:CO
CO
ACCOUNTS AND PAPEKS
RELATING TO
MAKY QUEEN OF SCOTS
EDITED BY
ALLAN J. CEOSBY, ESQ.,
AND
JOHN BKUCE, ESQ.
PRINTED FOR THE CAMDEN SOCIETY.
M.DCCC.LXVIL
WESTMINSTER :
PRINTED BY NICHOLS AND SONS,
25. PARLIAMENT STREET,
IbA
NO. XCIII.]
COUNCIL OF THE CAMDEN SOCIETY
FOR THE YEAR 1866-67.
President,
WILLIAM TITE, ESQ. M.P., F.R.S., V.P.S.A.
ARTHUR ASHPITEL, ESQ. F.S.A.
WILLIAM HENRY BLAAUW, ESQ. M.A., F.S.A.
JOHN BRUCE, ESQ. F.S.A. Director.
WILLIAM CHAPPELL, ESQ. F.S.A. Treasurer.
WILLIAM DURRANT COOPER, ESQ. F.S.A.
JAMES CROSBY, ESQ. F.S.A.
EDWARD FOSS, ESQ. F.S.A
SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, ESQ.
THE REV. LAMBERT B. LARKING, M.A.
JOHN MACLEAN, ESQ. F.S.A.
FREDERIC OUVRY, ESQ. Treas.S.A.
EVELYN PHILIP SHIRLEY, ESQ. M.A., F.S.A.
WILLIAM JOHN THOMS, ESQ. F.S.A. Secretary.
HIS EXCELLENCY MONSIEUR SYLVAIN VAN DE WEYER.
SIR THOMAS E. WINNINGTON, BART. M.P.
The COUNCIL of the CAMDEN SOCIETY desire it to be under-
stood that they are not answerable for any opinions or observa-
tions that may appear in the Society's publications; the Editors
of the several Works being alone responsible for the same.
PEEFACE.
THE present volume consists of two distinct parts, united by a
community of relation to the history and fate of Mary Queen of
Scots, but derived from different sources, and seen through the
press by different editors.
The first part of the volume consists of papers relating to the
expenses of Queen Mary's maintenance in England, and to her
funeral. These have been edited by Allan J. Crosby, esq. The re-
mainder of the volume contains a Justification of Queen Elizabeth
in relation to her treatment of Queen Mary. This has been edited
by John Bruce, esq.
These gentlemen will introduce their several portions of the
volume by such remarks as they may think necessary by way of
preface.
I.
Such of the following documents as relate to the expenses
incurred in the maintenance of Mary Queen of Scots during the
last two years of her captivity, and those connected with her
funeral, are taken from the State papers preserved in the Public
Record Office. They form part of an extremely interesting series,
CAM. soc. a
11 PREFACE.
entitled the " Wardrobe Miscellaneous Accounts,'5 which consist of
several large rolls of parchment stitched together, and, besides the
accounts now published, contain also the charges for the obsequies
of Charles IX. of France and Ferdinand II. of Germany, the
funerals of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Henry, and the coronations
and funerals of James I. and Anne of Denmark, his Queen. The
narrative of Mary's funeral, which is now also published, is taken
from a collection of papers more especially relating to her history,
and is apparently a copy of a document compiled by William
Dethicke, Garter King of Arms. The account of the expenses for
the funeral feast is derived from the same source.
The charges for her diets commence on March 1, 1585, about
which time Sir Amias Poulet was appointed to succeed Sir Ralph
Sadler in taking charge of the custody of the Scottish Queen.
They extend over the space of two years five months and eighteen
days, and amount to the sum of 9, 139Z. 2s. 6d.
She was then at Tutbury, whither she had been removed for
greater security from Wingfield Manor, in Derbyshire, on the 13th
of January preceding. The Castle of Tutbury was so meanly
furnished that Mary complained upon the subject to Elizabeth,
who thereupon wrote to Sir Ralph Sadler, expressing her anger
at the neglect. This letter was, however, accompanied by another
from Sir Francis Walsingham, informing him that the Queen's
letter was only written pro forma to satisfy the Queen of Scots,
and that Her Majesty had no fault to find with him.
Sir Ralph Sadler, whose moderate indulgence to the Queen had
called down upon him the reproof of his mistress, finally gave up
his charge to Poulet on the 19th of April, 1585; who, eight days
afterwards, answers complaints of undue rigour towards the Queen
PREFACE. Ill
of Scots, and of removing her cloth of estate, by saying that Mr.
Somers had told him that there was no good to be done with these
people but by dealing roundly with them. He seems to have been
so firmly convinced of the propriety of this mode of treatment, that
scarcely a month passed without some complaint of his harshness.
The appointment of Sir Amias as her keeper gave great anxiety
to Mary and her friends, on account of his well-known severity and
strong Puritanical tendencies, coupled with the ill-will which he
had shown against her during his embassy in France.
After the discovery of Babington's conspiracy in August 1586,
this severity increased, and did not lack incentives from Queen
Elizabeth, who in that month wrote to Sir Amias thanking him
" for his most troublesome charge so well discharged," and bidding
him " let the wicked murderess know how her vile deserts compel
these orders."* Walsingham also wrote to him, allowing his purpose
of removing the Scottish Queen to Chartley, and directing that she
should be treated as a prisoner. These instructions were carried
out so strictly, that her guards had orders to shoot her if she should
attempt to escape, or if there was any probability of her rescue.
Sir Amias most fully justified Mary's apprehension on his ap-
pointment. In his conduct towards her, he appears to have been
actuated by a personal dislike, which scarcely ceased with her death,
as on the 8th February, the day of her execution, he, in conjunc-
tion with Sir Drue Drury, writes, praising the conduct of the Earls
of Shrewsbury and Kent, and hoping that God would make them
all thankful for his late singular favours.
One curious proof of Sir Amias's harshness occurred shortly
before leaving Chartley in August 1586, when the Queen, having
* Queen Mary of Scots, R. O. vol. xix. Nos. 55, 56.
IV PEEFACE.
desired that an infant of Mr. Gilbert Curll, one of her servants, might
be baptised and bear her name, he sternly refused; whereupon she
baptised the child herself. *
The charges for the diets of the Scottish Queen were presented by
Anthony Poulett, son of Sir Amias Poulett, in 1589, subsequent
to the decease of his father, which took place on September 26,
1588, and consist of a debtor and creditor account of all receipts
and disbursements from March 1, 1585, to August 4, 1589. The
debtor account consists of payments out of the Exchequer to the
use of the Queen, amounting to 7,298/. 5s. 3d. ; the profits arising
out of lands at Burton-on-Trent and certain iron works belonging
to Thomas Lord Paget, then attainted, amounting to 2,289£. 135. lOd.
together with the money received by Sir Amias for the sale of
certain provisions and necessaries: the whole amounting to the
sum of 9,669Z. 17s. 7d. [9,769? 17s 7d.]
The creditor account amounting to 9,139Z. 2s. 6d. comprised the
entire charge for the maintenance of the Scottish Queen's household
during the aforesaid time of two years five months and eighteen
days, and is divided under the following heads : —
1 . The Pantry and Buttery ; containing all payments for wheat
of various sorts, averaging 48s. \\d., 21s. lie?., and 20s. lOd. the
quarter; manchets, viz. ],424 dozen at 6d. per dozen, and 1,343
dozen at 8d.per dozen ; cheate bread, 3,348 dozen at lOd. per dozen,
3507 and a half dozen at I2d. per dozen; malt; beer, 353 tuns
2 hogsheads and 1 tierce at 39s. II£d. the tun; Gascoigne wine
28 tons 3 hogsheads 2 tierces at 16/. 13s. 4d. the tun; sack; ale;
hops; casks, &c. with repairs incidental to the said offices.
2. The Acatry; containing the payments for 158 carcasses and
* Mary Queen of Scots. R. O., vol. xix. No. 62.
PREFACE. V
3 quarters of beef at the average price of 41. 8s. 2d. the carcass ;
sheep, 1,441 at 6s. Sd. each; veal; lambs ; bacon; pigs, 712 at
13|d each; and poultry.
3. The Kitchen ; containing the payments for different sorts of
fish ; butter, and eggs. Salt salmon cost 41. 4s, the barrel, or from
Is. to 2s. 6d. the fish. No less a sum than 911. 7s. Id. is paid for
pikes, and 48 1. 13s. 4d. for barbel. 17,862 pounds of butter were
purchased at from 2d. to 4d. the pound. No less than 73,250 eggs
were provided at from Is. Sd. to 2s. 4d. the hundred.
4. The Larder ; containing the payments for salt, salad oil, vinegar,
&c.
5. The Spicery ; containing the payments for spices, prunes, raisins,
torches, and wax lights, 1,119 pounds at I4%d. the pound.
6. The Woodyard ; for wood, coals, and rushes.
7. The Stable.
8. The carriage of furniture and provisions.
9. Wages of artificers and others, amongst which are two laun-
dresses, paid respectively at the high rates of 6s. and 10s. per week.
10. Wages of officers and ministers of the household.
11. Wages and conduct money for soldiers, amounting to 30 men,
raised to 45 on December 6, 1586. The garrison appears to
have been changed once, but the officers no less than five times.
The captain was paid 4s. per day; and the men Sd. or with rations
4d. per day.
12. Posts.
13. Extraordinary expenses; soap, repairs, &c. 201. 6s. 4d. was
given in reward to the servants of different noblemen and gentlemen
who brought presents of venison and other viands from their
masters.
vi PREFACE.
The charges for the Funeral consist of the account of John
Fortescue, the keeper of the Queen's Great Wardrobe; and comprise
disbursements for cloth, silk, liveries for 540 mourners, the pall and
hangings, and for carriages and riding charges for officers and others.
The black cloth for liveries for the mourners, amounting to 1,599
yards and costing 955Z. 18s. 2d.9 was distributed amongst the 540
mourners according to their degrees, the Earls of Rutland and
Lincoln receiving ten yards each ; the Countess of Bedford who was
chief mourner sixteen, and those of Rutland and Lincoln twelve
yards each ; the bishops and barons and their wives received eight
yards a-piece ; knights and their ladies six ; esquires five ; gentlemen
three and a half; and yeomen one and a half.
Amongst the items there is a charge of 1151. 18s. Sd. for
head-dresses of different sorts for the female mourners. Those for
the three countesses cost 4Z. 13s. IQd. a piece, and are termed Paris
heads. There is likewise a charge for six large "bongraces" at 62s.
each (Cotgrave defines these latter as " the uppermost flap of the
down -hanging tail of a French hood, whence, belike, our Boongrace,
also a muff or snufkin)." Under this charge are also included
whiteheads for the gentlewomen, a large attire of lawn with a barb
for a Scottish gentlewoman, and five head attires for gentlemen.
One hundred and twenty poor women had one ell of Holland
a-piece allowed to them for kerchers to serve as head-dresses, together
with one shilling as doole or alms money.
The duties paid to the Dean of Peterborough amounted to
40Z. 15s. 10d.; out of which the grave cost 10£.; the carriage of the
corpse to the grave 20s. ; perfumes 2s. 6d. ; and 20/. was paid to
him in consideration of the black baize that hung in the church,
and 66s. Sd. for ringing the bells.
PREFACE, Vll
To this account is appended that of William Dethicke, Garter
King of Arms, for the hearse and other causes of heraldry used at
the funeral, amounting to 406 1.
The hearse consisted of a frame of timber, twenty feet square
and twenty-seven feet in height, covered over with black velvet,
and richly set with escutcheons of the Queen's arms, and gold
fringe, which was erected in the quire of Peterborough Cathedral,
and surrounded with double rails covered with black cloth, the
inner rails being lined with baize.
Within this hearse the " corps," or representation of Mary, was
placed during the funeral ceremony. This account also contains
a full description of the great banner of honour, the coat of arms,
helmet, sword, &c., which are represented in the fac-simile as a
frontispiece to the present volume. They are copied from a drawing
taken from Dethicke's account of the funeral. In arranging the
plate the articles represented have been obliged to be placed rather
closer to each other than they stand in the original, but in size and
all other respects they are exact representations of the original
drawings.
The funeral took place in Peterborough Cathedral on the 1st of
August, 1587, the Queen's body having been removed on the
preceding night from Fotheringhay Castle and deposited in the
quire in a vault on the south side, opposite to the tomb of Katharine
of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. It was not deemed
expedient, on account of the great weight of the coffin and the
heat of the weather (an accident having already happened at
Fotheringhay from the latter circumstance), that the body should
be removed during the ceremony, and therefore its place was taken
by an effigy of Mary, which was borne in procession under a canopy
viii PREFACE.
of black velvet, was laid in the hearse, and covered with a pall
of black velvet, upon which, on a purple velvet cushion fringed
with gold, was placed a crown.
After all the mourners were arranged in their places according
to rank, a sermon was delivered by the Bishop of Lincoln, and
certain anthems were sung; after which the Countess of Bedford,
as chief mourner for the Queen of England, made the" offering,
which consisted of the coat, sword, targe, and helmet, together
with the standard and great banner. They were received by the
Bishop of Peterborough and Garter King of Arms^ and after the
close of the ceremony were hung up in the cathedral. This being
accomplished, the Dean of Peterborough proceeded to the vault
where the body was laid, and read the funeral service, after which
all the officers broke their staves and threw the pieces into the
vault.
The ceremony being thus completed, they all returned to the
Bishop's palace to the funeral feast.
From these accounts it will be seen that, whatever charges may
be brought against Queen Elizabeth in respect of her treatment of
her unfortunate cousin, that of illiberality — at least during the
latter period of her captivity — cannot be sustained. There was
evidently a considerable train of household officers kept up, their
entertainment was ample, and the whole establishment was probably
better than any which Mary had had since leaving France.
The funeral was decently and solemnly conducted, though of
course it could not compare in pomp with that of her rival, upon
which no less a sum than 17,647/. 7s. ll^d. was expended.
The account of the funeral here published is somewhat scanty in
detail. They who are anxious to learn what were the full cere-
PEEFACE. IX
monies performed at the burial of a Royal Princess may find in
the Appendix to the Rev. Joseph Stevenson's second volume of
" Calendars of the Elizabethan State Papers," an extremely inte-
resting description of the burial of Queen Mary of England, the
charges for whose interment in Westminster Abbey amounted to
7,6621 1*. 9d.
In conclusion, the following short account from Stowe's
" Chronicle of the Removal of the Remains of Mary from Peter-
borough Cathedral to their Final Resting- Place" may not be
considered inappropriate: —
" 1612. At this time the corps of Queene Mary, late Queene
" of Scotland, was translated from Peterborough unto Saint
u Peter's Church in Westminster, beeing thither attended by the
" Lord Bishop of Coventry and Litchfield. And upon Thursday,
" the eight of October, the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, the
" Lord Chancelor, the Lord Privy Seale, and the Earle of
" Worcester, and other noblemen, and the Bishop of Rochester
" and the Deane of Westminster, met the corps at Clearkenwell
" about sixe a clock in the evening, and from thence, with plenty
" of torchlights, brought the body of the sayd Queen unto the
" Chappell Royall at Westminster, and on the south side thereof
" it was there interred that night, where the King had builded a
" most royall Tombe for her, where she now resteth." (Stowe,
ed. Howes, A.D. 1631, p. 1002,)
The churchwardens of St. Margaret's Westminster paid " to
" Michael Stockdale, for ringing when the Queen of Scots was
" buried in St. Peter's Church, 2s. 6d."
CAMD. SOC.
THE second portion of the present volume consists of a paper
brought under the notice of the Camden Council by Albert Way,
Esq. Upon the recommendation of an authority so unquestionable,
and in the hope that Mr. Way would have been able to take upon
himself the editorship of the little volume, the Council did not
hesitate to agree to its publication; but the state of Mr. Way's
health having unfortunately prevented him from fulfilling these
expectations, Mr. Bruce, as an officer of the Camden Society, has
collated the proofs with the original manuscript, and also with two
other manuscripts of the same paper, and has furnished the follow-
ing remarks by way of Preface.
The JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH, which is the
paper now printed, belongs to a class of publications of which there
were many examples in the reign of that sovereign ; defences, that
is, published by authority, of the course of action adopted by the
government on the occurrence of some important political crisis.
In this class we would not reckon such publications as the True
and Plain Declarations of the Treasons of Francis Throgmorton, of
William Parry, of the Earl of Northumberland, of the Earl of Essex,
and of several others. Those publications were printed by the
Queen's printer, and were set forth with the allowance, probably by
the direction, of the government; but they were substantially mere
reports of the trials of those several persons, and were communicated
to the public in the only way in which reports of State Trials were
in those days allowed to be openly sold.
PREFACE. XI
We allude rather, on the present occasion, to such publications as
explain and vindicate the conduct of the Queen's government in its
larger relations either to foreign countries or to its own people. For
example, when Elizabeth determined to give military assistance to the
United Provinces, there was published in various languages, a vindi-
catory " Declaration of the causes mooving the Queene of England
" to give Aide to the defence of the People afflicted and oppressed
" in the Lowe Countries." (Lond. 1585, 4to.); again, when the
country seemed threatened to be overrun with Seminary Priests and
Jesuits, and it was determined to enforce against them the penal
laws, a Declaration was sent forth " of great Troubles pretended
" against the Realm e by a number of Seminar ie Priests and Jesuits,
" sent and very secretly dispersed in the same, to work greate
" Treasons under a false Pretence of Religion ; with a provision very
" necessarye for remedie thereof." (Lond. 1591, 4to.) So again,
when the expedition to Cadiz under the Earl of Essex was dis-
patched to destroy the second armada which Philip was preparing
for the invasion of England, a Declaration was published " of the
" causes mouing the Queene's Maiestie of England to prepare and
" send a Nauy to the Seas, for the defence of her realmes against
" the King of Spaines Forces." (Lond. 1596, 4to.) These are a
few examples of the class of publications which we consider to be
analogous in design to the treatise which we believe now sees the
light for the first time.
The importance of such publications for historical purposes can
hardly be over-estimated. Not that their statements are on any
account to be taken for granted. Candour is seldom a virtue of
any government, and rarely indeed of one which is put upon its
defence. When sifted, the statements of these publications are too
Xll PREFACE.
often found to be rather plausible than true. But what was
designed to instruct and guide public opinion, or to rouse under
circumstances of peril the dormant patriotism of the people, is
always entitled to careful consideration, and occasionally leads to
the discovery of the truth which it was not intended to reveal.
That the Justification now presented to notice was a paper of
this kind in relation to Mary Queen of Scots, and was written
with the intention of being offered to the government of Queen
Elizabeth for publication, may be inferred from its contents.
It opens with free comments on the peculiar " strangeness " of
the case of Mary Queen of Scots, whose miserable career it pro-
nounces to have been probably unparalleled in the history of the
world. It avers that if the same had been " as strangely " proceeded
in by Queen Elizabeth, the strangeness on her part consisted in her
having used her unfortunate relative " so honourably and with so
" strange a clemency." It allows, that there were people who did
not entertain these views of Elizabeth's conduct to her sister Queen.
The "clemency" of long imprisonment and ultimate decapitation
was not universally admitted. Some persons who were opposed to
Elizabeth's proceedings " in the cause of religion," and others who
envied the great prosperity and glory of her reign, had charged her
4 ' in honour and conscience for many parts of her demeanour in this
action " — they had even denounced her conduct "as nothing princely
nor justifiable." Some there were who, being ignorant of the
" great injuries and griefs" of her Majesty of England, had con-
demned her " of injustice, some of cruelty, or other unprincely
behaviour." Finally, the writer sums up these objections, or cavils
as he esteems them, in an emphatic expression of the astonishment
of those who put forth such opinions, that " a Queen to a Queen, a
PREFACE. Xlll
woman to a woman, should show so small favour;" — that Queen and
woman being moreover " her Majesty's near neighbour and kins-
woman, even then flying to her for succour," and that at a time
when the fugitive was " so distressed and overwhelmed in calamities
as might seem to deserve commiseration and be pitied as the most
vile and miserable wretch in the world," and yet these circumstances
excited no pity in the case of " a princess of so great name and
honour of blood."
After such a statement of the condition of public opinion, which
we may conclude to be pretty accurate, since it is nearly allied to
what we find to be the state of things upon this subject even now
among ourselves, the writer declares it to be his opinion that "these
untrue reports " ought, " by the very weapons of truth," to be
" notoriously disproved/5 Without the adoption of that course the
writer believed that the results would be "to her Majesty's great
ignominy," and to the detriment of " that good amity and reputa-
tion of Christian Princes, and others of the best and worthiest,
which her Majesty hath holden very dear and precious above any
worldly treasure."
Entertaining such opinions, the writer concluded that it behoved
her Majesty's "honest subjects and well-willers " for her, and if no
other person would " for her sake attempt it, even herself," was
bound "by all reason, publicly to lament to the world her injuries,"
the object to be attained being the " due satisfaction of all such as
be not utterly alienated from her Majesty in good will, and do yet
retain an equitable opinion in the said causes." "And to the intent
that no part of her Majesty's behaviour or doings therein should be
covered or hidden," it is concluded that "her Majesty will not
refuse of her own most gracious and voluntary disposition (being
XIV PREFACE.
otherwise not constrainable to yield any account of her doings only
to God alone — the founder and protector of princes,) to have laid
open and unfolded even the most secret parts of the said cause ....
and what the world may conceive thereof to leave to all godly
and indifferent judgments."
The same thing is afterwards expressed thus: " Yet her Majesty
will not seem grieved that the sama justification be, by her honest
well-willers, dutifully and truly presented to the view and ac-
knowledge of the kings and governors of the world, to whom is
only incident the censure and arbiterment of all princely merit."
(p. 85.)
It would seem from these somewhat hazy words that the writer
suggested the publication of one of two kinds of printed works ; either
something proceeding from the Queen herself, probably in the
nature of a proclamation (a form of publication adopted on previous
analagous occasions), in which her Majesty might herself " lament
to the world her injuries ;*' or a justification set forth by her Majesty's
" well-willers," in which she "would not refuse," or "would not
seem grieved " that the whole truth should be revealed.
At the same time that the author made this double suggestion, he
presented to her Majesty, or to the person whomsoever it might be
for whom his paper was intended, an embodiment of the latter part of
his own recommendation in the present treatise, which he evidently
intended to be put forth as the "justification by her Majesty's well-
willers " to which he had alluded.
That he did not meditate any merely private publication, results
almost necessarily from his intention and from the nature of his
subject. In those days no one would have ventured to discuss so
delicate " a matter of State " without the permission, tacit or acknow-
PREFACE. XV
ledged, of the government; and the more especially as the contem-
plated justification involved the assertions of opinions, feelings, and
statements of the Queen herself. The writer tells us, for example, on
one occasion what " her Majesty had been heard oftentimes and most
earnestly to protest " (p. 73) ; and again, that " she was not unwilling "
that the fact of her having signed the warrant for Mary's execution
" should be bruited and spread abroad,'5 (p. 74) which by the way is
quite contrary to what has always been asserted; and again, that " she
hath been heard many times to say that she had resolved with her-
self" never to put Queen Mary to death, and that " many about her
have been made acquainted " with that private determination of
her own mind l( by her own regal mouth " (p. 75) ; and again, that she
does not " go about to excuse herself of error, but doth constantly
affirm and protest that she hath done nothing in this affair, from the
first day until the last, wherewith her conscience ought to be
grieved." (p. 76.) The Councilor the Court of Star Chamber would
soon have brought to his senses any one who had ventured upon the
publication of such statements as these, and many others which
could be adduced, without the previous licence and approbation of
the government. We may, therefore, conclude that this paper was
written with the concurrence of the Council, or was submitted to
them for their approbation.
Of the period at which this Justification was written we may
speak pretty confidently. It fits in, as it were, to the year 1587
or the beginning of the following year, and that date agrees
both with its contents and its purpose. It is also confirmed
by two passages which contain allusions to the future James I.
of England, then James VI. of Scotland. In the first of these
passages that young king, who was born on the 19th June. 1565,
XVI PREFACE.
is spoken of as just " come to man's estate," and able to perceive
and acknowledge Queen Elizabeth's "motherly benignity and good
mind towards him." In the second passage there is an obvious
allusion to the disturbance in the friendly relations between the
young King of Scots and Queen Elizabeth, occasioned by the execu-
tion of his mother. It is affirmed that as Elizabeth " hath alway
hitherto done, so intended she still to do, the said young king all
the good she can, and to be instead of a mother to him, and a mean
to make him, if his merits correspond, capable for greater fortunes
than any of his ancestors, Scottish kings, have been, so as he will
be wise, and bear himself moderately in this discomfort of his, and
not be wilful or ill-advised against her Majesty/' (p. 125.)
Of the authorship nothing is known. It may be inferred from
the style of composition, and the occasional use of words which
were antiquated even at that period, that he was an old man.
Many passages show that he was no lawyer. It is not quite so
clear that he was not a divine.
The curiosity and value of the Justification will be mainly found in
the circumstance of its having been written at the time when these
transactions — momentous in their character, and which still excite the
minds of all inquirers — actually took place. It is important to know
what was the form assumed by the objections to the treatment of
Queen Mary which were rife at the time. It is still more important
to learn what were deemed the proper answers by those whom our
author esteems to have been Queen Elizabeth's " well-willers."
Much of the writer's argumentation will be found to be entirely ob-
solete ; but that is a consequence of the period at which he wrote.
Every generation has its own mode of conducting its inquiries, and
is specially influenced by certain particular kinds of reasoning. In
PREFACE. XVll
Elizabeth's time, presumed ancient precedents, parallels derived
from circumstances in Jewish history, and inferences deduced from
scripture texts, formed a large part of the popular reasoning, even
upon historical subjects. Our way of arriving at truth is so en-
tirely different, that we deem the ancient precedents altogether
valueless, the parallels with Saul and Samuel and other ancient
heroes inapplicable to the present state of society, and the scripture
texts too often misapplied. It is a puzzle and a mystery to con-
ceive how our forefathers could have attached any value to such
kinds of reasoning. But they did so; and in considering their
argumentative writings we must take these peculiarities into
account. We shall generally find that, after making whatever
deductions we think necessary on these grounds, there is enough
left of hard solid reasoning to maintain the positions which the
writers were desirous to uphold.
One thing is very observable in the present treatise, that the
author never touches the question of the guilt or innocence of
Queen Mary in reference to the murder of her husband Darnley.
Speaking in the character of the objector against Queen Elizabeth,
he alludes in one place to Queen Mary's " rebels of Scotland," who
66 with all extremity persecuted her life " (p. 70) ; in another place
he terms the same persons " the first authors of her disgrace and
" renunciation to the crown and regal administration of that
" realm of Scotland " (p. 77); and elsewhere they are designated as
her "persecutors" (p. 92); but Darnley or Bothwell, the Kirk of
Field or the pretended ravishment, is never mentioned or alluded
to. In this silence the writer probably took the course which would
be approved by Elizabeth herself, whose royal sympathies were
stirred against all opposers or depreciators of sovereign powers.
CAMD. SOC. C
XV111 PREFACE.
Of the author's estimate of the true character of Mary we catch
a few little glimpses here and there, glimpses all the more valuable
as they are opened up to us without design. That " infortunate
Queen " and that " most infortunate Queen " are the designations
which the author ordinarily applies to her ; in another place she is
termed that "ill-deserving lady," and again the "unquiet-minded
Queen." (p. 108.) Elsewhere the writer is still more explicit;
speculating on what would have been the result of her having been
set at liberty, he states that she was likely enough to have misused
her freedom " either to her Majesty's harms, or perchance to her
own confusion, by stirring up strife in all places where she should
come, so restless was her courage, and naturally bent to all un-'
quietness." (p. 99.)
The accusations against Elizabeth with which the author princi-
pally deals are the following : 1 . That Mary was made a prisoner
contrary to law and right. 2. That the continuance of her captivity
for eighteen years was contrary to the law of arms, which allows
ransom to every prisoner. 3. That Elizabeth enforced causes
against her not truly criminal, to justify her first detention. 4.
That the causes alleged, not being criminal by the universal law,
her process was framed by authority of a private law of her Majesty's
own making, under which she was unjustly tried, attainted, and
made subject to the penalty of a most shameful death. 5. That
Elizabeth, by this extraordinary action of cruelty under the coverture
of justice, had blemished all sovereign Majesty and authority, and
opened a passage to the manifest danger of all princes who upon
confidence or misfortune chanced to set foot upon their neighbours'
territory.
Before entering upon his reply to these specific charges, the
PKEFACE. XIX
writer deals with several other points in this unhappy case. And
first, he contends vehemently for the truth of Elizabeth's own ver-
sion of the signature of the death-warrant and its delivery to
Davison. He reiterates what she had herself stated, and what had
been declared on her behalf in the proceedings against Davison in the
Star Chamber, and stoutly contends that her Majesty's own solemn
protestation, made in the fear of God, and in all truth, princely
honour, and integrity, ought to satisfy every one of her intent. He
secondly, in the introductory portion of his book, treats of the
character of Mary's imprisonment. " I call it," he says, " her abode,
" and no captivity, nor scarce a restraint, when in effect the greatest
" part of this realm was her prison at large (having some eye to her
" safe custody), and the fairest palaces of every shire the places of her
" residence, where she might hunt and hawk and use all other princely
" disports at her pleasure, and remove and change airs and lodgings
l( as oft as she listed, and be allowed honourable attendance and
" company, great entertainments and costly diet, rich presents, free
" access of her people to her, conference with whom she would, and
u liberty to give and receive whatsoever intelligence from any part of
" the world by her secretaries and messengers;" with more in the
same strain, (p. 78.)
The author dwells upon many other acts of kindness shown by
Elizabeth to the Scottish Queen; her constant refusal to concur in
Mary's exclusion from the succession to the English throne ; her
care of the young King of Scots; her winking at Mary's concur-
rence in a variety of underhand practices, to her Majesty's great
danger ; her living in continual fear and peril of her own life, and
yet always sparing the delinquent who was plotting against her.
" What will you more? There could no greater regard of kindness
XX PREFACE.
" be used by a Queen to a Queen, a sister to a sister, a mother to
"the child of her own body, than her Majesty used toward the said
" unfortunate and ill-deserving lady for the space of eighteen years,
" which was until her last conspiracy with Babington and the rest,"
&c. (p. 81).
Proceeding now to answer the objections which have been before
stated, the author contends, upon the authority of various precedents
which reach back to the cases of Eichard I. and Kichard Duke of
Normandy, that " the very print of a prince's foot upon his neigh-
bour's soil," without consent previously obtained, carries with it
a claim of interest, and puts the invader at the mercy of the sove-
reign invaded. Mary's ill-demeanour in her former claim of the
sovereignty of England, and subsequently in her unlicensed entry
into the realm, are contended to have justified Elizabeth in first
staying her5 and afterwards in holding her under restraint.
In answer to the second objection, as to the long continuance of
Mary's restraint, without allowing the ransom which is permitted
by the law of arms, the writer contends that there is no such law as
that of arms, but that a person taken prisoner holds life and every
thing at the will of his vanquisher. But he asserts that from the
first it was Elizabeth's intention that the restraint of the Scottish
Queen should last but for a brief period, an intention which was
defeated by the conduct of Mary herself.
In dealing with the complaints made against Mary's trial, the author
seems to fall into a great mistake. His argument is this : By the
law of England " the greatest princes and peers of the realm " have
but one form of ordinary trial, which is by the verdict of twelve
men sworn to inquire of the fact, and thereupon the culprit is
judged by some able person appointed by royal commission. But
PREFACE. XXI
in Queen Mary's case the proceedings were far more dignified; the
parliament, consisting of 450 persons, were her judges; thirty-six
of the greatest princes and peers were appointed to take the evidence
of her misdemeanour; and she was sentenced by the Majesty of the
State. The whole of this is, of course, very inaccurate, but espe-
cially that part of it which asserts that princes and peers were tried
by a jury and sentenced by a judge in the ordinary way.
The author meets the objection that, as a sovereign Queen, Mary
was not subject to any human jurisdiction, by broadly contending,
if we understand him rightly, that princes like other persons are
subject to the justice of man's law; save that, within their own
dominions, they are, for their own persons, and their persons only,
privileged and exempt from punishment. The remarks on this
subject occur at pp. 115 — 117.
The friends of Mary seem to have raised an argument that as a
Queen she was exempt from all jurisdiction of Elizabeth, who was
her equal, and that she was subject only to the judgment of the
Emperor. The writer answers that the laws of the Empire are of
no force in England, the Kings of which recognise no higher earthly
power than their own, and that it is absurd to contend that the law of
the Empire should bear sway save where it might be enforced by the
Emperor's power, which in England it could not be.
The objection as to the partiality and improper selection of the
commissioners for Mary's trial, all of them being her enemies, and
some of them Elizabeth's sworn servants of her household, is an-
swered by an allegation that no man of a thousand would be found
so loose, false, and faithless, or so base-minded, as willingly to cast
away a Queen, especially one whom they were bound to reverence
next to her Majesty.
XX11 PKEFACE.
The last objection which the writer notices is that of the blemish
to the sovereignty of other princes which resulted from the execu-
tion of Queen Mary. The answer is that Elizabeth had on the con-
trary given a precedent to all other sovereigns to deal honorably
with their peers, and to use their jurisdiction with like justice in
cases that may happen to themselves.
In conclusion, the writer essays to show that the condemnation
and execution of the Scottish Queen could be defended by God's
law, which was " the strongest argument and principal pillar of all
her Majesty's defence." In proof of this branch of his Justification,
he adduces various texts, which he construes in favour of his own
views. " Thou shalt not kill;" " Whosoever spills blood, his blood
shall be spilt f " Thou shalt not touch mine anointed, nor lay any
violent hands upon him;" these and others seem like two-edged
swords, but our author presents only that edge which may be used
against the Queen of Scots.
Finally, the author tells us the following very questionable anec-
dote of Marshal de Retz, who was sent Ambassador from France
into England, " to inform her Majesty of the King!s success in
that bloody massacre done at Paris against the Admiral Chastillon
and other the Protestants." Being asked the question, by the
gravest councillors of this realm, how it could stand with his
master's honour to consent to such a cruel act? " Quod he again,
" I pray you tell me what the Queen your mistress would have
" done if she had been in the like case, being disobeyed, bearded,*
" and defaced, by her own subjects, as my master was? Ad quod
" non fuit responsum ; for it seems an argument impossible to be
" refuted, as of more force than the position f of any act or law, that
* sic. f provision ?
PREFACE. XXlll
" any man should be reprehended for the fault which the reprehendor,
" being asked the question upon his conscience, could not deny that
" he would have done the same.'5 Whereupon the author concludes
that *' whatsoever all men's judgments approve ought to be deemed
good;" and concludes by applying that doctrine to the purposes
of his Justification.
It remains only to state that the original MS. of this publication
exists in the valuable library of Sir Thomas Winnington, Bart. M.P.
who has most freely permitted the Camden Society to have the use of
it. Two other copies of it were pointed out by Mr. Way, one the
Cotton MS. Caligula D. I. art.6, and the other the Harleian MS. 4647,
art. 44. Both these have been collated. Our text represents Sir Thomas
Winnington's MS.; the foot-notes indicate the substantial variations
between it and the other MSS. The conclusion at which we have
arrived on inspection of the MSS. and consideration of these varia-
tions is, that no one of them is the original. Sir Thomas Win-
nington's MS. is probably contemporary, and the best of the three;
the Cotton MS. dates a little later than Sir Thomas's, and the
Harleian MS. much later. They are all copies of some other MS.
but no other has been found.
ERRATUM.
P. 105, 1. 22, for consciene read conscience.
Charges of the Diets of MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
xChardges of the Dyett -\ The ACCOMPTE of ANTHONY POULETT,
of the Ladye Marye / ESQUIER, sonne and heyre and sole
late Quene of Scottes, V executor to the righte honorable Sir
at Tutburye, Chartley, \ Amyas Poulett knighte, deceased, late
and Fotheringaye. -/ one of her Majesty's Privye Counsell,
whoe, by the Queen's Majesty, was ap-
poynted to have the custodye and chardge of the safe kepinge
of the sayde Scottish Quene, THAT is TO SAY, Aswell for all
such somes of money as the said Sir Amyas, or any other to
his vse, have receaved, as well out of the Receipte at West-
minster, as also of the rentes and profittes of the late Lord Pagett
his landes, or cominge of the sale of wyne, beare, beife, and other
provycions solde by Marmaduke Darell gentleman, one of the
clarkes of her Majesty's Averye, whoe was likewise appoynted by
the Lords of her Majesty's Privye Counsell to attende vppon the
sayde Sir Amyas Poulett, and to have the defrayinge of all such
somes of money as should concerne the dyett, chardges, and expences
of the sayde Scottishe Quene and her trayne, and of others
appoynted for that service, at Tutburye, Chartley, and Fotheringay,
from the first day of Marche in the xxvijth yeare of the raigne of
our moste dreade Soueraigne Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God
Quene of Englande, Fraunce, and Irelande, Defender of the Fayth,
&c., vntill the iiijth day of Auguste in the xxixth yeare of her
CAMD. SOC. B
2 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
Majesty's sayde raigne, beinge by the space of twoe whole yeares
fyve monethes and xviijen dayes, As by a booke of the particu-
larityes thereof conteyninge the empcions and provycions, cariadges,
wages, and other chardges subscribed with thande of the sayde
Marmaduke Darell, and herevppon duelye perused, cast, tryed, and
examyned, may appeare, which sayde booke was delivered to John
Conyers, one of Thauditors of the Impreste, the xxviijth of
November, 1587, which was longe before the death of the sayde
Sir Amyas, who dyed the xxvith of September, 1588.
