispar Tscuupt (partim), Faun. Peruana, Ichthyol., 1845, p. 22, pl. 3,
upper figure. (Eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes at an altitude of 14,000
ft.); EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 52
(Callao); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 335 (Callao); Proce.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; Pellegrin, Bull. Soc. Zodl., Paris,
XXIX, 1904, p. 91; Starks, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 1906, p. 770 (Eteri,
Peru); Poissons des Lacs des Haut Plateaux de Amer. Sud, 1907, p. 17 (Lake
Titicaca); EIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910,
p. 400.

Habitat.—High Andes of eastern and western Peru, down to Callao and Eteri.
The P. dispar recorded by Ribeiro from the Rio Iporanga of southeastern
Brazil is a different species. Tschudi says the species is abundant in the highland

300 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

between the two chains of the Cordilleras, but on the eastern slope only. It is
quite possible that Tschudi had two species and that the unspotted male he figured
is the taczanowskii of Steindachner. The specimens recorded by Pellegrin are
probably P. rivulatum.

Head 5.2; D. 12; A.9. Elongate, compressed, the depth everywhere less than
the length of the head. Head longer than wide by more than a diameter of the eye.
Eye moderate, four times in the interocular, equidistant from tip of snout and end of
operele. None of the barbels reaching quite to the gill-opening. Gill-openings
continued forward to below the eye. Pectorals obliquely rounded, the first ray
produced in a filament. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and anterior
margin of the eye, the whole fin in front of the anal and behind the ventral fins.
Caudal emarginate. Distance of anal from base of caudal six times in the length.
Origin of ventrals midway between tip of snout and tip of caudal.

Reddish brown; sides, back, dorsal and caudal fins with large dark spots,

those on the head smallest; lower surface plain.

15. Pygidium punctulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Plate XLV, fig. 4.)
Trichomycterus punctulatus Cuvrnr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII,
1846, p. 488 (Lima); Liitken, Velhas Flodens Fiske, 1875, p. 137 (Callao).
Pygidium dispar punctulatum E1GENMANN & E1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.

(2), II, 1889, p. 52 (Rio Remae, near Lima); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, p. 336 (Rio Remae, largest 180 mm.); Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1890, p. 36.
Pygidium punctulatum Srarxs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 1906, p. 771 (Callao) ;
EIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 400.
Trichomycterus punctatus Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., pl. 552.
Habitat— Rio Remac, Peru.
4234, 1. U. M., one, 145 mm., a female with empty ovary. Callao.
From the Harvard collections.
Head 5.33-5.66; D. 12; A. 10.
Teeth conic, in about five series in the middle of the Jaws.
Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and somewhere between occiput
and anterior margin of eye; distance of anal from base of caudal 6-6.5 in the length.

16. Pygidium taczanowskii (Steindachner). (Plate XLVI, figs. 5-8.)
?Pygidium dispar Tscnupt (in part), Fauna Peruana Ichthyol., p. 22, pl. 3 (lower
figure).
Trichomycterus taczanowskii StEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., IV, 1882, p. 22, pl.
IV, figs. 1-1b (Rio de Huambo; Rio de Tortora).

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 301

Pygidium taczanowskii KIGENMANN & ErIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2),
II, 1889, p. 52; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 338; Proce. U. §S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, p. 37; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
III, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat.—North and central Peru, between the Andes.
Head in specimens 110-113 mm. 5—5.5; in a specimen 390 mm. 4.75; D. 9-10;

A. 7; P.9; width of head 1.2 in its length, snout 2—2.33; interorbital 3-3.33, nasal

barbels 1—-1.25 in the head, in small specimens, 1.4 in larger specimens, maxillary

barbels 1.21-1.25, lower barbels 1.6—2; width of mouth two times in the length of
the head; anterior margin of eye slightly in front of the middle of the head in smaller
individuals, in the middle in the larger; teeth brush-like; opereular and interoper-
cular spines numerous, in several series, mostly concealed; origin of dorsal variable,
moving back with age, in a specimen 110 mm. its origin much nearer gill-opening
than to caudal; in specimens 390 mm. 1.22 nearer middle caudal rays than tip of
opercle; origin of ventrals in specimens up to 210 mm. almost directly under the
origin of the dorsal, in a specimen 390 mm. half the length of the head farther
forward; the origin of the anal in front of the end of the dorsal in small specimens,

under it in the specimen 390 mm. long; first pectoral ray prolonged, its length 1—-1.37

in the length of the head. Without spots, bands, or stripes.

17. Pygidium rivulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Plate XLV, figs. 2, 3.)

Trichomycterus rivulatus Cuvipr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII,
1846, p. 495 (Guasacona); GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864; Cope,
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1877, p. 46 (Lake Titicaca); PELLEGRIN,
Bull. Soc. Zoél. Paris, XXIX, 1904, p. 91; Porssons des Lacs des Hauts
Plateaux, de l’Am. Sud., 1907, p. 17 (Rio de Pazifia, lac Poopo).

Pygidium rivulatum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. (2), I, 1889,
p. 51 (Cuzco; Moho and Puno, Lake Titicaca); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, p. 330, Proc. U.S. N. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; Srarks, Proc. U.S.
N. Mus., XXX, 1907, p. 771 (Lake Titicaca); E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399.

?Trichomycterus ince Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 496 (Rio Guatanai at Cuzco).

Trichomycterus gracilis Cuvimr & VALENCIENNES, l. c., 497 (Rio Azangaro near
Guasacona; Rio Guatanai near Cuzeo; Rio Pontezualo near Coroico; Lake
Compucila near Cuzco); Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XVII, 681, 1877
(Tinta).

Trichomycterus barbatula Cuvrnr & VALENCIENNES, /. ¢., 498 (Guasacona; Rio

Pontezualo near Coroico).

302 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Trichomycterus pentlandi CAsTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. Am. Sud., 49, pl. XXIV, fig. 1,
1855 (Lake communicating with the Ueayale).

Trichomycterus pictus CASTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. Am. Sud., 59, pl. XXIV, fig. 2,
1855 (Lake Titicaca).

Trichomycterus dispar GUNTHER (partim), Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 273, 1864
(Lake Titicaca; Rio de Pontezualo; Andes de la Paz; Guasacona; Rio de Azan-
garo); GARMAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. III, 275, 1875 (Lake Titicaca).
?PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zodl. Paris, X XIX, 1904, p. 91; Poissons des Laes des
Hauts Plateaux de Am. des Sud., 1907, p. 7 (Lake Titicaca).

Trichomycterus pardus Corr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1874, p. 132.
Habitat.—High Andes of Peru, about Cuzco, Titicaca, Jequetepeque, ete.
13833, I. U. M., one, 93 mm. ‘Tirapata, eastern Peru. 13000 ft. From Rosen-

berg.

13750, I. U. M., one, 145mm. Ollantaytambo. E. Heller.

Teeth in about five series in the middle of the jaws, those of the outer series
narrow incisors, those of the innermost row conic.

Head 4.5-5.5; depth 3.75-6.5; D. 13; A. 11. Tail compressed, head depressed,
about as wide as long; eye equidistant from tip of snout and end of opercle. Nasal
barbels reaching to the posterior margin of the eye, longer in the young. Upper
maxillary barbel about to edge of pre-opercle. Mouth wide, more than one-third
the length of the head. Pectoral rounded, the first ray prolonged in a short fila-
ment, except in the very young. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal
and a point between occiput and posterior nares, its posterior portion always over
the anterior half of the anal. Accessory rays of the caudal very numerous, their
division from the true caudal rays marked. Caudal always rounded, its distance
from the anal 4.5-4.4 in the length. Color of largest specimens dark reddish brown,
sides with fine white or silvery spots and vermiculations. Specimens from 100-
200 mm. greatly variable, grayish or dark brown, with darker markings; sometimes
the ground color predominating, sometimes only forming reticulations between the
dark markings; young with an interrupted dark band along the sides.

18. Pygidium poeyanum (Cope).
Trichomycterus rivulatus Copp (non Cuvier & Valenciennes), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1874, p. 182 (Arequipa).
Trichomycterus poeyanus Corn, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1877, p. 47.
Pygidium poeyanum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889,
p. 50; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 326; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID/, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 303

XIV, 1891, p. 36; Ergenmann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,

III, 1910, p. 399; Fow ier, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1915, p. 229 (note on

type).

Habitat.—Arequipa.

This species named by Cope without any sort of description is said by Fowler
to be “close to rivulatum, differing in its large dark blotches.”

19. Pygidium barbouri EKigenmann.

Pygidium barbouri ErGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,
1910, p. 400; Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, p. 214, pl. XX XIT.
Halitat—Beni River, eastern Bolivia.

12566 I. U. M., 37 mm. and 2465a—b, C. M., two, cotypes. Rio Beni, tropical
eastern Bolivia. Obtained by Mr. Thomas Barbour at La Paz, Bolivia, from
the Beni River.

This species has conical teeth.

Fie. 9. Pygidium barbourt Eigenmann. After Eigenmann, Annals Carnegie Museum, VII,
pl. XXXII.

Head 4.66; depth 7; D. 8; A. 6; eye 3 in snout, 7 in head, 2.5 in space between
the eyes. Width of head equals its length behind the posterior nares, the body
tapering to the caudal; nasal barbels reaching to posterior margin of the eye, the
longer maxillary barbel scarcely to the gill-opening when laid straight back. Teeth
minute, in bands. First pectoral ray prolonged, not as long as the head; dorsal
subtruncate, none of its rays prolonged; distance of origin of dorsal from caudal 2.6
in the length; origin of anal from base of middle caudal rays 3.75 in the length;
caudal emarginate; accessory rays not evident; ventrals not reaching the short,
searcely rounded anal. A dark median band from the gill-opening to the tip of the
middle caudal rays, a light stripe above it; the back chocolate.

20. Pygidium fassli Steindachner.
Pygidium fassli STEINDACHNER, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1915, No. XVII, p. 200
(Rio Songo, Province North Yungas, Bolivia).

304 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head 8.77; depth 6; D.9; A. 7; P. 9; teeth pointed, in several irregular series;
head a little longer than broad; eye in middle of head; nasal barbels reaching about
to lateral end of head, maxillary barbels a little beyond origin of pectoral. First
pectoral ray moderately elongate; caudal truncate; origin of anal behind the vertical
from the middle of the dorsal, half a head nearer to base of middle caudal rays than
to the lateral margin of the head; snout rounded. Body velvety with minute
tubercles. Upper part of head, back, and sides light chocolate with darker spots in
tolerably regular rows; a dark lateral band, the spots above it larger than the others,
those of the uppermost rows sometimes confluent. Fins unspotted.

21. Pygidium oroye Higenmann & Eigenmann.

Pygidium oroye KiGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), I, 1889,
p. 51; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 334 (Pochachara, Oroyo
River); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; EtgENMANN, Reports Prince-
ton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399; EvermMann & RADCLIFFE,
Bull. 95, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1917, p. 35, pl. IV, fig. 2 (Oroyo).

Habitat.—Rios Oroyo and Perené, central Peru.

5792, C. M., eighteen, 24-90 mm. Spring supplying water to Tarma, Peru.

Lola Vance.

Fig. 10. Pygidium oroyxe Eigenmann & Eigenmann. After Evermann & Radeliffe.

Head 5.75-6; depth 5.75-8; D. 12; A. 10-11; P.10. Head about as long as
wide; none of the barbels reaching the gill-opening; teeth all pointed; gillamembrane
narrowly joined to the isthmus, with a narrow, free margin. Pectoral shorter than
head, fan-shaped, the first ray not prolonged. Dorsal inserted over or slightly
behind the vent, its last ray over or behind the middle of the anal, its origin equi-
distant from anterior margin of eye or occiput and tip of caudal, its distance from
the base of the caudal.1.5 in its distance from the snout. Caudal broadly rounded,
its distance from the anal 44.75 in the length. Ventrals extending to or beyond
the anus, their origin about midway between tip of snout and tip of caudal or nearer
the former. Chocolate brown; sides, back and unpaired fins with irregular groups
of dark points; traces of a dark lateral line in the young.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 305

22. Pygidium quechuorum Steindachner.

Pygidium quechworum STEINDACHNER, Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1900, p. 207 (Arequipa)
Denksch. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX XII, 1902, p. 137 (49 of separate), pl. IV, fig.
3-3a (Rio Chile, Arequipa); E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat.—Rio Chile at Arequipa, Peru.

Known from the types, five specimens, 51-64 mm. long, in the Vienna Museum.

Head about 5; depth 5.66—5.75 in total length; eyes very minute; interorbital 3
in the head, snout 3; width of head equals length of head or only very little less;
first pectoral ray not prolonged, the fin 1.5 in the head; maxillary barbel to some
part of the interorbital spines; origin of ventrals almost exactly in the middle;
origin of dorsal about equidistant from base of caudal and pectoral; origin of anal
behind the dorsal; caudal rounded or subtruneate; upper parts marbled; a narrow,
diffuse lateral band, which is sometimes faintly interrupted.

Key To THE Species oF Pyaipium rroM VENEZUELA, ConomprA, PANAMA, AND EcuApor.

a. Teeth incisors, apparently conic in the very young.

b. Last dorsal ray over the last anal ray; distance between last anal ray and base of middle caudal
ray about 2.28 in its distance from the snout; distance between last anal ray and base of middle
caudal rays five and one-half in the length; obscure spots about as large as the eye evenly dis-
tributed over back and sides, no lateral band...... Be ee eae ee eco aticeps) (nen)

bb. Last dorsal ray over the anal.
c. Sides with a lateral band or nearly confluent series of spots.

d. Maxillary barbel extending beyond base of last pectoral ray; origin of ventrals equidis-
tant between caudal and some part of the opercular spines; distance between anal
and caudal four and one-half to four and three-fourths in the length; distance between
origin of dorsal and base of caudal about two in its distance from the snout; a narrow
lateral band, a variable number of small spots........24. stellatum Eigenmann.

dd. Maxillary barbel extending little beyond origin of the pectoral or shorter; a dark band or
series of spots below and another above the median band.

e. Origin of ventrals equidistant from caudal and middle of pectoral; distance between

anal and caudal five in the length; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal

a little more than two in its distance from the snout... .25. chapmani Kigenmann.

ee. Origin of ventrals nearer head than caudal; distance between anal and caudal five

to five and one-half in the length; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal

one and four-fifths to two in its distance from the snout..26. tenium (Kner).

306 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

cc. Sides with numerous spots, those along the middle line not forming a band; origin of ven-
trals equidistant from caudal and base or middle of the pectorals; distance between the
anal and eaudal four and three-tenths to five in the length; distance between origin of the
dorsal and the caudal one and three-fourths to one and four-fifths in its distance from
HAVE) XO\I) tons ae MIR oS Gobo dase hc Sonos cocad ys 5H 27. caliense EKigenmann.

cec. Sides plain; maxillary barbel extending beyond the axil; origin of ventrals equidistant from
caudal and pre-opercle; distance between anal and caudal five and one-half in the length;
distance between origin of dorsal and caudal two in its distance from the snout; origin of
anal a little in advance of the middle of the dorsal. See also knert.

28. latidens Eigenmann.
aa. Teeth sharp-pointed, conical or recurved conical.”

f. Origin of ventrals nearer to caudal than to tip of pectoral filament, the distance between the ven-
trals and caudal two in the distance from the snout; distance between origin of dorsal and
caudal two and two-fifths in its distance from the snout. Sides densely covered with small
spots with only vermiculating light lines between them..........29. mete Higenmann.

ff. Origin of ventrals nearer to tip of pectoral filament than to caudal, usually much further forward.
g. Sides plain.

h. Origin of dorsal nearly over origin of the ventrais, nearer the eye than the tip of the
caudal; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal 1.5 or less in its distance from
the snout, head 4.5-5.33 in the length............ 30. stramineum Higenmann.

hh. Origin of dorsal above or a little in advance of the vent, its distance from the caudal

1.8 in its distance from the snout; head six times in the length; caudal subtruncate;

barbelsmastlon gas esc emrstet erie yatta et terete ta ren tetete area 31. unicolor Regan.

hhh. As under h, caudal emarginate, barbels reaching considerably beyond origin of pec-

oral: cats ee ee ee CEA one eee 32. kneri (Steindachner).

hhhh. Origin of dorsal distinetly behind the origin of the ventrals, much nearer the tip of the

caudal: than thetieyervearn wereeteccc ec eerie striatum, No. 41, which see.

gg. Sides irregularly spotted, more rarely a lateral band, the spots along the middle of the sides
rarely in a distinct series; caudal rounded.

i. Maxillary barbels very slender, reaching to the middle of the pectoral rays; eye entirely
in the anterior half of the head; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and
opercle; sides and back with moderate-sized dark spots...... 33. meride Regan.

ii. Maxillary barbels not reaching to the middle of the pectoral; eye in middle of the head.
j. Origin of dorsal, on an average, slightly nearer to the caudal than to the eye; dorsal

inclusive of the rudimentary rays most frequently 12.5; head a little longer than

wide; distance between dorsal and caudal 1.5-1.7 in its distance from the snout;

sides and back with numerous large spots, rarely in rows, the spots largest in the

larger ‘Specimnens« ccm aaeee a ae eee eer ee 34. bogotense Higenmann.

jj. Origin of dorsal nearly equidistant from tip of caudal and snout; D. 11.5 or 12.5;

head as wide as long; distance between dorsal and caudal 1.4-1.52 in its distance

from the snout; sides and back in the largest with numerous irregularly arranged

spots about the size of the eye, the spots larger and less numerous in the young.
Sometimes nearly plain, sometimes with a lateral stripe.

35. nigromaculatum (Boulenger).

ggg. Sides with distinct longitudinal bands or rows of spots; caudal emarginate, truncate, or

truncate-rounded.

21 Not examined in unicolor, kneri, and retropinne.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 307

k. Caudal emarginate; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and opercle or pre-
opercle, its distance from the caudal 1.5-1.8 in its distance from the snout; head five in
the length; sides and back with numerous dark spots, those along the middle of the
sides forming a distinct row, sometimes confluent along the anterior half of the body.

36. banneaui Eigenmann.
kk. Caudal truncate or rounded.

l. Dorsal, anal, and caudal truncate; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and
pre-opercle, its distance from the base of the middle caudal rays 1.6 in its distance
from the snout; sides with a faint broad band, oversown like the back with spots
about thensize of the eye......+...0.04550-4) ee ove Spllosomalniegan

il. Dorsal and anal rounded.

m. Lateral band above the middle; maxillary barbels extending to the axil.

n. Caudal truncate-rounded; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal
and eye or nasal barbel, its distance from the caudal about 1.4 in its dis-
tance from the snout; the lateral band or row of spots above the middle,
from the upper part of the gill-opening to above the middle of the caudal.

38. dorsostriatum Higenmann.
nn. Barbels very short, about reaching the eye; origin of dorsal equidistant
from tip of caudal and opercle, a faint lateral band, sides reticulated,
first pectoral ray not prolonged...... 39. venulosum Steindachner.
mm. Lateral band, if present, in the middle of the sides.

o. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and nasal barbel, its
distance from the base of the middle caudal rays about 1.4 in its
distance from the snout; a lateral band increasing in width to the
caudal; middorsal area dark, a dark stripe between the lateral stripe
and the dorsal stripe in front of the dorsal.

40. latistriatum Eigenmann.

oo. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and a point between the

middle of the pectoral and the pre-opercle, its distance from the
middle caudal rays 1.8—2 in its distance from the snout.

p. Maxillary barbel reaching a little beyond the axil or shorter; color
very variable, plain, or with one to three lateral stripes; origin of
the dorsal typically equidistant from tip of caudal and middle of
MECHOLAl May See ween eer ete 41. striatum Meek & Hildebrand.

pp. Maxillary barbel reaching to near the end of the lower pectoral ray,
longer than the head; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal

ANG MOperculanms pines stews ae ee tee 42. regani Eigenmann.

ooo. Distance between origin of dorsal and caudal 2.2—2.4 in its distance from
the snout; head as broad as long; eye in the middle of the head; distance
between base of last anal ray and the caudal 5.4 in the length. An
indistinet darker stripe along the middle of the side and traces of some
darker'spotSicc oo <= Oe see een nese eters 43. retropinne (Regan).

23. Pygidium laticeps (Kner).
Trichomycterus laticeps KNER, Sb. Acad. Wiss. Miinchen, 1863, p. 228; Kner &
STEINDACHNER, Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., IT. Cl., Vol. X, Part I, 1864,

308 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

p. 54 (western slope of Andes of Ecuador); G&NTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.,
V, 1864, p. 274.”

Pygidium laticeps E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., II, 1889, p. 51;
Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 334; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891, p. 36; EragenmMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III,
1910, p. 399.

Habitat—Western slope of the Andes of Ecuador.

13811, I. U. M., one, 79 mm. Below Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, Ecuador. 2600
feet. Henn.

13812, I. U. M., 7094a-d, C. M., seventy-one, largest 89 mm. Mindo. Henn.
Head 5—5.2; D. 10:5; A. 8.557P2 7.

G. 12. Pygidium laticeps (Kner & Steindachner). After Kner & Steindachner.

The barbels in the specimens average a little longer than in the specimens of
P. tenium from Llanos. Distance between last anal ray and base of middle caudal
ray about 5.5 in the length; distance between origin of dorsal and base of middle
caudal rays on an average 2.28 in its distance from the snout; the last dorsal ray over
the last anal ray, the two fins coterminous.

Teeth: Incisors in two series in each Jaw.

Dark brown, with obscure spots, about the size of the eye, evenly distributed
over the sides and back. No trace of a lateral band in any of the specimens.

In the very small the last anal ray is a little back of the vertical from the last
dorsal ray, and the color is uniform.

24. Pygidium stellatum Eigenmann. (Plate XLVII, fig. 1.)
7097, C. M., type, 78 mm. Quebrada Sarjento. Gonzales.
7098a-c, C. M.; 138814, I. U. M., paratypes, 65-85 mm. Quebrada Sarjento.
Gonzales.
7096a-—c, C. M.; 13815, 1. U. M., five, 45-86 mm. Quebrada Guamal. Gonzales.
7099a—b, C. M.; 18816, I. U. M., five, 37-55 mm. Quebrada Guadual. Gonzales.
7100a-1, C. M.; 18817, I. U. M., seventeen, largest 50 mm. Rio Guaduas. Gon-
zales.
15807, I. U. M., three, 31-50 mm. Quebrada Cristalina, 28 kilom. above Puerto
Berrio, 1000 ft. EE. B. Williamson.
Head 5.5-6; D. 10.5; A. 7.5; P. 7; eye in middle of the head, or very slightly in

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID4, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 309

front of the middle; interocular three times in the head; teeth broad incisors, in two
series.

Nasal barbels extending to the tip of the opercular spines or a little further,
maxillary barbels usually beyond base of last pectoral rays; pectoral narrow, the
filament longer than the head; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of middle
caudal rays and some part of the opercular spines, the tips of the ventrals reaching
vent; origin of anal under anterior half of the dorsal, the distance between the base
of the last anal ray and the base of the middle caudal rays 4.5-5 in the length;
caudal rounded, 5 to 6.5 in the length; origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip
of caudal and opercle, its distance from the base of the middle caudal rays about two
times in its distance from the snout.

A narrow, dark lateral stripe, a variable number of dark spots, smaller than
the eye, above the band and below it on the tail.

The specimens from Cristalina have the lateral band very broad, the maxillary
barbels reaching to the middle of the pectoral.

25. Pygidium chapmani Kigenmann. (Plate XLVII, figs. 2, 3.)
Pygidium chapmani E1GENMANN, Indiana University Studies, No. 16, dated Sept.,
issued Dec. 23, 1912, p. 18. (Boquia.)
4817, C. M., type, 106 mm.; paratypes, 4818a—1, C. M.; 12678, I. U. M., Boquia.

