NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES
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QUESTIONS
OLD TESTAMENT,
WITH NOTES.
^csigncb for ^abbatlj Schools anb J'amilirs.
BOSTON:
CROSBY, KICHOLS, AND COMPANY,
117, Washington Street.
• 1859.
^-"
TkK NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
AtTOR, LENOX AND
TILDsij FOUNDATIONS.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, by
CROSBY, NICHOLS, AND COMPANY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massa-
chusetts.
PRINTED BT
OEO. C. SANU St, AVEBT.
PREFACE.
A WANT has long been felt to exist among us, of a
brief and convenient text-book for the study of the
Old Testament, — a study which, while it presents
numberless attractions, has yet difficulties peculiar to
itself. To meet, in some measure, this want, and
to guide the young, both in Sunday schools and fami-
lies, to a more accurate knowledge of this portion of
the sacred volume, the present manual is offered.
The necessary limits of such a work leave no
room for extended commentary on the text, and
few beside explanatory notes have been inserted.
The moral and religious lessons to be drawn from
almost every chapter of Holy Writ have been left to
the parent or teaclier, whose dearest office lies in
this direction, and whose place could be supplied by
no printed page ; but it is hoped that the brief ex-
planations and critical remarks, none of which have
been made without careful investigation of the high-
est authorities, will aid both teacher and student in
this in teres tin sr field of labor.
4 PREFACE.
The poetical and prophetical portions of the Old
Testament could not have been examined without
too much enlarging this volume : they have there-
fore been referred to only in the briefest manner,
as their several authors appear in the history. The
scope of the work comprises all the historical por-
tions of the Hebrew Scriptures, together with a
view of the law given by Moses. The chronology
which has been followed is mainly that of Arch-
bishop Usher. Of course, in some cases, it is merely
conjectural ; but it will always be found a guide
toward the comprehension of the course of events.
Geographical details have not been given with
much minuteness, as they cannot supersede the
necessity of a good map. An ancient atlas of
Palestine and the adjacent countries should always
be accessible to the student of Jewish history.
INTRODUCTORY LESSON.
1. What is the meaning of the word Bible?
It means Book. The Old and New Testaments
are called the Bible, or the Holy Bible, as being
the most important and sacred book in the world.
2. What is the meaning of Testament ?
It means Covenant. The Old Testament is so
called, because it contains God's earlier covenants
with man ; while the New Testament relates the
later and more perfect covenant made through
Jesus Christ.
3. With whom were these earlier covenants
made ?
First with the patriarchs and their families ; and
afterwards with the Israelites, through Moses.
4. What do we mean by the inspiration of the
Bible?
Not that every word was dictated by God's Spi-
rit, but that the Bible contains the history and the
writings of men divinely inspired or taught to reveal
God to his chosen people.
5. Of what does the Old Testament consist ?
Of thirty-nine books, by various authors, written
at widely separated epochs. They may be divided
1*
6 INTRODUCTORY LESSON.
into three classes, — the Poetical ; the Prophetical,
which are also usually in a poetical form ; and the
Historical, which contain the history and laws of
the Hebrew nation, with an introductory sketch
of the earliest ages of the world.
6. In what language were they written?
In Hebrew ; excepting some portions of Daniel
and Nehemiah, which are in Chaldee. They com-
prise all the Hebrew literature extant.
7. Are the authors of all these writings known ?
They are not. That Moses was the author of
the Pentateuch, or " five books " that bear his name,
has always been believed by Jews, and generally
by Christians ; also that the prophetical books, with
scarcely an exception, are genuine: but the authors
of Job and the later historical books are unknown.
8. Were these books deemed sacred by the
Jews ?
They were, and were preserved and copied with
the most scruj^ulous care and exactness. It was,
however, impossible that all corruptions and errors
should be avoided in transcribing, before the more
accurate method of printing was invented.
0. Are all of equal value and authority ?
They have never been so considered, either by
Jews or Christians.
10. Which are the most ancient of these writ-
ings ?
The Pentateuch, and probably the Book of
Job.
11. Did the Jews arrange their sacred books as
we do ?
They compressed the thirty-nine books into twen-
ty-two, — the number of letters in their alphabet ;
INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 7
uniting Ruth with Judges, and counting several
of the minor prophets as one ; with some other
changes.
12. What general division was made by them?
They divided the whole into three cLasses, —
the Law, or the five books of Moses ; the Prophets,
which division comprised Joshua, Judges, Samuel,
Kings, and all the prophetical books, excepting
Daniel ; and the Hagiographa, or sacred wrijings,
containing all the other books in our canon.
13. What is meant by the Canon?
Canon means " rule," or " guide ; " and the canoni-
cal books of any cliurch are those held sacred by
that church. Protestants have adopted the canon
of Jerome, who rejected several books considered
canonical by the Catholic church.
14. What is the Apocrypha?
A collection of books and fragments rejected from
the canon by Protestants, as being of doubtful
authority. Some of them are manifestly forgeries,
while others are of great value. None of them are
extant in Hebrew.
15. By whom were their present names given to
the books of the Old Testament ?
By the authors of the Septuagint version, — a
translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek,
made in Egypt about 286 B.C. It is called the
Septuagint, because tradition affirms it to have been
made by seventy Jewish elders.
1 6. When was our translation of the Bible made ?
About the year 1611, during the reign of James I.
It was translated from the original tongues.
17. Why are some words in our translation
printed in Italics, and others in capitals?
8 INTRODUCTORY LESSON.
The translators, when obliged, in order to express
the sense more clearly, to add one or more words
to the original, put such words in Italics. No words
are printed in capital letters, except one of the
Hebrew names for God, which is usually rendered
Lord by our translators. In the Hebrew, this
name is Jehovah ; and it would have been better to
retain the word in every case.
1 8. Are these books of authority and importance
to Christians ?
Though the more perfect revelation of God, made
through our Saviour, has superseded the earlier
covenants, yet the moral law given in the Hebrew
Scriptures has remained in full force, — a law Avhich
Christ declared he came not to destroy, but to ful-
fil. The study of these Scriptures is of the greatest
importance to us, as they contain the earliest his-
tory of our race, the most beautiful and subhme
teachings and examples, and as they throw light on
the history and prove the divine mission of our
Saviour Jesus Christ.
GENESIS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The name of Genesis was given to the first book
of Moses by the Greek translators. It signifies
" the beginning." The book consists of a short his-
tory of the early ages of the world, followed by a
more detailed account of the ancestors of the Israel-
ites.
It was probably compiled by Moses from earlier
documents, and from the traditions which were, in
those primitive times, carefully handed down from
one generation to another. The theory of the use
of such documents is founded on the difference of
the names applied to the Supreme Being in various
parts of the narrative, on the repetition of some
important facts, and an occasional slight discrepancy
between them.
The respective titles of '*' Elohim " and " Jeho-
vah" are used in the two principal documents,
whose alternate use can be traced for some distance
in the history. The first, commencing Gen. i. 1,
and ceasing Gen. ii. o, to recur again in the fifth and
subsequent chapters, always employs the title " Elo-
him," translated, in our version, " God ; " while the
second, commencmg Gen. iv. 1, uses the name
" Jehovah," translated " Lord." The passage from
Gen. ii. 4 to Gen. iii. 24, inclusive, appears to be
10 GENESIS.
drawn from yet another source, as the words ren-
dered " Lord God " consist of a combination of both
titles.
The Book of Genesis cannot be considered as a
complete history. It appears that Moses preserved
in it chiefly such facts as were of importance to the
people under his charge, in throwing light upon
their duties and their rights, and which illustrated
the absolute unity of God, his moral government,
and his dealings with their fathers. Alter relating
the history of creation in a manner which impres-
sively ascribes to God the origin of all the objects
of nature, some of which had themselves been dei-
fied by other nations, he passes rapidly over the
primitive history of the world to dwell upon the lives
of the immediate ancestors of his people, their
divinely founded claims to the land of Canaan, and
the covenant made with them by the same God
who had since appeared upon Sinai.
The book is full of striking and impressive pas-
sages, and of beautiful pictures of patriarchal
life.
LESSON L
The Creation.
4000 B.C.
Gen. I.
1. With what sublime truth does the Bible com-
mence
May not this verse refer to a period ages before
the earth was adapted to man's use ?
GENESIS. 11
Ans. It may : nor can any time be fixed for the
duration of the various processes of creation ; the
word " day " being often used to denote an indefi-
nite period.
2. In -what condition was the earth when first
created ?
The solid and fluid particles being mingled in what is
termed chaos, the whole would be formless and void. No
light could pierce the thick atmosphere. Nothing moved but
" a mighty wind " (for so the words rendered " Spirit of God"
might be "translated) blowing hither and thither,
3-5. What was the first process in the prepara-
tion of the earth for man ?
The partial clearing of the air, allowing light to enter;
and the commencement of the earth's revolutions, causing
day and night. " And there were morn and even during the
first period."
6-8. What was the next day's work ?
A still further clearing of the atmosphere, so that the
clouds mounted, leaving a space between the waters below
and those above; or, as the ancients fancied, a solid arch of
sky.
9, 10. What was the next result of the separation
of the soUd and fiuid particles ?
11, 12. What life began to appear on the yet
moist land?
Three degrees of vegetation are here indicated: "Grass,"
or rather mo.sses, ferns, — plants with no perfect seed ; next,
plants bearing seed ; and, lastly, trees. This order of creation
lias been plainly traced by geologists in the fossiliferous
rocks.
14-19. What is said of the next day's work?
The heavenly bodies may have been created ages before.
The word here translated " made " difters from the word so
rendered elsewhere in the account: it signifies "adapted."
The sun and moon were now adapted to the use of earth; pro-
bably by the rolling away of the clouds from its hitherto
darkened sky, sufleriug the direct iuflueuce of theur rays to
fall upon it.
12 GENESIS.
20-23. What creatures were formed to inhabit
the water and air?
"Whales" should rather be "dragons," — the huge mon-
sters whose remains have been discovered by geologists in
strata far below those containing any traces of land animals.
24, 25. The land being now comparatively dry,
what were formed to inhabit it?
"Beasts of the earth," — wild beasts, in distinction from
cattle.
26, 27. What was the crowning act of creation ?
What is the force of the expression, " Let us
make man in our image " ?
Ans. " Our image " here means simply " as my
representative of dominion, — my vicegerent on the
earth." The plural form is a Hebrew idiom,
called " the plural of majesty."
28. What was man's commission to rule over
earth ?
20, 30. What was appointed for the food of man
and beast ?
31. Was the divine approval bestowed on all the
Avorks of creation ?
Gen. n.
2, 3. With what bold figure of speech does this
account of the creation close ?
What institution was founded on this seventh
day's rest?
13
, LESSON 11.
The Creation and Early History of Man.
4000-3765 B.C.
Gen. II.
With verse 4 of this chapter commences another docu-
ment, using a different name for tlie Supreme Being, and
giving a less particular account of the creation of inferior
nature, but a fuller history of man's origin and early expe-
rience.
7. How was man created ?
8. What habitation was prepared for him ?
"Eden" signifies "pleasant;" "eastward," from Avhere
Moses wrote.
9. 10. How is the garden described ?
" Tree " should probably be " trees." The original f(irm
is one which often denotes a collective noun. There were
trees of living, or fruit-trees ; and forbidden trees, — perhaps
poisonous, — by eating of which came the knowledge of
evil.
11-14. Can the situation of Eden be identified
by this description?
Ans. It cannot. The two rivers first mentioned
are unknown to us. " Havilah " is probably Colchis ;
and the " Hiddekel," Tigris.
" Bdellium," a precious gum.
15. What was man's primitive occupation?
17. Against what trees was he warned?
18-20. What was his first act of dominion ?
21-23. How is the creation of woman described ?
This may be regarded as a vision of Adam's, on the alle-
gorical meaning of which Moses comments in verse 24.
2
14 GENESIS.
Gen. hi.
This chapter must be considered as an allegorical account
of the introduction of sin into the world. The subtle nature of
the serpent fitted it to represent the tempter, or the lawless de-
sires of man. No evil spirit is alluded to, as such a being
■was not conceived of until ages after Moses; nor is Adam
spoken of as representing his posterit}^, and including them in
his sin, — a theory of comparatively modern origin.
1-5. What was the temptation of Eve ?
What passions are here appealed to ?
6. Did she yield to the temptation ?
Was her husband also insnared ?
7, 8. What was the first emotion of guilt ?
How soon were they called to trial ?
12. When questioned, on whom did Adam cast
the blame?
Was there not an implied reproach on God him-
self?
13. AYhat excuse did Eve make?
14. 15. What sentence was passed on the tempt-
er?
Allusion is here made to the hatred ahvays felt by man-
kind toward the serpent tribe.
17-19. What was Adam's sentence?
Man was now to labor: he could no longer live at ease.
The ground is made sterile " for thy good," as the words should
be rendered; labor being in truth no curse, but a blessing.
20. What is the meaning of Eve? — Ans. Life.
21. Was clothing necessary in their more ex-
posed life?
22. 23. Why might they not continue in the
garden ?
They were now destined for a more ai-duous existence:
they were no longer as children. They must be sent from the
trees of life, or subsistence, lest they should eat and live on as
before ; " for ever " here signifying " still."
GENESIS. 15
24. How is the allegory concluded ?
" Cherubims," — an allegorical figure whose exact form
and meaning are uncertain.
Gen. IV.
1, 2. Who were the two first-born children?
" Cain" means obtained; "Abel," nothingness.
2. Wliat were their employments when grown ?
Are not these naturally the earhest occupations
of man ?
o, 4. What sacrifices did they offer ?
What was the origui of this method of worship ?
A)is. It is a natural impulse of the heart to de-
vote part of life's treasures to the Giver of all;
and the destruction of such offerings by fire was
common to all primitive nations. It may, however,
have been commanded to the patriarchs by God
himself.
4, 5. Why were not the offerings of the brothers
ahke accepted? (Heb. xi. 4; 1 John iii. 12.)
What effect did the rejection of his sacrifice
have on Cain ?
6, 7. Did the Lord condescend to point out the
means of acceptance?
"Sin lieth at the door:" r. fall is close at hand. "Unto
thee," &c., — thou hast the birthright and family superiority
over thy brother.
8. What was the result of Cain's anger?
9. How was he called to account?
10-12. What was his punishment?
"Thou art banished from the earth which has witnessed
this murder" to an uninhabited land, — a savage land, which
" will not yield to thee her produce " as does this.
13, 14. Did Cain dread more than was foretold?
16 GENESIS.
15. What assurance was given him ?
" Set a mark ; " gave a pledge to him.
Why would the next murderer be more guilty
than he?
Ans. As having this warning before him.
The mention of Cain's wife and of his building a city im-
plies the existence of men and women of whose origin we
have not heard. AVhether such were of Adam's race or not,
it is impossible to determine. In the notices of Cain's family
which follow, several are named who were benefactors to the
human race. Perhaps Moses marks their descent from the first
murderer in order to obviate any tendency to deify them.
23, 24. What is the oldest fragment of poetry in
existence ?
We know nothing of the quarrel here commemorated ; but,
as Lamech was the first polygimiist mentioned, it may concern
some domestic strife, and be recorded as a warning.
26. What is related of the days of Enos ?
" Then began men to call God by his name Jehovah."
LESSON III.
The Deluge, and the Family of Noah.
2344-1994 B.C.
Gen. V.
What are the contents of this chapter ?
Ans. The genealogy of Noah.
What is remarkable in the ages of his ancestors?
Are these dates certain ?
Ans. They are not : the Hebrew numerals, beiiig
much more easily corrupted than the rest of the
text, are never so reliable.
GENESIS. 17
23. Which is the shortest life mentioned ?
24. What is said of Enoch ?
What Jewish tradition was associated with him ?
(Heb.xi. 5.)
27. Which is the longest life ?
How many generations from Adam to Noah ?
Gen. VI.
1, 2. How were the chosen race of Seth cor-
rupted ?
Ans. By mingling with the other inhabitants of
earth.
3. "My spirit," &c., — "Man shall not alwa5'S resist my
aiithority, frail as he is; yet a hundred and twenty years shall
be allowed him" before the deluge. 4. "Giants," — men of
strength, not of remarkable size.
5 and 11, 12. In what condition was human so-
ciety ?
6. In the figurative language of the East, what
emotions are ascribed to God ?
7. What did He resolve ?
8. 9. Why were any to be excepted ?
10. Who composed Noah's family?
14-16. What directions were given to Noah?
A cubit being one and a half feet, what were the
dimensions of the ark ?
14. " Gopher-wood," — probably wood full of pitch. 16. "A
window," &c.: no window is here spoken of. The words
should be rendered, " The slant, or pitch, of the roof shall be
one cubit."
17-21. What living things were to be preserved?
Were all the animals on earth intended ?
We need not suppose the deluge to have extended over the
■whole world, as its object was only to destroy mankind, who
had peopled but a small portiou of it. Of course, the animals
2*
18 GENESIS.
of that portion alone vrere endangered. Moses evidently com-
piled his narrative of the deluge from two documents, distin-
guished, as in the earlier chapters of Genesis, by the different
names given to God. They vary in the number of clean beasts
and fowls preserved, and in the time passed by Noah in the ark
previous to the commencement of the flood. (Comp. chap. vi.
19 with vii. 2, 3; and chap. vii. 9, 10, with 11-14.)
Was an opportunity afforded to mankind to re-
pent? (1 Peter iii. 20.)
What is Noah called in 2 Peter ii. 5 ?
Were his warnings heeded? (Matt. xxiv. 38,
30.)
Gen. vii.
7. How many human beings were saved in the
ark?
11, 12. How did the deluge commence?
What is meant by "windows of heaven" and
" fountains of the deep " ?
If an earthquake, accompanied by storms, were
to submerge a portion of the earth's surface, Avould
not the appearances be as here described ?
12. How long did the rain continue?
17-19. How is the increase of the flood de-
scribed ?
20. How liigh above the mountains did it rise ?
21, 22. What were its dreadful consequences?
24. How long was it at its height ?
What allusion is made to the deluge in 2 Peter
iii. 5-7 ?
Gen. VIII.
1-3. How is the abatement of the flood de-
scribed ?
4. Where did the ark rest ?
GENESIS. 19
Wliere is Ararat ?
G, 7. What was first let out of the ark ?
The original denotes that the raven went to and fro from
tlic ark, but probably did not enter it again.
8-12. Describe the three missions of the dove.
AYhat did the olive-leaf sho^y ?
Of what has it since been the symbol ?
14-lG. How long was Noah in the ark? (Com-
pare chap. vii. 11.)
20. What was his first act upon leaving it ?
21, 22. What promise is here given?
Wa3 such an assurance needful to encourage in-
dustry ?
21. " For the imagination," &c., should be " though," &c.
Gex. IX.
1, 2. What commission was now given to man?
Of what was this a renewal ? (Gen. i. 28.)
3. AYhat food for man is now first mentioned ?
4. With what restriction was it allowed ?
Why was blood forbidden ?
5. 6. What distinction is set between the life of
man and of beasts ?
These verses probably refer only to dangerous animals. " I
■will require the blood of the hurtful beast at the hand of the
slain man's brother."
9-11. What covenant was made with Noah?
12-17. What was designated as a token of this
covenant ?
May not the rainbow have existed before ?
How was it peculiarly appropriate as a sign of
this promise?
18, 19. What is said of the sons of Noali?
20-24. What anecdote is related of them ?
20 GENESIS.
25. "What curse was pronounced on one of Ham's
cbildren ?
Who were the descendants of Canaan ? (Chap.
X. 15-19.)
Why is it probable that Moses preserved tliis
incident ?
The tribes descended from Canaan were those who held the
promised land. This ancient curse might serve to encourage
tlie IsraeUtes against them. The Negro race is in no degree tlie
posterity of Canaan, whose curse has been strangely misap-
plied to"^them.
2G, 27. What is said of Shem and Japheth?
From which of them did the Hebrews descend ?
LESSON IV.
The Settlement of the Earth, and the Call of Ahram.
19D4-1008 B.C.
Gen. X.
What docs this chapter contain ?
8-10. Who founded the Assyrian empire.^
11, 12. Is any thing now known of these an-
cient cities?
Ans. None of them have left any traces, except-
ing Nineveh, whose recently explored remains have
excited so much interest.
13. Who founded the Egyptian empire?
15. W^io, that of the Phoenicians?
25. From whom did the Hebrews descend ?
^lany of the names in this chapter are plural, and denote,
not individuals, but tribes. Some of these, as in ver. 16, 17,
recur frequently in later history ; but the greater part cannot
^^T,r \^a 5rio>ififif>ri ^ "T«ip!i c\f til P. ripntilfls:" Europe "was
GENESIS. 21
so designated. 6. Ethiopia was anciently named Cush; and
Egypt, Mizraim. 9. " Before the Lord," — a superlative often
used; as "trees of the Lord," — mighty trees. 11. " Asshxir,"
Assyria. 22. " Elam," Persia; "Aram," Syria. Many more
of these names have been fancifully connected -with known
tribes ; but very little is certain.
Gen. XL
2. Where was the first city founded after the
deluge ?
3. What were the building materials ?
Ans. Brick, cemented with " slime," or bitumen.
4. What object had the builders in view ?
5-9. What was the result of this attempt ?
This is probably a poetical account of an early ambitious
attempt to found a universal empire, and of its failure. The
tribes, when collected, were found to have become already so
alien in language and manners as to make unity impracticable.
10. What branch of Shem's race is now more
minutely described ?
26. With what family does the genealogy close?
28. Of what country was Abram a native ?
29. What was his wife's name?
,31. Who was Lot?
Were this family idolaters ? (Josh. xxiv. 2.)
What gods did the Chaldeans worship ?
Ans. The heavenly bodies and fire.
Gen. XIL
The history of Abraham, which now commences, is far
more circumstantial than any of the previous naiTatives.^ As
the founder of the Hebrew race; as the claimant, by divine
right, of the land of Canaan; and as the recipient of promises
from God, in which his posterity were included, — every thing
relating to Abraham was worthy of preservation. At the
same time, materials for history would become more nume-
rous ; documents and traditions concerning their great ancestor
being easily collected from the Hebrew famiUes.
22 GENESIS.
Where were revelations of the true God first
made to Abram ? (Acts vii. 2.)
1. What command was given him?
AVhy was such a se[)aration from his kindred
necessary ?
2. What promise did he receive?
3. What reference is here made to the Messiah ?
(Gal. iii. 8.)
4. How old was Abram ?
5. Whom did he take with him into Canaan ?
G. Was the country inhabited ?
7. What was foretold respecting it?
Why did this promise demand the exercise of
faith? (Acts vii. 5 ; Heb. xi. 8.)
8, 9. Did he settle permanently in any place ?
Where did he build altars to the Lord ?
10. On what occasion did he visit Egypt?
11-13. What prevarication dic^he there use?
1 6. How was he received by Pharaoh ?
17-20. What consequences followed his decep-
tion?
Gen. Xm.
2. What is said of Abram's riches ?
5-7. Why could he not continue to live with
Lot?
7. " The Cauaanitc," &c. : with foes around them, strife
would be fatal.
8, 9. What generous offer did he make ?
10, 11. How was Lot determined in his choice?
To what does Moses compare the fertihty of the
land?
13. What was the character of its inhabitants ?
GENESIS. 23
Was Lot's choice a wise one ?
14-17. What promise was renewed to Abram?
18. "In the plain" should be "under the terebinth."
LESSON V.
The History of Abram continued.
1908-1893 B.C.
Gex. XIV.
2. What five cities stood in the Valley of So-
dom?
3. What had this valley become, at the time
Moses wrote?
1-4. Whom did these petty kings, or chiefs,
serve ?
8-10. How did the King of Elam (Persia) and
his allies punish their rebellion ?
10. " Slime-pits," bitumen.
11, 12. What interest had this war to Abram ?
13. What title is here applied to him?
" Hebrew," here first used, is derived either from a word
signifying " beyond the river," from his origin beyond Euphra-
tes; oV from Eber, his ancestor: probably the former.
14-16. What exploit is related of him?
"Brother," — relative. This narrative shows his power
and wealth, as well as the petty nature of the wars of the
times.
17, 18. What kings came out to congratulate
him on his victory ?
Had the knowledge of the true God been pre-
served in Salem?
24 GENESIS.
18-20. How did its king receive Abram ?
Did he recognize the priestly office of Melchizedek?
What use is made of this incident in Heb. vii. ?
The writer to the Hebrews, wishing to show that the true
priests of God need not be of the tribe of Levi, mentions Mel-
chizedek, of Avhose lineage nothing is known, his priestly
office alone being mentioned of him; yet to whom Abram, the
ancestor of Levi, paid tithes as to his religious superior.
" ^lelchizedek " means king of righteousness ; and " Salem,"
peace. Probably this city was afterward Jerusalem.
21. What spoil was offered to Abram?
22-24. Would he accept any reward?
What noble traits of character does this nar-
rative show in him?
Gen. XV.
2, 3. What complaint did Abram make to God ?
Eliezur was probably an adopted son.
4, 5. How was he answered?
6. What remark does Moses make upon his
faith? (Compare Rom. iv. 18-22.)
9, 10. What ceremony was Abram directed to
perform ?
13-16. How was the future revealed to him in
vision ?
13. " Four hundred years " in round numbers (Ex. xii. 40).
16. "Fourth generation:" generation often signified a hun-
dred years.
17. What did he behold?
18-21. What was the covenant thus ratified?
An ancient form of solemn covenant consisted in dividing
the bodies of certain victims, between whose pieces the con-
tracting parties passed (Jer. xxxiv. 18). The vision of fire
that Abram saw was symbolical of the Divine Presence, which
often thus manifested itself in the Hebrew history. 18. This
promise included Arabia, the inheritance of Ishmael.
GENESIS. 25
Gen. XVI.
1. Who was Hagar?
6. What forced her to leave Abram's family ?
7. Whither did she flee ?
Shur is a city on the confines of Egypt, -whither she was
returning.
8. 9. What direction did she receive from Heaven ?
The word usually translated " angel " in the Old Testament,
but sometimes " messenger," signifies any medium of divine
communication. Often only a voice speaking in the name of
God is intended.
10-12. What was announced respecting her son?
AVhat have always been the traits of the Ara-
bians, who descended from Ishmael?
13, 14. What name did Hagar give to the well
where this occurred ?
" Thou God seest me " is a translation of the name of the
well. " For she said," &c.; or. Did I think that any one be-
held meV
Gen. XVn.
1-5. In the next recorded divine communication,
how was Abram's name changed ?
"Abram" means great father ; " Abraham," ya^Aer of a
multitude. The import of the change in Sarai's name is not
so certain.
10. What rite was instituted as a token of God's
covenant ?
12. At what age was the ceremony to be per-
formed ?
14. Was it obligatory upon all?
If one nation were to be set apart to preserve the knowledge
of the true God, every possible distinction must be made be-
tween it and other nations. From birth, all must bear the
marks of consecration. 14. " Cut off," — not put to death, but
debarred from the peculiar privileges of the covenant.
3
26 ^ GENESIS.
19. Was another son promised to Abraham?
20, 21. What distinction was made between the
children ?
23. Did Abraham perform the prescribed rite ?
LESSON VI.
The History of Abraham continued.
1S93-1885 B.C.
Gen. XVIII.
1, 2. What strangers came to Abraham under
the terebinth?
3-8. How did he show true Oriental hospitality ?
Why did he and Sarah wait on their guests
themselves ?
What allusion is made to this hospitality in Ileb.
xiii. 2 ?
Whom did tlie chief of these three men repre-
sent?
Ans. Jehovah himself, in whose name he spoke.
10. What former promise was renewed by liim?
12-15. Did Sarah's faith equal her husband's?
16. Whither were these men bound ?
20, 21. What was their mission to Sodom?
17, 19. Why were the Lord's designs revealed
to Abraham ?
22. Did the chief angel remain behind to make
the disclosure ?
23, 24. What plea did Abraham offer?
26. Was his request granted?
27-32. How often did he venture to repeat his
intercession ?
GENESIS. 27
Gen. XIX
1. When did the two angels, who quitted Abra-
ham, arrive in Sodom ?
Who was seated in the gate ?
For what purpose were the gates of cities an-
ciently used ?
Ans. As places of public resort, business, and
council. (Deut. xvi. 18 ; Josh. xx. 4 ; Prov. i. 21.)
2, 3. How did Lot receive the strangers ?
Did he protect them from insult and injury?
What does St. Peter say of Lot's residence in
Sodom ? (2 Peter ii. 8.)
12, 13. What warning did he receive?
14. Did all of his family believe it?
15, 16. Who escaped from the city with him?
29. For whose sake does Moses say Lot was de-
livered ?
What moral does St. Peter draw from his es-
cape? (2 Peter ii. 9.)
17. Whither was he bidden to flee ?
19-22. What place was saved at his request ?
"Zoar," — little.
24, 25. What terrible event succeeded his de-
parture ?
26. What became of Lot's wife?
Why did our Saviour bid his disciples remember
her? (Luke xvii. 32.)
28. What did Abraham see on the next morn-
ing?
What were the names of the cities destroyed ?
What was the appearance of the valley in the
time of Moses ? (Deut. xxix. 23.)
Does it present similar appearances now ?
28 GENESIS.
The Valley of the Dead Sea retains unmistakable traces of
violent volcanic action ; and it was doubtless in some convul-
sion of this nature that the cities were destroyed. To a spec-
tator it might Avell have the aspect of a tempest of fire. Lot's
wife, lingering behind, was overwhelmed by the bituminous
shower.
What does our Saviour say of the destruction of
Sodom? (Matt. xi. 23.)
37, 38. What tribes traced their ancestry to Lot?
Gen. XX.
This chapter contains what is evidently a different account
of the events related chap. xii. 10-20. There are some varia-
tions; and probably, instead of endeavoring to reconcile the
two documents, Moses inserted both. Gerar is a frontier pro-
vince of Egypt; and Abimelech is a Hebrew title, signifying
" My father-king."
LESSON VIL
History of Abraham continued.
1885-1855 B.C.
Gen. XXI.
1_4. What joyful event occurred in Abraham's
family ?
"Isaac" signifies laughter. (Ver. 6.)
8. How was the weaning of the child celebrated ?
9-11. What discord sprang up on this occasion?
How old was Ishmael? (Compare ver. 5 with
chap. xvi. 16.)
What did Sarah request ?
12, 13. What induced Abraham to consent?
Why was it better that the sons should grow up
apart ?
GENESIS. 29
14. What did Abraham do for Hagar?
What kind of bottle was this ?
Alls. It was a bottle of leather, or skin, such as
are still used in the East.
15, 16. What ha2^pened to the wanderers?
Abraliam probably supplied her with water sufficient to
last until she reached the next well on her journey; but she
lost her way.
17-19. How were they saved?
20, 21. What became of Ishmael?
Did he afterwards have any connection with his
father's family? (Chap. xxv. 9.)
22, 23. With whom did Abraham make a treaty?
25. What occasion of discord arose ?
26-30. How was the affair settled?
31. What was the place called?
" Beersheba," — the well of the oath. This narrative was
important as enabling the Israelites to fix their southern
boundary, which Beersheba ever after remained.
Gen. XXn.
1, 2. To what trial was Abraham's faith called?
How must we understand the word "tempt"
here? (James i. 12.)
Why is Isaac called his only son ?
Where was the sacrifice to be made ?
The land of ]\Ioriah was probably in the neighborhood of
Jerusalem ; and the mountain designated, that Mount Moriah
on which the temple was afterwards built. It is about forty-
two miles from Beersheba.-
3. Did Abraham make immediate preparations
to obey?
4. How long was the journey ?
5. What did he say to the servants ?
2*
30 GENESIS.
How could he say, we will come again ? (Heb.
xi. 17-19.)
6-8. What interesting conversation took place
on the way?
9, 10. How far did the preparations proceed ?
As Isaac was then about twenty-five years old, this must
have been with his own consent.
11, 12. How were they arrested ?
13. Wliat sacrifice was provided in Isaac's stead?
14. What was the place named ?
" The Lord will see; " i.e., provide: and the proverb quoted
in the same verse, as current in Modes' time, should read, " In
the mountain, the Lord will see or provide;" implying, " God
will deliver in extremity." Human sacrifices were common
in those ages; and, by forbidding one to Abraham, God re-
proved the custom, while he tried his servant's faith.
16-18. What covenant was here renewed?
Gen. XXIIL
1. How old was Sarah when she died?
2. Where did her death occur ?
3. 4. Of whom did Abraham propose to pur-
chase a burying-place ?
Although, in that nomadic state of society, any stranger
was allowed to settle where he would, yet a surer title Avas
desirable when a sepulchre was needed. Hence Abraham
would not accept the ofler of the owners of the soil, to use
their tombs.
6. What testimony of respect did they show
him ?
8, 9. What spot had he chosen ?
Why was a cave selected ?
10, 11. What offer did Ephron make to Iiim?
Where was the place of business ?
13-16. How was the transaction effected?
GENESIS 31
16. "Weighed the silver:" this must have been before
money was coined. A shekel in weight was about half an
ounce. " Current money," — silver sufficiently pure. The
uprightness and courtesy of both parties are worthy of re-
mark.
17-20. Wliy does Moses dwell so minutely on
the sure title to the place ?
It was very important to convince the Israelites of their
right to the places they were to conquer; and Hebron, where
their ancestors lay buried, was peculiarly sacred.
LESSON VIII.
The History of Isaac.
1855-1792 B.C.
Gen. XXIV.
1-4. What was a source of anxiety to Abraham
in his old age ?
AYhy was he not willing that his son should marry
a Canaanite?
Was the same objection in force in Moses' time ?
(Deut. vii. 3, 4.)
5, 6. Was he averse to Isaac's returning to his
father's country ?
2. Whom did he send to bring a wife thence for
Isaac? (Chap. XV. 2.)
10. To what place did Ehezur go?
11-14. How did he propose to fix his choice of
a maiden ?
15. Who came to the well?
What relation was she to Isaac ?
17-20. How was the servant's prayer answered?
Were such offices unusual to women ?
32 GENESIS.
22. What presents did he make to Rebekah ?
"Ear-ring," pa'operly "nose-ring."
27. What thanksgiving did he utter on learning
who she was ?
28-32. How was he received by her family?
Who did the honors of the house ?
33-49. How did Eliezur fulfil his commission ?
35, 36. On what point did he dwell with empha-
sis?
50, 51. What answer did he receive?
53. What dowry did he give Rebekah ?
In ancient nations, as now in barbarous countries, the
bridegroom always gave tlie dowry to the bride and her fixmily,
instead of receiving it witli her, as is the custom witli us.
54-58. How soon was the business completed?
59-61. Who accompanied the bride?
Who w^as her nurse ? (Chap. xxxv. 8.)
63, 65. What is related of her meeting with
Isaac ?
67. What is said of their marriage ?
How long after Sarah's death was this ?
Ans. Three years.
Gex. XXV.
1-4. Had Abraham other children not before
mentioned ?
The original docs not imply that he married Keturah after
Sarah's death.
5, 6. How did he prevent their interference with
Isaac's claims ?
7. How old was he at his death ?
9. Where and by whom w^as he buried ?
20. How old was Isaac when he married ?
12-18. What short history ensues?
GENESIS. 33
25, 26. What names were given to his two sons ?
21. What is said of their habits ?
28. What seed of discord is apparent here ?
29-34. On Avhat occasion did Esau sell his birth-
right to Jacob ?
What was wrong in the conduct of each ?
30. "Edom," — red. 32. "At the point to die:" not that
he -was then starving, but that his Hfe was precarious on ac-
count of his occupation. " Birthright: " the eldest son had a
right to a double portion of his father's property, and suc-
ceeded him not only as head of the family, but as leader in all
rehgious services. Hence the birthright was deemed sacred;
and Esau is called profane, in Heb. xii. 16, for despising it.
Gen. XXVI.
1-3. Was the covenant with Abraham renewed
to Isaac?
1. On what occasion did he dwell in Gerar?
7-11. What is related of his sojourn there?
18. How did he renew the old landmarks ?
The word rendered "wells" in ver. 18 signifies cisterns;
while that in ver. 19 indicates a living spring.
20, 21. What was a cause of contention with the
Philistines ?
26-31. How was the difficulty settled?
The first part of this chapter is so similar to chap, xx., that
it may be a different version of the same stor3\ The same
may be said of the resemblance between the' passage con-
cerning the well Beersheba and the account in chap. xxi.
34, 35. What was a cause of grief to Isaac and
Kebekah?
34
LESSON IX.
The History of Jacoh.
1792-1735 B.C.
Gen. XXVII.
The narrative in this chapter was of importance as proving
the right of Jacob's descendants to the land which they
claimed. Thongh Esau Avas the eldest and favorite son of his
father, yet the inheritance was taken from him in a way
which, although fraudulent, could not be reversed. Moses in
no way seeks to excuse or palliate the contemptible conduct
of Jacob.
1, 2. What caused Isaac to deem himself near
death?
3, 4. What directions did he give to his flivorite
son?
G-10. What plan did Rebekah lay to deceive
him ?
11-13. Was she wilHng to run the risk of fail-
ure?
14-17. How did she disguise Jacob?
18-26. Was Isaac easily deceived?
27-29. What was the coveted blessing ?
30-33. How did Esau and his father meet ?
Could Isaac retract his words ?
34-38. How did Esau express his disappoint-
ment ?
36. " Jacob " means sripplnnter. " These two times : "
though the birthright properly inchided both the double pro-
perty and the family- superiority, yet the latter was peculiarly
conveyed by the parental blessing. Esau's generous nature
probably gave more weight to the blessing than to the pro-
perty.
GENESIS. 35
What is said in Heb. xii. 17 of Esau's repent-
ance?
39, 40. What blessing was left for him ?
41. What were his feelings toward his brother?
Who were Esau's descendants ? (Chap, xxxvi.)
Did they retain animosity against the Israelites ?
(Ezek. XXXV. 5 ; Amos i. 11.)
What revenge did Esau propose ?
Was Isaac really near death? (Chap. xxxv. 29.)
42-45. How did Rebekah provide for her son's
safety ?
How long did she intend he should stay ?
How many years was he in fact absent? (Chap.
xxxi. 38.)
Eebekah died before his return. 45. " Why should I," &c. ;
referring to the avenger of blood. Esau, if he had slain his
brother, would probably have himself been slain by some
relative.
46. What was the alleged reason for his de-
pai-ture ?
Gen. xx^^^.
1-4. How did his father dismiss Jacob ?
5. Whither did he go ?
6-9. What course did Esau take to please his
father ?
10, 11. Where was Jacob's first resting-place?
12-15. What vision did he behold?
16, 17. What impression did it leave on his
mind ?
Jacob, fleeing from his brother's wrath, a lonely exile,
might well doubt if he should ever return to inherit the land
of his fathers; but this vision assures him that the God of
Abraham is not a mere local Deity, whose jurisdiction he was
leaving, but one who can protect'^him in other lauds, and who
will fulfil his promises.
36 GENESIS.
18. What memorial did he erect?
19. What name did he give the place?
" Bethel," — house of God.
20, 21. What vow did he make?
Was a tenth the usual proportion dedicated ?
Gen. XXIX.
1-4. Where did Jacob first meet with the men
of Haran?
3-8. What was the custom of the place, water
being so precious ?
9-11. How did Jacob and Rachel meet?
How were they related ?
12-14. Did his uncle receive him kindly?
16, 17. Of whom did the family consist?
" Tender-eyed," — of weak or dull eyes.
p 18-20. Into what engagement did they enter?
21, 22. How was its completion celebrated?
25, 26. What motive had Laban lor the decep-
tion he practised?
27-30. What new arrangement was made ?
♦' Fulfil her week," — finish Leah's mai-riage-feast, and then
take Rachel, before the other seven years.
Does the family seem to have been a happy one?
31-35. What were the names of Jacob's four
elder sons?
" Reuben " means see, a son! " Simeon," he heard; *' Levi,"
joined; " J ndah,^^ praised.
Gex. XXX.
3-13. Who were the children of the servants?
"Dan," ym7j7e£?; *' Naphtali," wrestled; "Gad," a troop;
"Asher," b'lessednesi.
18-21. What other children had Leah?
GENESIS. 37
"Issachar," hired; " Zebulon," dwell; ^^ D'mah,^^ judfjment.
22-24. Who was Rachel's first-born ?
"Joseph," tcill odd.
25, 26. Having fulfilled his agreement, what did
Jacob request ?
27. Why did Lal)an wish him to stay ?
How much longer did he remain, taking his
wages in cattle? (Chap. xxxi. 41.)
43. Did he ^^rosper ?
LESSON X.
The History of Jacoh continued.
1735-1724 B.C.
Gen. xxxi.
1, 2. Did Jacob's conduct alienate Laban's fa-
mily?
7. Had Laban himself acted faii^y ?
14-16. Did Jacob's wives consent to his plans
for leaving ?
17-!!0. What course did he take?
Why did Rachel steal her father's images ?
Ans. Probably^ she retained some superstitious
reverence for them.
22, 23. Where did Laban overtake the fugitives ?
24. What warning against passion did he re-
ceive ?
" Either good or bad" should be " from good to bad," — be-
ginning Avith civility, to end in hostilities.
26-30. What complaints did he bring against
Jacob?
o8 GENESIS.
31, 32. How did Jacob reply?
33-35. Could Laban find his images?
3G-42. What accusations did Jacob bring in his
turn ?
43-53. With what covenant was peace con-
cluded ?
47-49. What was the monument that they
erected called?
47. Both these names signify "heap of "witness:" one is
Syriuc; the other, Hebrew.
54, 55. Did they part amicably ?
Gex. XXXII.
1, 2. Who met Jacob as he approached his fa-
ther's country ?
The meaning of this passage is uncertain ; hut, as the word
rendered " angels " is tlie same which in the next verse is
translated " messengers," it may have been a friendly em-
bassy to welcome him home.
3-5. What conciliatory message did he send to
Esau ?
3. "Blount Seir," — a range of mountains extending from
the Dead Sea southward to the Eed Sea.
6-8. What answer Vas brought back ?
Why was Jacob distressed ?
Is not this an instance of the power of conscience ?
9-12. To whom did he resort for protection?
13-21. What gift did he prepare to propitiate
Esau ?
24-30. What encouraging vision did he have
that night?
28. How was his name changed ?
"Israel:" i.e., "a mighty wrestler." This narrative is
obscure. It ,is one traditional account of the reason for his
GENESIS. 39
chanp;© of name. Another is given in chap. xxxv. 10.