THAT is TO SAY,
Readye money The sayde accomptaunte is chardged with —
by him re-
eeavedand Arrerag es : — None; for that this is the fyrste accompte taken by
hadd, viz. of— „ . , . , *** • ,
me of the sayde Anthonye roulett.
The Threasurer But the sayde accomptaunte is chardged with money by him
fains^Thex-" receaved out of her highnes' receipte at Westminster, by thandes of
chequer, viz.— the Tellors there, by vertue of sondrye privye scales to the Threasurer
and Chamberlaynes of Thexchequier, within the tyme of this
accompte directed ;
viz. in —
The Tearme of St. Michaell Tharchaungell, Anno xxvito
regni Reginse Elizabeths finiente et xxviimo incipiente
in preste to Amyas Poulett knighte, one of the Queen
Majesty's Privy Counsel!, by thandes of Bicharde
Stoneley, one of the Tellors of the Receipte afore-
sayde — D.cccli. ; and to Marmaduke Darell gentle-
man, by thandes of Eoberte Freake, one other of the
Tellors of the same Receipte — cc li., by vertue of a
warraunte vnder the privie scale, dated the xixth daye
of Februarye, anno xxvijmo dominaa Elizabethse Regine,
by them to be imployed in victualles and other hous-
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 3
holde chardges of the Quene of Scottes; in all the
some of . . . . . . . . M li.
The Tearme of St. Michaell Tharchaungell, anno xxvijmo
regni Regine Elizabeths finiente, to the sayde Sir Amyas
Poulett knighte, of Roberte Taylor, one other of the
Tellers of the same Receipte, to be by order and direc-
cion of the sayde Sir Amyas defrayed in expences of
dyett and other domesticall chardges of the sayde Quene
of Scottes, remayninge vnder his custodye by a war-
raunte vnder the privy seale dated the seconde day of
Februarye, anno xxviijv° Regins Elizabeths predicto,
the some of . . .--.'' •'•;•" . '7 . Mli.
The Tearme of Easter, anno xxviij™ regni Regine Eliza-
beths, to the sayde Sir Amyas Poulett knighte, by
thandes of diverse persons, of Henrye Killegrewe, one
other of the Tellers of the Receipte aforesayde in preste,
aswell by him to be layde out in expences of dyett and
other chardges of the sayde late Quene of Scottes, as of
the sayde Quene's servauntes, and other persons attend-
inge vppon her, by vertue of a warraunte vnder the
privie signett dated the xxiijth day of Aprill, anno
xxviij™ Regine predicto, the some of ' ." '• ''J': . MM.Dli.
The Tearme of St. Michaell Tharchaungell, anno xxviijvo
regni Regine Elizabeths finiente et xxixmo incipiente,
to the sayde Sir Amyas Poulett knighte, by thandes of
Roberte Hackshawe, of thaforesaide Henrye Killegrewe,
Dli. ; and of the beforenamed Roberte Taylor ccccli.,
by him lykewise to be expended in thaforesayde causes,
by vertue of the foresayde warraunte under the privye
seale dated the xxiijth daye of Aprill, anno xxviijvo
regni Regine predicto ; in all the some of . ... D.CCCC li.
4 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
The Tearme of Easter, anno xxixmo Eegine Elizabeths,
to the same Sir Amyas Poulett knighte, in preste of the
beforenamed Eoberte Freake, for the dyett and other
chardges sustayned in the kepinge of the sayde late
Quene of Scottes, vntill the day of the death of the
same Quene, and of her housholde familye and others
after wardes, by vertue of a warraunte vnder the privie
scale dated the xith daye of Julye in the sayde xxixth
yeare of the Quene's Majesty's raygne .- .' !' ; • M.ccc li.
The sayde accomptaunte is chardged with money payde
forth of the same Eeceipte by thaforesayde Henrye
Killegrewe vnto Richard Younge, of London, Mar-
chaunte for certen Naperie shetes and other lynnen,
provyded and boughte by the Queen's Majesty's co-
maundmente, and appoynted to serve for thuse of the
sayde Scottish Quene, by a privye seale dated the xijth
of June, 1585, the some of .' ... . ciiij^xij li. vs. iij'd.
And the sayde accomptaunte is likewise chardged with
money imprested fourth of the same Receipte in Easter
Terme, anno xxixno Regine predicto, by the sayde
Henrye Killegrewe vnto William Dethicke, alias Gartre
Principal! Kinge of Armes, by vertue of a privie seale
dated the xith of Julye, 1587, for provycions to be
made for the herse and other causes of herauldrye,
againste the funeralles of the sayde Scottish Quene, the
some of . ' • ; » : . . . » " . \ '. ccccvi li.
In all receaved out of her highnes' Receipte at West-
minster aforesayde, within the tyme of this accompte,
over and besides the some of M.c. li., payde to thandes
of Bryan Cave gentleman, appoynted to defraye sondrye
chardges, aswell in conductinge the sayde Quene of
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. O
Scottes to Tutburye Castle, as also for the expences of
dyett and other necessarie chardges of the same Scottish
Quene, by direccion from Sir Raphe Sadleyr knighte,
one of her Grace's Privye Counsell (and over and
besides the some of cciiijxxxix li. ixs. iiij d., payde to
Richard Cox, clarke to Gregorye Lovell esquier, Cof-
ferer of her Majesty's housholde, for provycions of
acates and other chardges growinge by the funeralles of
the late Quene of Scottes, for both which somes of
money the sayde Bryan Cave and Marmaduke Darell
and Richard Cox have exhibited there particuler
bookes to John Conyers, one of her Highnes' Auditors
of the prestes, for the takinge of there sayde accomptes,
as by a certificate vnder thande of Roberte Petre
esquier, herevppon examyned and remayninge, may
appeare viiM.cciiijxx.xviij li. v s. iij d.
Also the same accomptaunte is lykewise chardged with The profittes of
money by him receaved out of the profittes cominge of Pagetts landes.
the mannor of Burton vppon Trente, late the possessions
of Thomas Lord Pagett attaynted, from Aprill 1585
vntill the xxijth of September 1586, beinge the whole
tyme he had the custodye of the Quene of Scottes in
the countye of Stafforde; viz., rentes and farmes duringe
the sayde tyme- — vciiijxxviij li. vij s. ij d., and for fynes
of a tenemente in Burton, xiij li. vi s. viij d., and a
mylne called Shutborowe mylne, viij li.=xxj li. vj s. viij d.
In all receaved within the tyme of this accompte, as by
a bill of particulers sente from Richard Baggott es-
quier to the righte honorable the Lorde Threasurer of
England, and herevppon examyned and remayninge,
may appeare, the some of . . . . D.cix li. xiij s. xd.
And the sayde accomptaunte is likewise chardged with
CHARGES OF THE DIETS
money by him receaved of thaforesayde Bicharde Bag-
go tt esquier, growinge of ye profitts of certain yron-
works late the Lord Pagetts, at diverse tymes within
the tyme of this accompte, as by a certificate thereof
vnder thande of Alexander Kynge esquier, the Quene's
Majesty's Auditor for the countye of Stafforde, here-
vppon remayninge, may appeare, the some of . M.D.ciiijxx li.
(Total) MM.cciiijxxix li. xiij s. x d.
of provy- Also the same accomptaunte is further chardged with money by
^im receaved of the sale of sondrye provycions and other neccessaries
by him solde within the tyme of this accompte as hereafter is parti-
culerly mencioned, viz. : —
Wheate, ij quarters, vij bushells, medium at Ixs. the
quarter . . . ... . . viij li. xvi s.
Beare, iij ton, ij hogesheades, at xliiij s. iiij d. the
tonne :*«%,..;. . . . ... . vij li. xv s.
Gascoigne wyne, iij hogesheades, at iiij li. iij s. iiij d. the
hogesheade f ,T- . . -.•-, . » '* • . xijli. xs.
Beife, halfe a carkasse, and xij Newlande fishes . xxxvij s. iiij d.
Coddes, vj at xij d. the pece, vj s. ; torches, ij dozen at
xj s. the dozen, xxij s. ; waxlights, liiij Ib. weight, at
xiij d. the pounde, Iviijs. vjd.; and wood remaining
at Tutburye, xij li. in all . . . xvj li. vj s. vj d.
Tallowe, cccxij stone at ij s. vjd. the stone, xxxixli. vj d.;
hydes, viz. Ixiij at xiiij s. the pece, xliiij li. ij s.; and
iije at xvj s. the pece, xlviij s.=xlvj li. xs.; felles vicxv,
medium at xij d. the pece, xxix li. xvij s. vij d. ; lamb-
skinnes, viz. Ixij at iiij d., xx s. viij d. ; and xxxiij at
xd. the pece, xxvij s. vjd. = xlviij s. ij d.; calveskinnes,
clxxviij at vij d. the pece, ciij s. xj d.; wooll, iiij stone
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTTS. 7
and a half at viij s. the stone, xxxvj s. ; a olde brewinge
vessell with casks and other small ymplementes, cvij s.
vj d. ; and for an olde do eke with sondrye other necces-
saries, iiij s. x d. ; in all ... cxxxiiij li. xiij s. viij d.
In all receaved by the sale of thaforesayde provycions and other
neccessaries within the tyme of this accompte, as by the particuler
booke of this accomptaunte may appeare . ciiijxx li. xviij s. vj d.
Some totaU of the chardges and j ixmD.cixix];. xvijs vij d.
receiptes aforesayde
Whereof the sayde accomptaunte is allowed for —
Empcions Firste allowed to the sayde accomptaunte for money by him
of sondr^10 sayde to be payde and defrayed, aswell for empcions and provi-
kindes of vie- cions of sondrye kindes towchinge and concerninge the dyett of the
neccessaries for sayde Lady Marye, late Quene of Scotts, at Tutburye, Chartley,
and concern. an(j Fotheringay, within the tyme of this accompte, chard ge of
inge the dyett c J r ' > .
of Ladye Marye canadges ot sondry provycions from severall places for the seruice
af°resayde, As also f°r tne wages of artificers, woorkemen, and
chardges of the laborers necessarilye imployed in the sayde seruice, together with
ThTstaWe, re^ ^e wages and enterteynemente of sondrye officers of the housholde
duced into the continually attendinge the same chardge, together with the rydinge
severall offices, iv i c J n? • r
viz. of and travellinge cnardge of sondrye omcers and other mynisters from
tyme to tyme imployed in the same seruice, And for diverse other
necjcessarie chardges incidente to the same. The particularityes of
all which, with there rates, quantityes, and pryces, are particulerlye
sett downe as followeth, viz. for —
Pantrye and Flaxen wheate, cxviij quarters, vij bushells, iij pecks,
butterye, viz. boughte at diuerse pryces which reduced per medium
to xlviijs. jd. qu. the quarter, amounteth to cciiijxxvj li. vijs. xd.
Pollarde wheate, viz. : xxj quarters at xxj s. xj d. the quarter ;
8 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
xxiij li. and xv quarters iiij bushells, at xxs. xd. ob. the
quarter, xvj li. iij s., in all the some of . . . xxxixli. iij s.
Manchettes, viz. M.iiijcxxiiij dozen at vj d. the dozen,
xxv li. xij s.; and M.cccxliij dozen at viij d. the dozen,
xliiijli. xv s. iiijd.; in all . . . . iiijxxli. vij s. iiij d.
Cheate Breade, viz. MMM.CGCxlviij dozen at x d. the
dozen, cxxxix li. x s. ; and MMM.vcvij dozen and a half
at xij d. the dozen, clxxv li. vij s. vj d. ; in all CCCxiiij li. vij s. vj d.
Maulte, xiiij quarters iiij bushells at xix s. ix d. ob. the
quarter • r .. ;, ,; •-.•"• *J:' . .' . xiiij li. vi s. iiij d.
Beare, cccliij tons ij hogesheades one terce, boughte at seve-
rall pryces, medium at xxxixs.xj d. ob. the tonne D.CCvj li. xiij s. vd.
Gascoigne wyne, boughte at diverse pryces — xxviij tons
iij hogesheades ij terces, medium at xvj li. xiij s. iiij d.
the tonne ...... iiij ciiijxx vij li. xij s. v d.
Sacke, viz. one butt, xiij li. vj s. viij d. ; and Ixvi gallons
one quarter, medium at iij s. the gallon, ixli. xviij s. vj d. ;
in all . . . . . . . , ... xxiij li. v s. ij d.
Ale boughte at dy verse pryces, M.Cxlviij gallons and a half,
medium at ix d. qu. the gallon . . . xiiij li. xiiij s. ixd.
And for sondrye neccessaries incidente to the same offices
of the pantrye and butterye, viz. hoppes, Is.; emptye
caske, viij li. xiiij s. viiid.; leather potts and jugges,
Ixx s. ; course table-clothes, xxxj s. iij d. ; a brewinge
fatt, with the chardges of setting it vpp, iiij li. v s. viij d. ;
a buckett of tynne for the pantrye, xxx s. ; cowperage
of caske, Ixj s. xj d. ; a newe pompe for the brewhouse,
xxviij s. viij d. ; mendinge pypes of leade, vj s. ; sacks
for corne, xiij s. iiij d. ; a braunched candlesticke and a
tostinge yron, xxij s ; mendinge the fornace, xij s. ;
boulters and brakes, xxxj s. ; a pype with a fonnell,
vij s. ; candlestickes, v s. ; tubbes, xxiij s. ; a cheste for
plate, vj s. ; mendinge the copper in the brewhouse,
xv s. viij d. ; and for sondrye other neccessaries incidente
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 9
to the same office, vij li. xvj s. viij d. In all tlie some
of : ." . ••„ r- . ' \v ..-• '•;" ':'• Vr - . xlj li. iiij s. x d.
(Total) MM.xxxvij li. ij s. vij d.
Beofe, clviij carkasses, iije quarters of an oxe, bough te at
Accatrye, viz. diverse and severall rates, medium at iiij li. viij s. ij d.
the carkasse '--. '•'•'.• • ',.• . D. ciiijxxx viij li. xiiij s. viij d.
Muttons, M.CCCCxlj carkasses and a halfe, boughte lyke-
wise at severall pryces and rates, medium at vj s. viij d.
the carkasse . " • . . : . . iiij^iij^v li. viij s. vij d.
Veales, cccciiijxxxvij carkasses, boughte at diverse pryces,
medium viij s. vj d. the pece, lesse in all xiiij d. CCxj li. v s. viij d.
Lambes,. ccciiijxxxviij, boughte at severall pryces, me-
dium at iij s. viij d. ob. qu. the pece y-: . Ixxiiij li. — • s. vid.
Porker, one greate xx s.
Porkes, clix and halfe, boughte at diverse pryces, me-
dium at ix s. ix d. the pece > . : . . . Ixxvij li. xj s.
Flitches of bacon, xij and a halfe, boughte at severall
pryces, medium at viij s. iiij d. ob. the flitche •> + . Cxvij s.
Pigges, D.CCxij, boughte at diverse pryces, medium at
xiij d. ob. the pece .-- ; . • •'« r- '. : . xxxixli. xvij s. ij d.
Paunches of oxen, xlij, at xij d. the pece . . ; '. xlij s.
Poultrye, of sondrye kindes, boughte and spente within
the tyme of this accompte ; with [viz. ?] CCCrj li. xij d.
for capons; xli. vj s. iij d. cockes; xviijli. xixs. xd.
hennes; iiij K vij li. iij s. viij d. checkings; xlvili. iij s.
iiij d. geese; xxli. vj s. xj d. ob. pigeons; Ixviij li.
rabbetts; and for sondrye kindes of foule and other
poultrye ware, Ixiiij li. vj s. x d. In all the some
of . V •- . i ; -•* '• . ; . ; '.-' D.cxvij li. vij s. x d. ob.
Larde, M.D.CCCxxix Ibs. weight di. — viz. M.xiiij Ibs. di. at
vj d. the pounde, xxv li. vij s. iij d. ; and D.CCCxv Ibs.
weight at viij d. the pounde, xxvij li. iij s. iiij d. In all
the some of . . • . ' *. Hj li. x s. vij d.
CAMD. SOC. C
10 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
And for sondrye neccessaries incidente and apperteyninge
to the same office, viz. washinge and skaldinge of trypes
and muggetts, Ixix s. iiij d. ; corne boughte for poultrye,
xxix s. ij d. ; hyer of storehouses for the slaughter and
the poultrye, lij s. ; neates tongues and paunches, with
the inwardes of a porker, v s. ; and for sondry other
neccessaries boughte within the tyme of this accompte,
as in the Booke more particulerlye may appeare, cxj s.
x d. In all the some of . . xiij li. vij s. iiij d.
(Total) M.M.CClxxix li. ij s. iiij d. ob.
Kitchen, viz.— Lynges, CGCC.iiijxxix boughte at seuerall rates and pryces,
medium at xvj d. ob. qu. the fishe, maketh the some
of . . . . . ... . . . xxxiiijli.
Coddes, M.DCC.xxj boughte at diuerse pryces, medium at
xij d. the fishe, more in the whole xv s. x d., the some
of ........ iiijxxv li. v s. ij.d.
alte salmon, viz. iij barrelles and a halfe, at iiij li. xij s.
the barrell, xvj li. ij s. vj d. ; xxxij at xij d. the pece,
Iiij s. iiij d. ; and x at ij s. vj d. the pece, xxv s. ; in all
the some of xx li. x d.
Newlande fishe, one hundrethe, boughte by agremente . xxv s.
Stockfishe, C.xxxj boughte at seuerall rates and pryces,
medium at vij d. the fishe more in the whole, ij s. vj d.
the some of Ixxvj s. j d.
Salte eles, ex viz. xxx at xij d. the pece, xxx s. ; and iiijxx
boughte at viij d. the pece, Iiij s. iiij d. ; in all the some
°f .....< j,r . . iiij li. iij s. iiij d.
White herringes, xiiij barrelles and a halfe, boughte at
diuerse pryces, medium at xxvs. viij d. the bar-
rell . ; v;< . ! ••• .• : r» ^ .*;•• .'i . ,;::. xviij li. xj s. viij d-
Red herringes, v cades one quarter, boughte at diuerse
pryces, medium at xj s. the cade . .. . ' T*, Ivij s. x d.
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
11
Sprottes, one cade . .•;.'*; . . . . ij s. iiij d.
Freshewater fishe of sondrye sorts and kindes, prouyded
and spente within the tyme of this accompte, viz. pykes,
iiijxxxj li. vij s. vij d. ; barbies, xlviijli. xiij s. iiij d. ;
chevins, xxxviij li. xij s. vd. ; tenches, xiiij li. xixs. viij d. ;
trowtes, xviij li. xj s. iij d.; eles, Ixiij li. xviij s. xj d.;
roches, xxxyijli. vjs. jd.; perches, xxiiijli. xixs. viijd.;
and for sondrye other sorts of freshwater fishe, as in
the Booke particulerly may appeare, iiijxxixli. xixs. ixd. ;
in all the some of .... iiijcxxixli. viij s. viij d.
Seafishe of diuerse and sondrye sorts and kindes, likewise
boughte, provyded, and spente within the tyme of this
accompte, viz. freshe salmons, xxxvij li. xvij s. vij d. ;
skates, xlj li. v s. vj d. ; playce, xxxj li. xvij s. iiij d. ;
fresh coddes, xiij li. ixs. iiij d. ; thornebacks, xli. xs.;
turbutts, xiij li. vj s. ix d. ; and sondrye other sorts of
seafishe, particulerly e expressed in the Booke aforesaide,
xlixli. ix d.; in all the some of . . '• ciiijxxxvij li. vij s. iij d.
Butter, xvijm D.CCC.lxij Ib. weight, boughte and provyded
for the seruice aforesayde, at the seuerall rates of ij d., ij d.
ob.5 iij d., iij d. ob. and iiij d. the pounde ccliiij li. ij s. x d. ob.
Egges, lxxiijm ccl at xxd., ij s , and ij s. iiij d. the hun-
dereth . . U: ? • ii ^' ' .%o-f . . Ixviij li. x s. iiij d.
And for sondrye other neccessaries incidente and apper-
' teyninge to the sayde office, viz. iiij brassepannes, 1 s. ;
iij skelletts, vj s. ; ij brasse kettles, vj s.; pewter, viij s.;
pewter plates, ij dozen, xiiij s.; exchaunge of pewter and
brasse, Ixv s. iij d. ; skowringe of vessell, iij s. vj d. ;
fishinge a ponde in Cankewood, called Hedsor poole,
xxxix s. iiij d. ; newe makinge the bottome of an oven,
and mendinge of synks, xj s. vjd.; and sondrye other
neccessaries, viij li. xixs.; in all the some of. xix li. ij s. vij d.
(Total) M.C.xxxixli. v s. xj d. ob.
12 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
Larder, viz — Salte, xviij quarters, iiij bushells, j pecke, boughte at seve-
rall rates and pryces, medium at xvj s. viij d. the
quarter . . '. ,. ^ \.-~ - ••.' • xixli. xiij s. viij d.
Sallett oyle, xl gallons, one quarte, and one pynte, boughte
at seuerall and distinncte pryces, medium at vij d. the
gallon •%--. >'i. <; ; »:;-: . . £*.-. • xiiij li. — s. vj d.
Vinegar, ij ton, ij runlettes, boughte at diverse rates,
medium at viij li. v s. the tonne . . xvij li. xiij s. x d.
Sundrye incidentes appertayninge to the sayde office of
the larder, viz. verges, xj li. vij s. j d. ; otemeale, ix li.
xviij d. ; musterde, xv li. xiiij s. viij d. ; flower for pas-
trye, xxij li. iij s. viij d. ; creame and milke, xxiij li.
vij s. v d. ; herbes and rootes, xxvj li. xix s. ij d. ; and
. . for ale, yeaste, sewett, and sondrye other neccessaries,
as in the Booke particulerlye dothe and may appeare,
xxxv li. xix s. iiij d. ; in all the some of . cliiij li. xij s. x d.
(Total) ccvjli. xd.
Spicerye, viz.— Spyces of sondrye sortes and kindes, provyded and spente
in the seruice aforesayde, viz. pepper, xxxiij li. vij d. ;
sugar, fyne and coarse, iiijxxxvj li. xvs. vij d.; almondes,
xj li. vj s. viij d. ; prunes, vij li. xvj s. ix d. ; ray sons of
the sonne and other raysons, xiij li. iiij d. ; curraunts, c s.
xj d. ; capers, viij li. xiiij s. v d. ; synamon, viij li. iiij s.
iij d. ; and for mace, nuttmegges, dates, and other
spyces, xliiijli. xixs. xjd.; in all the some of CC.xxixli. vs. xd.
Torches, xxvij dozen and ix, boughte at diuerse and seue-
rall rates, medium at xiij s. iiij d. the dozen . xviij li. vij s. vj d.
Waxlightes, M.Cxixlbs. boughte at diuerse pryces, medium
at xiiij d. ob. the pounde . . ,.-u . . Ixvij li. xiiij s. vj d.
Whitelightes, r>clx dozen, ij Ibs. of lights, boughte at
seuerall rates, medium at iij s. iij d. the dozen . cxxiij li. x s.
And for diuerse neccessaries incidente and apperteynninge
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS, 13
to the sayde office of the spicerye, as in the Booke par-
ticulerlye may appeare, the some of . . vij li. xj a. ij d.
(Total) cccc.xlvj li. ix s.
Cordes of wood, M.ixciiijxx xviij cordes at vj d. ob. the
corde, and iiij cordes makinge a lode . '• i'- ' liiij li. ij s, iij d-
Burninge and coalinge, cclxx lodes of coles, at ij d. the
lode xxvijli.
Fellinge, cleavinge, and dressinge of wood, at iiij d. the
lode . . . . ,-..,;;,,.*.•;• ^. _;, ; xvijli. xs.
Makinge of kiddes, at ij d. the cth . - , ...»:• ,. ,ry: . v xs. ij d.
To Eicharde Baggott, esquier, for the chardges in get-
tinge of ciiijxxviij rooks of seacole in Bewdeserte parke,
with the chardges incidente to the same . . . xijli. xvs. vd^
Cariadge of wood and coles, with the chardges of the
same, viz. at Tutburye, viz. from Reshay wood to the
Castle, at vj d. the lode, vj li. xv s. ; frome Castle Haye
parke to Tutburye aforesayde, at ij d. the lode, viij li.
xv s. ; and to Arthur Matthewe and John Mason for
cariadge of wood and coles at Tutburye, as appereth by
a byll, xxiij li. xvj s. ; to William Grymes and John
Lyon for the lyke cariadge of wood and coles at
Chartley, from the Quene of Scottes cominge thether
vnto the xxith of September, beinge the tyme of the
remoue from Chartley to Fotheringay, Ixxiij li. xviij s.
vj d. ; to Thomas Pountesse, gentleman, for the lyke
chardges of wood and cole spente at Chartley aforesayde
duringe the tyme of the Quenes beinge there, and taken
out of Hay wood parke as appereth by his byll, Iviij li.
xv s. x d. ; and Mr. Tobyas Houghton for the chardges
in fellinge, makinge, and cariadge of wood and coles
from the tyme of the sayde Quenes cominge to the
Castle of Fotheringay, vntill ye dissolvinge of the
14 CHAEGES OF THE DIETS
householde, as appereth by his bill, clxx li. ij s. v d. ; in
all the some of . ' » .- . ••* ._ . CCCxlijli. ijs. ixd,
Rushes, DCCCC.iiij^viij bundells atij d. the bundell viijli. xvs. xd.
And for sondrye neccessaries incidente and apperteyninge
to the sayde office of the Woody earde, viz. makinge the
bodyes of twoe cole way nes, mendinge of colewaynes,
and makinge a newe pay re of wheles, Ixix s. xj d. ; re-
movinge of coledustes, Ixiiij s. ; mendinge of barehydes,
iiij s. x d. To Thomas Awcocke and Edwarde Taylor,
for hurte done in there groundes throughe cariadge of
coles, xxix s. ; and for sondrye other neccessaries be-
longinge to the same office, as in the same Booke more
particulerlye may appeare, Ixxiij s. iiij d. In all the
some of 'v ; ...... xij li. xiij d.
(Total) CCCclxxiiij li. xvij s. vj d.
Stable, viz.— Hay, ccliiij01 lode j quarter, boughte at severall pryces,
medium at ix s. x d. the lode . . . cxxiij li. — s. vj d.
Otes, D.xxix quarters one pecke, medium at viij s. iiij d.
the quarter . • •*• •. ' ..- . . . ccxxxj li. xj s. ixd.
Pease, iiij quarters ij bushells, at ixs. iiij d. the quarter xli s. viij d.
Horsebreade, cciiij^x dozen and viij, at xij d. the dozen,
xiiij li. x s. viij d.
Litter, Cxj lode and a half, boughte at diuerse pryces, me-
dium at iij s. iiij d. the lode ; the some of . xxj li. xv s. vj d.
Mowinge, makinge, and cariadge of cciiijxxxviij lodes of
hay, with xxiiij s. x d. for makinge the ricks and
hedginge of them ; the some of . -. . •%• xxxj li. iij s.
Rente and hyer of sondrye pastures, viz. twoe pastures
adioyninge to Tutburye Castle, xxvj li. xiij s. iiij d.; a
meadowe, called Hobholme, with the tyth of the same,
xxvij li. vj s. viij d. ; a meadowe, called Hollyroode,
x li. ; twoe pastures, called Scarsemore, and the Coppes
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 15
for the grasse horses, hyred for halfe a yeare, xxiiij li. ;
a fortnightes pasture for x horses, xxs., and for a
pasture at Fotheringay, Ixxvij s. In all the some
of . y , . {•' i,!t , r .•<•••• r! *• v. ; .-;<*; •; iiijxxxij li. xvij s.
Horsemeate spente in the yorneye betweene Chartley and
Fotheringay, xj li. vij s. vij d. ; hay and provynder at
Fotheringay for one monthe after the cominge thether,
ix li. iij s. x d. ; and for horsemeate of iije horses of Mr.
Stallendges standinge in the towne, xxix s. In all xxij li. v d.
And for other chardges incidente to the same office of the
stable, viz. showing and medecininge of horses duringe
the tyme of this accompte, xviij li. xij s. vij d. ; hedginge
and raylinge of a pasture called Greminges, xj s. ; and
for diuerse other chardges, as in the Booke particulerlye
may appeare, xlv s. iiij d. In all r, .' .1 ;:/. •; xxj li. viij s. xj d.
(Total) D.lx li. ix s. vd.
Money by him Chardges of ^ Lande, aswell of sondrye provycions and other
and ddefrayyedej cariadges> f householde stuffe at the seuerall remoues of
viz. for— viz. 3 the sayde Quene of Scottes, viz. from Tut-
bury to Chartley, vij li. xj s. viij d. ; from Chartley to
Fotheringay, xxiij li. xv s. vj d. ; and from the Castle
of Fotheringaye, aswell at the discharge of the Gouernor
as at the dissolvinge of the housholde, with xvj s. for
the hyer of laborers in that yorney, xix li. xiiij s. viij d. ;
and for the cariadge of sondry the provycions of dyett
from London and places in the countrye to Tutburye,
Chartley, and Fotheringay, xxxv li. xiiij s. v d. ; in all
the some of ".->;•: ?'i ..' (*•*': f.v, »»' • iiijxxvj li. xvj s. iij d.
Water, viz. for the fraughte of iiijor tonne of wyne from
Gaynsboroughe to Nottingham . . '<r;. 'fwi . xlvs. ijd.
(Total) iiijxxix li. — s.'xvij d.
16
CHAKGES OP THE DIETS
"Wages of son-
drye artificers,
laborers, and
others, necces-
sarylye im-
ployed in this
service; viz.
of—
In all the chardges aforesayde for the seuerall offices of the
pantrye and butterye, accatrye, kitchen, larder, spicerye,
woodyearde, and stable, with the chardges of cariadges
by lande and water, as by one Booke .of particularityes,
subscribed with thande of Marmaduke Darell gentle-
man, herevppon cast, tryed, and examyned, may
appeare ^ :.- ::4>^ . . . viJM.CCxxxij li. ix s. j d.
Also allowed to the sayde accomptaunte for money by him sayde
to be payde and defrayed for the wages of sondrye artificers,
woorkemen, and laborers, housholde officers and mynisters, soldiers,
and postes necessaryilye imployed in the sayde seruice from tyme to
tyme, vntill the determynacion of this accompte. The names of all
which men, with theire seuerall rates and wages, are particulerlye
sett donne, in maner and forme folio winge ; viz. :—
Eaphe Bawdwyn, for his expences in provycion of corne
and wyne, at xij d. per diem Ixxj s.
George Agarde, for his chardges at Tutburye in makinge
readye the castle there by Mr. Chancellor's conimaunde-
mente, and layinge in of diuerse provycions againste the
Quenes cominge th ether, with vj s. viij d. for his
chardges sente to Bremingham for provycion of wyne,
the some of . »-• :. vijli.
William Nicholson, aswell for bre winge of beare one
monethe, as for goinge to Bremingham for provycions 1 s. vj d.
Edwarde Fitzharberte, for his chardges in diuerse yorneyes
sent to Boston for provycion of sea-fishe . . viij li. x s. vij d. '
Margarett Chapman, laundresse to the Quene of Scottes
for her bodye, for her wages at vj s. the weeke, the
some of . . . j '{.*•- .r •£• . xv li. xj s. iiij d.
Isabell Osborne, laundresse for the Quene's pantrye and
ewrye, at x s. the weeke . " „ . ," < . - . . xxj li. v s.
Bennett Maperlie, Elizabethe Brage, and Dorothye Blacke-
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS, 17
well, for washinge the shetes and naperie of ye house, at
xvj a. per mensem, with ij s. ix d. for heminge course
clothes . *j *'-f .«:• :> .[;:*! -» - ; 'J :. xxij li. iij s. v d.
Thomas Whitinge and William Lane, amners, and John
Collyer and Roberte Phillippes succeedinge in there
roumes, at iij s. a pece the weeke, weekely allowed to
twoeofthem '. /» *-.' . . . xxxvij li. xix s. ix d.
Koberte Hollinger, for his wages sente to the Constables
of the hundreds of Offley and Seadson . . .iij s. vj d.
Thomas Harme, sente to Chester for provycion of wyne . v s.
John Phillippes, for careinge of provycion to Tycksall by
the space of ix dayes, xvj s. xd., and for the expences
of John Cade, sente aboute the receipte of mpneye,
vj s. vj d. In all ... . . - . . xxiij s. iiij d.
Carpenter, mendinge the stable plankes, and makinge a
greate gate - \ >Hi.7 S%;.J •; .' . . . xiij s. iiij d.
Brickleyer, strengthininge ye kitchen chimney, and doinge
son dry e other neccessaries there .... xxvij s. j d.
Plasterer, newe makinge parte of the wall in the brew-
house, and mendinge the Garner floore . . . xij s. ij d.
Eicharde Garrett and John Smyth, for mindinge and
wateringe the garden xij s. ij d.
Stephen Dolton, purveyor at xij d. per diem . . vj li. xij s.
John Chaworthe, armorer at xij d. per diem . . .. ' xxvs.
Laborers occupyed and imployed in sondrye offices and
places at diuerse and seuerall rates, viz. servinge in the
Backhouse at ij s. iiij d. the weeke, iiij li. xix s. ij d. ;
makinge of hay into bottles, and careinge them into the
stables, at vj d. per diem, xiiij li. ixs. ixd.; drawinge
of water, at vj d. per diem, vij li. xviij s. ; careinge of
water, at xij d. per diem, xiiij li. xj s. ; makinge cleane
the house, at iiij s. the monethe, Cxj s. iiij d. ; cleavinge
of wood, at vj d. per diem, x li. v s. ; and doinge sondrye
other neccessaries aboute the house, viz. careinge water
CAMD. SOC. D
18 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
to the stable and brewhouse, makinge cleane the well,
and skowringe of vessell, with sondrye other neccessarie
woorks, vj li. xs. ij d. ; and in all to the some of Ixiij li. vij s. xj d.
(Total) ciiijxxxiiij li. v s. ix d.
Wages and en- Wages of -N Marmaduke Darell gentleman, Master of
terteynements Officers and / the Housholde, for his enterteynemente, '
of sondrye arti- . \ .... ,
fleers, laborers, mymsters of the ( at Xxvj 11. xnj s. nij d. per annum,
office^and housholde ; viz.: ) duringe the whole time of this accompte Ixxj li.
mynisters of the Richarde Astle, purveyor of beofes and muttons, at
housholde, sol- .. ,. ... i P . . . n
diors,and postes xnj li. vj s. viij d. per annum, for nje quarters of a yeare
and a halfe ...... XJ n- xiiJ s- "li d-
J
i
ployed m
the tyme of this Rowlande Maperlie, purveyor of fresh acates for halfe a yeare
ompte, viz. . an(j one weeke, at xiij li. per annum, vj li. xij s. vjd. ; to
Hughe Brage, succeedinge for one yeare and a halfe and
v weekes at the sayde rate, xx li. vij s. vj d.; and to
Richarde Phillippes, in the roume of -the sayde Brage,
for halfe a yeare, Cv s. ; in all the some of . . xxxij li. xv s.
Henry e Lorte, purveyor of ye stable, for his enterteynement
for iije quarters of a yeare, at xli. per annum . vij li. xv s.
Raphe Bawdwyne, cheife baker, for iije quarters of a yeare,
at C s. per annum, Ixxv s., and Richarde Cope, suc-
ceedinge. him for the lyke tyme, Ix s. — in all . vj li. xv s.