Eigenmann.
7091a—b, C. M.; 13805, I. U. M., 4, 78-118 mm. Rio Dagua at Caldas. Eigen-

mann

Habitat.—Upper Cauca Valley.

Head 5-5.75; D. 10.5; A. 7-8.5; P. 7; interocular 3.5 in the head; eye in middle
of the head; width of head equal to its length in the young, narrower in the adult.
Teeth in 75 mm. specimens long and very narrow chisels, in smaller specimens less
distinctly chisel-shaped, in 65 mm. specimens long and smaller, conical.

Nasal barbels extending to base or near tip of opercular spines; maxillary barbel
just beyond origin of pectorals.

Fie. 13. Pygidium chapmani Kigenmann. Type, 106 mm., C. M. No, 4817. Boquia,

310 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Pectoral narrow, the outer ray about equal to the head in length; origin of the
ventrals about equidistant from base of caudal and middle of pectorals, the tips
at or slightly beyond anus; origin of anal below middle or posterior part of the
dorsal, the distance between the base of its last ray and the middle caudal rays
five and one-third in the length; caudal distinetly rounded, about six and one-half
in the length; origin of dorsal over tip or middle of the ventrals, its distance from
the base of the middle caudal rays about two in its distance from the snout.

Smallest specimens with a black lateral band, a series of spots above and below
it in the older, the band breaking up into a series of spots in specimens over sixty
millimeters long. The oldest specimens dark with obscure darker spots and mot-
tlings.

26. Pygidium tenium (Kner).

Trichomycterus tenia Kner, Sb. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, 1863, p. 228; Kner &
STEINDACHNER, Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II. Cl, vol. X, part I, 1864,
p. 52 (western slope of Andes of Ecuador); G&NrHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.,
V, 1864, p. 274.

Pygidium tenia EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. (2), II, 1889,
p. 51; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 334; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, p. 399.

Habitat—Western slope of the Andes of Ecuador and southern Colombia.
13813 I. U. M., 7095a—d, C. M., forty-two, 31-111 mm. Los Llanos, southern

Colombia. March 8, 1913. Arthur Henn.

Fig. 14. Pygidiwm tenium (Kner). After Kner & Steindachner.

Head 5.2-5.6; D. 9.5 or 10.5; A. 8.5; P. 7; eye in the middle of the head, inter-
orbital three in the length of the head.

Nasal barbel reaching to the opercular spines, the maxillary barbels to the
pectoral; outer pectoral ray with its filament a little shorter than the head, the rays
about equal to the head without the snout; ventrals reaching the vent, their origin
equidistant between base of middle caudal rays and opercular spines; origin of
anal under anterior half of the dorsal, the distance between the base of its last ray
and the middle caudal rays about five in the length; caudal rounded, five and five-

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID4, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 311

tenths to six and five-tenths in the length; origin of dorsal over tips of ventrals, its
distance from the base of the middle caudal rays one and eight-tenths to two in its
distance from the snout.

Teeth in the largest specimen narrow chisels, three rows in the premaxillary and
the middle of the mandible. In the young the teeth are more nearly conical.

Color variable; a dark band from the opercle to the middle caudal rays, some-
times in part, or as a whole, replaced by a series of large spots; an irregular series
of irregular spots half way between the lateral band and the ventrals and anal, this
series more rarely replaced by a band; a band or a series of spots between the lateral
band and the mid-dorsal line; a mid-dorsal band; small spots sometimes interspersed

among the larger ones.

27. Pygidium caliense Kigenmann.”
Pygidium caliense E1IGENMANN, Indiana University Studies, No. 16, p. 18, dated
Sept., 1912, issued Dec., 1912.
4819, C. M., type, 58 mm. Cali. C. H. Higenmann.
Head 4.88—5.75: D. 10.5 or 11.5; A. 9.5 or 10.5; P. 7; eye about in middle of

the head interocular 3.5—4 in the length of the head.

Fre. 15. Pygidium caliense Kigenmann. Type, 4819, Carn. Mus., 53 mm. Cali.

Nasal barbels extending to base or end of opercular spines, very little shorter
in the type; maxillary barbel extending to the end of the opercular spines or beyond
the origin of the pectorals; pectoral rays about equal to the length of the eye and
the post-orbital part of the head, the filament extending for more than half the
length of the fin beyond the tip of the divided rays on one side in the largest speci-
men, nearly as long as the head, shorter in other specimens; origin of the ventrals
equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and base or middle of the pectoral
rays, reaching just beyond the vent; origin of the anal about under the middle of
the dorsal, the distance between the base of its last ray and the base of the middle
caudal ray four and one-third to five in the length; caudal rounded, five and one-
half to six and one-half in the length; accessory rays large, numerous; origin of dorsal

2 The head in the figure is a little too short.

312 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

over middle of the ventrals, its distance from the middle of the caudal one and
three-fourths to one and eight-tenths in its distance from the snout.

Sides and back in the young with black spots, the middle ones of the sides
larger and forming a more or less.regular series in the young and half-grown; in the
largest specimen the caudal peduncle and base of the caudal are profusely covered
with spots smaller than the eye, the spots larger, less numerous and less conspicuous
forwards.

Teeth round-tipped incisors in the largest, more pointed but distinct incisors
in the middle-sized specimens; the teeth of the type narrow, pointed incisors.

28. Pygidium latidens EiGENMANN. (Plate XLVI, fig. 4.)
Pygidium latidens EIGENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 693.
13801, I. U. M., one, 53 mm. Small creek near the mouth of Rio Calima, north of

Buenaventura. May 7, 1913. Henn.

Head 5.5; D. 9.5; A. 7.5; P. 7; posterior edge of eye in advance of the middle of
the head; interocular 3.5 in the head.

Nasal barbel extending beyond the tips of the opercular spines; maxillary
barbel extending beyond the axil, longer than the head; pectorals broad, as long
as head without snout; pectoral filament equal to the distance from the snout to the
axil; ventrals not nearly reaching anus, their origin equidistant from the base of
the middle caudal rays and the interopercle; origin of anal about under middle of
the dorsal, distance between base of the last ray and the middle caudal rays five
and a half in the length; caudal rounded, about six in the length; accessory rays
well developed; origin of dorsal over anus, its distance from the middle caudal rays
two in its distance from the snout; gill-membrane free to below the anterior spine
of the interopercle, without a free membrane across isthmus; both jaws with two
series of thin, chisel-shaped teeth.

Color plain, without spots or stripes.

29. Pygidium mete Eigenmann. (Plate XLVI, fig. 5.)

Pygidium mete EKIGENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 694.
13770, I. U. M., one, 78 mm. Barrigona. March, 1914. Manuel Gonzales.

Head 6.8 in the length; D. 10.5; A. 9.5, counting the rudimentary rays; P. 6;
width of head nearly equal to its length; eye entirely in the anterior half of the
head, snout 2.75 in the head, interocular 3.5. Teeth conie.

Nasal barbels reaching to tip of opercular spines, maxillary barbel slightly
beyond origin of pectorals; pectorals small, equal to the postorbital portion of the
head, the first ray with its filament equal to the head, origin of ventrals much nearer

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 313

base of middle caudal rays than to tip of pectorals, their tips reaching the anal;
origin of anal under fourth dorsal ray (second fully developed ray), the distance
between the base of its last ray and the base of the middle caudal rays six times in
the length; caudal rounded; origin of dorsal over tip of ventrals, its distance from
the base of the middle caudal rays two and two-fifths times in its distance from the
snout.

Sides and back densely covered with spots about the size of the eye.

30. Pygidium stramineum Eigenmann. (Plate XLIX, fig. 1.)
Pygidium stramineum E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 694.
7101, C. M., type; 13818, I. U. M., paratype, 46 and 50 mm. Quebrada del

Mango, Santander. Gonzales.
7089a, C. M., paratype, 35mm. Quebrada del Maradat (?) Santander. Gonzales.
7090a-c, C. M., 13804, I. U. M., paratypes, seven, largest 45.mm. Quebrada da

Densino, Santander. Gonzales.
7102a-h, C. M.; 13819, I. U. M., fifteen, largest 60 mm. Quebrada Deocamante,

Santander. Gonzales.
7103a—b, C. M.; 13826, I. U. M., four, the largest 67 mm. Quebrada de Zuarta,

Santander. Gonzales. |
7104, C. M., one, 41 mm. Quebrada de La Honda, Santander. Gonzales.

Head 4.5-5.33; D. 10.5; A. 8.5-9.5; P. 9; posterior margin of eye in the middle
of the head; interorbital three in the length of the head; teeth bristle-like, in about
three series.

Nasal barbels reaching base of opercular spines or beyond origin of pectorals,
maxillary barbels to tip of opercular spines or axil; pectoral filament about equal to
the length of the head, the rays equal to the length of the head without the snout;
origin of ventrals equidistant from the base of the middle caudal rays and a point
between the axil and a little in front of the opercle (and the tips of the opercular
spines in the type), tips of the ventrals slightly behind the vent; origin of the anal
behind the vertical from the base of the last dorsal ray or under the posterior half
of the dorsal, the distance between the base of the last anal ray and the middle
caudal rays 4.5—5 in the length, accessory caudal rays very large and numerous;
caudal rounded, six and a half times in the length; origin of dorsal over the origin
of the ventrals, or but slightly behind this point, always nearer the eye than the tip
of the caudal, sometimes equidistant from tip of snout and tip of caudal, its dis-
tance from the base of the middle caudal rays one and a half or less in its distance
from the snout.

Uniform straw-colored in alcohol.

314 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

31. Pygidium unicolor Regan.
Pygidium unicolor Reaan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), XII, Nov., 1913. (Con-
doto.)

Habitat.—San Juan basin.

The following is the original description of Regan:

“Depth of body 7 in length, length of head 6. Head as broad as long. Diam-
eter of eye 12 in length of head or 3 in interocular width; eyes well in advance of
middle of head, close behind nostrils. Barbels as long as head. Dorsal 8—9, with
5 or 6 branched rays, rounded; origin above or a little in advance of vent, 13 as far
from end of snout as from base of caudal. Anal 7, with 4 branched rays; origin
below last rays of dorsal. Pectoral filament $ to as long as head, branched rays 3
length of head. Pelvies covering vent. Caudal subtruneate. Coloration uni-
form.

“Two specimens, 80 and 85 mm. in total length, from the Condoto (Spurrell).”

32. Pygidium kneri (Steindachner). (Plate XLVI, figs. 1, 2.)
Trichomycterus knerii StEINDACHNER, Ichthyol. Beitr., XII, 1882, p. 21, pl. V,
figs. 1-la.

Habitat.—Canelos, Rio Bobonaza; Rio Zamora, eastern slope of Ecuador;
Rio Meta, eastern Colombia.

13907, I. U. M., one, 155 mm. Barrigona, Rio Meta. Gonzales.

Head 5.7; depth 6.3; D. 10; A. 10 including the rudimentary rays; eye 9 in the
head, interocular 3, snout 2.3; eye in middle of the head.

Nasal barbel extending a little beyond gill-opening, as long as the head; maxil-
lary barbel reaching to near tip of the shortest pectoral ray; first pectoral ray with
its filament a little longer than the head, the rays about equal to the part of the
head behind the nasal barbels; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of middle
caudal rays and the eye; origin of anal under last dorsal ray; caudal truncate when
half expanded, slightly rounded or emarginate when fully expanded or compressed,
its middle rays equal to the length of the head; dorsal rays coterminous when de-
pressed; distance of origin of dorsal from base of middle caudal rays 1.6 in its dis-
tance from the snout; depth of caudal peduncle about 1.5 in its length, which is
five in the length.

Slightly darker above, without spots or streaks.

Steindachner’s deseription and figure give the following variation from the
above.

“Head 5.25-5.66; depth 6.75—
interocular 2.66—-3.75; width of the head 1.33—1.4 in its length.

—

7.5; D.9; A. 7; eye 5-6 in the head; snout 2.5;

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 315

“Nasal barbels reaching to gill-opening, maxillary barbel considerably beyond
origin of pectoral; upper pectoral ray prolonged; origin of the dorsal behind that
of the ventrals, its last ray over or a little in advance of the first anal ray; caudal
slightly emarginate in the figure, said to be ““sehwach convex”’ in the text. Choco-
late brown, thickly peppered with somewhat darker, very small, irregular spots or
points.”

33. Pygidium meride Regan. (Plate XLIX, fig. 2.)

Pygidium meride ReaGan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XII, Dee., 1903, p. 624
(Merida and from Rio Albireggas above Merida, 3500 meters), ErGENMANN,
Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, 399.
Habitat.—Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela.

13771, I. U. M., one, 99 mm. Merida. Purchased from Rosenberg.

Head 6 [-7]; D. 10.5 [6-7 branehed rays]; A. 9.5 [4 or 5 branched rays]; P. 8;
eye in front of the middle of the head; interocular contained three and one-third
in the length of the head [3], snout two and one half times.

Nasal barbel reaching a little beyond the eye; maxillary barbel very slender,
reaching about to middle of the pectorals, longer than the head [as long or nearly as
long as the head]; outer pectoral ray equals length of maxillary barbel, the pro-
jecting filament being half as long as the rest of the fin [one and one-third times as
long as head]; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and
posterior portion of head, the ventrals reaching the vent; origin of anal below
penultimate dorsal ray; distance between last anal ray and the middle caudal rays
four and three-fourths in the length [four and two-thirds to five times]; caudal
rounded [truncate], six and a half times in the length; origin of the dorsal on the
vertical from a point just in front of the vent, over tip of ventrals; distance between
origin of dorsal and base of middle caudal rays one and three-fourths times in its
distance from the snout [one and two-thirds to one and four-fifths].

No lateral band; traces of dark spots.

The characters found by Regan are given in brackets.

34. Pygidium bogotense Higenmann. (Plate XLIX, figs. 3, 4.) .
Pygidium bogotense ExGENMANN, Indiana University Studies, No. 16, p. 18, dated
Sept., issued Dec. 23, 1912. (Madrid; Chapinero.)
Habitat.—Plains of Bogota’ and northward.
4820, C. M., type; 4821, C. M.; and 12679 I. U. M., paratypes, two hundred thirty-
nine, largest 80 mm. Puente de Supa, beyond Chapinero, north of Bogota.

Eigenmann.

316 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

4834, C. M.; 12680, I. U. M., paratypes, six. Madrid, plains of Bogota. Eigen-
mann.
University of Michigan, 94mm. Mountains, 4,000 ft., Guira River, Santa Marta.

July 18, 1913. A. 5S. Pearse.

University of Michigan, 66and 68 mm. Small stream, San Lorenzo, Santa Marta,

4,500 ft. July 8,1913. A.S. Pearse.
7087a-c, C. M., 13802, I. U. M., five, largest 52 mm. Rio Piedras, Santander.

Gonzales.

7457, C. M.; 13845, I. U. M., five, largest 55 mm. Quebrada da Charda. San-
tander.

7088, C. M., 13803, I. U. M., twenty-six, largest 80 mm. (Label illegible—‘‘ Puchada?
de la Porguira? de Norte Zipa Quira?”’) Gonzales.

13806, I. U. M., 85 mm. Mill-stream, Cincinnati (twenty miles from Santa

Marta), Colombia. Dec. 31, 1916, 4,500 feet. EE. B. Williamson.

Head 5.25-6; D. 10.5 in two specimens, 11.5 in four, 12.5 in eight, 13.5 in two;
A. 10.5; P. 8; center of the eye very little in front of the middle of the head; inter-
ocular about three in the length of the head; head but little longer than wide; teeth
conical, in three or four irregular series.

Nasal barbel extending to tip or base of opercular spines; maxillary barbel
extending to the base of the opercular spines or beyond the base of the pectoral;
pectoral rays about as long as the head behind the nasal barbel, pectoral filament
about as long as the head; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of middle caudal
rays and tip or base of the opercular spines, tips of ventrals extending to or very
slightly beyond the vent; origin of anal under one of the last three dorsal rays or
just behind the vertical from the last one; distance between the base of the last anal
ray and the middle of the caudal ray four and three-fifths to five in the length;
caudal rounded, six to seven in the length; accessory caudal rays numerous and
large; origin of dorsal over origin or posterior half of the ventrals, equidistant from
tip of caudal and eye,” its distance from the base of the middle caudal rays one and
five-tenths to one and seven-tenths in its distance from the snout.

*8 In this specimen the origin of the dorsal is over the origin of the ventrals. In the specimens from
the plains about Bogota examined in this regard, only one had the origin of the dorsal a little further
forward, a number had it equidistant between the tip of the caudal and a point some distance behind the
eye. In the specimens from the Santa Marta Mountains, the origin of the dorsal is a little further for-
ward. These specimens approach nigromaculatum, to which they ought perhaps to be referred. It is
certain that the largest specimens referred to nigromaculatuwm from Santa Marta belong to a species dif-
ferent from those found on the plains of Bogotdé. It is possible that P. bogotense is also found in Santander
and Santa Marta, but it is also possible that the halfgrown of P. bogotense are indistinguishable from the
half-grown of P. nigromaculatum, and that the specimens from Santander and Santa Marta are really the

latter species.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID#, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. Ola

Sides and back with numerous irregular spots, larger in the larger specimens,
sometimes referable to distinct series. The spots are smaller in the specimens from
Santander.

35. Pygidium nigromaculatum (Boulenger). (Plate XLIX, fig. 5.)

Trichomycterus nigromaculatus BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XIX,

1887, p. 349 (Andes of Colombia). :
Pygidium nigromaculatum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2),

II, 1889, p. 52; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 336; Proc. U. 8.

Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; ErgznmMann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped.

Patagonia, IIT, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat.—Andes of Colombia, especially Sierra de Santa Marta and Santander.

No. ? ———,, University of Michigan, two, 138 and 165 mm. Small stream, San
Lorenzo, Santa Marta Mountains (4,500 ft.). Sept. 9, 1912. M. A. Carriker.

No. ? ———.,, University of Michigan, two, 118 and 150 mm. Same place, Jan.

p16 19133ME AS Carriker.

No. ? ———.,, University of Michigan, one, 73 mm. Same place, July 8, 1913.
A. 8. Pearse.

No. ? ———,, University of Michigan, eight,“ largest 55 mm. Same place, July
9,1913. A.S. Pearse.

No. ? ———, one, 115mm. _ Locality?

13837, I. U. M.; 7447a-b, C. M., four, largest 98 mm. Quebrada de la Raya,
Santander. Gonzales.

7448a—b, C. M., two, the larger 45 mm. Quebrada Capitanejo, Santander. Gon-
zales.

7449a-c, C. M.; 13838, I. U. M., six, largest 68 mm. Quebrada de Cobarachior,
Santander. Gonzales.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES FROM SAN LORENZO.

The characters given by Boulenger are in brackets.

Head 5.24-5.75 [6.5 in total]; D. 11.5 or 12.5; A. 9.5; P. 9; eye in middle of
the head; interocular 3 in the length of the head; width of head equal to its length
[longer than the distance between snout and a line connecting the tips of the two
bunches of opercular spines]; teeth conical (pointed, recurved].

Nasal barbels extending to the tips of the opercular spines or to the base of the

24 These specimens are so distorted that it is difficult to refer them to their proper place. The
origin of the dorsal seems to be equidistant from the tip of the caudal and the front of the eye. There

are traces of longitudinal bands.

318 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

last pectoral ray; maxillary barbels extending to the base of the last pectoral ray
or a little beyond; pectoral broad, rounded, the filament equal or nearly equal to
the length of the head; origin of the ventrals very little nearer base of middle caudal
rays than eye, their tips reaching the vent or very little beyond it; origin of anal
under the penultimate dorsal ray [anal entirely behind the dorsal], the distance
between its last ray and the middle caudal ray four and one half to five in the length;
caudal rounded, about six in the length; accessory caudal rays not conspicuous;
origin of dorsal over the anterior two-thirds of the ventrals; origin of dorsal nearly
equidistant from tip of snout and tip of caudal, its distance from the base of the
middle caudal rays on an average 1.4 in its distance from the tip of the snout.

Sides and back in the largest with numerous irregularly arranged spots about
the size of the eye, the spots larger and less numerous in the young, much as in
P. bogotense.

In the specimens from La Raya, Santander, the dorsal and ventrals are a little
farther back, the ventrals equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and tip of
opercular spines, the distance between the dorsal and the middle caudal rays 1.52
in its distance from the snout. The anal is entirely behind the dorsal. The origin
of the dorsal is equidistant from the eye and the tip of the caudal. Plain or but
faintly spotted.

Specimens from Capitanejo resemble those from La Raya.

Some of the specimens from Cobarachior seem to be typical bogotense, while
others approach the specimens from La Raya and P. latistriatum from Pinchote.
P. bogotense, typical of the plains of Bogotd, grades into P. nigromaculatum of
Santa Marta in Santander and Santa Marta.

36. Pygidium banneaui Higenmann. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 1.)
Pygidium banneaut E1GENMANN, Indiana University Studies, No. 16, dated Sept.,

issued Dec. 28, 1912, p. 19.

Habitat.—Streams near Honda, Colombia.

4815, C. M., type; 4816a-z, C. M., 12677, I. U. M., paratypes, eighty-nine speci-
mens, the largest 44 mm. Bernal Creek, near Honda. Eigenmann.
7456a—b, C. M.; 138844, I. U. M., four, 35-41 mm. Guaduas? Gonzales.

These specimens might be considered the young of some of the other species if it
were not for the fact that one specimen, 34 mm. long, contains eggs over a milli-
meter in diameter, which must be nearly mature.

Head 5.33-5.5; depth 5.5-7; D. 10.5 or 11.5; A. 7.5 or 8.5; P. 8; eyes slightly
in advance of the middle of the head; interocular three and five-tenths in the length
of the head; teeth conical.

BIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 319

Nasal barbels reaching to the tips of the opercular spines, maxillary barbel to
near the middle of the pectoral; upper pectoral ray prolonged in a filament, as
long as the head or a little longer; ventrals reaching the vent, their origin about
equidistant from snout and tips of middle caudal rays; origin of the anal under the
middle of the dorsal, the distance between the last ray and the middle caudal rays
4.5-5 in the length; caudal distinctly emarginate, about five in the length; origin
of dorsal a little nearer tip of caudal than eye, the distance between the origin of
the dorsal and the caudal 1.4—1.66 in its distance from the snout.

Specimens 18 mm. long have a black line from the nasal barbel to near the tip
of the middle caudal rays, accented in places; in specimens 20 mm. long the line is
accented more strongly, appearing to be breaking up into spots; there are also
spots on the back; in older specimens the line becomes diffuse; with growth a dis-
tinct series of spots develops along the middle of the back in front of the dorsal,
and another series between these and the lateral series; in the largest the sides and
back are profusely spotted, the spots varying in size and arrangement.

In the specimens from Guaduas the barbels are a little shorter and the dorsal a
trifle farther forward. The color markings are less profuse than in the type.

37. Pygidium spilosoma Regan. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 2.)
Pygidium spilosoma Reaan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), XII, Nov., 1913, p. 468.

(Rio Sipi and Rio Tamana. )

This species from the Pacifie drainage of central Colombia is known from three
specimens 130-250 mm. long, described by Regan, and 7092, C. M., 97 mm. Cor-
dova on the Rio Dagua. Eigenmann.

In the following description, Regan’s data are given in brackets.

Head 6 [to 6.75]; depth 7 [to 8]; D. 11.5 [9, with 6 branched rays]; A. 9.5 [7,
with 4 branched rays]; P.8;eye very little in front of the middle of the head; interocu-
lar 3.5 in the length of the head [2.53]; head longer than wide, tapering forward, the
space between the nasal barbels 6.5 in the length of the head. Teeth minute, conical.

