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INDEX

RADIO AGE, 1941-1952

( Volumes I throngh XI)

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Article
Number Year

1 Adventures on ths Air by H. B. Summers

[April] 1943

2 Adventures in Marketing by Frank M. Folsom

[January] 1948

3 Advertisi)ig in the Public Interest by Niles

Trammel! [January] 1947

4 A. E. C. — Facsimile Equipment at Oak Ridge

[January] 1951

5 Africa — Market of the Future by B. F. Moore,

Jr. [July] 1950

6 A. I. E. E. — Address: Radio Station Protec-

tion (Arthur Van Dyck) [April] 1951

7 Air Conditioners [January] 1952

8 Air Conditioners and Dehumidifiers Marketed

by RCA [April] 1952

9 Alert Receiver [January] 1951

10 Allocations, World Conference on Radio by

Philip F. Siling [October] 1947

11 Aviahl and the Night Visitors — First TV

Opera [January] 1952

12 America Moves Steadily Toward Goal of

Equal Opportunity for All (address by
Walter A. Buck to Urban League) [April] 1952
12ei. American Inventory [October] 1952

13 Amplifier— liBC Field Pickup [October] 1950

14 An Exciting Era Ahead by Thomas F. Joyce

[October] 1944

15 Anniversary Dinner, 25th [January] 1945

16 Announcer Training by Patrick J. Kelly [Oc-

tober] 1949

17 Antenaplex [January] 1950

18 Antenaplex on Luxury Liners [April] 1950

19 Antenaplex, Pottsville, Penn. [July] 1951

19a. Antenaplex, Laconic, .V. H. [October] 1052

20 Antenna, Calculates ... Design [October]... 1945

21 Antenna, Empire State [April] 1950

22 Antenna, Empire State-WNBT [July] 1951

23 Antenna, Neiv Television [October] 1945

24 Antenna, New Television [July] 1946

25 Antenna, Pylon . . . for FM (W. W. Watts

address) [October] 1946

26 Antenna, Reduces Interference, Television

[April] 1949

27 Antenna, Tilted, Increases UHF Signals

[July] 1951

28 Antennas, Better Television (J. B. Elliott

address) [April] 1946

29 Antennas, Point Ahead by Dr. George H.

Brown [April] 1944

80 Army Takes the Air by William Burke Miller

(January) 1943

31 Army-Navy "E" Is Won by RCAM Plant

[October] 1942

32 ASCAP: Close Harmony [October] 1941

Article
Number Tear

33 Atomic Display — Radio Message Circles Globe

[July] 1951

34 Atom's Challenge, The, by David Sarnoff

[July] 1946

35 Audience Research: Critics by Request by

Hugh M. Seville, Jr. [October] 1946

36 Auditions for Servicemen [October] 1945

37 Aurora Spells Radio Trouble [October] 1941

38 Australia: Pacific Link [January] 1942

38a."Autronic Eye" [October] 1952

39 Aviation SO Years Ago, Radio and, by George

H. Clark [July] 1942

40 Batteries with Long-Life [July] 1952

41 Beat the Promise by Thomas F. Joyce [Octo-

ber] 1941

42 "Berkshire." Introducing the [October] 1947

43 Beverage, Signal Corps Honors, RCAC [July] 1944

44 Bikini, Electronics at, by Dr. Arthur F. Van

Dvck [October] 1946

45 Bloomington: RCA to Open New Plant [July] 1949

46 Blue in New Offices [July] 1942

47 "Blue Network Company, Inc." [January] . . 1942

48 Blue Network: Daytime Programs Change by

Edgar Kobak [July] 1943

49 Blue Netivork Sale Announced by RCA [Octo-

ber] 1943

50 Blue, New Ideas Come Out of the, by Edgar

Kobak [October] 1942

51 Blue, New Offices for [April] 1942

52 Blue Tries New Program Ideas by Philips

Carlin [January] 1943

53 Boca Raton Convention [January] 1952

54 Bond Sales, $10,303,600 in [October] 1942

55 Boston Symphony on Blue [January] 1943

56 Bottling Machine Speeds Handling of Milk

Containers [July] 1952

57 Bound Brook — Home of NBC Shortwave Sta-

tion [July] 1952

58 Box-Offices, NBC Operates One of World's

Biggest, by Peter M. Tintle [April] 19.52

59 Brand Names Are Trusted by Frank M. Fol-

som [April] 1948

60 BrazU TV Station [April] 1950

61 British Technical Mission Visits RCA (photo

layout) [January] 1944

62 Broadcasting, 18 Years in, by Niles Trammell

[October] 1944

63 Broadcasting, Plant, by David J. Finn [April] 1944

64 Broadcasting Station, Midget (George Mc-

El rath address) [April] 1948

65 Broadway Play Given Try-Out [January] . . 1943

Ar*iett

Sumber Ymar

S6 Buck Sleczed F'-^sxaenz of Sa&rmarinB

[April: 194S

6? Buck. W -titer A. ^Addrss 'tn Urbaa LeaguE)

[Ajirr 1352

58 Biuiding SumiBi Resota-ces by W. B. Dominick

[JaiyI 1344

59 Cakm Elected ECA Dvndar, John T. IJxtLfi
70 Camdai: Plant Wins "S" WUh Star [Janu-
ary! ■_•

7X Canada Sas y^Tc Raaio Voics [Jtdyl

72 Canada -'Operation TV" [JuIyT

73 Canada P-roduces for War, BCA. in (pfartB

lavtrar) [JuIyT

73a. Canada. Television at, by F. H. Deakzos [Octn-

berT

T4 Canada.- ^" ""' i — yarth of the Border

by A. L -I

75 Ct"-'— .,: ^.. elected Seervtarg of RCA

78
79
30

2S.
33
S4

92
93

94
9S

98
99

100
101

102

"L . _ . :7' "WCC" by George Clarfc [Octo-

berj

Chatham. Mass„ Scenes frrm Radio Tmns-

■miiting and Receiving Stations WCC-WIM

( phoro layonr't rJannaryl

Chatham: ^Tew TmnsTnitter BmLding Erected

frrr Station WCC [JannaryT

ChejKisrry Aids War Work hy Oiffirrd Edfi-

son [CcroberT

Chess by Radio [TairaaryT

China. RCA T^-'msTnitiers in [Jannaryl

C' ~ Txbe P'.ant [JuiyJ

C se WzTting_ System [QcluLecI . . .

C "sd Radios [Apiill

'-] :io Plan [TniyT

( _ . - -• for TV iicenery Designers by

Aibenr W. ProTzman [OcKiberT

Color Television ■ see ander TELEVISION"!
Communications — Kay ta Victory by David.

Samoff [AarirT

CommuTtications. Jdoderrtized . . . Calls far

TmiTied Perrsoimei by Eari TTa^-fc- [AbtiII.
Communications Secrecy by Ray Hntcbeais

[ArrcTT

ComTnunicatiorns' System Speeds Inventories

r.TannaryT

Communicatians with Wings by H. M- Hncke

[ApruT

C--,y'-s-'. — ;.yi ~,.-.'"t/to FTtliyl

C '.TV 'and Radio Plan by

_- - "- „-^fw fAprilT

Conner, eloanng Broadcaster [Anril!

Course. A J,.-Foid Refresher by E.' A. LaDort

[Aarill ! 7. . .

Crystal BotUeneck Broken. RaiBo, by TTarry

EL L€FZwy rOctoberl

Crystal Police the Ether by E. IL WasMram

[Aprill

Cuba, yew TV Station in ZAgriLJ

Custom Recording by James P. Davis [Octn-

berl

1946

1943
1945
ISSO

1944

1952

1943

1952

1942

1949

19^

1943
1948
1945
1951
1951
194T
19<^

1952

T349

194S

1943

1950

1945
1952

1952
1952

1946

1943

1950

lasz

1951

Dakar Cb ' - -, - . ^— •- j942

Dealers ar -2SS to VAHT) A

i.Jnsepnl _— —rj-J 1951

Dehumidirierrs Marketed by RCA, Air Candid

turners and [AprilT 1952

Article
y^xmber Year

103 Distribution Costs Sought, Lower, by E. W.

Brnier [July] 1943

104 Z?ts— - - - Hadenu by Frank ML Folsom

: 1947

105 ZTti-T Outlets, Buffalo amd Rochester

[Ocrooer] 1950

106 Dominican TV Installation [Jannaryl 1952

107 Drive-In Mjvi^s [October] 1946

108 Drive-In Theatres by if. F. Bennett [October] 1349

109 Dumont Patient Litigation Settled [July] .... 1950
HO Duo-Cone Speaker by Dr. H. F. Olson and

J. Preston [Ocraber] 1946

111 Echoes Made to Order [October] 1946

112 Ecuador: yavr Radio Circuit Opens [July]. . 1343

113 Education by Radio bv Sterling W. Fisher

[April] 1949

114 Education. Radio in. bv Tbomas D, Hisbworti

[jTiIy] .' 1942

114a. Election yight. Operation [October] 1952

115 Electron Micro-Analyzer: Device Identifies

Atoms [Jannary] 1944

116 Electron Microscope Advances [Jaanary] . . . 1943

117 Electron Microscope Aids Dentistry [January] 1945
US Electron Microscope and Cancer Research

[JannaryT ....." 1950

119 Electron Microscope: Deeper inta the Un-

knotvn [Jannary] 1946

120 Electron Microscope: Wood Research Aided

[January] 1947

"t'"'i Electron Microscope Improved (Dn James

ELIlier address I [January] 194S

122 Electrorn Microscope in Industry by Panl A.

Greenmeyer [April] 1949

123 Electron Microscope in yew Fields by Dr.

V. SL Zworykin [.Jannary] 1942

124 Electron Microscope : Penetrating yew Worlds

[October] 1941

125 Electron Microscope: Progress by Dr. James

Hillier rADrilj 1948

126 EHectron Microscope "Shadow" Unit [October] 1951

127 Electron Microscope Table Model [JtiIv] 1950

128 Electron Microscove — Tissue Research [Octo-

ber] " 1950

129 Electron Microscove: Two yew Microscopes

by Perry C. Snutb [July] 1944

130 Electron Microscope, 20oih [Jannary] 1947

131 Electron Microscopes Abroad (ifeade Bmnet

address) [July] 1948

132 Electronic Bean-Sorters by M. J. Carroll

[April] 1946

133 Electramc Cloak, RCA Laboratories Develops

[October] 1942

134 Electronic Computer [January] 1951

135 Electrons Make Patterns by Dr. James Hillier

[Ocrofaer] 1945

136 Empire State. Antenna Changes [April] .... 1950

137 Engineering Advances. Human, by Forrest

H. Kirkpatrick [July] 1942

138 Engineering Virtues by Alfred N". Goldsmith

[April] 1942

139 Engsrirom — ^Address to Colmnbia University

[July] 1951

140 Engstrom, — Address to Drexel Instrtnte [Jan-

uary] 1952

141 Engstrom, — Promotion [October] 1951

142 Engstrom: Research Director [January] . . . 1944

143 European Outlook Brighter (^Samoff state-

ments [April] 1949

144 Export Radios, Designing, by John Vassoa

[July] 1949

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Article
Number Year

224 "Liberty" Ships Reactivated by Radiomarine

[July] 1951

225 Lifeboat Radio, New, by Charles J. Pannill

[April] 1945

226 Lifeboat Set Saves 8U, RCA [July] 1943

227 Listening in from "Middle of Nowhere" by

Lt. Robert Sarnoff [October] 1943

228 Listening Post [October] 1941

229 Loran, Navigating by, by Charles J. Pannill

[July] 1946

230 "Macbeth Sets Video Record" [July] 1949

231 MacLeish Series on NBC [April] 1944

232 "Magic Brain" [October] 1941

233 Magnetron, The, by Dr. J. S. Donal, Jr. [Octo-

ber] 1947

234 Making People Shockproof by Clarence L.

Menser [April] 1942

235 Man and Science by David Sarnoff [July] . . . 1949

236 Marconi Anniversary [January] 1952

237 Marck— Great Voices Brought To Life [April] 1951

238 Marek — Nostalgia and Old Records [January] 1952

239 McConnell — Address to North Carolina Bar

Association [July] 1952

240 McConnell — Address to South Carolina

Broadcasters Association [October] 1950

241 McConnell Elected RCA Executive Vice Presi-

dent, J. H. [July] 1949

242 McConnell — Year-End Statement 1951 [Jan-

uary] 1952

243 Messengers: Fast, Reliable, Colorful [Octo-

ber] 1945

244 Metal Detector: Hidden Particles Detected

[April] 1946

245 Metal Detectors in Industry by W. H. Bohlke

[October] 1947

246 Metal Detectors — Lost Coins [October] 1950

247 Metal Detectors— Utility Series [October] . . . 1951

248 Metal Kinescope, Praises 16-Inch (L. W. Tee-

garden statement) [April] 1949

249 Mexicana, Victor S. A. [October] 1949

250 Mexican TV Station Planned [January] 1952

251 Microphone "Starmaker" [October] 1950

252 Microphones— 1920 to 19i8 by T. A. Smith

[July] 1948

253 "Microstick" TV Ruler [July] 1950

254 Military Preparedness by W. W. Watts (Oc-

tober) 1950

255 Monroe: Sings at 300 Rallies [January] 1943

256 Monroe Starts New Rally Series, Lucy [Octo-

ber) 1943

257 Morgenthau, Praise from [July] 1943

258 Mossman, Donald P., Jr.. Cited for Contribu-

tions to Defense [April] 1952

258a. "Mothball Fleet", Radio Technicians Go to

Work on the, by Forrest H. Flanders [July] 1951

259 Movies As You Ride [April] 1947

260 Multiplex: 8 Messages— 1 Transmitter [July] 1945

261 Mtdtiplier Phototube (1P21) Aids Atomic Re-

search [April] 1950

262 Midtiplier Phototube Scintillation Counter

[January] 1950

263 Music America Loves Best, RCA Presents

[April] 1944

264 Music Critics Circle in Symphony Award

[July] 1944

265 Music in Industry [April] 1942

266 Music Is a War Weapon by William R. Seth,

Jr. [July] 1945

267 Music, Mood . . . Selecting for TV Programs

[April] 1952

Article j^

Number Year

268 NARDA— Address by J. B. Elliott [January] 1951

269 N.C.A.C. Formed: Sell Service (Niles Tram-

mell statement) [January] 1942

270 Navy "E" Won by RCAM [April] 1942

271 Navy "Whips" at RCA Victor [April] 1943

NBC:

272 Adult Educational Series [April] 1951

273 Appointments — iVi7es Trammell and Joseph

H. McConnell [October] 1949

274 Awards 6 Fellowships by Dr. James Row-

land Angell [July] 1944

275 Barrymore and Shakespeare [October] . . . 1950

276 Boca Raton Convention [January] 1952

277 Boca Raton UHF Demonstration [January] 1952

278 Box-Offices, . . . Operates One of World's

Biggest by Peter M. Tintle [April] 1952

279 Builds Its Audience by Jean E. Harstone

[October] 1943

280 "CHIMES" Official [April] 1950

281 Design for TV by Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr.

[January] 1951

282 Diary of a TV Set Designer by Tom Jewett

[January] 1952

283 Documentaries Extended [April] 1949

284 Dramatizes Home Life [January] 1945

285 Election Coverage — 1952 [January] 1952

286 First TV Opera [January] 1952

287 "Great Escape, The"— TV Production— hy

Robert J. Wade [July] 1951

288 Heads Visit Fronts by Niles Trammell

[January] 1944

289 in Teaching Project [July] 1944

290 Invasion Reports Win Acclaim by William

F. Brooks [July] 1944

291 Makes Changes in Executive Staff [Octo-

ber] 1947

292 Network Policies Revised (Niles Trammell

statement) [April] 1945

293 New Studios [January] 1942

293a. Opera Telecast Announced [October] .... 1952

294 Outlines New Policies (William F. Brooks

statement) [July] 1945

295 Prepares for Conventions [April] 1948

296 Production Facilities Department by Robert

J. Wade [July] 1950

297 Program Quality Citations [July] 1950

298 Recording Studio Produces Army Series

[July] 1944

299 Reporters Cover the War by Clarence L.

Menser [October] 1942

300 San Francisco: Opens New Radio City by

Sidney N. Strotz [July] 1942

301 Sets Up Planning Group by William S.

Hedges [January] 1946

302 Silver Jubilee [July] 1951

303 Statio7is Lead in Listening Habits Poll

[January] 1945

304 Students in NBC Competition by Dr. James

R. Angell [April] 1947

305 Studio S-H Rebuilt [January] 1951

306 Studio 8-H Rebuilt by NBC [April] 1942

307 Three Universities Plan Radio Institutes

[April] 1944

308 Tours, 25,000 Servicemen Take Free [Oc-

tober] 1942

309 Trains Employees for Careers by Ernest de

la Ossa [July] 1949

310 TV "Armed Forces" Program [October] . . 1949

311 TV Expansions New Studios [October] . 1950

312 TV Expansion Plans — White Sidphur

Springs Convention [October] 1950

313 TV Network Additions [October] 1949

314 TV Network Additions [January] 1950

Article
Number Year

315 TV Network Additions [October] 1950

316 University of the Air Opens by Dr. James

R. Angell and Sterling Fisher [July] . . . 1942

317 U. N. Project [October] 19-19

317a. West Coast TV Center [October] 1952

318 Year-End Statement (Joseph H. McCon-

nell) [January] 1950

319 Netherlands TEX Inaugurated [Ju\y] 1950

320 New Era in Radio Comynunications by David

Sarnoff [January] 1945

321 New Role Seen for Radio (David Sarnoff

statement) [July] 1943

322 "Nipper" Listens In by J. W. Murray [Octo-

ber] 1944

323 Nuclear Radiation Counter — Multiplier Pho-

totube [January] 1950

324 Nitclear Radiation^Tube Type IPSI [April] 1950

325 Occupied Nations Hear NBC [October] 1943

326 "One World" Honor (David Sarnoff) [April] 1945

327 Opera, First TV [January] 1952

327a. Opera Telecasts Announced [October] 1952

828 Orchestras of the Nation [January] 1945

329 Outlook for the Radio Industry by David Sar-
noff [July] 1947

830 OWI Uses Recording Units [October] 1943

831 Pack Transmitters Grow Smaller [October] . 1948

332 Pandora, Training for by J. F. Rigby [Octo-

ber] 1946

333 Pandora Plan, The by Thompson H. Mitchell

[July] 1946

334 Paris: Ceremonies Open New Broadcast Fa-

cilities [January] 1948

335 Pasteurizing Milk by Radio [October] 1947

336 Patent Laio Association (address by E. C.

Anderson) [April] 1951

337 Peace in a Changing World by David Sarnoff

(Phi Beta Kappa) [January] 1949

338 Penicillin, New Systeyn for [January] 1945

339 Penicillin Production, Aids [July] 1944

340 "Personal" Receiver— Neiv Portable [July] . . 1952

341 Personnel Aims Outlined by Forrest H. Kirk-

patrick [October] 1943

342 Phonograph Comes Back by Frank B. Walker

[January] 1942

342a. Phonograph Comes of Age [April] 1950

343 Phonograph Records Make Strong Comeback

in 1951 by L. W. Kanaga [April] 1952

344 Phonograph with three speeds [July] 1952

345 Phosphors Brighten Radio Picture by H. W.

Leverenz [October] 1943

346 Photometer: Measures Light of Faintest Stars

[October] 1947

847 Photophone at Warhv Barton Kreuzcr [April] 1944

348 Pipe Line Project by H. C. Edgar [January] 1952

349 Plane-to-Shore Message Service Opened

[July] 1947

350 Plastics, Electronics Expand Horizon for

[January] 1944

351 Plastics, Radio and Television Use by J. A.

Milling [April] 1947

352 Pocket Ear, The [January] 1947

353 Police Radio, Richmond, Va. Installs 2-Way

[October] 1948

354 Portugal: RFE Station Transmitters Sup-

plied by RCA [July] 1952

355 Pottsville, Pa. Installs Community Antenaplex

System for TV [July] 1951

356 Production Feat, RCA [April] 1943

357 Production Ideas, 50,000 [July] 1944

A rtiele
Number Year

358 Production, Radio Sets in by Frank M. Folsom

[October] 1945

359 Production Wins 3 Awards [October] 1943

359a. P)-o(ii(c(s and People, Moving, by Richard C.

Colton [July] 1950

360 Programs by Documentation [April] 1948

361 Programs Possible", "Finest (NBC — 15th

Anniversary) [January] 1012

362 Purchase Agreement, Post-War [April] .... 1943

362a. Quality Testing Laboratory at Broivns Mills,

N. J. by William J. Zaun [October] 1952

363 "Quick And The Dead" — Recorded Radio

Drama [April] 1951

364 Radar in Aviation by H. M. Hucke (AJtim-

eters-Loran) [January] 1946

365 Radar, Map-Making by [July] 1947

366 Radar, Netv . . . Has 200-Milc Range [July] 1952

367 Radar, Praise for [July] 1918

368 Radar, School for [Octohcr'] 1947

369 Radar, Ship . . . Tested by Charles J. Pannill

[January] 1947

370 Radar, The Story of by Dr. Irving Wolff [Oc-

tober] 1945

371 Radar, Tugboat [October] 1948

372 Radar — Wartime Miracle of Radio [July] . . . 1943

373 Radiation Counter Safeguards Workers [Jan-

uary] 1950

374 Radio Across the Atlantic by George H. Clark

[October] 1941

375 Radio at Sea [October] 1941

376 Radio at the Ready: 19il-i2 by David Sarnoff

[January] 1942

377 Radio Communications and its Import in

International Relations by David Sarnoff
[October] 1946

378 Radio Communications and Weather Analysis

[April] 1950

379 Radio Executives Club — Marconi Anniversary

[January] 1952

380 Radio Free Europe Station at Portugal [July] 1952

381 Radio Heat Seals Plastics by Wiley D. Wenger

[October] 1946

382 Radio in 19i5-i6 (David Sarnoff statement)

[January] 1946

383 Radio in 19J,6-i7 by David Sarnoff [January] 1947

384 Radio in 19J,8-Jf9 by David Sarnoff [January] 1949

385 Radio Links All Nations by Thompson H.

Mitchell [October] 1944

386 Radio on the High Seas by Charles J. Pannill

[October] 1944

387 Radio on the "Rack" [July] 1943

388 Radio, New Advances in . . . Foreseen (C. B.

Jolliffe statement) [April] 1945

389 Radio Relays Surmount Storms [April] 1948

390 Radio Reports the War by William F. Brooks

[October] 1943

391 Radio Revieto and a 19i8 Preview by David

Sarnoff [January] 1948

392 Radio 'Round the Earth by Jay D. Cook

[October] 1944

393 Radio "7 Miles Up", Testing [July] 1943

394 Radio, Social Aspects of bv Frank E. Mullen

[October] ." 1944

395 Radio Vital to Victory by James G. Harbord

[January] 1944

396 Radio Wins High Tribute [April] 1943

396a. i?nrfio Workshop Begins Tenth Year by

Thomas C. McCray [October] ". 1952

397 Radiomarine Awarded "M" [April] 1943

Article
Number Year

224 "Liberty" Skips Reactivated by Radiomanne

[July] 1951

225 Lifeboat Radio, New, by Charles J. Pannill

[April] 1945

226 Lifeboat Set Saves 8i, RCA [July] 1943

227 Listening in from "Middle of Nowhere" by

Lt. Robert Sarnoff [October] 1943

228 Listening Post [October] 1941

229 Loran, Navigating by, by Charles J. Pannill

[July] 1946

230 "Macbeth Sets Video Record" [July] 1949

231 MacLeish Series on NBC [April] 1944

232 "Magic Brain" [October] 1941

233 Magnetron, The, by Dr. J. S. Donal, Jr. [Octo-

ber] 1947

234 Making People Shockproof by Clarence L.

Menser [April] 1942

235 Man and Science by David Sarnoff [July] . . . 1949

236 Marconi Anniversary [January] 1952

237 Marek— Great Voices Brought To Life [April] 1951

238 Marek — Nostalgia and Old Records [January] 1952

239 McConnell — Address to North Carolina Bar

Association [July] 1952

240 McConnell — Address to South Carolina

Broadcasters Association [October] 1950

241 McConnell Elected RCA Executive Vice Presi-

dent, J. H. [July] 1949

242 McConnell — Year-End Statement 1951 [Jan-

uary] 1952

243 Messengers: Fast, Reliable, Colorful [Octo-

ber] 1945

244 Metal Detector: Hidden Particles Detected

[April] 1946

245 Metal Detectors in Industry by W. H. Bohlke

[October] 1947

246 Metal Detectors — Lost Coins [October] 1950

247 Metal Detectors— Utility Series [October] . . . 1951

248 Metal Kinescope, Praises IG-Inch (L. W. Tee-

garden statement) [April] 1949

249 Mexicana, Victor S. A. [October] 1949

250 Mexican TV Station Planned [January] 1952

251 Microphone "Starmaker" [October] 1950

252 Microphones — 1920 to 191,8 by T. A. Smith

[July] 1948

253 "Microstick" TV Ruler [July] 1950

254 Military Preparedness by W. W. Watts (Oc-

tober) 1950

255 Monroe: Sings at 300 Rallies [January] 1943

256 Mo7iroe Starts New Rally Series, Lucy [Octo-

ber) 1943

257 Morgenthau, Praise from [July] 1943

258 Mossman, Donald P., Jr., Cited for Contribu-

tions to Defense [April] 1952

25Sa. "Mothball Fleet", Radio Technicians Go to

Work on the, by Forrest H. Flanders [July] 1951

259 Movies As You Ride [April] 1947

260 Multiplex: 8 Messages — ; Transmitter [July] 1945

261 Multiplier Phototube (1P21) Aids Atomic Re-

search [April] 1950

262 Multiplier Phototube Scintillation Counter

[January] 1950

263 Music America Loves Best, RCA Presents

[April] 1944

264 Music Critics Circle in Symphony Award

[July] 1944

265 Music in Industry [April] 1942

266 Music Is a War Weapon by William R. Seth,

Jr. [July] 1945

267 Music, Mood . . . Selecting for TV Programs

[April] 1952

Article NT

Number Year

268 NARDA— Address by J. B. Elliott [January] 1951

269 N.C.A.C. Formed: Sell Service (Niles Tram-

mell statement) [January] 1942

270 Navy "E" Won by RCAM [April] 1942

271 Navy "Whips" at RCA Victor [April] 1943

NBC:

272 Adult Educational Series [April] 1951

273 Appointments — Niles Trammell and Joseph

H. McConnell [October] 1949

274 Awards 6 Fellowships by Dr. James Row-

land Angell [July] 1944

275 Barrymore and Shakespeare [October] . . . 1950

276 Boca Raton Convention [January] 1952

277 Boca Raton UHF Demonstration [January] 1952

278 Box-Offices, . . . Operates One of World's

Biggest by Peter M. Tintle [April] 1952

279 Builds Its Audience by Jean E. Harstone

[October] 1943

280 "CHIMES" Official [April] 1950

281 Design for TV by Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr.

[January] 1951

282 Diary of a TV Set Designer by Tom Jewett

[January] 1952

283 Documentaries Extended [April] 1949

284 Dramatizes Home Life [January] 1945

285 Election Coverage — 1952 [January] 1952

286 First TV Opera [January] 1952

287 "Great Escape, The"— TV Production—by

Robert J. Wade [July] 1951

288 Heads Visit Fronts by Niles Trammell

[January] 1944

289 in Teaching Project [July] 1944

290 Invasion Reports Win Acclaim by William

F. Brooks [July] 1944

291 Makes Changes in Executive Staff [Octo-

ber] 1947

292 Network Policies Revised (Niles Trammell

statement) [April] 1945

293 New Studios [January] 1942

293a. Opera Telecast Announced [October] .... 1952

294 Outlines Nexv Policies (William F. Brooks

statement) [July] 1945

295 Prepares for Conventions [April] 1948

296 Production Facilities Department by Robert

J. Wade [July] 1950

297 Program Quality_ Citations [July] 1950

298 Recording Stttdio Produces Army Series

[July] 1944

299 Reporters Cover the War by Clarence L.

Menser [October] 1942

300 San Francisco: Opens New Radio City by

Sidney N. Strotz [July] 1942

301 Sets Up Planning Group by William S.

Hedges [January] 1946

302 Silver Jubilee [July] 1951

303 Stations Lead in Listening Habits Poll

[January] 1945

304 Students in NBC Competition by Dr. James

R. Angell [April] 1947

305 Studio S-H Rebuilt [January] 1951

306 Studio 8-H Rebuilt by NBC [April] 1942

307 Three Universities Plan Radio Institutes

[April] 1944

308 Tours, 25,000 Servicemen Take Free [Oc-

tober] 1942

309 Trains Employees for Careers by Ernest de

la Ossa [July] 1949

310 TV "Armed Forces" Program [October] . . 1949

311 TV Expansions New Studios [October] . 1950

312 TV Expansion Plans — White Sulphur

Springs Convention [October] 1950

313 TV Network Additions [October] 1949

314 TV Network Additions [January] 1950

Article
Nujnber Year

315 TV Nettvork Additions [October] 1950

316 University of the Air Opens by Dr. James

R. Angell and Sterling Fisher [July] . . . 1942

317 U. N. Project [October] 1949

317a. West Coast TV Center [October] 1952

318 Year-End Statement (Joseph H. McCon-

nell) [January] 1950

319 Netherlands TEX Inaugurated [July] 1950

320 Nf 11' Era in Radio Comminiications by David

Sarnoff [January] 1945

321 New Role Seen for Radio (David Sarnoff

statement) [July] 1943

322 "Nipper" Listens In by J. W. Murray [Octo-

ber] 1944

323 Nuclear Radiation Counter — Multiplier Pho-

totube [January] 1950

324 Nuclear Radiation— Tube Type 1P21 [April] 1950

325 Occupied Nations Hear NBC iOctoh^r'^ 1943

326 "One World" Honor (David Sarnoff) [April] 1945

327 Opera, First TV [January] 1952

327a. Opera Telecasts Announced [October] 1952

828 Orchestras of the Nation [January] 1945

329 Outlook for the Radio Industry by David Sar-

noff [July] 1947

330 OWI Uses Recording Units [October] 1943

331 Pack Transmitters Grow Smaller [October] . 1948

332 Pandora, Training for by J. F. Rigby [Octo-

ber] 1946

833 Pandora Plan, The by Thompson H. Mitchell

[July] 1946

334 Paris: Ceremonies Open New Broadcast Fa-

cilities [January] 1948

335 Pasteurizing Milk by Radio [October] 1947

336 Patent Law Association (address by E. C.

Anderson) [April] 1951

337 Peace in a Changing World by David Sarnoff

(Phi Beta Kappa) [January] 1949

338 Penicillin, New System for [January] 1945

339 Penicillin Production, Aids [July] 1944

340 "Personal" Receiver — Netv Portable [July] . . 1952

341 Personnel Aims Outlined by Forrest H. Kirk-

patrick [October] 1943

342 Phonograph Comes Back by Frank B. Walker

[January] 1942

342a. Phonograph Comes of Age [April] 1950

343 Phonograph Records Make Strong Comeback

in 1951 by L. W. Kanaga [April] 1952

344 Phonograph with three speeds [July] 1952

345 Phosphors Brighten Radio Picture by H. W.

Leverenz [October] 1943

346 Photometer : Measures Light of Faintest Stars

[October] 1947

347 PAofop/ione at TFar by Barton Kreuzcr [April] 1944

348 Pipe Line Project by H. C. Edgar [January] 1952

349 Plane-to-Shore Message Service Opened

[July] 1947

350 Plastics, Electronics Expand Horizon for

[January] 1944

351 Plastics, Radio and Television Use by J. A.

Milling [April] 1947

352 Pocket Ear, The [January] 1947

353 Police Radio, Richmond, Va. Installs 2-Way

[October] 1948

354 Portugal: RFE Station Transmitters Sup-

plied by RCA [July] 1952

355 Pottsville, Pa. Installs Community Antenaplex

System for TV [Julv] 1951

356 Production Feat, RCA [April] 1943

357 Production Ideas, 50,000 [July] 1944

Article
Number Year

358 Production, Radio Sets in by Frank M. Folsom

[October] 1945

359 Production Wins 3 Awards [October] 1943

359a. Products and People, Moving, by Richard C.

Colton [July] 1950

360 Programs by Docximentation [April] 1948

361 Programs Possible", "Finest (NBC — 15th

Anniversary) [January] 1942

362 Purchase Agreement, Post-War [April] 1943

362a. Quality Testing Laboratory at Browns Mills,

N. J. by William J. Zaun [October] 1952

363 "Quick A7td The Dead" — Recorded Radio

Drama [April] 1951

364 Radar in Aviation by H. M. Hucke (Altira-

eters-Loran) [January] 1946

365 Radar, Map-Making by [July] 1947

366 Radar, New . . . Has 200-Mile Range [July] 1952

367 Radar, Praise for [July] 1918

368 Radar, School for [October] 1947

369 Radar, Ship . . . Tested by Charles J. Pannill

[January] 1947

370 Radar, The Story of by Dr. Irving Wolff [Oc-

tober] 1945

371 Radar, Tugboat [October] 1948

372 Radar — Wartime Miracle of Radio [July] . . . 1943

373 Radiation Counter Safeguards Workers [Jan-

uary] 1950

374 Radio Across the Atlantic by George H. Clark

[October] 1941

375 Radio at Sea [October] 1941

376 Radio at the Ready: 19il-iS by David Sarnoff

[January] 1942

377 Radio Communications and its Import in

International Relations by David Sarnoff
[October] 1946

378 Radio Communications and Weather Analysis

[April] 1950

379 Radio Executives Club — Marconi Anniversary

[January] 1952

380 Radio Free Europe Station at Portugal [July] 1952

381 Radio Heat Seals Plastics by Wiley D. Wenger

[October] 1946

382 Radio in 19i5-i6 (David Sarnoff statement)

[January] 1946

383 Radio in 19i6-i7 by David Sarnoff [January] 1947

384 Radio in 19J,8-J,9 by David Sarnoff [January] 1949

385 Radio Links All Nations by Thompson H.

Mitchell [October] 1944

386 Radio on the High Seas by Charles J. Pannill

[October] 1944

387 Radio on the "Rack" [July] 1943

388 Radio, New Advances in . . . Foreseen (C. B.

Jolliffe statement) [April] 1945

389 Radio Relays Surmount Storms [April] 1948

390 Radio Reports the War by William F. Brooks

[October] 1943

391 Radio Review and a 19i8 Preview by David

Sarnoff [Januarv] 1948

392 Radio 'Round the Earth by Jay D. Cook

[October] 1944

393 Radio "7 Miles Up", Testing [July] 1943

394 Radio, Social Aspects of bv Frank E. Mullen

[October] 1944

395 Radio Vital to Victory by James G. Harbord

[Januarv] 1944

396 Radio Wins High Tribute [April] 1943

396a. Radio Workshop Begins Tenth Year by

Thomas C. McCrav [October] 1952

397 Radiomarine Awarded "M" [April] 1943

Article
Number Year

398 Radiomarine : "INDEPENDENCE" Equipped

[April] 1951

399 Radiomarine: "LIBERTY" Ships Reactivated

[July] 1951

400 Radiomarine: New Luxury Liner is RCA-

Equipped [April] 1948

401 Radiomarine: New Marine Radio Devices

[July] 1946

402 Radiomarine Orders Rise [April] 1942

403 Radiomarine Wins Army-Navy "£"' [Janu-

ary] 1943

404 Radiophone, River Pilots Laud [April] 1948

405 Radiophoto in Advertising [January] 1945

406 Radiophoto Service with Stockholm [April] . 1943

407 Radiophoto Standards by S. H. Simpson, Jr.,

and R. E. Hammond [January] 1948

408 Radiophoto Use Expands by S. H. Simpson,

Jr. [July] 1946

409 Radiophotoed, Music . . . from Moscow [April] 1945

410 Radiophotos from Cairo [July] 1942

411 Radiophotos from Russia [October] 1941

412 Radio's Great Role in the War by James G.

Harbord [October] 1944

413 Radio's New Services by E. W. Engstrom

[October] 1944

414 Radio's War Role Praised [July] 1942

415 Radiotelegraph Traffic Doubled by Thompson

H. Mitchell [January] 1947

416 Radiotelephone, New 6-Way by I. F. Byrnes

[April] 1946

417 Radiotelephony on Pleasure Boat [October] . 1949

418 Radiothermics Speeds Industry by I. R. Baker

[January] 1943

418a. Railroad Field, Usefulness of Television in

[October] 1952

RCA:

419 Alert Goes to Camden [October] 1941

420 aiid the war (David Sarnoff statement)

[July] 1942

421 Cadettes Learn about Radio (photo layout)

[July] 1943

422 Cadettes on Job by Dr. C. B. JoIlifTe [April] 1944

423 Communications Circriits Aid U. S. in War

by William A. Winterbottom [April] 1942

424 Communications — Direct circuits opened

with Syria, Thailand & Guam [January] 1952

425 Communications: Initiates Rate Reductions

[April] 1942

426 Communicatio->is — TEX Inaugurated with

Netherlands [July] 1950

427 Communications Training Operators [July] 1942

428 Communications — UN Branch [January] . . 1951

429 Dividend Declaration [October^ ". . . . 1951

430 Earnings Increased in 19i5 [April] 1946

431 Executives Promoted [January] 1946

432 Exhibition Hall [July] 1947

433 Exhibition Hall, Scenes from (photo lay-

out) [July] 1947

434 Exhibition Hall, The [July] 1949

435 Expands Communications [January] 1946

436 Fellowships, . . . Awards by Forrest H.

Kirkpatrick [January] 1948

437 Financial Res^llts for First Half of 1951

[July] 1951

438 Frequency Bureau by Philip F. Siling [Jan-

uary] 1949

439 Income Increased in 191,3 [April] 1944

440 Income Rose in 19J,2, Gross [April] 1943

441 In Service to the Nation (map) [July] .... 1949

442 Institutes Award Scholarships [July] .... 1951

443 Institutes G7-aduafe 19S [January] 1950

444 Institutes. History of ... by C. E. Tomson

[October] 1951

445 Institutes Placement Record [January] . . . 1952

Article
Nuynber Year

446 Institutes TV Home Study Course [April] 1951

447 Institutes, 1,500 Students in ... by George

L. Van Deusen [April] 1948

448 Institutes Holds Graduation (David Sarnoff

address) [July] 1949

449 Institutes: 600 Enroll [October] 1941

450 Institutes Training Navy, Marine Corps

Men [October] 1942

451 Institutes, Training Technicians at (photo

layout) [October] 1948

452 International Division Moves [October] . . . 1950

453 Laboratories Cornerstone Laid [January]. 1942

454 Laboratories, Dedicate New [October].... 1942

455 Laboratories Groups, Names [April] 1943

456 Laboratories, Scenes froTn (photo layout)

[April] 1945

457 Laboratories — Visit of Shah of Iran [Janu-

ary] 1950

458 Laboratories Win "E" Award [July] 1943

459 Laboratories, Work Begins at Princeton by

Ralph R. Beal [October] 1941

460 Man Back from Japan by J. Francis Harris

[January] 1944

461 Management, Changes in [January] 1949

462 Manufacturing Employees in New Victory

Campaign [January] 1942

463 Manufacturing Grows by Frank M. Folsom

[October] 1944

464 Manufacturing Rally, 60,000 at by J. M.

Smith [October] 1942

465 Materials' Conservation (Folsom letter to

manufacturers) [April] 1951

466 Men Aid Government Groups by Dr. C. B.

Jolliflfe [January] 1942

467 Men Rove War Fronts by W. L. Jones

[January] 1944

468 Patent Policy [July] 1950

470 Plants and Laboratories, Scenes in (photo

layout) [April] 1947

471 Review Ends 2nd Year [April] 1948

472 Royalty Rates Reduced [July] 1950

473 Salesmen Attend Training Course by W.

Boyce Dominick [July] 1945

474 Service Company: New RCA Subsidiary

[April] 1943

474a. Service Company: Ta-ctftil Technicians

[October] 1952

475 Service Company — Trainee Course [Octo-

ber] 1950

476 Servicing Military Equipment by P. B.

Reed [January] 1951

477 Sign Blacked Out [January] 1942

478 Standardi:ation of Prodticts by D. F.

Schmit [October] 1949

479 Stations on Long Island, Scenes from.

Transoceanic (photo layout) [July] .... 1946

480 Stockholders Meet (James G. Harbord ad-

dress) [July] 1944

481 Stockholders Meet (David Sarnoff address)

[Julv] 1945

482 Stockholders Meet May 5th (April) 1942

483 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad-

dress) [July] 1946

484 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad-

dress) [July] 1947

485 Stockholders Meeting (David Sarnoff ad-

dress) [July] 1948

486 Stockholders Report, . . . Makes Annual

(David Sarnoff and James G. Harbord
statement) [April] 1947

487 Stockholders Meeting [July] 1950

488 Stockholders Meeting [July] 1951

489 Stockholders Meeting [July] 1952

490 Suppliers by Vincent de P. Goubeau [April] 1950

A rt icle
Number Year

491 Victor— Cincinnati Tube Plant [July] 1951

492 Victor Division Plants Expansion [July].. 1950

493 Victor Division Formed [January] 1943

494 Victor Division Plants Win "E" Stars, Two

[April] 1943

495 Victor Home Instruments, Latest Models

(photo layout) [July] 1947

496 Victor Mexicana S.A. [October] 1949

497 Victor Traffic Division [July] 1950

498 Workers, Hero Lauds [April] 1943

499 Workers Launch Ship [October] 1943

500 Reading Aids, Electronic [January] 1949

501 Reading by Sounds [October] 1946

502 Record Majiufacture, Pact Ends Year-Old

Ban on (David Sarnoff and James Petrillo
statements) [January] 1949

503 Record. Nexv Phonograph and (45-rpm) [Jan-

uary] 1949

504 Record Salesmen. Radio's [July] 1947

505 Recording Resumes, Music [January] 1945

506 Recordings Revived by George R. Marek

[April] 1951

507 Recordings Revived by George R. Marek

[January] 1952

508 Records and Record Players Acclaimed by

Industry, New i5-rpm by J. B. Elliott
[April] 1949

509 Records and Record Players. Making New

i5-rpm (photo layout) [April] 1949

510 Records are Made. How by W. T. Warrender

(photo layout) [April] 1947

511 Records. Phonograph . . . Make Strong Come-

back in 1951 by L. W. Kanajra [April] 1952

512 Records — J,5-rpm Sales [October] 1949

513 Records — Policy on (Frank M. Folsom) [Jan-

uary] 1950

514 Records. Unbreakable [October] 1945

515 "Red Network" Out as NBC Designation

[October] 1942

516 Relaying by Radio by C. W. Hansell [April] 1945

517 Religion, Radio Adds to Story of by Dr. Max

Jordan [April] 1943

518 "Rende:vous tilth Destiny" (F. D. Roosevelt

speeches) [July] 1946

519 Reporting by Radio by George H. Clark [Jan-

uary] 1943

520 Research Aims. RCA by Otto S. Schairer

[April] 1944

521 Research Opens the Way by Otto S. Schairer

[October] 1944

522 Research Points to Future, Radio by E. W.

Enestrom [April] 1943

523 Results of Pioneering by Meade Brunei [Oc-

tober] 1944

524 Retirement Plan, RCA Inaugurates [Janu-

ary] 1945

525 Rome Station, RCA Communications Opens

[July] 1944

526 Royal Wedding Films on Air in Record Time

[January] 1948

527 Russia, Engineers Visit [January] 1946

628 Safety and Health by E. M. Tuft [October] . . 1948

529 Sailors Broadcast in 1908 bv George H. Clark

[April] 1942

530 Sarnoff: Address to American Society of

Naval Engineers [July] 1950

631 Sarnoff: Address to John Carroll University

[July] 1950

532 Sarnoff: Address to Pennsylvania Military

School [July] 1952

533 Sarnoff: Address to Veterans of Foreign

Wars, Chicago [October] 1950

Article
Number Year

534 Sarnoff: Anniversary Address [October].... 1951

535 Sarnoff Becomes a General [January] 1945

536 Sarnoff: Boston Jubilee Award [July] 1950

537 Sarnoff, France Honors (Legion of Honor)

[October] 1947

538 Sarnoff Honored: Peter Cooper Medal and

U. N. Scroll [January] 1950

539 Sarnoff Lauds Radio's War Role by David

Sarnoff [January] 1943

540 Sa)-noff Looks Ahead by David Sarnoff [Jan-

uary] 1944

541 Saj-noff Meets RCA Cadettes in Indiana [Oc-

tober] 1943

542 Sarnoff: Patent S571S86 granted [January] . . 1952

543 Sarnoff. President Honors (Medal for Merit)

[April] 1946

544 Sarnoff Receives Medal of Honor from RTMA

[July] 1952

545 Sarnoff Receives Top TBA Award [January] 1945

546 Sarnoff Speaks at Eisenhower Ceremony [Oc-

tober] 1948

547 Sarnoff : University of Louisville Award [Oc-

tober] 1950

548 Sarnoff Urges Charter for Business [April]. 1943
548a. Samo^.' Weizmann Institute Address in Re-

hovofh. Israel [October] 1952

549 Sarnoff : World Brotherhood Award [ApTU^ . 1951

550 Sarnoff: Year-End Statement (for 1949)

[January] 1950

551 Sarnoff: Year-End Statement (for 1950)

[January] 1951

552 Sarnoff: Year-End Statement (for 1951)

[January] 1952

553 Scannina Microscope [July] 1942

554 Scholarship Plan Extended [July] 1952

555 Science at New Altitudes by David Sarnoff

[April] 1947

556 Science at Netv Crossroads by David Sarnoff

[April] 1948

557 Science in Democracy by David Sarnoff [Oc-

tober] 1945

558 Science Seen in New Role (Arthur F. Van

Dyke statement) [July] 1942

559 Science Urged as Aid to Peace (Ralph R. Beal

address) [October] 1944

560 "Scientific Method" Can Solve Social Problems

bv Dr. C. B. Jolliffe [Julv] 1947

561 Scientists HoJiored. Three [October] 1948

562 Screen for TV Backgrounds [January] 1950

563 Screen, New Theatre [January] 1952

564 Screens. Making Fine Mesh bv Dr. Harold B.

Law [October] 1948

565 Script. St&n/ of a Radio by Richard Mc-

Donatrh [July] 1945

566 Sealing Glass to Metal [January] 1947

567 Seeley, I.R.E. Award to [January] 1948

568 Seidel, Robert A.— Address to NRDGA on

Color TV [January] 1951

569 Service is the Keynote by W. L. Jones [Octo-

ber] 1944

570 "Sewing" by Radio Shoum [July] 1943

571 Shared-Work Plan Succeeds [July] 1945

572 Shipboard, New . . . Radio Set by I. F. Byrnes

[July] 1945

573 Shoran in Korea [April] 1951

574 Short Wave: Dcstijtation: Orient by Ray-

mond Guy [July] 1945

575 Short Wave: Gateway to the Hemisphere by

John Elwood [October] 1941

576 Short Wave: "Invasion" by Radio [.-^pril] . . 1945

577 Shortu-ave Station: at Bound Brook [July]. . 1952

578 Short Waves, U. S. Leases [January] 1943

579 SicUy Fight, RCA Sets Aid [October] 1943

Article
Number Year

580 Signals Minimized by New Transmitter Sys-

tem, Fading Radio by Grant E. Hansell
[April] 1952

581 Small Businesses Essential to Progress

(Statement by Vincent deP. Goubeau)
[July] 1952

582 Sniperscope-Snooperscope: Seeing in the

Dark (C. B. Jolliffe statement) [July] 1946

683 Sonar: U-Boat Nemesis [July] 1946

684 Soiaid Absorbers ("Cones of Silence") [Octo-

ber] 1949

585 Sound, Anniversary in by M. C. Batsel [Oc-

tober] 1946

585a. Sound: Listening Tastes Tested (Dr. Harry

F. Olson address) [July] 1947

586 So^aid Speeds the War Effort by George R.

Evvald [October] 1942

587 Sound, Stjidies in by Dr. Harry F. Olson

[April] 1945

588 Sound, The Story of 16mm. by W. W. Watts

[July] 1947

589 Sounds of Progress by Edward C. Cahill

[October] 1944

590 Speakers' Bureau [January] 1950

591 Splitting Light Beams by R. H. Heacock

[October] 1945

591a. Standard Pressed Steel: Ttvo-Way Radio Sys-
tem Sjieeds Floiv of Materials in Steel Plant
[October] 1952

592 Stations Built for Allies [July] 1943

693 Stethoscope, RCA Develops [July] 1943

594 Storms, Can . . . be Controlled? (Dr. V. K.

Zworykin address) [April] 1947

595 Stratosphere Chamber [October] 1951

696 Styling Sells Sets by H. M. Rundle [January] 1948
597 Subminiaturization in Tubes [July] 1952

698 Sunspots: Engineers Predict Radio Weather

by Henry E. Hallborg [October] 1943

699 Sunspots: Solar Storms Forecast [July] ... 1948

600 Superheterodyne Radio Receiver, Smallest

[April] 1950

601 Swarthout: Concert Artist Makes Oivn Rec-

ords for Study [October] 1947

602 Tangier By-Passes Magnetic Storms, New

Station at [July] 1946

603 Tape Relay System, Approve (Sidney Sparks

address) [July] 1948

604 Tapline Project [January] 1952

604a. Technicians, Tactful [October] 1952

605 Teleran Demonstrated [July] 1947

606 Teleran— -New Air Traffic Aid [October] 1946

607 Teleran, The Story of by Loren F. Jones [Jan-

uary] 1946

Television:

608 Advances in . . . by V. K. Zworykin and

G. A. Morton [October] 1944

609 Afloat [January] 1949

610 Airborne . . . Demonstrated (David Sarnoff

statement) [April] 1946

610a. American Inventory: Adult Educational

Series [October] 1952

611 American . . . Shown tn Italy [July] 1947

612 a7td Human Rights by Robert P. Myers

[July] 1949

613 and the Theatre by W. W. Watts [July] . . . 1948

614 Animal Surgery [October] 1951

615 Army Station on Wheels [October] 1951

616 as Dynamic Sales Force (T. F. Joyce ad-

dress) [April] 1944

617 as Tool of Industry, Beat Sees . . . (Ralph

R. Beal address) [July] 1944

618 at the Conventions [July] 1948

Article

Number Year

Television: (cont'd)

619 at the Fight (Louis-Conn) [July] 1946

620 at UN Council [April] 1946

621 Audience Survey [July] 1951

622 Billion Dollar Industry (Frank M. Folsom)

[January] 1950

623 Bolsters U. S. Economy by J. K. West

[April] 1949

624 Bridgeport, Conn. Experimental Station

[January] 1950

625 Bridgeport, Conn. "Satellite" Station by

Raymond F. Guy [April] 1950

626 Bullfight Televised [January] 1947

G26a. Canada by F. R. Deakins [October] 1952

627 Caravan [July] 1947

628 Casting for ... by Owen Davis, Jr. [Janu-

ary] 1949

Color Television:

629 All-Electronic [January] 1947

629a. Color Book by Albert W. Protzman [Oc-
tober] 1952

630 Color Photometer (Tristimulus) [April] 1951

631 Demonstration at Colonial Theatre, New

York [July] 1951

632 Demonstration of Compatible, All-Elec-

tronic System [January] 1951

633 Demonstration Plans [October] 1950

634 FCC Hearings [July] 1950

635 FCC Order — Injunction Sought [October] 1950

636 First Public Demonstration in Washing-

ton, D. C. [October] 1949

637 First Public Demonstration of Electronic

Color Tube [April] 1950

638 For Theatres (Address by V. K. Zwory-

kin) [July] 1947

639 New York Area Tests [July] 1951

640 Status of (Statements by C. B. Jolliffe,

R. D. Kell and G. L. Beers) [January] 1947

641 Symposium on RCA Compatible System

[July] 1951

642 Tricolor Tube Improvements made by

Alfred C. Schroeder [July] 1952

643 Congress Opening Televised [April] 1947

644 Convention Coverage, TV and Radio Plan

by Wm. R. McAndrew [April] 1952

645 Convention Films Televised [July] 1944

646 Coverage Extended (David Sarnoff state-

ment) [January] 1949

647 Cutouts Aid TV Station Planners by Mar-

vin Gaskill [April] 1949

648 Demonstrations Abroad by Richard H.

Hooper [April] 1951

649 Dollars and Sense by Philip Merryman

[July] 1945

650 Education, A Powerful Tool in Modem by

William H. Knowles [April] 1948

051 Education in TV by Judith Waller [Octo-
ber] 1950

652 Expanding Industry [January] 1950

653 Expansion Foreseen (Thomas F. Joyce ad-

dress) [January] 1944

654 Expansion, Neiv Explorations to Open Way

for (C. B. Jolliffe statement) [July] 1948

655 Film Dramas for [October] 1948

656 Films and the Human Eye by Dr. Albert

Rose [January] 1947

657 Films for . . . by Paul Alley [October] 1946

658 Finds its Public bv Dan Halpin [January] 1948

659 for Harbor Pi?ofs "[January] 1948

660 for St. Louis [April] 1947

661 Goes Afield by Henry E. Rhea [July] 1944

662 Goes Commercial by Alfred H. Morton [Oc-

tober] 1941

663 Goes to the Fair [October] 1946

Article
Number Year

Television: (cont'd)
6fi4 Harbor Pilots Boost [July] 1949

665 Heads West (Frank M. Folsom address)

[October] 1948

666 Hollywood and ... by Sidney N. Strotz

[January] 1944

667 Hospital . . . [April] 1947

668 in Boston by Frank M. Folsom [January]. 1949

669 Industrial television Expands [April] ... 1952

670 Industrial (Vidicon) by P. B. Reed [April] 1950

671 in Industiy (W. W. Watts address) [July] 1949

672 in Spain [October] 1948

673 t8 Ready to Go (C. B. Jolliffe address)

[January] 1946

674 Italy, U. S. . . . in by Richard H. Hooper

[October] 1947

675 Joins Radio in Covering Election Returns

by William F. Brooks [October] 1948

676 Kinescopes, How RCA . . . are made [July] 1952

677 Kinescope— New 16" (Type 16GPi) [Oc-

tober] 1949

678 Kinescope— New 21" [October] 1951

679 Kinescopes, Metal Shell . . . Forge Ahead

by Larry S. Thees [April] 1952

680 Kinescope Recordings by Carleton D. Smith

[April] 1949

681 Large-Screen (press demonstration on 16-

by 21-inch screen) [April] 1945

682 Large-screen ... (R. V. Little, Jr. and I. G.

MalofF address — 18- by 24-foot screen)
[January] 1948

683 Large-Screen ... by R. V. Little, Jr. (18-

by 24-foot screen) [January] 1949

684 Larger . . . Images by L G. MalofF [Janu-

ary] 1944

685 Looking-In on the Capital by A. Burke

Crottv [April] 1946

686 Measuring TV Tube ("Microstick") [July] 1950

687 Milestones [July] 1948

688 Mood Musie Selecting for TV Programs

[April] 1952

689 More Channels for . . . by E. W. Engstrom

[October] 1948

690 Navy's Use of . . . (Sydney H. Eiges ad-

dress) [January] 1948

691 NBC . . . Moves to New Quarters [January] 1946

692 NBC . . . Plans (Niles Trammell statement)

[April] 1944

693 Network Video Pact, First (Frank E. Mul-

len statement) [April] 1948

694 Networks Join [January] 1949

695 New Markets bv Henry G. Baker [October] 1949

696 New TV Station in Cuba [April] 1952

697 Ncwsreel Exchanges by Wm. F. Brooks

[January] 1950

698 Opening New Era by David Sarnoff [April] 1948

699 Opera by Television by Dr. Herbert Graf

[April] 1945

700 "Operation Classroom" by Gilbert Chase

[July] 1949

701 Outlook is Bright (David Sarnoff state-

ment) [July] 1949

702 Outlook of Post-War ... is Bright (Ralph

R. Beal address) [July] 1943

703 Plan Post-War [October] 1943

704 Pottsrille. Penn. [July] 1951

705 Presents "Task Force TV" by Doug Rodgers

[October] 1948

706 Programs, Viewers Rate ... by Hugh M.

Beville, Jr. [July] 1949

707 Progress by David Sarnoff [October] 1947

708 Projection Tubes [July] 1945

709 Projector, New Large-Screen (6%- by 9%-

foot screen) [October] 1948

Article

Number Year

Television: (cont'd)

710 Promotion by Charlotte Stern [January] . . 1947

711 Radio Relays for . . . (Ralph R. Beal state-

ment) [October] 1943

712 Raid Training by . . . [April] 1942

713 RCA Demonstrates Latest . . . Develop-

ments [January] 1946

714 RCA-NBC Firsts in . . . (Chronology from

li)23) [January] 1946

715 Receivers in Production at RCA Victor

Plant (photo layout) [July] 1948

716 Receivers, New . . . [October] 1946

717 Recording by Robert M. Eraser [July] 1948

718 Reports Vote [January] 1945

719 Sales Promotion by Henry G. Baker [Janu-

ary] 1950

720 Scenery Design by N. Ray Kelly [July] 1945

721 Servicemen at Work, RCA . . . (photo lay-

out) [October] 1948

722 Serviceinen and Public Relations [July] . . 1951

723 Service Problem by C. M. Odorizzi [Octo-

ber] 1950

724 Social Influence, A by John F. Royal

[April] 1946

725 Station for Cuba [January] 1951

726 Statioyi i?i So2ith America, First . . . (Monte-

video) [April] 1944

727 Station KNBC and KRON—San Francisco

[October] 1950

728 Stations — Brazil, Cuba, Mexico by Meade

Brunet [October] 1950

729 Status of . . . , The by J. G. Wilson [April] 1949

730 Stockholders "Tour" Plant Through Eyes

of TV Cameras [April] 1952

731 Store Video, 25,000 See [January] 1046

732 Sttidio, New . . . (NBC-8G) [July] 1948

733 Studios: The Play's the Thing (photo lay-

out) [October] 1945

734 Submarine ... by O. B. Hanson [July] 1947

735 Suppresses TV Interference [April] 1949

736 Surgeons Watch Operations by [October]. 1947

737 Theatre TV by W. W. Watts [October] . . . 1949

738 Tuners for TV Receivers [July] 1950

739 Two-Way ... by David Sarnoff [July] . . . 1948

740 er-Inch Metal Shell Kinescope [July] 1952

741 UN on Theatre TV [January] 1950

742 Uses of ... hy Noran E. Kersta [July] . . . 1947

742a. "Victory at Sea" [October] 1952

742b. Visual Effects by James Glenn [October] . . 1952
742c. West Coast Center [October] 1952

743 Thompson Dies in Actioti [January] 1945

744 Three-Speed Record Player [July] 1952

745 Time Control, Builds New [January] 1943

746 Toscanini Returns to NBC [October] 1942

747 Toscanini, Stokowsky, Sign [April] 1943

748 Toscanini Televised [April] 1948

749 Toscanini^lith Season [July] 1951

750 Toscaniiii Tour [April] 1950

751 Toscanini Tour [July] 1950

752 Tozzi ii Ring [January] 1952

753 Trade, Radio Aids World by J. G. MacKenty

[July] 1945

754 Trademark, History of RCA by Abraham S.

Greenberg [October] 1945

755 Trademark with a Heritage by Abraham S.

Greenberg [April] 1946

756 Trademarks, The Meaning of by Abraham S.

Greenberg [October] 1948

757 Trademarks Relinquished [October] 1950

758 Traffic Control, Radio Aids [July] 1942

759 Trammell Elected to Board [April] 1945

760 Transcribed", "This Program is [July] 1942

760a. Transistor, Status of the by M. E. Kams

[October] 1952

Article
Number Year

761 Transistors — Modem Miracle of Electronics

[April] 1952

762 Transistors Operate on 225 Megacycles [July] 1952

763 Transmitter 500 KW Triode [April] 1950

764 Transmitter System, Fading Radio Signals

Mini7nized by New by Grant E. Hansell
[April] 1952

765 Tristimulus Photometer [April] 1951

766 Tube Detects Leaks in Vacuums, New [Oc-

tober] 1947

767 Tube Has "Memory", New [April] 1947

768 Tube Has "Memorxj", New [April] 1949

769 Tube Market, Sees Vast New (L. W. Tee-

garden address) [January] 1945

770 Tube "Microstick" Ruler (TV) [July] 1950

771 Tube, Millionth TV [July] 1949

772 Tube — Neiv Miniature Relay [October] 1949

773 Tube-Painting, Electronic [October] 1947

774 Tube — Pencil Type [January] 1952

775 Tube, Stiper Power Beam Triode [April] . . . 1950

776 Tube—Tri Color-TV [April] 1951

777 Tube—Tri Color-TV (5 types) [October] . . . 1951

778 Tube Weighs l/15th Ounce [July] 1946

779 Tubes: Aladdin's Electronic Lamp by L. W.

Teegarden [October] 1944

780 Tubes are Made, How Radio (photo layout)

[July] 1945

781 Tubes: Electrons at Work by R. S. Burnap

[July] 1942

782 Tubes for Television, Making (photo layout)

[January] 1947

783 Tubes in Miniature [April] 1945

784 Tubes Key to Progress by B. J. Thompson

[January] 1944

785 Tubes Made New, Old by L. W. Teegarden

[April] 1943

786 Tubes, Miniature Radio [April] 1947

787 Tubes, New Field for Electron by L. W. Tee-

garden [April] 1946

788 Tubes Rushed [January] 1942

789 Tubes: Trend is to "Miniatures" by L. W.

Teegarden [January] 1948

790 Turkey Expands Radio System- [April] 1947

791 Turnpike. New Jersey [January] 1952

792 Tuttle Elected RCA Treasurer, Arthur B.

[July] 1946

793 Tivcnty-Five Years of Radio, Foreword: by

David Sarnoff [October] 1944

793a. Two-Way Radio System Speeds Flow of Ma-
terials iv Steel Plant [October] 1952

794 Tivo-Way Radios for Taxis [April] 1948

795 "Typhoon" Computer Project [January] .... 1951

796 Ultrafax: Million Words a Minute (David

Sarnoff address) [October] 1948

797 UHF and Tilted Antenna [July] 1951

798 UHF and TV by Dr. C. B. Jolliffe [April] . . . 1951

799 UHF Baytd, Complete Chain of Television

Equipment Ready for [April] 1952

800 UHF Demonstration at Boca Raton [Januaryl 1952
800a. UHF: First Commercial Station on Air [Octo-
ber] 1952

801 U.N. Branch of RCA Communications [Janu-

ary] 1951

802 Urges Clergy to Guide Mankind in Atomic

Era (David Sarnoff address) [April] 1946

803 Urges Freedom for Radio (Nilcs Trammell

statement) [January] 1944

804 ['. S. Navy in TV Series [April] 1951

805 "V" in Radio [October] 1941

806 Van Dyck: Heads I.R.E. [January] 1942

Article

Nwmber Year

807 Venezuela Circuit Opened [April] 1951

807a. "Victory at Sea" — New Historical Series

[October] 1952

808 Vidicon Back-Pack Unit [April] 1951

809 Vidicon Camera Tube by P. B. Reed [April] . 1950

810 Vidicon Microscopy (TV) [January] 1951

811 Viscometer: New Electronic Development

[July] 1952

812 "Voice of America" Equipment [January] . . 1951

813 "Voice of America" transmitted to foreign

countries by NBC shortwave station [July] 1952

814 VT Fuse: Missiles with "Radio Brains" [Oc-

tober] 1945

815 Walkie-Lookie at Political Convention [July] 1952

816 Walkie-Lookie: Vidicon Back-Pack Unit

[April] 1951

817 Walkie-Talkies, Emergency [April] 1944

818 "W alkie-Talkie" Equipment — New Production

[April] 1951

819 War Fronts, Covering the by William F.

Brooks [April] 1945

820 Warning System — Civil Defense [October] . . 1951

821 War Production, From Peace to by Robert

Shannon [April] 1942

822 War Production, RCA (photo layout) [July] 1943

823 War Work, Ideas Spur by Elmer C. Morse

[January] 1943

824 War Workers Linked in Yule Party, 30,000

[January] 1944

825 Wartiyne Achievements in Radio [April] 1945

826 WEAF in 20th Anniversary [October] 1942

827 Weather Analysis by J. H. Nelson [April] . . . 1951

828 Welcome Home Auditions by C. L. Menser

[January] 1945

829 Werner, Robert L. — Promotion [January] . . . 1952

830 Western Union to Use RCA Relay [October] 1945

831 "What's New?" is Radio Hit [October] 1943

832 "What's New?", RCA to Sponsor Radio Show

[July] 1943

833 Whiteman Joins Blue, Paul [April] 1943

834 White Sulphur Springs (NBC Convention)

[October] 1950

835 Wintcrbottom Marks 30th Year with RCA

[July] 1944

836 Wire, Recording Sound on [January] 1948

837 Wolff, Navy Hoiiors Dr. [July] 1949

838 Wolff, Dr. Irving — Promotion [January] 1952

839 Women in Radio [July] 1945

840 Wo77ien in War Jobs bv Forrest H. Kirkpatrick

[April] 1943

841 Women Present NBC Series [April] 1944

842 WPB Aivards, 6 RCAM Employees Win High

National [October] 1942

843 WPB Honors RCA Workers [April] 1943

844 WPB Merit Awards, 3 in RCA Victor Win

[July] 1943

845 Wynkoop Elected Head of Radiomarine, Ad-

miral [April] 1949

846 Yacht, Home-Built . . . Carries RCA Radio

Equipm,ent [April] 1952

847 Zworykin. Dr. V. K. Elected Vice President

[April] 1947

848 Zivorykin Receives Lamme Medal [July] 1949

849 Zworykin Receives IRE Medal of Honor

[April] 1951

850 Zivorykin Receives Poor Richard Club Award,

Dr. [January] 1949

RADIO AGE

Alley, Paul, 657

Anderson, E. C, 336

Angell, Dr. James R., 162, 274, 304, 316

Baker, Henry G., 695, 719

Baker, I. R., 418

Barnard, Anita L., 196

Batsel, M. C, 585

Beal, Ralph R., 559, 617, 702, 711

Beers, G. L., 640

Bennett, M. F., 108

Beville, Hugh M., Jr., 35, 706

Bohlke. W. H., 245

Bradbury. H. D., 147

Brooks, William F., 290, 294, 390, 675,

697, 819
Brown, Dr. George H., 29
Brunet, Meade, 131, 220, 523, 728
Buck, Walter A., 67
Burnap, R. S., 781
Butler, E. W., 103
Byrnes, I. F., 416, 572

Cahill, Edward C., 589

Carlin, Philips, 52

Carroll, M. J., 132

Chase, Gilbert, 700

Clark. George H., 39, 76, 374, 519, 529

Colton, Richard C, 359a

Cook, Jav D., 392

Crotty, A. Burke, 685

Davis, James P., 99
Davis, Owen, Jr., 628
Deakins, F. R., 73a
de la Ossa, Ernest. 309
Dominick. W. B., 68, 473
Donal, Dr. J. S., Jr., 233

Eddison, Clifford, 79, 169

Edgar, H. C, 348

Eiges, Sydney H., 690

Elliott, J. B., 28, 101, 268, 508

Elwood, John, 575

Engstrom, Dr. E. W., 139, 140, 193,

413, 522, 689
Ewald, George R., 586

Fazalbhoy, M. Akbar, 191

Finn, David J., 63

Fisher, Sterling W.. 113. 316

Flanders, Forrest H., 258a

Folsom, Frank M., 2, 59, 104, 160, 161,

358, 463, 465. 513, 622, 665, 668
Foster, Admiral Edwin D., 192
Fraser, Robert M., 717

1941-1952

(Volumes I through XI)

AUTHOR INDEX

(Numbers refer to Alphabetical Index)

Gaskill, Marvin L., 647

Glenn, James, 742b.

Goldsmith, Dr. A. N., 138

Goubeau, Vincent deP., 490, 581

Graf, Dr. Herbert, 699

Greenberg, Abraham S., 754, 755, 756

Greenmcyer, Paul A., 122

Guy, Raymond, 574, 625

Hallborg, Henry E., 598

Halpin, Dan., 658

Hammond, R. E., 407

Hansen, C. W., 516

Hansen, Grant E., 580

Hanson, 0. B., 734

Harbord, James G., 165, 178, 179, 395,

412. 480, 486
Harris, J. Francis, 460
Harstone, Jean E., 279
Heacock, R. H., 591
Hedges, William S., 301
HiUier, Dr. James, 121, 125, 135
Hooper, Richard H., 171, 648, 674
Hucke, H. M., 91, 364
Hutchens, Ray, 89

Jewett, Tom, 282

JollifTe, Dr. C. B., 152, 156, 388, 422,

466, 560, 582, 640, 654, 673, 798
Jones, Loren F., 607
Jones, W. L.. 467, 569
Jordan, Dr. Max, 517
Joyce, Thomas F., 14, 41, 616, 653

Kanaga, L. W., 343, 511

Karns, M. E., 760a

Kell, R. D., 640

Kelly, N. Rav, 720

Keny, Patrick J., 16

Kersta, Noran E., 742

Kirkpatrick. Dr. Forrest H., 137, 341,

436, 840
Knowles, William H.. 650
Kobak, Edgar, 48, 50
Kreuzer, Barton, 347

Laport, E. A., 95
Law, Dr. Harold B., 564
Leroy, Harry E., 96
Leverenz, H. W., 345
Little, R. v., Jr., 682, 683

MacKenty, J. G., 753

Maloff, 1. G., 682, 684

Marek, George R., 176, 506, 507

Maslin, R. C, 195
McAndrew, WiUiam R., 93
McConneH, Joseph H., 239, 240, 242,

318
McCray, Thomas C, 396a
McDonagh, Richard, 565
McElrath, George, 64
Menser, Clarence L., 234, 299, 828
Merryman, Philip, 649
Miller, William Burke, 30
Milling, J. A., 351

MitcheU, Thompson H., 333, 385, 415
Moore, B. F., Jr., 5
Morse, Elmer C, 823
Morton, Alfred H., 662
Morton, Dr. G. A., 608
Mullen, Frank E., 394, 693
Murray, J. W., 322
Myers, Robert P., 612

N
Nelson, J. H., 827
Nicoll, Dr. F. H., 173, 174

Odorizzi, C. M., 723

Olson, Dr. Harry F., 110, 585a, 587

Pannill, Charles J., 172, 225, 229, 369,

386
Petrillo, James, 502
Preston, J., 110
Protzman, Albert W., 85a

Reed, P. B., 476, 670, 809
Rhea, Henry E., 661
Rigby, J. F., 332
Rishworth, Thomas D., 114
Rodgers, Doug, 705
Rose, Dr. Albert, 656
Royal, John F., 724
Rundle, H. M., 596

Sarnoff, David, 34, 87, 143, 164, 166,
167, 170, 235, 320, 321, 329, 337,
376, 377, 382, 383, 384, 391, 420,
448, 481, 483, 484, 485, 486, 502,
530, 531, 532. 533, 534. .539. 540,
546, 548a, 550, 551, 552, 555, 556,
557, 610, 646, 698. 701, 707, 739,
793, 796, 802

Sarnoff, Robert W., 227

Schairer, Otto S., 520, 521

Schmit, D. F., 478

Seeley, S. W., 155

Seth, William R., Jr., 266

Shannon, Robert, 213, 821

suing, Philip F., 10, 438

Simpson, S. H., Jr., 206, 407, 408
Smith, Carleton D., 680
Smith, J. M., 464
Smith, Perry C, 129
Smith, T. A., 252
Sparks, Sidney, 603
Stern, Charlotte, 710
Strotz, Sidney N., 300, 666
Summers, H. B., 1

Teegarden, L. W., 248, 769, 779 785
787, 789 - . ,

Thees, Larry S., 211
Thompson, B. J., 784
Tintle, Peter M., 58

Tomson, C. E., 444

Trammel], Niles, 3, 62, 152, 269 288

292, 692, 803
Tuft, E. M., 528

U
Usher, A., 74

V
Van Deusen, George L., 447
Van Dyke, Arthur F., 6, 44, 558
Vassos, John, 144

Wade, Robert J., 287, 296
Walker, Frank B., 342
Waller, Judith, 651

Warrender, W. T., 510

Washburn, E. M., 97

Watts, W. W., 25, 254, 588, 613, 671,

lot

Weaver, Sylvester L., Jr., 281
Wenger, Wiley D., 381
West, John K., 623
Wilson, J. G., 729
Winterbottom, William A., 423
Wolff, Dr. Irving, 370
Woods, Mark, 181

Zack, Earl, 88

Zaun, William J., 362a

Zworykin, Dr. V. K., 123,^9"4, 608, 638

"EARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

^,t,r»f»

^M=

PUt>UC V-- .^y. M«

Kat»saa

TOBER

'^^1/^

BHUr.y

CyM^fgg/M

H. '■

The "PETER MORAN," a 212-ton harhor and seagoing
tug, powered by a 1200 h.p. GM diesel-electric engine,
reaches speeds up to 14 knots. Measures 105' long,
25' beam,13'6" draft. Equipped with Radiomarine
Radar and a Radiomarine 2-way Radiotelephone.

4' '.-'47^

Captain HERBERT DICKMAN

navigating with Radiomarine Railar
aboard the "Peter Moran." Says
Skipper Dickman: "I have handled
several different makes of radar in
my seagoing e.\perience. None of
them perform as well as this new
Radiomarine Model CR-103
small radar."

RADIOMARINE RADAR

Aids the "Peter Moran" in maintaining schedules

C^z^

TIME, TIDE AND WEATHER stay no man's pleasure.
But, no matter what the time (day or darkest
night) or what the weather (even rain), the "Peter
Moran" is able to navigate safely and maintain faster
schedules — with the aid of Radiomarine Radar.

This increased efficiency of the "Peter Moran's"
operation pays off in the performance of both regular
and emergency tug services quickly and economically.

In crowded New York Harbor, docking and un-
docking the largest passenger liners or towing barges,
car-floats, lighters and other floating craft is routine

work for the "Peter Moran." Radiomarine Radar
results in the saving of hours under way and gallons
of fuel, in spite of adverse weather conditions.

The Moran Towing & Transportation Co., Inc. of
New York, New Orleans and San Francisco — owners
of "the world's largest tug fleet" and pioneers in
harbor, coastwise, inland waterway and deep sea serv-
ice— are also pioneers in the use of radar on tugs.

For greater safety ane/ greater operating economy for your
tesse/s, write Jor i)ijormatioti oil Radiomarine Radar, com-
munications equipment atiJ electronic aids to navigation.

HADIOMARINE CORPORATION o/ AMERICA, 75 VarickSl.. New York 13, N. Y. Offices and dealem in prindpnl ,,:>rts.
/•'ni-ritfn DiHtrihutinn aitil Serrice — HCA Intej-national Division, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Xew York JO, A'. V'.

RADKOMARIME CORRORA TiOM of AMERtCA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

DVER

rkinjr more than 1300
a b o V e N e \v York
ets, a rigger climbs
sI'.T's temporary an-
na mast during the erec-
of the multi-antenna
\-ision tower on the Em-
State Building.

Services of RCA are:

!A Laboratories Division

RCA Victor Division

!A Communications, Inc.
arine Corporation of America
Broadcasting Company. Inc.
I RCA Institutes. Inc
RA Service Company. Inc

lA International Division

VOLUME 10 NUMBER I

OCTOBER 1950

CONTENTS

I'AC.E

<;
111

I.N.IINCTION SOUGHT HY RCA-NBC ON FCC COLOR TELEVISION ORDER .

MESSAGE TO RCA VICTOR DISTRIBUTORS

RCA TO SHOW LATEST ADVANCES IN COLOR TELEVISION SYSTEM .

NBC TO EXPAND PRESENT LEAD IN TV

AMERICA IS CHALLENGED

FIVE NEW TV STUDIOS FOR NBC

BARRYMORE AND SHAKESPEARE

TV-FM UN THE WEST COAST l-^

ELECTRONS DETECT STRAY COINS .yi* ^"^

TELEVISION BELOW THE BORDER \0^'^'^^

hii Meade Brnnet ^"k)^ '''

RCA "MILLION-PROOF" TELEVISION RECEIVERS l*i

THE TV SERVICE PROBLEM-

by C. M. Odorizzi 13

"STARMAKER" MICROPHONE -I

FOR REMOTE PROGRAM PICKUPS

RADIO TO CONTINUE AS A VITAL FORCE

23
24

TV AND RADIO IN EDUCATION

/)!/ Judith Waller

RELATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Tn WAR PREPAREDNESS

/))/ W. W. Wntis 2S

MOBILE UNIT ON WAY TO KOREA -50

SARNOFF RECEIVES DEGREE FOR LEADERSHIl' IN RADIO AND TELEVISION . 30

R.ADIO CORrOR.ATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y.

David Sabnoff. Chairman of the P,r.nr<f Frank M. Folsom, President

Lewis MacConnacH. Secretary Ernkst B. Cokin. Trerimirer

Radio Age i.s published quarterly by the Department of Information,
R;tH'n Torporation of Amprir,i, ?M Rorkefcllor Plaza. N\\v York 20. X. Y.

NOTICE — When re(iuesting a change in mailing ad-
dress please include the code letters and numbers which
appear with the stencilled address on the envelopf

y0^

>^=-~

^f'

ROBERT MONTGOMERY TURNS HIS ACTING ANU .H,.., , r. , . , '^■'T:^::^,:^^^!^::^!^^^^^
•'YOUR LUCKY STRIKE THEATRE", ONE OF NBC'S OUTSTANDING TELtVIMUN PROGRAM SERIES.

Injunction Sought by RCA-NBC
on FCC Color Television Order

Compla'mt Declares Irreparable Injury will be Caused to Public, M
Standardizing on Incompatible System — FCC Order ('ailed Illc

ATKMPORARY injunction to
restrain the Federal Com-
munications Commission immedi-
ately from enforcing its order for
the adoption of incompatible color
television standards, pending a
hearing for a permanent injunction,
was sought in Federal Court on
October 17. 1050. by the Radio Cor-
poration of America. National
Broadcasting Company and RCA
Victor Distributing Corporation, a
wholly-owned subsidiary of RCA.

In a complaint filed in United
States District Court in Chicago,
RCA. NBC and the RCA Victor
Distributing Corporation declared
that the FCC order of October 10
adopting the color television method
promoted by the Columbia Broad-
casting System will result in irrep-
arable injury and damage to the
public, which has more than two
billion dollars invested in television
sets, to the nation's television
broadcasters with their huge in-
vestments, and to the television
manufacturing and distributing in-
dustry.

The complaint charged that the
Order is contrary to the public
interest, is arbitrary and capri-
lious. exceeds the legal authority
of the Commission and is not sup-
ported by the evidence.

"The effect of the Order," said
the complaint, "is to authorize the
commercial broadcasting of color
programs upon CBS standards to
the exclusion of the commercial
broadcasting of color programs on
any other color television standards.
Thus, commercial broadcasting in
accordance with the RCA sy.«tem is
rohibited. although it. unlike the
BS system, is compatible and can
be received on existing receivers
.vithout modification and without
legradation of picture (|uality. and
^vhich can be broadcast by all tele-
vision broadcasters without dilution
if their audience.

"Although the Commission has
no jurisdiction over television set
manufacturers, the Commission
sought to require that such manu-
facturers agree with the Commis-
sion to build all their black-and-
white television receivers according
to specifications laid down by the
Commission. These specifications
required extensive alterations in
present production model receivers.
The Commission stated to the tele-
vision set manufacturers that if
they did not agree so to build their
sets the Commission would forth-
with and finally adopt the CBS
color system.

"The Order adopting the incom-
patible CBS color system impairs
the advantages of compatibility now.
possessed by the RCA system. If
the Order standardizing upon the
CBS color system remains in effect
and receivers capable of operating
on those standards are sold, the ex-
istence of those receivers in the
hands of the public will operate as
a deterrent to the adoption of the
RCA system by the Commission at
some future date."

Injury to the public, broadcast-
ers and manufacturers, as a result
of the FCC order, was emphasized
in the complaint.

"Ten years having elapsed since
the adoption of commercial televi-
sion standards during which the
public has invested apiiroximately
two billion dollars in television re-
ceivers," the complaint stated, "the
Commission cannot consistently
with its obligation to protect the
public interest adopt a color .system
which is incompatible with the
black-and-white system on which
more than 30.000,000 of the public
depend for their television service.

"The broadcasting of television
programs on the CBS standards will
deprive broadcasters of the televi-
sion audience that has been grad-

anufacturers and Broadcasters by
gal. Arbitrary and C'apriciaus.

ually built up over a period of four
years, to the irreparable injury of
the television broadcast service, and
will deprive the existing television
audience of a [)art of the television
liroadcast service, to the irreparable
injury of the public interest."

Declaring that the Order cannot
be sustained, the Court was in-
formed that the Commission's staff
engineer, who took the most active
role throughout the hearing on be-
half of the Commission's technical
staff and who is in charge of the
Commission's laboratory which
tested the various color systems,
invented a device usable only in
the CBS system and applied for a
patent thereon.

•"' "On disclosure of this fact," the
complaint asserted, "objection by
RCA was overruled and the staff
engineer continued in the proceed-
ings as theretofore.

"On information and belief the
Commission relied on this staff en-
gineer's advice because the major-
ity of the Commission have no en-
gineering training and the decision
of the Commission is stated to be
based entirely upon engineering
considerations.

"Although the engineer fore-
swore any financial interest in his
device he did have professional
prestige and reputation at stake
which could be furthered only if the
CBS system were adopted. On in-
formation and belief he advised
the Commission in the absence of
the parties and participated in the
formulation and preparation of its
Reports and the Order herein com-
plained of."

The complaint pointed out that
RCA and NBC have a present in-
vestment of approximately $100.-
000.000 in television. It was not
until 1941. however, that the Com-
mission first .set standards for com-
mercial operation of black-and-

[RAPIO AGE 3]

white television as a service to the
public.

"The total present investment of
the television manufacturing indus-
try is estimated at not less than
$300,000,000," the complaint stated.
"The total investment of the tele-
vision broadcasting industry is es-
timated at $50,000,000.

"The adoption of the incompat-
ible CBS color television system
will impede the future growth of
the television industry upon which
RCA and NBC, with all other tele-
vision manufacturers and broad-
casters, depend. It will as well
imperil the employment of the more
than 30,000 people RCA and NBC
employ in television manufacture,
but also the hundreds of thousands
employed throughout the television
industry."

The complaint reminded the
Court that the Commission's "First
Report on Color Television," issued
on September 1, shows that the
Commission was not satisfied with
the incompatible CBS system.
There are many instances, it pointed
out, in which the Commission stated
that it desired more information
with respect to defects of the in-
compatible system and the Com-
mission's description of this sys-
tem is in terms of "adequacy"
rather than in terms of "high-
quality performance."

"With minor exceptions," the
complaint continued, "those of the
television manufacturing industry
who submitted comments with re-
spect to said Second Notice stated
that to change their production of
black-and-white receivers so as to
accept the proposed standards was
impractical, unnecessarily costly to
the public, and could not be done
in accordance with the time sched-
ule set forth in the Second Notice."

RCA comments submitted to the
FCC pointed out the fact that the
Commission's proposal to adopt an
incompatible system was based on
scientifically incorrect conclusions,
was at variance with the evidence
submitted at the hearings, and was
contrary to the public interest, con-
venience and necessity, the com-
plaint affirmed, adding:

"In addition, the comments di-
rected the Commission's attention
to certain readily available infor-

mation of controlling significance
which the Commission failed to
consider although it had the duty
to do so before reaching a final
decision. This is particularly true
in view of the fact that the Com-
mission's Report showed that it did
not understand various aspects of
the RCA system."

The complaint declared the FCC's
Order to be "illegal, void and be-
yond the power, authority and ju-
risdiction of the Commission," for
the following reasons :

The Order is contrary to the
public interest, convenience and
necessity, the basic statutory
standard contained in the Com-
munications Act of 1934.
The Order violates Section 303
ig) of the Communications Act
of 1934 (Which generally encour-

ages larger and more effective
use of radio in the public inter-
est).

The Order is unsupported by
substantial evidence, is arbitrary
and capricious, and is an abuse
of discretion.

The Order was adopted before
the Commission had discharged
its statutory duty to inform it-
self adequately before issuing a
final order in a rule-making pro-
ceeding. The Commission wrong-
fully refu.sed to consider addi-
tional evidence of determinative
significance to its decision and
wrongfully denied the RCA Pe-
tition.