Thomas Stilyearde, butler, for his wages for one quarter of
a yeare . ... xiij s. iiij d.
Michaell Thomson, lardener, for his wages for halfe a
yeare within the tyme of this accompte , . xxvij s. vj d.
Henrye Walker, skalder, for his wages for one quarter and
a halfe of a yeare, c.s. per annum . . . xxxvij s. vj d.
Richarde Smythweeke, yeoman of the spicerye, for his
wages for halfe a yeare, at C s. per annum, 1 s. ; and to
John Burredge, his successor, for one yeare and a halfe
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 19
and halfe a quarter, at iiij li. per annum, vj 1. x s. —
. in all . «„ ., ixli.
Frauncys Gisburne, for his wages for halfe a yeare, 1 s. ;
to Roberte Horne, his successor, for one yeare and a
halfe, at iiij li. per annum, vjli.; and to Christofer
Clynton, cooke, in Home's roume, for halfe a yeare, at
the sayde rate, xl s. — in all . . .•• * ^ ,' , .\ , , c . . « x li. x s.
Roberte Somerye, grome of the skullerye, for his wages
for twoe whole yeares, at xls. per annum -^rj . . iiij li.
Three laundresses, for there wages, at iiij li. xiii s. iiij d.
per annum, for one yeare iije quarters, with xls. for
twoe lyveryes . . . . . . x li. iij s. iiij d.
Christofer Garrett, gardener, for his wages, for iije quarters
of a yeare, at xl s. per annum . .: ,.-\ . £./» f • xxxs.
Turnbroches, viz. : Christofer Clynton, for twoe years, at
xxxiij s. iiij d. per annum, Ixvj s. viij d., and to Raphe
Swifte, George Lyndopp, and John Warner, at xxvj s.
viij d, per annum, Cvi s. viij d. — in all . viij. li. xiij s. iiij d.
(Total) clxxvij li. viij s. iiij d.
Conducte of xxx soldiors from there seuerall dwellinge
places in Somersett shire, at iiij s. the man ? j, vi li.
To James Fenton, for the wages of xxx soldiers in
garryson by the space of Iij dayes begonne the first
daye of March and endinge the xxjth day of Aprill, at
viij d. the pece per diem, by vertue of a letter from the
Lord Treasurer and Sir Fraunces Walsingham, dated
the xjth of November, 1586 . lij li.
To John Towte, for the wages of xxx. soldiors, at the same
rate, from the xxjth of Marche, anno xxvijmo doming
Elizabeths nunc Regine, vntill the xvth of October,
anno xxviijvo ejusdem domine Elizabethan, beinge by
20 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
the space of D.xlij dayes, makinge one yeare C.lxxvij
dayes, at the sayde rate . . . . • D.xlij li.
To him more for the wages of the same nomber of soldiors
from the xvth of October, predicto anno, vnto the xth
of December, anno xxixrao predicts Kegine, beinge by
the space of twoe monethes, xxvj of them havinge
allowance of dyett and therefore in wages but iiij d. a
daye, and thother iiijor at viij d. per diem . xxxij li. iij s. iiij d.
To Roberte Newcourte, for the wages of the sayde garryson
for one moneth of xxviij dayes, ended the vijth of
Januarye, eodem anno, beinge in paye as afore-
sayde xv li. xvij s. iiij d.
To him more for the wages of the same garryson of
soldiors and at thaforesaide rates, for xliiijor dayes
ended the xxjth of February e, anno xxixmo, xxiiij li.
xviij s. viij d., and towardes the chardges of xxv of
them in there retourne to there seuerall dwellinges,
beinge now dischardged, viij li. vi s. viij d. — in all
xxxiij li. v s. iiij d.
To John Oliver, capten of the seconde garryson of xl
soldyors, for the wages of him selfe for Ixxiiij dayes,
begonne the vjth of December, anno xxixmo domine
Elizabethee Regine, and ended the xviij th of Februarye
followinge, at iiij s. per diem, xiiij li. xvj s., and for the
wages of xl soldiors servinge vnder him for Ixviij dayes,
begonne the xijth of December aforesayde and endinge
at the same tyme, at viij d. per diem, the some of
iiijxxx li. xiij s. iiij d. in all, by vertue of a letter from
the Lords of the Counselle, dated the vijth of
December, 1586, the some of . . cv li. ix s. iiij d.
And to John Brage, for the wages of fyve soldiors of
tholde garryson yet remayninge, for there wages at
iiij d. per diem, havinge allowaunce of meate, by the
space of C.lxiiijor dayes, begonne the xxjth of
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 21
Februarye, anno xxixno dominae Elizabethan Kegine,
and ended the iiijth of August, dicto anno, xiij li.
xiiij s. iiij d., and towardes there chardges, beinge dis-
chardged, at yj s. viij d. the pece, xxxiij s. iiij d. —
in all . . . % . . . . xv li. vi s. viij d.
(Total) D.cccij li. ij s.
Postes, viz. to— Henry e Melton, poste, lyinge at Loughborough, for his
wages for Ixxvj weekes, at iiij s. the weeke, the some
of . . .^ : . . . . . xxxviij li.
Hugh Bryce, post lying at Tutburye, for his wages for
xxxiiij0* weekes, at v s. the weeke, the some of . viij li. x s.
To him more, beinge remoued to Chartley, and another
poste layde at Hilton, for there wages for xlii weekes a
pece, at x s. the weeke — betwixte them both the some of xxj li.
And in rewarde to the three postes aforesayde, beinge dis-
chardged of there seruice xx s.
(Total) Ixviij li. x s.
Amountinge in all for the sayde wages of artificers and
laborers, officers and mynisters of the housholde,
soldiors, and postes, within the tyme of this accompte,
as by the sayde Booke warraunted, and subscribed by
thande of the sayde Marmaduke Darell, may ap-
peare . . 1 'w- . . M.ccxlij li. vj s. j d.
Also allowed to the sayde accoinptaunte for sondrye extraorde-
narye chardges and forren paymentes by him sayde to be payde and
disbursed to diuerse and sondrye persons within the tyme of this
accompte, as within is particulerlye mencioned; viz —
22
CHARGES OF THE DIETS
Forren and
paymentes
viz. —
Extraordenarye
empcions and pro-
vycions, with other
neccessarie
chardges ; viz.—
Sope spente by the laundresses, aswell
of the bodye of the Quene of Scottes
an(j Of her pantry e and ewrye, as for
fae washinge of the shetes and fur-
niture of ^ housllolde . xxxv li. x a. vj d.
Provycions for the warderobe; viz. iije fetherbed tyks,
Iviij s. ; twoe couerlettes, x s. viij d. ; and iiijor blan-
kettes, xxiij s. vj d. In all ... iiij li. xij s. ij d.
A beame of yron with skales, xj s. ; and for a Cth pounde
weight of leade made into weightes, xij s. In all . xxiij s.
Apparaylinge of three boyes turnbroches, with viij s. vj d.
for a pallett for them ..... Ixj s. ij d.
Canvas: Ivij yeardes for lyninge viij peces of tapistrye,
with ix s. to the taylor for lyninge it, and viij s. for
cccth of tenter hookes for hanginge them vpp, cvj s.
vj d.; and for ix yeardes to make a pallett case, vij s.
iiij d. In all ....... Cxiij s. x d.
Furnishinge and makinge cleane of armor . . xix s. vj d.
Yronwoorke of sondrye sortes, with mendinge of diuerse
neccessaries, within the tyme of this accompte . xxxvij s. iiij d.
Mendinge the dove house at Shapnoll ... vij s. iiij d.
Mendinge the well buckett at Tutburye, and makinge a
newe buckett at Chartley . . . . . xxj s. vj d.
Dryfte of oxen and lokinge to them . . . . vs.
Corde boughte for trussinge the stuffe at the Remoues Ixxvij s. x
Househyer in the yorneye from Chartley to Fotheringay,
as in the Booke particulerlye may appeare . ix li. xiiij s. iiij d.
Hyer of a bedd for the laundresses at Tutburye . . x s.
Makinge cleane of the house at Fotheringay, after the
dischardge of the housholde .... xlvj s. viij d.
Dyett and lodginge of diuerse servauntes of the righte
honorable Sir Raphe Sadleyr duringe his aboade at
Tutburye. . . . ; ', , . .,,.>; .* cxixs. iiij d.
Exchaunge of M.D.lli. in silver into golde . vij li. xiij s. iiij d.
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 23
Casementes, iiijor, boughte at seuerall pryces, xj s. ; and
for shelves sett vpp in the Quene's cabbonett, iij s. iiij d.
In all . vfii« .-:' ; ' .j . / 4.';,-- o^ii WAI. *. • \n-:'. •: .-.•„; xiiij s. iiij d.
Paper and paper bookes . t f ', ;c.?..o rf io : .< : '!**' xxx s. iiij d.
Mattes for the seates in the chappie . . • ; . viij s. viij d.
Lengthninge of twoe greate rackes of yron and mendinge
of tables and chayres . 'I ,<r: . ' •..'•' f^v . :. '. A . xj s. ij d.
Settinge a newe beanie in the slaughter house, and sow-
deringe and mendinge sondrye faultes in the coffin ;-:- Vv,- xv s.
Bedstede, one .• . . /.* \ . :.U|j . . ij s. vj d.
Hyer of Ixxviij hackney horses at the remoue from Tut-
bury to Chartley, Ixxviij s. ; and for the lyke hyer of
hackney horses in the yorney from Chartley to Fother-
ingaye, xj li. xij d. In all the some of xv 1L xij d.
Makinge of grates for chimineyes, with the cariadge of
them to Chartley xxix s. ij d.
Chardges of the Scottish trayne appoynted to attende the
funerall at Peterborough, xli s. iiij d, . M-^'I . xlis. iiijd.
Brickes, xxxiiij lode, spente at Chartley, in repayringe
the house . . . :F,V.* . ^ i- {• . . vj li.
(Total) ciij li. vj s. iiij d.
Rewardes to diuerse and sondrye servauntes of noble men,
gentlemen, and others, for sondrye presentes of venyson
and other vyandes presented to the Gouernor within
the tyme of this accompte, with Ix s. in rewarde to
William Bonfeilde and his fellowe, the Quene's Majesty's
servauntes, towardes there chardges and expences,
beinge sente with a lytter from the Courte to attende
in the yorney from Chartley to Fotheringaye, the some
of . . . v4<- ' <,>n fc v^ :- J i*-"J" * ' xx li. vj s. iiij d.
Also allowed for money by the sayde Sir Amyas Poulett
24 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
disbursed and payde aswell for reparacions done at
Chartley against the cominge of the Skottishe Quene
thether, the particuler accompte whereof is remayninge
written with thande of the sayde Sir Amyas Poulett,
amounting to the some of ciiij li. xiij s. v d., as also for
money by him payde by order from the righte honor-
able Sir Frauncys Walsingham, knighte, principall
secretarye to her Majesty, as apperethe by the Booke .of
paymentes subscribed with thande of the sayde Marma-
duke Darell, xiiij li. x s. In all . . . Cxix li. iij s. v d,
Also allowed for money payde to John Cade and John
Brage, sente from Fotheringaye to Chartleye, for xvjen
persons of the Skottishe trayne, lefte there at the
remoue of the Quene there mistris from them, aswell
for the chardges and expences of them selfes, as also of
hackney horses and cariadges taken vpp for them and
there stuffe in this yorney, ix li. iij s. ij d. ; and to the
sayde Brage, for the dyettes and other housholde defray-
ments of the sayde xvjen persons of the Skottishe trayne
at Chartley aforesayde, betwene the xxijth of September
and the xxijth of Februarye followinge, beinge by the
space of clij dayes, as appereth by a letter from Sir
Frauncys Walsingham, dated the xxiiijth of October,
1586, cliili. iij s. x d. In all . . . clxj li. vij s.
And allowed to the sayde accomptaunte for money by him
payde to diuerse and sondrye persons for there rydinge
and trauellinge chardges vppon specyall occasyons of
this service; viz. to Marmaduke Darell, gentleman, for
the chardges of him selfe, his twoe men, and iije horses,
rydinge at twoe seuerall tymes vpp to London ; to the
right honorable the Lord Treasurer of Englande, for
cawses towchinge this service and there attendinge,
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 25
xj li. ; for his lyke chardges and expences aboute sondrye
occasions and businesse concerninge this service in one
whole yeare, and also towardes certen losses which he
hath susteyned for imprestihge of sondry persons for
provycions with money before hande, whereof he hath
hadd noe allawaunce, x li. ; and for the lyke chardges
and expences of himselfe, his men, and horses, and twoe
soldiers, beinge appoynted to attende the Skottish
trayne from Fotheringaye to London, and to see them
furnished with horses and other thinges nedefull, vij li.
xv s. iiijd. ; in all — xxviij li. xv s. iiij d. To John
Cade for his rydinge chardges and expences, beinge
sent vpp at seuerall tymes to London for the Receipte
of money put of Thexchequier, towardes this housholdes
defraymentes, vij li. vij s. ij d. And to diuerse other
persons for there rydinge chardges, beinge necessarilye
imployed in rydinge to seuerall places vppon sondrye
occasions towchinge the service aforesaide, xv li. xxj d.
Amountinge in the whole to the some of . . Ij li. iiij s. iij d.
Amountinge in the whole for the extraordenarye chardge
and payments aforesayde within the tyme of this
accompte, as by thaforesayde Booke, signed with thande
of the sayde Marmaduke Darell, herevppon sene and
examyned, doth and may appeare, the some
of ....... CCCC.lv li. vij s. iiij d.
Money prested And the sayde accomptaunte is allowed for money by him
prested to Bryan Cave, gentleman, which was owinge
to the countrye for provycions taken vpp for this ser-
vice before the firste of Marche, 1585, with which he
alreadye in his Booke of Accomptes, deliuered to John
Conyers, one of her Majesty's auditors of the prestes,
CAMD. SOC. E
26 CHARGES OF THE DIETS
chardged him selfe accordinglye, as in the same Booke
may appeare CC1X "•
Some totall of the allowaunces and ) ix.mc.xxxixli. ij s. vj d.
payments aforesayde >
And so the sayde accomptauntes vppon the determy-
nacion of this accompte, resteth in debte the some
of DC.xxxli. xv s. j d.
Whereof —
Vppon. Richarde Younge, of London, marchaunte, for money
by him receaved for naperie, shetes, and other lynnen to
be provyded by the Quenes Majesty's comaundment,
for thuse of the late Quene of Scottes, and here depend-
inge vppon the same Richarde Younge vntill he make
a particuler accompte thereof . . c.iiijxxxij li. v s. iij d.*
William Dethicke, alias Garter Principall Kinge of Armes,
for money by him receaved for provycions to be made
for the herse and other causes of Heraldrye against the
funeralle of the sayde Skottishe Quene, for which he is
to make a particuler accompte, the some of . . CCCC.vj li.
This accomptaunte. vppon the determynacion of this his
accompte, the some of .... xxxij li. ix s. x d.
Whereof-
Allowed to Marmaduke Darell, gentleman, for his chardges and
expences in London, aswell in perfectinge and makinge vpp of his
bookes, and attendinge vppon Mr. Secretary aboute diuerse causes
concerninge the Skottishe people, then beinge vppon there dis-
chardge, as also for his lyke chardges in attendinge the makinge
and declaringe of this accompte, the some of xli.; and allowed to
John Conyers, one of her Majesty's auditors, for the trauell,
chardges, and expences of him selfe and his clarkes for castinge,
tryinge, and exameninge the particulers of this Booke, reducinge
a Recordata in magno Rotulo de anno vito Regis Jacobi in London.
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
27
it into an accompte, and for engrossinge the same accompte in
parchemente, the some of viij li. ; and then he resteth in debte the
some of xiiij li. ix s. x d. ; whiche sayde some the sayde Anthonye
Poulett esquier, this accomptaunte, hath payde into her Majesty's
Receipte of Thexchequier, by a tally e levyed the xixth day of
Auguste, in the xxxjth yeare of her Majesty's raygne, as by the
sayde tallye, together with the certyficatte of Koberte Petre for the
same vppon this accompte showed, examyned, and remayninge,
may appeare. And then this accomptaunte, vppon the determy-
nacion of this his accompte, restethe quyte.
W. BURGHLEY.
J. FORTESCUE.
xvj die Decembris, 1589.
Examined, per JOHN CONYERS, auditor.
Charges of the Funeral of MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
The Funeralles of "^ The ACCOMPTE OF JOHN FoRTESCUE,
ye Mightie Princes I ESQUiER, keaper of the Queenes Majesty's
Mary, late Quene f great Warderobe, THAT is TO SAY, Aswell
of Scottes. J of aii such somes of moneye as he hathe
receaved and had of the Queenes Majesty's threasure, out of her
Highnes receipte of Thexchequier for thuse aforesaide; as also of
the defrayinge, yssuinge, and expendinge the same in and aboute
the empcions and provycions of blacke clothe, Parys heades, white
heades, Hollande clothe, and other chardges and expences, together
with cariadges and rydinge chardges of officers and others, by him
defrayed in and aboute the funeralls of the late highe and mightye
Princesse Marye, late Quene of Scottes, solemnyzed in the cathe-
drall churche of Peterboroughe, the firste daye of Auguste, in the
xxixth yeare of the raigne of our moste gracious Soveraigne Ladye
Elizabethe, by the grace of God, Quene of Englande, Fraunce,
and Irelande, Defender of the Faythe, &c.
THAT is TO SATE,
The said accomptaunte is chardged withe —
receavedTncP The Threasurer and Chamberleynes of Thexchequier by
had of vertue of a privie seale to them directed, bearinge date
the xvjth daye of Julye, anno xxix Domine Elizabeths
VIZ.
CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 29
nunc Regine, as by a certificate under thande of Roberte
Petre esquier, together with the confession of this
accomptaunte, may appeare, the some of ... . . D.CCC li.
chardged vppon The saide accomptaunte is further chardged with the
thaccompte, valor or price of diverse sortes of silkes taken out of
her Majesty's stoare of the greate warderobe, and spent
in thaforesaide service, which are here so chardged for
that allowaunce thereof is given to the same accomp-
taunte in diverse severall somes, hereafter particulerly
sett downe in this accompte, viz. for xxviij yerdes, iij
quarters, of velvett purple for the clothe of estate, at
xxvj s. viij d. the yearde, xxxviij li. vj s. viij d. ; vij
yeardes of purple velvett to cover the chayre of estate,
at xxvj s. viij d. the yearde. ixli. vj s. viij d. ; one yearde di.
of satten purple at xij s., xviij s. ; one yearde one quarter
of purple velvett for a quyshin for the same chayre at
the said rate, xxxiij s. iiij d. ; one yearde, iij quarters
of satten purple to lyne the same, at xij s., xxj s. ; and
xx yeardes of blacke velvett for the pall remayninge
over the grave, at xx s. the. yearde, xxli. ; amountinge
in all to the some of -. . . . Ixxj li. v s. viij d.
Sometotallofallthechardgeand 1 D.ccclxxj li. vs. viij d.
receiptes aroresaide J
Against the which the saide accomptaunte is allowed for —
Boughte and provided by the saide accomptaunte for the robes
and lyveryes of the mourners at thaforesaide funeralles, at severall
rates and pryces as hereafter followethe ; viz. at
xx s. the yearde xxxvj yeardes xlv li.
xx s. the yearde CCxxx yeardes, iij quarters ccxxx li. xv s.
xvj s. viij d. clxxiiij yeardes and a halfe Cxlv li. viij s. iiij d.
xiij s. iiij d. cciiijxxxj yeardes and a halfe ciiij^xiiij li. vj s. viij d.
Blacke clothe
Robes and
lyvereyes for
vcxl mourners.
30
xs.
viij s.
vj s. viij d.
CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL
clxiiij yeardes, iij quarters
ccclx yeardes and a halfe
CCCxlj yeardes and a halfe
Yeardes, M.vciiijxxxix di.
iiijxxij li. vij s. vj d.
Cxliiij li. iiij s.
cxiiij li. xvj s. viij d,
Amountinge in clothe to the nomber of M.D.iiijxxxix
yerdes and a halfe, distributed and delivered as folio w-
ethe, viz. to the Erles of Rutlande and Lincolne, at x
yeardes le pece, xx yerdes ; Countesses, viz. of Bed-
forde, xvj yerdes, and Rutlande and Lincoln, xxiiij
yerdes — xl yerdes; Bysshoppes of Lincolne and Peter-
boroughe, eyther of them viij yerdes, xvj yerdes; Bar- '
rons, vj, viz. v at viij yerdes lepece, and one, vj yerdes,
xlvj yerdes; Barronesses, viij, viz. vj at x yerdes the
pece, and ij at vj yerdes, Ixxij yerdes; Knightes, ix
at vj yerdes the^ pece, liiij yerdes ; Ladyes, iiij at vj
yerdes the pece, xxiiij yerdes ; Deane of Peterboroughe,
viij yerdes ; Master of the greate Warderobe, vj yerdes ;
Kinges at armes, ij, at vj yerdes the pece, xij yerdes;
Scottishe gentlewoemen, vij, viz. iij at vj yerdes, and
iiij at iiij yerdes, xxxiiij yerdes; Scottish gentlemen,
iij, viz. j at vj yerdes, and ij at iiij yerdes the pece,
xiiij yerdes; gentlemen that caryed the corpes, viij at
iij yerdes di. the pece, xxviij yerdes; gentlemen vshers,
ij at v yerdes, x yerdes; esquiers, xvj, at v yerdes the
pece, iiijxx yerdes; chaplens, ij, at vj yerdes the pece, xij
yerdes ; chauncellor to the Byshoppe of Peterboroughe,
v yerdes ; heraldes at armes, v, at v yerdes the pece,
xxv yerdes; sewers, iij, at iiij yerdes the pece, xij yerdes;
.gentlewoemen attendants, xxvij, at iij yerdes di. the
pece, iiijxxxiiij yerdes di. ; gentlemen attendants in
clokes, xliiij, at iij yerdes di. the pece, cliiij yerdes;
Mr. Roberte Petre, clarke of the receipte, v yerdes ;
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 31
officers of Peterborougtie churche, vj, at iij yerdes di.
the pece, xxj yerdes ; conductors in clokes, vj, viz.
iiij at iiij yerdes, and ij at iij yerdes di. the pecej xxiij
yerdes; gromes of the beddes and chamber, vij, at iij
yerdes di. the peee, xxiiij yerdes di. ; officers of the
warderobe, xiij, viz. iiij at v yerdes, vj at iiij yerdes,
and iij at iij yerdes the pece, Iiij yerdes ; yeomen and
others attendaunte in coates, ccxxxj, at one yerde and
a halfe the pece, CGCxlvj yerdes di.; poore woemen cxx
at iij yerdes the pece, ccclx yerdes ; in all as by one
Booke of particularytyes conteyninge the severall
names of the earles, countesses, barrens, barronesses,
knightes, ladyes, and other persons to whom the saide
clothe was distributed, signed by thande of the saide
Mr. Fortescue, Master of her highnes greate warderobe
aforesaid, herevppon dulye examyned, tryed, and re-
mayninge, dothe and maye appeare, viz. in
money ixclv li. xviij s. ij d.
Parys heades, with the furniture to them belonginge,
boughte at diverse pryces, viz. : iije for the Countesses
of Bedforde, Rutlande, and Lincolne, at iiij Ij. xiij s. x d.
the pece, xiiij li. xviij. s.; v at iiij li. viij s. xd. the
pece, xxij li. iiij s. ij d. ; vi, with barbe and lyninge to
eche of them, at Ixx s. the pece, xxj li. ; vj Parys heades,
vj barbes, and vj lardge bongraces, at Ixij s. the pece,
xviij li. xij s. — in all . . . . Ixxv li. xvij s. viij d.
Whiteheades for gentlewoemen attendaunte uppon the
mourners — x, at xxiij s. the pece . . . . xj li. x s.
A lardge attyre of lawne, with a barbe, for a Scottish
gentlewoeman . . . . . . . xxiij s.
Heade attyres for gentlemen attendaunte — v, at xiiij s. yi d.
Ixxij s. vi d,
Kerchers, likewise boughte for gentlewoemen, of diverse
sortes, viz.; v, at xxvs. the pece, vj li. vs.; vi, at
32
CHAKGES OF THE FUNERAL
A clothe of
estate, chayre,
and quyshin
of purple
velvett, viz. —
xvj s. the pece, iiij li. xvj s. ; and one, xiiij s. vj d. — in
all the some of ... . • -V 'r. xj li. xv d. vj d.
Hollande for kerchers for Cxx poore woemen, Cxx ells, at
ij s. the ell xij li.
(Total) Cxv li. xviij s. viij d.
Money by him . Purple velvett for the clothe of estate of
yssued, payde, / the stoare of the greate warderobe,
and defrayed, f xxviij yerdes iije quarters, at xxvj s.
viz . : for — v]{j da the yearde . xxxviij li. vj s. viij d.
Buckram to lyne the same, xviij yerdes, at xiiij d. le
yerde xxj s.
Rounde Lyor, iiij li., at iij s. iiij d. the pounde . xiij B. iiij d.
Makinge of the same Ixvj s. viij d.
Purple sylke frendge, j Ib. x oz., at iij s. the oz. . . Ixxviij s.
Silke, ij oz., at ij s. vi d. the oz. . . . . vs.
(Total) xlviili. x s. viij d.
Tymberworke of a chayre for the same state . . xiij s. iiij d.
Purple velvett to cover the chayre of the saide stoare,
vij yerdes, at xxvi s. viij d. the yerde . . ix li. vj s. viij d.
Purple satten to lyne the backe of the same of thaforesaide
store, j yerd di., at xij s. . . . . . xviij s.
Purple silke frendge, xij oz. qu., at iij s. the ounce . xxxvj s. ix d.
Purple silke, j oz. di. qu. . . . . ij s. ix d. ob. qu.
Narrowe silke rybben, ij oz., at iiij s. the ounce
Girthwebbe, sackclothe, buckrom, and blacke nayles
Fusty on, iij yerdes, at xviij d. the yearde
Downe, vi Ib., at xviij d. the pounde
Blacke vernished nayles, MM. .
Greate chayre nayles, j doz
A scutchin and pomells . .
vnj s.
. iij s. vj d.
iiij s. vi d.
ixs.
vi s, viij d.
. ij s. vj d.
ij s.
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 33
Canvas for the backe " b, - : * xviij d.
A stave of yron for the backe i . - - j.: . . . ij s. vj d.
Workemanshippe, with x s. for a case of cotton . . xxx s.
(Total) xvj 11. vij s. viij d. ob. qu.
Purple velvett for a quyshin for ye same chayre, j yerde qu.,
at xxvj s. viij d. the yearde, taken out of the stoare of the
warderobe , v-: ;- •' • • • • • xxxiij s. iiij d.
Purple satten to lyne the same of the saide stoare, j yerde
iije quarters, at xij s. the yearde . :,,.•> . . *•:. xxi s.
Purple silke, iij oz. di. qu., at iij s. the ounce . . ix s. iiij d. ob.
Lardge buttons, caules, and tassells of purple silke, iiij oz.,
at v s. the pece . j. • • . . ' •, „ .-. . ' . . xxs.
Fustyon for the pillowe, iije yerdes, at xviij d. le yearde iiij s. vi d.
Fine downe, viij lb., at ij s. the pounde *•• • . ' .. , * xvj s.
(Total) Ciij s. ij d. ob.
(Total) Ixix li. ij s. vij d. qu.
A pall of biacke Blacke velvett for the same pall, beinge taken out of the
higroveTthe11" SSL^ stoare of her Majesty's warderobe, xx yeardes, afe
grave at Peter- xx s. the yearde, the some of . . . . . xxli.
Black buckrom for lyninge the same, xij yerdes, at xiiij d.
the yearde, the some of ^ , xiiij s.
(Total) xx li. xiiij s.
Hanginges and Blacke clothe, aswell to hange in the chamber of presence
wlcke clothe an(^ aboute the pulpitt, as also for two carpettes in the
and broade chamber of presence, cciiijxxviij yeardes, at vj s. viij d.
the yearde . •<< i:: ,.uV ^'i * i . v; iiijxxxvili.
Broade bayes to hange in the withdrawinge chamber,
CAMD. SOC. F
34
CHA11GE8 OF THE FUNERAL
the hall, and diverse other places as the mourners passed
by, and for a iparver in the said chamber, vijciiijxxxiiij
yerdes qu., at iij s. iiij d. le yearde . . Cxxxij li. vij s. vj d.
And to William Albanye, for the hyor of vijciiijxxxix yerdes
iij° qus. of like buyes, which was hanged in the churche
and the portes of the same, at iiij d. the yearde, the
some of xiij li. vj s. vij d.
Offerings,
viz.—
Durtyon of the
churche of
1'eterborougho,
Doolo moncye,
viz.—
Kydinge
borougho, with
I, ITWH
vi*.—
(Total) CCxlj li. xiiij s. j d.
Also allowed to the saide accomptaunte for so much money
by him saido to be payde to the mourners for there
'offeringes in the churche, the some of . . . xl s
Also allowed to the Deane of Peterborougho for sondrye
duetyes of the churche, viz.: for the grave, xli.;
ryngingc, Ixvj s. viij d. ; rushes and strawinges, 1 s. ;
demolicions and spoyles of thingcs in the churche,
Ixvj s. viij d. ; carcingc the corpes to the grave in the
nighto, xx s. ; for thuse of the vestrie for kepinge ye
clothes, x s. ; perfumes, ij s. vj d. ; and to y° saide Deane,
in consideracon of the blacke bayes yi hanged in the
churche, xx li.- - in all . . . . xlli. xvs. xd.
Paydc by thandes of Mr. John Fortescue in almes de-
livered to cxx poore woemen in money at the saide
funerallcs, the some of xij li.
John Fortescue, deputie to the master of the warderobc,
for the chardges of him sclfe, his man, and horses, by
the space of xv dayes, and for his service and attend-
annce, the some of x li.
Roberto Tyos, vndor clarke of the same warderobe, for his
chardges, service, and attendance by the lyke tyme,
and for ynke and paper .-V . . . . . vij li.
John Tute, portitor, and Roberto Welton, measurer of the
clothes, for them selves and there horses, there services
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
35
Chard ges of
cariadgea, viz.,
to—
Wages of
taylors, with
other necces-
saries, viz., of —
iij li
Vlll 11
and attendauncc for lyke tyme, at iiij li. to eyther of
tlicm . "* v f :V- ' 4 ••• ' -. ''• ' .
Hughe Rogers, for the chardgcs of him selfe, his wyfe,
and horses, to see to the orderinge of the Parys heades .
Anthonye Walker, clarke of the greate warderobe, for his
diligence, travell, and attendaunce, in tryinge, castinge,
exameninge, and makinge of this accompte . vj li. xiij s. iiij d.
xl s.
(Total) xxxiij li. xiij s. iiij d.
John Tute, portitor of the great warderobe, for the
chardges of three cartes, to Peterboroughe, and twoe
backe againe to the greate warderobe, in cariadge and
recarriadge of the blacke clothes, Parys heades, bayes,
and other the provicions aforesaide, for the same fune-
ralles, the some of . ; • . ; •
William Wallys, William Powell, Evan Price, James Rutter,
Rowlande Rugger, John Allen, Edward Graveleye, and
Edmonde Rowse, for there wages, travell, and attend -
annces at London and at Peterboroughe, in sowinge
and hanginge of all the bayes, and in deliverye of all
the blackes, everye of them by the space of xv dayes,,
at xx d. the daye, amounting in all to the some of
vjli.
xli,
To certen tay lorshyred at. Peterboroughe, xiij s.; makinge
of the gownes for the poore, vj li. ; and for diverse other
necessaries, viz. : greate hookcs, boordes, and quarters to
hange the clothe of estate, and for watchinge, v s. iiij d.;
hookes, MM., at xiij s. iiij d. le mille, xxvj s. viijd.;
twoe hamers, v s. ; and for curten ringes and tape for a
sparver of bayes hanged in the withdrawinge chamber,
ij s. iiij d. — xxxix s. iiij d. ; in all the some of xviij li. xij s. iiij d,
36 CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL
And allowed to John Fortescue, master of the greate
. warderobe, for the chardges of him selfe, his servanntes,
and horses, in his yorneye to Peterboroughe and duringe
his aboade there xx li.
In all the chardges of the saide funeralles solemnysed in
the Cathedrall Churche of Peterboroughe aforesaide, as
by one Booke of particularytyes thereof subscribed with
thande of John Fortescue, esquier, master of the greate
warderobe, herevppon beinge duelye caste, tryed, and
examyned, may appeare, the some of . M.D.XXXVJ li. ix s. qu.
(Some totall of all the paymente and allow-
aunces aforesaide, with Ixxj li. v s. viij d. for
the valor and price of silkes expended out
of the stoare of the great warderobe) . M.D.XXXVJ li. ix s. qu.
Over and beside the some of payd to
the harraldes by agrement with my Lord
Threasurer, and the some of for the
dyett in this accompte not accompted for.
And so he restethe in supplusage vppon the determy-
nacion of this accompte the some of . D.clxv li. iij s. iiij d. qu.
Whereunto is to be added for the travell, paynes, and
expences of John Conyers, auditor, and his clarkes, in
tryinge, castinge, and exameninge the particuler Bookes
of the said accomptaunte, and reducinge the same into
an accompte, and for engrossinge the said accompte in
parchemente, the some of xl s. ; and then he rernaynethe
in supplusage the some of . ->;;. . D.clxvij li. iij s. iiij d. qu.
W. BURGHLEY,
xiij° Februarii, 1587. WA. MILDMAYE.
Examined per Jo. CONYERS, Auditor.
iiijxxxiiij li. x s. ix d. sol. in parte supplusage.
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 37
CHARGES OF THE HEARSE.
Chardges of the hearse, "\ The ACCOMPTE of WILLIAM DETHICKE,
and other causes of I Garter principall Kinge of Armes to our
herauldrie, at the fune- \ Soveraigne Ladye Elizabeth the Quene's
rail of the Scottishe VMaiestie that nowe ys, for the some of
Quene. / fower hundreth and sixe poundes by him
receaved and hadd out of her highnes Receipte of the Exchequier
by vertue of a privie seale dated xjmo July, 1587, for provicions to
be made for the hearse and other causes of Herauldrie for the
funeralles of the Scottishe Quene, primo die Augusti, 1587, in the
xxxth yere of the Reigne of our gratious Soueraigne Ladye Eliza-
beth, by the grace of God Queene of Englande, Frannce, and
Irelande, Defender of the Fay the, &c., WHICH said some of fower
[hundred] and sixe poundes dependeth vpon him in the accompte
of Anthonie Pawlett esquier, heyre and executor to Sir Amyas
Pawlett knighte, late gouernor of the Quene of Scottes, for her
dyet at Tutburie, Chartley, and Fotheringay, made for twoe whole
yeares fyue monethes and xviijth dayes, endinge the iiijth daye of
Auguste, anno regni Regine predicte xxxix0, for whiche some the
saide William Dethicke Garter Accomptaunte, dothe yelde and
make this his presente accompte, as hereafter folio weth, which
accompte was taken and declared before the righte honorable (sic)
THAT YS TO SAYE,
The Accomptant is chardged with —
The Threasurer and ^ In the Terme of Easter, anno xxxixno
Chamberlaines of L Regine predicte, by the handes of
Theschequier; viz.— J sir Henrie Killigrewe, knighte,
one of the Tellers of the Receipte of the Eschequier, by
vertue of a privie seale dated xjmo die Julii, 1578, for
provicions to be made for the hearse and other causes of
Herauldrie againste the Funeralles of the said Scottishe
38 CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL
Queene, as in the chardge of the accompte of the saide
Anthonie Paulett, esquier, in the title of money re-
eeaved of the Threasurer and Chamberlaines of the
Eschequier appeareth, whiche afterwardes in the foote
of the same accompte was sett vpon the saide William
Dethicke, Garter, nowe accomptaunte, to be by him
accompted for, amountinge to the some of . . CCCCvj li.
Agaynst the which-
The saide accomptaunte is allowed for —
Firste, the accomptaunte ys allowed aswell for sondrie kindes of
emptions and provicions made and prouided for the saide hearse,
with velvetts, silkes, and other furnitures, and garnishinges of
golde and silver, the Banner of Honor of the Armes of the said
Scottishe Quene, escutchions, and other neccessaries ; as also for the
fees, dyettes, attendaunce, ryding chardges, and other expences of
the saide William Dethicke, alias Garter principall Kinge of Armes,
Koberte Coke, alias Clarentiux, and William Flower, alias Norrey,
twoe other Kinges of Armes, with other chardges of herauldes,
pursuvauntes and others, as hereafter particulerly ensueth ; viz. for —
A frame of timber, and makinge a hearse with doble railes,
which was sett vp and erected in the quier of the Cathe-
drall Churche at Peterburgh. before the firste daye of
Auguste, 1587, on which daye the funeralles were
solempnized, the some of ...... xvj li.