Nasal barbels extending to the base of the opercular spines, the maxillary barbel
to their tip [to basal part of pectoral]; pectoral rather narrow, the upper part trun-
cate, the filament equal to the head; origin of the ventrals equidistant from base of
middle caudal rays and the tip of the opercular spines, a little too far forward in the
figure, origin of the anal under the middle of the dorsal [a little behind end of dorsal],
the distance between the base of its last ray and the base of the middle caudal rays
5 in the length; caudal truneate, six and one-fourth in the length; dorsal obliquely
truncate, origin of dorsal over posterior half of the ventrals, its distance from the
base of the middle caudal rays 1.6 in its distance from the snout.

320 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

An obscure, dusky band along the middle of the sides; sides and back with
obscure spots about the size of the eye.

38. Pygidium dorsostriatum E1GENMANN. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3.)

Pygidium dorsostriatum E1tGENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soec., LVI, Jan., 1918, p.

695.
7093a—b, C. M.; 13810, I. U. M., four, 18-76 mm., the largest the type. Villavi-

cencio. Manuel Gonzales. :

Distinguished by the eccentric, dark, lateral band.

Head 5; D. 12.5 (of which 4 minute); A. 9.5; P. 9; center of eye very little in
advance of middle of the head,*° interocular three in the head. Teeth conic.

Nasal barbels extending to, or but slightly beyond, origin of pectoral; maxillary
barbel to the axil, equal to the length of the head; pectoral filament equal to the
length of the head, the longest ray equal to the length of the head behind the nasal
filament; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and base or
tip of the interopercular spines, ventrals nearly reaching the anal; origin of the anal
under the last quarter of the dorsal, the distance between the base of its last ray
and the base of the middle caudal rays about 4.5 in the length; caudal rounded, six
and five-tenths to seven times in the length; the first rudimentary dorsal ray over
the base of the ventrals, its distance from the base of the middle caudal ray equal
to its distance from the tip of the opercular spine, 1.47 in its distance from the snout.

A dark band or row of spots from just above the gill-opening to the base of the
upper caudal lobe; a few spots below the band in the front half of the body in the
larger specimen.

This description is based on the two larger specimens, 68 and 77 mm. long.
The two smaller specimens, 18 and 21 mm. long, are uniform in color.

39. Pygidium venulosum Steindachner.

Pygidium venulosum STEINDACHNER, Anz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1915, No. XVII,
p. 199 (Paramo de Cruz Verde, Eastern Cordilleras, Colombia, 3,000 M.)
Habitat.—Kastern Andes of Colombia.

I have not seen this species.

D.10 or 11; A. 10; P. 8. Caudal peduncle greatly compressed. Caudal
rounded; eye very small, a very little in front of middle of head. Barbels short,
about reaching eye; origin of anal under middle of dorsal; origin of dorsal equidistant
from tip of caudal and lateral margin of head; teeth pointed. First pectoral ray

*° In the plate the eye is placed too far forward; the anterior margin should be where the posterior
margin is.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 321

not prolonged. Lateral band above middle of sides; back and sides with dark
reticulations on a lighter background.

40. Pygidium latistriatum EKigenmann. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 4.)
Pygidium latistriatum E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 696.
7450, C. M., type. 46 mm. Quebrada de Pinchote, Santander. Gonzales.

Head 8 mm., length to base of caudal 39 mm.; width of head 6 mm., interocular
2.5 mm.,eye a little in front of the middle; distance from snout to origin of dorsal
23 mm., to its last ray 27 mm.; distance between origin of dorsal and base of middle
caudal rays 16 mm., distance from snout to origin of ventrals 22 mm., to origin of
anal 28 mm.. distance between base of last anal ray and base of middle caudal
rays 9 mm., maxillary barbel 9 mm., nasal barbel 7 mm., length of outer pectoral
ray with its filament 8 and 9 mm., the divided rays 5 mm., D. 8.5; A. 6.5, not count-
ing the imbedded rays in either case; upper caudal rays 8 mm.; lower caudal rays
about 6.5 mm. Accessory caudal rays numerous.

A lateral band from above the opercle to the middle of the caudal, increasing
in width backward; mid-dorsal line dark; a dark stripe in front of the dorsal between
the lateral stripe and the mid-dorsal stripe.

It is possible that some of the specimens under P. nigromaculatum belong here.

41. Pygidium striatum Meek & Hildebrand.

Pygidium striatum Mrrex & HILDEBRAND, Field Mus. Publ., No. 166, Zodl., Ser. X,
Dec., 1913, p. 78 (Rio Cana); Publ. 191, Zodl., Ser. X, Dec., 1916, p. 266 (Rio
Cana), Tuyra Basin, Panama.

Habitat —Colombia from Santander to the Rio Dagua in west central Colombia
and the Rio Tuyra in Panama.
I have been able to examine the types and the following specimens:

| Number of Length in

Catalog Numbers. Specimens. | iMG Locality. Collector.
7113a-j, C.M. 13820 I.U.M......... 41 79 largest Quebrada Sarjento Gonzales.
7114a-6, C.M., 13821 I.U.M........ 5 | 33-60 Quebrada Alban Gonzales.
“ll ba—py ©aMes 13822) 1 UsMiae aos see 4 41-61 Quebrada de la Ropera,

Santander Gonzales.
T/COTSS-( CIN Ie oe as eA Aa eae eet 2 35 and 71) Quebrada de la Hato,

Santander Gonzales.
7106a—-b, C.M., 13823 I.U.M........ 5 58 largest Guadual Gonzales.
7108a-k, C.M., 13824 ].U.M........ 20 50 largest | Villeta | Gonzales.
7109a-4, C™M., 13825 1.U.M........ 16 60 largest San Gil, Santander Gonzales.
71lla-d, C.M., 13828 I.U.M 9 43 largest Rio Guaduas Gonzales.
Ce (BUOle A GMM oss 2 cts ects 0 Gt astray ehe aE i 39 Quebrada Chamisal Gonzales.
TE SZ OREM ree of cece cde cite e 1 45 Caldas, Rio Dagua Eigenmann.

Head 5-6; D. 10.5 or 11.5; A. 8.5 or 9.5; P.8; eye very little in advance of the

322 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

middle of the head, interocular 3.5 to 4 in the length of the head; the width of the
head equal to its length behind the nasal barbels.

Nasal barbels about reaching the tip of the opercular spines, the maxillary ~
barbels sometimes to the axil; first pectoral ray with its filament about equal to the
length of the head, the rays equal to the length of the eye and postorbital portion
of the head or a little longer ; origin of the ventrals equidistant from the base of the
middle caudal rays and some point in the basal half of the pectorals, their tips
reaching the vent in the young, falling short in the adult; origin of anal under the
middle of the dorsal, the distance between the base of the last ray and the base of
the middle caudal ray five to five and one-half in the length; caudal rounded, six in
the length; origin of the dorsal over some point in the last half of the ventrals,
equidistant between tip of caudal and middle of pectorals or a little farther forward,
its distance from the base of the middle caudal rays 1.8-2.2 in the length.

Sides and back spotted, the spots usually confluent into a narrow median lateral
band and into a narrow band above and below the median band. The very young
with a narrow black lateral band without other markings.

The above description applies particularly to the types and some of the speci-
mens between Honda and Facatativa, Nos. 7113, 7114, 7106, and some specimens
from Santander, No. 7105.

From these typical specimens the following variations were noted. In the
specimens from Villeta, No. 7108, also on the line between Honda and Facatativa,
the caudal is truncate with rounded outer edges, the origin of the dorsal is equi-
distant between the tip of the caudal and the opercle or a little farther forward.
Some of these specimens are more distinctly spotted than the typical striatum,
approaching P. banneaut.

In the specimens from Guaduas, also along the line between Honda and
‘acatativa, and in those from San Gil, No. 7109, the position of the dorsal agrees
with its position in those from Villeta, 7. ¢., it is in front of the typical position. In
these, the most conspicuous marking is a black lateral band in which the spots are
not recognizable. In some of those from San Gil, the band above the median band
is also prominent, but it can sometimes be seen that both it and the median band
are made up of series of spots. A small specimen from Chamisal, No. 13831, is
nearly like them. The origin of the dorsal is median between the tip of the caudal
and the base of the opercular spines, the barbel extends nearly to the middle of the
pectoral; a narrow black lateral stripe, otherwise plain light.

The specimens from La Ropera are more profusely covered with small spots,
their longitudinal arrangement inconspicuous.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 323

In the specimen from Caldas, No. 13829, the origin of the dorsal is equidistant
from the tip of the caudal and the opercular spines. The spots along the middle
of the sides are conspicuous, but not confluent.

To this species probably also belong the following specimens.
7451a, C. M., 13839, I. U. M., 3, largest 60 mm. Quebrada de la Pelada, San-

tander. |
7452a, C. M., 13840, I. U. M., 2, larger 41 mm. Quebrada de la Callegona, San-
tander.

7453a-b, C. M., 13841, I. U. M., 3, largest 61 mm. Rio Mogotes, Santander.
7454a-c, C. M., 13842, I. U. M., 6, largest 63 mm. Quebrada de Horizonte, San-

tander.
7455a-d, C. M., 13843, I. U. M., 8, largest 67 mm. Quebrada de Suescum, San-
tander.

These are like the typical specimens of striatum described above, but lack all
color markings, being uniformly pale.
Very close to striatum if not identical with it, is P. regan.

42. Pygidium regani HighNMANN. (Plate XLVIII, fig. 5.)
Pygidium regani E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 696.
? Pygidium taenia Reean (non Kner & Steindachner), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

(8), XII, 1913, p. 469 (Rio Sipi and Rio Tamana).

Habitat—San Juan basin.

13772, I. U. M., one, 55 mm. Tado, Rio San Juan. Purchased from Rosenberg.

Head 6; D. 10.5; A.8.5; P.8; eye in middle of the head, interorbital four
times in the length of the head.

Nasal barbel as long as the head, reaching beyond axil of pectoral; maxillary
barbel reaching to near the end of the lower pectoral ray, considerably longer than
the head; outer pectoral ray as long as the head; origin of ventrals equidistant from
base of middle ray and tip of operele, not quite reaching to the vent; origin of anal
under posterior half of dorsal, the distance from the base of the last ray to the
middle caudal ray contained five and one-half times in the length; caudal six times
in the length; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and opercular spines,
over posterior third of the ventrals, its distance from the middle caudal ray one
and four-fifths in its distance from the snout.

A dark streak from opercular spines to middle of caudal; faint spots above and
below the lateral stripe.

324 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

Length over all. 55 mm.
Lenpth to base of caudal. -.-..2.2-. -=- Pe NaI he at eT oe Yes Pele aS oO mann
Length of head to tip of opercular spines... . . Pieces by : ete Ries Th ETT Lko Cr eas Mic era ce | eCeT RADU STL,
Distance of origin’ of dorsal from snout, 2s eee eee eee eee eee ORO
Distance of origin of dorsal from middle caudal rays..................................-... 17 mm.
Outer pectoral ray. 5s ccf cece toe ete Oe en ene eee eed eee er ee RCT
Maxillary barbell. s.-. 1 eee Et a ELSE hence Sed Ruri lorna oe ore Jul ianlin;
Nasal barbel...... Sn cee Ate AIT Nc See mee oh ad Sy cominran cbemats co 8 mim.
Meng thiotreyere.= crams: cee een ee te Pian Cerne oe hoe ccm oes os oo.5.0 ak MeaaMts
bength of snoute «22 - ss-- bell, ole GN opie cee kare Yer Fi ce ore tet cin te eS POLO ELLIE
Interoculan distances spac. aches eae a eee PINAR eae ec ap ac Geet: UC alin

This species is very similar to striatum, and may be a synonym of it.

43. Pygidium retropinne (Regan).

Trichomycterus retropinnis Reaan, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), XII, Dee., 1903,
p. 624 (headwaters of Magdalena east of Papaganat, St. Augustine, Andes of
Colombia, 5,000 ft.).

Habitat.—Headwaters of the Rio Magdalena. :

‘Length of head 54 times in the total length. Head as broad as long. Diam-
eter of eye about 4 times in the interocular width, which is 3.33 times in the length
of the head. Snout as long as the postorbital part of head. Barbels equal to
about .8 the length of head. Dorsal with six branched rays, originating above or
slightly behind the anal opening, the distance from its point of origin to the caudal
2.4 times in the distance from the former to the tip of the snout. Anal with 4
branched rays, originating below the anterior third of the dorsal, the distance from
the base of its last ray to the caudal 5.4 times in the total length. Longest branched
ray of the pectoral, .66 the length of the simple outer ray, which is equal to ¢ the
length of head. Ventrals not quite reaching the anal opening. Caudal truncate-
rounded. Brownish, with an indistinct darker stripe along the middle of the side
and traces of some dark spots.”’

“Total length 80 mm.”

“A third specimen, 30 mm. in total length, which I have purposely excluded
from the above diagnosis, has a well-marked broad longitudinal stripe on each side.
In it the longest branched ray of the pectoral is ? the length of the outer simple ray,
and the distance from the origin of the dorsal to the caudal is 2.2 times in the dis-
tance from the former to the tip of the snout.”

Key T0 THE Species oF PyGipIUM FROM THE AMAZON TO THE ESSEQUIBO.

From the vast lowland area of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guiana but few species are known.

a. Origin of the dorsal in front of the vertical from the origin of the anal; maxillary barbel reaching tip

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 329

of opercle; snout about 2.5 in the head; nasal barbel reaching not quite to the tip of the maxil-
lary barbel; head nearly as wide as long; eye just in front of middle of the head.

b. Head 6 in the length; the first pectoral ray with its filament equals the length of the head; sides
and back with numerous spots, each larger than the eye, in about five series between the dorsal
and anal; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and eye... .44. guianense Higenmann.

bb. Head 5 in the length; first pectoral ray with its filament equals the length of the head without the
operele; uniform yellowish-brown above, lighter below, top of head marbled; origin of dorsal
MAE THe Ok GROG Ham. aco so saaoemon sae me seuoceeboe wade 45. conradi Higenmann.

aa. Origin of anal under origin of dorsal.

c. Head 6 in the length; maxillary barbel reaching tip of pectoral; upper parts obscurely spotted;
origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and middle of pectoral; eye in anterior half of
InQSEYG |. Gin SG asp Gterned one Cro LIS E he oO C EOE Te Crore tn a eae 46. gracilior Eigenmann.

cc. Head 7 in the length; maxillary barbel reaching middle of pectoral; eye entirely in anterior half
of the head, nearly equal to the interocular and to the snout...47 amazonicum (Steindachner).

ccc. Head 5.5 in the length; maxillary barbel reaching tip of last interopercular spine; eye entirely in
anterior half of the head, considerably less than the interorbital or the snout; opereular and

interopercular bunch of spines alike............................48. hasemani Higenmann.

44. Pygidium guianense EHigenmann. (Plate L, fig. 1.)

Pygidium quianense E1GENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1909, p. 11; EtGENMANN,
Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 400; Mem. Carnegie
Mus., V, 1912, p. 212 (Aruataima Cataract above Holmia.)

Habitat.—Upper Potaro River, British Guiana.

1003, C. M., type, 77 mm. Aruataima Cataract. Eigenmann.

Head 6; depth equals head in length; D. 9; A. 7; eye 4 in snout, 9.5 in head;
head nearly as broad as long; maxillary barbel reaching to tip of opercle; teeth in
bands of about four irregular series; origin of anal under middle of dorsal; dorsal
fulera extending forward to near the dorsal; caudal rounded; first pectoral ray pro-
longed in a filament nearly as long as the rest of the ray; round dark spots every-
where, except on belly and lower surface of head; caudal dusky, the margin light.

45. Pygidium conradi Kigenmann. (Plate L, fig. 2.)
Pygidium conradi ErgENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 1912, p. 212 (Amatuk and
Waratuk Cataracts).
Habitat.—Lower Potaro River, British Guiana.
2212, C. M., 41 mm., type. Amatuk Cataract. Eigenmann.
11710, I. U. M., 34 mm., paratype. Waratuk Cataract. Eigenmann,
With the characters given in the key.
The teeth conic,

326 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

46. Pygidium gracilior Eigenmann. (Plate L, fig. 3.)
Pygidium gracilior EigeNMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 1912, p. 213 (Erukin).

Habitat.—Lower Potaro River, British Guiana.

1730, C. M., 27 mm., type. Erukin. Eigenmann.

Head 6; depth 9; D.8; A. 6; eye about 2 in the snout; interorbital a little
greater than snout, snout 3 in the head.

Slender, head as broad as long; maxillary barbel reaching tip of pectoral; nasal
barbel to origin of pectoral; outer pectoral ray prolonged, about equal to the head
in length. Origin of the anal under origin of dorsal; distance from origin of dorsal
to origin of caudal 3.5 in the length; length of caudal 5 in the length.

All upper parts obscurely spotted.

47. Pygidium amazonicum (Steindachner). (Plate XLVI, figs. 3, 4.)

Trichomycterus amazonicus STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Stidam., IV, 1882, p. 29, pl. VI,
figs. 4-4a (Cudajas).

Pygidium amazonicum EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), I,
1889, p. 53; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 338; Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; ErgenMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat—Amazon, at Cudajas.

This species is known from the type, a specimen 60 mm. long.

Head a little over 6, equal to the depth; D. 8; A. 7; P. 6; eye entirely in front
of the middle of the head; interorbital a little greater than the eye; width of head
nearly equal to its length.

Head greatly depressed, caudal peduncle strongly compressed; nasal barbels
reaching nearly to gill-opening; maxillary barbel to the end of the first third of the
upper pectoral ray, lower barbel to the base of the pectoral; dorsal and anal opposite
each other; ventrals very short, 2 in the head; caudal rounded; upper pectoral ray
nearly equal to the head.

Chocolate brown, with faint darker spots on the caudal peduncle; rays of dorsal
and caudal dotted with violet.

48. Pygidium hasemani Higenmann. (Plate L, fig. 4.)
Pygidium hasemani E1GENMANN, Ind. Univ. Studies, No. 20, March, 1914, p. 48.
5238 and 5239, C. M., type and paratypes, many, largest under 18 mm. Santarem.
Haseman.
Habitat—Amazon at Santarem to Bolivia.
76023, C. M., about 16mm. San Joaquin. Sept. 4, 1909. Haseman.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 327

Head 5.5; D.7 or 8; P.6. Eye in anterior half of the head, about five times
in the length of the head, less than the snout, about two times in interorbital. Teeth
conical, in a single series; maxillary barbel extending to the tips of the interopercular
spines; axillary glands large; opercular and interopercular bunches of spines similar,
separate from each other; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; pectoral
very narrow, about equal to the head in length, the first ray prolonged; origin of
dorsal over origin of anal, its distance from the base of the caudal two in its distance
from the eye or occiput, equidistant from tip of caudal and middle of pectoral;
origin of ventrals nearer snout than tip of caudal; caudal rounded, merging into
the large accessory rays.

Translucent, with many chromatophores; dusky spots on the back from a short
distance in front of the dorsal to the caudal; a dark bar across base of caudal; dark
spots, similar to those of the back, from between ventrals and anal to the caudal; a
series of minute spots along the middle of the sides; a small spot on opercle, another
on the interopercle, a dark line forward from the eye; a minute spot on base of
ventrals.

SPECIES FROM SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL.

The mountain brooks of southeastern Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul to the
Rio San Francisco harbor a number of species. One of these, P. theringi, has
broad incisors, a number are known to have pointed teeth, while the rest, nigricans,
minutum, goeldii, itatiaye and punctatissimum, I have not been able to examine.
They have the following distribution :

P. minutum Southern Rio Grande.
P. nigricans Santa Catherina.
P. davisi Rio Iguassti, southern Sao Paulo.
P. prodps Ribeira, southern S40 Paulo and Rio Parahyba.
P. theringt Ribeira, Santos, and Sapina, Sao Paulo.
P. paolence Northern Sao Paulo.
P. goeldir Parahyba basin.
P. vermiculatum Parahyba basin.
P. immaculatum Parahyba basin; S40 Matheos; Goyaz.
P. braziliense ? Rio Grande do Sul, ? Rio Ribeira; Rio das Velhas; Rio Doce.
P. itatiaye Parahyba basin.
P. triguttatum Parahyba basin.
. reinhardti Burmier, into Rio das Velhas.
. alternatum Rio Doce.

. punctatissimum Araguay.

el seh ae} 3

sante-rite Rio Preto.

328 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Key to THE Specres oF PyGmpruM FOUND IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL.
a. First dorsal ray prolonged in a filament; barbels scarcely reaching the edge of eye; back uniform
blackish, lower parts hight; D: 11; A010 Pion. 32a. 49. nigricans (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
aa. First dorsal ray not prolonged; teeth incisors; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and a
point between the eyes and nasal barbels.

b. First pectoral ray not prolonged, or with only a trace of a projection; first anal ray behind the
dorsal; sides and back with numerous spots......................- 50. iheringi Eigenmann.

bb. First pectoral ray usually prolonged; first anal ray under the dorsal; markings conspicuous.
51. zonatum Figenmann.

aaa. First dorsal ray not prolonged; teeth conical.?
c. Origin of the dorsal nearer to the tip of the caudal than to the head, or sometimes equidistant
between tip of caudal and occiput in P. paolence.

d. Origin of the anal under the second dorsal ray, last dorsal ray over middle 6f anal; origin of
ventrals nearly equidistant from tip of caudal and snout; eye in anterior half of the head,
near the posterior nares; head 5.5-6; D.9; A.7-9........... 52. prodps (Ribeiro).

dd. Origin of the anal under the middle of the dorsal, last dorsal ray over third anal ray; origin
of ventrals nearer to tip of caudal than to tip of the snout; eye just in front of the
middle of the head; head six times in length.

e. D.8.5; A. 6.5; many faint spots, a dark streak along the middle of the sides, another
RDOVE bic: Achiea t.e cis Sawa Cr Oe Coe arenes 53. paolence Higenmann.
ee. D. 9.5; A. 8.5; a broad lateral band with serrate edges; a series of spots below it and
another’ above itju...s ten cine elo erad eee eee aoe ete este ee 54. reinhardti Higenmann.
ddd. Dorsal opposite the space between ventrals and anal. (See No. 59 goeldii.)
cc. Origin of the dorsal equidistant between the tip of the caudal and some point near the eye.”
f. Pectoral ray without a filament; origin of ventral nearer snout than tip of caudal; origin of
anal under posterior part of dorsal; color variable; D.7; A.5..55. davisi Haseman.
ff. First pectoral ray usually prolonged as a filament.
g. Color plain; anal behind the dorsal; origin of ventral nearer snout than tip of caudal;
caudal very slightly emarginate; eye in the middle of the head; D. 11.5-13; A. 9.5-
LO: Disairscaes s oa cea eta Perea 56. immaculatum Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
gg. Variously marked.
h. Origin of the anal under posterior half of the dorsal.

i. Origin of the dorsal over the origin of the ventrals; origin of the ventrals nearer
tip of caudalthan eye; ventrals reaching anal; D. 8.5; A. 8.5; eye in middle
of head; sides and back profusely covered with confluent spots, leaving the
ground-color in irregular vermiculations. See also -puctatissimum.

57. vermiculatum HEigenmann.
ii. Origin of the dorsal behind the origin of the ventrals.

j. Sides and back with large spots, sometimes alternating across the back;
origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and middle of caudal; dis-
tance between origin of dorsal and caudal about 1.5 in distance of
dorsal from the snout; caudal subtruneate; D. 10.5-11.5; A. 7.5 or 8.5.

58. alternatum Eigenmann.
*6 Not examined in P. minutwm, nigricans, goeldii, and punctatissimum.
*7 Not examined in P. goeldit.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 329

jj. With ill-defined spots; origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and tip
of caudal; caudal rounded; distance between origin of dorsal and
caudal twice in its distance from the snout; D. 10; A. 7.

