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THE

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

VOL. 167.

PUBLISHED 1N

JULY §& OCTOBER, 188%

LONDON:

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1888,

LONDON:
Printed by Wintiaw Crowns and Some, Limited,
‘Stamford Bervet and Charing Crows.

Arr.

I.—Robert Elsmere. By Mrs. Humphry Ward. London,

Il—l.

Ii1.—1.

Iv.—l.

. Young Ireland. By Sir Charles Gavan Duffy.

CONTENTS

or :

No. 334,

Page

1888, Sixth Edition - = -

Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell, tne Liberator.
Edited, with notices of his Life and Times, by W. J.
Fitzpatrick. 2 Vols. London, 1888.

273

. Life of Daniel O'Connell. (The Statesman Series.)

By J. H. Hamilton. London, 1888.

London, 1880 -

A Book of Nonsense. By Edward Lear. London,
1846. Twenty-sixth edition, 1888.

Nonsense Songs, Stories, Botany, and Alphabets.
By Edward Lear. London, 1871. New edition,
1888.

303

. More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, ce. By

Edward Lear. London, 1872. New edition, 1888.

. Laughable Lyrics, a Fourth Book of Nonsense,

Poems, Songs, Botany, Music, &c. By Edward Lear.
[ondon, 1877. Now odition, 1888 - - - 335
A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, comprising

the History, Institutions, and Antiquities of the
Christian Church, from the Time of the Apostles to

the Age of Charlemagne. Edited by William Smith,
D.C.L., LL.D. and Samuel Cheetham, D.D. In

2 vols. Illustrated by Engravings on Wood.
London, 1875-1880.

. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature,

Sects, and Doctrines, during the First’ Eight Con-
turies. Edited by William Smith, D.O.L, LL.D,
and Henry Wace, D.D. In 4 vols. London, 1877—
We ee OE

“VIIT—1" The Criminal]

CONTENTS.

—1. On Translating Homer. Three Lectures. London,
1861.

2. Last Words on Translating Homer. A Lecture.
London, 1862.

8, Essays in Criticism. Third edition, revised and
enlarged. London, 1875.
Poetical Works. 8 Vols. London, 1885 - -

VI.—1. The Correspondence of Cicero during the years 51

and 50 B.o.

2. Cicero in seinen Briefen. B. R. Abeken. Hanover,
1835, English Translation, London, 1854.

8. Une Province romaine sous la République. Par G.
d’Hugues. Paris, 1876.

4. Cicéron et ses ants. Par Gaston Boiasier. Paris,
1877 - - - - - - :

VII.—1. Second Report of the Royal Commissioners on Tech-

nical Instruction. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1884.
2. Technical Instruction Bills. (Hngland) 1887, 1888.
(Scotland) 1887.
. The Struggle for Existence. By Professor Huxley,
«Nineteenth Century,’ February 1888.
. Report to the Board of Trade on the Sweating
System at the East End of London. By the Labour
Correspondent. London, 1887.
5. Publications of the National Association for the Pro-
motion of Technical Education. London, 1887-88.
6. Technical School snd Collogo Building." By E. C.
Robins, F.8.A, Loudon, 1887
and Procedure (Ireland) Act,
1887, 50 & 51 Vict. cap. 20.
2, The Land Law (Ireland) Aet, 1887, 50 & 51 Vict.
38.

cap. 33.

8. The Report of the Royal Commission on the Land
Law (Ireland) Ast, 1881, and the Purchase of Land
(Ireland) Act, 1885,

4. First and Second Report of the Royal Commission
on Irish Public Works- — -

»

IX.—Harly Life of Samuel Rogers. By P. W. Olayden.

i London, 1887 -

X.—Parliamentary Debates. February to August, 1888 -

Poge

398

427

- 448

- 478

514

10 Admiral Coligny.

if he had to wear out three armies one after another, until it sur
rendered. The gallant resistance of Guise was loyally seconded

See a ent iene rate
pep ertpen eiyeap viper ati ps ar tri
pe ta cee ame

for

SL tere dissipating the national income, a the

tnpoftale yan ty husimd the res ieee and
unite all en in concord by a measure of religious
Slewioa. peat peliey elicl commended itself to all
De cident whieh befal Call in 1555 will serve to illus~
trate this condition of affairs, 7 sister of Charles V, and
Rogent-

—w

116 Reminiscences of the Coburg Family.

the
spondence between Prince Albert and the King of Prussia, which
was communicated not only to Duke Ernest and the Prince of
Leiningen, but to Stockmar and Bunsen. Prince Albert found
Hints i little agreement with the limited and eccentric views
which were imposed upon Frederick William IV. by the stress
of his own character and of his territorial and family connec-
tions. The Prince took his stand upon the two fundamental
principles of securing at once the unity of Germany and a
lar government in its component provinces, OF this
1, Prassia was to be the head, and yet Austria was not
to be excluded from it. To effect this combination was an
operation of consummate delicacy, made more difficult by the
resolve of Frederick William that his only function was to hold
the stirrup for the Emperor of Austria, Yet Austria was quite
unable, financially, morally, or politically, to take the I,
Jnst at this time the system of Metternich suffered three serious
blows. The incorporation of Cracow into the Monarchy
duced an outbreak which strained the resources of Austria
almost to breaking, The election of Pope Pius UX. raised the
flag of Italian liberty with an authority which could not be
overlooked, while the war of the Sonderbund in Switzerland
covered the policy of the Austrian Chancellor with discredit.
In the meantime a negociation which might have led to a
4 war was occupying the attention of the two brothers.
fla qbeatioaifoS tbe S ‘ish Marriages has been treated in
Sir Theodore piarsinie fe os the Prince alanignfe®, more
than ordinary completeness. It is not necessary to relate 2
the whole dreary story, but the Duke's Memoirs pena =
light on points which have hitherto been obscure. The eager-
ness of Guizot and Louis Philippe to contract an alliance
between the Courts of Spain and France recals the family
of an earlier age. Ihe Duke's second journey to the
Peninsula took place in the spring of 1846, No sooner had
he landed at Barcelona than he heard from M. Lesseps, then
the Consul-General of France, of the fall of Narvaez which had
just occurred, Six years before, in the same city, the Duke
haps ‘the humiliation of Queen Christina before
He now saw her tread a devoted and enlightened
inister into the dust. Prince Albert had some reason for
writing to his brother that he would soon be regarded as a
family spectre, since revolution, deposition, assassination, and