A chariot or choache to convey the corpes, wrapped and
soldred in leade, with representacion of ye saide Scottishe
Quene, from Fotheringaie to Peterborough, and for
paintinge and garnishinge the same chariott, xiij li. vj s.
viij d.; and for hier and chardges of iiijor choch horses
from London to drawe ye same chariott, beinge trapped
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.
39
Eruptions and
provisions of
sondrie kindes
imployed
aboute the
for—
with velved3 and garnished
chafferons, c s. In all ; +•;
with eschutchions and
•,* . • . xviij li. vj s. viij d.
A pyllowe of purple velvett, frindged and tasselles of
golde, for the state of representacion . . , . Ixvj s. viij d.
Velvettes imployed for the furnishinge of the saide hearse
and funeralles ; viz. x yardes of blacke velvett to cover
ye saide chariott, frindged with blacke silke and golde,
and garnished with eschutchions ; xxx yardes T>f velvett
for a pall for the corpes, and ix yardes of velvett for a
cannopie to be caried over the corpes, which was
frindged with silke and golde, with iiijor blacke staves
with knoppes of golde to beare the same cannopie ; also •., jv.
velvettes aboute the same hearse for vallaunces and
rochementes of xviij yardes compasse, conteyninge doble
ij° breadthes of veluette— xxxvj yardes ; velvett for the
viij pillers of the hearse, for everie piller ij yardes di.,
conteyninge xx yardes; and for ij carpettes and iije
pillowers of blacke velvett within the hearse, and at the
offeringe for the cheife morner, conteyninge xiiij yardes.
In all Cxix yardes, at xviij s. the yarde, amountinge to
the some of
Cvij li. ij s.
Lardge frendge of golde, of one quarter depe, conteyninge
— yardes fastned to ye vallaunce of the hearse, and for
xviij yardes of blacke silke frindge fastned to the ciell
or majestic of the hearse, and frendge for the chariott or
cannopie . , . .-..*;.«. . • .< , xiij li. vj s. viij d.
Blacke taffata: ij ells for ye ciell or majesty within the
herse, buckrome to line yt, and for makinge iiij li. xvj s. iiij d.
Blacke clothe: Ixx yardes to couer the compasse of the
40 CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL
saide doble railes and hearse, for consideracion at viij s.
theyarde; and for Iviij yardes of bayes for th'inner
parte of ye railes and for stole clothes. In all the some
of ....... xxxiij li. xvj s.
VIZ.
(Total) ciiijxxxvj li. xiiij s. iiij d.
Money by him Empcions and provisions -v The greate Banner of Honor
and defrayed^' of banners, eschutchions, / of the armes of the saide
and other garnishinges for > Scottishe Quene, wroughte
royall solemnizinge of the ^ on taiFata with fine golde in
saydefuneralles; viz. of— oylej fendged with silke,
and for a longe standarde of taiFata wrought with the
supporters, creast, and badges, with oile in fine golde;
for xij bannerrolles of her royall dissentes and armes of
her antecessors, likewise on taiFata, wrought wyth golde
in oyle, and frendged with silke ; for a coate of her armes
vpon damaske, wrought with fyne golde in oile, and
lined with buckram ; for a lardge helmett of steele, with
bales gilte in fine golde; the creaste or cognizance
carved, and gilte with fyne golde; the targett of her
armes, carved in woodd, gilte with fine golde; the sworde
and the pommell gylded ; the sheathe of clothe of golde,
with a girdle, buckler, pendaunte; and the mantles of
clothe of golde, lined with clothe of silver, powdered
with ermynes, the knoppes burnished golde, with tasselles
of silke and golde, and a crowne with balles, doble gilte,
sett with a crowne. Amounting in all to : Iiij li. vj s. viij d,
xviij compartement eschutchions in paste paper or boordes,
xij scroules of her worde written and gilte, xviij water
tables with armes and supportors, and xij shaiFerons of
OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 41
armes in paste paper, and for creaste and cognizaunces
of her badges and supporters V . . . . ix li.
xiij dozen of pencelles of severall coates of armes and
badges or creastes wroughte vpon taffata and sarcenett
in golde, for the garnishinge of the hearse or chariott;
also vj eschutchions on taiFata in fine golde, for the
corpes sett vpon the pall : * * -.* -', . . . "• , yiij Ji.
iiij dozen of eschutchions of her armes, single, and with
her late husbande impaled, made vpon lardge bvckram;
x dozen of eschutchions vpon paper in metall ; and xij
dozen on paper in coullors, for the garnishinge of the
churche, and for one longe attachemente of armes, with
helme, creaste, and supporters . . xxxvj li. xiij s. iiij d.
xv braces of irons to be fastned in ye churche, to beare ye
banners, bannerrolles, helmett, creaste, and such like;
also for xiiij longe blacke staues for ye said banners ;
and xxiiij shorte blacke staues for the conductors, eighte
white staves for the offycers royall, nailles, pynnes, &c.,
and for twoe longe trunckes, and carriadge of the saide
banners and eschutchions, with the velvettes and other
thinges, to Peterburghe . . . . . yiij li.
(Total) cv li.
Pees, dyetts, William Dethicke, alias Garter, principall Kinge of Armes,
riding chardges, aswell for his transportacio n and riding chardges from
aiiowaunces London to Peterborough, and from thence to Fotherin-
of Arrays" He Sav' to PrePare ^or the conducte and safe carriage of the
rauides, and corpes of the Scottishe Quene, as also for his fees,
dyetts, and attendaunce duringe the saide funeralles,
the some of . . .-' . * ; . . . xlv li.
CAMD. SOC. G
\
42 CHARGES OF THE FUNERAL.
Eoberte Cooke, alias Clarentiux, Kinge of Armes, for his
like riding chardges, fees, dyettes, and allowaunces,
dueringe all the saide tyme of the funeralls . . xxv li.
William Flower, alias Norrey, Kinge of Armes, for his
fees allowed to ye heraulde his deputie, as in like cases
apperteyned ',"*•> • " >*"j • • • xviij li. vj s. viij d.
Twoe herauldes for their fees, riding charges, transpor-
tacion, with dietts and other allowaunces dueringe the
foresaide tyme xviij li. vj s. viij d.
Twoe pursuvauntes of armes for their fees, riding
chardges, transportacion, dyetts, &c., for the same
tyme . . : .rr : xiij li. vj s. viij d.
Amountinge in all the chardges aforesaide, as by one
rolle thereof in parchement subscribed with thande of
this accomptaunte herevpon examined and remayninge,
maye appere, to ye some of . . . ^ . . cxx li.
And so the saide accomptant vpon ye determinacion of
this his accompte is in supplusage the some of xv li. xiiij s. iiij d.
Which some, for that the same chardges was
undertaken by agremente with the righte
Honorable Lorde Burghley, late Lorde
High Threasurer of Englande, and Sir
John Fortescue, knighte, Chancellor of the
Eschequier, for the saide some of GCCCvj li.,
ys here for that cause deducted from this
accomptaunte.
AND SO HERE EVEN.
J. FORTESCUE.
xvjto die Februarii. KOBERTE CLARKE.
Examined per Fra
w .
A Remembrance of the Order and Manner of the
Burial of MARY QUEEN OF SCOTTS.
ON Sunday, being the thirtieth of July, 1587, in the twenty-
ninth year of the reigne of Elizabeth the Queen's Majestic of Eng-
land, there went from Peterborough Mr. Dethick, alias Garter
Principall King of Armes, and five heralds, accompanyed with
forty horse and men, to conduct the body of Mary late Queen of
Scotts from Fotheringham Castle in Northamptonshire to Peter-
borough aforesaid, which Queen had remayned prisoner in England
years ; having for that purpose brought a royal coach drawn
by four horses, and covered with black velvet, richly sett forth with
escocheons of the arms of Scotland, and little penons round aboute
it; the body being inclosed in lead, and the same coffined in wood,
was brought down and reverently put into the coach, at which
time the heralds put on their coats of arms, and bareheaded, with
torches light, brought the same forth of the castle, about ten of the
clock at night, and so conveyed it to Peterborough, miles distant
from Fotheringham Castle; whither being come about two of the
clock on the Monday morning, the body was received most reve-
rently at the minster dore of Peterborough by the bishop, dean, and
chapter, and Clarenceux King of Armes, and, in the presence of
the Scotts which came with the same, it was layd in a vault
prepared for the same in the quire of the saide church on the south
side, opposyte to the tombe of Queen Catherine, Dowager of Spayne,
the first wife to King Henry the Eighth. The occasion why the body
44 ORDER AND MANNER OF THE
was forthwith layd into the vault, and not borne in the solemnity,
was, because it was so extreame heavy by reason of the lead, that
the gentlemen could never endure to have carryed it with leasure
in the solernne proceeding, and besides was feared that the sowder
might ripp, and being very hott weather might be found some
anoyance.
On Tuesday, being the first of August, in the morning, being
about eight of the clock, the chiefe mourner, being the Countess
of Bedford, was attended upon by all the lords and ladyes, and
brought into the presence chamber, within the bishop's pallace,
which all over was hanged with black cloath, she was by the
Queens Majesties gentlemen ushers placed somewhat under a cloath
of estate of purple velvett, having given to the great officers their
staves of office, viz. to the Lord Steward, Lord Chamberlaine, the
Treasurer and Comptroller, she took her way into the great hall
where the corps stood, and the heralds having marshalled the
several company es, they made their proceedings as folio wet h :
Two conductors in black, with black staves.
Poor women mourners, to the number of one hundred, two
and two,
Two yeomen harvengers.
The standard of Scotland borne by Sir George Savill, knight.
Gentlemen in clokes to the number of fifty, being attendance
on the lords and ladys.
Six groomes of the chamber, viz. Mr. Eaton, Mr. Bykye, Mr.
Ceacavall, Mr. Flynt, Mr. Charlton, Mr, Lylle.
Three gentlemen shewers to the Queen's Majestic, Mr. Horse-
man, Mr. Fynes, and Mr. Marten.
Gentlemen in gownes, Mr. Worme, Mr. Holland, Mr, Crewse,
Mr. Watson, Mr, 'Allington, Mr. Darrell, and Mr,
Foscue,
Scotts in clocks, seventeen in number.
A Scottish priest. The chaplains to the two bishops.
Mr. Fortescue, mr. of the wardrobe to the Queen's Majestic.
BURIAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 45
The Bishop of Peterborough.
The Bishop of Lincolne.
The great banner* borne by Sir Andrew No well, knight.
The comptroller, Mr. Melvin.
The treasurer, Sir Edward Montague.
The lord chamberlayne was Lord Dudley.
The lord steward was Lord St. John of Basing.
Two ushers.
Atchivements of Helme and crest borne by Portcullis.
Honor borne by Targe borne by York.
Heralds.
Sword borne by Rouge Dragon.
Coat borne by Sornersett.
Clarenceux King of Armes, with a gentleman usher, Mr. Con-
ningsbye.
The corps borne by esquires in cloks :
Mr. Francis Fortescue.
Mr. William Fortescue.
Mr. Thomas Stafford.
Mr. Nicholas Smith.
Mr. Nicholas Hyde.
Mr. Rowland, the bishop's brother.
Eight bannerolls borne by esquires :
Mr. William Fitz Williams.
Mr, Griffin of Dingley.
. Mr. Robert Wingfeild.
Mr. Bevill.
Mr. Lynne.
Mr. John Wingfeild.
Mr. Spencer.
Mr. John Fortescue of Ay wood.
46 ORDER AND MANNER OF THE
The canopye, being of black velvett fringed with gold, borne
by four Knights, viz.
Sir Thomas Manners.
Sir George Hastings.
Sir James Harrington.
Sir Richard Knightley.
Assistants to the body> four Barons, which bore up the corners
of the pall of velvett:
The Lord Mordant.
The Lord Willoughby of Parham.
The Lord Compton.
Sir Thomas Cecill.
Mr. Garter, with the gentleman usher Mr. Brakenburye.
The Countess of Bedford, supported by the Earls of Rutland
and Lincolne.
Her trayne borne up by the Lady St. John of Basing, and
assisted by Mr. John Manners, vice-chamberlaine.
The Countess of Rutland, Countess of Lincolne.
The Lady Talbot, Lady Mary Savell.
The Lady Mordant.
The Lady St. John of Bletshoe.
The Lady Manners.
The Lady Cecill.
The Lady Montague.
The Lady Nowell.
Mrs. Alington.
Mrs. Curie.
Two ushers.
Eight Scottish gentlewomen.
The gentlewomen of Countesses and Baronesses, according to
their degrees, all in black, with Paris heads.
BURIAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 47
Servants in black coats :
The Countess of Bedford, ten
The Countess of Rutland, eight.
The Countess of Lincolne, eight.
The Lady St. John of Basing, five.
All lords and ladyes, five.
All knights and their wives, four.
All esquieres, one.
The body being thus brought into the quire was sett down within
the royall herse, which was twenty foot square and twenty-seven
foot in height, covered over with black velvett. and richly sett with
escotcheons of armes and fringe of gold ; upon the body, which was
covered with a pall of black velvett, lay a purple velvett cushion,
fringed and tasseled with gold, and upon the same a close crowne of
gold sett with stones ; after the body was thus placed, and every
mourner according to their degree, the sermon was begun by the
Bishop of Lincolne, after which certain anthems were sung by the
quire, and the offering began very solemnly as followeth : —
THE OFFERING.
First, the cheif mourner offered for the Queen, attended upon
by all ladyes.
The coate, sword, targe, and helme was severally carried up
by the two Earls of Rutland and Lincolne, one after
another, and received by the Bishop of Peterborough, and
Mr. Garter King at Armes.
The standard alone.
The great banner alone.
The Lady Cheife Mourner alone.
The trayne-bearer alone.
The two Earles together.
48 OKDER AND MANNER OF THE BURIAL, ETC.
The Lord Steward.
The Lord Chamberlaine.
The Bishop of Lincolne alone.
The four Lords, assistants to the body.
The Treasurer, Comptroller, and Vice-Chamberlaine.
The four Knights that bore the canopy e.
In which offering every course was led up by a herald for the
more order; after which the two Byshops, and the Deane of Peter-
borough came to the vault, and over the body began to read the
funerall service, which being said, every officer broke his staff over
his head, and threw the same into the vault to the body ; and so
every one departed, as they came, after their degrees, to the Bishop's
pallace, where was prepared a most royal feast, and a dole given
unto the poore.
End of proceedings to the funerall of Mary Queen of Scotts,
anno 1587.
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 49
ANNO XXTX REGINJE ELIZABETHS.
The Chardges of Diet for the Scottishe Queen's
funeralls at Peterborowe, Mondaye supper the
laste of Julie, and Tuisdaie dinner the firste of
Auguste. Anno
THE BAKEHOUSE.
Raphe Bauldwin asketh allowance for ix quarters iii bushels
wheate, provided at xlvs. iiijd., and made into ccii
breade of sondrye sortes, for thexpenseis of diet at
Peterborough xxj li. vj s. v d.
The saide Raphe asketh allowance for iiijor lodes of wood,
for furnage, at iij s. iiij d. lode .... xiij s. iiij d .
The saide Raphe asketh allowance for twoe laborers hired
in the bakehouse by the space of iiij daies at viij d. the
daie either of them, vs. iiij d.; and for the hire of an
oven in the towne to bake in, iiij s. In toto . ix s. iiij d.
The saide Raphe asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself, and a man taken with him from the Courte to
Peterborowe, to helpe him in his service there, by the
space of xvjtcn daies at iiij s. by the daie . . . Ixiiij s.
(Sum) xxv li. xiij s. j d.
CAMD. SOC. H
50 CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
THE PANTRIE.
Kicharde Mathewe, groome of the pantrie, asketh allow-
ance for xxiiijcc woodden trenchers at ij d. ob. the C,
v s ; for viijc white woodden trenchers at vj d. the C,
iiij s. ; and for viij yardes cours canvas for portepaines,
vj s. iiij d. In toto .... xv s. iiij d.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for vj men hired to
carrie breade and attende the Cubberdes Mondaie
supper and Tuisdaie dyner .... vj s.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and his man, taken from the Courte to assiste
him in his service at Peterborowe, by the space of xiij
daies at iiij s. by the daie • lij s.
(Sum) Ixxiij s. iiij d.
THE CELLOR AND BUTTRIE.
Roberte Carr, merchaunte of Lyn, for one ton Gascoigne
wine provided of him xxij li.
John Domelawe asketh allowance for iiij sesters a sack, at
xvj s. sester, Ixiiij s. ; and for a runlet to put the same
in, with carriage, iij s. vj d. Total . . . Ixvij s. vj d.
Richarde Goodman askethe allowance for ten ton j hogs-
heade bere, provided by him at Lyn and Peterborough,
at xlvj s. iiij d. the tonn .... xxiij li. xiij s. xj d.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for cariage of a ton
of wine from Lyn to ye water side, viij d. ; for cariage
of the same by water from Lyn to Peterborowe, iiij s. ;
and for cariage of the same from the waterside there up
to the cellor, viij d. ; for cariage of viij ton bere, as
* Sesters conteyninge iiij gallons a pece.
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 51
before, at iiij s. viij d. the ton, xxxvij s. iiij d.; for
cariage of twoe tonn j hogsheade bere, and iij ton j pip
ale, from Peterborowe up to the buttrie, iij s. x d. ; for
xj ton emptie caske provided at Lyn, at iiij s. ton,
xliiij s. ; and for one ton j hogsheade caske provided at
Stamford, with cariage, xj s. ; for cariage of the xj ton
cask from Lyn, &c. to Peterborowe, vjs. viijd.; for
coperage of all the aforsaide caskes, xx s.; for iiij laborers,
hired to remove woode and other neccessaries oute of
the buttrie, and for makinge of the same cleane by the
space of one daie and a half, iiij s.; and to them for the
cariage of timber hither for the makinge of rangies and
layinge up of drinks, v s. viij d.; for digginge and
cariage thither of iij lodes sande, iij s. ; for timber to
make rangies there and in the celler, ij s. vj d. ; for ij
locks and kaies for the saide dores, ij s. iiij d. ; for a newe
dore and a bar made for the buttrie, ij s. ; for vjcc stone
jugs at iij s., CCxviijs.; for xxv great pitchers and iiij
bowles, vij s. vj d. ; for iiij men hired to carie drinke
to the severall placeis, iiij 8. In toto . . viij li. xvij s. ij d.
Richarde Goodman asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himselfe and his man taken with him to assiste him in
his service by ye space of xxxij daies, at iiij s. by the
daye, vj li. viij s. ; and for the chardgies of one other
man brought from the courte to aide him in the
makinge of provision by the space of xj daies at ij s. by
the daie, xxij s. In toto . . . . . .vij li. x s.
John Warner asketh allowance for ijcc glasses, iiij s. ; and
for xij drinking-pots, ij s. Total . . . . vj s.
William Gaile, for CC white ashen cups . . . . ix s.
Jeames Nevell, for vj men hired to carrie drinke to the
cubberdes and to attende, vj s. ; and for making the
black pots, vj d. Total . . . . . vj s. vj d.
John Domelowe asketh allowance for carriage of one lode
52
CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
of cellar plate from London to Peterborowe, being
Ixiiij miles, and back againe, at ij d. the mile, xxj s. iiij d. ;
for cariage of one lode plate from the Tower to West-
minster, xij d. ; for cariage of one lode from B-gate to
the Tower, xij d.; and for watchinge the cariages at
Huntington ij nights, iij s. Total . . . xxvj s. iiij d.
The saide John asketh allowance for the chardgies of him-
self and his man taken with him to Peterborowe to
assiste him in the service there, by the space of xiijten
daies, at iiij s. by the daie Iij s.
Kicharde Breame asketh allowance for his boate hire from
London to Greenwich, and back againe, when he was
commanded to take out plate, ij s. vj d. ; for cariage of
the plate from the Tower to Whitehaule, and for
coming back to Greenwich, ij s. viijd.; for botehire at
one other time, goinge from Greenwich to Whitehaule,
to take oute cubberd clothes, ij s. x d. ; and for his own
chardgies, beinge about the same, by the space of iij
daies, iiij s. xij s.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for ye chardgies of
himselfe and his man taken with him to helpe him in
his service there, by the space of xiiijten daies. at iiij s.
the day ......... Iij s.
Jeams Nevell asketh allowance for iij black pots by him
provided, vij s. vj d. ; and for ij gispins, iij s. ij d. In
toto ... x s. viij d.
The saide Jeams Nevell of ye pitcherhous asketh allow-
ance for his chardgies to Peterborowe, by the space of
xiijten daies, at iij d. the day xxxix s.
The saide Jeams asketh allowance for the chardgies of a
man sent for ye cc cups ij s. vj d.
(Sum) iiijxxvli. xviij s. j d.
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 53
THE SPICERY.
Andrew Smith, clarke of the spicerye, asketh allowance
for xxiij Ib. waxe, delivered oute of Her Majestie's store,
at xj d. Ib. . . . . . . . xxj s. j d.
The saide Andrew asketh allowance for lynnen clothe
delivered as before, viz. xxv ells holland for cubberd
clothes, at ij s. iiij d. ell, Iviij s. iiij d. ; viij ells bruxells
for cortiers at xxij d. ell, xiiij s. viij d.; and xxiiij ells
canvas, xxiiij s. ...... iiij li. xvij s.
The saide Andrew asketh allowance for divers spices de-
livered as before; viz. peper, xij Ib. at iij s. Ib., xxxvj s.;
saffron, iij oz., vjs. ; cloves, j Ib., iiij s. ; mace, jib.,
viij s. ; sinamon, ij Ib. di., xv s. ; ginger, ij Ibs. di., v s.
x d.; nutmege, j Ib., iiij s.; suger, Ivj Ib. at xij ob. Ib.,
Iviij s. iiij d. ; dates, vj Ib. at x d. Ib., v s. ; currans, xx Ib.
at iij d. Ib., vs.; reson solis, x Ib., iij d. Ib., ij s. vj d.;
resons gr., x Ib. at j ob. Ib., xv d. ; promes, xx Ib., iij s.
iiij d. [stramins] a r. ij. ij.s. v d. [stramins] a co. iiij.
xviijd.; paper past, iiij qr., vijd.; paper scr., ij qr.,
vj d. ob. ; cringes, C at vs.; lemons, xij, vjs.; rice,
vj Ib., iij s. ; oile, j gall., iij s. iiij d. ; and rose water,
j gall., vj s. viij d. In toto . . . ixli. iij s. iij d.
Richarde Fowke, grocer, for the wante of price in sondrie
of the kindes of spies abovesaide, served by him for
th'expenseis at Peterborowe .... xliiij s. x d.
Anthonie Harston asketh allowance for vcc white lights
per Ixlb. at iij d. Ib., xvs. ; and for one pott sallat oile,
iij s. ij d. In toto xviij s. ij d.
John Cutberte asketh allowance for spices provided by
him at Peterborowe, viz. sugar, xlvj Ibs. at xixd. Ib.,
Ixxij s. x d. ; currans, xxvj Ib. at iiij d. Ib., viij s. viij d. ;
•sfc.
54
CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
dates, ijlb., vs.; biskets, &c. vlb., x s. ; nutmegs,
iiij oz. ij s. viij d. ; str. r. ij vergs. iij s. ; paper scr. ij qr.
x d. ; paper past, iiij qr. xvj d. ; cheries, xvj lb., ij s.
viij d. In toto . ... cvij s.
John Page for the carriage of sondrie necessaries from
Fotheringay to Peterborowe 9 ?•
Edwarde Terrie, yeoman of thewrie, asketh allowance for
the cariage of one lode of ewrie and spicerie stuf from
London to Peterborowe, beinge Ixiiij01' myles, and back
againe, at ij d. mile, xxj s. iiij d.; for goinge by water
from Grenwich to the Tower for plate, and back againe,
at twoe severall times, iiij s. ; for cariage of the naperie
from Grenwich to Whitehaule more, iiij s.; and for iij
men hired by him at Peterborowe to helpe him cover
and attende cubberdes, iij s. In toto . . . xxxij s. iiij d.
The saide Edwarde asketh allowance for heminge the
naperie sent to Peterborowe; viz. x damask clothes at
iiij d. pece, iij s. iiij d. ; ten damask towells, xx d. ; and
CC damask napkins, x s. ; xx plaine clothes, iij s. iiij d, ;
x plaine towells at viij d. pece, vj s. viij d. ; and twoe
lidgers iiij d. Toto xxv s. iiij d.
The saide Edwarde asketh allowance for the chardges of
himself and his man taken with him to Peterborowe
to assiste him in the service there by the space of xiij
daies, at iiij s. by the daie, Iij s.
Edmund Beck, yeoman of the spicerie, asketh allowance
for goinge by water from Grenwich to London at twoe
severall times to receave spices, iij s. iiij d. ; and for
his owne chardgs, being about the same, ij daies, iij s.
iiij d. vj s. viij d.
The saide Edmund Beck asketh allowance for the chardgies
of himself and his man taken with him to assiste him
in his service at Peterborowe, xiij daies, at iiij s. day . Iij s.
Bartholmewe Knaresborowe, grome of the chaundrey,
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 55
asketh allowance for his chardgs to Peterborowe and back
againe, by the space of xiijten dales, at iij s. by the dale xxxix s.
Raphe Sewardes asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and his man taken with him to assiste him in
this service to Peterborowe and back againe, by the
space of xiijten daies, iiij s. by the daie . . . . Iij s.
The saide Raphe asketh allowance for the cariage of vj
cartes from the Tower to Whitehaule, ij s. ; for xij iron
clowtes and nailes for the saide carts, iij s. iij d. ; and
for grese for the same, ij s. In toto vij s. iiij d»
William Lofeilde, for the cariage of warrants and precepts
at sondrye times from Fotheringhay to Peterborowe . ij s.
John Hampshire and his fellowe harbingers aske allow-
ance for their chardgies to Peterborowe and back, by
the space of xvj daies, at iij s. by the daie, either of
them, . . . . . . . . vj li. viij s.
Anthony Colliar and xxix of his fellowes hired for waiters
oute of Peterborowe, for giving their attendance Mon-
daie supper and Tuisday dynner . . . . . x s.
Marmaduke Darell for the chardgies of his twoe men and
three horseis cominge from Fotheringhaye to Peter-
borowe, at sondry times aboute the service there . . xv s.
Richarde Coxe asketh allowance for his chardgies goinge
to Peterborowe and back againe, and for givinge his
attendance there, by the space of xvj daies, at vj s. viij d.
by the daie Cvj s. viij d.
John Williams for the writinge herof . . . xvj s. viij d.
(Sum) Hi. xviij s. iiij d. ob.
THE KITCHEN.
Stephen Daulton asketh allowance for v great pikes at ij s.
vj d. pece, xij s. vj d. ; and for xv perches, ij s. vj d. . xv s.
Thomas Kayes, cheif cooke, asketh allowance for xxiiij
56 CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
laborers hired to turne broches and carie watter for the
kitchens, vj d. pece everie of them, xij s.; for pricks,
ij s. vj d. ; packthred, vj d. ; fire-staves and basters,
viij d.; and for gosberies xvij d. In toto . . , xvij s. j d.
The saide Thomas asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and his man taken with him to helpe him at
Peterborowe, by the space of xvjten daies, at iiij s. by
the daie Ixiiij s.
Thomas Lovell and iij of his fellowes, children of the
kitchen, for their chardges to Peterborowe and back
againe, by the space of xiij daies, everie of them at iij s.
by the daie vij li. xvj s.
John Bayley and fower of his fellowes of the kitchen, for
their chardgies, by the space of xiijten daies, at ij s. by
the daie every of them . . . . vj li. x s.
Stephen Clarke, boiler, appointed for the cariage of ij
lodes kitchenstuf from Grenwich to London, and from
thence to Peterborowe, being Ixix myles, and back
againe, at ij d. ye myle Ixvj s.
The saide Clarke asketh allowance for the chardoies of
o
himself and a servant taken with him from the Court
to assiste him in his service, by the space of xiij daies,
at iij s. by the daie xxxix s.
William Pricket, almoner, asketh allowance for his
chardgies to Peterborowe and back againe, by the
space of xiijten daies, at iij s. by the daie . . . xxxix s.
William Younge, lardner, asketh allowance for a laborer
hired at Peterborowe to helpe him in the larder, by the
space of vj daies, at viij d. by the daie . . . iiij s.
The saide William askethe allowance for his chardgies to
Peterborowe and back againe, by the space of xvjten
daieSj at iij s. by the daye ...... xlviij s.
Robert Cole and iij of his fellowes, servants of the kitchen, •
for their chardgies, goinge to Peterborowe to helpe in
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 57
the kitchens there, by the space of xiij dales, at vj s.
viij d. . - .. « . . . . . . xxvj s. viij d.
John Williams, for the cariage of ix bucks to Peterbo-
rowe ......... xviij s.
(Sum) xxxli. ij s. ixd.
THE CATRIE.
Bennet Anton asketh allowance for iiij oxen delivered at
Peterborowe, at Ix s. pece . v':;l , .-./'•. , : , v' ' . xij li.
The saide Bennet Anthon asketh allowance for xl multons
delivered, at iiij s. viij d. pece i i • ,4 . ix li. vj s. viij d.
Thomas Browne for the fugacion of the saide beofes and
multons to Peterborowe m<> -"-.,. ;•; is -. .:. ." . ; ij s. viij d.
Bicharde Phillips, for xlj Ibs. larde at xd. lb., xxxivs.
ij d. ; and for carriage of the same to Peterborowe, ij s.
vj d. In toto xxxvj s. viij d.
Thomas Dawson asketh allowance for x bushels gray
saulte, at iij s. iiij d. bs., xxxiiij d. ; ij bushels white
saulte, iij s. iiij d. ; and for cariage of the same oute of
Peterborowe unto the larder, vj d. Toto . • ; „• xxxvij s. ij d.
Bicharde Owen, purveior of veales, &c., for ix veales by
him provided, at ixs. iiij d. pece .... iiijli. iiij s.
The saide Bicharde asketh allowance for xiiijten neats'
tounges provided, at vj d. pece . V '» ,• . : »•••> .-_ * vij s.
The^saide Bicharde askethe allowance for the drifte of the
said calves from severall placeis to Peterborowe, and for
cariage of some of them by water, more -."•' . vij s. vj d.
The saide Bicharde asketh allowance for his chardgies from
the Courte to Peterborowe, and back againe, by the
space of xiij daies, at iij s. by the daie '.'.''- ! , . . xxxixs.
(Sum) xxxij li. viij d.
CAMD. SOC. I
58 CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
THE POULTRIE.
Jo. Kaymonde, purveior of poultrie, for poultry delivered
by him at Peterborowe, viz. iiijciiij capons grod, at
xx d. pece, iiij li. vj s. viij d. ; iij capons K, iij s. ; xviij
bitters, at iij s. pece, liiijs.; xij gulls, at ij s. iiij d.
pece, xxviijs.; xviij heronsh, at iij s. pece, liiij s.; xviij
pullets gr, at xiiij d. pece, xxj s. ; iijciij ducklings, at
iiij d. pece, xiij s.; xiijcvij teales, at iij s. C, xl s. ix d.;
xvjciiij chickens, at iiij s. C, Ixvs. iiij d.; xviij brez, at
ij s- vj d. pece, xlvs.; xvjcij rabbets, at iiij s. C, Ixiiij s.
viijd.; vijcvj mallardes, at vj s. C, xlvs.; CCCxli Ibs.
butter, at iij ob., iiij li. xix s. v d. ob. ; MM.vjc [ovorum?],
at ij s. viij d. C, Ixixs. iiij d.; xl onions, ij s. vj d.; and
for the cariag of the same, by ye space of viij daies, at
viij s. by the daie, Ixiiij s. ; in toto , . xxxvij li. xv s. viij ob.
Edmonde Clipsam asketh allowance for 1 lambes, delivered
at Peterborowe, at xij d. pece ; < .. . ,-i . „# -.' . Is.
Stephen Daulton asketh allowance for ij gall, gosberies,
ijs.; vijc pears, iij s. vjd.; M. quodlings, vs. ; Ix Ib.
cheries, xs.; ij. gall, cream, xijd.; xiiij gall, creme, at
iiij d. gall., iiij s. viijd.; and for curdes, xiiij d.; in
toto . . . ... . . . V . xxvij s. iiij d.
The saide Stephen asketh allowance for his chardgies in
providing of the same, by the space of twoe daies . . iiij s.
Daniell Gotten, grome of ye skalding hous, asketh allow-
ance for ij laborers hired to helpe him worke iij daies,
at x d. the day, v s. ; for one workeman hired thereunto,
iij s. iiij d. ; and for the hire of a horse from Peter-
borowe and back againe, xvij d.; in toto . v. . ixs. ix d.
The saide Daniell asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and a man taken with him from the Court to
Peterborowe, to assiste him in his service there, by the
space of xiijten daies, at iiij s. by the daie . . . Iij s.
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS 59
The saide Daniell for v ells canvas for butter clothes and
wipers, iiij s. ; and for a lock and kaye for the skalding
hous dore, xij d. ; in toto ..:.-! ; v -.«».-. . . . vs.
(Sum) xlv li. iij s. ix d. ob.
THE SCULLARY.
Jo. Boulton, for xlv qrts. coles delivered at Peterborowe,
at xj d. the qrtr . •" j. '.'; : i . - .. . , xlj s. iij d.
The saide John asketh allowance for the cariage of the
saide coles to Peterborowe . . - ; ' '• . - l vv iiij s. iiij d.
William Pricket asketh allowance for vj greene baskets
provided for thalmenery . " . ' . • . ' .-. . • • \ iij s.
Thomas Roue asketh allowance for herbs by him provided
at Peterbojowe, per bill „ •"• •' • i' • . -J : ; Iviij s. iiij d.
Thomas Burgies, yeoman of the scullarye, asketh allow-
ance for sondrie necessaries by him provided at Peter-
borowe, viz.] xjc bricks, at ij s. C, xxij s.; for cariage of
the same, vj d. ; for iiij bricklayers hired to make rangies,
&c., twoe daies, at xij d. thedaie, everie of them /viij s. ;
iiij laborers to helpe them, by the saide space, vj s. viij d. ;
iiij lode of lome, ij s. ; ij bordes for the pastrie dores,
iijs.; hookes and hinges to the same, xvjd.; ij kayes
and a lock, xiiij d. ; a staple, ij d. ; iij bourdes for ye
workehouse dores, iij s. vj d. ; hookes and hinges, xvj d. ;
hinges for the celler dore, viij d. ; for bricks and a
bricklaier to mende the oven, xij d. ; xvj deale bourdes,
to make formes, xx s. ; xviij deale bourdes for tables,
viij s. ; vj C sixpeney nailes, iij s. ; C tenpeney nailes, x d. ;
smale nailes, j d.; for a lode of poles for tressells legs,
iiij s. ; iiij oken bourdes for cubberdes, ij s. vj d.; ij car-
penters, hired ten daies, to make the saide tables, tressells,
formes, &c., at x d. the daie either of them, xvj s/viij d. ;
60 CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
vj carpenters for one daie, for making of cubberdes, &c.,
iiij s. iiij d.; iiij laborers, hired for iiij daies, at viij d.
the daie everie of them, vs. iiij d. ; xl pots and pans for
the kitchens, vj s. viij d. ; iiij [l]eather pots to carrie ale
and wine for the kitchens and pastrie, xij d. ; for heating
and .hameringe, iijcvj broches, at ij d. pece, vij s. ; for
new shotinge ij brochs, iiij d.; for cariage and recariage
of ij lodes planks, ij s. ; viij laborers hired to carrie water
for the kitchens, &c., ij daies, vs. iiij d.; twoe men
hired to keape dores, xij d. ; for the hire of iij ovens
f in Peterborowe towne, vj s. ; for cariage and [recariage
of vij lode of tables, tressells, formes, &c., vij s. ; for
iiij laborers, hired to gather the same together, and to
loade them, ij daies, iiij s. ; iiij padlocks, for ij greate
hampers, ij s. viij d. ; and for ij men hired to watch the
plate at Ware and Peterborowe, iiij nights, vj s. iiij^d. ;
toto . . . .-;.'.' ; .r* . ,,:. _' viij li. vj s. j d.