59. goeldii (Boulenger).
jij. With small spots and vermiculations; origin of ventrals equidistant from
snout and tip of caudal; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal
1.66-1.75 in distance of dorsal from the snout; D. 10.5 or 11.5; A. 7.5
OTRO TO mia y Nok ree rae erie eLs aie cane ee 60. brasiliense (Reinhardt).
jijj. A dark lateral band, spots above and below it; origin of ventrals a little
nearer snout than to tip of caudal; distance between origin of dorsal and

caudal 1.8 in distance of dorsal from the snout; caudal truncate.
61. itatiayz (Ribeiro).
hh. Origin of the anal behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray, the dorsal opposite
the space between the ventral and anal, its origin equidistant from snout and
tip of caudal, or nearer one or the other; origin of ventrals nearer the snout than
to the tip of the caudal; interopercle with about seven spines in a bunch similar
to that of the opercle; a series of dots along the middle of the sides, another along
the back and another between the two............ 62. triguttatum Higenmann.
ccc. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tips of snout and caudal; pectorals without filaments; dorsal

entirely in front of the anal.

k. Sides and back with minute dark specks and vermiculations between them; origin of dorsal

OVOP CHAIN Ci Wem dooupcodecosgcd ubdunsodsnauue 63. punctatissimum (Castelnau).
kk. Pale brown above with three longitudinal series of squarish brown blotches; origin of dorsal
over middle of ventrals; head 4.5 in the length............... 64. minutum (Boulenger).

ecce. Origin of dorsal nearer snout than to tip of caudal.

1. Nasal barbels not quite reaching eye, maxillary barbel little beyond posterior margin of the
eye; dorsal entirely in front of anal; sides with large blotches. Head four times in the
length; a long patch of interopercular spines; pectoral ray not prolonged.

65. sante-rite Higenmann.

ll. Nasal barbels reaching beyond origin of eye; pectoral ray prolonged.

. m. Interopercle with a long patch of spines; pectoral ray prolonged. (See P. alternatum,
No. 56.)

mm. Interopercle with about seven thorns in a patch similar to that of the operele; end of
dorsal over anus; pectoral ray much prolonged. (See P. triguttatum, No. 60.)

49. Pygidium nigricans (Cuvier & Valenciennes.)

Trichomycterus nigricans Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII,
1846, p. 494; ? Gay, Hist. Chile, 1848, p. 311 (Chile); Giinruer, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 274 (copied); Rispetro, Fauna Braziliense, Peixes,
IV (A), 1912, p. 220.

Pygidium nigricans ErGeNMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889,
p. 53; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 3388; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, p. 37; ErcenmMann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
III, 1910, p. 400.

30 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Habitat.—Santa Catherina, Brazil.

Valenciennes’s description of the only specimen known, 140 mm. long, is very
brief, and I am afraid that it is in part misleading.

“T). 11; A. 10; P.9; barbels short, scarcely reaching beyond the eyes; caudal
peduncle short and deep; caudal small, truncate, ‘le premiere rayon de la dorsal
alongé en fil.’

“Back uniform blackish, lower parts light.”

50. Pygidium iheringi Kigenmann. (Plate L, fig. 5.)
Pygidium iheringi E1i@ENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 697.
Trichomycterus punctulatus (non Cuvier & Valenciennes) Riperro, Arkiv. for

Zoologie, IV, No. 19, 1908 (Iporanga).

Trichomycterus dispar (non Tschudy) Rrperro, Kosmos, V, 1908, and Fauna Brasi-
liense, IV (A), 1912, p. 222 (Rio Iporanga, Sao Paulo).

Habitat.—Sio Paulo in coastal streams and the Parana basin.

7071, C. M., two, 151-160 mm. Sapina, S40 Paulo. July 3, 1908. Haseman.
10785, I. U. M., four, 140-161 mm. Santos. Von Thering, the largest the type.

Allied to P. punctatissimum from the Araguay.

Head 4.5-5 in the length; D. 11.5 or 12.5; A. 7.5 or 8.5 counting the two rudi-
mentary rays in each case; P. 8; width of head equal to its length behind the nasal
barbel; eye in middle of the head, interorbital 3.5-4 in the length of the head.
Teeth incisors with slightly expanded tips, in bands of four or five series.

Nasal barbels reaching about to middle of eye, axillary barbel to above middle
of opercle; pectoral rounded, very little longer than snout and eye, the first ray not
prolonged or with only a trace of a projection; distance between origin of ventrals
and eye a little greater or less than that between origins of ventrals and middle
caudal rays; the ventrals as long as the snout, not nearly reaching vent, nearly
halfway to the anal; origin of anal on, or behind, the vertical from the base of the
last dorsal ray; distance between bases of last anal ray and middle caudal rays five
or a little over five in the length; caudal slightly rounded, seven to seven and a
half in the length; dorsal low and long, the distance between its origin and the base
of the middle caudal ray about one and a third in its distance from the snout, its
first ray over posterior half of the ventrals.

Sides and back with numerous spots, smallest over pectorals, largest over
dorsal, rarely coalescent.

51. Pygidium zonatum sp. nov. (Plate LI, fig. 1.)

7996, C. M., a, the type, 62 mm., b and c, paratypes, 50 and 55mm. Agua Quente.
Nov. 27, 1908. Haseman.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 331

7595, C. M., paratype, 60 mm. Cubatdo, seven miles west of Santos, Sao Paulo,

Brazil. Aug. 1, 1908. Haseman.

In all but the teeth and color very similar to P. davisi.

Head 5; depth 6-6.5; D. 10; A. 7 or 8; P. 7 or 8; eye three times in the snout,
seven to seven and one-half times in the head, two times in the interocular, exactly
in the middle of the head or a little in front of it; posterior nares more than an or-
bital diameter from the eye; three rows of narrow incisors in each jaw. The teeth
of the paratypes nearly conical.

Maxillary barbel reaching to near tip of last interopercular spine or to tip of
opercular spines, the nasal barbel but little shorter; head pointed, but little longer
than broad; gill-openings extending forward to below the anterior interopercular
spines. First pectoral ray but slightly, if at all, prolonged, its length with the
filament equal to the head without the opercular spines; origin of ventrals about
equidistant from the snout and the middle of the caudal; origin of anal under
penultimate, or fourth from last, dorsal ray; distance between bases of last anal ray
and middle caudal rays four and one-half to five in the length; caudal truncate;
origin of dorsal over last third of the ventrals, its distance from the base of the mid-
dle caudal rays 1.5-1.75 in its distance from the snout.

Color-markings coarse and conspicuous. In No. 7595 C. M., five obscure
bars across the back in front of the dorsal, slightly emphasized at their lower ends
on the middle of the sides; three similar bars behind the dorsal; a dark line from
anterior to posterior nares. In the specimens from Agua Quente a dark lateral
band broken toward the caudal in the smallest. Back and lower part of the sides
with conspicuous spots.

52. Pygidium proops (Ribeiro). (Plate LI, fig. 2.)
Tricomycterus probps RrBEIRO, Kosmos, V, 1908, fig. 4; Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes,
TV CA) Ot 2 pe 2215 plexes. fies 1.
Habitat—Ribeira de Iguapé, southern SAo Paulo, Brazil, and Rio Parahyba.
Known from the types, and from
7593, C. M., one, 60 mm. Agua Quente, Ribeira Basin. Nov. 27, 1908. Hase-

man.
7598, C. M., one 32 mm. Sdo Jofio da Barra, Rio Parahyba. June 22, 1908.
Haseman.

Head 5.5-6; depth 7; D.9; A. 7-9; P.7; posterior margin of eye slightly in
advance of the middle of the head, diameter of eye two times in the snout, six and
one-half in the head, over one and one-half in the interorbital; posterior nares close
to the eye, their posterior margin on a line with the anterior margin of the eye;

332 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

teeth conical, in very narrow bands; nasal barbels reaching to the base, maxillary
barbels to the tips of the opercular spines; first pectoral ray not prolonged, pectoral
equal to the length of the head without the snout; origin of ventrals equidistant

Fic. 16. Pygidium proéps (Ribiero). No. 7593 C.M.

from tip of snout and tip of caudal; origin of anal under second or third dorsal ray ;
distance between last ray of anal and base of caudal five and one-third times in
the length; caudal rounded; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal two and
one-half times in its distance from the snout.

Back, sides, dorsal and caudal densely spotted.

The above description is based on the specimen from Agua Quente and Ribeiro’s
account; the smaller specimen from the Parahyba has:

Head 5; depth 8; D. 10; A. 9; P. 5; first pectoral ray considerably prolonged;
origin of ventrals equidistant from tip of caudal and pre-operele. Sides and back
finely marbled, a faint dusky, lateral line, and another above it. Its prolonged
first pectoral ray and narrow pectoral, with but five rays indicate a distinct variety,
which may be called parahybe, var. nov.

53. Pygidium paolence Kigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 3.)
Pygidium paolence K1GENMANN, Proc. Am, Philos. Soec., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 698.
Very close to Trichomycterus proéps Ribeiro.
7081, C. M., type, 68 mm. Alto da Serra, Rio Tieté, Sao Paulo. July 25, 1909.
Haseman.
7597, C. M., paratype, 61 mm. Rio Paranahyba bridge. Aug. 15, 1908. Hase-
man.
Head 5.33-6; D.8.5; A.6.5-8 not counting hidden rudiments, D. 10.5 and
A. 8.5 with the rudiments; P. 6 or 7; head nearly as wide as long; eye in anterior
half of the head, greater than its distance from the posterior nares; snout 2.33-2.5
in the length of the head, interocular 3-3.5; teeth conic; nasal barbel reaching base
or tip of opereular spines, maxillary barbel reaching tip of opercular spines or a
little farther; outer pectoral ray with its filament equal to head behind the posterior

*° The head is too short in this drawing.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 333

nares, the filament extending very little beyond the other rays; ventrals nearly
reaching anal, their origin nearer caudal than to tip of pectorals; caudal rounded,
six in the length; origin of anal under middle of dorsal, distance between the base
of its last ray and the middle caudal ray 5.2 in the length; origin of dorsal equidis-
tant from base of middle caudal rays and middle of pectorals, its last ray over the
middle of the anal, the distance between the origin of the dorsal and the base of the
middle caudal rays two in the distance between dorsal and snout in the type, 1.66
in the paratype.

With many faint spots about as large as the eye; in the type a dark streak along
the middle of the sides, another along the side of the back, and a third along the
edge of the belly.

This species is similar in appearance to P. striatum, from which it differs in the
position of the ventrals, the pectoral filaments, ete.
7117a-j, C. M., ten, 25-30 mm. Mogy das Cruces, Rio Tieté, July 20, 1908.

These minute specimens came from near the type locality of P. paolence and
are probably the young; the ventrals do not reach the vent; there is a series of
minute spots along the sides, nearly confluent anteriorly; a series of larger spots
above it on the sides of the back and a series along the middle of the back.

54. Pygidium reinhardti EKigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 4.)

Pygidium reinhardti EIGENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 699.
7078, C. M., one, 65 mm. Burmier on the Rio Itabira, a tributary of the Rio das

Velhas. May 14, 1908. Haseman.

Mr. Haseman notes that this is the only species he secured at the particular
locality where the only specimen of the present species was collected.

Head 6.5; D. 9.5; A. 8.5, counting the minute rudimentary rays in both dorsal
and anal; P. 6; eye in anterior half of head; interocular three times in the head.
Teeth conic.

Nasal barbel nearly as long as the maxillary barbel, which reaches the edge of
the gill-membrane. First pectoral ray with its filament equal to the length of the
head, much longer than the divided rays; ventrals reaching beyond the vent, their
origin very little nearer tip of pectorals than base of middle caudal rays; origin of
anal under middle of dorsal; distance between the base of the last anal ray and the
middle caudal rays five and a half in the length; caudal narrow, a little longer than
the head, the accessory rays inconspicuous; origin of dorsal over middle of ventrals,
its distance from the middle caudal rays nearly two in its distance from the snout
(19 and 36 mm. respectively).

334 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

A broad, dark stripe with notched edges from opercle to middle of caudal,
bordered above and below by light bands; an irregular series of spots below the
lower light band; a series of small spots more or less confluent forming a narrow,
dark stripe above the upper light band; back and fins lightly spotted, a short dark
bar in front of the opercle, a longer one above middle of pre-opercle.

55. Pygidium davisi Haseman. (Plate LI, fig. 5.)
Pygidium davisi HASEMAN, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 1911, p. 380, pl. LX XVII,
figs 1s and pl GX See

Habitat.—Coastal streams of southern Sio Paulo.

2862, and2 861, C. M., type and paratypes. Rio Iguassti near Serrinha Paranda.

Dec. 23, 1908. Haseman.
7116a-d, C. M., 52-60 mm. Morretes, Parana, Brazil. Jan. 4, 1909. Haseman.

Head 5.5; D. 7; A. 5 without the imbedded rays; D. 10; A. 9 with the imbedded
rays; P.8; eye slightly in advance of the middle of the head; interocular four times
in the length of the head; teeth conic.

Nasal barbel as long as the labial barbel, extending to the base of the opercular
spines, maxillary barbel to their tips; pectorals shorter than the head, the first ray
not prolonged; origin of ventrals equidistant from tip of snout and tip of caudal or
nearer the former, not reaching the vent; origin of anal under the posterior part
of the dorsal, the distance between its last ray and the base of the middle caudal
rays about five in the length; caudal subtruneate, five and one-half in the length;
origin of the dorsal over last half of the ventrals, equidistant between the tip of the
caudal and the nasal barbels or eye; the distance between it and the caudal one and
six-tenths in its distance from the snout.

Uniform light or dark, or mottled, sometimes with a dark lateral band with
one or more series of blotches above it.

56. Pygidium immaculatum Higenmann & Kigenmann. (Plate LII, fig. 1.)

Pygidium immaculatum E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II,
1889 (Juiz de Fora; Sao Matheos; Goyaz); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad.
Sci., I, 1890, p. 337; Eigenmann, Report Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
IIT, 1910, p. 400.

Trichomycterus immaculatus Rrserro, Fauna Brasiliense, IV (A), 1912, p. 222.
Habitat.—Rios Parahyba and Doce. Goyaz.

7076a—-b, C. M., two, 81-93 mm. Rio Doce. May 24 and 25, 1908. Haseman.

* The head is a little too short in the figure.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDZ, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 335

Head 4.75-5; D. 11.5-18; A. 9.5-10.5; P. 8 or 9; eye in the middle of the head
or very nearly so, interocular 4-4.5 in the head. Teeth conic.

Nasal barbels extending to the middle of the interopercle, maxillary barbel
about to opercular spines; pectorals but little longer than snout and eye, the first
ray with its filament equal to head behind the nasal barbel; ventrals reaching vent,
their origin very little nearer caudal than to eye; origin of anal just behind the
vertical from the base of the last dorsal ray or under the penultimate ray, distance
between the base of its last ray and the base of the middle caudal ray four and a
half to five times in the length; caudal very slightly emarginate, about seven times
in the length; origin of dorsal over posterior part of the ventral, its distance from
the base of the middle caudal rays one and two-thirds times in its distance from the
snout.

Sides and back uniform, without trace of spots or vermiculations; middle caudal
rays dusky.

57. Pygidium vermiculatum EKigenmann. (Plate LI, fig. 2.)
Pygidium vermiculatum EtGENMANN, Proe. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918,

p. 699.

Pygidium brasiliense (non Liitken) Risperro (partim), Fauna Brasiliense, IV (A),

1912, p. 225 (the specimens from Juiz de Fora).

Habitat—Rio Parahyba.

7074, C. M., one, 131mm. Juiz de Fora. June 9, 1908, presented by Dr. Ribeiro.

In general appearance like Liitken’s figure of brasiliense, differing notably in
the position of the ventrals.

Head 5.4 in the length; D.8.5; A.8.5 (counting in each case the two rudi-
mentary rays); P. 7; width of the head nearly equal to its length; eye in middle of
the head, interorbital three in the length of the head. Teeth conic, in bands.

Right nasal barbels reaching to above base of the opercular spines, maxillary
barbels of right side nearly as long as head, reaching to the second fourth of the
pectoral, both shorter on left side; pectoral rather narrow, the outer ray much pro-
longed, as long as the head behind the nasal barbel, the fin without the filament
equal to the part of the head behind a point midway between eye and posterior
nares; origin of ventrals under origin of dorsal, equidistant between base of middle
caudal rays and last third of pectorals, ventrals reaching much beyond vent,
almost to anal, as long as the snout; origin of anal under penultimate ray of the
dorsal, distance between the base of its last ray and the base of the middle caudal
ray a little more than five in the length; caudal rounded, six and one-third in the
length; dorsal short, rounded, the distance between its origin and the base of the

336 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

middle caudal rays one and sixty-seven hundredths in the distance between its
origin and the snout.
Sides and back profusely covered with confluent spots, which leave the light

color as irregular vermiculations.

58. Pygidium alternatum EKigenmann. (Plate LII, fig. 3.)
Pygidium alternatum E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 700.
Pygidium brasiliensis EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN (partim), Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.

(2), II, 1889, p. 51; id. (partim), Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p.

332; Ribeiro (partim), Fauna Brasiliensis, IV (A), 1912, p. 223.

Habitat.—Rio Doce.

It is possible that the young specimens of P. brasiliensis mentioned by Eigen-
mann & Kigenmann belong to this species.

7079, C. M., type and paratypes, sixty-seven, largest 81 mm. Rio Doce, May 25,

1908. Haseman.

7080, C. M., eleven, largest 49 mm. Rio Doce, May 25, 1908. Haseman.
7601a, C. M., 26mm. Jacarehy, July 15, 1908. Haseman.

Head 5-5.5; D. 10.5-11.5; A. 7.5 or 8.5 counting the rudimentary rays; P. 7 or
8; eye in middle of the head or slightly farther forward; interocular 3-3.33 in the
length of the head. Teeth conic, in bands.

Nasal barbel very little shorter than maxillary barbel, which reaches to the
base of the pectoral and is as long as the head; pectoral rays equal to length of head
behind the nasal barbels, the first ray with the filament longer than the head;
ventrals reaching to, or just beyond, vent; origin of ventrals equidistant from base
of middle caudal rays and a point between the posterior nares and the area just
behind the eyes; origin of anal under posterior part of dorsal; distance between base
of last anal ray and middle caudal rays four and a half to five and a third in the
length; caudal subtruncate or rounded, very little longer than head; origin of dorsal
over posterior half of ventrals; distance between origin of dorsal and base of middle
caudal rays 1.54 in its distance from the snout.

Ten to fourteen large spots along the middle of the sides, an irregular series
of much smaller ones below it. Large spots above the median series, frequently
alternating with it, sometimes partly confluent into a longitudinal series, some-
times forming with a mid-dorsal series irregular bars across the back.

As the specimens, No. 7079, ranging up to 81 mm., are essentially alike in color
and entirely different from the specimens of both smaller and larger size (74-120
mm.) from the same place referred to P. brasiliense, No. 7075, they have been

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 337

separated from the latter species. They may be identical with some of the younger
specimens of P. brasiliense mentioned by Eigenmann & Kigenmann in the papers
quoted above.

The specimens, No. 7080, are much shriveled but probably belong to this
species.

59. Pygidium goeldii (Boulenger).
Trichomycterus goeldi BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), XVIII, 1896, p. 154.

Habitat.—Colonia Alpina, Therezopolis, nearly 2,600 ft., near Rio de Janeiro.

I give the original description of Boulenger, J. c.:

“Head much depressed, as long as broad, six times in total length; eye small,
midway between end of snout and opercular border, its diameter half interorbital
width; upper mawnillary barbel reaching the pectoral; gill-membranes narrowly
joined to the isthmus, extending forward to below the eyes. Body as deep as
broad; caudal peduncle strongly compressed, twice as long as deep. Dorsal with
10 rays, opposite to the space between ventrals and anal, twice as distant from the
end of the snout as from the caudal; anal with 7 rays. Pectorals with the outer
ray produced, filiform. Ventrals equally distant from the end of the snout and
the posterior border of the caudal fin; latter rounded. Yellowish, with ill-defined
brown spots above. Total length 99 millim.”’

60. Pygidium brasiliense (Reinhardt).

Trichomycterus brasiliensis Reinnarpt MS. in Liitken, Overs. Dansk. Vidensk.
Selsk., 1879, No. 3, p. 29 (Rio das Velhas); Liirken, Velhas Flodens Fiske,
p. 15, in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. (5), Afd., XII, 1875, pp. 135 and I, pl. III, fig. 8
(Rio das Velhas); ? BouLENGER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. London, 1891, p. 235 (Rio
Grande do Sul); Rrserro, Kosmos, 1908 (Ribeiro); Archiv. Mus. Nac. Rio de
Janeiro, XIII, 1906 (p. 7 of reprint); Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes, IV (A), 1912,
p. 223, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, XVI.

Pygidium brasiliensis EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN (partim), Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
(2), II, 1889, p. 51; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 332; Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; E1genmann, Reports Princeton Univ.
Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399.

Trichomycterus brasiliensis tristis LUTKEN, I. c., p. 138, with figure, and p. I.
Habitat—Rios das Velhas and Doce south to Ribeira do Iguapé and ? Rio

Grande do Sul.

7594, C. M., four, 71-87 mm. Rio das Velhas. May 13, 1908. Haseman.

7550, C. M., one, 133 mm. Burmier. May 14, 1908. Haseman.

7075, C. M., fourteen, 74-120 mm. Rio Doce. May 25 and 27, 1908. Haseman.

338 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head 4.75-5 in the length; D. 10.5 or 11.5; A. 7.5 or 8.5 counting the rudi-
mentary rays; P. 7; width of head very nearly equal to its length; eye in the middle
of the head or partly in the anterior half; interocular 3-3.33 in the length of the

head. Teeth conic.

Fic. 17. Pygidium brasiliense (Reinhardt). After Liitken.

Nasal barbels extending to a point above the end of the interopercle, maxillary
barbel to the gill-opening, or very little shorter or longer; pectoral a little longer
than snout and eye, the first ray being very little prolonged in the smallest, equal
to the length of the head less the opercle in the largest; origin of ventrals equidistant
from base of middle caudal rays and base of pectoral in the specimen from Burmier,
or toa point between the eyes and the opercle in the others, reaching very little be-
yond the vent, about two-thirds to anal, or to the anal in the specimen from Burmier;
origin of anal below posterior half of dorsal, the distance between the base of its
last ray and the base of the middle caudal rays four and two-thirds to five and a
quarter in the length; caudal rounded, five and a half to six and a half in the length;
origin of dorsal over posterior half or end of ventrals, the distance between its
origin and the base of the middle caudal rays one and two-thirds to one and three-
fourths times in the distance between its origin and the snout.

Fic. 18. Pygidiwm brasiliense (Reinhardt). Opercle and P. brasiliense triste (Liitken).

The color in the specimens from the Rio Doce is the same. Back and sides
with numerous spots and vermiculations, the spots forming an irregular dark line
along the middle of the sides in front. The spots and vermiculations are a little
finer than in Liitken’s figure of brasiliensis. In the specimens from Burmier and
the Rio das Velhas there is a distinct median lateral band, the markings below it
bemg coarse. In the largest the lateral band becomes obscure.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 339

61. Pygidium itatiaye (Ribeiro).
Trichomycterus brasiliensis itatiaye RrpEIRO, Archives Mus. Nac. de Rio de Janeiro,
XIII, 1906, p. 8, pl. 1; Fauna Bras., IV (A), 1912, p. 223.
Habitat.—Itatiaya, Serra da Mantiqueira.
Caudal subtruneate; head longer than broad; last ray of the dorsal over the
fourth of the anal; a dark lateral band.

— ga <

Fie. 19. Pygidium itatiaye (Ribeiro), adult and young. After Ribeiro.

62. Pygidium triguttatum spec. nov. (Plate LIT, fig. 4.)
7600, C. M., a the type 36 mm., b to e, paratypes 26-34 mm. ,Jacarehy. July

14 and 15, 1908. J. D. Haseman.

Readily distinguished by the few spines in the interopercle.