slaughter, seemed always to follow in his train, The Duke is
heart of

122 Reminiscences of the Coburg Family.

-at this time, was one for establishing a Kingdom of Thuringia,
which would unite the Saxon Duchies under the presidency of
Weimar. Duke Ernest was naturally averse to an

which would subordinate his own Dachies to a rival. With his
mefitieet actirsty/ bs travelled from: Hendloe Jo Retdeeamas

EF
4

a t the barricades in Finsterbergen, and took
Rruurietes who were aiaseenin arenty puni
Prince Albert was as strongly oj to a Thuringian
dom as his brother. He cd that it woul
confusion of Germany even worse confounded, and
that the pretensions of Weimar to stand at its head were

a

Eset
Hie

Gotha ns a step in this direction, which should be
every three years. Duke Ernest could now write to his uncle
in ium that he enjoys for his own part in Germany an
influence aoc popalahy of which he never could have dreamed ;
that he has mncmmarionslyand without any seeking for
it, the doubtful honour of a popular leader,

«The position,’ he says, ‘is an unfortunate and an insecure one,

cause of
(Gaasiaesg Tau tn Beres eictaserade Lot Wut eomnrocte Wand otSOMIER
postponement of my own. Yet, although I have been able to
amy cousins in various ways, they are jealous of my position,”

Prince Albert regarded the German moveinent for inde~
pendence almost with enthusiasm, and this optimistic spirit is
shown in letters which are quoted by the Duke. He writes, on
March 14, 1848 :—

126 Reminiscences of the Coburg Family.

from him the im, ion, that he was not thoroughly né-
geainted with fiedhira TBs! incarspetanne GB ki
National Assembly was clearly seen when it began to

the National Sores confirmation, It was vehemently

fort, and was present at the debates which followed. He

writes to his brother that the Ministry has no life, the Na-

Seas Assembly no cohesion, and that the Vicar inspires
lence.

no
A few days later the revolution broke out in violence. A
crowd stormed the entrance of St. Paul's Church in which the
Assembly was sitting, and obnoxious members were compelled to

retire by a side entrance. On 18th there was firing
in the streets, and Von ies earl eer
had been put out by a musket-ball'whilst he was standing on

baleony of his hotel. Lichnowsky and Auerswald were

Seibert by-caneinanl corms by unepe, Tico Alber ole
‘cannon and stormed ince wrote,

on heitig of the murders :—

‘ Although I have hithorto cared little for Lichno: i

T have ulways admired his cloquenco as a ra re

courage, a gift far less common than any in our time, For

these reasons his end has deeply affected me. Ere ae

personal crown of the edifice. It was at last determined to
elect an Emperor, and the choice fell upon the King of Prussia.
Even before this the Duke had written to the King to press him
to accept the offer if it should be made to him. ‘Gagern, Binck-
mar, Bansen, and Dahlmann, threw their influence into the same
scale. The history of the King’s refusal is well known. The
oi eat it three causes z seers of forei ee
macy, the intrigues of the Court parties at Vienna an jin, ,
and the inherent tendency of Prussia to remain within its own
limits of activity. Austria, with the help of Hanover, did her best
to

a a |

9428 Reminiscences of the Coburg Family.

with the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha at their head. No
sooner had he arrived on the scene of action than he becam
aware that General von Prittwitz, who commanded the Prussiar
razanyp wesinet Mlkoly tenet him wrlh ach respect ea af
him a very hearty co-operation, The Duke set himself to guard
the coast Bowdangee of e landing. He bad not long to
wait for the enemy, On April 4th, he was informed that a
Danish ship-ofthe-tine, the * ‘istian the Eighth,’ together:
nine other vessels, were in the harbour of Eckernfirde, which was
to

barricaded brite igate, ‘Gesion,’ outside, .