82. "Therefore," &c.: there is no allusion to this custom
elsewhere in the Old Testament.
Gen. XXXIII.
1, 2. What arrangement of his family did Jacob
make?
Why were they placed in this order ?
3, 4. How did the brothers meet ?
5-7. How did Jacob present his family ?
8-11. Did Esau accept the proffered gift ?
In true Oriental style, — first declining and then accepting it.
12-15. Did Jacob still distrust his brother?
The timidity of conscious guilt is visible in the whole of
his conduct. He will neither accept of his brother's company,
nor of the escort he proposes to leave him: he promises to
visit Esau at Mount Seir, yet turns aside at Succoth. Esau's
character stands in advantageous contrast.
1 8-20. Where did Jacob fix his residence ?
How did he secure a title to the place ?
What altar did he build ?
" God, the God of Israel."
Who was afterward buried in this spot? (Josh,
xxiv. 32.)
What event has made it sacred to us? (John
iv. 4, 5.)
I Gen. xxxv.
1. What vow did Jacob prepare to fulfil? (Chap,
xxviii. 22.)
2-4. How were his family made ready for the
ceremony ?
4. "Strange gods:" probably the idols stolen from Laban,
the last relics of idolatr3^ "Ear-rings," perhaps worn as
amulets.
40 GENESIS.
7 and 14. How did lie consecrate Bethel?
8. What event had occurred there ?
" Allon-bachuth," — the oak of weeping. The passage
does not imply that Deborah died at that time : they came to
her grave.
9-12. What account is here given of Jacob's
change of name ?
lG-19. What event occurred on his return from
Bethel?
18. " Benoni," — son of soiTOw. " Benjamin," — son of the
right hand.
20. To what existing monument does Moses re-
fer?
Where is Rachel afterward spoken of in con-
nection with Betlilehem? (Matt. ii. 18.)
27. Where did Jacob visit his father?
28, 20. What is said of Isaac's death?
Gen. XXXVI.
This chapter contains accounts of Esau and his race, frag-
mentary in tlieir nature, but interesting to the Israelites as
memorials of a kindred people. There are some repetitions
(compare vcr. 5, 14, 18). Ver. 6, 7, represent Esau as leaving
Canaan for jMount Scir after his brother's arrival ; while chap,
xxxii. 3 speaks of him as already there. In either case, he
had given up all claim to Canaan, — an important point.
" Duke," in this chapter, should be rendered " patriarch."
39. The line of kings closes with Hadar, probably the reigning
monarch in Moses' time, to whom he seat a message. (Num.
XX. 14.)
41
LESSON XL
The History of Joseph,
1724-1704 B.C.
Gen. XXXVII.
2. What were Joseph's age and occupation ?
2-4. What excited the hatred of his brethren
against him ?
*' Coat of many color?," — a garment richly striped or
trimmed: a mark of distinction. His father intended to give
to Joseph, as the eldest son of Rachel, the birthright which
the eldest son of Leah had forfeited by his misconduct (see
chap. xlix. 3 and 26). 4. "Could not speak peaceably; " or
give him the salutation of peace.
5-10. What increased their dishke ?
How did they understand his dreams ?
Such dreams were perfectly natural to a son thus distin-
guished. The original does not say the eleven stars.
12. How far had Jacob's sons driven their flocks ?
Shechem is fifty miles north of Hebron ; and Dothan,
twenty miles farther, — no unusual distance for those wander-
ing tribes to pasture their sheep.
13-17. On what errand did Joseph seek his
brethren ?
18-20. What plot did they lay against him ?
21, 22. Who prevented their cruel purpose?
"Pit," — dry cistern. Reuben, though the one most in-
'jured by Joseph's claims, bears no malice against him.
23, 24. How was Joseph treated by them ?
What were his feeUngs? (Chap. xhi. 21.)
26. Who beside Reuben declared against his
death?
42 GENESIS.
28. How did they finally dispose of him ?
29, 30. When Reuben found his intentions de-
feated, what did he say ?
He evidently Avas absent at the time of the pale ; and, on his
return, thought that Joseph had been slain. (Chap. xlii. 22.)
31-35. AYhat deception did they put upon their
father?
3G. What was Joseph's fate?
" Pharaoh," — the Egyptian title of royalty.
Gen. XXXIX.
2-G. To what station did Joseph's good conduct
raise him ?
What is said of his personal appearance ?
7-9. AVhen tempted to sin, what noble answer
did he make ?
19, 20. What was the consequence of the ma-
lice thus incurred ?
21-23. What is said of his hfe in prison?
This prison must have been in Potiphar's house. (Com-
pare xxxix. 1 and xl. 3.)
Gen. XL.
1-4. What distinguished prisoners were put
under Joseph's charge ?
5-8. What conversation took place one morning?
9-11. What was the butler's dream?
12, 13. How did Joseph interpret it?
14, 15. AYhat touching appeal did he make?
16-19. What was the baker's dream, and the
interpretation ?
20-22. Were these predictions fulfilled ?
20. "Lifted up the head," — brought to notice and trial.
The ancient paintings yet remaining on the walls of the
GENESIS. 43
Egyptian tombs represent officers, in attendance on the kings,
employed in exactly the manner spoken of in these dreams ;
pressing the grapes into the royal cup, or carrying " bake-
meats"' — that is, pastry or cakes — in baskets upon the
head.
Gex. XL I.
1. How long did Joseph remain in prison after
this?
2-7. What two dreams did Pharaoh liave ?
AViiat river is intended ?
What kind of corn was this ?
Ans. Egyptian wheat, which bears several ears
ujion one stalk.
What is meant by the east wind ?
Ans. The Simoom.
8. For whom did Pharaoh send to interpret his
dreams ?
" ]\Iagicians : " Egypt was always noted for its professors
of magic, and men skilled in legerdemain.
9-14. How did it happen that Joseph was brought
forward ?
Joseph's cutting off his beard before appearing in court is
one of the many incidental notices which mark the truth of
this nan-ative. " Shaving was then exclusively an Egyptian
custom.
19-21. In repeating his dreams, what graphic
description of the kine did Pharaoh give ?
25-32. How did Joseph interpret the dreams ?
33-36. What advice did he offer?
37-41. To what station was he raised by the
king?
42-45. What tokens of honor were bestowed on
him?
43. The phrase translated " Bow the knee " is probably an
Egyptian title of honor. 45. "Priest of On," — a city now-
called Hieropolis.
44 GENESIS.
46. How long had Joseph now been in Egypt ?
(Chap, xxxvii. 2.)
47-49. How did he fulfil his office?
The corn collected was cither purchased, or the usual tax
of one-tenth of the produce was doubled. (Ver. 34.)
50-52. What sons were born to him ?
" Manasseh," — forgetfulness. " Ephraim," — fruitfulness.
54-57. What was the effect of the famine that
succeeded ?
57. " All countries," — the adjacent lands.
LESSON xn.
The History of Joseph continued.
1704-1702 B.C.
Gen. XLII.
1-5. What brought the sons of Jacob to Egypt ?
4. Why was not Benjamin with them ?
8. Did Joseph and his brothers recognize each
other ?
6-9. How did he receive them ?
What reminded hhn of his former dreams ?
9-12. Of what did he accuse them?
15-17. What trial of their truth did he impose?
18-20. How far did he afterwards relent?
21, 22. How was their guilty conscience shown
.after so many years ?
23, 24. What touch of nature is there in this
j)assage ?
25, 28. What occurred on their journey home ?
35. Was their money restored to all ?
GENESIS. 45
t
29-30. How did Jacob receive their news ?
37. Wliat offer did Reuben make, if Benjamin
miorht ":o?
38. What was Jacob's pathetic reply ?
Gex. XLIII.
1-10. How did Judah finally overcome his fa-
ther's scruples ?
11-14. How did he think to propitiate the go-
vernor ?
What is still the Eastern custom in this respect ?
(Prov. xviii. 16.)
14. How did he dismiss his sons?
16, 17. Who, by Joseph's orders, received them
on reaching Egypt?
18. What cause for fear did they find in this ?
19-23. How did the steward encourage them?
23. "I had your money," — I received it as steward; the
whole is between me and you. Fear not ; take the money as
a gift from your God.
26-28. How did Joseph receive them at noon?
29-31. How was he affected at the sight of his
own brother ?
32, 34. What is said of the feast he made for
them?
The Egyptians would eat with no other nation. 83. They
were astonished that any one in Egypt should know their
respective ages. 34. "Sent messes unto them," — an Eastern
mark of distinction and favor.
Gen. XLIY.
1-5. What new trial did Joseph impose on his
brethren ?
Joseph's object in his treatment of his brothers was evi-
dently to ascertain how far they were worthy of his favor be-
fore he should extend it toward them. As the last trial proved
46 GENESIS.
their honesty, so the present one would show if they regarded
Benjamin with the same liostility they had manifested to him-
self. 5. "Whereby he divineth" should be rendered, "For
which he would search diligently."
7-13. How did they meet the accusation?
Do they seem to have doubted Benjamin's guilt ?
16. Were they wiUing themselves to assume it?
15. "Wot ye not," — knew ye not that such a man as I
would surely search out such a crime?
1 7. What sentence did Joseph pass on them ?
18-34. In what eloquent words did Judah at-
tempt to change his resolution?
Gen. XLV.
Was Joseph satisfied with his trials of his bro-
thers' character?
1-3. How did he reveal himself to them ?
Why were they troubled ?
4-8. How did he console them ?
Did he mean to justify their conduct ?
6. " Earing," — an old English term for ploughing.
9-13. What commission to his father did he give
them ?
10. "Goshen:" the exact situation of this place is not
known. It was on the eastern side of the Nile.
14, 15. Were they re-assured by his kindness?
16. How was the news received at court?
17-20. Did Pharaoh second Joseph's plans?
19. Wagons were unknown, except in Egypt.
21-24. How were the brothers prepared for
their journey?
What half-sarcastic charge did they receive ?
25-28. How did Jacob receive the good news
they brought?
47
LESSON XIII.
The History of Joseph continued.
1702-1695 B.C.
Gex. XL VI.
1. "Where did Jacob halt to offer sacrifices ?
' Beersheba Avas the southern hmit of the land promised to-
Abraham. His descendant offers sacrifices on leaving it, as
I imploring protection Avhile absent.
2-4. What promises did he receive in a vision?'
7. Who accompanied him into Egypt ?
27. How many are reckoned in all ?
This list is evidently imperfect (compare with Num. xxvi,,.
I with which there are many discrepancies). Some of the fa-
mily were doubtless born during Jacob's life in Egypt, and are
mentioned in anticipation ; as, probably, the sons of Benjamin.
28-30. What was the meeting between Joseph
and his father?
31-34. What plan had he laid respecting the
; destination of his family ?
I Joseph, wishing to prevent his family's being merged in
I the Egyptian race, bids them announce "themselves as shep--
herds,Tn order that a separate place might be assigned them.-
Shepherds were an abomination to the Egyptians, because the'
animals they slew were sacred; and because, according to^
Manetho's history, invaders known as "shepherd-kings" had.
then recently tyrannized over Egypt.
Gex. XL\1I.
2-10. How did Pharaoh receive the brothers-
' and father of his favorite ?
What did Jacob say of his own life ?
6 and 11. What disposition was made of them?
48 GENESIS.
11. "Rameses," — another name for Goshen. "The best
of the land " for their purposes as graziers.
12. How were they maintained during the fa-
mine?
14-17. What did the Egyptians give in exchange
for food ?
18-20. What was given up when all else was
gone ?
21-2G. What new regulation of the kingdom did
Joseph make ?
By making Pharaoh the proprietor of the whole realm, with
a regular revenue, in place of uncertain exactions, and by the
establishment of new cities, he no doubt conferred great bene-
fit on tlie country. The exemption of the priests from taxa-
tion is mentioned by the earliest historians of Egypt.
27. Did the family of Israel prosper?
28. How long did he live in Egypt ?
.29, 30. What oath did he exact from his sons ?
Gen. XLVIII.
1. Who were brought to Jacob for his blessing?
■5. Did he adopt the children for his own ?
This was equivalent to giving .Joseph a double portion in
the patrimony; but (ver. 6) the adoption was not to extend to
any other sons Joseph might have. They were to be asso-
ciated with their elder brothers.
7. What memories were awakened by the though
of Rachel's descendants ?
8-12. How did Jacob receive the children?
14. How did he change the expected precedence ?
15, IG. What blessing did he pronounce on them?
17, 18. Did Joseph approve of his partiality?
19, 20. What reason did Jacob give for it?
21. Did he believe that his family would retur
to Canaan?
22. The transaction here alluded to is nowhere explained.
p
i
49
LESSON XIV.
Jacob's Death and Burial.
1695-1631 B.C.
Gex. XLIX.
The contents of this chapter should not be considered as
prophecy; nor were they, probably, uttered in their present po-
etical form. They consist of the dying blessings of Jacob on his
different sons, as far as these had been preserved in their fa-
milies. Some are, of course, much more full and explicit than
others. In some cases, there is only an allusion to their per-
sonal character or history; in others, a designation of the part
of Canaan they should inherit on their return. The expres-
sion in ver. 1, "In the last days," simply means "hereafter."
1, 2. For what purpose were Jacob's sons col-
lected ?
3, 4. Did he take away Reuben's birthright ?
This is signified by, "Thou shalt not excel;" that is, be
first. He divides the birthright between Judah and Joseph;
bestowing the family supremacy on the former, the double
portion on the latter.
5-7. TVhat had brought on Simeon and Levi
their father's displeasure?
Did he allot to them any definite portion ?
8-12. What was the blessing upon Judah?
"Judah" signifies /)rn2se. Jacob appoints to him the pre-
cedence in the tribes, until, on their return homewai'd, they
should reach Shiloh ; that is, a place so called, nearly in the
centre of Canaan. This direction was fulfilled; the tribe of
Judah taking the lead, until the country was conquered (Num.
X. 14; Josh, xviii. 1). 11, 12. The southern, or vine-bearing,
portion of the land is allotted to him.
13. Where was Zebulon's allotment of territory?
14, 15. What did his father expect from Issachar,
judging probably from his character ?
50 GENESIS.
16, 17. What is said of Dan?
"Dan" signifies jMc/^e. His chai-acter differed materially
from that of Issachar, — vigorous and subtle.
18. With what exclamation is the discourse in-
terrupted ?
The three following "blessings" ai-e merely fragmentary;
nor do we know to what they allude. Ver. 19 refers to the
meaning of Gad, — a troop. 21, Probably, should be, " Naph-
tali is a spreading tree, bearing beautiful branches."
22-26. What eminent blessings did Jacob be-
stow on Joseph?'
What allusion is made to his misfortunes ?
26. *' From thence is the Shepherd," &c. : these words were
evidently inserted afterwards. If Moses Avrote them, they
must refer to Josliua, who was of the race of Joseph.
27. How is Benjamin's character alluded to?
29-32. With what directions respecting his bu-
rial did Jacob conclude ?
Gen. L.
1-3. What was done with the body of Jacob ?
According to the accounts remaining to us of the Egyptian
ciistom of embalming, the body was forty days undergoing the
process; but thirty days more were spent in preparing for it :
making, in all, the seventy days spoken of.
4-7. Did Pharaoh give leave of absence to Jo-
seph that he might bury his father ?
7-9. Who composed the funeral array ?
10, 11. Where did the company halt to perform
the usual ceremonies of mourning ?
10. " Threshing-floov : " tln-eshing was always performed
in the open air, usually in some elevated field^ — a suitable
place for such an encampment. 11. " Abel-mizraim," — "the
mourning of the Egyptians."
12, 13. Who accompanied the body to the grave?
GENESIS. 51
14, 15. After the return to Egypt, what fears
did Joseph's brothers entertain ?
16-18. How did they endeavor to conciHate him?
19-21. What generous answer did he return?
22-24. Is any thing more related of Joseph's
life?
26. At what age did he die?
25. What oath did he exact from his kindred?
(Heb. xi. 22.)
52
EXODUS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The second book of Moses derives its name of
Exodus, or " departure," from the Septuagint trans-
lators, who thus named it because the departure of
the IsraeHtes from Egypt is a prominent fact in
its history.
It contains accounts of the early life of Moses ;
the deliverance of the Israelites, through his instru-
mentality, from Egyptian bondage ; and of the
first promulgation of the law from Mount Sinai.
The history is not continuous with that of Genesis ;
about four hundred years being passed over in the
first chapter with but the slightest notice. Moses,
having given, as we have seen, the history of the
fathers of his people, turns at once to his' own
times, omitting altogether the uninstructive record
of centuries, — first of prosperity, and afterwards
of slavery.
His own history is written with simple candor
and fidelity, every thing being apparently set down
as it occurred, almost in journal form ; which fact
accounts for the repetition to be traced in his later
books ; the same laws being often recorded more
than once, — when they were first promulgated, and
afterwards when applied to particular cases, or
modified to suit new exiorencies.
53
LESSON XV.
The Early Life of Moses,
1631-14S7 B.C.
EXOD. I.
1-7. "With what summary does the Book of Exo-
dus begin ?
What is said of the prosperity of Israel ?
8, 9. Did the royal favor continue toward them?
" A new king," probably of a new dynasty.
10. What excited the apprehensions of the court?
11-14. What means were adopted to crush the
formidable race?
Did these hardships have the desired effect ?
11. "Treasure-cities;" as the taxes were paid in produce,
immense granaries were requisite.
22. What attempt was made by the government
to decrease their numbers ?
Was the plan carried out in any effectual manner?
ExoD. II.
1. Of what tribe were Moses' parents?
What were their names, and what other children
had they ? (Num. xxvi. 59.)
2. What is said of the son now born? (Acts
vii. 20.)
3. 4. How did his mother dispose of him ?
" Bulrushes " and " flags " were papyrus, — a reed common
on the Nile, — which the crocodiles of the river are said to
avoid.
5, 6. How was the babe rescued ?
6*
54 EXODUS.
7-10. "What provision was made for him?
How was he named by his protectress ?
"Closes:" probably from two Egyptian words, signifying
"saved from water."
How was the youth of Moses passed? (Acts
vii. 22.)
1 1 . Did he forget his oppressed brethren ?
(Heb. xi. 24-26.)
11, 12. What was his first act in their defence?
13, 14. Did they accept his interference? (Acts
vii. 24, 25.)
15. What was the consequence of his rashness?
Where did he find refuge ?
16, 17. How did he here manifest his hatred of
all oppression ?
18-21. What was the result of this adventure?
IMidian Avas part of Arabia Petroea. It was probably in-
habited by Ishmaelites, who i-etained some knowledge of the
trnc God. According to Acts vii. 30, Moses remained in this
seclusion for forty years. Longer experience and greater ma-
turity of character were necessary to fit him for his arduous
task.
EXOD. III.
1. How far had Moses driven his flock?
"Father-in-law:" the same word is translated "son-in-
law," Gen. xix. 14. It seems to mean any relation by mar-
riage ; and Jethro was probably the son of Reuel. The range
of mountains to which ]\Ioses came was named Horeb: and
the particular peak where this event occurred received the
name of Sinai, probably in reference to the miracle; "Sinai"
meaning shrub, or hush.
2, 3. What wonderful appearance attracted him ?
(See note on Gen. xvi. 8, 9.)
4, 5. What Eastern act of reverence was com-
manded ?
EXODUS. 55
6. In what words did God announce himself?
What application does our Saviour make of this
Terse? (Luke xx. 37, 38.)
7-10. How did God declare his purposes?
8. " Flowing with milk and honey," — a proverbial expres-
sion for exceeding fertility and abundance.
11-13. "What doubtful questions did Moses ask?
14, 15. How is the name of the Being who ad-
dressed him proclaimed ?
Moses is uncertain whether the Divinity who speaks to him
is the God known to his fathers, and hmnbly asks his name.
The answer is recorded in ver. 15: "Jehovah," — as the word
rendered " Lord " in capital letters ought always to have been
translated, — "Jehovah, the God whom your fathers knew by
that name." Ver. 14 gives the same name, with sufficient
change to show its origin. "Jehovah" is a word formed from
the past, present, and future forms of the verb " to be," and
signifies immutable existence.
lG-18. What further directions were given to
Moses ?
16, "Elders:" the elders so often spoken of henceforth
were the heads, and in some degree the magistrates, of the
various tribes and families. They governed, as far as govern-
ment was then intrusted to individuals of the enslaved nation ;
and afterwards were associated with Moses in the management
of affairs. They are called "nobles" in Exod. xxiv. 11.
19, 20. How was the deliverance of the Israelites
to be effected ?
21, 22. How were they to be provided for their
journey ?
There is an unfortunate mistranslation in the last verse.
The word rendered "borrow" is simply "ask" or "demand."
They were to demand some payment for their long services ;
and God would incline the hearts of their masters to furnish
what they asked. "Spoil" is better rendered "recover" in
1 Sam. XXX. 22: they "recovered from the Egyptians" part
of their wages.
,56
LESSON XVI.
Moses' Commission to Pharaoh.
1487 B.C.
ExoD. IV.
1. TTlmt was the chief diiriculty, in Moses' ap-
prehension ?
2-9. What miracles was he empowered to per-
form as signs of his divine mission ?
10-12. How was his next objection answered?
13. Was he even yet wilhng ?
"Send by some one who can be sent, — who is capable,
which I am not."
14, 15. By what proposal were his scruples
overcome ?
16. What relation were Moses and Aaron to
bear to each other ?
18. Did Jethro consent to Moses' leaving him?
19. Was there no danger in his return to Egypt?
22, 23. What was the message to be given to
Pharaoh ?
21. "I will harden," &c., simply means "his heart will be
hard." The Hebrew form of expression i-cferred every thing
to God's direct agency. 24-26. The incident here related is
obscure; but probably relates to some severe iUness Avhich
attacked Moses by the AVay, and which Zipporali attributed to
her having failed to perform the I'ite of circumcision for her
children. She having fulfilled this duty, ]Moses recovered; and
she calls him " a husband won 'back by blood."
27, 28. How did Moses and Aaron meet ?
29, 30. To whom did they give their marvellous
report ?
ol. Was it credited by their hearers ?
EXODUS. 57
ExoD. V.
1-3. On their first interview with Pharaoh, what
request did they make ?
Was this the same king who reigned at Moses*
birth? (Chap. ii. 23.)
4 and 8. What cruel inference did he draw from
their petition ?
4. " Let," — an olJ English word for "hinder."
G-9. What orders were given in consequence ?
7. Straw was necessary to bind together the clay, as the
bricks were not burnt, but dried in the sun. 8. "Tale," —
number, tally.
14. Who suffered when such impossible tasks
were unfulfilled?
15-19. Would Pharaoh listen to their just com-
plaints ?
20, 21. What change was produced in their feel-
ings toward Moses and Aaron ?
22, 23. To whom did Moses go with his griev-
ances ?
ExoD. VI.
1-8. What covenant did God renew to the He-
brew nation?
With what solemn words does this passage com-
mence and close ?
2. "I am Jehovah," — the Immutable. 3. There is no
doubt that the name of Jehovah was known to the patriarchs,
nor is it denied here. The words may be understood, " I was
manifested to your fixthers as an Almighty Being, but not in
the full sense of my name the Immutable. My claim to this
name I will henceforth prove."
9. Did the Israelites listen again to Moses ?
12, 13. What new discouragement did he draw
from this?
58 EXODUS.
12. " UncircnTncised lips," — a proverbial expression for
impei-fect utterance. The genealogy of Moses and his family-
succeeds; Reuben and Simeon being concisely introduced as
standing before Levi in the register. The list'is probably im-
perfect. The chapter should close with ver, 27; the author
resuming his subject in the next section with a short repeti-
tion.
ExoD. VII.
1-6. Were Moses and Aaron sent again to the
king ?
1. "I have made thee a god:" Moses should appear as
such to Phai-aoh by his power over nature.
7. How old were they at this time ?
9, 10. What proof of their divine commission
did they give?
11, 12. What was done by the Egyptian jugglers?
How did Aaron's rod prove its superiority ?
The magicians, or jugglers, imitated this miracle by their
" secret arts " (not " enchantments ") ; substituting their trained
serpents for rods. Pharaoh was thus convinced that no divine
power was exercised.
LESSON XVII.
The Plagues of Egypt,
14S7 B.C.
ExoD. ^^I.
The "signs and wonders" Avhich are now related were
adapted to two important ends, — 1st, to convince the Egyp-
tians that the God of the Hebrews had power to deliver them,
and thus to compel assent to their release; and, 2d, to prove
to the Israelites themselves the reality of Moses' mission.
Some of the plagues, as the first one, were directed against the
Egyptian deities, as if to prove their powerlessness. The Nile
was worshipped in Egypt.
EXODUS. 59
.15. Whore did Moses next meet the king?
19-21. What was the first plague?
22. Could the jugglers imitate this miracle also?
The waters of the sacred river, wherever found, were cor-
rupted: but the people did not suffer from thirst; for they
could use the M-ells (ver. 24). The jugglers could easily imi-
tate, on a small scale, a change like this.
What names of the chief magicians were pre-
served by tradition ? (2 Tim. iii. 8.)
25. How long did this plague last ?
ExoD. VIII.
1-6. What was the second plague ?
7. Was this imitated by the magicians ?
They could produce to sight a few frogs in a space which
must first have been cleared of them; but they did not attempt
to remove the nuisance.
8. What did the king promise ?
9. 10. What arrangement did Moses make with
him?
9. " Glory over me," — " assume authority over me so far
as to decide for me."
12-1-4. What was the result ?
15. Did Pharaoh keep his promise?
16, 17. What was the third plague?
18, 19. What confession was forced from the
magicians ?
" Lice: " more probably " gnats." The jugglers could not
manage such small animals as they could frogs and serpents.
They gave up the contest, sayingj^ "It is the finger of the
gods^." But Pharaoh still hopes that his own divinities may
prove equal to the Hebrew God.
20-24. What was the fourth plague ?
"Swarms of flies:" our translators have put the words
"of flies" in Italics, as the original, rendered "swarms," is m-
definite. It was probably some venomous insect.
60 EXODUS.
What new proof was given that the God of the
Hebrews wrought these wonders ?
25. What compromise did the king offer ?
26. What objection did Moses make to this?
"The abomination" should be "the veneration," — the
beasts they worshipped.
27. 28. Did Pharaoh make any further conces-
sions ?
31, 32. How were his promises kept?
ExoD. IX.
1-3. What was the fifth plague ?
6. Did the cattle of the Hebrews suffer?
3. " Horses : " the first time this animal is mentioned. Horses
"were for a long time peculiar to P^gypt and Nubia. 6. " All
the cattle," — some of every kind;" of course, not all (see
ver. 19).
8, 9. What was the sixth plague ?
11. Could the magicians, who were also the phy-
sicians, even heal themselves ?
14-16. What more fearful evils are threatened?
15. "Thou shalt be cut off," — "human beings shall now
be the victims: some among you shall be cut olf." 16. "I
have raised thee up; " or i-ather, " I have preserved thee alive
until now, that my power might be yet further shown."
18, 19. What warning was sent to the people?
20, 21. Did any observe it?
22-26. What was the seventh plague?
27, 28. Was Pharaoh moved with fear?
30. Did Moses trust him again ?
31, 32. What remark shows this to have been
written by an eye-witness ?
31. " Boiled: " the seed-pods were formed.
33-35. Did Pharaoh yet prove worthy of con-
fidence ?
EXODUS. 61
ExoD. X.
2. What reason for these miracles is here given ?
4-6. What new evils did Moses threaten ?
7. Who now interceded with the king ?
Why did this threat alarm them so much ?
Locusts are one of the most dreaded afflictions of the East.
8-11. What did Pharaoh propose?
He wished to detain hostages. 10. "Let the Lord," &c.,
— an oath that he would not consent.
12, 13. What was the eighth plague?
14, 15. Was this infliction peculiarly severe?
1 6-20. How was it removed ?
^ 21-23. What was the ninth plague?
24. How far did the king's offers go now ?
25, 26. Would Moses accept even this?
28, 29. What was his last interview with Pha-
raoh ?
LESSON xvm.
The Institution of the Passover.
1487 B.C.
ExoD. XL
2. What directions had been given to the He-
brews ?
3. Why was such an application successful ?
(See note on chap. iii. 22.)
4-8. What announcement did Moses make to
the king?
4. "Moses said:" at the interview spoken of at the close
of the last chapter. The verses 1-3 of this chapter are a
62 EXODUS.
parenthesis. 5. "All the first-born:" this langunge, like that
before used (chap. ix. 6 and elsewhere), is fifjurative. We
should understand it, " There shall be a great mortality among
the first-born."
7. Was this mortality to extend to the Hebrews?
"Not a dog," &c. : a proverbial expression. "Not the
slightest ill shall befall them."
8. How did Moses part from Pharaoh ?
ExoD. XII.
The directions in the first part of this chapter were not
probably all given on the occasion which they commemorate,
but afterwards. We will consider first the transaction of the
night in question.
21, 22. How were the Hebrew houses to be
marked ?
23. For what purpose was this enjoined ?
It served as a test of faith and allegiance.
28. Were these directions observed ?
29, 30. What fearful event occurred that night?
30. " Not one dead," — either of man or beast.
31, 32. Was Pharaoh at last overcome?
33-3 G. How did the Egyptians expedite the de-
parture of the Israelites ?
37. At what city had they previously assembled
for their journey ?
37, 38. Who were they who went forth ?
"A mixed multitude:" the original word corresponds to
our "rabble."
39. What token of their haste is mentioned ?
40. How long had the Israelites been in Egypt ?
41. 42. Why was this night one to be celebrated
in future?
2. How was the month on which it occurred to
be distinguished ?
EXODUS. 63
The month when their deliverance was effected — the
month Abib, answering to part of our Marcli and April — was
made the beginning of the religious year; while the month
Tisri — part of September and October — remained the first of
the civil year.
3-5. What was the victim prepared for the feast ?
6. On what day was it to be sacrificed ?
7. "What use was made of the blood ?
8. How was the feast to be prepared ?
*' Bitter herbs," — some common salad.
10, 11. How should they commemorate the haste
with which they fled ?
12, 13. Why was the name " Passover" given to
this festival?
15. Was unleavened bread essential?
How long was the festival to continue ?
16. On which days were religious assemblies to
beheld?
24, 25. Was this to be a permanent institution ?
26, 27. How were children to learn its meaning?
43-45. Could strangers and servants partake ?
ExoD. XIII.
1. What law was given with regard to the first-
born males among the Hebrews ?
14, 15. Of what event was this commemorative?
9 and 16. What is said of this law, and of the
laws regarding the Passover?
These verses refer to the practice of writing or painting on
the hand or forehead. They mean, " These laws shall be- as
near to you as such painting is." But the Jews derived from
these passages the custom of wearing phylacteries, — strips of
parchment, on which these and other verses were written.
17. 18. Why did not the people take the nearest
way to Canaan ?
64 EXODUS.
Degi-aded by slavery as they were, they needed training be-
fore they could endure war. 18. "Harnessed," — in array.
19. What ancient vow did they fulfil?
20. Where did they enter the desert ?
21. 22. What sign of his presence did God grant
them ?
LESSON XIX.
The Commencement of the Desert Life,
1487 B.C.
ExoD. XIV.
3. What induced Pharaoh to pursue the He-
brews ?
Finding that they turned toward the sea, he must have
thought they had lost their way, and were of course no longer
under divine guidance.
5. Did he regret his compliance with their de-
mands ?
G, 7. With what force did he pursue ?
8. "With a high hand," — by a mighty hand manifested
for their protection.
9. Where did he overtake them ?
10-12. How did the Israehtes express their fear?
13, 14. How did Moses encourage them?
19, 20. What saved them from an attack that
night ?
21, 22. In what miraculous manner did they
cross the Red Sea?
23-25. Why did not the Egyptian chariots over-
take them ?
EXODUS. 65
, The chariot-wheels sank in the soft sand, or were broken on
the rocks in the bed of the sea.
26-28. What was the fate of the Egyptians ?
30. How were the Israelites made aware of it ?
31. What was the effect of this miracle upon
their minds?
The exact spot where this miraculous passage was effected
has not been decided by travellers. It was probably an arm
of the sea, about nine miles broad.
ExoD. XV.
What song of triumph does this chapter contain ?
1. By whom was it sung?
20, 21. Who sang the chorus, or refrain?
What was this chorus ?
Were any of the Psalms sung in this manner ?
A71S. Several of them are evidently arranged for
it. (See Ps. cxxxvi., which especially refers to
the escape of the Israelites.)
1-13. What is the subject of the first part of
this ode?
14-18. What is the theme of the last part ?
This is the oldest poem, of any length, in existence. It is
worthy to commemorate the deliverance of a nation ; a lofty
and jubilant strain, to which our translation does imperfect
justice. Notice the sublimity of such verses as the second,
the eleventh, and the eighteenth. 8. " Congealed," — curdled
or stiffened.
How is this song of triumph alluded to in Kev.
XV. 3?
20. Who was Miriam ?
" Prophetess ; " more properly, " minstrel."
Which of the Psalms celebrate the deliverance
from Egypt?
Ans. The Ixxvii., Ixxviii., cv., cvi., cxxxvi.
6*
66 EXODUS.
22. Which direction did the ransomed people
now take?
23, 24. What occasion of murmuring did they
find?
25. How were they supplied ?
" A statute and ordinance: " what law was here enacted is
not stated. The Kabbis supposed it to be the sabbatical law,
as that is referred to in the next chapter as already existing.
27. At what oasis did they next encamp ?
ExoD. XVI.
1. How soon did they reach the Desert of Sin?
2, 3. Their provisions being exhausted, Avhat
murmurs arose?
What character did the people manifest by these
repeated outbreaks ?
6-8. How did Moses and Aaron reprove them ?
10. By what sign did the Lord confirm their
words ?
12. What promise was made to the people?
13, 14. How was it fulfilled?
15. What did they exclaim on seeing the morn-
ing's provision ?
" Manna" means, " What is it? "
14 and 31. What did it resemble?
1 6. How much was one person's allowance ?
" An oiner," — two quarts.
18. Was it divided after gathering?
19, 21. Could it be kept for any length of time?
22. AVhat provision was made for the seventh
day?
23, 24. How was it prepared to keep over this
day?
EXODUS. 67
" Seethe," — an old word for " boil."
25, 26. Did any fall on the sabbath?
29, 30. How was the sabbath to be kept ?
32, 33. AVhat memorial of this miracle was pre-
served ?
34. "Before the testimony," — beside the ark, when it was
constructed. This and the following verse were probably af-
terwards inserted.
35. How long did this supply of manna continue ?
ExoD. XVII.
1. What is the next encampment mentioned?
Are any omitted? (Num. xxxiii. 12, 13.)
2, 3. What new cause of murmuring arose ?
5, 6. By what miracle were the people satisfied ?
7. What was the place called ?
" Massah," — temptation. " Meribah," — contention.
8. What was their first encounter with hostile
tribes ?
9. Who commanded the Hebrew army ?
This is the first time this military leader is mentioned. All
that is known of his parentage is to be found in Num. xiii. 8
and 16.
10-12. What part did Moses take?
This sacred rod served as a sign or banner to the people :
as long as they saw it, they fought.
13. Who were victorious ?
15. What memorial was built on the spot?
" Jehovah-nissi," — the Lord my banner. Ver. 14 signifies,
" Command Joshua, both by word and Avriting, that he must in
future finish the war now begun."
LESSON XX.
The Approach to Sinai, and the Giving of the
Decalogue.
1487 B.C.
ExoD. XVIII. ^
1-4. Who came to Moses while near Mount
Horeb?
What were the names of Moses' two sons ?
" Gcrsliom," — a stranger. " Eliezer," — God my help.
Jethro, as stated in the note to chap. iii. 1, -was probably
Moses' brother-in-law. When his wife was sent back is not
stated ; probably when the troubles with Pharaoh began.
There is reason 'for thinking that this chapter should be in-
serted later in the book; as jMoses, in Deut. i. 6-16, represents
the appointment of judges to have been after the law was
given at Sinai.
7-9. How did Moses receive his relation ?
12. How was the occasion celebrated?
13-16. AViiat was Moses' daily custom?
17, 18. What objection did Jethro see to this?
19-22. What was his advice?
24-26. Did Moses pursue this course ?
What directions did he give to the judges thus
chosen? (Deut. i. 16, 17.)
27. Did Jethro remain with the camp ?
Was it Moses' wish that he should ? (Num. x.
29-32.)
Hobab is supposed to be another name for Jethro, as Kaguel
is evidently a variation from Keuel.
EXODUS. 69
ExoD. XIX.
1. At what time did the Israelites come to Mount
Sinai ?
3-6. "What solemn covenant was offered to them?
7, 8. How did they receive it ?
9. For what purpose was a visible manifestation
of God to be made ?
10, 11. What preparation was suitable?
12, 13. Was the mountain itself to be held sa-
cred ?
1 6. How was the great day announced ?
17-20. In what striking words is the scene de-
scribed ?
21-25. Who only were allowed to approach?
22. "Priests;" i.e., the elders, who afterwards ascended
the mount (chap. xxiv.). A particular family was not yet set
apart for the priesthood.
ExoD. XX.
The Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, was the only part
of the law uttered in the hearing of the whole people, under
circumstances of peculiar solemnity. Containing the grand
immutable principles upon which all subsequent law and go-
vex-nment were to rest, it was fitting that every means should
be employed to impress it deeply on the minds of the people.
2. With what announcement did Jehovah com-
mence ?
3-17. Repeat the Ten Commandments.
3. " Before me ; " that is, in my presence. 4. " Thou shalt
not make," &c.: the Hebi-ew idiom implies, "for the purpose
of worshipping it." 5. "Jealous;" rather, zealous or earnest.
National calamities are referred to in the last part of this
verse. 11. This is the reason assigned by Moses for the ob-
servance of the sabbath. In Deut. v. 15, he gives a different
one. 12. This verse refers to national, not individual, pro-
sperity.
Into what two classes or tables may the com-
mandments be divided?
70 EXODUS.
How did our Saviour sum up these two parts ?
(Mark xii. 30, 31.)
In what words did St. Paul express the same
truth? (Rom. xiii. 9, 10.)
What broader meaninpi: did Christ give to the
latter commandments ? (Matt, v.)
When understood as he explained it, does the
Decalogue contain all that is essential to salvation ?
(Matt. xix. 17.)
18, 19. What effect did this scene have upon the
people ?
Did Moses sympathize with their fear? (Heb.
xii. 21.)
30. For what purpose was this pomp ?
What contrast is drawn between the old covenant
and the new in Heb. xii. 18-24 ?
LESSON XXL
The Law given from Sinai,
1487 B.C.
ExoD. XXI.
The Mosaic la-n', as it is called, embraced the whole body
of laws which were to regulate the Hebrew nation. It is
therefore not exclusively religious in its character, but secular;
descending even to police regulations, and laws of health. It
was admirably fitted to form a strong, independent nation, en-
tirely distinguished from surrounding races, but firmly united
in itself; such as might preserve tlie knowledge of the true
God through centuries of barbarism, and prepare a place for
Him to appear, who was to spread the light of a purer revela-
tion over all the earth. In studying the Mosaic law, this, its
chief object, must be kept in mind. It is not a perfect revela-
tion of God's character and will : the minds of men were not
EXODUS. 71
prepared to receive such a revelation. The rewards it pro-
mises to obedience are not heavenly, but earthly, rewards; for
the time "to bring immortality to' light " had'notcome: yet
the purity of its precepts, the Avisdom of its regulatio'ns,
and the sublime glimpses it affords of the attributes of God,
in the midst of an age of darkness, show that it had no human
origin.
The laws given from Mount Sinai contain, as it were, an
epitome of tlie whole. They are set down without much
order, and consist chiefly of short directions with regard to
the national worship, and more minute instructions respecting
social duties.
The present chapter ought to include the closing verses of
the preceding, which relate to the temporary altars to be
erected on the way, forbidding any permanent structure which
might tend to keep the nation in one place.
1-11. What subject is first treated in this chap-
ter ?
Is slavery aboUshed, or put under close and hu-
mane restrictions ?
2. How long could a Hebrew be kept as a ser-
vant ?
5, 6. Could he renounce his freedom if he chose?
1 6. What law prevented the violent extension of
slavery ?
2G, 27. How was cruelty to slaves guarded
against ?
12. What was the penalty for murder?
15, 17. What other crinies were punished with
death?
24, 25. What was the law respecting personal
injuries ?
What does our Saviour say of this passage?
(Matt. V. 38, 30.)
This was a very great improvement on the previous custom
of unUmited retaliation.
28-36. What laws occupy the remainder of this
chapter ?
72 EXODUS.
Ajis. Regulations concerning unruly cattle, and
accidents to cattle ; of frequent occurrence among
a grazing population.
ExoD. XXII.
1-6. How was injury to property prevented?
7-13. AVas a man made responsible for articles
left in his charge ?
These laws -were probably temporary, being superseded by
the enactment of Lev. vi. 1-5.
21-27. Repeat these beautifully humane laws.
28. "The gods," — a mistranslation for God.
^XOD. XXIII.
1-9. How is legal injustice prohibited ?
The words translated " multitude " and " many " may be
rendered "the great, the powerful." This puts 'the second
and third verses in connection: "In administering justice, be
Avarped neither by the inliuence of the great, nor by" sympathy
with the poor."
4, 5. What appeal to humanity is here made ?
10, 11. What was the ordinance of the seventh
year ?
There is no proof that this sabbatical year, as it is called,
was ever regularly observed by the Israelites.
14-17. What three yearly feasts were appointed?
19. Were the first-fruits consecrated to God?
" Thou shalt not seethe," &c.: probably an idolatrous prac-
tice.
20-23. What is commanded respecting their
leader ?
20. "Angel," — divine messenger; no doubt referring to
their divinely appointed guide, Moses. 21. " He will not par-
don," ike: it is not he who will have to pai'don your traus-
gressions ; but I, in whose name he acts.
EXODUS. 73
25-27. "What is promised in case of obedience ?
27-31. Were their Canaanite foes to be de-
stroyed, or driven out?
28. " Hornets: " a proverbial expression for plagues, terrors.
32, 33. Was any treaty or commerce with them
allowed ?
LESSON XXII.
Directions regarding the Tabernacle.
1487 B.C.
ExoD. XXIV.
3. How did the people receive the laws which
Moses repeated to them ?
4. How were they preserved ?
5-8. By what ceremonies was the covenant rati-
fied?
7. "Book of the covenant," — the laws ;fust written down.