The Order is based upon the
rejection by the television indus-
try of the two illegal conditions
set forth in the First Report

MESSAGE TO RCA VICTOR DISTRIBUTORS

Walter A. Buck, Vice President and General Manager. RCA Victor
Division, sent the following letter regarding color television to all RCA
Victor distributors on October 20:

Regarding the color television situation, here's the outlook:

Black-and-white television will remain the backbone of the industry
for some years to come, with continued expansion and improvement of
black-and-white program service. Regardless of outcome of current
controversy and type of television broadcasting finally adopted, sub-
stantial color broadcasting is at least two years away for followini;
reasons :

First, Public will be hesitant to install cumbersome, gadgety con-
verters and adapters because of expense involved, limited number
programs broadcast, and limited size and degraded quality of picture
received. Color pictui'es can be no larger than 12V4 inches and definition
is reduced from 525 lines to 405 lines. Same thing applies to new sets.
Leading manufacturers have indicated reluctance to risk resources,
reputations, by rush production of high-priced receivers for questionable
broadcasting system that will not give satisfaction in the home and
will probably soon be obsolete.

Second, Sponsors will be slow to incur heavy expense of color broad
casts for limited audience.

In the meantime, RCA is working intensively toward perfection ol
all-electronic color broadcasting system compatible witli present sets.
with demonstrations of progress scheduled for early December.

RCA believes incompatible system of color broadcasting ordered by
FCC is scientifically unsound and not good enough for American public.

It all adds up to this. Customers can buy black-and-white sets today
with complete confidence that they will get years of satisfactory service
and improved entertainment from them; that perfection of all-electronic
color bi'oadcasting system will not make their sets obsolete.

[4 RADIO AGE]

(which, in effect, compel the in-
dustry to include bracket stand-
ards in the maiiufaclure of tele-
vision sets and which orders this
done without a hearintr-

The Order is contrary to the
terms of the Commission's Notice
of July 11. 19-19. pursuant to
which the hearings on which the
Order [)urports to be based were
held.

On the facts disclosed, the staff
engineer should not have been
permitted to continue in the pro-
ceeding.

The Order deprives the plaintiffs
of property without due process
of law. contrary to the Fifth
Amendment to the Constitution
of the United States.

Besides its move to restrain en-
forcement of the FCC Order, the
complaint asked the Court, after
final hearing, to order and decree
that the FCC Order adopting the
incompatible color system "is. and
has at all times been, beyond the
lawful authority of the Commission,
in violation of the legal rights of
plaintiffs, and is wholly void, arbi-
trary and unreasonable, and that
the Order be perpetually vacated.
stt :iside. suspended and annulled,
and the promulgation, operation
and execution thereof perpetually
restrained and eniorned."

RCA to Show Latest Advances
in Color Television System

Improvcinciif> in Receivers, Picture Tube and Cotiverten to be
Revealed in Waihiugton. D.C.. Beginning December 5.

PLANS of the Radio Corpora-
tion of America to show the
latest improvements in its com-
patible all-electronic, high-defini-
tion color television system in a
series of demonstrations beginning
December 5, 1950, in Washington.
D. C, were disclosed October 17 in
telegrams sent to the radio-televi-
sion manufactui-ing industry.

The telegrams, signed by E. (\
.Anderson. X'ice President in Charge
of the Commercial Department.
RCA Laboratories Division, read :

"Reference Color Television Sit-
uation. The last demonstration of
our color television system was
made by RCA to its licensees in
Washington on March 30, 1950.
Since then, we have made substan-
tial improvements along the lines
set forth in our progress report of
July 31, 1950, previously mailed
to you.

"We are preparing to give our
licensees another demonstration
which will incorporate the improve-
ments we have made to date in the
set and tri-co!or tube. At this dem-

onstration, we will also show a
color converter for the RCA system.

"We expect to be ready to give
this demonstration in Washington,
D. C, on December 5, 1950. Details
of exact time and place will follow.
Hope you and your engineers will
he present.

"At this demonstration, we will
supply you with information about
our latest simplified circuits, the
converter and the tri-color tube.
We shall continue to give you fur-
ther demonstrations periodically so
that you may see the successive
steps in our progress.

"In our petition of October 4 to
the Federal Communications Com-
mission, we said :

" 'By June 30, 1951, we will show
that the laboratory apparatus which
RCA has heretofore demonstrated
has been brought to fruition in a
commercial, fully-compatible, all-
electronic, high-deliniti(i!i system
of color television available for im-
mediate adoption of final stand-
:.rds.' '•

NBC to Expand Present Lead in TV

NBC's commanding lead in all
facets of television broadcast-
ing will be vastly expanded in the
coming year, representatives of the
network's affiliated television sta-
tions were told at the fourth annual
onvention in White Sulphur
Springs, West Virginia, on October
9.

When present construction plans
jre completed, Jo.seph H. McCon-
lell. President of the National
kroadcasting Company, revealed to
■he meeting, NBC's plant invest-
ment in television will be between
;:^5.000.ono and S40.000.000. Plans
re in the making, he added, for
he acquisition of still more top
alent and for expansion into morn-

ing network programming as soon
as the current afternoon schedule
is sold.

"In our general sales strategy."
McConnell said, "we're devoting
paiticular attention to advertisers
who are spending their budgets in
visi.al media. We have in television
the greatest selling medium for the
eye, and we're proving to the visual
advertiser that television can do
more for him than the printed
media he is using and do it more
economically when you take .sales
effectiveness into account. We'll sell
television to these advertisers in
place of the magazines and supple-
ments they are buying, and we'll

sell them radio as the economical
mass medium to reach the people
they aren't reaching by television."
The program strategy at NBC
television, Sylvester L. Weaver, vice
president in charge of Television
explained, "is to attract all sets to
our great entertainment, to give
the all-set circulation exposure to
cultural and informational currents
in which the people have only slight
interest, and stimulate that interest
until it becomes a special interest."
The result, he added, "will be the
most important single influence in
the American scene on the minds
and opinions of the people, and our
influence will be positive."

[RADIO AGE 5]

America is Challenged

America Is Challenged by Greatest Threat Ever Faced by Free Men, Head of RCA Tells Veterans

of Foreign Wars at Chicago — He Urges National Policies and Plans to Meet Political, Military and

Industrial Requirements of Menacing Situation That May Compel America to Wage Global War —

Russian and Satellite People Must Be Told The Big Truth About The Big Lie, He Declares.

IN a scathing denunciation of in-
ternational Communist tactics,
Brig. General David Sarnoflf, Chair-
man of the Board of the Radio
Corporation of America, declared
that this country must take steps
in time to meet the challenge of
present Soviet leaders who, he
charged, represent "the greatest
threat ever faced by free men".

General Sarnoff, speaking before
Veterans of Foreign Wars of the
United States at their 51st En-
campment in Chicago on August
28, outlined 12 basic points of ap-
praisal and suggested action. He
told the men who had served in one,
or both, of the two World Wars
that "the days of diplomatic pussy-
footing are over," and that the time
for "positive action" has arrived.

Points outlined by General Sarn-
off follow:

1. Communism is spreading
its insidious propaganda relent-
lessly over many parts of an an.x-
ious world. Red Fascism threat-
ens destruction to life and liberty,
and an end to human progress.
The present Soviet leaders rep-
resent the greatest threat ever
faced by free men.

2. We must formulate sound
national policies and prepare
practical plans to meet the politi-
cal, military and industrial re-
quirements of a menacing situa-
tion that may compel us to wage
war on a global scale.

3. We must concentrate and
not scatter our military and ma-
terial resources, our man-power
and our strength. This is precise-
ly the trap that Russia has set for
us and this is the trap we should
avoid.

4 We must speed up our pro-
gram of all-out national prepared-
ness and bring to bear upon this
effort the full weight of Ameri-

BRIG. GENERAL DAVID SARNOFF RECEIVES THE GOLD CITIZENSHIP MEDAL OF
THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS FROM COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF CLYDE
LEWIS. THE PRESENTATION TOOK PLACE AT THE .51ST NATIONAL ENCAMP-
MENT OF THE V.F.W., IN CHICAGO. SEATED IN LEFT FOREGROUND IS
COMMANDER-ELECT CHARLES C. RALLS.

can skill and ingenuity. Ameri-
can industry and labor will co-
operate patriotically.

5. Declare a moratorium on
national politics and thus help to
close the ranks against the com-
mon enemy. Accelerate national
unity by using the best brains in
our country to help solve the
critical problems before us and
the world-wide political commit-
ments we have assumed.

(5. Establish immediately, uni-
versal military training in the
United States.

7. Put high on the list of pri-
orities, a thorough protection
against sabotage — which could
pro\e worse than a battle lost.

8. Subject to suitable controls
and practical safeguards, permit
and assist Japan and West Ger-
many to rearm, to the extent that
these two countries fit into the
over-all plan of resisting Russian
aggression.

9. Develop a comprehensive
system of Civilian Defense. Pub-
lic knowledge that such protec-
tion exists, will allay fear and
keep us fit to do our job.

10. Communist propaganda
makes false promises to suffering
masses and stirs them to hatred
and revolt. Once under their con-
trol they rob the masses of their
freedom and substitute the ter-
rors of the police state for de-

6 RADIO AGE]

t-ency ard justit-e. Throiijrh radio
and televisitm. through the mo-
tion picture and the printed word,
and with every means at our
commaiul, it is our duty to tell
the world the Big Truth about
the Bi^' Lie. We must expose
the lies and spike the false prop-
aganda that come from behind
the Iron Curtain.

11. Americans want to know
the facts and are not afraid to
learn the truth. Americans ex-
pect their Government to lead
the Nation and the world in this
time of peril.

12. The vast resources of the
United States, if handled wisely,
should be capable of meeting the
Ru.-jsian challenge. Americans,
now as always, will respond to
the Nation's call. When its free-
dom is endangered, America,
springing to action, is unbeat-
able.

Scattered Effort Ineffective

General Sarnoff reminded the
Veterans of Foreign Wars that day
by day, since the end of World War
II, Americans have witnessed
events which, in their bold and
devastating aims, have made it
clear that the time has come for the
concerted development of this na-
tion's resources — spiritual, indus-
trial and military. Scattered and
uni)lanned effort will not be effec-
tive enough to meet the challenge,
he declared, and added:

"The leaders of the Kremlin have
left no doubt that they intend to
impose their will on all mankind:
not through peaceful persuasion.
hut by lying, intrigue, infiltration,
sabotage and force.

"In such a crisis, it is foolish to
parry the thrusts of the aggressor
^\ith our fingers. Thus we only in-
jure our fingers and do not hurt the
enemy. Should it later become nec-
essary to fight with our fists, the
injured fingers would make our fists
impotent. We must courageously
formulate and pursue bold policies
on a global scale. In psychological,
as in military warfare, defensive
strategv alone rarelv leads to vic-
tory." "

Tactics of the Kremlin, he as-
serted, are clearly based on the old
slogan, "divide and conquer". By
diverting our forces first to one

,RADI O AGE 7

pressure point and then to another,
they hope to scatter our strength
into ineffectiveness, he charged,
and said:

"The major question is: What
next?

"Some seem to believe the answer
can come only from the Kremlin. I
do not believe that. We have picked
up the challenge in Korea, and
while you and I deplore the loss of
life and the general destruction that
is now taking place in that unfor-
tunate country, we may thank
Providence for a timely awakening
to the imminent danger. The stark
realism of the Communist aggres-
sion has stirred us from an almost
suicidal complacency."

Accusing the Communists of
smothering the truth with their
falsehoods. General Sarnoff pointed
out that through radio and televi-
sion, the motion picture and the
printed word. Americans have a
great opportunity to reveal the
truth to the rest of the world.

"We must expose the lies and
spike the false propaganda that
come from behind the Iron Cur-
tain," he affirmed. "We have
worked out a new formula against
the Big Lie invented by Hitler,
practiced by Goebbels, and now
employed by Stalin and Malik. Our
formula is the Big Truth. As I
said the other day at the Univer-
sity of Chicago Round Table Con-
ference, we must tell the Big Truth
about the Big Lie.

"If truth is incapable of overtak-
ing the lie, then there is something
seriously wrong with our whole
structure of life. But we can re-
assure ourselves: the truth will pre-
vail. It is the foundation of democ-
racy, and it is the basis of our be-
lief."

General SarnofT expressed the
opinion that America's policies and
I)ians must be made and remade to
fit the fluid situation. This calls
for national unity at home if we
are to reflect it abroad, he asserted,
declaring: "Now is the time for a
moratorium on politics. I do not
mean that we should .stop construc-
tive criticism, for it is a necessary
element in any free society. It can
aid our Government and our leaders
in all fields of endeavor. It can aid
the whole world.

"What we need is a closer and a
stronger link between the Brains
of America and the Brawn of
America. The best brains in our
country, regardless of political
afliliations, are needed to help solve
the pressing problems in this time
of trouble and to defeat the cun-
ning of the enemy in a 'cold war'
or a 'hot war'. Today, as you are
well aware, the cold war is rapidly
warming up.

"Let us not worry at this crucial
moment about the dangers of a
"Brain Trust'. A democracy can
deal with it when necessary. But
it cannot cope with the perils to

VETERANS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE .NATION MEET IN THE CHICAGO ARENA
FOR THE .51ST ENCAMPMENT OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS

? <^-%

iaPliRWii

V.P.W. PARADE ON CHICAGO'S MICHIGAN BOULEVARD.

the Nation that i.:in come from a
'Brain Rust", or a 'Brain Bust'.

In an apprai.sal of Soviet re-
sources, General Sarnoff said that
the history of Russia is marked by
political, agricultural and indus-
trial ineptitude. Until lately, the
industrial development of Russia
was almo.st neKliKi'jle, compared
with that of England, France, Ger-
many and the United States, he
opined, asserting that most of the
Soviet Union's major industries
have been built up largely through
the help of exi)erb5 from other na-

[8 RADIO AGEl

tions. He reminded the Veterans
that "the world knows how Russia
obtained the secrets of the atom
l)omb!"

Nevertheless, it would be hazard-
ous to underestimate the Soviet
militaiy potential. General Sarnoff
continued, adding'

"It is believed that Russia is
presently able to put about 200 di-
visions on the field of battle. Since
the end of World War II, her ability
to equip and supply these divisions
has been greatly increased by con-
trol of the satellite industrial na-

tions of Eastern Europe. Moreover,
there is no reason to doubt that
Russia is producing the atom bomb.
"When you add to these factors
their devilish cunning in the politi-
cal arena, their disregard for In-
ternational Law, their distortion
and disavowal of agreements, and
the likelihood of striking the first
blow when they are ready to do so,
the present Soviet leaders repre-
sent the greatest threat ever faced
by free men."

Americans Can Take Courage

General Sarnoff said that Ameri-
cans can take courage, however,
when we appraise our own strength
—both as a great agricultural and
industrial power and as a people
imbued with the spirit of democ-
racy and individual human dignity.
"The vast resources of the United
States, if handled wisely, should be
capable of meeting the challenge
we face," he declared.

His appraisal of American re-
sources follows :

The agricultural economy of
the United States has been de-
veloped to a point where we can
meet the requirements of our
own population and help our
friends abroad. From this agrar-
ian activity has sprung the larg-
est food processing industry in
the world.

The country's output of goods
and services is now runnning at
the staggering rate of 270 billion
dollars a year— an all-t ime record
for America's industrial suprem-
acy.

The electrical industry has
reached a generating capacity of
68,000.000 kilowatts — nearly
twice the total we had only ten
years ago.

Our steel production is greater
today than that of all the rest of
the world combined, including
Russia.

In the automotive field, no other
country approaches our capacity
to produce nine million motor
vehicles a year.

Substantially the same story
can be told about radio, aviation,
rubber, textiles, chemicals and
other major components of our
industrial economy.

.■\ligned with these v;ust enter-
prises are unmatched systems of

triinsportatioii and iMimmiinica-
fion.

The Ameritan industrial ma-
chine, already huge, underwent
enormous expansion during
World War II. Existing plants
were enlarged and new ones built.
To such war implements as ships,
airplanes, tankf ..nd guns, the
United States applied the tech-
niques of mass production. Never
before were such tremendous
quantities of equipment manu-
factured in so short a time. We
supplied not only our own armed
forces, but those of our allies as
well.

Industrial Capacity Expands

In the tive years since that
war, our industrial capacity has
continued to expand. At the same
time, scientific research has been
widely extended and new labora-
tory facilities have been pro-
vided.

We learned during World War
II that no nation can remain
strong if it slackens even for an
instant its interest in science.
Progress in this field has put
America at the forefront and has
tremendously strengthened nur
national defense.

General Sarnoff said the elec-
tronics industry is an outstanding
example of the part research plays
in our national security. He recalled
that American scientists have pio-
neered in this field for more than 30
years, and told his listeners that
the expansion of radio and elec-
tronic activities during and since
the war has been phenomenal. He
disclosed these figures: number of
manufacturers in this industry in
1040, 42.5; today, 1,200: value of
the industry's peacetime products
was a half billion dollars in 19.39:
today's rate, two and one half bil-
lion dollars. This is an increase in
production of 500 r.

Most of the electronic industry's
postwar expansion has occurred un-
der the impetus of television's re-
markable growth, he said, estimat-
ing that by the end of this year,
there will be approximately 10,000,-
000 television receivers in as many
American homes. This means a po-
tential daily audience of between

[RADIO AGE 9]

:i.=>.000.000 and 40,000,000 persons,
"Most of these people live in the
great population centers of the na-
tion," General Sarnoff stated.
"Through television, they form a
powerful nucleus for concerted ac-
tion in time of emergency; for tele-
vision is one of our greatest me-
diums for the dissemination of in-
formation, instruction and training.

"If we had international televi-
sion today -and 1 believe we shall
have it within the next five years—
the \'oice of America would be the
Voice and \'isi()ii of America. What
a powerful weapon of propaganda
that would give us! For then the
whole world would see what millions
of American televiewers saw— the
wonder of the UN sessions at Lake
Success -and the arrogant filibustei-
of President Malik would have been
its own most eflTective antidote for
the Russian propaganda."

Should war come, television will
be a vital factor in communications
on land, sea and in the air, he as-
serted, adding: "No matter where
a battle is waged, it can be under
the eyes of television and may be
viewed by the military strategists
even across the seas. It is within
the range of possibility that the
public will watch the action on
battlefields while sitting at home
in front of television sets."

General Sarnoff assured his audi-
ence that American industry of
which radio and electronics are a
part— represents a great force fur
peace and a mighty power in war.

".At this moment our Nation is
being alerted," he continued.
"Should the need arise for full-
scale war production, you may b<
sure that our industries know how
to convert their products into the
necessary weapons of war. Ameri-
can industry and labor will respond
in the future as they have in the
past— with patriotism and skill.

"The story I have been telling
you is a part of the Big Truth
about Amjrica. It is the story of
unmatched agricultural, scientific
and industrial achievement; of op-
portunities for individual initiative
that develop under the free enter-
prise system; of national team-
work ; of social and economic prog-
ress.

"But this is not the whole story.
The spiritual part of America is
even more important. Our free-
doms to worship as we please, to
think and to speak, to listen and
to look, to work and to live where
we choose, are precious privileges
of our peaceful way of life. All
these now are threatened by the
enemies of freedom."

TELEVISION ENABLES MILLIONS TO VIKW IN SESSIONS AT LAKE SUCCESS.

RADIO city's famous CENTER THEATRE DURING CONVERSION INTO WORLD'S LARGEST TELEVISION STUDIO.

Five New TV Studios For NBC

In a Major Expansion Program, the Network has Converted Two
Large Theatres and Three Broadcast Studios for TV Use.

THE National Broadcasting
Company's lavish fall line-up of
television programs, which will be
produced at the rate of 100 a week,
necessitates production wizardry
unequalled in the legitimate theatre.
Moreover, many of these individual
productions require facilities com-
parable in scope to anything ever
attempted on Broadway. To make
this possible, NBC, during the
summer months, has been carrying
on a gigantic project of TV studio
expansion. This has involved con-
verting three large radio broadcast-
ing studios and two sizable theatres
into television studios.

The mammoth task included the
leasing and transforming of the
world-famous Center Theatre, re-
building the Hudson Theatre, re-
vamping studios 3-A and 3-B in
Radio City, and reconstructing the
famous 8-H, largest broadcasting
studio in the world, and home of the
NBC Symphony. The accomplish-
ment is remarkable less for the
amount of materials used than for
the difficulty of the operation,
which, in many cases, had to be
carried on at night, under adverse
conditions. Problems were posed
by the necessity of maintaining
quiet for normal broadcasting ac-
tivities, and by the structural obsta-
cles of major construction in build-

ings already completed.

Conversion of the Center Theatre.
the world's largest legitimate
theatre with a seating capacity of
3,000, into the world's largest tele-
vision studio was a considerable
feat. The stage of the theatre,
which for many years had been
used for ice shows, had to be com-
pletely rebuilt, a vast network of
pipes removed, and a 30-foot ex-
tension to the stage replaced with
130 orchestra seats. A ramp for
camera dollies and two side-stage
extensions were added in front of
the proscenium to accommodate
musicians on one side and com-
mercial presentations on the other.

Nerv Studio Made Fireproof

To comply with New York City
fire laws all material in front of the
proscenium had to be made fire-
proof with gypsum plank and con-
crete covering. A light bridge 65
feet long and 15 feet wide was in-
stalled over the forestage, hung
from the ceiling and operated by a
motor. Ordinai'y theatre spotlights
are not strong enough to light a TV
show: they cause shadows which
the cameras readily pick up. For
the benefit of the studio audience
eight small loudspeakers were in-
stalled. To have used one large
speaker would have created a feed-

back howl in the broadcast micro-
phone.

A temporary control booth now
set up on stage right will eventually
be replaced by a permanent booth
at the back of the orchestra. In
addition, NBC has reactivated the
famous turntable and three-elevator
stage system originally built into
the theatre, but which was inactive
during presentation of the ice
shows. The stage system, a dupli-
cate of that used at Radio City
Music Hall, will allow for a wide
variety of effects not possible in
other television theatres.

Conversion of the mammoth play-
house has given NBC an additional
4,200 square feet of television stage
which will permit the network to do
productions comparable to the most
lavish on Broadway. The elaborate
technical stage equipment, as well
as the special storage and dressing
room facilities, make the NBC Tele-
vision Center Theatre the best-
equipped auditorium studio in the
world.

The theater opened officially on
September 25, with a simulcast of
"The Voice of Firestone". The pro-
gram was chosen for the honor be-
cause of its distinction in being the
oldest coast-to-coast musical show
on NBC.

Revamping of the network's fa-
mous concert studio 8-H presented
a different problem. All of the
structure inside the studio had to be
removed and a new overhead con-
struction, using over 30 tons of
steel, was erected. The difficulty of

[10 RADIO AGE]

IN FiKV \Ml'|.\(; NBC S KAMlH S I I1N( KKT SH Uln ^-H. WORKMEN REMOVK
CEIMNc; BEAMS TO MAKE WAY FOR A STEEL OVERHEAD rONSTRUCTION.

biintring 32-foot-long, 16-inch eye-
l)e;ims into a buildinjr was solved
by hoisting the beams up NBC
freiKht-elevator shafts in 16-foot
sections and splicing them together
in the studio.

The balcony of the studio is being
rebuilt as control, observation and
dressing rooms. The studio, which
is 76 feet wide. 130 feet long, and
:54 feet high, will provide 10.000
s(|uare feet of working space.

Rebuilding of studio 8-H recalls
many of the radio triumphs which
emanated from that hall. It was
there that Eddie Cantor broadcast
his great variety shows, setting new
patterns in radio entertainment.
From its stage Arturo Toscanini
first conducted the newly-formed
XBC Symphony Orchestra in 1937.

The noise and confusion of demo-
lition have caused XBC engineers
considerable concern. In studio 3-A.

RCA Pledges Full Cooperation
to President Truman

A pledge of fullest cooperation in the national effort by the
Radio Corporation of America, its subsidiaries, officers and
employees at home and abroad, was telegraphed to President
Truman at the White House by General Sarnoff on July 20.
The full te.\t of General SarnoflF's telegram follows:

"Please accept my congratulations on your illuminating
messages to the Congress and the people of the United States
which set forth frankly and clearly the seriousness of the
situation we face and the efforts . of our Nation to resist
aggression and help preserve world peace.

"Speaking *'or the Radio Corporation of America and its
subsidiaries which include the National Broadcasting Com-
pany and the RCA Communications, Inc., and for our officers
and employees at home and abroad I pledge you our fullest
cooperation in the national effort. We are at your service."

originally designed for recording,
the whole wall and ceiling treatment
I with acoustical elements adjust-
able for music or speech) had to be
rijiped out. Demolition had to be
I lone (|uietl.v, so as not to interfere
with broadcasting in other parts of
the building. Since heavy hammer-
ing reverberations can be carried
along the steel members of the
liuilding and cause audible vibra-
tions, noisy work was done after
nii<lnight.

Studios 3-A and 3-B have been
re-treated acoustically on both walls
and ceilings. Control booths have
been rebuilt so that they can be
used for audio operations, video
operations — separately or simul-
taneously. In each studio, NBC
engineers built a separate lighting-
control booth, with switchboards
and dimmer boards controlling all
ceiling lights.

A stupendous job was done on
the Hudson Theatre. More than
half the orchestra was floored over
at stage level, leaving 174 orchestra
seats for the studio audience. The
stage extension is to be used for
bands, equipment for TV commer-
cials, camera dollies, yet the audi-
ence's view of the stage will not be
blocked. From a glass-partitioned
box behind the control booth the
sponsor can watch the stage and ob-
serve the activities of the direc-
tor and engineers in the control
booth without interfering with op-
erations. .

:^;&^

New Electron Microscope
Advances Tissue Research

study of structural details of
relatively thick specimens of bio-
logical and plant tissues will be
made po.ssible by a new high-resolu-
tion electron microscope, designed
for operation at 50 to 100 kilovolts,
which was described b.v RCA engi-
neers at a recent meeting of the
Klectron Microscope Society of
America in Detroit. The new in-
strument makes possible useful
direct magnifications of 1,000 to
20,000 diameters and is greatly sim-
plified for easier operation and
maintenance, according to Dr. .John
H. Reisner. of RCA's Scientific In-
struments Engineering Group.

[RADIO AGE 111

Barrymore and Shakespeare

A Lucky Discovery Revealed DUcarded Recordings of Noted Actor,
which Became Nucleus of Widely Acclaimed NBC Programs.

IP IGHT years after his death,
]j John Barrymore's magic as an
inierpreter of Shakespeare was
brouKht to NBC's nation-wide audi-
ence through the ingenuity of Pro-
gram Director James Fleming and
staff engineers, who transformed
four scratchy, discarded transcrip-
tions into clean, clear reproductions
of the bard's immortal classics. The
series of programs entitled "John
Barrymore and Shakespeare", for
v/hich the network won wide ac-
claim, consisted of Barrymore's se-
lected passages from "Hamlet".
"Macbeth". "Richard III", and
"Twelfth Night".

If Fleming, editor of NBC's
"Voices and Events" program, had
not decided last May to broadcast
a dramatic flashback to the week of
John Barrymore's death in 1942.
the rare transcriptions probably
would have lain unused in the XBC
record warehouse.

The transcriptions — old, rough,
dusty— were made during a series
of broadcasts from Hollywood in
1937 for i-eference, not for rebroad-
cast. Taken off the NBC network
line in New York, they were marred
by countless clicks, ticks, and other
surface noises engendered by tht
3,000-mile connection. The "Ham-
let" transcription was particularly
noisy because the broadcast had oc-
curred during a violent electrical
storm, which pejjpered the reception
with sharp cracks every time the
lines were hit by lightning.

Listeners Acclaim Program

In sjiite of the poor quality of the
discs, Fleming decided to dramatize
his "Voices and Events" program
with Barrymore's version of Ham-
let's speech to the players. The
response was extraordinary. Let-
ters, telegrams and telephone calls
asking for more Barrymore jioured
into the NBC News and Special
Events Department from all over
the United States.

Two officials of the Shakespeare
Festival at Stratford-on-Avon, Eng-
land, learned about the Barrymore
transcriptions and suggested to

William F. Brooks, NBC vice-presi-
dent in charge of News and Inter-
national Relations, that the pro-
grams be rebroadcast in connection
with this Summer's festival.

In prei)aring the series for re-
liroadcast Fleming marshalled all
the mechanical and electronic re-
sources which have been developed
since the original bi-oadcasts thir-
teen years ago. With the help of
N B C's audio - engineering and
sound-effects departments he was
able to "clean up" the old transcrip-
tions, making them clear, audible,
and \ii'tually like new.

A major problem was to elimi-
nate various surface noises. In re-
recording the old transcriptions on
tspe. engineers first chose, by mi-
croscopic examination, the cleanest
copies of the records. Then the
sound was filtered, electronically, to
eliminate excessive low frequencies.

One purely mechanical method of
eliminating undesirable noise was
to cut out that portion of tape —
usually an inch or two — which rep-
resented a crackle or a click, and
substitute a quiet piece of tape on
which were recorded only normal
background i or room i noises. This
kind of manipulation was possible
liecause the distui'bances usually
occurred during pauses between
words.

Fleming did. however, have to
cope with a more subtle problem,
caused in the 1937 broadcasts by
Barrymore's tendency to creep up
on the micropl.one. Realizing that
Barrymoi-e had done very little
Shakespeare on the air, NBC studio
engineers in Hollywood built a
small fence, or corral, .iround his
micro|)hone to keej) him at the de-
sired distance. At times, however,
he became so transported by emo-
tion that he leaned over the fence,
bellowed into the mike, and his
words came over the air in a mufHed
roar.

Fleming had to choose between
clarifying Bai-rymore's words,
thereby distorting his voice and
raising suiface noises, or preserv-
ing the original, muffled version.

EVKN A STURDY GUARD-FENCE COULD
.NOT ALWAYS KEEP JOHN BARRYMORE
AT PROPER DISTANCE FROM THE MICRO-
PHONE DURING HIS SHAKESPEAREAN
DISCOURSES.

He Compromised by making the
words somewhat more intelligible
without distorting Bai'rymore.

"I knew that the listener was
.going to have to work hard in one
or two places," Fleming said, "but
I iireferred to keep Barrymore as
he was."

On the positive side of the ledger
Fleming added musii' and sound
iffects. He substituted a stark,
peremptory kettle drum for the
original transition music. He im-
plemented the cries of the Ghost of
Hamlet's father (produced by a
music(d saw) with a wild, unearthly
wind.

During the tinal tragedy of the
duel .scene Fleming added a note of
lealism with the sound of clashing
rapiers. And he gave perspective to
both of those outdoor scenes by
recording the oiiginal disc through
an echo chamber. In 1937 Barry-
more spoke into a microphone in a
broadcasting studio, and there was
no impression of space or depth.

[12 RADIO AGE]

BS8 OSS

sss

gSS

IKIKVlSUlN TRANSMITTKR OF KRON-TV
WHICH COMBINKS WITH MODERN AN-
rKNNA TO RADIATE I'K'TLRE SIGNAL TO
VIEWERS IN BAY CITIES.

KNBC S OOU-KOOT TOWER IS PINCHED IN

AT BASE AND NEAR TOP TO IMPROVE THE

RADIO SIGNAL RECEIVED IN HOMES OK

THE SAN FRANCISCO AREA.

TV-FM on the West Coast

Latest Derclopmcnta in Antennas and Transmitters Provide
Extended Service in San Francisco Area.

ON the marsh flats borderiiiK
San Francisco bay stands an
uiuisual landmark, a 90-ton, 550-
foot steel tower restinp on a 10-inch
one, giving the monument a soar-
inj.' and spectacular appearance,
like a slim pencil balanced delicately
un its point.

This impressive structure, de-
sipned by RCA, serves as the AM
broadcasting antenna for station
KNBC. San Francisco. In opera-
tion since October 24, 1949. the
antenna, which embodies features
never before used in broadcasting,
greatly increases KNBCs effective
radiated power and adds 10.000
quare miles to the station's primary
coverage area.

RCA engineers call the structure
an "articulated joint" vertical radi-
ator. The "joints" are insulator
cones — one at the 400-foot level
and the other at the base. The ten-
inch lower cone supports the entire
weight. The upper cone divides the

tower into two insulated segments.
This two-piece antenna augments
the horizontal signal ;.nd decreases
the skywave signal, thus reducing
the twilight fading ::one to a mini-
mum.

Another feature never before
used in antenna design is the three-
quarter-inch copper tubing which
extends from base to top along each
corner of the tower. Also to in-
crease conductivity, 120 narrow
strips of copper, each 500 feet long,
extend outward in all directions
fr(»m the base of the tower. These
"radials" are buried seven inches
under the ground.

Radiator Has Other Advantages

The vertical radiator has other
advantages. It acts as tower and
antenna, thereby combining econ-
omy and efficiency. The use of six
guy wires, three for each segment
of the tower, eliminates the neei:
for deep concrete foundations and

.(i

FILM ROOM OF TELEVISION STATUIN
KRON-TV SHOWING PROJECTORS FOR
FILMS (REAR), OPAQUE SLIDES (LEFT)
A.VD TRANSPARENCIES (CENTERI.

r\MKr!\ I< \T KXTItKMI- V.lr.r,!

[RADIO AGE t^f

heavy steel construction used in
self-supporting towers. Founda-
tions of an ordinary tower the same
height would be many times larger
than the 12-foot scjuare concrete
base which supports the 90 tons of
steelwork.

RCA also has installed a new FM
antenna for KXBC atop San Bruno
Mountain, highest point on the San
Francisco peninsula. Taking to the
air last October, KNBC-FM's new
equipment increases the station's
effective radiated power from 3.000

watts to 45,000 watts. With 15
times more power and enjoying the
highest elevation in the area, KNBC
has gained countless thousands of
new FM listeners.

The FM transmitter is housed in
an all-concrete, spacious single-
story building which overlooks the
entire bay area. KXBC-FM shares
the structure with KRON-TV, San
Francisco's third television outlet,
and also RCA-equipped. The site
of the KRON-KNBC building and
the TV and FM towers has become
known as TV Peak.

PYLON ANTENNA OF KNBC'S FM STATION ABOUT TO BE LIFTED INTO POSI-
TION ATOP SA.N BRUNO MOUNTAIN, HIGHEST POINT ON THE PENINSULA.

MASTER CONTROL ROOM OF TELEVISION STATION KRON-TV WITH VIDEO
MONITORS IN REAR AND TRANSCRIPTION TURNTABLES IN FOREGROUND.

Electrons Detect
Stray Coins

Stray coins mailed in envelopes
with box-tops and soap wrappers,
during contests staged by adver-
tisers, are being spotted at one
contest headquarters through the
use of 'RCA's Electronic Metal De-
tector.

At the office of Associated Activi-
ties Inc. of Minneapolis nationally-
known advertising service organ-
ization, the RCA instrument is
used to screen the mountains of
mail received in premium promo-
tions as final insurance that no
coin has escaped the sorters. This
measure, says the firm, retrieves
each month many dollars that might
otherwise be lost to the advertiser,
with resultant confusion and delay
in the mailing of premiums to con-
sumers.

It isn't so much the value of the
lost coins that concerns the contest
promoters as the much greater loss
in customer goodwill through de-
layed mailing of the premiums.
Coins clipped or taped to a bo.x-top
or wrapper may become detached
and remain in the envelope. To
guard against loss of such coins,
all mail, after sorting, is passed
through an aperture in the metal
detector on a continuous belt. The
entrance of a coin into the electro-
magnetic field generated within this
aperture causes a change in the
field, activating a mechanism which
diverts the coin-bearing envelope
into a separate receptacle.

Film Operators Attend
Course in Theatre TV

Tliirty motion-picture projection-
ists, employed by theatres in Man-
hattan. l!rooklyn, Albany, Chicago,
Los Angeles, Queens ^'illage, X. Y.,
and other cities, have completed a
special theatre television training
course conducted by the RCA Serv-
ice Company at Camden, X. J. The
trainees will be in charge of the
R(^A theatre TV etiuipments that
are to be installed in ten cities this
fall.

fI4 RADIO AGE]

MODKRN EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES TYPIFY THIS TELEVISION STUDIO
OF STATION XHTV. RECENTLY OPENED IN MEXICO CITY.

Television Below the Border

Pioneer Stations in Mexico, Brazil and Cuba Go on Air
to Accompaniment of Official Fanfare.

By Meade Brunei

Vice f'resideitl o/ HCA and

Mnmigiiig Dirrrtor,
RCA International Division

TO the accompaniment of official
pomp and pageantry carried
out to a degree seldom, if ever,
approached at similar events in this
country, television stations in Bra-
zil and Mexico made their official
debuts in August and September.
Their appearance on the air high-
lighted once again the rapid march
of progress of our neighbors "be-
low the border". In addition, two
Cuban TV stations plan to begin
operations in October. The new
stations in Sao Paulo, Mexico City,
Havana— all of which are RCA-
equipped— will bring international

television much closer to realiza-
tion.

The transmitter of Brazil's Radio
Tupi is located in the State Bank
Building, Sao Paulo's highest edi-
fice, and a three-bay super-turnstile
antenna, capable of radiating 20
kilowatts of power, crowns the
building, .520 feet above the street.
Modern television studios have been
built in Sumare, a Sao Paulo sub-
urb. RCA microwave transmitting
equipment is used to link studio,
outdoor mobile pickup units and the
main transmitter.

The new .station, PRF3-TV. which
is owned and operated by Brazil's
largest radio network, Emissoras
A.ssociadas, is using United States
television standards of 52.5 lines, (50
fields, and is assigned to Channel 3.

A four-hour television demonstra-
tion, which served as a preview to
Radio Tupi's official opening, was
attended by President Eurico
Dutra, U. S. Ambassador Her.<chel
.Johnson, and Nelson D. Rockefeller,
in addition to 500 representatives
of government, industry and so-
ciety. The demonstration, conducted
over a closed circuit, was the high-
light of the official inauguration of
the Museum of Modern Art in the
Chauteaubriand Building at Sao

XHTVS SIPKU-TIKNSTII.E ANTENNA
T0P3 MEXy^yyCITY'S SKYLINE.

-^Si^"^

Paulo. Approximately 5,000 per-
sons viewed the exhibition on RCA
television receivers installed in the
lobby of the building.

The TV preview, which was re-
ceived enthusiastically by Sao Paulo
residents, created an urgent de-
mand for receivers. To meet it,
RCA moved fast to supplement its
ocean-bound shipments with a plane
load of instruments, scheduled to
arrive for the station's official open-
ing.

Arrangements for installation of
the RCA equipment were made by
Dr. Assis Chateaubriand. Director
General of Emissoras Associadas,
through RCA Victor Radio, S. A..
RCA's associated company in Brazil.

On the occasion of its opening
station PRF.'?-TV received the fol-
lowing congratulatory telegram
from Brig. General David SarnofF.
Chairman of the Board, Radio Cor-
poration of America :

"Please accept my heartiest con-
gratulations on the opening of your
great new television station at Sao
Paulo. Its lofty tower over Brazil
svmbolizes unity of purpose among
the Americas in extending the cul-
tural arts and the benefits of demo-
cratic freedom to the people of our
lands. This is indeed a memorable
occasion, not only for Brazil, but
(Continued on page 18)

[RADIO AGE 15]

yMS.

RCA """•//'

U^r^-

-*T*»

i^L

Thousands wait their turn to enter the RCA Exhibition Hall for a view of RCA's

new line of television receivers shown in part on this page. To date, more than

one million families have chosen RCA Victor television.

The YORK
19-inch picture tube.

The KINGSBURY
16-inch screen.

The RUTLAND
16-inch tube with radio
and 3-speed turntables.

The FAIRFIELD has o 16-inch s
cabinet with figured doors end

The SEDGWICK with its 19-inch
tables and FM-AM facilities le

i-proof fe/e vision receivers

ed in a
creen.

The MODERN has a swivel base which permits its
16-inch screen to be turned for the best viewing angle.

The HlLLSOALi. provides a 19-inch picture in a com-
pact cobinet with doors that cover the screen.

ed turn-
/ line

The HIGHLAND has a 16-inch tube and is available
in cabinets of mahogany, walnut or limed oak finish

The PROVINCIAL has full-length doors which can be
closed over the 16-inch tube and speaker grill.

Television Below the Border

(Continued from page 15)

for the entire Western Hemisphere.
You are deserving of highest per-
sonal compliments for leadership in
putting station PRF3-TV on the air.
All success to you and your country-
men in making television history. '

Mexico's first television station,
operating on Channel 4 with the
call letters XHTV, was officially in-
augurated in Mexico City early last
month.

The inaugural program con-
sisted of a remote pickup in which
President Miguel Aleman delivered
a message to the Mexican people at
a joint session of the Mexican
Congress in the historic Chamber
of Deputies, a few blocks from the
presidential palace. Since the open-
ing, regularly scheduled programs
are telecast on weekdays from 5 to
7 p.m. On Sundays, the time is
extended from 4 to 7 p.m., in order
to cover the bull fights. The gov-
ernment of Mexico plans to use
television receivers in schools as
part of its educational program.

XHTV is located in the 20-story
National Lottery Building, highest
structure in the Mexican capital,
and is equipped with a 5.000-watt
transmitter, antenna, and associated
studio and mobile pickup equipment
supplied by RCA. It is owned by
Television de Mexico, S. A., an en-
terprise of Romulo O'Farrill, Sr.,
publisher of the newspaper Nove-
dades.

Facilities of XHTV are similar to
those of television stations in the
United States. Two floors of the
modern building house the studios,
control room, sponsor's booth, re-
hearsal room, dressing rooms, prop-
erty storage section, transmitter,
service shop and offices of the new
station. In addition, provisions
have been made on the ground floor
for a large auditorium which will
be used for televising concerts and
stage plays. RCA Victor Mexicana,
S. A., RCA's associate company in
Mexico, installed the equipment.

BR.^ZIL'S PIONEER TELECASTER, PRF3-TV, IS LOCATED IN

SAO PAULO'S HIGHEST BUILDING WITH ITS ANTENNA

520 FEET ABOVE STREET.

Staff Studies U.S. Methods

In preparation for the station's
opening, Mr. O'Farrill arranged for
members of the staff to visit the
RCA Victor plant at Camden, N. J.,
for a study of manufacturing opera-
tions, and the National Broad-
casting Company studios in New
York for observation of program
production methods.

Plans are in progress for the
opening during October of two
television stations in Havana, Cuba.
One of the newcomers is CMQ in
Havana's $2,000,000 Radio Centro.
This station under the operation,
ownership and management of
Goar Mestre is speeding installa-
tion of an RCA 5 KW television
transmitter and studio apparatus
— microwave relay equipment and
cameras and studio facilities. A
mobile TV unit for CMQ received a
send-off at Rockefeller Plaza last
July during New York City's cele-
bration of Television Week.

Installation of the second Cuban
television station, owned by Union
Radio, is practically complete. The
station equipment, weighing more
than 22,000 pounds, was flo\vn to
Havana by two National Airlines
C-46 Transports. The shipment in-
cluded a 5 KW transmitter and com-
plete mobile equipment, microwave
relay equipment, television cameras,
film projectors and other studio
facilities. The Union Radio trans-
mitter and studio will be housed in
an old mansion which is being re-
converted for television use.

Special reinforcement is being
provided for the 200-foot antennas
of these Cuban stations because of
their location in the "hurricane
belt".

Both stations have had teams of
writers, announcers, commentators,
directors and engineers studying
television operations in the United
States. The distributor for engi-
neering products in Havana. Cuba
is Humara y Lastra, who have been
distributors on RCA and Victor
products for more than 40 years.

These three Latin American
countries Brazil, Cuba and Mexi-
co—are the only countries in the
Western Hemisphere outside of the
United States, where it is known
that television broadcasting is
available to the public.

[18 RADIO AGE]

ililON SERVICE. PROVIDED BY TRAlNKli TK< H Mc l\NS I- \ 1\I!\M"1 NT FACTOR
IN THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE TV INDl STRY.

The TV Service Problem

"Quality of Scrrice Supplied to Set Owners Must Advance in Step

with the Growth of the Video Industry or that Progress

will be Retarded.

been added since then up to the first
of September. The indu.stry fore-
casts that more than 2 million re-
ceivers will be sold during- the bal-
ance of the year. This means that
dealers throughout the country
must be prepared to install and
service, during the last quarter of
the year, half as many receivers as
were sold during the entire 4-year
period of 1946-1949.

The real problem of the industry
this fall and winter will be the
training of a sufficient number of
skilled technicians to install and
service the receivers which manu-
facturers plan to produce and sell.

The answer as to whether or not
a dealer should perform his own
service depends entirely on the deal-
er— -on his available capital, his vol-
ume, and his objectives. Many deal-
ers operate fine service departments
and take great pride in the excel-
lence of their service.

Technicians Properly Trained

These men have been willing to
invest the necessary capital to pro-
vide good service facilities, space
for the service shop, good office rec-
ords, and excellent test equipment.

By C. M. Odorizii

Operating Vice President,
RCA Victor Division

THE quality of television serv'ice
must match stride with the
rrowth of the television industry
)r that growth will be retarded. Xo
>ther industry producing such a
lighly-technical product as televi-
sion has grown so rapidly in such a
short time. No other industry has
;ver faced the problems of provid-
ing technically trained manpower in
uich quantities as television's fan-
:astic growth has reiiuired.

At the end of last December there
ivere 4 million television receivers
In service — 3 million more sets have

(Jf equal importance, they have seen
to it that they have properly
trained technicians and experienced
supervisors. They have a sizable in-
vestment in installation materials
and in repair parts to take care of
old as well as new models. The suc-
cessful servicing dealer keeps ac-
curate cost records, and sells and
merchandises his service in the
same way that he handles his prod-
ucts.

All of us have seen examples of
small dealers, large dealers, and
even large department stores, that
have rushed into the servicing busi-
ness without the ingredients which
are so necessary to a successful op-
eration, only to discard the program
when they found that it was un-
satisfactory and unprofitable. In
like manner, television service con-
tractors have gone bankrupt, usu-
ally because they lacked good busi-
ness management. Many of them
did not provide adequate reserves,
and. in an effort to obtain a greater
volume of business, sold their serv-
ices too cheaply to provide high-
(luality workmanship.

I believe the television service
contract to be the greatest merchan-
dising tool that has ever been placed
in the hands of dealers. If there is
one pitfall that the TV industry
must avoid, it is the pitfall of the
.50c radio service calls and the sharp
radio service practices which we all
remember. Consumers are perfectly
willing to pa.v reasonable service
charges on mechanical and electrical
products.

Efjecl oj Local Conditions

Unlike radio and many other elec-
trical and mechanical appliances,
the performance of a television re-
ceiver does not depend solely on the
product. Local conditions — a gas
tank, a tall building, a hill, or any
other obstruction between the trans-
mitter and the receiver — may have
a greater effect on its performance
than its built-in selectivity or its
general quality. It has been our
experience that the performance of
two identical receivers may vary
greatly, not only within the same
city block, but within an apartment
house, or even within a single apart-
ment, and from one side of the room
to the other.

While manufacturers have made

[RADIO AGE 19]

amazing' prugre-ss in chassis simpli-
fication, we must keei) in mind that
even today's television receiver of
the highest quality has more than
20 tubes, over 1,000 separate com-
ponents, and several thousand con-
nections, most of which are subject
to gradual deterioration and failure
through usage. While great strides
have been made in receiver design.
any assumption that today's televi-
sion receivers do not require occa-
sional service is simply not realis-
tic. No dealer can afford for long
to perform gratis or to constantly
argue with his customers the merits
of service charges required by the
limitations of local reception.

Too many dealers take the easy
way out and sell receivers without
adequate provisions for installation
and service, hoping that they will
squeeze through the warranty pe-
riod without burdensome service
costs. Some dealers, in single sta-
tion areas where recei)tion prob-
lems are not too difficult, are al-
ready adopting the old radio prac-
tice of giving away service without
charge, not realizing that this prac-
tice represents a serious profit
drain, particularly as additional
transmitters go on the air and re-
ception difficulties increase.

Must Maintain Service Quality

While progress requires constant
product improvement and simplifi-
cation, any manufacturer who per-
mits his quality standards to deteri-
orate ijlaces a heavy burden on his
dealer organization. Whether or not
a dealer handles his own service,
neither he nor his service contrac-
tor can afford the cost of servicing
a receiver of poor quality.

I am in-oud to be associated with
a company which not only was an
early pioneer in the television in-

dusti'y, but which has constantlx'
held leadership in television design
improvements. For example, in the
new RCA Victor TV receiver line,
is a chassis with fewer tubes, al-
most 30 per cent fewer components
and connections, and with 50 'i less
power consumption than its prede-
cessor. Despite this simplification,
the numerous improvements not
only have resulted in a more power-
ful chassis with better picture and
sound quality, but one which will
be easier to service.

Field Testing Essential

Every important engineering
change must be thoroughly field-
tested before it is finally intro-
duced into the product for sale to
the consumer. At RCA, we think of
quality as something real — some-
thing that can be seen and heard.
It begins with good basic engineei'-
ing. It is built on good components
and materials. It is created by good
workmanship. It is assured and
maintained by constant day-to-day
field testing, by carefully reviewing
service reports from the field, and
by rigid inspection on the produc-
tion line.

Manufacturers and distributors
have important responsibilities in
helping dealers and servicing con-
tractors in the task of improving
the standards of television service.
Each television market varies great-
ly in the character of reception
priiblems. The ))roblems in Easton.
Penna.. for exami)le, are entirely
different from those in New York.
The consumer in each area is en-
titled to know what he should and
should not expect in the way of tele-
vision reception, installation, and
service.

Since the beginning of television,
one of the greatest problems of the

iudustr\ has been to jirovide a suf-
ficient number of well-trained tech-
nicians to keep pace with the in-
dustry's growth. Manufacturers
and distributors can be helpful to
field service organizations by mak-
ing their service notes available im-
mediately after a new line is intro-
duced— particularly on new models
where important circuit changes are
involved. Servicemen are needless-
ly handicapped if they are not fully
equipped w-ith schematics and other
technical details.

An example of this cooperation is
the Service Clinic Lectures which
have been sponsored by RCA Victor
distributors for their dealers
throughout the country. So far this
\ ear, over 200 of these service lec-
tures have been held in the .57 tele-
vision markets for thousands of
servicemen and contractors who
service TV receivers for RCA deal-
ers.

Lectures for Servicemen

Coincident with the introduction
of our fall television line, a series of
80 service lectures, featuring a tech-
nical sound slide film and practical
discussions on installation and serv-
icing, together with complete serv-
ice notes and technical manuals
were furnished to more than 10,000
servicemen.

Television manufacturers and dis-
tributors together have spent liter-
ally millions of dollars in similar
efforts to train field technical per-
sonnel properly and to raise the
general standai-ds of television serv-
ice. This is an endless task that
will never be fully completed, but,
with the i)recautions that I have
outlined and with constant vigi-
lance on the part of all of us in the
industry, I am confident that we
shall succeed.

INf'OK.MAI ION FOR THE USE OF TELEVISION SEKVICEMEN

IS (AREFII.LV PREPARED AND WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN

BLI'KPKINTS AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS.

THE FINEST SCIENTIFIC TEST INSTRUMENTS ARE AVAIL-
ABLE TO THE EXPERT TECHNICIANS AT ALL RCA TELE-
VISION SERVICE BRAN( IIES.

'i?t^

\ jl PICKUP

i- ■\'

.RIBBON

-MAGNETS

: ^

.DAMPED
LA8YBINTH

-TRANSFORMER

-PLUG

ADVANCES IN ACOUSTICS MADK POSSIBLE THE

STREAMLINED "STARMAKER" MICROPHONE NOW

WIDELY USED IN RADIO AND TELEVISION.

"Starmaker" Microphone

Deft^ncd Especially for Television, New Streamlined Itiatruntent
Also Ideal for Broadcast Studio Use.

1"^IRST microphone desiKH^d
especially for television but
eciually suitable for many broadcast
station applications has been placed
on the market by RCA under the
name of "Starmaker."

One of the slenderest and least
obtrusive broadcast microphones
yet developed, the "Starmaker" op-
erates rn the i)ressui-e ribbon jirin-
ciple and is so desi^'ned that it will
nut hide the faces of sinpers. speak-
ers, or others usinp it. nor is it
conspicuous in the averajre settinjr.
The streamlined mike is rendered
unobtrusive, not only by its size
and shape, but also by a special
'TV' pray" finish which makes it
.ippear to fade into studio back-
grounds or blend with the clothinp
of entertainers. It is suited for
sound reinforcement and radio
broadcast pickup, and has an output
comparable to larper conventional

studio microphones. It is non-
directional and handles equally all
tones between 50 and I.t.OOO cycles.

The "Starmaker" has a maximum
diameter of only an inch and a
<iuarter, and weighs only 1.5 ounces.
It is as sensitive as the finest of
current broadcast inp microphones
and may be sub.stituted for any
hiph-iiuality jirofessional studio
microphone.

The "Starmaker" is a non-direc-
tional, rubber-pressure type micro-
phone with a slender "s-inch diam-
eter horn for increasing response in
the hiph-frequency regions. Porta-
ble and free from wind blast and
air rumble, the new microphone
contains no vacuum tubes, no con-
tlensers. and no special amplifiers
or power supplies. It can be lifted
from its stand and carried around
in the hand. It is virtually im-
pen'ious to mechanical shock.

RCA Surrenders Rights
to Four Trade-Marks

Three of television's best known
trade-marks and a famous minia-
ture tube name are beinp voluntar-
ily surrendered to the public do-
main by the Radio Corporation of
America, Frank M. Folsom, Presi-
dent, announced on .August 17.

.Mr. Fnls(.ni .said tl.at the U. S.
I'atent Otlice has been requested by
RCA to cancel its registration of
these repistered trade names:
Iconoscope, first electronic "eye" of
the television camera; Kinescope,
picture tube of television home re-
ceivers; Orthicon, improved tele-
vision pick-up tube; and Acorn,
tiny radio tube now a commonplace
in portable sets.

"Now that television has become
established," Mr. Folsom declared,
•RCA finds gratification in the fact
that the industry uses these names
in a generic and descriptive man-
ner. In relinquishing our registra-
tions for the benefit of the industry,
we are following RCA'- traditional
policy of stimulating progress in
the radio and electronic fields."

The three television trade-marks
are of Greek derivation. Kinescope,
registered by RCA in 19.32, stems
from "kineo," meaning "to move,"
and "scope," signifying "observa-
tion"; Iconoscope, registered in
193."), incorporates the Greek
"icon," meaning "image"; Orthi-
con. registered in 1940, employs
the prefix "ortho." meaning "di-
rect."

Distributor Acquired

Physical properties of Bickford
Brothers Company, wholesale dis-
tributors in the Buffalo and Roch-
ester areas, have been accjuired by
RCA Victor Distributing Corpora-
tion. Paul Wolk. President of Bick-
ford Brothers, and H. M. Winters,
Director of RCA Victor's Distribu-
tion Department, made the joint
announcement on .luly 28.

Winters also disclosed that the
KCA Victor Distributing Corpora-
tion, wholly-owned RCA subsidiary
would take over the operation of
two Bickford branches.

Bickford Brothers has been in
operati<m in Buffalo since 1939.

[RADIO AGE 211

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WITNESSES A DEMONSTRATION OF THE NEW BKIEK-CASE FIELD

AMPLIFIER BY ITS DEVELOPERS, J. L. HATHAWAY (LEFT) AND

R. C. KENNEDY.

For Remote Program Pickups

i\' B(' Eii^iiiccr> Dcrclop i'.ompact field Amplifier that can he
Carried to Otit-of-Sttidio Broadcasts in Ordinary Brief-case.

of the program, the "show" may
have betriin without him. With the
new field amplifier, such a disturb-
ing and sometimes eo-stly situation
is not likely to occur. A man with
a brief-case in hand does not attract
special attention in the most exclu-
sive of public places.

One jrlance at the contents of the
carrying-case demonstrates the in-
genuity of the Hathaway-Kennedy
team. In addition to the amplifier
itself, which includes a complete set

USING the latest developments
in miniature vacuum tubes
and associated components, two
N'lJC engineers, J. L. Hathaway and
K. C. Kennedy, have succeeded in
designing a practical, ultra-com-
pact, light-weight field amplifier
which not only embodies all the
principal features of much larger
standard models but adds some in-
novations of its own, yet can be
carried in an ordinary brief-case.

For many years, broadcast engi-
iirers assigned to handle programs
originating outside the studio have
been pleading for relief from the
large and cumbersome field ampli-
fiers they have had to transport to
bamiuets, sports stadia and news
events. They have pointed out that
a man loaded down with such an
imposing array of broadcast ap-
paratus frequently had difficulty
talking his way into certain types
of public and private affairs which
had been scheduled as broadcast
programs. Ry the time the thwarted
engineer had maneuvered his lug-
gage from the front entrance to the
rear and up a stairway to the scene

of batteries sufficient fo

hours

of intermittent operation, there is
room for three microphones with
their cables, and space for spare
cables, batteries and tubes. The
amplifier and brief-case weigh only
17V'2 pounds.

Components Carefully Selected

In selecting components for the
amplifier, performance and com-
pactness were e(|uall.v essential. For
instance, more than a dozen mini-
ature and sub-miniature tubes were
subjected to rigid tests before the
most suitable type was found for
the microphone circuit. In the same

way, a critical volume control was
not approved until it had been me-
chanically rotated 50,000 times
without showing signs of wear.

That the new unit is as versatile
as it is small is evidenced during
the testing and balancing of tele-
phone lines leading from the site of
the program to the main control
lioard at the studio. This process,
called e(|ualizing, is essential in
order to insure the transmission of
sounds free of distortion. Fornier-
1,\ . e(|ualizing was accomplished
with the aid of a test tone trans-
mitted over an extra set of tele-
phone wires from the studio to the
licld ami)lifier. The new instrument
generates its own tone signal there-
by making it possible to reduce the
eipializing time from 1.5 minutes to
."50 seconds. Where the time avail-
able before the start of a program
is limited, this saving in time could
well mean the difference between a
program of maximum tone fidelity
and one of distinctly inferior (pial-
ity, plagued by hisses, hum and
other foreign noises.

Teste of the brief-case amplifier
have been conducted throughout the
country with gratifying results.

Fourteen Stations Join
NBC Television Network

Fourteen television stations, at
present afl^liated with NBC but non-
interconnected have become inter-
connected with the NBC television
network.

As of Oct. 1 NBC had 17 televi-
sion stations on its intei-connected
network and 16 on its non-intercon-
nected network, a total of (58 out-
lets.

The most recent additions to the
interconnected network are: WSAZ-
TV, Huntington, W. Va.; WFMY-
TV, Greensboro, N. C; WBTV.
Charlotte, N. C; WMBR-TV, .Jack-
sonville, Fla.: WSB-TV, Atlanta,
Ga.: WBRC-TV, Birmingham, Ala.;
WAVE-TV, Louisville, Ky.; WFBM-
TV. Indianapolis, Ind.: WOC-TV,
Davenport, Iowa; WOI-TV. Ames,
Iowa; KSTP-TV. Minneapolis-St.
Paul. Minn.: WOW-TV. Omaha.
Neb.; WI)AF-TV. Kansas City,
Mo.; WS.M-TV, Nashville, Tenn.,
and WTT\', Bloomington, Ind.

!!r TV TOWER — 1.057 FEET — SUPPORTS THE
JTENNA OF WCON-TV LOCATED IN THE HEART
\TLANTA. r.EORf.IA. TOPPING THE RCA TV
ANTE.NNA IS AN" RCA FM PYLON.

[RADIO AGE 23]

Radio to Continue as a Vital Force

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T\ and Radio in Education

Ituerpreuni the Jmaics* Wty of Life ;
Sstkm'i Imprr tmmmMv Jwfodles.

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By J^»l

HE a:
of r?^-

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THROUGH TELEVISION TODAY'S CHILD VIEWS INAUGURATIONS AND
CONVENTIONS, SEES AND HEIARS CONGRESS IN ACTION.

glad they could read at all. When
popular education began, the pessi-
mists were certain that learning
would make the masses dissatisfied
and so upset the status quo; the
optimists were pretty sure that a
status quo based on ignorance prob-
ably ought to be upset. When the
automobile arrived, the pessimists
predicted that people's legs would
shrivel up and cried that if God
had meant men to ride on wheels
he'd have provided built-in roller
skates; the optimists were glad
they could get around easier.

Yes, I am an optimist — I always
have been. In particular, I am an
optimist about radio and television.
And I have five excellent reasons.
I base my optimism on the affirma-
tive case for the media, the horse
sense of the American parent, the
resilience of the American child,
the ingenuity of the American
teacher and the enlightened selfish-
ness of the American broadcaster.
Let's examine each of these char-
acteristics and then you may deter-
mine for yourself whether my
optimism is foolish or not.

Radio and TV Picture Life

The affirmative case for the
media. Both radio and television
serve the American home and the
American school in interpreting for
them a way of life. Because of
them, today's citizen child has a
greater "freedom to grow". He
can far exceed the experiences of
children in all previous generations,
for the world today is brought close

together by these powerful, swift-
moving means of communication.
He can see and hear history being
made. He can view inaugurations,
and political conventions; he can
see and hear the President, and the
cabinet and the Congress which de-
termines policy. He can see and
hear the news of the world — on the
day it happens. The list of attrac-
tive, diverting and entertaining
programs for children is too long
to go into here — but they have lured
children — and caused comment, as
you know.

This brings me to my second
article of faith — my belief in the
horse-sense of American parents.

Attitude of Parents

Of the several attitudes which
parents may take toward radio and
television, I should like to single
out two which seem to me to be
misguided, and which I do not be-
lieve the great body of sensible
parents will adopt.

The first is held by those parents
who shower praise on the new me-
dium because it keeps the young-
sters quiet. The second belongs to
those parents who have never seen a
program, yet condemn it because
they have heard "how awful the
programs are".

It seems to me it is time we all
realized that the child parked in
front of a television screen or radio
set is not under the care of an
electronic baby sitter. He is truly
engaged in what is, to him, an
important learning process. The re-

sponsible parent should experience
this learning process with the child,
as frequently as possible. Every
child wants to share new sensations
and new ideas. Moreover, he wants
them interpreted to him. He wants
to find out how they relate to him,
to his family, and his friends.

There is still another attitude
which I do not believe will prevail
over the inherent good sense of
American parents. It is the notion
that a simple formula can be de-
veloped which will solve all prob-
lems.

It is surprising how many people
would like broadcasters to be arbi-
ters of public taste and morals. The
industry is, of course, responsible
for its program fare, and for the
exercise of fundamental decency
and good manners in its presenta-
tion. But they, the broadcasters,
cannot make taste judgments for
you or your neighbors or your
children, any more than the auto-
mobile manufacturers can build
automobiles with built-in drivers.

Most Parents Realize Facts

I think most parents realize this
fact. I think too, that their funda-
mental good sense will recommend
to them the practice of some
sensible measures in regard to the
lively arts. They will help their
children develop habits of modera-
tion in listening and viewing. They
will share this new experience with
their children and will make use of
their opportunities to develop dis-
crimination. They will also help
their children plan sensible listen-
ing schedules, and will give as much
time and thought to the preparation
of these schedules as they give to
the planning of the rest of the
educational and recreational diet.

This brings me to my third rea-
son for optimism; my faith in the
resilience of the American child.
I believe that he is normally a
pretty hardy creature, with fairly
healthy instincts, and not nearly so
fi agile as some of his protectors
would imiily. Unless we insist on
rearing him in a hot house under
forced feeding and a sterilized en-
vironment, he will develop a quite
amazing capacity to assimilate an
astounding number of impressions,
facts and ideas.

(Continued on page 31)

[26 RADIO AGE]

architect's DRAWING OF 217- ^g*>-
FOOT MAST BEING ERECTED ON THE E
PIRE STATE BUILDING TOWER TO SI
PORT ANTEN.NAS OF FIVE TV AND THR
FM STATIONS.

Relation of Scientific Research
to War Preparedness

Since Military Preparedness is no Longer a Matter Merely of Men, Materiel and Campaign Planning,
Science en! Industry Must Share Partnership with the Armed Forces in any Modern,

Large-Scale Conflict, Says W . W. Watts.

By W. W. Watts,

Yice President in Charge of

Engineering Products Department,

Radio Corporation of America.

MILITARY preparedness is no
longer a matter merely of
men, materiel, and the planning of
a campaign. The rapid advance-
ment of human knowledge, notably
in the past 50 years, and especially
ill the period between the two world
wars, has made of it a state of
dynamic progress, in which science
and industry share a partnership
with the military.

During our lifetime, the very na-
ture of warfare has changed. The
age of electronics, and now of nu-
cleonics, makes obsolete a tactic or
a new equipment almost as soon as
it is used. The welfare of the jieople
behind an armed force, even the
subtleties of their state of mind.
are as strong a predisi)osing factoi-
to national security as the resources
which can be brought to its sup-
port. Military preparedness thus
has come to mean total effort, and.
with it, total responsibility for its
success.

Until recently, both pure and ap-
plied science went their own way,
uncovering new fields of knowledge,
finding new means of using it.
without any special inspiration by
possible military objectives.

In a sense, the scientist had to

[28 RADI O AGE]

be a salesman to get the armed
forces to use his invention or ap-
plication. Though I am now talking
historically, this relationship of sci-
ence and the military manifested
itself too recently for comfort on
certain instances we all recall.

Certainly, history is replete with
examples of inventors who carried
their work to rulers and attempted
to "sell" it on the basis of its mili-
tary value. The story of Robert
Fulton and his submarine is a
classic example, all the more so
since virtually the same thing hap-
pened to Samuel Holland with his
more practical development of the
same idea, almost a hundred years
later.

Human Welfare Advanced

Yet it has been through military
acceptance of science's new develop-
ments that human welfare has been
advanced, and that great social
changes have been wrought. The
advancement of radio science in the
past 50 years is possibly history's
most outstanding example of how

a product of the laboratory, which
leceived its initial support from the
military, found virtually limitless
non-military applications.

We could go back earlier — to
the development of gunpowder,
which blasted the way for Western
European civilization — to the sail-
ing vessel, which displaced the
slave-driven galley and opened new-
worlds for exploration and com-
merce — to the ironclad warships,
which were the precursors of to-
day's huge naval and commercial
vessels.

We could also recall other in-
stances without number, but they
would illustrate one great fact —
the scientist was not in times past
a partner in the military effort.
His work might be used, he might
even be called upon as a consultant
on specific problems, but it was not
until 10 years ago that scientific re-
search and development were form-
ally integrated into our national
security potential.

Earlier beginnings had been made
- in our own country, and nations

THIS ELECTRONIC COMPUTER, DEVELOPED DURING WORLD WAR II TO MEAS-
URE WITH HIGH ACCURACY THE SPEED OF PROJECTILES, IS AN EXAMPLE
OF THE APPLICATION OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH TO MILITARY NEEDS.

that were to be our allies in con-
llicts of the half century — in
utilizinK scientists' contributions in
military affairs. Abraham Lincoln

ift up the National Academy of
Siienccs during' the Civil War.
Wiioilrow Wilson liail authorized the
National Research Council durinjr
the tirsl World War. Hut it was
not until June. 1940, that a scientific

iiV'ani'/.ation was set u]) with ample
funds and authority, and consti-
tuted a partner in the military

■•fort. The organization was the
National Defense Research Com-
mittee, which later became the Office

)f Scientific Research and Develop-
ment. The distinguished scientist

!)r. Vannevar Hush, was named by
President Roosevelt to direct this
new activity.

Techttolog^y Pattern Dcrfiopcd

Under Dr. Hush's distinjruished
leadershii). the i)attern was devel-
oped for the battle of technology
that is continiiinp today, to keep
ciur military preparedness "a jump
ahead" of our potential enemies.
Duiiii).' the war. the OSRD spent
about $1. •{.").( 100.000 a year. It as-
sivrned research projects and non-
profit development contracts to some
.'!00 university and industrial lab-
niatories. putting to work the best
brains in the country in a team
effort which is the basis of our
successful scientific ventures today.
The O.SIJl) contracted for more
than 2,000 investiKations, of which
•">•; t were completed. Over 200 de-
vices were produced for the war
etTort. many of them of such tran-
srtndent importance that we may
fully ascribe to them the credit for
tilting the balance of the conflict
for our victory.

The development of micro-wave
radai- was undoubtedly the leading-
achievement of "our side". This
was one of the major fields of re-
search and development by the
OSRD. taking the biggest slice.
i^:?0.00().onO. out of its annual
budget. Submarine warfare came
next in importance, with a .?19.0()0.-
000 budget. Other principal fields
of OSRD activities are indicated by
the names of its 18 divisions,
among which were Radio. Explo-
sives. New Missiles. Special Proj-
ects, and Fire Control.

All along, of course, the Armed
Forces had and still have their own
research and development establish-
ments. These include the labora-
tories of the Air Materiel Command
for the .Air Forces, the Naval Re-
search and the Naval Ordnance
Laboratories, the Office of Naval
Research for the Navy, the Signal
Corps Laboratory, the Engineer
Hoard, the .Armed Forces Hoard,
among many others. If I have
omitted mentioning them, it is for
lack of time, certainly not in depi'e-
.•iation of their good work.

Science Evolres I cii>n»i>rk

As a result of our wartime ex-
periences, and the continuing ac-
tivities in the field, a uniiiue team-
work has evolved in our scientific
establishments. Reseai'ch for the
.Armed Forces, as for other .scien-
tific objectives, falls into four
categories. These four types of
research are fundamental, back-
ground, ajiplied, and developmental.
Prioi- to World War II. only a small
amount of government money was
spent on any of these tyjies of re-
search, and the little which was
done was of a developmental nature
through contracts with industrial
conceiiis. During and since the
war. however, the picture has
changed considerably in several re-
spects. In 1947, a typical post-war
year, (ur government spent a total
of .$.")00,000.000 on all types of re-
seai'ch for the Armed Forces. Of
this amount, about 90 per cent, or
S4<>.5.onn.000. was spent on applied
research and development studies.
The contracts which this huge sum
represents went, not to just a few
larger universities and industrial
concerns, but to schools and com-
panies of all sizes.

The imiiortance of these figures
lies not so much in their indication
of the role played by the university
in technological support of our na-
tional security, as in the system by
which the academic researchists and
their professional colleagues in pri-
vate industry work hand in hand
for a common objective. In essence,
this is the solid inner core of the
strength of science in a democracy.

The pattern begun by the NDRC
(CnntiniteH n» pagr .12)

i;( A SCIKNIISTS K.Xl'KIUMK.NT WITH A llKlll

MII.TACK CK.VKRATOR. USING RADIOAITIVITV AS

ITS SOIIRCK OF KNERGY.

ASSEMBLING ELECTRON GUN OK CATHODE-RAY

TfBKS. WHICH ARE THE HEART OF RADAR UNITS

WIDELY I'SEI) BY AR.MED FORCES.

[RADIO AGE 29;

•tfJT-a.

THE KOKEA.N-BOUND RADIO CARAVAN PAUSES IN FRONT OF THE FAMOUS

LONG-WAVE TOWERS OF RCA CENTRAL ON LONG ISLAND BEFORE STARTING ITS

LONG JOURNEY TO THE WAR-FRONT.

Mobile Unit On Way to Korea

A COMPLETE mobile station
for handling various types of
radio communications, now on its
way to the Korean fighting front,
is expected to relieve Army facili-
ties of much of their burden of
important press, government and
personal messages that they must
currently handle, according to an
announcement by Harry C. Ingles,
President of RCA Communications,
Inc.

The RCA unit, assembled at the

request of the U. S. Armed Services,
includes facilities for radiotele-
phone, radiophoto and voice pro-
gram service, as well as regular
telegraph service. The station will
make it possible for men in front-
line forces to communicate with
their families by direct radiotele-
graph service, Mr. Ingles added.

The mobile unit has been housed
in Army-type trucks and trailers
that can be quickly moved to meet
Army requirements. Sixteen radio

operators and technicians will pro-
vide continuous, 24 hour service for
handling radio communications di-
rect with San Francisco, and, via
this route, to other countries.

Henry A. Mortara, of the RCA
San Francisco office, is to direct the
group in Korea. Mr. Mortara gained
valuable experience in this type of
operation during World War II
when he managed RCA mobile radio
stations which accompanied the
Allied Armies in Europe. He will
proceed in advance of the staff and
equipment to establish headquarters
and cooperate with the Military
Authorities in setting up RCA
facilities.

During World War II, RCA Com-
munications operated three radio-
telegraph circuits for troops in the
European Theater. Terminals for
these circuits were housed in mobile
vans which moved forward from
Africa to Berlin with the Army
headquarters to which they were
attached.

RCA operated the only direct
radiotelegraph circuit between San
Francisco and Seoul from 1945 to
1948. In November 1948, the Seoul
facilities were turned over to the
Korean Government and the direct
circuit was operated jointly by RCA
and the Korean Telegraph Adminis-
tration.

Sarnoff Receives Degree for Leadership in Radio and Television

Brig. General David Sarnoff,
Chairman of the Board, Radio Cor-
poration of America, has been
awarded the honorary degree of
Doctor of Humane Letters by the
University of Louisville for his
leadership in the fields of television
and radio. In ceremonies held at
the University on September 26, he
was cited by Dr. John W. Taylor,
president of the university, for his
part in building the public affairs
and education activities of the
National Broadcasting Company,
"which has led in the dissemination
of informed and enlightened opinion
in all fields of knowledge."

Gen. Sarnoff fold the students at
the year's fii'st student convocation
that "there is no more challenging
time to be alive than today. How-
ever sweet may be security, it is
not so sweet as adventure, the ad-
venture of making useful the in-

struments of radio and television."
Following is the citation accom-
panying the degree awarded to Gen.
Sarnoff :

"Brigadier General Sarnoff illu-
minates this century and our cul-
ture. An immigrant from overseas,
he rose from messenger boy to the
chairmanship of one of the largest
American corporations; a technolo-
gist of vision, he predicted the de-
velopment of radio broadcasting in
1915, of television as a service to
the public in 1923. For his vision
of television as a social force, and
for the steadfastness of his leader-
ship in bringing this science and
art to perfection, the Television
Broadcasters Association in 1944
called him 'The Father of American
Television.'

"But his achievements do not
stop here. In 1938, he presented to
President Roosevelt the original

concept of 'The Voice of America.'
"A man with a sense of obliga-
tion to the culture of the nation and
of the world, he organized the NBC
Symphony Orchestra and persuaded
Maestro Toscanini to conduct it.
General Sarnoff made it possible for
people everywhere to hear the great
music produced by the Metropolitan
Opera Association. He has spon-
sored and supported the department
of Public Affairs at the National
Broadcasting Company, which has
led in the dissemination of informed
and enlightened opinion in all fields
of knowledge, and which has, most
recently, introduced a national plan
for college education by radio. Of
this, the NBC Theater is an integral
part. The University of Louisville
recognizes and commends his sen-
ices to the culture of the world by
conferring upon him the degree of
Doctor of Humane Letters."

[30 RADIO AGEJ

TV and Radio in Education

(Conliiiiitd from imyi JO)

Now take the matter of crime
iro^Tams. about which we hear so
luich. In homes where children,
ipparently, have no rejrular bed-
ime, and where no adult takes the
rouble to help them select suitable
iewiuK or listening fare, it is nuite
)ossil)le that some children can see
tiore crime and violence than is
rood for them. I trust you will not
nisconstrue what I am about to
iay. 1 am not. I assure you, recom-
tiendinjr that all children should be
exposed to crime pro^rrams. In-
leed. I am persuaded, personally,
hat oidy an apathetic parent wouki
illow an oversensitive child to in-
.■lude any or many crime programs
n his diet, or a normal one to gorge
limself on them. I do say, how-
ver, that healthy minded children
ire not likely to be warped or
scarred by them. I think most of
them are able to distinguish be-
tween the world of fiction and the
ivorld of fact, and that they are
^uite able to enjoy a vicarious
adventure without adopting the
morality of the principals.

My fourth reason for optimism
is based on my belief in the in-
genuity of American teachers. I
believe they will help their students
develop discrimination: will find
many ways of turning the many
educational materials prepared by
the new media to good account in
their classrooms; will find a place
for the study of radio and tele-
vision in their classrooms.

An Optimht About "Lirely Arts"

Finally, I am an optimist about
the lively arts and their impact on
society because of the enlightened
self-interest of the broadcaster.
You know, in spite of all you may
have heard or read, broadcasters
are people too. They live in houses,
and have children who watch tele-
vision, and have individual con-
sciences, and belong to churches,
and serve on school boards. They
worry about the state of the Union,
and the high cost of living, and the
ominous threat of "the cold war".
They feel the responsibilities of

their profession keenly. They real-
ize they are entrusted with the at-
tentiveness of the young listener
and viewer for long periods of time;
realize too that the young audience
is one of the most enthusiastic and
loyal they have.

.And, in the end, the lively arts
will go where we go. They will
speak in our accents — not yours or
mine alone, but in a comprehensive
.American tongue. They will show
us our own faces and forms, in our
many gestures and attitudes. They
will lead where we will follow. 1
am an optimist about their influence
(in our children primarily because
I am ail optimist about Americans.

Radio to Continue as Vital Force

(Continued from page SA)

will actually be 23 per cent larger

than the numbei- nf i-adio homes in
lilKi.

Listening and Viening Divided

In presenting these figures, Mc-
Connell pointed out that they do
not take into account indications
of a trend toward more radio listen-
ing in television homes. With mul-
tiple sets in the home, some mem-
bers of the family listen to their
personal radios while the television
set is on in the living room.

Radio today is the most massive
and comprehensive medium of com-
munication the world has ever
known. McConnell pointed out. In
the United States it reaches virtu-
ally everybody, hour after hour,
day after day, week after week, he
said. Over 40,000,000 American
families in this country have radio
sets in their homes and they com-
prise 9,5 per cent of the population,
thus making i-adio bigger than all
newsiiapers combined and seven
times as big as television, he ex-
plained. People listen in fabulous
numbers, he continued, with an
average evening audience of .'?.5,000,-
000. and spend more time with
radio than with any other recrea-
tion.

Radio has been growing faster
than the .American poinilation and
faster than any other medium. Mc-
Connell added. In the past four
years the increase in the number of
radio families has been twice the
circulation increase of all news-
papers and the four leading weekly

magazines combined, and has been
twice as large as the increase in
television families, he pointed out.
"With an expanding economy,
with radio retaining its basic
values, with opportunities for even
greater development of its present
resources — I do not think we have
to fear for the outlook of sound
broadcasting," he reassured his
audience. "It is favorable in the
extreme and some of the greatest
chapters in its history are yet to
be written."

International Division
Moves to Radio City

New York headiiuarters of the
RCA International Division, Radio
Corporation of .America, were
moved from 7J5 Fifth Avenue to
the RCA F.uilding in Radio City,
on Septeml)er 18. Executive offices
of Meade Hrunet, a Vice President
of RCA and Managing Director of
the RCA International Division,
are located on the 12th floor of the
RCA F.uilding. Also on that floor
are Office Services, Radio and Ap-
pliance Sales. Record Sales and RCA
Tube Dei)artment representatives.
On the Uh floor of the RCA Build-
ing are the Personnel Department.
Market .Analysis, Kiigineering
Products, Theatre and Sound Sales
and office files.

The Division, formed in 1945,
supervises foreign sales and other
activities of RCA and its subsidi-
aries outside of the United States.

[RADIO AGE 31]

Relation of Scientific Research
to War Preparedness

and continued by
OSRD, with its tremendous record
of success, in the face of failures in
totalitarian countries, carries a pre-
cept that we must never forget.
This is the need for non-partisan,
unbiased control of our scientific
activities.

Our wartime program was ad-
ministered by civilians and had a
civilian head, who reported directly
to the President. A good many of
the projects were, of course, re-
quested by the military, or were
directed along lines of military ap-
plication.

But military leadership, we have
found, is sometimes resistant to
change, to innovations in materiel
or in logistics. In the OSRD, for
example, there were scientists who
were not content to work only on
projects requested by the Ai-med
Forces, whose imaginations ranged
the fields of global warfare, to find
occasionally what seemed fantastic
and "hare-brained" applications to
the trained and orderly military
mind.

Such was the case, if I might
cite an example, with the amphibi-
ous "Duck" vehicle, which was de-
veloped by the OSRD against the
strong opposition of some members
of the Armed Foi'ces. and which
later played an important part in
winning the war.

Sound Principle Established

And so, during the war, a vvise
and sound principle was established,
and is still in force — the research
people must be given a free hand
to decide what basic research work
shall or shall not be undertaken at
the schools and universities and by
industry. Of course, the Armed
Forces do and should direct specific
activities through the award of spe-
cial research contracts.

Carrying this thought a little
farther, it is clear in my mind that
research and development woi'k
must be competitive. One thing we
have learned from the defeat of the
Nazis and the .lajianese, and the
failures of the Russians, is that

[32 RADIO AG El

(Continued from page 29)
its successor scientific progress cannot be legis-

lated or achieved by dictum, nor
can it follow a party line.

Between the two World Wars,
though we had a tremendous ac-
cumulation of knowledge, this con-
cept of the relationship between
research and national secur.ty re-
ceived almost no tangible recogni-
tion. Fortunately, when Hitler
came into power, he went our apathy
one better. Here let me quote Dr.
Bush's excellent book, "Modern
Arms and Free Men", in which he
says of Hitler:

"He proceeded to destroy the
great structure of German science.
He did so by eliminating those
scientists who did not fit into his
distoi-ted racial or political con-
cepts and by regimenting the re-
mainder. The fundamental scien-
tist can do little of practical nature
alone, but he is an essential link in
a chain, and this fact Hitler did not
understand. It is fortunate for the
world that dictators are very likely
to be obtuse, and beyond influence
or conversion, when it comes to the
subtle ways in which science, engi-
neering, and industry are inter-
linked to produce more than obvious

progress in any field, and especially
in the art of war."

That strange distortion of the
human ego which Dr. Bush talks
about may account for some of the
silly things we have been hearing
from totalitarian countries in the
name of science — the claims of the
Russians, for example, of inventing
almost everything we have today.
the distortions of an established
biologic law in the field of genetics
to prove a fallacious party line
premise that environmental fac-
tors influence heredity.

In conclusion, I merely want to
make the observation that insofar
as adopting the right attitudes
about Scientific Research, our gov-
ernment, our schools and universi-
ties, and our industrial companies
are doing their bit toward insuring
our nation's sincere desire for last-
ing world peace. It seems to me —
again from the limited viewpoint
of scientific research -- that for the
first time in our history we recog-
nize the fact that we are all —
government, industry, and univer-
sity — in the same boat, and even
more important we see that we can
buck the troubled tides only by
pulling on our oars with teamwork
coordination. This we are accom-
plishing; this I feel confident we
shall continue to practice with ever-
increasing efficiency and effective-
ness.

DR. ELMER W. ENGSTROM (LEFT), VICE PRESIDENT IN CHARGE OF RESEARCH, RCA

LABORATORIES DIVISION, RECEIVES THE OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT MEDAL OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA FROM J. L. MORRILL, UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT.

RADIO AGE

KuDiic Uiurtiry

Kansas Citv. M«

JANUARY 1951 ^'^^'-

oep^

11'

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

• ER

evements in 1950 in-
d erection of the 200-
multiple TV-FM an-
i atop the Empire
Biiildinjr in New
the RCA tri-color
ision tube; the all-
ronic compatible RCA
TV system; intensive
otion and wide public
)tance of the 45-rpm
ola phonographs and
ds; expansion of tele-
n programming and
sion of T\' networks
.cksonville and Omaha,
development of the
)gue computer by RCA
ratories as an aid in
missile research.

Services of RCA are :

Zk Laboratories Division

•

RCA Victor Division
::A Communications. Inc
■arine Corporation of America
il Broadcasting Company. Inc
RCA institutes inc
lA Service Company Inc
]A International Division

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2

JANUARY 1951

CONTENTS

PAGE
RADIO AND TELEVISION IN 1950

brj David Sarnoff '^

TELEVISION — AN AUDIENCE OF FORTY MILLION AMERICANS

by Frank M. Folsoni O

RCA COLOR TELEVISION ACCLAIMED 8

NEW ELECTRONIC COMPUTER AIDS U. S. AIR DEFENSE K'

URGES PUBLIC BE GIVEN CHANCE TO SELECT COLOR TV SYSTEM .... 1.3

ERECTING NEW TV ANTENNA FOR THE NEW YORK ARE \ 11

FAST. LONG-DISTANCE FACSIMILE IG

RADIO STUDIO ON WHEELS 17

ALERT RECEIVER GIVES WARN INC WITH THE SPEED OF LIGHT .... 18

DESIGN FOR TELEVISION

by Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr 20

MANUFACTURING THE RCA 17-INCH RECTANGULAR TV PICTURE TUBE . . 22

SERVICING MILITARY EQUIPMENT

h,, r. B. Reed 23

FAMOUS STUDIO REBUILT FOR TV 25

TV E.\TENDS MICROSCOPE'S RANGE 26

KADIO CORroKATIOX OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y.

David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board Frank M. Folsom, President

Lrvvis MacConnach, Secretnry Ernest B. Gorin, Treasurer

Radio .\ge is pul)li.-;hcd quartfrly by the Department of Information,
Iladio Corporation of .America, -W Rockefeller Plaza, \' w York l!ii. \. Y.