steamboats ‘Geiser’ and ‘Hel 7 mene nea, toca EW aCe
= and the shi

four the conflict was resumed. ring the interval a new
ar ees ote PRT Ee on the sand hills, which did
execution, At half-past six in Paludan ex;
guts ssare io capicalate, hericl iously hauled down his flag.
The shore was cro by so! and citizens mingled in an
enthusiasm of delight, Captain Miller, who had commanded
the Nassau battery to which the victory was mainly due,
poh ag of military discipline, threw himself upon the c's

been made pri: , in order to secure some important pars:
No sooner had he reached the vessel than the explosion iy lowed.
He was shot out far into the sea, and escaped unhurt, He swam
to land and surrendered himself in accordance with his parole,
and afterwards attained a high rank in the Swedish Navy. The
victory of Eckernfiirde was indeed a brilliant success for the
German cause, Not only was the result far beyond what could
have been expected, so that Prince Albert compared his brother

n to

220 The House of Lords.

This is the temper amongst Conservatives, which Radical
icians exult in, It at once damps the spirits and weakens

the judgment of their opponents, and invests themselves with
the prestige of a vastly rated strength, and of victories
which are not victories at all, or which they have had small

iticians and their ideas are not responsible for a great
Csorrege Per tea Hoge have actually been accom-

of such changes as Mr. would consider inevitable,

been caused in this way, that they are entirely gratuitous

misfortunes, and that they might, by knowledge, resolution, and

the guidance of masterly statesmanship, be not only averted

before the event, but reversed or remedied after it, But we do

say, that there is a mass of apparent changes, which many are
ast at as portentous triumphs of Radicalism, and which

‘adicals themselves claim as their own proudest achievements,
which have really their origin outside politics altogether, and
are substantially not changes at all.

Let us take, for instance, the case of the gradual extension of
the franchise, There are numbers of Conservatives, and there are
numbers of Radicals, who misconceive this event in precisely the
same way, The historical picture, which presents itself to their
imagination, is that of a multitude who in the carlier years of
the century were contemptuously shut out from all share in
fist) and who have beet by fighting a position that was

ied them then. The only difference between the view of the
Conservative and the Radical is this; that the former regard the
people as a horde of rebellious intruders, who have forced their
way into a place which they never ought to occupy at all;
whilst the latter regard them as men who, by their own noble
exertions, have vindicated their right to 1 place which they
ought to have occupied always. »y neither of them realize,
when are speaking of the le of to-day, and con-
trasting ¢) with the people of filty years ago, that the
same word people means two widely different things; and that
it is not that a class has achieved for itself towards the end
of the century a power which was denied it at the beginning,
but that towards the end of the century the place of that class
has been taken by a class which at the begi ning had virtually
no existence. , speaking broadly, with certain
necessary reservations, we may say, that the facts of the case are
the ise opposite of what they seem to be; and that, instead
of the same people having won for themselves a different
franchise,

222 ‘The House of Lords,

equally dign rege tre
aim at
one of the most sy eee

veniof how fully it deserves to-be ‘perpetuated, ds to be: found,
[3 the temper ia which it has approached the question ofS

i temper cont th Per temo os
quarters, if we except extreme /Redicals, jnestion

‘been handled with « surprisin,

thing, ws Ps pomen, Se Deal ie been ; and that is a

suflici oo eo RT position of the House of
with the social and econ condition of

the-country, and of the way in which. its: and its fitness

we shall now attempt to remed: seme nl he ate hae

be mainly facts:
though their talgniaien lanitees or Looked, ‘rel hemaél ves,
renga nih moment ou attention is directed
to them, “

' ‘the Commons are or used to be.
Socially speaking, a class can never be made out of a body, which
admits to itself only one man out of « family, which few of its
members enter till some way advanced in years, and from which

every. Cops dnaaytran rape streie tat)
as to this , which prevails amongst many people, is largely

The House of Lords. 229

‘it has administered public jit has given the constitu-
‘thei Se ed sha gn

warmth from the genial fire that flickered in the squire’s
Pegach then has been the nucleus of the English territorial aristo-
aristocracy not merely technical, bat in the fullest

rather than in the favour of the King. Now aristocracies,
many other bodies, wound or irritate other things in contact with

them, not because their substance is solid, but because their
y and hard, The English aristocracy has been is
and ular, because its edges have been neither,
aie simply resting on, or pushin, ‘inst, other
at err of contact it has been weltad into them.
has rea ed mainly in four ways, ee its
in matter of marriage, by the pursuits of its
branches, by the way in which new families have
eee iy: anil ta ESS eee
influence of fashion, which has rendered the society of
at once the most liberal and the most exclusive in the

As to the matter of marriage, it has always been held in
quite otherwise than on the Continent, that the
communicates his rank to the inferior wife, instead of

i

E
E

an

r descent; that is to say, his sixteen great-great-grand-
ee me have all of them been people who could show
3 ra or Some noe ah aby moment s/miat wits nayeamnbee
quartiers, by marrying a woman with none, could
ition of a novus homo, entitled only to bear the
paternal shield, and with the whole fabric of the family noblesse
to be built up again from the beginning. But in England a
mésalliance had no such definite consequences; it may have
been a family scandal, or a domestic annoyance; or, again,
given

‘to sit |
point out to these estimable young gentlemen an argument,
whose justice we feel sure that would admit :—namely, that
+ eae ope ape tee a political institution does not for

most needed to give strength to the Upper. These points,
however, and many others Tike them, we sates ourselyes:
with merely alluding to; and pass on to that view of the matter
which we believe to be alone in accordance with principles of trae
Conservatism, and which also, if properly put batecs the public,
would, we believe, commend itself to the bulk of the people
generally, The whole, then, of the arguments and considerations