8. "Blood of the covenant:" in all solemn ancient contracts,
the blood of victims Avas deemed the most binding seal.
Sprinkled now both on the altar (ver. 6) and on the people, it
pointed out the two contracting parties to the agreement en-
tered into. (Heb. ix. 18-20.)
9, 10. To whom was a glorious vision granted ?
The Septuagint rendei's this passage, " They saw the place
where the God of Israel stood." What it was that they saw,
we cannot discover. The verse signifies " a clear, heavenly
glory, above the sapphire pavement of the sky." 11. " Ate
and drank: " so benign Avas the vision, that they feasted in its
presence.
12. For what purpose did Moses return to the
mount ?
13. Who accompanied him?
7
74 EXODUS.
14. To whom did lie delegate his authority in his
absence ?
1 G. How long did he wait for the divine commu-
nications ?
17. Was the glory visible to the people mean-
while ?
18. How long was Moses on the mount?
ExoD. XXV.
2-8. For what purpose were offerings to be col-
lected from the people ?
Why was such a structure necessary ?
Alls. The Israelites could not yet conceive of
God as a universal Spirit. They believed that, al-
though invisible, he journeyed with them, and were
directed to prepare for him a costly abode. With-
out such visible emblems of Iiis presence, they
would soon have fallen into idolatry.
What is the meaning of " tabernacle " ?
A71S. Tent, or pavilion. It was so constructed as
to be easily taken down and erected again, as the
people journeyed from place to place.
9. By what pattern were the tabernacle and its
furniture to be made?
10, 11. Of what was an ark, or chest, to be made.''
How large was it ?
12-14. llow was it to, be carried?
16. What was put in it?
17-19. How was the cover, or "mercy-seat," or-
namented ?
22. What gave peculiar sacredness to the ark ?
10. " Sliittim-wood," — acacia. "Cubit:" supposed to be
the Egyptian cubit, or twenty-two inches. 16. " Testimony,"
— tlie tables of stgne. 19. " Cherub," — a symbolical winged
EXODUS. 75
figure, whose form is not exactly knoT\'n. It probably was
made by uniting the shapes of the ox, lion, and eagle, with a
human face, somewhat resembling the winged images disco-
vered at Nineveh. " Mercy-seat : " the Hebrew word is simply
" lid," or " cover." Upon this golden lid, between tlie cherubim,
the visible glory of God at times appeared. (Ps. xcix. 1.)
23, 24. What Avas the table of shew-bread ?
29, 30. What stood upon it?
Of what did the shew-bread consist ? (Lev.
xxiv. 5-8.)
" Shew-bread," — bread of the presence ; a perpetual thank-
offering.
31. Of what was the six-branched candlestick
composed ?
"Candlestick:" improperly so called, since lamps, not
candles, were used.
38. Were the utensils belonging to it of the same
material ?
What was burnt in the lamps ? (Chap, xxvii.
20.)
ExoD. XXVI.
The tabernacle was of an oblong shape, constructed of up-
right boards, standing in silver sockets, and kept in place by
bars passed through rings on the boards. It was fifty-four feet
long, eighteen wide, and eighteen high. Four curtains covered
the whole, serving as a roof The entrance, which always
faced the east, was closed by a rich curtain.
I. How was the first or innermost curtain made
and ornamented ?
6. How were its ten breadths fastened together ?
" Taches," — clasps.
7. AVhat curtain Avas outside the first ?
II. Of what material were its clasps made?
14. What were the two outside curtains?
*' Badgers," — seals.
76 EXODUS.
15. Of what was the frame of the tabernacle
built?
19. What pedestals supported the boards?
26-29. How were the boards held together?
With what was the whole overlaid ?
31-33. How was the tent divided into two parts?
34. What stood in the part called the Mos|: Holy?
35. What stood in the other division? (Chap.
XXX. 1-7.)
36. What curtain closed the eastern end?
ExoD. XXVII.
18. How extensive was the court, or open en-
closure, in which the tabernacle stood ?
9, 10. Of what were its pillars and curtains
made?
16. Was the entrance-curtain more costly?
1, 2. What altar stood in this court ?
2, " Horns " to which to secure the victim.
3, 4. Of what material were its utensils ?
On this large altar, all the sacrifices were offered, outside of
the tabernacle. The snuiller altar within was used only for
LESSON XXHI.
The Dress of the Priests ; and other Ordinances.
I4sr B.C.
ExoD. XXVIII.
1. Who were to be set apart as priests ?
2. Was Aaron's dress to be of especial richness ?
31, 32. What was the inner robe, or tunic, reach-
inof to the feet ?
EXODUS. 77
33, 34. How was it ornamented?
35. For what purpose were the bells ?
To fix the attention of the people on the office he was per-
forming. "That he die not," — that he fulfil all his duties,
and live.
6. Of what was the ephod, or short upper cloak,
made ?
8. AVhat was its girdle ?
9-12. What clasps ornamented the shoulders?
15-21. What was the jewelled breastplate?
What was engraved on the stones ?
30. What names signifying " brilliancy " and
" perfection " ware given to these jewels ?
24, 25. How was the breastplate fastened on?
25. "Ouches," — sockets.
36-38. How was the mitre, or head-dress, orna-
mented ?
40. How were Aaron's sons, the inferior priests,
dressed ?
The fashion of their garments is not descinbed : it was to be
" glorious and beautiful." Nor can the dress of the high priest
be exactly understood. Josephus describes it minutely as it
was in his time; but the fashion of it may have changed.
17-20. These names of the stones are uncertain. 30. These
jewels were called Urim and Thummim, — Light and Truth;
and are sometimes spoken of as synonymous with the whole
of the priestly array, as in Deut. xxxiii. 8; Neh. vii. 65.
Many mystical tales were told by the Kabbis of the power of
these jewels. 38. " The iniquity ,"^" &c. ; i.e.^ the responsibility.
ExoD. XXIX.
The consecration of the priests, for which directions are
given in this chapter, can be better studied at the time of its
fulfilment. (Lev. viii.)
38-42. What was to be the perpetual daily sa-
crifice ?
Where was it to be offered ?
7# ^
78 EXODUS.
43. "What promise did God make respecting the
tabernacle ?
ExoD. XXX.
1-3. What was the aUar of incense ?
6. Where was it to stand ?
7-10. For what was it to be used ?
13-15. What tax was laid for the support of re-
ligious worship ?
13. " ILilf a shekel," — about twcnty-fivc cents. 15. " Atone-
ment:" in tlie time of our translators, this -word meant "re-
conciliation,"— at-one-ment. When used in the Mosaic law,
it signifies " bringing into favor with God."
23, 24. Of what substances was a holy ointment
to be compounded?
2G-31. For what purpose was it to be employed?
34-36. How was the incense prepared?
Could either substance be used by others than
the priests?
ExoD. XXXI.
2-6. Who were to be the master-workmen in
building the tabernacle?
13-17. AVhat newly enforced precept closes these
laws ?
No penalty for l)rcaking the sabbath had been before ap-
pointed. The sabbath was the principal festival of the Israel-
ites: it was kept as a day of rest and sociality. No particular
employment of the time was enjoined; and, except that the
daily sacrifice was doubled at the tabernacle, there was no
religious observance of the day. Total abstinence from work
was its distinguishing feature. The weekly worship of the
synagogue was not established until after the Captivity.
18. What tables were given to Moses?
What was on them ? (Chap, xxxiv. 28.)
Why was this portion of the law thus distin-
guished ?
79
LESSON XXIV.
The Golden Calf; the Erection of the Tabernacle.
1487-1486 B.C.
ExoD. XXXII.
1. What excited the impatience of the people?
What request did they make of Aaron ?
" God?" should be translated " God: " it was a symbol of
Jehovah's presence which they asked. Acciistomed'to repre-
sentations of the Egyptian divinities, they cannot feel assured
that Jehovah is with them, without a visible symbol. Aaron
has not tlie courage to refuse, but gives orders which demand
delay and sacrifice on their part. The calf (so called in con-
tempt) was no doubt the symbolical figure before called a
cherub, whose body was that of an ox.
2-4. How did Aaron comply ?
"Which of the commandments did the people
break ?
5, 6. What feast did Aaron proclaim ?
"A feast to Jehovah;" showing clearly it was no other
god tliey worshipped.
7, 8. How was Moses informed of their sin ?
9, 10. By what proposal did God try his faith
and generosity ?
11-13. What intercession did he make?
17-18. What passed between him and Joshua
as they came down?
19. How far did Moses' anger carry him?
20. What did he do with the image ?
It was probably carved of wood, and plated with gold.
Moses, in order to show the powerlessness of the idol, burnt
the frame, and threw the ashes, with the fragments of goldj,
into the stream of which the Israelites drank.
80 EXODUS.
22-24. What awkward excuse did Aaron make ?
2G-28. How was the rcbelhon quelled ?
Was Aaron punished? (Deut. ix. 20.)
30-33. How did Moses intercede against further
punishment ?
This was the first pubhc rebclhon against Moses' authoritx^,
and tended, not only to overthrow the whole government, but
to leave the people exposed (ver. 25) to easy destruction by
their enemies. A severe punishment was absolutely neces-
sary. 34. " Go thou; lead the people to whom I have said con-
cerning thee, I will send my angel before thee." 35. " Thus "
(not " and ") " the Lord punished the people."
ExoD. XXXIII.
1-3. What withdrawal of the Divine Presence
was threatened?
3. "Lest I consume," &c., — "there is danger that they
provoke me to destroy them."
4-6. How did the nation express their penitence?
7. AVhat temporary sanctuary was erected ?
9, 10. What took place when Moses entered it?
Probably this was Moses' tent, to which the people had
been in the habit of resorting for directions. He now set it
apart, as a place for worship, untd the tabernacle, for which he
had received directions, could be built. Thither all resorted
who would signify their loyalty to God; and there the visible
presence of the Lord descended, at once accepting the people's
penitence, and giving Moses a mark of distinguished favor.
11. Who remained with it as guard?
12-17. Upon Moses' intercession, what promise
did the Lord renew ?
18. What request was Moses emboldened to
make ?
19, 20. What reply did he receive?
This passage has been sadly perverted by mistranslation.
The verbs in ver. 19-23 are in the ])ast, not the future, tense.
Moses, who naturally conceived of (iod as some divine Form,
requests, at first indirectly (ver. 12, 13), then more plainly (18),
EXODUS. 81
a vision of God himself. Tlie answer is, " I have revealed my
foodness to thee, &c. No man can see my face, and live; but
have kept thee by me as in a cleft of the rock, and protected
thee with my hand. I have removed the veil suthcicntly for
thee to behold what follows after; i.e., the results of" my
power: but my face cannot be seen."
ExoD. XXXIV.
1-4. For what purpose did Moses re-ascend the
mount ?
5-7. What proclamation of mercj did the Lord
renew ?
11-17. What warnings against future idolatry
follow ?
28. How long was Moses on the mount ?
"Forty:" one of the sacred numbers. This number of
days of abstinence was afterwards endured by Elijah (1 Kings
xix. 8) and by our Saviour (Matt. iv. 2).
Were the second tables, like the first, written by
divine power? (Deut. x. 4.)
29, 30. What was seen when Moses came down?
33-35. What was he obliged to do ?
What allusion does St. Paul make ta this veil?
(2 Cor. iii. 13-15.)
ExoD. XXXV.
21-29. How were the materials for the sanctuary
provided ?
22, "Jewels:" doubtless it was in this portable form that
much of their wages had been paid.
30-35. Who were chosen to be the master-
builders ?
ExoD. XXXVI.
1, 2. Wlio worked at its construction?
5-7. Was more than enough provided ?
82 EXODUS.
What do the rest of this and the three following
chapters contain ?
ExoD. XXXIX.
32, 33. Who had the supervision of the work?
42, 43. Did Moses find it satisfactory ?
The minute repetition of all these details is a proof that
they -were written at the time. No subsequent writer would
have thought of first giving the directions, and then setting
down every item as it was done.
ExoD. XL.
2. What day was fixed for the consecration of
the tabernacle ?
How long after the exodus from Egypt ? ( Ver.
17.)
9. What was the ceremony of anointing ?
17-33. Was every thing done according to order?
34, 35. How was the divine acceptance shown?
AVhat similar manifestation marked the dedication
of Solomon's Temple? (2 Chron. vii. 1, 2.)
36-38. AVhat is said of this sacred cloud subse-
auently ?
83
LEVITICUS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The third book of Moses is called Leviticus, be-
cause it relates to the Levitical law. It contains a
continuation of the laws given to Moses, probably
during his stay of forty days upon the mount, which
he promulgated in due season, together with new
directions received by him in the tabernacle. But
the expression, " the Lord said unto Moses," need
not imply a revelation made at the time, but simply
that he acted by the inspiration which fitted him
for a lawgiver.
The only historical portion of this book is the
account of the consecration of Aaron and his sons.
The object of a great part of the laws here given
is the establishment of an imposing ritual worship,
with solemn ceremonies and frequent festivals, such
as might fix the uneducated minds of the people,
and retain their allegiance.
The legal worship of the Israelites was Sacrifice,
— the presenting to God of articles of food and
drink, which Avere either wholly or partially de-
stroyed by fire. This primitive method of worship
was in use among all early nations (see note on
Gen. iv. 3). It was not now introduced among
the Hebrews, but regulated, adapted to various
purposes of worship, gratitude, and penitence, and
made to differ as much as possible from the sacri-
fices of other nations.
84
LESSON XXV.
The Law of Sacrijices.
Lev. I.
The Hebrew sacrifices were divided into Burnt-ofTering!?,
which belonged to Avorship and the general confe?sion of sin;
Sin and Trespuss oflerings, made tor especial offences; and
Peace or Thank, oflerings, which signified thanksgiving and
supplication.
2, 3. AVliat animals were prescribed for Burnt-
offerings ?
Was the most perfect of its kind necessary ?
Where was the sacrifice to be offered ?
4. How was it to be designated as belonging to
the worshipper ?
5-9. With what ceremonies was it burned ?
What was the perquisite of the officiating priest?
,(Chap. vii. 8.)
14. What birds constituted a legal offering?
Lev. IL
1. What beside animals formed a lawful burnt-
offering ?
"Meat" or "gift offerings" should be included under the
division of burnt-offerings. The costliness of animals often
placed them beyond the reach of the poor, who yet ought not
to be debarreirfrom ritual worship. These "gift-offerings"
comprehendca all preparations of grain, &c.
2. How much of this species of offering was
burnt ?
3. What became of the principal part ?
11. What substances were forbidden?
13. What was essential to all sacrifices ?
LEVITICUS. 85
Salt, an emblem of preservation and i\iithfulness, was to
remind them perpetually of the covenant of their God.
14, 15. Of what beside preparations of flour
might meat-offerings consist ?
Lev. hi.
1 and 6. What animals might be presented as
Peace-offerings ?
AVhat was offered with the victim? (Chap. vii.
12, 13.)
3-5. What part was burnt?
What part belonged to the priest ? (Chap. vii.
31, 32.)
Within what time was the remainder to be eaten ?
(Chap. vii. 15.)
One object of these feast-offerings seems to have been the
promotion of hospitality and social festivity. The pnncipal
parts of the animal offered, and of its accompannneiits, Avere
returned to the worshipper, who was forbidden to leave of them
until the morrow. His friends and neighbors were necessarily
called ni to feast with him.
17. What food was now and always utterly for-
bidden ?
Fat is a most unhealthy food in hot coiintries, and the cause
of many diseases. The savage custom of usmg blood as food,
was, from the first, most stringently prohibited (see Gen. ix. 4;
Lev. vii. 27). The law has in this respect been carefully ob-
served, even to the present day, by the Jews, who in all large
cities have butchers peculiar to themselves, who slay the ani-
mals in such a manner that no blood shall remain in the meat.
Lev. IV.
3. If a priest sinned through ignorance, what
offering should he bring?
13, 14. What was offered if all the congregation
had thus sinned ?
86 LEVITICUS.
15. "Who represented the whole people?
7 and 18. On these solemn occasions, what was
done with part of the blood ?
12 and 21. After burning part on the altar, what
became of the sacrifice ?
What reference is made in Heb. xiii. 11-13 to
this law ?
22-31. Were these ceremonies used for common
sin-offerings ?
What was the sin-offering for a ruler, and what
for a private citizen ?
What, in these cases, became of the principal part
of the animal ? (Lev. vii. 7.)
Where was it to be eaten? (Chap. vi. 26.)
The law of sin and trespass offerings was provided in case
of slight or ceremonial sins. For great offences, penalties are
elsewhere provided. The distinction between sins and tres^
passes is not clear; but the forfeit for the former is usually
heavier than for the latter. In common cases, the chief part
of the victim became the priest's; thus engiigmg his interest to
seek out violations of the ritual law that might otherwise pass
unnoticed. For his own offence, or that of the whole people,
the victim was entirely consumed by fire. In all cases, the
entrails, which were used by other nations for divination, were
destroyed.
Lev. V.
1-4. What offences are enumerated as demand-
ing a trespass-offering ?
Ans Refusal to bear witness, ritual uncleanness,
and rash swearing.
6. What was exacted in these cases ? '
7 and 11. What was allowed to the poor?
15, 16. If one had committed sacrilege, or de-
frauded the service of the tabernacle, what was the
penalty ?
LEVITICUS. 87
Lev. VI.
1-6. If one had injured his neighbor by deceit,
what was exacted ?
11. What was done with the ashes of the daily
sacrifices ?
12, 13. Did the fire on the altar ever go out?
Lev. VIL
21. What incapacitated any one from eating the
feast-offerings ?
30-34. How was the priest's portion consecrated ?
'Ans. By waving or lifting up before the Lord.
The portion was hence called "wave" or "heave
offerino;."
LESSON XXVL
The Consecration of the Priests ; Laws of Health.
Lev. Vm.
2. Who performed the ceremony of consecrating
Aaron and his sons ?
4. Were all the congregation present ?
6-9. What was done first ?
10-12. What was the ceremony of anointing?
14, 18, 22. What three sacrifices did Moses offer ?
23-30. How were Aaron and his sons conse-
crated ?
33. How many days were devoted to the conse-
cration ?
LEVITICUS.
Lev. IX.
1. On what clay did Aaron commence his offices ?
5. Was this done before all the people ?
8, 12, 15, 18. In what order did he offer the
various sacrifices ?
22. With what ceremony did he conclude ?
23, 24. How was the divme acceptance mani-
fested?
What effect was produced on the people ?
Lev. X.
1. What offence did two of Aaron's sons com-
mit?
" Strange fire." Probably they violated the command
given in Exod. xxx. 9.
2. How were they punished?
3. Did Aaron perceive the righteousness of this
affliction ?
4-7. Were their own family allowed to bury
them, or to lament ?
9, 10. What statute was immediately promul-
gated ?
What inference may be drawn from this ?
Ans. That Nadab and Abihu were intoxicated
when they committed some gross violation of the
newly established ritual.
16, 17. What further irregularity was discovered ?
19, 20. How did Aaron excuse himself?
Aaron explains that he had fulfilled all his other duties,
but had no heart for feasting. The reasonable excuse is
accepted.
LEVITICUS. 89
Lev. XI.
1. Wlio was now associated with Moses in re-
ceiving the laws ?
4. What is meant by certain animals being
unclean ?
Ans. It simply means that they must not be
eaten. (Ver. 47.)
2-8. What marks were to distinguish clean from
unclean animals ?
9. What class of fishes were admissible ?
10. What classes are thus excluded?
Ans. Shell-fish and eels.
13-19. Is any general rule given with respect
to birds ?
20. What animals are here referred to ?
Ans. Bats are meant.
21-23. Were any insects allowed as food ?
24. Were the carcasses of unclean animals to be
touched at all ?
29, 30. Were reptiles unclean?
31-35. What stringent rules of cleanliness were
given ?
39. In what case was clean meat forbidden ?
42. How are the serpent, lizard, and centipede
tribes designated ?
44, 44- What reasons for such scrupulous purity
are given ?
In these law?, two purposes were kept in view, — to incul-
cate maxims of health and cleanliness, and to form habits dis-
tinguishing them in their daily food from other nations. The
animals called unclean were not avoided while living, — the
horse and camel are among them. To be rendered ritually
unclean was considered no disgrace. The duties of daily life,
of course, incurred the taint often ; but, as the unclean might
not be touched by any one, the inconvenience caused by it
8*
90 LEVITICUS.
promoted care nnd neatness. 7. The flesh of swine, beside
being a favorite food of other nations, is very unhealtliy in hot
cHmates. 10. Shell-fish are, at some seasons, even poisonous.
22. The Hebrew words in this verse signify various kinds of
locusts.
Lev. XII.
3. Was the law of circumcision re-enacted by
Moses ?
To whom was it first given? (Gen. xvii. 10.)
6-8. What sacrifices were offered for every child
born ?
Were these laws kept when our Saviour was
born ? (Luke ii. 21-24.)
LESSON XXVIL
Laws regarding Leprosy ; the Day of Atonement.
Lev. XIIL
The disease called leprosy is one of the most malignant
scourges of the East. Beginning with slight swellings on the
surface of the body, it slowly advances until the whole is
covered with sores and white scabs, and the limbs are rendered
useless. It is very contagious, and difficult of cure: and every
precaution against its spreading was necessary. The Mosaic
laws constituted the priests the judges of its existence in sus-
pected cases, and of its complete cure when such could be
effected. They were laws, which, by their very nflnuteness,
were most merciful at once to the sufferer and to the people.
Refer to Willis's poem of "The Leper" for a graphic picture
of the disease and its consequences.
2, 3. Who were to be the judges of the existence
of leprosy ?
5, 6. How long was a person, suspected of the
disease, kept apart ?
LEVITICUS. 91
12, 13. "Were confirmed lepers ever considered
clean ?
13. Probably some form of leprosy which was not contagious ;
in which case, the sufferer might remain in society. (2 Kings
V. 1.)
45, 46. What was the fate of those pronounced
unclean ?
47. Was leprosy ever attributed to garments ?
The name was probably only used as equivalent to " dis-
ease." Dead or infected wool is meant.
52. What was done with garments thus damaged?
Lev. XIV.
2-9. By what ceremonies was a recovered leper
cleansed ?
The meaning of some of these rites has been lost to us.
10. What sacrifices did he afterwards offer?
21, 22. What might a poor man offer?
Are these ceremonies referred to in the Gospels ?
(Matt. viii. 4; Luke v. 14.)
44, 45. What was done with a house pronounced
unclean ?
48-53. Could a house that once had the plague
ever be cleansed ?
The disease called "leprosy" in this connection, is under-
stood to be a nitrous concretion on the stones, common in some
hot countries; rendering them damp and unwholesome, and
gradually eating them away.
Lev. XVL
2. Could even the high priest enter the Holy of
Holies at all times ?
29, 30. What time was fixed for a Day of Atone-
ment, when he might enter there ?
92 LEVITICUS.
4. How was he dressed on that day ?
Ans. Like a common priest.
6-9. AVhat ceremonies preceded his entrance ?
12-15. What did the high priest do when behind
the veil ?
16. What was the import of these rites? (See
note to Exod. xxx. 15.)
17. Was any other priest in the tabernacle?
18. 19. What else was sprinkled with the blood?
(Exod. xxx. 10.)
20-22. What was the ceremony of the scape-
goat?
23, 24. Did the high priest afterwards assume his
own robes?
29-31. How was the day spent by the people?
The (lay of atonement, or reconciliation, occurred in the
month Tisri, — our September. JMoses does not prescribe fast-
ing on that day, though the later Jews kept it as a fast: it was
a day of humiliation for the sins of the nation. The ceremony
of letting go the scapegoat, emblematic of putting far away
the people's sins, was perhaps an adaptation of some Egyptian
custom.
LESSON XXVHL
Various Laivs.
Lev. XVII.
3, 4. Where were all animals brought to be slain
for food ?
Did this law continue in force after they were
settled in Canaan? (Deut. xii. 20, 21.)
8, 9. Could sacrifices be offered elsewhere ?
11. Why was blood so strictly forbidden
LEVITICUS. 93
Life was always supposed to reside in the blood. " I have
given you the blood for one purpose only, — to offer on the
altar." (See note on Exod. xxx. 15.)
13. What permission was given with regard to
wild game ?
The law forbidding animals to be slain, except in one place,
tended to keep the people together. Wild animals obviously
could not come under this rule.
Lev. XLX.
This chapter contains a variety of laws; some — as ver. 3
and 4 — being simply repetitions; some — as 11, 30 — being
repetitions, with enlargements; while others are wholly new.
The moral code inculcated is of so high an order, as of itself to
prove the divine mission of Moses.
9, 10. What directions are given for the advan-
tage of the poor ?
12. What was the law respecting oaths?
How does our Saviour extend this prohibition ?
(Matt. V. 33-87.)
13-17. Repeat these truly Christian laws.
18. How are they summed up. in this verse?
How does our Saviour adopt these words for his
own? (Matt. xxii. 39.)
What significance does he give to the term
« neighbor " ? (Luke x. 29-37.)
19. These were idolatrous practices among other nations.
23-25. It is a well-known rule of horticulture, that trees should
not be suffered to bear while too young. 26-28. These also
were practices common in the worship of idolatrous tribes.
31. Were mystic arts of any kind allowed?
32-34. What is said of the old man and the
stranger ?
35, 36. How is scrupulous honesty inculcated?
94 LEVITICUS.
Lev. XX.
What does this chapter contain ?
Ans. The penalties appointed for various crimes
before forbidden.
2 and 9. For what crimes was death the punish-
ment?
2. " Molech," — an Ammonite deity, to -whom children were
offered by fire as sacrifice.
What mode of execution is prescribed ?
2G. What explicit reason is given for many of
the foregoing laws ?
27. Was sorcery punishable with death ?
Lev. XXL •
This and the following chapter contain strict regulations
with regard to the priests. On account of their holy office,
many practices, innocent to others, were forbidden to them.
It was desirable, in every way, to render tlie priestliood a se-
parate class.
1. Was mourning for the dead allowed to the
priests ?
2, 3. What were the only exceptions ?
10, 11. Might the high priest mourn even for
them ?
21. What incapacitated a priest for his office?
22. Was he thereby deprived of his means of
support ?
Lev. XXIL
5, 6. Did ritual uncleanness prevent the priests"
eating the holy food ?
10. Could any stranger partake of it?
11. AVhat was the sole exception?
14. What was to be done if it were eaten by mis-
take?
20-22. Was any imperfect offering accepted ?
95
LESSON XXIX.
The Yearly Feasts ; the Punishment of Blasphemy,
Lev. XXIII.
3. "Was the sabbath considered as a festival?
(See note to Exod. xxxv. 2.)
5, 6. When was the Feast of the Passover kept ?
7, 8. Which days were pecuHarly holy ?
10, 11. What ceremony was to be observed after
the settlement in Canaan ?
14. Could the new corn be used for food before
this date ?
The Feast of the Passover was the most solemn of all the
Jewish festivals. It was considered as the commencement of
the religious year (see note to Exod. xii.). 5, 6. The lamb eaten
on the fourteenth eve was properly the Passover; the whole
feast being called the Feast of unleavened bread, though the
distinction was not strictly maintained. All leaven was ex-
cluded from their houses with the greatest care ; and no fer-
mented liquors were used. Some of the early ceremonies —
such as eating the lamb standing, with sandalled feet — soon
passed out of use. The lamb was slain by the priests beside
the altar, on which its blood was sprinkled. It was eaten
without breaking the bones; and none was left until the morn-
ing. The first and seventh days, whenever occurring, were
kept as sabbaths. lU. The barley-harvest fell at the time of
the Passovei*. The season is commemorated as Easter by
Christians.
15, 16. How was the time for the Feast of Pen-
tecost determined ?
17. AVhat was the offering of the first-fruits ?
18, 19. AVliat was offered at the same time?
21. How was the day to be kept?
The festival called Pentecost, or Fiftieth, in the New Testa-
ment; the Feast of Harvest in Exod. xxiii. 16; and the Feast
96 LEVITICUS.
of Weeks, Deut, xvi. 10, — was held in gratitude for the wheat-
harvest, and also to commemorate the giving of the law from
Sinai. Many sacrifices were offered; but the festival lasted
but one day. It is still celebrated in the Christian church as
the day of the miraculous gift of the Holy Spirit. (Acts ii.)
24, 25. When was the Feast of Trumpets ?
This was the beginning of the civil yeai', occurring in our
September. It was kept as a day of festivity and good wishes,
resembling our New-Year's Day.
27. What other holy day occurred in the same
month ? (See note to Lev. xvi.)
34. What was the tliird great feast of the year ?
36. How long did it continue?
By what other name was it known? (Exod.
xxiii. 16.)
39. How were the first and last days distin-
guished ?
40. Why was the name of Feast of Tabernacles,
or Tents, appropriate ?
42, 43. What was the purpose of this custom ?
This feast was the most joyful occasion in the year. The
later Jews adtled many ceremonies to those prescribed by
Moses, particularly a solemn procession on the last day, which
they considered the great day (John vii. 37); when water was
drawn from the Pool of Siloam, and poured out before the
altar, with joyful songs.
Lev. XXIV.
2-4. Wlio was to have the care of the golden
candlestick ?
What was burned in its lamps ?
2. " Olive-oil beaten," — the oil that flowed from the olives
when but slightly broken; much purer than what was after-
ward pressed out.
Did it burn by night only ? (Exod. xxx. 7, 8.)
5-7. How was the shew-bread arranged ?
8, 9. What became of it when a week old ?
LEVITICUS. 97
In what instance was this bread eaten by those
who were not priests? (1 Sam. xxi. 6.)
Was David excusable in this proceeding?
(Matt. xii. 3, 4.)
10, 11. What crime was at this time committed
in the camp ?
13-16. What penalty was appointed for such
offences ?
What innocent man was afterwards put to death
under this law ? (Acts vii. 58.)
Was our Saviour ever attacked for the same
cause ? (John v. 18 ; viii. 58, 59 ; x. 31-33.)
Was he accused under this law before Pilate?
(John xix. 7.)
22. What general application was made of the
laws now repeated ?
LESSON XXX.
The Year of Jubilee ; Promises and TJireatenings.
Lev. XXV.
3, 4. What was the Sabbatical year ? (See note
to Exod. xxiii. 11.)
21, 22. How was food obtained during this year
of rest?
10. How often did the year of Jubilee occur ?
13. What was its chief feature?
23. Could land ever be sold ?
Ans. It could only be leased until the year of
Jubilee. (Ver. 15, IG.)
29, 30. Might not houses in the cities be sold ?
33. Why Avere the Levites' houses excepted ?
98 LEVITICUS.
40, 41. When were all Hebrew slaves set free?
44-4G. Did this law extend to foreign slaves ?
47-49. Could a Hebrew become a perpetual
slave to a foreigner?
54. If not previously redeemed, when was he
set free?
55. What reason for these laws is given ?
36, 37. Was usury, or interest on money, for-
bidden ?
The sabbatical year was doubtless intended as a rest to the
soil, -which, before rotation of crops was practised, was occa-
sionally needful. It was afterwards appointed as tlie year of
release for slaves and debtors (Dent, xv.)- The Year oY Jubi-
lee was intended to prevent the alienation of land from the
original tribes. If a man had parted with his land, he or his
family might redeem it as soon as able: if not, it must return
to him at' the jubilee. For obvious reasons, this homestead
law did not apply to city dwellings, except in the case of
the Levites, whose sole inheritance was the Levitical cities.
36. Usury was forbidden, to check the accumulation of pro-
perty, and to prevent the nation from becoming commercial.
Lev. XXVI.
This chapter ought, doubtless, to have been placed at the
close of the book.
3-10. What temporal blessings were promised to
obedience ?
10. " Ye shall throw away old corn because of the abun-
dance of new."
11, 12. What promise of especial protection?
14-20. What threats are uttered against disobe-
dience ?
21-28. How is obduracy yet further threatened?
31-34. What was to be the extreme penalty?
Were these punishments ever incurred? (2 Chron.
xxxvi. 20, 21.)
40-42. What was promised to humble penitence ?
LEVITICUS. ' 99
44, 45. "Would the cliosen nation ever be forgot-
ten of God ?
Lev. XXVII.
Especial, or " singular," vows and consecrations, much in
vogue among ancient nations, are not recommended by the
Mosaic laAv, but only permitted. 2. " When a man shall con-
secrate a person or thing to the Lord, the living thmg shall be
redeemed for the Lord, according to the estimation here given
thee."
3-7. With what might human beings thus de-
voted be redeemed?
9, 10. Could a clean beast be redeemed with
money ?
11, 12. What was done with an unclean animal
thus vowed ?
26. What animals could not be thus devoted,
being already consecrated?
14, 15. Did the law of redemption by money
apply to houses ?
16. How was the redemption-money of a field to
be estimated ?
Ans. By the value of its products.
30, 31. What 2^art of all income was devoted to
God?
Where is this law referred to in the Gospels?
(Luke xi. 42 ; xviii. 12.)
28. The form of consecration here called "devoting" was
of such solemnity, that, to prevent its frequent use, no re-
demption was allowed for it. 29. A great criminal should be
considered as thus devoted: ro ransom could be taken for his
life (Num. xxxv. 31). The 10th and 33d verses mean, that, if a
man should be detected in deceitful substitution of one victim
for another, he should lose both.
^31531
100
NUMBERS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The fourth book of Moses is called Numbers, from
the numeration of the host of Israel, with which it
commences. It contains a circumstantial account
of the marshalling of the nation in their order of
march, of their crossing the desert to the promised
land, and of their rejection on account of their un-
belief and cowardice. Their sojourn of forty years
in the wilderness succeeds, of which but few records
remain ; and the historical part of the book closes
with their second approach to Canaan, and their
encounters with the hostile tribes in its neighbor-
hood.
Beside these narratives, the Book of Numbers
contains some laws and ordinances in addition to
those recorded in the previous books, especially
those which would become necessary in the more
settled life which was at hand. The reasons for the
silence of the historian respecting so large a portion
of the desert life are unknown to us. Probably the
nation led an uneventful and nomadic existence,
like the Bedouin tribes at the present day ; while
the race of slaves who had left Egypt all died, and
a free, desert-born generation succeeded, better fitted
for enterprise and conquest.
101
LESSON XXXI.
The Arrangement of the Hehrew Ccmi'p.
I486 B.C.
Num. I.
1. 2. "When was a census of the Israelites taken ?
3. Who alone were counted ?
3, 4- Wlio took this census ?
18. Were the people numbered by tribes and
families ?
27. Which tribe had the greatest number of
warriors ?
85. Which had the least ?
Counting the posterity of Joseph as one, which
two tribes were the largest ?
46. What was the whole number ?
Had this census been informally taken before?
(Exod. xxxviii. 26.)
47. Which tribe was not numbered among the
warriors ?
50-53. What was to be their separate duty ?
Num. II.
2. In arranging the order of encampment and
march, was each tribe kept by itself?
What was to be the central point of the whole ?
3. Which tribe took the centre of the van ?
5-7. Which two tribes were placed on Judah's
right and left ?
9. Were the three counted as one camp ?
10. Who took the chief place on the south side ?
9*
102 NUMBERS.
12, 14. Who were associated with them?
18, 20, 22. Which three tribes formed the rear-
guard ?
25, 27, 29. Which three marched on the north
side?
17. Whose camp filled the centre of the hollow
square thus formed ?
The tribes seem to have been arranged with much care.
Judah, as the strongest tribe, led the van; Ephraim, the next
strongest, brings up the rear. The posterity of Kachel were
placed together, and fomily ties were evidently consulted in
the arrangement of the other tribes.
Num. III.
4. What sons were left to Aaron after the death
of Nadab and Abihu ?
6, 7. What entire tribe was consecrated to reli-
gious services ?
10. Were any but Aaron's family to become
priests ?
12. In whose stead were the Levites taken?
15. Were they numbered in the same manner
as the other tribes ?
17. Of what three families did they consist?
28. Which was the most numerous ?
25, 2G. What was the especial charge of the
Gershomites ?
30, 31. What was that of the Kohathites ?
36, 37. Of the sons of Merari?
Which held the most honorable office ?
To which family did Aaron belong ? (Exod. vi.
18-20.)
32. Who was the chief leader of the tribe?
38. Whose tents were pitched in front of the
tabernacle ?
NUMBERS. 103
45, 46. Were the Levites numerous enough to
redeem all the first-born ?
47. How were the remainder redeemed ?
Num. IV.
3. To what age were the services of the Levites
restricted ?
5-14. AVho were to prepare the holy things for
transportation ?
How was each article hidden from public view ?
15 and 20. Were the Kohathites allowed to as-
sist in the preparation ?
16 What was Eleazer's particular charge?
The institution of a sacerdotal tribe served both to give
greater authority and importance to the religious services, and
to form by degrees a body of learned and intelligent men, inde-
pendent as to the means of living, Avho taught the people,
expounded the law, and served all the purposes of an educated
class. The reasons for the selection of the tribe of Levi pro-
bably were that ]\Iose3 and Aaron belonged to it, and that it
was one of the smallest in number. It is remarkable that no
especial honor was conferred on the sons of Moses. They be-
came common Levites.
LESSON xxxn.
Preparations for the March,
I486 B.C.
Num. V.
2. Was any unclean person allowed in the camp ?
6, 7. How was trespass against any one to be
compensated ?
8. What was to be done if the injured man had
died without kin ?
104 NUMBERS.
14. In what single instance was the ancient cus-
tom of trial by ordeal permitted ?
Num. VI.
2. "What other ancient custom is allowed and
regulated ?
3-5. What were its two distinguishing features ?
6-8. What strict rules with regard to ritual un-
cleanness were enforced ?
9-12. If such uncleanness were incurred, was the
past time lost?
14, 15. AVhat costly sacrifices closed the Naza-
rite's vow ?
18. What was the final ceremony?
What three celebrated men were Nazarites from
birth? (Judges xiii. 5; 1 Sam. i. 11 ; Luke i. 15.)
When did St. Paul countenance this custom?
(Acts xxi. 23, 24.)
The Nazarite vow was an ancient custom, Avliich did not
require to be forbidden ; but, as Moses evidently set no value
on it, his law renders it costly and troublesome, to prevent its
frequent use. The same principle was involved in this vow,
which afterwards led men to become hermits and monks.
23-2 G. What form of blessing was prescribed
for Aaron's use ?
Num. VII.
2. Who brought offerings when the tabernacle
was erected?
3. In what did these partly consist ?
6-8. What was done with these wagons ?
9. Why did not the Kohathites need them ?
13-17. What was the offering of the prince, or
chief man, of Judah ?
Were all the other offerings similar ?
NUMBERS. 105
78. How many days did these ceremonies con-
tinue?
88. How large a provision was made for feasting
by all the tribes ?
89. The tabernacle being now in order, whence
did the voice of God speak to Moses ?
Num. VIII.
The first four verses contain a notice of the first time when
the lamps in the tabernacle were lighted.
7, 8. What was the ceremony of consecrating
the Levites ?
10. How was this tribe presented by the nation?
11. Who offered them to the Lord 1
19. Who were considered as their chiefs?
21. How is the law concerning their age altered?
(Compare chap. iv. 3.)
Num. IX.
This account is retrospective. (Compare Num. i. 1.)
1-5. When was the first passover in the wilder-
ness kept ?
6, 7. What interesting question arose ?
10, 11. How was it decided?
Persons in any way prevented from observing it at the time
were to keep the feast a month later. (John xviii. 28.)
13, 14. Was the keeping of this feast optional?
15, 17. What was the signal to the tribes to jour-
ney or encamp ?
22. Did their encampments ever continue many
days?
Num. X.
2. For what purpose were two trumpets made ?
106 NUMBERS.
4-7. What regular system of signals was esta-
blished ?
8. Who used these trumpets ?
9. 10. On what other occasions were they em-
ployed ?
10. " Beginnings of months." The day of each new moon
was celebrated by the Israehtes with some festivities (Isa.
i. 13, 14). These trumpets called the people together on all
occasions of war or solemnity.
11-13. When was the first march of the host?
14—27. Did all take their places as before di-
rected? (Chap, ii.)
One slight alteration Avas made for greater convenience.
Instead of tlie Levites keeping together as directed (chap. ii.
17), we find that they dividcd'thcir body (ver. 17 and 21), so
that the tabernacle was set up before the ark arrived. These
.slight alterations, as experience dictated, show what has been
before referred to, — the journal form in which the history was
written. 25. Another change was made for reasons unknown
to us ; Dan, instead of Ephraim, was placed m the rear.
29-32. Whom did Moses endeavor to keep with
them ?
What inducements did he offer?
Did Hobab consent to remain ?
Is there reason to think he afterwards decided to
stay?
Ans. We hear of his descendants being among
the Israelites. (Judges i. IG.)
33. " Went before them; " i.e., "in their company."
35, 3G. What invocation did Moses pronounce
at their starting and encamping ?
Very probably, these were the first lines of psalms sung on
such occasions.
107
LESSON XXXIII.
The Journey to Canaan.
1486 B.C.
Num. XI.
The first three vci-ses of this chapter contain what we should
call the argument of the following ntuTutive. " Fire " is proba-
bly a figurative expression for the anger of the Lord (ver. 33).
This synopsis of the story is introduced pi'obably to account
for the name " Taberah " (burning), given to the place.
4. What portion of the people were the first to
complain ?
Ans. The poorer class, who had no flocks or
herds to depend on for food.
5, 6. What was the substance of their complaint ?
8. How was the manna usually prepared ?
10. How was Moses affected by this new trouble?
11-15. How did he express his discouragement?
16, 17. What relief was appointed him in his
great labors?
18-20. What promise was made to the people ?
21, 22. Did this seem incredible to Moses?
23. How was his doubt rebuked ?
24, 25. In what manner were the elders prepared
to assist him ?
25. " Prophesied," — taught religiously.
26, 27. What is related of two of the elders who
remained behind ?
28. Who objected, on this ground, to their teach-
ing like the rest ?
29. What generous reply did Moses make ?
108 NUMBERS.
31, 32. How was the promise ot meat fulfilled?
How high from the ground did the quails fly ?
33. What was the consequence of the people's
rebellion and gluttony?
Num. XII.
1. What new rebellion arose against Moses?
2. Wiiat did his brother and sister claim ?
3. What is said of Moses ?
" Meek," — rather, *' afflicted, miserable." Now that Moses
was raised to so high a position, his family became jealous of
him. The ostensible ground of complaint was his foreign
marriage. " F^thiopian " should be " Cushite," — the name of
Cush was applied both to parts of Arabia and of ^^^ca. His
wife came from Midian (Exod. ii. 16).