NOTICE -When requesting a change in mailing ad-
dress please include the code letters and numbers which
appear with the stencilled address on the envelope

"^h,

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

VER

li^iLji^'^

lievements in 1950 in-
led erection of the 200-

multipie TV-FM ;in-
la atop the Kmpire
te Building in New
k; the RCA tri-color
vision tube; the all-
tronic compatible RCA
r TV system; intensive
■notion and wide public
'ptance of the 45-rpm
Tola phonographs and
irds : exjiansion of tele-
:>n programming and
nsion of TV networks
acksonville and Omaha.

development of the
logue computer by RCA
oratories as an aid in
led missile research.

Services ol RCA are:

:CA Laboratories Division

•

RCA Victor Division
CA Communications. Inc
inarine Corporation ol America
lal Broadcasting Company. Inc

, RCA Institutes inc

CA Service Company Inc

CA International Division

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2

JANUARY 195!

CONTENTS

PAGE
RADIO AND TELEVISION IN 19.50

by Darid Sarnoff ?.

TELEVISION — AN AUDIENCE OF FORTY MILLION AMERICANS

bu Fra)ik M. Folsooi 6

RCA COLOR TELEVISION ACCLAIMED 8

NEW ELECTRONIC COMPUTER AIDS U. S. AIR DEFENSE 10

URGES PUBLIC BE GIVEN CHANCE TO SELECT COLOR TV SYSTEM .... 13

ERECTING NEW TV ANTENNA FOR THE NEW YORK AREA 1 ■!

FAST, LONG-DISTANCE FACSIMILE I f>

RADIO STIDIO O.N WHEELS 17

ALERT RECEIVER GIVES WARNING WITH THE SPEED OF LIGHT .... 18
DESIGN FOR TELEVISION

by Sylrester L. Weaver. Jr 20

MANUFACTURING THE RCA 17-INCII RECTANGULAR TV IMCTIRE TUBE . 22

SERVICING MILITARY EQUIPMENT

by P. B. Reed 23

FA.VIOUS STUDIO REBUILT FOR TV 25

TV EXTENDS MICROSCOPE'S RANGE 26

KAIJIO CORPORATION OK AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N. \'.

David Sarnoff, Chairman ol the Board Frank M. Folsom, President

Lirvvis MArCoNNACH, Secret'im Ernest B. Gorin, Treasurer

Radio Age is publLshed quarterly by the Department of Information,
Radio Corporation of America, .30 Rockefeller Plaza. New York 20, N. Y.

NOTICE -When requesting a change in mailing ad-
dress please include the code letters and numbers which
appear with the stencilled address on the envelope.

RADIO CITY'S 3,000-SEAT CENTER THEATRE HAS BEEN ACQUIRED BY NBC TO KEEP PACE WITH TELEVISION'S GROWTH.

Radio and Television in 1950

Chairman of R(.-l Board in Year-End SlaUnnnt Declares America is Fortunate at This lime of

i\alional tiner^enc\ to hare Telerision Reaching 40 Million Citizens, Stippletnentin^ Radio's

Vast Audience for Purposes of Unity — He Lists Advances of Electronic Fields in

1950 and Describes Year as Bii^f^est in RCA History.

Chairman of tlic lioanl.
Radio Corporation of America

''pHE year 1950 was the biRgest
M. in the history of the Radio
Corporation of America. Gross in-
come, profits, dividends to stock-
holders were larger than ever before
and employment increased substan-
tially.

Television in performance ami
jfrowth durinjr 1950 reached pro-
portions that qualify it as one of
.America's most promisinK indus-
tries. Years of research, enjrineer-
Ihk and planning were broujrht to
fruition. As a result the sipnpost
on the road of progress is marked
TKLEVISION— in both black-and-
white and color.

There are about 10.000,000 tele-
\ ision sets in the United States and
107 television stations. No new in-
dustry ever jrrew so fast in so short
a time. While there are still vast
areas of the county served only by
sound broadcastinp, the appeal of
television is so powerful that those
who remain out of its range eagerly
await its arrival.

The sale of television sets
throughout the year contributed to
industrial progress and to the pleas-
ures which American families in
ever increasing numbers are en-
joying.

The rate of television's growth,
howe%-er, has been slowed by a na-
tion-wide "freeze" put upon the
construction of additional television
stations. In the public interest it
is hoped that the "freeze" will be
thawed in 1951 so that television
can reach every city, town, farm
and school and satisfy the public
demand for this new and important
service. Hundreds of new television
stations await the signal to go on
the air.

Television accounted for appro.x-
imately 75 per cent of RCA's total
gross income in 1950. Vision and

HAVID SARXOFF

planning, plus confidence in the
service that television could render,
enabled RCA to maintain leader-
ship in television. Xo other organi-
zation has contributed as much to
the creation or more to the advance-
ment of the new science and art as
a service to the American people
and an important tool for industry.

Dividends to RCA Stockholders
At the December meeting of the
Board of Directors a regular divi-
dend of 50 cents per share, and an
extra dividend of 25 cents per share
were declared on the outstanding
shares of Common Stock, payable
on December 2(5, 1950 to holders of
record of such stock at the close of
business December 8, 1950.

A dividend of 87^4 cents per
share was also declared on the RCA
First Preferred Stock for the pe-
riod from October 1 to December
.■?1, 1950, payable on January 2.
1951 to holders of record of such
stock at the close of business De-
cember 21, 1950.

Previous payments on the Com-
mon Stock during 1950 were 50
cents on January 23, 1950 (which
dividend was declared on December

2, 1'.)-19), and an extra dividend ol"
25 cents paid on May 29, 1950.

With payment of these declara-
tions the total of dividends dis-
l)ursed by RCA during 1950 will
amount to $2:5,98S,S00, consisting
of $3,152,800 on the Preferred
Stock, and $20,786,000 on the Com-
mon Stock.

Color Television

Color television in 1950 was a
revelation and a provocation. As a
rainbow arches across the sky after
a storm, so television in color broke
through one of the greatest tem-
I)ests of controversy and conflicting
opinions.

As creator and leading proponent
of a compatible all-electronic color
television system, RCA fought to
assure its development and approval
over the outmoded incompatible
mei-hanical scanning apparatus.

The Federal Communications
Commission closed its public hear-
ings in May, and in October adopted
an incompatible system as the stand-
ard for commercial color television

". . . THE SIGNPOST ON THE ROAD OF
PROGRESS IS MARKED Television — IN
ROTH BLACK-ANn-WHITE AND COLOR."

[RADIO AGE 3]

WHAT THE TKLEVISKIN lAMKRA SEES,

ANTENNAS ON THE SKYLINE PICK UP

FOB RECEPTION IN THE HOME.

despite the fact that eminent sci-
entists and virtually all of the radio-
television industry warned against
such a move. The Commission set
November 20 as the date when com-
mercial operations were to begin.

Acting in the public interest,
RCA carried the case to Court and
on November 16 the United States
District Court in Chicago i.ssued a
temporary restraining order which
deferred the establishment of com-
mercial color television until fui'-
ther order of the Court. RCA main-
tained that the outlawing of its
compatible electronic system was
indefensible and contrary to the
public interest. It pointed out that
the FCC Order was "arbitrary and
capricious" and unsupported by
substantial evidence; that it would
bring irreparable injury to the
television industry and to the
public.

When the RCA compatible sys-
tem is used, the present owner of
a black-and-white receiver does not
need an adapter, nor any change
whatever, in his present set to re-
ceive color programs in black-and-
white. If it is desired to see the
))rograms in color, a converter can
be used.

With an incompatible color sys-
tem, present set owners would not
see any picture unless they installed
adapters. Even if an adapter for
color reception is installed, the
black-and-white picture is degraded

from 200,000 to 80,000 picture
elements.

It would cost the public approx-
imately $500,000,000 to adapt the
10 million existing sets to an in-
compatible system. With the RCA
compatible system this unnecessary
tax upon the public is avoided.

RCA is a staunch advocate of
color television, realizing its great
advantages and potentialities, as
well as its psychological effect. That
is why RCA has so aggressively pur-
sued every possible phase in all-
electronic television development.
It has spent millions of dollars in
research and engineering in back-
ing its faith in an all-electronic
system.

Historically significant was RCA's
introduction of the first all-elec-
tronic tri-color tube. Upon the face
of this tube appear clear television
pictures in full color and unlimited
in size. It eliminates the mechani-
cal whirling disk. Demonstrated
publicly for the first time in March,
1950, this tri-color tube was her-
alded as an electronic miracle of
the age.

RCA hnprovcmcnl$ Acclaimed

Eight major improvements in the
development of the RCA compatible,
all-electronic color television system
were featured in a series of prog-
ress demonstrations beginning on
December 5, 1950. before leaders of
the radio-television industry and

representatives of the press in
Washington, D. C. The improve-
ments were widely acclaimed.

Further revealing the effective-
ness of planning and confidence in
a new invention is the "45" Victrola-
phonograph. It was introduced by
RCA in the Spring of 1949 and, as
is sometimes the case, it was im-
mediately confronted with opposi-
tion from those who would cling to
the old rather than accept the new.
But the "45", one of the finest
musical instruments ever developed
and a revolutionary change in the
phonograph, steadily pi-oved its
worth. Today it leads the field. It
has greatly extended the musical
pleasures of millions of people and
has met all tests of competition.
Its magnificent quality has in every
respect successfully overcome the
early opposition. Now, the 45-rpm
records are widely available. Equip-
ment which will play the 45-rpm
is produced by 75 different com-
panies. Music lovers are api)lauding
the clear tones of the small plastic
disks as played on the fastest, sim-
plest automatic player ever de-
veloped.

Since March, 1950, RCA Victor
has produced and sold a steadily
increasing volume of 33'-i-rpm long
play records of improved quality
and tonal fidelity. These records
sujiplement the complete line of re-
coi'dings on 45 and TS-rjim disks in
keeping with the Company's policy;

[4 RADIO AGE]

to make available to the public
RCA Victor's unsurpassed library
of music in the three phonograph
speeds.

Foundat'ioui oj Progress

The Radio Corporatinn of Amer-
ica, founded upon the bedrock of
science and upon service to the Na-
tion and its people, continually plans
for the future. In all of its opera-
tions the Corporation is mindful of
its responsibility to stockholders
and employees, to the public and to
industry.

RCA Laboratories at Princeton,
N. J., is one of the world's great
centers of research in radio, tele-
vision and electronics. From there
have come many of the major ad-
vances in the art, including the
latest triumph — the tri-color tele-
vision tube. Such research gives
solidarity to RCA's future grow'th.

Radio and television broadcasters
do not enjoy the freedom of other
industries. Before they broadcast
on the air, they must necessarily
obtain licenses from the Federal
Communications Commission. Ra-
dio, in its advance, has passed
through many trials and tribula-
tions, and now television is passing
through similar experiences. Un-
sound policies and actions, whether
by a Government commission, or a
commercial company, can be injuri-
ous to stockholders, to employees,
to the industry and to the public
generally. The adoption of incom-
patible standards and the contro-
versy that raged throughout 1950
in regard to color television are ex-
amples of the dangers that can arise
from unrealistic governmental de-
cisions.

Because of the uncertainties of
the international situation and the
great importance of having America
fully prepared for aiiv emergency,
the radio and television industry,
like other industries, is faced in
1051 with rc^trictions on normal
expansion.

The Radio Corporation of Ami'r-
ica has pledged to the President of
the United States its fullest co-
operation in the national effort tp
resist aggression and to help pre-
serve world peace. RCA is "at the
ready" with all of its resources,
facilities and manpower to do its

[RADIO AGE 5;

part in helping the Nation to emerge
from the crisis into a new era of
peace and prosperity.

Major Achievements in 1950

1. Development of the RCA tri-
color television picture tube, an es-
sential element of any practical
color television system.

2. Improvement and simplification
of the RCA compatible all-electronic
color television system.

;i. Extension of television network
program service to Florida and
westward to Nebraska.

■I. Development by RCA Labora-
tories of the electronic analogue
computer, which shows great prom-
ise in contributing to the Nation's
air power by speeding up the design
of guided missiles and airplanes.

.>. The enthusiastic public accept-
ance of the RCA Victor "45" Vic-
trola phonograph, high-quality vinyl
plastic disks, and the iiuickest rec-
ord changer ever devised ; also ex-
tension of RCA Victor's record
catalog to include improved long
play 33':i-rpm wide tonal range
recordings.

6. Erection of 20()-foot multiple
antenna designed by RCA, atop the
Empire State Building, New York,
enabling five television stations to
operate simultaneously from one lo-
cation. It simplifies the directive
setting of home antennas, thereby
improving reception in the metro-
politan area.

RCA Opens Branch Office
in New U.N. Building

Opening of a branch otlice in the
new United Nations building on
East •42nd Street, New York, by
RCA Communications, Inc., was
announced on .January 9 by H. C.
Ingles, President.

In anticipation of the message
trallic from UN government repre-
sentatives and press correspond-
ents, the RCA branch has been
equipped with modern machines
which can handle as many as 58,-
000 outbound words in each eight-
hour period of the day. Direct lines
connect the new branch with RCA's
Central Radio Oflice in lower Man-
hattan where direct telegraph chan-
nels speed messages to and from
more than 60 foreign countries
within a few minutes.

RCA currently maintains branch-
es for the UN staff at Lake Success
and Flushing Jleadows, where on
days of peak activity any one press
association may send out as many
as 10,000 words a day. Since many
of the UN news stories are written
in foreign languages, RCA employs
highly skilled operators to assure
the utmost accuracy.

Special telegraph facilities in-
augurated at the new building will
serve the press and UN officials who
have moved their headquarters into
the partially comjileted offices. The
third floor of the building contains
offices for part of the UN press di-
vision.

THE SALE OF TELEVISION SETS CONTRIBUTES TO THE PLEASURES WHICH
AMERICAN FAMILIES IN EVER I.VCREIASINC NUMBERS ARE ENJOYING.

Television -An Audience of
Forty Million Americans

By Frank M. Folsom,

President,

Radio Corporation of America.

TELEVISION'S popularity in
1950 mounted with such ex-
panding vigor that by year-end this
new art and industry had outdis-
tanced the progress of all of its
previous years combined. As 1951
bowed in. the New York metro-
politan area alone had more than
2,000,000 sets with an estimated
viewing audience of 8,000.000 men,
women and children.

Within two years — from January,
1949, to this January — television
receiver circulation had increased
twelve times. This means that
across the Nation today, television
brings its magic charm into 10.-
000,000 homes to entertain and in-
form an audience of approximately
40,000,000 Americans.

During 1950, the public backed
its appreciation of this new broad-
casting service by spending a billion
and a half dollars for sets — an
amount exceeding by more than 100
per cent its purchases in 1949, tele-
vision's third and best postwar year.
To meet these demands, television
manufacturers expanded facilities
wherever possible and stepped up
production schedules to such an
extent that in a single month more
sets were made available to the
public than during the entire year
of 1948.

Theatre television, with giant
projections of special events on
screens of motion picture houses,
began to spread across the country
in 1950. Installations of RCA Vic-
tor's new system were made in a
number of cities, including New
York, Boston, Washington, Chicago
and Los Angeles. This was believed
to form the pioneering basis for an
independent theatre television net-
work which would supplement regu-
lar film fare with special offerings
to attract the public. By year-end
one large theatre chain was plan-
ning for installations in 71 theatres

[6 RADIO AGE]

FRANK M. FOLSOM

from Yuma, Arizona, to San Fran-
cisco.

RCA Victor's 1950 line of home
television receivers led the market
in popularity. Eighteen models
were offered, including three with
121/2-inch picture tubes, eleven with
16-inch tubes and four with 19-inch
tubes. During the year, nearly 70

per cent of the total RCA Victor
production was devoted to sets with
16-inch tubes, the overwhelming
choice.

Television Operations Expanded

The greatly enlarged television
audience spurred broadcasters to
superlative efforts in extending net-
works and improving programs.
For instance, when the present con-
struction plans of the National
Broadcasting Company are com-
pleted, NBC's investment in televi-
.^ion will be between $35,000,000 and
$40,000,000. Plans call for the ac-
quisition of more top talent and the
start of morning network program-
ming as the number of sponsors
increases.

NBC's commanding lead in all
phases of television broadcasting is
expected to increase as 1951 pro-
gresses. The plan is to provide
entertainment of such quality and
variety that increasing numbers of
set owners will be attracted to the
NBC network. At the same time,
efforts will be made to provide the
finest cultural and informational
progi-ams.

A TELEVISION TRUCK IS SWUNG ABOARD A FREIGHTER DESTINED FOR SOUTH

AMERICA WHERE THE MOBILE UNIT WILL AID IN EXTENDING THE APPEAL

AND VARIETY OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS.

AmoiiK' the mammoth tasks of
expansion completed by NBC in
1950 was the building of a line-up
of talent for proKi"ams that could be
priiduci'd at the rate of a hundred
a week. Other tasks included the
leasing anil transformin^' of the
woriil-famous ("enter and Hudson
Theatres, in New York, and con-
version of three larjre radio broad-
castinK studios into suitable locales
for the production of the >,'reat new
tele\isii)n shows.

Expi]iisu>n of rV Otitiide U. S.

Television's success in the United
States caused proj^ressive groups in
a number of countries to begin in
1950 an active participation in the
new art. During the year, two tele-
vision stations were opened in
Havana. Cuba, one each in Mexico
City and Sao Paulo, Brazil, and
plans for a Canadian station were
being studied. A third Cuban trans-
mitter is expected to go on the air
early in 1951. All of these stations
are or will be RCA-equipped
throughout.

Special demonstrations were con-
ducted during the latter part of the
year by E. R. Squibb & Sons, in
cooperation with RCA, in four Latin
American countries to show televi-
sion's usefulness in surgical and
medical training. More than 16,000
members of medical groups in Cuba,
Peru, Colombia, and the Dominican
Republic witnessed the demonstra-
tions.

In December, presentation of the
Nobel awards by King Gustaf VI
in Stockholm, Sweden, was televised
for the overflow audience by an
RCA Victor television crew which
flew across the Atlantic with pickup
equipment and receivers at the in-
vitation of the Nobel Foundation.
After the historic telecast, demon-
strations of American television
were conducted for Swedish doctors,
scientists and government officials.

Expansion of television outside
•of our borders is of tremendous
significance, for it brings closer the
day when there can be an exchange
of jiroj^'rams, t>f ideas and culture,
to improve understanding between
the nations of this hemisphere and
strengthen relationships on which
peace and progress depend.

Radio broadcasting continued
throughout 1950 to render an in-

valuable service to the public. Dur-
ing the first half of the year, radio
averaged 35,000,000 listeners every
evening of the week in America.
Its potential audience of families
having sets in their homes com-
prised 95 per cent of the population.
The year 1950 was one of the
most productive in the history of
the record industry, and the out-
look for 1951 is highly favorable.
One of the i)rinci|ial factors in the
remarkable up-swing of record
sales is RCA \'ictor's revolutionary
■15-rpm record system with its
small, unbreakable discs and the
fastest record changer ever devised.

rpni discs, provide the public with
an unsurpassed library of the
world's greatest artists and music.
RCA Victor's 1950 line of home in-
struments included console combi-
nation models playing records of all
three speeds.

Outftatiding Scientific Achicvci^iplls

.Scientists and engineers at RC«0/j

"45" Sets New Standard
So great has been the .American
public's acceptance of the "45's"
that today — less than two years
after introduction — this system has
set a new standard of musical en-
joyment in the phonograph field.
By the end of 1950, the retail sales
of the industry reached an an-
nual going rate in dollar value of
$40,000,000.

Paralleling this success, RCA
Victor's new and improved, non-
breakable long-playing record (33';;
rpm I is rapidly becoming the favor-
ite of music lovers who prefer cer-
tain classical selections played
without interruption. These rec-
ords, together with "45's" and 78-

[..iiboratories continued in 1950 to
extend the usefulness of the radio-
electronic arts for the benefit of
the Nation and the public. .Among
their outstanding scientific achieve-
ments was development, in coopera-
tion with the U. S. Navy, of the
world's largest and most accurate
analogue computer, an electronic
"brain" to evaluate the perform-
ance of guided missiles, ships, air-
Iilanes and submarines for better
protection of American cities. ■ '

Designated "Project Typhoon,"
the t'omputer is expected to save
American t;ixpayers a billion dollars
by solving problems that ordinarily
would require the expenditure of
valuable instruments and apparatus.

Another scientific achievement in
1950 was development by RCA en-
gineers of a portable model of the
electron microscope, less complex to
operate and only 30 inches high.
This instrument, capable of magni-
fications far greater than that of
(Continued on page 17)

'-t?.

^-*-*

FASHION SHOWS ARE A.V IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE GROWING DE-
MAND FOR DAYTIME TELErASTS DIRECTED ESPECIALLY TO WOMEN VIEWERS.

RADIO AGE 7];

RCA Color Television Acclaimed

Demonstrations of Compatible, All-Electronic Systern in Washington Entliusiastically Praised by Leaders

of Industry and Representatives of the Press.

SUCCESSFUL demonstrations of
the RCA compatible, all-elec-
tronic color television system held
in Washington, D.C., during the
first two weeks of December were
viewed and enthusiastically ac-
claimed by more than 2500 leaders
of the radio-television industry and
representatives of the press.

The consensus among the indus-
try leaders was that major strides
had been made in the RCA color
system, bringing its quality to a
level of general public acceptance.
Performance of RCA's new tri-
color picture tube won high praise.
Thv3 television industry was repre-
sented by manufacturers, broad-
casters, engineers, distributors and
dealers. Favorable comment on the
improvements of the system was
also made by several members of
the House Interstate and Foreign
Commerce Committee who attended
the demoHstrations.

Some of the comments from in-

dividuals and publications are
quoted below:

Convincing proof that the Feder-
al Communications Commission's
October decision on color television
ivas premature has just been pro-
vided by the Radio Corporation of
America. — WASHINGTON evening

STAR

Last tveek's demonstration of the
improved color system of the RCA
materially changes the whole out-
look on the dispute over video in
natural hues. . . . And unless all ac-
cepted criteria have suddeyily he-
come faulty, the RCA appears to
have a decided advantage over the

long pull. — THE NEW YORK TIMES
RCA showed ayi excellent color
picture, striking progrress. . . . Thus,
RCA has won important victory in
a field where it coujits jiwst — color
performance. — TELEVISION DIGEST
Last yveek RCA demotutrated the
improvements it has made in its
compatible all-electronic television

system during the past sLv months.
They were, we think, significant. —

BROADCASTING MAGAZINE

As 1950 closed . . . compatible
all-electronic color-TV met and van-
quished every indictment which thet
FCC had earlier charged against it.

0. H. CALDWELL. EDITOR OK TELE-
TECH

The pictures were excellent. I
was very much impressed by the
enormous improvement. — ROBERT

SPRAGUE, PRESIDENT, RADIO-TELEVI-
SION MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION.

The following comments of com-
petitors in the industry were pub-
lished in Television Digest :

This is a big improvement. There:
is no flicker, the brightness is satis--
factory, and the color is better than>

CBS's. — DR. ALLEN DuMONT

This is great. The important
thing is that we've got the right
system. This is it. — DR. W. R. G.
BAKER, GENERAL ELECTRIC

Every teclinical obstacle /(n.s been
overcome. — DAVID SMITH, PHILCO

This is fine. There's no question
about having compatibility now. —
ROSS SIRAGUSA, ADMIRAL

Still further refinement of the
system, with emphasis on the de-
velopment of a larger tri-color pic-
ture tube, will be pressed, according
to Dr. C. B. Jolliffe. Executive Vice
President in Charge of RCA Lab-
oratories.

"I believe we have successfully
l)roved our recent marked progress
in color televi.'^ion." Dr. .Jolliffe said.
"Even more important, our all-
electronic system is always growing
in the research sense and even fur-
ther improvements are not only
possible but are certain."

Dr. Jolliffe pointed out that the
major advances demonstrated were
imiiroved color fidelity, improved
picture texture, simpler receiver
circuits and increased picture

LATEST DEVELOPMENTAL COLOR TE^LEVI-
SION- RECEIVER (LEFT) COMPARED WITH
EARLIER :M0DEL COLOR TV SET DEMON-
STRATED IN OCTIIHER. 1949.

[8 RADIO AGE!

..itrui Amaa:

RCA COLOR TELEVISION CAMERA FOCUSES ON A MODEL

AND MANNEQUIN IN A DEMONSTRATION OF THE

VALUE OF COLOR IN TELEVISING FASHIONS.

IN THIS COIXIR TV CONTROL ROOM OF NBC STATION

WNBW. WASHINGTON, D. C, OUTGOING SIGNALS ARE

CONTROLLED AND MONITORED.

COLOR TV RECEIVER, EQUIPPED WITH THE

NEW RCA TRI-COLOR PICTURE TUBE

WHICH HAS APPROXIMATELY 600.000

PHOSPHOR DOTS ON ITS "SCREEN".

brightness. New red and blue phos-
phors were used on the tri-color
tubes and higher definition of color
pictures was achieved by increasing
the number of color dots on the tri-
color tube from 8.51.000 to approxi-
mately 600.000.

He emphasized that at no time
during the 24 individual 20-minutf
demonstrations was it necesssary to
retune the receivers.

Three Color Sets Demonstrated

The demonstrations showed in
operation three of the latest RCA
color receivers as well as two black-
and-white sets experimentally con-
verted for color reception. Standard
black-and-white sets were operated
simultaneously to feature the sys-
tem's compatibility, that is, the
ability of the black-and-white sets
to receive color signals in black-
and-white without changes in the
sets. The receivers were demon-
strated in the National Broadcast-
ing Company radio studios in the
Trans-Lux Building in midtown
Washington.

The color program for each

demonstration originated in the
XBC television studios in the
Wardman Park Hotel, two miles
away.

The color transmitting studio
equipment was operated from 8
A.M. to .5 P.M. by the regular staff
of WNBW-XBC television engi-
neers during the demonstrations.

The same equipment, with certain
refinements, has been in operation
since January 9, 1950, for testing,
demonstrations, or programs. With
the conclusion of the series of de-
monstrations on December 15, the
RCA color signal had been on the
air in Washington for a total of
1200 hours.

[RADIO AGE 9]

A PHYSICIST AT KCA LABORATORIES TIMES THE ACTION OF A MODEL

USED TO SIMULATE THE BEHAVIOUR OF A GUIDED MISSILE UNDER

FLIGHT CONDITIONS AS DETERMINED BY THE ANALOGUE COMPUTER

DEVELOPED AT THE LABORATORIES.

THE largest and most accurate
electronic analogue computer
ever built to evaluate the perform-
ance of guided missiles, ships, air-
planes, submarines and aid in the
air protection of American cities
today was shown in operation pub-
licly for the f.rst time at a joint
Navy Special Devices Center-Radio
Corporation of America demonstra-
tion at Princeton, N. J., on No-
vember 21.

"Designated 'Project Typhoon',
the new electronic computer is ex-
pected to save many millions of
dollars in the design of guided mis-
siles and also solve many riddles
encountered in the air defense of
our cities," said Dr. C. B. Jolliffe.
Executive Vice President in Charge
of RCA Laboratories Division.
"Complex simulated problems of a
complete guided missile system,
which other computers are too small
or too inaccurate to handle effec-
tively, can be solved by Typhoon.
This will enable the design of equip-

New Electronic Computer Aids
U. S. Air Defense

Project Typhoon" Solra the Complex Design Problems of
Guided Missiles m a Few Seconds.

The new analogue calculator em-
ploys approximately 4,000 electron
tubes, several miles of intricatet
vi'iring and a new set of super-
accurate components, exact to betten
than one part in 25,000. Underi
contract with the Special Devices^
Center of the Office of Naval Re-
search, engineers of RCA Labora-
tories designed and built the instru-
ment for use by the Navy Bureau
of Aeronautics. Three years of
research and development work
directed by Arthur W. Vance, Ht'ad
of the Electronic Computer Section
of RCA Laboratories, preceded ac-
tual construction of the computer.

Simulated Problem Solved

Duiiug the demonstration, th©;
computed was shown solving a sim-
ulated air defense problem wherein
a high-speed bomber was success-
fully attacked by a radar-controlled,
supersonic rocket-propelled guided
missile. The missile was guided
with deadly accuracy to the target.

All information necessary to solve
the problem was introduced to the
machine by means of more than
100 dials and a portion of 6,000
plug-in switchboard connections,
mounted on the tall panel sections
of the computer. Different dial
positions and plug connections rep-
resented such characteristics as
aerodynamics of the missile, loss ofj
weight due to fuel consumption, andj
radar signals which follow the mis-
sile and target. Other adjustments'
accounted for the autopilot or gyro
stabilizers of the missile, the jiath
and velocity of the target, and the;
main guidance system to be used
for directing the missile toward the
target in the most effective manner.

An instant after the computer
was put into operation by the throw-
ing of a switch at the main control
console, electrical impulses flowed
through Typhoon's thousands of
electron tubes and wires. Within

ment with a minimum of experi-
ments that would require expensive
apparatus, such as missiles, air-
planes and ships."

Dr. Jolliffe predicted that the
RCA electronic analogue computer
will play a significant role in mili-
tary science of the future. Very
often the construction of an ex-
perimental guided missile may cost
more than $100,000, he pointed out.
and unless its characteristics are
properly checked in advance by ac-
curate computing techniques, actual
launchings may be failures resulting
in the loss of instruments and
apparatus. With Typhoon, he added,
any missile problem can be solved
over and over, with the character-
istics varied each time until the
desired results are obtained. Thus,
by avoiding costly trial and error
te.sts, the new computer can, with
a high degree of accuracy, assure
scientists how a proposed missile
will react under actual flight con-
ditions.

10 RADIO AGE]

de device, electrical currents aiui
oltajres bejjran represent iriK phys-
•al things such as distance, veloc-
;y and force. Circuits started func-
i()nin^c according to predetermined
Ljuatiuns.
While the instrument was en-
aKcd in its electronic thinking
rocess, the paths of both the high-
peed bomber and the rocket-pro-
elled guided missile were traced
espectively by red and green pens
n two large iilotting boards. From
tiese charts, which provided a per-
lanent record of the test flight,
killed technicians were able to de-
ermine the e.xact position of the
lissile at any given time.

Missile and I arget Simulated

A three-dimension visual repre-
entation of the "dog fight" as it
rogressed was provided for spec-
ators by an auxiliary device, called
he trajectory model, in which two
uspended fluorescent balls traveled
he identical course of the missile
nd target. At the same time, a
mall scale missile model, 12 inches
jng and 3 '2 inches in diameter,
loved about on a rotating mech-
nism to simulate performance of
he anti-aircraft missile under test,
ks the model received control sig-
als or instructions from the com-
uter describing how best to hit
he target without wasting too
luch time or fuel, its three sets
f fins were deflected as the cor-
esponding fins of a missile would
€ deflected in actual flight.

While the solution proceeded, 12
ecorditig voltmeters drew curves on
aper rolls indicating the positions
f the fins, acceleration, velocity,
nd rate of spin of the missile, ivt;
.■ell as the remaining distance be-
ween missile and target. Six sets
f flashing neon lights on the pan-
Is of the computer displayed num-
lers representing the rates of spin,
ind the sidewise and forward ve-
ocities of the missile.

After only 60 seconds of opera-
ion, the computer automatically
topped and the solution was ex-
imined. RCW engineers then took
he complete answers and explained
vhat factors were right or wrong.

Solution of the problem involved
!50 additions, 67 multiplications.

'^^SS&MiQ

BKHI.NU THE S.MALL SIALE .MODEL OK A .MISSILE AKE SO.ME OF THE .NL.MEKOUS

PANELS CONTAINING THOUSANDS OF TUBES REyUUtED FOR THE OPERATION

OF THE ANALOGUE COMPUTER.

IN THE CENTER REAR IS THE MAIN CONTROL DESK OF "PROJECT TYPHOON"

WITH THE TWO PLOTTING TABU;s. ON WHICH THE PATHS OF MISSILE AND

TARGET ARE TRACED, I.\ THE FOREGROUND.

[RADIO AGE II]

?■(

A CLOSE-UP VIEW OF THE CONSOr.E KRd.M

WHICH THE ENTIRE OPERATIONS OF THE

ELECTRONIC ANALOGUE COMPUTER CAN

BE CONTROLLED.

.'?0 intejn-ations, and 20 aerodynamic
functions, all carried on simultane-
ously with continuously variable
factors. A mathematician and an

assistant would require 6 months
to compute a sinjrle solution for the
minimum number of points re-
quired to give an approximate an-
swer. Typhoon gave the continuous
solution, for an infinite number of
points, in less than 60 seconds.

It was pointed out by Mr. Vance
that Typhoon is an e.xtremely ver-
satile instrument. Shortly before
the start of the demonstration a
complex problem was being solved
by the computer. A few hours
later, all necessary adjustments had
been completed in order to deter-
mine the solution for the test prob-
lem. On equally short notice, Ty-
phoon may be switched from one
problem to another. This feature
is a valuable aid to design engineers
who require speedy verification of
plans before going ahead with con-
struction work.

The heart of Typhoon is a new-
type of electronic multiplier which
consists of a hybrid between ana-

logue and digital apparatus. Basi-
cally, an analogue device may be
compared to the operation of a slide
rule, and a digital one is similar in
function to an adding machine. By
blending these two techniques in
more complex forms, Typhoon
achieves a combination of flexibil-
ity and accuracy unobtainable By
either of the systems alone. Each
of the more than 600 electric re-
lays in the computer's multipliers
operate in 1/10,000 of a second.

A staff of nine engineers and
mathematicians as well as six tech-
nical assistants are required to op-
erate the computer when it is solv-
ing complex guided missile prob-
lems. To keep the sensitive instru-
ment free of climatic influences,
Typhoon is housed in a special air-
conditioned room at RCA Labora-
tories which has a constant tem-
perature of 75° Fahrenheit and a
relative humidity of not more than
50 per cent.

"Tex" Service Extended
To Customers in Denmark

Denmark has become the third
European country to be linked with
New York and Washington, D. C,
in RCA's overseas customer-to-
customer radio teleprinter ex-
change service. Previous TEX cir-
cuits opened by RCA provide direct
teleprinter connections between
customers in the two American
cities and those in the Netherlands
and Western Germany.

"Public acceptance of the TEX
service is paving the way for a
much wider application of this im-
portant means of direct communi-
cation," said II. C. Ingles, Presi-
dent of RCA Communications, Inc.,
which developed and operates the
new service. "We are pleased to
extend the service to Denmark, and
we expect to expand it to other
countries in the near future."

The two-way RCA teleprinter
connections, are billed on a time
basis, rather than the usual tele-
graph word rate and provide great-
er economies than transatlantic
telephones, with the added advan-
tage of fully recorded messages.

bkk;. ceneral daviu sar.nokk. chairman of the boakh, radid cor-
poration OF AMERICA, AND GENERAL CEORGE C. MARSHALL, RED CROSS
president, DISCUSS THE 1951 AMERICAN RED CROSS FUND CAMPAIGN
WHICH GENFJ5AL SARNOFF WILL DIRECT AS CHAIRMAN.

[12 RADIO AGE]

Urges Public be Given Chance
to Select Color TV System

RCA Excciitirc Asserts FCC Pecisiott Puts Cfilhii^ i>ii
Scifiitific Dcrclupinciit.

1"^I1K ripht of the American pub-
lic- to determine "by its ballot
in the marketpkice" which color
television system it prefers was
urRed by Robert A. Seidel, Vice
President of the Radio Corporation
of America, in an address before
the National Retail Dry Goods As-
sociation in New York on January
11.

If RCA is permitted to offer its
system to the public, NBC will be-
>rin broadcasting good color tele-
vision programs in good commer-
cial time, "not just experimental
broadcasts at odd hours," he told
the nation's retailers.

Declaring that the right of the
public "to pick and choose" is in-
herent in American freedom, Mr.
Seidel said the recent FCC decision
favoring a s()iniiing-disk. non-com-
patible color television system "is
e.xactly the same" as if. in the early
days of the automobile industry,
some government bureau had stand-
ardized the Stanley Steamer to the
exclusion of gasoline motors.

"In effect," he said, "the FCC
order tells the public: "This is the
type of color television WE prefer,
and it's the only type you're going
to be given an opportunity to buy.'
We have the unprecedented situa-
tion of a Government Agency ac-
tually placing a ceiling on scientific
development."

Public Should be the Judge

.All RCA asks, he continued, is
that the public be given a chance
to judge for itself.

"That's how everything good was
developed in this country-," Mr. Sei-
del declared. "Everybody who had
a product in which he had confi-
dence could bring it to the market-
place. There it Was placed side-by-
side with competing products, and
the people voted on which they
thought was better. They voted
with their dollars, instead of bal-
lots. The product they liked best
was the one they bought. The others
went off the market.

Asserting that KCA is ready to
stake its resources, its dollars, and
its reputation, "both as broad-
casters and as set manufacturers,"
on its compatible, all-electronic color
system, he expressed confidence that
the public, if allowed to judge, "will
make the right choice, as they al-
ways have".

Faults of FCC-.4 pproved System

.Mr. Seidel pointed out that the
system approved by the FCC pro-
duces images composed of only
83,000 individual picture elements,
as compared to the 200.000 elements
constituting, present black-and-
white images, resulting in degraded
picture quality. He also pointed
out that present set owners would
not be able to receive color broad-
casts even in black-and-white with-
out the wholly unnecessary invest-
ment of large amounts in adai)ters
or converters.

Estimating that it would cost the
public one billion dollars to convert
the 10,000,000 television receivers
now in use so as to receive programs
broadcast with the mechanical color
system, he said :

"Compatibility is a fundamental
requirement of any good broadcast-
ing system, and is the responsibility
of the people developing the sys-
tem, and not of the people who
bought black-and-white sets in good
faith.

"Even though current national
developments may retard or com-
pletely stop its progress," he said,
"color television will ultimately
have an important bearing on the
p.'omotional activities of every man-
ufacturer and every retailer, and
its effect will be felt in every htiuse-
hold in America."

Color Will Benefit All
Everybody wants color television,
including manufacturers, Mr. Seidel
declared, because good color tele-
vision will benefit the manufactur-
ers and distributors of television
receiving equipment, as well as the

broadcasting stations and the Amer-
ican public. RCA has put sound
planning and intensive effort into
the perfection of color television,
he said, and has invested several
million dollars in it.

Mechauical Method Discarded

More than twenty years ago, he
recalled, RCA started experiment-
ing with a system similar to the one
recently irjiproved by the FCC, but
later abandoned it because of its
limitations. Convinced that its own
interest and that of the public de-
manded the harder course of devel-
oping an all-electronic color system,
the comi)any undertook research
leading to the single tri-color tube
compatible .system demonstrated
successfully in Washington last
month.

When the receivers seen in Wash-
ington are engineered to a point
where they can be put on a produc-
tion line, Mr. Seidel promised, "they
will produce a color picture adequate
to meet the demands of the most
exacting customer."

"Regardless of what system or
.systems are finally approved," he
said, "color television is going to
assume its place gradually and
naturally over a period of years.
For a long time to come, black-and-
white television must remain the
backbone of the industry. Sponsors
of television programs are going to
stick to black-and-white until a good
audience has been built for color.
NBC and other television broadcast-
ers are improving and expanding
their black - and - white television
service day by day, and they will
continue to do so. And every day,
the public is buying, and will con-
tinue to buy, more and more black-
and-white receivers, regardless of
all the talk about color."

Third TV Station for Cuba

rile third television station built
by the Radio Corporation of Amer-
ica for operation in Havana has
been shipped to Cuba. The new sta-
tion will be operated by Telenews
Company, Alonso, S. A. Its Presi-
dent is Manuel Alonso, owner of
the Cuban firm, Noticiario Naci-
onal, producers of newsreels and
documentary films. Mr. Alonso
hopes to have the Telenews station
on the air early in 19.51.

[RADIO AGE 13]

Erecting New TV Anten

Workmen with torch and sledge prepare to

dismantle the old antenna mast which

supported WNBT's TV radiator.

Steelwork for the 217-foot tower is raised

from ground level to the top through one

of the building's elevator shafts.

Flanked on either si
of WNBT and WJZ-
has reached the 13(

Temporary antenna is assembled and raised
on support alongside the main mast.

for the New York Area

orary antennas
■er, in this view,
^ 80 feet to go.

Looking down from the dizzy height of the

steel lattice-work which will support five TV

and three FM antennas.

^
^

Working on a norrow staging 1300 feet

above the street riggers prepare to set up

a super-gain TV antenna.

Intrepid riggers hail the completion of the
lofty structure by raising a flog on the
tower's peck, 1500 feet above the street.

Workmen attach transmission cables to a
temporary antenna which WNBT has been
using while the new tower is going up

RICHT: PRINTED MATERIAL TRANSMITTED
BY RCA FACSIMILE EMERGES FROM THE
RECEIVING CONSOLE AT THE RATE OF 15
LINEAR INCHES A MINUTE. BELOW: COPY
TO BE TRANSMITTED BY FACSIMILE IS
PLACED ON THE "COPY BED" AND AUTO-
MATICALLY MOVED FORWARD LINE BY LINE
UNDER A FLYING SPdT Si \NNING BEAM.

.^^

A TEST model of a new high-
.speed, long-distance facsimile
system, developed by RCA Labora-
tories, Princeton, N. J., under con-
tract with the Atomic Energy Com-
mission, has been installed at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory for
providing full reference library
service to outlying research labora-
tories.

The new system incorporates sev-
eral innovations in the field of fac-
simile reproduction. The reader-
transmitter will scan printed copy
or drawings on flat surfaces such
as book pages and will make direct
enlargements of material in small
type by any ratio up to 4 to 1. The
copy bed can handle individual
sheets or books up to 3 inches thick.
The signal is transmitted over an
ordinary telephone line and the re-
corder will reproduce clear, highly
legible black-on-white copy at a
speed of L5 linear inches or 120
square inches per minute.

Operational tests to be started
at Oak Ridge immediately will indi-
cate to what extent existing library
services at the Laboratory can be
expanded without greatly increas-
ing the outlay for new books and
particularly scarce and expensive
sets of bound scientific periodicals.
The system will also prevent possi-
ble contamination of books and

Fast, Long-Distance Facsimile

Test Model, Installed at Oak Ridge, Speeds Library Service for
Research Laboratories at Atomic Energy Plant.

journals in laboratories using radio-
active materials.

At the present time at Oak Ridge
more than a score of separate re-
search and production facilities
scattered over a wide area require
library services. If the new facsim-
ile service proves useful, it may be
possible to consolidate many of
these library services into larger,
more adequate units.

The transmitter is located at the
central library at the X-10 site
while the only operating recorder is
located 8 miles away at the ¥-12
site. On the initial test of the sys-
tem a research chemist at Y-12 re-
quested the complete text of a 2-
page article to w-hich he had found
a reference in Chemical Al>stracts.
The bound periodical was located in
the X-10 library stacks, placed in
the transmitter, and a facsimile
copy was delivered at Y-12 within
41/2 minutes after the request was
made.

Flying Spot Scans Copy

A cathode ray flying-spot scanner
at the sending unit is the most im-
portant innovation. The five-inch
cathode ray tube directs a tiny spot
of light through a focusing lens to
"read" the copy in a thin line from
left to right. The reflected light

from the copy is picked up by a
bank of four photomultiplier tubes
which convert the varying light im-
pulses into normal electrical facsim-
ile signals.

The copy bed automatically moves
the copy forward under the flying-
spot cathode ray tube. The length
of the scanning line on the copy can
be adjusted from 2-1 16 to SVo
inches by simply turning a knob.
This automatically adjusts the lens
to maintain the proper focus and
the same adjustment changes the
speed of the copy bed to maintain
the correct scale.

The receiver, or recorder, also
incorporates several new mechanical
and chemical features to simplify
operation and to supply a perma-
nent print of the transmitted ma-
terial. The electrolytic process used
in recording eliminates photo de-
veloping and printing and avoids
the mess, clogging and corrosion of
previous electrolytic methods. The
paper is moistened no more than is
absolutely necessary, and as it
passes out of the machine it is com-
pletely dried. Ultraviolet light fixes
the chemicals so that neither the
printing nor the background will
fade. The clogging and corrosive
action of the chemical solution is
eliminated by keeping separate the
(Continued on page 28)

[16 RADIO AGE]

STATE department's NEW STUDIO-ON-WHEELS RECEIVES OFKICIAL

SEND-OFF TNDER FLAGS OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN ROCKEFELLER

PLAZA, NEW YORK.

Radio Studio on Wheels

\'aii Built h\ RC'.-l for I'oicc of America Broadcasts, Contains
Complete Shortnarc Transmitter and Recording Units.

i STREAMLINED radio studio-
\ on-wheels. built by the Radio
irporation of America with the
;est types of shortwave transmit-
ig and recordinjr facilities, has
en delivered to State Department
presentatives for use on roving
signments for "Voice of Amer-
i" broadcasts.

Delivery was made by the RCA
ternational Division at a cere-
Dny under the flags of the na-
jns in Rockefeller Plaza, Radio
ty, New York. Receiving the mo-
le unit on behalf of the "Voice of
merica," Foy D. Kohler, Chief

the International Broadcasting
ivision of the State Department,
iclared :

"This unit is a tribute to Amer-
an industry as a whole and to the
merican radio industry in particu-
r. With it the Department of
ate of the U. S. A. can better
ke to the road for its material.
"This studio-on-wheels will bring
ir roving microphones to the very
lots that best tell America's story

listeners overseas: its homes,
ictories, fairs, sports events, its
(search centers, musical groups,
hools. This beautiful motor ve-
icle, so typical of America itself,
ill help us get closer to America

and thus the better to tell our
story."

In response, Meade Brunet, a
Vice President of RCA and Manag-
ing Director of the RCA Interna-
tional Division, said: "We are glad
to be the instrument of the radio
industry which has helped the
'Voice of America' in its great task
of world enlightenment."

The mobile unit, a shapely, en-
closed blue and white truck, was
designed by "Voice of America"
engineers and is RCA-equipped
throughout. It contains a complete
radio studio, transmitter, control
room, recording apparatus, inter-
communication system. With its
own power supply, the unit can
broadcast programs directly from
outlying locations.

Commentaries, interviews and
musical programs can be conducted
from a sound-proof studio; a con-
trol room in the center of the mo-
bile unit contains all the equipment
necessary for broadcasting and re-
ceiving programs. Besides two disc-
recording machines and two mag-
netic tape recorders, a low-powered
shortwave transmitter relays pro-
grams back to the main studios of
the "Voice of America," whence
they are re-transmitted overseas.

Television— An Audience
ot Forty Million Americans

(Continued from page 7)
cunveiitional light niicrosco|>es, is
i-.\pected lo appeal particularly to
colleges, hospitals and industrial
laboratories.

A new and highly effective tele-
vision system that extends human
sight far beyond normal limits for
benefits to science, industry and
education was disclosed and dem-
onstrated in 1950 by RCA. The
api)aratus, portable and easy to op-
erate, can be used for nonbroadcast
industrial televising. The system is
based on a remarkably sensitive
pickup tube, known as the vidicon,
which is expected to be the fore-
runner of smaller electronic "eyes."

A test model of a new high-speed,
long-distance facsimile system, de-
veloped by RCA Laboratories, under
contract with the Atomic Energy
Commission, was installed at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory to
provide full reference library serv-
ice to outlying research laboratories.

In the field of international com-
munications, RCA proceeded with
success in extending use of its au-
tomatic tape relay method of trans-
mission and advanced mechaniza-
tion for greater speed and accuracy
in handling overseas radiotelegraph
traffic. During the year, RCA Com-
munications introduced a new
two-way, customer-to-customer tele-
printer exchange service, known as
TEX, and extended this .service for
operations from New York and
Washington to the Netherlands and
Western Germany.

Radiomarine Corporation of
America, another service of RCA.
in 1950 produced shipboard radar,
loran, radiotelephones and other
navigational aids and communica-
tions devices in quantities exceed-
ing those of 1949.

A record number — 957 — of stu-
dents were graduated from RCA
Institutes in 1950. Reflecting the
increasing importance of the
courses in radio, electronics and
television virtually all of the gradu-
ates found jobs immediately with
industry. Veterans of World War
II accounted for 60 per cent of the
1950 enrollment.

[RADIO AGE 17]

Alert Receiver Gives Warning
With the Speed of Light

Simple Instrument, Now Proposed for Use in Nation's Defense
Plans, Proved Itself in 1949 Test.

DANGER of sudden attack on
the United States brings to
tlie fore the iirtrent need for ade-
quate defense not only to ward off
the attack itself, but to minimize
loss of life and property. Of vital
importance, therefore, is a system
of warning that can cover wide
areas with the greatest possible
speed and dependability.

Radio communications provide
the basis for such a system. As
fleet as light, radio signals travel
at 186,000 miles a second; they can
carry virtually any type of infor-
mation; they can be reliable to a
point of perfection. The problem
is to establish radio signalling net-
works in tactical defense areas —
networks that can link civil defense
control centers directly with all
forces needed for immediate action
when the alarm goes out.

General requii'ements of a suit-
able warning system are these: (a.)
that it communicate almost in-
stantly over distances of several
hundred miles at least; (b) that it
be selective in reaching any one of
several areas, or reach simultane-

ALERTING APl'AKATUS AT TKANSMITTEK
IS COMPACT AND SIMPLE TO OPERATE.

[18 RADIO AGE]

ously all areas in danger; (c) that
it be selective in reaching any one
group in an area, or all groups in
an area ; (d ) that it be simple and
dependable; (e) that it be low in
initial cost of equipment and inex-
pensive to maintain; (f) that it be
susceptible to national standardiza-
tion ; ( g ) that it be capable of easily
coordinated operation in civil de-
fense plans.

When notice of a coming air raid
reaches a Defense Control Center,
it is essential that the warning be
relayed at once to all proper au-
thorities, as well as to all key de-
fense personnel within the danger
zone. These groups may include gov-
ernors of states, mayors, law en-
forcement and fire officials, hospi-
tal and public works directors,
transportation supervisors and civil-
ian defense block wardens. The
alert, to be effective, has to be
complete.

Alerting Method Developed
Recognizing the need for a satis-
factory civilian warning method,
the Radio Corporation of America
began research in this direction al-
most a year before the Japanese
surprise assault on Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941, alerted the Na-

tion to the danger of sneak attacks
from distant enemies.

Research had progressed to such
an extent that by mid-summer,
1941, RCA staged a demonstration
in which it revealed publicly for the
first time the ability of the RCA
Alert Receiver to serve as a means
of defense wai-ning. Participating
as National Director of Civil De-
fense, the late Mayor F. H. La-
Guardia of New York described the
device as "of the greatest possible
value to our national defense."

New Instrument Introduced
Brigadier General David Sarnoff,
then President of RCA, briefly in-
troduced the new instrument and
discussed its usefulness with the
Mayor, while a nation-wide audi-
ence, tuned into a network of the
National Broadcasting Company,
listened to the description of this
new service to the public which had
come out of RCA Laboratories.

The initial demonstration took
place in the Administration Build-
ing at LaGuardia Airport. It con-
sisted of a three-point hookup.
Word that "enemy planes" had been
sighted was relayed by telephone
by Army officers at Mitchell Field
to a Civilian Defense Officer in an
NBC studio at Radio City. Imme-
diately, this officer pressed a button j
that sent a robot, or sub-audible,
signal riding over the station's
waves. Within a second or two, the
impulses turned on the Mayor's
RCA Alert Receiver at the Airport.
Lights glowed and a bell on the re-
ceiver rang to notify him that the

FOUR EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF THE RCA ALERT RECEIVER ARE SHOWN BY
ARTHUR F. VAN DYCK (RIGHT) OF RCA LABORATORIES.

THIS DIAGRAM SHOWS HOW EACH DEFENSE GROUP CAN BE ALERTED INDIVIDU-
ALLY OR ALL GROUPS IN CONCERT THROUGH THE USE OF BCA ALERT RECEIVERS
INSTALLED AT STRATEGIC LO<'ATIONS.

etwork was ready from coast-to-
iiast to broadcast any message he
lijrht have as National Director of
ivilian Defense.

With the end of the global con-
ict, interest in the Alert Receiver
iibsided. But less than four years
iter the "cold war" had made the
iternational situation so critical
hat. once again, civilian and mili-
ary forces began discussing de-
ense plans, and the receiver made
nother appearance. On September
5. 1949. civil defense forces par-
icipating in "Operation Lookout"
.•ere called to action in New Eng-
ind by this ingenious alert method.

As more than a hundred Air Na-
ional Guard pilots "raided" the
^ast Coast from Maine to Dela-
lare. a signal was sent from a
nmmand post of the Continental
Vir Command in New Hampshire
o station WFEA, Manchester.
s'. H. There it was transmitted as
.n inaudible tone to station WBZ.
Joston. and by that station to an
tCA Alert Receiver in the air raid
varning center of Montpelier, Vt.
Phis signal, which arrived only a
ew seconds after its original trans-
nission. warned the defense staff
hat the raid was in progress.

In an earlier stage of Operation

Lookout, which was conducted un-
der the Continental Air Command,
the warning signal originated at a
command post on Long Island.
Passing over private wire to the
transmitter of NBC's station
WNBC at Port Washington, Long
Island, the signal was added as an
inaudible tone to the station pro-
gram beams. It was received by an
RCA Alert Receiver at Station
WGHl. Scranton, Pa., and retrans-
mitted to civil defense headquart-
ers in that city.

Signal Warns Defense Staff

These demonstrations revealed
the ability of the RCA alert system
to work effectively over distances
of several hundred miles and to
provide defense authorities with
the specific degree of emergency.

The RCA Alert Receiver trans-
forms existing radio broadcasting
facilities into a warning system of
unsurpassed speed and scope.
Through its use, entire communi-
ties, regions, or the Nation itself
can be alerted within the space of
a few seconds.

The instrument, about the size of
a portable radio set, turns on auto-
matically when it receives a special
inaudible signal from a broadcast-

ing station, rings a bell, turns on a
red or yellow light according to the
kind of alert being sent out, and a
white light when the all clear signal
is flashed.

The receiver is simply construct-
ed, and its tubes require such neg-
ligible power that it can be oper-
ated twenty-four hours a day over
long periods of time at low cost.
It can use batteries or electric cur-
rent.

The device may bo fixed-tuned
til any one broadcasting station. It
is then receptive to the inaudible
signal from that transmitter. A
self-contained loudspeaker remains
silent until the special signal is
received.

Signal Operates Relay

When this signal arrives, it en-
ergizes an electric relay which clicks
the loudspeaker into the circuit to
reproduce the transmissions from
the broadcasting station.

Simultaneously, the bell rings.
This is to insure the summoning of
the listener in the event that the
alert occurs at night. The bell, if
desired, may be located at a distance
from the receiver, so that the lis-
tener, although in a different part
of the l)uikiing. will not miss the
call.

Lights atop the instrument can
carry the color signal denoting the
type of alarm. For instance, colors
that might be specified are: yellow,
indicating i)reliminary warning of
possible attack; red, indicating at-
tack imminent, and white, announc-
ing the all-clear.

At the transmitting station, the
apparatus is very simple. It con-
sists merely of a vacuum tube
oscillator which generates the in-
audible sound frequencies — one for
each of the desired actions to be
performed.

The signal generating unit is
connected to the broadcast trans-
mitter like a microphone. In fact
the control room operator plugs the
oscillator device into the micro-
phone circuit. When a button is
pressed it releases the "On" sub-
audible signal, which turns on all
of the Alert Receivers equipped to
he activated by it.

Engineers stress the fact that
(Continued oti page 28)

[RADIO AGE 19]

TELEVISION HAS PRUVED ITS WORTH IN BRING-
ING FINE MUSIC AND GREAT SINGING FROM
THE CONCERT STAGE TO THE HOME.

THE TELEVISION SCREEN EXPOSES THE VIEWER
TO WORLD EVENTS AND THE PEOPLE RE-
SPONSIBLE FOR THEM.

Design for Television

Illusion is an Important Part of the New Medium but Only Through
Realism Can TV Achieve Its Proper Role in Society.

i^ N'EKYTHING we do in televi-
[j sion is an influence on those
who are watchinK and listening to
us. For that reason we in television
are all public relations people. Not
only do we recognize the social
effect of what we will be sending
into the home but we rejoice in it.

The contribution that television
can make in communications to the
understanding of the various facets
of life, the various peoples of the
world, is tremendous. We can show
what they do and what their
strengths and weaknesses are, their
ambitions and aspirations. The
whole mosaic of factors surround-
ing modern life can be made under-
standable when known to people
through television. Because essen-
tially television is a medium of
reality.

We use television, of course, for
illusion and we use it greatly for
entertainment. But essentially in
revealing people as they really are
without the formalism of conven-
tion and manners, in revealing
events as they really happen, in
making one present at history as it
is born, in all the myriad phases of
television and the peculiar quality
of miracles that television has, the
wonderful spontaneity, the wonder-
ful contemporaneity of television —
all means that this medium of com-
munication is going to make the
people of this world understand
each other better, like each other
more, or at least know each other
well enough to find procedures and
means of getting along with each
other without open warfare and
open clash.

The general impact of the entire
television medium will serve the
people even without much thought
or care. By this I mean that all
networks and all stations covering
as they will under the private enter-
prise system all jiossible forms of
diversion and entertainment, all
possible forms of si)ecial group
interests and their satisfaction
through special programs will in
ireneral offer such a wealth of ex-
posure to so many different things

By Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr.,

Vice President in Charge of Television,
National Broadcasting Company

that the overall accumulative effect
will be to broaden the cultural
horizons and broaden the interests
of our people, broaden their under-
standings, add to their knowledge
and in general activate many of
the latent traits which they have
within them.

Pattern Will be Established

It is not. however, NBC's pur-
pose merely to take part in this
gradual amelioration of our society
through the basic power of this
great communication instrument in
the living room. It is our intention
rather to base an approach upon
the things that we learned from
two decades or more of showman-
ship in the living room with the
radio set. It is our intention to set
up a pattern that will accelerate
all of the good things that televi-
sion has within it.

One thing that we certainly do
not intend to do is to take televi-
sion and to have a small, lost de-
partment called "Cultural Events"
or "Educational and Public Affaiis"
or something of that sort, and try
to have a rearguard retreating
action against the pressure of the
small but articulate cultural groups
of t. is country. Rather, we will
conduct our social responsibility
from the highest offices.

What we can do in public affairs
and news coverage we will do. \Miat
we can do in the general use of our
medium through high circulation.

[20 RADIO AGE]

Kh voltage programming, by in-
iiding in relatively short doses
ings in which the people have no
irticular interest in the hopes of
•adually creating special interest

those people, will be done on a
anned level. Let me be specific.
he opera will on occasions get
rge audiences. Nonetheless it is
ore likely that even larger audi-
ices will result from such happen-
gs as the Metropolitan Opera
ars, Robert Merrill and Mar-
lerite Piazza performing in op-
atic vignettes on Your Show of
lows on Saturday nights. When
s put opera on, we are catering

the wishes of a special group
latively small in numbers. But
multaneously and more important
e are broadening and increasing
e size of that group by presenting
lera attractively in vignette form

people who would not now watch

in longer form. Some of them
ill become opera lovers.
The same thing can be said for
e ballet and the efforts in the
•eat entertainment show-s to in-
jde ballet.

Fine music and great singing
om the concert stage can be han-
ed in similar style.

'^BC to Join in Social Advance

NBC", to recapitulate fust in a
ineral way, will be part and
ircel of the great social advances
at television will bring about
rough the exposure through tele-
sion to the world and all the
!ople in it of imiiortance, a knowl-
Ige of our times and exposure to
1 cultural influences by all famili-
;s witli sets. Secondly, NBC
irough its public service and pub-
: events coverage, through its
:ws, will do a great job in advanc-
g the special cause of news in-
rmation. Then, NBC through
gh voltage, high circulation at-
actions will reach the all-set
rculation and when that all-set
rculation is available, we will
,ve the audience exposure to cul-
iral and informational experiences
■ plan.

And finally, we wish to replace
le radio experience that we had
ith a marginal time operation
jpealing to special interests with
new device which I am unveiling
iday for the first time.

This plan has the working title
"Operation Frontal Lobes". As you
can see, it is a cultural plan, and
it is, in my opinion, the most in-
triguing possibility that has ever
happened in the communication
field as far as marrying the practi-
calities of a network operation and
its high circulation necessity with
the need to do a great job for all
the people.

To Create Reporting Style

First, the shows NBC wants
America to see: the operas in Eng-
lish, the NBC Symphony, the
Masterpiece Playhouse. Certainly
we want to offer Sadler's Wells
Ballet next year in peak time. Then
in addition to music and drama of
the finest, we want to create a new-
kind of reporting for the American
people. We want to present the
issues of our times to the people
with enough showmanship so that
most of the people will watch the
shows.

Americans believe in self ad-
vancement. We in advertising
know how to get visibility for ideas
and acceptance for ideas. We can
get visibility and acceptance of the
idea that important issues and peo-
ple of our times should be watched
on television. We can build shows
and an acceptance of shows for the
all-set circulation, even though the
subject matter is not immediately
appealing.

For instance, the issues of our
times certainly include the great
problem of the individual and his
rights and the group or state and
its rights. Whether we have Ber-
trand Russell and his book "Author-
ity and the Individual", or whether
we dramatize the life of an average
man to show the large limitations
on his freedom brought about by
the development of our industrial
society, — or whether we create a
whole new approach to this creative
challenge, — we have an opportunity
and an inspiration to make people
understand the times in which the.v
live, so that they may make more
intelligent decisions in the years
of decision through which we are
passing. We could get Dartmouth
College, for instance, to develop a
show based on its Great Issues
course. Or we could make the issue
of a future economic sy.stem of

FRADIO AGE 2i"

private enterprise or socialism,
surely one of the greatest ([uestions
of the century. We could present
that issue by debates between se-
lected American and English in-
tellectual, business, and political
leaders.

We could do a show on the chang-
ing credo of the American nation,
showing what we as a people be-
lieved a century ago and today, and
why those beliefs have changed.
We could face up to and report on
the tide of nihilism that constitutes
one of the obvious shaping forces
of our era. p] very where we look we
can find subjects that should be ex-
plored and exposed to our people,
because our people, you and I and
the man next door, are going to
need all the intelligence and knowl-
edge po.ssible to solve our problems.

Television has Impact

America's future cannot be de-
cided on the information given us
at Mother's knee, unless Mother
gave us information open to proof,
and capable of demonstrating its
social usefulness in today's world.
Of all the forces that can move in
on lethai-gy and prejudice, televi-
sion has the impact, the power, and
the fascination to make adult sub-
jects worthy of mass circulation.
Obviously, the selection of subjects
and the handling of subjects must
stem from the central core of ma-
terial that might be called the area
of agreement among most American
groups. We plan to explore and
expose — not propagandise.

These great shows of cultural or
(Continued on page 28)

"EVERYTHINC; WK Do IN TELEVISION IS AN
INFLUENCE ON THOSE WHO ARE WATCHING

ANI> I.ISTFMNG T" IS."

Manufacturing the RCA 17-inch
Rectangular TV Picture Tube

at the RCA Plant in
Lancaster, Pa.

■4>.<

Tubes move slowly on this travelling belt

I while the fluorescent powder becomes a

flawless surface on the gloss face-plate.

An elevated conveyor transports

the 17-inch rectangular tubes from

one process to another.

Tubes are cleared of air by pui.
which create the vacuum requLj
for television kinescopes.

After air is removed, tubes ore

passed through an oven to expel

gases from the metal shells.

Workers place the tubes on a con-
veyor belt leading to the next
process in mass production.

The tubes move slowly through c|

oven where the fluorescent scree'

surface is baked.

Servicing Military Equipment

A Techtticians Help Keep Armed Forces' Electronic Derices in
Order on Land, in Air and Aboard Ships.

VHEREVER the sun shines—
on the battlefields of Korea,
an Air Force base on Guam, on
attk'ship in the South Pacific —
shines on an RCA Service Com-
ly field engineer, a specially-
ined civilian technician using
know-how to help keep the
(led forces' electronic equipment
top working order,
rhese men are the backbone of
Company's recently established
i-ernment Service Division,
mbering in the hundreds, these
hly qualified technicians are on
y today with U. S. Army, Navy,
1 Air Force units the world over,
17 different foreign countries,
islands in the Atlantic and the
?ific, and at military bases
oughout the United States,
rheir basic assignment is to in-
II, maintain, and repair elec-
nic equipment of all types and
kes, and to instruct military
sonnel in operation, installation
1 repair procedures. Such equip-
nt runs the gamut from stand-
I te'etype, radio, and aircraft
iinuiiiication systems to highly
nple.x radar, sonar, and elec-
nic bombing equipment. Wher-
ir such equipment is used by the
litary, RCA Service Company
■sonnel will be found, doing the
I that has to be done to keep the
lipment on the beam,
rhe Government Service Divi-
n represents a pool of electronic

^!I"

By P. B. Reed

Vice President in Charge of

Government Service Division,

RCA Service Company

specialists, ready and waiting to
rush on short order to any part of
the globe where the servicing of
military communications equip-
ment is required, whether it be the
army post nearest the Gloucester,
N.J., headquarters of the RCA
Service Company, or in Pusan,
Korea. While the division itself is
relatively new, it is the outgrowth
of an activity that dates back to
World War II. During their prep-
aration for the war, the armed
forces discovered that they had in-
sufficient trained technicians t6
properly install and maintain the
deluge of new and complex elec-
tronic equipment pouring from the
laboratories and production lines
of American industry. In response

to Government requests for factory
servicing, the RCA Service Com-
pany, among others, provided the
pool of technicians to fill the gap.
Today, we are still providing this
service. Our procedure is simple.
We respond to military requests
for technicians, no matter in what
part of the world they originate,
by dispatching the required tech-
nicians via plane or boat.

Third of Staff on Overseas Duty

While the number and specific
pin-point locations of these tech-
nicians are matters of military se-
curity, it can be revealed that the
RCA Service Company today has
more men in the field on Govern-
ment service than it had during
the peak of its World War II activi-
ties. Actually, one out of every
three of the Government Service
Division's hundreds of technicians
is now on duty overseas.

While overseas duty is assigned
on a volunteer basis, there is no
telling in advance where any one
technician will eventually land.
Some are lucky and draw choice as-
signments in large European cities
or at well-established military
bases. Others wind up at lonely is-
land outposts.

The overseas assignments gen-
erally call for one year of duty,
and the men are classified as civil-
ian personnel attached to military
units. They serve under military
regulations and pretty much share
the living conditions of the units
with which they are associated.
Our men provide the technical ad-
vice and assistance. The military
provides the equipment and the

ONE OF RCA S BATTLEFRONT TECH-
NICIANS HOLDS A CARBINE — ES-
SENTIAL ITEM FOR KOREAN DUTY.

FIELD ENGINEERS BOARD A TROOP
TRAIN IN KOREA TO SET UP OPERA-
TIONS AT AN ADVANCED BASE.

VETERAN RCA SERVICEMAN SUR-
VEYS THE PUSAN SCENE WITH
PICTURESQUE NATIVES.

[RADIO AGE 23

necessary replacement parts and
tubes.

With the outbreak of the shoot-
ing war in Korea, we were called
upon to provide the military with a
vital part of its needs within a few
weeks — radar and communications
experts for Air Force squadrons to
be multiplied, for naval ships to be
recommissioned or held in commis-
sion, and for new or expanding
Army units. In addition, new con-
tinental air defense nets and over-
seas military aid programs needed
high-grade servicemen and instruc-
tors right away.

Trained Men Ready for Duty

We were ready: we had a pool
of topnotch engineers specializing
in the required subjects — radar,
sonar and intercommunications —
to draw on for the start of the new
Government Service Division.
From experience, these fellows
knew the exacting nature of mili-
tary needs and specifications.

At the outbreak of the Korean
war, the men were portioned off
among key naval shipyards
throughout the U. S. (teaching and
servicing radar, sonar, and hom-
ing beacon equipment) and among
most of the bases of the Airways
& Air Communications System
(AACS).

Now, with the multibillion-dol-
lar defense program beginning to
hit its stride, the best technicians
available still are being recruited
into RCA government service. The
call is still out, with the company
taking want-ad space in a dozen
trade journals, and recruiting of-
ficers combing the country. Our
procurement machinery is well or-
ganized, with the itinerary of
trained interviewers geared to a
schedule of spot newspaper adver-
tising in major cities throughout
the United States. Applicants are
carefully screened and tested. Only
one in ten is found to possess the
high degree of training and skill
required to qualify for these posi-
tions which are so essential to the
national defense. Selected appli-
cants are brought to Gloucester,
where, with technicians and engi-
neer.s who have transferred from
other divisions of RCA, they re-
ceive intensive indoctrination and
refresher training.

[24 RADIO AGE]

The United States is very much
in the buildup state of rearmament.
Requirements will change from
week to week. Shifts in tactical
and strategic plans of the armed
forces are inevitable. Service con-
tracts, already keeping us busy,
will continue to rise — and sharply,
after the first of the year.

RCA Service Company engineers
began working side by side with
the armed forces ten years ago,
and have built up a tradition of
distinguished service for our men
to live up to today.

Among those who helped estab-
lish that tradition by serving their
country and their Company with
distinction during the World War
II were Ed Tracy, now of Engi-
neering Products, who was handed
a War Production Board Citation
of Merit by President Roosevelt for
an improvement in airborne radar
testing and Frank Hartwick, mo-
bile communications, Los Angeles,
who received a commendation for
extraordinary diligence and devo-
tion to duty under difficult and
hazardous conditions from Navy
Secretary James Forrestal.

Engineers Receive Navy A ward s

Also from the Navy came Cer-
tificates of Merit for William J.
Zaun, now head of the RCA Serv-
ice Company's Quality Division;
and Paul Melroy, Government Di-
vision Contract Negotiations man-
ager. The chief of the Bureau of
Ships wrote Zaun: "This award

is made for your outstanding ac
complishment in supervising th
electronic field engineers of th
Service Company." Melroy receive
a similar citation for sonar worl

Navy BuShips expressed apprt
elation for the field engineers a
a group, working under ditficul
circumstances and in hazardous k
cations in their stations at strate
gic points in a far-flung battk
front, pointing out that it was no
necessary to name one individua
above another. Also from th
bureau came special recognition fo
the men who conducted the instruc-
tion courses on MAR-UHF equii
ment for trainees at Navy Yard
at Pearl Harbor and in the U. S

Hundreds of engineers were de
ployed over the world under con
tracts with the Navy, Army, Signa
Corps, Coast Guard, War Shipjiin}
Administration, Red Cross, an(
O.S.S. In France, Italy, and a
home, our engineers instructei
airmen in operation and mainte
nance of radar, tail warning. an(
precision shoran equijiment. Ii
England, they modified airborm
altimeters for low-level flying.

In France, Belgium, Italy, the\
supervised tape facsimile opera
tions in tanks and armored can
for liaison and casualty reports
Based at Casablanca. Gil raltar
and Oran, RCA engineers installet-
and maintained shipborne radari
gunfire control, battle announce!
radio, and sonar equipment. At
(Co»ti)iuid oil page 2S)

DR. VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN, (LEFT), VICE PRESIDENT A.ND TECIl.NK'AL CONSULTANT

RCA LABORATORIES, RECEIVES THE 19.^0 PROGRESS MEDAL, HIGHEST AWARD OF THB

SOCIETY OF MOTION PICTURE AND TELEVISION ENGINEERS, FROM EARL I. SPONABLE

PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY.

RTED STUDIO 8-l[ I.N RADKi CITY HAS 300.000 CUHK' FEET OF SPACE AND IAN
ACCOMMODATE SIX TELEVISION CAMERAS IN OPERATION.

Famous Studio Rebuilt for TV

BC has Invested orer $1,000,000 in Convening 8H into the
World's Most Modern and Best Equipped Television Studio.

p HK National Broadca-sting
[ Company's renowned Radio
ty Studio 8-H, caught up in the
eep of the times, has had its face
ted for television.
Representing an investment of
er $1,000,000, 8-H has been re-
iverted into the most modern.
B most versatile and the largest
evision studio in the world.
A swarm of engineers, produc-
in men, technicians, and work-
Mi in a little over three and a half
)nths have descended on 8-H,
iped it apart from wall to wall
d converted it into a glistening
f studio which can do more things
an any other studio in the
•in try.

Studio 8-H now looks out on the
ixial cables with a spanking new
:ade. including:

1. The most modern and most
e.xtensive lighting system in the
world, incorporating all the light-
ing requirements ever needed in
any other studio;

2. A platform or "island" hang-
ing from the ceiling from which
lights and television cameras will
operate ;

3. Six television cameras op-
erating on the floor;

4. Three control rooms — the
most modern and most workable
control rooms ever built for a
television operation;

.5. A completely-equipped stage
for theatre-type presentations,
using no elevation ;

6. A stage which can be com-
pletely "struck" in an hour and
a half to make the whole studio
available for di-amatic presenta-
tions;

7. Fifteen separate dressing
rooms ;

8. The most modern make-up
room in television ;

9. An over-all size of 300,000
cubic feet, making it the largest
single unit of television studio
production space in the country;

10. A series of new special-
effects, especially constructed for
this studio;

1 1 . The largest rear projection
screen ever used in television.
From the standpoint of lighting.

no studio of any kind has ever been
so completely nor so extensively
equipped as 8-H. The lighting sys-

tem incorporates everything ever
needed in any television studio,
whether for a stage or dramatic-
type presentation. Each lighting
unit can be adjusted at any height
from five to 27 feet.

Riiiiiitc-Control Li^lit System

The ceiling of 8-H is literally
paved with lights. More than 1,000
individual lamps, ranging in wat-
tage from 100 to 5.000, have been
installed in S-H and every individ-
ual light is remotely controllable
from the control room. Such a s\s-
tem has never been used before in
any kind of studio.

The control rooms, the most mod-
ern and workable in television, also
are located on the ninth lloor. They
comprise a lighting control room
where the dimmers and circuits are
housed ; a video control room, and
the audio control room. The latter
two are separated by a glass cur-
tain which can be opened or closed,
(lf])en(ling upon whether the two
looms are to be connetted or sep-
arated for any individual show.

To afford every modern conven-
ience the producer, director and
technical director will sit in the
video control room, suiiplied with
eight viewing monitors.

The directorial staff will face nine
moniti)rs, including one for each of
the six cameras, one preview moni-
tor, one on-the-air monitor and a
ninth for possible outside or film
transmissions.

Most Modern TV Control Room

The audio control room also is
the most modern in TV. Located
there are one master console and
three sub-masters for intricate con-
trolling and switching of micro-
Iihone booms, microphones and other
audio effects. Each of the second-
ary consoles is equipped with red,
white and green lights to indicate
to the engineer the control whicli
has been switched on.

An innovation which is part of
8-H is the placement of a camera
just off the ceiling. The special
platform or "island" suspended
from the studio's ceiling will sup-
port spotlights and special lighting
effects for stage-type presentations.
In addition, a television camera will
be stationed there for high shots
(Continued ov page 28)

[RADIO AGE 25]

TV Extends Microscope's Range

Color-Scnsitizcd TV Camera Tubes Make Possible Study of Cell Structures Beyond Scope of Hutnat
Eye — Technique Demonstrated by Scientists of Princeton University and RCA Laboratories.

SIGNIFICANT extension of the
rang'e, power and versatility of
the light microscope by use of spe-
cial electronic eyes of the television
camera, instead of the human eye,
was demonstrated by scientists of
Princeton University and the RCA
Laboratories Division in Princeton,
N. J., on January 9.

The new techniciue of televised
microscopy, since it enables the
interchanging of television camera
tubes made sensitive to specific
wave lengths of light, gives con-
siderably sharper contrast than
heretofore available, according to
Dr. A. K. Parpart, chairman of the
Princeton Department of Biology.
Dr. Parpart has tested the experi-
mental RCA industrial television
equipment in biological research
since last April.

The television-microscope com-
bination. Dr. Parpart said, also has
the advantages of making possible
(1) the study of many components
of living cells normally visible only
after killing and staining and (2)
the direct observation of motion of,
and within, these cells at high mag-
nifications. Even without the speci-
ally sensitized tubes a high degree
of contrast enhancement can be ob-
tained by means of the variable
light level controls on the television
receiver screen.

Used in Classroom Demonstrations

Though the RCA televised nii-
cro.scopy equipment has been used
primarily for research at Princeton,
Dr. Parpart said that it had proved
convenient for showing specimens
to several persons simultaneously
in a conference group. It has also
been used successfully in large
classroom demonstrations by Dr.
Harry Fulbright, former Princeton
physics professor, in two otherwise
diflicult microscopic demonstrations
— the IMillikan oil drop experiment
and the demonstration of Brownian
motion in smoke particles.

Adaptation of the RCA industrial
television system for microscope

DR. A. K. PARPART (LEFT) AND L. E. FLOKY DEMONSTRATE THE TELEVISION-MICRO
SCOPE COMBINATION WHICH PERMITS DIRECT OBSERVATION OF LIVING CELLS.

work was done by L. K. Flory and
.1. M. Morgan, of the RCA Labora-
tories research staff. The equipment
was made available to Princeton
University by RCA Laboratories.
Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice President
and Technical "Considtant of RCA
Laboratories, directed the develop-
ment of the RCA industrial tele-
vision system.

The experimental installation
consists of a laboratory microscope
mounted beneath an RCA industrial
television camera, which is no
larger than a personal 16-mm mo-
tion picture camera. The televised
microscojjic scene is transmitted by
cable to a standard receiver-moni-
tor placed nearby.

At the heart of the industrial
television camera is a remarkably
small and sensitive pickup tube —
the ^'idicon. For microscopy, the
^■idicon can be sensitized with ma-
terials which make it receptive to
a particular narrow band of wave
lengths. For the model used by Dr.
Pariiart. a red-sensitive tube and a

violet-sensitive tube have been pro
vided. RCA research engineers an
developing tubes which may extern
the range of the microscope's visior
into the infra-red and ultra-violet
regions. The microscope can also bl
equipped with a binocular viewe-
and a second television camera &
that two selective tubes scan thi
microscopic scene at the same tim€

With the red or violet tube. Di)
Parpart explained, it is possible t
select a narrow wave length bam
for study of a particular cellula
material whose light absoriitio'
characteristics lie in that band. Th
degree of contrast between variou
chemical components within the eel
he said, is much superior to tha
previously gained by the tediou
method of photographing the spec;
men through color filters. In fac
he added, some granules in livin
cells have been brought out this wa
for the first time.

Many biological specimens, sue
as granules of certain red bloo
cells, can at present be studied onl

[26 RADIO AGE]

;r they have been stained, he
1. With televised microscopy,
appropriate tube will make the
L'imen stand out clearly without
ininjr, he said, explaining that
iniiiK often either kills a speei-
1 or, in some instances, a speci-
1 must be killed before it will
orb the stain.

)r, Parpart pointed out that the
! technique enabled examination
either slow or rapid motion of
terial under a microscope at
rniticatioiis which formerly coulii
e been "watched" only by mo-
1 picture photography. This
:hod offered no effective way of
nitoring what the camera was
otinjr and required such an in-
se lijrht source that living ma-
ial was either killed or injured,
said. With the low light levels
ded for televising the micro-
pic scene, living material can be
mined for many hours without
nage.

Large Projections Possible

ilr. Flory said that enlargement
the image up to 15 to 20 times
ough the television system made

ease of viewing and made the
lipment particularly adaptable

classroom or conference use.

Hven larger enlargements are feas-
ible by projection of the image onto
a screen, he said.

Commenting on his research with
the RCA equipment in a recent let-
ter to Dr. Zworykin, Dr. Parpart
stated: "It has been possible to
observe certain microscopic parti-
cles in cells in active Brownian mo-
tion that have not been observed be-
fore; it has been possible to expose
various egg cells, red cells and plant
cells to light of different wave
lengths anil thus be able to study at
a particular wave length, details of
cellular structure that are not clear
or not observable visually.

"For example, in eggs of the sea
ui'chin, the violet-sensitive tube will
pick out the echinochrome granules
and exclude yolk and protein gran-
ules. The latter granules are well
defined under the red-sensitive tube
while the echinochrome granules
are apparently absent. This ability
to see details by selective absorj)-
tion at narrow wave lengths is a
very real advantage."

Dr. Parpart has used the equip-
ment primarily in studies of a wide
variety of marine life at the Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Mass. Besides its value in other
branches of biology, the technique

should be of importance in medi-
cine, chemistry, geology, physics
and other fields of research.

The Vidicon tube was developed
at RCA Laboratories by Dr. Paul
K. Weimer, Stanley V. Forgue and
Robert R. Goodrich, under the
supervision of Dr. Albert Rose. Re-
search engineers of RCA credited
with the development of the over-
all industrial television system are
Richard C. Webb and J. M. Morgan.
Special tube faces used in the Vidi-
con for the new technique of tele-
vised microscopy were evolved by
A. D. Cope.

OTOCRAPHS OF CELL STRITTURE AS REVEALED ON SCREENS OF CATHODE RAY
BES SHOWING DEFINITION OF THE MAGNIFIED IMAGES AFTER EXPOSURE TO
IICON CAMERA Tl'BES WHICH HAVE BEEN MADE SENSITIVE TO LIGHT FROM THE
BLUE (B) AND RED (R) PORTIONS OF THE LIGHT SPECTRUM.

Dealers Advised to
Prepare for Shortages

A warning to the nation's radio
and appliance retailers that "busi-
ness as usual" is "out" in 1951, un-
less conditions change, was sounded
by .Joseph H. Elliott, Vice President
in charge of RCA \'ictor Consumer
Products, in an address before the
National Appliance and Radio Deal-
ers Association at the Hotel Stevens
in Chicago on January 15.

Urging retailers to prepare for
merchandise shortages in the near
future, Mr. Klliott declared:

"There is no prospect of business
as usual. Manufacturers can't an-
ticipate production beyond the first
quarter of the year. We don't know
what allotments of key raw mate-
rials to expect, because nobody
knows from day to day what news
the next few hours will bring from
the fighting fronts."

Mr. Klliott said that RCA Victor
will make every effort to have re-
liiacemcnt parts available for serv-
icing and maintaining television
sets now in use in homes.

This can only be done, he pointed
out, by diverting a portion of what-
ever materials and components are
available from new production to
the production of rei)lacements
liarts. In addition to fulfilling his
responsibility for keeping present
television sets in operation bacause
of their vital role as a communica-
tions medium, he declared, a manu-
facturer of an established brand-
name i)ro(luct must undertake to do
this, even at a sacrifice of maximum
production, to safeguard brand-
name reputation and good will.

[RADIO AGE 27]

Studio 8-H Rebuilt

(Continued from page 25)
and other trick effects which direc-
tors may specify.

When the standard stage, with
a specially-built proscenium, is put
in place it has a depth of 30 feet.
It has no elevation, so that the
cameras are not restricted to plat-
forms as they are in other types
of theatre studios. Forty feet are
allowed for the camera action, and
behind this will be seats for an
audience.

Among the new additions to the
studio is a motor-driven "transis-
tor". This is a device to provide
transitional effects, such as dream
sequences, or to change the mood of
a play. Other facilities include a
combination hand- and motor-driven
crawl for titles and a motor-driven
revolving display table, which re-
sembles a "lazy-suzan" in appear-
ance, with different sized disks on
which to display objects of varying
sizes.

The studio is equipped with the
largest rear-projection screen ever
used, measuring 15 by 20 feet. It
also can use the smaller rear-pro-
jection screen of 9 by 12 feet. Both
screens employ the newly-developed
blue-tint for optimum results in
television transmission.

Design for Television

I Continued from paye il i

Facsimile

(Continued frum pagt: IG)
two components of the solution until
applied to the paper.

An intercommunication system
set up with the facsimile equipment
enables the operators of the trans-
mitter and recorder to discuss the
material as it comes over the wire.

The recorder can be operated
simply by an on-off switch. Opera-
tion of the sending unit, the per-
formance of which is monitored by
an oscilloscope on the front panel,
is also simple so that nontechnical
operators can be trained in less
than a day.

The experimental model of the
new facsimile system was developed
over the past 18 months at the RCA
Laboratories Division by Maurice
Artzt. Roger Olden, R. H. Fisher
and K. J. Magnusson, research en-
gineers under the direction of C.
J. Young, section head in radio .sys-
tems research.

social significance would be sched-
uled each week at a different period,
the period being pre-empted from
the advertiser. The advertiser
would lose one show during the 4 1
week contract, but would still sign
for 44 weeks, which would run 45
weeks on the calendar because of
the pre-empted time.

The shows would fit the time
given to them. For instance, This
Is Your Government, might be a
show we would do from Washing-
ton, with all the remote crews in
Washington to handle pick-ups from
the Supreme Court, the Senate, the
White House, the Fort Kno.x gold
room, et cetera. Such a show could
be publicized to all schools and civic
groups, and would be shown at 7 to
8, to let the young people watch. A
more straightforward do-goodo;-,
like a documentary on safety, for
instance, would be done from 5 to
6, for the juvenile audience. An
adult show could be set from 10
to 11, and be repeated by kinescope

in the same time to avoid having
children see it. A show on mental
health or some other subject which
could upset youngsters would fit
this late night scheduling.