Head 5-5.5; D.8 or 9; A. 6 or 7.5; P. 6; eye in anterior half of the head, 2 in
the snout, 6 in the head, about 1.5 in the interorbital; teeth pointed, in very narrow
bands; gill-openings reaching forward to below the eye; nasal barbels reaching to
tip of opercular spines, or but little beyond the eye; maxillary barbels to the base
of the opercular spine or to the axil; pectorals lanceolate, the first ray much pro-
longed, one and a third times as long as the head in the type, longer than the head
in all but one of the paratypes; origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and middle
of caudal; tips of ventrals reaching anus in two of the specimens, falling consider-
ably short of the anus in the rest; origin of anal behind the dorsal; distance between
Jast anal ray and caudal 5-5.5 in the length; caudal rounded, but few inconspicuous

340 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. °

accessory rays; distance from origin of dorsal to base of middle caudal rays 1.2-1.4
in the distance between snout and dorsal; distance from origin of dorsal to tip of
caudal sometimes less, sometimes greater, than its distance from the snout.

A row of small spots along the middle of the sides, another along the middle
of the back and a third between the two.

63. Pygidium punctatissimum (Castelnau). (Plate XLV, fig. 1.)

Trichomycterus punctatissimus CasTELNAU, Anim. Nouv. Am. Sud., 1855, p. 49,
pl. 24, fig. 3, GiinrHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 272; Ripero,
Fauna Braziliense, Peixes, IV (A), 1912, p. 221.

Pygidium punctatissimum ErceENMANN & EI1GENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2),
II, 1889, p. 52; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 334; Proc. U. 5.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 36; ErceENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 399. :
Habitat——Rio Araguay.

Known from the types, with the characters given in the Key.

64. Pygidium minutum (Boulenger).
Trichomycterus minutus BouLENGER, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 235, pl.
XMXVI, fig: 3:
Pygidium minutum E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, II,
1910, p. 399.
Habitat.—San Lorenzo district, southern Rio Grande do Sul.

ee

Kia. 20. Pygidiwm minutum (Boulenger). After Boulenger.

Head 4.5; D. 8; A. 6; eye a little in advance of the middle of the head, 1.5 in the
interorbital; gill-opening not continued forward to below the eye; maxillary barbels
three-fifths the length of the head, not reaching the gill-opening; nasal barbels
extending to the eye; dorsal entirely in front of the anal; origin of dorsal midway
between snout and tip of caudal; caudal rounded. Pale brown above, with three
longitudinal series of large squarish brown blotches. Fins immaculate, the largest
40 mm.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 341

65. Pygidium sante-ritae sp. nov. (Plate LII, fig. 5.)

7599, C. M., type, 24mm. Santa Rita, Rio Preto. July 10, 1908. Haseman.

Head 4; D.11; A. about 9; P.8; eye very nearly in the middle of the head;
about two in the snout, five in the head, a little less than interorbital; teeth pointed,
in a single series or in a very narrow band; gill-openings extending to below the
middle of the eye; nasal barbel extending but little beyond posterior nares; mawxil-
lary barbels to middle of interopercle; outer pectoral ray not prolonged, a little less
than head; origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and middle of caudal; anal
entirely behind the dorsal, distance between its last ray and the caudal 4.5 in the
length ; caudal rounded, 5 in the length; distance between origin of dorsal and caudal
equal to distance between dorsal and the middle of the eye.

Sides with large spots.

In the length of the barbels and the color this species agrees very Closely with
P. minutum from southern Rio Grande do Sul, with which it may be synonymous.
It differs in its longer head, the forward extent of the gill-opening, the more anterior
position of the dorsal. While the number of fin-rays as given differs, not much
weight attaches to this. I have endeavored to count all of the rudiments.

Genus V. ErEmopuitus®* Humboldt. (Plate XXXVI; Plate XL, figs. A, B.)

Eremophilus sive Thrichomycterus Humboldt, Ree. d’Obs. Zoél. et Anat., I,
1805, p. 17, pl. 6, reprinted in 1912, title-page 1911.
Trachypoma GiBBEL, Zeitschr. Gesellsch. Naturw., III, 1871, p. 97 (type marmora-
tum = mutisi).
Type.—Eremophilus mutisti Humboldt.
Like Pygidium, but without ventrals.

1. Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt. (Pl. XLI, figs. 1, 2; Pl. LIV, figs. 1, 2.)
Eremophilus mutisii HumBo.pt, l. c., I, 1805, p. 17, pl. 6; VALENCIENNES, in Hum-
boldt, II, 1835, p. 340; Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 1846,
p. 500, pl. 553 (Bogoté); Ginruer, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 275;
EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 53; Ocea-
sional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 339; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV,

30 tonuodidns, 6 = loving solitude (of the mountain lakes and streams).

“Je Vai nommé érémophile, i cause de la solitude dans laquelle il vit 4 de si grandes hauteurs, et
dans des eaux qui ne sont presque habitées par aucun autre étre vivant. Les naturalists qui craignent que
de nouvelles espéces de ce méme genre ne viennent a étre découvertes dans des situations trés-différentes,
pourroient changer le nom d’érémophile en celui de thrichomycterus, tiré des barbillons attachés au nez de

ce poisson.”

342 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1891, p. 37; ErcenmMann, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI,
1910, p. 400; Indiana University Studies, No. 23, Sept., 1914, p. 230.
Trachypoma marmoratum GIEBEL, l. c.
Habitat.—Plain of Bogota and north of it for a short distance.
5046a—p, C. M.; 12840, I. U. M., many, largest 325mm. Ponta de Suba, north of
Chapinero. Eigenmann.
5049, C. M., two, largest 300 mm. Laguna near Bogota (bought in the market).

Eigenmann.
5048a-k, C. M.; 12841, I. U. M., twenty-two, largest 210. Herrera. Higenmann.
5047a—-h, C. M.: 12842, I. U. M., sixteen, largest 270 mm. Madrid. Eigenmann.
7445a, C. M.; 13834, I. U. M., two, 142 and 165mm. _ Rio Chiquinquiere, Boyaca.
Gonzales.
7446a, C. M., one, 220 mm. Rio Bogota. Gonzales.
13836, I. U. M., three, 130-160 mm. Rio Funjuelo at Usme Sur near Bogota.
Head 5.33-6; depth 5-6.33; D. 11.5; A. 9.5; P. 8; head pointed, a little longer
than wide; center of the eye very little in advance of the center of the head; inter-

ocular three times, or a little more, in the head; teeth conical, in three to five rows;
gill-openings not extending forward to below the eye; a very narrow free mem-
brane across the isthmus.

Nasal barbel extending to the base of the opercular spines or shorter; maxillary
barbel extending very little if any further than the nasal barbels; pectoral 1.5—2
in the head, its first ray sometimes very slightly produced, origin of anal about
under the middle of the dorsal, the distance between the last ray and the middle
caudal rays 4.5-5.5 in the length; depth of caudal peduncle 1.25-1.5 in its length,
.66—.8 in the greater depth; caudal very broad and short, its length seven or more
in the length; origin of dorsal nearly equidistant from tip of caudal and the head,
its distance from the base of the middle caudal rays 1.8—2 in its distance from the
snout.

Blackish, everywhere with well-defined but irregular spots or vermiculations.
The black background most abundant above, the light vermiculations predominant
below. In some specimens the dark predominates everywhere, the light being
reduced to spots, or vermiculations, in others the light predominates; in the young
there is a narrow dark median stripe, and the dark of the caudal peduncle consists
of a few irregular spots, on the back in front of the dorsal the typical color of the
adult obtains. Very variable.

The specimens from the Rio Funjuelo deserve special mention.

The largest measures a few millimeters over 160; it is not possible to give

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 343

the exact length, owing to the curves. This specimen is without pigment. The
eye is apparent only on account of the lens and its overlying hyaline skin. The
eye measures 2 mm. in diameter. This measurement is taken with the skin re-
moved. The eye is not pigmented.

~ Another specimen measures 130 mm. It is also without pigment except in the
eye. The eye seems to be fully pigmented and measures about 2 mm.

The third specimen measures 133 mm. The caudal and all but a small patch
on the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle are without pigment. The region
from the caudal peduncle to the head is pigmented, but much more sparingly than
in normal specimens, and there are irregular pigment-free spots. The sides of the
head behind the eyes are free from pigment, the dorsal surface of the head and
snout are again pigmented. The eye is normally pigmented and measures a little
less than 2 mm.

These specimens seem to be identical with the normal “‘Capitan”’ in all respects
except the color.

As stated elsewhere, the ‘‘Capitan”’ is a fish of considerable importance on the
plains of Bogoté. The fish are caught with long-handled dip-nets several feet in
diameter. The net is held in a slanting position by one man, one or several others
drive the fishes into the net by beating the water. From time to time the net is
raised and the fish removed. We supplemented this method by having the Indians
drag a small seine, which yielded many smaller specimens. All we caught were
about 80 mm. long or longer, 7. e., we caught no very young ones. The Indians
also secured specimens by thrusting their hands and arms into the holes in the banks.
It has heretofore been recorded exclusively from the Plains of Bogota. Mr. Gon-
zales has sent two specimens from the Rio Chiquinquiere north of the plain.

Genus VI. Parerropon* Kner. (Plate XXXVII.)

Pareiodon Kner, Sb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 1855, p. 160.
Centrophorus Kner, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, XVII, p. 167.
Astemomycterus GuICHENOT, Rev. et Mag. Nat. Hist., XII, 1860, p. 525, fig. 2

(pusillus).
Pariodon GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 275.

Type.—Pareiodon microps Kner.

No mental barbels, no nasal barbel, two slender barbels at angle of mouth;
outer pectoral ray not prolonged beyond the other rays; gill-membrane confluent
with the isthmus, without a free fold in the middle, a narrow fold just below the

31 tapela = cheek, édots, 6 = tooth.

344 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

gill-opening which is restricted to the space behind the interopercular spines, the
“membrane being confluent with the shoulder behind the opercular spines; mouth

subterminal, a single series of teeth in each jaw, about
Yaar. (ea sixteen on the pre-opercle and about thirteen on the
A \ | mandible. The teeth of the two jaws alike, similar to

) the teeth at the end of the premaxillary of Branchioica and

nyo / 4 some species of Vandellia. They consist of a narrow
YW wT d cL Y

oF Y _—\ basal section, an enlarged middle section, from the inner

(median) angle of which projects a short spur laterad, the
WAN ° MANNY spur being slightly twisted from the plane of the rest of
the tooth; the teeth not movable; interopercle with a
Fic.21. Pareiodon microps single series of six backward directed, slightly divergent
Kner. a, outlineofheadfrom syines; opercular spines slightly divergent, four spines
above; 6, the interopercular — , : : ;
spines; ¢, the opercularspines; Im the main posterior row; five much smaller ones in
d, a premaxillary and a man- the anterior row; eaudal forked.
dibular tooth, very much en- c
larged: Pareiodon has the appearance of an overgrown Van-
dellia, from which it differs in dentition, in the size of the
eye, and the general shape of the head.

1. Pareiodon microps Kner. (Plate LIV, fig. 3.)

Pareiodon microps Kner, l. c. (Borba on the Madeira about four days from its’
mouth); ErgeEnMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889,
p. 59; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 346; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, p. 37; Riperro, Fauna Bras., IV (A), 1912, p. 232; Comm. Linhas
Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas. Annexo 5, Sept.,
1912, p. 30 (Mandos) ; Fowisr, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1915, 229 (Amazon
between mouth of Rio Negro and Peru).

Pariodon microps GiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 275; Corn, Proce.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, 290 (between Rio Negro and Peru.)

Trichomycterus pusillus CasrELNAU, Anim. Amér. du Sud, Poissons, 1855, p..50,
pl. 24, fig. 4 (Araguay; Amazon).

Astemomycterus pusillus GuICHENOT, l. c. (Araguay; Amazon).

Pareiodon pusillus RiBErrRo, lL. ¢., p. 234.
Habitat—Amazon Basin.
The specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences,

mentioned by Cope and Fowler, is about 145 mm. long. I am indebted to Dr.

Fowler for the loan of this specimen.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 345

Head 8; depth 6; D. 10, of which eight are full length; A. 7, of which five are
full length; eye minute, about thirteen times in the head; center of head a full
orbital diameter behind the posterior margin of the eye; interorbital 2.1 in the
length of the head, snout 3 in the head, broad; width of head equal to its length;
maxillary barbel not reaching to the interopercular spines; lower barbel reaching a
little beyond the middle of the maxillary barbel; depth of caudal peduncle two and
one-fourth in its length; pectoral about equal to the length of the head without the
opercle; distance between origin of dorsal and base of caudal twice its distance from
the snout; last dorsal ray slightly in front of the anal; dorsal and anal truncate or
slightly emarginate; anus under middle of dorsal; ventrals not reaching anus, their
origin equidistant from tip of caudal and interoperele; caudal deeply forked, the

upper lobe two and one-half times as long as the middle rays; caudal fulera not
conspicuous.

Genus VII. Hrnonemus” Eigenmann & Ward. (Plate XXXVI).
Henonemus ErGENMANN & Warp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, p. 118 (inter-
medius).
Cobitiglanis FowiEr, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1914, p. 268, fig. 16 (taxistigma).

Type.—Stegophilus intermedius EKigenmann & Eigenmann.

The genus Henonemus was created for Stegophilus intermedius on the obser-
vation that it has but one barbel at the angle of the mouth. The second (lower)
barbel at the angle of the mouth is so minute that it ought not to be considered of
generic value, especially since a minute barbel has been found on closer observation
in a number of cases where but one barbel had been recorded. It is probably present
in the type of Henonemus. The types of Homodietus and Henonemus differ in the
number of opercular spines, four or five in the former, but two in the latter. The
names may, therefore, be at least temporarily retained.

Cobitiglanis was proposed as a subgenus of Ochmacanthus. However, the type
of Cobitiglanis is not related to Ochmacanthus. Cobitiglanis taxistigma is scarcely
distinet from H. punctatus and the name Coblitiganis is a synonym of the subgenus
Henonemus. :

This genus, as far as known, consists of free-living species, and is closely re-
lated to the commensal Stegophilus. The mouth is wide, inferior, provided with
numerous teeth in series on the jaws and lips; those of the middle of the upper lip
are long and in part are homologous with those of Vandellia; the opercle bears two
spines, the pre-opercle five or more. - Where observed, the lower barbel is very
minute, followed by an additional barbel or labial lobe ; the lower jaw is well formed,

3 gy = one, vaua = thread. A misnomer, since there are two maxillary barbels.

346 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

the rami transverse, united. The genus differs from Stegophilus chiefly in the shape
of the caudal, which is emarginate instead of rounded, and in the number of oper-
cular spines.
Key To THE Species OF HENONEMUS.

a. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and interopercle; origin of ventrals nearly equidistant

from tip of lower caudal lobe and snout.
b. Sides plain, caudal spotted, last half of its lower lobe black; D. 10; A. 9.

1. macrops (Steindachner).

bb. Sides with a median series of spots, and smaller spots above them; tip of lower caudal lobe and

an oblique band! across the upper lobe blackaren a -.gi eit icline 2. punctatus (Boulenger).

bbb. Sides with a regular series of spots, smaller spots above them; lower caudal lobe not black at tip,

several obscure spots on dorsal, caudal and base of pectoral........ 3. taxistigmus (Fowler).

aa. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and occiput; origin of ventrals equidistant from bases

of caudal and pectoral; caudal with faint dusky spots; upper surface with dark spots; a series of

larger spots along the middle of the sides............ 4. intermedius (Higenmann & Eigenmann).

1. Henonemus macrops (Steindachner).

Stegophilus macrops STEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., IV, 1882, p. 28, pl. VI, fig.
2-2a (Lake Manacapurtt); ErcENMANN & ErGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.
(2), II, 1889, p. 55; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 344; Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37.

Henonemus macrops E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITI,
1910, p. 401; Rrperro, Fauna Bras., IV (A), 1912, p. 231.
Habitat—Lake Manacapurt.

Fic. 22. Henonemus macrops Steindachner. (After Steindachner.)

Known from the types only, which are in the Vienna Museum. Head 5;
depth 5; D. 10; A.9; P. 6; eye 3.4 in the head; width of head 1.25 in its length;
barbel scarcely more than half as long as the eye; pectoral equals the head without
the snout; distance between caudal and origin of dorsal 1.5 in its distance from the
snout; origin of anal under the last dorsal ray; sides of head and body without spots;
tip of lower caudal lobe dark, the other fins plain.

2. Henonemus punctatus (Boulenger). (Plate XL, fig. C.)

Stegophilus punctatus (BOULENGER), Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 279, pl. XXI,
fig. 4 (Canelos); E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. (2), I,

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 347

1889, p. 54; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 343; Proc. U. 8. Nat.
«Muss lV, 1891p: 37.
Henonemus punctatus E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
* TH, 1910, p. 401.
Habitat—Canelos, Ecuador; Santarem, Brazil.
Mr. Haseman collected the following specimens:
7083, C. M., fourteen, largest 88 mm. Santarem, Dec. 9, 1909.
7544, C. M., four, 72-90 mm. San Antonio, Rio Madeira, Nov. 3, 1909.

Fic. 23. Henonemus punctatus (Boulenger). After Boulenger.

Head 5.5-6; depth 6.5-7; D. 10 or 11; A. 8; P. 6; eye 4 in the head; width of
the head 1.2 in its length; opercle with two spines, interopercle with four in the
main row, of which the upper is much larger, two in the second row; three rows of
movable teeth in the lip of the upper jaw, the rows close together, the teeth minute,

a

Pm)

wie MH yy) |
KKK

Fic. 24. Henonemus punctatus (Steindachner). A, opercle with its two spines; B, pre-opercle
with its spines; C, half of the premaxillary with its teeth.

a)

348 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

except for the middle ones of the inner series, which are much larger, similar to those
in the premaxillary of Vandellia; four rows on the premaxillary, of which the three
outer rows are similar to, but a little larger than, the labial teeth; the teeth of the
inner series are pressed together, broad, bent toward the middle line near the tip and
then are abruptly bent backward and inward, then outward; about fifty teeth in
the inner row on each side, about seventy-five in the next row; five rows of teeth
in the lower jaw, the outer series labial, those of the next three rows minute, re-
curved hooks, those of the innermost series like those of the inner series of the
upper Jaw; eye large, without a free orbital rim; posterior nares in a line with the
anterior margin of the eye, much closer together than the anterior; no nasal barbel;
maxillary barbel broad at base entirely concealing the very minute second barbel.

Axillary gland large, the pectorals considerably shorter than the head; distance
of origin of dorsal from caudal 1.5-1.75 in its distance from the snout; origin of anal
under or behind the last dorsal ray; back with numerous small spots; sides with a
row of much larger spots; lower caudal lobe dark toward tip, base of the fin spotted
like the sides, upper lobe free from chromatophores toward its tip, a few spots along
lower margin of caudal peduncle; dorsal with spots on its basal half.

3. Henonemus taxistigmus (lowler).

Ochmacanthus (Cobitoglanis) taxistigma Fow.Er, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1914,

p. 268 (Rupununi River).

Habitat—Rupununi River, British Guiana.

Known from the type, 39344 A. N.S. P., 93 mm., which I have had the oppor-
tunity to examine through the courtesy of Dr. H. W. Fowler.

Head 5.5; depth 6.5; D. 10; A. 7.5; P. 7; eye 3-3.33 in the head, width of head
1.1, snout 3.25, width of mouth 1.5, interorbital 3.5, pectoral 1.4, lower caudal lobe
1.17, caudal peduncle 2.5; lower barbel one-fifth as long as the upper; upper jaw
with four series of teeth, upper lip with three, at least seven series in the mandible;
pre-opercle with five or more spines; opercle with two smaller spines; origin of
dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and interopercle.

/ a ae se Ee : S % oe e : Ze
Ute es seccese 0 O° O62

=—_

ores bape cate
= teat
OE geet Rage ae.

Fie. 25. Henonemus taxistigmus (Fowler). After Fowler.

Predorsal region with about four series of irregular, dusky spots, upper surface

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 349

of heAd with similar spots, one marking the interopercular, another the opercular

spines; a few median, dusky spots behind the dorsal; sixteen sharply defined, dusky

blotches along the lateral line increasing in size to the caudal peduncle. Fins all
pale or whitish, several obscure spots of dusky on dorsal, caudal, and base of pec-
toral.

4. Henonemus intermedius (Higenmann & Eigenmann).

Stegophilus intermedius EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II,
1889, p. 54; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 343; Proce. U.S. Nat.
Mus:, XhVe S91. p37.

Henonemus intermedius EK1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,
III, 1910, p. 401; Ribeiro, Fauna Bras., IV (A), 1912, p. 230.
Habitat—Headwaters of the Rio Araguay.

This species, found in a region intermediate between the localities where
punctatus and maculatus are found, combines in a remarkable way the characters
of those species.

Type, No. 9842, M. C. Z., one specimen, 80 mm. Goyaz. Senhor Honorio.

Head 5.5; D. 9; A. 7; eye equals snout, 3.5 in the head; mouth large, upper lip
with two series of teeth, premaxillary and mandible with four series of depressible
teeth, those of the inner series enlarged at the tip; barbel shorter than eye; head a
little longer than wide; opercle with two spines, interopercle with five or six claw-
like spines.

Elongate, compressed behind, depressed forward; head somewhat longer than
wide, snout pointed; eye large, once in the snout, three and one-half times in the
head. Mouth large. Lower lip not dilated. Origin of dorsal about equidistant
from tip of caudal and occiput; caudal emarginate; anal placed entirely behind the
dorsal; origin of ventrals equidistant from bases of caudal and pectoral. Light
brown; entire upper surface with rather large dark brown spots; a series of larger
dark spots along the middle line of the sides, the spots becoming larger towards
the tail; caudal with a few, faint, dark spots.

Genus VIII. PsruposrEcoruitus® EKigenmann & Eigenmann.
Pseudostegophilus EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889,
p. 54.
Type.—Stegophilus nemurus Giinther.
This genus has the characters of Homodiwtus but has a deeply forked caudal.

% Yevsys = false; Stegophilus, the name of a related genus, see p. 353, from ozéyos, 76 = a roof, and
gidos, 6 = a lover.

350 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1. Pseudostegophilus nemurus (Giinther). (Plate XLIV, fig. 5.)

Stegophilus nemurus GUNTHER, Proc. Zodl. Soc., London, 1869, p. 429. (Peruvian
Amazon.)

Pseudostegophilus nemurus EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. (2),
If, 1889, p. 54 (Marafion or Ucayale); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad., Sci. I,
1890, p. 341; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; Ercenmann, Reports
Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat.—Upper Amazon, Rio Mamoré.

7547a-f, C. M., 68-78 mm. Rio Mamoré. Sept. 19,1909. J. D. Haseman.
Head 5; depth 6-6.5; D. 9; A. 7; P. 6; eye 44.5 in the head, less than snout or

interorbital; maxillary barbel about as long as the eye, lower barbel very minute.
Five rows of teeth on the upper lip, four in the upper jaw, six rows in the lower jaw
and lip; gill+membrane not forming a fold across the isthmus; eight or nine spines
on the interopercle and opercle; pectoral a little shorter than the head; origin of
ventrals about equidistant from tip of snout and tip of middle caudal ray (its base
in a specimen in the Mus. Comp. Zod6l.); origin of anal behind the dorsal, the dis-
tance of the base of its last ray from the base of the middle caudal ray four and one-
half in the length; caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed, the upper lobe longer
than the lower; distance of origin of dorsal from base of middle caudal rays 1.5-1.6
in its distance from the snout; a dark shade across the head between the eyes,
another between the opercles, four bands across the back and sides about equal to
the interspaces, the margins of the bands darkest; lower caudal lobe and tip of the
upper black.

Genus IX. Homopiatus* Eigenmann & Ward. (Plate XX XVII.)