The said Thomas asketh allowance for his boate hire from
Grenwich to London, at ij severall times, iiij s. ; and for
his owne charges there aboute the takinge oute of plate
and other necessaries, iiij daies, iiij s. ; toto . • ,« .." viij s.
Thomas Burgies asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and his man taken with him to assiste him in
the service at Peterborowe, by the space of xviten daies,
at iiij s. day • ,, . Ixiiij s.
Thomas Koue, page of the skullarie, asketh allowance for
his chardgies to Peterborowe and back again, by the
space of xiij daies, at iij s. by the daie . . . xxxix s.
William Carter, childe of the skullarie, asketh allowance
for the cariage of twoe lodes of scullarie stuf from
London to Peterborowe, beinge Ixiiij myles and back
againe, at ij d. the myle, Ixij s. viij d. ; for cariage of the
plate from the Tower to Whitehaule, ij s. ; and for a
laborer hired from London to Peterborowe and back
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 61
againe, to helpe him lode his plate and attende the same,
by the space of xiij daies, at x d. by ye day, x s. x d. . Iv s. vj d.
The saide William asketh allowance for his chardgies to
Peterborowe and back againe. by the space of xiij daies,
at ij s. vj d. ye daie / v V ••' j-'-' '/'- .- xxxij s. vj d.
(Sum) xxiij li. xij s.
THE PASTRIE AND SALTRIE.
Raphe Bauldwin asketh allowance for v quarters iiij
bushels meale by him provided, at xlv s. iiij d. the
quarter, being spent in the pastrie . . xij li. ix s. iiij d.
The saide Raphe asketh allowance for iij bushels iij pecks
meale provided for the kitchens . . . / . xxj s. iij d.
Arthur Harston asketh allowance for iij gall. di. white
vineagar, at xvj d. gall., iiij s. iiij d. ; for vij gall, red
vineger, ix s. iiij d. ; iiij li. muster d, vs. iiij d.; and
xxiij erthen pots, iij s. x d. . . . . xxiij s. ij d.
Richarde Diar, cheif pastier, asketh allowance for iij worke-
men hired from Camebridge to help him in the pastrie,
by the space of iij daies, at ij s. vj d. everie of them by
the day, xxij s. vj d. ; and for iiij laborers, hired by ye
saide space, at viij d. the daie every of them, iiij s.a xxvj s. vj d.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for the wagies of a
workeman taken with him from the Courte to Peter-
borowe, to helpe him in his service by the space of xiij
daies, at ij s. by the daie . ;.j; VJ$ .3 -^:.} . xxvj s.
The saide Richarde asketh allowance for the chardgies of
himself and his man to helpe him at Peterborowe, by
the space of xiij daies, at iiij s. by the daie . . * . Iij s.
(Sum) xixli. xviij s. iiij d.
a Sic.
62 CHARGES OF DIET FOR THE
THE WOODY ARDE.
Thomas Bridges asketh allowance for iiij lodes of harde
wood at 'iiij s. vj d. lode, xviij s.; and for vij lodes of
baven with cariage at iiij s., xxviij s. In toto . xlvj s.
The saide Thomas asketh allowance for ciij bundles russhes
at ij d. bundle, xvij s. ij d. ; and for ij lodes of flags
with cariage, xj d. Toto . ... xxviij s. ij d.
(Sum) Ixxiiij s ij d.
The total of this credit .... CCCxx li. xiiij s. vj d.
(Signed) Marmaduke Darell.
Eichard Cox.
Whereof—-
The bake house . . . . • • xxv li. xiij s. j d.
The pantrie ........ Ixxiij s. iiij d.
The buttrie and celler iiijxxvli. xviij s. j d.
The spicerie Hi. xviij s. iiij d. ob.
The kitchen and larder xxx li. ij s. ix d.
The catrie xxxij li. viij d.
The poultrie xlv li. iij s. ix d. ob.
The scullary xxij li. x s. viij d.
The pastrie, &c xix li. xviij s. iij d.
The woody arde . . . . . . Ixxiiij s. ij d.
There is returned to her Majesty's use for victualls, &c. solde
at Peterborowe at thende of the service there, viz. :
For iiij tonns bere ....... viij li.
For di. c beof xxx s.
For xiij multon . . . . . iiij li. ix s. v d.
For jc veale vij s.
For iiij oxhides . xlviij s.
FUNERAL OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 63
For xxvij multon fells , . » '.. . . . . xs. ijd.
For ix calves skins • ixs. ixd.
For xxiij p. vlbs. tallowe Iviij s. iiij d.
For ij bushels meale « . . : . . . xij s. vj d.
(Total) xxj li. vs. ij d.
and soe
The cleere expenseis amounteth unto . cciiijxxxix li. ix s. iiij d.
towardes the which
There hathe ben alreadie receaved in parte oute of thex-
chequir ... . , . ... . CCvij li. xix s.
and soe
Remainethe yet owinge for the full answering of theis
chardge the some of . . ' . . . iiijxxxj li. xs. iiij d.
63*
INDEX.
Agarde, George, 16
Albanye, William, 34
Ale, prices of, 8
Allen, John, 35
Allington, Mr. 44
Mrs. 46
Anton, Benn.et, 57
Astle, Richard, 18
Awcock, Thomas, 14
Baggott, Richard, 5, 6, 13
Bawdwin, Raphe, 16, 18, 49,
61
Bayley, John, 56
Beck, Edmund, 54
Bedford, Countess of, 30, 31,
44, 46, 47
Beef, price of, 9
Beer, price of, 6, 8
Bevill, Mr. 45
Bewdesarte Park, 1 3
Blackwell, Dorothy, 16
Bonfield, William, 23
Bon graces, 31
Boulton, John, 59
Brackenburye, Mr. 46
Brage, Elizabeth, 16
Hugh, 18
John, 20, 24
Breanie, Richard, 52
Bridges, Thomas, 62
Browne, Thomas, 57
Bryce, Hugh, 21
Burgies, Thomas, 59, 60
Burghley, William Cecil,
Lord, 5, 19, 24, 27, 36, 42
Burredge, John, 18
Burton, Manor of, 5
Butter, price of, 11
Bykye, Mr. 44
Cade, John, 17, 24, 25
Cambridge, 61
CAMD. SOC.
Carr, Richard, 50
Carter, William, 60, 61
Castle Haye Park, 13
Cave, Bryan, 4, 5, 25
Ceacavall, Mr. 44
Cecil, Sir Thomas, 46
Lady, 46
Chamberlain, see the Lord
Dudley
Chapman, Margaret, 16
Charlton, Mr. 44
Chartley, 1-27
Chaworth, John, 17
Clarke, Stephen, 56
Clinton, Christopher, 19
Clipsam, Edmond, 58
Cole, Robert, 56
Colliar, Anthony, 55
Collyer, John, 17
Coke, Robert, Clarencieux
King of Arms, 38, 42, 43,
45
Compton, Lady, 46
Coningsbye, Mr. 45
Conyers, John, 5, 25, 26, 27,
36
Gotten, Daniel, 58,
Cox, Richard, 5, 55, 62
Crewse, Mr. 44
Curll, Mrs. 46
Cutberte, John, 35
Dalton, Stephen, 17, 55, 58
Darell, Marmaduke, 2, 5, 16,
18,21, 24,26,44, 55, 62
Dawson, Thomas, 57
Dethicke, William, Garter
King of Arms, 4, 26, 37,
42, 45, 46, 47
Diar, Richard, 61
Dromelawe, John, 50, 51
Dudley, Lord, Lord Cham-
berlain, 44, 45, 48
12
Eaton, Mr. 44
Fenton, James, 19
Fish, price of, 10
FitzHerbert, Edward, 16
FitzWilliams, William, Mr.
45
Flower, William, Norroy
King of Arms, 38, 42
Flynt, Mr. 44
Fortescue, Francis, Mr. 45
Mr. John, 27, 28-
36, 42, 44
of Ay-
wood, 45
William, 45
Foscue, Mr. 44
Fotheringay, 1-27, 43
Fowke, Richard, 53
Freake, Robert, 2, 4
Fynes, 44
Gaile, William, 51
Garret, Christopher, 19
Richard, 17
Gascoigne wine, price of, 6
Gisburne, Francis, 19
Goodman, Richard, 50, 51
Gravel eye, Edward, 35
Greenwich, 52, 60
Griffin, Mr., of Dingley, 45
Grymes, William, 13
Hackshawe, Robert, 3
Hampshire, John, 55
Harme, Thomas, 17
Harrington, Sir James, 46
Harstone, Anthony, 53
Hartone, Arthur, 61
Hastings, Sir George, 46
Hay wood Park, 13
Hedsor Pool, 11
Hilton, 21
64*
INDEX.
Holland, Mr. 44
Hollinger, Robert, 17
Home, Robert, 19
Horseman, Mr. 44
Houghton, Tobias, 13
Rowland, Mr. 45
Huntingdon, 52
Hyde, Mr. 45
Kayes, Thomas, 55, 56
Killigrew, Henry, 3, 4, 37
Knaresborowe, Bartholmewe,
54
Knightley, Sir Richard, 46
Kynge, Alexander, 6
Lane, William, 17
Lincoln, Bishop of, 30, 45
Earl of, 30, 46
Countess of, 30, 31,
46,47
Lofeilde, William, 55
Lorte, Henry, 18
Loughborough, 21
Lovell, Gregory, 5
Montague, Sir Edward, 45
. Lady, 46
Mordant, Lord, 46
Lady, 46
Mutton, price of, 9
Nevell, James, 51, 52
Newcourte, Robert, 20
Nicholson, William, 16
Nowell, Sir Andrew, 45
Lady, 46
Oliver, John, 20
Osborn, Isabel, 16
Owen, Richard, 57
Page, John, 54
Paget, Lord, 1, 5
Paris heads, 31, 35, 37, 38,
46, 51,
Peterborough, 23, 25, 43, 56-
63
._ ., „ ._ BinhoD of 30
Savell, Lady Mary, 45
Sewardes, Raphe, 55
Shutborough Mill, 5
Smith, Andrew, 53
_ jy[r 45
Smyth, John, 17
Smyth weeke, Richard, 18
Somersett Herald, 45
Somerye, Robert, 19
Spencer, Mr. 45
Spices, prices of, 12, 53
Stafford, Mr. 45
Stamford, 57
Stilyearde, Thomas, 18
StJohn of Basing, Lord, the
Lord Steward, 45, 48
. , Tjl(iv 46
47
St.John of Bletsowe, Lady,
46
Swifte, Ralphe, 19
Talbot, Lady, 46
Taylor, Edward, 14
Robert, 3
Terry, Edward, 54
Thompson, Michael, 18
Towte, John, 19
Tutbury, 1-27
Tute, John, 34, 35
Tyos, Robert, 34
Walker, Anthony, 35
- Henry 18
41,45, 48
"— ' • • • ' Dean of 30
Lylle, Mr. 44
Lyndopp, George, 19
Lynn, King's, 50, 51
Lynne, Mr. 45
Lyon, John, 13
Malt, price of, 8*
Manners, Mr. John, Vice-
Chamberlain, 46
Sir Thomas, 46
Lady, 46
Maperly, Bennet, 16
Rowland, 18
Marten, Mr. 44
Mary Queen of Scots, her
diets, 1-27
Charges for her
funeral, 28-42
— Remembrance of
her burial, 43-48
Charges for funeral
feast, 49.62
Mason, John, 13
Matthews, Arthur, 13
Richard, 50
Melton, Henry, 21
Melvin, Mr. 50
Mildmay, Sir Walter, 36
34, 41, 48
Petre, Robert, 5, 27, 30
Philips, John, 17
._. _.,, ,-. Richard IS 57
Robert, 17
Portcullis Herald, 45
Poulet, Sir Amias, 1-27, 37
- Anthnnv 1 °7 ^7
Pountess, Thomas, 13
Powell, William, 35
Price, Evan, 35
Prickett, William, 56, 59
Raymonde, John, 58
Reshay Wood, 13
Rogers, Hugh, 35
Rouge Dragon Herald, 45
Roue, Thomas, 59, 60
" Rounde Lyor," 32
Rouse, Edmund, 35
Rugger, Rowland, 35
Rutland, Earl of, 30, 46
Countess of, 30, 31,
46
Rutter, James, 35
Sadler, Sir Ralph, 5, 22
Savell, Sir George, 44
Wallys, William, 35
Walsingham, Sir Francis, 19,
24,26
Warner, John, 19, 51
Watson, Mr. 44
Welton, Robert, 34
Wheat, prices of, 6, 7
Whitehall, 52, 54, 60
Whitinge, Thomas, 17
Williams, John, 55, 57
Willoughby of Parham, Lord,
46
Wingfeild, Mr. John, 45
Mr Robert 45
Worme, Mr. 44
Young, Richard, 4, 26
Younge, William, 56
York Herald, 45
A JUSTIFICATION OE QUEEN ELIZABETH
IN RELATION TO THE AEEAIR OE
MARY QUEEN OE SCOTS.
A JUSTIFICACION OF QUEENE ELIZABETH
IN RELACION TO THE AFFAIRE OF
MAEY QUEENE OF SCOTTES.
THERE hath not happened sithence the memorie of man, nor,
perad venture,a in any age beyond, soo strange a case on everye
behalf to be considered, as this of "that unfortunate Ladye the late
Scottishe Quene : soo as if the same have bene by her Majestic as
stranglie proceeded in, and to the marvale of many, yet ought it
not in the iudgment of the wise and virtuous sort to be holden for
anie wonder at alle, unles it be perchaunce in this onlie part, that
her Majestic hath to the great admiracion of all the world used it
so honorablye, and with so strange a clemencye, as could not
have bene expected in the like case at anieb Christian princes
handes besides her self, the causes everie way urging soe much to
the contrarie. Yet manie discontented persons opposing them
selves to her Majesties course and proceedinges in the cause of
religion, others undeservedlie maligning her Highnes greate pros-
perityes and glorie (such hath allways bene the nature of envie and
reward of the greatest and most excellent vertue), have geven
furth' manie speches to the contrarie, and seekinge to abuse the
populer simplicitie by .sinister perswasions and reportes, spare not
(soo farre furth as they dare) to charge her Majestic in honour and
conscience for manie partes of her demeanour in this accion,
nothinge princelie nor justifiable, as they would have * it appeare.
And somme others who by ignorance of the case cannot comprehend
the trouthe of her Majesties great iniuryes and greifes, and how
a perhaps, Harl. MS. b any other, Harl. MS. c make, Harl. MSt
68 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
sorowfull she hath alway bene to take anye such course, had she
not extremlie bene inforced therunto by the continuall intercession
and cryes of her people and realme, even more then for the respect
of her owne safetie and lief wherupon their com forte and tran-
quilitie entirelie dependes, doo in like manner condempne her
Majestic, somme of iniustice, somme of crueltie, or other unprincelie
behaviour, in her Majesties usage and procedinges aganst the said
Quene, duringe the tyme of her captivitie heare; which untrew
reportes concurringe with sinister opinions, beinge sprede abrode
to the blemishe of her Majesties good renowne, yf they should be
suffered depelie to sinke and be imprinted (spetiallie in the ruder
mindes) and should not be spedelie suppressed and bya the very
wepons of trouthe notouriously disproved or rather vanquished,
might be in somme sorte to her Majesties greate ignominie, and
detriment towards the .good amitie and reputacion of Christian
Princes and others of the best and worthiest, which her Majestic
hath holden very deare and preciouse above anie wordlie treasure.
It hath behoved therfore her Majesties honest subiectes and
wellwillers for her, and yf no other person would vouchesafe for
her sake to attempt it, even her self is bound by alle reason, pub-
liquelie to lament to the world her sayd iniuries, for the due satis-
faccion of all such as be not utterlie alienated from her Majestic in
good will, and doe yet retayne an equitable opinion in the sayd
causes. And to the intent no part of her Majesties behaviour or
doinges therin should be covered or hidden, as that which she
would be lothe the world should knowe and see, or which might
best searve the enemy es purpose to maintayne ther said evell brutes,
and *wherunto they maie easiliest tender obiection for ther most
advantage, and in which pointes they may happelie weene to be
able to prove her Majestic most evidentlie to have failed in the
dutie of a noble prince, ether for iniustice or rigoure shewed to the
sayd Scottishe Quene her enemie, or for no due regard used to the
Majestic and good gree b of her best frendes neighbors and alyes, the
• with, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b degree? CQ^ and HarK MSS>
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 69
greate Princes and potentates of Christiandome, who had bene
intercessors3 for her, or for anie other part of her Majesties beha-
viour and usage towardes the sayd infortunate Ladie duringe her
abode here which could not be avouched by the rules of honor and
right, even of the universall right of the world, wherin her Majestic
hath alwayes shewed her self most affectionatelie desirous to be
acknowen pertaker and concurraunt in everie honorable action
with theim all, soo farr furthe as reason would and the law of
necessitie (surmountynge everye other law) alloweth any absolute
prince of the world to consent unto, and espetiallie such as the law
of Godes Justice doth permitt, beinge the first origen and source of
all huraaine justice and lawes, and onlie sufficient warrant of all our
doinges in this world, be they ether private or princelie. In this
respect her Majestic will not refuse, of her owne most graciouse
and voluntarie disposition, beinge otherwise not constraynable to
yeild anye accompte of her doinges but onlie to God alone, the
founder and protectour of Princes, to have laied open and unfoul-
ded even the most secreat partes of the sayd cause, which hath
fallen out from the beginninge of this businesse betwene her
Majestic and the sayd Scottishe Quene, and how her highnes hath
intreated the sayd unfortunate Quene, and bene her self by the
same Quene intreated, wherupon the occasions have bene geven
on anie of b both sides to doo as hath bene done in the sayd cause,
and what the world may conceave therof to leave to all godlie and
indifferent iudgmentes. And trulie it may seame a verie strange
accident, and wherof ther is not found anie president or example
emonges the memories of Princes, that a Quene absolute and here-
ditarie, rulinge in soveraigntie, not comptrolled by the mariage of
anie husband or other superior, should be by a law c condempned
to die, or that so great a personage (byd common opinion
exempt from all superiour iurisdiction) should be made iustlie
culpable of such a crime as might desarve so sharpe a correction ;
a interested, Cott. MS. b on, Cott. MS., or, Harl. MS.
c by law, Cott. and Harl. MSS. d by the, Cott. MS.
70 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
and that such an offenders captivitie might not seame a sufficient
redresse and revenge of anie iniurie or wronge that could be by
her offred; and at the intreatie of most great Princes for her
deliverie, that she could not be sett at libertie,a ether upon ransome
or other reasonable paction, and covenantes on their b partes offered:
ffinallie that a Quene to a Quene, a woman to a woman, should
shew soo smale favour, her Majesties nere neighbour and kins-
woman, even then fliinge to her for succoure, and sekinge refuge
at her hand, and everie other way so distressed and overwhelmed
in calammityes as might seame to desarve commiseracion, and be
pittied in c the most vile and miserable wreache in the world, and
not in a Princes of soo greate name and honour of blood, and
annointed and crowned as she was said to have bene. To which
they alsoe add manied pointes more, of no smale consideracion to
be particulerlie examined, upon which they urge her Majesties
ignominie e and bleamishe to her good renowne, sainge that
immediatlie upon the entrye of the sayd Scottishe Quene into
this realme, made in the tyme of amitie and good peace betwene
both princes and ther people, and cominge to crave her Majesties
curtesie, or rather the benefite of her regall protection ageinst her
owne rebells of Scotland, who with all extremitie persecuted her leif,
she was made prisoneur contrarie to all law and right. Then that
the continuance of her imprisonment for 18 yeres space was yet
more iniurious and contrarie to the law of Armes, which alloweth
ransome to anie captive prince, and so to her, yf she had bene her
Majesties lawfull prisoner (as they saie she was not). Then at length
perceavyng her sayd restraint not to bee warrantable by anie iustice,
and her wronge to be pittied by f all Christian Princes, and others of
anie degree, and no lawfull cause apperinge whie she should be
a and that the entreaty of the most considerable princes of Europ for her delivery
could not procure her to be set at libertie, Harl. MS.
b other, Cott. MS.; her and their, Harl. MS. . c though, Harl. MS.
d a great manie, Harl. MS. c ignomie, Cott. MS.
f of, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 71
deteigned; that her Majestie hath inforceda causes aganst her not
trulie criminal! by anie law, and growne sence the tyme of her
imprisonment, to thend to warrant b her first wrongfull takinge and
surprince.c And that the same causes not beynge sufficient to con-
vince her of crime by the universall law of the world, her proces was
framed by such a private law as diametrallie repugnes d the sayd
universall law, and spetiallie the law of Armes, by which all absolute
Princes for their life ought to be sentenced, and by none other
humane law, and so by an unknowne provinciall constitucion or law,
and of her Majesties owne makinge and at her owne appetite, hath
uniustlie, as they alleadge, atteinted her, and by the iudgment of her
most mortall enemyes, and for manie other causes her no competent
judges, beyng her Majesties owne vassalls and subiectes, and manie
of them her neare e kynsfolkes and domesticall or sworne servantes,
who by no resonable intendment could be parties indifferent f for her
triall, she being a stranger borne, and a pretendant s to the succession
of that Crowne, wherunto by all possible meanes they sought her
hinderance and disherizon; and so beinge uniustlie atteinted was
made subiect to the penaltie of a most shamfull death, refusinge all
such good appoinctment arid meanes of accord as have bene ofFred
her Majestie, and of all antiquitie lx bene used and accepted in like
cases, and in all honour and iustice ar * due betwene Princes, those
spetiallie who accompt them selves fellowes and members of the
Christian societye and congregation. Finallie that her Majestie by
such extraordinarie accion k of crueltye under the coverture of iustice
(as they seeme to inferr) not onlie sought to deface and blemishe all
soveraigne majestie and authoritie, but also hath opened a passage
a has pretended, Harl. MS. b to the end she might justify, Harl. MS.
c surprise, Cott. MS. surprise of that Queen, Harl. MS.
d as is diametrically repugnant to, Harl. MS.
e own for neare, and, or sworne omitted. Cott. and Harl. MSS.
f by no reasonable construction could be reckoned indifferent parties, Harl. MS.
8 and pretendant, Cott. MS. and pretending, Harl. MS.
11 which in all times out of mind have, Harl. MS.
1 ought to be, Harl. MS. . k actions, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
72 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
to the manefest danger of all princes who ether upon confidence or
by misfortune shall enter into ther neighbors territorie, or without
anie evell intent fall into ther handes, as manie ways it may come to
passe. So as no prince, whether it be in time of peace or of warre,
or more in amitie then enmitie, can assure them selves on of another
to solace ther persons (as in tymes past hath bene accustomed) by
conversacion, conference, or enterview, longer then they may thinke
ther forces to prevale or serve for ther reskue,a yf neede should
requier.
These ar in effect the substance of such matters, and the verye
worst, that her Majesties no wellwillersb can alleadge, and would
gladlie be able to verefye to her disgrace. And which beinge trew
in deed, as by Godes grace it shall never be proved, yt were per-
chaunce somewhat (and as they beleive yenough) to envie upon c
her Majesties credite in that behalf, wherof as her Majestie standes in
no feare at all, as on possessinge a cleare conscience of her owne, and
havinge the trouthe for her patron and protectour, not onlie able to
defende it self against all malice, but also to subdew her mightiest
enimies that shall seame to impugne the same, yet would her
Majestie be verie glad d to satisfie all men that would willinglie be
satisfied, and not be willfullie parciall in the case, so as yf the aforesaid
hatefull imputacions may be well salved by some reasonable answere,
to the contentment of the most noble and wise Princes who in
trouthe have greatest interest of anie e in this case, then also f of all
other good and vertuous personages, yt isverille hoped « that yt shall
sufficientlie prevaile with the rest, who thorow affection or by
ignorance have bene miscaried or ledd into anie errour about these
causes, and at least yf they will not be satisfied with reason, that
ther untrew reportes shall be littellhable to annoie her Majestie here-
after.11 Neverthelesse yt should be for her more comfort a great
able to prevale . . . rescew and retreat, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
enemies, Harl. MS. c blemish, Harl. MS.
be glad, Cott. and Harl. MSS. e any othei>) Cott and Harj MSS
as also to the contentment, Harl. MS. e it's hoped, Harl. MS.
forever after, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 73
deale to have all parties pleased, yf the verytye of anie dew proof or
solempe protestacion of them that best knowe the truth may be anie
wayes able to contrive a it.
But first, before anie other poinct be spoken unto of those which
ought necessarilie to be remembred in this iustificacion. Though it
be soe that the saide unfortunate Ladie be now dead, and hath
passed the last and most terrible passage of mortalitye, and not
without apparant warrant from b her Majestie sufficientlie avouching
the facte by c suche persons as were nedefull to assist the execucion
therof by ther presence, consent, or other kind of ministerie in such
cases requisite, and that it be now to smale purpose for her Majestie
to excuse it, much lesse to show anie repentance in the doinge of
that, which by no manner of meanes can be undone or holpen : nor
can seame d to stand with that regal wisdome and constancie which
all men acknoleadge to be in her Majestie. Yet may it be trulie
saied and sworne, in her behalf, and ought to be beleived,
that her Majestie never absolutelie determined her pleasure in
it, more then by subsignacion e of the sayd warrant in generall
tearmes, without limitacion of anie tyme in which the feate f
should be accomplished, and more then % the deliverie of the same
to her Secretarie to be kept in a redynes, and not to take place
before her Majesties verball commandement geven for ratificacion
and dispatche of the same. Nor in deed that her hart could
ever be brought to like well of that course of iustice, nor by
anie open speaches gave her consent to the dede, nor perad venture
ever intended to have done, though for somme respectes the same
warrant was suffered to passe from her, to thentent onlie (as her
Majestie hath bene hard oftentimes and most ernestlie to protest) that
the notice of it to her privie counsell should satisfye h them and her
nobilitie, for1 her stedfast perseverance14 and determinacion which they
a procure, Harl. MS. b evident proof of, Ibid. c by tbe presence of, Ibid.
d it seem, Ibid. e signing, Ibid. f fate, Ibid.
s never did more in it than by, Ibid. h suffice, Cott. MS. * of, Harl. MS.
k the stedfast perseverance in that purpose, Cott. MS.
CAMD. SOC. L
74 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
had with so great instance pressed her unto. And that the generall
knoleage and publicacion of such warrant (which her Majestic was not
unwillinge should be bruted and spred abrode) might be an expe-
dient meane to interrupt and represse all such a dangerouse attemptes
which might be wrought aganst her Majestic by the favorers of the
sayd Scottish Quene in hope of her longer leif and survivor,b thorow
her Majesties over moch lenitye andpacience: savynge c a certayne
irresolution of her mynd as manie would happelie d conceave, and not
in trouth that the sayd warrant should be put in execucion, but by
her Majesties further advise and prevetie, and perchaunce not without
somme new causes ofe danger enforcingef to lett it be accom-
plished. And so her Majestic, yf the facte might have bene hardlie
conceaved of, is sufficientlie cleared from anie defalt therin. And
yet no dout coulde it not seame to desarve anie blame or inure * to
the discredite of her Majesties privy e counsell, who receavinge the
sayd warrant from herh Secretarye without anie such notice or
caution, did with all diligence cause the same to be put in execution
for her Majesties finall securitye, wherin yf they should have used
anie delay or detracted tyme,1 and anie evell consequence had hap-
pened the meane while,k it might have called ther loialtye in question
very depelie. Or yf the very worst construction should be made of
ther Lordships doinges therin, yt could1 be but a right wise and
honorable consideracion used by ther Lordships in a case of so great
moment, and by the whole realme so firmelie resolved upon, as it
might not become anie man to think it revocable, nor meete or in m
manner possible to be comptrolled. And lokinge n further into her
Majesties dangers, then perchance her owne harte, alwayes replea-
a further, Cott. MS. b surviving, Ibid, and Harl. MS.
c savouring, Ibid. d readily, Harl. MS.
e some other new causes or, Cott. MS. f inforcing her, Harl. MS.
e tend, Harl. MS. h the, Ibid.
1 and in the meanetyme if, Ibid.
k the mean time, Cott. MS., the words omitted in Harl. MS.
1 could not, Harl. MS. m or meet in any manner, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
n they looking, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 75
nished with princelie magnanimitye, could be afraied of, somewhat
perchance more then needed to feare the mutabilitie of her Majesties
minde (in thinges a that tende onlie to mercie and commiseracion)
which yf it be a fault, rnaie verelie be reputed a princelie defalt, and
such as her Majestic is supposed hardlie able to reforme in her selfe,
or ever will be, during her leif. And as it might have proved
verie dangerouse to her person to have had the sayd ladies execucion
deferred, so in the ende, by the provident advise of her counsell, such
perrill was spedelie prevented, and is now in ther lordships a great
good b service and well allowable, and to her Majestie nothinge
ingloriouse.
And this that hath bene sayd of her Majesties intent maie very
well be beleived, and seeme nothinge unlikelie to such as knowe and
be well acquainted with her gratious good c nature, soe well besydes
inured d with the bitterrest partes of fortune,6 and great ingratitudes of
the worlde, as beynge therbye now becomme obdurate and senceles, as
it weare, to all adversities, and so littell ioyinge in the transitorie feli-
city e of this world, or glorie of her crowne, as she hath bene hard
manie tymes to saye,f that she had resolved with her self rather to
hazard her person and estate s to alleh uttermost danger that perverse
fortune or the malice of the sayd ladie could worke her 1 the residew
of her tyme, then to take away that poore leif of hers k which her
Majestie had so manie yeares rescued l from other mens assaltes, and
tooke it for her greate good merit,m and no smale glorie.
Nor this entent of her Majesties was so close or secrete, but that
manie about her have bene made acquainted with it by n her owne
regall mouthe. And yf it weare otherwise, and could not be wit-
a chiefly in things tending to, Harl. MS.
b great and, Ibid. c gracious and, Ibid. d incurred, Cott. MS.
e which she hath improved by the bitterest of misfortunes, Harl. MS.
f many times say, Cott. and Harl. MSS. * state, Harl. MS.
h the, Ibid. > that Queene could procure her during, Ibid.
k that Queene, Ibid. l protected, Ibid.
m which she thought was her great honour, Ibid.
n have been acquainted with it from her own royal mouth, Ibid.
76 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
nessed at all, (which might reasonablie have happened in so weigh tie
a case, nor cana worke her Majestic anie poinct of preiudice,b
whether it be confessed or denied,) yt were sufficient to be c by her
Majesties owne solempe protestacion made in the feare of God, and
in all truthe, princelie honour and integritie averred, and ought right
well to satisfie everie perticuler persone that remained d ignorant
and unsatisfied of her Majesties such intente,6 but spetiallie all noble,
wise and honorable princes, who by the same prerogative would
challenge credite to ther owne othes and protestacions in the like
cases, and looke f to be beleved by them.
Nevertheles, her Majestic as on that feareth no mans indignacion,
but Godes alone, nor passeths of anieh puisance that would unde-
servedlie professe to be her enemye, nor is subiect to anie humane
authoritie within her owne realme, nor accomptable or to be justi-
fied by anie1 superior jurisdiction, soo longe as it pleaseth God to
keepe her out of the handes of her enemyes, doth not whollie stand k
upon that poincte, nor would have the world conceave 1 that yf her
sayd intent had bene otherwise then hath bene remembred, the
matter beynge now fallen out as yt is, and reduced into remedilesse
tearmes, that she goeth about to excuse her self of errour, or the fact
of iniquitie anie wayes iustlie apperinge, but continewallie following
her owne noble nature doth, with that vertuouse remorse and greife,
which becometh the most puisant princes m in all humanitye to use
in cases n of so great commiseracion, constantlie affirme and pro-
test, that she hath done nothinge in this affayre from the first day
untill the last, wherewith her conscience ought to be grived, or0
wrought, ether upon P anie ambitiouse mind, or appetite of revenge,
a cannot, Harl. MS. b any prejudice, Ibid.
c that this is vouched, Ibid. d remaining, Cott. MS.
. e that this was her purpose, Harl. MS. f expect, Ibid.
g valueth, Ibid. h any man's, Cott. and Karl. MSS.
j nor accountable to, Harl. MS. k insist, Ibid.
I think, Ibid. m princess, Cott. MS.
II puissant and humane princes in a case, Harl. MS.
0 as, Cott. MS. P as that she had done it from, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 77
or a otherwise not warrantable by the rule of right and iustice, to
be maintained by the equitie,b no c even by the expresse letter of
anie law, and which may not also be avowched by curtesie and the
honorable usage of princes in like cases urginge.d But, contrarie
wise, affirmeth, that to her Majesties owne extreame perill, and
hazard of her estate, she hath for the space of eighteen yeeres suf-
fered the said unfortunate ladie, her iust and lawfull prisoner, to live,
not in calamitie and want as prisoners were6 wont, but in all
princelie aboundance and securitie of leif, beinge pursued by f her
owne naturall s subiectes in all extremitie,h not onlie of armes, but
also of practize/ when armes k could not prevaile, sparinge no
manner of intreatie, perswasion,1 or offer of service or gratitude to
her Majestic, to have her delivered up to the handes of such m as
had bene first authors of her disgrace and renuntiacion to the crowne
and regall administracion of that Realme of Scottland, which her
Majestic not onlie with greate fidelitie refused to do, but also en-
treated11 her with all the amiable interteynementes ° that could be
used towardes her, (savinge onlie P the advantage 1 of her restraint,
which r it behoved her Majestie in all reason and good pollicie to re-
teigne, for the suretye of her owne person and estate, and tranquil-
litie of her whole realme, otherwise apparantlie endangered) nor never
in all the space of that eighteen yeeres seemed to reioice in anie
thinge so much as to be able to shew her curtesie, and to cherish
her said unfortunate prisoner with all vertuous consolations and
large beneficences,8 not without extreame sorrow lamentinge both
a or from motives, Harl. MS.
b to be maintained by the equitie not in Harl. MS.
,c nor, in the same MS. d in such pressing cases, Harl. MS.
« are, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f of, Ibid.
s unnatural, Harl. MS. h in all extremitie not in Harl. MS.
* not only by arms, but also by practizes, Ibid.
k force. Ibid. l perswasion omitted Ibid.
m delivered to such, Ibid. n entertained, Ibid.
0 treatment, Ibid. P except, Ibid,
q disadvantage, Ibid. r whom, Ibid.
8 benefittes, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
78 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
ther fortunes, to eche other so adverse and uncomfortable, and
that they should seame to a be borne to be authors of ther owne
woo, being so nere a kin, so neer neighbors, soo equall in yeeres,
sex and degree, as by anie naturall resemblance ther could not
be a more lovelie equalitie betweneb sisters of on bellie thenc
them.
And for that verie respect, during all the tyme of the sayd
unfortunate ladies abode within this realme, never used lesse
amitie, honor and d regard to her then yf she had bene her owne
naturall sister. I call it her abode, and no e captivitie, nor scarce
a restraint, whenf in effect the greatest part of this realme was her
prison at large ( havinge somme eie 6 to her safe custodie), and the
fairest pallaces of e verie shire h the places of her residence, wher
she might hunt and hawke and use all other princelie disportes at
her pleasure, and remove and change aiers and lodginges as oft
as she listed, and be allowed honorable attendance and companie,
great inter teynmentes and costlie diett, riche presentes, free accesse
of her people to her, conference with whom 1 she would, and
libertie to give and receave what so ever intelligence from anie
part of the world by her secretaries and messengers.k Finallie,
for her greater l reputacion and comfort, an Ambassador Lidger m
to negotiate her causes with her Majestie and intertayne ther
mindes in all good almitie, sewertie and confidence, without mis-
trust: which continewed m anie faire n yeres, untill the abuse of
the Bushopp of Kosse, the sayd late Quenes Imbassador, gave just
cause whie that frendlie course of negotiacion should be discon-
tinewed and interrupted, her Majesties favours continewinge still
a seem to omitted Harl. MS. b among, Harl. MS.
c betwixt, Harl. MS. d or, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e not, Harl. MS. f where, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
s small care of, Harl. MS. h county, Ibid.
1 to wait upon her and discourse with her when, Ibid.
k couriers, Ibid. l great, Cott. MS.
m was allowed her, Harl. MS. n faire omitted Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 79
towardes the said unfortunate ladie, and in no poinct a impared or
diminished.