The shows would be sponsored, 1
hope. This plan might either be
offered to our affiliates on a sustain-
ing basis, or we might get present
sponsors to pay for the time if we
allowed some commercial time be-
fore and after the performance.
Or, more likely, we can get some
major organization to underwrite
the time cost, with XBC paying
program charges.

By the fall of 1951, then, I would
hope that NBC could offer a full
network weekly hour show — once
a month musical, once a month
dramatic, and twice a month of a
special nature — a new kind of three
dimensional reporting and com-
mtnting on our life and times. This
would be the major final step in the
NBC use of television for social
good.

Alert Receiver

(Continued frtnn paye 19)

use of the RCA Alert Receiver is
as flexible as the highly developed
transcontinental broadcast network
systems, which permit the hook-up
of two stations or hundreds by
means of intricate switching ar-
rangements already in service.
Furthermore, the Alert does not
require even one additional radio
frequency allocation for its full use.

Civilian defense organizations
usually have many different groups
which must be warned, such as hos-
pitals, public works agencies, police
and fire departments. It is often
desirable to warn some of these
groups and not others, particularly
in the preliminary stages of an
alarm which may not eventuate in
an actual attack. An outstanding
feature of the RCA Alert Receiver
is that signalling can be made se-
lective by groups in any way de-
sired.

The RCA Alert Receiver was de-
veloped by Arthur F. Van Dyck,
Stuart W. Seeley and H. B. Deal,
engineers of RCA Laboratories.

Service for Armed Forces

(Continued from paye J-',)
Brazzaville and Leopoldville. Afri-
can headquarters of the Free
French and Free Belgian govern-
ments, respectively, and in Eng-
land, they oversaw installation of
high-power broadcast transmitters.
For the Brazilian Xavy at Recife,
they put in electronic equipment
and held training classes

They went on shakedown cruises
and test flights in the Atlantic and
Pacific, were stationed at Beiniuda
and Guantanamo, at Guam and
.N'ew Guinea, and aboard carriers.
Charlie Hobbs, now of the RCA
Service Company's technical pub-
lications group, for instance, was
on the Enterprixe when a Kamik-
aze knocked her out of action off
the Japanese island. Kyushu. He
was servicing night bombing
equiiiment. Merrill Gander, now
the Company's chief engineer, was
aboard a ferry at Pearl Harbor
when the base was attacked on
Dec. 7, 1941. He was returning
from a job repairing PRY altim-
eters.

[28 R ADI O AGE]

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

T^t:!)

RIL

.^Kr

PORTA

.ANSMITTER

ND CAMERA

RCA TELEVISION

First cliofce of ALL the Ameritas!

RCA is proud to welcome Mexico,
Cuba, and Brazil— their great audi-
ence, and their great crcati\e talents
— into the family of R(!A Television.
The first stations to bring video pro-
grams to Mexico, C^uba, and Brazil
are completely RCA equipped.

In the United States of America,
the great miijority of television sta-
tions have installed R(!A transmit-
ters and associated equipment. RCA
is the first choice of <///the Americas.

Television, the new teacher, is
helping to train and to educate, as
well as to entertain.

Your R(]A Distributor will be
glad tt) keep you fully informed on

RCA television and its great possi-
bilities in the economy and the cul-
ture of your country.

RCA salutes Latin America's
pioneers in television:

BRAZIL

PRF3TV — Emissoras Associadas
Sao Paulo

CUBA

Union Radio, Havana

CMQ— Hovana

Telenews Co., Alonso, S.A., Havana

MEXICO

XHTV — Television de Mexico, S.A.,
Mexico, D.F.

/More f/ion a million RCA TV Receivers
are in use in homes in the U.S.A^

RCA lelcvision rcccivcr'i inlicrit ihc manU'
facturinj; and design experience poured by
RCA into the more than 1,000.000 RCA
telt^ision set^ now in use in the U.S. A. More
ilian 20 years of experience and 550,000,000
in video research have made RCA c|iialiiy
and perforni.inte the finest in telfvisiun.

*Under conilruction

KCA INTtRNATIONAL DIVISION

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA

RCA BUILDING

30 ROCKlftLLtR PLAZA, NCW YORK. N.Y., U.S.A.

World Leader in Radio . . . First in Sound . . . First in Television

RADIO AGE

lESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

g only 5;? pounds.
.• battery-operated
k television camera
nsmittinp station,
1 by RCA, permits
spot" pick-ups of
?vents. and remote
of industrial proc-
Story on page 20)

<ices of RCA are
Laboratories Division

A Victor Division

Communications, Inc

le Corporation of America
roadcasting Company. Inc
)A Institutes Inc
Service Company Inc

International Division

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 3

APRIL 1951

CONTENTS

PACE

MACXKTIC STORMS KELATKn TO POSITIONS OK PLANETS ."?

PLANNING INDLSTRIAL MOBILIZATION

by Admiral Edilin D. Foster li

GREAT VOICES BROUGHT TO LIKE

by George R. Marek 9

NEW WALKIE-TALKIE PRODUCED IN RECORD TIME . 11

MAJOR TV EXPANSION KORESEEN 13

TELEVISION GOES ABROAD

by Richard C. Hooper 14

"THE GREAT ESCAPE"

by Robert J. Wade U\

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OPENS UNSEEN WORLDS \S

NEW LUXURY LINER EQUIPPED WITH LATEST RADIO INSTRUMENTS ... 19

PORTABLE TELEVISION TRANSMITTER AND CAMERA 20

CRITICAL MATERIALS SAVED 21

MEASURES COLOR VALUES 22

ENGINEERS ASSURED ENEMY ACTION WILL NOT SILENCE RADIO STATIONS . 23

SARNOFF RECEIVES WORLD BROTHERHOOD AWARD 2?.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AS A F.\CTOR IN AMERICAN BUSINESS ... 24

HOME STUDY TELEVISION COURSE OKKERED TO INDUSTRY 2")

"QUICK AND THE DEAD" RADIO DRAMAS RECORDED 2(;

CUBAN FIRM ADOPTS 2-WAY RADIO 27

"SHORAN" USED IN KOREA 2S

TRI-COLOR TUBE DETAILS REVEALED 29

P.ADU) CORPORATION UF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y.

David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board Frank M. Folsom, Prvvidcnt

Lewis MacConnach, Secretary Ernest B. Gorin, Treasurer

Radio Age is published nuaiterly by the Department of Information.
Radio Corporation of America, .'iO Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.

NOTICE: When requesting a change in mailing ad-
dress please include the code letters and numbers which
appear with the stencilled address on the envelope.

MODELS OF GUIDED MISSILE AND "ENEMY" BOMBER ABOUT TO MEET IN A DEMONSTRATION OF THE ELECTRONIC
ANALOGUE COMPUTER DEVELOPED AT RCA LABORATORIES.

WHEN PLANETS IN THEIR TRAVELS AROUND THE SUN" ARRIVE IN THE RELATIVE POSI-
TIONS SHOWN HERE, MAGNETIC STORMS APPEAR ON EARTH

Magnetic Storms Directly Related
to Positions of the Planets

Analyst at RCA Communications, Inc., Reveals Findings After Five-Year Study. May Lead to
Long-Term Predictions of Radio "Weather" Changes.

EVIDENCE that a direct rela-
tionship exists between majr-
nctif storms on earth and the posi-
tion of phmets with respect to each
other and the sun was disclosed
recently by John H. Nelson, radio-
wave analyst of RCA Communica-
tions, Inc.

Findings of Mr. Nelson support-
ing this new approach to the cause
of forces that disturb world radio
communications appeared for the
first time as a documented report
in the current issue of the RCA
Revieir. a scientific quarterly of
the Radio Corporation of America.
Heretofore, sunspots and allied ac-
tivity on the solar surface have been
considered prime causes of mag-
netic storms that bombard the
earth.

Mr. Nelson's report suggested

that these disruptive forces may
be forecast months or even years
ahead of their materialization, thus
permitting ample time to select the
best radio channels to avoid cur-
tailment of traffic.

Based on Mr. Nelson's predic-
tions for the 1951-'.52 winter sea-
son, selection already has been made
by RCA for the best working radio
routes and frequencies of its world-
wide radiotelegraph circuits to be
used under the radio weather con-
ditions forecast for that period.

The conclusions reached in Mr.
Nelson's report were the result of
nearly five years of studying radio-
wave behavior in relation to sun-
spots and the movement of the
planets. Using a si.\-inch telescope
atop an RCA Communications

building in the heart of New York's
financial district, he daily plotted
the position and characteristics of
sunspots on the solar surface.

It was during the observation of
sunspots that Mr. Nelson became
convinced that, besides their ac-
tivity, other forces acting upon the
sun also affected magnetic weather
conditions upon the earth's surface.
This conviction led him into re-
search involving the e.xact position
of planets with respect to the sun.
By plotting the course of the six
inner planets of the solar system
on a daily basis, Mr. Nelson found
that:

1. When two or more planets
are at right angles to each other,
or in line on the same side of the
sun — or in line with the sun be-
tween them — magnetc disturb-

[RAPIO AGE 3]

iiiiDi]

JOHN H. NELSON, RCA RADIOWAVE ANALYST, TRAINS HIS TELESCOPE ON
THE SUN FROM HIS ROOFTOP OBSERVATORY AT 25 BEAVER STREET,
NEW YORK CITY, WHERE HE DISCOVERED EVIDENCE OF A NEW RELATION-
SHIP BETWEEN THE POSITIONS OF PLANETS AND MAGNETIC STORMS.

WHEN PLANETS AND SUN ARE IN THE POSITIONS SHOWN IN THIS
DIAGRAM, THE RESULTING BOMBARDMENT OF THE EARTH BY MAG-
NETIC STORMS REACHES ITS MAXIMUM INTENSITY.

— 350'

340*

320" ^

ances occur more frequently c
the earth's surface. ""

2. That the most di.sturbed 1'
months' periods will be those pr'
ceding and following the pes
tioning of Saturn and Jupiter :
such a configuration with relatic
to the sun.

3. That the most severe di
turbances occur when Mars, V
nus. Mercury and the Earth ai
in critical relationship nes
points of the Saturn-Jupiter coi
figuration.

4. When Saturn and Jupiti
have moved away from the
critical relationship, there is
corresponding decline in the s
verity of magnetic weather, i
though storms of shorter dur
tion result from the critic
combinations of smaller planet

5. That the least disturbi
periods occur when Saturn, J
piter and Mars are equally spac(
by 120°.

By means of his planetary r
search, Mr. Nelson has been at
to predict for two years in advan
the approach of major magnet
disturbances on the earth's surfac
Combining his planetary observ
tions with a daily telescopic i
spection of the sun's surface, he h
obtained an accuracy of 85 per ce
in his daily forecasts of good ai
bad radio weather.

Conclusions presented by A
Nelson in the RCA Review le:
support to other investigate
notably Ellsworth Huntington a
Henry Helm Clayton, who si
pected that the planets had an :
fluence upon sunspot activity a
conducted extensive research on t
subject.

Planets Affect Solar Surface

Although Mr. Nelson's reseai
was related to the earth's magne
storms in relation to radio co
munications rather than sunspc
his study indicates that the plan-
inrtuence the surface of the s
and the solar reactions frequen
associated with sunspots.

In developing evidence of plai
tary influence, Mr. Nelson prepai
hundreds of charts of planet pc
tions, radiotelegraph circuit
havior and sunspots, and then cc
pared the relationships betwi
them. He found that becau.se
their slow motion around the s

[4 RADIO AGE]

gatmii aiiil Jupiter may stay in a
critical relation to each other for
as much as two years, in whicli
event the inner planets, as they
circle the sun more rapidly, have
an opportunity to create adilitiunal
critical relationships, which aiid to
the effects of the Saturn-Jupiter
team.

In preparing his evidence, Mr.
Nelson relied heavily on the hun-
dreds of tiaiiy propagation reports
(fathered for him by RCA techni-
cians at Riverhead. L. I., and by
overseas technicians associated
with Radio France and the Tele-
graph Administration in Sweden.
Assistance also was rendered by
his brother Carl W. Nelson, ati
amateur astronomer and meteor-
olojrist in Massachusetts, who aided
in plottinjr the planetary confijrura-
tions and in ascertaining the angles
of least disturbance.

Sunspot Size Not Critical
Prior to planetary studies that
have made possible his long-ranjre
predictions. Mr. Nelson achieved
considerable success in forecasts
based solely upon his observations
3f sunspots. In 19-4.^. he and his
associates caused comment in as-
tronomical circles by a report in
kvhich they said their investigations
showed the size of sunspots to be
"a meaningless criterion" in pre-
dicting disruption caused to radio
circuits. The type of the sunspots.
:heir age and activity, and their
josition on the face of the sun, were
leclared to be the determining fac-
;ors of disruptive bombardment.

Moreover. Mr. Nelson and his
issociates established at that time
;he e.xistence of a "critical zone"
)n the face of the sun — an area
ibout 26° in radius from the opti-
;al center of the sun, on its east-
;rn hemisphere. It was discovered
;hat the position of the sunspots
,n relation to this critical zone was
)f utmost importance. Damaging
'ffects were noted when new active
(pots were within this zone.

Subsequent investigations by Mr.
Melson have shown this critical
!one to be expanding as the sunspot
rycle approaches its next low point
)f activity, which is expected to
)ccur at approximately the end of
1954. This zone remains a valuable
isset to Mr. Nelson in making his
iaily forecasts of magnetic weather.

WITH SLIDE-RULE AND GLOBE, NELSON TABULATES I.NKORM ATKIN
WHICH PER.MITS ENCINEEaJS TO PLAN STATIC-FREE COMMUNICA-
TIONS CIRCUITS FAR IN ADVANCE OF THE COS.MIC DISTURBANCES
THAT HERETOFORE HAVE BAFFLED EXPERTS.

Assressive Promotion Will Meet TV Sales

•do

Situation, Says H. G. Baker

The same old-fashioned, aggres-
sive advertising and merchandis-
ing efforts, and the promotional in-
genuity which the industry in the
past has demonstrated that it com-
mands, should be successful in
meeting the current television sales
situation. This was the encourag-
ing statement issued by H. G.
Baker, Vice President and General
Manager of the RCA Victor Home
Instrument Department, in response
to queries from the press when tele-
vision set sales showed a slight de-
cline in late March.

Admitting that the situation is a
"challenging" one, Mr. Baker said :
"Television business begins to fall
off every year around this time.
There should be no cause for con-
cern in a situation the radio and
television industry has experienced
in the past. From our own stand-
point^ RCA Victor's current tele-
vision sales are considerably higher
than they were during the like
period last year.

"We in the television industry
must face the fact that we cannot
expect forever that the customer

will beat a path to the teleinsion
dealer's door," he added. "There
must be a return to aggressive,
competitive retail operation. And
if that time has already arrived,
then certainly this industry, by
employing its established talent for
sales promotion, can go a long way
toward taking up the slack in the
current sales decline, without fall-
ing back on pricing measures."

Emphasizing that the sales ini-
tiative is in the hands of the indus-
try, Mr. Baker pointed out that
RCA Victor is currently pushing
the greatest concentration of tele-
vision advertising in the company's
history, built around full-page and
half-page insertions in 137 major
newspapers in 108 cities.

"This campaign is a hard-hitting
effort to carry our television sales
stor.v to every major television mar-
ket in the country," he said. "And
it represents a major reason why
RCA Victor television sales today,
despite the seasonal decline, are
considerably higher than they were
this time last vear."

[RADIO AGE 5]

Planning Industrial Mobilization

Research, Development and Adequate Production of the Millions of Items Essential for National
Defense Represent the Challenge which Faces American Industry, Foster Says.

INDUSTRIAL Mobilization Plan-
ning can be defined as the joint
eflFort of industry and Government
to insure the best utilization of our
industrial might. It is indispen-
sable for the assurance of adequate
national strength to preserve our
national security. Our experience
in the two world wars has proved
the vital necessity of such planning.
On each occasion, we were given
two years of grace in which to tool
up for war — an opportunity we
most likely will never again be per-
mitted — while our allies took the
brunt of the initial attack. Even
then, it took us many months to
develop the support required for a
successful war effort. In the mean-
time, the enemy made sweeping ad-
vances over territory which it took
us years to regain — at unconscion-
able cost, in terms both of resources
and lives. It is just as important to
avoid "too little too late" in terms
of industrial support as it is in
terms of fighting forces.

Although our fighting forces
should be maintained in sufficient
strength to preclude any sane
thoughts of military action against
us, it is axiomatic that our national
economy cannot and should not be
expected, in peacetime, to support
the fighting potential required in
time of war. It is, likewise, axio-
matic that we cannot expect indus-
trial facilities, geared to the pro-
duction of goods for the peacetime
economy, to be converted overnight
to the production of enormous quan-
tities of munition of war. Never-
theless, if costly lessons of the past
are to be heeded, we are faced with
the stark necessity of curtailing to
the irreducible minimum the time
required for such conversion.

Facilities and equipment must be
available, and harnessed, ready to
go, to produce items not now manu-
factured at all or in insufficient
quantities. The best technical know-
how must be developed, in the most
efficient manner and in the mini-
mum of time, to produce predeter-

By Admiral Edwin D. Foster

Director,

Mobilization Planning Departtnent,

RCA Victor Division.

mined quantities of these muni-
tions. And specific plants must be
assigned the responsibility for
specific wartime production, and
equipped with precise knowledge of
conversion requirements. These are
the prime military objectives of In-
dustrial Mobilization Planning.

Must Support Civilian Economy

At the same time, provision must
be made for the continued support
of our civilian economy, since with-
out this support, no military effort
can be sustained. It is the job and
the duty of both Government and
industry to work together to pre-
serve an optimum balance between
these dual objectives.

Basic to all of this effort is deter-
mination of requirements. Require-
ments can be determined only if we
have a plan of operations. Our de-
fense plans, of course, are made by
our Joint Chiefs of Staff to meet
the requirements of the interna-
tional situation, as evaluated by
the National Security Council.

The character of this whole pro-
gram— including the basic and sup-
porting plans, and the requirements
that stem from these — is one of
constant change and adjustment.
On the one hand, the basic opera-
tional plan must be geared to
changes in the international situa-
tion. On the other hand, techno-
logical progress has added and is
still adding further complexity to
the solution of our logistical prob-
lems. It was not so many years
ago that armies subsisted on their
bellies; that navies could replen-
ish their supplies at almost any
port of call, if necessary by plun-
der; and that air forces were un-
heard of. Technological evolution
has changed all of this. Our fight-
ing machine has now become a me-
chanical and electronics colossus
with a seemingly insatiable appe-
tite, requiring a constant stream of
an unbelievable number of supplies,
flowing from all parts of our coun-
try, and in many instances from
remote parts of the world.

Millions of Items Involved

The magnitude of the problem is
indicated by the number of items
required. The Navy alone requires
almost three million items. The
Army and Air Force require other
items peculiar to their needs, which
likely add a couple of million more.
It is not enough that most of these
items be ready for use when and
where required. It is mandatory
that all of them be available. Con-
sider the helplessness of the most
modern fleet, completely manned
with the finest and best trained per-
sonnel and thoroughly equipped in
every respect, except that the ships
have no rudder mechanisms — or
that of an Air Force lacking spark

plugs.

The development of our fighting
machine into an infinitely complex
structure has been paralleled by the
rise in importance of speed in put-
ting our fighting machine into op-
eration. The pace has been accel-

[6 RADIO AGE]

erated in every way. The measure
of distances, for example, has been
progressively reduced, because of
these technological and scientific
advances, from years, to months,
to days, to hours, and in some cases
even to minutes. Areas formerly
considered impregnable because of
their geographical isolation have
now become vulnerable.

To meet the challenge of Mobili-
zation Planning under these cir-
cumstances, the full impact of what
so often has been termed our secret
weapon — research, development,
and quality and quantity produc-
tion— must he utilized to the maxi-
mum, and that requires hard-headed
planning.

The Department of Defense in-
dustrial mobilization program is a
broad structure of many parts. One
that is of special interest to us here
is Mobilization Planning for War
Procurement, particularly as it ap-
plies in these days of "creeping"
mobilization.

All-out Effort Predictable
By comparison, all-out mobiliza-
tion planning is less complex. The
conditions which we must face in
an all-out effort are fairly predicta-
ble. We know then that we will
make the maximum effort logisti-
cally to support the military — con-
sistent with what is required for
essential needs of the civilian econ-
omy. The emphasis may change
operationally, as it did in World
War II. from one theatre to another
(Europe to Asial or from one type
of weapon to another (tank to
landing craft i, but the industrial
effort is pretty well defined, both
in scope and character. In the event
of an all-out effort, many mobiliza-
tion plans of the Department of
Defense would go into active oper-
ation. These plans include pro-
grams for reserve plants and tools
and the production allocation pro-
gram, under which plants selected
by the various defense agencies
have tentatively agreed to accept
orders immediately following M
Day for the production of certain
basic equipments in specified quan-
tities. ^^'hile these very extensive
plans are far from having been
fully perfected, a great deal has
been accomplished to the end of cut-
ting down the time needed to reach
full scale operations in an all-out

war. In an all-out war, we can de-
pend upon full controls being im-
posed and accepted by industry, by
labor, by Congress and by the gen-
eral public.

The situation today is entirely
different. Conditions which must
be faced in times of "creeping"
mobilization are far less predict-
able. We just don't know the ex-
tent or kind of war, limited or
otherwise, that we may be called
upon to support. We cannot look
to the Services for the i)ositive
guidance during "creeping" mobili-
zation which they can give us for
all-out mobilization. Accordingly,
industry now must initiate its own
plans for meeting the innumerable
unpredictable contingencies of
"creejjing" mobilization.

Facton to be Evaluated

This Involves maintenance of that
fineness of balance between military
and civilian production which will
afford the military the support it
requires, and still not weaken the
c'vilian economy to a point where
it cannot continuously sustain ef-
fective support of the military. Fol-
lowing are the more important fac-
tors we in industry must analyze
and evaluate if we are to make the
decisions which will attain this ob-
jective :

Availability of Materials: What
will be the effect of restrictions im-
posed by the Government, either
voluntarily or involuntarily, upon
the importation of basic materials?
What will be the effect of the price
and wage controls, of manpower
controls, of restrictions upon inven-
tories, of the use in production of
basic materials, and of allocations
and priorities? What changes are
likely to be made in these controls,
and what would be the effect of
such changes?

Civilian Consumer Demand:

Civilian consumer demand for one's
product must be considered in the
evaluation of almost any commer-
cial or industrial problem. At this
time, it must be considered in the
light of various abnormal factors
and conditions. For example, what
will be the effect upon consumer
product demand of the increases in
taxes that have been imposed ; what
additional taxes may we anticipate;
when will they be made effective;

and what will be their effect upon
demand for our products? Our liv-
ing costs continue to rise and how
will they affect the consumer
market, particularly the marginal
buyer, and what will be the psycho-
logical effect of substitution of ma-
terials in the manufacture of prod-
ucts, particularly if the potential
customer assumes, even wrongly,
that such substitution will adversely
affect quality of the product? What
will be the customer's reaction to
any potential product shortages he
may assume will exist? Will re-
sulting buying cause peaks and val-
leys in demand? What war scares
will develop and what will be their
effect on consumer demand? What
additional credit controls will be
imposed and what will be their
effect?

Military Requirements: Essential
to determination of probable avail-
ability of materials for production
are, of course, reliable estimates of
what will be the character, scope,
and magnitude of the abnormal
military requirements. The uncer-
tainty of operational needs, due to
changes in strategic factors and
technological advances, make im-
possible an exact determination of
military requirements. The nature
of equipment needs depends in
large measure on the kind of action
on which plans are concentrated —
for example, whether on land, on
the sea. or in the air.

Congressional Appropriations:

How much the armed services buy
is limited by the amount of money
Congress appropriates for defense.
We know that the attitude of Con-
gress or of the Administration, or
of both, has changed from one of a
comparative "free-rein" to one of
"let's have a good look-see."

Effect on Defense Funds

What effect will this have upon
next year's defense appropriations?
Will Congress repeat its practice
of the last two .vears in deferring
action for two months after expira-
tion of the fiscal year?

Contrary to what many business
men have assumed, "creeping"
mobilization does not call for Gov-
ernment procurement of the type
or magnitude of that of World War
II. Whereas the maximum peak
spending rate at the end of the war

[RADI O A GE 7]

SYMBOLIC POSTERS IN RCA VICTOR MANUFACTURING PLANTS EMPHASIZE
THE COMPANY'S PROGRAM TO CONSERVE MATERIALS AND MANPOWER.

was almost 90 billion dollars, which
in dollars of today would mean about
145 billion, the spending rate is
now only 20 billion dollai-s, and it
is estimated that it will be increased
only to SO billion dollars by July 1
of this year. Even if the total 1951
defense appropriations were spent
in one year, the spending rate, al-
lowing for the change in dollar
value, would be less than 30% of
the maximum spending rate in
World War 11.

Only 60% for Procurement

Another significant fact is that
only about 60% of the 41.8 billions
appropriated thus far this year
will go for procurement, the re-
mainder being required for routine
services essential to maintenance
of the military establishment — for
example, pay of military and civil-
ian personnel. This means that only
about 25 billion dollars is available
for procurement — and we have
been told that almost 20 billion of
these 25 billion dollars have already
been obligated — that is, covered
by contract or letter of intent.

Time Lap: Another most impor-
tant factor for our evaluation is
the time lag between the time funds

are appropriated and the time they
are expended for the products
manufactured. Two phases of this
lag require consideration. The first
is the long period it takes to pre-
pare specifications, and the second
is the time involved in reducing the
overall specifications to blueprint
forms and in tooling up for pro-
duction. Remember that most of
these items are new, or at least im-
proved versions of what has been
used heretofore. This is both logical
and mandatory. We cannot freeze
design in the military field for a
protracted period. If we do. we
will suffer defeat through a "Magi-
not Line" philosophy of defense.
And it does take time to engineer
new designs.

In any event, these essential time
lags must be anticipated — by all
concerned. Otherwise, there is dan-
ger of a serious i)roduction vacuum
between the time normal commer-
cial production is cut back and mili-
tary production picks up. The effects
of such a vacuum are all too well
known in terms of unemployment,
recessions and depressions. Of
special concern, too, is the risk of
dissipating technical know-how at
the verv time when it should be

developed and increased. This we
find particularly true in the elec-
tronics industry, where a much
greater than average increase in
productive effort will soon be de-
manded because of the tremendous
increase in military electronics re-
quirements.

Covernnient Prornrement Pro-
cedures: Because the necessary
conversion of facilities is costly,
care must be taken to see that the
interest of both the Government
and industry are protected in ne-
gotiation, redetermination, and re-
negotiation. This calls for special
attention to changes in current
procurement. Since the beginning
of the Korean effort, negotiation
has been used more and more in
the award of Government contracts.
When, last December, the Presi-
dent declared a National Emer-
gency, the awarding of military
contracts by negotiation rather
than after formal advertised bid
requests was greatly facilitated.
Army, Navy and Air Force pro-
curement offices were authorized to
dispense with formal bidding pro-
cedures to the degree necessary to
prevent production delay. The exer-
cise of this authority has improved
the coordination of current pro-
curement with all-out mobilization
plans under the production alloca-
tion program.

Tooling-up Problems

How, for example, can industry
satisfactorily meet requests as one
recently posed by the Services :
namely, tooling up for all-out mo-
bilization for a specific item on the
basis of a firm order for a small
quantity only and with no guarantee
of later orders for large quantities.

Rut if we do our mobilization
planning fairly and realistically,
and if we all put our shoulders to
the wheel, the decision we make in
the interest of our individual com-
panies will, in most cases, serve
the interests of the nation as well,
and our company's interests will
be best served if we do this plan-
ning now. Otherwise, the time lag
may result in a gap between the
time commercial production may be
curtailed and the time we get war
production under way. This might
well cause a lot of red ink in our
(Cotitiiuied on page 3il)

[8 RADIO AGE]

Great Voices Brought to Life

Priceless Recordings by the World's Outstanding Musical Artists have been Taken front
RCA Victor Vaults. Skillfully Restored, and Made Arailablc to the Publu.

ONE OF opera's most famovs quintets as it listened to its own

RECORDING OF VERDl'S "THE QI'INTET". STANDING, LEFT TO RIGHT: LEON

ROTHIER, ANDRES DE SEGUROLA. AND ENRICO CARUSO; SEATED: FRIEDA

HEMPEL AND MARIA DICHENE.

SELECTIONS FROM THE NEW "TREASURY" SERIES ARE PRESENTED TO
DR. LUTHER II. EVANS. LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS. BY ROSA PONSELLE

HKNTKRK MKS. KVHIl'n r \I!rS(> IIKFT). WD MI!S. .mUN MCCOR.MACK.

By George R. Marek

Director o/ Artists and Repertoire,
Record Department,
RCA Victor Division.

PRICELESS master phonograph
recordiiiKs. many of them stored
for decades in KCA Victor's vaults
at Camden. N. J., have once again
been removed from their felt-lined
envelopes and used to reproduce
the music and voices of the world's
greatest artists in a new twelve-
album collection of historic records,
titled "Treasury of Immortal Per-
formances." Spanning the period
from lOOJ to 1937, the Red Seal al-
bums consist of 120 performances
by 54 vocal and instrumental per-
sonalities including Caruso, McCor-
mack. Schumann-Heink. Farrar.
Hori. Garden. Chaliapin, Ponselle,
Rachmaninoff and Paderewski.

Six additional albums of the new
series are devoted to a historic col-
lection of popular records, each
representing a phase in the develop-
ment of jazz, swing, blues and folk
music in this country. Also avail-
able in both 45- and .33-1/3-rpm
records, they contain favorites by
Russ Columbo, Hal Kemp, Glenn
.Miller. Ted Weems, Tommy Dorsey,
IJenny Goodman, Bing Crosby,
I-'rank Sinatra, Fats Waller and
Louis Armstrong.

To commemorate the release of

[RADIO AGE 9]

this series of albums and the 50th
anniversary of phonograph record-
ing by RCA Victor, a special pres-
entation of the "Treasury" collec-
tion was made to the Library of
Congress on February 20.

In accepting the albums for the
national archives from Rosa Pon-
selle, operatic soprano, Dr. Luther
H. Evans, Librarian of Congress,
noted that, "It was gifts from the
Victor Company in the mid-1920's
which started the Library of Con-
gress record collection." He went
on to say, "Over the years, without
interruption — under the old name
and under the present name of
Radio Corporation of America —
the company has continued to be
very generous in giving to the
Library recordings by its outstand-
ing artists." Among the celebrities
attending the presentation cere-
mony were Mrs. Enrico Caruso and
Mrs. John McCormack, widows of
the two artists whose legendary
performances have been recaptured.

Music Critics Selected Records

The "Treasury" is the result of
months of intensive research by
RCA Victor's Record Department
at Camden where more than 7,500
old copper master records are care-
fully preserved in specially ventil-
ated vaults. Several competent musi-
cal authorities listened to more than
700 master discs and then chose by
vote the records which they con-
sidered most representative of a
particular vocalist or musician.
After the artistic decisions for the
repertoire had been arrived at, RCA
Victor technicians made the ulti-
mate decision as to the suitability
of each record for modern repro-
duction. The earliest selection in
the album series is from a 1904
acoustical recording of the "Death
of Otello" by Francesco Tamagno
and the inost recent was taken
from Paderewski's 1937 electrical
recording of his own "Minuet in
G" and the first movement of
Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata."

In transferring such memorable
performances from original masters
to the 45- and 33-1/3-rpm records,
each of the discs was subjected to
meticulous technical scrutiny and
rehabilitation. During the fall of

[10 RADIO AGE]

1950, six men under the direction
of Albert Pulley, Chief Recording
Engineer of the RCA Victor Record
Department in New York City, went
to work on this formidable task.

Many of the old copper masters
"showed their age." By laboring
over each record groove with mi-
croscope and engraving tools, RCA
technicians skillfully restored the
original waves and whorls of the
spii-al tracks. Some of these men
are so skillful in this specialized
field that they are able to read
music by observing fluctuations of
the record grooves.

Transferred to Magnetic Tapes

All the "Treasury" performances
were then transferred from the re-
stored masters onto magnetic tape
recordings, which permit retakes,
editing, cutting and the removal of
excess noise. Without affecting the
music, the scratches and flaws
in the primitive tone tracks were
detected and erased by sensitive in-

struments. In some instances, sev-
eral masters of the same recording
were available, making it possible
to use one to fill in certain portions
where another had blanked out. As
the result of such engineering tech-
niques, these matchless musical per-
formances have been brought back
to life on the new vinyl plastic
records with remarkable fidelity.

Among the selections by Caruso
are some which were "revitalized"
a decade or more after the tenor's
death in 1921. This accomplish-
ment was made possible by re-
recording his voice against an
improved orchestral background.
These electrical reissues, which
created a sensation at the time,
have retained the magnificent tonal
quality of Caruso's voice in roles
from "Rigoletto" and Bizet's "Pearl
Fishers," and others.

In 1952. RCA Victor plans to
issue a second "Treasury" series
compiled from its musical gems of
bygone years.

VAULT OF PRICELESS MASTER RECORDINGS IN CAMDEN, N. J., FROM WHICH

OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCES OF 54 WORLD-FAMOUS ARTISTS WFJIE

DIOSEN FOR THE "TREASURY" SERIES.

New Walkie-Talkie Produced by
RCA in Record Time

Production Schedule Beaten by 60 Days as First Unit of Smaller, More Powerful Radio is
Presented to Maj. General Akin, Chief Signal Officer.

AN'EW walkie-talkie for the
armed forces with twice the
aiiKe of its World War II counter-
)art, but having only half the
k-eijrht and bulk of its predecessor,
las been developed by the Radio
i'orporation of America and turned
iver to the U.S. Army Sipnal Corps,
vhich provided the specifications,
rhe first production model was pre-
ented to JMaj. General Spencer B.
Vkin. Chief Signal Officer, U.S.
Vrmy, by Walter A. Buck, Vice
'resident and General Manager,
iCA \'ictor Division, in ceremonies
leld at Camden on March 8.

An outstanding example of the
dvance in the design of sub-minia-
ure components, the new walkie-
alkie is the smallest tunable radio
ransmitter-receiver of its type
ver produced. Through the ingenu-
ty of engineers, many of the part.*
lave been compressed to fit into
netal cylinders no larger than a
niniature electron tube. The com-
lete two-way communication unit
ontains 16 tubes, yet is only 9V2
fiches high, 10^2 inches wide and
inches deep. Including batteries,
ntennas and handset, it weighs
nly 29 pounds. It can be used
.•hile strapped to the back of the
perator, mounted in a vehicle, or
et up as a semi-permanent ground
tation. With an output of appro.x-
mately 1 watt, the walkie-talkie
as a range of about 5 miles.

Design Problems Outlined

Some of the major problems met
nd solved by RCA engineers in
ooperation with the Signal Corps
rere outlined by T. A. Smith, As-
istant General Manager. Engineer-
ng Products Department, during
he presentation ceremonies in
'amden.

"The story," he said, "begins of-
cially shortly after the war. Un-
fficially, it began even earlier —
icfore the end of the war. It might

.MAJ. GENER.AL SPE.N'CER AKIN, CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, U. S. ARMY,
DIRECTS MANEUVERS OF ARMY PLANE IN FIRST PUBLIC DEMONSTRA-
TION OF NEW RCA WALKIE-TALKIE UNIT AT CAMDEN, N. J.

be said to have begun with the prob-
lems of GI's struggling with vital
communications gear, made as light
and portable as anyone could de-
sign it, but still heavy and cumber-
some to carry.

"World War II 'walkie-talkies'
had added a new concept of com-
munications to field warfare. But
along with great advantages they
brought certain difficulties in the
way of reduction of maneuvera-
bility, maintenance problems and
transportation requirements. Bulki-
ness and weight, however, were the
two main disadvantages of the old
equipment. In fact, in some sectors
they were referred to — not too lov-
ingly— as 'backie-breakies'.

"Engineers of the Signal Corps
were, of course, well aware of this.

Even before the war ended they
were making plans for a new equip-
ment. They started putting their
ideas down on paper based upon
their experiences during World War
II and soon drew up a list of specifi-
cations for the set they wanted.
These requirements seemed impos-
sible of achievement by techniques
known at the time.

"Signal Corps engineers, how-
ever, believed that by utilizing the
newly-developed art of sub-minia-
turization to the fullest extent it
would be possible, over a reasonable
period of time, to develop the set
they wanted.

"The problem of sub-miniaturi-
zation, or making things much
smaller, is not simple because all
of the many parts — and there are

[RADIO AGE II]

MANY WALKIKTALKIE COM
NENTS ARE SO SMALL THAT TH
MUST BE ASSEMBLED UNDER M
NIFYING LENSES.

hundreds in the new walkie-talkie
— must be reduced in size. This
means that the ordinary transform-
ers, condensers, resistors, tubes,
nuts and bolts and even wires used
by the designer had to be rede-
signed. In most cases in the design
of a new piece of electronic gear,
standard, easily available compo-
nents could be employed. Here,
nearly every component had to be
redone and a model built to test
its etticiency and performance. New
circuits had to be devised to pro-
vide added flexibility and efficiency.

"Signal Corps representatives
talked the project over with RCA
engineers, who agreed that it w'as
possible — though very difficult. Ac-
cordingly, in June 1946, the Signal
Corps placed a contract with RCA
which called for the development of
a new, much smaller, much lighter
walkie-talkie that would meet a
long list of exacting requirements.

"During the following period,
RCA engineers working with Sig-
nal Corps engineers built, tested,
rebuilt, retested and rebuilt again
until they had completed engineer-

CHECKING ONE OF THE WALKIE-TALKIE SUB-UNITS FOR MECHANICAL
PERFECTION AT THE RCA VICTOR PLANT IN CAMDEN.

ing models of a new unit which me
all of the requirements originall
laid down. These models were e>
haustively field-tested and finallj
in spring of 1950, declared read
for production."

When RCA was first asked to bi
on the instrument, it was estimate'
that 55 weeks must elapse befor
the completed units could begin roll
ing off production lines. Howevei
the Signal Corps needed the equip
ments and urged company engi
iieers to use every facility ti
shorten the schedule. Anxious t<
deliver the goods, RCA put into mo
tion all tricks known to the trad«
and as a result production was
promised in 44 weeks.

Every Department Alerted

To accomplish a feat that, to
many, seemed impossible, it was
necessary that every department be
alerted and primed for the task
ahead. Soon. Engineering, Purchas-
ing, Inventory Control. Fabricating
and ^laterial Inspection knew al-
most to an hour when its contribu
tion would be needed if the tight
schedule were to be maintained.
How well this integration worked
out was acknowledged by General
Akin when he accepted the first
walkie-talkie. The instrument, he
said, "represents a major engineer-
ing and iiroduction achievement.
The speeding up of this production.
60 days ahead of schedule tells its
own story of efficiency on the part:
of management — and cooperationi
and energy on the part of the skilled!
workers who built this e(|uipment. .
It did not just grow. It was created
through a combination of scientific
advance, industrial know-how and
military experience.

"And as these sets come off your
assembly line, we — the military —
will take over. Our supply system
will deliver these sets where they
are needed. We will send the re-
placement parts required to main-
tain them. Our schools will train
the communications specialists,
who will use them as a weapon in
national defense."

Large-scale production of the new
walkie-talkie, it was announced,
will start as soon as the Signal
Corjis has completed its field tests.

[12 RADIO AGE]

Major TV Expansion Foreseen

'. JoUiffc Tclh Princeton Studt
RCA-SBC Tats with

M ORE than a year of field test-
' J. iiiK by the Radio Corporation
America and the National Broad-
stinjr Company has shown that

niajt>r expansion of tele%'ision
:>adc-astintr is practical and pos-
ile at ultra-high frequencies. Dr.

B. JollifFe. Executive Vice Presi-
[it in Charge of RCA Labora-
•ies. declared in a lecture at the
hool of Engineering. Princeton
liversity. on April 17.
"Our engineers have determined
it practical L'HF television re-
vers can be built and that pres-
t television sets can be readily
apted for use at ultra-high fre-
encies." Dr. Jolliffe said. "This
lans that sets now in use and
jse being manufactured will not

made obsolete by the new devel-
meiit. Receivers and adapters
11 be available when UHF tele-
;ion transmissions are authorized.

ultra-high frequencies are used,
iny communities can have satis-
.'tory television that could not
ve had any television service
thout this expansion in UHF,
d existing service at very-high
jquencies also can be extended."
Dr. .Jolliffe's remarks concerning
i success of RCA and NBC in
)neering investigations of the
iF were made to emphasize the
portance of industrial research

the progress of television and
ler American industries, the

«/.< tltat Public Will Benefit from
UHF at Bridgeport.

theme of his Cyrus Fogg Brackett
Lecture before the Princeton engi-
neering students.

He recalled that at the time of
the "freeze" in 1948, when the Fed-
eral Communications Commission
halted action on applications for
new television stations, use of the
UHF was proposed for the expan-
sion of television. He added:

"There was little information
available at that time concerning
the usefulness of these frequencies
for television broadcasting, al-
though some propagation tests had
been made. To determine the prob-
lem of television broadcast trans-
mission and reception in the UHF,
RCA inaugurated a full-scale field
test.

"A transmitter was built and in-
stalled at Bridgeport, Conn., and
test receivers were installed in a
number of homes in and near that
city. The station. KC2XAK. which
is operated by NBC, began trans-
missions in December. 1949.

"The regular schedule of pro-
grams of NBC's New York station
WNBT has since that time been re-
layed by microwave from New York
to Bridgeport. This was the first
UHF station in the United States
to operate on a regular schedule.
The Bridgeport area has been used
as a testing ground for UHF re-
ceivers by RCA and others."

Recalling that the FCC has re-

FROM THIS TOWER NEAR BRIDGEPORT, CONN., RCA-NBC HAVE BEEN CON-
DUCTING EXTENSI\'E FIELD TESTS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS TRANSMITTED
ON l"LTRA-HIGH FREQUENCIES. BELOW: CONTROL CONSOLE AND TRANS-
.MITTER SWITCHBOARD AT BRIIXJEPORT STATION.

cently announced a proposed alloca-
tion which involves the use of UHF,
Dr. Jolliffe said the Commission's
proposed channel assignments pro-
\ide for nearly '2,000 UHF and
VHF television stations in more
than 1,200 communities. He pointed
out that certain procedure steps by
the FCC are necessary before the
"freeze" can be lifted, but added
that if production facilities are
available for television at the con-
clusion of this procedure, television
broadcasting will expand rapidly
and television broadcasting service
can become a "really nation-wide
service."

UHF Converter for TV
Proved Best by Test

Large-scale experiments in the
transmission and reception of ultra-
high-freiiuency television signals,
carried out by RCA, show that a
converter is the best means of en-
abling present TV sets to receive
stations that may operate in the
higher frequency channels recently
proposed by the Federal Communi-
cations Commission. A bulletin con-
taining this information has been
sent to distributors of RCA tele-
vision receivers by W. A. Buck, Vice
(Continued on page 29)

£ V

Television Goes Abroad

Crews of RCA Technicians, Transporting Special Equipment, have Demonstrated
American Television in Ten Foreign Countries.

WHILE television has become
a household word to Ameri-
cans, it still symbolizes mystery to
millions outside the United States
who read about its wonders, but
cannot enjoy them regularly. How-
ever, through the activities of the
RCA Victor Shows and Exhibits
Division, more than 9,000,000 peo-
ple in 10 foreign countries have
actually viewed telecasts for the
first time. To carry on this mis-
sionary work, teams of technicians,
acting as emissaries rather than
salesmen, have traveled more than
500,000 miles to date, introducing
the new medium abroad through
on-the-spot demonstrations.

On the average of once a week,
a Service Company demonstration
crew is somewhere "on location,"
in this country or abroad, telecast-
ing a parade, ship launching, re-
ligious ceremony, sports event, pub-
lic affair, or surgical operation.
Attired one day in hip boots and
the ne.xt in tails and cummerbund,
these nomadic technicians who
transport RCA equipment to South
America, Sweden, Italy and other
far places stand apart from their
desk-bound fellow workers.

The recent introduction of tele-
vision in Sweden, at the interna-

By Richard C. Hooper

Manager,

Shoivs and Exhibits Department,

RCA Victor Division.

tionally famous Nobel Prize Award
ceremony, was a typical overseas
assignment. The crew took off for
Stockholm on extremely short no-
tice, with 6,800 pounds of broad-
cast equipment and 56 pieces of
I)ersonal luggage. Two TV field
cameras ; two "life-size" projectors,
which give 6- by 9-foot pictures;
and an array of 16- and 19-inch
receivers were used to set up oper-
ations in Stockholm's Concert
House.

When King Gustav VI presented
the coveted awards to the world's
leading physicists, chemists, medi-

ili

ope
|i

itio
bit
iec

«ii
cal scientists, and writers, 3,50' .fti
spectators witnessed the event, ap nr
proximately half of them on RCi iif
television sets installed outside th
auditorium. In order to give com it
plete coverage to the 2V2-hour cen
mony, one camera was set up in
box on the right side of the stagi
to obtain a picture of the presenta
tions as seen by the audience,
second camera was mounted on
balcony at the rear of the stage ti
cover the entire audience.

To enable the King, his roya*
family, and others seated in thf
orchestra to observe the techniea
perfection with which the cere-'l
monies were reproduced on televi-
sion, a 16-inch receiver was in-
stalled at the base of the speaker's
rostrum, facing the audience. Other
direct-view receivers and two pro-
jection models were installed out-
side the main hall to accommodate
the overflow crowd. Additional
eciuipment was placed in Stock'
holm's Cinema Royal, which was
filled to its 1,000-seat capacity.

As is often the case with foreigni
assignments, the crew faced a tecb
nical problem before it could prO'
ceed with the actual telecast. Swe-
den uses 50-cycle electric power,,
while RCA equipment is designed

RCA TELEVISION CAMERAS AND RECEIVERS, INSTALLED IN STOCKHOLM'S CONCERT HOUSE, BROUGHT A CLOSE-UP
VIEW OF THE FAMOUS NOBEL PRIZE AWARD CEREMONY TO THOUSANDS OF EAGER SPECTATORS INSIDE AND

OUTSIDE THE AUDITORIUM.

ijpl'

1 r

ill

i^^y 1

.»=»

\u_

# ^ ■il^5^.""•■

jperate on the GO-cycle power
i in the United States. As a
tion to this situation, the tech-
iins provided their own source
lectricity by bt)rro\vinfr two pas-
e-driven generators from the
disli Navy.

ithouirh telecasting the Nobel
irds ceremony was the group's
f task on this assignment, it

not the only one. The engineers
i King Gustav a private show
lis palace; put on a demonstra-

for the Riksdag Uegislaturei ;
i-ised a heart operation at the
batsberg Hospital, and an ab-
inal surgery at Stockholm's

olinska Hospital.

Crew Worked Lotii; Hours

'ith only four hours of daylight

was winter in Stockholm — thv
nicians went to bed and got up
he dark, working nearly around
clock, scarcely knowing that the

shone, when it did. At the re-
st of government officials, the
V group produced several spe-
programs, one of which covered
operation of recently-developed
pons. Another demonstrated the
of T\' in the classroom as an aid
he teaching of physics, science,
tronics and home economics. Be-
! the crew embarked for home
lad shown American television
approximately 25,000 residents
Stockholm.

i'hile this RCA group was at
k in "the land of the midnight
" another crew — almost halfway
jnd the world — was demonstrat-

television to several thousand
ernment leaders, doctors and
ses gathered in Havana's Gen-

Cali.xto Garcia Hospital,
he Cuban demonstration was

in a series of four conducted
RCA in Latin America, in co-
ration with F:. R. Squibb & Com-
y. A total of 149 pieces of
ipment. weighing 8.500 pounds,

transported from Peru i the
: stop I to Colombia, to the Do-
ican Republic, and finally to
la to stage the dramatic surgical
casts.

1 each demonstration, which
ed approximately two hours,
procedure was much the same.
;amera was suspended directly
r the operating table to pick up

operating field and the hands
:he surgeon and his assistants.

RCA TELEVISION EXPERTS BOARD A PLANE FOR SWEDEN TO INTRODUCE
THE NEW MEDIUM IN THAT COUNTRY.

A second camera, on a level with
the doctors, gave an over-all picture
of the action. Adjacent to the sur-
gery, the crew set up a small studio
in which doctors held discussions
on surgical methods, patients'
symptoms and case histories. Cam-
era No. 2 was wheeled into position
to cover the studio, and back to the
surgery for the actual operation.

In Lima, the cameras, which
were set up in the modern Hospital
Obrero, covered 14 operations pre-
sented under sponsorship of the
Seventh Inter-American Surgical
Congress. Physicians from all parts
of South America were among the
audience of approximately 7,500
persons.

Surgery Televised in Bogota

The Bogota operations were tele-
vised in the Hospital of San Jose,
and receivers were made available
in a nearby medical school for ap-
proximately G.OOO spectators.

At Ciudad Trujillo, about 3,000
persons watched similar demonstra-
tions conducted in the Professor
Marion Military Hospital.

Surgery is frequentl.v selected as
the subject for such demonstrations
because it dramatically illustrates
that television is not merely an en-
tertainment medium. People every-
where have heard of American com-
edy, drama and juvenile shows, but

few are aware of television's poten-
tial as an instrument of education
and public service.

When TV made its Canadian
debut in 1949, technicians set up
RCA cameras and receivers in the
Saskatoon General Hospital, in Sas-
katchewan for the Medical Associa-
tion's annual convention. This dem-
onstration impressed its Canadian
spectators to such a degree that
RCA crews were called back on
subsequent occasions to televise
non-medical conventions in Toronto
and Montreal.

These travelling members of the
RCA Service Company are as adept
at maneuvering a T\' camera in a
"corrida de toros", or bullring, as
they are in an operating room. In
fact, one of the Division's first for-
eign assignments was a junket to
Jlexico City, in 1946, to telecast a
series of bullfights from the 60.000-
seat Plaza Jlexico. On this occasion
the program was transmitted by
microwave radio relay to the Hotel
del Prada. six miles away, where
an additional 7,500 spectators
viewed the event on RCA receivers.

In the summer of 1948 RCA tele-
vision cameras were focused on
similar bullfights in Madrid, during
a series of demonstrations conduct-
ed by RCA to acquaint the Spanish
people with American television.
(Continued on page 26)

[RADIO AGE 15]

artist's original sketch from which the stage sets for "the great escape" were designed.

'The Great Escape"

Staging Specialists at NBC Adapt a Thrillttig Wartime Episode for Telerision Presentation
Providing Viewers with One of TV's Outstanding Dramas.

By Robert J. Wade

M imager,

Staging Services Division,

National Broadcasting Company.

C^ REATING scenery for the "av-
^ erage" television drama, no
matter how spectacular or gigantic
the presentation may be, normally
presents no great problem for
NBC's experienced production staff.
But occasionally designers of the
network's stage settings are con-
fronted with a script which chal-
lenges even the most imaginative
mind and the most extensive TV
facilities.

Such was the case with NBC's
production of "The Great E.scape",
one of the most thrilling adventure
stories to come out of World War

II. In this escapade, which took
place in 1944, 76 British and Amer-
ican airmen, overcoming seemingly
insurmountable obstacles, tunneled
their way to freedom from the
German prison camp called Stalag
Luft II. Their achievement was no
less amazing than its transition to
the television screen.

How is it possible to simulate a
tunnel 300 feet long and 30 feet
underground?

Why is barbed wire hard to get
nowadays?

How can four tons of dirt be
made to weigh just one-quarter of
that amount?

What happens to the paper holes
cut from loose-leaf notebooks?

These were only a few of the
questions to be answered by the
staging specialists who prepared
the scenery and props for "The
Great Escape". Scenic designer
Otis Riggs, who has created set-
tings for more than 200 television
productions, found this to be his
most difficult assignment.

In order to create the illusion of
underground activity for the key
scenes in the drama, Riggs had to
create a set which was substantially
above the ground. He constructed
the barracks room (where the un-

derground trap-door was located
10 feet above the studio floor ir
NBC's studio 8-G, with the room'.'
rafters resting just below the 17-
foot-high studio ceiling.

A six-foot vertical shaft was con-
structed leading from the barracks
room to the horizontal tunnel be-
low. This vertical opening was a
facsimile of one dug to a depth of
30 feet by the Allied PWs in Silesia.
The second studio tunnel, 20 feet
long and two feet wide, represented
the original escape medium which
ran underground for 300 feet to
the outside of the German camp ini
the actual escape.

Tunnel Built Above Floor

The main escape tunnel had to
be raised four feet off the studio '
floor so that all action would be ■
on a level with normal camera
height. To support the weight of
this off-the-floor construction, as
well as the players and props, elab-
orate and sturdy platforms were
erected — the largest ever demanded
by an NBC show.

The winter setting of the drama
caused NBC's Staging Services De-
partment to reach for another su-
perlative. Six hundred square feet
of playing space, representing the

[16 RADIO AGE]

\ITH0R (LEFT) ANn AKT IIIRFXTdK
il.WELL USE A MOCK-ll' MODEL (IF THE
SET TO STUDY SCENERY AND STAGLNG.

PW yard and the final escape hole
)utside the compound, had to be
.•overed with snow. This required
1.200 cubic feet of snow — which
'xplains where the paper holes of
oose-leaf notebooks ko- The round
ind irrejrular shaped paper bits
lave a peculiar floating ijuaiitx
.vhich makes them ideal in snowfall
scenes. In addition to the paper,
mow was represented by bleached
•orn flakes and commercial con-
fetti, tojrether with mica, which
jlitters like ice. Dampened sail
umulated snow spots on the men's
iniforms.

"The Great Escape" also re-
luired more earth and sand than
iny other network production. The
ludience would hardly have ac-
cepted a tunneling scene without
lirt and sand, particularly when
he earth itself was a greater enemy
)f the escape-minded prisoners
:han the German guards and their
iloodhounds.

Tons of Earth Required
Four tons of earth initially were
\stimated for the show, but since
his tonnage presented an enormous
iroblem to staging men who had to
;ransport the load up eight floors
o the studio, the weight was re-
iuced one-quarter by mi.xing tan-
)ark and cork with gravel.

Designer Riggs, who became fa-
niliar with German prisoner-of-
var camps when he was in Army
service, discovered that barbed wire
vas scarce in New York. He solved
:his problem, however, by writing

REALISTIC COMPLETED SETTINGS FOR THE PRISON CAMP YARD (ABOVE)

AND ESCAPE TUNNEL (BELOW) CREATED THE AT.MOSPHERE DEMANDED

BY THE TENSE PLOT OF THE DRAMA.

to a mail-order house which special-
izes in farm equipment.

From the blueprint and script
stages through to the final curtain,
actors and technicians alike were
imbued with the spirit of this mov-
ing drama. The cast of 40 actors,
headed b.v Everett Sloan. Leslie
Linden and Oliver Thorndike, re-
hearsed in the Paladium Ballroom,
using night-club tables and chairs
as crude props to create the effect
of a tunnel. In the studio itself,
skilled technicians, under the di-

rection of Mr. Riggs and Robert
Garthwaite, staging coordinator,
spent one entire night setting up
the complicated scenery and props.
During the actual telecast a total
of 70 people occupied the studio's
somewhat limited space. Camera-
men, dollymen, actors and stage-
hands worked in perfect coordina-
tion with Producer Fred Coe and
Director Gordon Duff, the final re-
sult bringing wide acclaim from the
network's T\' audience and the
press.

RADIO AGE 17]

These t-wo models of
RCA electron micro-
scopes are invaluable
aids in industrial and
medical research.

the

Electron Microscope

opens

Unseen Worlds

Medical research has been stimu-
lated by enlargements of minute
organisms such as this one, showing
a type of colon bacillus.

A relation between rodlike parti-
cles and influenza virus is indicated
to bacteriologists in this micro-
graph, magnified 35,000 times.

Ropey structure of lime soap grease

was unsuspected until the electron

microscope brought the unusual

formation to visible size.

The wavy threads in this micro-
graph of a bacterium are less than
a millionth of an inch wide, visible
only in on electron microscope.

A crystal of zinc oxide smoke is a

pattern of perfect symmetry under

the powerful lens of the electron

microscope.

Red blood cells surround a white

blood cell in this ultra-thin section

of human tissue photographed at

RCA Laboratories.

[18 RADIO AGE]

TIIK NKW RtA-KliL'Ifl'KI) l.UXl'RY I.INER

SS INDKPENDKNCE RECEIVES A TYPICAL

MARINE SAI.l'TE AS IT ENTERS NEW

VdKK llAltliiiR FOR THE FIRST TIME.

K»fe

AN OFFICER TAKES THE SHIP'S BEARING

WITH THE LATEST MODEL RADIOMARINE

DIRECTION FINDKl:

New Luxury Liner Is Equipped
with Latest Radio Instruments

■111 Nari^alioii and Communication Apparatus on Independence
Supplied by Radiomarinc.

I \ J UK'S America's newest lux-
VV "'■> ''"^•■' the 26,000-ton
American Export Line's Independ-
ence, sailed on her maiden voyage
n February, she was virtually a
showcase of Radiomariiie communi-
cations and navigation apparatus.
As adjuncts to the safety and con-
venience of the ship's 1,000 passen-
gers were the following equipments,
ill manufactured by RCA: long
•ange radar; direct-reading loran;
jinnacle-type direction finder: two
radiotelephone transmitters: a ra-
liotelegraph station and an internal
■ommunication system which per-
mits passengers to send and receive
radiograms, ship-to-shore, direct
from staterooms and cabins.

RCA's new high-power shipboard
console consists of a .500-watt main
transmitter with eight channels, a
500-watt high-frequency transmit-
ter with 10 channels, a 40-watt
emergency transmitter with five
channels, and three receivers with
a combined frequency range of
from 15 to 6.50 kilocycles and from
l.ii to 25 megacycles.

The radar, with its 12-inch view-
ing scope, is an improved version
of the type now installed aboard

[RADIO AGE 19

such ships as the Holland-American
Line's SS Nieutv Amsterdam, the
Swedish-American Line's SS Stock-
holm, the United States Line's SS
Washbtiittni and many other large,
transoceanic liners. The unit oper-
ates on a wave length of ;?.2 centi-
meters, with a range from 75 yards
to 40 miles.

In the ship's Chart Room, the
direct-reading loran indicator dis-
plays time differences directly on a
simple dial, making interpolation
unnecessary.

After his ship's recent ocean

trials had been completed. Captain
Hugh L. Switzer, master of the
Independence (the American Ex-
fwrt Line's speedy llagship), said:
"Our communications and naviga-
tion eciuiimieiit performed admi-
rably, as expected. Radiomarine
can well be proud of the accuracy,
durability and dependability of
their products."

A duplicate of the Independence
installation is being made aboard
her sister ship, the Ciinj<titiitinn,
now nearing completion at the
Quincy Mass., shipyard.

SCENE ON BRIDC.E OF THE INDEPENDENCE SHOWING, AT LEJT. THE fttA
RADAR UNIT WHICH CAN DETECT OBJECTS WIBVKIK- A 40-MILE RANGE.

Portable Television Transmitter

And Camera

Using Pencil-Sized Tubes and Miniature Components, RCA Develops Back-pack Unit
Weighing Only 53 Pounds and having Range of One Mile.

ANEW portable television cam-
era and transmitting station,
designed to operate in the field as a
one-man back-pack unit, was dem-
onstrated by L. E. Flory, of the
RCA Laboratories, at a meeting of
the Institute of Radio Engineers
on March 21.

Weighing only 53 pounds, the
back-pack station is planned to
function with its own battery-power
supply. It has a range of approxi-
mately one mile. Because of its
easy portability, numerous appli-
cations for the new equipment are
foreseen by RCA research engi-
neers. Among these are news cov-
erage, with television-equipped re-
porters flashing pictures and com-
mentary directly to editorial rooms,
and remote industrial viewing and
control.

The new transmitter operates in
conjunction with a control station
which may be located as far as a
mile from the camera. Signals cor-
responding to the scene being tele-
vised are transmitted to the control
point on an ultra-high frequency
with a power of two watts. In addi-
tion to acting as a monitor for the

televised picture, the control point
performs two other functions. It
sends out a stream of pulses which
stabilize the camera and can be
used also to issue vocal instructions
to the cameraman.

Recent developments in the de-
sign of pencil-sized tubes and other
sub - miniature component parts
made possible the impressive re-
duction in bulk and weight of the
equipment.

Equifnnent Carried as Back-Pack

The back-pack is carried in knap-
sack fashion, suspended from the
narrator's shoulders by flexible
straps. Two small antennas extend
from the top of the pack and are
used respectively to transmit the
picture signal to a base station and
to receive voice and control signals
from that same point.

The camera is an adaptation of
the RCA industrial TV camera
using the Vidicon tube. As an
added feature, the camera includes
a miniature kinescope picture tube
which serves as a view-finder for
the cameraman. Through it he is
able to see an exact reproduction of

the scene on which the camera lens
is focused.

The equipment contains 42 tubes
which, with their associated cir-
cuits, pi-ovide all synchronizing fre-
quencies for a standard 52o-Iine,
30-frame interlaced television pic-
ture. Included in the unit are the
battery-operated power supply, de-
flecting circuits, amplifiers, and a
radio receiver for receiving instruc-
tion and other essential information
from the control point. A single
battery operates the portable sta-
tion for about 1^2 hours.

The narrator-cameraman's voice
is picked up and transmitted
through the combination of a small
microphone built into the camera
case and an ingenious electronic
circuit which adds the voice signals
to the picture signals as they are
radiated to the control point.

Research and development of the
portable television equipment were
carried out by Mr. Florv, W. S.
Pike, Jr., J. E. Dilley, and J. M.
Morgan, of the RCA Laboratories,
under the direction of Dr. V. K.
Zworykin. Vice President and Tech-
nical Consultant.

CO.NTROL PANEL OK PORTABLE TV SYSTEM. I.NCLUDING MONITOR
SCREEN AND TWO-WAY RADIOTELEPHONE FACILITIES.

SIDE VIEW OF PORTABLE TELEVISION CAMERA, SHOWI.NC;
VIDKO.V TUBE (UPPER RIGHT) AND CO.NTROL UNITS.

SUBSTANTIAL SAVINGS IN COBALT, STEEL AND OTHER CRITICAL MATE-
RIALS HAVE BE3:N ATTAINED IN THE NEW RCA TELEVISION CHASSIS
(RIGHT) WITHOUT AFFECTING RECEIVER OPERATION.

Critical Materials Saved

Technical Developments in Picture Tubes and Loudspeakers
Alone Reduce Cobalt Usage by 90 Percent.

JEW technical developments,
which will enable the radio
d television industry to effect
pe savinjrs in defense-strategic
iterials and still maintain present
jh-(iiiality standards, have been
idosed by the Radio Corporation
America.

They include an electrostatic pic-
re tube and redesigned loud-
eakers, which alone reduce the
lount of critical cobalt in the av-
ige television receiver by 90 per-
it.

"When these conservation steps
e applied by the industry," Frank
, Folsom, President of RCA, de-
ired. "they will save millions of
unds of cobalt, copper, nickel,
iminum. brass, steel, and other
itical metals."

The new engineering develop-
?nts, which extend over the whole
nge of radio and television pro-
ction, are the direct result, Mr.
)lsom said, of the Corporation's
mprehensive conservation pro-
am which was stepped up with
e outbreak of the Korean War.

RCA already has turned over to
radio, television, and tube manu-
facturers throughout the industry
developments resulting from its 8-
months emergency - intensified re-
search work, he said. The manu-
facturers were also assured that
additional engineering advances
will be passed on to them.

Product Quality Maintained

RCA approached the problem of
material conservation, it was
pointed out, with the idea of main-
taining product quality and per-
formance by taking full advantage
wherever possible of new non-criti-
cal materials.

In his letter to the manufac-
turers, Mr. Folsom declared:

"I know you will join with us in
earnestly pursuing this conserva-
tion program, not only for the re-
sulting substantial savings in vital
metals, but also to demonstrate to
our Government officials the indus-
try's resourcefulness in this time
of emergency." He added :

"Only by doing everything pos-
sible to help itself can the industry
feel morally justified in asking the
help of Government agencies in
supplying sufficient critical mate-
rials to permit continued production
of peacetime products which, in
turn, enable us to hold together our
technical skills and our trained
workers until they are needed to
produce electronic equipment for
the military services."

By finding new ways to use scarce
materials, Mr. Folsom explained,
the iiitlustry has been able to main-
tain a substantial level of produc-
tion which has meant continued
employment for thousands of skilled
workers in the plants of both man-
ufacturers and suppliers.

Mobilization Determines Production

How long the present production
rate can be maintained will depend,
he added, on material restrictions
imposed by expanding requirements
of the mobilization program, as well
as on the continued ingenuity of the
industry in finding ways to further
conserve strategic materials.

Mr. Folsom listed these material
savings for every million average
17-inch television sets produced by
the industry: Alnico V (an alloy
containing 24 percent cobalt, and
other scarce materials), 732,800
pounds; steel, 784,000 pounds; cop-
per, .510,700 pounds; aluminum.
224,000 pounds; brass, 146,400
pounds; and nickel, 46,000 pounds.

The conservation program also
has been extended by the RCA
Service Company to installation of
television sets in the home. By re-
designing the antenna, aluminum
has been cut 50 percent, an annual
saving of 2,000,000 pounds per mil-
lion installations if applied on an
industry-wide basis. The use of
copper in transmission lines also
has been drastically reduced with
the possibility of still further sav-
ings.

The new electrostatic picture
tube eliminates the need for a large
external focusing magnet, biggest
cobalt user of any television part,
and is fully comparable in perform-
ance to picture tubes now in use.
The redesigned loudspeakers also
permit substantial savings of this
scarce metal through the use of a
new magnet structure.

[RADIO AGE 21]

Measures Color Values

Electronic Device, Called a Tristtmulus Photometer, Gives Accurate
Analysis of Spectrum Components in Light Source.

COLOR from a direct light
source can be measured
quickly and accurately through the
use of a new instrument developed
bv RCA Laboratories, Princeton.
N. J.

Called a "tristimulus photom-
eter," the new instrument uses
only five electron tubes and is no
larger than a shoe-box. It simulta-
neously determines the relative
strength of the three basic color
components in a light source under
study and gives an instantaneous
reading. Previous methods of color
specification require roughly one-
half hour of measurement with a
spectrometer followed by several
hours of computation.

Though the spectrophotometric
method gives a higher degree of
accuracy, the tristimulus photom-
eter can give values of the three-
color components sufficiently pre-
cise for every-day engineering work
and can readily distinguish between
two different color samples which
are close enough together in value
so they would appear identical to
the eye.

The instrument was designed
specifically to provide a laboratory
and studio check on the faithfulness
of color reproduction in color tele-
vision. However, since it can deter-
mine the values of a reflected light

source as well as a direct one, the
device may also have valuable ap-
plication in the textile, paint and
other industries where color match-
ing is critical. A direct-reading
electronic instrument has been de-
signed by the National Bureau of
Standards of the U. S. Department
of Commerce, which can define the
components of reflected light, but
cannot handle a direct light source
such as that of a television screen.

Apparatus has "Eye" and "Brain"
The new instrument consists es-
sentially of an "eye" and a "brain."
The "eye" is made up of a lens
which focuses the light under study
onto a mirror assembly designed to
split the beam into three parts of
equal intensity. The three beams
then pass through three filters, each
sensitive to a range of wavelengths
corresponding to the basic color
components.

The "brain" of the instrument
starts with three photocells, one for
each filter. The photocells convert
the light energy to electrical energy
which passes through circuits, each
of a diff'erent design, to compensate
for the mathematical dissimilarities
between the three color components.
Finally, a corrected value for each
component is read on microam-
meters.

GEORGE C. SZIKLAI, OF RCA LABORATORIES. DEMONSTRATES THE TRI-
STIMULUS PHOTOMETER, WHICH PERMITS RAPID ANALYSIS OF COLORS.

Proposes "Pool of Ideasltj
For Television Service

Confidence that the televisi
service industry could, by pooli
its ingenuity, effect measures nec(
sary to see it through the critic!
months ahead in the face of t^
twin problems of availability '■
qualified service technicians, ij
stallation materials, and replac*
ment parts and tubes has been e :
pressed by E. C. Cahill, Presider
of the RCA Service Company.

As a contribution to the "pool i
ideas", the Service Company wi
soon make available to the servicin
industry a comprehensive conserv;
tion and alternate materials pre
gram related wholly to installatio
and servicing of television receiv
ers, Mr. Cahill disclosed.

This report will expand and sup
plement the over-all materials con
servation report which the Radi(
Corporation of America has alreadj
turned over to television, radio, anc
tube manufacturers. The RC^
materials conservation report has
also been sent to the servicing in-;
dustry, he said.

The supplementary report will
contain a compilation of the most
commonly used parts and tubes in
installing and servicing television
sets. A comprehensive cross index
indicates the many alternate parts
and tubes which can be used when
so-called standard components not
readily available.

"While the industry has long
been aware of the wealth of alter-
nate components available, we have
all more or less concentrated on
specific parts and tubes," Mr. Cahill
pointed out. "Today, there is a
great need for a compilation which
can keep the technician and service
agency fully informed on alternate
components which perform as effec-
tively as a given part or tube which
may be in scarce supply."

Mr. Cahill declared that the RCA
Service Company will continue to
make available the one-year Fac-
tory Service Contract as well as
the lower-cost limited contract. It
will also provide service on a time-
and-materials basis to those RCA
Victor television set owners who
l)refer this type of service.

22 RADIO AGE]

igineers Assured Enemy Action
Vill Not Silence Radio Stations

RCA Laboratories Staff Mcwhcr Sa\s Protcctirc Measures
Will Be Effectire in Hmerae tides.

iROTECTIVE measures already

in force at American radio sta-
is are sufficient to outwit enemy
jmpts to silence all broadcastinjr
bombinjr and sabotage. Arthur
1 Dyck, staff assistant at RCA
joratories, assured members of

American Institute of Electrical
pincers in session at the Hotel
itler. New York, on January 23.
n densely populated areas such
New York, he pointed out. radio
tions are distributed over a wide
!a and even though one or more
i-e silenced by enemy action the
naining transmitters would con-
ue to be available for distribut-
r vital information and instruc-
ns to the populace.
The problem of transmitter pro-
;tion. he said, is not a serious one

this country.

"If our system were like that of
)st other countries," he said,
,-ith but one station serving each
ea the problem would be more
Ricult. To interrupt broadcast
rvice from the 26 stations in the
ew York area, it would be neces-
,ry for an enemy to silence not
le or two stations, but at least the
"teen which give good signals
irouphout the metropolitan area."

The damaging of any lesser num-
;r, he continued, would not stop
roadcast service, provided that
ibstitution and alternate use of
;ations had been arranged. Only

minor degree of organized plan-
ing is necessary to accomplish this,
nd it is being carried out.

In peacetime, Mr. Van Dyck ex-
lained. major stations have de-
ised means for staying "on the
ir" when confronted by abnormal
onditions. and their staffs are fully
xperienced in the requirements for
ontinuous operation even under
hese difficulties. Emergency trans-
nitters are available for immediate
ise in many stations, and some
lave emergency antennas.

"While it is probably impossible
:o prevent an expert and deter-
mined saboteur from putting any

single station out of operation, at
least temporarily," Mr. Van Dyck
conceded, "the protection is com-
plete enough to discourage all but
the most determined and well-
equipped efforts."

Even the loss of the large towers
of broadcasting stations would not
be a crippling blow, he said. Emer-
gency service could be established
quickly through the erection of
hundred-foot poles, or balloon-sup-
ported wires. Futhermore. he told
the engineers. World War II ex-
perience proved that it is extremely
difficult to put a radio station out of
commission by air bombing, unless
by a direct hit.

Care in setting up special protec-
tive measures would prevent the
unauthorized use of broadcasting
facilities by subersive action, he
pointed out.

.Mr. \an Dyck also expressed a
doubt that broadcasting would be
shut down in the event of an enemy
attack, as was the custom at times
in World War II. The silencing
then, he said, was carried out to
deny to enemy planes the use of
radio signals for navigational pur-
poses.

"No modern aircraft navigator,"
he explained, "would need to use
broadcast station emissions to lo-
cate anv city in the United States.
As a matter of fact," he added,
"there is more danger from special
stations installed by enemy agents
and operated when needed, than
from use of our radio stations.

"In the event of an air attack,"
he explained, "many hundreds of
points need to be alerted and sig-
nalling to them within a few sec-
onds is vital. This can be done only
by widespread high-power radio
stations, and means are available
whereby it can be accomplished on
standard broadcast stations without
interfering in any way with the
normal operations of the stations."

Sarnoff Receives World Brotherhood Award

Brig. General David Sarnoff,
Chairman of the Board, Radio Cor-
poration of America, received one
of the first World Brotherhood
Awards of the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America at ceremonies
held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
on March 18. The award, which was
presented by Dr. Louis Finklestein,
president of the seminary, cited
General Sarnoff for "his scientific
contributions that have brought
men ever\-where closer in mind and
spirit."

In accepting the award. RCA's
Board Chairman pointed out that
if men are to become masters
rather than slaves of science, "we
mu.-^t learn to use its powers with
good purpose: and that purpose
must be the well-being of our fel-
low men."

"What is needed," he said, "is
for all of us — you and I and our
fellow men everywhere — to recog-
nize and give practical application
to the ideal of brotherhood. . . . We
have no choice. Either all men

learn to live and work together, or
all men will peri.sh together."

General Sarnoff recalled that he
had recommended plans for an in-
ternational broadcasting service
which materialized as "The Voice
of America." and subsequently also
as "The Voice of the United Na-
tions."

"Today." he said, "both of these
broadcast services are striking ex-
amples of the power of radio to
reach afar in an effort to cultivate
greater understanding among the
free peoples of the world." He ex-
pressed the hope that "the range
of these broadcasts will be extended
and that people everywhere — even
those behind the Iron Curtain— will
be permitted by their governments
to listen to them.

"Television has not yet spanned
the ocean." he said, "but I am sure
it will. And when it does, we shall
have a iirogram that may be called
•The Voice and Vision of the
U.S.A." This can be a strong and
powerful force for peace."

[RADIO AGE 23]

Scientific Research as a Factor
in American Business

In Address to Patent Law Experts, E. C. Anderson Cites

Contributions of RCA to Radio, Television and

Other Technical Industries.

«l

MOKE than $50,000,000 has
been invested by the Radio
Corporation of America in televi-
sion research and development,
E. C. Anderson, Vice President in
Charge of the Commercial Depart-
ment of RCA Laboratories, said in
an address before the Patent Law
Association of San Francisco on
February 28.

"Most of this outlay," Mr. Ander-
son added, "was made before a
single dollar returned to anybody,
including RCA."

Scientific research, he declared,
has become the major factor in the
progress of all American business.
Out of pioneering research efforts,
such as RCA made in television,
have come the new inventions and
techniques which have brought
prosperity to entire industries, he
said.

With both black-and-white and
color television, RCA's research
costs were borne in the belief that
television would become a "great
new American art and industry,"
according to Mr. Anderson. RCA
had faith that its money and re-
search would eventually pay off in
good will and in service to the pub-
lic and the industry, he added.

Illustrating RCA's contribution
to the television industry, Mr. An-
derson told how, after World War
II, various competitors were in-
vited by Frank M. Folsom, Presi-
dent of RCA, to inspect the facili-
ties of RCA's Camden, N. J., plant.

"At Camden." declared Mr. An-
derson, "we handed our guests the
blueprints for the manufacturing
of our television receivers, com-
plete with a bill of material, and
we told them they were free to use
them any way they desired. Then
we took the entire party through
our television plant and let them
see what we were doing. We told
them it was a job for an entire in-
dustry— not just one company.

"We got competition, all right.
Several of the companies have told

us since that they never would
have gone into television if they
had not been so thoroughly sold at
that first post-war meeting. Let
us see what this good-will gesture
did for the industry. Here are a
few figures that tell the exciting
story :

"On January 1. 1947, sets in use
by the public numbered 16,476. By
January, 1948, the total reached
189,000. On January 1, 1949. it
was 1,000,000. January 1, 1950, it
was 3,950,000. On January 1, 1951,
the total was over 10.000,000!"

Results Available to Industry

Mr. Anderson said that, of course,
RCA had benefited from this,
through the sale of large quantities
of television sets and by supplying
a mounting quantity of tubes and
parts to competitors in the radio-
electronics field.

"In addition," he said, "we have

the satisfaction of knowing
the results of our twenty years )fj
research in television have bei
made available to American indit
try and to the American public I
an exceedingly modest price."

Mr. Anderson recalled that wh i
he entered the radio industry, sori
29 years ago, the confusion and u •
certainties, particularly with r'
gard to patents and invention
represented a far cry from today
flourishing vigor of radio, telev
sion and electronics.

"The blight on the budding rad
industry," he declared, "steniim
largely from confusion over th
ownership of inventions. Some (
these inventions dated back to 189
when radio's first dots and dashe
emanated from Marconi's experi
ments.

"Others were the result of Amer
ican and British initiative before
and during World War I. Charac
teristic of the situation, as thi
United States Navy learned, wa;
the refusal of many patent owner:
to exchange their inventions wit!
others. By 1919 the uncertaint>
over rights had created almost a
complete stalemate in radio prog-
ress.

"It was that year, at the sugges-
( Continued on page 31)

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

I.N FOIR YKAKS THE TELEVISION-
ANNUAL OUTPUT M

SET INDUSTRY HAS INCREASED ITS
ORE THAN 35 TIMES.

[24 RADIO AGE]

Home Study Television Course
Offered to Industry

RCA Inslilutcs Makes Texts Arailahle to Meet
Gronhij^ Sluirta^e of Teclinieians.

N a major move to circumvent
the rapidly developing short-
re of trained television service-
en, RCA Institutes, Inc., one of
e nation's oldest electronics train-
g schools, has announced that it
\l open to the industry a highly-
ecialized, field-tested Television
ome Study Course for training
levision servicing technicians.
le course will be limited to work-
g members of the radio and tele-
sion industry, but previous serv-
? experience is not required.
If-employed independent radio
d television servicemen are also
gible. Enrollments are now being
cepted.

Developed jointly by the RCA
rvice Company and KCA Insti-
tes. Inc., for use in training
impany technicians, the course
suited from 14 months' study in
e field, according to General
lorge L. Van Deusen. President
RCA Institutes. Inc. Revised
d amplified, it is now being made
ailable to the entire radio and
«'\ i<ion industry.

Representing a combination of
practical "how it works" informa-
tion with pre-tested "how to do it"
techniques, the course is planned
to extend the work potential of the
existing manpower pool by supple-
menting the knowledge and improv-
ing the techniiiues of servicemen
now on the job. Gen. \'aii Deusen
said.

Mceti Special Need of Industry

"Designed to meet the special
needs of the servicing industry,
this Television Home Study Course
emphasizes practical, pre-tested in-
stallation and servicing functions,
and presupposes that the student
is actually working in the indus-
try," he said. "Its purpose is not
only to make servicemen, but to
make better ones."

In addition. General \'an Deusen
added, the course makes possible
the rapid conversion of installation
men into service technicians, and
represents supplementary training
which makes jiracticable the hiring
of inexperienced trainees.

CORPS OF DRAFTSME.V WORKED FOR MO.NTHS I.\ LAYING OUT DIA-
GRAMS AND II.LISTRATIONS FOR THE HOME STUDY COl'RSE.

GENERAL G. L. VAN DEUSEN (LEFT), PRESIDENT
OF RCA INSTITUTES, INC., RECEIVES HOME
STUDY LESSON .NO. 1 IN TELEVISIO.N FROM
BER.NARD GROB, WHO DIRECTED PREPARATION
OF THE TEXTS.

Approved by the New York State
Department of Education, the
Study Course consists of 10 lesson
units, the first of w-hich is mailed
to the student upon enrollment.
Each unit contains a home assign-
ment which covers the material
presented. Completed by the stu-
dent and returned to the RCA In-
stitutes, Inc.. the assignment is re-
viewed and graded by a qualified in-
structor. The assignment is then
returned to the student with ap-
lirojiriate comments and advice, and
the next unit is furnished to the
student.

The first lesson was made avail-
able to the RCA Service Company,
for incorporation in its technician
training program, in October. 1949.
Today, thousands of RCA techni-
cians take the Course.

-A detailed course outline, to-
gether with further infoimation
regarding tuition rates and enroll-
ment forms are available on re-
quest from the Home Study Divi-
sion, Room .300, RCA Institutes,
Inc., 3.50 \V. 4th St., New York 14,
.\'ew York.

[RADIO AGE 25;

A BATTERY OF SOUND EFFECTS RECORDS WAS REQUIRED TO RE-CREATE

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB BLAST FOR THE "QUICK AND THE DEAD"

PROGRAMS, NOW AVAILABLE ON RECORDS.

"Quick and the Dead" Radio
Dramas Recorded

"The Quick and the Dead," NBC's
dramatic documentary radio series
on the atomic and hydrogen bombs,
has been recorded by RCA Victor in
all three speeds— 33-1/3, 45 and 78
revolutions a minute.

"The Quicl< and the Dead" stars
Bob Hope in the role of an Ameri-
can ta.xpayer eager to learn about
nuclear fission when he discovers
that he is contributing substantially
to the support of the atomic energy
program. His questions are an-
swered, in layman's language and
through the use of dramatic flash-
backs, by William L. Laurence,
New York Times science reporter
and two-time Pulitzer Prize win-
ner who explained the atom to the
public in 1945.

Other stars appearing in "The
Quick and the Dead," which won
great critical and popular acclaim,
include Helen Hayes in the role of
Lise Meitner, the German woman
scientist w-ho first split the atom,
and Paul Lukas as Professor Albert
Einstein. Many of the other voices
are those of the scientists and mili-
tary men who took part in creating
the bombs.

Highlights of "The Quick and
the Dead" include the re-enact-
ment of the explosion of the first
atomic bomb in the New Mexico
desert. Special sound effects in
NBC's largest braodcasting studio
resulted in an accurate re-creation
of the explosion.

The building of the first atomic
chain reaction at Stagg Field, Chi-
cago, is also featured in "The Quick
and the Dead," as is the story of
the bombing of Hiroshima.

The momentous events which pre-
ceded President Truman's insfruc-
tion to the Atomic Energy Com-
mission to build a hydrogen bomb
are also described in the documen-
tary.

"The Quick and the Dead" con-
cludes with a description of the
peacetime uses of atomic energy
for mankind's benefit.

"The Quick and the Dead" was
written and directed by Fred
Friendly and produced by NBC's
News and Special Events Depart-
ment under the supervision of Wil-
liam F. Brooks, vice president in
charge of luiblic relations.

Television Goes Abroad

(Continued from page 15)
For this six-week sojourn, the techi
nicians used two mobile TV unit
to cover such colorful spectacles a;
the dances of Sevilla and Aragon'
reviews of the Moorish Guards, am,
the Spanish ballet. In addition. ;
special demonstration was given ii
the palace of Generalissimo Fran
Cisco Franco.

Demonstrations conducted ii
Bermuda and London also havt
tieen included in the itinerary ol
these peripatetic crews, who have
found that junketing from country
to country with several tons oi
video equipment, and producing
programs in strange locations, is
not an easy task.

Describing the function of an
image orthicon tube to bewildered
and somewhat suspicious customs
officials; installing transformers to
compensate for undejjendable power
supplies; outlining problems to lo-
cal electricians, whose willingness
to help is sorely handicapped by
their inability to speak English;
explaining to eager newsmen in a
few "simple" sentences just how
television works — these are some
of the minor problems confronting
these travelling crews. Although
the men regularly encounter hard
work and minor crises, the comple-
tion of a successful assignment
brings a degree of satisfaction i
which more than compensates for
the strenuous life they lead.

Bolivar Statue Unveiled
By Electronic Device

An electronic device, especially
constructed for the occasion by
RCA Communications, Inc., was
used to unveil, by remote control,
the refurbished statue of Simon
Bolivar at ceremonies in New
York's Central Park on April 19.

Following his scheduled address
to be transmitted here over an
RCA shortwave radio circuit. Presi-
dent German Suarez-'Flamerich, of
Venezuela, sent signals from his
desk in Miraflores, the Presidential
Palace, in Caracas. His push-but-
ton signals caused the electronic
apparatus to light up and to un-
loosen the shroud covering the
statue at its new location facing
the Avenue of the Americas.

[26 RADIO AGE]

EHBAPQ'. •.

TrajiQo\g

EXPRESO Y CAR6A A TODUMtPUBLIC*

gqu'ifadocoHmiOA

USING RCA .MdBlLE-RADIOTELEPHONE
VNITS, INSTALLED IN EICHT TRLlKS

OF clba's largest express firm.