4. 5. How was this jealousy noticed by God?
6-8. How was the distinction between Moses
and all other prophets set forth?
10. What punishment was inflicted on Miriam?
Aaron Avas probably spared on account of his holy office.
11. What effect did this have upon Aaron?
13. Upon whose intercession was she healed?
14, 15. After how long an exclusion from the
camp ?
IG. Where had the people now arrived?
A few days had sufficed to bring them to Paran, on the
southern border of Canaan.
Num. XIIL
2. What spies were now sent out ?
From whom were they selected ?
17-20. AVhat was their commission?
What season of the year was this ?
22. In what direction did they go ?
NUMBERS. 109
23, 24. "What trophies did they bring back ?
25. How long were they absent ?
27-29. What was their report?
32, 33. Did they encourage the people to go for-
ward ? '
32. " That eateth," &c., — a land desolated by ■wars.
33. "Giants," — an exaggeration produced by fear.
Num. XIV.
1-3. What was the effect of the spies' report ?
4. What desperate proposition was made ?
6. Who brought a different report from the rest?
7-9. What was their advice ?
10. How was this received by the excited people?
11, 12. What did the Lord threaten against the
nation ?
13-19. What intercession did Moses offer?
21. What glorious promise does this verse contain?
22, 23. What punishment was substituted for the
rejection of the whole nation ?
25. What was the command to return to the de-
sert?
"The Amalekites," &c.: an accidental interpolation by
some transcriber.
29. Who were destined to die there ?
30. Who alone are excepted ?
33. 34. How long should their wanderings be ?
34. " Breach of promise: " " Ye shall know if I aa'IU break
my promise."
36-38. What was the fate of the spies?
39. How did the people receive these sad tidings?
40-44. What presumptuous attempt did they
make?
45. What success did it meet ?
10
110
LESSON XXXIV.
The Forty Tears in the Wilderness.
1486-1447 B.C.
The passage from Num. xv. to xix. inclusive, contains all
that is recorded of the Israelites' long sojourn in the Arabian
desert. Tlic date of these several incidents and ordnianccs is
not fixed by the narrative; but probably they occurred quite
early in the time. The rebellion of Korah would more natu-
rally take place soon after the establishment of the ritual, than
when it had become fixed by custom. AVith regard to the
ecanty nature of this history, see Introductory Note.
Nu^r. XV.
1-31. In what laws were some alterations now
made?
Additional burnt-offerings were prescribed; some new per-
quisites were given to the priests; and more severe penalties
were enacted against the infringement of some of the rites.
32, 33. What incident occurred one sabbath?
34. Had such cases been provided against ?
Alls. They had (Exod. xxxv. 2) ; but the man-
ner of execution had not been appointed.
35. AVhat was the mode of execution ordered?
Such penalties may seem to us severe; but the government
of the Hebrews was to be a theocracy, or government of God
fls King. Sabbath-breaking, blasphemy, &c., were regarded
in the fight of high treason ; which, in all nations, was punished
■with death.
38. What national badge was ordered to be worn?
39. What was the use of such a badge?
Num. XVI.
1. Who headed a new rebellion?
2. Was it a formidable one ?
NUMBERS. Ill
3. What was their complaint ?
This rebellion was not against the divine authority ilirectly,
but against Moses and Aaron. The Kohathites were Aaron'3
kindred, and were jealous of liis supremacy over thein; while
the Reubenites, as descended from Jacob's eldest son, probably
demanded the leadership of the nation, and resented Judah's
being preferred before them.
5. To whom did Moses refer the decision ?
6, 7. What did he bid the Koliathites do ?
Ans. He bade them prepare to fulfil the priests*
office, in case they should be chosen instead of
Aaron's family.
9-11. How did he remonstrate against their con-
duct ?
12-14. How did the Eeubenites reply to his
summons ?
14. "Wilt thou blind," &c., — "Wilt thou attempt to hide
the fact, that thy promises are not fulfilled? "
18, 19. Where did the congregation assemble for
the trial ?
24-26. What directions were given to the people ?
28-30. What did Moses say would be a test of
his authority?
31-35. What was the fate of the conspirators ?
If the divinely ordained government of the nation was to
be maintained at all, some extreme measure was necessary in
such a rebellion as this. 32. "All the men," &c: Ave need
not suppose that their innocent families perished: for Korah's
children are afterwards especially mentioned ; and the families
of the others might well have escaped at Moses' Avarning.
37, 38. What was done with the censers of the
victims ?
39, 40. For what use were these plates to serve?
41. Was the rebellion entirely quelled?
46. What new infliction showed the divine dis-
pleasure ?
112 NUMBERS.
47, 48. How was the plague stayed ?
In which of the Psahns are Israel's repeated re-
bellions referred to? (Ps. Ixxviii., xcv., evi.)
Num. X\1I.
2-5. What new sign of Aaron's supremacy was
to be given ?
6. AVho furnished the rods ?
8. What occurred to that of Aaron ?
10. How was the memory of this miracle pre-
served ? (See Exod. xvi. 34.)
12, 13. Were the people convinced of the ne-
cessity of submission?
Num. XVin.
1-7. Was the priesthood again confirmed to
Aaron's family?
9-19. What should serve for the maintenance
of the priesthood ?
20. Was any land appointed to them ?
21. Whence did the Levites derive their support?
26. What portion of the tithes came to the
priests ?
1. " Tlie iniquity," — the responsibility. 5. " That there be
no wrath," — no such punishments as those just incurred. 8.
"Heave-offerings," — the portion appertaining to the priests
(see note to Lev. vii). 27. " This tenth of the tithes shall be
demanded from you, as the tenth of the produce of others'
fields is from them."
Num. XIX.
2-9. How was the " water of separation " to be
prepared ?
11. How long was a person, who had touched
the dead, unclean ?
NUMBERS. 113
17-19. How was an unclean person cleansed ?
20. Could he be purified without this ceremony ?
What former law, probably found too burdensome,
did this replace? (Chap. v. 2.)
What reference is made to this rite in Heb. ix. 13^
LESSON XXXV.
The Second Appi'oach to Canaan.
1447 B.C.
XuM. XX.
1. When the forty years had passed, whither did
the people return ?
What had marked their former stay at Kadesh ?
(Chap. xiii. 26.)
Whose death had occurred there ?
The original may mean either that IMiriam had died there
during their former visit to Kadesh, or that she died now.
2-5. What cause of complaint arose ?
8. How was Moses directed to procure water ?
What similar event had occurred forty years be-
fore ? (Exod. xvii. 6.)
10, 11. How did Moses fulfil his commission ?
12. Moses and Aaron having shown some want
of faith, what Avas decreed ? (Ps. cvi. 32, 33.)
13. What name was given to the place ?
Had the same nailie been used at Rephidim?
(Exod. xvii. 7.)
Moses and Aaron were now very old, and not suitable lead-
ers for the people in the wai's 'now at hand. They had
probably shown their infirmities by some petulance or disobe-
10*
114 NUMBERS.
dience not clearly explained; and the occasion is taken to
convince tliem tliat it was time tliey should lay down their
office.
14-17. Being now on the borders of Edom,
what messajre was sent to its kinj^ ?
Why was Israel called "thy brother"? (Gen,
XXV. 30.)
18-21. Was a passage granted?
22. In which direction did the nation conse-
quently turn ?
24. What announcement was here made to
Aaron ?
26. Who was to take his place as high priest?
27-29. What were the circumstances of his
death ?
How old was he? (Chap, xxxiii. 39.)
Num. XXL
1. What was the first encounter with the Ca-
naanites ?
" By the way of the spies," — "by the way of Atharim;"
a proper name that should not have been translated. 3. This
passage must have been inserted by a later hand. It refers to
one of Joshua's conquests (Josh. xii. 14). i\Ioses now leads
the people to the south-east, along the border of Edom ; intend-
ing to enter Canaan from tlie east, instead of from the south.
4, 5. Why were the people discouraged?
G. How was their discontent punished ?
" Fiery serpents," — Avith an inflammatory bite.
7-9. How Avas the plague of serpents healed ?
How is this incident referred to in John iii. 14?
What was done with this brazen serpent in later
years ? (2 Kings xviii. 4.)
13. On whose borders did they now arrive ?
14, 15. What ancient poem is referred to ?
NUMBERS. 115
14. " Wars of the Lord," — great wars; a common Hebrew
idiom. This passage is obscure: it is probably from some
Ammonite poem, celebrating a victory over the Moubites;
quoted here to show how far their boundary extended.
16. Where was water found?
17. What is the first verse of an ode composed
on the occasion ?
21, 22. What message w^as sent to the king of
the Amorites ?
23, 24. What ensued on his refusal?
26-30. For what purpose is another old poem
quoted?
27. " Proverbs " should be rendered " ballads, odes." This
poem is quoted to show that Heshbon belonged to the Amo-
rite king, and, on liis conquest by the Israelites, became tlieii-s.
33-35. What was their next victory ?
35. "None left him alive," — none left with him; all ex-
pelled or slain.
Num. XXII.
3, 4. How did the Moabites regard tlie Israelites'
victories ?
5, 6. What precaution was taken by Balak,
their king ?
In what country did the celebrated magician
Balaam live ? (Deut. xxiii. 4.)
7. W^hat inducement did the messengers take
with them ?
13. Did Balaam consent to accompany them?
15-17. What new inducements were offered?
20. What direction did he pretend to receive in
the night ?
22-35. Relate the vision in which it was given
to him.
Balaam was a poet, and one of those far-sighted impostors
who pass for prophets. Convinced that Israel Avas stronger
116 NUMBERS.
than Moab, he was willing neither to lose his wages by
disobeying the king, nor his reputation by foretelling the
overthrow of the invaders. The visions he relates (which
stand, of course, on his own authority alone) are mgeniously
devised to meet the difficulty. He alludes, in verse 20, to such
a vision, which is evidently 'then related at full length (comp.
20 and 35).
36. How far did Balak go to meet him?
38. How did he deprecate the king's anger at
what he should say ?
41. Whither did they repair to see the hostile
army ?
LESSON XXXVL
Balaam the Seer ; Various Incidents.
1447 B.C.
Num. XXIII.
1-3. "What rites did Balaam perform ?
4, 5. Whence did he pretend to derive inspira-
tion?
7-10. What was his first utterance?
7. " Parable," — poem.
The poetry ascribed to Balaam is, of course, not inspired
prophecy; but it is beautiful, and was probably preserved by-
Moses on account of its encouraging and animating nature.
To find their glory and success foreseen by the wise of the very
nations they were to encounter, would give a new motive to
exertion and hope. 10. "Let me die," — "I must utter the
truth: if I die, let it be as an honest man."
13, 14. How did Balak endeavor to obtain a
'different oracle ?
18-24. Was the next more favorable to him ?
22. "Unicorn," — either the wild bison or the rhinoceros.
NUMBERS. 117
25. What was Balak's despairing exclamation ?
27-30. Did he make yet another effort ?
Num. XXIV.
I. Did Balaam go through the forms of divina-
tion again ?
9. With what strong expression did he close his
next rhapsody ?
10. How did Balak receive these sayings of his
seer?
II. How did he attempt to revenge himself?
12, 13. Of what did Balaam remind him ? (Chap.
xxii. 18.)
lG-24. With what obscure prophecies did he
close ?
This passage resembles the ancient Grecian oracles in its
vagueness and obscure intimations. We cannot follow them.
No time is fixed by the seer for their fulfilment. 17. " A star,
a sceptre," — common Eastern symbols of dominion and glory.
23. " Who shall be living when these events shall take place V "
What advice did Balaam give respecting the
seduction of the Israelites? (Chap. xxxi. 16;
Eev. ii. 14.)
What beautiful fragment of poetry ascribed to
Balaam is preserved in Mic. vi. 6-8 ?
Num. XXV.
1. Where was Israel now encamped?
This was their last encampment before entering Canaan.
1-3. Was Balaam's advice followed by the Moab-
3tes?
How far was it successful ?
3. " Baal Peor: " " Baal " signifies "lord, master." It was
a term applied to various idols, or used in general for the prin-
cipal deity of the country.
118 NUaiBERS.
9. How many died of a plague which followed ?
11. By whose zeal was the plague stayed ?
12, 13. What was in consequence promised to
Phinehas ?
How does the Psalmist speak of this event?
(Ps. cvi. 28-31.)
17, 18. How were the Midianites to he prevented
from doing further injury ?
Why were not the Moabites also to be attacked ?
(Deut. ii. 9.)
Num. XXVI.
2. Was a new census necessary ?
51. How many were numbered?
How did this differ from the census taken forty
years before? (Chap. ii. 32.)
Is this diminution surprising?
It is not, considering tlie life of hardship the nation had
led, and tlie great mortality on several occasions. But, on
comparing tlie numbers of some of the tribes, it is evident
that the record is not quite perfect.
G2. How much had the Levites increased ?
(Chap. iii. 39.)
64, 65. Who only are mentioned as surviving
since the former census ?
53. For what especial purpose was the present
taken ?
Num. XXVII.
1-4. What petition was brought in by five sis-
ters?
Had any law previously provided for daughters ?
A man's property was divided among his sons, the eldest
having a double portion. 8. "Korah:" this circumstance is
mentioned to insure a favorable hearing.
NUMBERS. 119^
7-11. What law was now promulgated?
12, 13. What announcement did Moses receive?
IG, 17. AVhat petition did he offer, more thought-
ful of his charge tlian of himself?
18. Who was to take his place?
19-23. How was Joshua ordained?
The two following chapters contain regulations for offerings
on various occasions, some of which are new, and some are
repetitions. The ceremonies of the Feast of Tabernacles are
more minutely described, and offerings appointed for the
feasts of the new moons. Chap. xxx. contains regulations to
prevent the evil of one person's making a vow which another
person must fulfil. Free men and women were to be bound by
their own vows; but the vows of a woman, dependent on her
father or husband, were not to be binding unless the father or
husband had couseuted to them.
LESSON XXXVII.
Close of the Desert History.
1447 B.C.
XuM. XXXI.
3. What was the first offensive war of the Is-
raelites ?
What was their motive for this attack ? (Chap. .
XXV. 17, 18.)
4, 5. Did the whole army engage ?
7-11. What was their success ?
What was the fate of Balaam ?
32-34. Was much booty taken ?
26-30. How was it divided ?
50 and 54. What was done with the gold and.
jewels taken ?
120 NUMBERS.
"Was the nation of the Midianites destroyed?
(Judges vi. 1, 2.)
The law of division of martial booty was, that one-half be-
longed to the army, to pay one five-hundredth to the Levites:
the other half belonged to the people, chargeable with one-fif-
tieth. Beside this (verse 33), every man might collect lighter
articles for himself. With regard to the numbers slain and
taken, it is evident that the account is faulty. According to the
text, every warrior brought back with him eight prisoners and
sixty-seven beasts. The Hebrew numerals, as before stated,
were very liable to corruption.
Num. XXXII.
2-5. What request did the tribes of Reuben and
-Gad bring to Moses ?
1. What was their motive?
3. These were the districts lately conquered from the kings
of Bashan, and of the Amorites, on the eastern shoi-e of
Jordan.
G, 7. How did Moses misunderstand them ?
8, 9. To what did he compare their conduct?
lG-19. How did they more clearly explain their
intentions ?
20-24. Did Moses consent to their plan ?
23. AVhat truth of universal experience is here
alluded to ?
33. What tribes were thus planted to the east
of Jordan ?
The remainder of this chapter must have been written later.
Num. XXXIII.
What compendious record does this chapter con-
tain?
How many encampments are enumerated ?
Very few of these places can now be identified. Those
that have been, can be found on any ancient map of the
country.
NUMBERS. 121
51-53. What directions are given with regard
to the Canaanites ?
52. " Drive out: " nothing is said of destroying tlicra.
Num. XXXIV.
What are the contents of this chapter ?
Are the boundaries given with much minuteness ?
13, 14. Among whom was this land to be divided?
17, 18. Who should make the allotment ?
XuM. XXXV.
2 and 7. How many cities were to be given to
the Levites?
3, 4. For what purpose were the extensive sub-
urbs ?
8. How were they distributed among the tribes ?
6. Hov/ many of these were to be cities of
refuge ?
12. What is the meaning of the term?
15. Who should find shelter there?
20, 21. Could wilful murderers claim this shel-
ter?
24. Who were to be judges of the guilt in such
cases ?
25. If the verdict were in his favor, what was
done with the homicide ?
How long must he remain in the city ?
26-28. Was he in danger if he left it?
30. Was one witness sufiicient to condemn a
man?
Tlie " avenger of blood," or the custom that the next of
kin should avenge a death, either intentional or otherwise,
upon the homicide, was known among all primitive nations.
It was so among the Hebrews, and is probably alluded to as
11
122 NUMBERS.
early as Gen. xxvii. 45. Without attempting to do away
altogether with a custom which was, upon the whole, a need-
ful restraint, the Mosaic law provides a merciful limitation
of it.
Num. XXXVI.
3, 4. What fiU'ther difficulty arose respecting the
inheritance of daughters ?
G, 7. How was it settled?
9. "Was land transferable at all from one tribe
to another ?
13. How does this book close? (Comp. Lev.
xxvii. 34.)
123
DEUTERONOMY.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The fifth and last book of Moses has received the
name of " Deuteronomy," or " Second Law," as being
in great measure a compendium of the whole Mo-
saic law. It consists of oral discourses delivered
by Moses in the month preceding his death, of
which he had been forewarned in time for him to
prepare these final and most forcible lessons to his
people. In these discourses, he reviews the wan-
derings and wonderful experiences of the Israelites,
and draws thence warnings and encouragements for
the future. He repeats the Decalogue and the
more important portions of the law, modifying some
ordinances to suit the life they would lead in Ca-
naan. He exhorts to obedience and righteousness
with all the eloquence of zeal and experience, set-
ting forth the good and evil before them, with the
most striking Oriental imagery. The book closes
with the several blessings bestowed on the different
tribes, and with an account of his death, and the
mourning of the people.
The style of the book differs from those preced-
ing, being more full and earnest, as would naturally
be expected from addresses delivered in public.
The repetitions in it are easily accounted for in the
same manner. The different discourses cannot all
be clearly distinguished from each other. The first
four chapters plainly comprise the first of these.
124
LESSON XXXVIII.
Moses' Discourses to the People.
Deut. I.
The puvpo<:c of ^lose?, in his first address, seems to be to
prove to the people, that he had always been -willing to allow
them self-government as far as possible, and to listen to their
suggestions ; but, when they had obstinately followed their own
will, they had met with misfortune. "When, on the other hand,
they had been obedient, success had followed.
1 and 5. Where were the followmg discourses
delivered ?
3. How long after the exodus from Egypt ?
6-18. What event does Moses first review ?
11. AVith what fervent exclamation does he in-
terrupt his narrative ?
19 to end. AVhat instance of the Israelites' obsti-
nacy is recalled ?
Deut. II.
The nan-atives in chaps, ii. and iii. of the transactions be-
tween the Israelites and the nations near Canaan, though vary-
ing from those given in Numbers, are not inconsistent, but
rather serve to explain them.
1. To what part of Arabia were the wanderings
of the Israelites chiefly confined?
4, 5, and 9. What nations were not to be molest-
ed by them ?
10-12 and 20-23. Evident interpolations by a later hand.
37. Were the peoj)le obedient in this respect ?
Deut. III.
What events are reviewed in this chapter ?
DEUTERONOMY. 125
11. What memorandum has some writer here
inserted ?
23-26. In what pathetic words does Moses dwell
on his own disappointment ?
Is this longing elsewhere expressed ? (Chap. i.
37 ; iv. 22.)
27. Whence was he allowed to see the promised
land?
" Pisgah," — a mountain-ran.ce to the east of the Dead Sea,
one peak of which was called Nebo. (Chap, xxxiv. 1.)
Deut. IV.
1. What moral does Moses draw from his re-
view?
5, 6. What was the path of wisdom for the na-
tion?
7, 8. How are their peculiar privileges alluded to ?
9. In what did their danger lie ?
15, 16. Against what sin does their lawgiver
warn them?
26, 27. With what threatenings does he enforce
his words ?
29-31. Was any hope to remain for the penitent?
32-40. With what sublime appeal does the dis-
course close?
41-43. How many of the cities of refuge did
Moses himself select? (Nup. xxxv. 13, 14.)
44-49. This passage, being an introduction to the second
discourse, should be attached to the next chapter.
Deut. V.
1-22. What part of the law is now recounted ?
Are the commandments repeated literally ? ( Com-
pare Exod. XX.)
11*
126 DEUTERONOMY.
15. What reason is here given for keeping the
sabbath ?
22. Had all the people heard this part of the law
given ?
24-27. Why had they not heard the rest ?
32, 33. Were they therefore less bound to obey it?
Deut. VI.
4, 5. What was the essence of the whole law ?
How did our vSaviour refer to this passage ?
(Mark xii. 29, 30.)
G-9. How was the nation to keep these things in
mind? (See note to Exod. xiii. IG.)
10, 11. To what blessings were the Israelites ap-
proaching ?
12-14. What temptations also awaited them ?
20-25. How were their children to be taught
their history ?
13 and 10. What verses are quoted from this
chapter in Matt. iv. ?
Deut. VII.
1-3. Was any intercourse with the Canaanites
to be suffered ?
4. Wiiy not?
5. What was the first thing to be done ?
" Groves: " idolatroxis worship was frequently conducted in
sacred groves. (1 Kings xiv. 23; xv. 13.)
7, 8. Why had this people been so favored ?
12-15. What rewards are set before obedience?
18, 19. How should the past serve to encourage
them ?
22. Were all the native inhabitants of Canaan
to be destroyed at once ?
DEUTERONOMY. 127
Though the -u-ords "destroy" and "consume" are used in
this connection, it is evident that they -were to be expelled
merely, — destroyed as a nation. (See Exod. xxiii. 27, 28;
Num.'xxxiii. 52", bo.)
Deut. VIII.
2-5. "Why are they to remember their long wan-
derings ?
When did our Saviour quote from this passage ?
(Matt. iv. 4.)
3. " Every word," — rather, " every thing; " i.e., every thing
ordained by God. 4. Not a standing miracle, but an Eastern
expression of the constant care taken of them.
7-9. How is Canaan described ?
10-18. What should the people remember in
their prosperity?
LESSON XXXIX.
Review of the Past ; Recapitulation of the Law.
Deut. IX.
4-6. Did Israel deserve the rich land promised?
Why, then, was it given ?
5. " The -wickedness," &c. : Moses always holds up in view
the fact, that the justice of God expelled the Canaanites from
the land they had disgraced so long. They deserved their
doom, and should serve as a Avaruing to their successors.
(Chap. xii. 31.)
7-21. What signal proof of the Israelites' un-
worthiness does Moses adduce?
22, 23. What other rebellions are referred to?
(Exod. xvii. ; Num. xi. ; Num. xiv.)
128 DEUTERONOMY.
Deut. X.
6, 7. Evidently an accidental interpolation.
12, 13. What did God require in return for his
clemency ?
14 and 17, 18. How are God's attributes de-
scribed ?
Deut. XI.
2-7. How had they seen his power manifested ?
10-12. How are Canaan and Egypt contrasted?
10. " Wateredst with thy foot:" a common Egyptian ma-
chine for irrigation is worked by the foot.
13-17. How are rain and drought spoken of in
these verses ?
Rain seldom or never falls in Egypt and Arabia. To a
people whose experience lay wholly in these countries, a land
which "drank, water from the rain of heaven" must have
seemed indeed a paradise. Indeed, to all Eastern nations,
abundance of rain is significant of all temporal blessings.
14. "First and latter rain," — the autumnal and vernal rains.
(James v. 7.)
26-28. In what manner did Moses intend to set
their destiny clearly before the people ?
29. Where were this blessing and curse to be
proclaimed ?
Was this plan ever carried out? (Josh. viii.
30-35.)
Deut. XII.
The fifteen chapters which commence with the twelfth
contain a repetition of many of the laws, chiefly such as relate
to the duties of tlie people' at large. Some modifications and
additions are made to adapt the code to the necessities of a more
settled life. Such alone need be noticed by us.
5, 6. Where should the people assemble for wor-
ship when settled in Canaan ?
8. Would the law be more rigidly enforced then?
DEUTERONOMY. 129
21. Was the law regarding tkc slaying of ani-
mals at the tabernacle to be modified ? (See note
on Lev. xvii.)
23, 24. Was the regulation concerning eating
blood relaxed?
30. Against what snare to idolatry are the people
warned ?
31. Were human sacrifices known to the Ca-
naanites ?
Deut. XIII.
1-3. Was there danger of their being seduced by
seeming miracles ?
5. How was a folse prophet to be punished ?
6-10. Should any seducer to idolatry be spared?
12-15. What should be done to a city fallen into
idolatry ?
17. Was any trace of this sin to be endured?
Deut. XIV.
1. What heathen customs are here alluded to?
22, 23. What portion of the produce of the land
should be devoted to religious festivity ?
24-26. How could those distant from the taber-
nacle comply with this law ?
27. Should the Levite be invited to these feasts?
This tithe was called " the second tithe." The first was
given directly to the Levites. (Num. xvin. 24.)
28, 29. What was done every third year with
this second tithe ?
Deut. XV.
1, 2. Could the payment of debts be exacted on
the sabbatical year ?
130 DEUTERONOMY.
3, 4. Was this law for the benefit of any but poor
Hebrews ?
7-10. How is grudging cliarity condemned?
11. Who are always to be found in society?
(Mark xiv. 7.)
12. When should bond-slaves be released?
13. 14. How should such be provided for?
16, 17. Might those remain who wished it?
(Exod. xxi.)
LESSON XL.
Recapitulation of the Law continued,
Deut. XVI.
5, 6. Could the Passover be kept in any place
except where the tabernacle was ?
16. How often were all the males to appear be-
fore God?
" All thy males : " this law was never stinctly observed. It
was made a matter of convenience whether to attend or not.
Women were neither commanded nor forbidden to celebrate
these feasts: it was the custom of many of them to do so.
(1 Sam. ii. 19; Luke ii. 41.)
18. Who were to administer the laws?
21. What apparently innocent custom is forbid-
den?
The planting of groves around sacred shrines was an idola-
trous custom.
Deut. XVII.
7. What law tended to prevent false witness in
criminal cases ?
DEUTERONOMY. 131
8, 9. "Who were the final judges in cases of law?
11, 12. AVas their sentence conclusive?
What was the penalty of insubordination ?
14. 15. If the nation should ever demand a king,
whom should they choose ?
Was a foreign monarch illegal ?
How did the Jews endeavor to entrap our Sa-
viour with this law ? (Matt. xxii. 17.)
16, 17. What tokens of luxury and pomp are
forbidden to their king ?
18-20. What should serve to keep him humble ?
Deut. XVIII.
15. What remarkable prophecy is here given ?
lG-19. When had this future prophet been fore-
told to Moses ?
To whom does this passage refer ?
How does our Saviour speak of it ? (John v. 46.)
Where else in the New Testament is it quoted ?
(John i. 45 ; Acts iii. 22 ; vii. 37.)
20. What should be the fate of false prophets ?
22. How could such be detected ?
Deut. XX.
2-4. How should armies be encouraged to battle ?
5-8. AYho were exempted from military duty ?
10, 11. What humane regulations for foreign war
are given ?
16. Did this apply to the Canaanites?
19, 20. What is said of destroying fruit-trees ?
Deut. XXI.
1-8. How was uncertain murder expiated ?
15-17. Was favoritism among children allowed ?
132 DEUTERONOMY.
18-21. What was the doom of a rebellious
son ?
22, 23. "Was the exposure of the bodies of crimi-
nals lawful ?
23, " Accursed: " he has forfeited his life to the hiw; he is
outcast. (Gal. iii. 13.)
Deut. XXII.
1-3. Might articles found be retained ?
8. How is care against a serious accident en-
joined ?
The flat roofs of Eastern houses aVe in constant use by tho
inhabitants for sleeping and other purposes.
Deut. XXIII.
3, 4, and 7, 8. What distinction was made among
foreigners ?
15, IG. What was the Mosaic fugitive slave
law ?
21-23. Are vows, like that of the Nazarite, re-
quired, or only allowed?
24, 25. What was the law regarding corn or
grapes ?
Was it the custom thus to eat from a neighbor's
field? (Matt. xii. 1.)
Deut. XXIV.
1, 2. Were divorces lawful?
What does our Saviour say of this law? (Mark
X. 5-9.)
10-22. Repeat some of these beautifully humane
laws.
19. What instance have we in Ruth ii. of obe-
dience to this precept ?
DEUTERONOMY. 133
Deut. XXV.
3. "What was the limitation of the punishment of
scourging ?
To avoid tranpgres?ing this law, the Jews used a, scourge of
three cords, with which thirteen blows were given; making
"forty, save one." (2 Cor. xi. 24.)
5, 6. What law provided for a childless widow ?
What allusion is made to this in the New Testa-
ment ? (Matt. xxii. 23-28.)
Deut. XXVI.
1-11. What ceremony was to follow the first
harvest in their new country?
16-19. With what summary of the Covenant
does Moses conclude?
LESSON XLL
The last Teachings and Death of Moses.
Deut. XXVII.
The rewards and punishments set before the people in the
following chapters, and throughout the Mosaic law, are wholly
of a temporal nature; no reference being made to a future
state of being. The imperfectly developed minds of the peo-
ple could not conceive worthily "of immortality; and therefore
the whole momentous subject is left in sile^nce, — a silence
which contrasts strikingly with the vague dreams of false reli-
gions. The temporal motives so strongly set forth by the law
were perfectly adapted to a people who' were to be educated
for higher things. (Gal. iii. 24.)
2, 3. What memorial should be erected on enter-
ing Canaan?
3. " This law," — the blessings and cursings which follow.
6, 7. What festival was to be held there ?
12
134 DEUTERONOMY.
12, 13. How should the people be arranged for
the following ceremony ?
" Ebal, Gerizim," — two mountains in Samaria
14. Who were to proclaim the curses?
15-26. What part did the people take in these
imprecations ?
The class of crimes enumerated in this passage are chiefly
those of a secret nature, not such as the law could detect and
punish. The people were called upon to denounce hidden in-
justice, secret murder, and all guilty actions, Avhich would be
iinown to God alone.
Deut. XXVIII.
1-8. What blessings were to be pronounced
from Gerizim?
How is the rest of this chapter occupied ?
Moses dwells upon and illustrates the promised blessings,
and yet more fully the curses set before them, warning his
people with vivid eloquence of the miseries of disobedience.
Deut. XXX.
What is the import of the address in this and
the preceding chapter ?
2, 3. Was mercy promised to the penitent ?
11-14. How does Moses speak of the law they
had received ?
" It is not beyond your comprehension, nor out of your
reach: it has been made plain, and brought home to j^ou."
(Kom. X. 6-8.)
15. What choice had he set before them?
19, 20. With what solemn adjuration does he
close ?
Deut. XXXI.
2. How old was Moses now ?
6. How did he encourage the people ?
DEUTERONOMY. 135
7, 8. What did he say to Joshua ?
9. Was the law recorded by Moses himself?
10-13. How often were the people to listen to
the whole ?
What instance of the observance of this regula-
tion have we in Neh. viii ?
14, 15, and 23. Where did Joshua receive a
solemn charge?
23. " He: " God himself, not Moses.
19-22. What was the purpose of the psalm com-
posed by Moses ?
Deut. XXXIT.
What are, briefly, the contents of this psalm ?
Have we any other poetry composed by Moses ?
. A71S, The song of triumph in Exod. xv., proba-
bly the xcth Psalm, and, according to the conjecture
of some critics, the Book of Job, were written by
him.
Moses threw the chief points of his discouvses into the form
of verse, as being more easily retained in the mind. 5. " Their
spot," — alluding to an idolatrous custom of marking with a
badge or spot the followers of any god (Rev. xiii. 16). 15.
"Jeshurun," — a Hebrew diminutive of Israel.
49, 50. What directions did Moses now receive ?
Deut. XXXIH.
This and the following chapter are added by a later hand.
The blessings here recorded are fragmentary records of the
last words of ]\Ioses, as he bade fi^rewell to the several tribes;
probably collected in after years, some in a more, some in a
less, perfect state. Simeon is wholly omitted.
6, 7. What was Moses' last blessing to Reuben
and Judah?
8-10. What is said of Levi ?
136 DEUTERONOMY.
12. What of Benjamin?
13-17. How does the blessing upon Joseph resem-
ble that uttered by Jacob? (Gen. xlix. 24-2G.)
18, 19. What is said of the tribes on the sea-
coast ?
20, 21. How is Gad's prowess celebrated?
22, 23. Where were Dan and Naphtali to dwell ?
21. Does Asher's blessing resemble that m Gen.
xlix?
How does the chapter close ?
2. " Ten thousand saints; " " He accompanied his holy na-
tion." 4, 5. Not words of !Moses. "King," — chief. 8-11.
This passage is a petition to Jehovah. " Let the insignia of
the priestliood remain with thy chosen tribe, wliose lidelity
thou didst prove at Massah," t&c, " who forgot the ties of
kindred in his zeal for duty," &c. (Exod. xxxii. 27, 28). 19.
The first part of this verse' is obscure: the latter part refers to
the seacoast. 21. Refers to Gad's choosing his portion on the
east of Jordan, but advancing with the rest to conquer the
country ^Nura. xxxii.). 25. '' Shoes " should be " bars."
Deut. XXXIV.
1. Whither did Moses repair to die?
2-4. What did he see thence ?
Travellers who have ascended the mountains of Pisgah
represent the view as very extensive. All the points of the
landscape mentioned in the text are visible thence.
5. How is his death recorded ?
6. Was his sepulchre ever known by his people?
"He buried:" the Hebrew verb is impersonal, — " he was
buried." The tomb of their great lawgiver would have proba-
bly received idolatrous- honors in after years, had it not been
concealed.
8. How long was the time of mourning ?
9. Who was received as his successor ?
10-12. How does the Pentateuch close?
137
JOSHUA.
INTRODUCTOKY NOTE.
The Book of Joshua derives its name from the
chieftain who led the Israehtes in their conquest of
Canaan; which event is the main subject of the
history. There is no reason to suppose that Joshua
wrote the book ; nor have we any means of deter-
mining its writer, nor the precise date of its com-
position. It appears from several passages, as chap,
iv. 9, vii. 26, &:c., to have been written long after
the events it narrates ; but the author must have
lived before David took Jerusalem from the Jebu-
sites. (Comp. chap. xv. 63 with 2 Sam. v. 6-9.)
The Book of Joshua was never regarded by the'
Jews as of equal authority with the Pentateuch;
nor can it be as highly valued in any respect. The
text is in some places corrupt, the statements occa-
sionally incongruous and improbable ; yet there is
no reason to doubt its authenticity in the main.
The words, " The Lord said unto Joshua," which
are freely used, need imply no more than that
Joshua, acting under divine guidance, gave orders
and decisions as narrated.
With regard to the forcible entrance of the chosen
people under Joshua into Canaan by divine direc-
tion, it may be briefly said, that, in those ages, war
was necessary to the very existence of a nation ;
12*
138 JOSHUA.
that, if the true religion were to be preserved, the
people to whom it was committed must obtain and
preserve a respected position among other nations ;
and that the Israelites had a claim, by inheritance,
to the country they seized, superior to that of the
barbarous tribes who had occupied it during their
sojourn in Egypt.
The book may be divided into three parts. The
first twelve chapters record the conquest of the
promised land ; the nine following, its division
among the tribes ; and the two closing chapters nar-
rate the last admonitions and death of Joshua.
LESSON XLII.
Entrance of the Israelites into Canaan,
1447 B.C.
Josir. I.
1, 2. After the death of Moses, what directions
did Joshua receive ?
4. How extensive was the promised country ?
5-7. What encouragement did he receive ?
8. Was he to expect new revelations, or be
guided by the law of Moses ?
10, 11. What announcement did he make to the
people ?
12-15. Of wdiat did he remind the Reubenites?
16-18. Did the people accept his authority ?
Josh. II.
1. For what purpose were spies sent forth ?
With whom did they stop ?
JOSHUA. 139
" Sliittim," — a place on the eastern bank of Jordan, north
of the Dead Sea, and opposite to Jericho. (Num. xxii. 1.)
3. What command did Rahab receive from the
king ?
4-7. How did she save her guests ?
9. What did slie say of the panic in the country ?
10, 11. AVhat had caused such terror?
12, 13. What return did she demand for her
kindness ?
How does the writer to the Hebrews speak of
her conduct? (Heb. xi. 31.)
14. What promise did the spies make to her?
15, IG. How did they escape?
18. What signal was agreed upon?
19, 20. AVhat conditions did they impose ?
23, 24. What report did they give to Joshua ?
JOSTI. III.
3, 4. What was now to be the order of march ?
5. How was an impending miracle announced?
7 and 10. For what end was it to be wrought?
14-lG. Describe the miraculous passage of the
Jordan.
15. " Overfloweth: " the Jordan, -which runs between steep
banks through ahriost the whole of its course, never really
overflows them like the Nile. The word siguifies " brimming
up: " it was full to its height.
17. Where did the priests remain until all had
passed over ?
Josh. IV.
2, 3. What memorial of this miracle was erected ?
6, 7. For what purpose should it serve ?
9. "In the midst:" "m" should probably be "from."
This does not refer to a different monument : nor could one
140 JOSHUA.
have remained long in the midst of the river. " Unto this
day: " this expression is often used in tliis booli. The author
refers to existing monuments in corroboration of his history.
It sliows clearly that he could not have lived in Joshua's
time.
13. Of how many did the army consist ?
14. What effect did this miracle have on the
people ?
18. VHrnt occurred wnen the ark left the bed of
the river?
How does Ps. cxiv. refer to this passage of the
Jordan ?
19. Where was the first encampment in Canaan?
Josh. V.
I. What had spread terror through the country?
7. What rite was renewed by Joshua ?
Probably many not all, had neglected it in their unsettled
desert life.
10. What feast was held four days after their
arrival ?
II, 12. What is said of the supply of manna?
(Exod. xvi. 35.)
13-15. What encouraging vision appeared to
Joshua ?
These last three verses belong to the next chapter.
Josii. VI.
2-5. What directions did he receive in this
vision ?
8-11. What was done the first day of the siege?
8 "Rams' horns" should be "alarm trumpets." The
trumpets are described in Num. x.
14. How often was this repeated?
JOSHUA. 141
15, IG. "What more was done on the seventh
day?
20. "What tlien happened ?
22, 23. Who were spared from the massacre that
followed ?
24. What was done with the plunder?
Had Joshua forbidden the army to keep any of
it? (Verse 18.)
25. " She dwelleth," — her posterity.
26. What curse did Joshua pronounce ?
Wlien was this curse called to mind? (1 Kings
xvi. 34.)
Josii. VII.
I. Was the edict against plundering violated?
2-5. With what reverse did the army meet?
II, 12. Why was this misfortune permitted?
13, 14. How was the guilty person to be de-
tected ?
16-18. Whom did it prove to be?
20, 21. What did he confess to have taken?
21. "Babylonish garment:" Babylon was the centre of
the luxury and riches of all the East, and the beautifully
worked garments brought thence were celebrated in all coun-
tries. The ancient sculptures recently discovered in its neigh-
borhood still show the splendor of dress then employed.
24, 25. What was his fate?
Is it probable that his children suffered death ?
(Deut. xxiv. 16.)
Why was so severe a penalty necessary ?
Ans. Nothing would so soon have corrupted the
nation as permission to plunder freely the luxurious
Canaanites.
142
LESSON XLIII.
The Wars of Joshua,
1447-1441 B.C.
Josh. VIII.
1. What was Joshua's next enterprise?
3-8. What stratagem was employed against Ai?
14-24. What success did the Israelites meet?
28. How was the city destroyed ?
29. How does the author account for a cairn of
stones near the ruins ? (Deut. xxi. 23.)
30. 31. What altar was built on Mount Ebal?
32, 35. What ceremony was then performed ?
When had directions for this ceremony been
given? (Deut. xxvii.)
For what did Mount Gerizim afterwards become
celebrated ?
Ans. When, after the Jews' return from capti-
vity, they rebuilt the temple at Jerusalem, the
Samaritans, in opposition to them, erected a temple
on Mount Gerizim, whither they ever after resorted
for worship, although the temple itself was de-
stroyed by one of the Maccabees. (John iv. 20.)
Josh. IX.
1, 2. Who banded together against Israel?
3-G. By what stratagem did the Gibeonites seek
alliance with Joshua ?
9, 10. What motive did they adduce for their
conduct ?
14, 15. Was the fraud successful?
JOSHUA. 14;
16-19. When it was discovered, was the treaty
broken ?
Was the congregation discontented ?
21. How were these false aUies treated?
25. Did they submit without murmuring ?
Josh. X.
1-5. How was their defection received by the
alHed Canaanites?
6. To whom did the Gibeonites apply for aid ?
7. Did Joshua go to their defence ?
10. What was the result of his assistance ?
12, 13. What passage is quoted from the Book
of Jasher?
What is the meaning of this Oriental imagery ?
Have we other specimens as bold as this in He-
brew poetry? (Judges v. 20; Hab. iii. 11; Joel
ii. 31.)
13. " Jasher " means " poems: " one of David's songs is af-
terward quoted from this lost book of poems (2 Sam. i. 18). It
is strange that this passage should ever have been regarded
otherwise than as poetical imagery.
17, 18. How were the five kings taken prisoners ?
24. What humihating ceremony did they pass
through ?
This ceremony was similar to the well-known Roman cus-
tom of causing prisoners of war to pass under a yoke.
26, 27. What then was done with them?
28, &c. Was Joshua successful in all his sieges ?
40. What is a general summary of his southern
wars?
Josh. XI.
1-5. What league did the northern kings make ?
4. What is said of their army ?
144 JOSHUA.
5-7. Where was a decisive battle fought?
5. " !Merom," — a lake, or rather marsh, in the northern part
of Canaan, from whence the Jordan takes its rise. It is now
called Lake Huleh.
10. Who was the head of the confederate chiefs?
11, 12. What was the result of these battles?
The extermination could by no means have been so com-
plete as the text implies; as we find another Jabin, king of
Hazor, subduing the Israelites a few yeai's later. (Judges
iv. 2.)
18. Was the war a long one?
Ans. Probably seven or eight years.
23. How is the account closed ?
Is this statement literally correct ? (Chap. xiii. 1.)