¢ principle in
must be most strictly guarded, and fairly and frankly
recognized, is precisely the one principle with which henriet

to apologize. We mean the hereditary principle. We are

the hereditary principle is unsound, but simply that it is mis=
understood, Aisa apr speaker, essayist Cher essayist, have
for years done their best to confuse this entire question, and
to keep out of sight its most important side, which not only
ought to be obvious to common-sense, but is also illustrated by
the most important doctrines of science, We mean that in «
body such as the House of Lords, whatever may be the nature
of the members’ inherited organisms, they have all inherited a
special and an analogous environment; and that on all of them
sufficiently serious to take any part in legislation—that is to say
on all oo a minority, which Mr. Bright would call a ‘ resi-
duum ’. environment has impressed an analogous,
acalculable, and a: able character, It has connected them,
quite independently of their own wil; with the prosperity of
country; and just as the people at large may be said to
represent endeavour, the House of Lords may be said to repre~
sent success. It is a natural authority, on account of the
position of its members, with regard to the conditions of success

amongst all classes,
When once we realize this view of the matter, we shall see how
essential

( 249.)
Ant. X.—Local Government (England and Wales). A Bill to
Se aia ua tek vetetag er acer Govsremmae te ighaes scat
- Wales, and for other Prepared
and brought in by Smith,
the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Secretary Matthews,

pep mnenbes cbamcteritle of our Constitution, full as it is
of institutions which, though theoretically anomalous and
Allogica are ically useful, that a body, which has done its
i and well, should be called upon to yield to a

demand for reform based less on fact than on sentiment. The
powers exercised by County magistrates in Quarter Sessions
be in excess of those which in theory should be wielded by

\an authority. Speaking of those under which the
movements of cattle may be probibil daring ithe peealence
of cattle plague, Mr. Brodrick, an impartial critic, says:*
‘ However salutary these powers may have proved in their opera~
tion, they are assuredly such as our forefathers would never have
confided to nominees of the Crown without the assistance of
elective officers.’ And from the same point of view objection
night be taken to others of the functions of Quarter Sessions,
But on the whole the work of the County magistrates has been
done economically and well, and not only so, but done without
provoking the complaints and clamour which have frequently
assailed the actions of other more logically constituted autho-
tities, They have taken an intelligent and Frade view of
their duties. They have avoided, on the one hand, the narrow
parsimony which has elsewhere led to the seizure of momentary
saving st the cost of ultimate loss, and, on the other hand, the
extravagance of carelessness or panic which hax brought
discredit on more than one well-known assembly. If, therefore,
as seems probable, the County magistrates are soon to hand over
their executive powers to a body more representative of the rate-
payers, their retirement will be honourable to themselves, and they
Tall not lack the gratitude even of those most desirous of reform,
We have said that such a transfer is probable. It would be
rash, however, to attempt even now any definite prediction as
to the fate of the Liage poe occupies tha font pliza ia the
legislative proposals present Session. Local Govern-
ment Bill on its introduction was received with a chorus of
Fiat ved due as much to the marked ability with which
Ritchie explained intricate provisions, as to the prevalence

* *Lomal Government in England,’ by Hon. G. 0, Brodrick, Cobden Club

of

;

The Local Government Bill.

F2]
:
E.
;
:
:

Fe
ez
EE

i
rf
E
i
4
4

if
i
E
E
E
i
bE
ge
li
3
Ep

|

to
as jual, not sudden, check to out-door relief, should be

not as a‘ plan to grind the faces of the but asa
oCHelpieg diien We reattion! ie fom mischlevo
it
is

i
a
z
4
rE

‘in
not

i
i
:
|
|

teve. Tt was di in Atcham and Whitechapel, and in
the Brixworth Union in Northamptonshire. In no instance
where out-door relief has been curtailed was the curtailment
followed by increase in in-maintenance or addition to the total
oul it will probably be found, that the effeet of the pro-
Pe ih bays aldo the payne ces

ers a Jarger sum is represent grant
Toa for is the subvention =e to the obj ou ‘that it
La ep adap aca ater pene
national Is. permanent pauperism "country
is much affected by imperi coinsilerasiatin Out-door pau-

The Local Government Bill. 263
‘is perhaps less reluctance to enter a liberally managed work~
‘house than one which is starved. ts in broadly, those

:
[
:
i
a
L
g
E
E

3
on this question be allowed from the original
of the Bill. x

im day
towards the maintenance of indoor Fe should fo and
ee ar elli, thae control of the Poor Law
i should be in their hands. As a step in this
‘direction, power might be given to the County Councils to
oe Gaaizeeprie neared trp iret noeern tebe
lums and district schools, in their county ; and we are

seven, to think, Bice er alpen aidan under
certain circumstances to withhold a portion of the grant. Such
‘indirect control would be a useful supplement to Government
‘inspection, and greatly tend to ii workhouse administra-
‘tion, If ever the whole res; ibility is thrown Coy,
ification =

me building being set apart for the sick,
sanother for the infirm, another for the able-bodied, while the
‘children are entirely withdrawn from association with adults—
will to some extent, and having re to such considerations
‘as those of distance, be ble im the country. And the