DRIVERS CAN RECEIVE INSTANT IN-
STRUCTIONS FROM HEADQUARTERS.

ONE DISPATCHER CAN DIRECT
MOVEMENTS OF ALL RADIO-
EQUIPPED TRUCKS.

Cuban Firm Adopts 2 -Way Radio

EXPRESS trucks equipped with
RCA mobile radio units are
Tiakinjr their first appearance in
Latin America. Installed in eight
.rehicles of Cuba's larg-est express
;ruckinp firm. Trafico y Transporte,
5.A., the RCA Fleetfone units
jroved successful in their initial
;ests.

Before the installations were
made, valuable time was lost by
irivers who had to stop frequently
to telephone the main office for
further instructions. With the RCA
radiotelephone units, however, an
expressman can, in a matter of sec-
onds, pive his location and receive
his next assignment without mov-
ing from the driver's seat. This
new method of operation has made
it possible for Trafico to serve

many more customers in a quicker
and more efficient manner.

Humara y Lastra, RCA distribu-
tors in Cuba, planned the mobile
radio network that eventually may
connect the firm's Havana office with
Trafico trucks in every part of
Cuba. The installation consists of
a Fleetfone 250-watt fixed station
transmitter, located in the Com-
pany's headquarters: a nondirec-
tional VHP antenna, erected atop
a 100-foot mast on the main office
building, and Fleetfone units for
the vehicles themselves.

The initial installations have
proved so beneficial to the Company
and its customers that plans are in
progress to equip many more of the
fleet of 125 trucks in a similar
manner.

NBC to Present History
of Navy in TV Series

A television history of the U. S.
Navy from the period immediately
preceding World War II and lead-
ing up to the present — the first
of its kind - is to be produced
by the National Broadcasting Com-
pany, in cooperation with the De-
partment of the Xavy, beginning
later this year.

The series, according to Sylvester
L. Weaver, Jr., NBC vice president
in charge of television, represents
NBC's first major effort to estab-
lish a pioneering pattern for pre-
senting history by television. In
commenting on the project. Un-
der Secretary of the Navy Dan A.
Kimball said: "Navy and NBC
technicians are preparing to screen
literally hundreds of thousands of
feet of official Navy film to pick
out the very best for presentation
to the American public. Much of
this film, for security reasons, has
never before been exhibited. NBC's
television techniques plus the tech-
nical skill of the Navy Photographic
Center should be able to combine
to produce a memorable series."

In his announcement of the se-
ries, Weaver said : "This new proj-
ect represents the first major at-
tempt by television to tackle the
problem of presenting contem-
porary history on a comprehensible,
dramatic basis."

Based primarily on Captain Sam-
uel Eliot Morison's "History of
U. S. Naval Operations, World War
II," commissioned by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, the series
will utilize films made by the U. S.
Navy in all its activities, including
sea, air. Marines, submarine, am-
phibious sea and land operations
and related operations with other
services.

Weaver announced that the net-
work would set up a special unit to
coordinate and produce the new
project and that Henry Salomon,
Jr., (Lt. Comdr., USNR) who as-
sisted Capt. Morison in the six-
year preparation, production and
writing of the "History," would be
in over-all supervision of the con-
tent. Salomon, as Capt. Morison's
first assistant, participated in many
of the major naval operations as a
historical observer.

[RADIO AGE 27]

''Shoran" Used in Korea

Highly Accurate Electronic Bombing Aid of World War II
Now Pin-Pointing Enemy Objectives in Far East.

SHORAX, the bomber pilot's dis-
tance-measuring- "yardstick",
which won distinction in the closing
months of World War II as one of
the most dramatic contributions of
electronics to America's military
strength, is being used in Korea,
according to press dispatches from
Fifth Air Force Headquarters.

Invented by Stuart W. Seeley,
director of the Industry Service
Laboratory of RCA Laboratories
Division, and developed by scien-
tists and engineers of the Radio
Corporation of America as an out-
growth of the study of television
"ghosts", shoran makes it unneces-
sary for airmen to see the target
in order to make a pin-point strike.
The system was used with devas-
tating effect in "blind" bombing
over European battlefields, where
it was credited with uncanny ac-
curacy in spotting targets at dis-
tances up to 250 miles, and under
any condition of visibility, night
or day.

Shoran. like radar, employs the

echo-timing principle in which dis-
tance is measured by the elapsed
time between transmission of a
radio-wave pulse and the i-eceipt
of its reflection. In the military ap-
plication of shoran, the bomber
transmits individual signals to two
widely separated ground stations
whose locations in friendly terri-
tory are known with great accuracy.
When the signals reach the ground
stations, the pulses are retransmit-
ted to the plane where special re-
ceivers and apparatus automatically
compute the distance of the plane
from each ground station. This in-
formation, together with the known
distance between ground stations,
determines the plane's location with
respect to the target.

A Secret for Eight Years

Although RCA began work on
the shoran project in 1938, it was
not adapted to military use until
late in World War II, when develop-
ment for the Army Signal Corps
was completed. Shoran remained a

AMPRU, ,^ oJl'^l"' '^''«^""'' ^■HAIR.MAN- OF THE BOARD. RADIO CORPORATION OF
A^^pr^K■ o '^"E^E^™ WITH A CITATKIN FOR DISTINCIISHED SERVICE TO THE
rENFRAf r^nn.r^'v ^^ ""■ ""''r" HARRIMAN. PRESIDENT OF THE RED CROSS, AS
A^ ?f,F ^'am. „p;i^.^f "^'''' (CENTER), WHO RECEIVED A CERTIFICATE OF M^IT
BFEV SFRt^Nr A« v.^r^'"'"-'' '^^^""^•ES. LOOKS ON. GENERAL SARNOFF H.^S
BEEN .SERMNG AS NATIONAL CHAIRMAN OF THE 1951 RED CROSS FUND CAMPAIGN

closely guarded military secret un-
til 1946. First proof of its effective-
ness in the last war came when
shoran-aimed bombs demolished a
30-foot enemy bridge in Northern
Italy which several runs by visual
bombers had failed to destroy.
Thereafter, it was widely used and
with phenomenal results. Toward
the end of the war in Europe, the
amount of tactical bombing done in
any area depended largely on the
availability of shoran equipment.

Shoran bombing was employed
not only against military targets,
but with devastating effect against
enemy personnel. On many occa-
sions, rolling barrages of fragmen-
tation bombs were laid down only
a few hundred feet ahead of ad-
vancing Allied troops. Such bar-
rages, delivered by planes com-
pletely hidden from the ground, had
a tremendously demoralizing effect
on opposing ground forces. Shoran
is also well-suited for air support
of landing operations, since planes
equipped with the device can lay a
barrage of aerial bombs precisely
along a definite line, enabling air
crews to release bombs at correct
points for ma.ximum impact along
such a line.

Accuracy Shonn in Field Tests
During World War II, field tests
made of shoran-equipped planes
during photographic reconnaissance
flights showed that the probable
error often was not more than 50
feet, independent of altitude dis-
tance, and without the necessity of
establishing control points (known
absolute positions) in the area to
be photographed.

Shoran equipment. including
ground stations, can be readily
transported by air and set up in a
few hours. Equipment in the plane
requires only one operator, who
may be an existing crew-member
such as navigator or bombardier.
Each ground station also can be
oijerated by one man, and two
ground stations can furnish shoran
service to a number of equipped
planes within range.

Other possible military uses of
the system include shoran naviga-
tion of remotely controlled planes,
and shoran position-indication for
precise dropping of air-borne
troops, weapons and supplies.

[28 RAD! O AGE]

UHF Converter for TV

{Continiud from page 1J>
President and General Mananer of
the RCA Victor Division.

In the statement, Mr. Buck al^so
assured owners of two million RCA
Victor television sets that, while
such service from UHF stations is
not expected before late 1952 or
early 19a.S, a simple, high-quality
converter will be made available so
that telecasts can be received on
ultra-hijrh-freiiuency channels with
quality comparable to those received
from the very-hijrh-frequency bands
now in use.

Pointing out that every current
television set, regardless of make,
will require some modification to
receive a UHF signal, Mr. Buck
added :

"Our experiments at Bridgeport
and in the laboratory have conclu-
sively proved to us that the best
way of accomplishing UHF recep-
tion on existing receivers, when
UHF arrives, is by means of a con-
verter.

"No receiver currently manufac-
tured has provision for conversion
to UHF without additional cost for
e<iuipment and installation, nor-
mally including the addition of a
special outdoor antenna."

Other points made by the RCA
\ictor executive were:

Final approval of the new UHF
channels as yet has not been given
by the FCC.

.\ssignments of the new channels
lu stations cannot be made until
such final approval has been given
by the FCC.

Aside from delays which may
be caused by shortages of critical
materials, the time cycle required
for construction and installation
of transmitting equipment, and
erection of transmitting antennas,
is such that large-scale telecasts of
UHF will not commence before late
10.52 or early 1953.

When UHF broadcasts commence,
. RCA Victor, and, it is assumed,
other manufacturers, will have
available an adequate supply of
high-quality converters for present
VHF receivers assuring full-band
reception of all the UHF channels
without sacrificing any of the pres-
ent VHF channels.

Dr. Zworykin Receives
I.R.E. Medal of Honor

Dr. Vladimir K. Zworykin, Vice
President and Technical Consultant
of RCA Laboratories, Princeton.
N. .1.. received the 1951 Medal of
Honor, highest award of the Insti-
tute of Radio Engineers, at the
organization's annual banquet at
the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, in New-
York City on March 21. He was
cited "for his outstanding contri-
butions to the concept and develop-
ment of electronic ai)paratus basic
to modern television, and his sci-
entific achievements that led to

fundamental advances in the appli
cation of electronics to communica-
tions, to industry, and to national
security."

In accepting the award, Dr.
Zworykin urged his fellow radio
scientists to make electronics serve
mankind through medicine. "The
range of problems in medicine to
which electronic methods could be
api)lied," he said, "is remarkably
broad, embracing both diagnosis
and therapy. Increased emphasis
on this objective would enhance the
service of our profession to man-
kind and broaden the base of the
electronics industry."

Tri-Color Tube Details Revealed

C"^OMPLET^: information on the
^ procedure to follow in building
the tri-color television picture tube
developed by the Radio Corporation
of America for the reception of all-
electronic, compatible color televi-
sion, has been made available by
RCA to other television receiving
tube manufacturers.

This tube, acclaimed a "miracle
of science" and recognized as vital
for the complete development of a
practical, all-electronic color tele-
vision receiver, was first demon-
strated publicly on March 29, 19-50.
A week later it was shown officially
to members of the Federal Com-
munications Commission.

Details disclosing for the first
time the full technical characteris-
tics and construction of the tri-
color tube were contained in a
bulletin prepared and issued by the
Industry Service Laboratory of the
RCA Laboratories Division.

This bulletin was the fourth i.s-
sued by RCA making known to
other manufacturers its progress
and methods in developing an all-
electronic, compatible color televi-
sion system. Previous bulletins
contained circuit details of RCA
color television sets, demonstrated
for the press and television indus-
try in December at Washington,
D." C.

The latest bulletin illu.strated and
described steps that may be taken
to build engineering models, simi-
lar to the RCA experimental three-
gun color picture tube of direct-

view type used during the Wash-
ington demonstrations.

It pointed out that a single-gun
tube (one having but one emission
source of electrons) may be built
on the specifications provided, with
relatively few modifications, and
that many of the techniques u.sed
in making present black-and-white
picture tubes also may be employed.
One of the steps de.scribed in to-
day's bulletin lifted the veil on an
achievement which has caused wide
speculation in the industry. This
was how RCA engineers succeeded
in placing 600,000 phosphor dots of
the primary colors, green, red and
blue, in the screen assembly.

These diminutive dots are ar-
ranged in groups of three and so
positioned that the electrons from
each of the three electron guns in
the base of the tube always strike
the dots of its own color. The
phosphor dot groups are so small
and so close together that when
illuminated by the electron streams
they present a continuous, smooth,
full-color picture.

Manufacture of the tri-color tube,
the bulletin pointed out, is divided
into two parts : 1 1 » fabrication of
a screen assembly which includes
an aperture mask and a phosphor-
dot plate, and (2) the building of
this assembly together with elec-
tron guns into a metal envelope to
form the finished tube.

The tri-color tube may be built
in sizes comparable to those of pres-
ent black-and-white television re-
ceiving tubes.

[RADIO AGE 29]

Planning Industrial Mobilization

(Continued from page 8)
Profit and Loss statements. Fur-
thermore, good planning obviates
heavy post-war conversion costs
which might involve so much eco-
nomic disruption impairment of
our national strength that any war
we might win would entail a real-
istic losing of the peace. Inciden-
tally, industry cannot recover the
post-war reconversion costs from
the Government.

We must also recognize, as part
of our industrial mobilization plan-
ning, the problems of small busi-
ness and conservation.

Small Business: Small business
is an integral part of our economic
life. It is the responsibility of big
business to recognize this and take
the lead in seeing that small busi-
ness is provided its full share of
Government orders. One means of
accomplishing this is by subcon-
tracting, thereby making available
to small business the engineering
know-how it may not have and can-
not normally afford. Using the Gov-
ei'nment definition of small business
as those firms which employ fewer
than .500 persons, the RCA Victor
Division has found that of the 4800
suppliers in 41 States with whom
it did business in 1949, a total of
3771, or 79% are small business
concerns. These suppliers received
approximately 45% of our total
dollar purchases. As examples of
the importance of small business in
supplying RCA Victor with some
of its major commodities, it should
be noted that 90% of our lumber
and log purchases are from small
companies, as well as 40% of our
wire purchases. Over ^6,000,000 is
spent annually with small business
for cabinets.

These statistics cover our overall
purchases — both commercial and
Government. To determine the par-
ticipation of small business in our
Government orders, we analyzed
one contract, and found that of the
119 subcontractoi-s, 73'', were small
business, and that they received
45% of the total volume of pur-
chases. The fact that the percent-
ages in this sampling were con-
sistent with our overall figures
may indicate that we are running

at about the same rate in our pur-
chases against Government con-
tracts as we are in our overall pur-
chases.

Conservation: It's perfectly ob-
vious that any saving of critical
materials redounds not only to the
benefit of the company making
the saving, but also to that of in-
dustry and of the nation. RCA is
making a noteworthy contribution
to this cause, both by substitution
of other materials for those in
critical supply, and through the
campaign currently underway to
eliminate waste throughout our
plants. There are doubtless many
more pioneers in this field. Con-
servation is truly "everybody's
business."

Overall industrial mobilization
planning presents many vital prob-
lems, and their satisfactory solu-
tion will take all the ingenuity we
can jointly bring to bear on them.
It is an all-hands job — both for
those in Government and those in
industry. Each of us should ana-
lyze and evaluate the factors in-
volved, determine their application

to our individual activities, and ad-
just our plans and operations to
the common cause.

If each of us promptly and real-
istically plans to do what he be-
lieves will best serve his company's i
interests, in 90 per cent of the
cases, the nation's interests will
also best be served. This means
equitable participation, with no
over-extending of individual com-
panies, either financially or other-
wise. Fineness of balance — support
to the mobilization effort with si-
multaneous strengthening of our
economy, and hence, our national
strength — is an objective for
which each of us must strive. It
must be remembered that unless in-
dustries are operated for pi-ofit and
kept in a healthy economic condi-
tion, there will be no one to pay
the bill for the defense program.
We cannot retain military strength
without maintenance of economic
strength. Only through the proper
balancing of the two can we attain
our real goal, which is the national
strength to withstand any attack,
be it military, political, or economic.

DR. E. W. ENGSTROM, (LEFT) VICE PRESmENT IN CHARGE OF RESEARCH, RCA
LABORATORIES, AND SIDNEY SPARKS, VICE PRESIDENT IN CH.\RGE OF COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES, RCA COMMUNICATIONS, INC., RECEIVING CERTIFICATES OF COOPERATION
FOR THEIR RESPECTIVE SUBSIDIARIES FROM MAYOR MACKAY STURGES OF PRINCE-
TON, N. J., REPRESENTING THE U.S. ECONOMIC COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION. THE
CBXTIFICATES WERE IN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FUR.MSHED
"TO THE PEOPLES OF THE MARSHALL PLAN COUNTRIES TO AID THEM IN MAIN-
TAINING INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY, FREE INSTITUTIONS AND PEACE."

[30 RADIO AGE]

► Scientific Research as a Factor in
American Business

(Coiitinntil fiiiiii inii/i Ji)
tion of the Navy, that the Radio
Corporation of America was formed,
not only to provide America with
an independent international sys-
tem of communications but to make
radio inventions available to indus-
try. The founders of KCA created
with it the first comprehensive
availability of patents.

"During the next seven years,
most of the uncertainty and con-
fusion over patent rights were elim-
inated, and in 1927 a patent licens-
ing policy was inaugurated whereby
the principal inventions of radio
became readily available to other
manufacturers."

Mr. Anderson said that through
RCA's policy it is possible and prac-
ticable for any manufacturer to
obtain quickly, conveniently and
economically most of the patent
rights necessary for the production
of virtually all kinds of radio and
electronic equipment, and to do so
on a fully competitive basis at an
extremely nominal royalty rate.

Valuable Rights, of Licensee

He ex|)iaine(l that under an RCA
patent license a manufacturer ob-
tains for a single rate these four
distinct and highly valuable rights:

1. Rights to all patents owned
by RCA at the time of the agree-
ment.

2. Rights to all inventions
made by RCA itself during the
entire term of the agreement.

3. Rights to patents not owned
by RCA. but under which it has
a non-e.\clusive license and a non-
exclusive right to grant licenses
to others.

4. Rights to all inventions for
which, during the entire term of
the agreement, RCA may obtain
a non-exclusive license that in-
cludes non-exclusive sub-licensing
rights.

Mr. Anderson declared that it has
been deemed necessary for the radio
industry to have a liberal patent
licensing policy which, as far as he
knew, might not be adaptable to
other industries.

"With this in mind," he asserted,

"I Would like to point out that
licenses issued by RCA do not re-
strict or limit competition. They
contain no price fixing provisions,
nor do they limit the licensee's pro-
duction, sales or territory.

"There is no minimum royalty
fee. Moreover, no licensee is re-
quired, as a condition of obtaining
a license, to grant a license under
his own patents to RCA or to any-
one else; nor is a licensee required
to release any alleged claim or
right against RCA or anyone else.

"Our patent licenses stimulate
competition. They render impos-
sible monopoly and restraint of any
branch of the radio business by
RCA or others. They make it im-
possible for RCA or any of its
licensees 'to put on the shelf any
radio invention and thus keep it
from the public.

"If one manufacturer should fail
to use a valuable invention, others
almost certainly would use it in
order to obtain an advantage over
the non-user. That these licenses
are in the interest of the public,
and that the public receives great
benefit from them is beyond rea-
sonable doubt."

Mr. Anderson declared that the
broad objectives of RCA's practical
and basic research have created a
business which is not only a busi-
ness in itself but which supports
many others. He concluded:

"That business is research — re-
search and invention, made avail-
able to any responsible company in
America. RCA has made a business
of research and of making avail-
able the product of that research.

"As many of you know, we have
publicly declared in the Patent
Gazette of the Department of Com-
merce that all our patents on file
are available on uniform and stand-
ard terms. It provides additional
evidence of RCA's sincerity and
willingness to make its discoveries
available to industry and to the
public. It also is good business and
an important factor in keeping
America in the forefront of prog-
ress."

Adult Educational Series
Planned tor Radio Network

Television's first major network
experiment designed for adult edu-
cation was announced on March G
by the Alfred I'. Sloan Foundation,
Inc., and the National IJroadcasting
Company. At that time, it was re-
vealed that Teleprograms, Inc., a
non-profit corporation, had been set
up for the purpose of bringing the
adult education series to the Amer-
ican public.

In announcing the formation
of Teleprograms, Dr. Arnold J.
Zurcher, executive director of the
Sloan Foundation, and Frederick
W. Wile, Jr., vice president in
charge of Television Production for
NBC, stated that William H<Kiapp.
formerly script editor and i)roducer
of WAVE, Ivouisville, Ky., would
act as executive director of Tele-
programs, and producer of the new-
series, 26 programs of which will
be presented during 19.51.

Serving on the board of directors
of Teleprograms, Inc., are, in addi-
tion to Wile and Dr. Zurcher, who
will be president, Theodore S. Rep-
plier, president of the Advertising
Council of Washington, D.C., and
William J. Dri.scoll, assistant vice
president of the Chemical Bank and
Trust Company of New York. This
group will serve as advisors in the
production and presentation of the
series.

Concentrating iirimarily in the
field of economics, the Sloan Foun-
dation-NBC project will be devoted
also to public issues involving both
social sciences and natural sciences.
Davidson Taylor, general produc-
tion executive of NBC television,
will supervise the entire project for
the network.

New Radio Circuit Opened

A direct radiotelegraph circuit
was opened on April 18 between
New York and Maracaibo, Vene-
zuela's second largest city, H. C.
Ingles, President of RCA Commu-
nications, Inc., has announced. This
new circuit will supplement the ex-
isting New York-to-Caracas chan-
nel.

The channels are operated jointly
by RCA and the Venezuelan Minis-
trv of Communications.

[RADIO AGE 31

RADKOMARtHB stands watch

Jr'or a quarter of a century Radiomarine has been designing,
manufacturing and servicing radio communications equipment
and electronic navigational aids. Radiomarine's leadership in
the development of radio-electronic equipment for the marine
field is world known. Its products are recognized as outstanding
for durability, dependability and performance.

It is the mission of Radiomarine to advance the art of radio
and electronics on vessels of all kinds — on the high seas, in
harbors and on inland waterways ... to co-operate with the
military services of the United States for National Defense.

The entire facilities of Radiomarine (Corporation of America:
personnel, technical knowledge, research and production capac-
ity are "standing watch" ready to serve America's maritime
and military needs.

For information on how Radiomarine can be of service to
you, write to: Radiomarine (Corporation of America, Depart-
ment , 75 Varick St., New York 13, N. Y.

Radiomarine Products and Services

Communications Equipment— R.ulioltliphone
and K.idioitle,i;r.iph rr.itisnlitlcrs .ind Re-
ceivers, Litcbu.ii Emergency liquipnicnt.
Automatic Alarms.

Navigational Aids — Radar, Loran, Radio Direc-

liim 1 iiuicrs.

Special Equipment — Custom-desipned and matl-
ul.iLturcd tor all Government a>;enties.

Shore Service Stations — Speedy, reliable in-
spection and maintenance on all types of
r.ulio-electronic equipment. 29 service
depots in principal L'. S. ports. \\ orld-w idc
service facilities through foreijin associates.

Coastal Radio Stations— 1? coastal stations pro-
vide r.ulio Lommiinication system Cor con-
tact Willi vessels in all parts of the world.

Training School — Theoretical and operational

instruction in radio aids to navigation.

RADIOMARINE CORPORATION 0/ AMERICA, 75 Varhk St., Setr York 13, N. Y.
OJjices, Coitiiiinniciitioni and Service Slatiom in principal ports,

RADKOMARINE CORPORA TtOM of AMERICA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

^^KV

XHtf^

RJii^iaMJiRiME

Helps Lengthen Life and Operating Efficiency
of Radio-Electronic Equipment

UuRiNG the present national emergency replacement equip-
ment may be in short supply. It is, therefore, important to
get the most out of every piece of radio-electronic equipment
now aboard ship.

By protecting your present equipment with a Radiomarine
Service Contract you a\ert sudden brealcdowns . . . prevent
costly repair bills . . . are assured of top performance.

Remember, preventive maintenance is more economical
than emergency repairs. Scheduled service inspections help
keep ships sailing by eliminating the causes of equipment
breakdowns.

Radiomarine-trained electronic service technicians located
in 29 major United States ports stand ready to render special-
ized service on shipboard radio and electronic equipment.
Dependable service is also available in principal seaports the
world over, through foreign associates and distributors of
RCA International Division.

^%it^ i

^ao-

Radiomarine Service covers

the installation, service and
repair of al! makes and types
of radio and electronic equip-
ment used aboard ships . . .
free consultation on FCC reg-
ulatory claims . . . survey of
damage claims.

For full information on
Radiomarine Service write for
copy of our service booklet
'The Radio Surgeon." Write
to: Radiomarine Corporation
of America. Dept. B , 75
Varick Street. New York 13.
NY.

RADIOMARTNF CORPORATION of AMERICA, 73 Varick St,. New York 1 5. X. Y. Offices artti Service Statiotn hi principal ports*
loriign Sen ice— RCA International Division, iO Rockejeller Plaza. Seiv York 20. N. Y.

RA DtOMARtME CORPORA TIOM of A MERtCA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

ladio

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 4

MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
ROADCASTING' TELEVISION

ULY 1951

; 0 V E R

xperimental RCA color tele-
ision receiver with 21 -inch pic-
»re tube which was operated
uring recent New York field
•sts of the RCA compatible
I color television system.

1 OT I C E

t^hen requesting a change in moiling
iddrest please include the code letters
ind numbers which appear with the
tencilled address on the envelope.

Rodio Age is pubfished quorferf/ b/
the Oepor\mer\^ of tnformofion, Hadio
Corporation of America, 20 Rocke-
feller Plaza. New York 20, N Y.

Printed in U.S.A.

CONTENTS

Page

RCA Color Television Field Tests Begin in New York Area .... 3

American Industry and National Defense 9

RCA Color TV Symposium '•

RCA Business Increases 4V2 Times in Ten Years 12

TV Comes to a Pennsylvania Town 16

New RCA Tube Plant Dedicated in Cincinnati 18

Tilted Antenna Increases Range of UHF Signals 20

Human Factors in Industrial Research 21

NBC Celebrates Silver Jubilee 22

TV Servicemen Must Be Technicians, Diplomats, Peace-makers,

Benefactors 24

Radio Message Circles Globe to Open Atomic Display 26

WNBT Begins Transmissions from New Television Antenna .... 27

Who Watches Television . . . How Much . . . When! 28

Radio Technicians Go to Work on the "Mothball Fleet" 30

by ForresI H. Flanders

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building. New Yorl< 20, N.Y.

DAVID SARNOFF, Chairman of fhe Board
LEWIS MacCONNACH, Secretary

FRANK M. FOLSOM, Presidenf
ERNEST B. GORIN, Treosorer

Services of RCA ore:
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA International Division
Notional Broadcasting Company, Inc. • Rodiomorine Corporation of America
RCA Communications, inc. • RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President in Charge of Research, RCA Laboratories, holds a model of the
16-inch tri-color picture tube, with RCA's 21 -inch tri-color tube in the foreground.

RCA COLOR TELEVISION FIELD TESTS
BEGIN IN THE NEW YORK AREA

Coinfhitihli\ .{//-Ii/ii/roiiii Color I I'lnisioii System Wins Pitiisi'

/roni Aiiilic'ihi- in RCA Exhihilimi Hii// ii/ul / roiii Pnhlu

\ h'jijji'^ Siiuu- Color Pio<>riiiiis in BLnk it ml \\ hiti' on I Ivir llonif Stis

JL iti.D tests for the RCA tomp.uible. all-elcctroniL
color television system, showing the new 21 -inch tri-
color picture tube and other advances, were held in
New York during the week of July 9 by tiie Radio
Corporation of America.

Tlie programs, consisting of a variety show present-
ing talent from the theatrical, music and fashion worlds,
and an outdoor pickup by a mobile unit were enthusias-
tically praised by the press and representatives of the
radio-television manufacturing industry. Guests wit-
nessed the tests in the RCA Exhibition Hall in Radio
City.

In addition, owners of 2,400,000 receivers in the
metropolitan area responded favorably and in impressive
volume to the request for comments on the reception
of the programs in black-and-white. This feature of
compatibility is one of the advantages of the RCA Color
Television System.

From the Broadway stage, Nanette Fabray, star of
"Make A Wish", made her debut before the color
cameras in a series of fifteen-minute programs. Miss
Fabray acted as mistress of ceremonies, introducing each
act and performer.

Yma Sumac, the South American songstress whose
voice races from octave to octave, was also featured on
the colorcasts, originating from the National Broadcast-
ing Company's studios in Radio City. Ray Malone, the
whirlwind dancing star of "Broadway Open House" and
other television shows, gave the color cameras a supreme
test in the field of action.

Other performers in these realistic tests of com-
patible color were Bob Smith with "Howdy Doody".
and George Burton and his birds. Ben Grauer, veteran
NBC announcer, ojjened the color programs.

A group of Conover models presented an informal
fashion show before the color cameras. They were
draped in clothing of rich and varied hues to illustrate
the fidelity and range of the RCA compatible system in
color reproduction.

As a surprise feature of the programs, outdoor scenes

and action in natural color were picked up and trans-
mitted from Palisades Amusement Park, across the
Hudson River from Manhattan. There, beside the
world's largest salt water swimming pool, a mobile RCA
color camera captured the performance of Buster Crabbe
and his aquatic ballet in garb and movements that dis-
played various hues of the spectrum.

Purpose of the Tests

The field test pickup from Palisades Amusement Park
was arranged for a number of purposes. Among these
were:

1. To test remote operation of the RCA color tele-
vision system.

2. To test pickups under outdoor lighting condi-
tions.

3. To test the flexibility of the RCA color camera
in covering scenes of varied action.

Scenes picked up at the Palisades pool were trans-
mitted by microwave radio relay (6,962.5 megacycles)
to a receiving antenna atop the RCA Building in Radio
City, and thence by coaxial cable to NBC to be fed to
its transmitter on the Empire State Building.

The outdoor pickup was announced as the fore-
runner of future transmissions that are to be made as
the field tests of the RCA system are conducted in the
New York area.

The colorcasts were held three times daily, starting
at 10 a.m., 2:15 p.m., and 4 p.m. A regular schedule of
field tests, open to the public, will be announced at a
later date.

The tests were conducted under experimental license
issued by the Federal Communications Commission.
Previously, RCA conducted experimental color broad-
casts in Washington. Its last series of tests began De-
cember 5, 1950, from the NBC studio in the nation's
Capital.

Color equipment was installed in the NBC studios,
and when the experimental tests were on the air, the

RADIO AGE 3

Color felevision cameras focus on close-up of model in NBC color studio in Radio City.

regular black-and-white television transmitter of sta-
tion WNBT. atop the Empire State Building, operating
under experimental call letters of KE2XJV, was used
to telecast the color programs on Channel 4.

As an added attraction, the RCA Exhibition Hall
devoted part of its window display to color television.
Visitors were able to inspect the components of a color
set, and the spectacular tri-color tube, which plays an
important role in RCA's color system. The tri-color tube
has been hailed as a "miracle of the electronic age".

Frank M. Folsom, President of RCA, in opening the
tests, stressed the advantages of the type of system
which RCA has developed. He declared:

"In addition to testing equipment, these field tests
will prove to the manufacturer, broadcaster, advertiser,
and the public that color can be introduced as a tele-
vision service logically, economically, and soundly.

"We were never more certain than we are now that
a compatible, all-electronic color television system is in
the public interest. These field tests will prove how such
a system will allow the public to continue to enjoy their
favorite black-and-white programs and to see color pro-
grams in black-and-white without any change whatever
in their present sets and without buying extra contrap-
tions.

"Compatible color can be logically introduced into
television broadcasting with advantage to everyone and
loss to none. Proper introduction will assure a fertile
base for a healthy growth of the entire television in-
dustry.

"During the coming months, the public will have an
opportunity to see the RCA color system and judge its

many advantages through our field tests. We also plan
to send the color programs to other cities in network
operation, linked with New York via radio-relay sta-
tions or the coaxial cable.

"These developments in color television, important
as they are, should not be considered as displacing exist-
ing television service," said Mr. Folsom. "For years to
come, black-and-white television will continue to be the
backbone of the industry."

Dr. E. W. Engstrom. Vice President in Charge of
Research of RCA Laboratories, reported that since the
showing of the RCA color television in Washington
last December, a number of iinprovements have been
achieved. He declared:

We have refined and put into pilot-plant production
our tri-color kinescope, details of which were turned
over to the radio-television industry three weeks ago.
We have improved the circuitry of studio equipment
and receivers. And we have also improved the operation
of our system.

"The improvements liave showed up well in our
laboratory tests and also have performed well in our
preliminary operation in New York. We propose to
proceed with careful and extensive field tests on these
and other improvements."

Dr. Engstrom said that during the course of the field
tests, programs originating in New York, will be checked
over network facilities, radio relay and coaxial cable. He
disclosed that RCA proposes to make field-test signals
and field-test experience available to RCA licensees and
to members of the panels of the National Television
System Committee.

4 RADIO AGE

"Schedules for some of this arc already being set,"
Dr. Engstrom declared. "Later during the summer when
our transmissions become more regular we will keep the
appropriate NTSC panel advised as to the times and
conditions of transmissions. We have already provided
specifications on the signals we are currently using. It is
our plan to participate in the work of the NTSC in ar-
riving at industry standards. This, of course, is for the
purpose of seeking approval for the establishment of a
compatible color television system."

At the conclusion of the program, O. B. Hanson,
Vice President and Chief Engineer of NBC, explained
the broadcasting procedure employed in the tests. He
pointed out that while the Washington test last year
employed research apparatus, equipment in the present
test was produced by RCA Victor Division.

"RCA Victor engineers, together with engineers of
the NBC staff, installed the present apparatus and put it
into action," explained Mr. Hanson. "The operating en-
gineers and the program statf of NBC produced the
broadcast. Thus, it shows that the RCA system is
capable of being operated by a broadcasting organization
with the usual engineering staff."

Owners of Srandard TV Sets are Asked
ro Commcnr on Color Prosrams

.\ AN advertisement in New York daily newspapers on
July 8 and 9, and also by appeals broadcast during the
5-day colorcasts, RCA asked sec owners in the New
York metropolitan area to give their reaction to the
field tests of color broadcasts when received in black-
and-white on their present sets. Before the tests had
ended more than 5,000 postcards and letters, expressing
enthusiastic approval of the picture quality were re-
ceived. Since then thousands of additional replies have

Nanette Fabroy and Rene Paul, stars of the Broadway

stage, in one of the scenes which were a part of the

field-test programs of RCA's color television system.

!^4r^.

-T**"

been recorded.

Under the caption "You Can Help Test RCA Color
Television . . . Now!" the ad explained that one of the
principal features of the RCA system is its "compatibil-
ity." This means that when a color picture is broadcast,
it can be received in black-and-white on all present sets
without any change.

"At 10 o'clock each morning for five days beginning
July 9, we will televise over Channel 4 in New York
a variety program in full color," the ad explained.

"These programs will be viewed by members of the
press and the radio-television industry on experimental
RCA color receivers. . . . Later, RCA plans to place
color sets where the performance of this all-electronic
system can be seen by the public ... so that you can
give us your reactions.

"It will be helpful to us, in our efforts to bring good
color television to the American public, if we can find
out how these color broadcasts appear in black-and-
white on existing television sets in the different sections
of the metropolitan area."

The reason for this request, RCA explained in the
advertisement, was that compatibility, by common agree-
ment, was preferable with a color system. With an
incompatible system — one that cannot receive color
broadcasts in black-and-white on existing sets — nearly
a billion dollars in additional cost would be saddled on
present set owners so that a black-and-white picture
could be restored to their sets during color broadcasts,
according to the RCA ad.

"Then drop us a card," the ad continued, "giving
your address, the age of your set. the size of its screen
and type of antenna, which day you saw the program
and telling us how these pictures compare with the
black-and-white pictures you normally receive from
NBC's regular black-and-white television programs."

Ymo Sumac, South American songstress with a multi-
octave voice, was one of the features of the color tele-
vision programs broadcast from station KE2XJV.

U t

Public Responds wirh Comments
on RCA Color Television System

\J PONTANF.OUS reaction from television viewers taxed
teleplione switchboards of the Radio Corporation of
America and the National Broadcasting Company in
Radio City and the RCA Service Company at ]44 East
Twenty-fourth Street, following the morning telecasts
of RCA's compatible, all-electronic color television in
the New York metropolitan area.

The enthusiastic response came from hundreds of
viewers of black-and-white television sets who wanted
RCA to know that the color transmission had been re-
ceived exceptionally well in black-and-white without
any change whatever in their sets. They reported that
all they did was tune in on Channel 4, which carried
the test colorcast from NBC's experimental station
KE2XJV.

Most of the calls were in response to an invitation
extended by RCA to all viewers in this area to assist
in the current color tests by reporting how the trans-
missions compared with their regular black-and-white
reception, thus testing the compatibility featute of the
RCA color system.

Typical of the responses were those from:

Mrs. Edward Schneitzer, 93-06 209th Street, Queens
Village, N. Y.: "The reception of the RCA color pro-
gram was wonderful on my set. It was the finest picture

O. B. Hanson, NBC Vice President and Chief Engineer,
studies some of the thousands of letters and cards
received from television set owners after viewing the
field-test programs on their black-and-white receivers.

Photograph taken from black-and-white picture tube of
two of the "artists" who appeared on the variety pro-
gram broadcast during field tests of the RCA compatible
color television system.

I have received, and I would be happy to have it like
this for the rest of my life. The best part was that I
saw the picture without having to buy any gadgets for
my set."

Cabell Halsey, 400 East 57th Street, New York,
N. Y.: "Reception was perfect. I never saw better black-
and-white pictures. I live in a 19-story apartment and
my set has no outdoor antenna. In my opinion, on the
basis of my reception of these RCA color tests, this is
the color system we should have. I paid S675 for our
set and we didn't feel very good about having it obsoleted
by incompatible color."

Lucius Nobbe, 17 Wellington Road. Garden City,
L. 1.: "The picture we received was excellent. I propose
to get together with my neighbors and have a petition
signed urging the Federal Communications Commission
to give RCA's compatible color television system a
chance. The Commission should realize that the public
wants good reception without investing additional
money. It's a pity when something good like this is
ignored."

Mrs. Howard Charles, 1115 Fifth Avenue, New
York, N. Y.: "The reception was beautiful. It seemed
better than we usually receive."

Miss Anna M. Cotter, 5 Stuyvesant Oval, New York,
N. Y.: "The black-and-white reception of the color
broadcast was far superior to our ordinary reception.
The program was very entertaining and RCA is to be
congratulated on making this possible."

Mrs. J. J. Donnelly, 5 Maple Avenue, Floral Park,
N. Y.: "I want RCA to know that I am very happy
over the reception of the color test on my receiver. The
pictures appeared to be exceptionally sharp, and I am

6 RADIO AGE

RCA all-electronic compofible color system proved its
versatility by an outdoor pickup of the acquatic ballet

and comedy acts from Palisades Park, N.J.

"Howdy Doody", one of the fovorite performers on

children's television programs, had a part in the field

tests of RCA's color television system.

thankful that I could see the broadcast without buying
anything to change my set. RCA has my blessings."

M. Klumas, 766 Myrtle Street, Elizabeth, N. J.:
"Pictures received during your tests were much clearer
than the regular black-and-white transmissions. I want
to congratulate RCA on the great achievement."

G. Carmelitano, 1103 Washington Street, Hoboken,
N. J.: "Reception of the RCA color tests was very good
on my black-and-white set."

Mrs. Gladys Brehm, 600 Irsing Place, Long Branch,
N. J., sent the following wire: "Color TV in black and
white coming in perfectly over my set."

Here are more comments from set owners in
many different localities:

Bronxville. N. Y.: "Excellent! If I hadn't read
about it in the papers, I wouldn't have known the
difference between your color broadcast and the others.
Ver)' clear. I will never go through the ad.ipter, con-
verter, etc., expense. Keep up the good work because
I am sure millions are with you."

Brotiklyn, N. Y.: "I watched your color test and
found it most wonderful. The black-and-white pictures
were clear and beautiful. Good luck."

North Arlington, N. J.: "I received the pictures in
black and white and they were clear, bright and per-
fect. There is no doubt that the RCA color system is
in the best interest of the public. "

New Brunswick, N. J.: "First, may I congratulate

you on your first successful color test which I received
in black and white. 1 hope ycu will be deluged with
thank-you cards and letters, for certainly you are proving
beyond a doubt that we can have a 'compatible' system."

Flushing, L. I., N. Y.: '"We were amazed at the
brighter and clearer pictures in black and white. As a
matter of fact, they are better than any time since we've
had our set. Thank you for the wonderful job you are
doing to make this a better place to live."

Clifton, N. J.: "We received your color program
just as clear as if it was a regular black-and-white broad-
cast."

Mount Vernon, N. Y.; "Your test program came in
perfectly on my black-and-white set. I think you're
doing a fine thing in tr^^ng to give present television
owners a fair deal. More power to you!"

Long Branch, N. J.: "I found that the RCA color
television test improved very much the black-and-white
picture, and that to me is more important than color.
I alerted my neighbors and friends to look in and send
word to you which I hope they will. I wish you great
success, and I am standing by you along, I believe, with
millions of others."

Nor\^'alk, Conn.: The reception of your color tele-
vision tests is perfect and clear-cut — and we are sup-
posedly in a fringe area. The programs have been as
good, if not better, than any black-and-white received.
We hope your compatible' method will lead the way."

Garden City, L. L, N. Y.: "Have watched your tele-

RADIO AGE 7

vision tests and would say it was so near to being equal
to our reception of the normal broadcasts that it would
be almost impossible to distinguish between them. Like
a great majority of set owners, we look forward to the
completion of your tests and the acceptance of your
system."

Mamaroneck, N. Y.: "Pictures came through beauti-
fully. Keep up the good work."

Union City, N. J.: "I watched your test program and
it was perfection in black and white. Our entire family
is grateful to RCA."

Brooklyn, N. Y.: "I had the pleasure of watching
your experimental color telecasting, and I must say it
was quite gratifying. Your system has my vote in your
favor, as I know that 1 will not have to get a new
set or resort to an expensive adapter to receive pro-
grams telecast in color."

Executives of the radio and television industry ex-
pressed enthusiasm and praise on the quality of the
color TY tests.

Commenting on the color TV tests:

Dr. Allen B. DuMont, President, Allen B. DuMont
Laboratories, Inc.; "It was a lot better color television
picture than RCA showed us in Washington last De-
cember. The picture was good enough, in fact, to start
commercial operations immediately."

William Balderston, President, Philco Corporation;
"We feel that there has been a marked improvement in
RCA's color TV system. We were particularly impressed
with the color fidelity and the remote pickup. The pro-
duction of the color picture in black and white was even
better than the black-and-white pictures being received
on existing sets."

Dr. W. R. G. Baker, Vice President in Charge of
Electronics, General Electric Company; "It was a most
excellent picture. It was outstanding. I thought the
color was really beautiful and the black and white was
outstanding. All we've got to do now is to get com-
patible standards adopted."

Jack Binns, President, Hazeltine Corporation: "This
is a great step forward. The black-and-white reproduc-
tion on black-and-white sets is improved because of the
transmission in color. The color is very good particularly
in rapid motion and there is no color break-up at all.
The compatible color system has got to win for it is
in the public interest."

R. W. Durst, Executive Vice President, Hallicrafters,
Inc.; "We thought it was particularly good, especially
the high fidelity during rapid movement. Compatibility,
however, is the thing that impresses us most and which
we think is particularly desirable."

Left: One of the development-model RCA television
receivers with 16-inch tri-color picture tubes used during
the recent field tests of RCA's color television system.

Below: An RCA tri-color television picture tube is shown

disassembled in one of the show windows of the RCA

Exhibition Hall, Radio City, New York.

8 RADIO AGE

American Industry
and National Defense

Folsoni, in AiLlrcss lo Tui^dl Stiulcnts, Snys

r j r^' Niiluni \ Lxjhunlctl lihlnslritil dilhiiity

^ j f^ Can iMct't iMililiiry aihl Ciriliiin Nauls

merican industn-, with a 60 per cent greater pro-
ductive capacity than in 1940, can meet the nation's
defense needs and still produce enough for the civilian
economy, Frank M. Folsom, president of the Radio
Corporation of America, said in a recent address before
the Student Legal Forum of the University of Virginia.
The public interest demands that we continue,
insofar as possible, production of those things that make
life good, " he declared.

At the same time, Mr. Folsom emphasized that the
public interest must come before any private interest
and that the job of defending America was industry's
first responsibility. He did not contend that all short-
ages of civilian goods could be averted, but he said that
American business, by working in close cooperation,
could reduce shortages to a minimum.

Mr. Folsom indicated, however, that the dual goal of
ample defense and civilian production could only be
reached if America's great industries were left free to
do the job. He warned that attacks on big business,
either from government or private sources, would play
into Communist hands.

Tm not pretending that big business can do the
job alone," Mr. Folsom added. "Big business has never
been able to do any job alone. And this particular job
calls for a high degree of teamwork among all business-
men."

But big business, he said, had a particularly vital
role because "the job we are faced with is a big job,
and it calls for men and companies that are used to
doing things in a big way.

"So always keep this thought in mind: if you want
planes, and tanks, and guns, you have to have pro-
duction lines. And production lines mean big business.

"Regardless of your attitude on big business," Mr.
Folsom continued, "you can't hide one fact: Com-
munism wants to see big business destroyed. Com-

munists are delighted by attacks on our great corporate
enterprises."

The RCA official also warned that America, while
building a mighty military machine as a safeguard
against totalitarian aggression, must guard against the
adoption of totalitarian methods.

It would be all too easy, he explained, to use the
defense job as an excuse to "stop all civilian production,
take away all individual liberties, and draft everybody
for military production or service in our armed forces."
Bur, he said, it would certainly be ironical if. in our
efforts to defend oursehes we adopted the very system
that the enemies of our way of life would like to force
us to adopt.

Called for Intensified Research

Surveying the nations facilities, Mr. Folsom called
for intensified research activity by American industry.

"Scientific research has given this country leadership
in practically every phase of industrial activity. . . . We
have learned to cultivate science as we do our crops.
And we have rich harvests as a result," he said.

Mr. Folsom pointed out that through constant re-
search, his own company, for example, has been able to
effect tremendous savings in such critical materials as
copper and aluminum in the production of television
sets.

Mr. Folsom warned that companies could not ex-
pect to reap harvests immediately from long-range
research projects, however. "Our own company, for in-
stance, invested 50 million dollars in the development
of television before we ever got a dollar back."

The RCA official said that "the period ahead is
going to call for many sacrifices but if we approach this
task, not with the thought, 'what can I get out of this
defense effort,' but rather 'what can I contribute to it",
I am confident we can be strong and free."

RADIO AGE 9

More than 200 radio-television manufacturers attended RCA's two-day technical symposium at The Woldorf-Astoi

RCA Reveals Derails of Tri-Color Picture Tube
and Color Tele\'ision Circuirs

E. C. Anderson, Vice President in

Charge of Commercial Department,

RCA Laboratories, presided.

Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President
in Charge of Research, RCA Lab-
oratories, summarized the talks.

Dr. D. W. Epstein, of RCA U

tories research stafF, discusse

"Optics of Color TelevisU

V\/. P. Maginnis, RCA Victor Tube
Department, outlined "Deflection
Components of the Tri-Color Tube".

H. R. Seelen, RCA Victor Tube De
partment, Lancaster, Pa., discussed
the "Three-Gun Tri-Color Tube".

Stuart W. Seeley, Manager

Industry Service Laboratory,

lyzed "Receiver Circuitrj

10 RADIO AGE

RCA Color TV Symposium

J 1 -inch tri-color ttlcviMun picture tube, proving
that there are no external limiting factors to picture
size in the RCA compatible all-electronic color television
system, was shown at a technical symposium conducted
by the R.ulio Corporation of America at The Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel on June 19 and 20. Representatives of
more than 200 radio-television manufacturers attended
the meetings.

Immediately available free of cost for the manu-
facturers' use in their laboratory work on color tubes
and receivers, RCA announced, are samples of the 16-
inch basic developmental model of the tri-color tube
and kits of associated circuit components and parts.
During the two-day symposium, RCA supplied tech-
nical information to assist manufacturers in their pro-
duction of tri-color tubes and associated circuits for
color receivers.

"One of the advantages of RCA color is the fact
that there are no external limiting factors to the size
of the kinescope (picture tube)," E. C. Anderson, Vice
President in Charge of the Commercial Department,
RCA Laboratories, informed the group. "As evidence
of this, we are now to show you for the first time our
larger, 21-inch tri-color tube. This kinescope should
prove beyond doubt that the RCA system allows the
public a choice of color-picture sizes in the same ranges
that are available in black-and-white tubes."

Public Wants Compatible Systern

In opening the symposium, Mr. Anderson said:

"I find it hard to tell you, just how strongly we at
RCA believe in an all-electronic, fully compatible color
television system.

"We feel that a compatible system is what the pub-
lic, the broadcaster and the advertiser are entitled to in
order to avoid economic waste and the outmoding of
the 12' 2 million sets now in use, plus perhaps millions
more.

The development of the RCA tri-color kinescope
is an outstanding example of accomplishments of mod-
ern science and engineering. Its advance to reality in
this short period of time is truly one of the engineer-
ing miracles of this electronic age."

In a statement to the manufaaurers, all of whom
are licensed to use RCA inventions, it was pointed out
that developmental samples of the RCA three-gun tri-
color kinescope and associated circuit components are

available in limited quantities. To each licensed manu-
facturer. RCA annt)unced it would provide free of cost
one tri-color kinescope, one kit of assorted circuit com-
ponents, and one unit assortment of tri-color tube parts.
In the near future, it was said, RCA expects to handle
orders for additional sample quantities.

hijorniiitioii Given to Manujacturers

In addition, tiic manufacturers were supplied a list
of the various operations and the ec]uipment RCA uses
in making the tube. This equipment, it was pointed
out, is developmental and is reproduced only to order.

Although the differences in producing tri-color tubes
require additional engineering and manufacturing tech-
niques, the RCA engineers said, they are of such a
nature that if adequate manufacturing care and diligence
are pursued, production of the tri-color kinescope will
impose no more serious problems than those which were
experienced in the early days of black-and-white kine-
scope production.

Topics covered during the symposium included
technical features of the tri-color tube and new tube
developments, operating characteristics of the tube and
its associated components, circuits involved in supplying
color signals to the tube, and manufacturing processes,
equipment, and machinery, and test equipment.

Technical presentations were made by Dr. D. W.
Epstein, H. R. Seelen, S. W. Seeley, and W. P. Maginnis,
all of whom are RCA engineers. Dr. E. W. Engstrom,
Vice President in Charge of Research, RCA Laboratories,
gave f.ictual summaries of the information.

The tri-color television picture rube, recognized by
engineers as vital to the complete development of a
practical, simplified, all-elearonic color television re-
ceiver, w,is demonstrated by RCA for the first time on
March 29, 1950. It was hailed at that time as a "miracle
of science" and proof of the superiority of electronics
over the outmoded and limited mechanical rotating de-
vices as a means of producing color television pictures.
In the tri-color tube, television pictures are produced
electronically in full color on the face of the tube just as
they are in black-and-white television.

On March 30, 1950, RCA informed the industry
that as soon as the tri-color tube had been perfected to
a point that specific usable information was available,
it would be given to RCA licensees. The symposiums,
it was pointed out, were in keeping with that statement.

RADIO AGE J I

RCA Business Increase

Gain in Volume of Business from SI2S,0()0M(J0 lo S5S6,0U0,U00
ill Lcjst Deault' is Reported at 32nil Meeting of Stoekhohlers

et earnings of the Radio Corporation of America
for the first quarter of this year amounted to $11,901,-
542, representing the best first quarter that RCA has
ever had, Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the
Board, announced at the 32nd annual meeting of RCA
stockholders held in a studio of the National Broad-
casting Company in Radio City, New York, on May 1.

General Sarnoff said that volume of RCA business
has increased to more tiian four and one-half times
what it was ten years ago — from a level of $128,000,000
in 1940 to $586,000,000 in 1950. He reported that
during the past ten years, dividends paid to RCA stock-
holders amounted to $80,184,000. a sum which he de-
clared to be larger than that paid in this period by any
other company in the world principally engaged in the
radio business.

He credited television, which RCA pioneered,
planned and engineered, as the spearhead in establishing
the new sales records.

First Quarter Results

The net earnings of $1 1,901,542 for the first quarter
of 1951 represented an increase of $665,311, or 6%
over the same period a year ago.

After providing for preferred dividends, earnings
per common share for the first quarter of 1951 amounted
to 80 cents, compared with 75 cents per share for the
first quarter of 1950.

Consolidated gross income of RCA for the first
quarter of 1951 amounted to $185,590,755, or an in-
crease of A6%, as compared with that of 1950.

A dividend of 50 cents per share on the common
stock of RCA was declared by the Board of Directors
on April 5, 1951, payable on May 28, 1951, to holders
of record of such stock at the close of business on
April 20, 1951.

"It is the intention of the Board of Directors to
place the common stock on a semi-annual dividend basis
and to declare such dividends payable in May and
November of each year, provided the future earnings
of the Corporation justify such action, and we hope
that they will," said General Sarnoff.

In 1950, RCA paid $58,205,000 in taxes to Federal,

State, and local Governments. These payments, which
included $7,162,000 in Federal excess profits taxes, and
$3,870,000 in social security taxes, were the highest on
record, and amounted to nearly three times the total for
the preceding year. These taxes are equal to $4.19 on
each share of the outstanding common stock.

In addition, excise taxes paid by the Corporation in
1950 amounted to $13,948,000, bringing the total taxes
for the year to $72,153,000.

A total of $15,842,000 has been estimated and pro-
vided for Federal taxes on income in the first quarter
of 1951. Approximately 2 million dollars of this total
are for excess profits taxes. No excess profits taxes
were in existence during the first and second quarters
of last year.

Working Capital

General Sarnofi:' reported that approximately A6%
of RCA's net profits, earned during the past ten years,
had been paid to stockholders, $31,685,000 going to
preferred stockholders and $48,499,000 to holders of
common stock. The balance of the profits earned during
the last decade has been reinvested in the business, he
asserted, adding:

"Ten years ago, the net working capital of the Cor-
poration was $26,695,000. Now it is $130,902,000.
The net figure on our balance sheet for plant and
equipment, ten years ago, was $28,943,000. Now it is
$87,392,000. Stockholders' equity in the Corporation,
ten years ago, was $71,717,000. Now it is $172,790,000.
Stated percentagewise, these figures show the following
increases over the ten-year period: Net working capital
390%. Plant and equipment 202%. Stockholders'
equity 141%."

On behalf of the Board of Directors, General Sarnoff
congratulated RCA's more than 50,000 employees on
their "creative efforts and craftsmanship in achieving
the splendid results which our reports reveal." He
pointed out that in addition to its own employees, it is
estimated that the Corporation helps provide employ-
ment to an additional 50.000 workers in other compa-
nies which last year supplied materials and services
amounting to nearly $300,000,000. RCA 'Victor's sup-

12 RADIO AGE

/2 Times in Ten Years

pliers, he ilistloscii, now number approximately 5,000,
located in -12 Jiffcrem states, rurther, it helps "little
business" to prosper and to serve as vital suppliers in
peace and in war.

Goveruinent Orders

General Sarnoff announced that since June, 1950.
RCA has received an increasing volume of Government
orders for the design, development and manufacture ot
radio-electronic equipment for the Armed Forces.

"Government orders recently reached a volume that
required conversion of some of our commercial produc-
tion facilities to the manufacture of equipment for
national defense," he said. "A variety of military proj-
ects that had been progressing through developmental
stages began to reach the production stage. An example
is the new compact, light-weight, walkie-talkie devel-
oped by RCA for the U. S. Army Signal Corps.

"Since many of the Government orders involve long-
range .ictivity and extensive development work, it is
anticipated that for the next two or three years sub-
stantial portions of our facilities will be devoted to the
production of electronic apparatus for all branches of
the Armed Forces. We shall pursue our tasks and meet
our responsibilities in this national emergency as we
have done in the past."

RCA's efforts toward making America strong, he
continued, place new demands upon the Laboratories.

"As an illustration of our activities in scientific re-
search, RCA Laboratories, in 1950, completed the
development and construction of the largest and most
.Kcurate electronic analogue computer ever built to
evaluate the performance of guided missiles, airplanes,

ships and submarines, he reported. "This new com-
puter is expected to save the Government many millions
of dollars in the design of advance types of weapons and
solve many problems in the air protection of American
cities. The instrument, developed under contract with
the OfTice of Naval Research for use by tiie Navy
Bureau of Aeronautics, eliminates trial-and-error tests
in which costly materials are expended.

"That is only one of our developments. Time and
security regulations will not permit me to cover other
developments on the broad front of our military re-
search activities. I can report, however, that we have
made important strides in the development of new
electron tubes, radar, guided missiles and other projects
essential to national defense."

General SarnofT stated that RCA, in response to the
Government's needs, has succeeded since the first of
this year in saving hundreds of thousands of pounds of
strategic materials through technical developments,
without diminishing the quality of merchandise. In
February, he said, RCA made available to radio, tele-
vision and tube manufacturers throughout the country
the means and tlic results of its conservation efforts.

Status of Television

Commenting on the fact that current sales of tele-
vision receivers are below levels est.iblished earlier in
the year. General SarnofT declared that among factors
contributing to the decline were Regulation W, which
places a limitation on consumer credit, and the "freeze"
which temporarily prevents erection of additional tele-
vision stations.

"The growth of television continued in 1950 at a

Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board, addressing 32nd annual meeting of RCA stockholders.

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Some of the RCA Victor television receivers which have

been meeting the demand for sets having 16-inch

picture tubes or larger.

■t «

An RCA Laboratories physicist operates the control

console of the 4000-tube analogue computer, designed

to evaluate the performance of guided missiles.

phenomenal rate, with more than 7,000,000 receivers
being produced by the industry as a whole," he said.
"The trend in public preference for larger size tele-
vision pictures is indicated by the fact that 93 9^ of the
RCA Victor television sets produced in the first quarter
of 1951 employed 16-inch tubes or larger. . . .

"While television has been advancing, radio set
sales have continued to increase. Last year, 14,500,000
radio receivers were sold by the industry as a whole,
compared with 11,000,000 in the previous year."

Already television has justified "our great faith in
its power for entertainment, news and education," he
affirmed, continuing:

"It is a gre.it spiritual and social force among our
people. Politically, it has tremendous potentialities for
creating an informed public opinion on the vital ques-
tions of the day.

"In the advance of television, no other organizations
have contributed as much in pioneering, engineering
development and programming as RCA and NBC. The
scientists and engineers in RCA Laboratories, through
their patient rese.irch and inventive genius, continually
open new gateways to progress. The engineers of the
RCA Victor Division design the finest transmitting
equipment, receiving sets and electron tubes, and the
engineers of the National Broadcasting Company de-
velop the tecliniques for broadcasting and telecasting
programs to the home."

Developments In UHF

General SarnofT reported that RCA had expended
more than 52,500,000 in exploring the ultra-high fre-
quencies, known as UHF, for television broadcasting.

"Our engineers, taking the initiative in pioneering
the upper frequencies, have determined that a major
expansion is practical and possible at ultra-high fre-
quencies (UHF),' he stated. "By adding a simple and
inexpensive converter, owners of present television sets
can enjoy high quality reception from UHF as well as
the very high frequencies (VHP).

"Practical experience and engineering facts needed
to design the best transmitting and receiving equip-
ment in tliis new field were obtained through large-
scale field tests conducted by RCA. In December, 1949.
we installed at Bridgeport, Conn., the first UHF tele-
vision transmitter that operated on a regular schedule.
From this transmitter, not only RCA but other manu-
facturers as well were able to conduct receiving tests in
the field.

Recorded Music

Faith and confidence of RCA when it introduced its
45-rpm Victrola-phonograph and small unbreakable
records two years ago have been well founded. General
Sarnoff reported, asserting that largely as a result of
the new "45" system, the phonograph business has been
revitalized and sales continue to increase.

"Today, the popular 45-speed vinyl plastic disks are
being offered under 55 competitive labels, including all
major record manufacturers," he reported. "In 1950.
more than a third of phonograph record sales by RCA
Victor were 45-rpm.

"The RCA Victor long-play 33L-'{-rpm records,
which were introduced a little more than a year ago,
also have won widespread acceptance for their tech-
nical antl artistic quality. Sales of these long-play rec-
ords have shown a marked increase."

Broadcasting and Telecasting

General Sarnoff said that the National Broadcasting
Company is aggressively developing the art of television
programming as a new .service supplementing tlie vast
coverage of radio broadcasting.

"To keep pace with television's growth, NBC in
1950 began the greatest expansion program in its his-
tory," he continued. "NBC begins its second quarter
of a century as the No. 1 network in America. The
NBC radio network now totals 181 stations, 6 of which
are owned and operated by the Company. The tele-
vision network comprises 63 stations, 5 of which are
owned and operated by the company.

M RAD\0 AGE

"Generally, we are likely to think of television only
as a means of broadcasting programs," he continued.
'But there are numeri)us opportunities for its applica-
tion in other fields. SwIuh)1s, colleges, hospitals, depart-
ment stores, manufacturing plants and business otfices
can use television to great advantage. Further develop-
ments in industrial television will enlarge the scope
.md opportunities for the entire industry."

lit. I I'olicies and Ubjtcthes

In conclusion. General SarnofF outlined the policies
that govern the operations of the Radio Corporation of
America — from research through manufacturing, sales,
servicing, broadcasting and world-wide communications.

"All of us are naturally interested in the prospects
for the future," he said. "But. in the present state of
international tensions and uncertainties, it is imprac-
tical to predict results for the remainder of the year.
The existing national emergency and the niles and
regulations which govern allotments of critical materials,
as well as the controls of consumer prices and financial
credits, are factors now confronting all business.

"You may be certain, however, that the Board of
Directors and the management of RCA are alert to
the:e problems and uncertainties. Our organization and
our planning are such as to enable us to adjust our
operations to conditions as they arise.

"The results reported to you for last year and the
first quaner of this year, perhaps provide the best proof
that our policies have been sound. This is confirmed
not only by the satisfactory financial results and by the
solid position RCA occ-upies in the industry, but also
by the good will of satisfied customers, the good rela-

tions the Corporation has with its employees and its
stockholders, and by the high standing it has with the
public.

"Pioneering and diversification comprise our life-
blood. We are interested in yesterday and today for the
experience and new knowledge gained. But our minds
are focused on Tomorrow, and progress is our watch-
word."

Financial Results for
First Half of 1931

Sales of products and services of the Radio Corpo-
ration of America and subsidiaries attained an all-time
record volume of $302,3.V^,000 during the first six
months of 1951, exceeding the previous peak set last
year by 21 per cent, Frank M. Folsom, President of RCA,
announced. Corresponding sales in the first six months
of 1950 amounted to $248,784,000.

Earnings before Federal income taxes were $32,-
311,000, compared with $35,102,000 in the first half
of 1950. a decrease of $2,791,000, or approximately 8
per cent.

Reflecting an increase of 17 per cent in the provi-
sion required for Federal taxes on income, RCA net
earnings of $15,703,000 for the first six months of 1951
were 25 per cent below the $20,962,000 net for the
corresponding period in 1950.

After payment of Preferred dividends, net earnings
applicable to tiie Common stock for the first six months
of 1951 were $1.02 per share, compared with $1.40 per
share in the first half of 1950.

scientists discuss technical fea-
s of an early model of the RCA
ect-view tri-color picture tube.

Living cells can be observed through
this combination of industrial tele-
vision and a light microscope.

Television has tremendous potenti-
alities for creating on informed
public opinion.

RADIO AGE 15

comes to a

Pennsylvania Town

-Lottsville, Pennsylvania, a mountain-ringed mining
and manufacturing town, 75 miles northwest of Phila-
delphia, has been rescued from the group of American
communities which, because of their geographical lo-
cations, are deprived of dependable television program
service.

This overnight "miracle" was brought about by the
skill of RCA engineers who recently completed in-
stallation of a Community Antenaplex system, one of
the first in the country. Today, for the first time since

the beginning of commercial television, Pottsville's 25,-
000 residents are able to tap the flow of television signals
which heretofore have passed them by, high in the sky.
Families in the town now obtain pictures from Phila-
delphia stations which compare favorably with those
enjoyed by set owners living much closer to the trans-
mitters. Before RCA engineers stepped in, reception
in PottsviUe was rated extremely poor even with an
elaborate rooftop antenna that sometimes cost more
than the TV receiver itself.

This master antenna assembly, erected on Pottsville's Utility poles support the coaxial cable strung from the
Sharp Mountain, extends TV coverage up to 130 miles. antenna site to the town's residential areas.

One section of Poftsville, whose homes ore getting television programs through on RCA Community

Antenoplex system.

Providing T\^ signal pickup and distribution serv-
ice sufficient for the entire community, the new system
consists of a master antenna assembly, mounted on a
tall mast on Sharp Mountain, the highest nearby eleva-
tion; a network of coaxial cable, strung over utility
poles from the antenna site throughout the areas to be
served; amplifiers, mounted on poles at fixed intervals
to maintain the strength of signals; and lead-off lines,
terminating in wall or baseboard outlets in the homes.
On the antenna mast are separate antenna elements
tuned for each channel on which programs are avail-
able. The new system makes roof-top antennas un-
necessary. The network will be operated by Trans-
Video Corporation.

The program service is supplied for a fixed installa-
tion fee, plus a monthly service charge. Pottsville resi-
dents using the system pay a $135 initial fee, and $3.75
monthly. Already more than 275 families are connected

to the community antenna.

By using tall master-antenna towers which would
be impractical for use by individuals because of size,
weight, and cost, and by mounting these towers on
geographical vantage points, RCA engineers pointed
out that it is possible to extend the radius of TV station
coverage from an average of 45 miles to as much as
130 miles in some cases.

The community system, which is manufactured by
the RCA Engineering Products Department, is an ex-
panded version of the RCA "Antenaplex" system now
in use in leading hotels, apartment houses, hospitals,
and other multiple-unit buildings throughout TV areas.

The Pottsville layout was installed by technicians
from the company's branch office at Reading, Pa., under
supen'ision of the RCA Service Company home office.

Trans-Video Corp. was organized by a group of
Pottsville business men, headed by M. F. Malarkey, Jr

Toscanini ro Begin Fourrccnch Season As Conductor of NBC Symphony

Arturo Toscanini, Guido Cantelli, Fritz Reiner and
Charles Munch will conduct the NBC Symphony Or-
chestra during the 1951-52 Winter season, Samuel
Chotzinoff, NBC general music director, has announced.
The fifteenth season of the NBC Symphony Orchestra
will open on S.iturday, Nov. 3 at Carnegie Hall, w-ith
Toscanini directing.

This will mark Toscanini's fourteenth season as
NBC Symphony director. Last year Toscanini was
unable to direct all of his scheduled concerts because
of a knee injury. In the forthcoming season he will

conduct 12 concerts in three series of four each.

Guido Cantelli will return to the NBC podium for
his fourth consecutive season. He will direct the or-
chestra in eight concerts.

Fritz Reiner and Charles Munch each will direct
one concert, the latter making his first appearance with
the orchestra. Reiner has been a frequent guest con-
ductor of the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Munch 's ap-
pearance with the NBC Symphony Orchestra was ar-
ranged in cooperation with the trustees of the Boston
Symphony Orchestra, of which he is regular director.

RADIO AGE 17

The new Cincinnati plant provides more than 135,000 square feet of floor space for the manufacture

of miniature and sub-miniature electron tubes.

New RCA Tube Plant Dedicated in Cincinnati

-CA's new electron tube manufacturing plant in
Cincinnati was formally opened on June 11. Local
officials, together with executives of the Radio Cor-
poration of America, the RCA Victor Division, and the
National Broadcasting Company, participated in the
dedication of the large plant to the memory of the late
John G. Wilson, former Executive Vice President in
Charge of the RCA Victor Division. Frank M. Folsom,
President of RCA, made the dedication address.

The new plant, formerly occupied by the Rich
Ladder and Manufacturing Company, has been com-
pletely modernized and converted for the exclusive
manufacture of miniature and sub-miniature electron
tubes. This expansion was necessary to meet the in-
creasing demands of the national defense program and
of the radio, television, and communications industries.

The Cincinnati plant occupies approximately 17
acres and has more than 135,000 square feet of floor
space. It is RCA's third plant for the manufacture of
receiving tubes. Others are located in Harrison, N. J.,
and Indianapolis, Indiana. It was pointed out that the
new plant is strategically located to serve large numbers
of manufacturers of electronic equipment. Harolil A.
DeMooy is plant manager.

18 RADIO AGE

The RCA contingent to the dedication included, in
addition to Mr. Folsom: W. A. Buck, Vice President
and General Manager of the RCA Victor Division;
Joseph H. McConnell, President of the National Broad-
casting Company; L. W. Teegarden, Vice President in
Charge of RCA Technical Products; J. B. Elliott, Vice
President in Charge of RCA Victor Consumer Products;
Charles M. Odorizzi, Operating Vice President of the
RCA Victor Division; Richard T. Orth, Vice President

Frank M. Folsom, President of RCA, unveils a plaque

which formally dedicated the new plant to the memory

of the late John G. Wilson, former Executive Vice

President in Charge of the RCA Victor Division.

Mr. Folsom watches the operation of an automoti

machine that seals the glass envelopes of miniatur

tubes in the Cincinnati plant.

in Charge of the RCA Tube Department; V. deP.
Ciuubcau, Vice President and Director of Materials,
RCA Victor Division; Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., Vice Presi-
dent in Charge of Advertising and Publicity, Radio
( orporation of America; Edward D. Madden, Vice
President of the National Broadcasting Company in
Charge of Television Operations and Sales, and Jack
Herbert, Vice President of NBC in Charge of Radio
.Network Sales.

W. R. Kellogg, City Manager; Albert D. Cash,
M.iyor of Cincinnati, and R. Edward Tepe, Mayor of
.Norwood, .IS well as other prominent local civic and
industrial figures, also participated.

New Plant CO Make Tubes
For Defense and InJuicry

Excerpts from address by Frank Af. Folsom.
RCA President, at dedication of new Cin-
cinnati plant.

"All of us at RCA are mighty proud of this new
plant. In its I.i6,000 square feet of floor space, many
hundreds of men and women will build quality products.
Prom this plant will come tubes for countless industrial
and scientific uses, for radio and television, and most
imponant of all, for our Government's armed forces in
their defense of the free world. Our pride in a fine
product, backed by the pride in skilled craftsmanship
traditional to the people of Cincinnati, will be reflected
in the tubes m.idc here. We kno%v they will be worthy
of the RCA and RCA Victor trademarks.

"This plant is going to make a great contribution to
the operations of the Radio Corporation of America.
We are sure it is destined to fill an important position
in the National Defense Program and in a vigorous and
expanding electronics industry, and we hope it will
make a real contribution to the life of your community.

"We think of the RCA family as including not only
our employees, but also all the other people who enable
us to produce the quality products that bear our trade-
mark and put them in the hands of consumers. I speak
of RCA Victor's 4,700 suppliers, including many with
whom we do business here in Cincinnati. I speak of
our very fine distributor and dealer organizations. We
are proud of our various distributors here, who include
Ohio Appliances. Herriinger Distributing Company,
Steinberg's, United Radio, Gustav-Hirsch, Midwest
Theatre Supply Co.. and Cavalier Pictures, Inc. I also
include NBC's great midwest affiliate, WLW. and other

radio stations whicli li.ue favored us with their equip-
ment business.

"We hope you will find us to be the kind of people
and tlic kind of company that ycu will be proud to have
in your home and in your city. In short, we want the
people of Cincinnati to like us and to be glad we are
here. All we ask is that you judge us by our perform-
ance."

RCA Awards Three Sehulaibhips

Three high school seniors from New York and New
Jersey have been awarded scholarships, valued at S 1,500
each, for advanced radio technology courses at RCA
Institutes, Inc., one of the oldest radio technical train-
ing schools in America. The winners, announced by
General George L. Van Deusen. President, were:
William Delaney, Bergenfield, N. J.; R. A. Wallner,
Waldwick, N. J., and S. A. Rosenkranz, Elmont, N. Y.

The students were chosen on the basis of competi-
tive examinations taken by 37 contestants representing
public and private high schools in the metropolitan
New York area. Final selection was made by a com-
mittee consisting of Professor Walter A. Curry of
Columbia University, Professor Charles E. Skinner of
New York University and General Van Deusen.

Scholarship winners will be eligible to enroll for
free instruction in the two-year advanced technology
course at the New York resident school of RCA Insti-
tutes. 350 West Fourth Street. The course, accredited
by the Engineers Council for Professional Development,
prepares students for entrance into the various branches
of electrical communications.

RAD/O AGE 19

Tilted Antenna

Increases Range
of UHF Signal

The tilted antenna (arrow), erected on tower of RCA-
NBC's experimental television station KC2XAK, was de-
signed for a study of the transmission and reception
characteristics of ultra-high-frequency signals.

Te,

-elevision signals in the program service area of an
ultra-high-frequency station can be doubled in strength
by a slight tilting of the transmitting antenna. Dr. C. B.
Jollifle, Executive Vice President in Charge of RCA
Laboratories Division, lias revealed. The tests were con-
ducted at Bridgeport, Conn., using the facilities of RCA-
NBC's experimental station KC2XAK which has been
in regular operation since 1949.

The antenna built for the tests was erected on one
side of the Bridgeport transmitting tower. By means of

a motor-driven arrangement, the antenna was rocked
back and forth in an arc of approximately 12 degrees
to permit engineers to record the resulting variations in
signal strength. Field tests were made at several loca-
tions in the primary service area of KC2XAK and also
at Princeton, N. J., 90 miles away. Results in every
instance showed that the received signal was at its
maximum when the antenna was tilted approximately
2.5 degrees up or down.

This gain in signal strength, achieved without in-
creasing the power of the transmitter. Dr. Jolliffe
pointed out, would be particularly valuable in the pres-
ent state of development of the UHF art. Unlike the
very-high-frequency stations now providing program
service to the public, UHF stations are limited in their
power by the types of electron tubes available for trans-
mitters. By making use of the additional signal strength
which the tilted antenna delivers, the effect on the
quality of the television picture would correspond to
that which would be produced if the power of the
transmitter were to be multiplied several times. Fur-
thermore, he added, this gain would bring about a
noticeable improvement in picture quality on UHF
television receivers installed in the outer, or "fringe",
areas of program service.

Because of the occasional propagation of waves well
beyond the normal coverage of a station, Dr. Jolliffe
said, RCA will conduct further tests to determine
whether the gain in signal strength produced by the
tilted antenna is likely to increase interference with
distant stations operating on the same or adjacent
channels.

RCA Laboratories, Dr. Jolliffe stated, also plans to
conduct research on tilted antennas in the VHF field.
If corresponding gains are obtained on these channels
now used by commercial television stations, their pro-
gram service areas would be similarly extended. The
pictures then obtainable at points 35 to 50 miles from
transmitters would compare more favorably in quality
with those now being enjoyed at locations much closer
to the stations.

Jess Epstein and D. W. Peterson, of the research
staff of RCA Laboratories, designed the tilted antenna
and supervised field tests of the transmitted signals.

20 RADIO AGE

«•••

r;'-{r; OOOOOgpO

Human Factors m Industrial Research

/reativeness, scientific training and good character
rate as the most important prerequisites for industrial
research workers, according to Dr. E. W. Engstrom,
Vice President in Charge of Research of RCA Labora-
tories. Speaking before representatives of industrial and
government laboratories attending the Second Annual
Conference on Industrial Research at Columbia Uni-
versity on June 11, Dr. Engstrom revealed that, while
the evidence is by no means conclusive, there are indi-
cations and experiences to show that the most revolu-
tionary creative thoughts have come to few research
workers during their first decade of work. For the aver-
age research worker, he said, it seems that his best
original and creative work comes before the close of the
second decade of activity in the liboratory.

"Members of research staffs are not equally creative."
Dr. Engstrom told the group. "In fact, a staff of all
highly creative members would be unmanageable. An
effective staff is one where all members respond to
originality, where all members have some degree of
originality and where a portion are highly creative."

Turning to the subject of scientific training. Dr.
Engstrom stressed that training is not a substitute for
creative ability. He declared that if the research worker's

creation is to mature into useful form, however, creative
ability must be backed by fundamental knowledge and
specific skills. A research worker does not graduate
from the educational scene until he retires from the
research scene, he added.

"Perhaps research administrators themselves have
not adequately evaluated the imponance of character,"
Dr. Engstrom suggested. "Integrity of purpose in re-
search is vital. Nature is a cruel and exacting task-
master when it comes to technical or scientific accuracy
and honesty." He went on to say that "reliability in
prosecuting a work program is rarer than one might
think and is richly rewarded."

Dr. Engstrom mentioned other qualifications which
a research scientist should possess, including persever-
ance when the going becomes difficult and determina-
tion to overcome obstacles along the way. Commenting
on the need for scientific inquisitiveness, he said that
progress seems to be made in an atmosphere of dis-
content with the current order of things, accompanied
by a drive toward improvement and enhancement.

"Research," Dr. Engstrom stated, "thrives on fresh-
ness of viewpoint and differences of approach to the
solution of problems."

RADIO AGE 2 J

NBC CELEBRATE

EC's six-month celebration of its 25th anniversary
was launched on June 1. Between then and November
15, the date on which the first NBC network went into
operation in 1926, the anniversary will be brought to
the attention of radio and television set owners by
special broadcasts, presentations and public events.
Throughout the six months, emphasis is to be placed
on the slogan, "It's the Silver Jubilee on NBC!" Two
anniversary songs written for the occasion by Meredith
Willson and Harry Sosnik, respective music directors of
"The Big Show" and "The Jack Carter Show-", will be
used as musical themes.

The network will honor its 25-year affiliated sta-
tions with plaques. Original employees of the network
still on their jobs will be inducted as charter members
of the NBC 25-Year Club at the Company's annual
outing on August 18.

Performers in this early radio adaptation of "Rip Von
Winkle" worked hard to create their own sound effects.

NBC's first radio program was put on the air November
15, 1926, from this main control room in the A. T. & T.
Building, New York City. O. B. Hanson, then NBC Chief
Engineer, now Vice President and Chief Engineer, stands
in the rear.

Affiliated stations are planning local celebrations ty-
ing-in with the NBC Silver Jubilee, and the British
Broadcasting Company and Canadian Broadcasting Cor-
poration will salute NBC with special broadcasts.

The original NBC network — America's first — was
launched over a 25-station hook-up (21 charter affiliates
and four specially-added outlets) with a special four-
and-a-half hour broadcast from the old Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel, New York. NBC stations from the
Atlantic seaboard to Kansas City carried the array of
talent that included 'Will Rogers, Weber and Fields,
Mary Garden. Dr. Walter Damrosch and the New York
Philharmonic, the dance bands of Ben Bernie, 'Vincent
Lopez and George Olsen, and many other choice offer-
ings. Some of the stars were picked-up "by remote
control" — a newly-coined phrase of the day — from
other cities.

Today, the NBC radio network totals ISO stations
and the NBC-TV network has 6.3 outlets.

William F. Brooks, NBC "Vice President in Charge
of Public Relations, is Chairman of the NBC 25th Anni-
versary Committee named to plan and administrate the
anniversary campaign. Members include Jacob A.
Evans. NBC Manager of Radio Advertising and Promo-
tion; James Nelson, Manager of TV Advertising and
Promotion; Victor Schiff, of Carl Byoir and Associates;
Ezra Mcintosh, of the J. Walter Thompson Company,
and Sydney H. Eiges, NBC Vice President in Charge of
Press.

22 RADIO AGE

LVER JUBILEE

]mmm

in the early Thirties, live audiences
led the antics of Ed Wynn, the "Texaco
Zhief", in NBC's Times Square Studio.

Dual antennas for stations WJZ-WJY were
erected on the roof of Aeolian Hall in New
York City.

ginal transmitter for station WJZ was
I in a small room in a Newark, New
Jersey, factory.

Joseph H. McConnell,
President, National
Broadcasting Company.

NBC's first mobile broadcast unit, which
went into operation in 1929, was considered
one of the engineering marvels of the age.

first back-pack trans-
was used in 1931 to
r a golf tournament.

Early-model portable field
equipment, including horn-
type loudspeaker.

NBC newsmen tuned fo world

events at this short-wave

listening post.

Short-wave transmitters, such
as this, were used to broad-
cast news from remote points.

RADIO AGE 23

TV Servicemen must be
Technicians, Diplomats,
Peace-Makers, Benefactors

Records Belie Old Idea that a

Serviceman Must be Only an

Authority on Meters and Tubes.

A„

,.n RCA serviceman rapped smartly on the door of
the Smith home in Forest Hills. It was the first call of the
week and he felt unusually chipper. "Oh, I'm so glad
you're here", cried Mrs. S., "you can watch the children
while I go to the store!" Before the amazed technician
could protest, mother had disappeared, leaving him
with three screaming little "darlings" aged 4 years, 2
years, and 8 months. The week was off to a bad start,
but RCA's TV "surgeon" heroically inspected the chassis,
located the trouble and corrected it, while his temporary-
wards hid his tools, rode on his back and tried to hide
in the empty cabinet. Mother finally returned one hour
later and released the baby-sitter for his next assignment.

Hundreds of similar situations confront the easy-
going technicians in RCA Service Company branches
all over the country. They regard such breaks in routine
as "all in a day's work" — 24 hours in which the
customer is always right.

The RCA experts, skilled at curing TV's mechanical
ailments, must be equally adept as public relations men.

"A CUSTOMER"

"A Customer is the most important person ever
in this office — in person, on the telephone, or
by mail. A Customer is not dependent on us —
we are dependent on him. A Customer is not an
interruption of our work — he is the purpose of
it. We are not doing him a favor by serving him
— he is doing us a favor by giving us the op-
portunity to do so. A Customer is not an out-
sider in our business — he is part of it. A Cus-
tomer is not someone to argue or match wits
with. Nobody ever won an argument with a

Customer." — Paul T. Babson

from Sales Management

When a Norwalk, Conn., woman phoned the service
branch, demanding: "Where do I send the bill? While
backing my car out of our drive into the street, I
smashed into one of your trucks and put a gouge in
my fender! ", the manager calmly advised: "Just be
brave, madam, and tell your husband."

One customer, detecting strange burning odors in
his receiver, gazed in astonishment as RCA's "extermi-
nators " removed several electrocuted mice from his
highly-polished cabinet. '"They must have come inside
the set from tiie factory; ue don"t have mice!" was the
reply.

One service manager succeeded in reuniting a
Rockaway, N. Y., couple whom television had
estranged. The day after their set was installed it needed
adjustment, at which point Mr. X upbraided his spouse
for spending all that money for nothing. Blows were
exchanged, neighbors called in police, and wife went
home to mother as the first step in divorce proceedings.
With the best of intentions, the RCA manager talked
to both parties and arranged to have a new receiver
delivered two days later. The manager was duly cha-

24 RADIO AGE

grmcd when Mr. X stormed into his office with these
words; "I've been trying to ^et rid of that old b.ittle-
axe for 10 years, and now when I have a perfect ex-
cuse you have to go and ruin it!"

Although medieval armor is not in vogue these
days, many a bruised TV mechanic would welcome its
protection. Such was the case of the eager young tech-
nician who, having erected a difficult rooftop antenna,
stepped back to admire his work. When he landed on
the hard ground, the mistress of the house asked if he

had knocked any slate from the roof. "Lady, I came
down too fast to count them!" was his bewildered reply.

A similar incident occurred on Long Island during
the blizzard of 1947. While mounting an antenna, the
sers'iceman slipped off the icy rooftop, landed in a
snowdrift and, somewhat disheveled, rang the doorbell.
After reviving the astonished housewife, who fainted
at the sight of him, the technician completed the in-
stallation.

If a homeowner wants to know how solidly his
house is constructed, serviceman Clark can tell him.
He tests all ceilings and beams these days, before start-
ing work. While rigging an antenna in the unfinished
attic of a Bronx dwelling, Clark lost his footing, slipped
between two beams, crashed through the ceiling, and
landed on a card table surrounded by a ladies bridge club.

The Sers-ice Company's unusual case histories are
not without their share of international flavor. A penni-
less oriental prince, posing as a bona fide UN delegate,
stormed into headquarters demanding immediate and
very special TV sers'ice. Investigation revealed that he
lived over a cheap 52nd Street nightclub, but through
some scheme received his mail and phone calls at Lake
Success.

Two RCA technicians have the distinction of be-
ing invited into a Russian inner sanctum. The dubious

duo set out for the Russian Embassy, housed on the
Morgan Estate at Glen Cove, Long Island. They were
"welcomed" at the gate by heavily-armed uniformed
guards who escorted them to the mansion. Inside two
other guards, this time with mere revolvers, scrutinized
the entire procedure. When the technicians ran the
TV feed line down from the attic, their Soviet '"helpers"
tried to stop them on the grounds that this would make
the pictures come in upside down. After completing
the installation, our heroes were upbraided because the
receiver "would not tune in Russia, where television
was invented".