Josh. XII.
What arc the contents of this chapter ?
24. How many kings were conquered?
How many nations Avere expelled, according to
Acts xiii. 19 ?
The first section of the Book of Joshua closes here.
LESSON XLIV.
The Division of Canaan*
1441-1440 B.C.
Josh. XIII.
1. Why was not Joshua able to complete the
conquest of the land ?
Did much territory remain unsubdued ?
6, 7. What was he commanded to do with the
whole country ?
JOSHUA. 145
7, 8. Whicli tribes had been settled by Moses
himself?
Are their boundaries described in this chapter ?
14. Which tribe received no land?
What did it have instead ?
Josn. XIV
1. Who divided the land?
2. " B}' lot: " the -word does not necepsai-ily imply chance;
it may be rendered " allotment." And it is evident that the
directions of Closes "svere pretty closely followed in the di-
vision.
4. How was the sacred number iivelve retained,
if Levi was not counted as a tribe ?
6-9. Of what did Caleb remind Joshua ? (Num.
xiv. 24.)
10, 11. What did he say of his vigor?
12. What claim did he make ?
13, 14. What was, in consequence, given to him?
Josn. XV.
13, 14. Did Caleb succeed in driving the Ana-
kims from Hebron ?
16, 17. What anecdote is preserved of his family?
18, 19. What dowry did he give with his
daughter ?
Who?e boundaries are minutely described in this
chapter ?
63. Had Jerusalem been conquered when the
writer lived ? CSee Introductory Note.)
Josh. XVII.
The boundaries of which tribes are recorded in
this and the preceding chapter ?
13
146 JOSHUA.
3. 4. Who claimed their portion, according to
Moses' promise ? (Num. xxvii.)
12, 13. What did Manasseh do to the natives of
the country ?
14. Why were they and the Ephraimites discon-
tented ?
15. What remedy did Joshua propose?
1 6. Why did they demur at this ?
" Chariots: " the Israelite army, being wholly compoped of
infantry, always feared the powerful chariots and horses of their
adversaries.
17. 18. How were they encouraged to the at-
tempt ?
Josh. XVIII.
1. Where were the head-quarters of the Israel-
ites?
When did Jacob speak of this spot as their rest-
ing-place? (Gen. xlix. 10.)
How long did tlic tabernacle remain at Shiloh ?
(1 Sam. iv. 4 and 11.)
2. How many tribes were not yet settled ?
4. Who were deputed to survey the land ?
5. How were the two chief tribes situated ?
9. How did the embassy fulfil their mission?
10. Was the place for the other seven tribes
then determined?
11. Which tribe was settled between Judah and
Ephraim ?
It was found that too miich had been given to Ephraim and
Judah. A portion of the land of the former was divided oflf
for Benjamin.
28. What was Jerusalem called at this time?
JOSHUA. 147
Josh. XIX.
9. What tribe received their portion from Ju-
dah's land ?
10, 11. Who were settled on the seacoast?
29-31. Where was Asher's inheritance?
Were all the other tribes provided for ?
47. How did the children of Dan enlarge their
possessions ?
The division of the country was now complete. " The de-
scendants of Gad and Reuben, with half the tribe of Manasseh,
occupied the conquered territories of Sihon and Og, east of
the Jordan. Westward of that boundary, Asher anil Naphtali
filled the high country toward Lebanon. Zebulon extended
south of them, from the Mediterranean to the Lake Gennesa-
reth. Issachar occupied the plain of Jezreel. South of this
tribe Avas the remaining half of Manasseh, nearly in the centre
of the Holy Land. Ephraim came next; then Benjamin and
Judah, along the shores of the Dead Sea; while Dan and
Simeon occupied the corresponding coast of the Mediterra-
nean."
49, 50. What inheritance was given to Joshua
himself?
LESSON XLV.
The last Acts and Death of Joshua,
lMO-1439 B.C.
Josh. XX.
2. What institution of JMoses was now carried
into effect ?
7. What cities were chosen to the west of Jor-
dan ?
8. Who had appointed the cities on the east?
(Deut. iv. 41-43.)
148 JOSHUA.
Josh. XXL
1, 2. Who now applied for their portion ?
3. Did all the tribes contribute the cities for the
Levites ?
10. Who were first settled ?
19. How many cities did the priests have?
41. How many appertained to the whole tribe?
It is evident that the priests (Aaron's family alone) could
not, at that time, have needed so many cities. It is probably
a mistake of the author; such heiujs, the arrangement in his
own time, when the priests had multiplied greatly.
44, 45. How does the author close his account
of the partition of Canaan ?
Josh. XXII.
1-6. Who were now dismissed by Joshua ?
What promise had they fulfilled ? (Num. xxxii.
17, 18.)
With what charge were they sent away ?
8. Had they been enriched by the war ?
10. What did they erect on crossing Jordan?
12. What measure did the other tribes imme-
diately take ?
13, 14. What embassy was sent to remonstrate
with them ?
lG-20. How had their action been misunder-
stood ?
22, 23. With what adjuration did they protest
their innocence ?
24-29. What frank explanation did they make?
30, 31. AVere the embassy satisfied?
33. How did the other tribes receive the news?
34. What name was given to the altar ?
JOSHUA. 149
" Ed," — witness : this word is wanting in the Hebrew;
but sense requires its insertion.
Josh. XXIII.
1, 2. When did Joshua deliver the following
address ?
7. Against what temptations did he warn the
people ?
12, 13. "Wherein was the danger of alliance with
the Canaanites?
14. How did he appeal to their own conscious-
ness?
lOj IG. What w^arning did he draw thence?
Josh. XXIV.
1. Where were these exhortations given ?
2. To what early period of their history did
Joshua revert?
" Flood," — Euphrates: called " the river," or flood, from
its importance.
3-13. What summary is contained in this pas-
sage?
14, 15. What choice did he require the people
to make ?
How did he declare his own determination ?
16-18. What was the reply of the people?
19, 20. Did Joshua wish them to choose lightly?
22-25. What covenant w^as made that day ?
26, 27. What memorials of this transaction were
preserved ?
26. "Joshua wrote," &c., — evidently not the whole of the
foregoing history, but the covenant just enacted, which he
inscribed in some copy of the law of Moses.
29. How old was Joshua at his death ?
13*
150 JOSHUA.
How many years had he survived Moses ?
31. AVhat influence did he, and the elders who
knew him, have on the i^eople ?
32. Where were the bones of Joseph interred ?
33. What other great man died soon after ?
What brief summary of the Book of Joshua is
contained in Ps. xhv. 2, 3, and Ps. Ixxviii. 54, 55 ?
Under what name is Joshua spoken of in the
New Testament ? (Acts vii. 45 ; Heb. iv. 8.)
The Greek form of the -word Joshua is Jesus ; Avhich name
has been improperly retained by our translators in tlie passages
referred to; a circumstance Avhich has caused great confusion
in the minds of English readers.
151
JUDGES.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The author of the Book of Judges is not known to
us, nor is the date of its composition. It was pro-
bably written at about the same time as the Book
of Joshua ; i.e., before the complete conquest of
Jerusalem by David (compare Judges i. 21, .Josh.
XV. 63, with 2 Sam. v. 6-8). Tlie book contains
brief accounts of the repeated subjugation of the
Israelites to hostile nations, and their deliverance
from time to time by chiefs providentially raised up.
These chiefs are im|)roperly called "judges" in our
version. The original signifies " rulers ; " and this
word would better express the nature of their
office, which varied, in different individuals, from
military chieftainship to the giving of laws in
peaceable times. The book may be divided into
two parts : the first sixteen chapters containing the
history of the successive judges ; while the last five
form an appendix, evidently by another writer, con-
sisting of two distinct narratives, adduced probably
to illustrate the lawless condition of the time.
The Book of Judges is fragmentary and imper-
fect, passing over long series of years with no no-
tice at all, presenting merely the names of some of
the rulers ; while, in other cases, it diverges from
the plan of its history to give mere family records..
152 JUDGES.
At least one leader, afterward spoken of as cele-
brated, is wholly omitted ; viz., Bedan (1 Sam. xii.
11). Of course, the wonderful events here nar-
rated are to be considered less authentic than tho?e
found in the books of Moses ; but, in all ])robabili-
ty, the names and general history of these heroes
have been correctly preserved.
With regard to the time of the judges, — which
extended over more than four centuries, including
the administration of Eli and Samuel, — we may
remark, that, altliough little is recorded beside vio-
lence and misery, yet the nation was steadily ad-
vancing, under the guidance of Providence, to that
comparative height of civilization and intelligence
which we find in the reigns of David and Solomon.
Long intervals of peace and prosperity are passed
over in silence by the historian. It is chiefly war
that he records ; and often these wars were confined
to a portion of the tribes.
LESSON XLVL
Introduction hy the Author ; IsraeVs First Deliverers.
1439-1248 B.C.
Judges I.
This first chapter is entirely fragmentary in its form.
1. After the death of Joshua, what question arose
among the tribes ?
2, 3. Who assumed the military precedence ?
4, 5. What success did Judah meet with ?
7. What savage custom is here alluded to ?
JUDGES. 153
8. Had Jerusalem been attacked as yet ?
21. Had it been wholly subdued?
12-15. What anecdote is repeated here from
Josh. XV. ?
IG. Whose family is mentioned as living with
the Hebrews ? (Num. x. 29-32.)
What was the "city of palm-trees"? (Deut.
xxxiv. 3.)
22-25. How was Luz taken ?
What was the Hebrew name of the place?
(Gen. xxviii. 19.)
27-35. Were the tribes generally zealous to free
themselves from their heathen neighbors ?
What compromise with them was repeatedly
made?
Judges II.
1-3. What warning against their conduct did
they receive?
I. " Angel," — messenger; probably a prophet of the Lord.
4, 5. How were the people affected ?
5. " Bochim," — weeping. 6-10. Another fragment from
Joshua xxiv.
II. Did they reform in consequence ?
12, 13. How were they led away by the tribes
around them?
11. "Baalim," — the plural of Baal, — "idol-gods" (seenote
to Num. XXV. 3). 13. "Baal and Ashtaroth," — the principal
Syrian deities, male and female, supposed originally to have
signified the sun and moon,
14-19. What summary of the history he is about
to write does the author give ?
Why was Israel repeatedly subjugated ?
Why was it as often deHvered ?
154 JUDGES.
Did reformation follow ?
How long a space is thus briefly introduced?
(Acts. xiii. 20.)
21-23. AVhy were the Canaanites left in the
country ?
Judges III.
2. What advantage accrued from their presence ?
5. What tribes thus remained ?
6. Were forbidden alliances common? (Deut.
vii. 3.)
7. " Groves: " the word is " Ashtarotli," and means the idol
or idols of that name. *' Ashtaroth " is a plural feminine.
What foreign king first invaded Israel ?
9, 10. What deliverer was raised up ?
What have we previously heard of Othniel ?
(Chap. i. 12, 13.)
11. How long did he rule the land in peace?
"Forty years," — a round number often used, — "a long
time."
12-14. Who next subdued the tribes?
IG. Who assassinated Eglon ?
27-30. What events followed?-
28. "Fords:" the Jordan, on account of its precipitous
banks, can only be crossed at certain places called " the
fords." Obtaining possession of these, Ehud's army fought
at great advantage.
30. How long a period of peace succeeded?
31. What short notice of Sharagar is preserved ?
Judges IV.
2. Who next oppressed the nation ?
Who was the captain of his army ?
JUDGES. 155'
"King of Canaan ;" so called probably as a mark of pre-
eminence. 3. " Chariots of iron," — armed with iron, perhaps
with scythes, like the Roman chariots.
4. Who was considered chief of Israel then ?
6. Whom did she summon to collect an army ?
8, 9. On what condition did he consent to lead
the host?
10. Which of the tribes followed him?
13. Where was Sisera's army collected?
" Kishon," — a short river, which rises at Mount Tabor, and
flows into the Mediterranean.
15. What was the result of the conflict?
It has been conjectured that the chariots were broken on
the rough and rocky plain where they fought. In such a field,
infantry had great advantage.
17. Where did Sisera take refuge?
Why did he expect hospitality there ?
18-21. What was the manner of his death?
21. "Nail of the tent," — one of the spikes which secured
the tent to the ground.
22. How did Barak discover his fate ?
Judges V.
What triumphal ode does this chapter contain ?
The beauty of this remarkable h'ric is entirely obscured by
our translation. For a fine version by Milman, see Palfrey's
Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures (Lect. xxix.).
156
LESSON XLVII.
The History of Gideon and his Family.
1248-1229 B.C.
Judges VI.
3. What tribes next came up against Israel ?
2-5. How are their incursions described ?
3. "Children of the East," — Arabians: these Avere no-
madic horde?, like the Bedouins of the present day, who
descended, every harvest-time, on the country, with " their
camels and their tents," in prodigious numbers.*^
8-10. AYlio repeated the warning which the na-
tion had slighted so often ?
11. How is Gideon introduced?
12 and 14. What commission did he receive?
13 and 15. Why did he doubt the angel's words?
18, 19. How did he entertain his guest?
20, 21. How was he convinced of his real cha-
racter ?
25-27. By what daring act did he show his zeal ?
24. Was this altar standing in the writer's day?
" Jehovah-shidom," — Jehovah of peace ; i.e., the giver of
peace.
28-30. Was his life endangered by this deed ?
31. How did his father defend him ?
32. What was Gideon called henceforth ?
•' Jerubbaal," — Let Baal plead.
35. What tribes resorted to his standard ?
36-40. What signs gave him confidence in di-
vine assistance ?
JUDGES. . 157
Judges VII.
1, 2. Why was his army considered too large?
3. How did he diminish it ?
5. By what further test did he reduce the num-
ber?
The less active of the men were likely to lie down leisurely
to drink.
7. How many were left ?
9, 10. With whom did Gideon go to survey the
hostile camp ?
13, 14. What dream of good omen did he over-
hear ?
16-20. By what stratagem did he create a panic
among the enemy ?
21, 22. What was the result of the panic?
25. What was the fate of two Midianite princes,
or sheiks ? ^
Judges VIII.
This and the following chapter are digressions from the
general plan of the book ; the first relating some civil dissen-
sions, the other following the fortunes of Gideon's family.
1. Who were angry at not being summoned
sooner to the strife?
2, 3. By what judicious flattery did Gideon
soothe them? (Chap. vii. 24.)
5, 6. What inhospitahty did he meet at Succoth ?
8. Was he better treated at Penuel ?
11, 12. Was he again successful against the Mi-
dianites ?
16, 17. How did he revenge the insults of his
countrymen ?
18, 19. Under what pretext did he slay the cap-
tive kings ?
14
158 JUDGES.
22, 23. What offer did he magnanimouslj refuse ?
24-26. What reward did he accept?
24. " Because they were Ishmaelites : " the Arabian tribes
have always been addicted, like our Indians, to personal or-
nament; decorating also their camels with precious metals.
(Verse 26.)
27. Did Gideon ever fall from the true worship
of Jehovah ?
" Ephod," — the principal garment of the high priest. He
probably instituted some nnitation of the tabernacle service.
33-35. Did the nation remember his services
after his death ?
Judges IX.
2. How many sons did he leave ?
1-3. Which son obtained great influence ?
5, 6. By what crime did he gain the chieftainship?
Who alone escaped ?
7-15. By what fable did Jotham draw the peo-
ple's attention ?
This is the oldest specimen extant of this form of composi-
tion.
16-20. What application did he make of his
fable?
23, 24. Did Abimclech's popularity last ?
26, 27. Who headed a conspiracy against him?
30-34. Was he warned of his danger ?
40, 41. What success did he have against the
conspirators ?
45. How was the rebel city treated ?
46-49. What was done to a stronghold of the
place ?
50-54. How was Abimelech finally slain ?
53. "AU-to," — an old English word for "entirely." The
history of Gideon's family here closes abruptly.
159
LESSON XLVIII.
The History of Jephthah and Samson.
1229-1113 B.C.
Judges X.
1-3. What two judges are next merely mentioned?
4. " Ass-colts: " judges and civil rulers used these animals,
in distinction from the more military horse. So Deborah's
song refers to magistrates ; as, " Ye that ride on white asses."
(Chap. V. 10.)
6. What jet greater idolatries followed these de-
liverances ?
7. Who now punished them ?
11-14. With what rebuke was their prayer for
aid met ?
15, 16. What effect had this upon them?
18. For whom did they make inquiry?
Judges XI.
2, 3. What had been the life of Jephthah the
Gileadite ?
3, " Vain men," — reckless men, outlaws.
5. Who applied to this chief of banditti ?
9, 10. On what terms alone would he aid them?
12. What question was sent to the Ammonite
king ?
13. How did he justify his incursions?
15-22. What portion of the Hebrew history did
Jephthah recount ?
23, 24. How was their right to the country
proved ?
IGO JUDGES.
28. Would tlie king make any agreement with
him ?
30, 31. On the eve of battle, what rash vow did
he make ?
33. What was the result of his expedition ?
34. Who came to meet him on his return ?
35. 3G. What passed between him and his
daughter?
37. How long a respite was granted?
39. Was his vow then fidfilled?
40. AVhat custom arose thence ?
Judges XII.
1. How did the Ephraimites complain of Jeph-
thah?
What similar accusation had they made against
Gideon? (Chap. viii. 1.)
2, 3. What counter-accusation did he make ?
4. AVliat civil war ensued ?
6. How were the Ephraimites detected?
4. "Because they said," &c. : some private pique, not
now intelligible, increased the bitterness of the strife. 6.
" Sliibboleth," — an ear of corn: they were detected by their
provincial promuiciation. " Forty-two thousand," — an im-
probable number. " Passages," — fords.
8-13. What three judges succeeded Jephthah?
Judges XIII.
2, 3. By whom was Samson's birth foretold?
4, 5. What directions w^ere given respecting the
child ? (Num. vi.)
8-14. At wdiose request w^ere these injunctions
repeated ?
17, 18. Did Manoah know who his guest w^as ?
JUDGES. ICl
19, 20. How did the angel prove his mission ?
22. What did Manoah apprehend ?
23. How did his wife pacify his fears ?
24. What name was given to the child ?
Judges XIV.
2, 3. ^lien of age, what wife did Samson choose ?
4. Who oppressed Israel at this time ?
5, 6. What first proof did Samson give of his
uncommon strength ?
8. As he went for his bride, what attracted his
attention ?
14. What riddle did he give at the wedding
feast ?
12, 13. What wager was laid on its solution?
15-18. How was it discovered?
19. How did he pay the forfeit?
«^
Judges XV.
1, 2. What utterly alienated him from his Philis-
tine friends ?
4, 5. How did he avenge the insult ?
10-13. By what act did the Jews attempt to
conciliate their rulers ?
1 4. Were they successful in their attempts ?
15-19. What wonders are related to have fol-
lowed ?
162
LESSON XLIX.
The Death of Samson; Supplementary Narratives.
1113 B.C.
Judges XVI.
2, 3. What proof of strength did Samson give
at Gaza?
4. Who afterwards obtained influence over him ?
5, 6. What secret did she endeavor to obtain ?
What was her inducement?
7-10. How did he deceive her?
11-14. IIow often was this repeated?
16, 17. Did she finally extort the truth?
19, 20. IIow did she take advantage of it?
21. What was liis fate?
23. How was his capture celebrated by his ene-
mies?
" Dagon," — the fish-god; the chief Philistine deity, whose
images were in the shape of a fish, Avith the head and hands
of a man.
25-30. IIow did Samson revenge himself in
dying ?
22. How was his restored strength accounted for?
31. How long had he been the Israelites' cham-
pion ?
The history of the judges, or lenders, ends here. The fol-
lowing narratives, as mentioned in the Introductory Note, are
added from another source. From chap. xvii. 6 and xviii. 1,
it would appear that the author lived after the establishment
of the monarchy. AVe have no data to fix the time when the
events occurred which he narrates. It is generally supposed
to have been not long after Joshua died.
JUDGES. 1G3
Judges XVII.
1, 2. In what abrupt manner is Micali's story
commenced ?
3-5. What idolatrous worship did he institute ?
Who officiated as priest ?
5. "Teraphim," — tutelar household gods: the same word
is translated " images " in Gen. xxxi. 19. The semi-idolatrous
establishment founded by Mieah, was intended, no doubt, in
mistaken honor of Jehovah, whose Avorship at Siuloh he sought
to imitate (see note to chap. viii. 27). The graven and molten
figures were intended to symbolize Jehovah, in direct contra-
vention of the law (Deut. iv. 15, 16, and elsewhere).
6. Why was there no restraint upon Micah's
actions ?
7-10. Whom did he hire as a more lawful
priest ?
What salary did he offer ?
13. What benefit did he expect from the change ?
Judges XVIII.
1, 2. For what purpose were spies sent out by
the Danites?
3. What induced them to stop at Micah's house ?
5, 6. What service did the Levite do them ?
7. A\1iat city did they select for invasion ?
Why was success probable ?
14-18. How did they repay Micah's hospitality?
19. AYas the priest easily induced to follow them ?
22-26. Why did not Micah resist?
27, 28. Were the Danites successful in their ex-
pedition ?
Where has it been briefly related before ? (Josh,
xix. 47.)
164 JUDGES.
30, 31. How long did the idolatrous worship thus
founded continue ?
80. "Captivity of the land" probably should be "of tlie
ark," which remained at Shiloh until captured by the PhiHs-
tines. (1 Sam. iv. 11.)
Judges XX.
1, 2. "Where did all the chiefs of Israel come
together ?
4. AVho had summoned them ?
4-7. What outrage had induced him to this mea-
sure ?
4. " Concubine," — second wife. The connection was legal.
8-11. What action was resolved upon?
12^,13. What demand was made of the Benja-
mites ?
Would they give up the criminals ?
16. " Left-handed," —double-handed; who could use both
hands alike in wielding sword or sling.
20-25. What was the result of the first battles
that ensued?
28. Who is said to have been high priest then ?
35. W^liat was the result of a third encounter ?
40. What was done to the guilty city ?
47. How many remained of the whole tribe ?
Judges XXL
1. What oath had been sworn by the other
tribes ?
2, 3. What relenting feehngs soon arose?
6, 7. What difficulty lay in the way of aUiance
with the Benjamites?
JUDGES. 165
14, 15. "What measures of reconciliation were
taken ?
19-21. By what stratagem was the tribe re-
cruited ?
25. How docs tlie writer again account for all
this lawlessness ?
166
RUTH.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Book of Ruth was, in the Jewish division of
the sacred books, sometimes united to that of Judges,
to which it belongs in point of time. The exact
date of the events it narrates is unknown. The
author probably lived in the time of David (see
chap. iv. 22). He shows by iv. 7 that he is relat-
ing a history of " former times." The book con-
tains a simple domestic history, in beautiful contrast
with the gloomy scenes which close the preceding
Book of Judges. Its truth and genuineness it is
impossible to doubt.
LESSON L.
The History of Ruth and her Family.
Ruth I.
1. In wdiat age did the following events occur?
What induced a Hebrew family to leave Judea ?
2. Of whom did the family consist ?
4. How long did they reside in Moab ?
3-5. What changes took place during that time ?
6. When did Naomi decide to return home ?
7-9. How did she dismiss her daughters-in-law ?
RUTH. 167
14. Which of them left her ?
" Orpah kissed," Sec. : most other versions here insert " and
departed to her own people." It probably should be insei'ted.
16, 17. In what affectionate words did Ruth
refuse to go ?
19. How was Naomi received in her own city ?
20, 21. What did she say of her afflictions?
20. " Naomi," — pleasant ; " Mara," — bitter.
22. At what season was this ?
The barley-han^est was in the spring.
Ruth II.
1. Who was Boaz ?
2, 3. Where did Ruth meet him ?
Was gleaning legally permitted to the poor?
(Lev. xix. 9, 10.)
8, 9. How did Boaz show favor to her ?
11. What moved him to this kindness ?
12. What beautiful blessing did he give her?
14-16. How did he favor her yet further ?
19, 20. How did her mother speak of Boaz?
23. How long did she glean in his fields ?
The wheat-harvest was about two months later than the
barley-harvest; being in the latter part of our May.
Ruth III.
What claim had the widow of an Israelite on his
next of kin? (Deut. xxv. 5, 6.)
In the ^losaic law, a brother of the deceased alone is re-
quired to marry the widow; no allusion being made to more
distant relations. It is likely, however, that, when there were
no brothers, custom obhged "ttie next of kin to take this part.
1, 2. Who sent Ruth to make the legal claim on
Boaz?
168 KUTII.
11-13. Did lie allow her claim?
12. What obstacle lay in the way?
15. With what present did he send her home ?
Ruth IV.
1, 2. What measures did Boaz take the next
morning ?
I. " Gate." (See note to Gen. xix. 1.)
3. 4. What offer did he make to his kinsman ?
Was the family of an Israelite forced to sell liis
land, expected to redeem it?
4. Was this kinsman disposed to do so ?
5. What condition was annexed to this purchase?
"Thou must buy it," &c.: more properly, "thou must
also acquire Kuth."
6. Was the kinsman willing to fulfd this also ?
" Lest I mar," &c. : he probably feared to introduce discord
into his own family.
7. What was the custom in case of such a re-
fusal?
The origin of this custom is found in Dent. xxv. 9. The
form had becu modified Avith tlie growth of refined feelings
and manners.
9, 10. What notification did Boaz then give?
II. Did the transaction meet the approval of the
elders ?
14, 15. How did her friends congratulate Naomi?
17. What great king descended from this union ?
169
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The two Books of Samuel and the two Books of
Kings form one continuous history, written in the
same style, and probably by the same hand. Their
present division is arbitrary, and comparatively
modern. Conjecture is vain respecting the author.
From some Chaldee idioms, from his occasional
explanation of words and customs obsolete in his
own time (as 1 Sam. ix. 9), and from other indica-
tions, it is supposed that he lived near the time of
the Captivity, and compiled these books from me-
moirs and documents of earlier date. When these
documents differ, he occasionally inserts two ac-
counts of the same events, without attempting to
reconcile them, as in his narrative of David's intro-
duction to Saul.
The historian makes no claim to inspiration ; but
is doubtless faithful and trustworthy, writing with a
simple impartiality, and a devout reference to the
providence of God in all the events he relates,
that compel respect and admiration. He sets forth
most clearly the momentous truth of the moral
government of God, both over individuals and
nations.
The First Book of Samuel continues the history
of the Judges, in the lives of Eli and Samuel ; and
15
170 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
then proceeds to narrate the establishment of the
Hebrew monarchy in the person of Saul, the depo-
sition and death of Saul, and the early life of his
successor, David.
LESSON LI.
The Birth and Early Life of Samuel*
1151-1112 B.C.
1 Sam. I.
I, 2. What is said of Elkanah and his family ?
Was he of Levitical descent ? (1 Chron. vi. 33,
3. Who were the priests at Shiloh when this his-
tory begins ?
7. Did Hannah attend the yearly festival at
Shiloli ?
II. What vow did she make during one of these
visits?
What was the name of the vow she thus took
for her child ? (Num. vi.)
12. Who noticed her prayer?
14-18. What passed between her and the vene-
rable high priest ?
20. How was her prayer answered ?
" Samuel," — heard of God.
22. How did she propose to fulfil her vow ?
24-28. What was done with the child, when old
enough ?
FIRST BOOK OP SAMUEL. 171
1 Sam. II.
What is contained in the first part of this chapter?
This psalm the historian probably found attributed to Han-
nali, and inserts it here, although it is not peculiarly appro-
priate to the birth of her child. 1. "My horn:" the horn,
which serves for defence and ornament to so many animals,
is used in Scripture as symbolical of power and glory.
10. Hannah is represented as speaking prophetically of the
future anointed kings. (Comp. verse 35.)
12. What was the character of Eli's sons?
" Belial," — evil, destruction: they were " sons of evil."
13, 14. What instance of their extortion is given ?
What was their lawful share? (Lev. vii. 31, 32.)
15, 16. What other ritual law did they habitu-
ally break ? (Lev. vii. 23-25.)
17. What effect did this conduct have on the
people ?
22-25. Were Eli's remonstrances of avail ?
Did he use proper authority to restrain his sons ?
(Chap. iii. 13.)
18, 19. How did Samuel pass his childhood?
26. How was he regarded by God and man?
(Comp. Luke ii. 52.)
27. Who sought Eli to warn him ?
31-36. What was to be the fate of his family?
35. Who was to succeed to the priestly office ?
" A faithful priest : " "I will estabhsh the priesthood in a
more righteous line."
When was this prophecy finally fulfilled? (1
Kings ii. 27.)
1 Sam. III.
1-10. Repeat the story of the call of Samuel.
1. "The word," &c.: or, "oracles were rare in those days;
visions were not frequent."
172 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
11-14. What message was delivered to him?
15-17. Why did he hesitate to repeat it to Eli?
18. How did Eli receive the evil news?
19-21. Were other divine communications re-
ceived by Samuel?
20. "Dun to Becrsheba:" the extreme north and south of
the country.
1 Sam. IV.
2. What military reverses did the Israelites meet?
3, 4. Wiiat did they do to insure success ?
5-9. What effect was produced in the opposing
camps ?
10, 11. What disasters followed?
12-14. IIow was the news conveyed to Eli?
lG-18. IIow Avas he affected by it?
How long had he judged Israel?
1 Sam. V.
1, 2. What was done with the ark ?
3. 4. How was its sacredness manifested ?
4. •' Only Dngon was left:" " the stump of" is in Italics, —
only the lisli part. (Sec note to Judges xvi. 23.)
5. What custom originated from this circum-
stance ?
6. What calamities fell on the inhabitants of
Ashdod? (Chap. vi. 5.)
8-11. Did the same plagues follow the ark to
other cities ?
1 Sam. VI.
1. How long did it remain with the Philistines?
2-5. How did they resolve to appease the of-
fended Deity ?
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL 173
7-9. By what test would tliey try if these evils
came from him ?
12. What was the result of their trial?
13-15. With what rejoicings was the ark re-
ceived in Israel ?
Was Beth-shemesh one of the Levites' cities?
(Josh. xxi. IG.)
18. How was the place pointed out in the au-
thor's time ?
19. For what sacrilege were the men of the city
smitten ?
Some Hebrew manuscripts read, " seventy men."
21. What message did they send to a neighbor-
ing village ?
Why the ark was not sent back to Shiloh, we do not know:
probably that was laid desolate by the Philistines. (See Jer.
vii. 12.)
LESSON LII.
Samuel as Prophet ; the Election of a King.
1112-1091 B.C.
1 Sam. vii.
1, 2. How long did the ark remain at Kirjath-
jearim ?
Who removed it thence after that time? (1
Chron. xiii. 6.)
1. "Eleazar:" we know nothing of this family, nor what
service was rendered to the ark during the time. It was not
permanently kept in this village, as we hear of its being in
other places*^ occasionally. 2. " Lamented : " probably the regu-
lar ritual worship was entirely broken up.
15*
174 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
3. Who now assumed the headship of the people ?
No record of Samuel, from his childhood until this time,
has been preserved. He t:\kes advantafce of the public sorrow-
to issue a manifesto against idolatry, and with good effect.
5, 6. What penitential ceremonies were i)er-
formed at Mizpeh ?
6. " Pouring out water," — a ceremony not prescribed by
the law, but considered symbolical of cleansing and repent-
ance.
8. Whom did the Israelites choose to present
their prayers to God ?
9. Was his intercession effectual ?
10. What phenomena assisted them against their
enemies ?
12. What memorial was erected on the spot?
" Ebenezer," — the stone of help.
13, 14. Was the conquest of the PhiHstines
complete? (Chap. xiv. 52.)
15-17. Wliat was Samuel's custom in exercising
his office as judge ?
Where did he live ?
1 Sam. VIII.
1-3. Did Samuel's sons follow his example ?
5. What measure was proposed to him ?
G. Did it meet his approbation ?
11-18. In what manner did he endeavor to dis-
courage the people ?
19, 20. What seems to have been their motive
in persisting ?
22. Was Samuel directed to consent?
Did the law allow of this change of government ?
(Deut. xvii. 14, 15.)
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 175
The disorders of the country, for the last four centuries, had
been such as to arouse a general desire for a more stable go-
vernment. The attempt to nistitute such a change had been
made partially at other times (see Judges viii. 22, ix. 6); but
this seems to have been a general movement in its favor. 4.
"All the elders gathered together." The theocratic govern-
ment was not, however, altogether abandoned: the king ruled,
but by delegated power.
1 Sam. IX.
1,2. Who was Saul?
What was his personal appearance ?
3-6. What incident led liim to seek Samuel ?
7, 8. What humble present did he bring ?
9. What was the ancient name for a prophet ?
11-13. Where was he directed to find the seer?
12. "A high place:" though the worship of Jehovah in
such places was forbidden, yet it seems to have been tolerated,
Avhile the regular services at the tabernacle were interrupted.
15-17. How did Samuel know him when they
met?
19-21. In what mysterious manner was Saul
received ?
22-24. With what distinction was he treated by
Samuel ?
26, 27. What time did Samuel choose to reveal
his destiny to him ?
1 Sam. X.
1. With what ceremony was he declared king?
Anointing was considered emblematical of consecration to
the service of God, or to any high and solemn purpose.
2-5. By what signs should Saul be convinced of
Samuel's divine commission ?
8, At what time should they meet again ?
9, 10. What change did this revelation of his
destiny produce on Saul ?
176 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
10. " Prophets," — sacred nlinstrels: the same -word is used
for both.
11. 12. AVhat proverb arose from this circum-
stance ?
12. In the first part of this verse, the text is incomplete.
14-16. Did Saul relate his adventures at home?
17-19. AVhere did the people meet to choose a
king ?
Did Samuel again remonstrate against the
change ?
20, 21. How was a king selected ?
21, 22. AVas Saul ambitious of the office?
23, 24. How did the people receive him?
25. "Who explained their new duties to them ?
26, 27. Did the people submit unanimously to
Saul?
1 Sam. Xr.
1. Who made war against Jabesh?
2. What cruel t<?rms did he impose ?
3. How long a respite did he grant ?
7. What summons did Israel receive from Saul ?
Some bloody symbol like this was a common summons to
war, in primitive nations. The " fiery cross " of the Highlands
of Scotland was dipped in the blood of a victim.
7, 8. Did the nation rise at the signal ?
11. What was the result of Saul's first trial in
arms ?
12, 13. What effect did this have on his popu-
larity ?
How did he show himself clement as well as
brave ?
14, 15. How did Samuel improve the opportu-
nity?
177
LESSON LIII.
The Reign and Deposition of Saul.
1091-1059 B.C.
1 Sam. XII.
1-3. On resigning his authority as head of the
tribes, what pubhc appeal did Samuel make ?
4, 5. How did the people bear witness to his
faithfulness ?
7-13. How did he then accuse them of ingrati-
tude to God ?
14, 15. Had their duties to Him, their first King,
been abrogated ?
17, 18. What sign from heaven confirmed Samu-
el's words ?
17. " Wheat-harvest," — the dry season in Judea, when
rain is almost unknown.
19. Did the people acknowledge their sin ?
20-25. With what excellent words did Samuel
conclude ?
1 Sam. XIII.
2, 3. When next we hear of Saul, in what war
was he engaged ?
1. This verse is evidently corrupt. A number of years
must have passed; for Saul, who was a young man Avhen called
to the throne, has now an adult son. The Philistines must
have gi-eatly increased in power during this period.
3. Who had provoked the war ?
5, 6. What panic was spread by the Philistine
army ?
178 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
8-10. On -what occasion did Saul usurp Samuel's
office?
The history is not clear in this place. Verse 8 seems to
refer to chap. x. 8; yet it cannot be the same transaction, for
tlie reason given above. Apparently two accounts are given,
from different sources, of the offence for which Saul was
deposed. Chap. xv. contains the second.
11, 12. Plow did he excuse himself?
13, 14. What penalty was denounced on his pre-
sumption ?
17. IIow many bands of marauding Philistines
were abroad ?
22. Were Saul's army well equipped ?
1 9. Whence arose this deficiency ?
1 Sam. XIV.
2. IIow large was Saul's army ?
6. What secret expedition did Jonathan under-
take?
What fiiith encouraged him and his companion ?
11. With what taunt did the enemy receive
them?
13-15. AVhat panic did their onslaught create ?
15. " Earth quaked," — a metaphorical expression.
16, 17. How was Jonathan's absence discovered ?
20. Did the battle become general ?
18, 19. Saul begins to consult the priest, probably as to the
propriety of an onset; but, the panic increasing, he delays no
longer.
21. 22. Who joined in the general pursuit of
the PhiHstines?
24. What vow had Saul taken in the name of
his army ?
26. How strictly was it observed ?
i
FIRST BOOK 01^ SAMUEL. 179
28. What was the natural consequence of this
abstinence ?
27. AVho innocently broke the oath ?
29, 30. IIovv did he defend his conduct ?
32. The affray being over, what law did the
famished people break? (Lev. iii. 17.)
34. IIow did Saul stop this irregularity ?
The ark being in the camp (verse 18), such offerings were
legal.
37. What made Saul suspect that his vow had
been broken ?
39. What rash oath did he utter ?
43, 44. Did he persist when he discovered the
guilty one ?
45. Who saved Jonathan from his father ?
47, 48. Against what nations did Saul distinguish
himself?
49. What children had Saul ?
50. Who was his general ? What relation was
Abner to him ?
52. By what means did he recruit his army ?
1 Sam. XV.
The following is a different account of the rejection of
Saul.
3. What orders respecting Amalek did Saul re-
ceive
2. What ancient injury is referred to? (Exod.
xvii. 8.)
6. Who were spared on account of former kind-
ness ?
Jethro, the fiither-in-law of Moses, was a Kenite; and the
kindness shown by his family to the Israelites is supposed to
be here referred to.
180 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
7-9. In what respect did Saul disobey the given
directions ?
13. Did he attempt to hide his fault?
15. What excuse did he make for it?
22, 23. What message did Samuel deliver to
him? (Verse IG.)
What eternal truth is here revealed ?
24, 25. Did Saul then confess his disobedience ?
26. Would the prophet repeal his sentence?
28, 29. AVhy was it irrevocable ?
30, 31. How far did he consent to honor Saul?
32, 33. How was Agag put to death ?
32. " Surely," &c. : probably, "I am going to be spared."
35. What were Samuel's feelings toward Saul ?
"Samuel came no moi-e," — had no further connection
with him as king.
' LESSON LIV.
The Early Life of David; his Friendship with
Jonathan.
1059-1056 B.C.
1 Sam. XVI.
1. Whom w^as Samuel directed to anoint king in
Saul's stead ?
2, 3. How was he to meet with the chosen one ?
The ark may have then been at Bethlehem; in which case,
it would be natural for Samuel to go thither.
5, 6. Whom did he at first suppose to have been
elected ?
7. What solemn truth is contained in this verse ?
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 181
10, 11. How many sons had Jesse?
Where was the youngest?
12. What was his personal appearance?
13. How did Samuel fulfil his commission ?
14. 15. With what periodical fits of insanity was
Saul afflicted ?
This is the first instance of the ascription of insanity to
evil spirits, which afterwards became universal among"^ the
Jews. (Matt. viii. 16, &c.)
16. What alleviation was proposed to him?
18. Who was selected for this purpose?
19-21. How was David brought before Saul?
23. What was the effect of his ministrations ?
What Psalms are supposed to have been written
by this young poet during his shepherd-life ?
Ans. Ps. viii., xix., xxiii., xxix., and probably
others.
1 Sam. XVII.
The following is a different account of David's introduction
to Saul. The two are not easily to be reconciled. (Comp.
xvi. 21 with xvii. 28 and 55.)
1-3. What two armies lay opposed ?
4. Who was the champion of the Philistines ?
4-7. How are his proportions and armor de-
scribed ?
8-10. How did he defy the Israelites ?
1 6. For how many days was his challenge unan-
swered ?
12-1'). How is David's family described?
17, 18. On what errand did David seek the
camp ?
20-23. At what juncture did he arrive?
25. What was ih& reputed reward for slaying
Goliath? ,
16
182 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
26. "What was David's bold speech on beholding
him ?
28. Of what did his brother accuse him ?
31. To what did his words lead?
32. What offer did he make to the king ?
33. How did Saul regard liis boldness ?
34-37. How did David justify it?
38, 39. How would Saul have equipped him for
the conflict?
40. What simple preparations didiie make?
42-44. How did the Philistine regard him?
45-47. How did David declare his trust in God?
48-50. What was the result of the combat ?
51, 52. What effect did this victory have on the
two armies ?
54. What trophies did David take away? (Chap.
xxi. 9.)
55, 5G. What passed between Saul and his gene-
ral?
57, 58. How was David brought before Saul ?
1 Sam. XVIII.
1-3. What friendship arose between David and
Jonathan ?
4. How was it shown by the latter ?
5. To what post was David appointed ?
6-9. What excited Saul's jealousy of him ?
10, 11. How, in a fit of insanity, did he attempt
his life?
12-15. What form did his insanity usually take?
17-21. What connection did he purpose to form
with David ?
How would this serve to rid him of his rival ?
23. Did David presume to aspire so high ?
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 183
25-27. Did Saul's plot against him succeed?
28, 29. Was harmony promoted by the mar-
riage ?
30. How was David regarded by the nation ?
1 Sam. XIX.
1. What orders did Saul give to his family?
2. 3. Who promised to intercede for him ?
4-6. How far was his intercession effectual ?
8-10. What new success of David's brought
back the hatred of Saul ?
11-16. How did his wife save David?
18. With whom did he take refuge ?
20, 21. How was he repeatedly saved from cap-
ture ?
23, 24. What is related of Saul himself?
Compare chap. x. 10-13. Probably a different account of
the origin of this proverb.
1 Sam. XX.
1, 2. Did Jonathan know of Saul's increased en-
mity ?
3. How did David account for his not knowing
it?
How did he regard his own danger ?
5-7. What test of Saul's intentions did he pro-
pose ?
8. Of what did he remind his friend ?
12, 13. Did Jonathan swear to stand by him ?
14, 15. What promise did he require in return?
Jonathan evident]}' knew that David was divinely appointed
to be king. 16. " ]\Iay his enemies requite it, if he breaks his
vow."
17. What is said of his love for David ?
184 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
19. Where should David learn the result of
Jonathan's trial ?
20-22. By what token should he learn it ?
25-27. How soon did Saul speak of his absence ?
30, 31. What decisive words convinced Jonathan
of his friend's danger ?