And wher the sayd Ladie had longe before stood apparantlie
with her Majestic competitour for the crowne of England, to the
great disquiet and troble to b the whole state, till it was by her
desisted and put in surcease, yet not leauinge to pretend to the
succession, with littell lesse discontentment to the whole realme
then before, her Majestic beinge urged in sondrie of her Parla-
mentes to consent to such an c establishment of the Crowne as must
needes have proved to the utter disherizon of the said infortunate
Ladie, and her lineall posteritie for ever, could not be brought to
consent unto that which all her nobilitie and commons pressed her
Majestie in with unspeakable lamentacion and teares : d but always
held her self indifferent, and free from anie violacion of right
restinge in the said Ladie or her children, by color and pretext of
anie law or ordinance precedent, levinge the decision therof to the
will of God, her owne good merites and acceptance of the people
whose government her Majestie should leave when God pleased,6
without workinge f anie interruption, anticipation, or preference of
anie right or titell by her consent.
To all these great favoures her Majestie yet added on greater
then the rest, too weete,s the carefull protection and defence of the
King her sonne, then very yonge, environned rounde about with
enemies and manefest dangers, both from his owne people by
faction and from strangers by an usurped force, and with that
continuall care assisted his educacion and government untill his
riper yeares, that now, thankes be to God, beinge come to mans
state, he is able to perceave and doth acknoleadg her Majesties
motherlie benignitie and good mind towards him. Ne never was
* way, Harl. MS. b of, Cott. MS.
c an omitted Harl. MS. d by unspeakable tears, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e of the people after her death, Harl. MS.
f allowing, Ibid. 8 than all, viz.. Ibid.
80 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
her Majestie weried with the excessive charge of the saide Ladies
intertaynment, nor of no manner of bountye and magnificence a
dailie and hourelie bestowed upon her, nor of anie good counsaile
or comfort that could be yelded her, no,b nor neglected the head
of c her health at such tymes as she had bene d sicke, but sent her
at such tymes e her Majesties owne phisicions, and the most pretious
and comfortable remidies, medicines f and preservatives that could
be gotton for the recoverye 8 of her helthe and prolongation of her
leif; albeit her Majestie was not ignorant that her death had
bene a great deale more for her saftie, the present contentment of
the people, and future tranquillitie of the realme. Yea, though her
Majestie were not uninformed of manie undue meanes which the said
Ladie being restrayned practized from tyme to tyme to her Majes-
ties great danger, but winked at them, and for her princelie lenitie
would not seeme to perceave or be acknowen therof to anie creature
in the world, no, not her owne privie counsell, because she would
not willinglie be discomforted by anie contrarie advise, nor be
perswaded to alter her good meaning for h the said Ladies preser-
vacion, and all her rightes; nor now, finallie, after manie haynouse
crymes and1 conspiracies worought by the said Quene prisoner,
aganst her Majestie and the realme, hath her Highnes sought her
safegardk (which reason requireth) by her coertion, but rather by
the punishment of sondrie her1 noble subiectes and kinsfolkes
entangled in the said conspiracies: namelie the Duke of Norfolke,
the two Earles of Northumberland, the Earles of Westmerland,
Southhampton, and manie others of good accompt, somme by death
which could notm ben avoyded, others by imprisonement or banish-
munificence, Cott. MS. omitted, Harl. MS. b no omitted, Harl. MS.
the head of omitted Ibid. d her health when sick, Ibid,
at all such times, Cott. MS.; always then, Harl. MS.
drugs, Cott. MS. s preserving, Harl. MS.
from, Cott. MS., to, Harl. MS. j crimes and omitted Ibid.
safety, Harl. MS. 1 her Majesties, Cott. MS.
not omitted Ibid. •> be weli, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 81
ment, and otherwise by more milder a coertions a great deale then
they desarved. And yet, for all that, her Majestie still spared the
sayd Quene delinquent, and never would1' exercise her lawful
power over her, or ° see her lacke one inche of d her libertie the
more, nor anie ways to be discomforted, nor in manner discon-
tented, more e then for the continuance of f her restraint, which it
behoved her Majestie not to release without g order taken for her
better securitie, which h manefestlie declare a most noble nature in
her Majestie, and how great a desier she had to have her live and
doo welly when l by her suchk clemencie her self1 lived the meane
while m in continualle feares and danger of her owne n leif by the
same occasion .° What will yow P more ? Ther could no greater
regard of kindnes <l be used by a Quene to a Quene, a sister to a sister,1*
a mother to the childe s of her owne bodie, then her Majestie used
toward the said unfortunate and ill* desarvynge Ladie for the
space of eighteen yeres, which was untill her u last conspiracie with
Babington and the rest, who had taken a solempne othe to murder
her Majestie and stirrex tumultes in the realme, upon which forrein
powers should have bene brought in, to have wrought further inno-
vacion in y the state, revenge upon the present magistrates, destruc-
cion of the people, and total desolacion of the land.
Wherupon her Majestie and previe counsell perceaving that her
lenitie wrought none z amendment in the sayd infortunate Ladie , but
a mild, Harl. MS. b would never condescend to, Ibid.
c and, Cott. MS. d One inch of omitted, Harl. MS.
e nor anie .... more omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f to continue, Harl. MS.
s which she was obliged to till, Harl. MS. h which may, Cott. MS.
' whereby, Ibid.; notwithstanding, Harl. MS. k own, Harl. MS.
1 she her self, Ibid. » time, Ibid.
n own omitted, Ibid. ° by the same occasion, Ibid.
P you have, Ibid. ' no greater kindness, Ibid.
r a sister to a sister omitted, Ibid. 8 children, Ibid,
t evil, Cott. and Harl. MSS. u the, Cott. MS.
x to stirr, Ibid. y invasion of, Ibid.
z no, Ibid.
CAMD. SOC. M
82 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
rather that the disease foeinge suffered to ronne out at large unlocked
too, that the cure became a dalie more b desperate, yt was not thought
by anie counsell or advise ther should be anie longer c delay used for
a finall reformacion of the said Ladies excesses, and prevention of the
last and greatest evill. For it was in every man's opinion supposed d
impossible her Majestic could live, and be anie smaletyme preserved
from destruction, yf the sayd Scottishe Quene should be suffered to
live, or yf her Majestic should have borne anie longer, and neglected
the occasion last presented, which of all other attemptes and con-
spiracies that had passed e before was most evident, horrible and
dangerous. Her Majestic at the ernestf pursute of her nobilitie and
people in open Parlament was in manner enforced (or ells to have
lost ther love and good opinion for ever, which had not behoved,)
to acconsents unto the redresse of the sayd Ladies ennormities
by such due and convenient meanes, and in such forme of iustice, as
the lawes of the land do allow and requier ; the same neverthelesse
so slowlie proceeded in,h and with such inward greif to her Majestic,
as hath bene alreadye remembred. And wherein it is feared that,
whatsoever countenance yt please her for her regall constancie and
magnanirnitie to sett upon it, that she will hardlie be recomforted
during her leif : thoughe her Majesties great good fortune and pros-
peritie in this affaire would perchaunce be reputed, by anie other
vindicative or ambitious prince, a most gloriouse victorie and matter
to triumphe at. But her Majestie taketh it not after that sort, but
as a princes fearing God^ charitable and of moch moderacion ; for
she sorrowethe it not a littell, and greatlie rebuked the popular
reioycinges, by banquettes and bonefyres made thorow out her realme
for that cause, and hartelie wisheth that the occasions * had never
Have bene geven (as onk her Majesties behalf they were not); and
a begann, Cott. MS. b more and more, Ibid, and Harl. MS.
c more, Harl. MS. d supposed to be, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e conspiracies which passed, Harl. MS. f request and, Ibid.
8 consent, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h in omitted, Cott. MS.
1 occasion, Ibid. k in, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 83
that, in the eye and sence of man's understandinge, the regard of state
and regall administration were nota so great and obligatorie to all
absolute princes as in trothe they be ; but that Kinges and Quenes
governance b might, without ther owne ignominie and detriment
of ther people, use such tolleracion in cases of offence done unto
them, as private persons- might be allowed to doe, and in respect of
ther government and chardge (which is but a function and ministrie
of justice to the people assigned by God to ther direccion) is not
allowable for them alwayes to use. This, c no smale porcion of
infelicitie, her Majestie confesseth to be hers, common with every
other absolute prince, that they may not in all cases use mercye,
and forgive, when they could be best contented d so to doo, but
when ther office and dutie of administracion permittes it best, and the
case of the common welth requireth it, but not ther owne appetites.
To weete,6 in the thinges that merelie belonge not to ther persons
but to the f people, so deeplie as on may say it concerneth the totall
adversitye and s prosperitie of them and ther posteritie for ever, as
in this case by all the wiser iudgmentes of the Realme and the three
estates assembled in full parlament yt hath bene upon great delibe-
racion resolved, which may satisfye all that be not unreasonable h
men to thinke that it was not for anie scruple that ought to remaine
in her Majesties conscience, nor that she doth or can acknoleadge
anye iniustice 1 in the facte, for therin she had before receaved full
satisfaction by the greatest clarkes in Christiandome, both lawiers
and devines, who had studiouslye consulted upon the case and
delivered ther opinions therin. But the cause onlie was for the greif k
that her Majestie hath conceaved (wherin no man can l iustlie blame
her) to thinke that she of all Christian Princes should be made the
»
a not omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b governments, Ibid.
c This is, Cott. MS. d would be most willing, Harl. MS.
e weete omitted, and a blank left for it, Ibid. f their, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
8 or, Ibid. h all reasonable, Cott. MS.
1 justice, Ibid. k great grief, Ibid..
1 can omitted. Ibid.
84 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
first author of so strange a president in justice, so farre discrepant and
contrarie to her nature and a her sex, to the manner of her leif, who
hath alway professed peace, amitie, mercye, and indulgence to all
offenders, even her greatest enemyes. So as now to be driven, after
the processe of so longe and gloriouse a raigne,b to embrew her
handes in the bloud of a Quene, a kynswoman, a prisoner of so
manie yeres preservinge, and of which merite to lose all the thankes
and glorie in a day, it must needes be verie grevous.
Then, besides, her Majestie sekinge all the dayes of her life to gett
good renowne by clemencie and lenytie, to make her self in the end
famous by an accion of such c apparant crueltie, and by so dolorous a
sentence, as no hart that weere d not made of marbell or steele e or
not sufficientlie enformed of the sayd f Ladyes ill g merites, but
might worthelie seame to mourne and take to ruthe, which acte,
though it be not seane how her Majestie could possiblie have avoyded,
is neverthelesse sorrowfull,11 and with greif (without anye repentance)
to be lamented.1
Thus muche, and more peradventure then neded, maie suffice for
the knoleadg that manie great and grave personages nere about her
Majestie have receaved and delivered with all fidelitye from her owne
regall mouthe, of her secrete and sincere intent in the subscription,
deliverie, and use, of the said warrant geven for the execution of the
said infortunate Ladie. Also for k the manner of her Majesties first
informacion of that 1 dolourous feate,m and of the great sorrow and
hevinesse she conceaved, that the same was at the beginninge
occasioned, or that it now happened, in somme sorte unexpected,
and without her Majesties participacion n in the cause, at the least
wise for the manner and tyme of her deathe. Besides of0 her
a to, Cott. and Harl. MSS. * b a long and glorious reign, Ibid.
c so, Harl. MS, <* was, Ibid.
e flint, Ibid. f sayd unfortunate, Cott. MS,
* evil, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h sorrowfully, Ibid.
1 repented, Harl. MS. k and of, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
1 their, Cott. MS.; her, Harl. MS. ™ fate, Harl. MS.
n further participation, Cott. MS. ° all, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 85
Majesties kind usage towardes the sayd Ladie soo manie yeares before,
and of her constant determinacion to have saved, protected and done
her good, yf for her infinite misdemeanors and ingratitudes she had not
provoked the whole realme to that iust indignacion and greife which
enforced her to consent to the sayd Ladies longer imprisonement
then was at the first determined or ment, and now, finallie, to her
lawfull conviction and atteyndor, and the rest that is, to her Majes-
ties no littell greif, ensewed therupon.
Now, to the manner of her Majesties iustification and defence of all
her meane a procedinges aganst the sayd infortunate Ladie, albeit she
acknoleadgeth no necessitie therin, more then of the rest, save onlie
the due regard which her Majestie hath alwayes had to right and
iustice, her owne good renowne, and to the honour of all princes, of
which nomber she is, in fellowshipp of the Christian congregacion,
wherof she professeth to be one no b meane or unworthie member.
Yet her Majestie will not seame greved that the same iustification be,
by her honest wellwillers, dutiful! ie and trulie presented to the
vew and acknoleadg c of the Kinges and governors of the d world, to
whom upon earthe is onlie incident the censure and arbiterment of
all princlie merite; that therby it may appere her Majestie is nether
in dede nor in her owne conscience guiltie of anie wronge, iniustice,
malice, rigour, or other unprincelie behaviour, in anie part of her
proceedynges aganst the said unfortunate Ladie, which her e no in-
different reporters maie perchaunce publish and denie;f to staie
also the headie and rashe % reportes of the malicious sort, and to
staunche the riotous h speaches of the popular, full of intemperance ;
to satisfie beside1 all persons, both princelie and private, who, by
ignorance of the case, of k partiallitie of mindes shall happen to be
a meane omitted, Harl. MS.
b to be no, and " member," omitted. Ibid. c knowlege, Cott. MS.
d kinges and governors of the omitted, Ibid. , and the words interlined in Sir T. Win-
nington's MS. e her enemies, Cotton, and Harl. MSS.
f deeme, Ibid. s malicious, Harl. MS.
h violent, Ibid. * beside omitted, Ibid.
k or, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
86 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
irresolute and not well satisfied in the said causes.a It is thus
delivered b by way of veritable assertion,0 for all men to examine and
iudge upon senciblie and frelie without affection.
And first, yt is not to be d denied that the said infortunate Ladie,
the Scottishe Quene, entringe into this realme of England upon the
sodein with certaine tropes of horsemen, a matter e unusuall and di-
rectlie aganst the law of our borders, and generallie that of all
Princes marchers, whether it be in tyme of peace or of warre, her f
purpose and determinacion not before knowne, and beinge secreatlie
harbored in places of those partes very suspitious or& nothinge
seamlie or convenient for so great a personage, the Warden of her
Majesties borders h beinge informed therof resorted to her with all
possible speed, and * as became him, in all courtious and dutifull
manner, entreated the said Quene to be contented to chaunge her
lodginge to somme more convenient and k commodious place at his
appoinctment, and that it would please her ther to staie her self till
the Quenes Majestic (our soveraigne Ladie) might be advertized of
her arrivall, and her pleasure knowne backe againe what should be
further done in the ease, ether for the intelligence of her misfor-
tunes, or provision of reliefe to her distresses, and shewed therm
great dutie and discretion. For what stranger accident could have
happened in a l world, then to see a Quene come in such m sort
into the territorie n of another prince, unlocked for, uncompelled, and
without anie ° licence or safe conducte ? Or what thinge could be P
of greater importance, to bynd her Majesties Lievtenant and sub-
iectes of those partes to use great care and circomspection, in an oc-
casion so strangelie presented and manie ways suspitious, and of a
cause, Harl. MS. declared, Ibid,
affection, Cott. MS. to be omitted, Ibid,
thing, Harl. MS. their, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
and, Ibid. border, Harl. MS.
and omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. convenient and omitted, Harl. MS.
the, Cott. and Harl. MSS. such a, Harl. MS.
territories, Ibid. anie omitted, Cott. MS.
P have been, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 87
Princes whose person booth to see anda conferreb with upon ther
manie c great causes it might moch behove her Majestie, the opor-
tunitie soo well servinge for that purpose, in such sort as to have
lett her departe with out her Majesties privetie had not onlie bene
a fowle omission of his dutie, and a d signe of great indiscretion, but
also dangerous to her Majesties e saied Lord Warden of the same
marches/ so as the staie of her retorne, whether it were by pretext
of the law of the borders, or for anie other respect, till such tyme as
her Majesties good pleasure might be knowne for the said Lord
Warden's discharge, was done both wiselie and justifiablie by him,
and her Majesties consent therunto afterwardes geven no lesse
lawfull and allowable; nether is it be douted that anie Prince in
the world would otherwise have used % the same occasion. And so
do we fynd by -manie examples of great antiquitie, which have h
longe agone over ruled this case, and made it a president of verie
good iustice and government, even when no necessitie of the state
or perill of the Prince of that dominion enforced, as now it did.1
For what tyme Phillipp Kynge of Castile, sonne to Maximilian the
Emperour, about the yeres of K. Henrie the vij. her Majesties grand-
father,1' was by tempest of wether cast upon the Englishe cost, as he
would have gone into Spaine, the Kynges Lieftenaunt of the West
countrie intreated him to staie, and would not suffer him to depart,
till the Kynges further pleasure might be knowen. Wherupon the
Kinges Majestie commanded1 that the said King of Castile should
be honorablie attended, and under safe convoye brought up to Lon-
don, wher, and in all other places, during the rest of his abode within
the realme, he was most magnificentlie enterteyned, and with great
honour conveyed to the port wher his passage most commodiouslie
and to, Cott. MS. b converse, Harl. MS.
manie omitted, Cott. MS. d a omitted, Ibid.
the, Ibid. f of the same marches omitted, Harl. MS.
would have otherwise done upon the like occasion, Ibid,
have omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. * doth, Harl. MS.
grandmother, and three lines further on be knowen, omitted, Ibid.
1 ordered, Ibid.
88 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
laiea for him to embarkeb him selfc toward Spaine, and for all the
honours and good interteynmentes shewed unto d him by the Kinge
was e never at hartes ease whiles he was in England/ knowinge him
self to be in the Kinges power to use as his lawfull prisoneur, though
necessitie drave him in, not his own voluntarie desier; and feared it
so moch, as when the Kinge would have had him brought e into the
Tower of London to see the antiquities therof, with the great store of
the Kinges treasure and abilimentes of warre there remaininge, he
praied the King not to desier it, for that he had made a vowe
never to enter anie castell, prisone, or other stronge peice of h anie
forreigne prince, unles he were therunto compelled aganst his will,
and so acknoleadged * to stand for his libertie at the Kinges curtesie,
and not otherwise upon anie assuraunce of law, andk tooke his leave.
The like chaunced in the yere of the reigne of her Majesties
most noble father K. Henrie the viijth, upon Charles the fift1 Emperour
cominge out of m Spaine into the Low Countries, and was in like
frendlie n sort entreated by the Kinges Majestic ; soo as it was not
thought unlawfull to staie them from sodaine departure,0 which
ether of them P desired and might not be suffered to doo, though
in verie trouthe they both came in nothinge bouldlie nor presump-
tuouslie, as did the said Scottish Quene, but compelled by force of
wether 1 and rage of the sea, where humaine necessitie r did seame
to merite pardon.
They weare also knowen to be the Kinges good frendes, and
a laye most convenient, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
b pass, Harl. MS. c him self omitted, Cott. MS.
d unto omitted, Ibid. e he was, Harl. MS.
f whiles .... England omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
8 would have brought him, Cott. and Harl. MS.
h place of strength belonging to, Harl. MS.
1 acknowledged himself, Cott. and Harl. MSS. ^ so he, Ibid.
1 the like chaunce happened upon Charles the First, Cott. MS.
m from, Harl. MS. « frendlie omitted, Cott. MS.
0 departing immediately, Harl. MS.
P both Philip and he, Ibid. q bad weather, Ibid.
r storms, so that necessity might, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 89
in an a amitie witli him by an auntient leaugue betwene England
and the howse of Burgondie, and weare not knowen to be profest
enemyes to the state of England, and much lesse competitors to the
crowne, as was the said Scottishe Quene.
Manie yeares after that, the said Charles the fifteb beinge
animated to displeasure aganst his rebell subiectes c of Gaunt, whose
tumoultes and revolt asked d spedie redresse and pacification, would
not seame to enter the frontiers6 of France, to come the shorter
waie, before he had the Frenche Kinges placard of safe conducte
to passe the Realme of Fraunce, albeit both the sayd Princes weare
at that tyme f in great amitie/ and allied by the mariage of the
Ladie Elioner, Quene daughter h of Portingale, the sayd Emperors *
sister, to the said Francis the k Frenche Kinge, insomoch as beinge
entred into the Realme by licence, he stood in great dout of him
self, least the Frenche King would have repaied him with all l hard
condicions as the Emperor had before offred him in m Madrill, when
the Frenche King beinge taken prisoner at the battell of Pavia
was enforced to renounce all his titell and right to the Kingdome
of Naples and Duchie of Millan, with other territories wherunto
the saydn King pretended the lawfuller interest,0 and was verie
like to have comme to passe, yf the Emperour had not very polli-
tiquelie and with great guiftes made the Duches of Estampes, the
Kinges onlie favoured, P a meane to remove the Frenche Kinge
from that determinacion.
Kinge Richard the first, called Cuerdelyon, retorninge from the
seage of Jerusalem, and passinge thorow the countrie of Austria,
a an omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b first, Cott. MS.
c provoked by his rebellious subjects, Harl. MS.
d demanded, Ibid. e enter into the territories, Ibid.
( present, Cott. MS. e unity, Harl. MS.
h dowager, Cott. and Harl. MSS. j Charles's, Harl. MS.
k the first, Cott. MS. » as, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
m at, Ibid. " the same, Ibid.
0 the lawful interest, Cott. MS. ; a just right, Harl. MS.
P favouritt, Cotton, and Harl. MSS.
CAMD. SOC. N
90 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
was by Duke Leopaldus taken prisoner in his inne, and in appar-
rella disguised, and was not sett at libertie till he had paied an
hundred thowsand markes b for his ransome.
And before him, Kobert Duke of Normandie, brother to Kinge
Henrie the first, called Beaueclark, pretendinge titell to the Crowne
of England by prioritie of birthe, though that quarrell was thought
to have bene before c appeased, cominge hether to visite the Kinge
his brother, was taken prisoner, and intreated as the storie maketh
mention ;d which declareth that it is not lawfull by the lawe of
common right for absolute Princes (espetiallie Marchers) person-
allie to presume upon each others territorie and dominion, without
licence and placard manifestinge before hand ther intent and the
causes of ther entry e, and the one and the others consent, as to a
common action. For yf it should be otherwise used betwene such
manner of personages/ manie inconveniences might ensew, as well
to the on as to the other of them. For by ignorance, or perchaunce
malice, of the people wher such great Prince should happen sodein-
lie to arrive, some violence or evell entreatie might be offred ther
persons, which might touche the Lord in soveraigntie of the same
countrie % in honour. Againe, upon such tollerable adventures
on the other side, danger might be induced to the Prince and h
countrye wher such arrivalls at large should be borne with and
allowed as lawfull, the same beynge perchaunce used for coulor-
able pretextes of necessitie, or peradventure of amitie, when ther
intentes might be nothinge frendlie. Such entry es therfore of
forreigne princes in ther proper persons unlicenced, yea though
they be slenderlie accompanied, ar not allowed1 by the law of
Princelie regiment, but are accompted rather k slie invasions then
a in his apparrell omitted, Harl. MS.
b pounds, Cott. and Harl. MSS. c before omitted, Ibid.
d telleth, Harl. MS. e way> Cott. and Harl. MSS.
f persons, Harl. MS. K soveraign of the said countrie, Ibid.
h of that, Cott. and Harl. MSS. » allowable, Ibid.
k rather to be accompted, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 91
frendlie entryes, which otherwise ought to be bespoken a of every
wise and noble prince desiringe to enterteine amitie, league, and
aliance with ther good neighbors without suspition. And this
law, yf it failed in anie other b countrye of the world, as it apperes
not to doo, yet doth it not faile, but is preciselie observed, betwene
the Kealmes of England and Scottland, wher, in respect of the
auncient deadlie foode c betwene both nations, yet yt is not per-
mitted to the meanest persons of the same contries to passe into
eache d others frontiers, without a pasport or bill of treague ;e and
yf they do, may be taken for iust and lawfull prisoners by such
as shall happen to laie first handes upon them, thoughe it be in
London, or in the middest of the E-ealme. This hath chaunced
by f manie persons, and dalie doth in the borders ; and few g yeres
past came to passe in the case of Thomas Earle of Northumberland,
and h in the tyme of the late Northerne rebellion undertaken by
him and the Earle of Westmorland for the said Scottishe Quenes
cause,1 who fliinge into that Eealme, and beinge found without
his licence of Pasport from the Warden of the Scottish borders,
was taken prisoner, and as a lawfull prisoner to the taker sould to
a subiect in k England for a smale somme of monie, and afterward
executed at Yorke, as he l well desarved.
And yf this custome and law take place betwene m the meanest
persons, as soldiers, marchauntes, travelers and such other,11 whose
errand into the Realme maie be for traffique or other beneficiall'
cause to the countrie, or perchaunce ° for pleasure sake, as to hawke
and hunt, to visite and conferrre with ther acquaintance, or to do
anie other office of humanitie and curtesie, and whose forces could
a spoken, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b other omitted, Ibid.
c feed, Harl. MS. d the, Ibid.
e trafique, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f to many, Ibid.
e a few, Harl. MS. h and omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
• causes, Harl. MS. k of, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
1 he had, Ibid. » amongst, Harl. MS.
" and the like, Ibid. ° marchantes, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
1 92 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
not be redoubted a or preiudicall to the same countries,b with how
moch greater validitie ought it to inure aganst the soveraigne
Princes of the said realnies, makinge such suddaine and unlicenced
entryes as did the Scottish Quene, who, to the knoleadge of all the
world, not manie yeres before she came into the Realme, had offred
her Majestie great and notorious disgraces and iniuries, when in
the tyme of Francis the second, French Kinge, her late husband,
she laied clayme to her Majesties Crowne, attributynge to her
self the right patrimoniall c therof, by two publique and famous
evidences; on in bering quartered d in her coyne and otherwise
the Armes of England and Fraunce without difference, and an
other in takinge upon her the titell and regall stiles e of her
Majesties realmes of England and Ireland, matters of great malice
and manefest hostilitie. And even now, when she entered the
realme, stood f her Majesties competitor of the same Crownes,
because the former quarrells had not bene extinguished before,
nor cleared by anie good accord or capitulacion, but still remained
in the sayd Scottishe Quene by pretence unrenownced, and for her
owne e ease forborne for the h tyme, by a temporarie silence and
abstinence onlie of open warr : so as, without some reasonable cause,
other then to saie she was driven into the realme by the purseut of
her enemies, and fledd for succoure to her Majestie, theruponcoullo-
ringe her enterie without licence, it could not be reputed lawfull,
nether to proceede of anie ignorance or simplicitie, but might verie
well be deamed a subtile pretence to enseason i her self of the state
and Crowne, which she had so presumptuouslie challenged before,
when she was in Fraunce. Allso by continuinge her abode heare,k
upon the Quenes Majesties protection aganst her owne persecutors, it
might be ment for a compendiouse way to sound the seacretes of the
a redoubtable, Harl. MS. b to the country, Ibid.
c patrimonie, Cott. and Harl. MSS. d quarters, Cott. MS.; quarterly, Harl. MS.
e stile, Cott. and Harl. MSS. ' she stood, Harl. MS.
8 her Majesties owne, Ibid. h &j Cott> and Harl> MSS<
1 take seizin to, Harl. MS. k heare omitted, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 93
Realme, and to serche out the a favourers which she might hope to
sarve her tourne bie another daie, in anie attempt to be made by her
for the same, which is to trulie fallen out, as all men may see.
And for that cause her entrie was at the first begininge unlawful
and suspitious, and dangerous to her Majestic and the whole realme;
and, without anie further triall or discussion of her entent, was of
it self a manefest breache of ther ordinarie league and b the common
peace; and without that, also a plaine infringment of all Princelie
amitie by her irregular and undescrete manner of usage on c that
behalf, which with no few d other great presumptions of evill ment e
and intended by the said Scottishe Quene towardes her Majestic and f
realme in tyme to come, bewrayed as well by the reportes of some of
her owne subiectes and neare servitoures, as also manie tymes unad-
visedlie issuinge from her owne mouthe, gave no dout sufficient
matter to her Majestic not onlie to hinder her spedie departure out
of the realme, but also to constitute the sayd Quene her iust and
lawfull prisoner, though she weare surprised « in peace, and not in the
tyme of warre. And sithence as well the sayd Ladyes departure as her
abode here, yf the same should have bene without restraint, might
manie ways have bene used by the sayd Scottishe Quene to her
Majesties grevaunce, ther fore her stay and also her restrant [are] h
convenient and iustiiiable ; for in all ages it hath bene seene that prac-
tize and slight have proved more harmefull and dangerous to the state
of Princes then open armes, and battell manie tymes lesse bloodie
then a covenouse i and farded k peace.
Then yf the said Scottisshe Quene[s] ill demeasure1 in those
former claimes, and now in these unlicenced entringes and cominge m
a her, Harl. MS. b of, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c in, Harl. MS. d many, Ibid.
e design, Ibid. f and her, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
s seized, Harl. MS. h convenient omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
' an ensnaring, Ibid.
k deceitful, Harl. MS.; forged, Cott. MS.
1 evil demeanour, Cott. MS.
ni runing, Cott. MS.; in this unlicensed entry and invading, Harl. MS.
94 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
invasion a of the Eealme, be by no pretext tollorable, nor warranted
by anie law, the integritie of ther ordinarie league seming therbie to
be violated, and ther amitie dissoulved, what cause can make her
imprisonement uniust ether by the law of Kinges and Kingdomes,
that is the law of regiment purposelie ordeined for ther preservacion^
or by the law of Armes (yf ther be anie such law) till the sayd
prisoner b Quenes captivitie were redemed by ransome,c and all former
iniuries remayning yet unredressed, by somme equitable sentence deci-
ded and compounded, as in her case it was not.
And how can it be imputed to her Majesties dishonour, or ells laied
for d a burthen to her conscience, in anie poynct to have provedentlie
scene to the saftie of her owne estate, even then standinge in so great
hazard, and as it were tremblinge for feare of the said Quenes iniuri-
ous e attemptes and claymes? And yf she did gladlie embrace so
commodious an occasion geven her (as it seemeth by the providence
of God), as a singuler meane to pacific all former unfrendlie quarrells
betwixt them, and to avoyde manie evells which f might have ensewed
to the people of both realmes, whensoever (the same pretences not
extinguished) such claymes should happen £ to be renewed by open
hostilitie in tyme to come, the Scottishe [ Quenes ] h ambition and
oportunitie of anie good hower therunto aptlie servynge, so as yf the
same occasion had bene by her Majestic curiouslie sought for, and not
offred, as it was by good fortune, and the mercifull favours i of God,
for her Majesties comforte and the realmes, yet no dout it had bene
expedient in all good pollicie to be no otherwise used then it was.
And, on the other part, to have bene negligentlie omitted might have
beene somme note of her Majesties good renowne, and staine to the
glorie of her government, for muche improvidence shewed towardes
her self and the k Kealme, in so weightie a cause as the like never
concerned her; sithence all great princes and governors are
a invading, Harl. MS. b prisoner omitted, Ibid.
c ransomed, Ibid. d for omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e injuries, Ibid. f that, Ibid.
8 have happened, Ibid. h Cott. and Harl. MSS.
' favour, Ibid. k her, Cott. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 95
then thought most a wisest, and most worthy e of therb administracion,
when they be vigilant, and lett not slipp anie honest and good
advantage offred them, and can charitablie, discretelie, and with a
vertuous moderacion use prosperitie and good fortune when it is pre-
sented ; in so much as by anie convenient and not ungodlie meane to
seeke the quiet of his Crowne,c and extinguishment of all such
quarrells, by which manie millions of Christian people maye be
destroyed, and whole countryes and kyngdomes brought to desola-
cion, hath ever bene permitted, and denied in the most rightuousd
iudgmentes, and by all lawes devine and humaine, iustifiable, and
ever wilbe whiles the world endures. So was the Scottishe Quene
her Majesties lawfull prisoner, and not iniured by her first staye,e nor
by anie longer restraint therupon ensewinge/ untill it might appere
by some other law and % right, or h upon somme other reason, that such
restraint ought to have bene within anie certayne tyme released,
which as it i doth not appere, nor doth k altogether resemble the cases
of Phillipp King of Castile and Charles the fift1 Emperour, who
camem into the Realme, one11 of them driven by outragious ° tempest P
of the sea, the other, as some say, with the Kynges consent and •»
participacion of his mynd atr his arrivall.8 Allso,* in the first case,
necessitie might seame to have deserved excuse and mitigacion of the
law of the land, because his will consented not to his action ; nether
had ther bene anie former quarrells of enmitie u betwene the sayd
Princes, to inferre anie danger towardes v the state, or presumption w
a most omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b the, Harl. MS.
c for a prince to seek the quietness of the Crown, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
d hath ever been accounted in all just judgment, Harl. MS.
e by being stopt at first, Ibid. f yssuing, Cott. MS.
g or, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h and, Ibid.
1 yet, Ibid. k neither doth this case, Harl. MS.
1 first, Cott. MS. m incame, Ibid.
n thone, Ibid. ° the outragious, Ibid.
P by storm, Harl. MS. 1 for his coming, Ibid.
r for, Cott. MS. s coming, Harl. MS.
* for, Ibid. u of enmitie omitted, Ibid.
v to, Cott. and Harl. MSS. w presumptions, Ibid.
96 • A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
of warres in tyme to come, nor anie likelihoode of practize, or
apparance of controversie of lesse moment and interest then a
Crowne, or anie league broken or amitie infringed by the manefest
and vehement suspition of anie secrete pretence, to use such refuge
and harboure to a purposes of hostilitie, that could anie manner of
ways be imagined. So as the cases do differ very much.
But yf the like had happened by the Frenche King, at this day
usurpinge her Majesties possession and right to the Crowne of
Fraunce (which no man need to be affrayd to say, the same beynge
warranted by the lawes of the Kealme, and also by her Majesties
continuall claymes b and pretence in Armorie) ; or yf it had fallen
out by the Kinges of Denmark, auntient competitors and preten-
dauntesc to this Crowne; yt had bene questionlesse ind her Majes-
ties lawfull election6 to have deteyned ether of them both prisoners f
till they had made open renuntiacion of ther pretended titells, or
payd theyr ransom es, or otherwise composed ther businesse to her
Majesties contentment. Albeit to such as do yet & more presicelie
ballaunce this case, it is douted whether the law of princes or of
Armes (h yf yow will1 make them but one) doe permitt anie absolute
Prince, though not a Prince marcher, nor anie wise pretendant,k
to presume personallie upon his Peeres territorie for anie cause or
culler whatsoever. Seminge l that the verie print of a Princes fote
upon his neighbors soile clameth an interest, wher the same is not
warranted by ther common consentes, so great is the ielosie of
estate, and so highlie favored by all equitie and lawes; so dan-
gerouse also is soveraigne puisance either to offend or be offended.
And seamesm very reasonable that itn be soe conceaved,0 sence
a to the, Harl. MS. b ciayme, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c pretenders, Harl. MS. d justly at, Ibid.
e Majesties choice, Ibid. f deteyned them prisoners, Ibid.
« do more, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h or if, Ibid.
1 would omitted, Harl. MS. k a pretendant, Ibid.
1 seeing, Harl. MS. m 'tis, Ibid.
n it should, Ibid. "o conceaved omitted, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 97
in private possessions, the lawes adiudge it a trespas for me to
marche upon my neighbors ground (unles it be in a pathe or
highe way) without his leave, and provideth accion a for it, and
reasonable amerciment b to the rate of the wronge. By the rule of
which law it is thought that these two great Princes of the howse
of Awstria, Phillipp and Charles, might by our Kinges have bene
deteigned prisoners, till they had ransomed ther persons with such
reasonable price as might seame to be dew for such an offence, and
which they might incurre by ignorance or misfortune as well as
by hostilitie and6 usage d of armes, and wherof the advantage
might with as good reason have bene taken by our Kynges e as f
the Duke of Awstria ther auncestour, [who] % tooke prisoner Kinge
Richard Cuerdelion retorninge from a travell of so greate merite
and service to all Christiandome as the sayd Kinge Richard then
did, and which greate favour of our sayd two noble Kynges shewed
to those two princes of Awstria maie stand for a perpetuall record
of allh regall curtesye, rather then of anie law or immunitie by
honor or armes; who of their kinglie magnanimitie despisynge all
unhonorable1 advantages, and abhorringe both avarice and rigour,
nork mindfull of the great iniurie done by the same howse to their
noble predecessor, did so favourably e intreate l the posteritie of that
famelie in those two mightie Princes before remem1slred.m
Neither conformeth it with the case of common persons, who, for
entertraffique sake, are allowed by common right" to haunt and
negotiate in anie forreigne countrie for the weale and ° societie of
a ane action, Harl. MS.
b " Recompence " is inserted in the margin of Sir Thomas Winnington's MS. as an
explanation of "amerciment;" and "according to" is the reading of the following
words in the Cott. MS. c as, Cott. MS.
d the use, Harl. MS. e kyng, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
f as by, Harl. MS. « ibid.
h all omitted, Ibid. * dishonorable, Ibid.
k not, Cott. and Harl. MSS. 1 entertain, Harl. MS.