In direct contrast was the temporary TV installation
made for the President of a South American republic
during his New York visit. In an effort to cement Latin-
American relations RCA's technician tried to give im-
mediate service, but was asked to come back at 5 p.m.,
as the President was taking his siesta. When he re-
turned at the appointed hour, the serviceman had to
wait in the hotel lobby until the dignitary, properly
garbed in his dinner clothes, could receive him.

A simple address on the day's schedule often turns
out to be a virtual obstacle course for the dauntless
serviceman. One call — a confectionery store in Gar-
field, N. J. — was in reality a "horse parlor." The RCA
technician rang the bell and knocked loudly, but re-
ceived no answer. A bystander gave him a second ad-

dress which proved to be a Social Club. Here he was
referred to a third address where he finally found a
man with a key to the confectionery store in which the
TV set was located.

Whether they have to climb a steep slope to a hill-
billy's shack, or row out to a house built on stilts, service
crews generally accomplish their missions. Unless, as
happened in Paterson, N. J., the technicians try to in-
stall a TV receiver in a Turkish Bath on "Ladies Day".
(Continued on page 32)

RADIO AGE 25

Radio Message Circles Globe
to Open Atomic Display

radio message sent around the world returned
to its originating point in New York, via Tangier,
Manila and San Francisco, and activated a uranium pile
which, in turn, exploded a magnesium charge that
officially opened the Armed Forces Week Exhibition at
the Seventh Regiment Armory on May 14. The message,
addressed to the Armed Forces, was tapped out by
Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board,
Radio Corporation of America.

General Sarnofl's message, which traveled over the
RCA Communications' worldwide system, said:

"May this globe-encircling radio message, opening
the Armed Forces Week 'Atoms for Peace' Exhibition
at the 7th Regiment Armory in New York, spread the
seed of hope around the world that the electron and the
atom will be harnessed for peace, security and freedom
for all mankind. "

The sample of uranium employed in the startling
demonstration was supplied by Dr. John R. Dunning,
Dean of the School of Engineering, Columbia Uni-
versity. By prearrangemenr. Dr. Dunning's fission de-
vice, containing U-235 uranium atoms, was connected
at the Armory terminal point to the RCA circuit. The
final impulse from the radio message caused the ura-
nium to activate. Flashes from the splitting atoms were
visible on a 20-inch oscilloscope.

The Exhibition featured weapons and special de-
vices of the Army, Navy and Air Force, as well as
products and services of RCA, which sponsored the
Oak Ridge exhibit as an education service.

The atomic energy display comprised a series of
vivid portrayals showing how the atom works and its
use in medicine, agriculture and industry. Through
animated devices and panoramic illustrations, visitors
were able to follow the advancement of atomic energy
through the years and beyond to an outlook of what
the future holds for the atom.

Among the exhibits with special popular appeal
were the working model of a "Van de GrafT Electrostatic
Generator, and the Dime Irradiator. In demonstrating
the Generator, a subject standing on an insulated plat-
form laid one hand on the terminal of a high- voltage

Brig. General David Sarnoff tapped out the "round-the-
world" message which set ofF a radioactive charge,
thereby ofFicioily opening the Armed Forces Week Ex-
hibition in New York City.

device. The electrostatic charge, passing into the sub-
ject's body, caused his hair literally to "stand on end".
An attendant explained that the electric repulsion cor-
responded to the force which propels subatomic parti-
cles used for bombarding atoms in nuclear experiments.

The Dime Irradiator, in the form of a miniature
atomic pile, illustrated the production of radio i.sotopes.
When dimes were inserted and bombarded by neutrons
from a sample of polonium-beryllium, the silver pieces
became sufficiently radioactive to activate a Geiger-
MuUer counter.

The RCA displays included a new lightweight
walkie-talkie produced for the Armed Forces, the latest
model electron microscope, an electronic counter which
can measure time-periods in millionths of a second, and
two-way radiotelephone units which have been widely
accepted by police and fire departments and industrial
companies for installation on their fleets of trucks.

26 RADIO AGE

WNBT begins Transmissions from
New Television Antenna

ftcr 1 1 months of work atop the Empire State
Building, durini; which progress was often delayed by
weather conditions which made it impossible for even
iron-nerved riggers to fabricate the steelwork. NBC's
new permanent antenna for station WNBT went into
regular operation on June II. NBC was the first to
transmit telecasts from the 215-foot mast which crowns
the building tower a quarter of a mile above the street.

Four other television stations — WJZ-TV. WABD,
WPIX and WCBS-TV'— which are to share the spire
with WNBT. are expected to start transmissions from
their respective antennas during coming months.

"The Stan of operations." said O. B. Hanson. NBC
Vice President and Chief Engineer." marks the begin-
ning of a new era in television transmission. Rising
high above New York City, the antenna is an example
of the fine cooperation rendered the project by the
broadcasting companies in their effort to provide better
service to the viewing public."

The super-turnstile RCA antenna of WNBT. from
its position on top of the tower structure 1.465 feet
above street level, is expected to assure high-quality
program ser\-ice for New York City and the metropoli-
tan area. Engineers contend that television reception
will now be improved in the fringe areas thereby mak-
ing programs available to a larger audience.

Development of the electronic phases of the Empire
State television antennas was conducted by the Radio
Corporation of America, under the guidance of a com-
mittee consisting of Hanson and Dr. Frank G. Kear. of
the consulting engineering firm of Kear and Kennedy,
Washington, D.C.. the latter representing Empire State,
Inc.. owners of the building.

The actual installation of the tower and antennas is
considered a remarkable technical achievement with-
out precedent in electronic communications. It was ac-
complished under difficult working conditions and pre-
sented many unforeseen problems. Weather w.is the
biggest enemy of the project. Strong winds, storms,
rain, cold and ice delayed activity sometimes for weeks
at a time. The steel workers who climbed the pre-
carious tower to install and adjust the antennas could
work only under the most favorable weather conditions.
Frequently, only one or two hours of work was possible
in a full day. Ironically, there were numerous days when

Station WNBT recently began regular transmissions

from the new 215-foot television most atop the

Empire State Building.

the weather on the ground was fair, the sun shining
and the temperature mild, while high on the tower the
wind blew in near-gale force.

The Empire State Building is the site from which
NBC engineers pioneered the development of video
transmission. It is recognized as the cradle of modern
television.

The new super-turnstile is the sixth antenna to be
placed in operation by NBC in the 20 years it has been
transmitting from the Empire State. The single antenna
will serve a three-fold purpose. It will transmit the TV
picture, the T\' sound and the station's FM programs
by a device known as triplexing.

RADIO AGE 27

Who watches Television . . !
how much . . ! when

. oday's average television program produces a payoff
of 36,000 extra customers in the New York metro-
politan area alone for each brand it advertises, and de-
livers 15.6 extra customers per month for each dollar
invested in television advertising — less than seven cents
per extra customer.

This and other startling and significant facts con-
cerning the unparalleled sales effectiveness of television
are revealed in "Television Today, Its Impact on People
and Products", prepared from a new survey conducted
for NBC.

Under the overall supervision of Edward D. Madden,
NBC Vice President in Charge of Television Operations
and Sales, field work for the survey was undertaken by
the Psychological Workshop of Hofstra College, under
the direction of Dr. Matthew N. Chappell. The sample
design for the study was developed by Willard Simmons,
outstanding authority in the field. Development of the
entire study and the analysis of its findings were handled
by a special NBC research staff headed by Dr. Thomas
E. Coffin.

Of prime importance in the findings of the new
survey were results which show that:

1. Adult owners of television sets spend 21 4 hours
a day watching television. They devote more
time, every day, to television than to radio,
newspapers and magazines combined.

2. Time spent by all family heads, whether or not
they are owners of television sets, shows radio
winning IVi hours a day from the average family
head. Television, with 73 minutes a day as an
average among set-owners and non-owners to-
gether, wins more time than newspapers and
magazines combined. Newspapers command a
little more than three-quarters of an hour a day,
while magazines garner only 13 minutes a day.

3. A comparison of similar types of products ad-
vertised during the day and in the evening re-
veals that daytime TV delivers 18.7 extra cus-
tomers per dollar; evening, 18.6. The similarity
of the results is eloquent in itself.

4. Multiple-brand shows (where several brands are
advertised on one program), the survey reveals,

produce better than the average number of extra
customers per dollar for each brand, whether
they are high-budget or low-budget shows. This
includes multiple-brand shows sponsored by a
single advertiser, such as the "Colgate Comedy
Hour", and participation programs like the
"Kate Smith Show" and "Your Show of Shows".
The two last-mentioned programs deliver, re-
spectively, 38.8 and 36.8 extra customers per
dollar. Each of these programs, which represent
new sales concepts pioneered by NBC, is de-
livering twice as many customers per dollar as
the average television show.

Based on 5,067 completed interviews with male and
female heads of households in the 16 counties of the
New York metropolitan area (51*^ set saturation) in
a two-month period ending Jan. 23, 1951, the survey
findings cover four main areas of inquiry:

1. The television audience as a market.

2. Television sales effectiveness for both package
goods and durables.

3. The payoff in terms of extra customers per TV
advertising dollar.

4. The relative effectiveness of various television
techniques.

The questionnaire utilized in the survey covered the
viewing of 111 television programs on the air at tiie

TIME SPENT ON MAJOR MEDIA BY TV OWNERS

MAGAZINES . r~T»^J^3J-

NEWSPAPERS.

more time on

TELEVISION

than all others combined

28 RADIO AGE

DAY or NIGHT television?

extra customers per dollar

daytime

{^ii '•"""''

18.7

time; a total of 102 hours of programming a week,
covering all networks and representing approximately
75^c of all network programs available to viewers.
There were 187 different brands of packaged goods and
durables advertised on these programs.

In establishing the TV audience as a market with
its own panicular characteristics, the study found that
there are more people in television homes than in non-
television homes, 62 more per 100 families. Television
families have a higher income than non-television
families, an average of $644 more a year, or $50 a
month per family. This difference, when projected to
the entire market, grows to a billion and a half dollars
more annual income for New York television families.
As concrete evidence of the purchasing power of the
television audience, the survey points out that 73.2%
of all new cars sold in the New York area in the past
six months were bought by television families.

In the light of today's higher television costs, in-
creased set ownership and the heightened competitive
situation, the current survey points up the fact that the
1949 NBC-Hofstra report showed that television de-
livered a payoff of 11.6 extra customers per dollar in-
vested in television advertising for the 15 brands studied.
Today's comparable figure for these brands is 11.8.
Speaking conservatively TV today is delivering as many
new customers for the advertiser's dollar as it did two
years ago. The report poses the question: In how
many other fields does the dollar buy as much today as
it did rwo years ago?

In considering the relative effectiveness of television
techniques, the survey's primary consideration was to
point out to the users of the medium how to use TV
most effectively. It notes that the findings are not rules,
bur guides, based on results obtained by advertisers al-
ready using television.

Findings indicate that there is a defmite cumulative
ctfect in television advertising. Some of the brands
checked had been on TV for less than 13 weeks. For
the.se neophytes, TV created 9.9 extra customers per
month for each dollar invested. There is a steady in-
crease of extra customers that parallels the length of
time of TV advertising. Brands using the medium over
15 months had built up to a level of 20.0 extra cus-
tomers— a cost of only five cents a customer.

The most efficient commercials, the survey shows,
are those which are well-liked. Sales messages which
irritate the viewer bring only half as many extra cus-
tomers to the product for the TV dollar. Findings in-
dicate that 6l.5Cr of viewers like the average com-
mercial with dislike evidenced by only 6.4Tf .

High-budget shows, those with weekly program
costs above $17,000 per production hour, deliver about
one-quarter more extra customers per dollar than the
average program, the survey shows. High-rated shows,
those with a rating of 20 or more in the New York
area, produce approximately 50'^c more extra customers
per dollar than the average.

The New York market, the study points out, had
51% TV set saturation at the beginning of 1951. By
October of this year, 25 of the top markets in the
United States will have at least 51% set saturation. At
that time there will be some 14,000,000 television
homes in the country.

SALES RESULTS: 143 TV PROGRAMS

TV OWNERS

PACKAGt
GOODS

more customers
among viewers

In conclusion, the survey notes that NBC is first in
coverage of the television audience with an average of
42 stations per program, first in programs with seven
of the 10 top-rated shows, first in audience with 2,-
294,000 homes reached per sponsored program, and
first among advertisers with 4914 total weekly spon-
sored hours.

RADIO AGE 29

Radio Technicians go to work on

the ^^Mothball Fleet

ifr^

By Forrest H. Flanders

Chie^ Service Technician

Radiomarine Corp. of America

Baltifnore, Maryland

J- leecs of \var-f;imous "Liberty" ships which, for nearly
six years, have been swinging idly at anchor in Ameri-
can backwaters, are now being reactivated in busthng
repair shipyards ail over the country. Among the crews
of skilled workmen who refit, overhaul and refurbish
these cargo vessels are crack technicians of the Radio-
marine Corporation of America. It is their job to bring
to life the radio pulsations which serve as eyes, ears,
and voice for every type of seagoing craft.

Mass-produced during World War II to be the
sturdy workhorses of the Merchant Marine, the un-
lovely Liberties fell into disregard at the war's end.
Some were converted hurriedly into makeshift trans-
ports to speed our soldiers home, others were examined
by friendly foreign interests and purchased to replenish
their decimated merchant fleets. A few that were en-
tirely worn out had to be scrapped for valuable steel
they contained.

Not considered worthy of the elaborate and costly
lay-up procedure accorded our Navy vessels, the Liberties
were given a minimum of treatment before going out
of service. Fittings and spare parts were inventoried
and stored in cargo spaces below the decks. To serve
as armor against the inevitable onslaught of rust in years
to come, each vessel was made weathertight with a
special red preparation, oily in texture, which was
sprayed on all machinery and steel fittings, as well as
on the outside surfaces of hull and cabins.

Once the Liberty ships had been laid up in sheltered
waterways, it was doubtful that they would ever be
used again. Maritime planners considered the vessels
"too slow" to be of future use. But before larger and

A Radiomarine technician makes a thorough inspection
of equipment in the ship's radio room.

faster ships had passed the blueprint stage, a new global
menace became a reality. Again it was necessary to
transport cargoes to friendly nations and supplies to
American soldiers abroad. It is for this purpose that
Liberty ships are to be sent back to sea.

As rapidly as possible, the Liberties are being towed
to repair yards and eased into drydock where scores of
workmen stand ready to begin their special tasks. In-
spectors look over that portion of the hull normally
below waterline, while other workmen wrap the hull
with a web of staging from which a crew, armed with
chemicals and brushes, can wash away the protective
oil coating. Inside the vessel, government ofiicials check
inventoried equipment stored on board, and white-
coveralled engineers, deep in the engine room, shout
orders in booming voices necessitated by the din of ma-
chinery.

Less publicized but equally important, nevertheless,
is the part played by Radiomarine technicians. No in-
tricate staging need be erected for the overhauling of
the ship's complicated radio and electronic equipment.
Shortly after the arrival of each vessel in drydock, one or
two Radiomarine inspectors laden with tool boxes and
test equipment, pick their way across the cluttered decks
to the radio room.

Despite all lay-up precautions, much must be done

30 RADIO AGE

to rehabilitate the radio equipment tor the corrosive
salt air has had many hours in which to penetrate man's
protective efforts. The hugh gray steel unit containing
Radiomarine transmitters, receivers and automatic dis-
tress alarm was coated with the oily rust preventative,
even though, the copper-clad steel which Radiomarine
uses in its equipment is no easy victim to rust.

VC'ith the outside of the unit shining clean, the real
work is yet to begin. Switches must be lubricated and
sensitive relays burnished to a jewel brightness. When
power is available from the engine room, the units are
put into actual operation for the test. Little trouble is
e.xperienced as the equipment is rugged and designed
for all climatic conditions. The rare failure of a com-
ponent is quickly localized and the faulty part replaced
by the technicians.

Hea\7 storage batteries, used to supply power to
fMirtions of the radio equipment in event of failure of
the ship's main generators, must be replaced. Years of
lay-up with no attention extracts a penalty that lead-
acid batteries cannot survive.

A variety of antennas, each having a specific func-
tion, must be erected between the masts. Usually new-
wire and insulators must be provided to replace the old
which have a way of becoming broken or lost during
the long lay-up period.

The radio direction-finder, usually located in the
chart room near the wheelhouse, requires its share of
attention. Its panel is scrubbed and scoured and com-
ponents cleaned and tested until the technician is con-
fident that performance will be unfailing when called
upon.

After a short stay in dry-dock, this sturdy Liberty ship
once again will look like new.

Broadcast receivers, together with a network of
loudspeakers, placed on board by the government dur-
ing the war to entertain ollicers and crew, are checked
and repaired if necessary. These receivers were fur-
nished to repl.ice personal broadcast sets which men-
aced [he ship's safety. Inexpensive radios often act as
miniature transmitters and emit a squeal that could be
picked up miles away by sensitive equipment of enemy
submarines. The Government-furnished sets did not
iiavc this drawback. Personal radios are no longer pro-
hibited but habit dies hard and the ship's entertainment
receiver is a convenience that has grown to a necessity
.ind must therefore be accorded technical attention.

During this brief shipyard visit some Liberty vessels
are being equipped with the latest type of Radiomarine
radar. This involves close cooperation with other ship-
yard craftsmen who are called upon to erect a sturdy
mast to support the revolving radar scanner. 'Vast prog-
ress has been made in the design of radar since the
Liberty was first built and Radiomarine, always acutely
aware of marine requirements, has engineered one of
the finest and most sensitive units.

VC'ith gleaming new antenna wire strung between
the masts and renovated equipment in place below, the
Liberty is ready for her final inspection by Federal au-
thorities. This inspection determines her fitness for the
awards of certificates attesting that she meets all legal
requirements and constitutes a seaworthy addition to
our merchant fleet.

Radiomarine still has a task to perform. The ac-
curacy of the direction finder must be checked at the
nearest lighthouse having a radio beacon. This takes
place usually only a few miles from the port of depar-
ture. Upon arrival in this vicinity, the vessel's speed is
slackened and the pilot orders that the ship be steered
to travel in a huge circle. Radio bearings are taken at
frequent intervals while simultaneous sight observations
are recorded by one of the deck officers. Comparison
between the radio and sight bearings discloses the
amount of error introduced into the direction finder by
adjacent steel masts, guy wires and other structures.
These errors always prevail but, with the knowledge of
their value, the Radiomarine direction finder can be
compensated to eliminate the mental calculation other-
wise necessary to obtain an accurate bearing.

Adjustments completed, the technician, after a hand-
shake with the captain, climbs down a rope ladder into
the launch below. A parting salute from the horn of
the launch as it heads for shore is answered by the deep
whistle-blast of the larger vessel as she picks up speed.
There is an exhilarating tone to that whistle, bestowed
by a realization that another Liberty has been reborn
and is ready to serve her country again.

fi/4D/0 f<Gi 31

TV Servicemen

(Continued from page 25)

On occasion the impossible rears its defiant head
to stump the most experienced serviceman. Witness
the time one tried to locate the source of heavy inter-
ference on a Bronx set located in a good reception area.
The enterprising RCA man finally gained entrance to
an unfinished attic which had been closed off for over
10 years. Here he found lighted an old, chattering car-
bon bulb, apparently installed by the workers who
had run the original electric line up to the attic. Once
this obstacle was removed, reception was perfect.

Another baffled family had to choose between video
and heat, until a technician solved the mystery. When
the new TV set was tuned in, the oil burner quietly
ended operations. RCA's sleuth discovered that a re-
ceiver should never be located under a thermostat —
especially in winter weather.

The famous case of Brooklyn's "Bessie" is familiar
to RCA "V.I.P.'s and servicemen alike. She has called
them all. Bessie purchased an expensive projection-
type receiver, and then complained bitterly and fre-
quently that the picture got fuzzy every night at 9
o"clock. After countless check-ups, which revealed no
trouble, the branch manager went to her home each
night for a week to see this phenomenon for himself.
It turned out that Bessie was not exactly a teetotaler,
and, as might be expected, the picture to her eyes some-
times got fuzzy. Since it isn't wise to tell a customer
that she may be seeing things, the manager made mo-
tions of adjusting several knobs behind the set, whereby
the complainant was temporarily happy.

One distinguished serviceman can testify to the
fact that appearances are indeed deceiving. His was
the task of installing a receiver in the Brooklyn State
Hospital. He had no problem gaining entrance to the
institution, but leaving was another story. Guards de-
tained him for nearly an hour, confident that he was
one of their mental patients, ma,squerading as a televi-
sion engineer.

A few months later the same man was "locked up"
again, this time by a conniving housewife who refused
to let him leave until he had put in all the screens in
her six-room house.

When the telephone rings in a Service Company
branch office, the staff members are prepared for any-
thing. One woman demanded that they put a shade on
the screen of her set so the TV performers couldn't
spy on her; another requested them to "pull up the
shade in front of the orchestra" on her receiver, which
was actually showing a test pattern with canned music.

A retired schoolteacher was convmced that television
was making her radioactive, while an expectant mother
asked if metal-cone tubes really gave off a harmful ray.
Dozens of calls have come in requesting servicemen to
install films in the TV instruments.

Back in 1947, when receiver sales were skyrocketing
faster than the Service Company could expand its staff,
things were really hectic. Installation orders had reached
a three-week backlog and people offered all kinds of
gifts in return for immediate installations. Service trucks
returned cases of whiskey, suits, jewelry, pens, and
numerous gadgets which hopeful customers sent in with
cards attached. Hundreds of written requests were re-
ceived from doctors who claimed they wouldn't be
responsible for their patients if the latter had to look
any longer at unopened cartons containing their long-
awaited television sets.

In those trying days, the serviceman was king.
One particular technician named Sweeney was assigned
to the Park Avenue trade because of his engaging per-
sonality. Monday through Friday, Sweeney never bought
a meal. He had breakfast with the maid, lunch with the
woman of the house or her daughter, and dinner with
the whole family. Judges, bankers, and vice presidents
called for him by name when they wanted service.

At the peak of the early demand for TV sets,
eager owners were willing to make almost any sacrifice
for a clearer glimpse of Uncle Miltie or a championship
fight. Some even insisted on having full-size antenn.is
erected indoors in any spot where reception was best.
One family had such an antenna in the bathtub, an-
other, under the bed, and several had masts mounted
on the bedposts. A swank Forest Hills apartment owner
agreed to put his antenna on the dining room table.
The family dined between dipoles.

Which only goes to prove that the customer may
not always be right — but he wants what he wants
where he wants it. Any serviceman will agree to that!

32 RADIO AGE

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

TOBER
951

h. K

ladio

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 1

• MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
IROAOCASTING* TELEVISION

ICTOBER 1951

OVER

stochments of U. S. Marines
id Merchant Marine cadets
spear before color television
imeras of the U. S. Mer-
ont Marine Academy, Kings
lint, N. Y., OS a feature of
e progroms presented dur-
g recent field tests of RCA's
l-electronic compatible color
levision system.

I 0 T I C E

Vhcn requesting a chonge in moiling
iddrcti please include the code letters
md numbers which oppeor with the
lencilled address on the envelope.

todio Age is pub/ished quarterly b/
he Deportment of Information, Radio
Corporation of America, 30 Rocke-
etter Plaza. New yorfc 20, N. Y.

CONTENTS

Page

Color Television on Theatre Size Screen 3

Sarnoff Challenges Scientists 5

Five Types of Tri-Color Kinescopes 8

JollifFe and Engstrom Promoted to New Posts 10

Germans View American Television 11

by Richard C. Hooper

Good Times Ahead for TV 14

by J. B. EllloU

History of RCA Institutes 15

by C. E. Tomson

"Firsts" in Transcontinental Communications 16

If the Sound is Audible — RCA Can Record It 18

by James P. Davis

For the Defense of Cities 20

RCA Victor Introduces New Television Receivers 22

Radio is Here to Stay 23

by William S. Hedges

Mrs. Horton Succeeds Arthur E. Broun on RCA Board 24

Speeds Preparation of Specimens for Electron Microscope Analysis 24

Weather Mode to Order 25

Electronic "Detective" Spots Foreign Metal Particles 26

Television Used to Demonstrate Techniques in Animal Surgery . . 27

'TV Station on Wheels" for Army 28

21 -Inch Kinescope Uses Full Screen Area 29

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, NY.

DAVID SARNOFF. Chorrmon ol ihe Board
LEWIS MocCONNACH, Secretory

FRANK M. FOLSOM, Prej.denf
ERNEST B. GORIN, Treasurer

Services of RCA ore;
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Compony, Inc. • RCA internotionol Division
Notional Broadcasting Compony, Inc. • Rodiomorine Corporation of America
RCA Communications, Inc. • RCA Loborotories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

Printed in U.S.A.

ti®

DAVID SARNOFF

COMMEMORATING THE EORTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY
OF DAVID SARNOFF'S ENTRY INTO THE FIELD OF RADIO
ON SEPTEMBER 30, 1906, THIS PLAQUE IS DEDICATED BY HIS
ASSOCIATES IN THE RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA
AS A SYMBOL OF THEIR ESTEExM AND ADMIRATION.

AS A PIONEER OF WIRELESS, HE HAS CONTRIBUTED
IMMEASURABLY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO,
TELEVISION AND ELECTRONICS AS NEW SERVICES TO THE
NATION AND TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.

A CREATIVE CRUSADER OF PROGRESS ENDOWED WITH
A PENETRATING VISION, DAVID SARNOFF HAS CONTINUALLY
LED THE WAY ACROSS NEW FRONTIERS IN SCIENCE, ART
AND INDUSTRY TO MAKE THE UNIVERSE VIBRANT WITH
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS.

THESE LABORATORIES, THE RCA VICTOR PLANTS, THE
RCA WORLD-WIDE RADIO CIRCUITS AND THE NBC RADIO-
TELEVISION NEl WORKS, SYMBOLIZE HIS FAITH IN SCIENCE, HIS
CONSTRUCTIVE PLANNING AND ENDIIRING ACHIEVEMENTS.

DAVID SARNOFF'S WORK, LEADERSHIP AND GENIUS
COMPRISE RADIOS PREEMINENT RECORD OF THE PAST,
TELEVISION'S BRILLIANT PERFORMANCE OF THE PRESENT,
AND A RICH LEGACY IN COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE.

THIS LABORAIORY OF RCA IS NAMED
THE DAVID SARNOFF RESEARCH CENTER

SEPTEMBER 30, 1951

This bronze plaque, commemorating General SarnofF's 45 years in the field of radio, has been
placed in the entrance foyer of the David Sarnoff Research Center at Princeton, N.J.

Color Tclcx'ision on Theatre Size Screen

-s AN impressive climax to its most recent field
tests of all-electronic compatible color television, which
were held in New York and VCasiiington from October
9 to 19, RCA brought the series to a close with a four-
day demonstration of theatre-size color TV at the
Colonial Theatre in New York. In addition to the thou-
sands who viewed the programs on direct view receivers
installed in Radio City and in an NBC Studio in Wash-
ington, an even greater number were admitted to see
the large-screen images. Representatives of the press,
radio and theatre industries, and the public were unani-
mous in praise of the lifelike color, clarity and brightness
of the pictures. At the same time, untold thousands were
able to witness the programs in bl.uk-and-white on their
home receivers, an accomplishment made po-ssibie by
the compatible feature of the RCA system.

The color programs were transmitted over WNBT
New York, and WNDW in >X'ashington. Furthermore,
to demonstrate the adaptability of the system to existing
network f.icilities, the signals were sent to Washington
over both co.ixial cable and microwave relay. There the
pictures were observed by the Washington press, mem-
bers of the Cabinet, of Congress, tiie Federal Communi-
cations (Commission and other interested groups.

In New York, capacity audiences watched the tests
on experimental direct view color television receivers in
the lounge of the Center Theatre. Radio City. As an aid
to a surs'ey of public reaction to the RCA tests, viewers
were asked to note their comments on printed question-
naires supplied by the Opinion Research Corporation of
Princeton, N. J.

The morning programs at 10 o'clock were transmit-
ted on Channel 4 in Washington and in New York by
the same transmitters that normally send out mono-
chrome television programs. Afternoon programs, at
2:15 and -1:00, were transmitted by closed circuits from
the studio to the viewing points in the two cities.

Throughout the duration of the tests, three programs
were st.iged daily in NBC's studio 3H, supplemented by
outdoor pickups. Starring in the presentations was
Nanette Fabray, Broadway songstress who acted as mis-
tress of ceremonies. Others who appeared were Dorothy
Keller and Earl Barton, novelty dancers: Gail Manners
and Arthur Maxwell, vocalists, supported by a waltz
team in a 'Viennese number: George Burton's lovebirds
and a select group of fashion models. Ben Grauer .icted
.as commentator.

As an added feature to test progress in color tele-
vision pickups out of doors, an RCA-NBC mobile color
television unit transmitted scenes from Palis.ide Amuse-

RADIO AGE 3

ment Park, New Jersey. Microwaves carried the outdoor
scenes to WNBT.

In a completely unscheduled exposure to the ele-
ments, the mobile camera unit proved its ability to
operate under conditions far from ideal for outdoor
pickups. While one of the programs was under way
from Palisade Park, the skies darkened and a heavy
shower of rain fell on the participants. Instead of
adversely affecting the screen images, the diffused light-
ing produced excellent color textures. The only pre-
caution taken by the mobile crew was to throw weather-
proof covers over the color cameras.

To show the large screen images at the Colonial
Theatre, use was made of apparatus consisting primarily
of the RCA tri-color receiver-projector developed under
the direction of Dr. David W. Epstein of tiie David
SarnofT Research Center of RCA. The receiver-projector
was described as a painstakingly achieved refinement of
one demonstrated by RCA in 1947 at The Franklin In-
stitute in Philadelphia."

Although the unit at the Colonial was mounted in
the audience section for the demonstration, it was stated
that subsequent models will be designed for a longer
projection, permitting installation on theatre balconies.
It was further explained that there is no reason why the

Dr. David Epstein of the David SarnofT Research Center

at the controls of the RCA tri-color receiver-projector

v/hich provided theatre size screen images during recent

field tests in New York.

RCA receiver-projector cannot be made to project pic-
tures on full sized theatre screens up to 18 by 24 feet.

It was also pointed out that the projection apparatus
utilizes the same type of optical system employed in
RCA's black-and-white theatre television projectors, now
installed in theatres in New York, Philadelphia, Wash-
ington, Chicago, Los Angeles and other American cities.
It was recaUed that RCA conducted its first public dem-
onstration of big-screen black-and-white television pic-
tures, using a projection optical system installed in the
New Yorker Theatre ten years ago.

The improved receiver-projector employs three pow-
erful five-inch projection kinescopes, or picture tubes,
each coated with a phosphor which glows in one of three
primary colors — red, green, and blue. Powerful and ac-
curate projection lenses take the images from these
three picture tubes, each much smaller than those used
in present home television sets, and project these images
for perfect registration to blend into a brilliant full-color
picture on the big screen.

Special projection kinescopes achieve their bright-
ness and effectiveness, in large part, through advances
made by RCA since development of the original kine-
scope by Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice President and Tech-
nical Consultant of the RCA Laboratories Division.
Some of these advances, such as the design of electron
guns to operate at higher voltages, and the development
of efficient phosphors with a wider range of color, have

been under continuous research for many years.

Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board
of RCA, in praising the engineers for their achievement,
pointed out the three-fold piu-pose of the demonstration
at the Colonial Theatre: (1) To reveal how motion
picture theatres of the future may receive and project
color television programs on theatre-size screens; (2)
To show a new dimension of the compatibility of the
RCA color system with black-and-white television stand-
ards; (3) To prove that color television transmissions
can reach theatres satisfactorily by radio relay, coaxial
cable or on-the-air broadcasts.

"This is another effective test of the flexibility of
RCA's compatible, all-electronic color television system,
and the variety of valuable uses to which it can be put,
not only in homes, but in theatres across the nation,"
said General Sarnoff.

The brightness and clarity of the large-screen color
television pictures. General Sarnoff noted, were achieved
within present black-and-white broadcast standards. He
pointed out that because of this compatibility it was
possible with the RCA color theatre television equipment
to receive and project transmissions in either color or
black-and-white, without changing the apparatus. He
also declared that such transmissions can be taken from
on-the-air broadcasts of local stations, or over coaxial
cable or radio relay.

(Continued on Page 31)

One of the viewing rooms in the Center Theatre, New

York, where the public viewed programs transmitted by

the RCA compatible color television system.

Artist's interpretation of the large-screen color television

apparatus installed in the Colonial Theatre, New York,

for the October field tests.

4 RADIO AGE

Sarnoff Challenges Scientists of RCA
to Make Three Important Inventions

► rii;. Gt-ner.il David S.irnoff. Chairman of the Board
ot Radio Corporacion of America, speaking at a
ceremony in Princeton, N. J., on September 27, com-
memoratini; his •i5th anniversarj' in the field of radio.
told RCA research scientists that there are three impor-
tant inventions he would like to have them make
before he reaches his 50th radio anniversary in 1956-
Citing contributions RCA scientists already have
made to the advance of science and industf)'. General
Sarnoff asked them to invent an electronic amplifier of
light for television, a television picture recorder, and
an electronic air-conditioner for the home.

The occasion of the triple challenge to RCA scientists
was the dedication of RCA's Princeton laboratories as
the "David Sarnoff Research Center," in appreciation of
General Sarnoff's "faith in science, penetrating vision,
constructive planning and enduring achievements in the
fields of radio, television and electronics."

"I realize the challenge to your ingenuity in these
three new inventions I am asking for," General Sarnoff
said, "but I know that you can solve the problems
because you have an enviable record of accomplishment
in science."

The specifications for the three inventions are as
follows:

First, an electronic amplifier of light that would
provide brighter pictures for television which could be
projected in the home or theatre on a screen of any
desired size. An amplifier of sound gave radio a "loud-
speaker" and an amplifier of light would give television
a "big-looker." He named it a "Magnalux."

"A true photo-amplifier that could produce bigger
and brighter pictures in fine detail would greatly advance
television in the home." said General Sarnoff. "It is
also needed for theatres and industrial purposes. The
presently known optical systems cannot accomplish it.
We can, of course, enlarge pictures optically, but in the
process light is lost and the pictures become dimmer
instead of brighter. What is needed is a true amplifier
of light itself."

Second, a television picture recorder that would
record the video signals of television on an inexpensive
tape, just as music and speech are now recorded on a
phonograph disk or tape. Such recorded television

BRIG. GENERAL DAVID SARNOFF

"/ would like to ask you now . . . for three
presents that I wish you would give me some
time between now and my 50th Anniversary
in radio."

pictures could be reproduced in the home, or theatre, or
elsewhere, at any time. He called it a "Videograph."

"The television art needs an electronic recorder of
television picture signals," said General Sarnoff. "Today
when a television program is recorded, the pictures pass
from the camera through the major portion of the
television system and first reproduce ihe picture on the
face of a kinescope. Another and special camera placed
in front of the kinescope, photographs the program on
motion picture film. But that technique is costly, time-
consuming and limited. The pictures pass through all
the possible hazards of the television system, and then
through all the photographic process with its possible

RAD/O AGE 5

'LliWH'. .1 II l< HI

degradations. As a result, the recorded picture suffers
in quality.

"In contrast with present kinescope recordings on
film, the instantaneous recording of the actual television
picture signals on tape would be more economical,
would save time in processing, and would simplify cer-
tain problems of distribution. AlsO; it would solve the
national time-zone problem in telecasting. Any number
of copies of such tapes could be made instantaneously,
and copies could be preserved for historic reference or
other use. The Videograph would be a new instrument
that could reproduce television progrums from tape at
any time, in the home or elsewhere, in much the same
way as the present phonograph reproduces the music
you want when you want it.

Third, an electronic air-conditioner for the home
that would operate with tubes, or possibly through the
action of electrons in solids, and without moving parts.
It should be small, noiseless and inexpensive and should
fit into any size room. He named it "Electronair."

General Sarnoff called attention of the scientists to
the discovery and recent applications of electrons work-
ing in cold solids instead of heated vacuum tubes.

"Electrons in solids offer tremendous possibilities,"
said General Sarnoff, "and I bid you to harness them to
work in 'solid comfort,' instead of subjecting them to
red-hot heat. Indeed, cold electrons are a great challenge,
the promise of which is already manifested in tiny
transistors, now being developed for use as detectors
and amplifiers in radio, wire and cable communications.
You have succeeded in throwing away the spinning
wheels in television, and 1 am sure vou will also succeed

in discarding the wheels and noise in air-conditioners.

"These are essential inventions for which there is a
basic public need. They would expand existing industries
and create new ones, " said General Sarnoff. "I hope you
will have them ready for service by the time I celebrate
my 50th radio anniversary in 1956."

While some work has been done along the lines
indicated. General Sarnoff said, much work remains to
be done before practical solutions are found to the prob-
lems involved in these new developments

"Naturally, I look to the scientists and engineers of
RCA to be first in solving these problems," he continued.
"But it is in the American spirit of competition under
the private enterprise system that I call attention, pub-
licly, to the need for these inventions. Whether it be
the lone inventor in the attic, or the scientists in com-
peting industrial laboratories who will produce these
inventions, the results will spell new opportunities for
service and progress for all.

"1 realize the challenge to your ingenuity, but 1
know that you can solve the problems because you have
an enviable record of accomplishment in science and
invention.

"RCA scientists and engineers have made marvelous
contributions to the advance of science and industry,
especially in the realms of radio, radar, television and
electronics.

"World-wide communications, radio broadcasting,
talking pictures, microphones, phonographs and records,
public address systems and industrial devices have been
developed and advanced by RCA research and engi-
neering.

DR. C. B. JOLLIFFE

GEORGE DE SOUSA

''We are all tery happy to have you recognize
General Sarnofs interest in technical matters.
It is a pleasure for us to work with him . . ."

"General Samoa's outstanding achievements in
the service of RCA have justly earned for him
our highest admiration and devotion.''

have only turned its page one, in Chapter I of the
Electronic Age. So I bid you study well the past and
to achieve in the present by creating for the future.

DR. GANO DUNN
". . . David Sarnoff's life has been an inspiration
for me and I deeply feel the honor of being
asked to take part in this ce<emony."

"From RCA Laboratories have come the kinescope
— now the universally used television picture tube —
and the famous image orthicon television camera tube.
The electron microscope — the basic inventions in the
microwave radio relay — ultrafax — are the products of
your genius.

"Your research and inventive skills have produced
the present system of all-electronic black-and-white tele-
vision and the compatible color television system.

"The tri-color tube, which I consider to be a scientific
marvel of this age, has been created and developed by
the RCA.

"Through your explorations in space you have ex-
tended the radio spectrum for more and more useful
purposes. Through pioneering research in our labora-
tories and by experimentation at our Bridgeport station,
you have pioneered and opened up the ultra-high fre-
quencies to practical use. These achievements will ex-
tend the service of television to all parts of the Nation.

"Television in itself," said General SarnofT. "is like
a new book, and on each new page you turn you will
find new ide.is and challenges just as all inventors have
done in turning the pages of radio

"The wireless 1 knew 45 years' ago is not the radio
of today. The television you know now as pioneers
will not be the television of tomorrow. Indeed, we

Project "Typhoon"

"As busy as you arc in research, you may not have
had time to realize what your inventive skills mean to
our country and to the world. For example, consider the
project in our Laboratories known as 'Typhoon.' In
ilif p.isi tlie design of guided missiles has necessitated
,ui expensive trial and error process. There was no
guarantee that a new missile would perform as ex-
pected. Now, through a super-brain known as an elec-
tronic computer equipped with 4,000 electron tubes,
designed and built by RCA Laboratories in cooperation
with the Bureau of Aeronautics, U. S. Navy Depart-
ment, missile design has been greatly simplified and
speeded with mathematical accuracy.

"Within the past ten months nearly 1,000 test runs
of proposed guided missiles iiave been made before the
missiles were actually built and llowii This has saved
our government 5250,000,000.

"This latest computer has contributed so effectively
to the guided missile research program of the United
States that years of valuable time as well as hundreds
of millions of dollars are being saved in the develop-
ment of these important weapons.

"You who work directly in the research fields of
radio and television may find new ideas and challenges
in the fact that your brother scientists working in
nuclear physics in our Laboratories have successfully de-
rived electrical voltages from radioactive materials. This
achievement- — still in its initial stages — holds tre-
mendous promise for the future."

A bronze plaque, (see frontispiece) unveiled at the
luncheon in General Sarnoff's honor, was presented by
Gano Dunn, President of The J. G. White Engineering
Corporation, and Director of the Radio Corporation of
America. Included in the many congratulatory messages
received by General Sarnoff and read at the luncheon
were telegrams from President Truman and Governor
Dewey. Said the President:

"Congratulations on your forty-live years of great
achievements in the field of radio, television and elec-
tronics. Through your leadership in American indus-
trial life and in science, you have contributed immensely
to the growth of America and its preeminence in com-
munication. It is most fitting therefore that RCA Labo-
ratories at Princeton be named the 'David Sarnoff Re-

I Continued on Page 31)

RADIO AGE 7

BHHl^

Five Types of Tri-Color Kinescopes

Vast Scope of Research and Engineering in Developing Electronic
Picture Tubes jor Color lelerisiun Diselosul by RCA

im;losing the vast scope of its research and
engineering in developing electronic picture tubes
for color television, the Radio Corporation of America
announced on October 23 that it has built at least five
types of tri-color tubes, each one capable of operation
on all known television systems, including the RCA
compatible all-electronic system, as well as the field
sequential method and standard black-and-white.

The announcement coincided with publication of
eleven technical papers by RCA scientists and engineers,
making public their work on various aspects of color
television tube design, in the October issue of the Pro-
ceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

The five types of color television tubes illustrate
basic designs covering a wide range of principles, ac-
cording to Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President of the
RCA Laboratories Division. He said that RCA research
scientists have studied and investigated many ideas and
concepts of color picture tubes, including some later
shown by persons outside of RCA.

Dr. Engstrom pointed out that the five prototypes
of tubes developed by RCA include those employing
viewing screens formed of color phosphors arranged in
patterns of dots, lines and checkerboard. Although the
dot structure has been adopted for the tri-color tube
now used experimentally in the RCA compatible color
television system, other designs, he said, can incorporate
any one of the several screen textures or a variation of
them, without affecting the system.

In commenting on the information, which the tech-
nical papers make available to the industrv, Dr. Engstrom
said:

"Tiie development of the tri-color picture tube is
one of the outstanding scientific achievements to come
out of the electronic industry since the end of the war.
The selection by RCA of one particular tube as a pro-
duction model does not mean that the other tubes are
not promising. Practical reasons made it desirable, at
this time, to narrow the choice to one tube for pilot-
plant production. By initially concentrating the major
part of our work on five tubes instead of one, we had a
five-fold better chance of coming up with one which
would be best suited to our present needs."

Tiie scope of the effort in\olved in the development
of the tri-color tubes is indicated by the fact that several
hundred people, recruited from many different Divisions
of the Corporation, were involved in the project.

Engineering details for the tri-color tube RCA is
using in current field tests were turned over to the
television industr)' in July, 1951, together with actual
working models.

"As an objective for a good color reproducer," Dr.
Engstrom continued, "we aimed at a tube which would
give us good color, would perform on any known color
system, and would also reproduce pictures in black-and-
white from present television broadcasts.

"The RCA tri-color tube now being used meets all
these requirements. It is a high performance tube. It
provides high-qualit)' color pictures and it operates with
all known television systems. It does not impose external
limiting factors on picture size."

Dr. Engstrom also said that "RCA's wide engineering
and manufacturing experience in electron tubes enabled
us to take both cost and performance factors into account
in choosing the tube.

"A tri-color tube," he continued, "is the keystone to
a successful color television receiver. But no color rube
by itself affects compatibility — that is, the ability of a
standard black-and-white receiver to get color broadcasts
in black-and-white. This is a qualit)' which must be
inherent in the color television system itself.

"The RCA color television system," he emphasized,
"is completely compatible."

Metliods Tried

In a general discussion of the basic requirements for
a good color television picture tube, E. W. Herold, a
member of the staff at the David Sarnoff' Research
Center of RCA at Princeton, N. J., tells of methods
suitable for reproducing color television pictures.

The tri-color tube now in pilot-plant production at
the RCA tube plant in Lancaster, Pa, is described in
detail in an article by H. B. Law, of the Research Center
This is a three-gun tube for either simultaneous presen-
tation of the three primary colors — green, red and

8 RADIO AGE

Four scientists of RCA examine five of the tri-color television picture tubes developed at the company's laboratories
ot Princeton, N.J., and Lancaster, Pa. They are: (left to right) E. W. Harold; Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President in
Chorge of RCA Laboratories Division; H. B. Law, and Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice President and Technical Consultant

of the Division.

blue — as in the RCA system, or sequential presentation
of the same colors.

This tube comprises a glass plate and a metal shadow
mask. On the plate are 600,000 small, closely-spaced
phosphor dots, each .014 inch in diameter, arranged in
triangular groups. Each group consists of three dots
which glow in the three primary colors, — red, green,
blue — when hit by the scanning electron beam.

Behind the phosphor dot plate is the shadow mask.
This is a thin metal sheet perforated with 200,000 tiny
holes, and acts as a mask so that each electron beam as
it scans can "see" only one dot of each color group. In
the neck of the picture tube are three electron guns.
These generate the beams of electrons which "paint" the
color pictures on the phosphor plate.

The other four tri-color picture tubes described in
the papers are basically similar in that the color is created
by the action of electron beams on color phosphors.

Tube uith One Electron Gun
One of these four tubes, described by R. R. Law, of
the Research Center, is similar to the three-gun produc-
tion model, except for the use of one gun instead of
three. This nibe and the three-gun model were shown
publicly in Washington, D. C, in March, 1950. The
other tubes, however, are disclosed for the first time
publicly in the Proceedings.

Another tube, called a "line-screen color kinescope'
is described in an article by D. S. Bond. F. H. Nicoll, and
D. G. Moore. In this tube, narrow parallel strips of color
phosphors are used in place of dots. The single electron
gun scans the phosphor strips in an unorthodox manner,
the beam being deflected up and down in stairstep
fashion in such a way as to scan each color in syn-
chronism with the received color signal during each
journey from one side of the screen to the other.

An entirely different tube is described by P. K.
Weimer and N. Rynn. In this, the axis of the electron
gun is placed at a 45 -degree angle to the phosphor
screen. The scanning electron beam passes through slits
in the phosphor screen and is then reflected back onto
the phospiior. The emitted color is controlled by the
deflection of the electron beam in the immediate vicinity
of the phosphor screen. This makes the color control
entirely independent of the scanning process.

Grid Control Tube
Still another type of tube, b.ised on principles analo-
gous to the layers of emulsion in Kodachrome film, was
developed by S. V. Forgue. In this tube, the layers of
red, blue, and green phosphors are placed on three
closely-placed screens. By controlling the voltage changes
on two inters-ening grids, the color is controlled. Success-
(Continued on page 31)

RADIO AGE 9

Dr. C. B. JollifFe

Dr. E. W. Engstrom

Jolliffe and Engstrom Promoted to New Posts

R. Charles B. Jolliffe was elected to the newly
cre.ited position of Vice President and Technical Direc-
tor of the Radio Corporation of America and Dr. E. W.
Engstrom was elected Vice President in Charge of RCA
Laboratories Division by the RCA Bo.ird of Directors
on September 7.

Dr. Jolliffe has served as Executive Vice President
in Charge of the RCA Laboratories Division since De-
cember 7, 1945, and Dr. Engstrom has been Vice Presi-
dent in Charge of Research of the RCA Laboratories
Division since that date.

Dr. Jolliffe, in his new position, will be responsible
for the development of long-range plans for the Cor-
poration and generally will supervise the execution of
such plans by the divisions and subsidiary companies
of RCA.

In addition. Dr. Jolliffe will ciH)rdinate bro.id en-,
^ineering policies of RCA and will direct the representa-
tion of the Corporation in technical matters before
public and governmental bodies.

Dr. Jolliffe joined RCA in 1935 as Engineer-in-
Charge of the RCA Frequency Bureau. He was ap-
pointed Chief Engineer of RCA Laboratories in 1941,
and early in 1942 he was made Assistant to the President
of RCA. In September, 1942, he became Vice President
and Chief Engineer of the RCA Victor Division, and
three and one-half years later he was elected Vice Presi-
dent in Charge of the RCA Laboratories Division.

Dr. Jolliffe, a native of Mannington, W. Va., was
graduated from West Virginia University with a Bachelor
of Science degree in 1915 and received a Master of
Science degree in 1920. He was awarded a Ph.D. in
1922 at Cornell University, and West Virginia Uni-

versity conferred upon him an honorary LL.D. degree
in 1942.

Prior to his election in 1945 as a Vice President,
Dr. Engstrom served for two years as Director of Re-
search of RCA Laboratories, supervising research and
engineering which resulted in wartime advances in
radar, television, radio and other electronic developments.
He had previously served for 13 years in various RCA
research positions. He is a graduate of the University
of Minnesota and a Fellow of the Institute of Radio
Engineers. In June, 1949, he received an honorary
degree of Doctor of Science from New York University
for his contributions as a research engineer.

Dividends Declared

A dividend of 50 cents per share on the Common
Stock of the Radio Corporation of America, payable
November 26. 1951, to holders of record at the close
of business October 19, 1951, was declared by the RCA
Board of Directors on October 5.

This payment brings the total dividend on Common
Stock for the year to $1.00 per share, and follows the
announcement by the Board of Directors on April 3.
1951, placing the Common Stock on a semi-annual divi-
dend basis, provided earnings of the Corporation justify
such action.

At the same meeting a dividend of 871/2 cents per
share was declared on the First Preferred Stock for the
period October 1, 1951, to December 31, 1951, payable
January 2, 1952, to the holders of record of such stock
at the close of business December 17, 1951.

10 RADIO AGE

This bat-wing transmitting antenna erected atop

West Berlin's City Hall gave German residents their

first glimpse of American television.

One of the two microwave relay units used in the
Berlin telecasts was mounted on the side of the City
Hall tower, one of the highest points in the area.

GermansViewAmencanTelevision

SpccialK Trained Crews of RCA Technicians Set Record in Assembling
Complete Video System for West Berliners

By Richard C. Hooper

Manager, Shows and Exhibits
RCA Victor Division

.HROLGH the ingenuity, skill and round-the-clock
i.ibor of 29 technicians, directors and administrators spe-
cially trained for the project, more than a million West
Berliners had their first view of American television
during demonstrations held in the German city from
August 13 to 26. Thousands of others, mostly youths
from the Communist Youth Festival in East Berlin,
eluded border guards to enjoy the spectacle which they
had never been able to witness on their side of the Iron
Curtain.

The program presented in Berlin was, by a wide mar-
gin, the most comprehensive and ambitious television
exhibition ever staged in Europe, or ever undenaken

by RCA. The equipment for the demonstration, valued
at 5335,000, was packed in 401 cases weighing a total
of 35 tons. Included were a complete broadcast station
and transmitting antenna, 110 home-type receivers, and
two theater TV systems with 15- by 20-foot screens.

Highlight of the Berlin achievement was the con-
struction of a complete television station in the heart
of the city, broadcasting on Channel 4, its 500-watr
signal blanketing the city. The TV transmitter was
shipped from the RCA Victor plant in Camden, N. J.

Under the most favorable circumstances, the task
undertaken was one that required great ingenuity and
technical skill. However, the circumstances encountered
by the television crew were anything but favorable. A
wide assortment of problems, none nf which could h.ive
been anticipated, faced the men from the start.

The crew left by plane in two groups on August 1
and 2. The equipment, which had been shipped ahead,

RADIO AGE n

tr^rmrmnFirrvr

was unloaded in Rotterdam and transported by tram
through France and Germany to West Berlin.

When the RCA representatives arrived in Berlin,
they learned that, due to the Communist Youth Festival
the western sectors of the city were on an "alert," and
consequently, all trucks needed to transport the equip-
ment, and all passenger cars scheduled for use by the
staff, were confined to a motor pool where they would
be handy to cope with any emergency.

Only ten days stood between the crew and the open-
ing date of August 1 3, yet for sf ven of those days they
had to sit around waiting for transportation to become
available. When the trucks and cars finally appeared,
the men had 85 hours to build a complete system.

Transmitters and Studios

Probably never before in the history of the industry
did a technical crew face a comparable problem.

The 35 tons of delicate electronic equipment had
undergone an eight day trip over water, had been slung
on and off ship, trucked through a couple of cities, car-
ried many miles on a German military train, and finally
loaded and unloaded three times in Berlin. As might
be expected, it suffered considerable damage. One trans-
former had to be rebuilt, and two micro-wave relays
and one television camera required complete overhauling.

The five-story Schoenberg Rathaus (City Hall), one
of the highest points in the city, was selected as the site
of the transmitter and a bat-wing antenna. After a
thorough study of facilities it was decided to locate an
outdoor studio in Schoenberg-Stadt Park about a block
from the City Hall, and an indoor studio in the Titania
Palace, West Berlin's biggest theatre.

The outdoor stage, from which the programs were
to originate, had to be built before the demonstration

could begin. But nature refused to cooperate. During
the first week the crew spent in Berlin, a constant, driv-
ing rain stopped all work. Finally, with clearing skies
on August 11, the men began setting up equipment.
The stage was completed shortly before time for the
opening program. In fact, while the floor manager was
giving the alert sign to the performers on the first "live"
program, the German carpenters were gathering up their
tools, before departing.

By American standards, the Park studio was anything
but elaborate. It consisted of a stage about 40 feet by
75 feet with a canvas roof and drapes on three sides.
Control equipment occupied a curtained-off room at one
side. Both live and film programs originated from this
site, the signals traveling to the transmitter over cable.

At the indoor studio, one camera was stationed in
the balcony, another on the stage. The control room was
set up in a wing of the balcony, and signals reached the
transmitter by micro-wave relay.

Russians Throw a "Party"

Although construction of the studios and transmittet
constituted the biggest part of the job, the installation of
the receivers was no small undertaking. The 110 home-
type sets were distributed throughout West Berlin, in
the windows of large and small stores, and in meeting
halls, parks, squares, and other public places, some of
them 10 miles from the transmitter.

Many of the buildings where the receivers were lo-
cated were war-damaged six and eight-story structures
of which only the first or second floors had been repaired.

During the first telecast, the crowd around the out-
door studio numbered about 25.000. The 16 home-type
receivers operating at the park were nowhere near ade-

Curious crowds gathered to watch RCA technicians erect

a 15- by 20-foot theatre television screen in the ruins

of Potsdomer Strasse.

RCA home-type television receivers, set up in Schoene-
berg Stadt Park, attracted up to 25,000 German resi-
dents nightly during the demonstrations.

qu.i[e, so a projeccioa receiver was added, providing a
picture the size of the average movie screen.

The second large-screen receiver was set up in tlie
Potsdamer Platz, only 200 yards from the main crossing
point into the Russian zone. Whether by design or acci-
dent, the Russians held a celebration just across the
border from this installation, the liigh spot of which was
a gigantic display of fireworks, including magnesium
flares, Roman candles, and showers of rockets with myriad
sparks.

Because the operation of a projection receiver re-
quires semi-darkness for good results, the fireworks oc-
casionally blacked out the television picture. Although
many of the spectators at this location were people from
East Berlin, they protested the interruption, loudly and
emphatically. If the Russian fireworks represented a
deliberate attempt to discourage interest in American
television, it sadly backfired.

Standing Room Only

RCA transmitted programs every evening during the
two-week period, starting at 7:30 and continuing with-
out interruption until sign-off at 11:30. The schedule
showed surprising diversity, thanks in a large measure
to the assistance of RIAS (Radio In the American Sec-
tor), which supplied film and lined up talent.

A typical program would lead off with a fifteen-min-
ute film, followed by variety acts, including gymnasts
jugglers, vocalists, orchestral groups, and comedians,
from the studio in the Park. Origination would then
shift to the Titania for a short play, drama or comedy,
a symphony orchestra or a fashion show, and then back
to the Park studio for another film, a dance act, and more
music. The symbol for signing on and signing off was
a reproduction of West lierlin's Freedom Bell, with a
Marshall Plan sign superimposed.

Reception in all areas was excellent and, there was
no doubt about it: the Berliners loved television. Ac-
cording to police estimates, the crowd that gathered
nightly around the studio and receivers in the park
averaged between 12.000 and 15,000. Unlike a similar
gathering in America, these people did not watch for
awhile, and then drift on. Instead, the crowd began to
gather several hours before show time, and stayed, stand-
ing and applauding, throughout the four-hour schedule.

The receivers spotted around the city were watched
by crowds that resulted in serious traffic jams. At two
places, the German police asked the TV crew to remove
the sets because viewers blocked the movement of ve-
hicles.

The Germans not only enjoyed watching television,
but many of them wanted to be part of it. To the T\'
crew, it seemed that every other person in the city con-

More than 100 television receivers v/ere installed in

store windows, meeting halls, porks, squares and other

public places throughout West Berlin.

sidered himself a television producer, even to the extent
of climbing onto the stage, giving cues, instructing an-
nouncers and MC's, and rearranging acts.

In addition to the amateur producers, friends and
relatives of the talent often clambered on stage. At times,
the studio became so crowded with unidentified people
that the technical director in the control room and the
camera men and floor manager were unable to see each
other.

The unexpected visitors from the east were made as
welcome as local residents by RCA and the sponsors of
the demonstration, the Economic Cooperation Adminis-
tration and the U. S. High Commission in Germany.
Later, the American occupation officials expressed the
conviction that the Youth Festival delegates who had
made their way into the American Sector had found the
television programs a convincing example of western
democracy's technical advancement and scientific skill.

In the words of Howard P. Jones, Director of the
Berlin Element of the High Commission:

"This technical achievement of the free world will,
I'm sure, be remembered for a long time by the thou-
sands of visitors from the east who witnessed the tele-
vision exhibition."

Major General Lemuel Mathewsen, U. S. Commander
in Berlin, described the demonstration as a major suc-
cess and expressed a "deep sense of indebtedness to the
men responsible for its successful presentation".

RADIO AGE 13

Good Times Ahead for TV!

By J. B. Elliott

Vice President in Charge of Consumer Products

RCA Victor Division

T„

. HERE are good, commonsense reasons for believing
that the television industry will enjoy a thriving, profit-
able fall season, and beyond that, years and years of
solid and substantial growth and development, making
an immense social and economic contribution to our
country.

Production for this year will not reach 1950's lecord
of almost seven and a half million units, but by the
end of 1951 we should pass the five million mark. At a
reasonably con.servative estimate, the industry's unit pro-
duction, as of right now, is 3,850,000. Between now and
January 1st, I believe it is safe to say that the industry
will turn out another million and a half receivers —
which will bring the 1951 total to about 5,300,000.
And I am confident we will sell these and could sell
more without any difficulty.

The sales picture in television has improved
markedly during recent weeks. Reports from dealers
indicate a resurgence of optimism and confidence in the
fall and winter season.

There are several factors contributing to the assump-
tion that the current improvement in sales is only the
beginning of a profitable season.

One of them, certainly, is the relaxation of credit
restrictions.

Another is the recent power increase granted mosi
television stations by the FCC. The extension of effective
transmitting power will bring untold thousands of addi-
tional American homes into TV range.

The development and convincing field tests of an
all-electronic compatible system of color television 'lave
done much to lay the bogey of obsolescence that has
haunted prospective buyers ever since the FCC's endorse-
ment of the CBS color system.

Another factor is new, better, and more diversified
programs.

And. lastly, there is the extension of network facili-
ties to the Pacific Coast.

Slowly but surely the industry's attitude toward
broadcasting in the ultra-high-frequency band is chang-
ing. Station applicants who were inclined to resist the
move "upstairs" are beginning to change their minds.

One of the reasons for this is Wayne Coy, FCC
chairman, who several weeks ago, on the occasion of
RCA's UHF seminar at Bridgeport, Connecticut, deliv-
ered a strong affirmation of the advantages of telecasting
in the upper reaches of the spectrum.

Mr. Coy pointed out that UHF is relatively free
from some types of interference, and that the primary
service area for UHF stations is expected to be as great
as that for VHF, possibly greater.

Mr. Coy's remarks, plus the actual demonstration of
UHF reception, did much to convince many heretofore
dubious engineers that a bright future awaits telecasters
in the upper areas.

We have heard talk of shortages of metals and com-
ponents for more than a year, and because the shortages
failed to materialize, at least sufficiently to airtail pro-
duction, many elements of our business have decided
that they never will.

"Just another case of crj'ing 'wolf'," they say.

Material Shortages Are Real

For the benefit of the people who don't take shortages'
seriously, I have some news. Shortages are real, they are
here now, and they are going to continue to plague us
for some time to come.

Our production will be hit hard during the b.ilance
of 1951, and harder during the first six months of 1952.
Were beginning to bump our heads against metal short-
ages right now. A sharp drop in factory output is inevi-
table. I consider it a very real possibility that quality TV
receivers will be in short supply as early as December 15.

Our first shortage problem is metals — copper, steeU
aluminum, and nickel.

The copper situation is pretty well understood. The
recent strike put a huge nick in the U. S. output. Im-
ports have fallen off and the scrap copper industry is all
but shut down. Copper production is considerably imder
government expectations, and it is doubtful if the TV
set makers can obtain even their original allotment.

The cutback on steel is almost equally serious. The
military is requiring more of this metal than planned.
In addition to the normal uses of steel, it will have to
serve television in some instances as a substitute for

(Continued on Page 32)

U RADIO AGE

History of RCA Insnrures

Indusrrv's Oldcsr Tcchiiicdi School 1 l.i^ K^

kc wirn

Growth of Radio Coimiuinicarions Since Ics
Establiihiiiciu in 1909

By C. E. Tomson
RCA hutitutes. Inc.

• IIL international acclaim that followed Marconi's
reception on the Newfoundland shore of a faint code
signal sent out from Cornwall, England in 1901, had
scarcely subsided before tall wireless towers began to
appear at strategic points along the Atlantic shorelines.
Slowly at first, and then more rapidly, progressive ship-
owners installed wireless aboard their craft. This activity
atloat and ashore created a demand for trained personnel
to operate the equipment. Out of this urgency came
the RCA Institutes, present-day outgrowth of the first
training school founded by the United Wireless Tele-
graph Company in 1S)09.

The need for men skilled in Morse code and capable
of operating transmitting and receiving apparatus be-
came acute a year later with the passing of the Radio
Act of 1910. This law specified that ships of a certain
classification must carry wireless equipment and "a per-
son skilled in its use."

FortuBately, radio, like life itself in those years,
had not yet become complicated. There was only one
way to connect the parts of a radio set, a method that
could be easily chalked up on a blackboard. The pioneer
school was a 15- by 30-foot classroom atop a penthouse
at 42 Broadway, New York City.

A considerable portion of the early student's time
was devoted to learning the functions of motot
generators, condensers, tuning coils and helix, as well
as the crystal detector. Lectures were concerned primarily
with such topics as the necessity for keeping the spark
gap chamber free of moisture, checking banks of I.eyden
jars (devices used for storing quantities of static elec-
tricity), cleaning and adjusting critical parts of
generators. Because so little was generally known about
wireless, a course covering both theory and practice
could be completed in two weeks.

During 1912, the United Wireless Telegraph Com-
pany was acquired by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph

RAD/O AGE 15

Company of America. In the same year, the Radio Act
of 1910 was amended to require two licensed radio
operators and an auxiliary source of power on each and
every passenger ship. To take care of the increased de-
iConlhiHC'd on page .iOt

Radio class of New York s Police Department under-
goes a code examination at the old Marconi Institute.

Students at present-day RCA Institute'., study circuit de-
sign in the school's modern television receiver laboratory.

in Transcontim

aJJ/

x\\

toillllllll°

KEY TO MAP
First Transconthieutal Tele^

- First Cross-Countij Telepho i
^^^— First Natiou-Wide Radio h
>^^^^>-^*^ First Coast-to-Coast Televisi «

Communication

If the Sound is Audible —

RCA Can Record It!

Birds. Beetles. Bells and Babies are on the
Long List of Custom Record Performers.

By James P. Davis, Manager

Custom Record Sales Division

RCA Victor Record Department

HKTHER it be a recording of the voice of the
historic Liberty Bell or the gentle sound of a fly walk-
ing across the ceiling. General MacArthur's impressive
address to Congress or the mating call of the Canadian
moose that is needed, the RCA Victor Custom Record
Division can till the order.

These are only a few of the thousand-odd assign-
ments that are completed each year in RCA's studios in
New York, Chicago and Hollywood. During 1950, the
Custom Record Division alone made nearly 10 million
transcriptions and recordings to meet the unusual re-
quirements of phonograph and transcription producers,
individuals, manufacturers, radio stations and promo-
tional campaigns. Virtually every sound capable of be-
ing recorded has been put on di.scs of varying .speeds,
ranging in size from a 6V^-inch "Spinner" to a 16-inch
transcription.

For education and for fim, in sales campaigns and
medical research, custom-made records have become in-

creasingly important. They can help your canary sing,
aniiounce the birth of your baby, or tell the world about
your better mouse trap. There is no known instance of a
bashful swain proposing by disc, but if any such reluc-
tant Romeo does get the idea. Custom Sales will send
him away happy, though not with any guarantee of
success.

One man in Connecticut was annoved bv a flock of

starlings that developed a fondness for the area under
the eaves of his house. All else failing, the harassed
homeowner hit on the idea of recording the hostile hoots
of an owl. Presto! the birds took off for parts unknown.
Now, whenever a new family of starlings stakes out a
claim under the eaves, out comes the RCA record. It
ne\er fails to send the intruders packing.

Out in Hollywood, where the bizarre is common-
place, a famous cinema star had RCA record a dog
barking furiously. Whenever she hears a Beverly Hills
tomcat meandering on her estate, she plays the record
and "Tom" heads for a quieter and safer haven.

mnh

' f I

Animal sounds are reproduced for a wide variety
of reasons. Duck calls were once very popular with
hunters, but a recent regulation bans their use. Owners
of reluctant canaries have found that their pets are put
in a singing mood when they hear recordings of their
feathered friends trilling happily.

The Chicago studio filled one unusual order, evi-
dently from a retired fox hunter, for the baying of
hounds to harp accompaniment. On the reverse side of
the same disc were the frenzied sounds of the hounds
chasing and cornering the fox.

A wide range of .ictivity in the audio-visual educa-
tion field is covered by RCA's custom-made transcrip-
tions. Practically every subject and hobby from music,
language-study and stenogr.iphy, to hygiene records for
school health programs, has been put on discs.

The wife of an internationally-known opera stat
was virtually cured of an almost total deafness in one

78 rad;o age

A telephone booth provides the minimum atmospheric

noise for recording the delicate sounds of beetles

chewing leaves.

ar by the use of recorded warble frequencies, rangini;
rem the growl of 50 c\-cles to the shrill whine of 10,000
ycles. The Veteran's Administration also has been very
uccessful with these discs, using them to correct hear-
ng deficiencies which may occur at different points of
he audible spectrum.

A group of doctors recently ordered a series of rec-
(rds featuring the sounds of various normal and ab-
lormal heartbeats. The recordings were made for the
>eneht of general practitioners in outlying sections to
lelp them diagnose heart ailments. Similar discs have
>een used by the American Hean Association, and in
chool health programs.

Custom records have become valuable aids in the
nstruction and entenainment of the blind. The Library
)f Congress maintains a circulating library of records
m which complete stories have been recorded for blind
)ersons. The New York Guild for the Jewish Blind
lad a series of albums made, accompanied by braille
lirections, which aided sightless people in learning to
)lay simple musical instruments.

RCA recordings of the languages and musical cul-
ure of the Eskimos, Mayan and American Indians,
\frican natives, and many other colorful foreign p>eo-
)les are in constant use by lecturers, schools and mu-
eums. The Library of Congress maintains a special
«ction of such unusual and valuable recorded material.

Tlie resounding tones of the world's most famous
:arillons and church bells have been recorded for pos-
erity, just as such imponant contemporar)- events as the
;peech to Congress by General of the Army Douglas
MacArthur. Disc reproductions of the bells of St.
Peter's in Rome, the carillon at Copenhagen, the famous
:himes of Big Ben and of French cathedrals have been

purchased by numerous churches for playback through
their own belfr)' public address systems. These records
.ire also used as sound effects by broadcasting stations.

Several branches of the armed forces employ RCA
records as an integral part of indoctrination and train-
ing programs. The LI. S. Air Force ordered reproduc-
tions of aircraft sounds for use in identifying the many
types of combat and transport planes, and for the scien-
tific study of motors and plane vibrations.

Similar work has been done for the Navy Depart-
ment, including a series of records entitled "Sounds of
Battle " for indoctrination of personnel. Another group
of technical transcriptions had to be recorded under
water and in submarines. These discs were cued to tell
what each sound was. For example: "This is a heavy
cruiser passing overhead from 500-foot depth", or "This
is three PT boats at vector 270 travelling at 40 knots."

The Chicago studio filled one unusual order for a
cusiomer with an enterprising commercial scheme. 'Wall
plaques were made from plain records moulded into
the shape of a scalloped dish, the center of which was
decorated with leaves, fruit, etc.

Most intriguing of all the unique "stars" of RCA
custom records were the Japanese beetles that oblig-
ingly nibbled on leaves while the microphone caught
every faint crunch. This order came from the DuPont
Company's advertising depanment for use in an en-
tomolog}' lecture. Another RCA client in Chicago had
records made on "Teaching Par.ikeets to Talk. " Only
slightly less bizarre was the assignment to record the
sound of flies walking across a wall. This was accom-
plished by putting the insects into a cardboard box
located on top of a microphone.

Aside from the spectacular and unique orders filled
each year, a sizable portion of RCAs custom-record
business is comprised of electrical transcriptions for
radio stations, program producers and advertising agen-
cies, as well as sound tracks for slide films. In addition,
commercial phonograph discs are produced for over
100 small, independent companies which don't have
their own recording facilities.

RADIO ACE 19

For the Defense of Cities

HE need for a dependable communications sys-
tem, which could be used to warn inhabitants of cities
in the event of air-raids or atom bomb attacks, has led
to the development by RCA of a Civil Defense Warning
System of wide flexibility. The system has been ap-
proved by tlie Federal Civil Defense Administration and
already has been installed in Washington, D. C.

The RCA System consists of a network of electroni-
cally operated air-raid alarm stations all remotely con-
trolled by radio from one command center. At this
central location, a VHF radio transmitter emits coded
pulses to strategically located decoding receivers. These
automatically activate high-powered amplifier systems
which broadcast siren alarms or verbal instructions over
giant loudspeakers tliroughout the community.

In the event of an alarm, the pressing of two buttons
at Master Control instantaneously sets off the entire net-
work of sirens and alerts the entire populace. The system
also permits the broadcasting of important instructions
by radio to facilitate rescue operation, direct fire control,
and supplement tiie police, fire, and public utilities radio
systems during an emergency.

The use of two-way radio as the heart of the system
makes it especially flexible. Any community now oper-
ating a two-way radio system can incorporate the RCA
electronically controlled alarm stations with a minimum
of change. When the national emergency no longer
exists, the system can continue its important function of

warning and communications during fires, floods and
other civic disasters.

The use of radio makes the Warning System com-
pletely independent of land lines which are highly vulner-
able to air attack. This also means that alarm stations
can be increased at will with no need to tax land lines
further for civil defense purposes. Furthermore, large
office buildings and factories could easily tie into the
radio net by installing one of the radio controlled alarm
stations which would soimd automatically with the rest
of the system.

The radio transmitter at Command Center can contact
all the neighboring communities which are included in
the mutual aid plan to be alerted and where necessary
ask for vital assistance.

The System has other desirable features. The electronic
sirens can, for example, generate any tone signal or com-
bination of tone signals to meet ciianges in future civil
defense plans. The system operates under all tj'pes of
weather conditions and when supplied with its own gen-
erator, can operate even when the city's power is tempo-
rarily out of operation.

Complete control of the entire Civil Defense radio
system originates at the Command Center where the
master control console is located. At this nerve center
of operations, all warning signals from the Air Force and
from other sources are correlated and information and
orders disseminated. Coordination with all the control

Centrally-locafed giant loudspeakers can broadcast civil defense siren alarms or verbal
instructions throughout the Washington, D. C. area.

centers is maintained by the station transmitter. The
warning system operates automatically and requires a
minimum of technical knowledge on the part of the
control operator at master control.

To originate a yellow-alert, the operator simply presses
two push-buttons momentarily: one sends out the prop-
erly coded pulses to activate the alarm stations; the second
automatically places in operation i:n electronic timing
device which operates the system sirens according to pre-
determined setting. Signal lights indicate the t)'pe of
alarm set off and the sirens are heard on the monitor
speaker. The equipment can be left in "on" position or
automatically returned to standby readiness.

When it is desired to give verbal instructions over the
loudspeaker system, the control operator talks mto the
desk-type microphone in the same way that the dispatcher
in any two-way radio system goes "on air"'.

Facilities are provided to interrupt any alarm during
any phase of its transmission. Manual keying of an alarm
is also possible should that become necessarj' for any
reason.

The signals from the Nfaster Control console we fed
to the main station transmitter, tlie power of which is
determined primarily by the radiui of coverage desired,
both for the alarm system and for two-way radio needs.
A 250-watt transmitter is recommended for two reasons:
to make possible a greater degree of system expansion;
and to provide a safety factor for radio transmission.

In smaller communities, 60- or 70-watt transmitters,
depending on the frequency, can provide adequate signal
coverage. A station receiver, built into the transmitter
rack, permits two-way radio communications when de-
sired.

From the Master Control Console at the Command
Center, the Civil Defense Director can coordinate all the
communication activities of an entire civil defense or-
ganization. He can announce an alert to all the Control
Centers and adjacent communities by VHF radio without
revealing it to the public. He can aaivate all the sirens
to alert the populace, broadcast instructions to the public
and civil defense workers throughout the city. From this
focal point, the Civil Defen.se Director can tie together
the entire organization within the city, and mutual-aid
groups in neighboring communities, into one well-
integrated system with the best communications network
yet developed.

Alarm reproducing units are located throughout the
city. Each reproducing station consists of a VHF receiver,
a decoding unit, power amplifiers and four huge horn-
type loudspeakers. For emergency use, each reproducing
unit can be equipped with its own gas-driven generator
power.

The four loudspeakers, making up one cluster at each

7/;.\ ini l\l K.IS <)l K(A n iKS-
l\C, .i\l) lOMMlMC.il lO.S S'iSll.M

1. The system is all electronic and works inde-
pendently of land lines, which are highly
vulnerable.

2. An unliniited number of signals can be
generated to cover all future emeigencies
such as gas and "BW '.

3. The system being all electronic contains no
mechanical rotating parts ami is more de-
pendable.

4. Siren tones are immediately recognizable
and are distinct from police and fire alarm
sirens.

5. The system can be used during floods, fires,
and other emergencies, especially when
lines are down.

6. All units of the system are mechanically
and electrically interchangeable for fast
service.

7. The system is capable of continuous opera-
tion and is designed to operate in all types
of weather.

8. No warm-up time necessary — the sirens
sound instantly and cut olT immediately.
There is no delay.

9. The system is controlled from one point.
Alarm sirens operate automatically — no
human element involved.

10. Combination of radio, loud.-.peakers and
sirens makes the system the most versatile
one yet developed.

alarm station, are installed in the four directions of the
compass. Should the situation require it, it would be just
as simple to place all speakers in one direction to achieve
concentrated directivity and sound volume.

The loudspeaker method of reproducing siren tones
has many advantages over mechanical and wind driven
sirens. The loudspeakers are weather-proofed to operate
under all conditions of weather and require no warm-up
time. There is no lingering effect of siren soimds. Imme-
diate cut-off takes place instantly with cut-off of elec-
tronic siren generator at the Command Center. Not only
can loudspeakers reproduce siren tones of any type and
duration required, but they operate automatically and
have the unmatched quality of being able to reproduce
verbal instructions from qualified leaders in the com-
munity at a time wiien instructions are most urgently
needed to quell panic and save life and property.

RADIO AGE 21

RCA VICTOR

introdtices

Netv Television
Receivers

The "Kendall", new TV console
in mahogany, walnut or limed
oak, has a 17-inch picture tube.

The "Preston" provides a 17-inch tele-
vision picture ond has two different
matching bases.

The Donley ', functional modern tele-
vision console with full-length doors,
offers a 21-inch picture tube.

The "Haywood" open-faced TV '
sole has a 17-inch picture tube or'
12-inch supersensitive speaker

^^NV.

Radio is Here to Stay

V .

By William S. Hedges

Viit President in Charge of liitegrMed Services

S.ition.il Brit.iilc.itiiiit; Cnmpjny

\[)lO broadcasting has a permanent place in the
social and economic structure of the nation because it
fulfills a purpose which can be served by no other me-
dium of mass communication.

It is the one medium which is always available — in
the bathrcmm, in the kitchen, on the beach, in your car,
in the woods, on remote mountain tops, or in the privacy
of your own room. No other medium can simultaneously
reach more than 950' of the people of America. As such
it is the most comprehensive advertising medium in the
nation — greater in circulation thin all the newspapers
combined.

These radio set owners possess 96,000,000 radio re-
ceivers, which represent an investment of more than five
billion dollars, not counting the obsolete and discarded
models. The very presence of this big stake in radio is
a large reason why radio has a continuing place in the
sun. The American public is quite unlikely to waste its
investment in radio, and on the other hand tliere will be
broadcasters ready to make the continuing use of radio
well wonh while.

There is only one reason why anyone should raise the
question "Has Radio a Future?" That reason is, of course,
television. Although it has penetrated into only sixty-
seven markets, television is diverting public attention and
many advertising dollars not only away from radio but
from other media .as well. While I am sute that televi-
sion, when it reaches its full stature, will be the most
effective sales force this country h.as ever known, its
attainment of preeminence in the advertising world
should not and will not obscure the future ot radii) broad-
casting. However, there will be miny changes made and
the brightness of radio's future is dependent upon the
adaptability as well .is the ingenuity of those who are
interested in the survival of broadcasting.

In our appraisal of radio it is important to remember
that all of those who are looking at television are not
subtraaed from the radio audience. The combined radio
and television audience is considenblv hicher than the

radio audience was in 1948, running from 5 to 30^0 in
certain months in various cities. It must be acknowl-
edged, however, that radio listening is less now than in
1948 in the TV markets. On the other hand, it must
likewise be noted that most TV viewers are radio listeners
at some time of almost ever)' day.

Actually, television and radio supplement each other
to a much greater degree than they compete. While radio
blankets all markets, urban and rural, and all income
groups, television at this stage of its development is con-
centrated very heavily in urban areas and gives better
coverage of the upper income group than in the lower
levels. Furthermore, there are many geographical sections
of the country which have not yet been reached by tele-
vision. For these reasons, radio cannot be .iband(ined by
advertisers whose sales are truly nationwide. But if both
radio and television are used, the .advertiser is virtually
assured of saturating all possible markets.

Radio Must Become Adaptable

There can be no doubt that broadcasting is undergoing
a revolution at this particular tune Signincant changes
in the economic conditions affecting radio are taking
place. If those changes are not reckoned with they can
prove fatal. Radio must learn to roll with the punches
and to become flexible and adaptable if it is to have a
prosperous future.

One of the basic foundations ol American broadcast-
ing is the program service furnished by nerworks — pro-
grams of a scope and flexibility that individual stations
could not develop themselves — programs featuring the
greatest entenainment personalities of the times, world
wide news services, and informational programs present-
ing the leaders of American opinion. Such a program
service attracts audiences to affiliated stations, builds
their position in their communities and enhances the
value of the time they have for local and national spot
sales.

The network program ser\ice is an expensive one.
The revenues supporting it must come from network
advertisers. Now at this point, lets pause and look at
some of the economic trends affecring network r..dio. In
the period of its major growth — during the 40's — the
main economic basis for the network medium was the
multi-million-dollar advertiser who bought one or more
evening hours or half hours or daytime strips. The cost
structure and sales policies of the medium were such that
the smaller budgeted advertiser was priced out of it. He
(Continued on Page 32 1

RADIO ACE 23

MrsTTi^rri^n SikwwU Aiiluii' I- Rr.um on \\C\ \\\\\\\

Mrs. Doucjias Norton

i-BSIGN A HON i>t Anluir li. l>i.uii> mu\ clc-iiioii ot
Mrs, l>nij;li>s lU>rnin to svictettl Mr, Hriiiin on ilic Hoarvl
of Diffctors ot the R.ulio ("orpor.uion ot AiiUTua wtTC
tumoiuKcvl by Kri^n, Ckmu-mI IXivivl S.irnoti, Chiiirinan
of the Htwn.1, follo\vii\u a ni«-iin,« in K.i^lio I icy. New
York on (VtobtT ^. Mrs. HiMion, wlio .is Miklrt\l
McAfee lominiUuievi (lie W.W'IS in WorUl W.u 11,
is the first woman clecteil to the KV.t\ Boanl of Directors,

Mr. Hr.uin, .1 member of it>e R( .V Uo.inl since U>>1,
\ud servexl since U^Ui on ilie Ho.irJ ot Pirectors of the
National Broadcast in,c CoiTipany, tiom which his resig-
nation also is effective. He is Ch.urman of the .ViK isory

Committee ot the Mellon N.mon.il B.mk N: Trust Co.
of Pittsburjjh, Pa.

Last Otvember, Mis. llonon became the first woman
elected to the Hoard of Directors of NHC. She is Vice
President of tlie Federal Council of the Churches of
Christ in America and is a former President of Wcllesley
Collei;e. She had the distinction of beini; the lirst
wvimaii ever to be i.ommissional by the llnitetl States
Navy. She w.is placai on active duty in Auijust, \^M2.
as Lt. Comm.mder upoti bt\omin_i; Dirtvtor of the
\\'oit\en's Reserve, I'SN. known .is the W'.Wl^S. She
resijined from the Navy in February, 19io, with the
rank of Captain and was a\vaaic\l the DistiiiiJiiishex.!
Service Medal,

Pollowinj; nine years as a teacher and extvutive in
several colleiies. Mrs, Horton was named President ot
Welle.sley Colleije in 10.^6, She resi};i\e<.l etfective June,
19-J9, to join her husband. Dr. lXiuj;las Horton, Min-
ister and Secretary, General Council of Conj;res;ational
Christian Churches. New \'ork.

Ciraduatini: trom N'.iss.ir College in U^JO, Mrs.
Horton received her M..\. deijree from the University
of Chicai;o in h)2S. She holds I" honorarv decrees
tiom universities and colleges.

Mrs Hv>rton is a n.itive of P.irkville, Mo

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NJiW, low-cast shadow ini; unit to speevl prepar.t-
tion of ".shadow-c-ast" .spivimens for the eUvtron micro-
scope has been develo|H\l by RC.\.

The new apparatus perniits laboratory personnel to
ilepivsit a thin cwuing of tungsten, nwlybdenum, or
vMher suitable material by evapciration on as many as
six glass micrwcope slides at one Kxiding in the all-metal
vacuum chamber. The .sjnximen contrast is enhanct\l
and the third dimension usually made evivient.

Tlie imit consists of a small, steel vactuim chamber
which can be evacuatevl at high spct\l. Pliminating the
liandling of heavy, fragile bell jars, the t\iuipment ptvv
vules ease of .specimen insertion. Specimen slide holders
provide a wide range of shadowing angles without fila-
ment adjustment.

With this newly-developed "shadow<OBt" unit, lab-
oratory personnel are able to prepare electron
microscope specimens more quickly and economically.

24 RAD/O AGE

A standards engineer prepares electronic equipment for test in RCA's new "stratosphere
chamber", which can simulate any climatic or atmospheric condition.

Weather Made to Order

.II. the world's weather is now .iv.iiiable in a
single room 14 feet square and 10 feet high in the test-
ing laboratory of the RCA Engineering Products De-
panment in Camden, N. J.

With this 50-ton chamber, recently installed for the
testing of all kinds of electronic equipment under condi-
tions to which it may be exposed in use, laboratory
personnel can simulate all temperatures, humidity levels,
and other climatic and atmospheric conditions found on
or above the earth, to an altitude of 70,000 feet above
sea level.

Here, every device made by RCA for military or
civilian use in far-away places, from airplane trans-
mitters to walkie-talkies, can be proved under condi-
tions prevailing in the Sahara or Siberia, in the jungles
of the South Pacific or atop the Himalayas.

Known as a "stratosphere chamber", it can reduce
atmospheric pressure to the level encountered at an
altitude of 70,000 feet, which is higher than the accepted
altitude record for heavier-than-air craft and almost as
high as man has ascended in a balloon. The partial
vacuum produced is sufficient to reduce a 29-inch column
of mercury to one inch.

Heating and refrigeration equipment within the
chamber can create temperatures from 185' F. — more
than 50 degrees higher than the highest natural tempera-

ture ever recorded on the earth's surface — to minus 85°
F. — within a few degrees of the lowest natural tem-
perature earth-bound instruments have recorded. To
provide refrigeration for the unit requires 180 horse-
power, enough to run 720 average size domestic re-
frigerators simultaneously.