What was Saul's reason for his hate ?
33. Did his rage even extend to his own son ?
35-39. How was the appointed signal given ?
41, 42. What was the sorrowful parting of the
LESSON LV.
David's Life in the Wilderness,
1056-1053 B.C.
1 Sam. XXI.
1. To whom did David go for food and arms?
"Nob," — a city of Benjamin, where the tabernacle seems
now to have been erected.
2. Did he reveal the true case to the high priest ?
3. 4. What was the only food the priest had
with him?
Was it lawful for any but the priests to eat this?
(Lev. xxii. 10.)
5. "Though it were," &;c. : rather, " Since there is other
bi-ead sanctified this day," &c.
G. Did the priest yield to his importunity ?
How does our Saviour refer to this act of neces-
sity? (Matt. xii. 3, 4.)
7. What hostile witness was present ?
8, 9. With what weapon was David furnished?
FIKST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 185
10. In whose court did he then take refuge?
11. Was he known there ?
13, 14. How did he escape the danger he sus-
pected ?
1 Sam. XXII.
1, 2. Who collected around him at AduUam?
A cave in one of the mountains of Judea, near Bethlehem,
is still ponited out as the cave of Adullam. It is an immense
natural cavern.
3, 4. To wliose care did he commit his parents ?
What claim had the family on the Moabites?
(Ruth iv; 10 and 17.)
5. Did he remain permanently at the cave ?
"Gad:" we hear now for the first time of this prophet,
-who was ever after a friend of David. He probably was a
pupil of Samuel.
7, 8. Of what did Saul jealously accuse his ser-
vants ?
9, 10. Who informed him of David's transactions?
11-13. Whom did he call to account?
14, 15. Did Abimelech know of David's dis-
grace ?
Which part of the charge did he deny ?
17-19. What savage vengeance did Saul take?
20. Who alone escaped?
20-23. How did David receive the fugitive ?
1 Sam. XXIII.
1-5. What service did David and his band do
his country ?
6. " An ephod : " Abiathar had brought with him the high
priest's dress; Avhich is given as a reason for David's beinw
able to *' inquire of the Lord." Even in the absence of the
ark, peculiar sanctity was presumed to belong to the high
priest in his official robes.
16*
186 ■ FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
7, 8. Did Saul relent toward him ?
14. Where did he take refuge ?
What is said of Saul's active hatred ?
lG-18. What consolation did David have in his
troul)les ?
Do we ever hear of the friend:^ meeting again ?
19, 20. Who promised to betray David? '
25, 26. How near was he to being taken?
27, 28. What diverted Saul from the pursuit ?
1 Sam. XXIV.
1, 2. When did lie resume it?
3, 4. How did he fall into David's power ?
G, 7. AVhat magnanimity did David show ?
8-11. How did he make his danger known to Saul?
12-15. How did he deprecate his rage ?
What ancient proverb is quoted ?
16-19. How far was Saul softened by his con-
duct?
20, 21. What condition did he require in return
for peace ?
22. Did David yet venture to leave his retreat ?
What records of himself has David left, during
these times of trouble ?
A71S. Ps. xviii., xxii., xxxiv., lii., liv., Ivi., Ivii.,
lix., cxlii.
What spirit do these Psalms show ?
What interesting incident belongs to this time ?
(2 Sam. xxiii. 13-17.)
Why was the well of Bethlehem, so dear to
David?
1 Sam. XXV.
1. With what great loss did Israel meet ?
Whither did David and his band now^ go ?
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 187
2, 3. What fiimily lived in that neighborliood ?
What character did they bear ?
4. What occasion for festivity came round ?
5-8. How did David ask a share in this festivity?
What claim did lie lay to good treatment ?
10, 11. How were his messengers repulsed?
13. What preparations for reprisals did he make?
How large was his band of outlaws ?
14-17. To whom did Nabal's servants go for
directions ?
Did they bear testimony to the service David
had done him ?
18-20. What measures did Abigail take?
23-27. How did she seek to conciliate David?
29. What curious Eastern metaphor is contained
in this verse?
28-31. Did she know of his promised greatness?
32, 33. Was he ready for peace ?
36-38. What effect did the news of his past
danger have on Nabal?
30. How did David rejoice that he had been kept
from evil? (Ver. 33.)
40-42. What connection did he form with the
family ?
44. What had become of Michal ?
1 Sam. XXVI. '
2. Whither did Saul next pursue him ?
5, 6. Who accompanied David to the hostile
camp?
AYho were Joab and Abishai ? (1 Chron. ii. 16.)
7_9. What second proof of forbearance did Da-
vid show ?
9, 10. Why was he so reluctant to injure Saul ?
188 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
12. What tokens of his visit did he take away?
13-lG. How did he taunt the king's guard?
21. Did Saul acknowledge his own ungrateful
conduct ?
LESSON LVI.
David leaves the Country ; the Death of Saul.
1053-1051 B C.
1 Sam. XXVII.
1-3. Despairing of safety in his own land, whi-
ther did David go ?
Had he been in Gath before ? (Chap. xxi. 10.)
There was nothing now to fear from the jealousy of Achish's
court, as on the former occasion . his fugitive condition must
have been well known.
4. Did Saul pursue him longer ?
G. What mark of favor did Achish give him ?
7. How long did he dwell in Gath ?
What Psalm belongs to this time ? (Ps. Ivi.)
8, 9. What treacherous attack did he make on
his neighbors?
10, 11. How did he deceive his kind host?
10. "Road," or raid, — an old word signifying a hostile ex-
pedition.
12. Did Achish believe him faithful?
1 Sam. XXVIII.
1, 2. What post did he give David in his army?
2. " Keeper of ray head," — " captain of my life-guards."
4, 5. What invasion alarmed Saul ?
6. What reason had he for despondency ?
FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. 189
7. What unlawful means of knowledge did he
seek? (Deut. xviii. 10.)
3. Why was this more surprising in him ?
8. How did he seek the witch of Endor ?
9. 10. How was she persuaded to practise her art?
12. Did she discover w^ho had applied to her?
13, 14. What did she say she saw?
Is Saul said to have seen any thing ?
15. What did Saul say that made her safely prog-
nosticate evil?
lG-19. What message did she give, speaking in
Samuel's name ?
20. What effect did it have on Saul ?
The woman may have been simply an impostor, who acted
upon Saul's enfeebled mind to terrify him; or she may have
possessed the imperfectly understood mesmeric power,'which
reflected his own forebodings in words apparently from another
world. The Septuagint calls the woman by a title precisely
equivalent to ventriloquist.
20. How long had Saul been fasting?
21-25. How was the interview closed?
1 Sam. XXIX.
2. What was David's place in the Philistine army?
3, 4. Who suspected his fidelity ?
On what reasonable grounds ?
G, 7. Was he in consequence removed from the
army ?
9. Did Achish yet share the suspicions of his
court ?
11. Whither did David return?
i
1 Sam. XXX.
1-3. What sad news met hira ?
5. How had David suffered personally ?
190 FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL.
G. How were the people inclined to treat him ?
Was he really responsible for the injury ? (Chap,
xxvii. 8.)
7, 8. What encouragement did he receive ?
0. How far did he pursue the Araalekites ?
11-15. Who served as guide to the hostile camp?
1 G, 17. How did David surprise it ?
18. Was all recovered that had been lost?
20. What was done with the extra booty ?
21-24. What act of justice did he perform in its
distribution ?
25. Did this become a precedent ?
2G. To whom did he send tokens of remem-
brance ?
1 Sam. XXXI.
1. What was the result of the Philistine inva-
sion ?
2. What became of Saul's sons ?
3. 4. What was his own fate ?
5. Did his armor-bearer survive him ?
7. Was the Israelites' cause wholly abandoned
in consequence?
9, 10. What was done with the deceased mo-
narch ?
11-13. How did the men of Jabesh show their
attachment to him ?
What favor had he done them? (Chap, xi.)
To what does the author of Chronicles ascribe
Saul's downfall? (1 Chron. x. 13, 14.)
191
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Second Book of Samuel continues the biogra--
phy of David until the time of his death is at
hand ; relating his gradual elevation to universal,
dominion, his establishment of religious worship
at Jerusalem, and his victories over the enemies
of Judea. It narrates with equal impartiality his
aberrations from the path of duty, his domestic
afflictions, and his temporary exile by his unnatural
son Absalom. The history in the First Book of
Chronicles runs parallel with the Second of Samuel.
Any important deviations will be noticed as they
occur.
LESSON LYIL
David's gradual Accession to the Throne of IsraeL,
1051-1042 B.C.
2 Sam. I.
1-4. "Wlio brought the news of Saul's death to
David?
6-10. What story did the Amalekite narrate?
What tropliies had he brought ?
192 SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
This narrative diflers from the foi-mer account of Saul's
death; but it may probably have been an mvenlion of the
Amalekite to procure favor in David's eyes by claiming to
diave slain his enemy.
11, 12. How did David receive the intelligence?
13-1 G. What treatment did the messenger meet
with ?
19-27. What elegy did he compose on this occa-
sion ?
18. Whence did the author of the history extract
this song?
18. " The use of the bow : " in the original, it is simply " the
bow." No doubt the song was so called. " Book of Jasher,"
— a collection of poems, now lost, before referred to (Josh. x.
13). This elegy, which is very beautiful in the original, is not
adequately rendei'ed in our translation.
2 Sam. II.
1. To what city of Judah did David return?
2, 3. Did his whole family accompany him?
4. By whom was he innnediately acknowledged
king?
5-7. How did he endeavor to conciliate the party
of Saul?
8. Who took the lead of the army after Saul's
death ?
8, 9. Whom did Abner set up as king over Israel ?
8 and 1 1. Where were the two courts established?
10. Did any tribe but Judah follow David?
This is the first time that the distinction is made, which
afterward became permanent, between the kingdoms of Israel
and Judaii. Kphraim and .Tiulnh were rivals almost from the
first. 'I'he powerful tribe of .Judah, situated at the south, had
always been disposed to act for itself; while the central posi-
tion of Kphrami, and the pre-eminence it acquired from being
the tribe of Joshua, fitted it to become the liead of the remain- ■
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. 193
ing tribes. Benjamin afterwards adhered to its neighbor, Ju-
dah; but, as Saul was a Benjamite, it naturally belonged now
to his party.
11 How many years did David hold a divided
empire ?
13. Who was the leader of the servants of Da-
vid?
For what service had he been promoted? (1
Chron. xi. 6.)
13-17. What personal conflict led to the first
battle ?
Who were worsted ?
18. How many sons had David's sister Zeruiah?
19-23. How was one of them slain on this occa-
sion ?
26-28. How was the combat finally stopped?
27. " Unless," &c. : " Even if thou hadst not spoken, I
should soon have discontinued the pursuit."
2 Sam. III.
1. What is the summary of this seven years'
war ?
6. Who was the main stay of the house of Saul?
9, 10. Being insulted by Ish-bosheth, what did
he resolve to do ?
12. Did he proceed to treat with David?
13. What preliminary condition did the latter
make ?
15. Was this condition fuhilled?
No doubt through the influence of Abner, who escorted her
to David.
17-19. Had Abner consulted with the heads of
his party ?
20, 21. How far had the intrigue gone?
17
194 SECOND BOO I OF SAMUEL.
22-25. AVhen Jonb discovered it, how did he
remonstrate ?
26, 27. How did he effectually break it off?
Probfibly jealous of tlie high place Abnci' would hold in
David's favor, if the negotiation succeeded. He made Asahel's
death an excuse to rid Inmself of his rival.
28. Did David declare himself guiltless of this
murder ?
31-35. In what public manner did he show his
grief?
33, 34. What fragment of an elegy is preserved ?
36, 37. Did he clear himself in the eyes of the
people ?
2 Sam. IV.
1. How were Saul's party affected by this event?
Of course, the court of Ish-bosheth knew nothing of Abner's
treason.
4. What member of Jonathan's family survived?
5, 6. How was the king treacherously slain ?
8. With whom did the murderers attempt to gain
favor ?
9-12. How did David receive them?
2 Sam. V.
1, 2. Wliat measure did Saul's party now take?
3. What solemnity followed ?
How was the coronation celebrated? (1 Chron.
xii. 38-40.)
4. How old was David at this time ?
5. How long did he reign over all the country ?
6. 7. What city did he conquer for his capital ?
What was the ancient name of this city? (Gen.
xiv. 18.)
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. 195
"What was it called before it was captured by-
David? (1 Chron. xi. 4.)
6-8. The proverb here repeated, and th'e account of its ori-
gin, are both too obscure for us to comprehend them.
9. How did lie improve the city ? (1 Chron. xi.
8.)
10 and 12. What is said of his prosperity?
11. With what king did he hold friendly inter-
course ?
What Psalm did he write when his house was
dedicated? (Ps. xxx.)
17, 20. Was David equally prosperous abroad?
In what Psalms does he praise God for his vic-
tories and prosperity? (Ps. ix., xxi., cxliv.)
What Psalm records his resolution to govern up-
rightly? (Ps. ci.)
LESSON LVIII.
The Arh brought to Jerusalem; David's Crime
against Uriah.
1041-1030 B.C.
2 Sam. VI.
2. ' What was David's next undertaking ?
Was this done with the consent of the whole
nation? (1 Chron. xiii. 1-4.)
" Baalc," — the same as Kirjath-jearim. (1 Chron. xiii. 6.)
3-5. With what ceremonies was it brought ?
6, 7. What marred the festivity ?
10-12. How long did this delay David's inten-
tion?
196 SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
Where was the ark meantime ?
12-15. How was it removed thence?
17-19. What' celebrated its final installation in
Jerusalem ?
Was it placed in the same tabernacle which Moses
built? (2 Chron. i. 3, 4.)
Wliat warning was taken from Uzzah's death ?
(1 Chron. XV. 2 and 13.)
What Psalm was sung on the occasion ? (1
Chron. xvi. 7.)
The Psalm here quoted consists of two Psahns in the Psal-
ter; viz., cv. and xcvi.
What other Psalms celebrate this event ? (Ps.
xxiv., Ixviii., cxxii.)
Was the national seat of worship ever changed
again ?
2 Sam. Yll.
2. What pious intention did David intimate to
Nathan ?
" Nathan." We know nothing of this prophet, except his
occasional interviews with David. He is said to have written
memoirs of his time, as well as Gad. (1 Chron. xxix. 29.)
Why was he not permitted to fulfil this intention?
(1 Chron. xxviii. 3.)
10-16. AVhat promises regarding his family did
he receive ?
12, 13. A\lio should build the proposed temple?
How has the 16th verse been fulfilled? (Acts
ii. 30.)
18. How did David acknowledge God's favors?
With what ascriptions of praise does the chapter
close ?
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. 197
2 Sam. VIII.
2, 6, and 14. What nations became tributary
to David?
11, 12. Whence did he derive riches for the fu-
ture temple ?
15. What is said of his reign ?
The history of militnry transactions in this chapter is too
fragmentary to be clearly understood.
18. " Clierethites and Pelethites: " supposed to be a royal
body-guard, — most probably from some subjugated native
tribes.
2 Sam. IX.
1. What effort did David make to repay former
kindness ?
2-4. Who informed him of Mephibosheth's exist-
ence?
How had this young man become lame ? (Chap,
iv. 4.)
7. Wliat promises did David make to him ?
8. Did he expect such treatment from the king?
9. 10. What provision was made for his mainte-
nance ?
13. Did he himself reside at court? ^
2 Sam. X.
1, 2. To whom did David send a message of
condolence ?
We do not know the nature of the favors here alluded to.
7. Receiving insults in return, whom did he send
against the Ammonites ?
8. Who were their allies ?
13, 14. What was the result of the battle?
17, 18. Who headed a still more successful war
against the Syrians ?
17*
198 SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
2 Sam. XL
2, 3. What woman attracted David by her beauty?
6, 7. With whom was her husband serving in
^var ?
8-11. What seems to have been Uriah's charac-
ter ?
14-17. By wliat act of villany was lie got rid of?
23-25. How did David hear of Uriali's death?
26, 27. Did he obtain the object of his crime?
2 Sam. XII.
1-4. What parable was related to him by Na-
than ?
5, G. How did he receive the narrative?
7-9. How was it applied to his own case?
10. What evil was denounced against his family?
13. Did David acknowledge his guilt?
14. What immediate punishment should it re-
ceive ?
15-17. How did he endeavor to avert the blow ?
18. Did it fall, notwithstanding his prayers?
19-23. In what resigned spirit did he meet the
bereavement ?
What touching Psalms testify his true penitence ?
(Ps. xxxii., li.)
24. What child, afterward famous, was then
born ?
25. "Jedidiah," — beloved of Jehovah. This name never
seems to have been used. From this time forward, David's life
is darkened by a series of domestic discords and feuds.
26-30. What important foreign victory did Da-
vid obtain ?
199
LESSON LIX.
The Rehellion of Absalom,
1026-1019 B.C.
2 Sam. XIII.
22. BetAYeen ^vllicll of David's sons had bitter
hatred arisen ?
23. To Avhat feast did Absalom invite all his
family ?
28, 29. How did he revenge the long-past
wrong ?
SO. What exaggerated report reached David ?
32. Had this murder been long resolved upon ?
36. How was it lamented by the survivors?
37. Whither did Absalom flee ?
What relation was Talmai ? (Chap. iii. 3.)
38. How long was he banished ?
2 Sam. XIV.
1-3. Who contrived a scheme for his recall ?
4-7. Under what pretence did the woman he
sent, plead Absalom's cause ?
11. Did David promise to defend her son?
13, 14. How did she apply the case to Absalom?
19. Who did David suspect had instigated her?
21-24. How far was AlDsalom restored to favor?
28. How long was it before the king would see
him ?
25, 26. What is said of his beauty?
"Two hundred shekels after the king's weight," — about
two and a half pounds. Very probably tliere is some error iu
the numerals.
200 SKCOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
20-31. IIow did he ol)tain Joab's iittention?
33. Was a full reconciliation at last brought
about ?
2 Sam. XV.
1-G. By Avhat methods did Absalom seek popu-
larity ?
7-9. On ^vhat pretence did he leave the court?
7. " Forty years: " ;in evident mistake of some transcriber.
10. Where did he erect tlie standard of rebellion?
11. Who had accompanied him from Jerusul'.jn?
12. What trusted counsellor forsook Da i! for
his son? (Chap. xvi. 23.)
12, 13. Was the cons])iracy a formidable one?
14. AVhat course did David deem it necessary to
pursue ?
18. Who went with him beside liis guards?
" Gittitcs," — a baml of soldiers from Gatli, in David's pay.
Their leader appears to have also had a strong personal attach-
ment to his cause.
19-21. How did the Gittites prove their faith-
fulness ?
24. Who else proposed to attend him?
25, 26. Why would not the king allow it?
27, 28. AVhat service could these priests do him
by remaining ?
27. ''A seer:" in tliis place, one who can observe. They
could watch the motions or the rebels, and send him word by
their sons.
30. IIow did the procession leave Jerusalem ?
David neither attempts to defend himself, nor docs he fly
as in terror. He evidently considers this affliction as from the
Almighty, and bows to the storm without resistance.
31. Whom of Absalom's party did David fear
the most?
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. 201
32-35. By uhat plan did he hope to defeat this
man's counsel?
2 Sam. XVI.
1-3. What imposition did Ziba practise?
4. Did David beheve him ?
Had his story any foundation? (Chap. xix.
25-27.)
5-8. AVho insuUed David in his distress ?
10-12. In Avhat spirit did David receive his
curses ?
15. Who took possession of the capital ?
16-19. How did Hushai obtain Absalom's con-
fidence ?
23. Did Ahithophel stand in high repute as a
wise counsellor?
2 Sam. XVIT.
1-3. What prudent advice did he give ?
3. " The man Avhoni," &c.: " To secure him is virtually to
secure all."
7-10. What reasons did Hushai offer against
this plan ?
11-13. What was his own advice?
How was this advice really for David's advan-
tage?
Ans. The necessary delay in collecting so vast a
force would enable him to escape.
14. Was Absalom deceived ?
23. How did Ahithophel bear the rejection of his
counsels ?
15, 16. What message was sent to David?
17, 18. Were the messengers discovered by Ab-
salom's servants ?
202 gECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
18-21. How did they succeed in fuliillin^ their
mission ?
22. What step did David immediately -take?
24. Did the army of Absalom follow him ?
25. Who was the leader of this army?
27-29. How did the neighboring families mini-
ster to David in his necessities ?
What Psalms, written at this time, are preserved ?
(Ps. iii., vii., xlii., xhii., Ixiii.)
LESSON LX.
The Death of Absalom ; Concluding Chapters.
1019-1012 B.C.
2 Sam. XVIII.
2. How did David divide his army for the ap-
proaching struggle ?
3, 4. Why did not he himself lead them?
5. What earnest charge concerning Absalom did
he give ?
6. Where was the decisive battle fought ?
7. 8. What was its result ?
9. What accident befell Absalom?
10-13. Why did the man who found him spars
his life?
14. Was Joab a^ iiif;r(;i(ul ?
17. What Avas (^Ml with the body?
18. To what monument does the historian refer?
According to chap. xiv. 27, Absnlom liad three sons. Pro-
bably the true liistory of the erection of this monument had
been lost.
24-27. How was David Avatchinj]: for tidinirs ?
SECOND nOOK OF SAMUEL. 203
29-32. What was his first question to each mes-
senger ?
32, 33. How did he receive the news of his son's
death?
What pathetic lament did he continually repeat ?
2 Sam. XIX.
2, 3. What effect did his grief have on the
people ?
5-7. How did Joab arouse him from it ?
8. Did he consent to meet his friends ?
9, 10. How far did Absalom's death end the re-
bellion ?
11, 12. What conciliatory message did David
send to Judah ?
13. How did he win the captain of the rebel
army ?
14, 15. Who were the first to request his return?
18-20. How did Shimei attempt to atone for his
conduct ?
22, 23. Did he meet with forgiveness ?
24-28. How did Mephibosheth clear himself
from Ziba's slander ?
29. What partial justice was done him?
30. What appears to have been his character ?
31. 32. What aged friend came to congratulate
David ?
34-3 G. Why did he refuse a place at court?
37. AVhom did he recommend in his stead, proba-
bly a son ?
Did David ever forget his kindness? (1 Kings
ii. 7.)
41-43. What jealousy arose between Judah and
Israel ?
204 SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL.
What was the complaint of the men of Israel ?
43. "Ten parts:" Simeon had remained with David's
party. (1 Chron. xii. 25.)
2 Sam. XX.
1, 2. Who headed a new secession of the ten
tribes ?
I. " Every man to his tents," &c., — the customary national
war-cry.
4. Who was appointed leader to David's army ?
(Chap. xix. 13.)
6, 7. While he collected the army, what party set
out?
8-10. How did Joab revenge himself on Amasa ?
II. "Everyone," &c. : let all David's friends follow Joab,
notwithstanding what has occurred.
15. Where was Sheba besieged?
1 G. Who undertook to negotiate with Joab ?
18. An old proverb respecting the wisdom of the city Abel.
21, 22. What did the inhabitants do to obtain
peace ?
The connected history of David's reign closes here. The
last four chapters are a kind of appendix; a collection of anec-
dotes, and lists of names, and poems.
2 Sam. XXL
1, 2. On what occasion did David consult with
the Gibeonites?
4-6. What demand did they make ?
1. " Because he slew: " this fact is^owhere else mentioned.
2. " Of the remnant," &c. : this contradicts Josh. ix. ; but the
whole of this story is as confused as it is shocking.
G-9. What was the fate of Saul's posterity?
7. Who was excepted ?
SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. 205
8. "^lichal:" it was Memb -who married Adriel. (1 Sam.
xviii. 10.)
10. What proof of affection did Kizpali show?
" Until water," tScc., — until the autumnal rain?.
12-14. By Avhom were all the family of Saul
interred together ?
What memoranda conclude this chapter ?
2 Sam. XXII.
Where is this Psalm elsewhere found ?
What is its purport ?
It is numbered in the Psalter as xviii., with slight varia-
tions. It contains some magnificent imagery.
2 Sam. XXIII.
1-7. W^hat fragment is related as David's latest
composi\ion ?
8. What lists does this chapter contain ?
These are evidently imperfect. Joab is not mentione-
among them. A few anecdotes are interspersed.
2 Sam. XXIV.
2. What command did David give to Joab ?
3. Did Joab remonstrate ?
9. What was the number of the people ?
How does this compare with the census in Moses'
time? (Num. xxvi. 51.)
10. Did David afterward perceive his guilt?
Why it was deemed sinful, we are not informed.
11-13. What choice of evils was offered to him?
14, 15. W^hich did he choose?
17. How did he entreat for his people?
18. Where was he directed to present an expia-
tory offering ?
18
206 FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES.
21-24. Would he accept aid from Araunali?
25. "Was the expiation effectual ?
23. " Araunah a king: " probably the chief of the remnant
of Jebusites.
LESSON LXL
Preparations for building the Temple.
1012 B.C.
The First Book of Chronicles, in its history of David's
reign, omits entirely his sin against Uriah, and the domestic
calamities that followed. On the other hand, its closing chap-
ters have no parallel in the Books of Samuel or Kings. We
will now examine these chapters.
1 CnRON. XXII.
5. Why did David prepare for the temple before
his death ?
2. What was prepared for its walls ?
3, 4. What other materials were brought to-
gether ?
G. Did he inform Solomon of his wishes ?
7-10. AVhy was the undertaking left to him?
11-13, What advice did David give him?
14-16. On what scale had preparations been
made?
17-10. Who received charge to help him?
1 Chron. XXIII.
1. Was Solomon associated with his father in
the government?
David next proceeds to make arrangements for the temple
service.
FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES. 207
4, 5. How were the Levites divided ?
13. "Were Aaron's family counted among the
Levites ?
14. Were the sons of Moses so counted?
25, 26. Had the service of the Levites been
chan^red since Moses' time?
28-32. What was now to be their office ?
1 Chrox. XXIV.
1. Who were next divided into courses ?
6. What council assisted David in these arrange-
ments ?
18. Into how many courses were the priests di-
vided ?
The priests were thus divided that they miglit serve in rota-
tion at the temple, each coui-se officiating for about two weeks
in the year. Each course was named after its "chief man,"
or president.
To which of these courses did the father of John
the Baptist belong ? (Luke i. 5.)
" Abia," or Abijah.
1 CiiROx. XXV.
1. Who were the three chief leaders of the tem-
ple music ?
Was Asaph himself a poet ? (Ps. 1., Ixxviii.)
On what instruments did the choir perform ?
" Prophesy," — perform sacred music.
7. Of how many did the whole number consist ?
8. Were all counted together, old and young ?
31. Into how many courses were they divided?
How many were numbered to each course ?
The next two chapters, as well as parts of the foregoing,
are incomplete. They contain lists of the keepers of the
208 FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES.
gates of the temple, porters und servitors, judges of the peo-
ple, and the captains of a succession of military guards, closing
■with a list of the officers of the royal household.
1 CiiRox. XXVIII.
I. Whom did David assemble to hear his last
charge ?
2-7. Did he confide to them his intentions ?
9, 10. What charge did he deliver to them and
to Solomon?
II, 12. What patterns did he give to the latter?
14, &c. What long-amassed treasures did he
commit to him ?
20, 21. Who should assist in this arduous enter-
prise ?
1 CnRON. XXIX.
1. On what account did David bespeak sympathy
for his son ?
2, 3. Had he himself done all in his power ?
5. What appeal did he make to the people ?
6-9. How was the appeal responded to ?
10-13. What thanksgiving did David utter?
14-19. With what beautiful prayer did he close?
20. How did the congregation join in the service ?
21, 22. Was the day made one of rejoicing?
23. How was Solomon jDublicly acknowledged as
king?
24. Was any opposition made to his authority ?
29. Whence had the author collected these me-
moirs ?
In what Psalm are David's hopes expressed re-
garding his son's reign ? (Ps. Ixxti.)
What Psalms record his piety during old age ?
(Ps. xxxix., Ixxi.)
209
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The two Books of Kings continue the history un-
broken from the Books of Samuel ; and, as before
observed, the compiler of both may have been the
same. In the Books of Kings, there are numerous
references to older documents, now lost ; as 1 Kings
xi. 41 ; xiv. 19.
The Second of Chronicles occupies the same
time ; but, after the division of the kingdom under
Rehoboam, the latter history confines itself mainly
to the kings of Judah, while the Books of Kings
relate more fully the transactions of the northern
kingdom.
The First of Kings contains an account of the
last- days of David; of the glorious reign of Solo-
mon, and his erection of the temple at Jerusalem ;
of the division of the kingdom under his son ; the
reigns that succeeded ; and the mission of Elijah,
the prophet, to Israel.
18*
210
LESSON LXIL
The Last Days of David; the Accession of Solomon,
1011-1008 B.C.
1 Kings I.
The histoiy of Solomon's appointment as successor to the
throne, in the following chapters, differs from that in Chroni-
cles. The two were evidently derived from different sources.
5. In David's old age, which of his sons aspired
to the throne ?
C. Had his father been partial to this, his oldest
surviving son ?
7, 8. Were all the court in flivor of Adonijah ?
9. Where did he first advance his pretensions ?
(Verse 25.)
13. Whom had David intended to succeed him ?
15-18. Who came to warn the king of Adoni-
jah's usurpation ?
22. Who followed to confirm her words ?
30. Did David repeat his former promise ?
32-34. What prompt measures did he take?
38-40. How is the coronation described ?
41-43. How did Adonijah hear of it?
49. What was the effect upon his company ?
50. Where did he seek sanctuary ?
51-53. With what treatment did he meet?
1 Kings II.
2, 3. What was David's dying charge to his son ?
5-9. What persons did he designate either for
reward or vengeance ?
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 211
The vindictive spirit here shown is the same that mars
some of David's Psalms; but we must remember that the gos-
pel of forgiveness had not yet been preached.
10. Where was David buried?
11. How long had he reigned?
What were the prominent features of his charac-
ter?
What compositions of his are extant ?
Out of one hundred and fifty Psalms in the Psalter, seventy-
four are ascribed to him; and doubtless others are from his
hand.
12. Did Solomon succeed him peacefully?
15-17. What request did Adonijah make through
the king's mother ?
22-25. What was the consequence of his rash-
ness?
Solomon appears to have regarded this request as equivalent
to attempting the throne; but he may have used it only as a
pretext for getting rid of a rival.
26. Why was not Abiathar, his adherent, slain?
(Chap. i. 7.)
35. Who was made high priest in his room ?
27. What prophecy is said to have been fulfilled ?
(1 Sam. ii. 33-36.)
28-34. Who was slain, even beside the altar?
36, 37. Where was Shimei confined?
39, 40. Did he ever break his parole ?
42-46. What was the result of his imprudence ?
1 Kings III.
1. What distinguished alliance did Solomon form?
Was marriage with foreigners against the law of
Moses? (Deut. vii. 3,4.)
What Psalm seems to celebrate this occasion?
(Ps. xlv.)
212 FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
2, 3. What exception does the author make to
his praise of Solomon ?
What law forbade such sacrifices ? (Deut. xii.
13, 14.)
Although the worship of Jehovah in other places beside liis
sanctuary was illegal, yet it appears to have been considered
as almost unavoidable. Even pious kings allowed it in some
degree. The establishment of synagogues in later times abo-
lished this custom.
4. Where was the chief high place ?
What distinguished Gibeon as a place of wor-
ship ? (2 Chron. i. 3-5.)
5-15. What dream did Solomon have at Gibeon ?
lG-22. What difficult case was brought to him
for decision ?
24-27. How did he show his wisdom ?
28. Did his sagacity become renowned ?
1 Kings IV.
1-19. What lists commence this chapter?
20-25. What animated sketch of the country's
prosperity follows?
2G. What branch of his army did Solomon
largely increase? (2 Chron. i. IG.)
What law had forbidden this ? (Deut. xvii. IG.)
21 and 24. Were his foreign relations peaceable ?
25. By what proverbial expression is the national
peace described ?
29-31. What is said of his wisdom?
32, 33. What of his writings ?
Which of his compositions remain to us ?
The Proverbs of Solomon is a collection of proverbs and
of more continuous discourses, of which the greater part are
probably from his hand, while the rest are obtained from other
sources. The Song of Solomon is not one poem, but a collec-
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 213
tion of amatory lyrics. There is no reason to doubt their genu-
ineness. The same cannot be said of Ecclesiastes, the style
of which shows it to have been written at a much later age.
Among our apocryphal books is one entitled the AVisdom "of
Solomon, which is evidently a Greek composition of a time
not far from the Christian era. As the author quotes Isaiah
and Jeremiah, he could not have intended to repres6nt his
work as Solomon's.
34. How far did bis renown extend ?
LESSON LXIIL
The Erection and Dedication of the Temple.
1008-1000 B.C.
1 Kings V.
I. What old friend of his father sent to con-
gratulate Solomon?
0. 6. What request did Solomon make of him ?
7, 8. Did Hiram consent to this arrangement ?
9. How was the timber to be brought ?
II. In what commodities was it j^aid for?
13-15. Who did the heavy part of the work?
17, 18. What preparations were made for the
stone-work ?
The temple was built on !Mount IMoriah ; to enlarge w-hose
area, immense stone walls were erected upon the sides of the
mountain, the vacant spaces being filled with earth.
1 Kings VI.
1. Wlien was the work commenced?
2. What were the dimensions of the temple ?
Ans. A hundred and eight feet long, thirty-six
wide, and fifty-four high.
214 FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
3. What tower, or porch, yvas in front of the
main building ? (2 Chron. iii. 4.)
How did it compare in size with the tabernacle ?
(See notes to Exod. xxvi.)
5. What SLUTOimded the main edifice ?
The temple, as seen from without, must have resembled
some modern churches. A lofty tower at one end ; the central
building rising to twice the height of the side cloisters, above
Avhich were the narrow windows.
7. What was one pecuharity of its erection ?
9. Of what wood was the wainscoting ?
18. How was it orpamented?
12, 13. On what condition -would the temple be
accepted of God ?
19, 20. AVhat was the size of the oracle, or Holy
of Holies?
This was a perfect cube, occupying one end of the central
building, but not equal to it in height.
22 and 29. How was the temple adorned?
23. What symbolical figures were retained ?
(See notes to Exod. xxv.)
23 and 28. Of what were these images made ?
31-34. How were the temple and the oracle
entered ?
36. What court surrounded the whole?
38. How long was Solomon building the temple ?
1 Kings VII.
1-8. What other buildings were in progress at
the same time ?
9. Of what were these constructed?
These houses are not very clearly described. Probably
they constituted together one magnificent palace.
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 215
13, 14. Wlio was the chief workman on all these
buildings ?
Had Hiram the king sent him as a particular
favor? (2 Chron. ii. 7 and 13.)
15 and 21. "What two pillars stood before the
temple ?
21. "Jachin," — he shall establish. "Boaz,"' — in it is
strength.
23-25. How was the old brazen laver replaced ?
38. Were there any smaller lavers ?
27, 28. On what did each stand?
32. How were they made movable ?
45 and 50. Of what materials were the imple-
ments made ?
49. How many candlesticks were added to the
one used by Aaron ?
51. Were all the treasures expended which
David bad collected?
1 KixGs vin.
1, 2. When did the dedication of the temple
take place ?
What feast was this ? (Lev. xxiii. 34.)
3-6. What was solemnly transferred to the new
building ?
8. " There they are : " this expression shows that the his-
tory was written before the destruction of the temple.
9. AVhat did the ark contain ?
What triumphant anthem hailed its entrance ?
(2 Chron. v. 12, 13. Comp. Ps. cxxxvi.)
What other Psalm appears to have been written
for this occasion ? (Ps. cxxxii.)
10. 11. How was the divine acceptance signified?
216 FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
12, 13. In what words did Solomon offer to God
the house he liad made ?
14. Whom did he then address?
15-21. What was the import of his speech to
them ?
22-53. Read his sublime prayer of dedication.
What does this prayer show respecting the re-
ligion of the Hebrews?
54. In what posture had this prayer been uttered ?
55-61. In what words did the king bless the
people ?
62, 63. What sacrifices followed ?
65. "From liamath," — Antioch or Edessn: from the ex-
treme north and south the people came together.
65, 66. How long did the festivities continue?
1 Kings IX.
1-3. What vision did Solomon afterwards have ?
4-9. What would still be the conditions of di-
vine favor?
LESSON LXIV.
The Reign of Solomon; the Division of the
I Kingdom,
1000-975 B.C.
1 Kings IX.
11. What present did Solomon make to Hiram ?
12. Was the present satisfactory ?
15-18. What cities did the king build?
Which of them belonGred to his wife ?
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 217
Which of these cities afterward became cele-
brated ?
All of these cities have been previously mentioned, and
must have been rebuilt by the king, excc])t Tadmor. This
city, called Palmyra by the Romans, rose to fame under Zeru-
bia. Its ruins still exist.
15. " Millo," — a fortress, or rampart.
20, 21. What was done with the native tribes
still remaining ?
25. Did the king strictly observe the national
festivals ?
26-28. Wliat was done toward founding a navy ?
28. "Ophir:" the endeavors to identify this place have
been numberless, but without success.
1 KiKGS X.
1-3. What royal guest did Solomon receive ?
What was the motive for her journey ?
I. " Sheba," — probably part of Arabia.
10. What presents did she make to the king ?
II. " Almug-trees," — probably sandal-wood.
13. How did he reciprocate her favors?
What reference is made by our Saviour to this
narrative? (Matt. xii. 42.)
18-20. What splendid throne was made for the
king?
14-21, &c. How are his riches portrayed?
22. *' Tharshish: " some port in Africa is probably intended.
24, 25. What was one source of wealth to him?
28, 29. Whence were horses and chariots ob-
tained ?
1 Kings XL
1-4. How was Solomon corrupted ?
5-8. Did he practise idolatry himself?
19
218 FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
IIo npiio:irs only to hnvo cncournp;c(l his wivc3 in thoir
j)!iKiin jjiiu'tkos. Little is known of the worship of those idols;
except that, to Moleeh or Milcom, children were olfered by
fn-e. 5. "The !ibt)niinatiou: " rather, the '' reverence " of the
Annnonites.
11. AVIial j)nnis]iment was threatened ?
12, 13. How iar was it commuled lor David's
sake ?
11 and 23. What two enemies of his are desig-
nated:'
The history of both these adventnrers is lost. It is curried
no fnrther than these fragmentary notices.
26-28. Who was Jeroboam ?
IIow liad lie attraeted the king's notice?
20-31. WIio incited him to conspire against tlic
royal family ?
37, 38. What promises did the prophet make to
him ?
29. '* Abijah:" but few anecdotes of this prophet remain
to US. Some of bis writings descended to a later day, but are
now lost (2 ('broM. ix. *2l>). 31. "Ten ])icces : " the small
tribe of Ik'iijamin adhered to .ludah, and, from this time, the
two are s})oken of as one; while the kingdom of Israel con-
tained ten tribes. 36. " A light," — a son to succeed him.
40. Did Solomon know of his treasonable inten-
tions ?
41. To what lost history docs the writer refer?
From Avhat other sources was his biography
probably drawn ? (2 Chron. ix. 20.)
42. ilow long had Solomon reigned at the time
of his death?
1 Kings XII.
1. Who succeeded his father?
Where was he to be anointed ?
2, 3. AVho took the lead of a discontented party ?
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 219
4. What was their demand ?
6, 7. What counsel did Kehoboam receive from
his father's friends ?
8-11. IIow did his young courtiers advise hira?
13, 14. Which advice did he follow ?
16. With what war-cries was he answered?
18, 19. What overt act of rebellion followed?
20. How was a rival kingdom erected ?
Were the two ever united again ?
22-24. Why were not efforts made to put down
the rebellion ?
25. Where was the capital of the northern king-
dom?
20, 27. Of what was Jeroboam afraid?
28, 29. How did he widen the breach between
the tribes ?
31-33. Were the rites of the Mosaic law imi-
tated by him ?
Were the sons of Levi allowed to officiate ?
Where did the Levites in general take refuge ?
(2 Chron. xi. 13, 14.)
28. "Calves," — no doubt, cherubim (see note on Exod.
xxxii.)- 30. "Unto Dan," — not inore than to Bethel; but
" they Avent even to so distant a place as Dan." 81. " A house
of high places," — as we should say, "a temple of temples."
32. " A least in the eighth month," — a month later than that
in Judah, where the vintage came earlier in the season; the
Feast of Tabernacles being at the close of the vintage.
220
LESSON LXV.
The Rival Kingdoms,
975-918 B.C.
1 Kings XIII.
I, 2. What prophecy was uttered against Jero-
boam's aUar ?
3-G. By what miracles did the prophet attest his
mission ?
8, 9. Why did he refuse the king's invitation to
the palace ?
11-19. How was he seduced into disobedience?
20-22. What prediction did his tempter utter?
23, 24. What was his fate ?
29-31. How did the old prophet show his re-
morse ?
33. Did Jeroboam heed the warnings that he hac}
received ?
1 Kings XIV.
1-3. On what occasion did the queen of Israel
visit Abijah ?
G. Was he deceived by her disguise ?
II, 12. What heavy tidings did he give her?
7-9. How had this punishment been incurred ?
13. Why had Abijah been spared the fate of his
family ?
15. How is the captivity foretold ?
14. " But what," &c.: what if this should forthwith befall?
17, 18. Did the cliild die as predicted?
FIEST BOOK OF KINGS. 221
Were all Abijah's words verified ? (Chap. xv. 29.)
21-23. What was the state of Judah under Re-
hoboam ?
25, 26. What invasion did the country suffer?
25. Shishak has been identified with the Sesonchis of Egyp-
tian history; and an inscription of his reign has been deci-
phered, alluding to his conquest of Judah.
19, 29. Neither of these Books of Chronicles are those so
called in our canon, which were written much later. The
earlier documents are lost.
27, 28. How did the king partially conceal his
losses ?
30. Were the rival kingdoms at peace during his
reign?
1 Kings XV.
I, 2. What short reign succeeded that of Reho-
boam?
3. What was its character ?
4, 5. Why was not this wicked family set aside ?
7. With whom did Abijam (or Abijah) make
war?
What address on the eve of battle is attributed
to him? (2 Chron. xiii. 4-12.)
Who were successful at that time ? (2 Chron.
xiii. 16, 17.)
8-10. How long did Asa, his son, reign ?
II. What was his character?
13. What proof of his zeal is given ?
What foreign nation did he drive back? (2
Chron. xiv. 9-12.)