“oot adpan vase ae cise
‘to ql ition of parishes. It is true policy
SGoLBTS vas ba; dellave veatrice ofvditiagran regards ion,

which are better adapted to larger areas and more
councils. Comprehensive schemes of sewerage or water supply
ore

fom

The Local Government Bill, 269

| be introduced next Session, would have been little
disaster to the Unionist cause. The Government
assailed in every constituency in the United
could not or would not carry the one

iat
Hi
i

+ . The encouragement to
ere shatngs cruelly would the zeal of

Unless Ministerialists wish to incur this
it behoves them to shorten their own discussions
of the Bill, and help in every way the efforts of
vernment to puss it, The wish to amend the Bill in its
details may be laudable, and there may be many members
opinion of their ability to do it is not unwarranted. But
the wish must be restrained, the ability reserved for other use.
The Bill has been prepared under the directions of a Minister
of very marked Sopeilt, He has had the assistance of an able
Parliamentary colleague, and the advice of officers of a highly
trained mt thoroughly conversant with the matters dealt
with, It is not too much to expect that individual members of
the House of Commons will defer to their experience, and sacri-
fice at such exposition of their views as is likely to endanger
the Bill, There has rarely been a time when united action by
the party responsible for the Government of the country was so
desirable in the interests of the country. In these days of the
dissemination of political knowledge, when the promulgation of
individual or sectional views is easy, the strains on party alle~
giance are naturally greater than when the interest in public
affairs was less general, and perhaps less strong. But unless
that allegiance is maintained, disintegration must ensue, The
Cabinet, in the heavy task they have undertaken, will be

Hel
He

Indeed we are disposed to attach more than usual im) ce
to this matter. If the Government fail, they will have failed in
their one great undertaking. In all that we have said we have
admitted that there is no great enthusiasm for the measure in
the country. But the wishes and expectations of the constitu-
‘encies have been clearly, if coolly, made known.
who fail to give effect to them will be discredited, unless they
can show their failure was due to the resistance of their

its which they took every reasonable means to overcome.
‘In any other case they will have, sooner or later, and probably
at no long interval, to pay the penalty. The value of their
resistance to the of others will be measured by the
weakness displayed in carrying their own. The country oes

272 + The Local Government Bill.

has been so deliberately assailed cannot clear themselves by
vehement oratory in Parliament. Unless they take the remedy
which is offered to them, or bring an action against the pro-
prietors of the ‘Times’ in the ordinary Courts of Law, the effect
of the charge will inevitably remain. They have, of course,
paces whom nothing could convince, and who would not
esitate to impugn the justice of any tribunal which decided
against them. But the general sense of the country will be
shocked, if accusations, so deliberately and determinedly made,
are not met by a judicial enquiry. No amount of bluster in
Parliament or the Press will suffice. If those implicated decline
to take either of the two courses open to them, the country will
know what to think, not only of them, but of the alliance to
which they are parties.

292 Robert Elsmere and Christianity.
and, on the other hand :—
*that there persons pretending

same manner, in attestation of the accounts which they delivered, and
sololy in conacquence of their belicf of the truth of thoue accounts.’
Biss: cyumerts will still be to many minds perfectly
decisive, when once doubt has been removed, as we have
lained, marnereine the authenticity of documentary sources;
whether the argument be or be not sufficient to carry the
whole case, wees at any rate a weight and importance
which should claim for it more attention than it has of late
received. The facts which Paley marshals with such skill
respecting the plain matter of fact testimony, borne at the cost
of cruel suffering, in the full light of day, by the first preachers.
of Christianity, and borne, not to theories or opinions, but to
matters of experience, are at least unparalleled in the annals of
any other religion ; and pg ide suffice to sustain the assum
to which jects, that the case is an isolated one.
To assume beforehand that se a vast number of miraculous
stories are legendary, therefore all such stories are of the same
kind, is one of those fallacies of hasty generalization which are
characteristic of our day, and which are linrly discreditable
to an age which boasts of its scientific virtues. ‘This universal
prevalence, at one time or another, of belief in the supernatural
or miraculous is, indeed, capable of being applied in exactly
the opposite direction. If mankind have been so universally
prone to the belief, is it probable that there was never any founda~
tion for it? If miraculous events and supernatural interpositions
have ever taken place, it is very conceivable that the buman
mind was so impressed by them, as to be ready to surmise their
occurrence at any time, and to generalize in favour of the miracu-
lous with the same hastiness with which modern ‘ies and.
philosophers generalize against it. But if no ates
within the whole range of human experience, it is
somewhat difficult to conceive, especially on the grounds of «
ilosophy of evolution, how they ever came to be thought of.
it, however this may be, Paley’s argument, even to those whodo
not regard it as conclusive, ought to be enough to show that the
case of Christianity is a unique one, and that the vague pre-
sumptions against the miraculous, of which Mrs, Ward's heroes.
make so much, are entirely beside the mark. Whether the testi-
mony be sufficient to bear the weight of the extraordinary events
Rahich it ellegee ine further question; but that it is not to be
explained away by the aa tendency of the human mine
it

vw

Daniel O'Connell's Correspondence, 523

subject and a declaration more than once reiterated, it is impos-
sible to believe that so important a as O'Connell was
then in public affairs, would—if ly were an aspirant
to office—have submitted to be shelved on the dictum of
William IV. Yet on the day Melbourne first saw the King

* You may be convinced that I will not offers of any
without distinct Nor is thero any I
ber objections ix the Judieos of the Kin ee
ie me
(Pete alfretl k beedl Precio -

to spring. O'Connell, the faithful of the country,

found his own deputy in administration. When the State was
still in Iabour with the second Melbourne Cabinet, he writes :—

Cabinet's prospects, and adds, ‘this, after all, is cheering for
Treland, as it leaves us Lord Mulgrave.’ Later on he writes :—

the Rolla. But I could not

Fee

‘that
that, if I took anything, it would

brin, to it. ange hoavy, but I have made this
are Me ud egies fe cnaimnae sore hiobsLie
Mulgrave treated me.

O'Connell remained in politics and out of office, but he
obtained some three years of power in the way most suited to
his habits and tastes, None of the Irish ge could
be = without consulting ae ss Reed -
ments of patronage were placed at his disposal, good berths
were secured for his connections and idants.