Humidity within the chamber can range from a
heavy fog to almost complete lack of moisture.

Because of its size and weight, the chamber, which
cost S150,000, posed a number of installation problems.
It was built in three sections and transported from
Newark, N. J. to Camden by trailer-truck. Because the
chamber overhung the trailer three feet on each side,
creating a traflic hazard, special approval from the State
Highway Department was necessary, and the trip was
made in the early hours of the morning, when traffic was
light. The three sections weighed 11, 17, and 21 tons,
respectively. In order to get them into the laboratory, a
wall area measuring 18 by 20 feet had to be removed
from the building.

The door of the chamber weighs about two tons,
and is moved into place on rollers fixed at the top of
the chamber. To obtain a perfect seal, an air cylinder
is fixed on each corner of the door to exert the required
pressure. An inner wall of 9-inch-thick insulation is
used to maintain temperatures.

RADIO AGE 25

BWfwm^wiwm

Electronic "Detective" Spots
Foreign Metal Particles

n\V metal detection equipment for more efficient
and speedier location of the most minute metallic parti-
cles contaminating non-metallic products, was intro-
duced recently h\' tlic RCA lini^inccrini; Products De-
partment.

Product luits ill which ihc equipment will iiave
applications include meat, bakery products, candy, plas-
tics, paper, rubber, tobacco, textiles, and explosives.

The new metal detectors, called the "Utility
Series", feature four types of small-aperture inspection
heads, which will indicate the presence of tiny particles
of metals or alloys, whether mai;netic or non-maj;netic,
regardless of their dcpih in ihe material. Tiie products
pass through an inspection aperture on an endless con-
veyor belt, or through a chute at rates of 10 feet to 1000
feet per minute.

The detectors can be used to light a warning lamp,
ring a bell, stop a continuous process, mark the con-
taminated object, or deflect it into a special channel or
receptacle for rejects. The new equipment is the Com-
pany's latest industrial tool for quality control. It is also
inv.iluable as a means of preventing macliincry damage,
eliminating fires and explosions resulting from tramp
metal, and reducing lost production time in industrial
processing.

The "Utility" detectors consist of two units. The
control Linir, which weighs 20 pounds, .ind is the
same for all models and applications, has an overall
measurement of 81/4 inches high, 6^4 inches wide, and
10 inches deep. The second unit, the inspection he.id, is
provided in four diflerent styles to meet specialized in-
stallation requirements. Two of the box-type heads
have rectangular apertures — one measuring 2' i x 7?/^
inches; the other, 4x5 inches — and are designed for
detecting metal in candy, chewing gum. pharmaceutical
products, and other items that can be carried on a small
conveyor belt during processing. The others have smal-
ler, box-shaped heads with round apertures — one meas-
uring Us inches in diameter: the other, 2 inches in
diameter — and are suitable for ground meat, liquids
carried in glass tubes, cigarettes, and similar items that
can pass through the small head in a nonmetallic tube
or trough.

Materials passing through the inspection aperture

26 RADIO ACE

are screened by a high-frequency electromagnetic held,
generated by scientifically-designed coils embedded in a
water-proof material. High-frequency power is fed to
the coils from a self-contained electronic oscillator, and
the reaction caused when metal is present in the ma-
terial being screened operates a relay which triggers
either a signaling device (lamp or bell i or an automatic
marking or ejecting mechanism.

The equipment is practically miiiiune from build-
ing and conveyor vibration, while electronic voltage
regulation assures freedom from effects of line voltage
fluctuations. The units are not afiected by norinal humid-
ity and temperature changes, and are sealed against dirt,
lint, and dust.

Pieces of candy passing through the portals of this

electronic detector are rejected automatically if metallic

particles of any size are present

Television demonslroles its efFectiveness as on oid in
leeching the latest methods in veterinary practice.

TV cameras brought close-ups of this operation on o
cov/ to a convention audience of more than 2,000.

Tclc\ ision Used to Dcmonstrat

Tccl

miqucs

' FADING veterinarians were featured actors in special
television programs staged at the HSth annual conven-
tion of the American Veterinar)' Medical Association
held recently in Milwaukee. During the convention,
specialists in animal surgery', working in front of RCA
cameras, demonstrated their techniques before veteri-
n.irians from the United States, Canada and 15 foreign
countries.

Through the medium of television, an audience of
more than 2,000 watched delicate operations on the
screens of RCA Victor television receivers installed in
Milwaukee's city auditorium. The telecasts, spons<jred
by Allied Laboratories, Inc., manufacturers of pharma-
ceutical and biological products, were transmitted from
the operating theatre over coaxial cable.

The demonstrations included new methods of
anesthetizing pets and farm animals, of diagnosing
poultry diseases and the performance of caesarean sec-
tioning.

After witnessing the programs, first of the kind in
America, Dr. J. G. Hardenberg, Executive Secretary of
the AVMA, expressed his belief that television will
prove a useful aid in teaching animal surgery. "The
care, skill and surgical techniques of today's veterinar-

RADIO AGE 27

■tMI.J.M.Il'l J 1>

in Animal S

Lirgcry

ians," he said, "equal those used in hospitals for human
patients. We are confident that with television we can
still further the knowledge and improve the practice
of animal surgery."

Television equipment used at the convention was
installed and operated by the RCA Service Company.

Transmitting and monitoring equipment, installed in
Milwaukee's auditorium for the veterinarians' meeting.

Four huge vans comprise the modern "TV station on wheels" developed by RCA for

the U. S. Army Signal Corps.

"TV Station on Wheels" for Arm

. HE most complete television station ever mounted
on wheels has been constructed for the U. S. Army Sig-
nal Corps by engineers of the Radio Corporation of
America, and delivered recently to the Signal Corps'
Fort Monmouth, N. J., Laboratories.

The mobile television caravan, which was built in
close cooperation with Signal Corps engineers, consists
of four special 10-ton trucks, each 31 feet long. Two of
the trucks are fitted with a complete line of TV trans-
mitting and monitoring equipment, three TV field
cameras, ten receivers, a large-screen TV projector which
will show life-size pictures, and a radio intercommunica-
tion system. The other two trucks contain power supply
generators.

The caravan will be used to explore the feasibility
of television for field instruction, and to develop in-
structional techniques via TV. The equipment may
prove extremely valuable in televising intricate field
exercises and "piping" the picture to expert observers,
maneuver umpires, or to classrooms.

Programs picked up in the field, will be "piped" to
military classrooms, or to a broadcasting station, by
microwave radio link or coaxial cable. If they go to a
broadcast station, the programs will then be transmitted
in the usual manner; if they are conveyed to class-
rooms, the programs will be carried to a mobile display

unit equipped with both direct-view and projection-type
television receivers.

The first vehicle in the television fieet is equipped
with three complete TV field camera chains, a micro-
wave transmitter for video signals, and a 46-watt FM
transmitter for transmitting sound signals. Associated
monitoring and switching control equipment is utilized
in accordance with standard TV broadcast practice.
Four microphone inputs, and tape and disc recording
equipment — all with latest amplifying units — are
among the audio facilities. The unit also houses a sepa-
rate monitor-announce position, and an order-wire radio
communication system, utilizing an RCA 15-watt Car-
fone two-way mobile installation.

The custom-built body of the vehicle houses a com-
plete transmitting studio, which is equipped with a
specially-constructed operating desk for portable moni-
toring, control and power supply units used with the
TV field cameras. All equipment is shock-mounted to
guard against damage, including lockers provided for
transporting the cameras, tripods, cables, and transmit-
ting units. The operating desk is mounted in the rear
of the unit, facing large shatterproof glass windows
which give a clear view of pick-up activities outside.

The roof of the truck is reinforced to support the
weight of both equipment and operators when they

28 RADIO AGE

wisli to use It as a vantage point for cameras or the re-
lay transmitter. A ladder with hand railing is provided
for access to the roof through a self-locking waterproof
hatch. Provision has been made for roof-mounting the
four-foot parabolic antenna of the relay transmitter as
well as whip antennas for the FM audio transmitter and
intercom radio system.

The second mobile unit contains the transmitter
power supply equipment, which consists of two power-
ful gas driven generating units. One of the generators
is designated for standby use, or to supply power to
special lighting equipment for illuminating the scene
to be televised. By means of a special switch, the truck
batteries are able to supply power to the two-way radio
communication system when the caravan is in motion
and the generators are not in use.

A receiver-display unit forms the third coach in the
caravan. In addition to housing tlie FM and microwave

receiving equipment, it contains ten 16-inch picture
monitors, a I6mm TV projector and film camera, slide
projector, a large-screen television projector, and a video
switching panel for selecting any of several TV signal
sources.

The self-contained power supply for the receiver-
display coach is housed in the fourth truck. It is similar
to the transmitting power supply unit, except that it
contains only one generator.

The entire caravan has been carefully built and styled
to Signal Corps specifications. Every vehicle is equipped
with necessary test equipment and spare parts. E.ich of
the coaches bears the Signal Corps insignia and is
painted in traditional Army olive drab, with attractive
aluminum strip. The units are completely weather-
proofed, with cooling and heating units to condition the
interior for all-weather operation.

21-inch Kinescope Uses Full Screen Area

HE television industry's largest metal, rectangular
picture tube, a 21 -inch kinescope, has been announced
by the RCA Tube Depanment. The new kinescope em-
ploys the metal-shell construction, first introduced by
RCA over two years ago as a major innovation in the
1 6- inch round metal tube.

The new kinescope utilizes the full screen area,
producing a picture 18-^8 inches wide by 13-15/16
inches high, with slightly curi'ed sides and rounded
corners. Providing pictures with high brightness and
good uniformity of focus over the entire picture area,
the tube has a white fluorescent screen on a relatively
flat face made of frosted Filterglass, which minimizes
reflection of bright objects in the room and increases
picture contrast.

Conforming to proportions of the transmitted pic-
ture, the tube's rectangular shape avoids waste of screen
area. This permits the use of a cabinet having about
20 per cent less height than is required for a round-face
tube providing pictures of the same width. In addition,
the chassis need not be depressed or cut out under the
face of the tube, and controls can be located as desired
beneath the tube.

Employing magnetic focus and magnetic deflection,
the new kinescope is designed with a funnel-to-neck
seaion which facilitates centering of the yoke on the
neck. This feature, in combination with improved cen-

RADtO AGE 29

tering of the beam inside the neck, contributes to the
tube's good uniformity of focus.

Other features incorporated in the new 21-inch pic-
ture tube are short over-all length, substantially lower
weight than that of a similar all-glass tube, a higher-
quality faceplate than is commonly used in all-glass
rubes, and an ion-trap gun requiring only a single-field,
external magnet.

This 21-inch kinescope, developed by the RCA Tube
Department, is the industry's largest metal rectan-
gular picture tube.

History of RCA Institutes

{Continued frofit Page 15)

mand for qualified operators, the school was reorgan-
ized as the Marconi School of Instruction and moved
to larger quarters at 29 Cliff Street.

During the following years, the school was moved
to several different locations within New York City
as the swelling demand for operators called for more
extensive classroom facilities. In 1915. the institution
became known as the Marconi Institute and, for the
first time, inaugurated evening courses in the Edison
Building at Duane and Elm Streets.

With the formation of the Radio Corporation of
America in 1919, the Marconi Institute became a part
of the Corporation under the new name of the Radio
Institute of America. Shortly thereafter, the school was
moved to 326 Broadway. In 1922, following the intro-
duction of radio broadcasting, courses were formulated
for training radio receiver servicemen. Because of public
interest, the school prepared catalogs and advertisements
for magazines and newspapers.

Institutes hicorfioiated in 1929

Progressive expansion of the Radio Corporation
of America made it necessary to form a separate or-
ganization devoted exclusively to technical training.
Therefore, in August 1929, RCA Institutes. Inc., was
incorporated as a wholly-owned subsidiar)- of RCA.
Three years later the Institutes then located at 75
Varick Street, established courses in radio broadcasting,
radio servicing, sound technique and commercial radio
operating. A "General Course" of a higher technical
level than had been previously offered was added to
the Institutes' curriculum in 19.36. This was done to
keep pace with the growing need for technicians quali-
fied to design radio equipment. The course included
such subjects as electrical physics, transmitter tech-
nology, sound reproducing and recording systems, radio
receiver instruction and frequency modulation design.

Anticipating the need for trained television tech-
nicians, RCA Institutes in 1938 added the servicing of
television receivers to the Servicing Course, and in-
tegrated the operation, maintenance and development
of television circuits in the General Course. The latter
course, now called the Advanced Technology Course,
requires full time attendance for two and one-quarter
years (2610 hours) and offers instruction in the opera-
tion, maintenance and development of all types of radio
circuits. Graduates of this course are qualified for all

types of radio technician employment, particularly de-
velopment and laboratory work. So thorough is the
course that those who complete it are often granted
appreciably advanced standing when applying for admis-
sion to engineering colleges and universities.

In April 1948, the school was moved to larger and
more suitable quarters at 350 West Fourth Street
where it now occupies 40,000 square feet on the second
and third floors. A large number of visual aids are used
here to supplement instruction in all courses. The In-
stitutes has sound motion picture projectors, disc and
tape recorders, and a large library of sound and silent
films, film strips and slides. Reference material and the
latest textbooks are accessible to all students in the
school's well-stocked librar)'.

Inspection Trips for Students

Supplementing regular academic instruction, students
of certain courses are taken on inspection trips to im-
portant broadcasting and industrial centers located in
or near New York City. In addition, representatives of
industry and government address senior classes on tlie
various phases of radio, television and electronics.

In common with other schools, most of the stu-
dents at RCA Institutes come from nearby areas. How-
ever, as time goes on, students from abroad are apply-
ing in greater number for admission to study here.
During the past decade, students have matriculated
from Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba,
Ecuador, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Liberia.
Mexico, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, British Malaya, Thai-
land, Turkey and many other countries.

To assist students in obtaining satisfactory positions
RCA Institutes maintains a placement service. A re-
cent survey, made two months after the end of the
school year, shows that of a total of 569 graduates
during the year, 471 or 82.8 per cent were employed.
These graduates became associated with developmnt
laboratories of leading electronic companies and broad-
casting stations in 43 different states Puerto Rico,
Hawaii and Alaska.

Through the years, RCA Institutes has kept abreast
of the major changes in radio and television, and has
sought to maintain a high level of instruction in the
technical institute area of education. Today, the school
not only ranks as one of the leading technical institu-
tions of the nation, but is also recognized by the elec-
tronics industry as a valuable source of qualified men.

30 RADIO AGE

Sarnoff Challenges Scicnrisrs

( Continued from Page 7)

search Center.' anJ I extend to you and your staff of
scientists my warm good wishfs for continued progress.

Harry S. Truman."

The messai;e from New York's chief executive said:
1 have just learned that on Thursday you will celebrate
the Forty-Fifth Anniversary of your entrance into the
radio industry-. My heartiest congratulations to you.
Throughout your years of service, you have been a vital
and imaginative force in the development and expan-
sion of radio. Under your leadership and genius, radio
has grown from a verj' small beginning until today it
serves as an integral part of our daily lives, bringing
to all of us the best in entertainment, public service
and the tremendous news events of these times. May
your anniversary be a ver\' h.-ippy one indeed and may
you continue to guide RCA for many years to come.

Thomas E. Dewey."

Fi\'c Tii-Color Kincs

.'SCOpCJ

{Continued from page 9)

ful experiments were conducted with one and with
three electron guns.

The five remaining papers in the series discuss
specific technical developments which are needed for
the successful engineering of almost anv tri-color tube.

The process used in applying the color phosphors to
glass plates, used in four of the tubes, is described by
N. S. Freedman and K. M. McLaughlin, of the RCA
Victor Tube Department. This process, which was
developed out of silk-screen printing methods, is used
for applying dots and lines, as well as any other pattern.

Miss H. C. Moodey (the only distaff representative
on the tri-color engineering team ) . and D. D. Van
Ormer, also of the Tube Department, describe a number
of practical designs for the three-beam electron gun.

Two other papers take up the mechanical assembly
of aperture mask tubes.

These tubes use metal masks, placed just behind the
phosphor plates, which are essential in keeping the
electron beams from striking the wrong color dots. If
this were not prevented, colors would "bleed" or run in
the reproduced pictures. The papers by B. E. Barnes
and R. D. Faulkner, also of the Tube Department,
describe the design for the aperture masks, and show
how the mask and phosphor plate are kept in alignment
during the operation that seals the tube together.

D. D. Van Ormcr and D. C. Ballard describe the
effects of screen tolerances on operating characteristics
of the aperture-mask type tri-color tube.

In the final paper, A. W. Friend tells how it is
possible to bend the electron beams without interfering
with the correct registry' of the color images. This is
done by well-designed electron deflection systems.

These systems bend the electron beams without
distortion in the manner that a good optical lens bends
light rays without distortion.

The eleven papers, which are expected to become of
major importance as a basis for future developments in
color television, are being reprinted as a separate section
of the Fall issue of RCA Review, technical publication
of RCA Laboratories.

Thcciric Si/e Color Tclc\ision

(Continued from Page 4)

Several research groups at the David Sarnoff Re-
search Center, at Princeton, and engineers of the RCA
Victor Division, cooperated with Dr. Epstein and his
associates in the Cathode-Ray and Optics Section of the
Center, in developing the equipment used in this initial
New York showing of the RCA theatre color television
system. Special credit also was accorded R. D. Kell,
Head of the Television Section of the Center, and his
associates; to Saul Lasof, of Dr. Epstein's staff, and to
Roy Wilcox, RCA Victor engineer.

RCA ro Enrcr Air Condirionino Field

The RCA Victor Division of Radio Corporation of
America plans to enter the home air-conditioning field.
The announcement was made by Frank M. Folsom,
President of RCA, on October 1. The first room air
conditioners to be sold under the RCA Victor name and
trademark will be placed on the market in Januar)', 1952.

In a letter to its distributors, RCA Victor revealed
that the air conditioners will be distributed through its
present nation-wide organization of independent home
instrument distributors and retail dealers.

Present plans call for the introduction of three
models — a one-third, a one-half, and a three-quarter
horsepower unit, the Company told its distributors.
New designs and specifications for these units have
been completed by RCA Victor design engineers and
the units will be manufactured under arrangements with
the Fedders-Quigan Corporation of Buffalo, New- York.
Fedders-Quigan is one of the leading air conditioner
manufacrurtr'i in the country.

RADIO AGE 31

Radio is Here to Stay

{Continued from Page 23)
could not aflford to spend almost 1 million dollars — the
cost of network time and talent for an evening half hour
on an annual basis — in a single advertising venture.

In 1949, 27 of the 28 advertisers spending $5,000,000
and over were in network radio. In 1950, 29 out of the
33 advenisers in this group used the medium. However,
network radio was not used in 1950 by half of the adver-
tisers spending between Sl.000,000 and S3.000,000, nor
by 80% of those spending between $500,000 and
$1,000,000, nor by 90% of the advertisers spending be-
tween $250,000 and $500,000. These figures demon-
strate the great potential of customers available for radio.
Taking them all together, there are 549 advenisers
spending between one-half million and five million dol-
lars a year. Only 158 of them ("or 29%) are using
network radio. This leaves 391 (or 71%) of advertisers
spending one-quarter million doll.trs or more who are
potential customers for the radio networks, but some of
them cannot be sold in accordance with the old formulas.

Attractive to Small Advertisers

With the development of network television, the
interest of many multi-million-dollar advertisers has been
diverted to it and away from network radio. They can
be brought back into the medium if it makes itself more
flexible to meet their advertising requirements under the
changed conditions of the market. At the same time, the
network medium can adapt itself so that it can be used
by smaller budgeted advertisers wlio offer a tremendous
new revenue potential. By these means, network radio
can regain the revenues needed to support its program
structure and can continue to provide a strong service
to the public, the advertisers, and the affiliated stations.

In changing times such as these, network radio cannot
be frozen to old patterns of operations which were devel-
oped in a difTerent advertising era. It must gear itself to
new types of opportunities not only for its own preserva-
tion but for the preservation of other forms of broad-
casting which are dependent on it.

These are not ordinary times. The changes taking
place in radio come at a time when the nation faces a
more serious threat than we have ever known before.
We must be prepared to meet a potential enemy whose
resources of materials, manpower and sheer fanaticism
exceed anything that we have ever confronted in the
history of our nation. If we should ever get into the
conflict and should lose, we lose not merely a battle, not
merely a war. but the precious heiirage wiiich mankind
has struggled for centuries to attain.

Broadcasters can do many things to prevent such a
tragedy. They can help to keep the American public
awakened to these dangers; they can help to build a unity
of national purpose. They must protect the medium
against sabotage from within; they must be sure of the
integrity and loyalt)' of those whose job it is to serve the
public interest.

Yes, radio has a future, limited only by the scope of
the imagination of those responsible for irs destiny.

Good Times Ahead for T\

(Continued from Page 14 1
aluminum, because aluminum is rationed to us at 48 per
cent of the rate for the first half of 1950.

The nickel crisis is a very real crisis. This metal is
in such short supply that the tube industry will be liv-
ing hereafter on a hand-to-mouth basis. Even with the
development and application of conser\'ation techniques,
tube production is going to hit the skids. Glen McDaniel.
President of the Radio and Television Manufacturers
Association, has forecast that manufacturers will have to
start cutting tube production this month unless special
relief is allowed. By December 15, he predicts that the
production rate will be down to half the present rate.

And after taking a body blow from metals shortages,
the industry seems fated to run head-on into a parts
shortage some time in the first quarter of 1952, with
transformers and coils, as well as tubes, among the hard-
est-to-get items.

Taking all of these things into account, the RCA
Victor Market Research Department has estimated that
the industry can turn out 1.8 million TV receivers during
the first six months of next year. During tlie second
half, with many shortage problems at least partially
solved, the production capacity will increase, and from
July to Januar}^ we anticipate an industry' output of 3
million units, giving us a total for 1952 of just under 5
million units. I predict this will not be enough to satisfy
the demand.

At RCA, we consider the television and radio busi-
ness as the most exciting business in the world. We
occupy a position of leadership in this business, and we
intend to keep it. When other TV factories were shut-
ting down during the dark days of last spring, we con-
tinued to produce, warehousing our products against the
time when the market would harden. As long as broad-
casting endures, we shall continue to produce the finest
television and radio receivers we know how to build,
and broadcasting will endure as long as organized societv'
endures.

32 RADIO AGE

i^J^^^

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

NUARY

952

/)oC^<k^ MSkaa^ •

manmm^*^'^^^

It's the 1000-mile Trans-Arabian Pipeline's
desert marvel, TAPLINE • • • RCA radio equipped

From Porsian Gulf to Mediterranean
Sea . . . across more than a thousand
miles of shifting sands and rugged desert
. . . runs TAPLINE, one of the world's
greatest oil-carrying systems, built by
'I'rans-Arabian Pipeline Company.

Tribute to the engineering resource-
fulness of many organizations, tapi.ink
takes its place as a marvel of modern
vision and commercial achievement.
WCA engineers were among the first in
the field, in 1917 . . . to provide radio

communication as the oil line was built.

The great sy.stem, now in complete
operation, is RCA radio equipped.
Oesert vehicles receive ;ind transmit
with mobile radio units of new design.
.■Aviation radio directs air traffic serving
lAi'i.iNK. Marine radio aids tankers
off shore. Fixed control and relay sta-
tions, that operate in all the weather of
1000 de.sert miles, keep up the flow of
radio communication that is vital to
the flow of oil.

RCA's experience in radio is world-
wide. Its equipment is recognized as
the standard for highest performance.
The international facilities of \iV .\ are
ready to help industry or government
in all fields of radio. Consult your KCA
distributor or RCA International
IJivision.

The interesting booltlet "Sand, Oil and
Radio," the storv of
TA1M,INE, ma.v tielp
you. It is free. Simply
write for it.

KCA INTtRNATIONAl DIVISION

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA

HCA BUILDING

30 KOCKinillR PLAZA. NtW YOKK. N.Y.. U.S.A.

ladio

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 2

MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
ROADCASTING* TELEVISION

ANUARY 1952

OVER

dramatic scene from the
emiere of "Amah! and the
ight Visitors", an opera
jmposed by Gian-Carlo
,enotti and telecast by NBC
T Christmas eve. (Story on
age 9.)

NOTICE

When requesting o change in mailmg
address pleose include the code tetters
and numbers which appear with the
stencilled oddrcss on the envelope.

RocJio Age *i pub/ijhed quorferfy by
fhe Deportment of /nformofion, Rodr'o
Corporation of Americo, 2Q Roclce-
i^Wer Plaza, New York 20, N. /.

CONTENTS

Page

Television to Play Big Role in 1952 Presidential Campaign ... 3
by Brig. General David Sarnoff

Outlook for Radio-TV Industry

by Frank M. Folsom

First TV Opera Widely Acclaimed

Radio Speeds Work on World's Largest Pipe Line 10

by H. C. Edgar

13
Radio and Electronics

by Dr. E. W. Engslrom

Television in 1955

by Joseph H. McConnell

Microwaves Protect Motorists on New Jersey's New Turnpike ... 16

1 8
Diary of a TV Set Designer

by Tom Jeweff

on
Werner, Gorin and Wolff Promoted

Nostalgia and Old Records

by George R. Marek

Realism Enhanced by New Theatre Screen

Patent Describes Early Warning Relay System 23

Tozzi's 4r Ring Brings Him National Recognition 24

UHF Television Demonstrated at NBC Convention 27

Radio Executives Pay Tribute to Marconi 27

Network Affiliates Hear NBC Officials Outline Plans for Radio and TV 28

NBC Announces Plans for Two Political Conventions 30

Major Radio-TV Achievements in 1951

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N.Y.

DAVID SARNOFF, Chairman of /he Board
LEWIS MocCONNACH, Secretary

FRANK M. FOLSOM, Pres.denf
ERNEST B. GORIN, Trcosurer

Services of RCA ore.-
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA Inlernotionol Division
National Broadcasting Company, Inc. • Radiomorine Corporation of America
RCA Communications, Inc. • RCA Loborotories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

Printed in USA

Dave Garroway (right) as "communicator" of "Today," NBC's new morning television program, will reach throughout the
world for news items for his broadcasts from o special studio in the RCA Exhibition Hall, Radio City.

Television to Play Big Role
In 1932 Presidential Campaign

By Brig. Genera/ David Sornoff,

Chairman of Ihe Board,
Radio Corporation of Americo

I KING the past year, television established itself as
such a vital force in the life of America that in 1952
it promises to be a decisive factor in the nomination
and election of the President of the United States, Brig.
General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board of the
Radio Corporation of America, declared in a year-end
statement.

"By eleaion day," General Sarnoff said, "there will
be approximately 18 million television .sets in the
United States, with a potential audience of more than
60 million persons — exceeding the total population of
the United States when Grover Cleveland campaigned
for the presidency in 1884. For the first time co.ist-to-
coast network facilities will be available for the national
campaigns.

"No other force, in so short a time, has ever exerted
such a widespread impact on the home, on entertain-
ment, education, politics, advertising, news and sports."

Describing television as the most effective means of
mass communication known to man, he said that "there-
in lies its great destiny," and added:

Chairman of RCA Bojrd. in Year-End Statement,
Declares Telerisioti Promises to be a Decisive Factor
III Selection of Next Presideiii of the United Stales.

"The power of such a medium for mouldmg public
opinion is unprecedented. It provides an open forum
in which every home has a front-row seat in the dis-
cussion of national and international problems. The
leaders, as they speak, become living personalities whose
emotions and appearance are viewed directly by millions
of people. This new art brings sincerity or insincerity
into focus and has an intimate w.-iy of portraying the
distinguishing characteristics of a natural leader.

'Television of today, however, is only the prelude
to the television of tomorrow. It will change its format
from time to time to keep pace with new program
trends and new inventions. It is a live and flexible
medium. In the process of its evolution it will develop
its own art form, distinct from radio, motion pictures,
stage and press. It will create and develop new enter-
tainers and new personalities for the television screen.
"Already television has revealed its tremendous im-
pact as an advertising medium. Based on the financial
results of the first ten months, the 1951 time billings of
four TV networks and 109 stations should re.ich at least
250 million dollars. This year, for the first time, tele-
vision surpassed network radio in revenue. Today there
are 15 million television sets in the United States. About
forty theatres are television-equipped."

General Sarnoff declared that television in 1951 re-
vealed a number of significant advances that portend »
great future. He listed these, as follows:

Television stations have proved their ability to
operate successfully in the economic foundation of
the American system of broadcasting.

The television manufacturing industry has sur-
vived its early economic "hills and valleys." Sales of
receivers are on the upswing and there now is a sell-
out of TV time on the air.

The truth about color television became evident
in 1951. The public learned the basic meaning of
compatibility during field tests and public viewings
of the RCA compatible, all-electronic system, which
makes it possible for owners of present television sets

RADIO AGE 3

Artist's version of large-screen color television as dem-
onstratecJ by RCA in a Broadway theatre.

Development of Vidicon tube (in girl's right hand) made
possible the back-pack TV transmitter shown at right.

to receive color programs in black-and-white without
adding any contraptions.

There is unanimity in almost the entire radio and
television industry on what constitutes desirable and
practical standards for color television — and these
standards call for compatibility. RCA plans to ask
the FCC to see and consider the improved compatible
system before mass production of color television sets
is permitted by the Defense Mobilizer at some future
date.

Color pictures also were produced successfully by
the RCA compatible system on a 9 x 12-foot screen
at a Broadway theatre.

Television programming in 1951 demonstrated
that the new art has a keen appetite for talent and
ideas. TV, in a year, presents more new programs
than all other media of public contact combined.

Coast-to-coast TV network programs, made pos-
sible by cross-country microwave radio relays, and
co.ixial cable extensions, demonstrated that the day is
not far distant when every corner of the country will
have a reserved seat in the amphitheatre of television.

Extension of religious programs and the use of
television in education during 1951 revealed the
marked effectiveness of such telecasts in vast new
fields of sers'ice to church, school and home.

Television's expansion in the UHF (ultra-high-
frequency ) portion of the broadcasting spectrum was
proven in 1951 to be both possible and practical by
RCA-NBC scientists and engineers by their experi-
mental station near Bridgeport, Conn. The UHF can
accommodate 70 new TV channels, providing for per-
haps more than 2,000 UHF stations.

Development of the RCA Vidicon tube, or small
electronic "eye, " has made possible portable television
cameras and transmitters, even of back-pack size.

Achievement of co-ist-to-co.tst service during tlie
year gave eloquent promise that television would
eventually become internation.il in scope.
General SarnofT pointed out that while television has
thus advanced, radio also has continued to move for-
ward. He declared:

"Today there are 2,400 AM and 680 FM stations in
the United States. Daily broadcasts cover 95 per cent
of the country. Approximately 12 million new radio sets
were sold by the industry in 1951, lifting the total in
this country close to the 100 million mark, including
about 24 million automobile radios. There are 43
million radio equipped homes. "

During 1951 the phonograpli record business took a
new upswing, with an industry-wide dollar volume about
15 per cent over 1950, he revealed.

4 RADIO AGE

"Measured from the dace of Marconi's first trans-
atlantic wireless signal in 1901, radio in 1951 celebrated
a Golden Anniversar>'," he recalled. "Throughout its
half centur)- of progress as a science, art and industry,
it has met the tests of ups and downs in business. The
constant invigoration of science has given radio a
perennial vitality and versatility. Its Golden Age is still
ahead."

General Samoff said tb^t the radio industry' looks
forward with confidence to each new year as one of
increasing promise and progress. He continued:

"The year 1952 will be no exception; for the field
of electronics — of which radio and television are a
vital part — is on the threshold of many new develop-
ments. These include the iiarnessing of electrons in
solids for useful work, instead of subjecting them to
incandescent heat inside a vacuum tube.

"Tiny devices, known as transistors, have been devel-
oped for use as detectors, amplifiers and oscillators for
nidio. wire and cable communications. These use ger-
manium crystals as small as a match head. They will
play an important role in the future of many forms of
communications.

"Today, communication is only one facet of the
future of electronics, the roots of which are imbedded in
radio and television. There are limitless possibilities also

Tower of RCA-NBC experimental UHF television station
at Bridgeport, Conn.

for electronic inventions in new and broader fields, espe-
cially in the field of home appliances.

"On the threshold of 1952, it is difficult to imagine a
world without radio, or homes without broadcast re-
ceivers and television sets. This record of accomplish-
ment and public service is the result of the freedom
we enjoy in America to research, invent, develop and
progress under a democratic system of competitive pri-
vate enterprise that surpasses in achievement any other
system in the world."

Seven Radiomarine Employees
Join Quarter Century Club

Seven employees of the Radiomarine Corporation of
America, a service of RCA. have become new members
of the Radiomarine Quarter Century Club, it was an-
nounced by Thomas P. Wvnkoop, President of Radio-
marine. In recognition of their 25 years of service,
completed with the Corporation in 1951, the veteran
employees received gold watches and honor scrolls. The
Radiomarine Quarter Centur)' Club, organized in 1948,
now h,is a membership of 50.

The new members are: Miss Dorothy R. Boiler,
Secretary to the Vice President and Treasurer; George
P. Shandy, Great Lakes Regional Sales Manager; William
M. Uhler. Philadelphia Sales and Service Manager; Ed-
mund B. Burgess, Coast Station Manager of WOE, Lake
Worth, Fla.; Frank Geisel, Coast Station Manager of
KPH, Point Reyes. Calif.; Robert C. Steadman, Radio
Operator at WCC-WIM, Chatham, Mass.; and A. Arthur
Karas, Personnel Manager. Miss Boiler is the first woman
to become a member of the Quaner Century Club.

One of the viewing rooms, installed at Center Theatre,

New York, where thousands watched public showings of

RCA's compatible color television system.

Outlook for Radio -TV Industry

President of RCA Reports Fcicilitics AvjiLibJc to Meet Increasing Mtlitjry jnd
Cn'ilun Demands— Foresees Continuing High Level of Radio and TV Sales

By Frank M. Folsom

President,
Radio Corporation of America

L.S THE radio-television industry enters 1952, it has
an all-time peak production capacity available for the
Nation's rapidly increasing demands for military, as well
as domestic production and service, Frank M. Folsom,
President of the Radio Corporation of America, an-
nounced in a year-end statement.

Mr. Folsom said that to meet this dual production
requirement of the national emergency, RCA — as one
of the industry's major producers — continued during
1951 a multi-million dollar plant expansion program.
He reported that new manufacturing facilities, plus
those established in earlier postwar years under the im-
petus of television, give RCA the greatest production
potential of its 32-year history.

"Throughout 1951," he declared, "RCA accepted a
rapidly increasing number of Government contracts for
scientific research, engineering development, and produc-
tion of military equipment in the radio-electronics field.
This volume of work, substantial in 1951, is expected to
be three to four times greater in 1952, and will reach
record levels during 1953. Next year's military output

6 RADIO AGE

will probably equal in dollar volume the 1942 rate, when
RCA plants were devoted 100 per cent to war produc-
tion.

"Military equipment produced by RCA in 1951 in-
cluded various types of radio communication instru-
ments, 'walkie-talkies,' radar and sonar equipment,
range-finding and navigational instruments, audio and
radio devices for airplanes, and numerous types of elec-
tron tubes. Radio-electronic instruments currently re-
quired by the Nation's military forces are far more
complex than those used in World War II. For this
reason a large and increasing number of RCA engineers
is engaged in research and engineering development
work on Government projects."

Mr. Folsom revealed that one of RCA's outstanding
engineering contributions is the "miniaturization" of
equipment, an excellent example being the Signal Corps'
new "walkie-talkie" which is half the size but twice as
powerful as the one used in the last war. Similarly, it
is now possible to get far more electronic control equip-
ment into airplanes than ever before.

In addition to RCA's military development and pro-
duction projects, he said more than 600 engineers and

Simple converter designed by RCA Victor to enable
owners of standard television sets to receive UHF stations.

techniciajii ot die RCA Service Company arc working
with the U. S. armed forces in 20 different countries,
assisting in the training of milit.ir>- personnel, as well
as servicing radio-electronic equipment.

He noted that in response to military demands,
activities in connection with RCA's "Premium" electron
tubes — designed and manufactured to meet stringent
military requirements — were intensified, with twice
as many new types of "Premiums" planned for produc-
tion during 1952, as compared with the past year.

High Production Levels Maintained

Mr. Folsom rcponed that in the domestic field, RCA
and other leading manufacturers in the industry main-
tained relatively high levels of production of television
and radio sets, as well as phonograph records during
1951. Purchases of TV receivers by the American
public during the year reached approximately 5,000,000,
bringing the total in use throughout the Nation to more
than 15,000,000 sets, he reported. He declared that
these sales, plus new installation and servicing, added
more than $1,500,000,000 to the national income.

Increases in transmitting power and improvement in
TV receiver design were cited as contributing to the
widening receiver distribution potentials in areas pres-
ently served by television.

"Numerous sections of large cities, as well as rural
communities, where reception has been either impossible
or of marginal value, are now gening excellent television
pictures for the first time," said Mr. Folsom.

"As a contribution to this development, RCA Victor
introduced, in the fall of 1951, a line of 'super-powered'
television receivers with two to three times greater
selectivir)', picture stability, and freedom from noise
interference in sound reception. Among numerous com-
munities to benefit from receivers of this type are

Two types of experimental UHF antennas created by
RCA for field tests of UHF programs.

This .• J - _ - - !• .-loped for the Signal Corps is
one of RCA's contributions to the Nation's defense.

Television engine.... .--u a portable antenna to check

the strength of UHF signals transmitted by the RCA-NBC

station at Bridgeport, Conn.

RADIO AGE 7

Trenton, N. J., cenain areas in Eastern and South Eastern
Pennsylvania, and several towns within a 100-mile radius
of Atlanta, Ga."

In the important field of ultra-high-frequency
(UHF) television, hailed as the means of supplement-
ing the present ver)'-high-frequency (VHP) television
to bring about a truly nationwide television service, the
various divisions and departments of RCA showed
marked progress during the past year in adding to their
pioneering work, he continued.

"New developments in rubes, receivers, converters,
antennas and transmitters contributed to a high order of
quality and reliability in recent demonstrations of UHF
television," he reported. "These demonstrations centered
about the RCA-NBC UHF television transmitter near
Bridgeport, Conn., the first and only experimental UHF
transmitter operating on a regular schedule. Receivers
installed in the surrounding homes by the RCA Service
Company provided 'listening posts' from which much
valuable data were obtained."

Radio-Phonograph Business in Healthy State

Mr. Folsom, pointing out that "the glamour of tele-
vision sometimes overshadows the fact that the radio
and phonograph businesses also are in a very healthy
condition," revealed that the production of radio re-
ceivers and radio-phonograph combinations during 1951
was approximately 12,000,000 units — more than double
the number of TV set sales. This raised the number of
radio sets in use throughout the country to more than
100,000,000, or an average of more than two sets per
family, he said.

Plans of RCA Victor to enter the room air condi-
tioning field in the coming year were reported to have
been completed.

Sales of recorded music rose sharply in 1951, estab-
lishing a trend that Mr. Folsom said is expeaed to con-
tinue throughout the next year, with the increasing
popularity of both the RCA Victor 45 and 33 Vi systems.

Discussing the future production outlook, Mr. Folsom
declared:

"With a sharp increase in military deliveries
scheduled, domestic production in 1952 is expected to
be somewhat lower than in 1951. It is probable, how-
ever, that the industry as a whole will produce between
4 and AVz million television receivers and 9 to 10
million radio sets and radio-phonograph combinations.

Limiting Factors in Production

"The limiting factor in domestic production will be,
of course, the availability of raw materials and com-
ponent pans. Curtailment of supplies for non-military
production is expected to be felt most during the first
half of 1952. This condition may improve to some ex-
tent in the second half, as the expanded production of
suppliers begins to reach manufacturers."

RCA achieved high levels of production and service
in 1951 through the outstanding teamwork and co-
operation of its employees and the thousands of in-
dependently-owned companies that supplied raw ma-
terials, component pans, and various types of special
ser^'ices, said Mr. Folsom, adding:

"As one dramatic example of this teamwork and
cooperation, RCA was able to begin deliveries of the
new 'walkie-talkie' it developed for the U. S. Signal
Corps sixty days ahead of a super-rush deadline.

"Another example of the importance of RCA sup-
pliers is seen in the cooperation of 560 different com-
panies on just three of the Corporation's Air Force pro-
duction contracts.

"These are but two instances of American team-play
operating in the best interests of the Nation. They are
clear proof, however, that the products and services of
modern American industry come from no single self-
sufficient source, but from a wide range of interests
welded together by a common purpose — the national
welfare. "

More than 15,000,000 American homes now enjoy television program service.

First TV opera Widely Acclaimed

Mcnocri's ■Amahl mk\ rhc NiL^hr X'lsitors." Composed for
Television. W^ins Enrhusiasric Praise from Press and Public

Gian-Carlo Menotti, composer of

the television opera "Amahl and

the Night Visitors."

-ORE than two years ago, Samuel Chotzinoff. NBC's
General Music Director, acting on behalf of the com-
pany, commissioned Gian-Carlo Menotti to write an
opera especially for television production. The NBC
television opera project was in its first year and already
had indicated from several productions that it was capa-
ble of taking on the presentation of an entirely new
work.

NBC had confidence that Menotti would produce an
opera which would be good television and a fine work of
art at the same time. Its confidence was based upon its
own previous experience with Menotti, who had been
commissioned to write the first radio opera in America
in 1937. This opera. "The Old Maid and the Thief."
made a signal success on radio and has since been per-
formed in opera houses throughout the world. Menotti
has won great acclaim in opera and on the Broadway
stage with his "The Medium." "Amelia Goes to the
Ball" and most recently "The Consul." To insure the
success of this television presentation, NBC also arranged
to have Menotti stage his own opera.

At the time Menotti was commissioned, he was given
cane blanche as to subject matter and all other details
of the of)era. After rwo years, Menotti submitted the
opening pages of the music and the libretto for "Amahl
and the Night Visitors." NBC agreed to put the opera
into production for Christmas Eve presentation.

Scheduling an opera before the score and libretto had

been completed might have seemed a foolhardy thing
to do, but Chotzinoff's experience with Menotti had
indicated that Menotti would come through with colors
flying, which he did. The triumphant reception that the
opera has had from press and public alike has been
virtually unequaled in music or in television.

In the New York Times. Olin Downes wrote: "Mr.
Menotti, with rare art, has produced a work that few
indeed could have seen and heard last night save through
blurred eyes and with emotions that were not easy to
conceal. It might be said at once that if nothing else
had been accomplished by this work, television, oper-
atically speaking, has come of age.

John Crosby in his syndicated column said: "Men-
otti's music, so powerful in The Consul,' was marked
here, I thought, by a rare melodic sweetness completely
in harmony with the breathless sweetness of the tale he
unfolded. Besides the boy (Chet Allen), a low bow is
due also to Rosemary Kuhlmann for her performance
and singing as the mother, to Samuel Chotzinoff who
produced it, to NBC who commissioned it and who, I
hope, will revive it many times."

These sentiments were repeated by newspapers, mag-
azines, syndicated columns and wire services all over
the country. Not only was Menotti singled out for
praise, and NBC for commissioning the opera, but all
of the singers and particularly the 12-year-old boy, Chet
(Continued on page 31 )

Samuel ChotzinofF, General Music

Director of NBC, who has directed

the network's opera project.

RADIO AGE 9

Left: Section of Tapline conduit which
carries daily flow of 300,000 barrels of
oil over 1,000 mile route shown below.

Radio Speeds Work on World's

Largest Pipe Line

By H. C. Edgar,

Merchandising Director,
RCA International Division

V^ ONSTRUCTION and operation of the world's largest
oil pipe line across more than a thousand miles of desert
wasteland from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean
Sea represents a modern wonder achieved by a combina-
tion of radio and petroleum engineering. Successful
24-hour operation of the mighty oil highway, which
traverses four countries — Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria
and Lebanon — depends upon instantaneous, reliable
radio communications. RCA was entrusted to design and
install a radio system between terminal points and the
six pumping stations that control tlie daily flow of
M)0,000 barrels of oil.

Tapline, the abbreviated name commonly used to
identify this project, was built by the Trans-Arabian
Pipe Line Company and the Arabian American Oil
Company. It cost more than 200 million dollars to build
and required more than 265,000 tons of steel pipe.
Completion of the project involved three years of work
and more than five billion ton-miles of freight shipments.
Most of all it involved vision.

Actually, the history of Tapline starts with the dis-

covery of oil in commercial quantities in Saudi Arabia.
The oil there is close to the Persian Gulf, but by tanker
route it would have to be carried 3,500 miles to the
Mediterranean, by way of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea
and through the Suez Canal. Looking at their maps,
oilmen saw that tremendous savings in time and money
could be made by piping the oil across the sands and
gravelly plains of the Arabian Peninsula. After extensive
planning and study, construction on the pipe line was
begun in the summer of 1947.

Communications engineers of the RCA International
Division were among the first to go into the field. These
engineers were organized into two groups for the Tap-
line project. The field team was composed originally
of eight engineers but later was expanded to 20. The
other group, at the New York home office, was made
up of from three to eight draftsmen and engineers.
While the field force was erecting temporary radio fa-
cilities, the New York group was busy on blueprints of
the permanent system of communications.

The initial step in designing an integrated radio
system for Tapline was to investigate the best method
to use under the prevailing geographic and physical
conditions. RCA technicians made detailed ionospheric
propagation studies and then developed a frequency

10 RADIO AGE

ailucation plan tor the many strnict-s that would be
rcqiiircJ. The problems ot obtaining radio station licenses
and frequency assignments from the four countries were
finally solved. Preliminary studies revealed that special
antennas would have to be designed in order to reduce
static interference from desert sandstorms which had
previously obliterated radio reception.

Radio Circuit Coniftleteil in Month

Installation of a radio circuit between Tapline's main
olfice in Beirut on the Mediterranean and Ras el Mishaab
on the Persian Gulf was the first major task. In one
month, this circuit was completed and was carrying
executive telephone and teletype traffic. To insure eflS-
cient handling of messages over the circuit, two expert
operators were furnished by RCA Communications, Inc.
When the temporary stations at Beirut and Ras el
Mishaab were replaced by permanent stations, the
changeover was accomplished without loss of operating
time. The direct circuit between these terminals has
been in continuous op)eration, day and night, since service
was inaugurated.

As work progressed along the pipe line, RCA engi-
neers provided communications for field construction
units, camps, motor caravans, supervisors and survey
parties. At all times, field [>ersonnel was in constant
radio contact with either Ras el Mishaab or Beirut.

As radio engineers and pipe line construction crews
advanced from opposite ends of the 1,000-mile course,
they encountered one of the world's most barren areas.
A tree is a rarity in this land where the average rain-
fall is only three inches a year. The summer tempera-
ture rises to 130 degrees Fahrenheit, with a humidity
below seven per cent. In such a climate a man requires

iwo gallons ot w.itcr a day. Mc-ial surfaces, such as the
sections of steel radio antennas, were too hot to touch.

Oose teamwork between the RCA International Di-
vision at home and abroad eliminated delays in the con-
struction work. In New ^'ork, shipments of equipment
and supplies were coordinated according to schedules
set up by field engineers. There was a constant exchange
of information between Ar.ibia and New York on en-
gineering details of the entire system.

Before oil began to flow in the pipe line in No-
vember 1950, the communications system installed by
RCA had carried more than 500,000 telegrams and more
than 750,000 telephone messages.

The completed system, as operated today, has the
following specialized functions: ( 1 ) dispatching pump-
ing operations, ( 2 ) airway and vehicular communica-
tions and ( .1 ) dispatching movements of oil tankers.

\'oice Communications Can Be Coded

Communications for pumping operations consist
of parallel telephone and teletype circuits. Signals from
the various pumping stations are received by an auto-
matic repeater station at Rafha, midway on the pipe line,
and retransmitted from there to other points. Through
the use of automatic repeater operation and frequency
diversity, nearly 100 per cent reliable telephone service
is available between the pumping stations and the term-
inals at Beirut and R.is el Mishaab. For security pur-
poses, a method was developed whereby all voice com-
munications may be encoded into more than a hundred
ditferent combinations.

Since Tapline's pumping stations are separated by as
much as 175 miles, air transportation is vital for the
speedy shipment of materials, equipment, medical and
food supplies, and personnel. Each station has its own

Plodding dromedaries form an old world foreground against a backdrop of Tapline's radio towers.

"^^^l

^''

Radio antennas designed by RCA and erected at one
of the oil pumping stations in Saudi Arabia.

airstrip for company airplanes. Communications with
both vehicles and airplanes are coordinated with par-
ticular airports and stations by the operators at the vari-
ous radio stations. Calls from an automobile or plane
en route across the desert are received on a telephone
switchboard like any ordinary call. If desired, communi-
cations may be conducted between a vehicle and an air-
craft in flight.

All six airports are equipped with RCA air naviga-
tional beacons for the safe guidance of transport planes.
Shortly after the beacon system went into operation,
some of the commercial airlines changed their routes in
order to take advantage of these navigational facilities.

Old and New Worlds in Contrast

Oil from Saudi Arabia reaches the end of its journey
through Tapline at Sidon, on the Mediterranean, where
tankers are loaded. Radio antennas towering above the
orange and fig trees of this ancient city offer an unusual
contrast between Old and New Worlds. Actual dis-
patching of tankers is controlled from the main office
at Beirut by means of the radio station at Sidon. This
station also supplies vital weather information to the
tankers being loaded.

To accomplish the various specialized functions, the
RCA-designed communications system utilizes fre-
quencies from 250 to 88,000 kilocycles. Frequencies in
the VHF range are employed for the radio link (instead
of wire lines) between Sidon and Beirut. This link is
engineered to carry eight voice channels, two teletype
channels and two control channels for simultaneous
communications in each direction.

A majority of the apparatus for the Tapline radio

system was standard RCA equipment, specilicaUy in-
tended for this type of service. However, custom-made
components were needed in several cases to meet unusual
conditions and requirements.

All transmirting and receiving antennas for the
project were custom-made to provide interference-free
communications. Antenna towers were designed to
withstand the combined forces of the violent sandstorms
and high winds that sweep the desert.

Saudi Arabs Trained for Radio Work

Aside from the actual installation of the radio sys-
tem, the RCA International Division performed many
technical and non-technical services which are important
for successful operations. One contribution was the
training of Saudi Arabs for radio operating and service
work.

The two main difficulties encountered in this train-
ing were language and inexperience. Few Arabs were
able to speak even a few words of English and only a
handful of Americans were acquainted with Arabic.
But gradually words were exchanged and slowly a new
language came into being along the pipe line. It wasn't
Arabic or English but a workable combination through
which both groups could converse without too much
difficulty.

Before the construction crews arrived, most of the
Arabs had never seen such simple tools as a screwdriver
or monkey wrench, yet in time they learned many
skilled trades. After being carefully tested and selected
for aptitude, Saudi Arab employees were given instruc-
tion in telephone, radio and instrument maintenance by
RCA field engineers.

To minimize inventory problems, RCA developed
a standardization program for spare-part equipment and
techniques. The fewest possible types of tubes, equip-
ment and antennas were utilized wherever specialized
functions permitted. As a result, a technician familiar
with one station can be transferred to another and find
himself acquainted with equipment and procedures.

After the radio system was completely installed,
many of RCA's engineers remained as permanent Tap-
line employees. This is not difficult to understand. At
each pump-station settlement are air conditioning and
refrigeration plants as well as recreation halls and in-
firmaries. In addition, the stations have comfortable
dwellings, dining halls and athletic fields.

By overcoming such obstacles as climate, language
barriers and technical problems, petroleum and com-
munications engineers have made a tremendous con-
tribution to the world's oil economy. Tapline is striking
proof of America's ability to cope with difficult commu-
nications problems abroad and to solve them successfully.

72 RAO/G AGE

RADIO AND ELECTRONICS

Their Srarus and Promise

By Dr. E. W. Engstrom

Vice President in Charge,
RCA Laborotoriei Division

An address deliiered M the 60th Anniversary
Convocation of Drexel Institute of Technology in
Philadelphia on October i/. 795/

T IS particularly appropriate on this occasion to speak
.ibout radio and electrcinics as a science and as an indus-
try. It is appropriate because radio, followed by elec-
tronics, had its beginning at about the same time this
In.stitute was founded. We may but think of Hertz's
experiments in electromagnetic radiation. We may con-
sider Branly and his coherer for detecting radio fre-
quencies in the early 1890"s. Again we may think of
Marconi and his experiments of the 1890's, culminating
in his historic transmission of the letter "S" across the
Atlantic in 1901. These were the beginnings and I
have called attention to but a few of tiie pioneers. They
were followed by a host of others until today the technical
workers are counted by the tens of thousands and those
who serve in the industry, by the hundreds of thousands
or millions.

In the years that followed the first practical radio
transmissions, the service grew rapidly in both its conti-
nent-to-continent and ship-to-shore branches. During
those early years the use of radio was confined to code
communications. While some experimental work on
radio telephones was done, the idea of broadcasting h.ad
not yet been proposed. The period of World War I
and the years just following saw the development and
initial use of the "vacuum tube." It is this electronic
tube which today is at the base of the huge radio-
electronics industry. I shall say more about this later.

While radio communications grew rapidly, it even
now is small in terms of plant and equipment and in
operating revenue when compared to the services to
which it and the electron tube gave birth. I refer, of
course, to radio broadcasting — sound and television —
and to the many applications of electronics. Before
leaving the subject of radio telegraph communications,
it may be of interest to note that during the past several
years the radio message traffic handled by private com-

The author points to one type of tri-color television
picture tubes developed by RCA.

panics in the United States has run from one-half to
three-quarters of a billion words each year.

With the advent of radio broadcasting in the 1920"s,
radio really began reaching its seven league stride. This
new service, the outgrowth of radio communication,
soon outdistanced its parent. As an example of the
magnitude of this now mature service, 12 million sound
receivers were produced last year in the United States.
These had a retail value of 650 million dollars. In that
same year some 380 million electron tubes were pro-
duced at a value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Radio billings for network broadcasting totaled some
200 million dollars. As of the start of this year. 96

RADIO AGE 13

million radio receivers were in use in 45 million homes
of our country — or 95 percent of the population.

This, then, is the measure of the service which has
extended man's power to hear — to listen at a distance.
For as long as man has had the concept and the vision
to do so, he has likewise dreamed of sight at a distance.
It is significant that as the pioneers were first experi-
menting with and conceiving uses for radio transmission,
other pioneers were cars'ing out the beginnings of tele-
vision. Here, however, real progress in the art had to
await the development of refined instrumentalities of
electronics.

Television of a practical and commercial nature
began as World War II developed. Once started, the
service marked time until the cessation of hostilities.
Since then, the growth has been phenomenal — beyond
the estimates of the most optimistic. Last year in this
country some 71/2 million television receivers were pro-
duced, representing a retail value of approximately 2
billion dollars. Today, more than 14 million television
receivers are in operation.

109 television broadcasting stations serve more than
60 important areas representing roughly 60 percent of
the nation's population. The number of stations would
be much larger except for the "freeze" on new stations
which has been in effect since 1948. The majority of
the 109 stations are now served by network programs.
This network facility has just recently become trans-
continental. Currently, billings for television network
broadcasting are approximately the same as that of
sound broadcasting. Soon it is expected that new station
authorizations will be given, both through the lifting
of the freeze and the establishment of service in the
ultra-high radio frequencies.

What Electronics has Accomplished

We have examined three of the stepping stone.s
leading to the present. There are others. Electronics
gave the silent films a voice. Electronics gave the
speaker, the singer, and the performer an enlarged
voice for large audiences. Radio and electronics gave
the public, industry, and individuals means to com-
municate and means to control at a distance. Electronics
means control and safety on land on sea, and in the air.
Now industrial forms of television permit sight at a
distance in places where it is difficult or dangerous for
man to view. Other forms of industrial television per-
mit teaching in new and improved ways. Electronics
abounds in control processes for machincr)' in factories.
Now electronics is doing our counting, our computing
at lightning speed. There are facets so numerous that
I can but mention these few examples.

Radio provided its first major test as a military tool
during World War I. By World War II, radio and elec-
tronics were integral parts of the military machine.
Superiority in radio, radar, and electronics had much to
do with the outcome of the conflict. One used to sav
that an army marched on its stomach. Now one may
say that military might on land, on sea, and in the air.
lives, mo\es, siioots, and conquers on its electronics.
Radio and electronics are the "brains" on which all
military movements and actions depend.

New Materials Enter Scene

Radio equipment of the early days made use of es-
sentially the same materials as its older brother, the
electrical industry. I mean the use of conductors — ma-
terials permitting the ready movement of electrons when
under the proper influence; insulators — materials where
the electrons are bound; and magnetic materials. From
almost the beginning, however, a new class of materials
entered the radio scene. These were neither conductors
nor insulators in the usual sense and they did not obey
Ohm's law. I refer to the loosely packed particles of the
coherer and the crystal with its point contacts. These
were the detectors of radio waves. While the perform-
ance of such units could be measured, the basis of the
performance was little understood. Except for such
specialty applications these semi-conductors were the
discards of the electric and radio arts. They served well
I Continued on Page 26)

The tiny transistor (left) is compared here with a minia-
ture vacuum tube which it may eventually replace in
radio sets and other electronic apparatus.

?4 RADIO AGE

TELEVISION IN 1955

Prospects oi Video Industry Outlined by NIK! President in ^'ear-end Statement
which also Analyzes Trends of Viewing Audience, Thearre Television

and Sponsor Participation

By Joseph H. McConnell

President,
National Broadcasiing Co.

itLt\isioN viewing auditnce of 84.000,000
people, more than half the total national population is
envisaged for 1955 in a year-end statement by Joseph
H. McConnell, President, National Broadcasting Com-
pany. "By that time," he said, "we will think of tele-
vision as we think of radio today; not in regional terms
but as an instrument of mass communications for all of
America."

Mr. McConnell expressed his opinion that theatre
television will keep abreast of home viewing. "I antici-
pate that -4,100 theatres will be television equipped on
our target date (1955). Each will accommodate an
average audience of 1,000 bringing the theatre total to
4,100,000 viewers.

"The economic graph for television will climb with
.ill the speed of audience growth," he continued. "We
now count television billings in the tens of millions; but
1955 should put us in figures several times as great.

"Total national expenditures for advertising in 1951
were $1,''^ 5, 000,000. With an expanding economy, with
television vaulting toward maturity, with growing busi-
ness awareness of the importance of all advertising media.

1 anticipate that the total annual income from all ad-
vertising sources in 1955 will reach $8,000,000,000.

"Considering the present leaping demand for tele-
vision network time, it is probable that television in
1955 will achieve billings of $1,000,000,000; or one
out of every eight dollars spent by American advertisers
in all media.

"At first glance, this sounds fantastic: one communi-
cations medium, in three additional years, to achieve a
gross income that represents more than 50 per cent of
today's total advertising budget. But that is typical of
television's history. A billion dollar industry has been
created almost overnight. Hundreds of millions are
being spent on new equipment, on scientific research, on
programming and talent and on network expansion.

"Despite the vast increases in revenue, tlie major
networks will not record large profits. Income will be
plowed into growth. It is possible, even probable, that
networks will continue to show losses in this period of
feverish expansion.

"We who are custodians of the airwaves have an
obligation to the American people to use this new
medium for the benefit of all. We intend to fulfill it.
By 1955. I expect to see television well entrenched as
our foremost cultural instrument. Not since the printing
press has any invention offered such opportunities for
the enlightenment of everyone."

David S. Rau Promorcd

Election of David S. Rau as Vice President and
Chief Engineer of RCA Cominunications, Inc., was an-
nounced by H. C. Ingles, President on January 4. C. W.
Latimer, formerly Vice President in Charge of Engineer-
ing, was appointed Vice President and Chief Technical
Consultant of RCA Communications.

Mr. Rau, who joined RCA as a student engineer
upon his graduation in 1922 from the United States
Naval Academy at Annapolis, has served since 1950 as
Assistant Vice President and Chief Engineer.

Mr. Latimer has been with RCA since its formation
in 1919, having begun his engineering career three years
earlier with its predecessor, the Marconi Telegraph Com-
pany of America.

RADIO AGE J 5

Hwwr

Microwaves Protect Motorists

on Ne^v Jersey s New Turnpike

-OTORISTS travelling the 118 miles of the recently
opened New Jersey Turnpike extending from the New
Delaware Memorial Bridge at Pennsville to the George
Washington Bridge will be safeguarded throughout their
journey by a comprehensive seven-station microwave
radio relay system.

This modern highway communication control net-
work was created through the joint efforts of the Paul
Godley Company of Upper Montclair, New Jersey,
which formulated the broad engineering requirements,
and the RCA Engineering Products Department, which
designed the radio equipment and worked out the de-
tails of the system. The Godley Company also developed
the VHF antennas used in the two-way mobile radio
system installed as an adjunct of the highway communi-
cation system. Installation of the system was carried out
by the RCA Service Company.

The seven-station hook-up, operating at a frequency
of 960 megacycles, provides a voice channel for monitor-
ing the entire system, another for dial-phone admin-
istrative calls, two voice channels for communication
with state police cars and maintenance trucks fitted with
two-way mobile radio equipment, and one parryline
teletype. At five of the microwave towers there are
VHF base stations which furnish two-way radio cover-
age for the length of the turnpike.

The new microwave relay installation obviates the
need for underground cables or overhead pole-and-wire
lines as a means of communication. It also assures con-
tinuous functioning through sleet, snow, and windstorms.
Calls are made and received over the microwave system

16 RADIO AGE

in a manner similar to ordinary telephone procedure,
but between sending and receiving points, there is a
difference. Voice sounds are converted into microwave
radio signals and sent to a transmitting antenna. The
antenna focuses the microwave signals in a narrow beam
which is then directed through space to a relay station
from 25 to 40 miles away. The relay station antennas
are located on towers, erected on the highest ele\ations
available along the turnpike. The first relay station picks
up the signals, amplifies them, and beams them on to
the next station. This process is repeated at successive
stations. At the receiving point, the signals are recon-
verted to voice sounds.

Workmen hoist a parabolic microwave antenna into
place on one of the turnpike's relay towers.

The system is also capable of sending coJe signals
such as those used in teletype Furthermore, the system
can, when desired, carr)' a number of conversations at
the same time and unscr.imble them at the receiving
point.

The new microwave facilities provide the Turnpike
Adininistration at New Brunswick with a means of in-
stantaneous communication with all state troopers, m.iin-
tenance trucks, and toll gates along the road. The dial
phones and teletype link the police divisions along the
turnpike with one another and with the State Police
Headquarters at Trenton.

Each pohce car is furnished with dual-frequency two-
way radio equipment operating in the 152 to 174 mega-
cycle band. The cars transmit on one of their two
frequencies and receive on the other. The ver)' high fre-
quency b.ise stations at the microwave towers operate
on the same frequencies as the cars, reversed as to send-
ing and receiving. That is, they receive on the frequency
on which the cars send, and transmit on the other fre-
quency. Hence, the normal path for a message trans-
mitted from a car is to the nearest base station, from
which it is retransmitted to other cars in the vicinity and
to toll gates. At the same time, the VHF receiver at the
base station feeds the message into the microwave sys-
tem, where it is relayed to all other base stations and
retransmitted by them.

System Has Extra Features

Several unusual "extra-feature" provisions make the
system one of the most flexible and foolproof ever
installed.

In most cases, two base stations will be able to re-
ceive a direct transmission from a single car. A special
"sensing" and lock-out device has been provided, there-
fore, to select the base station receiving the strongest
signal as the one to feed the microwave system at the
same time locking out the other station. The rejected
station, as well as the other remaining base stations, re-
ceive the message through the microwave system.

If an officer in one police car wishes to talk directly
to one in a nearby police car without entering the micro-
wave system, he may do so by throwing a .switch which
changes his transmitter to the receiver frequencies. This
feature prevents local communications from tying up
the entire turnpike communication system.

Base station antennas are two-element arrays de-
signed to concentrate a high proportion of the radiated
signal along the turnpike. This insures a strong signal
on the highway with a minimum {xjssibility of interfer-
ence to and from adjacent communities.

The radiations from two consecutive base stations

RADIO AGE U

necessarily overlap, and there is an area where signals
from both stations are of approximately equal strength
and reception would normally be distorted. To prevent
this, dual antennas are mounted on the roofs of the
police cars. A switch selects directional reception char-
acteristic favoring the chosen base station.

At the New Brunswick Turnpike headquarters, a
switching arrangement permits separation of the system
into two, three, or four sections. This arrangement in-
creases both the flexibility and the message capacity of
the system. When tied end-to-end, the system is essen-
tially one large parry line. If serious vehicle traflic de-
velops in any one region, the New Brunswick head-
quarters can isolate that section of the communication
system, leaving it free to handle its local affairs without
tying up calls for the rest of the turnpike. However,
headquarters is still in a position to monitor messages
exchanged in the area, and can, by a throw of the
switch, bring it back into the overall system.

More than $100,000 has been spent on the new com-
munications facilities. Towers up to 150 feet in height
have been erected in or near Swedesboro, Moorestown,
Bordentown, Trenton, New Brunswick, and Newark,
with two near the latter city. The base stations employ
60-watt RCA radio transmitter-receiver units. In addi-
tion, 15-watt fixed station transmitters are located at
interchanges, maintenance buildings, and other points.
More than 50 police and maintenance vehicles have been
equipped with 15-watt RCA Carfone mobile units. The
microwave relay equipment is RCA's latest Type CW-5B
960-megacycle equipment.

Microwave relay station near Bordentown, N. J.

Workmen assemble walls, balustrade and doorways to
form an interior scene for a television production.

Wizardry of scene painters creates an illusion which
the television camera cannot penetrate.

Diary of a TV Set Designer

By Tom Jewett
"Television Playhouse" Designer,
National Broadcasting Company

SET DESIGNER for an hour-long weekly television
program such as NBC's "Television Playhouse" has
everything at his command except a 14-day week.
Tools are there in abundance, talent is always available
but time is a relentless taskmaster. This unusual situa-
tion is created by the fact that while the designer is
creating 15 or 20 sets for one show he is currently
planning a similar volume of scenery for the program
that is scheduled a week later.

For purposes of illustration let us use the Decem-
ber 23 production of the Vogeler story "I Was Stalin's
Prisoner". In diary form, this is the procedure that
was followed by the writer during the seven days pre-
ceding the actual broadcast.

Monday: Worked all morning on paint shop eleva-
tion and detailed plans which included specifications of
colors to be used in all sets. In the afternoon, accom-
panied a camera crew to a rural area near New York
to film outdoor scenes which would be inserted in the
program.

Tuesday: After a production meeting in the morning
hours were devoted to the selection of furniture, pictures
and lamps for the indoor sets. Came evening, and a
conference called by the producer to make last minute
changes in settings.

Wednesday: This was the day set aside for the
designer's weekly visit to the property shop in the base-
ment of NBC's huge storage warehouse and production

plant on West 56th Street. Stored there are more than
1250 pieces of furniture and miscellaneous "props" that
may number 2,500 or more. To sort over and inspect
this mass of material takes time. Some of the items
sought may come from shelves of imitation breakfast
foods or from the stalls where old taxicabs and horse-
drawn shays are stored. Whatever is chosen, it must be
in precise keeping with the period and locale of the
drama. Errors here are quickly detected by astute view-
ers. On Wednesday afternoon plans were begun at a
production meeting for the program of December 30.
At this conference, the designer was expected to come
through with a rough floor-plan of the stage settings.
This he did, and then returned to the warehouse to
continue his selection of props for the show of the 23rd.

Thursday: Morning hours devoted to the making ot
drawings for the second production after which attention
was turned again to supervising the construction and
painting of the scenery for the Vogeler story, then only
three days away. In the construction shop, the designer
showed his blue print specifications to the foreman and
then selected additional pieces of stock scenery from a
photographic catalogue. The twelve experienced stage
carpenters employed here can build almost any object
from a "flat" to a castle. The many out-of-the-ordinary
requirements placed upon these artisans have taught
them that nothing is impossible to simulate. In the past
they have reproduced rocks, a Gothic cornice and a
Victorian gingerbread porch.

It is in this stage of set production that ingenuity
comes to the fore. Both time and money must be saved,
wherever possible. One way of doing this is to design
sets that are flexible. It is not unusual to make two

18 RADIO AGE

stage settings Jo the work of four or five. The dressing
can be altered, tapestries can be rolled down like maps,
pictures shifted and furniture changed.

There are numerous other money saving "kinks."
A cellar window can be produced by turning a fireplace
wing upside down and topping it off with an inexpen-
sive mullion. Doors and windows are constructed so
that they may be used front and back, and even an
elaborate cave can be built out of heavy wrapping paper,
staples and paint.

Friilj): Now with only two days to go, the tempo
increased. First came a rehearsal of the Vogeler drama,
then more time across town in the paint shop. Dinner
over, back to NBC studio 8G in Radio City to supervise
the erection of "fiats. " Flats are the vertical surfaces
which comprise the walls of a set. After being com-
pleted at the production shop these flats, together with
furniture, draperies, etc., had been trucked to a receiving
platform ^4 feet under ground below the RCA building
and brought to studio level on a freight elevator.

Satiirda): Beginning at 8 a.m., the set designer,
together with the "dressing crew", went to work in 8G
putting drapes and furniture in their prescribed places
and touching up paint jobs where necessary. Then back
to the designer's drawing board for more work on the
following show which already was creeping up.

Sniuia): The Day! The set designer moved back
and forth between the studio stages and the control

r<K)m. At a time like this, u is always amazing what
the camera will reveal. For instance, at one point the
producer decided on a higher camera shot than had been
specified originally. The producer was satisfied by having
one flat mounted above the other, bolted on and then
painted to corresjxjnd with the color already applied.
A chair which, on the monitor screen, didn't seem quite
authentic enough was removed and a replacement
located by making a fast taxi tour of theatrical rental
firms and antique shops. Of course, the correct chair
was found eventually, and placed on the stage. But just
as the designer was about to put his O.K. on the setting,
he realized that one picture was so brilliant that its
reflection bhickened the face of an actor standing beside
it. A spray gun solved this problem, but immediately
the control room reported that a coflee pot was casting
a bad reflection. This time a coating of wax deadened
the glare.

And so it went on, right up to the minute when the
little buttons on the front of the television cameras
glowed red to warn the performers that they were "on
the air." Then and only then could the set designer
sit back and relax. There was nothing more that could
be done for the Vogeler story, but, facing him like another
necessary spectre was the show of the 30th. On Monday,
the hectic pace would be picked up again.

Truly, fourteen days in a week would be a solution —
after a fashion.

Dress rehearsals give the set designer his final chance to moke the changes in scenery and "props" that wil

add reality to the drama.

ROBERT L. WERNER

ERNEST B. GORJN

DK. IRVING WULFh

Werner, Gorin and Wolff Promoted

-OBERT L. Werner and Ernest B. Gorin were elected
Vice Presidents of the Radio Corporation of America by
the RCA Board of Directors on December 7.

Mr. Werner, who has been General Attorney of RCA
since April 6, 1951, was elected Vice President and
General Attorney. He joined RCA in 1947 as First
Assistant Attorney in the Law Department. He was
graduated from Yale in 1933, and received an LL.B.
degree from Harvard Law School in 1936.

Mr. Gorin was elected Vice President and Treasurer
of RCA, having served as Treasurer since September 2,
1949. He became associated with RCA in June, 1944,
as Administrative Assistant to the Vice President in
Charge of the RCA Victor Division, and subsequently
was named Budget Director of that Division. In April,
1949, he became Budget Director of RCA.

Dr. Irving Wolff, formerly Director of Radio Tube
Research for the RCA Laboratories Division, and a
specialist in ultra-high frequencies, was named Director
of Research for the Division on November 26. Head-
quarters of the Division are at the David Sarnoff Re-
search Center, Princeton, N.J.

Dr. Wolff joined the RCA research staff in 1928. He
concentrated on research in the audio field, developing
one of the most-used loudspeakers of the '30s. He later
shifted his field of interest to the development of equip-
ment for the generation of microwaves. In 1934, he be-
gan experiments in radio reflection work — much of
which proved basic to the development of radar.

Dr. D. H. Ewing was appointed Director of Re-
search Services, RCA Laboratories Division, in Novem-
ber. Dr. Ewing, formerly Director of Development for

the Air Navigation Board of the U. S. Government, was
previously manager of advanced development for the
Engineering Products Department of the RCA Victor
Division.

To recommend and make plans for long-range re-
search projects. Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President in
Charge of RCA Laboratories Division, announced in
November the formation of a Research Planning Com-
mittee composed of Dr. V. K. Zworykin, Vice President
and Technical Consultant, Chairman, Dr. Wolff, L. P.
Smith, Consultant. Physical Research Laboratory; C. D.
Tuska, Director of Patent Department: and Dr. Ewing.

At the same time. Dr. Engstrom also made the fol-
lowing promotions in the Laboratories staff: E. W.
Herold, Director of Radio Tube Research Laboratory;
G. H. Brown, Director of Systems Research Laboratory;
R. S. Holmes, Director of Contract Research Laboratory.

RCA Radiophone Only Link
With "Flying Enterprise" Hero

The radiotelephone which served as the only form
of communications between Capt. Henrik Carlsen, mas-
ter of the ill-fated "Flying Enterprise", and the ships
standing by to rescue him, was a small 20-pound ship-to-
shore unit designed by Radiomarine Corporation of
America for use aboard small pleasure boats.

According to a statement from Radiomarine, the
captain bought the equipment just before sailing on the
freighter's last trip, and carried it along to test its opera-
tion on the high seas.

A model of the compact radiophone was one of the
feature exhibits at the recent Motor Boat Show in New
York.

20 RADIO AGE

Nostalgia and Old Records

By George R. Marek,

Director, Artists and Repertoire,
RCA Victor Record Department

JL HE experienced people in tlie record business say
that an artist's records stop selling when the artist stops
concertizing, when he is no longer in the limelight. In
general, that is true. In particular, it is not. RCA Victor
has one artist on its roster who has actually earned mure
money after his death than during his lifetime. Granted,
he is a unique artist; he is Enrico Caruso. Caruso's total
income from record royalties amounts to about $3,000,-
000. About Sl.'^OO.OOO of this was earned after his death
in 1921. Caruso is the most financially solvent memory
you are ever likely to meet. His continued popularity is
not only an expression of Caruso's pre-eminent position
in the operatic world, his matchless quality as a singer,
but also of the fact that there exists a lively interest in
the recordings of a past age.

Caruso is a favorite of thousands of people who have
never seen him. He is known to thousands who probably
have never been inside an opera house. They want to
hear not only what he sounds like, but also what his
companions in greatness sound like. The phonograph
has given them this opportunity.

Henry Ir%'ing once said that an actor is a sculptor in
snow. This is true as well of the singer or the musician.
Rather, it was true before the phonograph. As soon as
the voice was mute, as soon as the last echo of the piano
tone had died away, the singer or the musician became
but a memory, often a highly inaccurate memory. In a
double sense of the word, no record of his art survived.
Until recordings came along!

Many of the early phonograph records are still prized
by connoisseurs, and some early issues bring high prices.
But their general circulation is necessarily limited to the
"collectors. " The old recordings are no longer good
technically — and panicularly unsuitable for the new
speeds which, being more sensitive, show up the flaws
more clearly. The untramed musician is, quite naturally,
bothered by their raspy sound. Gradually they are disap-
pearing from the dealers' shelves. Still, the interest in the
old singers, the great pianists of the past, etc., remained
alive. This interest increases as distance lends enchant-
ment and as we. living in the frightening fifties, look
back with fairy-tale fondness to the early part of the
century.

Caruso's recordings hove totalled nearly two million
dollars in royalties since his death in 1921.

In March 1930, RCA Victor embarked on the project
of rehabilitating the masters of the old records and trans-
ferring them to the new speeds. It was quite a project!
In the first place, some 2,000 masters were examined.
From them were chosen 300 recordings which seemed
most valuable artistically. Then these old nnstcrs were
subjected to the most painstaking and meticulous repair
work. Ticks, pops and other extraneous noises were re-
moved, as far as possible. They were then transferred
to tape, first selecting a pickup that would give the
highest fidelity and lowest surface noise. It was during
this operation that all the devices known to the art,
such as filters, compensators and transfer turntables,
were brought into play in order to improve the quality
of the musical content, reduce distortion, etc. In a num-
ber of the recordings, excerpts from several parts were
pieced together in order to assemble one side that was
good overall.

The acclaim which the "Treasur)- of Immortal Per-
formances" received from dealers and public proved that
this care was well applied. More than a quarter of a

RADIO AGE 21

million albums of the first edition of the Treasur)' were
sold.

During this month, the second Treasur)\ consisting
of seven volumes of classical music and twelve volumes
of popular music is being published. Among the classi-
cal albums there will be, of course, another Caruso album.
For rhe first time, both John McCormack and Rosa
Ponselle will be featured in individual albums. The
other albums are Famous D//ets. Pianists of the Past
Play Chopin, Stars of the Golden Age, and a new idea,
Aida of Yesterday, a presentation of excerpts from the
world's most popular opera sung by Caruso, Homer,
Martinelli, Ponselle, Gadski, Amato, Pinza, Rethberg
and Gigli. Among the artists represented in the popular
series are Benny Goodman, Sidney Bechet, Jelly Roll
Morton, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines and Billy Eckstine.

Several curiosities are featured among these records.
In the McCormack album there is one record in which
the great John sings an excerpt from Tristan and Isolde.
He never sang Tristan in any opera house. In fact, he
made this record merely as an experiment and for his
own amusement. No master of it could be found for a
long time. We appealed to Mrs. McCormack. who
started a search in her home in Ireland and after some
time disclosed a test pressing. This rarity, now published
for the first time, makes it possible for the public to
listen to McCormack's art in all of its facets, from Irish

Lucrecia Bori and the late John McCormack as they
appeared for a broadcast in the early Twenties.

songs such as / Hear You Calling Me to Adeste Videles.
and to arias from Lucia to the Tristan excerpt.

In the Caruso album will be found the last record
that he made. It was recorded in Camden on September
16, 1920, less than a year before his death. Appropri-
ately enough it is a church aria, the Domine Deus from
Rossini's Mass. But the album also contains an aria
from La Boheme — not Puccini's famous La Boheme
but Leoncavallo's forgotten opera, an opera which
Leoncavallo wrote to spite Puccini. Caruso scored one
of his early great successes in the Leoncavallo Boheme.

Realism Enhanced by New Theatre Screen

NEW and radically diflFerent motion picture pro-
lection screen, hailed as the first major improvement in
film projection in 25 years, has been placed on the
market by the Radio Corporation of America. The first
installation was made in the Plaza Theatre, New York.

Designed by theatre architect Ben Schlanger and
his associate, William Hoffterg, the screen features side
wings and a top panel which together pick up and
reflect diffused light from the picture. When color
pictures are shown, reflected hues appear on the wings
and panel. This effect gives a dramatic sense of realism
by making the screen action appear to occupy a larger
portion of the viewer's field of vision. The screen is
made of RCA Snowhite screen material, a heavyweight
Firestone "Velon" plastic.

Because the projecting wings are not directly lighted,
but pick up only the illumination from the screen, the
intensity of light and the predominant color reflected
by these panels vary in proportion to these same factors
present in the screen picture. The optical impression is
that of viewing a "live" scene, where vision is concen-

trated on a particular object or in a certain direction,
but the viewer is conscious of the surrounding area at
which he is not looking directly. The new RCA screen
allows for this peripheral vision, or "seeing out of the
corner of the eye," in contrast to the sharp cut-off
necessary in the conventional screen, which gives a pic-
ture sharply outlined against a black background.

The RCA wide-vision screen consists of the image
screen on which the picture is actually projected, narrow
(9-inch) flanges set at a relatively acute angle to the
screen, and wings projecting from the flanges at the
sides and from the top of the projection screen. The pic-
ture image is actually "framed" on the screen by the
flanges, which perform the same function as the usual
black masking to eliminate fuzzy edges, but diffused
light and color from the projected picture are picked up
by the wings at sides and top of the screen. Reflection
of light on these wings eliminates the sharp, contrasting
outline of the screen image and makes it appear to
taper off in the outer portions of the spectator's field of
vision.

22 RADIO AGE

Patent Granted Sarnoff on Radar System
For Detecting Planes and Missiles

JL HE Official Gaieitc of the U. S. Patent Office pub-
lished in its October, 1951 issue a description of an
invention made by Brig. General David SarnoflF, Chair-
man of the Board of the Radio Corporation of America,
of an automatic early warning system. The U.S. Patent
Office has granted him Patent No. 2571386, which he
assigned to the RCA.

The invention relates to an automatic early warn-
ing system which combines the principles of television,
radar, microwave relay and the latest methods of de-
tection and direaion-finding. The new system can uti-
lize equipment already developed and in use.

In describing the principles of the system disclosed
m this patent. Dr. Elmer W. Engstrom, Vice President
in Charge of RCA Laboratories Division with head-
quarters at the David SarnofF Research Center, Prince-
ton, N. J., said:

"General Samoff's patent discloses a method and
means for sur\'eillance of a string of areas oflF-shore, or
remote from the borders of a countr)', for detection of
planes, guided missiles, enemy vessels, or other targets
in those areas. It provides for instantaneous communi-
cation of running target positions to a central intel-
ligence station or command post within the country.

"The patent describes a method and means for dis-
patching fighter aircraft and directing them to the enemy
planes, guided missiles, or the like that have been de-
tected.

"It also describes means for early interception of
report and control signals sent from and to a guided
missile, and the radiating of identical signals for jam-
ming of the channel, or counter-controlling of the
missile.

"The system proposed by General Sarnoff would en-
able detection at much greater distances than is now
feasible. At the same time it would transmit the in-
formation to a Control Center that could act immedi-
ately. By this new method, countermeasures will have
a greater opponunity to deal with enemy planes or
guided missiles that might be carrying atomic bombs
and to destroy them at sea before they can re.ich their
targets on land.

"A further object of this invention is to provide an
improved radar fence with a greater depth of protected
area.

"The patent specification includes information about

an airborne radar net for national defense in which a
succession of planes leaving shore on a predetermined
course, search the specified area with radar equipment.
The information thus compiled, is then relayed auto-
matically from the lead plane successively through the
trailing planes and finally to the Control Center on the
home b.ise. In this way, the radar net is moved con-
tinuously across vast distances covering possible enemy
invasion routes.

"By adding a television camera to the plane's equip-
ment, as e.xplained in the patent specification, the radar
information, together with dial readings indicating air-
speed, compass bearing, altitude of the craft and
any other needed facts, can be relayed to the Control
Center in the form of a continuously changing television
picture.

'General SarnoflF's patent also describes means for
mtercepting the control and position signals trans-
mitted by an enemy to and from a guided missile and
the immediate radiation of identical signals for the pur-
pose of eliminating enemy control over the winged
weapon. In this way, the missile could be directed on
a new path which would be continued until its fuel
is exhausted and it falls harmlessly into the sea or on
an uninhabited land are.i.

"In a variation of the same military application, the
patent specification describes an arrangement for the
early detection of enemy planes or long-range radio-
controlled missiles, and describes a method for dispatch-
( Continued on Page 25)

In General SarnofF's proposed system, properly spaced

planes would provide a rador "fence" giving greater

depth of protected area.

RADIO AGE 23

Tozzis 4^ Rinp Brinps Him National Recognition

;NGELO M. TOZZI, president of the Tozzi Manu-
facturing Company, a small metal parts business in
Bayonne, N. J., vaulted into national prominence as the
result of an RCA institutional advertisement.

Mr. Tozzi was cited for his contribution to the de-
fense effort in the advertisement, which was headed
"America's Secret Weapon and Angelo Tozzi's 4f Ring."
It told how he had provided a finely-tooled aluminum
ring for the new aircraft interphone system developed
by RCA for the Air Force. This ring, which he pro-
duced for only 4 cents, resulted in a large saving, which
RCA was able to pass on to the Air Force.

The advertisement singled out Mr. Tozzi, who has
never employed more than 50 people, as one of the thou-
sands of small businessmen who are contributing to the
defense effort. It said that America's real secret weapon
was the ability of all our industry — big and little —
to work together as a team.

After the full-page advertisement appeared in several
leading newspapers, Frank M. Folsom. president of RCA,
received over 300 letters praising Mr. Tozzi as typical
of America's ingenious small businessmen, and endorsing
this campaign to promote better understanding of the
importance of industrial teamwork. The letters came
from members of the President's cabinet, his top pro-
duction officials. Congressional leaders, corporation ex-
ecutives, financiers, labor leaders, educators and promi-
nent clergymen.

Mr. Tozzi, too, received bagfuls of congratulatory
mail at his Bayonne plant. His telephone buzzed steadily
for several days. He was invited to Washington to be
guest of honor at a luncheon attended by two dozen of
the nation's top newspapermen. His opinions were
quoted in a nationally syndicated column.

The editors of Reader's Digest reprinted the adver-
tisements as a full page feature and hailed it as an
example of "Advertising cum laude."