Who encouraged him to put away idolatry ?
(2 Chron. xv. 1-8.)
What covenant did he and his people make?
(2 Chron. xv. 9-15.)
19*
222 FIRST BOOK OF KINGS.
^ 25. Who became King of Israel during Asa's
reign ?
27-29. By Avhoni was he and all Jeroboam's
family de.stroy(5d ?
17. What incursion did Baasha make on Judah's
territory ?
18, 19. How did Asa obtain an ally against him?
21. Was Baasha effectually foiled in his object?
Was this foreign alliance blameworthy ? (2
Chron. xvi. 7-9.)
34. Was Baasha as vile as his predecessors?
1 Kings XVI.
1-3. What prophet was sent to warn him ?
8. Who succeeded to the throne of Israel ?
9, 10. By whom was he soon supplanted?
15-18. What was the manner of Zimri's death?
21, 22. What four years' division of Israel en-
sued ?
23, 24. Who built a new capital for the northern
kingdom ?
Whence did the city derive its name ?
29. What more famous reign succeeded Omri's ?
30. Wliat was his character ?
31. What wicked woman did he marry?
34. AVhat prophecy was fulfilled in his time?
(Josh. vi. 2G.)
223
LESSON LXVI.
The Prophet Elijah ; the Reicjn of Ahah.
918-896 B.C.
1 Kings XVII.
1. With what prediction is the Prophet Elijah
introduced ?
How long did this drought last? (James v. 17.)
5-7. Plow did he find sustenance while hiding
from Ahab ?
9, 10. Who supported him during the famine
that ensued ?
12-16. How was she enabled to do this?
17. What domestic affliction befell his hostess?
19-23. By what miracle did he repay her kind-
ness ?
What allusion to this incident is made in the Gos-
pels? (Lukeiv. 25, 26.)
1 Kings XVIII.
1, 2. For what purpose did Elijah seek the king ?
3, 4. Who was Obadiah ?
What good deed had he done ?
4, "Prophets:" in those times of idoLatiy, the faithful Is-
raelites were wont to collect around the prophets who arose
from tnne to tmie, as Elijah and Elisha, for instruction and
guidance. These were called " sons of the prophets ; " or some-
times "prophets," as in this case. To what massacre this
verse refers, we do not know.
5, 6. On what mission was Obadiah sent from
home ?
7, 8. What errand did Elijah give him to do?^
224 FIRST BOOK OF ^KINGS.
9-15. Why did he at first fear to perform it?
17, 18. How did the king and the prophet meet ?
19, 20. What assembly was called by Elijah's
request ?
21-24. What solemn trial did he propose to the
people ?
25. Who made the first sacrifice ?
2G-29. How was the day passed?
Was there any response ?
30-32. When Elijah's turn came, what prepara-
tions did he make ?
33-35. How did he prevent any suspicion of
deceit on his part ?
36-38. What impressive scene followed?
39, 40. What was the effect on the people ?
42, 43. For what promise did Elijah wait un-
doubting? (Verse 1.)
44, 45. How was it fulfilled ?
1 Kings XIX.
2. Who vowed vengeance on Elijah for these
things ?
3, 4. How did his utter discouragement show itself?
5-8. How was he strengthened for a journey to
Horeb ?
9, 10. How did he account for his despondency?
11-13. How Avas he taught the secret working
of God's power?
18. What word of encouragement was spoken to
him?
What use does St. Paul make of this passage ?
(Rom. xi. 2-5.)
15, 16. Wliat was Elijah directed to do?
19-21. How did he appoint his successor?
FIRST BOOK OF KINGS. 225
1 Kings XX.
1. Who made war Avith Ahab ?
2-4. What tribute did the king promise ?
G-9. What more insulting demands roused his
resistance ?
10, 11. With what proverb did he meet Ben-
hadad's boasting?
15-17. What chosen band first attacked the
Syrians ?
20. What was the result of the battle ?
23. To what did the Syrians ascribe their defeat ?
26, 27. At their next invasion, how are the two
armies compared?
29. Were they more successful in this campaign ?
30, 31. How low was Ben-hadad reduced?
32-34. With what merciful treatment did he
meet ?
42. What reproof did Ahab receive for his
leniency ?
1 Kings XXI.
1-4. What land was coveted by Ahab ?
Why could he not obtain it ?
7. Who undertook to procure it for him ?
8-14. By what atrocious means did she do this ?
16-18. Where did Elijah meet the king?
19-24. What was denounced against his family?
27. Did Elijah's words produce any effect ?
29. ^ What reprieve was granted ?
1 Kings XXII.
2. Who had succeeded Asa on the throne of
Judah?
226 FIRST BOOK OP KINGS.
What was the character of his reign ? (2 Chron.
xvii. 3, 4.)
How had he endeavored to improve his people ?
(2 Chron. xvii. G-9.)
2-4. What alhance was made between Israel
and Judah ?
6. What did the prophets foretell of their suc-
ce
5^9
10. Where was the council collected?
17. What different prediction did Micaiah give?
19-23. By what parable did he account for the
words of the other prophets ?
27. How was he treated for his candor?
30. What disguise did the kings assume ?
32, 33. Was Jehoshaphat endangered by his dis-
guise ?
34-36. What was Ahab's flite?
40. Who succeeded him ?
Was Jehoshaphat blamed for this alliance with
Ahab ? (2 Chron. xix. 2.)
49. Would he repeat it with Ahaziah ?
227
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Second of Kings pursues the history of the
two kingdoms of Israel and Judah through a long
series of good and wicked reigns, until the nation
was carried away captive by Shalmaneser and Ne-
buchadnezzar. Several chapters are devoted to the
history of Elisha the prophet ; ascribing to him
wonders even greater than those wrought by his
predecessor, Elijah. Many of these narratives have'
a simple pathos or a sublime power, whose genuine-
ness cannot be mistaken. Neither of these prophets
foretold distant events. Their history illustrates
the nature of the ancient prophetical office ; namely,
to rebuke and warn an idolatrous nation, and to
enforce the moral law of God, which is above all
rites and forms, — as well as to announce his pur-
poses for the future.
LESSON LXVII.
The Prophet Elisha,
896-887 B.C.
2 Kings I.
2. On wdiat occasion did Ahaziah send to an idol
oracle ?
5-8. What report did his messengers bring back ?
228 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
9. Who was sent to apprehend Elijah?
10. What became of the soldiers ?
Was this repeated ?
13-15. How was he finally brought to the king?
a. 6, What message did the prophet give him?
What allusion is made in the Gospels to this his-
;lory? (Luke ix. 54.)
2 Kings II.
1-3. Was it known by his friends when Elijah's
.•depa,rture was at hand ? "
4. Who utterly refused to leave him ?
7. Who stood to watch what should happen ?
8. How did the two pass the river ?
9. 10. What were the parting words of the
friends ?
11. How was Elijah translated?
12. What was Elisha's exclamation?
13. 14. How did he prove the new power that
J came upon him?
15. How did the <lisciples of Elijah acknowledge
.him ?
16-18. What vain search did they make ?
What expectation of Elijah's return to earth
prevailed among the Jews? (Matt. xvii. 10-13.)
19-24. What two instances of Elisha's miracu-
lous power are given i*
2 Kings IIL
1-3. Was Jehoram any better than his father
Ahab?
What is meant by the " sins of Jeroboam " ?
(1 Kings xii. 28-30.)
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 229
7. Against whom were Israel and Judah again
allied?
9, 10. What distress befell the allied army?
11, 12. Whom did the kings consult?
13, 14. On whose account did he consent to aid
them ?
lG-18. What miraculous deliverance did he fore-
tell?
20-23. How were the Moabites deceived by the
water that overflowed ?
24, 25. What was the result of the battle?
27. By what idolatrous act did the King of Moab
seek deliverance ?
25. "On every good piece," &c.: of course, these state-
ments must be taken with allowance. 27. " There was great
indignation," &c., among the surrounding tribes, apparently;
and the Israelites were so horror-struck, that they raised the
siege.
2 Kings IV.
1. Who applied to Ehsha for aid?
2-7. By what means did he save her from her
distress ?
8-10. What hospitality did a woman of Shunem
show him ?
13. What did she say, when offered reward or
honor ?
14-16. What more acceptable promise was made
to her ?
18-20. In what few touching words is her child's
death described ?
21. What did she do with the body?
22-25. To whom did she resort in all haste ?
25-28. Could she find words to tell her loss ?
29-31. How did Ehsha at first try to help her?
20
230 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
32-37. Describe the child's restoration.
38-40. On what occasion were EHsha's disciples
' endangered?
41. How did he save them?
42-44. What other miracle is related ?
2 Kings V.
I. Who was Naaman?
What disease had he? (See note to Lev. xiii. 13.)
2-4. How was he induced to visit Israel ?
5-7. How did Jehoram receive him ?
8, 9. Where did he next go for aid ?
10. What orders did the prophet send him?
II, 12. What effect did they produce on his
mind?
13, 14. How was he brought to reason?
15, 16. Would Elisha receive reward?
How did Naaman regard his cure ?
17. What request did he make?
18. Was he willing to give up his place in court,
for the sake of worshipping Jeliovah ?
20-23. What passed between him and Gehazi ?
25-27. How was the servant's avarice punished?
How is tliis history of Naaman referred to by
our Saviour? (Luke iv. 27.)
2 Kings VI.
1-7. What anecdote is related of Elisha and his
disciples ?
8-10. What repeated service did he perform for
the king ?
12-14. How was his life endangered thereby ?
16, 17. What unseen protection had he?
18-20. How did he save himself?
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 231
21-23. "With what clemency did he cause his
foes to be treated ?
23. " So the bands," Sec. (compare with 24th terse). Such
contradictions show clearly the different sources from which
the narrative is compiled.
24. 25. What occasioned great distress in Sa-
mai'ia ?
25. " Ass's head," — an unclean animal. " Dove's dung: "
commentators generally understand tiiis woi'd to signify a kind
of pulse, so called.
26-29. What shocking instance of misery is
given ? (Deut. xxviii. 53.)
30. Did the king share in his subjects' distress ?
31. To whom did he attribute it?
32. 33. Did he apprehend Ehsha ?
33. " This evil," &c. : this evil is from God, and its end
rapidly approaches.
2 Kings ^^I.
1. What astonishing prophecy did Ehsha make ?
6, 7. By what prodigy was it fulfilled ?
3-5. Who first discovered the Syrians' flight ?
8-11. What use did they make of their discovery ?
Where did they carry the news ?
12. What did the king suspect ?
14-16. How were Ehsha's words verified?
17-20. How was a doubter punished?
232
LESSON LXVIIL
Israel and Judah until Elisha's Death.
8S7-839 B.C.
2 Kings VIII.
I, 2. Where had the Shunamite been during the
famine ?
3. For what purpose did she seek the king?
4-6. How did she obtain her claim ?
7-0. AVhat message did Ehsha receive from
Syria ?
10. What equivocal answer did he return ?
II, 12. What caused the prophet's emotion?
13. In what words did Hazael reject the idea of
such wickedness on his own part ?
14, 15. How were the prophet's words fulfilled?
16-18. Who introduced the evil of Ahab's house
into Judah ?
16. " Jehoshaphat being king : " probably Jehoram (or
Joram) was associated with his father before tlie hitter's
death.
20-22. What tributary nations followed the
example of Moab?
What letter did Jehoram receive from Elisha?
(2 Chron. xxi.)
The author of Chronicles calls him Elijah. This writer
evidently knew comparatively little of tlie affairs of the
northern kingdom.
25. What equally wicked son succeeded him ?
29. On what occasion did Ahaziah visit his uncle
Joram? (Comp. verse 18.)
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 233
2 Kings IX.
1-3. What commission did Elisha give to one of
his disciples ?
6, 7. What message was sent to the new king ?
12, 13. How was the rebellion commenced?
17-20. How were the two kings apprised of
Jehu's coming?
21-23. How did they learn his treasonable inten-
tions ?
24 and 27. What was their fate?
30-33. What became of Jezebel ?
30. "Tired,"— attired.
35, 36. Was Elijah's prophecy now entirely ful-
filled?
2 Kings X.
1-3. How did Jehu defy Ahab's party ?
4-7. What, in their cowardice, did they consent
to do?
11. Did all of Ahab's family share his fate?
16, 17. To what did Jehu ascribe his massacres ?
20-25. How did he exterminate the worshij^pers
of Baal?
29. Did he put away the false worship of Jero-
boam?
32. What were the foreign relations of Israel
during his reign?
2 Kings XL
1. Who seized the throne of Judah after Aha-
ziah's death?
2. Who of David's line was saved from her vio-
lence ?
3. How long was he secreted ?
20*
234 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
4. On whom did the high priest call to aid in his
restoration to the throne ?
11, 12. Were his plans successful?
13-16. What became of Athahah?
21. IIow old was the young king?
17. Who was regent during his minority?
18. What reforms did the high priest inaugu-
rj^te?
2 Kings XII.
2. How long did his pupil follow his teachings ?
4, 5. What repairs of the temple did he order ?
How was it so much injured ? (2 Chron. xxiv. 7.)
6. Were his orders neglected ?
9, 10. How were the funds at last collected?
What money was it that was paid in ? (Verses
4 and 16.)
12-14. Was the temple enriched, or only repaired ?
What change occurred after the high priest's
death? (2 Chron. xxiv. 15-18.)
What ingratitude was shown to his memory ? (2
Chron. xxiv. 20-22.)
How does our Saviour allude to this murder?
(Luke xi. 51.)
18. How did Jehoash impoverish the temj)le be-
fore his death ?
20. By whom was he slain ?
2 Kings XIII.
1-3. In whose reign did the Syrians again op-
press Israel ?
10 and 14. In whose reign did Elisha die?
15-19. What passed between him and the king
as he was dying ?
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 235
20, 21. What miracle followed his death?
25. Did Joash repair his father's losses ?
LESSON LXIX.
Israel carried into Captivity,
839-721 B.C."
2 KiKGS XIV.
1. Who succeeded Joash on the throne of Judah ?
5, 6. What instance of his obedience to the law
is given ?
7. What revolt did he subdue ?
8. Whom did he defy to battle ?
9. 10. What taunting message did he receive?
12-14. What was the result of the battle thus
provoked ?
19. How did Amaziah die?
23. Who now reigned in Israel ?
25. What prophets lived during his reign?
(Hos. i. 1 ; Amos i. 1.)
26, 27. Did he rescue Israel for a while from its
fate?
26. "Any shut up," &c.: an idiomatic expression; better
translated, "no resource whatever."
2 Kings XV.
1 and 5. What misfortune befell the next king
of Judah ?
Who acted as regent during his father's life ?
How had Azariah (or Uzziah) incurred this
disaster? (2 Chron. xxvi. 16-21.)
236 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
What prophets taught in Judea during Uzzijah's
reign ?
Ans. Hosea, Amos, and probably Joel.
17-19. Who was king in Israel when the king
of Assyria attacked it ?
19, 20. By what tribute was the invader checked ?
29. What more formidable invasion followed?
Which part of the country was desolated ?
What other tribes were ravaged? (1 Chron.
V. 26.)
This is the first time that the kingdom of Assyria appears
in the Jewish history. This was, in foct, a new empire, of
which Pul was the first king, tlie old empire of Assyria having
been dismembered. Tiglath Pileser is considered to be the
same with Arbaces, the successor of Sardanapalus.
34. What was the character of Jotham, king of
Judah ? (2 Chron. xxvii. 6.)
37. By whom was his reign disturbed?
Who began to prophesy during his reign ? (Mic.
i. 1.)
2 Kings XVI.
3. What enormity is related of his son Ahaz ?
In what civil Avar were many of his people cap-
tured? (2 Chron. xxviii. 8.)
Upon whose intercession were the captives sent
back? (2 Chron. xxviii. 9-15.)
7, 8. What dangerous alliance did he make ?
10. What altar did Ahaz see at Damascus ?
11-15. What innovations did he consequently
make in the temple ?
,Did he introduce idolatrous worship ? (2 Chron.
xxviii. 23.)
17, 18. What other depredations did he commit?
SECOND BOOS: OF KINGS. 237
18. "Covert for the sabbath," — some covered way so
called, which he stripped of its ornaments.
2 Kings XVII.
3. "What was the next step toward Israel's over-
throw ?
4, 5. On what excuse did Shalmaneser complete
his conquest?
6. What was done with the ten tribes ?
Did they ever return to their country ?
A71S. Not generally. Some, with an admixture
of Assyrians, returned to Samaria ; and the present
little remnant of Samaritans are probably their
descendants. Some families from the several tribes
afterwards joined Judah ; but, as a nation, they were
effectually dispersed. Many fruitless researches
have been made into the fate of the lost ten tribes.
Nothing is certain but that the greater part returned
no more to their country.
7-17. To what causes does the historian ascribe
this calamity ?
24. Who Avere placed in the deserted cities ?
25, 26. What complaint did the colonists make?
27, 28. How did the king endeavor to rectify the
evil?
29. Were the pagan gods put away?
By what name was this new nation known ?
32, 33. Did they join Jehovah's worship to that
of their own gods ?
34 and 41. What does the historian say of their
manners in his time ?
238
LESSON LXX.
The Reign of Hezehiah.
726-G98 B.C.
2 Kings XVIII.
1. "Wlio was king in Judah when the northern
kingdom was destroyed?
3-G. What was the character of his reign ?
How far did he carry his hatred of idolatry ?
4. " Nehushtan," — a mere piece of brass.
10. In what year of his reign did the Assyrians
desolate Israel ?
13. How long after did they attack Judah ?
14. How did Hezekiah endeavor to avert a like
fate from that of Israel ?
15. 16. Whence was the tribute-money drawn ?
17, 18. What ambassadors were sent to confer
with the Assyrians?
19. Who was the Assyrian spokesman?
19-25. What insolent message did his king send ?
22. How was Hezekiah's conduct misappre-
hended ? (Verse 4.)
26-30. How did the Assyrians seek to sow disaf-
fection among the people ?
29-32. What proposal was made to them ?
33-35. With what boast did the conference close ?
36. Why was no reply made ?
2 Kings XIX.
1-5. What message did Hezekiah send to Isaiah ?
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 239
This is the first time that this great prophet is mentioned in
the Books of Kings; but we learn, from the collection of his
prophecies Avhich has come down to us, that lie exercised his
vocation during the three preceding reigns (Isa. i. 1). In 2
Chron. xxvi. 22, he is said to have written a biography of King
Uzziah. His prophecies contain some passages of unequalled
sublimity and beauty. Of the book called by his name, some
critics maintain that the first part only was written by him.
6, 7. AVliat encouragement did he receive from
the prophet ?
9-13. What message did he receive in writing
from Sennacherib?
14, 15. Where did he apply for aid?
15-19. What is the import of his prayer?
20-30. Read the poetical message sent to the
king by Isaiah.
35, 36. How was Sennacherib routed ?
37. What was his fote ?
2 Kings XX
1. What warning did Hezekiah receive?
2-5. On his fervent prayer, was his doom re-
versed ?
6. How many years were added to his life ?
8-11. By what miracle did Isaiah confirm his
words ?
What ode did Hezekiah write on his recovery ?
(Isa. xxxviii. 9-20.)
12, 13. What folly did the king afterwards com-
mit?
16, 17. What prophecy followed ?
20. What benefit did he confer on Jerusalem ?
Some interesting records of his religious reforms are found
in Chronicles, to which we will now refer.
240 SECOND BOOK OF CHRONICLES.
2 CiiRON. XXIX.
3. How early did Ilezekiah begin his reforms ?
6-8. To what did he ascribe the past troubles of
Judah ?
10. "With what hope did he propose stricter obe-
dience ?
15, IG. What was the first measure taken?
18, 19. What vessels were re-sanctified?
21. What holocaust was provided?
27-30. How was this offering celebrated ?
31 and 35. What festival offerings followed?
2 ClIKON. XXX.
2. What solemn feast did the king resolve to
keep?
The ritual service had evidently fallen into neglect under
the series of wicked kings, until Ahaz had entirely desecrated
the temple.
1 and 5. To whom was it determined to send
letters ?
6-8. What invitation was sent to the remnant
of Israel?
9. What hopes were offered as inducement ?
10, 11. With what success did the missives meet ?
13, 14. What preliminary steps were taken be-
fore the feast ?
17-19. How were all irregularities atoned for?
20-23. What prolonged festivities were held ?
26. How was this passover looked upon ?
2 Chron. XXXI.
1. Was idolatry destroyed through all Judah ?
2-4. What other ordmauces did Hezekiah renew ?
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 241
5, 6. Was he seconded by the people ?
20, 21. How are his reforms summed up?
Chrok. XXXII.
5. How did he fortify Jerusalem ?
27-29. "What is said of Hezekiah's prosperity ?
31. How does the historian account for his folly
on one occasion ?
How much of Hezekiah's history is recorded in
the Book of Isaiah ? (Isa. xxxvi.-xxxix.)
Whcit other prophet probably lived during his
reign ?
Alls, Nahum.
LESSON LXXL
The Last Kings of Judah.
GOS-588 B.C.
2 Kings XXI.
1. "Whose long and evil reign followed?
2-7. What is related of his impiety ?
11-13. What threatenings followed?
How was he punished in his own person ? (2
Chron. xxxiii. 11.)
What ensued upon his repentance ? (2 Chron.
xxxiii. 12, 13.)
How did he prove his repentance sincere ? (2
Chron. xxxiii. 15, 16.)
What writing ascribed to him is preserved ?
Ans. The Prayer of Manasses, King- of Judah,
is found in the Apocrypha. It is not extant in He-
21
242 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
brew, and has not been considered genuine by any
critics. That such a writing existed after his death,
is apparent from 2 Chron. xxxiii. 18, 19.
19-21. Did his son follow his evil courses?
23. How was he destroyed ?
2 Kings XXH.
1, 2. Who was Judah's last good king?
How long did he reign ?
What is related of his childhood? (2 Chron.
xxxiv. 3.)
3-G. What work did he undertake when older ?
8-10. What book was found and given him?
11-13. What effect did it have upon him?
What manuscript may it have been that thus
struck him? (Deut. xxxi. 24-2G.)
It is not credible that Josiah had never seen a copy of the
law; but if, in the process of repairs, Closes' own autop;raph
manuscript were found, the examination he would naturally
give such a I'clic might well arouse hnn to a new sense of the
threatenings found there.
14. To whom did his messengers resort for
counsel ?
18-20. What comfort did this prophetess give
him?
2 Kings XXIIIv
1-3. What public measures did Josiah take ?
4-14. What list of idolatries follows ?
15. What prophecy did he fulfil? (1 Kings
xiii. 2.)
IG. Where did he obtain bones for this purpose ?
17, 18. Whose tombs did he spare?
21, 22. What is said of one passovep kept by
him?
SECOND BOOK OF KINGS. 243
Where is a full account of this occasion pre-
served? (2 Chron. xxxv.)
26, 27. Did Josiah's zeal avert the approaching
calamities ?
29. What was his violent death ?
Who is mentioned as lamenting his fate? (2
Chron. xxxv. 25.)
What other prophet lived in Josiah's reign?
(Zeph. i. 1.)
31-34. What became of his unworthy successor ?
Pharaoli-neclioh has been identified with the Necho II. of
Egyptian history, whose invasion of Judea is recorded by
Herodotus.
Who was made king in his place ?
33-35. What heavy tribute did the country pay
for some years ?
Was the approaching captivity of Judah foretold ?
(Jer. XXV.)
2 Kings XXIV.
1. What new empire now appears ?
Nabopolasser, a prince of the Chaldee race, revolted from
Assyria, and erected his own province into the new empire of
Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar was his son and successor.
2. What tribes invaded the falling State of
Judah?
7. Who were driven out by the stronger Baby-
lonians ?
8-10. In whose reign was Jerusalem itself be-
sieged ?
12. Wlio surrendered themselves prisoners?
13-15. AVho were carried captive to Babylon?
14. " Smiths: " a common expedient of victorious kings to
■weaken the people they had conquered. (See 1 Sam. xiii. 19.)
17. Who was the last Kino; of Judah ?
244 SECOND BOOK OF KINGS.
Who predicted the yet more complete overthrow
of the city ? (Jer. xxxvii. 8.)
20. What rashness of the king hastened this
result ?
Did he listen to the constant warnings of Jere-
miah? (2 Chron. xxxvi. 12.)
2 Kings XXV.
1-3. Was Jerusalem overcome by assault or
famine ?
4. Who set the example of flight?
5-7. What was the fate of the royal fomily ?
9, 10. What became of the temple and city?
How long after David and Solomon was this
destruction ?
11, 12. Were the people all carried away?
13-16. What booty did the Chaldeans obtain?
22. Who was made ruler over the conquered
province ?
27-30. How was Jehoiachin's captivity miti-
gated before his death ?
What remarks does the author of Chronicles
make upon the captivity of Judah? (2 Chron.
xxxvi. 14-21.
245
THE TWO BOOKS OF CHRONICLES.
The two Books of Chronicles originally formed but
one; being first divided by the Greek translators,
who gave it its name of " Chronicle," or " Time-
book." It is one of the latest writings in the Old
Testament ; being composed after the Captivity, like
the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, whose style it
resembles in the mixture of Chaldee expressions
with pure Hebrew. The author drew his mate-
rials from earlier documents, now for the most part
lost; no less than nine or ten of which ai'e men-
tioned by name, as the Books of Samuel, Nathan,
and Gad (1 Chron. xxix. 29), the prophecies of
Ahijah, and the visions of Iddo (2 Chron. ix. 29).
The authorship of the Chronicles is unknown ;
but it was ascribed by Jewish tradition to Ezra the
priest. The particular object of the compiler seems
to be to aid in the restoration of families to their
ancient possessions, and the revival of the temple
worship. For this end, he collects all such scattered
genealogies as he can find, and inserts in his history
many particulars relating to the priests and Levites,
their former arrangement and services.
The first eight chapters consist of genealogical
registers, many of them incomplete, some of which
have been recorded elsewhere, while others we meet
here for the first time. Chap. ix. resembles Neh.
xi., being a list of the chief dwellers in Jerusalem
21*
246 THE TWO BOOKS OF CHRONICLES.
at the writer's time. The narrative, from chap. x.
to xxii., is the same, with a few additions, as the
parallel passages in the Books of Samuel and
Kings ; omitting, however, much contained in the
latter histories. The last eight chapters of 1 Chron.
are peculiar to itself. These we have considered
in their place in the history of David.
After the death of David, the history in 2 Chron.
and that in 1 Kings runs nearly parallel until the
separation of the tribes ; after which, the author of
Chronicles loses sight of the northern kingdom,
except when it is connected with the Kings of Ju-
dah. The lives of these kings, on the other hand,
are narrated more fully, particularly the ecclesias-
tical history of their reigns. The time of Heze-
kiah, and the reforms he instituted, are dwelt upon
with great minuteness ; but the narrative of the
invasion of the country is given but briefly.
We have not attempted to separate the study of
these two parallel histories, but have referred to all
additional facts in Chronicles in the questions on
Samuel and Kings. The two throw great light on
each other, and give much indirect testimony to the
general trustworthiness of the records ; although the
later history has never been regarded as of equal
value with the earlier.
247
JEREMIAH.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
This volume does not undertake any examination
of the prophecies of the Bible, or of their fulfilment.
It is simply historical in its aim; and we shall there-
fore pay attention only to such passages of history
as occur in two or three of the prophetical books.
The brief fragment of this nature found in Isaiah,
is, as we have seen, identical with that in Kings,
being evidently drawn from the same source ; but,
in the Book of Jeremiah, we have a few chapters
not elsewhere found, relating to his own life, and to
the history of the Jews who remained in Judea.
Of the writings of Jeremiah, two collections have
been preserved to our time, — one containing nume-
rous prophecies and poems, with some account of
the occasions on which they were written ; the other
consisting of five elegaic poems on the desolation
of Jerusalem. His compositions are marked by
great tenderness and pathos. The genuineness of
the books ascribed to him has never been doubted.
248
LESSON LXXII.
The History of Jeremiah's Life.
628-588 B.C.
Jer. I.
1-3. Who was Jeremiah ?
In whose reigns did he prophesy ?
4 and 6. Was he yet young when the word of
God came to him ?
1 6. For what purpose was he called ?
How did he exhort the people to avert their
doom? (Chap. vii. 1-7, 14, 15, and elsewhere.)
Did he predict the desolation at hand ?
Jer. XXVI.
1. In whose reign do we hear of the prophet
more minutely ?
7. In what public place did he prophesy ?
8, 9. What was the sentence of the mob who
rose against him ?
10, 11. Before whom was he brought for trial?
12-15. With what bold words did he reply to
the accusation ?
1 6. What was the decision of the princes ?
17-19. How did some of the elders endeavor to
quiet his accusers ? (Mic. iii. 12.)
What similar advice was given long after in the
Jewish council ? (Acts v. 34-39.)
24. Through whose influence mainly was Jere-
miah saved ?
20-23. What prophet was less fortunate ?
JEREMIAH. 249
Jer. XXXV.
3, 4. Whom did Jeremiah invite to an entertain-
ment?
5, 6. What beverage did they refuse ?
6-10. Whose commands had they scrupulously
obeyed ?
11. Why had they now forsaken their pastoral
life?
In whose reign did Jonadab live? (2 Kings
X. 15.)
To what ancient tribe did this family belong?
(1 Chron. ii. 55.)
12-17. For what purpose did Jeremiah hold them
up to the people ?
18, 19. What promise was made to them?
What became of the Eechabites is not known with cer-
tainty; but some recent travellers in Asia have discovered a
tribe, claiming, with much probability, to be their descendants.
Jer. XXXYI.
These fragments of history are not arranged chronologi-
cally ; but we can determine their place nearly by the names
of the kings.
1, 2. Did Jeremiah commit his prophecies to
writing ?
4. Who was his scribe ?
5. Was he in prison himself at the time ?
6, 7. What was to be done with the volume ?
9, 10. What occasion did Baruch take to fulfil
his commission ?
11-13. Did the princes hear of this proceeding ?
14-16. When the roll was read to them, what
effect did it produce?
20-23. How did the king receive it ?
25. Could not this have been prevented ?
250 JEREMIAH.
32. Were the prophecies lost by this violence ?
We hear nothing further of Jeremiah's history until the
reign of Zedekiah.
Jer. XXVIII.
1-4. Was any prophet found who foretold better
things than Jeremiah ?
6-9. What answer did Jeremiah make to him ?
10, 11. How did Hananiah illustrate his words?
What typical yoke had Jeremiah worn ? (Chap,
xxvii. 2.)
13, 14. By what counter-prophecy was Hananiah
met?
15-17. What became of this false prophet ?
Jer. XXIX.
1, 2. What did Jeremiah send to those already
in captivity?
4-7. What course of conduct did he advise ?
10. How long should their captivity last ?
Jer. XXXn.
2, 3. Where was the prophet during the siege of
Jerusalem ?
8, 9. What purchase did he make while in prison?
14, 15. Why did he do this under such circum-
stances ?
16-25. Was not the promise made to him almost
too much for his faith ?
43, 44. What was assuredly foretold to him ?
Jer. XXXVn.
4, 5. Had Jeremiah been in prison during the
first siege ?
JEREMIAH. 251
What had raised the siege then ?
8, 9. Did Jeremiah predict the return of the
Chaldeans ?
12. What did he take occasion to do ?
13-15. How was his attempted flight resented?
1 7. Who secretly favored the prophet ?
20, 21. How was his confinement mitigated?
(Verse 16.)
Jer. XXXVIII.
4. Who applied to have him put to death ?
On what grounds ?
5. Had the king any power to defend him ?
6. What was done with the projjhet ?
7-1 3. How was he rescued from this sad condition ?
What promises did his deliverer receive? (Chap,
xxxix. 15-18.)
14-16. On what terms would he confer again
with the king?
17, 18. What was his advice to the latter?
19. Why was the latter afraid to follow it?
24-27. At whose request was this conversation
kept secret ?
What part of it alone transpired ?
28. Was he set at liberty while the siege lasted?
LESSON LXXHI.
The Remnant left in Judea.
588-587 B.C.
Jer. xxxix.
1-8. What calamities ended the siege of Jeru-
salem ?
252 JEREMIAH.
10. Who alone were left in the land ?
11-14. What was done with Jeremiah?
Jer. XL.
2, 3. For what reason was he treated with respect?
4. What choice was given him ?
6. Under whose protection did he choose to
dwell?
5. What was Gedaliah's official station ?
9-12. How did the new viceroy treat the rem-
nant of the Jews ?
Did the fugitives into other countries return ?
11. "Jews:" this "word, which is formed from Judah, and
which originally signified those belonging to the tribe of that
name, during the Captivity was extended to all people of He-
brew lineage; a meaning which it ever after retained.
13, 14. Against whom was Gedaliah warned?
14-16. Would he take any precautions against
this foe?
Jer. XLI.
1. Who was Ishmael?
2, 3. What massacre was perpetrated by him?
10. After other murders, where did he intend to
go?
Whom had he taken with him as captives ?
11-15. How were they rescued ?
Did the murderer escape ?
16-18. What panic did his crime cause among
the Jews ?
Jer. XLU.
1-3. Wishing to take refuge in Egypt, whom did
they consult?
5, 6. Did they promise to take his advice ?
JEREMIAH. 253
9-12. What counsel did he give in the name of
the Lord ?
13-16. How did he warn them against their pro-
posed flight?
20. Had they asked his advice sincerely ?
Jer. XLIII.
3. To whom did they ascribe this unpalatable
answer ?
4-7. What step did they take ?
7. " Tahpanhes: " believed to be the city of Daphne, whose
ruins are still traced.
Was Jeremiah carried with them ?
Jer. XLIV.
8. Into what new idolatries did the people fall in
Egypt ?
Did Jeremiah continue to rebuke them ?
12. What fete did he threaten ?
15-17. What insolent reply did he receive?
18. To what did these people ascribe their cala-
mities ?
17. " Queen of heaven," — Ashtaroth, or the moon.
21-23. What did Jeremiah say had caused them ?
27, 28. How should his words be proved ?
The series of historical sketches in this book closes here.
We do not even know what became of the prophet, although
the Jews have a tradition that he was stoned by his countrymen
in Egypt. No^ further history of the Jews in Egypt is found in
the Bible. We know from other sources that they remained
there, and were joined, during the time of the Ptolemies, by
freat numbers of their countrymen. The remnant left in
udea lingered around the home of their faith until the return
of their brethren from captivity.
The Prophets Obadiah and Ilabakkuk are believed to have
been contemporary with Jeremiah. The poetry of H&bakknl^
22
254 JEREMIAH.
contains some of the most sublime and daring imagery to be
found in any language.
Among the apocryphal books is one which is ascribed to
Baruch, the scribe of Jeremiah. It consists of prayers and
exhortations in tlie style of the prophet, together with a letter
purporting to be from"^ his own pen. It is doubtless an iraita-
tatiou by a much later hand.
255
DANIEL.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Book of Daniel is easily divided into two por-
tions, — the prophetical and the historical. Tlie
former purports to have been written by his own
hand ; but the latter portion was probably not com-
posed until later years. It gives neither a connected
history of the time of the Captivity, nor of the
prophet's own life ; but consists of narratives of va-
rious events of the time, chiefly concerning divine
interpositions in favor of the exiled race. It is
written partly in Hebrew and partly in Chaldee,
beside some chapters, which, being extant only in
Greek, are placed in our Bibles among the apocry-
phal writings. The Book of Daniel was not
placed by the Jews among the Prophets, but in the
Hagiography, or Sacred Writings.
LESSON LXXIV.
Events in the Life of Daniel and his Fellow-
Captives.
588-554 B.C.
Dan. I.
2. When Jerusalem was taken, what was done
with the sacred vessels ?
25Q DANIEL.
3, 4. For what purpose were some of the royal
family of Judah selected by Nebucliadnezzar ?
6, 7. Which of these became celebrated ?
8-16. How did these youths prove their devotion
to the law of their fathers ?
17. What is said of their intelhgence ?
18, 19. On reaching the required age, how were
they received at court ?
Dan. II.
1-G. What unreasonable request did the king one
day make ?
4. "In Syriac:" the Chaldee portion of the book com-
mences here, and closes chap. vii. 28.
10, 11. Were any found able to answer it?
12, 13. To what height did the king's anger rise?
15, 16. Who undertook to avert the danger?
17-19. How was Daniel prepared for his task?
20-23. In what words did he thank God ?
25-28. Was he able to satisfy the king ?
31-35. What was the king's dream?
37-45. How did Daniel interpret it ?
46-48. What honors did he rfeceive from the
king ?
49. How were his companions promoted ?
Dan. UI.
1. What new idol was set up by Nebuchad-
nezzar ?
4, 5. What order was issued respecting it ?
6. What was to be the penalty for disobedience ?
12. Who were found to have neglected the de-
cree?
DANIEL. 257
No doubt other Jews, and Daniel himself, disobeyed it ; but,
for some reason, these men alone attracted notice.
16-18. When accused, what bold answer did
they make ?
19-21. How were they punished ?
24-27. By what miracle were they saved?
25. " The Son of God: " it should be " a son; " i.e., a divine
being.
28, 29. What effect did this event have upon the
king?
What passages in the Apocrypha belong to this
narrative ?
Aiis. The " Prayer of Azarias " for deliverance
from the furnace, and the " Hymn of the Three Chil-
dren," which is a psalm of thanksgiving for their
safety. They are not believed to be genuine.
Dan. IV.
1. Into what epistolary form is the following
narrative thrown?
4-8. On what occasion did the king again apply
to Daniel ?
10-17. What was his dream at this time ?
19. What effect did this narration have on
Daniel ?
22-26. What explanation did he give ?
27. How did he advise the king to avert his
doom?
29. How soon was his prophecy fulfilled ?
30-33. What calamity befell the king?
34. Did he ever recover his reason ?
34-37. What excellent use did he make of his
aflSiction ?
22*
258 DAKIEL.
Dan. V.
1. In whose reign do we next hear of the
prophet ?
What preceding monarch is mentioned in 2
Kings XXV. 27 ?
Belshazzfxr was the fourth king after Nebuchadnezzar, and
the last of the Chaldee monarchs.
2-4. What great feast did Belshazzar hold ?
How were the Jews' sacred vessels profaned ?
5, 6. How was his mirth interrupted ?
7. What offers did he make to any one who
could interpret the writing?
10-12. Who mentioned Daniel to the king?
13-16. Had the king ever heard of him?
17. Was Daniel tempted by his rewards?
18-23. In what bold words did he rebuke the
king?
25-28. How did he explain the vision ?
25. " Menc," &c. : Chaldee words, signifying "numbered,
weighed, divided."
30, 31. How was the doom fulfilled?
According to Herodotus, Babylon was secretly entered in
the night by the INIedian army, who had turned the course of
the Euphrates, and marched beneath the city walls in its
empty bed.
Dan. \a.
1-3. How high a rank did Daniel hold under
Darius ?
4, 5. What enemies were thus aroused against
him ?
What testimony to his excellence were they
forced to bear?
6-8. How did they plot his destruction ?
DANIEL. 259
10, 11. "What was his conduct when he knew the
decree ?
13. How was he accused to the king?
14, 15 Wliy coukl not the king. save him?
16, 17. AVhat was his sentence?
18, 19. How was the king's attachment to him
shown ?
20-22. What joyful news did he receive in the
morning ?
23. Was Daniel at all injured ?
24. How were his accusers punished ?
25-27. How was the king impressed by this
miracle ?
The historical portion of this book ends here in our canon.
The Septuagint version adds two narratives, which are found
in the Apocrypha; namely, the History of Susanna, and Bel
and the Dragon. We have no further account of Daniel. The
Prophet Ezekiel was contemporary with Daniel ; but the book
called bv his name contains no historical matter.
260
ESTHER.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Book of Esther relates to the time of the
Captivity ; although it is wholly uncertain what
Persian king is intended in the account of Ahasue-
rus. The narrative records the origin of the Feast
of Purim, — a feast which is nowhere else referred to
in the Bible, but which has been kept by the Jews
ever since the Captivity. The history is probably
marred by exaggeration and fiction, some of the
transactions being incredible as they are related.
No reference is made in any part of the book to
the Divine Being, nor to his law as given through
Moses ; in which respect, it forms a singular excep-
tion to the writings of the Old Testament in ge-
neral.
LESSON LXXV.
The History of Esther,
ESTH. I. »
2-4. What great feast did Ahasuerus make at
Shushan ?
5-7. How is a subsequent feast to the people de-
scribed ?
ESTHER. 261
9. Who was the queen at that time ?
10-12. What occasion of offence did she give
the king ?
13-15. What council dehberated on her crime?
19. What sentence was issued against her?
ESTH. II.
2-4. How was a new queen to be chosen ?
5-7. Who were Mordecai and Esther ?
8. On what occasion was Esther brought to the
palace ?
10. Did she reveal of what nation she was?
17. With what fortune did she meet?
18. How was her marriage celebrated?
20. Did she cease to respect her guardian ?
21-23. What service did Mordecai render to the
king?
21. " Sat in the king's gate," — was advanced to some office
about the palace.
EsTH. III.
1. What foreigner did the king exalt above the
native princes ?
2. Who alone denied his authority ?
6. What revenge did Haman meditate ?
7. How did he choose a time for the execution
of his project ?
8. How did he prejudice the king against the
Jews ?
9. What bribe did he offer for their destruc-
tion?
13. What decree was issued in consequence?
12 and 15. How was it made known to the coun-
try?
262 ESTHER.
ESTH. IV.
1-3. How was this decree naturally received ?
5-7. How was the queen informed of it ?
8. What did her cousin wish her to do ?
11. What difficulty lay in the way?
13, 14. How did he overcome her reluctance?
16. What answer did she finally return?
EsTii. V.
1-3. How was she received by the king ?
4-8. How did she prepare the way for her re-
quest ?
9. What marred his new honors to Haman ?
10-13. What complaint did he make to his
friends ?
14. What revenge was proposed to him ?
EsTii. VI.
1-3. How did it happen that Mordecai's services
were remembered ?
6. What ambiguous question was put to Haman ?
7-9. What honors did he propose ?
10. 11. To whom were these honors paid?
12, 13. What evil did Haman's friends forebode ?
EsTH. VII.
2-4. How did Esther at last present her request ?
5, 6. Did she accuse Haman to his face ?
9, 10. What was his fate ?
EsTH. VIII.
1, 2. What was done with his estate ?
5, 6. What was the next request of the queen ?