*» the posteritie of that Archduke, Ibid. n by the law of nations, Ibid.
0 weale of the universal society, Cott. MS.
CAMD. SOC. O
98 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
man,a unles it be after open intimacion of warres betwixt the same
nations, or upon some ordinance, custome or prescription of those
places makinge such entertraffique b unlawfull, and aswell thoiFence
as the penalties of such lawes and customes knowne notoriouslie to all
resorters at ther perills; wheras the Scottishe Quene, beinge so great
a princes, and for so manie enterprises of utter enmitie detected to
her Majestie, beinge also her next neighbor marcher, and for the
smale strengthe of her Majesties borders, and nerenes of the limite,
most apt of all others to annoy her Majestie and the c realme by
anie suddaine road or incursion, needynge not to passe ether seas
or rivers, or marishes or mountaynes, or in effect anie other place
of difficultie, to invade her Majesties countrye manie miles space d
in on night; then also for the auntient enmitye betwene both
peoples, and the law of the borders expressly inhibiting such
unlicenced entry es, the same made not by a meane subiect of that
Realme, whose cominge in could not have wrought anie dangerous
effect, but made by the soveraigne her self, a known competitour to e
the Crowne of England, a disturber of the common quiet, and
terrour to the state, by trayninge in such forces and aydes as by
pretext of her f attendantes and companie must needes follow her.
It could not stand with [the] honorable wisedome of so greate a
Quene and governour as her Majestie is, to suffer without her
evident perill, dreade of her people, and danger of her owne dis-
herizon ; her Majestie therfore could do no lesse then first to stay
the sayd Scottishe Quene, and afterward, upon deper advise, to
hould her person in longer restraint and under safer guardes then
before: such restraint neverthelesse (as&yf the said unfortunate
Ladie were now on live h to confesse the truthe) was none * impri-
a In the Harl. MS. the following words have been inserted in this place: " prove that
sovereign princes have the same right, for private persons are never hindered this."
b mutual commerce, Harl. MS. c her, Ibid.
d space omitted, Ibid. e Of the Crowne, Ibid.
f her omitted, Ibid. s as omitted, Ibid.
h alive, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
1 no, Cott. MS. ; not, inserted in a later hand in the Harl. MS,, and "at all " omitted.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 99
sonement at all (beynge dulie considered) but a most honorable and
safe libertie a for her as her case then stoode, her deathe beynge
sought by her owne subiectes with all indignitie, and put in
extreame hazard, had she not bene sheilded under the winges of
her Majesties protection: and which libertie, yf she had bene
suffered to use at large, at b her owne appetite, she was likelie
enoughe to have misused of,c ether d to her Majesties harmes or
perchaunce to her owne confusion, by sturringe upe striefes in allf
places wher she should come; so restles was her courage and
naturallie bent to all unquietnesse : in such wise, as for so manie
yeares * she continewed her Majesties prisoner, so manie yeares she
maie be sayd to have continewed her leif with all, and beinge now
deade, it can not iustlie be imputed to her Majesties will, but to her
owne malltallant, and to the rancour of her cheifest favourers, the
papistes and others, whose follie and arrogancie by busie attemptes
Sett her forward es to so doubtfull h an end, tumblinge her headlonge
into those misfortunes and adversities which they desired most * mali-
ciouslie to have sene fall k upon her Majestic.
But they on the other side will perchaunce saye, that the sayd
Ladyes restraint continewed manie yeares longer then yt ought to
have done, and that to winne l her libertie by anie possible meanes
or devise, she ought to be houlden excused; for admittynge her
entry e to be unlawfull, and her self her Majesties just prisoneur, as
as well by her adverse fortune and oversight as yf she had bene
her captive in armes, yet upon reasonable ransome that she should
have bene m delivered, by the equitie of the same law of Armes : for-
asmuch as euerye captivitie is manteined by force, wherof armes is in
a retreat, Harl. MS. b to, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c of omitted, Ibid. d ether omitted, Harl. MS.
e up omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f all the, Ibid.
% years as, Ibid. h to do so doleful, Ibid.
1 most omitted, Ibid.; and the words preceding somewhat differently arranged.
k to have scene fallen, Ibid. l noy, Cott. MS.; enjoy, Harl. MS.
m ought she to be, Harl. MS.
100 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
the hiest and most honorable degree.8 For answere wherof I will
aske them but these questions; — What it is they call the law of
Armes, whose authoritie they so moch extoll, as a thinge in dignitie
surmountynge all other lawes in the world ? Then ; — Wherupon is
it grounded b? When it tooke his commencement? How large0 it
extendeth, and who shalbe iudges, triers, and executioners of
the same law ? I for my owne d parte knowe nothinge of the
matter more then of certayne customes and orders of millitarie
discipline, prescribed by generalls and captaynes for the leadynge of
ther armies, good order and obedience of ther soldiers, and wise
conduct in the rest of ther busines, wherof e victorie is the
principall marke, and consequentlie peace. For what Prince would
have warre but to thend to purchase quietnesf? Therfore our
wise forefathers have alwayes preferred the law of peace before the
lawes of warre, and that of pleading before the other of armes: so
as, yf ther be anie such custome or auncient usage to that purpose
they speake of, it seameth to be grounded upon an other reason: as
perchaunce to police the state,& and fortefye that part of iustice in
mans behaviour, which is to be reteigned in dutie, and onlie remediable
by force, when nether perswasion nor processeh can prevaile; and, in
fyne, tend all but to one end, that * is, to stablishe and continew
peace betwixt the great princes, dominators of the world, not
otherwise subiect to anie terreyne k iurisdiction, coertion of law, or
penaltie that can be imposed upon them. This standeth with great
reason and iustice, for otherwise how should the iniuries of Princes
be reformed, and ther irregular appetites be restreyned and bridled,
* whereof armes is the most honorable degree, Cott. MS. By force of armes in
most honorable degree, Harl. MS.
b In the Harl. MS. there are here some unimportant differences.
largelie, Cott. MS.
owne omitted, and also, in the next line, more, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
in all their attempts where a, Harl. MS. f tranquillity, Harl. MS.
as perhaps policy to stablish and fortify, Cott. MS. h iaw> Cott and Harl> MSS<
and that, Cott. MS. k terror, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 101
sence it is not meate that anie mortall man coversant amonge men
be utterlie dispunishable of his crime a which by the fraieltie of
humaine nature he maie committ, so longe as anie convenient
meaneb devised by man can bringe it to passe.c Mans witt, therfore,
by the suggestion of nature, hath ordeyned that the law of force
shalbe lord and superior of all other lawes, so farre furthe per-
chaunce as reason and equitie will affirme : and therfore it maie be
that such law of force was never d meete to be conteyned in writen
recordes, but rather to stande in strengthe, dependinge upon the
will of the conquerour, or him that shall e happen to be superiour in
puisaince. For it is absurd to saie that ther should be anye thinge
able to bynd or vanquishe force yt self, which subdueth every e other
thinge to his f subiection. This beinge admitted, it can not be said
ther 8 is a certayne law of Armes, but rather customes,h and ordi-
nances, in the usage of force and armes, alterable at the appetite of
the superior ptfisaince, shewinge ether mercie or rigour, as occasion
and the equitie of ther owne brest shall allow and stirre them unto.
One of the ordinances of this law sayeth, that the enemie beynge
taken in battayle, or otherwise armed, yf he yeild him self prisoner,
cast awaye his weapon, and praie leif, and be therupon spared,
ought to be delivered upon competent ransom me. And great reason,
for * leif is sweete and deare to everye man, and as it weare a
common treasure, and in all men is subiect to casualtie and violence,
and therfore of all men who be not utterlie barbarous and without
humanitie greatlie to be favoured. Yet do we dalie see that, for
respectes of more importance to the conqueror then the prisoners ran-
some or savinge of his leif,k they be often tymes all slaine, thoughe
they would willinglie paye ther ransome. For yf so manie prisoners
a any man should enjoy impunity of those crimes, Harl. MS.
b meane may be, Cott. MS.
c to bring it to pass, Cott. MS. ; to prevent it, Harl. MS.
d thought meete, Cott. and Harl. MSS. e will, Harl. MS.
f its, Ibid. « that there, Cott. MS.
h some customes, Harl. MS. ' which is reasonable because, Ibid.
k their lives, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
102 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
should be taken in a battell, or in a skirmishe, as could not be safelie
garded, or would treble the conquerors campe to be kept in hould,
or would spend upp his victualls in the a tyme of scarcitie, and for
xxtie other causes wherin they might worke his danger and b annoi-
ance, they be all upon a suddeine c put to the sworde, no reason
servynge why such prisoners should be kept alive. d Soe it is in the
dedicion and e yeldinge up of townes, castells and fortresses, and of
Princes them selves, submit tinge ther persons, estates and dignity es
to the mercie of the f more mightie g : in which respect we have
scene somme saved, somme spoyled of ther lives, somme deposed,
somme restored to ther dignities, and the promises of the more
puisaint with no lesse equitie broken then performed : such the causes
and respectes maie bee. And herein I could bringe inh infinite
examples, so as it seameth the law of Armes (yf ther be anie such)
is but the verie will of the vanquisher, and no certaine rule of the 1
unviolable iustice. Likewise to assesse the prisoners ransomme, I
knowe no text of law otherwise then by the will k of him that can
conquere his parson : for we have known prisoners of private, and
also princelie degree, who not beinge able in all mens knoleadge1 to
pay the ransorne demanded at ther handes, have bene enforced to
borrow or begg it of ther frendes, or ells should still have remained"1
in prisone and ther starved.11 We fynd others of them that could
never be released for anie ransome, great or small, as the Duke of
Orliance, who lay ° xxij yeares prisoner here in England, and in
that state dyed : so was Lodowick Sforza, Duke of Millaine, used by
Francis the French Kinge, and died nether a prisoner nor at his full
a the omitted, Cott. MS. ; consume his provisions in time, Harl. MS.
b or, Cott. MS. c are an immediately, Harl. MS.
a all alive, Cott, MS.
e at the dedictionor, Ibid,; dedition or, Harl. MS.
f their, Cott. MS. e powerful, Harl. MS.
h bringe in omitted, Cott. MS. > the omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
k law, Harl. MS. l in all mens knoledge omitted, Ibid.
m remain, Ibid. n have starved, Ibid.
0 was, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 103
libertie, but with reasonable intertainment, restrayned at large within
the limittes of Fraunce.
No more is it by the la we of Armes for the cause of captivitie,
for thoughe it hath bene a seldom scene that anie Prince hath bene
taken prisoner but with his weapon in his hand, declaringe in deed
a mind of utter hostilitie : yet when they be enemies well knowne,
or ells very doubtfull and suspected frendes, and happen to be
surprised by practise or slight, or fallen b by mischaunce into the
hand c of the more mightie, not bound to the contrarie by anie
paction civill,d which ought to be a qualificacion of all extremityes?
and the measure of mans iustice and will, they6 be accompted
lawfull prisoners, though they weere taken in ther beddes naked,
and not in anie battaile or foughten feild,f or at the seadge and
sacke of anie towne, or otherwise where there maie be & apparance
of h enmitie betwixt them : for it is not the sword in fist, but the
malice of a mans courage and hostile mynd, that maketh him an
enemye; and in the one and the other cases Princes have bene
adiudged lawfull prisoners, as King John of Fraunce and Francis
the first beynge taken in battaile and bright armes,1 Kinge Richard
of England being taken as a pilgrime in a beggers cloke ; for that
was k all the reason wherupon the Duke of Austria mainteined l his
accion aganst the said Kynge, because he sayd he knewe the Kinge
to be his enemie, for a quarrell of unkyndnes m happened betwene
them at the seadge of Jerusalem. What, I praye yow? For
soothe, because he pulled downe and trampled under his feete a
paper x>f the Dukes armes, which he had sett upp upon a gate of n
the cittie of Akers, wherof the Kinge challenged the whole con-
quest, and the Duke parte ° with him : neverthelesse a sufficient
a be, Cott. and Harl. MSS. »» f^ Harl. MS.
c hands, Cott. and Harl. MSS, d treaty or paction, Harl. MS.
e are to, Ibid. f committing hostility, Ibid.
s is any, Ibid. h apparant, Cott. MS.
i armour, Harl. MS. k is, Cott. MS.
l defended, Harl. MS. m which, Ibid.
n which he sett upp upon the city, Ibid. ° claimed a parte, Ibid.
104 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
pretext to deteigne him prisoner as lie came home ward, and to
make him paie an hundreth thowsand poundes for his ransome.
Yf that be so, no doute ther can be no better iustificacion for her
Majestic, ether by the law of Armes, yf anie such be, or by common
reason and equitie (which ought to rule thaccions of Princes wher
civill paction bindes not to the contrarie,) then that the Scottish
Quene, for hera former pretence to the disinherizon of her Majestic,
and anticipacion of her crowne, and now uppon b the same (not
being purged by c anie later accord) should d be her Majesties iust
prisoner, and the sayd Quenes peaceable entrye adiudged as lawfull
a cause of captivitie, as yf she had entred the realme with an armie
of men; and being surprinced a slepe in her bedd all one as yf
she had bene taken in anie e bloddie battayle. Otherwise it maie
be said f unlawfull to take anie Quene prisoner, though she invaded
the Kealme with sword and fier, because commonlie we men % goe
unarmed, and fight with other folkes weapons, and not with ther
owne.
But, I praie yow, speake indifferentlie.h Would anie Christian
prince have used this case otherwise then did the Quene our
Soveraigne Ladie ? Let it be supposed of i Charles the Emperor, yf
Francis the Frenche Kinge, clayminge the crownes of Naples and
Cicilia, and also the Dukedome of Millane, or but secretlie pre-
tendinge to the right of them, yf he had bene taken wanderinge
alone k in Millain, or in Naples, or in anie other parte of the
Emperors dominion, huntinge or1 hawkinge, and not in armes
wounded™ in the face, as he was in the park of Pavia, doo yow
thinke the Emperor would have lett him goo, and not seized upon
his person, and, gevinge him a good interteynment accordinge to
a the, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
b and upon, Cott. MS.; and whereupon, Harl. MS.
c upon, Ibid. d she should, Harl. MS.
e a, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f judged, Harl. MS.
s women, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h indifferent, Ibid.
1 if, Harl. MS. k alive, Cott. MS. ; alone omitted, Harl. MS.
1 and, Cott. MS. m an(j WOUnded, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 105
the honorable usage of Princes, would not have deteigned him
prisoner? No man need to dout therof, nor of anie other prynce
beynge oiFred the like occasion, and havinge made so faire a profe
of his neighbour Princes hart as her Majestie had done of the late
Scottish Quenes, to be utter a hostile and adverse to all his doinges.
The longer continuance of the sayd Ladyes inprisonment was
therfore iustifiable by the lawes of Armes. Yf the heraultes will
saie otherwise by ther art and profession, I woulde be gladd to
heare how they wilbe b able to infirme my opinion. Yf they saie,
by reason, that I denie; yf they say, by curtesie, that is no law; yf
they saie by honour, necessitie surmounteth it; yf by conscience,
what that c is I would fayne knowe (unles it be grounded upon the
equitie of somme law), more then a peevishe remorce of mindd proced-
inge from our patience [passions?], suppose pittie, mansuetude, or
feare, and being qualified by reason ar commendable partes in our affec-
tion, otherwise not onlie vayne, but also to our sound iudgmentes
and accions6 verie preiudicall, for wisdome can not worke wher
affection reignes. It is therfore no conscience, but follie, to shew a
littell pittie, wherbie (as the common sayinge f is) may be spilt a
whole cittie, or to use compassion upon our most dangerous enemyes,
rather then g pro vide for our owne reasonable saftie; and in her
Majesties case, no consciene at all more to favour the Scottishe
Quenes honour and ease, then the tranquilitie of her owne Realme
and crowne dependinge upon the said Ladies quarrells, for ever
restlesse and unquiet. And who, alive and at libertie, would not
surcease them, beynge ether in prison or in her grave, were never
able to stirre them up to anie great danger. For which respectes me
thinkes yt reasonable to saie that, yf fortune of the warre can
stablishe anie rule of right and iustice in Princes cases, that fortune
in all peaceable eventes, such as may lead Princes into the danger of
a utterly, Harl. MS. b are, Cott. and Harl. MSS,
c it, Harl. MS. d myner, Cott. MS,
e practises, Harl. MS. f proverb, Ibicl.
s then to, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
CAMD. SOC. P
106 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
ther enemies more puissant then them selves, may erect and stablish
a like law for them, of as great iustice. And by those examples
that have bene remembred, of Princes taken prisoners, and ransomed
or put to death, her Majesties iustice in this case hath presidentes
yenoughe of good authoritie : soo have not Princes slie invasions,
and haynouse conspiracies aganst the state under which they inioy
saftie and protection, anie president of exempcion ether frome impri-
sonement or death; inasmuch as all such Princes are bound to
use loyaltye to the soveraigne of the place wher ther captivitie lyeth,
and yf not for ther residence and protection sake (beynge, they will
saie, a forced benefite which is not worthe thankes), yet for ther
inferioritie in puisance, and dishabilitie to resist and amend the case
of ther calamity e, wherunto ther owne ill a fortune or indiscretion
have ledd them to their enemyes advantage, as it befell to the sayd
Scottish Quene.
Now, yf ther had bene no former quarrell betwene the two
Princes, nor by no reasonable intendment could bee, nor that the
said Quenes sinister practizes after she came into the Realms had
not bene to be laied to her b charge, perchaunce the case weer some-
what altered. But the said Scottishe Quenes malice and treasons
weare not hidden from the world, ether before she came into the
realme or sence. Beynge, therfore, by the providence of God, fallen
upon the person and place that have power over her leif, with law-
full authoritie to decide right and revenge ther owne iniuries,c as-
well by civil iudgment as by the sworde, and in which it is all but
force and necessitie in them both, thone to doo and th other to suffer,
her Majestic maie no dout used ether of them., at her election and
good pleasure, without iniustice. And, therfore, the prorogation
of the. said Ladies restraint might verie well seeme,6 not an iniurie,
but a favour much exceeding her merites, when her Majestic, hav-
inge so good cause, and, by titell of superioritie in armes, power to
a evil, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b laid unto charge, Ibid.
c injurie, Ibid. a not doubt to use, Ibid.
e be thought, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 107
put her to the sworde without answere or allegacion, of her
Majesties most mercifull nature forbare to doo it, contented onlie
with a mild coertion, by way of restraint, for her owne safegard.
And yf equitie be dulie exacted at the conquerors handes, to
quallifye both his force and appetite, much rather should it be a at
the handes of the conquered, in his debilitie to render b obedience
and trouthe for his protection; the self same reason seeminge to
overrule and command them both, thone well and equitablie to use
thec Empire, thother his subiection and thraldome; and by whom
leif is preserved, that to him be due somme gratefull retribucion.
But in a prisoner, loyaltye and obedience is it,d to him that happens
to be superiour in armes, and is even so by the law of armes, wherof
they talke so moch, yf not, I am sewer, by the law of nature and
reason, wherupon all other lawes ar grounde'd. For yt is no reason
at all that the vanquisher shalbe tyed to anie formalitie of iustice,
suppose for his honors sake, or pittie, or charitie, to save his
prisoners leif, and that his prisoner shall not e be bound to be unto
him thankfull for the same, not onlie whilest he remaineth his
prisonner, but everf after, otherwise, wherfore should I spare his
leife that would kill me yf he could, and be an instrument of his
safegard who desireth my destruction? Verilie ther were littell
equitie in such a law.
Therfore the Scottishe Quene, howsoever she cam to this adver-
sitye (yf yet she came and that her fortune was such), and whether
the causes of her first restraint were lawfull or unlawfull (as lawfull
no doute they weare), yet since her case was that superioritie by
custome B held her her Majesties prisoner, she ought not to have
strived aganst the streame, or to conceive of her self what she was
in degree, but in fortune; nor what she had bene in tymes past,
but what she was now become ; and to have measured her appetite
a be required, Harl. MS. b tender, Cott. MS.
c his, Cott. and Harl. MSS. d it is, Cott. MS., the wards omitted, Harl. MS.
e not omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f for ever, Ibid.
* puisance, Ibid.
108 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
by her present estate. And yf her leif lay in her Majesties handes,
as her conqueror, to dispose at her pleasure, to have sought remis-
sion by her good behaviour duringe the tyme of such her captivitie,
rather then by resistance and evill attemptes, which yf she had
done, or a could have borne her adversitie patientlie, and quietlye
have b expected her Majesties better favours; workinge the mitti-
gation of her displeasure by all such humble meanes, earnestlie, and
with all simplicitie and trew meaning attendinge to the businesse
of her accord, wherunto her Majestic was never unwillinge to give
eare, she, the most infortunate of Quenes, could not have remained
so longe a prisoner as she did, by manie yeares. For her Majestie, at
the begininge, ment not that she should have bene longer restrayned
from her full libertie,c then that the tyme might convenientlie searve
for a them to talke together, and e to compound ther causes by them
selves or by ther frendes, which at the first had bene none uneasie
matter to have done.
But the sayd mostf infortunate and unquiett minded Quene,
entendinge nothinge lesse then perfitt amitie, trifled of her accord,
and even in the prime of her Majesties gentlest % and most honor-
able intreatye h of her person, caused some of her subiects, on Harvye
by name, a Scottish preist remaininge with the Busshopp of Rosse,
her Ambassador Legier here in England, to preferre to the print
a certaine seditious pamph[l]ett declaring her titell to the crowne
of England; a matter of so great danger to the state (though in
apparance she seemed to shoote but at the next succession) that
the bookes were spedilie suppressed,1 the preist sent to prison, and
the printer well punished for his labor. Moreover, in the same
tyme of her Majesties greatest favours shewed to her, she caused
her Ambassador Rosse, and others abrode, to sollicite maryage
a and, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b she might have, Ibid.
c longer confined, Harl. MS. d for omitted, Cott. MS.
e to have an interview, or, Harl. MS. { most omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
£ gentleness, Ibid. h entertaining, Harl. MS.
1 surprised, Cott. MS., seized, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 109
betwene her and other a forraine princes: namelie, Philipp, Kinge
of Spayne, then latelie become a widower by the death of his third
wife, the daughter of Fraunce, which Kinge, not soo well likinge
to b mache for him self, neverthelesse imbraced thoffer for Don John
of Austria, his brother, Governor and Generall of his armies in the
Low Countryes, wherof might have growne moch harme to this
realme,c thoughe it had bene but upon bare affiauncell,d and with-
out anie solemnizacion at all, or consummacion, such as the orders
of the churche requier. For by that onlie acte he was to have
a sufficient interest in her person to have demanded her from her
Majestic, aswell by the law as by armes.
Longe before this devise, by the unexpected death of Don John
d' Austria, was overthrowne, the like practize was sett on foote, by
her busie ministers, betwene her and the Duke of Norfolke, more
(as it is thought) in hope of his aydes and favours within the
realme to be used for her deliverie, then for anie good love e she
bare him, as afterward by the event appered.
Yf these and manye like attemptes of hers had not bene, her
Majestie had sett her at libertie within short tyme after she was
taken, which may appeare very crediblie, for before her Majestie
had made so manief manifest proofes of the said Ladies evell affec-
tion towardes her, by manie perilous assaies to have incombred her
and the State, her highnes was so well mynded towardes her, and
so farre from all unfrendlie intention, as mervelouslie e desiringe to
see her, and to conferre with her personallie, and to solace them
selves together with all amiable conversacion. Her Majestie was
determined that sommer to make her progresse to York, wlier it
was appointed the sayd Scottishe Quene should have mett her,
attended with all the nobilitie of Scotland, withh great magnificence;
which iorney anon after, uppon discoverie of some further devises
* sundry, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b the, Ibid.
c nation, Harl. MS. d affiaunce, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e good omitted, Cott. MS. f manie omitted, Ibid.
g marvellously much, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h and with, Harl. MS.
110 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
sett abroche by the sayd Busshop of Rosse her Ambassador, was
sodenlie dashed, and the said Rosse a sent to the Tower; afterward,
at the great instance of theb Ladie, delivered, and dispetched out
of the realme quite. So as yf the sayd Ladyes imprisonment con-
tinewed longer, by manie yeres, then was first intended by her
Majestie, the same was along of her self, and of her busie frendes,
who by indirect meanes sought her inlargement, and not by such
due order as became a prisoner by armes to use ; beynge, in all wise
mens opinion, a very ridiculous poynct for her to doo the thinges
that might merite rigor, weningec afterward to wyn favour by
allegation; and wher force and armes are superior to civill lawes,
and, as we often see, put them to silence, for the said Ladie to hope
in her evell d behaviors to be shelded by the law of peace, which
by profe of her present miserie she felt to be unto armes and force e
verie moch inferior.
The constitucions, therfore, of this supposed law of Armes in plea
or allegacion f (yf ther be anie such) should seame to be grounded
upon a certayne equitie; that is, for the conqueror and more puisaint
to use honor and mercye, the captive loyaltie and gratitude, recip-
ricolly; so as the sayd Scottishe Quene could iustlie chalenge no
more advantage by the law of Armes in plea or in proces,& then her
Majestie might doo by the same law without proces or plea, havinge
her sword un sheathed, h readie to take away her prisoner's leif for
a dew revenge, yf her Majestie had so listed. And sence, in my
humble conceit, they may be in both cases said [ the law of Armes,
thone in feat k thother in accion, it is a meare follie for anie prisoner
abusynge thone to appeale for helpe to thother, and beynge b in
a Bishop of Rosse, her embassador, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
b the said, Ibid. c meaning, Harl. MS.
d hope by evil, Ibid. e tnat she was under armes and in force, Ibid.
f in a plea or obligation, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
8 in plea or in process omitted, Harl. MS.
h her sword in hand, Cott. and Harl. MSS. « and, Ibid.
k feat, Cott. MS., fate, Harl. MS. I lying, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. Ill
dalie danger to be opprest by force, when nether practize nor resist-
ance could prevaile, to seeke to shune it by litigious argument, and
not by submission. Soo as when the sayd Ladie saw that her forces
fayled, and could not serve her tourne, then did it in all wisdome
become her to humble her self and stoope, which not doynge, but
vaynlie affiinge a her self still upon her frendes practizes, she well
deserved the rigor of the law of Armes to be shewed her, without
anie compassion or favor.
Now againe, yf the same law of Armes be generallie allowed (as
they saye) to decyde the differences of Princes, such onlie as con-
cernes ther lives, and be not grevous nor repined at by them, then
ought the Scottishe Quene (standinge at the vanquishers mercye,
to have bene put to the sworde at her Majesties will) beb much lesse
greved to be by her kept in durance under honorable garde; wher
unto, because by treacherous meanes she offredd rescous,c even by
the same law she was worthy to lose her leif, for satisfaction of those
and all herd former misdemeanors towardes her Majestie. I, for
my owne opinion, makinge noe difference at all betwene that force
which a conquerour by armes at his owne appetite useth, and that
which a peaceable Prince (as her Majestie) possessinge by good
fortune the person of his enemie useth without weapon, clothed e
in purple roabes, and sittynge in a chaire of state, peace and civill
iurisdiction, environed/ never thelesse, with manie more thowsandes
of naked men to be armed at commandment then anie two Emperors
can bringe to the feild under ther ensignes. For yf force, by the
dint of the sworde, shalbe sayd yt that e makes the law of Armes
prevayle, and gives it also equitie, then, no dout, is necessitie anie
other h way as stronge a law to man as yf it weare by weapon ; but
that necessitie laie also in this case of this infortunate Quene.
To which purpose it may be thus concluded that the same infor-
» valuing, Harl. MS. b to be, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c Blank left for this word, Harl. MS. d other, Ibid.
e being clothed, Ibid. f injured, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
8 said to be that which, Harl. MS. h another, Ibid.
112 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
tunate Ladie beinge loathe a to feele the b uttermost extremitie of
that c law of Armes, which were d to lose her leif peremtorilie, and
without anie iudgment at all, yf her Majestic had so lusted,6 she
ought willinglie, and without anie f contradiccion, beg tryed by
her Majesties law h of peace and civill iurisdiction, and not to thinke
she had anie wronge. Eight,1 so her Majesties pleasure, was to
passe upon her leif and death by her civiil iurisdiction, that is, by
the law of the land, and by k none other countrye law, because as
well her cry me as her captivitie beynge locall, could receive none
other manner of proces so fitt and indifferent. And so, by the
lawes of England, in the heighest degree of honour and iustice, the
said infortnuate Quene was condemned to die, and suffered111 upon
the 8 day of Februarie, 1586,n at0 Fothringhey Castell in the
countye of Northampton, and P such solempe and honorable regardes
beynge used, as weere in such a case dew and requisite.
Wherunto, neverthelesse, because the said Ladies favourers fynd
themselves no lesse greved then yf she had bene wickedlie mur-
dered, contrarie to all iustice ether civill or martiall, alleadginge by
waye of exception in anie defaltes and imperfections in her said
atteyndour, as partiallitie in her tryers, incompetencie of * her iudges,
and iniquitie of the sentence, wherupon they would inferre an
utter ignominie to her Majestic and invaliditie ofr the whole accion;
we will now breinie answere all those s poynctes, and, as we trust,
with good satisfaction to all men of sound iudgment and equitable
opinion.
Now to speake of her proces, and the manner of her atteyndour
a bothe, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c the, Ibid.
e listed, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
s to be, Ibid.
1 right omitted, Ibid.
I no, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
II anno, Cott. MS.
this, Ibid.
was, Harl. MS.
anie omitted, Harl. MS.
laws. Ibid.
by omitted, Ibid.
suffer, Harl. MS.
in, Harl. MS.
P all, Cott. and Harl. MSS. q in, Ibid.
r in, Harl. MS. • these, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 113
and deathe, wherunto the said Scottishe Quenes favourers impute no
littell disorder and imperfeccion, urginge it greatlie to her Majesties
dishonour. It is soo, that yf ever in all the tyme of her gratious
reigne, ora in anie one act that ever she did, as she hath done
manie and great, worthie of everlasting fame, that hath bene in
this onlie ahove all others, and by the which she ought to reape the
greatest glorie, and to be accompted worthie b the name and office
of a Christian Prince and governour, that her Majestic would have
it iuditiallie done, and not upon her iust c indignacion without
iudgment, which not onlie infinite examples, both of forreine
Princes and of her owne noble progenitors, might have warranted
her to doo, but also is allowed by that law of Armes wherof they
make such accompt, the said infortunate Ladie beynge fallen into
her Majesties handes, and standinge everye way in her mercye to
be disposed of. And right so her Majesties pleasure was she should
be tryed by the law of the land, and by such onlie course of the
same law wherin the greatest honour and equitie might appear in
respect of her bloode, greatnesse of her person, and weight of the
cause.
And wher by the formall constitucion of the lawes of England
the greatest princes and peares of the realme d have but one forme
of ordinarie triall, which is by the verdict of xij men sworne to
enquier of the facte, and therupon by some one e or other able
person, appoynted by her Majesties Commission, to be iudged/ her
Majestic in this case nether likinge so base a kynd of triall, nor
much lesse to beg her owneh selfe iudge of her owne iniurie1
(allowed, nevertheles, in everye superior by armes, and as most
Princes ink the world, without anie1 solemnitie or circomstance,
would have done yt,m) was content that the sayd Quenes cause should
a as, Harl. MS. b worthie of, Ibid.
c just omitted. Ibid. d land, Cott. and Harl. MSS,
e one omitted, Ibid. f judge, Harl. MS.
s be omitted, Cott. MS. h owne omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
* jury, Ibid. k of, Cott. MS.
1 anie omitted, Harl. MS. m would have done yt omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS .
CAMD. SOC. Q
?H4 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
be decided by all the myndes and voyces of a the Kealme, that is, the
three estates assembled in full parliament, to the nomber of 450
persons,b authorised to be her iudges, in all iustice, equitie, fredome
of speache and opinion, and with all reasonable leysure and delay
- possiblie c to be allowed for such a businesse. Soo as for exami-
•nacion and profe of her guilt, she had not one or two meane persons
appoynted to examine her, but 36 of the greatest princes and peares
of the Kealme, furnished with sufficient commission to chardge and
appose her in all her misdemeanors. And for manefest profe of her
offence,d had e not anie false or suborned witnesses produced against
her, but the voluntarie confessions of her confederates latelie before
condempned and executed; lettres of her owne hand wri tinge and
her owne subsignacion f to her owne cry me; also the subscription of
the same 36 commissioners, parties to the examinacion, considera-
cion, and registringe of the sayd whole proces; and for 12 triers of
the fact, 450; and for one substitute iudge, a person of g meane
accompt, all the princes and people of the Realme ; and the maiestie
of theh state to sentence her. The same sentence with all solempne
and universall publicacion pronounced. Soo as the favourers of
that infortunate Ladie, more miserable then could be anie l Quene
in the world, cannot trule saie that anie parte of her affayre was
secreatlie demeasned, or handled in hugger mucker,k or rufflid
up in hast, or that her cause was not indifferentlie hard, and plenti-
fullie debated, and with all formalitie of iustice proceeded in, much
lesse that it was done without anie iustice or iudgment at alle,
by such secreat and ungodlie meanes and devises as l could not
be warranted in anie honour orm conscience, or by the law of. God
or of man, as it hath many tymes happened to other most mightie
a in, Harl. MS. b persons omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c possible, Ibid. «> offences, Harl. MS.
e she had, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f subscription, Harl. MS.
s of a, Cott. MS. h the omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
J any other, Ibid.
k mugger, Cott. MS.; or handled in hugger mucker omitted, Harl. MS.
* as omitted, Cott. MS. m and, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 115
princes infortunate as her self. So as nothinge can be trulie obiected
in a this parte of her Majesties proceedinges. which in anie reason
ought to inure b to her Majesties discreadite or blame, or that maie
perswade any indifferent person in the world to thinke that it
might have bene with better iustice or more honorablie performed.
If they will happelie say, that she, beinge an absolute Princes of her
owne authoritie, and not subiect to anie superiour iurisdiccion, but
onlie Godes, ought not to have benec iudged by her Majestic or anie
of her deputies, that were very absurd ; for soo should d the most
haynous synnes and offences that could be committed, and the
greatest evells of the world and mankynd, scape unpunished, and
be remedilesse ; which God would not. For who doubteth but that
thefc personages of the f greatest puisaince maie committ the greatest
ennormities, and oftner and also more harmefullie erre, then anie
other. Soo as, albeit the devine Majestic hath reserved to his s secreat
iudgmentes both the pennance and reward of manie mens merites in
the future leif, yet will he that the greatest of all mortall men,
whiles they be heere conversant amonge men,h should be no doubt
somme manner of ways restrayned, and ther accions rectified, even by
the power of man, otherwise it could not stand with his devine
iustice, since in everye other regard then for l excellencie of degree
and function, all men ar of equal estimacion to God by the qualitiek
of ther desartes, providinge for us all on manner of redemption, one
everlasting felicitie, wherin is none oddes nor1 prioritie of person,
place, or degree, but all alyke, and all as one. They that otherwise
thinke, or affirme, be verie hardlie affected toward the inferiour
sort of men, and doo lett the reynes a littell to lose to the leif of alle
Princes, and more then anie good or m godlie Prince, beinge wise
« to, Cott. and Harl. MS8. b incurr, Ibid.
c to be, Ibid. d would, Harl. MS.
e the omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f the omitted, Ibid.
S his own, Ibid.
h whiles they be heere conversant amonge men omitted, Harl. MS.
1 but, Ibid. k equality, Ibid.
1 or, Ibid. m and, Cott, and Harl. MSS.
• -
116 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
and vertuous, would challenge or like of. For why should they
be otherwise obeyed and honored above the rest, but that they ar pre-
sumed to be more worthye of honour a and obedience for ther manie b
good partes, and to be not onlie good and iust them selves, but also,
by ther authoritie and example of leif, preservers of iustice, and
distributers of the same to all others who be subiect to them ; and c
that therbie they do most resemble and represent the Majestie of
God, and be not for anie other cause raysed by him to that eminent
degree above the rest. This consideracion dulie fallinge into ther
myndes, how can the greatest Prince in d the world take it in ill e
part to be made subiect to the iustice of mans law, in cases wherin for
the fraieltie of mans nature he shall f seeme to passe the bondes g of
right and iustice to others ?