A faithful supporter of the See death of William IV.

* in .

il

Nonsense as a Fine Art. 839

*q Scripture lik: Jearned clerk.’ Again, in what
chs sl ye put that tour de hen the caleng find
ymes to ¢ and 'Timbuctoo’ A

Sas Grad Whee T rns Sn Alricay I--daa ‘doy Leard 4 untire

“If I were a Cassowary,
Hictern piers
eat up a h
RIAs Ae Hohe andl hyah broke Ea
The distinction in ion is, however, of the less practical
i ance to us here, use, as we have said, we are treating,
not of Wit or Humour, but of that ripe outcome of cither or ‘both
which we call Nonsense :—Nonsense as a work of Art. Except
for bringing in an occasional side-light we shall confine our-
selves to English Nonsense ; and stil! further limit ourselves to
Berri onilines of a few of the many great and
branches of that mighty secular tree, without being able to take
much heed of the countless leaves and blossoms to which it
gives fresh life year by year. Even so, we shall haye to divide
our subject into as many heads as those in the rey of
's players, or in a sermon preached before the

dramatist: there is the Nonsense of poetry, of satire, of parod;
of caricature, of the comic journal: there is Nonsense wiih

it his books.

First, then, of the Story. We do not here speak of the great
nonsense romances of Pall Rabelais, Cervantes, Swift, Sterne,
and the creator of the ‘ Arabian Nights ;” but of the stories which
somehow and somewhere took root and grew before the earliest
Aryan or Indo-Germanic migration began, which have travelled
into every land, and have found their way into every nursery,
and are everywhere with us in their old or in new forms.
Some people find themselves wiser and better, or at least more
self-respected, by calling these stories ‘Solar Myths:’ we are
content to talk with our children of Pussin Boots, Tom Thumb,
or Jack the Giant-killer, who still keep their rightfal places
among the new and not unworthy aspirants, introduced to us

Ewing or Mr. Kingsley, Mr. Lear or Lewis Carroll.

All these stories are in their own way works of art—of the Fine
Art of Nonsense. But one of them has been raised to the rank
of a masterpiece by the niga na Fal of a great poet. Moone
a e

—

Nonsense as a Fine Art, BAL

is, the actual is always raised to its ideal perfection, so that we
say of the whole picture what the poet himself says of Chaunte-
clere’s crowing— it might not be amended,’ And then Chaucer
endows the cock and hen with all the characteristics of a true

both, The human qualities are not merely added mechanicall;
fftlielaf tha .Sowle se30 the ordinary Sables, bet oo éngerfieed
into them that the whole becomes a new creation, in which

50 in
his and his crowing, who sits among his hens on their
or leads them into the yard to find the grains of corn,

matron >—

When Chaunteclere waking in a fright, tells his dream to
Dame Pertelote, as they sit at roost on their perch, she banters
him with mock indignation :—

‘How dursten you for shame say to love
that anything might maken you afoardl
Have ye no 's heart, and have « beard?’
For that the indignation is banter, the poct indicates by bis
characteristic way of sly allusion, when he makes hor declaro—
* Por certes, what #o any woman saith,
mi

To have a husband hardy, wise, and froe;—

where she hints that if she had really thought her husband a
coward, she would have made the best of the matter, as a good
wife is boundtodo. Then looking at the matter from a homely
stand, not less natural now than it was five ES
ago, sets the dream down to indigestion, and prescri
domestic dose of medicine which—

‘Though in this town be no spothecary,—" a

-

Christian Biography and Antiquities, 369

the Church with its Creeds and Sacraments; the Incarnation,
the Person of Christ, Christology, the Holy Ghost, Predestina-
tion, Excommunication, Eschatology, Demonology, Death and
aaree sel yee ae we have the whole story
Coptic lown to the present time,—a transgression

of the limits of the work for which the Editors hope that the
fique character of that Church will be regarded as a sufficient
segs then somewhat more limited account of the Ethiopian
pana Monophysite; a very long history—needlessly

should say—of the obscure monarchs who reigned in
ia and Armenia under the name of Chosroes; an ample
biography of Elesbaan, who in the sixth century abdicated the
throne of Ethiopia for a hermitage, and was of course canonized ;
and considerable notices of Leorigild king of the Visigoths,
and Jordanis the Gothic historian, both belonging to the same
. In the department of literature may be found critical

* Hebrew learning’ possessed by the Fathers; dissertations on
the Verse-writers and Historians of the Church, and on such
documents as the Clementine Literature, the Shepherd of Her-
mas, the Epistles of Diognetus, the Chronicle of Eusebius, and
the Liber Pontificalis; besides all that survive of the large
number of Apocryphal works current in early Christendom, the
*Pistis Sophia’ of the Gnostics, and the newly discovered
*Teaching of the twelve Apostles, of which an extremely
interesting account is given. Equal liberality has been shown
by the Editors in their attempt to gather within their wide-
ereetircary tie seni cry. Christ actoes,edawcintns ana
insignificant. The original intention to make the Dictionary a
complete Onomasticon of the Christian world for the first eight
centuries was indeed, for the sake of economizing both time
and space, reluctantly abandoned peoteie ration of the
earliest volume, which is scarcely equal in execution to the later
three; but as U'appdtit vient en mangeant, so the courage of both
Editors and Publisher grew with their work. The result has
been that the primitive intention was revived and carried into
effect, and for the first time we have had put into our hands a
Key to almost every name, however obscure, which can be dis-
covered by a thorough ransacking of the Church's records for
the covered by the Dictionary, the only exceptions being
names which are signatures, and nothing besides. Even the
crowd of martyrs and confessors which swell the calendars of
both Eastern and Western Churches, but of whom nothing
authentic is known, has not been overlooked, but will be found