Homodietus EIGENMANN & Warp, Annals Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, p. 117, pl.

XXXIV, figs. 2 and 3 (anisits?).

Type.—H omodietus anisitst Kigenmann & Ward.

Opercle with four or five spines directed upward and backward, interopercle
with more, directed downward and backward; eye 3.5-5 in the head. Otherwise
like Henonemus.

Key to THE Species or Homopimtvus.

a. Caudal slightly emarginate, oblique; accessory rays numerous; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of
caudal and eye; origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and caudal; D. 8; A. 8; back and sides
with chromatophores, but without distinct spots; middle caudal rays black.

: 1. anisitsi Eigenmann & Ward.

** ouodiexros = living or eating with others. In allusion to the known parasitic habits of some of its
relatives.

€
EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDM, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 351

aa. Caudal forked or deeply emarginate, accessory rays few, inconspicuous; origin of dorsal a little nearer
tip of snout than tip of upper caudal lobe, or the reverse; origin of ventrals equidistant from base of
caudal and the eye, or a little nearer the former; D. 10; A. 7; back and sides with conspicuous spots
unsymmetriecally distributed, sometimes in part arranged as a median series; a spot at base of
caudal etipsoL caudalllobesiblacksemreemna creer iene siete - 2. maculatus (Steindachner).

1. Homodiztus anisitsi Eigenmann & Ward. (Plate LVI, figs. 3 and 5.)*
Homodietus anisitsi EIGENMANN & Warp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., IV, 1907, p. 117,

pl. XXXIV, figs. 2 and 3 (Villa Rica); E1gENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ.

Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 401.

Habitat.—Villa Rica, Paraguay.

Known only from the type in the collection of Indiana University.

10155, I. U. M., 9, 48 mm., the type. Small creek at Villa Rica, Paraguay.

Anisits.

Head 6.5; depth 5.75; D. 8; A. 8; eye equals snout, 3.5 in the head, about equal
to interorbital; head nearly as wide as long; opercle with about four spines, inter-
opercle with six; the barbel shorter than the eye, the inner barbels much smaller;
upper jaw and lips each with about four distinct series of teeth; those on the lips
freely movable; the teeth narrow, more or less spoon-oar-shaped, those of the inner
series slightly larger; lower lip without teeth, three series of teeth on the jaw.

Axillary gland very large; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of caudal and
posterior margin of the eye; caudal slightly emarginate, the upper lobe longest;
origin of anal under end of dorsal; ventrals reaching vent, which is equidistant from
tip of mouth and tip of caudal, origin of ventrals equidistant from snout and caudal.
Accessory rays numerous.

In alcohol uniformly pale. The fresh specimen preserved in formalin was straw-
colored, the back with numerous large, conspicuous, stellate, black chromatophores,
and many more smaller, much less conspicuous, brown ones; sides with a few small,
stellate, black, chromatophores, gradually giving rise to a regular series along the
middle of the tail; a dusky streak along the sides between the myotomes of the body
and the thin covering of the abdominal cavity; a small, black spot at the base of
the middle caudal ray; middle caudal rays dark, becoming intensely black toward
tip; oblique bars extending from the end of the second ray below median dark one
downward and forward to the tip of the lower caudal fulera and then as a black line
forward along the tips of the fulera; another one like it in all respects from the tip
of the second ray above the median dark one upward and forward to the tip of the
caudal fulera and then forward along their tips as a black line; remaining fins more
or less dotted.

3° The caudal should be emarginate in the figure.

302 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Alimentary canal straight, without convolutions or bends, the thin-walled
stomach lying lengthwise and giving rise to a short, thin intestine, which merges
into the much longer and larger, but thin-walled, large intestine which appears to
be filled with minute grains of sand.

2. Homodiztus maculatus (Steindachner).
Stegophilus maculatus STEINDACHNER, Denk. Ak. Wiss., Wien, XLI, 1879, p. 25,

IV, fig. 2 (La Plata); Eigenmann & E1GeENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2),

II, 1889, p. 54; Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 343; Proc. U. S8.

Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37.

Henonemus maculatus K1IGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia,

III, 1910, p. 401.

Habitat.—La Plata, in Province Buenos Aires; Uruguay Basin.

Iknown from the type, a specimen 105 mm. long, and
7545a-d, C. M., 67-69 mm. Uruguayana, Feb. 6, 1907. J. D. Haseman.
7546a-—c, C. M., 64-70 mm. Cacequy. Feb. 2, 1907. J.D. Haseman.

Head 5.75-6.75; depth 6-9; D. 9; A. 7; P. 6; eye 3.66—4 in head, equal to snout
or interorbital; maxillary barbel filamentous, equal to the eye, the inner barbel
much smaller; seven series of teeth in the upper jaw and lip, five in the lower; about
seven, graduate, opercular spines, about nine larger interopercular spines; gill-
membrane forming a free fold across the isthmus; anal behind the dorsal. In the
type, a series of spots along the back, another row of spots along the middle of the
sides; two or three rows of smaller spots between the two; base of caudal with a
dark cross-bar, several small spots along the upper edge of the caudal; tips of the
caudal dark spotted.

% \ fi
et <2 = SES ey me
Reyer ee RASS
———— ee ee ee ee ee ee
a ae

a es
= Lo
GZ

Fic. 26. Homodietus maculatus (Steindachner). After Steindachner.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 353

In the specimens collected by Haseman the color-marking is less regular, the
sides and back with unsymmetrically placed spots, largest on the caudal peduncle,
smallest on top of the head, sometimes arranged in a series along the middle of the
sides; the spot at the base of the caudal largely above the middle.

Genus X. Srecoruius® Reinhardt. (Plate XX XVII.)

Stegophilus ReinnHarpt, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren., Kjébenhavn., 1858

(1859), p. 79, pl. II.

Type.—Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt.

No nasal or mental barbel, lower barbel at angle of mouth excessively minute,
a minute dermal flap below the lower barbel; mouth very wide, inferior; eye large,
superior; posterior nares between the front parts of the eyes; opercle and inter-
opercle with several spines; gill-opening narrow, about a third as wide as the mouth,
in front of the pectoral, the membrane not forming a free margin; first pectoral ray
not produced in a filament; origin of ventral one and a half to two times as far from
snout as from caudal; caudal rounded, not greatly contracted at base, the accessory
rays not conspicuous; origin of dorsal behind the vertical from the origin of the
ventrals; teeth very numerous, in regular series, those in the middle of the upper
jaw larger than the others.

1. Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt.
Stegophilus insidiosus REINHARDT, l. c., p. 79-97; GiinrHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.,

V, 1864, p. 276; LirKken, Velhas Flodens Fiske, p. 15; Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.

(5), Afd. XII, 1875, p. 135, and I, text figures 1-3 (Rio das Velhas) ; EIGENMANN

& EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 55; Occasional Papers

Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 344; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37;

EIGENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 400.

Habitat.—Parasitic in large fishes (Pseudoplatystoma orbignianum = coruscans)
of the San Francisco basin and free on sand bars of the upper San Francisco basin.
7551, C. M., one, 82 mm. Opposite Januaria. Dec. 12, 1907. Haseman.

This example is the first one secured since Reinhardt obtained his specimens
from the gill-chamber of a large catfish, Pseudoplatystoma. Haseman took his
specimen on Dec. 12, 1907, from the sandy shore of an island in the Rio San Fran-
cisco, in front of the town of Januaria. If this specimen is really identical with
those secured by Reinhardt from the same river basin, Stegophilus appears to have
the general habit of members of the family of burrowing in sand as well as the pecu-
liar habit of entering the gill-chambers of other fishes. This double, Jekyl and

3 gréyos, 7 = ALOOL; Pidos, o = a lover, 7. e., loving a covered home, in allusion to its habit of living

in the gill-cavities of other fishes.

304 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Hyde, habit of Stegophilus lends probability to the reported habit of Vandellia
of entering the urethre of bathers. For an account of the habit of the species

see page 267.

Fira. 27. Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt. (After Liitken.)

Head about six times in the length; D. 8; A. 7; P. 7; eye about equal to snout
or interorbital, four times in the head; maxillary barbel equal to half the width of
the mouth, extending to the interopercular spines, lower barbel about four-tenths
as long; a thin, narrow membranous flap below the lower barbel; head flat below,
its width equal to its length less the opercular spines.

This specimen has hardened in the alcohol and it is not possible to describe
the details of the teeth.

Ten or eleven hooks in two series, on the interopercle, directed downward and
backward, eleven or twelve thorns on the opercle in three or four irregular series,
increasing in size from the minute anterior ones to the strong posterior one.

Pectoral about as long as the head without the snout; origin of ventrals equi-
distant from base of caudal and tip of pectoral; distance between origin of dorsal
and base of middle caudal rays 2.33 in its distance from the snout, distance between
last anal ray and base of caudal 6.5 in the length; caudal rounded, ventral accessory
rays inconspicuous, a few prominent dorsal accessory rays.

No color-markings.

Genus XI. AcanrHopoma®™ Liitken. (Plate XX XVII.)

Acanthopoma LirKen, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjébenhavn, for 1891,
1892, p. 538, fig. (annectens).
Like Stegophilus, the gillamembranes forming a free fold across the isthmus.

57 GxavOos, 6 = Splne; r&ya, r6 = opercle.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDA, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 395

1. Acanthopoma annectens Liitken.

Acanthopoma annectens LUTKEN, l. c. (Hualliga); EIGENMANN, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
IV, 1907, p. 119; Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 401.
Habitat Huallaga.

Known from the type 100 mm. long in the collection of Prof. R. Leuckart.
Anterior part, especially the head, depressed; head parabolic; eyes not large; dis-
tance between anterior nares twice the distance between the posterior, neither with
a barbel; a group of four to six large and some small spines on the opercle; another
larger group, ten to twelve, on the interopercle; mouth inferior; upper jaw with six
to seven very regular rows of very small teeth; in the lower jaw are “‘naeppe mere
end en enkelt Roekke telstede.’’ Free margin of the gill-membrane begins behind
the interopercle and is continued across the isthmus without uniting with it.

Fic. 28. Acanthopoma annectens Liitken. (After Liitken.)

Origin of ventrals equidistant from bases of caudal and pectoral, or tip of
caudal and the mouth; origin of dorsal nearly twice as far from snout as from base
of caudal; origin of anal under end of dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate; back with
obscure spots.

Called annectens to indicate its supposed position between the Pygidiin and
Stegophiline.

Liitken says it is nearest Henonemus microps = macrops?

Genus XII. Ocumacanruus®’ Eigenmann. (Plate XX XVII.)

Ochmacanthus EIGENMANN, Mem. Carn. Mus., V, June, 1912, p. 2138.

Gyrinurus Rrperro, Comm. Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso
ao Amazonas, Annexo No. 5, Sept., 1912, p. 27, pl. with three figures,
Type.—Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Kigenmann.

oe 6xpa, TO = a hold; axavbos, 6 = & spine.

356 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

No nasal or mental barbels; lower barbel at angle of mouth minute or well
developed; mouth very wide, inferior; eye large, superior; posterior nares between
the anterior margins of the eyes; gill-opening very small; first pectoral ray not
spinous, not produced in a filament; accessory caudal rays very numerous, the
caudal greatly contracted at base; origin of anal behind that of the dorsal; teeth
very numerous, in regular series, none on the lip of the upper Jaw.

Key TO THE SPECIES OF OCHMACANTHUS.

a. Maxillary barbel reaching pectoral; origin of dorsal equidistant between tip of caudal and snout or
nearer caudal; accessory caudal rays highest near the middle; distance between last anal ray and
caudal two in its distance from the snout. (Gyrinurus)............1. batrachostoma (Ribeiro).

aa. Maxillary barbel about as long as the eye, reaching tip of interopercular spines; origin of dorsal much
nearer tip of caudal than snout; accessory caudal rays graduate to the caudal into which they
gradually merge. (Ochmacanthus).

b. Distance between last anal ray and caudal 4-4.5 in the length; origin of dorsal in advance of
origin of anal; ventrals not reaching anal; gill-opening extending from the opercle to behind the
middle or lower part of the opercular spines ................ 2. reinhardti (Steindachner).

bb. Distance between last anal ray and caudal three in its distance from the snout; origin of dorsal
over origin of anal, ventrals reaching anal; gill-openings confined to the region between the

interopercular and opercular spines...................-....-. 3. flabelliferus Eigenmann.

1. Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Ribeiro). (Plate LV, figs. 1-3.)

Gyrinurus batrachostoma RiBEtRo, l. c. (S. Luiz de Caceres.)

Habitat—Upper Paraguay.

Known from the type, a specimen 32 mm. long, and
75538, C. M., about 31 mm. Puerto Suarez, swampy shore of big bay between

Brazil and Bolivia. May 7, 1909. Haseman.

7554, C. M., 30 mm. Rio Jaurt, twenty-eight miles above its mouth at Campos

Alegre, thirty miles southwest of Caceres. June 2, 1909. Haseman.

Head 5.5-6.5; depth 6.5-9; D. 10-12; A. 8-9; P. 4; eyes superio-lateral, three
or four in the head, longer than the snout, about equal to the interorbital; maxillary
barbel reaching axil of pectoral, the lower one to the opercular spines; head as
broad as long; six to eight opercular spines arranged in a group; interopercle with
about five to eight spines in one or two series; teeth conical, in three parallel series;
body depressed in front, compressed behind; dorsal and anal rounded; dorsal
behind the ventrals, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and tip of caudal in the
figure of the type, its distance from the caudal 1.31.5 in its distance from the sneut
in the specimens enumerated above; anal partly under dorsal, distance of its last
ray from the caudal about 3.5 in its distance from the caudal in the specimens at
hand; caudal minute, rounded, hidden in the accessory rays which are greatly

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 357

developed into fins like those of a larval frog; everywhere except on the belly spotted.
Twenty-one vertebre behind the anal.
The type was caught among water-weeds (Hichornea azurea).

2. Ochmacanthus reinhardti (Steindachner). (Plate LV, fig. 4.)
Stegophilus reinhardti SrEINDACHNER, Flussf. Siidam., IV, 1882, p. 28, pl. VI, fig. 1

(Lake Manacapurt; Rio Iga; Montalegre; Teffé; Tabatinga); E1gENMANN &

EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 55; Occasional Papers Cal.

Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 344;Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; EIGENMANN,

Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 401; Rrserro, Fauna

Bras., IV (A), 1912, p. 401.

Habitat—Amazons.

7552, C. M., 838 mm. Amazon, at upper end of island four miles above Santarem.

Dec. 9, 1909. Haseman.
7555a-b, C. M., 35-46 mm. Igarape de Jaura, entering R. Tapajos two miles

above Santarem. Dec. 11, 1909. Haseman.

Head 7; D. 11-13 (9 or 10 developed rays); A. 10-11 (8 or 9); P. 6, partly
adnate; eye equals snout, less than interorbital, entirely in the anterior half of the
head, 4-5 in the head; maxillary barbel reaching interopercular spines, the lower
barbel a third or fourth as long; 8 or 9 interopercular spines, 9 to 12 opercular;
width of head equal to its length. Three series of teeth in the upper jaw, those of
the inner series close set, much more numerous than those of the outer series, the
teeth of the outer two series at the middle of the mouth a little longer and more
slender than the rest; lower Jaw with two complete series of teeth, the inner series
similar to inner series of the upper jaw, those of the outer series larger, fewer, and
much more movable than those of the inner, about fifteen in the outer series, about
forty in the inner; four increasingly shorter series from the inner series outward
near the middle of the jaw.

A prominent pectoral pore, pectoral equal to the head or to the head without
the snout. Origin of ventrals equidistant from bases of caudal and pectoral or a
little farther forward, distance between last anal ray and caudal 44.5 in the length;
distance between origin of dorsal and base of caudal 1.75-2 in its distance from the
snout; caudal rounded, with many prominent accessory rays.

Back gray, sides and fins mottled.

3. Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Eigenmann. (Plate LV, fig. 5.)
Ochmacanthus flabelliferus E1GENMANN, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 1912, p. 213.
Habitat.—Essequibo basin.

358 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

1729, C. M.; 12111, I. U. M., type and paratypes, three, 33-35 mm. (Konawaruk.)

Head 5.33; depth 7; D. 8; A. 7; eye 1 in snout, 3.75 in head, 1 in space between
the eyes. Width of head equal to its length; snout semicircular in outline, the head
depressed; mouth very wide, its width equal to the length of the head less half the
snout; upper jaw with three series of teeth; teeth of the two outer series conical,
those of the inner series broad, removed from the others, forming a solid palisade;
no labial teeth; lower jaw with an outer series of long, curved, claw-like teeth in the
lip, and four series in the jaw, of which the first is short, near the middle, the second
extends farther to the sides, the third is longest, extending from the middle to the
side ofthe jaw, the fourth is shorter again and confined to the sides, not reaching
the median line of the jaw. Interopercle with nine claw-like erectile spines; opercle
somewhat prolonged, carrying a bunch of nine spines similar to those of the pre-
opercle above and behind the gill-opening. Gill-opening small, entirely above the
level of the middle of the pectoral; outer maxillary barbel about as long as the eye,
the inner one minute. Pectorals partly adnate; ventrals small, free, reaching anal;
dorsal about equal to the anal and but slightly farther forward.

“Tight, with numerous chromatophores more or less aggregated in places; a
black spot on base of caudal.”’ ;

The only specimens known were killed with hiari poison in a small pool of
back-water from the Essequibo.

Genus XII. VANpDELLIA®? Cuvier & Valenciennes. (Plate XX XVIII.)

Genus XIII. Urrnopnitus Eigenmann.

Vandellia Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846, p. 386, pl.

547.

Type of Vandellia.—Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Long, slender fishes with small inferior mouth; a few teeth in a single series in
the middle of the upper jaw; peculiar, claw-like teeth on the end of the maxillary
in some species, probably all of them; teeth on the mandible in some species, none
in other species; the mandibular rami not meeting, separated by a wide membrane;
opercular spines directed obliquely upward and backward, interopercular spines
directed downward and backward; gill-opening small; no nasal or mental barbels,
the lower of the barbels at angle of mouth very minute; first pectoral ray not pro-
longed ina filament; ventrals very much nearer to caudal than to tip of snout; origin
of the anal behind that of the dorsal.

39 In honor of Domingo Vandelli, professor of natural history at Lisbon, who sent the types of the

genus to Lacépéde.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 359

There are two generic types contained in the genus as here understood. One
of the two genera has teeth on the mandibles and is represented by V. sanguinea
at least; the other genus lacks teeth in the mandible, and plazai and hasemani at
least belong to this genus. I do not know whether the type of Vandellia belongs
to the one or the other of the genera. The new one may be named Urinophilus.
The type is to be selected after the structure of the mandible in Vandellia cirrhosa,
the type of Vandellia, has been examined.

The dentition of the Vandelliine is very peculiar. There are one or two series
or a patch of pointed teeth inthe center of the upper jaw. They are immediately
below the center of the ethmoid at its anterior end, in other words, in the region
occupied by the premaxillary in related forms. The bones are so thin and the fish so
small, that it is difficult to determine all of the outlines of the bones, or to determine
the identity of all of the bones. The bone on which these teeth are inserted is, in
all probability, the premaxillary. The lateral points of the ethmoid are forked, and
dovetail into the forked ends of maxillaries somewhat after the fashion of the two
hands locked into each other between the thumbs and fingers. On the distal half
of the maxillary of Vandellia there are from two to four comparatively large and
very peculiar ‘“‘claw-teeth,” arranged like overlapping shingles, the outermost one
being next the bone, the second from the end overlapping this and so on to the
proximal one. The individual teeth consist of a flat, oval disk, from the upper
proximal corner of which the tooth proper points toward the end of the bone. The
bone touches the palatines proximally and the maxillary barbel is joined rather
firmly to the end of it, all of which indicates that this bone is the maxillary. In
Branchioica only one or two teeth of this sort are present, but between them and
the ethmoid there is a series of slender, pointed teeth, similar to those on the pre-
maxillary.

Catfishes with teeth on the mavxillaries are very unusual. Outside of the
Vandelliine, teeth are only found on the maxillary in Diplomyste of the Diplomy-
stidea of Chile.

Covering the end of the maxillary and joined to the dorsal surface of the base
of the barbel is a thin, comma-shaped bone, which may be the nasal.

Teeth, such as those described on the maxillary, have so far been noticed in
Vandellia hasemani, sanguinea, and plazai. V. cirrhosa and V. wieneri have not
been examined in this respect. Teeth like these are found in another member of
the family, Pareiodon (compare figures 21 and 34-35).

In Paravandellia and Branchioica the “claw-teeth’”’ of the proximal part of
the maxillary are replaced by slender, pointed teeth, and there are more than one

360 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

series of teeth on the premaxillary. In Branchioica a “claw-tooth”’ is present at
the end of the maxillary.

The rami of the lower mandibles of the Vandelliine seen from below are elon-
gate triangles, converging forward, but not joined, in fact, not meeting in the center.
Teeth may or may not be present in the lower jaw. When present, they are re-
curved, pointed, in two series at the end of the jaws, in apposition to the maxillary

teeth.
The alimentary canal is a simple, straight tube, of nearly uniform diameter,

evidently greatly distensible.

Key To THE Sprctns or VANDELLI4.
a: Mandible without teeth, thorn-like teeth at end of maxillary of V. plazai and hasemani. (Neither
mandible nor maxillary examined in V. cirrhosa and wieneri.)
b. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate.

c. D. 8-9; A. 9-10; P. 6; depth 9; premaxillaries with five to eight teeth; maxillary barbel two
in the head; caudal slightly emarginate, the lobes rounded, equal; pectorals longer than
the heads... '.5.0.5,:ccssa dale aus set okra ei cbs anions 1. cirrhosa Cuvier & Valenciennes.

cc. D. 9; A. 8; P. 7; depth 12; premaxillaries with five to nine teeth; maxillary barbels less than
half the length of the head; caudal emarginate, the lobes rounded; pectorals as long as the
Gada Ge cee Rlreyy owe vsjea6 1h Syeleaue io eek Pea Gee etcns epee neue te cneaegei rele aseers 2. plazai Castelnau.

bb. Caudal forked; D. 11; A. 10; P. 6; depth 7-8.

d. Premaxillaries with nine teeth; mouth wide, angle of gape nearly opposite the maxillary
barbel; maxillary barbels about 3 in the head; distance between the origin of the dorsal
and origin of the caudal 2.75 in the distance of the dorsal from the snout; pectorals shorter
thansthevhead: vr.cesne create aecye eee Hitae ee. tees is etomaed wey ce 3. wieneri Pellegrin.

dd. Premaxillaries with about six teeth; mouth small, the angle of the gape far in advance of the
base of the barbel; maxillary barbel 2-2.5 in the head; distance between origin of dorsal

and base of middle caudal rays two and a quarter to two and one-half in its distance

from the snout; pectoral about equal to the length of the head.
4. hasemani Higenmann.
aa. A patch of minute teeth on each mandible; one or two claw-like teeth on the end of the maxillary, just
in front of the barbels; caudal truncate; D. 11; A. 8; P. 6; premaxillaries with five teeth; maxillary
barbel two in the head; distance between origin of the dorsal and the origin of the caudal 2.8 in the
distance of dorsal from the snout; pectorals little shorter than the head. .5. sanguinea Eigenmann.

1. Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 1846,
p. 386, pl. 547; Casrentnau, Anim. Amér. du Sud, 1855, p. 51, pl. 28, fig. 2
(Brazil); GinrHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 277; Eigenmann &
EXIGENMANN, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 55 (Hyavary); Occasional
Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 345; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 37; Boutenarr, Proce. Zoél. Soe. Lond., 1897, pp. 901 and 920, Trans. Zo6l.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 361

Soc. Lond., XIV, 1898, p. 426; Jopert, Archiv. Parasit, I, 1898, p. 494; PELLE-
GRIN, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (10), I, 1909, p. ? (Apuré, Mandos) ; EIGENMANN,
Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 401; RrspErro, Comm.
de Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-Grosso ad Amazonas, Annexo
5, 1912, p. 30 (Manaos).
Habitat—Amazon and Orinoco basins; Rio Jurua; Hyavary; Manaos; Apuré.
This fish, the bad repute of which is widespread (see page 265) in South America,
is represented in Museums by only the few specimens in the following list, in part
copied from Pellegrin:
Jardin des Plantes, Paris, three, locality? Vandelli.
Jardin des Plantes, Paris, one, Apuré. Geay.
Jardin des Plantes, Paris, two, Mandos. Anthony.
Mus. Comp. Zo6él., Cambridge, one, 40 mm., Hyavary. Bourget.
British Mus., London, ? many, Jurua. Bach.
Mus. Nae. Rio de Janeiro, one, 94 mm., Mandos. Ribeiro.

Fic. 29. Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valenciennes. (After Cuvier & Valenciennes.)

Head 8-10.5 (9-11.5 including the caudal); depth 9; D. 8-9; A. 9-10; P. 6.
Head slightly longer than wide; eye less than 3 in the head, greater than the snout;
six to ten spines on the opercle, five to ten on the interopercle; five to eight teeth on
the premaxillary; origin of dorsal twice as far from tip of snout as from margin of
caudal; dorsal partly over anal.

362 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

2. Vandellia plazai Castelnau. (Plate LIII, fig. 3.)

Vandellia plazati CasTELNAU, Anim. Amer. du Sud, Poissons, 1855, p. 51, pl. 28,
fig. 1 (Ucayale); VAILLANT, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7), IV, 1880, p. 159 (Calderon) ;
EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 55 (Lake
Hyanuary); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 345; Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (10), I,
1909, p. ? (Calderon); Er1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, III, 1910, p. 401; Rrperro, Comm. de Linhas Telegraphicas Estra-
tegicas de Matto-Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo 5, 1912, p. 30 (Mandos).

Vandellia plaze GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., V, 1864, p. 277.
Habitat—Middle and Upper Amazon basin; Ucayale, Calderon; Lake Hyan-

uary.

This species also is known from but few specimens, as follows:
Jardin des Plantes, Paris, ? Ucayale. Castelnau.
Jardin des Plantes, Paris, one, Calderon. Jobert.
Mus. Comp. Zoél., Cambridge, Mass., one, 125 mm., Lake Hyanuary. Bourget.
Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, one, 67 mm., Manos? Ribeiro.
7541, C. M., one, 66 mm. Dec. 9, 1909. Santarem. Haseman.
It is principally distinguished by its more elongate form.

i\

Fie. 30. Vandellia plazai Castelnau. Carn. Mus., No. 7541.

Head 9-11 (10-12 in the total length); depth 12-15.3 in the total length;
D. 9-10; A. 8-9; P. 7; twelve to sixteen opercular spines in 3 or 4 rows, seven or
eight on the interopercle; head more rounded than in cirrhosa; barbel less than half
the length of the head: pectoral as long as the head; 8 or 9 teeth in the upper jaw.

3. Vandellia wieneri Pellegrin.
Vandellia wieneri PELLEGRIN, C. R. Ac. Se., November 29, Vol. 149, 1909, p. 1016;
sull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1), X, 1909, p. 199, page of reprint 3, figure in the

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID@, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 363

text; Mission Géodesique de l’Equateur, XII, 1912, p. 2, p. 10, pl. I, fig. 2,
near the mouth of the Rio Misahually.
Habitat.—Rio Napo, Ecuador.
This species is known from the type. It is distinguished by its short body,
short barbel, and forked tail.
A.9934, Paris Museum, one, 92mm. Rio Napo near the mouth of the Misahually,
Eeuador. Charles Wiener.

Fic. 31. Vandellia wieneri Pellegrin. (After Pellegrin.)

Head over 7; depth 7; D. 11; A. 10; P. 6; 9 teeth; lower jaw incised in middle,
without teeth; maxillary barbel about three in the head; eye two in the snout;
fifteen opercular spines in four series, directed obliquely upward and backward;
seven or eight interopercular spines in two rows; dorsal about two and three-fourths
times nearer caudal than snout; ventrals a little in advance of the last third of the
body; caudal peduncle 2.5 as long as high. Named for the collector, Mr. Charles
Wiener.

IPeteequr,

Fic. 32. Vandellia wieneri Pellegrin. (After Pellegrin.)

4. Vandellia hasemani EKigenmann. (Plate XVIII, fig. 3.)
7542, C. M., type, 72 mm.; 7543a-b, C. M., paratypes, 68 and 69 mm. Rio Ma-
‘ moré. Haseman.

Evidently similar to V. wienert. Head 8-8.5; depth 8; D.11; A. 10; P. 6.
Five or six teeth in the premaxillaries, two thorn-like teeth on the distal part of the
anterior face of the premaxillary, two or three more slender teeth on the distal part
of the lower face of the premaxillary; mandibular rami without teeth, widely
separated from each other, the membrane between the two rami but little emargi-
nate; angle of gape about halfway between the premaxillary and the barbel; maxil-

364 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

lary barbel 2-2.5 in the length of the head; lower barbel minute; about ten inter-
opercular thorns, fifteen or more on the opercle; broad, free, fleshy lobes behind the
opercular and pre-opercular spines; gill-openings about half as wide as the mouth;

Fic. 33. Vandellia hasemani Eigenmann. Type, No. 7543a, Carn. Mus., 72 mm.

eye entirely in the anterior half of the head; the posterior nares nearly as large as
the eyes and between the anterior halves of the latter, anterior nares with a short
flap; pectorals about equal to the length of the head; origin of ventrals equidistant

Fie. 34. Vandellia hasemani Bigenmann. A, skull from above; B, hyomandibular and opercular
apparatus; C, end of ethmoid and premaxillary teeth from in front, 1, premaxillary; 2, ethmoid; 5, frontal;
6, sphenotic; 7, pterotic; 8, supraoceipital; 9, epiotic; 10, supraclavicle; 11, parapophysis of coalescep
vertebree; 12, maxillary; 13, palatine; 14, metapterygoid; 15, quadrate; 16, preopercle; 17, interopercle;

18, operele; 19, hyomandibular.

from tip of caudal and eye or opercle, reaching a little beyond the anus; origin of
anal under middle of dorsal; distance between anal and base of middle caudal rays
4.5-5.25 in the length; caudal forked for about two-ninths of its length; origin of

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID®, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 365

dorsal over the tips of the ventrals, distance of origin of dorsal from caudal 2.25—2.5
in its distance from the snout.
Back and basal part of caudal truncate.

Fic. 35. Vandellia hasemani Eigenmann. A, Left premaxillary from below, with two functional
and two relay teeth. B, left premaxillary of another individual with four teeth. C, the same, looking
at the edge of the teeth. D, premaxillary from below.

5. Vandellia sanguinea Higenmann. (Plate LILI, fig. 2.)

Vandellia sanguinea E1GENMANN, Proc. Am. Philos. Soe., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 701.
7082, C. M., type, 62 mm. San Antonio de Rio Madeira. Noy. 3, 1909. Hase-
man.

This species differs from the others of the genus Vandellia in having concealed
teeth on the ends of the mandibles. It resembles them so much in other points
that it naturally raises the question whether these structures have not been over-
looked in V. cirrhosa and wieneri. They cannot be seen without considerable effort.
The species greatly resembles V. plazai. Mr. Haseman noted that the specimen
was white (translucent?), the alimentary canal straight and gorged with blood.

45>
Coe
y \

Fig. 36. Vandellia sanguinea Eigenmann. No. 7082, Carn. Mus. Type, 62 mm.

366 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Head 11.66; depth 12; D. 4 + 8.5; A. 3 + 7; P. 7; nearly the entire eye in the
anterior half of the head, a little more than four in the length of the head to the tip
of the opercular spines. (The eye is too small in the drawings.)

Maxillary barbel extending to the tip of the interopercular spines, two in the
head; the lower barbel minute, only about half a millimeter long as compared with
the 2.5 mm. of the maxillary barbel; two flat, recurved teeth on the end of the

= Nee ae fh ee

aS one
: ac )
)

Fig. 37. Vandellia sanguinea Eigenmann. Left premaxillary, showing one of the concealed
teeth.

premaxillary concealed just in front of the barbel; five premaxillary.teeth graduated
from the long middle one to the minute lateral ones; mandibles widely separated
from each other with about five minute teeth; the teeth concealed by the lip; five
spines in the main row of the interoperele, the middle ones very strong, directed
backward, about five spines in supplementary rows; five spines in the main row of
the opercle, about ten in supplementary rows; distance from origin of ventrals to
base of middle caudal rays two times in its distance from the snout; origin of anal
behind the origin of the dorsal, the last dorsal ray over the middle of the anal; dis-
tance between anal and base of middle caudal rays five and one-half times in the
length; distance from origin of dorsal to base of middle caudal rays two and eight-
tenths times in its distance from the snout; caudal truncate, with numerous acces-
sory rays. ‘Translucent, the eyes black.

Genus XV. PARAVANDELLIA” Ribeiro. (Plate XX XVIII.)

Paravandellia Risperro, Comm. Linhas Telegraphicas Estrategicas de Matto-

Grosso ao Amazonas, Annexo No. 5, Sept., 1912, p. 29.

Type.—Paravandellia oxyptera Ribeiro.

No nasal or mental barbels, one (probably two) barbels at the angle of the
mouth; first pectoral ray not continued as a filament; gill-opening small; mouth ~
inferior, with.a band of teeth in the middle of the upper jaw and a single series
laterally; no teeth on the mandible; ventrals much nearer tip of caudal than snout;
opercular and interopercular spines separate from each other. Caudal forked

“fureada’’). Ribeiro says that this genus may be considered between Stegophilus
and Vandellia, having the general appearance of the former.

* rapa = near, Vandellia = name of a related genus.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 367

1. Paravandellia oxyptera Ribeiro.

Paravandellia oxyptera RrBEtro, l. c.

Habitat.—Paraguay River near Caceres.

Head triangular, eight times in the length including the caudal; D. 12; A. 10;
P. 7; dorsal behind the ventrals, partly over anal, both behind the middle of the
body; origin of dorsal nearer tip of caudal than base of pectorals; eyes without a free
margin, large, two and one-half times in head, equal to snout; maxillary barbel
reaching at most to tip of interopercular spines; pectorals large, faleate, one-fourth
longer than head, the first ray longest, the next rapidly graduate, the outer rays
longer again; caudal forked, the upper lobe a little the longer; anal similar to the
dorsal, under the last rays of the latter.

White, the eyes black

The single specimen of this genus and species known, 22 mm. long, was taken
in the same locality in which the Ochmacanthus (Gyrinurus) batrachostoma was
caught, among the ‘‘pseudo-rhyzomas de Agua-pé”’ Hichornea azurea, in the margin
of the Paraguay River near San Luiz de Caceres.

Genus XVI. Brancutotrca Higenmann.*!
Branchioica EKIGENMANN, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 702.

Type.—Branchioica bertonii Kigenmann.

It is quite possible that this genus will, on direct comparison of specimens, prove
a synonym of Paravandellia. It has the same general characters, but comes from
the lower Paraguay, while Paravandellia comes from the upper. The present species
was taken from a fish, while Paravandellia seems to be free swimming. It is quite
possible that teeth will be found in Paravandellia at the end of the maxillary (pre-
maxillary?) and on the mandibles when they are examined minutely. Paravan-
dellia is said to have the caudal forked, while Branchioica has it subtruncate.

No nasal or mental barbels, two barbels at angle of the mouth, of which the
lower is minute; first pectoral ray not spinous, not prolonged in a filament; gill-
openings small, the membrane perfectly confluent with the isthmus; mouth inferior;
two series of teeth in the front of the upper jaw, a single series of much smaller teeth
laterad of these; maxillary with claw-like teeth at its end, just in front of the barbel
and entirely concealed; two short series of teeth on the ends of the mandibles,
opposite the lateral series of teeth of the upper jaw, the two rami of the mandibles
not meeting; opercular and interopercular patches of spines separate from each
other; caudal subtruneate.

4t Boayxia, ra = the gills of fishes; é«cew = to inhabit.

368 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

The first specimen of this genus was received and described several years ago.
Both the specimen and description were forgotten, the latter never published. The
two specimens 13950 I. U. M. were received much later and independently

described.

2. Branchioica bertonii Eigenmann. (Plate XLIII, figs. 3-5.)
Branchioica bertoni EtGENMANN, Proce. Am. Philos. Soc., LVI, Jan., 1918, p. 703.
13950, I. U. M., type, 24 mm., paratype about the same length over all, much
curved. Taken from a large Characin, Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier).
Asuncion, Paraguay. Collected by A. de W. Bertoni.

7545, C. M., paratype, 24mm. Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, from the branchia of
Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier). Bertoni.

Fic. 38. Branchioica bertonii Eigenmann. a, mandible; b, left maxillary with its five teeth; ¢,

portion of another maxillary, showing the proximal teeth only.

Head about 5.5; depth 5.5; D. 10; A. 7; P. 6; eyes superior, nearly the entire
eye in the anterior half of the head, 3.5 in the head, about equal to the length of the
snout, considerably larger than the interorbital; maxillary barbel extending to very
near the interopercular spines, the lower barbel very minute; caudal peduncle
slender, abdomen well rounded; premaxillary with two irregular series of slender,
pointed teeth, those of the posterior series much the larger, about five in number,
subequal, both series graduated from the larger ones nearer the center outward;
laterad of the median series (on the premaxillary?) are four or five similar but smaller
teeth, graduated from the larger proximal one; the rami of the lower jaw widely
separated from each other, each with about five, recurved, pointed teeth in two
series on its end, in apposition to the lateral series of the upper jaw; gill-opening
minute, circular, gill-membranes perfectly confluent with the isthmus; opercle
with a bunch of about twelve, subequal, upward directed spines; interopercle with
about eleven curved, downward directed spines, arranged in two series; distance
from origin of ventrals to caudal 1.6 in its distance from the snout, origin of anal
behind the origin of the dorsal; distance between anal and caudal about 5 in the
length; pectoral faleate, the outer ray not prolonged as a filament, about as long
as the head; origin of dorsal between that of the ventrals and anal, twice as far

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 369

from snout as from caudal; caudal narrow, obliquely rounded or subtruneate, with
few inconspicuous fulera.

Translucent; eyes black; chromatophores on the snout, along the back, along
the base of the anal, on the base of the caudal, along the side of the abdominal
cavity, and a few on the pectoral.

Genus XVII. Tripens Figenmann & Eigenmann. (Plate XX XIX.)

€

Tridens EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), I, 1889, p. 53.

Type.—Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Kigenmann.

Anal long, with twenty or more rays, its origin in front of that of the dorsal;
ventrals small, nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal; head greatly depressed,
the eye lateral, infringing on the upper and lower surfaces; a series of fine labial
teeth, stronger teeth in the jaws; gillmembranes united, forming a broad, free fold
across the isthmus; no nasal or mental barbel, two maxillary barbels; opercle and
interopercle armed, the patches of spines separate.

The two species originally placed in this genus differ so greatly that they should
probably be placed in separate genera. The specimens known are all very small,
27 mm. and less.

Ky To THE Species OF TRIDENS.

a. Depth 13; head 9; D. 10-12; A. 20-25; opercle with three spines; barbels minute, scarcely evident;
distance between origin of dorsal and tip of caudal three in the length; distance between origin of
anal and tip of caudal two and five-tenths in the length; caudal rounded, without accessory rays.

1. melanops Higenmann & Eigenmann.

aa. Depth 6; head 6; D. 9; A. 22; opercle with 6 or more spines; maxillary barbel extending to the base of
the pectoral; distance between origin of dorsal and tip of caudal two in the length; distance between
origin of anal and tip of caudal less than two in the length; caudal emarginate; eye large, nearer end

of opercle than tip of snout; first pectoral ray greatly produced.
2. brevis Kigenmann & Eigenmann.

1. Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Eigenmann. (Plate XLII, figs. 1-2.)

Tridens melanops E1GENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), H, 1889,
p. 53 (Ica); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 339; Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; E1GENMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped. Pata-
gonia, IIT, 1910, p. 401.

Habitat.—Ica, near boundary between Brazil and Peru.

Known from the types, the largest 27 mm., in the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy, one of which was received by Indiana University in 1891 and bears the
number 4245. ;

Head 9; depth 13; D. 10-12; A. 20-25.

3/ MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

Body compressed, extremely slender. Head broad, the snout rounded; mouth
broad, inferior. Opercle long and slender, terminating in three spines, trident-
shaped. Pre-opercle with similar but smaller spines. Barbels minute, scarcely
evident. Distance of origin of dorsal fin from extremity of caudal 3 in the length;
origin of anal fin from extremity of caudal 2.5 in the length. Anal rays rapidly
decreasing in height backward, the last ray about under the last ray of the dorsal.
Caudal rounded, without accessory rays.

Yellowish; posterior half of the caudal fin dusky; a series of black spots along
the base of the anal.

2. Tridens brevis Kigenmann & EHigenmann.

Tridens brevis EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 54
(Tabatinga); Occasional Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 340; Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; E1genMANN, Reports Princeton Univ. Exped.
Patagonia, III, 1910, p. 401.

Habitat.—Tabatinga.

Known from the type, 21 mm. long, in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
A recent search for it has failed to locate it.

Head 6; depth 8; D. 9; A. 22.

Body short and deep. Head as broad as long; mouth broad, inferior. Opercle
with a bunch of six or more spines; pre-opercle with a smaller bunch of spines.
Barbels well developed, the outer one extending to the base of the pectoral, the
inner to the gill-opening. Eye large, nearer end of opercle than tip of snout. Dis-
tance of origin of dorsal from tip of caudal little more than two in the length. Anal
inserted very little in front of the dorsal and extending some distance beyond it,
its rays decreasing in height toward the caudal. Origin of anal from extremity of
caudal less than 2 in the length. First pectoral ray greatly produced. Caudal
emarginate.

Yellowish; blackish dots along the bases of the fins; a series of blackish dots
along the middle line of the sides; similar spots on the back. Head with brown dots.

Genus XVIII. Mruroaianis® EKigenmann & Eigenmann. (Plate XX XIX.)
Miuroglanis EIGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), II, 1889, p. 55.
Type.—Miuroglanis platycephalus Kigenmann & EKigenmann.
Anal long, with fifteen rays, its origin in front of that of the dorsal; no nasal or
mental barbel; two barbels at-angle of mouth; head greatly depressed, eye lateral,

® welovpos = curtailed; yams, 6 = a catfish.

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID/, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. Sal

behind the angle of the mouth; mouth subinferior; several series of strong teeth in
each jaw; gill-membrane broadly united with the isthmus, without a free margin;
opercular and subopercular patches of spines confluent.

1. Miuroglanis platycephalus Higenmann & Kigenmann.

Miuroglanis platycephalus EiGENMANN & EIGENMANN, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2),
II, 1889, p. 56 (Jutahy); Occasional ee Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 1890, p. 347;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 37; Eragenmann, Reports Princeton
Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 1910, p. ae Ripeiro, Fauna Bras., IV (A),
1912, p. 227.

Habitat.—Jutahy.

Ikxnown from the type 17 mm. long, collected during the Thayer expedition by
William James. A recent search for it in the collections of the Mus. Comp. Zodl.
has failed to locate it.

Head 5.5; D.10; A.15. Body short, compressed, and rather deep. Head
greatly depressed, wider than long. Eye large, lateral, placed behind the angle of
the mouth. Mouth subinferior, the upper jaw projecting slightly. Upper maxil-
lary barbel scarcely extending to the gill-opening; no nasal barbels. The opercular
and pre-opercular patches of spines united. Origin of the dorsal fin little behind
that of the anal, its distance from the tip of the snout somewhat less than twice its
distance from the tip of the caudal.

APPENDIX TO THE MONOGRAPH ON THE PyGIDIIDm.
PHREATOBIUS® Goeldi.

Phreatobius GorLtp1, Comptes Rendus Congrés Intern. Zoél., Berne, 1904, p. 549;
FunrMann, Verhandl. Schweitz. Naturf. Gesellsch. saratt 1905; p, 50:
Archives des Sciences Phys. Nat. Genéve (4), 20, 1906, p. 978
Type.—Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi.

Origin of dorsal slightly in front of origin of the ‘ventrals, much nearer snout
than to caudal; no nasal barbel; maxillary barbel similar and about as long as the
two mental barbels, placed nearer the anterior nares than to the angle of the mouth;
the mental barbels of each side close together, but remote from their fellows of the
other side, placed directly below the maxillary barbel; mouth terminal, wide, the
lower jaw projecting; teeth in the upper jaw in about three series, in two series in
the lower jaw in front, in one series on the side; the inner teeth the larger and in
very regular series; gill-membrane extending but little above the base of the pec-

3 gotap, ro = cistern; Bios, 6 = life.

3/2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

toral, narrowly joined to the isthmus at a point about half-way between its pos-
terior angle and the snout; first pectoral ray not spinous; anal very long, its origin
under the end of the dorsal, its base more than one-third of the length; caudal small,
accessory rays large and numerous, continuous with the anal fin and extending as a
similar fin on the back for two-fifths of the distance to the snout; opercle and inter-
opercle unarmed; eyes rudimentary, near the posterior nares.

This genus is distinguishable by the concomitant elongation of the caudal
portion of the body, the anal fin and the accessory portion of the caudal, by the
position of the dorsal in relation to the ventrals and by the development of the

barbels and absence of opercular armature.

1. Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi. (Plate LVI, figs. 1, 2 and 4.)
Phreatobius cisternarum GoELpI, Comptes Rendus Congrés intern. Zodl., Berne,
1904, p. 549; FuHRMANN, Verhandl. Schweitz Naturf. Gesellsch. Aarau, 1905,
p. 50; Archives des Sciences Phys. Nat. Genéve (4), 20, 1906; p. 578 (allied to

Clariide, not to Leptoside and Trychomyerie; fide Zodlogical Record).

Fig. 39. Phreatobius cistéernarum Goeldi. (By permission of Dr. O. Fuhrmann.)

The generic as well as specific descriptions of this species are drawn from photo-

graphs lent me by Dr. O. Fuhrmann, and from a specimen 40 mm. long, also sent

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIIDH, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES. 373

me by Dr. Fuhrmann, whose generosity, since he himself proposes to publish an
account of the anatomy of the species, I greatly appreciate.
7603, C. M., 40.5 mm. Marajo. From Dr. O. Fuhrmann.

Head about 7; depth about 12; D. 7 (showing in photograph); A. about 25
(showing in photograph).

Heaviest at back part of head, tapering regularly to the base of the caudal, the
depth of which is about one-third that of the head; mental barbels in pairs, not reach-
ing pectoral, maxillary barbels.sometimes to middle of pectoral; pectoral short and
narrow, but little more than half as long as the head; distance from snout to origin of
ventrals about one and a half in the distance between caudal and origin of ventrals;
caudal small, rounded, one and one-half in the length of the head; origin of dorsal
in advance of that of the ventrals, its last ray about over origin of anal; upper acces-
sory caudal rays beginning about over the origin of the second third of the anal, the
highest one but little lower than the dorsal rays; anal continuous with the lower
accessory caudal rays; ventrals a little shorter than the pectorals. Color uniform.

in wa)

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL.. VII. PLATE XXXVI.

aso

valporri age

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE PYGIDIINA.

A Known distribution of Pygidium. Probably in all
mountain streams north of the latitude of Buenos
Aires and sporadically in lowlands. The localities in
Southern Chile not indicated.

Known distribution of Hatcheria.
Known distribution of Sc/eronema.

Known distribution of Eremophilus.

| =r

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XXXVII.