Yet we must all confesse that everye Prince such as the tradicion
of man alloweth for absolute in his owne realme, usynge iurisdicion
upon all others under him, ought to be subiect to none other
persons sentence in the same place of his resiaunce, but is dispunish-
able of anye cryme ll that can be by him committed, and i maie
concerne his leif or other corporall penaltie, because ther is none
other person ablek (as the law intendes) to inflict anie corporall
pennance uppon his parson, which he would patiently suffer and
abide. For by nature no man would do it, nor the dew considera-
cion of the law doth allow of it, because yt should rather impaire
the vertue and good nature of such governors, and exasperate ther
courages to crueltie and revenge, which might be much more hurt-
full then ther l correction would avayle, and beside worke none or
littell amendment in themselves, norm in their subiectes by ther
example.11 This may perchaunce be the reason that alle absolute
a worthy of more honour, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
b many omitted, Ibid. c and omitted, Ibid.
<l of, Ibid. e evilj Ibid>
' should, Ibid. 8 boundes, Ibid.
b of anye crime omitted, Harl. MS. ' or, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
k presumable, Harl. MS. > the, Cott. and Harl. MS.
m or, Cott. MS.; in them or, Harl. MS. n examples, Cott. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 117
Princes within ther owne dominions ar, for ther persons onlie,a
privileadged and exempt from the rigor of ther owne lawes (soluti
legibus), and, in distributing both reward and payne b to ther c
subiectes, maie them selves receave nether reward nor punishment d
by compulsion, otherwise then onlie of ther owne good will, and by
contract, and in cases e not concerninge ther persons.
This excellent prerogative beinge by manie men mistaken, and in
steed of avauncement utterlie abased/ they doo unskillfullie applye
to all princes in generallitie, in what place soever ther cryme shalbe
committed, and spetiallie to the defence of this infortunate Ladies case,
say inge that she could not be lawfullie sentenced by her Majestienor
tryed by her lawes, as it were g by her self, and after her owne
appetite, beinge the said Ladie, thoughe soo unhappie as to fall into
so great an adversitie to be her Majesties prisoner, yet h a Quene,
annoy nted and crowned, absolute and hereditarie, and exempt of1 all
civill iurisdiction in cases towchinge her lief. And by that exception,k
that l her proces and atteyndour wasm not lawfull, as made by her no
competent11 iudges; and saie that of0 anie civill iurisdiction, onlie P
the imperiall ought q to bynd her, as the highest and superiour r
on earthe, but not8 her Majesties,* inferring by the same prerogative
law, that because she was a Quene, her Majesties egall and peere
(as they say), she could not be iudged by her Majestic as by her
superiour, which were in justice requisite, and doo fortefye it by
this text, Par in parem nonu habet juris dictionem, a peare over his
peare v hath no iurisdiction.
a are solely for their own persons, Harl. MS.
b rewards and punishments, Ibid. c the, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
d reward nor punishment, Harl. MS. e the cases, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
f abused, Cott. MS. * which is the same as, Harl. MS.
h yet is still, Ibid. ' from, Ibid.
k this exemption, Ibid. ' omitted, Ibid.
m were, Ibid. " incompetent, Ibid.
0 if, Ibid. P or law, Ibid.
q law, Ibid. r superior law, Ibid.
& not in the least, Ibid. e her Majesties laws, Ibid.
u not, Sir T. Winnington's MS. ; non omitted, Cott. MS.
v one equal over an equal, Ibid.
118 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
For clearinge of wliicli poinct, and satisfaction of manie irresolute
myndes, we must needes saie somewhat, and for manner a sake more
then for anie necessitie, because it were absurd to thinke that the
effect of iustice should go b rather by the forme and letter of a law
then by the equitie of it, or that a law hath anie vigor or vertue to
worke but wher it hath authoritie, nor anie authoritie c but wher
it hath d potestatem armorum, and e force redie at hand to uphould
the samef and defend it from violacion; which hath our law of the
land, but not the law imperial!^ Though they happlye concurre
in one equitable sence, yet they mache not in authoritie h and
puisaince; for the lawes of the Empire1 never yet were received
within this realme for discussion of temporall causes, nor now
could be uphoulden within this realme by anie forraine puissance
of greater force then her Majesties owne, nor never were k obeyed
here, the Kynges of this realme not recognizing ther dignities to
anie Emperour or higher power of the world, but unto God only.
And soo1 is her Majesties governement both regall and imperiall
of yt self within her owne realmes. Neither could yt be but very
absurd to thinke that the lawes of the Empire should beare swaie m
but wheir their n puissaunce might prevaile, as in England yt cannot,
thoughe they would anie such rebuke unto the land.0 Neither
could it be but frivolous to saie that the said Scottish Quene, offend-
inge within this realme, and aganst the maiestie of the? state, should
be tried by such a law as can be nether transferred into this realme,
nor the appellant from the place of her captivitie. Neither is it
a manners, Cott. MS. b grow, Harl. MS.
c nor anie authoritie omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
d and the, Harl. MS. e with, Ibid.
f the same omitted, Ihid.
« this hath our law, but not the civil or imperial, Ibid.
h yet their authority is not equal, Ibid. » Emperor, Ibid.
k neither were they ever, Ibid. l thus, Ibid.
m in any place, Ibid.
n the, Cott. MS. ; the Emperour's, Harl. MS.
0 luke, Cott. MS. ; any such rebuke unto the land, Harl. MS. Perhaps " bring," or
some such word, has been omitted before " anie."
P the omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 119
trulie sayd that her Majestie hath anie peare or egall within her
owne realme, but such onlie as yt shall please her to allow, or God
to make her superiour in armes, though he weare a forreine Kynge,
or Emperor over a never so manie people and nations.
To which purpose we will explaine the matter better with this
distinction, that this peardom, or equalitie, they speake of, and
intended by the civill lawes, is no manner of impeachment to her
Majesties iurisdiction over the Scottish Quene, but is also allowed
by her owne lawes of England, and with no lesse equitie and
favours then the ymperiall lawes use it.b % Because it is not the
equalitie of bloode or of birthe, nor yet of sex or degree, or ells of
riches, or anie other parte in the person, that hinders it, but onlie
of puisaunce and eminent authoritie invested in the same person by
vertue of somme law, or by common approbation of the world, or
of the people and place wher that excellencye is allowed, with
power to decide right. Otherwise it would come to passe that, for
equalitie sake, of somme one sort or another, none or very few
would fynd competent iudges, and c take exception to the iurisdic-
tion, and so d should eskape all punishment and correction. A free
man in that respect having e no lawfull iurisdiccion over an other
free man, nor a riche over a riche, nor a poore or younge or unnoble
over ther egallsf in welth, yeres, or birthe, and manie other waies;
which notwithstanding we knowe to be untrew, and that reason
and necessitie will have it otherwise. Therfore oneg prince to
punishe an other prince delinquent in the place of his resiaunce and
dominion, ther is no manner of equalitie betwixt ther persons to
impeache it, savinge onlie equalitye of force and authoritie to decide
right, and therfore it may h be thus conceived i that Par parem
cogere non potest ; and that is trew, for an egall in force cannot
a of, Harl. MS. b used, Ibid.
c should, Ibid. d thus, Ibid.
e must have, Ibid. f equall, Cott. MS.
g no, Ibid. h may omitted, Cott. MS. ; should, Harl. MS.
1 expressed, Harl. MS.
120 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
overmach or compell his egall in force ;a or thus, Par in parem
imperiwn non habet, in an egall b over his egall ther is no lawfull
superioritye to command ; for in that on c commandes ther ought
to be a right of superioritie, and such a right as the other may not
encounter or controle with all his forces or authoritie, by vertue of
anie other preheminence in his d person remaininge. In this sort
who doubteth but that the sayd infortunate Ladie was much her
Majesties inferior, and might lawfullie be iusticedeby her, as by
her f superior in armes and puisaunce and everye other way?
Though the sayd Ladie was also a Quene in name and titell, yet
was she not therin, nor in anie other respect, her Majesties equall.
Yf ether yow g compare them both h by ther yeres, ther dignities,
ther estates, ther forces, or ther fortunes; for her Majestie will
alwaye, and in all opinions, remaine her superior, yf she were alive,
for eldershipp, for emynencie of estate, being a Quene possessour i
of manie realmes, the other onlie nominative,k or rather of none at
all; a Quene annoynted, the other not annoynted, yf that shalbe
accompted anie respect of preheminence; her Majestie a Quene of
grete and good renowne, thother nothing lesse ; superior for riches
and welfare,1 for subiectes, vassalls, dominion,111 and empire ; also in
puisaunce of all sortes n to uphould the honour, authoritye, and dig-
nitie of a prince; and, most of all, her superior in vertue and good
fortunes, wherin happelie she surmounteth farre all other Christian
princes now livinge, even those of her0 most worthie progenitors
that be dead. Therfore, that law takes no place, in anie other
sence then so as hath bene remembred, no, not in anye parte of the
imperiall iurisdiction and territorie, and taketh place in our law of
a in force omitted, Harl. MS. b unequall, Cott. MS.
c in that in one, Cott. MS.; in him that commandes, Harl. MS.
d her, Cott. MS. « justified, Cott. MS.; judged, Harl. MS.
f a, Harl. MS. e yee, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
h both omitted, Harl. MS. ! possessed, Ibid.
k nominally, Ibid. 1 prosperity, Ibid.
m dominions, Ibid. *> puisaunce able to uphould, Ibid.
0 her own, Cott. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 121
the land by equitable construction, wherin our said lawes and the
imperiall concurrynge, we ar inforced to saie that the said in for-
tunate Ladies triall and sentence was rightuous and iust, and not
insufficient or wrongfull, as her favourers do parciallie affirme. So
as yf they will take exception to her Majesties lawfull a iurisdiction,
they shall not be able, yf perchaunce to b the competencie of the
iudges, or cause of the cry me, they shalbe hard.c
And first, for what cause shall the iudges be sayd incompetent,
that is, not d fitt to be admitted to deeme e of her fact, or to sitt
upon her leif or death? Their authoritie was good, as derived from
the highest power, that is, from her Majestic, who had receaved the
same immediatlie from God, and which she might lawfullie assigne
over,f because yt could not, in her owne case, become her to sownds
anie sentence that might concerne her self; soo had the three Estates
of the realme, beside ther owne, her Majesties authoritie and warrant.
Then is ther none allegation h of incompetencie to be alleadged i
agenst them, but ether that they were ignorant, or parciallie affected.
The first were hard to be beleived; for yf four hundred and fifty of
the greatest, wisest, and most honorable sort of men should erre in
discussinge the veritie of a facte, I saie not of a poynct in law, or
anie suche subtiltie as passed ther lerninges and understandinge, yt
were a wonder. The other is unreverentk to think, for no man of
a thowsand not obliged to such a necessitie as they, both for dis-
chardge of ther consciences and savinge ther credittes and honour
to the world, would willinglie be found so loose, false, and faythles,
or soo base mynded, as wilfullie1 to cast awayra a Quene, to whom
for manic respectes they might thinke themselves redevable of right
» lawful omitted, Harl. MS.
b yet, yf perchaunce they shall be able to object against, Ibid.
c heard, Cott. MS. A and that they were not, Harl. MS.
e judge, Ibid. ' over to others, Ibid.
S examine, Ibid.
h no allegation, Cott. MS.; thus there is no allegation, Harl. MS.
1 laid, Harl. MS. k disrespectful, Ibid.
willingly, Cott. and Harl. MSS ; and so written at first in Sir T. Winnington's MS.
ni destroy, Harl. MS.
CAMD. SOC. R
122 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
and iustice, yea of reverence next unto her Majestic, ther naturall
prince and governour, beinge her neirest kynswoman, and in her
lief tyme greatlie a reverenced by b her Majestic. Therfore no dout
the sayd Ladies iudges ought not to be disabled, though they weare
her Majesties vassals, and domesticall sworne servantes, or, somme of
them, her nere kynsfolkes. For it is presumed that everye man's
owne conscience is and ought to be deerer unto him then his prince's
favor, or anie other wordlie respect. And though these c partes of
man's frailtye, I meane ignorance and affection, be in all common
tryalld of right exceptions allowable yenoughe, and of great force,
yet in this case it ought not to be soo, because necessitie enforceth
to the contrarie, in that ther is no other manner of tryall admitted
by the lawes of the realme, unlesse it were for the basest e sort of
subiectes, which in so great a cause, and concerning such a person,
had bene very reprochfull, and not decent for her Majestic to work
by. And in so great an assemblie, and so honorable, as was this
parliament, in which none were feedd or mercenarie men, as advo-
cates orf counselors, but all as g iudges, speakinge in conscience and
simp] ici tie, yt was not to be entended h that anie on * of them could
be partiall, in a place wher the freedome of speachek and opinion
was so1 well allowed of, and so well warranted, as no man needed
to fearem for speaking his mynd discretlie and reverentlie, as behoved
him;11 and, beside, wher he might looke to have his opinion reproved
by manie wiser or as wise as him self. In which case of contradic-
tion it is not almost to be suspected that anie man should ° shew
anie affection, or ignorance, yf he might chuse. And yf yow will
take from man this parte of his credite in the highest causes, and
greatlie omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS, b of, Cott. MS.
those, Cott. and Harl. MSS. d tryalls, Ibid.
baser, Harl. MS. f and, Cott. MS.
as omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. h imagined, Harl. MS.
on omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. k of speech omitted, Ibid.
so omitted. Ibid.
m warranted that no man needed not to feare, Cott. MS. ; that no man need to fear,
Harl. MS.
" him omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. ° would, Cott. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 123
in the highest courtes, then take awaye all ordinarie iustice from the
earthe; for how should on person be trusted to sentence* a thowsand .
men's right, yf five hundred mindes accordinge with ther voyces
shall not be allowed as indifferent b for the like purpose ? What
would yow more?c It could not be otherwise done then it was, unles
yow would have had it left undon, which had bene the least
reason, and iustice of both.d As for the causes, that is to saie,
the right of the facte or cry me, alack, they were so apparant,
both by profe and by her owne confession, as needed no tryall
at all. And they were not, as before is alleadged, bare trespasses
of armes, or breach of leauge, or anie like6 matter of meane diffe-
rence f betwixt princes, but conspiracies, actes, and attemptes of
the highest treason and hostilitie that could be imagined ; thoughe
I speake nothinge of her ingratitude toward her Majestic, soo beynge
a protectour, the most haynous offence of anie other, and for which
no sufficient and worthye retrybucion could be made or invented.
Justice, therefore, she had, to be atteyntedand executed, as she was/
for soo the forme of the law of England beares, and not otherwise.
The premisses considered, how can yt be imputed to her Majesties
dishonour (for that is one principall matter wherupon they seame to
relye) that she hath refused all manner of reasonable h and good
accord which had bene offred to her Majestie, wher, in troth, no
reason was ever offred her, nor could be, to satisfie so great an
iniustice to God, the world, the realme, and also her Majestie, who
had more interest in the case then anie one earthlie creature1
besides. Alsoo, yf her- Majestie yelded not to the intreatyes of
great princes, her neighbours, alies, or whatsoever they were, who k
for not being touched with the greif, nor dulye l informed of the
a to sentence, Cott. MS. ; in the rights of, Harl. MS.
5 accounted impartial, Harl. MS. c have, Ibid.
d the least reasonable and least just of all the rest, Ibid.
e like omitted, Cott. MS. f different, Cott. MS. ; differences, Harl. MS.
t as she was omitted, Harl. MS. h reasonable appointment, Cott. MS.
1 creature omitted, Ibid.
k for has been subsequently inserted here, in Sir T. Winnington's MS.
1 daily, Ibid.
124 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
right, could not comprehend her Majesties danger a and iniurie, and
therefore might, without anie offence, be denyed ther unreasonable
requestes, and not without her Majesties extreme perill have bene
graunted them, espetiallie yf anie of them, or of theirs, might law-
fullie be suspected for anie sinister working or intelligence in the
said affaire. Yf yt be soo, then b more is her Majestic to be ex-
cused, and the greater is her wronge.
But yf anie of that syde, not yet well satisfied with this, would
haplie alleadge that no Christian prince in the worlde ought to be
so irnmesurablec tender ofd them selves as for savetie of theyr
owne lives they should e neglect every other f bodyes, and to be so
precise in ther covenauntes as to refuse all such reasonable and
ordinarie assurances as vertuous princes in all honour and integritie
ought to be content B to accept for ther securitye, beynge offred in
simplicitie and trouthe, sence to inioyne a man to more then his
habilitie or mans witt by anie provision can possiblie compas, were
utterlie unreasonable, and a matter of much extremitie. Those
persons I answere in this sort, that two ways they mistake the
matter, one h in not perceivinge that this case betwene her Majestic
and the Scottish Quene touched not onlie her self but her people
and realme, who had the greater interest, and over whose welfare
she can not be said i too tender and carefull, thother way for that
it is not trew (as before remembred) that the Scottish Quene, or
anie of her frendes, ever offred such k assuraunce to her Majestic as
might be thought reasonable, and much lesse that which might by
mans witt have bene devised, for that nether they did offer, nor yf
they had offred it her Majestic would1 seme to have receaved it.
For who doubteth but she might stand in more suertie of her person
a her danger, Harl. MS.
b the, Cott. MS. c immeasurably, Harl. MS.
* over, Cott. MS.
e For " they should," Harl. MS. reads " to."
f other omitted, Ibid. s willing, Ibid.
h first, Ibid. i said omitted, Ibid.
k any such, Cott. MS. i could, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 125
and state to have the said ladie imprisoned then at libertie, dead
then imprisoned, and, besides her self, her cheifest favourers to be
supprest with her for companie, because ther malice by survivour a
might happelie supplie the others death. And, perchaunce, exact
pollicie might yet be stretched somewhat further, and that her
Majestie cannot be saied to live in perfect securitie, soo longe as the
younge Kinge of Scottes, her sonne, remaines b alive, aspiringe to
the same estates his mother did, and having ether power or desire
to revenge her death, and soo to have him likewise made suer one
waies or an other, which after anie ungodlie sort her Majestie would
not sett her mynd upon for millions of gould. But, as a most
Christian and vertuous Princes, utterlie detesteth all such manner
of pollicie, and houldeth it in great horror and abhomminacion, and
all those that would presume to give her anie such advise. But,
contrariwise, (as she hath alway done hetherto,) soo intendeth she
still, to doo the sayd younge King all the good she can, and to be
in stead of a mother to him, and a meane to make him (yf his
merites correspond c) capeable for d greater fortunes then anie of all
his auncestors, Scottish Kynges, have bene, soo as he will be wise,
and beare him self moderatelie in this discomforte of his, and not
be willfull or ill advised against her Majestie.
And yet, perad venture, such desire were well to be warranted by
worldlie pollicye, and yow have good authoritie, and also examples
therof; for Alexander the Great (as the historic reportes) never
thought him self sewer of Asia so longe as Ocus,e younge sonne to f
Daryus, lived ; nor Octavian % the Emperour soo longe as Cesarius, his
uncles sonne, lived ; and manie other which it were pittie to remem-
ber, that have bene made away by that perswasion. And for autho-
» surviving, Harl. MS. b is, Ibid.
c correspondent, Cott. MS.
d of, which was the original reading of Sir T. Winnington's MS. is that of the
Harl. MS.
e Ocius, Cott. MS.; as the younge sonne, Harl. MS.
f of, Harl. MS. * Octavius, Ibid.
126 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
ritie yow have the sayinge of Sophocles, which the Prince of
Polinicesa usurpeth,b Stultus gui natos occiso patre reliquit; think-
ing it necessarie that the childrens authoritie and reputacion c in a
common welth should be abased, whose parentes had ether byn put
to death or greatlie iniured by the state, namelie, a great follie to
kill the parent first, and lett the child live for a revenge.d These
prophaine and ungodlie advises be not meet for e good and godlie
princes, nor be not here recited to that end that they should be
followed/ but to answere ther obiections who saie that her Majestic
had offred her that assurance g which mans witt could possiblie by
anie provision devise for her securitie, for they nether ofFred her
Majestic the sayd Lay dies younge sonne for an hostage, nor anie
other thinge of suertie equivalent to her Majesties danger, as before
hath bene debated at large.
For the rest of h that is objected against her Majestic, that she
should seme to entend by this accion of hers anie foyle or blemishe
to the sovereignitie of forreine princes, or the * defacing of princi-
pallitie, or that she hath opened anie gapp or passage to the con-
tempt and preiudice therof in anie mans estimacion, or to the perill
of ther k persons, no man maie be so bould so to thinke of her entent, or
iudg of her acte, but rather that she hath ment and wrought the con-
trarie, as honour, estimacion, credite, and assurance of1 all princelie
maiestie, by reason she hath used her lawfull power and authoritie
over one infortunate Princes, givinge a president to all others of the
same degree, both to deale honorablie and m iustly with their peeres
a In Sir T. Wilmington's MS. this word was originally written " Policiens," and
afterwards altered as indicated above. The Harl. MS. reads " Politicians."
b useth, Harl. MS.
c "should be disgraced and defamed" is here inserted in Harl. MS. and the
subsequent words " should be abased " are omitted. d to revenge it, Harl. MS.
c for a, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f recited that they may be followed, Harl. MS.
s offered to her all the assurance, Ibid. h of omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
1 the omitted, Ibid. k other, Ibid.
1 to, Cott. MS.
m "and exactly," not "justly," was the original reading of Sir T. Winnington's MS.
and is that of the Cott. and Harl. MSS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 127
and honorablie to use ther owne iurisdiction and soveraigntie, with
like iustice, in cases that maie by fortune and the a consequences of
tyme happen unto them selves; no man of anie meane discretion
doubtyng, but that such majestie is more excellent, and more
princelie and honorable, wher the sovereignitie is absolute, then
that which maie be appealed from, and by anie higher or superiour
will or puissaunce comptrolled. And soo it semeth that by Godes
ordinance b the people should be punished by ther Princes, and one
Prince delinquent by an other, the superiour in armes allwayes
prevalinge against his inferiour by Godes permission, and to c which
ende it may dutifullie be thought that God, when it pleaseth him,
lendeth both armes and superioritie to manie,d and that the greatest
falltes should be aswell punished as the smalest, and the greatest
persons as well as the meanest, at one tyme or an e other, so as no
cryme, for want of convenient meane, be dispunishable, and lacke
chasticement, more in this life then in the leif to come.
Besides all this, yf her Majestie should have done otherwise then
she hath,f she should have heighlie % offended God, and done an
open wronge to her people and realme. soo as necessitie allso in
that part h enforced her to take the present occasion lawfullie, and
with good oportunitie to establishe, beside her owne suertie, Godes
glorie, and the peace of her people, whom her Majestie "had brought
into so dangerous tearmes, as even now she saw before her eyes her
owne death, alteracion of the trew i religion, which her Majestie had
planted, and the totall subversion of this state, to the dissolution k of
her realme l and all her m posteritie ; right well knowinge of what
disposicion the said Scottish Quene was toward her self, the religion,
and the realme, and how much disproportioned n to the forme of the
a tii&omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b ordinances, Cott. MS.
c " unto " instead of " and to," Harl. MS.
d men, Cott. MS.; man, Harl. MS. e an omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
f did, Harl. MS. e mightily, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
h in that part omitted, Harl. MS. j the trew omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
k desolation, Ibid. ' people, Harl. MS.
m their, Ibid. n disaffected, Ibid.
128
A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
state. Soo as yf ever she should a have taken her tourne in the
succession, and come to the place wherunto she egerlie aspired, her
Majestic might be well assured that she would have spared no
advise,b or unmercifull feate, to have accomplished her will, in
revenge of her imprisonement, persecucion of the Protestantes,
transformacion of the lawes, rightes, and usages of the realme to the
appetite of strangers, whose forces and advises she would have used,
and alwayes hath done, to that intent; which matter could not but
have bene a verye hevye burthen to her Majesties conscience to
see and knowe, and not to be willinge to prevent it, when her
powers well served therunto, and that she might so well avouche
it by a iust and lawfull cause geven by the said Scottish Quene, and
with a most mervelous occasion and good oportunitie putc it in
execution ;d soo as her sayd subjectes case was verye lamentable,
beyno-e not ignorant that she her self had bene first author to
J o o
leade her sayd people into all these dangers, whom,6 by her ordi-
naunce and authoritie, she madef Protestantes, alteringe their *
religion which she found them in, what tyme God cast upon her
the regall right and administracion of this crowne; the same beynge
at that tyme reduced to the obedience of the Roman Churche, from
whose usurped authoritle she would needes seeme to rescue them,
gevinge them the exercise of the trew doctrine of the Gospell, and
restoring them to the freedome of their consciences in that behalf;
which h forme of religion, nevertheles, being repugnant to that of
the greater parte of Cristiandome besides, they could not be but l
assured of all the hatred and malltallent of their most mightie
neighbours, and others not imbracing the same religion, soo as yf
they persevered in it, they were sure of man's displeasure, and yf
they fledd from it of Godes wrath and indignacion. For yf
» could, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c to put, Cott. MS.
e when, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
* the, Ibid.
' but omitted, Ibid.
b devise, Ibid.
d put it in execution omitted, Harl. MS.
' made them, Ibid.
h this, Harl. MS.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 129
her Majesties religion were the trew, and accordinge to Godes
word (as we all believej, then should it be a great stinge to her
Majesties conscience to let it be abandoned, and left to abolicion,
by such a successour as the Scottish Queue, who with all extremitie
of sword and fyer would seeke to extermine it quite. On thother
syde, yf the same religion were not the trew, nor warraunted by
the word of God, no lesse burthen to her conscience to have induced
and established yt. So as it may now be demanded by her Majesties
subjects, whether it could stand with her a iustice to leave them in
this plight, or how she could b acquite her self of her oathe to God
and the realme, and of the dutie of a noble governour, to shew her
self careles of their preservacion whom she alwaies had found so
loyall subiectes, and havinge soo faithfullie honored and obeyed her
in all respectes.
But when we have sayd all we can, and maintayned our cause
by the rule of right and wordlie [sic] iustice, and by the honour of
armes and curtesie,c and everye other way, what avayleth our
iustificacion and defence, yf by Godes law yt be notd defended?
For what can be well done by man that is not by the direccion of
his commandement, or tollerable without his permission, or honor
able that should anie waie redound to his dishonour? We will
therfore cleave to that as unto our strongest argument and prin-
cipall piller of all her Majesties defence. He sayeth, " Thow shalt
not kill," and that "Whosoever spills blood, his bloud shalbe spilt;"
but the Scottish Quene hath sought to take awaye her Majesties
lief, and bene cause to spill manie of her subiects bloudde, which
cried upon him for ther revenge. Againe, " Thow shalt not touche
myne annoynted, nor laye anie violent handes upon him ;" but the
Scottish Quene conspired with her Majesties subiectes to have her e
murthered in the feild, in the chamber, in her bedd, with daggers,
with pistolls, with poyson, or anie other waye. Againe, " Thow
a her Majesties, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b could omitted, Harl. MS.
c conscience, Harl. MS. d cannot be, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
e have had, Ibid.
CAMD. SOC. S
130 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
shalt obay the superior power as sent by God." The Queries Ma-
jestie was not onlie an annoy nted Prince, sent by God for the
government of this a realme, but was also the said Ladyes superior in
power, and soveraigne protectour whiles she remaned in this realme,
whom the said infortunate Ladie not onlie disobeyed, but also by
violence sought her supplantacion, and herb death; her Majestic
hath repaied her c with death, and done her d no wronge. It is
sayd agayne, " Such measure as yow meate, such e shalbe inoten
unto yow," either gevyng us warning to deale streightlie and
uprightlie with our conversauntes, or after a manner dispencinge
with some evell retribucion in this wourld to such as doo other
wise ; and yf at anie mans handes, at thers cheiflie who receive the
wronge. The Scottish Quene, for her iniuriousf and bloodie
attemptes ageinst her Majestic, her owne blood is spilt ageine; she
hath therfore her iust reward, even by the sentence of God. And
yf she her self hath bene the cause of it, no reason to make [it e]
her Majesties blame, nor scandall to the world, nor offence to God.
It is said againe, " Doo to thy neighbour as thow wouldest be done
unto;" her Majestic hath done right and iustice to the sayd Quene,
and never refused to have right and iustice done to her self; she
hath consented to her death; so would she have bene contented to
receave death at her handes yf her Majestic had bene within the
dominion of Scottland, and the said Ladie her protectour and sove-
reigne, yf her Majestic had offred ingratitude, iniurie, and murther
to the sayd Scottish Quene. "How know yow this?" saie they.
Forsooth because her Majestic never yet offered anie such wrong
to the said Ladie, nor to anie other creature, otherwise then h death
to such as deserved it by the iustice of her lawes, and not by vio-
lence or * practize, but by forme of iustice, and to fewer by manie
a the, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b her omitted, Harl. MS.
c it, Cott. and Harl. MSS. d her omitted, Ibid,
with it, Harl. MS. f injuries, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
* Ibid. h then by, Ibid.
* and, Ibid.
IN RELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 131
then deserved yt, whom she hath rescued by her princelie mercie
and benignitie. Can ther be anie better profe of her Majesties will
then abstinence from the fact which she might so manie tymes and
so esilie have performed, yf she would? No, verilie; for wher
power is, and will wantes not, ther is no impediment why the pur-
pose should not take effect, beynge a a trew maxime in reason : —
" Quod possumus et vellimus10 parum abest quinfiat ;" her Majestic
had puisaunce to put her to death every hower, she had cause to
move her, she did it not, because she had no will to do it. Yf she
nether did it, nor for c her noble and most mercifull nature wouM
doo it a when she might, then hath her Majestic preciselie observea
that law, and can iustifye her self verie well. For she hath not
done otherwise to the said infortunate Quene, then her Majestic
would have bene contented to have had the same Quene done e to her,
in case she had bene superiour in puisaunce to her Majestic, and
had so f sore abused and offended * her in the place of her greatest
honour, soverigntie, and iurisdiction, and by so manie good tournes
and gratitudes bene h obliged to the same.1 But yf her Majestic
have done the Scottish Quene to die, and were k more then her
Majestic would be contented she should have done to her (every
mans owne leif is so deare to him, as all men might reasonablye be
suspected of parciallitie in that behalf ) yet hath her Majestie done
to the Scottishe Quene as the Scottish Quene would have done to
her, and no more, nor no l otherwise, but a great deal lesse, since
the said Ladie (yf her practizes might havem prevailed) would, with-
out anie law or iudgment, have had her Majestie murthered, where-
as her Majestie, having the power of the law civill, and also of
a for it is, Harl. MS. b volumus, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
c not for that, Cott. MS.
d if she neither did it, because her noble and most merciful nature would not do it,
Harl. MS. e do, Ibid.
f so omitted, Ibid. s and offended omitted, Ibid.
h was, Ibid. ' to the contrary, Ibid.
k if her Majestie hath put the Scottish Quene to death, and which were, Ibid.
1 no, Cott. and Harl. MSS. m had, Harl. MS.
-[32 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH
armes, in her owne handes, would not so doo, but rather have her
die by the iustice of the lawes of the realme, then by extraordinarie
violence. Soo as her Majestie hath not infringed nether Godes
law nor the law of nature and reason, for she hath not otherwise
done then that everye other prince of the worlde would have done
in the same case, and have done infynite ages before, and will not
refuse to doo whiles the world contineweth, a that is, rather to kill
then to b be killed. Which universall consent and uniformitie of
mans opinion and will, though yt be not properlie a justifyinge law,
nor altogether not a law, for [yet ?] that which c all men, or the
wisest and most worthye, allow, is d to be taken for honest and good,
and that which e all, or the wyser and the worthiest sort of men
affirme, is taken for trew.
This generall concurrence of myndes in the thinges concerning
mans conversacion, is a sure and infallible methode and rule of
mens accions, because it hath bene observed in all ages, by all
nations approved, in all places of the world exercised, and nowf
giveth sentence on % her Majesties syde by h example ; for Davide, the
holiest of Kynges, put Kynges to death; Solomon, the wisest of
Kynges, did soo too ; Alexander, the most gloriouse, and seekinge
by all his accions honour and fame, did the like, and feared not1
therby anie k infamye ; Octavian^nd Marcus, the most mercifull
Emperours, did no lesse, and infinite others. So would anie
Christian prince at this day have done, not exceptinge the Catho-
lick Kinge, of all them that live most renowned for patience and
moderacion, nor the French Kinge, a most benigne and honorable
prince. For when his Imbassadour Marishall Deretes,m coming into
this realme to informe her Majestie of the Kinges successe in that
stands, Harl. MS. >> to omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
which omitted. Ibid. d it is, Ibid.
with, Ibid. f none, Harl. MS.
for, Cott. MS.; against, Harl. MS. ' >' for, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
not omitted, Harl. MS. k no> ibi<j.
Oetavius, Ibid. '» Decreet, Cott. MS.; D'Estree, Harl. MS.
IN KELATION TO MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 133
blouddie massacre done at Paris against the admirall Chastillion and
other the a protestantes, beynge asked the question by the gravest
counsellors of this realme, how yt could stand with his Master his
honour to consent to such a cruell acte, Quod he ageine, " I praye
yow tell me what the Quene your Mistress would have done, yf she had
bene b in the like case, beynge disobeyed, bearded and defaced, by
her owne subiectes as my Master was? Ad quod nonfuit responsum;
for yt semes an argument impossible to be refuted, as of more force
then c the posicion d of anie acte or law, that anie man should be
reprehended for the fault which the reprehendour, beinge asked the
question upon his conscience, could not denie but that he himself
would have done the same, [yf the like occasion or cause had bene
geven him. And so it apperes by good reason, that whatsoever we
be generallie perswaded to be tollerable in our selves, and that we
would doo, and that an other and an other infinitelie would doo
and have done the samee], and those not of the meanest and
most ignoraunt, but of the best and wisest sort of men, that
such universall accord of mans appetite and opinions apperinge in
the usage of our conversacion should in all respectes reteigne the
force and equitie of a law, so farre furth as anie other ordinaunce or
constitucion of man. And that such example growinge out of our
owne willes/ and beynge bred in our fleshe and bloud, used and
tollerated by man, 1 & maie in no wise thinke it straunge or horrible;
for whatsoever all mens iudgmentes approve h ought to be deemed
good, and yf it should be reckoned a fault or fraieltie in1 man, is yet
inseperable from our nature whiles we live in this tempestuous
world, and beareth soo k great a swaye over the accions of the
children of men, as l yt is found that the law of God yt self doth
a the omitted, Harl. MS. b " yf she had bene '* omitted, Harl. MS.
c then all, Ibid. rt positions, Ibid.
e the passage between brackets omitted, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
t wittes, Cott. MS. * we, Cott. and Harl. MSS.
>> allowe, Ibid. j of, Ibid.
k bear as, Harl. MS. ' but, Ibid.
134 A JUSTIFICATION OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.
often tymes, and in manie cases, dispence with such manner of
fraielties as tend to the universall benifite of mankynd and mantei-
naunce of the civill societye, using a marvelous myld, and gentell
tolleracion of them, knowinge whata we be, where our lief and
conversacion is to continew at his appoinctment, what our wekenes
is, and the manifould impedimentes of our perfection, and for
spetiall regardes importynge the universall comfort of man. And, by
the same rule, to everye severall common wealth and worthye
corporacion, wher the greater good is preferred before the smaller,
the generall before the spetiall , and the cases of necessitie before
those that be not necessarie, the future good that lasteth longe before
the present of littell durabilitie, God him self suffringe some few
evelles to preferre manie goodes, accordinge to the saying of Jason
Thesalus, Oportet nonnulla facere iniuste ut plurima faciamus iusta ;
as, thankes be to God, in her Majesties behalf yt is not, but yf yt had
bene, were sufficientlie avouchable for the causes aforesaid.
Soo is not her Majesties conscience, nor yet her honour, anie
wayes to be ympeached for this b facte, but ar in all respectes en-
tyrelie c saved, and by the trouthe yt self defended.*1 And all that
hath bene recited of e the said infortunate Ladies behaviour, and of
her Majesties proceedinges in this affaire, is trew. What would
yow more? Ether yow must believe it, or give me leave to hould
my peace; for trouthe beynge the onlie iust f measure of all thinges,
with our opinion in the defence of trouth it self ther is a certayne
measure to be used.
a that, Cott. and Harl. MSS. b in that, Harl. MS.
« entyrelie omitted, Ibid. d sufficiently defended, Ibid,
in, Cott. and Harl. MSS. f true and'just, Harl. MS.
FINIS.
•tt
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