Vol. 167.—No. 334. 2B entered

ee ees 371

pe cae ion and i
ms nga ga oi ge
Beeered caiite cease wach Christie pissed to
outward and visil sigs erp tiers Christisnit
eo sae aaa Geass cogent aa aod
its victorious career, till it gathered into its bosom the

Geedhee oe Dates Ortee om which are
Satan ope, Mokopctinn eee

on Pope, Metropolitan, ty
Everything relating to public worshi, be found, as regards
the buildings and Salt amnétasocetcly tis the heads, Church,
Chapel, Altar, Galleries, Fresco, Mosaic; while for the services,
there are elaborate treatises on Music, H:

y, Bigam: » Di The discipline of the Church
Place repre tuner Cen Penitence and Penitential Books,
ication, Corporal Punishment; its legislation under
the gn heading Council, and numerous monographs on par-
Councils and Synods; its monastic system under Bene-
dictine Rule, Asceticism, and especially under Monastery—an
se Rie Wii Sie Se eee

~ Moi rings, and gems, bearing
Res Eesinl ii Neale as ioe ated riclany Seulpture

are Ins i looked, to the Article on which
pier cecil key. 10, the ony i “ab ech
abound in them, ng neous

|

said to be preserved there. Out of this contact grew the further

development, that Veronica herself received the
Christ; for desiri

i
i
F

Fy
:
A
g

z

z

z

F
:
i
i
:
3

F

iy
ay

é

:

i

aa
z 5

‘is features after death; and as this relic was
icon,’ or even the * sancta ica,’ the temp-

He
i
i

mined by the recollection, that early martyrologies mention the
Soresnenee of the sufferer’s face with a napkin. The

result was accordingly the St. Veronica of modern Chris+
tendom, who wiped the sweat from the Redeemer’s face on His
way to Calvary, and received on the cloth the miraculous like

cerned, the present century, in spite of its boasted illumination,
Jas bp Balt oy awl a i ua

St. Filomena, whose story is authoritatively told in Moror
*Dizionario.” In 1802 a broken tile, bearing a letters.

Priscilla at Rome, and immediatel; ayes’ to the imagi-
it saint. It was-

which were said to be those of a girl about fourteen years old,
Nothing then was wanting to the introduction of a brand-new:
St. Filomena, Virgin and Martyr, into the sacred catalogue
except a supernatural attestation, and this was not long in
forthcoming. The relics, transported to Mugnano, near Naples,.

at

|

392 Christian Biography and Antiquities,
his care; his being thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil,
whence he eme: unburt and anointed like a wrestler for the
arena; the of his in the request of his fellow-
bishops, in the midst of whom, after Peatdige of fasting and
Peer, he burst into the prologue, ‘In the beginning was the
‘ord ;’ and finally, the story that when his time was come
the A) retired to a burying-place accompanied by friends
carrying spades, and in the grave which quickly dug laid
himself peacefully down, and with prayer Hecter gene up
his soul to God. It was probably a atin embellishment that
he was covered up alive, that the soil heaved with his breathing,
soe when the grave was subsequently opened his body had
is only one more as of our Dictionary to which
space its a reference, viz. the illustrations which may be
from it of the thought and life of the Church in its
earlier growths, and its conflicts with human infirmity and

Take, for instance, the handling of pall!

Wo hotter iiestet the weskneas of the popular exegesis be
easily obtained than that which is supplied in the Article on
the obscure Eastern Apologist, known as Macarius Magnes, part
of whose treatise entitled *Apocritica’ has recently been re-
discovered, Its value in this respect depends on the fact, that
the interpretations with which he confutes Pagan objections are
not his own, but the current ones of the fourth century. Here
are a few. ‘Worship His footstool,’ means ‘Worship Christ's
Body ;’ for Christ assumed man’s body, and this was fashioned
of the earth, and the earth is God's footstool. The clouds
which St. Paul expected to Bescaeit up signify angels; the

-¢ measures of meal in the parable are time, present,
and future; the shoe-latchet which the Baptist could not un-
loose is the tie between the Divine and human natures; the

Divinity with the worm of His Humanity, in
lance

if
i
f SE
i
ne
ce

i
y
3
E
PE

fi

3%
Hi

Es)

i
3
Hu
i
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F

‘At is true that in his later writings his style showed a tendency
to become diffuse and fanciful, almost, one is tempted to say,
at times grotesque. his tendency grew out of a partial
failure of ideas; and this failure he sought to conceal, as

‘The curse he pronounced on Carlyle recoiled on his own head ;
*his sallies, as a staple of literary work, become wearisome.’
But in his prime he could use it with singular felicity and
effect, and it is not a a for which English writers are as a

conspicuous. Especially did he excel in the use of the
Socratic irony, as it is called,—in the assumption, as Mr. Grote
explains it, of the character of an ignorant learner asking infor-
mation from one who knew better than himself. And this

mre zest and novelty to his writing, and cleared it, as it cleared
ideti

ape meno haa bats vces el eens ne

g
Ey
i
i
J
i
ik

ii
te
fil
Fal
Tae
Egekir

depend on ,
ee eety othe A most narrow stand fora
itself on.’ ‘Farthing cheaper per yard?