Cobija

Antofagasta

Blanco fncolahin
_Papore
Tartal fu

Rete de! Moarce
Vettener

La Serena

2
pace
Volpe rea

DISTRIBUTION OF STEGOPHILINA.

Homodietus anisitsi.

Concepcion ¢
Homodietus maculatus.

Maldeniea ea Henonemus macrops.

¥
oie Henonemus intermedius.
Henonemus punctatus.
Henonemus taxistigmus.
Stegophilus insidiosus.
Acanthopoma annectens.

Ochmacanthus batrachostomus.

Ochmacanthus reinhardti.

> SP VCOUZTENE

Ochmacanthus flabelliferus. ‘

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XXXVIII.

2
=
‘
3

DISTRIBUTION OF THE VANDELLIINA.
Vandellia cirrhosa.
Vandellia plaza/.
Vandellia wieneri.
Vandellia hasemani.
Vandellia sanguinea.
Paravandellia oxyptera.

Branchiorca bertonii.

> O@\NIER

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XXXIX.

z
=
x
cs)

od

Ants fa.gas ta.

Blonco Facolatio

Rerts de! Noares
Vailenar

la Serena. ‘
Coguime

‘
Mincha.

Conchali

ay,

(aidenade

le conmntee

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE PAREIODONTINA.
& Pareiodon microps Kner.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRIDENTINA.
C] Miuroglanis platycephalus E. & E.
A Tridens melanops E. & E.
Bs Tridens brevis E. & E.

376 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

A and B, Eremophilus mutisii Humpoupt; C, Henonemus punctatus (BOULENGER).

1, Premaxillary; 2, Ethmoid; 3, Lateral Ethmoid; 4, Nasal; 5, Frontal; 6, Sphenotic;
7, Pterotic; 8, Supraoccipital: 9, Epiotie; 10, Supraclavicle; 11, Parapophysis of coalesced
vertebra; 12, Maxillary; 13, Palatine; 14, Metapterygoid; 15, Quadrate; 16, Pre-opercle;
17, Interopercle; 18, Opercle; 19, Hyomandibular; a, clavicle from the side; 6, posterior
face of clavicle.

(‘aded oytsoddo 9as uorjyeurldxo popteyep 10,7)

‘(HHDNATAOG) snywjound snwauoway "QO “LaTOaWaAy usynwu snpydowaig “gq pus y
‘

"TX dLvTd IIA “I0A ‘NOUSOW FISUNYVD SHOWN

378 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.

Fias. 1-2. Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt. The air-bladders show faintly as two
bags, one on either side of the origin of the vertebral column in fig. 2; and as a small
vesicle just above the column in fig. 1. The outlines are marked with a few dots.

Fias. 3-4. Paracetopsis occidentalis (Steindachner). The air-bladder shows as a
large bag in fig. 3. A few points are placed in its wall to eall attention to its outline.

The tails in figures | and 3 are from the same negatives as the rest of these figures,
but have been printed heavier, as these portions are thin, and the negatives otherwise

quite faint.

‘(HANHOVANIGLY) sypjuapiov0 sisdopoving “$-G “SOIT “LATOMWAY usynw snpydowaig ‘ZT “sly

TIX YLVTd TIA “10A ‘NOGSAW SIOUNYVD SHIOWAW

are

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLII.

Figs. 1-2. Nematogenys inermis (GuIcHENOT). AFTER EIGENMANN. From No. 9839, M. C.
Z., Curtco, SANTIAGO, CHILE.

Fias. 3-5. Hatcheria maculata (CuviER & VALENCIENNES). AFTER EIGENMANN. From No.
7736, M. C. Z., 92 mm. Marocuo, CHILE.

4S)

sy ee

ce

‘NOIONASY “WW FZ “IN “1 TI OS6ET “Fax,
‘NNVINNGDIQE 22U07U09 DOOIYIUDIG ‘*C-E SDI ‘VOT “WIN OZ “IN 'D ‘I SCF ‘AdALOD «= ‘NNVINGDIGG YP NNVWNGDIGR sdownjaw suapiy, ‘ZT ‘SO

“iin

TWTX avg TIA “OA ‘WogsoW SIOUNYV) SHIOWEN

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-
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SS
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.
= ’

380 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

Fie. 1. Scleronema operculatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7077 C. M., 79 mm.,
Cacequy.

Fig. 2. Hatcheria titecombi Eigenmann. Type, No. 11110 I. U. M., 164 mm.,
Arroyo Comajo.

Fie. 3. Pygidiwm eichorniarum Ribeiro. No. 7560a, C. M., 40 mm., San Antonio,
Rio Guaporé.

Fic. 4. Pygidiwm heterodontum Eigenmann. Type, No. 13832 I. U. M., 83 mm.,
Rio Mendoza, Argentina.

Fic. 5. Pseudostegophilus nemurus (Giinther). No. 7547 C. M., 78 mm., Rio
Mamoré.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLIV

Scleronema, Hatcheria, Pygidiwm, AND Pseudostegophilus.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

a ae

tte nl
bo adres

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

(Sh)
GO
iw)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.

Fic. 1. Pygidium punctatissimum (Castelnau) after Castelnau.

Fic. 2. Pygidium rivulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). After Castelnau’s figure of
Trichomycterus pentlandt. :

Fic. 3. Pygidium rivulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). After Castelnau’s figure of
Trichomycterus pictus.

Fic. 4. Pygidiwm punctulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). After Cuvier & Valen-
clennes.

Fia. 5. Pygidiwm dispar Tschudi. After Tschudi.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLV.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

ae +

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLVI.

Fies. 1, 2. Pygidiwm kneri (STEINDACHNER). AFTER STEINDACHNER.

Fras. 3, 4. Pygidium amazonicum (STEINDACHNER). AFTER STEINDACHNER.

Fic. 5. Pygidiwm taczanowskii (STEINDACHNER). AFTER THE MALE OF Pygidium dispar
Tscuup1, Faun. Peruana, IcuTuyou., pu. III, LOWER FIGURE. :

Fies. 6-8. Pygidiwm taczanowskii (STEINDACHNER). AFTER STEINDACHNER.

384 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII.

Fria. 1. Pygidium stellatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7097 C. M., 78 mm., Quebrada
Sargento.

Fic. 2. Pygidium chapmani Eigenmann. Type, No. 4817, C. M., 106 mm.,
Boquia.

Fic. 3. Pygidium chapmani Eigenmann. No. 7091 C. M., 86 mm., Rio Dagua at
Caldas. Eigenmann.

Fia. 4. Pygidium latidens Eigenmann. Type, No. 13801, I. U. M., 53 mm.,
near mouth of Rio Calima, Colombia. (Head too short; it is 5.5 in the length.)

Fria. 5. Pygidium mete Eigenmann. Type, No. 13770, I. U. M., Barrigona.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLVII

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

se
‘
4: 1
isk’ = un »
Aik?
- 7 >!
oF im
~ A
f
. é
ee: Kind
a Par a 3
0 8 Urabe -
Lt

386 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

Fia. 1. Pygidium banneaui Eigenmann. Type, No. 4815, C. M., 43 mm., Bernal
Creek.

Fia. 2. Pygidium spilosoma Regan. No. 7092, C. M., 97 mm., Cordova, Rio
Dagua, Colombia.

Fic. 3. Pygidium dorsostriatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7093a, C. M., 76 mm.,
Villavicencio.

Fic. 4. Pygidiwm latistriatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7450, C. M., 46 mm.,
Quebrada de Pinchote, Santander. :

Fic. 5. Pygidiwm regani Eigenmann. No. 13772, I. U. M., 55 mm., Tado.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

PLATE XLVIII

oo
CO

8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.

Fia. 1. Pygidium stramineum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7101, C. M., 46 mm.,
Quebrada del Mango. (The eye is farther forward than in the specimen.)

Fic. 2. Pygidiwm meride Regan. No. 13771, 1. U. M., 99 mm., Merida, Venezuela.

Fia. 3. Pygidiuwm bogotense Kigenmann. Type, No. 4820, C. M., 74 mm., Puente
de Supa, near Chapinero, Plains of Bogota.

Fia. 4. Pygidium bogotense Kigenmann. No. 4821b, C. M., 70 mm., Chapinero.

Fie. 5. Pygidium nigromaculatum (Boulenger). Univ. Michigan, 165 mm., San
Lorenzo, Santa Marta Mountains, 4,500 ft.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII. PLATE XLIX.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

390 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.

Fig. 1. Pygidiwm guianense Eigenmann. Type, No. 1003, C. M., 77 mm., Arua-
taima Cataract.

Fig. 2. Pygidiuwm conradi Eigenmann. Type, No. 2212, C. M., 41 mm., Amatuk
Cataract. (The head is a little too short.)

Fic. 3. Pygidium gracilior Kigenmann. Type, No. 1730, C. M., 27 mm., Erukin,
British Guiana.

Fic. 4. Pygidium hasemani Eigenmann. Type, No. 5238, C. M., 15 mm., San-
tarem.

Fig. 5. Pygidiwm theringi Eigenmann. Type, No. 10785, I. U. M., 161 mm.,

Santos.

PLATE L.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page

)

as

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392 - MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI.

Fic. 1. Pygidium zonatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7596, C. M., 62 mm., Agua
Quente.

Fic. 2. Pygidium proéps (Ribeiro). No. 7593, C. M., 60 mm., Agua Quente.

Fic. 3. Pygidium paolence Eigenmann. Type, No. 7081, C. M., 68 mm., Alto da
Serra, Rio Tieté, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Fie. 4. Pygidium reinhardtii Eigenmann. Type, No. 7078, C. M., 65 mm.,
Burmier.

Fie. 5. Pygidium davisi Haseman. Type, No. 2862, C. M., 52 mm., Serrinha

Parana.

—————————————

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation see opposite page.)

PLATE

LI.

Neue ba ee

cee met + ie ad

394 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII.

Fie. 1. Pygidium immaculatum Eigenmann & Eigenmann. No. 7076, C. M., 81
mm., Rio Doce.

Fie. 2. Pygidium vermiculatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7074, C. M., 131 mm.,
Juiz de Fora.

Fic. 3. Pygidium alternatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7079a, C. M., 79 mm., Rio
Doce.

Fic. 4. Pygidium triguttatum Eigenmann. Type, No. 7600a, C. M., 36 mm.,
Jacarehy.

Fig. 5. Pygidium sante-rite Kigenmann. Type, No. 7599, C. M., 24 mm., Santa
Rita.

MEMOIRS CARNEGIE MUSEUM, VOL. VII.

Pygidium.
(For detailed explanation of Plate see opposite page.)

PLATE

LI.

HIT aLVId

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GUIDE TO CONTENTS.

PAGE
ECOG O Leeann emt Se a ho oy i ees a coo oe se ee ea 259
IG OUD es ses oc A ae _.(Footnote) 260

aS eee eee ee Wa eA Pe he Dale au este sce pete Wee ee 261
Distribution-on the bygidiidee ss 2. 26g. it. ees. ys (Plates XXXVI-XXXIX) 269
Chronology. —. 3... : te Nake ice al as ure ere 270
IOCHONIO Mt NVCS Me ee Rite as eta e ene S4y e hos ohne hae & 271
Sources*of thewmaterialvexamined. 72.0 8.98: 4. cas fe ecac aloes says a's See 274
Zooloxical positionvot the Pygidiiders .- 02. 2222s. ee ew Pelee 5 PAS
SiyeOmey iy ara ee et nse erin yee ase RE Ga cuhs alee aon Ste tee Ope oe 275
lhimitsomthe: amily "Pe yeididses v2. aac ace: 2s. se eee oe (Plates XL-XLI) 276
Keys towhe subfamulvessand senera)... 0926 2 ce fe 2g oe (Text figure 1) 278
i. Nematogentse. 0-5. 2.2. ESO a ee Caer Se ectets come ih ARAM Rs ras 2 oicyo™ 279
TA SA OCUGIILTIUS sg oe Se Ore eT A ea (Plate XLII, figs. 1 and 2) 280

ay SGLCROTICTING Sr he ese ned ok aka els AA deren (Plate XXXVI, text figure 2) 280
SERO PCRCULALUNUE reed coo bt Se ey eo ane nea ea (Plate XLIV, fig. 1) 281

JUG, JEON Os 2555 ee ace os ne oe doe URE nam (Plate XXXVI, text figure 2) 281
WP patagoniensiss: .< cece yeas fo 42 see es 2: Chex eures) 200

DHE NOC ULOLOs ee OO nan ee ee (Plate XLII, figs. 3-5) 284

EFS CELUI GONVOL cri. ork Se eek eae ne ke ee (Plate XLIV, fig. 2) 284

AOE Rat COLCTO Me eee ee SE eee SE Ome (Text figure 4) 285

ye, (EL DUTICISICND x si aawes oh pace he ee ae eee (Text figure 5) 286

Gs SEIRTVULT Le Bridal CoS oe Mee eek aoe rem te oe (Text figure 6) 287

UV EROHOUICE Seen Aips os gs SocR Gs lees eae Lhe Soc one aegis ge ae 288
MRED E IL CUTRPOMOLLALNIUS 9 coe 5 ene cts eo Lens he oleae 290

eee Re ULC UI aces eae ce dle eee Merny 25 chase Gets, € > Sechelt aia . 291
RePDIGRENUM ee Nee Was hoon yooh. oye a aes oot cee wie oa tees a 291

1 FEO en RE ee Ore ee (Text figure 7) 292

Na DECOTLOUIDENS Cas << «2s bak SSA Re HE Sa ee Bee (Text figure 8) 293

GUE ASDCQULZUUUL 5 ccs nah» Helge a tne eet os Be oe Deena atin 294

POM PING O TCH cob cca 6d oe ui SG IIE Fy ee a ne gee

22 CICNOTTAATIUNM <«..¢ «one sdi eee) ete es (Plate XLIV, fig. 3) 295

QR PR. riojanium Bere. +... ip ene «, valor ano ciegipans 4 aawiete ai: 295

396

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

PAGE
10) Ps hetenodontumpasr eee oe ee eae Ae ne (Plate XLIV, fig. 4) 296
Nils Pe PUSCUIT oak aro SR te eerie ot oa eee 298
1D EPR ANI (2 (LTH Oe ae Bees SRP NRT Ate co och ls, God, 3s Re, Sees oe 298
UB Pe ULAR yee RS a el ae yee a ae ee ea ee 299
VAS PIS OTs Spin caver <1 nee ete iy ge: Meme Dee (Plate XLV, fig. 5) 299
15a de mu RCllOtIns o.com rt ea 7 oe ea (Plate XLV, fig. 4) 300
LG PM ACZO NO WSU prteee eee Peta ea (Plate XLVI, figs. 5-8) 300
Ue feked PANTONE Ahaha at osc oes oboe oid See eee ate (Plate XLV, figs. 2 and 3) 301
HS ee OC TOIL TING. tre Re aes ec: Ceres oe gee ee Seer Rae are 302
LQ Rye AU ORO Avtar ee ROR oR nous Aap Pe a (Text figure 9) 303
DAI i age (CESS oh ie ped Seg eon gat 1A Sr ER EERE ROE ie Od nt, EYES 303
PA) Sl EERO) ROI Re At ik A Pall aed ON eat GIR ower OR (Text figure 10) 304
DPMS CMRI ITAA UTI ROR Omer tee tk tok ait. Oaty MRE TEs - (Text figure 11) 305
PAB MNN CAA ICIS) AP as Bice ORE, oe a Pe PMN iso? PE (Text figure 12) 307
AREF ASTELLCLUN AS ce Eee he ere (Plate XLVII, fig. 1) 308
25.3. ChAPMANU «02... (Plate XLVI, figs. 2 and 3; Text figure 13) 309
DG DET AU TH eek ass he NG SSL) OU ee (Text figure 14) 310
DAR 1 ULSTER PO as Chee Oca oot Meet ot tc aS SE (Text figure 15) 311
LOM RICLUGONS A fine che tae NRO ea a eg (Plate XLVII, fig. 4) 312
DOO WEU Re opted ops React id cee ne AME aS os (Plate XLVII, fig. 5) 312
SMES SURMIMUNELLO oe. o Nie aN alae ee (Plate XLIX, fig. 1) 313
She dee: AL TU COU Olen a sae ect Sst La 9 ta oy ee eg ee inet tae 314
OEIC a LPG ae eA EE inten SEDAN Ae (Plate XLVI, figs. 1 and 2) 314
DS eoeg TENT O UE Orca ctl 5, Se eer ah a ee (Plate XLIX, fig. 2) 315
BL Wl MOOQOLCNMSE 7-3 ieke seer de nee aoe (Plate XLIX, figs. 3 and 4) 315
Sa eTLLOMONUACU LAT cies ee ey nae eee ara (Plate XLIX, fig. 5) 317
rime UO AILILCOIUT «woke pata eaN os cate Reem aren (Plate XLVIII, fig. 1) 318
Seek SDULOSONUE St siac oe ne ne Aan ine (Plate XLVIII, fig. 2) 319
SON ele LOTSOSUUALUTIUD =. cmci os ws Litera etepnde cae (Plate XLVIII, fig. 3) 320
39 oP DEN WIOSUNE: saree oe ee ceed maga eat, eae LL ee eee et 320
AQ UP a latistriGiliny aoe Gok: aaa eee ee (Plate XLVIII, fig. 4) 321
Ae IP SEAL 3s. OF A alkha 2s ee ee ee ee ee 321
ADP WEGUTU. so nee og oie Rs es ae (Plate XLVIII, fig. 5) 323
AB. Pr relrOpinne ee he Re ah ae os ce i SE eC Pa ee 324
AA. P > Guranense: sores nas ee ook ee a oe lait alist) ao2o
ADS. IPS COTTOMUS sade oe ee ee are (Plate L, fig. 2) 325
AG. P= QTOCHMIOR 220 eas por ea a eee (Plate L, fig, 3) 326

EIGENMANN: THE PYGIDIID4, A FAMILY OF SOUTH AMERICAN CATFISHES.

397

PAGE
Ale [POUT CULO ee (Plate XLVI, figs. 3 and 4) 326

ASS 12. QU SCTULTIG SS, Beta. 3 te ea (Plate L, fig. 4) 326

A OME PRUGTUGOITS ES Are aie ee fic alc Soghye ls S21 et OL Sats ee 329

SO, 15 Vag ian pe Be ees oO ee eee ee a a ee (Plate L, fig. 5) 330

BLS IPs AGRICUL O Speen conan Bie Ona ae Ea ee (Plate LI, fig. 1) 330

LSPS I PPS OVO Oise OA eee (Plate LI, fig. 2; Text figure 16) 331

DORM aD OLCTICOMIE A er, a a eee Ro oes tte te ue (Plate LI, fig. 3) 332
CONE OL IOS Ahk ts ue Gen tee San. eS ee (Plate LI, fig. 4) 333

De ee CLOLUIES TRO Ra eee oe) Oo eh neg to tr Sula 8 Fee SAREE (Plate LI, fig. 5) 334

HOSE UNTINACUHLADUM wate eee rat ease ee (Plate hos) 3o4

BY SE, WO UCUN THis oa hee Siceee he bab ood obos Dad (Plate LII, fig. 2) 335

EN Seam ee CLULCTIVCLEALTIVG AGAR tec ghee Ai che Pe ee eye a (Plate LI, fig. 3) 336

Dy OEI SG OGLE Ie eas Soci MR ane Seed SA ot ES anger La TM ee nets pana ee 337

CORP SbnOStensSCe cs ak oe oe ees (Text figures 17 and 18) 337

Ol laa a er ein ae See ae ee eae (Text figure 19) 339

ODE UG ULC UI Sch tc eee eek ee ee Ee (Plate LIT, fig. 4) 339

63: —P. punciatissimum...............+----..... (Plate XLV, fig. 1) 340

GARE TELL a sis oe Aik entre dae oo ele Be (Text figure 20) 340

65. P. sante-rite. Noe ue ..(Plate LI, fig. 5) 341

Wael CMOphiisits ae. 6212s ese (Plate XXXVI. Plate <a, figs. A and B) 341
1. EF. mutisii ...(Plate XLI, figs. 1 and 2; Plate LIV, figs. 1 and 2) 341

WASP aTreiod ona we. oe ee oe ee eee (Plate XX XIX, text figure 21) 343
Apa RIICTO DSi 2 ote a eee ee ae ee (Plate LIV, fig. 3) 344

VTEC enOTICN USE . At aan) ash ee on a ong y Meee (Plate XX XVIT) 345
LSP A CTOPS Wren aise a ae Bil, S40 aoe (Text figure 22) 346

DHE DuUnCLOatUSE a. 2. (Plate XL, fig. C; Text figures 23 and 24) 346

See LOCISHUOMUUS: ci?) Ane: Sete A ase fern ae (Text figure 25) 348

ASME TOGCTTIVCO LS Meter et Serie Ne RPP tea RE aot Sonn ee 349

NV ADIESUIASCUMLOSICGOD DUNS temas PMs oe are Ne DANG Morse ee <.ne es See 349
ie EPIC TUS Ben aoe PE hk SO one we Gar oe ioe (Plate XLIV, fig. 5) 350

NOX EO OGNICEUSH Ite aN eee RS, Bs ferahes eet Wier, Re (Plate XX XVII) 350
PRET PRO USTESIIOR patie Acs AA tA eee ene (Plate LVI, figs. 8 and 5) 351

DEIR IT UICULLUS HAA eet Pe CO Pee Nea Te ae (Text figure 26) 352

ME ShegO nhs. ne eaten e ka rear eeeepee ence: Me Rat erate (Plate XX XVII) 353
if SAS OSTA TOSUS Meee ee eh Be Pt ee REE eve (Text figure 27) 353

ONE A Ca tli0 DONTE Oe Cee ha he ale REALE ss (Parae anc (Plate XX XVII) 354
IMAC an neclens samme Ve Ree SNe et eran: (Text figure 28) 355

398 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

PAGE

XM tO Ghmaconthus 2 ay. « eee ee ee (Plate XX XVII) 355

il. LO Nbatrachostoma.. se eee ee ee (Plate LV, figs. 1-3) 356

2s OPOUNOT EN shia ee ae (Plate LV, fig. 4) 357

3. lO iflabellafenus .<...cc aeee ee ee (Plate LV, fig. 5) 357

SEL Vandella. anak: 1 ae a ee ee (Plate XX XVIII) 358

SEV 2 OU rinophiilaase <2 505 he Ee Te ae a 359

b.. Vi COTTNOSG: nA dee ORE eee (Text figure 29) 360

D2) WV, sp UAC OU Ae dio, ste eos eee (Plate LIII, fig. 1; text figure 30) 362

BV SALON ETO, | I ee ee (Text figures 31 and 32) 368

AV hasémants. 256 (Plate LIII, fig. 3; text figures 33, 34 and 35) 363

De VV ASGNGUINEO meee (Plate LIII, fig. 2; text figure 36 and 37) 365

WV. Panavandelnae 3 cone eS Jo ino ete (Plate XX XVIII) 366

Ls POL Menage, nt ae Oe Sc) 2 ods ee 367

XSW al SO CN TOUCH Meee ye Sr ee Oe re de 2 ee (Plate XX XVIII) 367

LS ROCKIONII 5 oe Sk Os (Plate XLIII, figs. 3-5; text figure 38) 368

AVA Tod Cn Ske RA Mute te Sod sate he Nee ne Do eye (Plate XX XIX) 369

fl ICL OP See each eo ete an, ae eee (Plate XLIII, figs. 1 and 2) 369

DI MOT EDU. sie aod ME a a SM is Re oa eT ee 370

NGVAUMIE SOT rio Glandss a ier 3 Aa kn hep: Se Ee (Plate XX XIX) 370

lis, Meplatycephalits:., € hic sect ssc oe ees en eee Ryall
Appendix

Phpeatovius es eee eee 5 to es A eee 371

PV CUSICT RAMEN aes este (Plate LVI, figs. 1, 2 and 4; text figure 39) 372

eFaoees

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