ESTHER. 263
8. Why could not the former decree be recalled ?
11, 12. What powers of defence were granted to
the Jews ?
Was this the day appointed for their massacre ?
(Chap. iii. 13.)
9. How long before was the new decree published?
15-17. What effect was produced by this revolu-
tion at court ?
ESTH. IX.
1-3. What ensued on the appointed day ?
5, 6. What massacres took place "^
10 and 16. Did the victorious Jews enrich them-
selves ?
13, 14. What other day of slaughter was allowed?
What became of Haman's family ?
17-19. How was this triumph celebrated?
21, 22. What annual festival was instituted?
24-26. Whence did it derive a name?
29. How was this appointment confirmed ?
ESTH. X.
3. Did Mordecai remain in power ?
The Book of Esther, as it stands in our Bibles, is extant in
Hebrew ; but the Greek vei-sion inserts a quantity of other
matter, which is collected in our Apocrypha. In these addi-
tions, frequent mention is made of the Providence of God.
Two other apocryphal books, which relate to this period,
are the Books of Tobit and Judith. The difficulties in the way
of considering either of these compositions as genuine history
are very great; and the probability is that they are romances,
founded on the interesting events of the time of the Captivity.
More authentic and most touching records of this season of
bondage remain to us in the Psalms composed by "the rivers
of Babylon " (Ps. xliv., Ixxiv., Ixxix., Ixxx., cii., cxxiii.
cxxxvii.).
264
EZRA.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The prophets foretold that the Baylonish Captivity
would last for seventy years (Jer. xxv. 1 1 and else-
where). To make out this period, the Ca^jtivity
must be said to have commenced when Nebuchad-
nezzar made Jehoiakim his vassal, GOG B.C. The
first step toward the restoration of the Jews was
taken in the first year of the reign of Cyrus the
Great, 53 G B.C. The events of this period are
recorded in the first part of the Book of Ezra ;
namely, the return of a portion of the Jews to their
country, the rebuilding of the temple, and the
various hindrances to this work. The second por-
tion relates to a time from thirty to fifty years later.
It is a personal history of the migration of Ezra
and others to Judea, and of his reforms there.
The Book of Ezra is written partly in Hebrew,
and partly in Clialdee. The chapters written in
the first person are probably from his own pen : to
the author.-hip of the remainder of these historical
sketches we have no clue. The first three verses
are identical with the closing verses of Chronicles ;
as if the author wished, by quoting them, to connect
his own history with the preceding.
265
LESSON LXXVI.
The Return from Captivity.
536-515 B.C.
EZKA I.
1. In whose reign was the first step taken toward
the restoration of the Jews ?
Who was then their nominal king? (Chap,
ii. 2.)
8. What was his Persian name ?
2, 3. What proclamation was issued by Cyrus?
5. What was the first object held forth ?
7. 8. Were any of the plundered treasures re-
turned by the Persians ?
Ezra II.
What list does this chapter contain ?
61, 62. Why were certain priests suspended from
their office ?
64, 65. How many, in all, returned at this time ?
68. For what were contributions made ?
The families in this list are classified either under the name
of their common ancestor, or the name of the place where they
foi-merly dwelt. 1. " Children of the province," — of Judea,
now a 'Persian province. 2. " Nehemiah," — not the Nehe-
miah who wrote the book of that name : he lived afterwards.
43. "Nethinims," — a name signifying "devoted," applied to
the temple sei'vants. 63. " Tirshatha," — a Persian title, pro-
bably equivalent to "ruler," here appUed to Zerubbabel. " A
priest with Urim," &c., — until there should be a fully conse-
crated high priest, capable of deciding such questions.
23
266 EZRA.
Ezra III.
2. Who was then the high priest ?
2. 3. What was the first step toward restoring
the ritual worship?
3. *' For fear: " rather, " though fear was upon them."
4. What was the first feast held? (Verse 1.)
5. Was the regular service thenceforth per-
formed ?
7. What preparation was made for rebuilding
the temple ?
8. When was it commenced ?
Who did the work ?
10, 11. How was the laying of the foundation
celebrated? (Ps. cxxxvi.)
12, 13. Was the occasion wholly a joyful one?
What was lost with the former temple, which
could never be replaced ?
Ans. The ark of the covenant. The Holy of
HoHes was empty in the new temple.
. Ezra IV.
1, 2. What advances did the new colonists of the
country make ?
3. How were they met ?
4-6. What was the natural consequence of this
repulse ?
During what two reigns were their plots unsuc-
cessful ?
7. To whom did they again write, as it proved,
with more success?
5. "Darius:" this name, as well as that of Ahasuerus, is
apphed to several different kings. 7. " In the Syrian tongue : "
it was written in the Chaldee character and in the Chaldee
language. The letter, as inserted here, is in Chaldee; which
tongue is employed for nearly two chapters.
EZRA. 267
11-16. What is the purport of the letter sent by
them?
17-22. What answer was returned to the Sama-
ritans ?
23. Were these decrees enforced ?
24. How long was the work suspended ?
Ans. Seven years.
Ezra V.
1. What prophets meanwhile urged the re-com-
mencement of the work ? (Hag. i., Zech. i.)
2. Were their arguments listened to ?
3. Who now interfered with them ?
Ans. The Persian local officers.
5. To whom was the matter referred ?
7-17. What letter did the governor send to the
kmg?
17. For what document was search to be made ?
Ezra VI.
1. Where was it sought for?
Among the recent discoveries of Layard at Nineveh was
a "house of rolls," — a building appropriated to public docu-
ments, engraved upon tiles, many of which have been deci-
phered.
2-5. Wliat decree was found ?
6, 7. How did the king consequently decide the
controversy ?
8-11. What further decrees were given?
13, 14. Was any more opposition made ?
15. How long was the temple in building?
(Comp. chap. iv. 24.)
16-18. How was it dedicated ?
19-22. What feast was afterwards kept?
268 EZRA.
What were the dimensions of the temple as com-
pared with Solomon's? (Comp. verse 3 with 1
Kings vi. 2.)
What did the prophets foretell respecting this
second temple? (Hag. ii. 3-9.)
How was this prophecy fulfilled ?
The second temple was probably constructed on the same
plan as the first, but was much inferior in splendor, though not
in size. It stood until the time of Herod the Great, Avho gra-
dually rebuilt it with great magnificence. As, however, the
buildings were only removed by degrees, as the new were added,
it might well be called the same temple still, in which "the
Desire of all nations," our Saviour, made his appearance.
What Psalms celebrate the nation's return from
captivity ? (Ps. cvi., cvii., cxxiv., cxxvi., cxlvii.)
LESSON LXXVII.
JEzra the Priest,
467 B.C
Ezra VII.
An interval of forty-eight years occurs between the sixth
and seventh chapters. 1. " Artaxerxes," — the Artaxerxes
Longimanus of history.
6. Wfio was Ezra?
In addition to the information respecting Ezra in this chap-
ter, we learn from Josephus that he was the high priest of the
Jews left in Babylon.
7-9. What second migration to Judea did he
conduct ?
10, What is said of his character?
11-13, What permission was given him by the
king?
EZRA. 269
14-16. Wliat was his commission to Jerusalem ?
17-20. What was he to do with the treasures he
carried ?
21-26. What important favors were granted to
his people ?
27, 28. What change now takes place in the style
of the narrative ?
Ezra VHI.
1-14. Did many of the Jews return with Ezra?
15. Where were they collected for starting?
What omission was found ?
17-20. Plow was this deficiency supplied?
21. What was their first act?
22. Why had they not obtained an escort ?
24-29. Who took charge of the treasures ?
31. Were they molested on their way to Judea?
How long was their journey? (Chap. vii. 9.)
33, 34. AVere the treasures duly delivered at the
temple ?
Ezra IX.
1, 2, What complaints did Ezra hear on his arri-
val?
3, 4. What effect did they have upon him ?
5, 6. How did he express his grief and indigna-
tion?
7-15. What passionate confession did he make
for the people ?
Ezra X.
1. Did the people join in his lamentations ?
2. Did they confess the wrong they had com-
mitted ?
23*
270 EZRA.
3, 4. What measures of reform were proposed ?
5. Who agreed to this proposal ?
6. Did Ezra, as yet, break his fast ?
7. 8. What proclamation was made through the
country ?
9-13. Why could it not be at once acted upon ?
14. How Avas the matter arranged?
16, 17. How much time was spent in this exami-
nation ?
19. What trespass-offering was required of the
priests ?
With what does the book conclude ?
The Book of Ezra here closes abruptly. Of Ezra himself,
we have some further account in the Book of Nehemiah. No
other writings extant are with any certainty his, although a
Jewish tradition ascribes the Books of Chronicles to his pen.
In our Apocrypha are found what are called the First and
Second Books of Esdras (the Greek form of Ezra), purporting
to be his, but which have never been regarded as genuine.
The first consists almost entirely of extracts from the canoni-
cal books of the Old Testament; while the second is a series
of visions and similitudes, in the style of Daniel and Ezekiel.
271
NEHEMIAH.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Book of Nehemiali consists of the history of
a ruler, so named, who lived in the reign of Arta-
xerxes Longimanus, together with some important
public transactions connected with his refgn. The
portion which is written in the first person came
undoubtedly from his own pen ; but the passage
from chap. vii. 6 to xii. 26, which interrupts his
narrative, consists of various historical registers,
together with an account, evidently by a different
hand, of a solemn feast kept by the Jews, followed
by a day of fasting and humiliation.
The genealogy of Nehemrah is unknown ; but he
is supposed to have been of the royal family of Ju-
dah. His simple piety and courageous patriotism
place him high in the rank of Jewish rulers and
heroes.
LESSON LXXVIII.
The Public Services of Nehemiah.
455-442 B.C.
Neh. I.
11. What office did Nehemiah hold in the Per-
sian court?
272 NEHEMIAH.
2, 3. What did he hear of the Jews who had
returned to Judea ?
4. How was he affected by the news ?
5-11. What confession and prayer follow?
Neii. II.
1, 2. Four months later, what drew the king's
attention to him?
3. How did he account for his sadness ?
5. For what did he ask permission ?
6. With what limitation was it given ?
7. 8. Wliat additional requests did he make ?
10. How did the Samaritans receive the news of
his coming ?
10. " Sanballat," — a Jloabitish ruler, who, with Tobiah the
Ammonite, appear to have been leading men in the mongrel
and unfriendly colony of Samaria.
12-16. What private survey did he make?
Some ofthe.se localities, and those named in the next chap-
ter, are mentioned elsewhere in the Bible, and modern travellers
have discovered many traces of their iniins. It has been esti-
mated that the city had ten gates. Probably some had more
tlian one name.
13. In what condition did he find the walls ?
17. What did he propose to his countrymen ?
18, 19. How was this proposal met in different
quarters ?
Neh. III.
What memoranda are contained in this chapter ?
7. Did any assist who did not belong to Jeru-
salem ?
10 and 23. How was the work divided to secure
personal interest ?
12. Were women allowed to join in the work?
NEHEMIAH. 273
Keh. IV.
1-3. How did their enemies at first regard the
work ?
6. How far did it advance with unanimity ?
7, 8. When it grew more formidable, what reso-
lution did the Samaritans take ?
10. Who became discouraged before the walls
were 'finished ?
11,12. Of what conspiracy did Nehemiah receive
information ?
13-lo. How were these plots defeated ?
16, 17. What precautionary measures were
thenceforth taken ?
18-22. Were regular military rules enforced?
23. W^hat was the vigilance of Nehemiah and his
guard ?
Neh. V.
1-5. What domestic troubles next drew his atten-
tion?
7. WHiat indignation meeting was called ?
What was the law against usury? (Deut.
xxiii. 19.)
8-10. What arguments against this practice did
he bring ?
11. What rate of interest had been exacted?
*' The hundredth part," — one per cent monthly ; a common
ancient interest.
12. 13. Did the people listen to his reasoning?
14-18. What does Nehemiah say of liis own
moderation ?
Neh. YI.
1. How near to completion were the walls ?
274 NEHEMIAH.
2-4. "What traps did his enemies lay for Nehe-
miah?
5-8. On what pretence was a conference sought ?
Did he listen in either case ?
10 and 13. What plan was laid to weaken his
influence ?
11. What courageous answer did he return?
17-19. What still more embarrassed Nehemiah's
proceedings ?
15. In what time was the wall finished, m spite
of opposition ?
Neh. VII.
2, 3. Was the wall strictly guarded ?
Who was captain of the watch ?
4. What made its thorough defence difficult ?
How was this defect supplied? (Chap. xi. 1, 2.)
5. What genealogy did Nehemiah find ?
Have we met with it before ? (Ezra ii.)
LESSON LXXIX.
Incidents of the Time of the Restoration to Judea.
528-435 B.C.
Neh. VIII.
The account which follows is from an unknown hand.
1. To whom did the people apply for instruction?
2-4. How did he satisfy their wish ?
5, 6. What part did they take in the service ?
7, 8. Why had interpreters become necessary ?
NEHEMIAH. 275
The Hebrew language, at the time of the Captivity, fell out
of general use, and gradually became a dead language ; being
replaced by the Syro-Chaldaic, or Aramean, a kindred tongue,
originating in the Babylonian, and which was commonly spoken
in our Saviour's time.
9. "What effect did the reading of the law have
on the people ?
10-12. Why were they forbidden to gneve?
14, 15. What Mosaic festival was revived?
16-18. In what manner was it celebrated?
17. " Since the days," &c.: clearly an error on the part of
the writer.
Neh. IX.
1. What solemn fast succeeded?
2. 3. How was the day spent ?
What address to the Deity occupies the rest of
the chapter ?
38. How was this confession preserved for future
reference ?
Neii. X.
With what list does this chapter commence?
28, 29. In what oath did the common people
unite with their chiefs ?
30, 31. What irregularities were especially men-
tioned ? f
32. What annual tax was laid ?
35-37. What other laws were re-enacted?
Neh. XL
1, 2. Where do these two verses properly belong?
Ans. After chap. vii. 4.
3. What list of chief families follows ?
18. How many Levites had returned to Jeru-
salem?
276 NEHEMIAH.
20. Where were the rest of the nation ?
22. In whose family did the temple minstrelsy
continue? (1 Chron. xxv. 1.)
Neh. XII.
This chapter begins with a number of memoranda concern-
ing the high priests and their chief Levites, down to the time
of Jaddua, tlie contemporary of Alexander tlie Great, which
shows at how late a period this interpolated passage was writ-
ten. At tlie 27tli verse, Nehemiah's own narrative is resumed.
27, 28. Who were collected from all the country
when tlie wall was to be dedicated ?
30. How is the ceremony briefly described ?
31. How were the minstrels divided ?
43. Was the occasion one of great rejoicing ?
Neh. XIII.
1. What passage in the law attracted attention?
(Deut. xxiii. 3-5.)
3. What action was immediately taken ?
4. What irregularity had been committed by the
high priest ?
6. Where was Nehemiah at the time ?
How long had he been absent from Persia?
(Comp. chap. ii. 1.)
7-9. Wliat measures did he take on his return?
10-12. -How did he prevent the scattering of the
Levites ?
14. What repeated ejaculation interrupts Nehe-
miah's history ?
15, 16. What other abuse did he notice ?
19-22. In what decided manner was it reformed ?
23. What other evil aroused his indignation ?
Under whom had this license been checked for
a while ? (Ezra x.)
NEHEMIAH. 277
26. Whose example did Nehemiah hold up for
warning ?
28. Of what person of consequence did he make
an example ?
30. Did he put away this evil also ?
We have no further history of Nehemiah's govornment or
life. His narrative, and the prophecies of Malachi, who is be-
lieved to have been his contemporary, are the latest composi-
tions in the Old Testament. The history of the Jews, for a
few years, is resumed iu the apocryphal Books of ^laccabees.
24
278
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
After the partial return of the Jewish nation from
captivity, in the time of Ezra and Nehemiali, the
re-establi><hed people continued in peaceable depen-
dence on the Persian empire, until the overthrow
of the latter by Alexander the Great, to whose
arms the province of Judea yielded without resist-
ance. At his, death (B.C. 323), his vast empire
was divided among his principal generals ; Ptolemy
obtaining possession of Egypt ; Seleucus, of Syria.
Judea at first fell to the share of Ptolemy, who
treated the nation leniently, and induced many of
them to emigrate to Egypt. But it was soon taken
from that monarch by the Syrian kings, and for
many years was overrun by both parties, paying
tribute now to the Ptolemies, and now to the Seleu-
cidaj. At length it was ceded to Syria in the time
of Seleucus, the brother and predecessor of the
cruel Antiochus Epiphanes (or "illustrious"), dur-
ing whose reign the events narrated in the First
Book of Maccabees occurred.
This book contains an account of the temporary
re-establishment, under the Maccabees, of Jewish
independence, after more than four hundred years'
subjugation to foreign powers. It is an authentic
and generally lucid history, written in the style of the
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES 279
earlier Hebrew histories. Its author and the time
of its compilation are unknown. It is conjectured
to have been composed about a century before the
Christian era. It may have been originally written
in Hebrew, but is now extant only in Greek, and
was written at a time subsequent to the establish-
ment of the Hebrew Canon. It prefaces its history
of the Maccabees, or the Asmonean family, as
Josephus calls them, by a brief notice of the events
preceding their appearance.
LESSON LXXX.
Introduction ; Mattathias and his Sons.
312-166 B.C.
1 Macc. 1.
1. Who succeeded the Persian monarchs in their
dominion over Syria ?
5, 6. What account is given of Alexander's ap-
pointment of successors ?
Does this agree with classical history ?
Ans. The Grecian historians state that he declined
appointing any one to succeed him, and tliat the
division of his kingdom was made after his death.
10. In whose reign does this history commence?
What is meant by " the year of the kingdom of
the Greeks"?
Ans. The year 312 B.C., when Seleucus Nicator
established himself on the Syrian throne, was made
the commencement of a chronological era, called the
era of the Seleucidaj, here referred to.
280 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
In what year did Antiochus begin to reign ?
Ans. 175 B.C.
11-13. What corruptions began to show them-
selves among the Jews?
14. Where did they build a gymnasium?
16-19. What incursion did Antiochus make upon
Egypt?
20-24. Returning thence, how did he treat Judea?
25-28. How did the spoihng of the temple affect
the people?
29-32. Two years later, what further outrages
were committed ?
33-36. What citadel was built on Mount Acra?
38-40. What was the misery of Jerusalem ?
41, 42. How did the king attempt to unite his
kingdom ?
44-49. What orders were given to the Jews ?
Wishing to unite the various poi'tions of his empire in one,
he endeavored to make eacli people give up tlieir national
religion and peculiarities, and adopt the same Greek laws and
faith.
54. How was the temple yet further profaned?
"The abomination," &c., — i.e., the abominable thing that
made the temple desolate. It was either a statue of Jupiter,
or an altar to his honor.
55, 56. What insults were committed against the
law?
50 and 57. What was the penalty of faithfulness
to it?
60. Was this penalty actually exacted ?
62, 63. Were any found bold enough to resist
the king's decree''
1 Macc. II.
1-5. Who were Mattathias and his family ?
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 281
7-14. How did they regard the state of Israel?
15-18. What orders did Mattathias receive?
19-22. How did he resist the olRcers ?
23-25. How did he show himself in earnest ?
28-30. Where did he and others take refuge ?
31, 32. Were they pursued?
32-88. What advantage did their foes obtain
over some of the fugitives ?
40, 41. What resolution was taken by the rest?
42, 43. How were they re-enforced ?
42. '• Assideuns," — "pious men:" so called from their
faithfulness to the law.
44-48. What success attended their guerilla
warfare ?
49, 50. Being about to die, how did Mattathias
encourage his sons ?
51-Gl. What examples did he set before them?
65, 66. Which of his sons were especially com-
mended by him?
70. How old was he at his death ?
1 JlACC. III.
1-9. With what panegyric is Judas Maccabeus
introduced ?
10, 11. What general did he first overcome ?
12. What trophy of this battle did he preserve?
13-15. Who next came out against him?
17-22. How did he encourage his fainting fol-
lowers ?
23. What was his success ?
25, 26. How far did his fame extend?
27, 28. Who determined to crush this rebelHon ?
What preparations did he make ?
29-31. What postponed his intention ?
24*
282 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
32. Who was appointed Eegent of Syria?
35, 3G. What sanguinary orders were left with
Lysias ?
38-40. How did he prepare to fulfil them?
41. What showed the general expectation of his
success ?
42, 43. Were the little band of Jews discouraged?
45, 4G. Jerusalem being desolate, where did they
assemble for worship ?
46. " Mappha," — ]\Iizpah (see Judges xx. 1 ; 1 Sam. vii. 5).
This history beiiifij in the Greek language, all the Hebrew
names are in the Greek form. "Judas" is the same name as
Judah, "Jesus" (chap. ii. 55) as Joshua, &c.
4f-49. What ceremonies did they observe ?
How was their copy of the law disfigured ?
50-53. To whom alone did they look for help ?
55, 56. How Avas the army then organized?
(Deut. XX. 5-8.)
40 and 57. Where did the two armies encamp ?
For what has this village been more celebrated
since? (Luke xxiv. 13.)
59, GO. What lofty sentiments animated Judas ?.
LESSON LXXXL
The Life and Death of Judas Maccabeus.
166-160 B.C.
1 Macc. IV.
1, 2. How did Gorgias seek to surprise the Jew-
ish army ?
3, 4. What counter-plot did Judas lay ?
6-11. How did he encourage his ill-armed host?
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 283
14, 15. What was his success?
19-22. What did Gorgias perceive on returning
from his vain pursuit ?
24. How was this victory celebrated ? (Ps. cxviii.)
28-34. Were the Jews equally successful the
next year?
36. During a cessation of hostilities, what did
Judas undertake?
38. In what condition had the temple been for
three years?
41. AVho protected those engaged in cleansing it ?
42-51. How was it restored ?
What was done Avith the profaned altar ?
54. ^Yhat anniversary was chosen for its re-dedi-
cation ?
Ans. The third anniversary from its profanation.
dQ. What feast was then held?
59. Was it observed in after-years by the nation ?
(John X. 22.)
60, 61. How was the city defended from new
outrages ?
1 Macc. V.
1, 2. Who were displeased at this revival of the
Jewish faith ?
3 and 6. AYhat expeditions did Judas undertake
in consequence?
9, 10. Who sent to him for help ?
9. " Galaad," — i.e., Gilead : formerly inhabited by the half-
tribe of Manasseh, (Deut. iii. 13.)
14, 15. Did others also need his succor?
17, 18. How was the army divided in conse-
quence ?
21. Did Simon prosper in Gahlee?
284 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
23. What did he do with those who had suffered
there ?
26, 27. What did Judas learn on reaching Gilead?
30. Had the attack begun when he arrived at the
fortress of Bosora ?
34. Was he able to relieve his brethren ?
45. Having rescued the besieged, what did he do
with them ?
54. How was their deliverance celebrated?
55-GO. While the Maccabees Avere absent, what
misfortune befell part of the army?
61, 62. To what is their discomfiture attributed?
65-68. W^as Judas successful elsewhere ?
1 Macc. VI.
1-4. Had Antiochus prospered in Persia?
5-8. How did the news from Judea affect him ?
10-13. What embittered his dying hours?
14, 15. Whom did he appoint regent, and guar-
dian of his young son ?
17. Who usurped this office?
What claim had he on it? (Chap. iii. 32, 33.)
18, 10. What tower meanwhile did Judas be-
siege? (Chap. i. 33-36.)
21-27. To whom did the garrison send for assist-
ance ?
28-30. What measures did the young king take?
32. Was Judas forced to raise the siege ?
39—41. How is Eupator's army described?
34-37. What portion of it was novel and fearful
to the Jews ?
47. Could the Jewish army stand before it ?
43-46. What valiant deed is recorded of one of
the Maccabees ?
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 285
48. What city did the king then besiege ?
52-54. How was the garrison reduced ?
49 and 53. It Avould appear from these verses that the faith-
ful Jews now kept the sabbatical year, of whose observance
there are no other traces in Jewish 'history.
55, 56. What forced their foes to make a sudden
peace with the Jews ?
6], G2. Did they keep the conditions of peace?
1 :\Iacc. VII.
1-4. Who the next year seized the Syrian throne ?
Demetrius was the rightful heir ; being the son of the elder
brother of Antiochus Epiphanes.
5, 6. Who prejudiced the new king against the
Maccabees ?
8, 9. Who was consequently sent against them?
8. " Beyond the flood," — a satrap from beyond Euphrates.
9. Did Alcimus obtain the end he coveted ?
10. 11. Did Judas beUeve the professions of
Alcimus ?
13, 14. Who were deceived by them?
16. How did Alcimus reward their credulity?
23-25. Did he retain his ill-gotten power?
26. Who was now sent to crush the rebels?
S3, 34. Who vainly attempted to make peace ?
43. What was the fate of Nicanor and his army ?
50. Were the victors again molested ?
1 Macc. VIII.
1-13. What flattering accounts of the Romans
had Judas received?
14-16. What was then the Roman form of gov-
ernment ?
286 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
10, 20. How did he endeavor to secure their
alhance ?
21-28. What treaty of offence and defence was
concluded ?
31, 32. How were present troubles settled?
Was this the first connection between Judea and
Rome?
Alls. It was ; being about two hundred and thirty
years before the Romans destroyed Jerusalem.
Their present alliance does not seem to have bene-
fited the Jews.
1 Macc. IX.
1-3. Did Demetrius renew the attack upon
Judea ?
4, 5. Where were the two camps ?
6. What panic seized Judas' army ?
8, 10. How did he encourage the few faithful
ones?
14, 15. What temporary success did they meet?
16, 17. How did the invaders retrieve their loss?
18. What decided the day ?
19-22. How is the history of Judas closed?
LESSON LXXXH.
The Maccabees, Jonathan and Simon.
160-135 B.C.
1 Macc. IX.
23-27. What period of anarchy followed the
death of Judas ?
31. Who then took his place?
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 287
35, oG. How bad another of tlie fiimily lost his
hfe?
35. "Carriage," — baggage.
37-42. IIow was his death avenged ?
43-47. In Vv'hat perilous position was Jonathan
forced to fight?
48, 49. Having gained some advantage, how did
he escape without pursuit ?
50-53. What further harm did Bacchides do to
the country?
54-57. What stopped the war for two years?
58. Who persuaded Bacchides to return to Judea?
67-69. What was the result of his new expedi-
tion?
70-73. To ^A'hat treaty did his disappointment
lead?
1 Macc. X.
1, 2. In what new contest was Demetrius soon
involved ?
3, 4. How did he endeavor to propitiate the
Jews ?
7-10. What advantage did Jonathan take of this
favorable time ?
15-20. Who else sought for his alliance?
What inducements did Alexander offer ?
25-28. How did Demetrius bid yet higher for
the Jews' favor?
29-45. What were some of his extravagant
promises ?
46, 47. Which ally did Jonathan choose ?
49, 50. Which of the rivals was victorious ?
51-58. How did Alexander strengthen his cause?
288 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
59-65. How was Jonathan honored by the two
kings ?
67, 68. Was Alexander allowed to keep his
crown uncontested?
74. Did Jonathan take up arms against Deme-
trius' party?
82-84. With what success did he meet ?
88, 89. How did Alexander acknowledge his
faithful aUy?
1 IMacc. XI.
1-3. What treachery did Ptolemy practise toward
his son-in-law ?
9-12. What injuries did he heap upon him?
16, 17. What became of Alexander
19. Who succeeded to his crown?
26, 27. Did Jonathan continue in royal favor?
35. What taxes did Demetrius remit to the Jews?
28. What tribute was paid instead ?
34. Were the boundaries of the country con-
firmed ?
34. " Aphcrema," &c., — dependent cities within the pro-
vince of Samaria.
38. How did Demetrius excite the hatred of his
army?
39, 40. What rival was set up by his ill-wishers ?
44. What re-enforcement did Jonathan send to
him ?
45-47. What signal service did they render him?
53. Did Demetrius endeavor to retain this valua-
ble alliance ?
54. Who now rose against him ? (Verses 39, 40.)
Was Tryphon sincere in seeking the throne for
Antiochus? (Chap. xii. 39.)
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 289
57. How did the young king seek Jonathan's
friendship ?
GO, Gl. Was the high priest willing to take up
arms for him?
67-74. What important battle was fought near
Lake Gennesareth?
1 Macc. XII.
1,2. "WTiat alliance did Jonathan renew ?
With what other nation did he correspond ?
5-23. What epistles follow?
It is not likely that these are genuine.
35-38. How did the brothers employ an interval
of peace ?
39, 40. Why was Tryphon hostile to Jonathan ?
42-48. By what treachery was the latter taken
prisoner ?
52, 53. What was the effect of his capture ?
1 ^lACC. XIII.
1-7. What did Simon do in this emergency ?
8, 9. Was he elected in his brother's room ?
14-16. AVhat ransom did Tryphon demand for
his prisoner ?
17-19. Why did Simon comply with this treach-
erous demand?
23. What was Jonathan's fate ?
27-30. What monuments were erected to him
and his family?
31, 32. How did Tryphon's guilty ambition pros-
per?
34. To whom did the Jews turn again for pro-
tection ?
25
290 FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES.
35-40. Was Demetrius willing to renew the old
alliance ?
41, 42. AMiat marks the importance of this
treaty ?
42. "In the first year," &c.: this year was considered as
the beginning of a new era of independence.
43-48. What city did Simon capture from his
enemies ?
49-51. Of what great annoyance did he rid
Jerusalem ?
1 Macc. XIV.
1-3. Was Demetrius prosperous in his war
against Tryphon ?
4. What was the state of Judea under Simon ?
5-15. What panegyric follows ?
With whose reign does the author apparently
compare that of Simon? (Comp. verse 12 with
1 Kings iv. 25.)
lG-18. What nation renewed their league with
the Jews?
24. What present was sent to the Romans ?
25-27. What memorial was erected in Simon's
honor ?
27-40. What historical epitome did these tablets
contain ?
41-47. What honors were decreed to Simon ?
41; also chap. iv. 46. "Prophet:" the constant expectation
of the people, respecting the Messiah soon to appear, is shown
in these passages.
1 Macc. XV.
1 and 10. Who came to Judea to avenge Deme-
trius ?
FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. 291
5-9. What promises did he make while success
was doubtful ?
25-27. When prosperous, how did he treat
Sirnon ?
28-31. What demands did he make?
33, 34. Was Simon disposed to yield to his pre-
tensions ?
35. What concession did he make ?
36. Did the king accept this compromise?
37-39. What orders did he give to his lieutenant?
1 Macc. XVI.
2, 3. To whom did Simon commit the defence
of their country ?
8-10. What success attended them?
11-13. What connection of the family turned
traitor ?
14-17. How was the venerable high priest slain,
with two of his sons ?
23, 24. Which of his family succeeded him?
292
SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
The Second of Maccabees is entirely independent
of the First Book of that name; being evidently
by a different author, and written some years later.
As far as it goes, it occupies nearly the same ground,
but commences at an earlier date, and extends over
the period of fifteen years only. Its style shows it
to have been originally written in Greek ; and its
errors in dates, and mixture of legendary tales,
mark it as a work of inferior value to the First of
Maccabees.
It purports to be an abridgment of the history
written by one Jason, of Greece, of whom we know
nothing. It properly commences at chap. ii. 19,
with a short introduction by the abridger. The two
letters prefixed to it are by some other hand, and
are of no value or authenticity, — contradicting
some of the facts contained in the body of the
work. They claim to be letters sent from the Jews
of Palestine to their brethren in Egypt.
293
LESSON LXXXIII.
The Sufferings of the Jews under Seleucus and
Antiochus,
208-166 B.C.
2 Macc. II.
19-23. What does the author say of the history-
he is about to abridge ?
24-26. What incited him to this undertaking?
2 Macc. III.
1, 2. Under whose government did Jerusalem
prosper ?
3. WIio was then King of Syria ?
Seleucus Philopater, elder brother and predecessor of Antio-
chus Epiphanes.
4. Who became embittered against the high
priest ?
5. 6. What false reports did he carry to the Syrian
governor ?
7. What measure did the king take in conse-
quence ?
9. To whom did Heliodorus reveal his mission ?
10, 11. What was the foundation of Simon's re-
ports ?
12. Would Onias consent to betray his trust?
13-21. What effect was produced by the persist-
ence of Heliodorus ?
24-26. In what supernatural manner was his
extortion prevented ?
27-29. How was he affected by the vision ?
25*
294 SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES.
32. How did the high priest avert suspicion from
himself?
33, 34. What second vision appeared to Helio-
dorus ?
35. Did he give up his undertaking ?
37-39. How did he henceforth regard the temple?
2 Macc. IV.
1, 2. What version of the transaction did Simon
give?
3. To what extent did his animosity carry
him ?
4-6. To whom did Onias resolve to appeal ?
7. Who was king at this time ?
Who had meanwhile supplanted Onias at court ?
8, 9. How had Jason won the king's favor ?
12-15. How far did Jason and his followers
cany their imitation of Greek manners? (1 Macc.
i. 14.)
19. Did he even contribute to idol-worship ?
23-26. How long was it before Jason himself
was supplanted ?
How did Menelaus obtain the high priesthood ?
27, 28. Was the promised money paid ?
31, 32. The king being absent, how did Mene-
laus bribe his deputy?
33-35. How did he procure the death of the
good Onias?
How was this murder regarded by all men ?
38. Did the accomplice of Menelaus meet with
punishment ?
39. Who robbed the temple, with the high priest's
consent ?
40-42. What tumult arose from this outrapre ?
SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES. 295
44-46. How did the instigator of all these crimes
}ape justice?
47. Who suffered most unjustly in his stead ?
2 Macc. V
Chapters v., vi., and vii. are parallel in time to chapters i.
and ii. of 1 Macc, relating the outrages committed by Antio-
chus before his death ; but the incidents are not the same.
2-4. What ominous apparitions are said to have
been seen at this time ?
5-7. What disturbance arose from the king's
reported death ?
11-13. How did Antiochus punish the supposed
revolt ?
15, 16. How far did his insolence carry him?
17, 18. Why was he not repulsed like Heliodorus?
19, 20. Does the historian consider this as a mark
of rejection by God ?
22, 23. Did Judea fare better when the king
withdrew ?
27. How is Judas Maccabeus mentioned?
2 Macc. VI.
1, 2. How were the Jewish and Samaritan tem-
ples profaned ?
9-11. How were those treated who kept their
faith?
12-16. What excellent remarks upon adversity
does the author make?
18. What distinguished man was brought to the
test?
21, 22. By what subterfuge might he have es-
caped ?
24, 25. Why did he scorn such a deceit ?
30, 31. What was his heroic death?
296 SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES.
2 Macc. VII.
1. What family are related to have suffered
together ?
6, 9, and 14. With what considerations did they
encourage each other ?
20. What was their mother's conduct meanwhile ?
24. Whom did the cruel king wish to spare ?
25, 2G. What promise did he obtain from the
mother ?
28, 29. How did she counsel her son ?
31-35. What warning did this young man give
the king ?
40, 41. Were the whole family at last martyred?
What passages show the increasing belief in im-
mortality among the Jews ?
The doctrine of immortality had not been directly revealed
to the Hebrews, either by Moses or the prophets; but as their
civilization increased, and their worship became purified from
idolatry, a belief in a future state gradually grew up among
them. It was, of course, impei-fect and vague; being denied
altogether by a large portion of the nation, as we find it in
our Saviour's time.
In what terms does the writer to the Hebrews
refer to these persecutions ? (Heb. xi. 35-37.)
LESSON LXXXIV.
The Victories of Judas Maccabeus,
166-163 B.C.
2 Macc. VIII.
1. How large a host had Maccabeus collected ?
5, 6. How had they prospered in their enterprises?
SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES. 297
9. Whom did the governor of that part of Syria
send against him ?
18. In whom did the little Jewish army trust?
23. What was their watchword ?
24. Who were successful ?
27, 28. How did they regard this victory?
How was the booty divided ?
30-32. Did they meet with other successes?
35. In what disgraceful manner did Nicanor
escape ?
'D'
2 Macc. IX.
4. What vengeance was determined upon by king
Antiochus ?
5. When was he smitten by a fatal disease ?
13-17. What vows did he offer for the return of
health?
25. Finding his case hopeless, whom did he ap-
point as successor?
28. What is said of his miserable end ?
Does this account of his death agree with that in
1 Macc. vi. ?
2 Macc. X.
1, 2. How is the restoration of the temple briefly
described ?
3. How was the fire on the altar restored ?
4. What prayer was offered against the oppres-
sion of foreigners ?
7. With w^hat ceremony did the Feast of Dedi-
cation conclude ?
10. Who succeeded Antiochus Epiphanes?
12, 13. Of what had the last governor of Judea
been accused ?
298 SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES.
14. Who, more hostile to the Jews, was put in his
place ?
16 and 23. What fortresses on the border did
Judas seize?
24. What formidable encounter awaited him ?
25-28. On whom did his party rely for success ?
29, 30. In what manner are they said to have
been aided?
33-37. What became of Timotheus ?
2 ]\Iacc. XI.
1-3. What induced Lysias to attack Judea again?
8-11. How did the Jews again receive super-
natural assistance?
13, 14. What effect did these wonders naturally
have on Lysias ?
24-26. How did the king, influenced by Lysias,
change his policy ?
31. Were the Jews to be allowed the peaceable
exercise of their religion ?
34, 35. How did the Romans consent to this
arrangement ?
2 IklAcc. XII.
2. Did any of the Syrian governors neglect this
treaty ?
3, 4. What massacre was committed at Joppa?
6-9. How did Judas repay their treachery ?
10-12. With what nomadic people did he make
a treaty ?
13-28. Was he successful in all battles and
sieges ?
32-34. In what battle were some of the Jews
slain ?
SECOND BOOK OF MACCABEES. 299
39, 40. To ^Yhat was this disaster attributed ?
41, 42. What moral did Judas draw from this
circumstance ?
43-45. How did he endeavor to atone for the sin
committed ?
Another indication of the behef in a future life, that was
growing up among the Jews, with the practices naturally aris-
ing from an unenlightened belief in this momentous truth.
2 ^lAcc. XIII.
1, 2. Did the young Antiochus keep the treaty
he had made with Judea?
3-8. How did the wicked high priest Menelaus
meet his death ?
10-12. How did Judas prepare to resist the king?
13-15. What night attack did he make on the
advancing army?
18. Did this prevent a pitched battle at the time ?
22-26. How is the war briefly summed up ?
2 Macc. XIV.
3-10. What account is here given of Alcimus's
intrigues ? (1 Macc. vii. 5, 6.)
12, 13. Who was sent to restore his pretended
rights ?
18. Did Nicanor venture on a battle ?
22-24. How was a treaty concluded between him
and Judas ?
26, 27. Did this aiTangement suit his master ?
28, 29. Did Nicanor hesitate to deceive his new
friend ?
31-33. What demand did he make of the priests ?
34-36. Would they yield to this demand?
37-40. Who fell the first victim to Nicanor's rage?
300 SECOND BOOK OP MACCABEES.
2 Macc. XV.
1. Where did Judas take refuge?
2-5. In Avhat insolent manner did Nicanor treat
the Jews in his army ?
7-11. How did Judas encourage his party?
12-16. What vision did he relate to them?
17, 18. What was dearer than their lives to this
heroic band ?
22-24. With what invocation did Judas advance
to battle ?
25, 26. How is the conduct of the two armies
contrasted ?
27. What was the result?
28. Wiiat was the fate of Nicanor ?
37-39. How does the author close?
301
CLOSING NOTE.
The First Book of Maccabees concluded with the
death of Simon, the high priest. His son, John
Hyrcanus, succeeded liim, and governed for thirty
years with general prosperity. He overran Galilee,
which had been a Greek province since the time of
Alexander. This portion of the country was now
inhabited, like Judea, by the descendants of Judah
and Benjamin ; while the mixed race called Sama-
ritans, regarded by the Jews with hatred and con-
tempt, continued to possess the central portions of
Palestine.
In the time of Hyrcanus, the rival sects of Phari-
sees and Sadducees began to be conspicuous. He
was succeeded by his son Aristobulus, who assumed
the title of king ; and, from this time, the glory of
the Asmonean name was quenched. Discords and
family feuds marked the ensuing reigns, until the
powerful Roman nation, called in to decide between
two rival brothers, made Judea tributary to itself,
about 65 B. C. ; nor was its independence ever
regained. The Romans placed Hyrcanus on the
throne, a feeble prince, who held it nominally; while,
in reality, an Idumean named Antipater, who had
acquired high favor with the Romans, governed the
country. At last, in the year 37 B.C., the Jewish
royalty was transferred from the family which had
302 CLOSING NOTE.
held it so long, to a son of Antipater, — Herod,
called the Great, who married a daughter of the As-
monean family. Herod reigned with much magnifi-
cence ; but his life was stained with atrocious crimes.
Shortly before his death, the history of the New
Testament commences with the event for which
the world had waited so long, and for which these
earlier dispensations had but prepared the way, —
the coming of the Son of God.
THE END.
J
TABLES.
NAMES OP MONTHS IN THE HEBREW TEAR.
Nisan, or Abib, commencing about
of our .
Ijar, or Zif .
Si van
Thamuz
Ab . . .
Elul .
Tisri, or Ethanim
Marchesvan, or Bui
Chisleu .
Tebeth
Shebat
Adar .
the middle
. March.
April.
. May.
June.
. . . July.
August.
. September.
October.
. November.
December.
. January.
February.
HEBREW MEASURES OP LENGTH.
ft. in.
Palm 0 3.6
Span ' . . 0 10.9
Cubit 1 9.8
Fathom 7 3.5
MUes. Paces.
An Eastern Mile . . . . . . .1 400
Day's Journey 33 172
Sabbath-day's Journey 0 729
304 TABLES.
VALUE OF HEBREW MONEY.
Gerah $0.02.5
Bekah 0.25
Shekel 0.50
Mina 25.00
Silver Talent 1,505.00
Gold Talent 24,305.00
HEBREW IiIEASURES.
TVine Measure.
gal. pt.
Log 0 0.08
Cab 0 3.3
Hin 12
Seah 2 4
Bath 7 4
Cor, or Homer 75 5
HEBREW WEIGHTS.
Troy-weicrht.
lb. oz. dwt. gr.
Gerah 0 0 0 12
Bekah 0 0 5 0
Shekel 0 0 10 0
Maneh 2 6 0 0
Talent 125 0 0 0
Ui
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