This must conclude the subject of technical education 5
De teeecal ache cidicgrosaes in ‘etdintastcel

the opening out of new ones. And as this clearly belongs to
the commercial branch of business, not to the ‘ing, it
is to the labours of the merchant, the traveller, the agent, not
the artizan, to which we must look for the vitality of our trade.
An article, entitled ‘New Markets for British Industry,’
in this ‘Review’ in July, 1886, dealt very fully, in
connection with kindred matters, with the subject of German
enterprize. We can only remark that the statements then made,
to the effect that ‘The study of local dialects and the keen
cultivation of local markets has been in Asia, as in Europe, the

inferior. A yi
superiority of article which is imitated, and Germans
are unblushing forgers of English goods, one instance of which
may be cited, the very clever imitations of the labels of Messrs.
Curtis and Harvey's gunpowder, which attracted considerable
attention two years since. But the reason beeen

_

Ti
i
i
Z
Hs
Ha
ag
fF
Fee

1
il
ah
He
iy
let
a
a

i
E
3
E
Es
Hh
ui

are ly of the Irish peasant, and w!
staf of the National League. The Bill passed, and contained
: = ncdiags Rel lactate ake as
was as was to make a clean
PAPI eiidlonde! cists, andl poo te leareral oitieer satacey Gea
if this question of arrears, and it is a serious question, remains
open to the heavy loss of thousands of jing Irish farmers,
Tet them blame those who, for their own ih ends, have been
ere nel foes 5 MN een Uta Tra oe oe
tenants honest friends.

was at stake, and even the opinion of the ‘civilized world,’ to

552

Bleep, Sencho's idea of, 337—Shak-
a description of, 338.
Sif}, oF hand-work achools of Sweden,
458. See Technical.
Spain, disturbed state in 1840, 113,
114. See Coburg.
Speeches in the House of Lords on the
Constitution of the House, 217.
Stephen, Mr. Justice, on the authors of
pels, 290.
Stockmar, Baron, his influence on the
Prince Consort, 114. See Coburg.
Stubbe’s ‘Constitutional History of
England, 136,

Sunday Schools in England for tech-
nical education advocated by Prof.
Huxley, 473.

T.

‘Technical Education and Foreign Com-
petition, $48 Roper of the Royal
mmission, 449 — indus-
trial decadence, 450—the * National
Association for the promotion of
Technical Education,’ 451—Prof.
‘Huxley on the struggle for existence,
452—superiority of training in the
workshops to that in technical
schools, ib.—Alkuli works, i—
machine and tool works in Switzer-
Jond, i—German cotton-épinning,
458—the education of one craftsinan
not suitable for another, 454—that
juired in shops of tho only real
value, 455—the principles of mecha-
nics, geometry, chemistry, é&o., use-
Jess to the ‘hands, 456—advanta,
of workshops compared with cclle-
giate institutions, 456, 457—training
of engineers’ articled pupils, 457
—at the Board Schools, 458—tho
Slijd, or hand-work schools of
Sweden, ib.—apprenticeship the true
training of a craftsman, 459—advan-
tages of the older system for boys,
460 —Mr. Dyer’s paper, ib. —im-
portance of machinery and decline
of handicrafts, 461—subdivision of
work, 461, 462—uselessness of tech-
nical’ training, 462, 463—school
training for skilled trades, 463—sclf-
education contrasted with evening
classes and compulsory attendance,

INDEX TO VOL. 167.

464, 465—tondency to discontent in

the artizan classes, 465, 466—train-

ing of leaders confused with that of

the workmen, 467— instances of the

proportion of educated men to mero
‘hands,’ 468 — advertisements for
practical not for educated men, 469
—letters from various manufacturers,
469—leading technical journale op-
posed to the schemes, 470—natural
causes for the loss of monopoly in
trade, ib.—a lecture room for each
factory, 471—resulte of the scliools
at Newcastle and Salford, 472—
Sunday classes, 473 —discontent of
the workmen, 474—forgery of Eng-
ish goods, 475.

Teéng, Marq., on the non-necessity of
emigration from China, 168—treat-
ment of Chinese in foreign countries,
169, See Chinese,

Wr.

‘Wagner and Lisrt, 65—birth aud earl

fe of Wagner, ia tragedy, tb.

entail Studien, OO Rises” 3.
—at Paris, first impressions of Liszt,
70—conductor of the Royal Saxon
Opera, 71 —escapes from Dresden,
72—at Ziirich, 73—devotion of Liszt,
and his pecuniary assistance,

erty, 76 —allowed to return to

Bexony, 78-—the * Tonal
fo in Paria, 79 — offered
conductorship. of ‘the Philharmonic
concerta, 81—in London, 82—friend-
ship for Berlioz, i.—first rehearsal,
83—abuse from the papers, i.—his
severe criticism of Mendelssohn and
Meyerbeer, 84—kindness of Quoc
Victoria and Prince Albert, it.—
letters to Sainton, 85-87—at Buy-
routh, 86—revisita England, 47.

Ward, Mrs. Humphry, *Robort
mere,’ 273.

Warren, Samuel, ‘Passages from the
Diary of «late Physilun,’ 207—

‘iamentary career, 208.

Waltngom, Duke of, Sketch of, 195.
See Fifty Years Ago.

Wit ond humour, detinition of, 936,

Wordsworth, ancedote of him
Rogers, 511.

by

END OF THF HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVENTH VOLUME.

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