Business Week magazine devoted four columns to
a picture of Mr. Tozzi and to a report on the advertise-
ment and the importance of the Bayonne businessman
to the defense effort.

"Nationwide fame touched Angelo Tozzi one day
early in October," the article said, "when RCA ran a
full-page ad in the newspapers headlined "America's
Secret Weapon and Angelo Tozzi's A^ Ring.' . . .

"Tozzi has no patience with the moaners who cry
that changing times have stifled the chances of the small
businessmen. 'Why should it?' he says. 'With all the
technical advances in this field just since I've been in it,
there are all kinds of opportunity for a man to start out
by himself.' "

Angelo M. Tozzi (right) receives scroll of commendofion

from Earl Bunting, managing director of the National

Association of Manufacturers, for his contribution to

the Nation's defense

The Business Week article completed the story be-
gun in the RCA advertisement. It told of his early
career, his start in business, and of the inventiveness
which led to the 4^ ring and other articles of value to
defense.

As a final honor, Mr. Tozzi was invited to the annual
convention of the National Association of Manufacturers.
Earl Bunting, managing director of the NAM, presented
Mr. Tozzi with a scroll of commendation for his typically
small-business contribution to defense.

RCA Television Transmitter
Sold to Dominican Firm

A 5-kilowatt television transmitter, the ninth to be
sold by the Radio Corporation of America in Latin
America, has been purchased by Director Colonel J.
Arismendi Trujillo Molina, President, Treasurer and
founder of radio station La Voz Dominicana at Ciudad
Trujillo. In making the announcement, Meade Brunet,
a Vice President of RCA and Managing Director of the
RCA International Division, said that the new station
unit is the first one for use in the Dominican Republic.

The antenna of the new station will be located atop
the Palacio Radial, modern Palace of Radio, in the
capital city of Ciudad Trujillo. Facilities of the Palacio
Radial are now being enlarged to accommodate the
television transmitter and studio equipment.

24 RADIO AGE

New Line of All" Conditioners liurodiiccd b\ RC/\

Details and prices of three models of home air-
conditioners, the first to be offered by RCA, were an-
nounced on December 27. Designed for rot)ms with
floor areas up to 485 square feet, the new units range
in price from $2l9.')0 to $399.50.

Initial shipments of the models will be made during
January to distributors in all major market areas, Robert
A. Seidel, Vice President of RCA Victor Division, dis-
closed. Technicians of the RCA Service Company will
install and service the air-conditioners.

Suitable for any room decor, the models are designed
with simple lines and finished in two colors — the
cabmets in "polar beige" and the grilles in "arctic tan."

To assure quiet, trouble free operation, compressors
of the units are hermetically sealed and spring-mounted.
Adjustable grilles on ail models make possible the easy
control of air flow and draft-free operation.

RCA's entrance into the air-conditioning industry
marks the company's first step beyond radio, television
and phonograph instruments in the appliance field, Mr.
Seidel pointed out. The decision to handle air-condi-
tioners was made after a detailed survey of market con-
ditions and a study of competitive products in the field,
he said.

"The home air-conditioning market has scarcely been
tapped," Mr. Seidel declared. "According to reliable
surveys, the industry has achieved less than ' 2 of one
per cent of its potential.

"One of the principal obstacles in increasing home
air-conditioner sales has been the lack of adequate in-
stallation and service facilities. While some air-condi-
tioner manufacturers and distributors have maintained
service organizations in some cities, there has been no

Patent Granted on Radar System

I Continued from Pitge 23)

ing fighter aircraft to meet and destroy them long before
they are able to reach their objective.

"This could be accomplished by launching parasitic
planes from the aircraft on radar patrol. These parasite
planes, equipped with radar and radio would send back
to the nearest group of defensive fighter planes a con-
tinuous flow of signals giving the position, speed and
direction of flight of the enemy plane or missile. Sup-
plied with this information, the fighter planes, taking off
from land base or carrier, would be able to set their
course accurately to intercept their target.

"As a peacetime service, the disclosed system would
apply also to a similar chain of spaced planes extend-

ji'.iim iliiliUll

This model RCA Air Conditioner is suitable for rooms
up to 485 square feet.

nation-wide organization offering efficient, direct-to-the-
consumer sers'ice.

"With the facilities of the RCA Service Company
to draw upon, and with its thousands of highly skilled
technicians stationed throughout the country, ready to
install and service air-conditioners, RCA is in a very
favorable position to expand the distribution of air-
conditioners and assume an important role in the field."

ing from shore to shore which could be utilized to relay
television programs to and from Europe and other for-
eign countries. Such a relay system, according to tlie
patent specification could also carry high speed ultrafax
communications.

"Because of the proposed use of lightweight, low-
power microwave relay apparatus, General SarnotT's plan
could be adopted for both military and non- military pur-
poses without materially affecting the freight and pas-
senger carrying capacity of the planes."

In 1948, General Sarnoff was awarded Patent No.
2,455.443, which he also assigned to the RCA. It
covered a secret signalling system by which ordinary
messages are convened to a succession of arbitrary sym-
bols and transmitted by facsimile or television to a re-
ceiving and decoding terminal.

RADIO AGE 25

Radio and Electronics— Their Status and Promise

{Continued from Page 14)
during the early radio days but passed from the scene
when the electron tube emerged. Like actors in a play,
a place was reserved for them in a later scene. We shall
come to that soon but first, we need to examine the
electron tube.

The electron tube is the lever-arm of radio and
elearonics. It is the foundation stone or the keystone of
all apparatus and techniques upon which the present
ever-expanding industry depends.

Industry Built on Electron Tube

In its simple form, an electron tube is a device —
a vessel devoid of air — m which electrons are boiled
out from a metal or cathode material. When freed in
the vacuum space, they are subjected to the desired
action by a control influence. Through the effect of a
small control influence, a larger output effect is pro-
duced on the electrons. This output effect is trans-
formed in a work circuit so as to do what the designer
seeks to achieve. From this simple form we have pro-
gressed to a myriad of electron tube types. We have
transducers of voltage, current, light, and other mani-
festations of energy. Upon this versatile instrument we
have built an industry of first magnitude. It is truly a
modern version of Aladdin's Lamp.

While we have progressed far, and while we are
still expanding the versatility and usefulness of electron
tubes, attention again has been directed to the discard
materials, the semi-conductors. As is so often the case,
we find in the discard, the real gem itself. But this
time the approach was not through empirical experi-
mentation but by painstaking research with understand-
ing of each step. Also it was not a single approach but
one which has taken many routes with many evidences
of current and potential results. This has been termed
the electronics of the solid state. The electron tube
might be similarly termed electronics in vacuum.

The first broad uses of these new materials came
from their non-linear and unilateral propenies which
were those of importance for radio-frequency detectors
of the early days. Then we moved into small powet
applications as well. As understanding grew, we learned
that conductivity could be influenced by radiant energy
(photoconductivity), by electron bombardment (bom-
bardment induced conductivity), and by applied voltage
(transistors), Just as is the case for the electron tube.
Here, however, we are working with the controlled
action of electrons in solid materials.

Why is this important.' It is important because
we have a new tool, a new instrumentality. It promises

to augment and to supplement the electron tube. It
means new freedoms in the future in the designs of
equipment. It means wider and added services and uses.
It provides a new dimension.

In radio and electronics we view the scene on an
approximate sixtieth anniversary and we see a vast
panorama of what has been created. These are the cre-
ations of scientific and applied research with the dress
of ingenious engineering. We see a view which has
radiated outward in an ever-expanding fashion. Now as
we move to the present and look to the future, we do
so with new instrumentalities in hand. We do so with
a sound established framework of research and engineer-
ing. We see service for which our measuring tapes are
too short. The horizon is boimdless.

NEW TUBE FOR UHF

A new tube m the "pencil-type" series which is
capable of producing an output of 1,000 watts in cer-
tain types of specialized service, at frequencies up to
3,300 megacycles, has been announced by the RCA Tube
Department.

The tube, a triode, is distinguished by its small size,
light weight and stability. It was specifically designed
for service in transponders, navigation beams, telemeters
and pulse altimeters, and for use in signal generators and
mobile transmitters operating in the UHF region. All
metal parts of the tube's envelope, with one exception,
are made of silver-plated steel.

26 RADIO AGE

UHF TclcNisioii Dcinonsrrarcd
At NBC Con\ cut lull

Radio station representatives wlio were guests of
the N.ition.ii Uroadcastint; Company at the network's
Fifth Annual convention at Boca Raton, Florida in
November, witnessed tfie first demonstration of a new
portable ultra-hii;h-frequency television transmitter m
actual operation. The purpose of the experiment was
to illustrate the simplicity and practicability of ct)nvert-
ing present very-high-frequency ( VHFi receivers to re-
ceive high quality pictures from ultra-higli-frequencv
(UHF) transmissions. The simple steps that must be
taken to convert from VHF to UHF were illustrated
through the use of UHF antennas and converters.

For the demonstration a specially built portable
transmitter was designed by the David Sirnotf Research
Laboratories of RCA in Princeton, N. J. UHF directional
antennas, looking like step ladders, also were built for
the Boca Raton project. A number of 21 -inch RCA
Victor television receivers were shipped from Camden.

The UHF pictures were transmitted from the Lions'
CMub in Boca Raton Hills, one and a half miles from
the hotel. The receivers and their converters were placed
throughout the hotel.

The NBC television camera, placed in the hotel
grounds, picked up scenes which were fed by micro-
wave radio relay to the transmitter. At the Lions' Club
the camera signals were transferred to the UHF trans-
mitter which then beamed the signal to a series of UHF
.mtenn.is at the hotel.

In addition to the live action scenes picked up by
the outdoor camera, a complete film chain transmitted
newsreels recordings and motion picture film over the
system.

Each UHF antenna was i8 feet long, suspended 50
feet from the ground. The UHF station used the fre-
quency band of 524-530 megacycles, with radiated
power of (S kilowatts for the picture and > kilowatts
for the sound.

Engineers and technicians of RCA and NBC worked
more than six weeks to make the experiment possible

High Placement Record

Of the 794 students graduated from RCA Institutes
during the 1950-51 school year, 98.5 per cent have been
employed in various branches of the radio-television and
electronics industry. The Institutes' Placement Service
has reported that graduates were employed as follows:
222 television installation men, 169 laboratory tethni-
cians, 11.1 transmitter engineers, 71 radio technicians
and 25 junior engineers.

Brig. General David SornofF sending the letter "S" in
Morse Code around the world, as I. E. Showerman,
President of the Radio Executives Club (left) and Harry
C. Ingles, President, RCA Communications, Inc., look on.

Radio l:.\ccuri\cs Pav
Tnburc ro Marconi

The vast progress which radio communications has
made since Marconi succeeded in transmitting the three
dots of the letter "S" in Morse code across the Atlantic
in 1901 was demonstrated on December 20. 1951 during
.1 luncheon of the Radio Executives Club commemo-
rating the 50th anniversary of the Italian inventor's
.iLComplishment in communications.

At the meeting, which was held at the Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel in New York, Brig. General David SarnofT
transmitted the same letter around the world over the
facilities of RCA Communications, Inc. Members and
guests of the Club heard the returning signal as it com-
pleted its globe-circling path in one-eighth of a second,
.ifter travelling via Tangier, Manila and San Francisco.
This distance was approximately ten times that covered
by Marconi when he spanned the ocean between Corn-
wall, England, and St. John's, Newfoundland. Later,
General SarnofT held a two-way radiophone conversation
with Marchcsa Marconi and her daughter Elettra, who
were in the radio studio of Italcable in Rome.

At the conclusion of the demonstration. General
Sarnoff related incidents in his long association with
Marconi, and described some of the technological ad-
vances that might be expected in the communications
field in future generations.

RADIO AGE 27

Network Affiliates Hear NBC Officials
Outline Plans for Radio and TV

-ORE than 500 broadcasters joined executives of
NBC in the network's fifth annual convention in Boca
Raton, Florida, from November 28 through November
30. The guests, who included a record number of officials
of radio and television stations affiliated with the Na-
tional Broadcasting Company, listened to NBC speakers
as long range plans for the orderly advancement of both
radio and television were outlined.

In welcoming the conventioners, Niles Trammell,
NBC chairman of the board, urged them to devote
themselves to more solid planning, more intelligent study
and more self-analysis to insure an expanded future for
both media.

"Broadcasting, since its inception," Mr. Trammell
said, "has been subject to constant change and requires
constant planning for the future. Your network, with the
counsel of its partners, the affiliated stations, has always
taken a position of leadership in anticipating change
and meeting the challenge of the future."

Mr. Trammell said he was convinced that the meas-
ures recommended in NBC's Basic Economic Study were
absolutely essential to a sound future in broadcasting and
predicted that they will set a pattern that will strengthen
and stabilize radio.

VHF Stations Advocated

Joseph H. McConnell, President of NBC, delivered
the convention's keynote address. He emphasized that
NBC radio sales, programming and merchandising will
be greater than ever in the coming year. He also urged
radio station operators to consider the opportunities for
the establishment of hundreds of new television stations
with the opening of the ultra-high-frequency band.

"I have more optimism and confidence in the future
of network radio than I have ever had before," Mr.
McConnell told the meeting. "I think we, at NBC, are
coming to grips with our main problems and are devel-
oping patterns that will keep radio strong for the future.

"We're finally selling radio on its solid advertising
values in moving merchandise, instead of on a show-
business basis alone," he continued. Mr. McConnell
added that, program-wise, "NBC is enlarging its news
service, strengthening its musical lineup and planning to
bring to the network an array of talent that would do

radio proud in its greatest days, and to do this at reason-
able prices."

Mr. McConnell also read to the convention a message
of greeting from President Truman, felicitating NBC on
its 25th anniversary this year.

Future of Network Radio

The future of network radio was discussed by Charles
R. Denny, NBC executive vice president. After outlining
a plan for further strengthening the NBC radio net-
work, he said:

"At NBC, we have great confidence in network radio
both for the present and for the long-range future. It
is because we have this confidence that we have under-
taken a specific program of action with our eyes fixed
to the future. We are proud that our network has taken
the leadership in rolling up its sleeves and tackling these
basic problems."

Among the other speakers at the session devoted to
radio were Charles C. Barr}', vice president in charge of
network programs; Henry Cassidy, director of news,
special events and public affairs; John K. Herbert, vice
president and general sales manager of the radio net-
work, and Fred N. Dodge, merchandising director.

Power of Television Emphasized

In his keynote address opening a full day session
devoted to television, Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr., NBC vice
president in charge of television, told the broadcasters
that no other group in the world today has the power
they hold; that by design. NBC Television can create
an aroused, alert, knowledgeable, balanced, mature public
opinion, and that public opinion will force a drastic
upgrading of all activities for social good.

"This," he predicted, "will form a vigilant, calm,
resourceful people who will go into a tremendously
brilliant future with resolution and integrity. Coopera-
tion between the network and the affiliates can bring this
about.

"If we go forward with your help in making NBC-
T'V what we plan, " he continued, "then the future will
mean that your children in five years can tell you every
statesman's name on sicln, what countr\' he comes from.

28 RADIO AGE

what he does, what he's like, and then tell you about
his country, its people and their customs, dress and
geography.

"They will know the physical universe around them
because they will have seen it. They will have gone into
outer space from Mt. Palomar, and into sub-microscopic
worlds through the electronic microscope. They will
have seen American history sweep across the tube with
an impact hitherto undreamed of.

"They will know," he continued, "artists and music,
as well as current events and how to interpret them in
the larger pattern of life today. '

TV More Influential than Print

Weaver said television must do all this to meet the
responsibility "that comes from the stewardship of the
greatest mechanism to influence men, mores and sur\-ival,
that has ever happened. Yes, a stronger influence than
was the discovery of print, the only invention comparable
in potential.

"The public will look to NBC and its affiliates to
sers'e them," he said, "because wc use their air and we
will ser\e them well, and nobly."

He told the affiliates they "are playing a role given
to few men throughout history," adding: "You are a
major part of an organization that can prove decisive
in letting our people freely and with full information
choose their own destiny."

Weaver predicted that the public will determine in
large part what of the old is to be carried on to the new.

"Here," he states, "is where television can perform a
revolutionary service. For the first time in a great world
crisis, the people can know the alternatives, can be given
an understandable pattern of what is happening and why
it is happening and what the choices are for them.

"Television can clarify the great issues of our times,
and be a force for good, a force for broad public action,
unique in world history. NBC television, by itself, and
I exaggerate only slightly, can be the most important
single influence for a better adjusted, more mature, more
stable, more enlightened, more peaceful world. And
accomplish its mission before this decade is out."

Color Television Discussed

In a discussion of color television, Joseph V. HefTer-
nan, NBC financial vice president, declared that NBC is
determined to bring programs in color to the homes of
the public. He said that NBC. which pioneered in the
development of color TV. believes that it will be the
most effective medium yet known to convey information,
entertainment and sales appeal.

Announcement of the expansion of NBC -TV's broad-
cast operations into the morning hours with the addition
to the present schedule of 25 program hours a week, was
made by Frederic W. Wile, Jr., vice president in charge
of Television Production.

NBC's plans for maintaining undisputed leadership
in television programming through the acquisition of
more marquee names were outlined by Robert W.
Sarnoff, vice president in charge of Television Unit
Productions. In addition to acquiring other established
box-office names for NBC-TV, he said, the network will
expand its efforts to develop new, young talent as tomor-
row's television stars.

Advertisers to Spend $30, 000, 000

Advertisers will spend about $30,000,000 during the
next 12 months on NBC's own package programs, Rud-
dick C. Lawrence, director of Television Sales Develop-
ment, revealed to the broadcasters. He pointed out that
two out of every three hours of sponsored NBC time are
devoted to shows packaged by the network, accounting
for 78<7^ of NBC's advertisers. Lawrence compared
NBC's .33' ^i hours of sponsored network-controlled pro-
grams with the second network's 19.

A glimp.se of television's fantastic future was given
to conventioners by Robert E. Shelby, director of TV
Technical Operations, who announced that the network
is constructing a disaster mobile unit — a complete broad-
casting and film processing plant entirely independent of
external wire connections — which will bring to TV
homes on-the-spot views of any great catastrophes the
future may bring.

/Marvels on Planning Boards

Also on the NBC planning boards. Shelby revealed,
are such marvels as air-borne TV from helicopters, a
flying box-car capable of transporting a small mobile
broadcasting unit to the site of any event of public
interest, and a remote control camera operated like a
robot plane.

A film titled "Illusions Unlimited" was shown to the
affiliates by Fred Shawn. NBC Director of Television
Production Ser\'ices. It outlined the new techniques
devised by the network for providing startling and un-
usual illusions in TV production.

Completing the roster of speakers at the television
meeting were Mr. Connell, who spoke of the economics
of network television: Edward D. Madden, vice president
in charge of TV Operations and Sales, who examined
television as an advertising medium; George H. Frey,
vice president in charge of TV Sales, and Brig. Gen.
E. Lyman Munson. director of TV Operations.

RADIO AGE 29

NBC Announces Plans for Political Conventions

lyOMPLETE television and radio coverage of the
Democratic and Republican conventions next July will
be supplied by NBC's combined radio and television
networks, with Philco Corporation as the sponsor. The
announcement was made jointly on January 2 by Joseph
H. McConnell, president of the National Broadcasting
Company, and James H. Carmine, executive vice presi-
dent of the Philco Corporation. NBC predicts the largest
lineup of stations ever assembled by a single network to
carry the more than 60 hours of convention activities.

The Republican convention is scheduled to begin in
Chicago on July 7 and the Democratic convention fol-
lows two weeks later, beginning July 21.

NBC has assigned its combined radio and television
stafis of more than 100 nationally known news reporters,
commentators, analysts and writers to the two conven-
tions. They will be supplemented by 200 technical staff
members.

Television's newest marvel, the "walkie-talkie-lookie,"
a portable television camera, developed at the David
Sarnoff Research Center, will be used for the first time
at the two conventions. The "walkie-talkie-lookie " will
bring home-viewers within elbow reach of delegates and
other convention and platform notables, as well as im-
portant leaders in hotel rooms and corridors and other
locations where news is breaking.

NBC television is constructing two complete tele-

vision studios in the International Amphitheatre, site of
both conventions, and another studio is being constructed
for NBC radio. Two additional studios, one for radio
and one for television, are to be constructed in the Hotel
Conrad Hilton, headquarters for both parties.

NBC's television coverage of the conventions will
be directed by William R. McAndrew, currently NBC-
TV's director of Public Affairs and a veteran of six
political conventions since 1940. Radio coverage will
be under the direction of Henry C. Cassidy, NBC's di-
rector of News and Special Events for radio.

Supervising the convention coverage will be William
F. Brooks, NBC's vice president in charge of Public
Relations; Davidson Taylor, general production executive
for NBC-TV, and A. A. Schechter, general executive for
NBC-TV. All three are nationally known figures in the
field of convention coverage and have had extensive
experience in such coverage in the past.

Bill Henry of NBC's Washington staff will report
the running story of both conventions on both radio and
television. Other well-known NBC news figures who
will report the convention include John Cameron Swayze,
Dave Garroway, H. V. Kaltenborn, W. W. Chaplin,
Leon Pearson, George Hicks, Ben Grauer, Robert
McCormick, Morgan Beatty, Earl Godwin, Richard Hark-
ness, David Brinkley, Leif Eid, Ned Brooks, Ray Henle,
Albert Warner, Clifton Utley, Alex Dreier. Bob Letts
and Elmer Peterson.

RCA Opens Direct Radio Circuits
To Three More Countries

Three new direct radio circuits linking the United
States with Syria, Thailand and the island of Guam have
been opened by RCA Communications, Inc. The Guam
circuit also provides direct radiotelegraph service with
the Philippines.

In announcing the opening of the first direct radio-
telegraph service with Syria, it was reported that the
Syrian Government has recently completed the construc-
tion of new transmitters and receivers near Damascus.
The government has also modernized operations by in-
stalling high-speed teleprinter equipment.

The new radio channel linking Bangkok and San
Francisco establishes, for the first time, direct radio-
telegraph contact between the United States and Thai-
land. Previously, communications between the two coun-
tries were handled via Manila.

World's Loftiest TV Station
Is Planned by Mexican Firm

The loftiest TV station in the world, and Mexico's
latest addition to its telecasting facilities, will be located
at Cortes Pass, 12,500 feet above sea level.

The new station will be operated by Television de
Mexico S. A., an enterprise of Romulo O'Farrill, Sr.,
who also owns television station XHTV, radio station
XEX, and publishes the newspaper "Novedades."

The 2,500-watt transmitter, purchased from the RCA
International Division, will be operated as a satellite of
station XHTV Mexico City, to cover the Valley of
Mexico, the Valley of Puebla, and other areas where
reception from XHTV is blocked by mountains. Cortes
Pass is located about 65 miles from Mexico City and
40 miles from Pueblo, between Mexico's two famous
volcanos, Popocatepetl and Ixtlacihuatl.

30 RADIO AGE

Maioi" IvilIio— TV AchicNcincnrs in 19)1

Ten ()ut.st.iiKling achievements in radio and television
during lyil were listed by Dr. C. B. Jolliffc, Vice Presi-
dent and Technical Director of RCA. in a year-end
summary issued at Radio City, New York. Dr. |olliffe"s
selections follow:

1. Field testing the RCA compatible, all-electronic
color television system under regular broadcasting con-
ditions, showing the public and industry its potentialities
for service. Tests included outdoor and studio pickups,
transmissions by radio relay and co,ixial cable from New
\'<)rk to Washington, D. C, reception on experimental
home type receivers, featuring the RCA tri-color picture
tube, and showings on a 9- by 12-foot screen in a Broad-
way theatre.

On October \f>. 17 and 18, 1951, a test program of
the RCA compatible color system was transmitted across
the Nation. It was received in San Francisco and Los
.Angeles and relayed back to New York, where it was
also received. In all, these color signals travelled nearly
8,000 miles.

2. Adoption by the National Television System
Committee of field-test standards for a compatible color
TV system, which were incorporated in the RCA-NBC
equipment, and field tests started. Other companies also
began testing these standards.

5. Emergence of the practicality of the UHF ( ultra
high frequency) fwrtion of the broadcast spectrum for
television's expansion into 70 new channels that can
provide for more than 2,000 UHF stations and bring
TV coverage within range of nearly every American
community. Major contributions toward this goal re-
sulted from operation by RCA-NBC of America's first
UHF experimental station on regular schedule, at Bridge-
pon. Conn., which has become the testing ground for
the receiving-set industry.

4. Inauguration of coast-to-coast television service
employing microwave radio relays.

5. Start of pilot production of the transistor, a tiny
device which will eventually replace certain types of
elearon tubes and play an important role in communi-
cations of the future.

6. Development of new .md improved electronic
equipment for the Armed Forces. An important example
is "miniaturization," or the diminishing of the size of
electronic instruments through development of smaller
components: also, the development of special electron
tubes to meet the exacting demands of military appli-
cations.

7. Super-electronic computer — known as "Project

Typhotm" — designed .md built by R( A scientists in
cooperation with the U. S. Navy. The unit has been used
in 1,000 test runs of proposed guided tnissiles at an enor-
mous saving to the government in expended materials.

8. Theatre television, which, as a new industry and
service, spreads across the country for independent opera-
tion and in networks linked by radio relays or coaxial
cable.

9. Multiple tr,msmitting antenna, developed by
RCA, which made possible simultaneous broadcasts by
five TV stations and three FM stations from the tower
atop the Empire State Building in New York.

10. Extension of the usefulness of industrial TV,
one of the most significant being the television-micro-
scope, which extends the range and versatility of the
light microscope.

TV Opera Acclaimed

(Continued from Page 9 )

Allen, who played the title role, were given high praise,
and Allen has since received offers of movie contracts.

The production given by NBC to "Amahl and the
Night Visitors" was impressive in all respects. Eugene
Berman, one of the most distinguished artists in the
theater, was engaged to design the settings and costumes.
No expense was spared and the results were acclaimed
by the critics. The 21 -year-old conductor, Thomas
Schippers, too, was singled out for his sensitive inter-
pretation of the Menotti score.

At the opening of the Opera, Menotti appeared
briefly to introduce his new work. His own personal
charm and wit captivated the television audience even
before the opera itself was unfolded.

The great success of the opera was immediately fol-
lowed by a recording session of the work by RCA Victor.
The records probably will be relea.scd sometime this
Spring.

An avalanche of requests from listeners and from
the press for a repeat performance were seriously con-
sidered by NBC. It was impossible to repeat the opera
immediately because several of the singers and the con-
ductor had commitments abroad. However, NBC is
considering the possibility of producing the opera again
in April as an Easter ofTering. Undoubtedly, "Amahl and
the Night Visitors" is the most outstanding success in
opera on television to date.

RADIO AGE 3J

■UtfV,!!.!.!

HADKOMARtNM stands watch

-Tor a quarter of a century Radiomarine has been designing,
manufacturing and servicing radio communications equipment
and electronic navigational aids. Radiomarine's leadership in
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for durability, dependability and performance.

It is the mission of Radiomarine to advance the art of radio
and electronics on vessels of all kinds— on the high seas, in
harbors and on inland waterways ... to co-operate with the
military services of the United States for National Defense.

The entire facilities of Radiomarine Corporation of America:
personnel, technical knowledge, research and production capac-
ity are "standing watch" ready to serve America's maritime
and military needs.

For information on how Radiomarine can be of service to
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Radiomarine Products and Services

Communications Equipment — Radiotelephone
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Special Equipment — ('ustom-desipned and man-
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spection and ntaintenance on all t>pes of
radio-electronic equipment. 29 service
depots in principal I'. S. ports. World-wide
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Training School — Theoretical and operational
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RADIOMARINE CORPORATION <4 AMERICA, 75 Varick St.. Neu- York I i. S. Y.
Offices, Coriini/micilioijs iiiid Seriice Stations in principal ports.

RA DtOMARtME CORPORA TtOM of A MERiCA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

PRIL

4lelp h Engineers

iMfho are concerned

vfith the future of their careers

Are vou in a "Dead end' job with no

chance to move forward?

Would you like work that challenges
your creative thinking and skills?

Is your present position limiting your
opportunity for the complete expression
of your talents in electronics?

Do you and your family worry about
your career, or where you live now, or
about security and your future?

If the answer is "yes" to one or more
of these questions — then you should send
for a /ree copy of RCA's new booklet
CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY, T/)e
Role oj the Fiigirieer hi KCA.

This 3<S-page. illustrated booklet, just
off the press, will show you the splendid
opportunities offered by KC^A to put your
career on the upswing. See how, as part
of the RCA team, dailv contact with the

best minds in various fields of electronics,
and with world-renowned specialists will
stimulate your creative thinking.

For graduate engineers who can see
the challenge of the future, RCA offers
opportunities for achievement and ad-
vancement that are legion. Send for a
copy of CHALLENCiE AND OPPORTU-
NITY', The Role oj the Engineer in RCA.
It is youTS /ree for the asking.

ards . . . Special Recognition
. Retirement Plon . . . Insurance
Protection Program

How RCA Serves the Government,
Science and Industry

RCA Engineering Activities
and Policies

Pleasant Communities in
Which to Live and Work

Facilities to Support Fully
Every Requirement

Opportunities for Progressive
Growth and Advancement

RCA Tubes . . . Pace Setters foi
Our Electronixed Civilisation

To Qualified Engineers:

If you qualify for any of the positions
listed below, write us for a personal
Interview — include a complete re-
sume of your education and expert*
ence. Write to address in coupon.

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA

MAIL COUPON NOW!

POSITIONS OPEN IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS:

• lele'vis'ton Development

• Electron Tube Development

• Transformer and Coil Design

• Communications

• Radar — Missile Guidance

• Computer Development and Design

• Navigational Aids
i> Technical Sales

• Electronic Equipment Field Service

MR. ROBERT E. McQUISTON. Manager
Specialized Emplovnunc Di\ision, Dept. 119C
Radio Corporation of America
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.

\\ itlK>ut obligation on my part, please send me
a free copy of CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY

Name_

Address.
City

_Siate_

List degree or degrees.

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 3

I • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
BROADCASTING -TELEVISION

APRIL 1952

Jit-)- ■ -.^lijjjyiMijj^MHiiii mil »*>»*>* ><4

f TTTTi m U n \ x \ i#,r;>

-•■■■■y«i»iim<*4iJwi«»i««,«

COVER

Frank M. Folsom, RCA Presi-
dent (right) and Donald
Mossman, Jr., examine the
"push-button" switch and its
889 ports which brought na-
tionwide acclaim to the Joliet,
III., businessman. (Story on
page 6.)

CONTENTS

Page

TV and Radio Plan Convention Coverage 3

by W///(om R. McAndrew

American "Small Businessman" Cited for Contributions to Defense . 6

Transistors — Modern Miracle of Electronics 8

New TV Station in Cuba '"

Stockholders "Tour" Their Plont Through Eyes of TV Cameras . . 11

First Floating Broadcaster to Hurl "Voice" Over Iron Curtain ... 13

America Moves Steadily Toward Goal of Equal Opportunity for All 15

Metal Shell Kinescopes Gain in Favor 16

fay Lorry S. Thees

Plastic "Props" for Television Shows 17

Complete Chain of Television Equipment Ready for Opening of

UHF Band 18

Industrial Television Expands 20

Home-Built Yacht Carries RCA Radio Equipment 22

Air Conditioners and Dehumidifiers Marketed by RCA 23

Selecting Mood Music for TV Programs 25

Phonograph Records Make Strong Comeback in 1951 26

by L. W. Konaga

Fading of Radio Signals Minimized by New Transmitter System . . 27

by Gronf E. Hansetl

NBC Operates One of World's Biggest Box-Offices 28

by Peter M. Jinfle

Electronic Device Makes Gun-Shots Sound Real 29

NOTICE

When requcsiing o chonge In moiling
oddrets picose include the code letters
and numbers which appear with Ihe
stencitlcd oddrcis on rhc envelope.

Radio Age is published quorfer// by
the Department of Information, ftodio
Corporation of Americo, 30 Rocke-
feUer Plaza, New York 20, N Y.

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N.Y.

DAVID SARNOFF, Chairman of (he Boord
LEWIS MacCONNACH, Secretary

FRANK M. FOLSOM, Preiident
ERNEST B. GORIN, Treaiurcr

Services of RCA are:
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA International Division
Nationol Broadcasting Compony, Inc. • Radiomorine Corporation of America
RCA Communicotions, Inc. • RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

Printed in U.S.A.

mmmi

Antennas for five TV and three FM stations ore supported by this 200-foot mast atop the
Empire State Building. The array was designed by RCA engineers.

TV and Radio

Plan ('onvcnrion C^ovcniye

t/iW

By William R. McAndrew

Director oj Publk Ajjuirs

'Iflerision Diiision. NMinnal Broadciisting Co.

HIS July millions of Americans will have a time-
honored political custom, the national conventions, laid
bare in their living riwms. Through television and radio
the deliberations and sometimes the antics of these great
quadrennial gatherings will be seen and heard coast-to-
co.ist for the first time.

The effect of these two mediums of communications
upon the electorate and the traditional system of political
campaigns is unpredictable. Such a widely read colum-
nist as Walter l.ippmann wonders if it might not be a
change in the whole method of national campaigns,
l.ippmann suggests that candidates for national office
may have to confine themselves to TV campaigns in the
last few days or weeks before election rather than make
frequent nationwide personal appearances.

Certainly, the preparations going into television

coverage of the conventions indicates that they will be
the best covered events in the history of the epoch-
making industry. This can be understood when some
of the facts and figures of NBC convention coverage are
considered.

NBC will move more than two hundred people to
Chicago for a period of two to four weeks. More than
$1,500,000 worth of equipment will be utilized. Miles
of cable will be installed. Two television studios,
capable of holding from twenty-five to fifty people will
be built in the Intcrn.itional Amphitheatre, on Chicago's
south side, the site of both conventions. Teletype print-
ers of the three major press associations will be installed
in the network's combined radio and TV newsroom.
Office furniture, typewriters, paper, pencils, even paper
clips, must be obtained for the use of more than fifty
comment.uors and reporters who will cover for NBC.
A full-time 24-hour news desk will be manned to service
the various regular news programs, which will originate
from the convention city. A complete film developing
plant will be leased. Motorcycle messengers will trans-
port film from camera to developer and b-ick to the
studios for projection. Two private NBC telephone
switchboards will be set up. Direct telephone lines from
the convention hall back to New York must be installed
for instantaneous communication with NBC head-
quarters in Radio City. A special teletyp>e circuit will
connect all television stations taking NBC service to
keep them informed of last minute changes in the con-

RCA's TV "Wolkie-Lookie," shown in action at left, is examined

below by NBC's William F. Brooks, Bill Henry, O. B. Hanson

and William McAndrew.

wmm

Through a control room such as this will pour the news
and pictures supplied by scores of reporters, com-
mentators and cameramen working inside and outside
Chicago's Amphitheatre.

vention schedules and the scheduling of special pro-
grams that cannot be predicted more than minutes in
advance of their taking the air.

To provide roving coverage NBC will concentrate
four mobile units in Chicago. These include a new
"crash" truck which is completely equipped to transmit
live TV pictures or 16 mm. motion pictures direct from
the 35-foot truck. The new "crash" truck, to be used
for the first time at the conventions, was built to NBC
specifications and will carry three RCA television
cameras and several movie cameras.

The mobile units will serve NBC's specially created
"Human Interest Team", which will provide the audi-
ence with feature material to brighten the political re-
ports direct from the floor of the International Amphi-
theatre. This team will consist of a staff of directors,
writers and reporters whose sole job in Chicago will be
to ferret out the side stories which will amuse as well
as inform televiewers.

This staff is already at work on a series of sixteen
pre-convention telecasts which will give NBC viewers
latest reports on the race for the Presidential nomination
prior to the actual balloting in Chicago as well as a
picture history of past political conventions.

Meanwhile, NBC engineers have blue-printed the
7,500 square feet NBC convention headquarters in the
North Wing of the Amphitheatre. The headquarters

One of the mobile units, carrying TV cameras and film

equipment, which will increase the political convention

coverage that radio and television will provide the

American people.

4 RADIO AGE

will be completely air-conditioned and will contain two
large television studios and three radio studios specially
constructed by NBC for the conventions. A newsroom
housing teletypes, switchboards, operations desks for
both television and radio, and NBC's central news desk,
will occupy 1,200 square feet. To the central desk will
pour news from more than fifty reporters and commen-
tators which then will be funneled to both radio and
TV networks.

NBC headquarters also will include dark rooms for
movie and still picture developing, make-up rooms,
staging facilities, dressing rooms, tape recording rooms,
studios for NBC affiliate stations and an office for the
sponsors of NBC's conventions coverage.

Convention TV to be Sponsored

Another "first" for the 1952 conventions is sponsor-
ship. Negotiations were opened with the two national
committees in August of 1951 for permission to sell
NBC coverage to a commercial sponsor in order to help
defray the huge expense. On January 2nd of this year,
executive vice president James H. Carmine of the Philco
Corp. and president Joseph H. McConnell of NBC
agreed on preliminary details for sponsorship of NBC
radio and TV coverage of the conventions.

The convention hall was chosen by the national com-
mittees this year to provide better facilities for television.
However, even this decision will not make available
enough space inside the hall itself for each network to
install its own cameras. Therefore, the proceedings from
the convention sessions will be "pooled" and fed to all
networks. Each network will have its own commentator

Artist's interpretation of NBC's extensive TV and radio operations planned for the two
political conventions which are to be held in Chicago in July.

describing what the viewer sees on his screen. For NBC,
Bill Henry, long-time newspaperman and radio com-
mentator and now a featured jserformer on "Who Said
That?" and on NBC news programs, will do the "run-
ning" stor)- of the convention. Among other famous
NBC "names" who will be seen and heard during the
convention are John Cameron Swayze, Ben Grauer, H.
V. Kaltcnborn. Morgan Bcatty, Earl Godwin, and others.
The pooled" scenes of the convention sessions will
be fed to the more than two score stations taking the
NBC-Philco coverage. The "pooled" picture will actu-
ally go from coast to coast but different commentators
will be heard in the e.ist and middle west and the west
coast. Only one television facility' is now in operation
from Omaha west to the Pacific coast. To provide
sponsor identification for Philco Corp., commercial mes-
sages will have to be inserted, on a regional or local

basis, by west coast stations. Thus, in effect, two net-
works carrying the same picture but different commen-
tators will be operated from Chicago by NBC.

The 1952 conventions will bring to bear more man-
power and technical equipment than ever before used
in covering one event in the history of network radio
and television. Until the gavel raps at Chicago the
afternoon of July 7th, the 1949 Inaugural of President
Harry Truman will stand as the record breaker for TV
coverage. But once the 1952 convention coverage be-
gins, this record will be surpassed.

The Republican convention is scheduled to begin
in Chicago on July 7th and the Democratic convention
follows two weeks later, beginning July 21st.

NBC television will broadcast a minimum of sixty
hours coverage of the two conventions. NBC radio will
provide full and comprehensive coverage of the sessions.

RADIO AGE 5

American "Small Businessman" is Cited
for Contributions to Defense

'ONALD P. MOSSMAN, JR., an American small
businessman of Joliet, 111., came into prominence re-
cently when political, industrial and business leaders
cited him for outstanding contributions to the defense
effort. The starting point of these activities was a full-
page RCA institutional advertisement which appeared
in newspapers in New York. Washington, Illinois and
Connecticut.

Mr. Mossman is one of 121 manufacturers who
worked with the Radio Corporation of America on a
new "push button" master communications console that
is capable of instantaneously flashing vital battle infor-
mation between warships. The console, a basic part of
the Combat Information Center on major warships, was
developed and built by RCA at the request of the Navy.

Mr. Mossman was honored by Frank M. Folsom,
president of RCA, Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois,
and the Illinois Manufacturers' Association. In addition,
he will be commended by the Navy, which is planning
a ceremony in his honor at the Great Lakes Naval Base
in Illinois.

Mr. Folsom called Mr. Mossman, whose firm em-
ploys 45 people, "a typical member of the Ail-American
industrial team."

Telling of the Joliet manufacturer's relations witli
RCA, Mr. Folsom said:

"When RCA needed a complicated and non-existent
push-button switch to complete the Navy's contract for
the communications console, Mr. Mossman took on the
job after many other switch manufacturers said it was
too complicated to make. He made up a rough sample,
based on an RCA sketch, and our engineers saw at once
that he was at least a year ahead of the only other
company willing to try.

Switch Recjuired SS9 Parts

"Mr. Mossman visited RCA headquarters at least
once a week for three months to coordinate development
work on the switch which required up to 889 different
parts compressed into the size of a cigar box. To speed
the work and get closer to RCA, he went to Danbury,
Conn., and made arrangements with the Capitol Machine
Company of that city because they had exactly the right
kind of tools and skilled craftsmen needed to build the
parts for the switch.

"After four weeks of intensive effort, the first eng.-
neering model of the switch was completed, and with
Navy approval, production of the new Combat Infor-
mation Center console was started.

"The combined effort of Mossman and Clapitol and
RCA, in Joliet and Danbury and Camden, made the
switch that had to be made."

For two days following publication of the advertise-
ment in Chicago, Mr. Mossman was occupied with a
strenuous schedule of radio and television appearances.
He was a guest on the Garroway show "Today, ' and on
several television news inter\'iew programs. Later, he
appeared on the "American Farmer Hour," a full na-
tional network program originating in Chicago.

The ceremony in the headquarters of the Illinois
Manufacturers" Association, at which Mr. Mossman was
cited as the "Small Businessman of 1952" in the presence
of fome of the nation's leading industrialists, was tape-
recorded by NBC's Chicago outlet and broadcast on
the dty the advertisement appeared.

Moisnnm Praised by Illinois Governor

Governor Adlai Stevenson went to Chicago from his
executive offices in Springfield to honor Mr. Mossman
as the "American Small Businessman of 1952." In
ceremonies at his Chicago office, covered by NBC tele-
vision newsreel, he made a speech on the importance of
big and little business and on Mr. Mossman's contribu-
tion to the defense effort.

The text of the Governor's address follows:

"Mr. Mossm.m, 1 wine to congratulate you. on
be!ialf of the people of the State of Illinois, for an
outstanding contribution to the Nation's defense
effort. Tlie work you have done in the design and
production of this very complex switch symbolizes the
activity of thousands of small businessmen throughout
the Nation on behalf of our Armed Services.

"It is my understanding that this switch had to
be invented in order for our naval task forces to
obtain new communications centers operating with
push button speed. The fact that you accepted the
challenge of designing a non-existent switch, that you
risked your own funds in its development, that you
worked lon^^ hours to meet the Navy's time .scliedule.

6 RADIO AGE

entitles you to the commendation of every Aniericin
citizen.

"It is interesting to note that 121 companies from
every section of the United States worked on this
master communications center which the Radio Cor-
pt)ration of America priKJuced for the Navy. The
large majority of them, like Mr. Mossman's firm in
Joliet, were small businesses. Without them, and
without the teamwork of large and small businesses,
the job couldn't h.ive been dt>nc.

"This, I think, is the real secret of our strength.
When American industries of all sizes and from all
regions work together as members of the same team,
they give us a defensive power that no aggressor can
ever crumble.

"I am indeed pleased that a small manufacturer
from this State has made such an important contribu-
tion to the security of our task forces around the
world and to the sailors who man them. 1 think you
typify, Mr. Mossman, the American Small Business-
man of 1952.

"My warmest congratulations to you."

Sniiill Business Esseiiliiil to Defense Effort

In ceremonies at the headquarters of the Illinois
Manufacturers' Association, some of the state's leading
industrialists gathered to present Mr. Mossman with an
engraved citation for his "outstanding contribution" to
the defense effort and for symbolizing the American
small manufacturer of 1952. James L. Donnelly, execu-
tive vice president of the I.M.A., who made the presen-
tation, told Mr. Mossman that his switch represented
"dramatic proof of the importance of small business to
the defense eflForr."

The citation said in part:

"The accomplishments of Don Mossman and his
associates exemplify the teamwork typical of Amer-
ican industry — large, small or middle-sized — which
has made America strong and presents an unanswer-
able challenge to those who would destroy the Amer-
ican system of free, competitive enterprise. "

In all of his radio and television appearances, and
in his responses to the awards given him, Mr. Mossman
emphasized that his experience with RCA proved how
big and little business could work together effectively
under the traditional American system of free enterprise.

F.xpressing his gratitude to Governor Stevenson.
Mossman said he accepted the citation on behalf of all
the members of "our team" — the 121 companies that
worked with RCA on the Navy contract.

"I really interpret your recognition. Governor, as a

Donald Mossman (right) accepts citation for his "out-
standing contributions to the defense effort" from J. L.
Donnelly of the Illinois Manufacturers Association.

testimonial to the results that can be obtained," Moss-
man said, "from the teamwork of small, medium and
large organizations operating all across the country
within the framework of our free economy."

Enlarging on this theme, Mr. Folsom pointed out,
in the announcement that RCA was producing the Navy
console, that 5,000 suppliers in every section of the
country worked with RCA. Seventy per cent are classi-
fied as small businesses and about half employ less than
100 men and women.

Programs on NBC-TV Win Awards

Two NBC Television network series took first awards
in the recent annual review of educational radio and
T'V programs at the 22nd Institute for Education by
Radio at Ohio State University.

First prize for TV network programs devoted to
systematic instruction went to ""American Inventory,"" a
weekly experimental adult education series produced by
NBC in cooperation with the Alfred P. Sloan Founda-
tion. It was honored ""for effective visual development
through mature dramatization of a wide variety of theme-,
basic to understanding of American democracy.

First award for network cultural TV programs —
which included drama, music, literature, science and art
— went to "Zoo Parade," a weekly series presented by
NBC from Chicago's Lincoln Park 2^oo and featuring
R. M.irlin Perkins, the Zoos director.

RAD\0 AGE 7

Transistors - -Modern Miracle of Electronics

Development of Tiny Electronic Device
Goes Forward Rapidly in Broad Program
Initiated by RCA Scientists and Engineers.

EW possibilities for extending the usefulness of
the transistor — tiny electronic device which functions
like certain types of vacuum tubes — have been dis-
closed by research scientists and engineers of the Radio
Corporation of America.

Development of the RCA transistor, noted for its
reliability and ruggedness, emerged from a broad pro-
gram initiated at the David Sarnoff Research Center of
RCA, Princeton, N. J., and carried forward into prac-
tical applications at the RCA plants in Harrison and
Camden, N. J. In addition, these activities are providing
valuable information on new electronic circuits that
will be necessary before transistors can be utilized, ac-
cording to Dr. E. W. Engstrom, Vice President in Charge
of the RCA Laboratories Division.

"As the vacuum tube made possible the modern
miracles of radio, television and radar," says Dr. Eng-
strom, "so will the transistor become a tool with which
to open vast new horizons in the electronic art. How-
ever, RCA does not expect the transistor to supplant
the electron tube any more than radio replaced tlie
phonograph. In fact, the market for electron tubes is
almost certain to increase under the full impact of
commercial transistors.

"This is because the transistor permits development
of electronic instruments and apparatus undreamed of
at the present time. Many of these devices will still
require electron tubes. Thus, as transistors begin to take
the place of certain rubes, the displaced tubes will find
new jobs in new electronic gear."

Operates at Low Tenipciatines

A paper on the improved RCA transistor in tlie
December, 1951 issue of RCA Review, prepared by
B. N. Slade, of the RCA Tube Department, describes
it as shock resistant, unaffected by dampness and able
to operate at temperatures as low as liquid air (minus
180 degrees Centigrade). These characteristics have
been achieved by embedding the elements of the tran-
sistor in thermosetting resin to provide the finished
product with an almost indestructible protective case.

In appearance and size, the RCA transistor resembles

8 RADIO AGE

Although only the size of o kernel of corn, the transistoJ
performs the functions of certain types of vacuum fubea^

a small kernel of corn, with three needle-like terminals
protruding from the end. Its principal embedded ele-
ment is a quantity of single-crystal germanium about the
size of a pinhead. Overall, the transistor measures
6 10" by 3 10" by 2 TO".

One of the world's few setups for producing single-
crystal germanium needed for transistors was on public
view in New York during March 3-6 at the Institute
of Radio Engineers exhibit in Grand Central Palace.
Refinement of this rare element w-as accomplished with
professional efficiency through the use of a small electric
furnace operated by RCA engineers.

The germanium furnace, part of a display showing
research into electronically active solids, transformed the
germanium into the desired single-crystal form. To ob-
tain the processed germanium crystals RCA engineers
"tiraw" — instead of cast — a thin, pencil-like ingot

from a crucible of molten germanium. This action takes
place inside of a quartz tube.

The main advantages of transistors are: long life,
small size, resistance to shock, low power requirements,
and no "warm-up" period. When properly made and
not abused, a transistor should almost never wear out.

A transistor diflers basically from an electron tube
in that it has no heated filament operating in a vacuum.
In an electron tube this filament, when heated by electric
power, "boils off" the needed electrons in the vacuum.
In the transistor, the electrons are harnessed in a piece
of solid matter. They are controlled as they move about
within this solid.

Gernianiiini is a Semi-Condtictor

The solid material currently used is germanium of
the type described — an element which physicists call
a semi-conductor. Tliat is, it docs not conduct electrical
energy nearly as well as copper; but neither is it an
insulator. A semi-conductor can be made to conduct
current well in one direction, and poorly in the opposite,
a phenomenon which does not occur in the metals
normally used for conducting electricity.

The point-contact transistor developed by RCA con-
sists simply of the tiny speck of germanium touched by
two closely spaced, fine wires. These wires correspond
to the terminals in a vacuum tube.

In their present stage of development, transistors
have a few drawbacks. They are sensitive to tempera-
ture change, and have frequency limitations that further

research and development are expected to eliminate or
minimize.

Among the devices which RCA engineers predict
will be p<issible with fully refined transistors are:

Compacl, portable electronic computers. In the last
ten years, specialized electronic devices have become
more and more complex, Dr. Engstrom pointed out. In
one electronic computer alone, such as "Typhoon" built
for the U. S. Navy by RCA, more than •4,000 electron
tubes are used. Engineers have made great strides in
decreasing the bulkiness of equipment by using minia-
ture and sub-miniature tubes. But the problem of heat
has remained. By using transistors, excessive bulk and
heat should virtually disappear.

Smaller personal type portable receivers, with more
economical battery life will be developed around the
transistor in the future.

In .iddition to simplicity and small size, elimination
of delay in warming up may be regarded as a major
feature. Electrons within the transistor are lying ready
for action. Transistor equipment comes to full strength
the instant it is switched on; long distance telephone
amplifiers, marine radios, and other devices which must
be ready tt) operate on demand will not need to be kept
turned on continuously.

'I'rausistors Have Long Life

Respecting the longevity of the transistor it is gen-
erally agreed that it may be in the vicinity of 100,000
hours, since there is no filament or heating element to
burn out.

Perhaps the most striking advantage of the transistor
is the modesty of its power requirements. In the vacuum
tube, by far the greater part of the power goes to heat
the filament; only a small part reappears as output
signal. Since it needs no energy to set electrons free
the transistor needs only the power necessary for the
desired signal. A millionth of a watt is sufficient to
operate it and it can then generate signals of the same
order of power.

This fact coupled with the transistor's freedom from
heat appears to make it ideal for use in many of the
complicated electronic instruments such as calculators
and control systems which at the present time employ

Liquid resin is dropped into a transistor shell to cement

the components in place and protect them from moisture

and other elements in the atmosphere.

RADIO AGE 9

mrmmmmmwm

thousands of electron tubes and which are ofttimes cur-
tailed in effectiveness by the excessive heat generated.

While emphasizing that the art of tlie transistor is
still in its infancy. Dr. Engstrom said that its develop-
ment was made possible by a research program of the
broadest dimensions in the field of electrons and solids.
He revealed that some of RCA's top scientists have been
working on this problem — which involves the basic
fundamentals of matter — for many years.

One group of RCA scientists has been concentrating
on photoconductive materials — materials which are
sensitive to light. Out of this research came the small
television pickup tube known as the "vidicon."

Still another group of RCA scientists has conducted
pioneering research into luminescent materials — sub-
stances which glow when struck by electron beams in a
vacuum. Some of these materials, called phosphors, coat
the inside of every home television picture tube, he
pointed out; others are used in fluorescent lights.

"The transistor, first developed and announced by
Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1948, is a special form
of device making use of the knowledge of electronically
active solids," Dr. Engstrom said.

"Out of all this theoretical, fundamental, and applied
research," Dr. Engstrom said, "we are assembling a fund
of know-how which will permit us to develop electronic
devices which were undreamed of fifty years ago."

New T\^ Sranon in Cuba

One of the foremost newspapers of Latin America
— El M/inclo of Havana, Cuba — has completed plans
for participation in the building and operation of a
powerful television station in the Cuban capital, with
microwave relays extending TV program service to
three additional provinces on the island, according to an
announcement by the RCA International Division. This
is believed to be the first microwave system for tele-
vision scheduled for operation ouside of the United
States.

Studios and operation headquarters are situated in
Havana's three-million-dollar Ambar Motors Building,
near the fashionable Vedado residential section. Trans-
mission will be on Channel 2.

Cuba's radio pioneer. Angel Cambo, co-founder of
the CMQ radio network, is president of the new station.
His re-entry into broadcasting followed two years of
observing television operations in the United States.

Associated with Mr. Cambo are Julian Lastra and
Miguel Humara, of the firm of Humara y Lastra, RCA
distributors in Cuba for many years.

In addition to covering Havana, service of the new
station will be expanded by microwave relays south to
Pinar del Rio Province, and eastward to the provinces
of Matanzas and Las 'Villas.

Shadowing Device Speeds Electron Microscope Analysis

Shadowing unit introduced by
RCA, is used for the rapid
preparation of specimens for
the electron microscope shown
in the rear.

70 RAD/O AGE

MFBIIl T

A TV camera and commentator go into the plant of

Foote Mineral Company to explain factory operations

to o meeting of the firm's stockholders.

From this monitor room, set up at the Foote Mineral
factory, program directors control the TV camera pick-
ups and the film sequences.

Stockholders "Tour ^ Their Plant

Through Eyes

\~J iriTlNG up and running a 10-ring circus for a
one-day stand in a busy industrial plant might seem to
enjoy top rating as the neatest trick of the year. But
those who watched the preparation and production of
the first televised plant tour for a stockholders' meeting,
staged February 2 1 at the Exton, Pa., plant of the Foote
Mineral Co., would have the facts to argue any such
contention.

Robert D. Drake, Foote's advertising manager, con-
ceived the ide.i of the unusual telecast when he saw an
RCA Victor TV demonstration last fall at the Exposition
of the Chemical Industries in New York. He explored
the idea with Richard H. Htxiper. manager of the RCA
Victor Shows and Exhibits Division, and detailed plans,
charts, and script were then worked out. Arrangements
were coordinated for Ftxite by Otto W. Renner. Jr., of
Renner Advertisers, Philadelphia.

In undertaking the job, RCA Victor's globe-trotting
TV production crew, despite a wide and varied experi-
ence, was stepping off on new ground. But the field was
recognized as one of substantial promise, and that prom-
ise has certainly been expanded by the success of this
debut performance.

The closed-circuit ( wired ) telecast enabled more

of TV Cameras

than 250 stockholders to see new facilities and watch
key operations at widely separated locations on the 81-
acre Foote property without leaving their seats in the
plant cafeteria, where the meeting was held. One se-
quence of the show, made possible by televised film,
brought the stockholders a glimpse of activities at Foote's
new Kings Mountain holdings, near Charlotte, N. C,
where the company "bought a mountain" containing the
nation's largest known source of spodumene, an ore from
which litliiiitn is extracted.

To stage this initial stockholders' TV tour, RCA
Victor installed and operated the largest closed-circuit
system yet etnployed for a service of this type. The
equipment, valued at more than 580,000, included four
image orthicon field cameras. 1800 feet of camera cable,
1200 feet of microphone line, a TV film camera chain,
twelve 17-inch home TV receivers, and all the auxiliary
equipment needed for a complete control and monitoring
station.

lour Cameras Covered Seven Locations

The cameras were initially set up in four strategic

locations, and some were swiftly moved when the script

permitted, according to a time schedule carefully worked

out in advance, to permit coverage of a total of seven

RU0\O AGE n

■mmm

An RCA TV camera makes it possible for stockholders

to witness the complex processing of rare elements at

the Foote Chemical plant.

plant locations without breaking the program's con-
tinuity.

L. G. Bliss, vice president in charge of sales of the
Foote company, furnished the commentary from a nar-
rator's desk, covered by one of the field cameras, in a
plant building near the cafeteria. Also located in this
building were the control station and the TV film camera
chain.

One objective at the outset was to eliminate the
confusion and inconvenience which would be unavoid-
able if the stockholders were guided physically through
the far-flung plant from one installation to another. An-
other was to give the stockholders a more concise and
understandable view of the company's aaivities than
they could hope to get by actually touring the area. Both
aims were accomplished.

The equipment was installed and the show was staged
by a crew of eight, including six RCA Service Company
engineers and two members of the RCA Victor shows
and exhibits group.

Half-mile of Cable Required

Although members of this group have demonstrated
television and pioneered new applications of the medium
throughout the United States and in many foreign coun-
tries, they were confronted by several unusual challenges
to their ingenuity in carrying out the Exton program.
One was the necessity for stringing a total of approxi-
mately 3000 feet of cable and "mike" line, most of it
overhead. Another was split-second timing of camera
movements, which meant shutting down a camera, mov-
ing it to a new location, and putting it back in operation
without the usual time for warming up the tubes. Par-
ticularly difficult were the quick shifts from indoor to
outdoor light levels, and vice versa.

To speed up camera movements, the crew used a
special truck with a hydraulic lift on the rear end. 'When
a camera completed one sequence and a camera in an-
other location took over, the first camera would be rolled
onto the lowered lift of the waiting truck, tripod and all,
without dismantling. It would then be hoisted to the
truck floor and hauled to the next location. There, the
lift would be lowered and the camera rolled into position.
The longest distance covered by such a shift was about
450 feet.

The equipment — five tons of it — hauled by truck
from RCA Victor headquarters in Camden, N. J., was
packed in 38 large wooden boxes. Uncrating and setting
it up took only four hours, but stringing the half-mile
of cable consumed eight hours.

To avoid blocking plant streets and drives and to
eliminate the risk of damage to the cable by passing
vehicles, most of the line had to be run overhead. This
also obviated possible damage to insulation from puddles
and wet ground, in many cases bearing lithium salts and
other chemicals. At one point, the line crossed a spur
of railroad track, and the railroad stipulated that it must
be hung at least eight feet above the tops of freight cars.

But all these problems had been solved when the hour
arrived for the show to go on.

On the receiver screens in the cafeteria, the stock-
holders saw first the processing of lepidolite ores from
Africa to obtain lithium products used for many indus-
trial purposes, including the preparation of special types
of glass for TV picture tubes. Other important uses are
found in the manufacture of lubricants, ceramics, and
air-conditioning systems.

Man\ Chemical Processes Observed

Next, by means of the televised film, they were shown
the quarrying and processing of spodumene, a source of
lithium salts, at Kings Mountain. Returned to the Exton
plant by the flip of a control switch, they saw more
lithium processing operations and the activities in prog-
ress in a pilot plant where a new process is being
evaluated.

This was followed by detailed close-up action views
of complex operations and equipment used in processing
zirconium, used for its high corrosion resistance and
high strength-to-weight ratio in radar, television, and jet
engines, for its low neutron-absorption characteristics in
atomic reactors, and for its high gas-absorption factor as
a means of increasing vacuum in vacuum tubes. The
tour closed with a visit to the plant area where various
minerals are processed to produce welding electrode
coating materials.

Commenting on Foote's introduction of this new use
(Continued on page 21)

12 RADIO AGE

First Floating Broadcaster to Hurl

Voice Over Iron Curtain

W,-

SS Courier Carries Powerful Transmirter Designed bv RCA

1 1 HIN a short time, the U. S. S. Courier, a 5,800
ton Cu.isi Guard cutter will have completed her shake-
down runs somewhere in the Atlantic and will set out
on her first assignment as a floating broadcaster especially
equipped to carry the "Voice of America" to the people
behind the Iron Cunain.

In his speech dedicating the ship on March 4, Presi-
dent Truman s;iid:

"This ship is named the Courier. It is well named,
for it will be carrying a message. It will be carrying a
message of hope and friendship to all those who are
oppressed by tyranny; it will be carrying a message of
truth and light to those who are confused by the storm
of falsehood that the Communists have loosed upon the
world.

"The Courier is a small ship — it is not as big as a
destroyer — but it is of tremendous significance. Its
significance lies in the fact that it will carry on the
fight for freedom in the field where the ultimate victory
has to be won — that is in the minds of men."

RCA engineers and designers played an important
role in supplying the equipment which fills the major
part of the Courier's cargo holds. Included are a 150,000
watt medium wave RCA transmitter, an assortment of
antennas, tape recorders, receivers and a large quantity
of helium that will be used to inflate dirigible balkwns
to support the antenna. With the latter lifted 1,000 feet,
signals from the RCA transmitter are expected to reach
out with a range of 1,000 miles or more. According to
engineers of the "Voice of America" staff, this seaborne
voice is more powerful than any operating in the United
States.

Captain Oscar Wev, commanding officer of the S.S.

Courier, and a technician inspect one of the power units

aboard the floating broadcasting station.

The Courier, world's first sea-going radio-broadcast sta-
tion during commissioning ceremonies.

■▼

The large RCA transmitter is mounted on an eight-
inch platform of concrete which "floats" on slabs of cork
three inches thick. This cushion protects apparatus from
the ship's vibrations. Two other smaller transmitters for
general communications purposes radiate their signals
from fixed triangular antennas on the flight deck.

In another cargo hold are the Diesel engines which
are capable of generating 1,500,000 watts of electric
power for all the transmitters aboard the Courier.

The floating broadcaster will pick up programs from
land-based transmitters of the "Voice of America" and

President Truman inspects some of the extensive radio
equipment aboard the Courier.

One of the helium-filled balloons is inflated on the

flight deck of the Courier during a test of the vessel's

150 k.w. transmitter, supplied by RCA.

retransmit them, either directly or by the intermediary
means of tape recorders, into the desired areas.

The Coast Guard crew of SO, many of them highly
trained radio technicians, is commanded by Captain Oscar
Wev, a transport commander in the Pacific during World
War II.

Color T\' in Biology Research

A new use for color television which adds another
dimension to biological research was described to
the Institute of Radio Engineers on March 4, by Dr.
V. K. Zworykin, L. E. Flory and R. E. Shrader, of the
David SarnofI Research Center at Princeton, N. J. In
a paper prepared jointly by the three scientists, they
said that the use of color television will enable the
biologist to obtain more information about microscopic
specimens than with present methods.

The development was made possible by hooking up
an RCA tricolor picture rube to a sensitive new ultra-
violet vidicon camera which is mounted over a micro-
scope trained on the specimen. The absorption of
ultraviolet light by the tissues of the specimen differs
among them. By arbitrarily assigning different colors
to the tissues, the biologist can make them emerge with
individual clarity. This method supplants the old system
of staining the tissues.

The new technique adds color artificially to cells or
tissues by translating different wave lengths of invisible
light into electronic energy. This energy is then trans-
lated into rhe three different primary colors on a color
television picture tube.

A specimen or thin slice of tissue which, to the
human eye, appears colorless and flat through a micro-
scope can then be viewed on a television screen as a
dynamic picture in color.

Some of the electron tubes which supply energy for the
powerful broadcasting transmitters on the Courier.

America Moxcs Steadily Toward

Equal Opportunity for All, Says Bucl

RCA \'kU)r I lead Tells CinciniicUi Audience
This Nanon Excels All Orher.s iii Progress

MERICA has the only form of government in tlic
world today that provides the opportunity for bringing
the good things of hfe to everyone, down to the last
m.m and woman, Walter A. Buck, vice persident and
general manager of the RCA Victor Division said in an
address at the interracial dinner and annual meeting of
the Urban League of Greater Cincinnati on March 26.

The fact that we still have "a considerable distance
to go," he said, "is less important than the fact that we
are moving more steadily toward that goal than any
other nation.

"Under the American system," he said, "our only
problem is to extend its benefits still further — and to
extend with them the basic freedoms and good will to
all men which spring from the same Constitutional
source. If this seems like a big order, consider the
infinitely greater problems inherent in a system which
transfers the responsibility for man's welfare to the
state, and in the process destroys the freedom of all
individual action and enterprise."

Hailing the Urban League for its early recognition
of the importance of equal opportunity to the great
future of American industry and the nation as a whole,
Mr. Buck said its vision and conhdence in the destiny
of America was "born of the same quality that has in-
spired the leaders of industry to push this nation to the
forefront of the civilized world."

"Business prosperity has made our national prosper-
ity," he said. "The principles of free enterprise are s«i
closely identified with American political principles that
it is virtually impossible to speak of one without the
other. They were made for each other, and together
have produced American civilization as we know it."
He defined American civilization as "our particular
blend of political, economic, and social ideals, all stem-
ming from a central principle."

Tlie great contributions of business to American
civilization, he said, have been mass production, mass
distribution, vision, research, and merchandising. These
things, he pointed out, have made goods available to
all of our people, brought prices down to levels at which

Wolter A. Buck, addressing the Urban League of
Greater Cincinnati.

most people can afford them, and created new products
and services which mean better living for all people.

Mr. Buck asserted that we live in "the one country
where the full freedom and rights of the individual are
written out for all to see," and predicted that research,
supported by industry, will bring a future even brighter
than the present, "if granted reasonable freedom from
future restraints."

"American industry needs the best people, the best
brains, the best skills available," he continued. "No
manufacturer, in my opinion, can in the years to come
afford the luxury of petty prejudices, of differentiating
between competent people because of the color of their
skins.

"I have faith that in a country built on the rock of
individual freedom, progress in the brotherhood of man
cannot help but continue until equal opportunities,
equal acceptance, are enjoyed by all."

RADfO AGE 15

Rapid public acceptance of metal-shell kinescope picture tubes
keeps production lines busy at RCA plant, Marion, Ind.

Metal-Shell Kinescopes Gain in Favor

Use of Steel Gives Larger Tubes
Greater Strength and Lighter Weight

By Larry S. Thees
General Sales Alunager
RCA Tube Department

-ETAL-SHELL television picture tubes, introduced
commercially less than four years ago, have already won
such rapid acceptance among the industry's receiver man-
ufacturers that they currently account for nearly 30 per
cent of total kinescope sales. In the 21 -inch size, they are
actually outselling comparable all-glass types by a wide
margin.

The television industry's trend toward larger picture
tubes of metal-shell construction developed and intro-
duced commercially by the Radio Corporation of America
in 1948, shows that time and usage have confirmed the
metal tube's special advantages to electron tube pro-
ducers, TV receiver manufacturers, and home set owners.

According to available statistics, the industry's major
tube producers during 1950 sold approximately eight
million kinescopes of all types, of which approximately

two million were of the metal variety. During the first
nine months of 1951, the same producers sold more than
tliree-and-a-half million kinescopes, of which more than
a million were metal types.

The RCA Tube Department, the industry's largest
producer of kinescopes since 1938, currently uses metal-
shell construction in approximately two-thirds of all the
kinescopes it produces. It can be anticipated that the
company will develop and produce more and larger
metal types, when and if required by consumer demand.

Although all-glass tubes will remain an important
item in the industr)', there is every indication that for
larger tubes, from the 21 -inch size up, the metal-shell
construction will be favored. This prediction is based
primarily on the metal tube's established advantages for
the set manufacturers — advantages which provide su-
perior picture quality, permit streamlined receiver pro-
duction, and resolve problems of handling, assembly, and
breakage loss.

The metal tube's inherent characteristics emphasize
the following features:

( 1 ) The faceplate, unlike that of the all-glass
envelope, is produced as an independent unit, facilitating

(Continued on page 29)

J6 RADIO AGE

Plastic "Props" for Television Shows

NF.W concept of television staging through the
use of plastics, the result of six months of experimenta-
tion in collaboration with the Studio Alliance, has been
put into active use by the National Bro.idcasting Com-
pany in its New York studios.

The project, developed by Studio Alliance, was
brought to NBC in its early stages and the company
then joined forces with the studio in its development.
Some of the qualities of the plastic which make it superior
to other materials previously used for sets, props and
even costume .iccessories are:

It is waterprix)f, fire-proof, shatter-proof and warp-
priHjf.

It can be repainted repeatedly for use in different
colors. Tlie phistic, while tougher and lighter than wood,
has wood's desirable qualities in that bolts and screws
cin be inserted easily and it can be cut. planed and
sanded. Some of it is flexible.

Some items are translucent, with the apfjearance and
texture of marble. Color can be impregnated into such
forms as desired.

The newest thing is the perfection of a transparent
plastic for use in making "crystal" chandeliers and the
like.

Items with joints or seams, once a problem, now are
being made in one piece, with a consequent increase in
strength and durability.

Many units are m-ide in sections so that any one
segment or combination of segments or the entire unit
may be used as needed.

Museum pieces, which sometimes can be rented ai
relatively fabulous rates and which carry heavy insurance
for dam.ige risks because of their extreme fragility, can
be duplicated in plastic to become part of the permanent
property stock. An antique pottery vase, for instance,
which is delicate and heavy, can be made in sturdy
pl.istic which will weigh one fourth of the original.

Another example in this category is an antique,
cars'ed wooden picture frame from Italy. A replica in
wood and plaster would cost about $125 and would re-
quire careful handling because of its tendency to break
apart. Reprcxluced in strong plastic, it would cost only
half as much and would last indefinitely. It could be
painted in any color, washed off and repainted as often
as desired.

Window draperies can be made in three sections so
that one, two or all three may be used, as required. They
need no fire-proofing, dry-cleaning, mending or special

Plastic stage "props" look like the original articles but
weigh only one fourth as much.

handling. Like the other items, they can be repainted
with ease and repeatedly.

Experimentation with flexible plastic has produced
authentic reproductions of ornamental gold braid and
similar items for uniforms and other costuming, which
can be sewed and handled in the same manner as fabric
but never tarnishes or requires repairs.

Through the use of plastics, a standard stage wing has
been reduced in thickness by one third, thus making it
easier to handle and less bulky for storage. A 100-pound
wing can be prepared in plastic at 57 pounds.

TV and Radio Expand
In Dominican Republic

The first phase of extensive plans of the Dominican
Republic to modernize and expand its communications
.services has been completed with the opening of a
country-wide radio broadcasting network. In making
the announcement, Meade Brunet, a Vice President of
the Radio Corporation of America and Managing Direc-
tor of the RCA International Division, said that the new-
radio network, equipped throughout by RCA with the
latest types of broadcasting apparatus, links Ciudad Tru-
jillo, the capital, with Santiago, the nation's second city,
by means of automatic repeater stations at La Cumbre
and Santo Cerro. operating at very high frequencies.

RADIO AGE 17

Complete Chain of Television Equipment
Ready for Opening of UHF Band

JL ORGING of the final link in the electronic chain
that makes ultra-high frequency television a practicable,
commercial possibility, was disclosed by RCA last
February at a seminar in Washington. DC. At tliat
time, the company revealed a complete line of UHF
selectors, antennas, transmitters, and associated equip-
ment— everything needed for transmission and home
reception of UHF television — would be available as
soon as broadcasting is begun in the upper reaches of
the radio spectrum.

The chain had taken 20 years to forge. Earlier links
were labelled research, development, experimental broad-
casts, and field testing. It had been a vast and difficult
undertaking — ■ charting the ultra-high-frequencies for
television was comparable to the geographical explora-
tion of a continent. But with RCA's announcement in
the nation's capital, the development phase of UHF-TV
ended, and the commercial about to begin.

Two hundred of the country's leading television
engineers, consultants, and attorneys, plus representa-
tives of the Federal Communications Commission, at-
tended the RCA seminar and applauded the company's
report.

They heard representatives of the RCA Victor Divi-
sion describe a multi-channel selector designed to receive

programs on .ill channels in the UHF band, housed in
its own attractive cabinet and equipped with its own
on-ofF and tuning knobs.

Also announced were simple, inexpensive one-
channel and two-channel selectors, for use with present
VHF receivers in areas where only one or two UHF
stations go on the air.

All three selectors, it was noted, are easy to install
.ind will function with any make of television set.

In addition, participants in the seminar learned, RCA
Victor will produce a complete line of combination
receivers, providing reception in a single instrument
for both UHF and VHF.

Tiie RCA Service Company reported that new UHF
receiving antennas are available in various styles to meet
specified reception needs. They differ radically in design
from the now-familiar VHF antennas. The new an-
tennas, designed to meet special requirements of UHF
transmission, have been evaluated and classified by RCA
Service Company engineers on the basis of extensive
field tests.

At other sessions, engineers of the RCA Victor
Division unfolded the company's plans to meet antici-
pated broadcast needs during the next few years, and
gave a preview of new products and developments.

^'6-.

Left: Compact all-channel UHF selector, designed by RCA for use with existing

television receivers to bring in all UHF programs in any area. Below: Some of the

types of development UHF antennas designed by RCA engineers.

''*'■,

'•-!*..

18 RADIO

AGE

Improved model RCA Image Orlhicon camera which pro-
vides brighter, sharper TV picture reception in the home.

Among the more important disclosures were new
l-kw and 10-kw UHF transmitters, high-grain antennas,
and associated equipment capable of providing up to
200-kw of effective radiated power in the 470-890
megacycle frequencies. Engineers of the RCA Engineer-
ing Products Department described design features of
the equipment, including new developmental UHF tubes
of several type, special low-loss UHF long-shoulder
transmission line with inner conductor bullets, in several
diameters, and constructional details of the company's
new slotted UHF antennas.

The conference was the latest in a series of meetings
and demonstrations undertaken by the Radio Corpora-
tion of America to aid broadcasters in laying plans for
UHF television operation.

At the annual convention of the Institute of Radio
Engineers in New York, two weeks after the Washing-
ton seminar, initial models of the new selectors and
receiving antennas were given their 6rst public showing.
The solid proof of accomplishment w.is there for all
to see.

Final Equipment Details Added
Early this month, RCA filled in the final details of
the TV equipment picture. During the annual exposi-
tion of the National Association of Radio and Television
Broadc.tsters, in Chicago, the company unveiled initial
models of its complete line of UHF transmitters, studio
equipment, antennas, and home selectors, as well as new
VHF equipment and a dramatically advanced new image
orthicon T\' camera.

A UHF antenna which helps in eliminating reflections in
cities and improves picture quality in fringe areas.

The new transmitters, which are capable ot piittmg
stronger signals on the air, will result in pictures of
greatly increased brightness and contrast.

The UHF equipment developed by RCA is the
result of more than two decades of studies, field tests,
and experimentation, climaxed by work at the company's
experimental UHF station at Stratford, near Bridgeport,
Connecticut. Built by RCA and operated by NBC, this
is the first and only such station to transmit daily pro-
grams.

Other television manufacturers have brought their
equipment to Stratford and, in cooperation with RCA,
tested and perfected products for the new service. Repre-
sentatives of the FCC have journeyed there to study the
latest developments. This quiet corner of New England
has grown into the engineering capital of UHF tele-
vision.

The location where RCiA built the station is known
in the community as Success Hill. The work accom-
plished there will eventually enrich the lives of millions.

Tests at Stratford and elsewhere have proved that,
contrary to earlier expectations of some elements of the
industry, UHF television brings clear, sharp, dependable
pictures, comparable in quality to VHF reception.

Television's conquest of the ultra-high frequencies
iTieans the medium can now extend its ser\'ice to virtu-
ally every corner of the land. More than 1 ,000 new sta-
tions are expected to share the UHF channels, and they
will bring pictorial reports of world affairs and some of
the finest entertainment available to towns and villages
throughout America.

RADIO AGE 19

Industrial Television Expands

Video Equipment Used in
and in Numerous

ANDUSTRIAI, television, another precocious offspring
of the video art. has been available to industry for
less than ten years, yet in that relatively short time, it
has created an increasingly important role for itself in
many unrelated fields. New uses for ITV, as it is
labelled for brevity, are being developed constantly by
RCA engineers and its adherents are convinced that there
are no reasonable limits to its applications.

In 1950, RCA Victor marketed its pilot-model.
Today, two years later, RCA is assembly-line producing
a new two-unit chain with only 21 tubes, half the num-
ber required in the first model. Cost of the basic chain
is approximately S5500.

In February of this year, the RCA Service Company
installed its most advanced ITV chain at Farrand Optical
Company, New York, for government work. Jack
Greene, coordinator of industrial television service, was
cold no more about the job than the necessary light
sensitivity and the field to be picked up. The U. S. A.
is RCA's biggest ITV customer to date.

Factories. Banks, and Libraries
Government Projects

An industrial TV system at Picatinny Aresenal,
Dover, N. J., was the next installation. Others are
scheduled at Bausch «Sc Lomb, Rochester, N. Y.; and the
Library of Congress, Washington. Ac the latter location,
the unit will be used to check documents in distant parts
of the librar)', thereby saving much foot-travel from one
part of the building to another.

The Atomic Energy Commission, Signal Corps, Navy,
General Motors, among many others, are putting ITV
to work. At GM, a man is hired to look at television
all day long. From his observation post he operates con-
trols which drop bales of scrap into a gondola on a
siding outside the plant, a considerable distance away.

Electric utilities, leaders among civilian users of the
system rely on ITV units for the viewing of water level,
furnace flame, stack smoke, even to scan visitors apply-
ing for entrance at gates.

In arsenals, the physical handling of explosives can
be reduced to a minimum since ITV makes it possible
to study their action close up. Guided missile perform-

Bank employees use an RCA Industrial Television System to compare signa-
tures on checks and other documents.

Monitor screen (left) shows magnified images of living

organisms picked up by combination of light microscope

and sensitive Vidicon tube at right.

ance also is known to be obser%'ed by this means. Class-
room teaching is frequently made more effective via TV.
Other fields for which the system is suitable and
either in operation or considered for the near future are:

Commerce and Banking — meetings (sales, stock-
holder); shows, exhibits and demonstrations; office
intercom; transmission of signatures, balances, records.

Industrial Control and Testing — wind tunnel tests,
[imc study, oven and furnace operation, smoke control,
life tests, remote telemetering, inspection (processes,
machines, gauges, etc.); plant intercom, transmission of
prints, photos, drawings; foundry- and rolling mill opera-
tions, training, materi.Us handling.

Medical — surgery. X-ray transmission, training.

Military — handling of explosives, rocket and guided
missile performance, view of range finding, training.

Security and Law Enforcement — patrolling, guard-
ing, fingerprint transmission.

Specialized Application — under-water work, TV
rehearsals, fire control, forestry conservation, rescue work,
radiation and nuclear research.

Traffic Control — streets, railway yards, bus and
tnick terminals, ships and docks.

In other words, wherever it is desirable to view at
a distance a clear, exact, instantaneous picture under
conditions where direct observation is too dangerous,
or the arena of action too inaccessible, too inconvenient
or too expensive, industrial TV is the solution.

Design of RCA's ITV system centers around a new
camera rube, the Vidicon. It is two-thirds as sensitive
as the srudio-t}-pe image orthicon, costs only one-third
as much.

The ch.un consists of a miniature camera, about die
size of a 16 mm. movie camera, and a conip.ict control
monitor connected by 500 feet of 18-conductor camera
cable, .625 inches in diameter.

The connecting cable transmits the picture picked
up by the camera to the control monitors 10-inch view-
ing screen. The complete chain operates from ordinary
115-volt, 6Q-c7cle power (50-c7cle equipment is .ilso
available), and is entirely self-contained. Power con-
sumption is only 230 watts.

The RCA industrial television camera is as easy to
handle as the average 16 mm. movie camera. It contains
only three tubes, one of which is the Vidicon. The small
size explains why the camera can be placed in spots
inaccessible to humans.

The monitor, together with its own power supply
.ind control panel, is housed in a metal case smaller than
the average table-model TV set (20" deep, 15" high,
13" across). The optical-focus control operates a small
reversible motor, which changes lens focus.

Interlocking safet)' switches and a complete shielding
unit permit [>eople to work on the equipment in abso-
lute safety. Though a standard set is supplied with 50
feet of camera cable, the monitor may be located at any
point within 500 feet of the camera by the addition of
extra cable, supplied on special order.

For applications requiring more than one viewer,
or where the distance from the camera must be greater
than 500 feet, the control monitor has been equipped
with provisions for plugging in additional receivers.

Where distances between monitor and auxiliary
viewers are extreme, the RCA system is so designed that
it can be operated with microwave transmission or by
means of coaxial cable.

Scockholdcrs Tour" Plant

(Continued jrom page 12)

of television. Bliss predicted that TV will become a
valued tool of business and industry for such purposes.

"It provides a unique means of showing stockholders
what is being done with their money and how their
investments are being protcaed and enhanced," he said,
"without wasting their valuable time and energies and
those of company officials in traveling from point to
point.

"Further, it makes it possible to present a dramatic
vignette of highlights in a company's operations that is
more impressive and understandable than a physical tour
of the plant. It presents the company's story with more
realism and conviction than film can .ichievc, since it is
recognized that there is no window dressing in a TV
presentation — no opportunity for nitting and editing."

RAD\0 ACE 2J

Home -Built Yacht Carries
RCA Radio Equipment

-tJL LIFETIME ambition to own a self-built yacht
completely equipped with the finest radio and naviga-
tional instruments has finally been realized by Walter F.
Carey of Detroit, Michigan. While he was constructing
his 63-foot, 70-ton yacht in the back yard of his farm at
Birmingham, Michigan, Mr. Carey was giving serious
thought to the radar and radio units that he would need
After an extensive study of the field he concentrated on
RCA equipment, on the basis of its efficiency, accuracy
and economy. Included in his final selection were Radio-
marine's Model CR-103 small-craft radar. Model ET-
8012-HF radiotelephone and Model AR-S709B radio
direction finder.

The 75-watt radiotelephone is installed in a special
compartment underneath the enclosed flying bridge of
the Seaquester with a remote control unit located on the
bridge itself. This set provides 7 channels in the 2000-
3000 kilocycle band and 3 channels in the 4, 6 and 8
megacycle band for Inland Waterways and Great Lakes
use.

The CR-103 radar weighs only 400 pounds installed
and features compact design to comply with space limita-
tions on small vessels. It has the power ( 30 kw ) and
sensitivity to pick up objects as close as 75 yards and as
distant as 20 miles.

The radio direction finder is especially designed for
ceiling suspension on boats where space is at a premium.

The Seaquester has put more than 7,500 miles under
her keel during the past year, her most recent voyage
being a trip to the Caribbean. Leaving her anchorage at

Radiomarine direction finder installed in the wheel-house
of the yacht Seaques/er.

the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club in Michigan, she traveled
to Chicago via Georgian Bay, thence south to New
Orleans, Miami, the Bahamas and Haiti.

Discussing the recent trip, Mr. Carey said that his
radar nearly became the most important piece of equip-
ment on his boat. "Once, southeast of Nassau," he re-
called, "some of the amateur navigators in the family got
us effectively lost during the night. It was only the radar
picture, showing us the outline of the different islands
that enabled us to ascertain definitely our correct
position."

"Several days later." he continued, "we were ap-
proaching Haiti in the middle of the night. I think one
of the biggest thrills in my boating experience was to
make landfall via radar, using the 20-mile range, just
when 1 estimated we should. This was particularly im-
portant because of the low power and short visual range
of the beacon light on the northwest end of the island."

Graduates of RCA Institutes meet in New York to form on Alumni Association to "further common

interests in education and technical recognition."

Air Conditioners and Dchuniidihcrs
Marketed b\' RCA

iNcw Products Inrroduccd tor Home Use
will be Ser\ie-cd by Companv Technicians

.)ME air conditioners and electric dehumidifiers.
the first ever marketed by the Radio Corporation of
America are being placed on display in retail stores all
over the country. Judging by initial reports from dis-
tributors and dealers, the new products are being well
received by the public.

RCA's decision to enter the home air-conditioner
industry was reached only after considerable study and
analysis. The company made exhaustive surveys on mar-
ket conditions, and on the actual contributions these
appliances can make toward a pleasanter, healthier family
life.

Approximately 80 per cent of the room air condi-
tioners that were manufactured prior to 1952 were
commercial installations in small shops, private offices,
hospitals, and similar places.

Only 20 per cent had been sold for home installa-
tion. In other words, of the .i9,000,000 electrified homes
in this country, less than one-half of one per cent had

New RCA air conditioner especially adapted for small
to moderate-sized rooms.

room air conditioners — which meant the appliances had
an immense sales potential.

Further investigation convinced us that rcKim air
conditioners can add so much to the comfort and pleasure
of life that they are destined to become as integral a
part of the American domestic scene as central heating.

Contrary to the common belief, an air conditioner
dt^es much more than supply cool air to counteract sum-
mer heat. A quality appliance will also dehumidify the
air, wringing out excess moisture up to 30 quarts in 24
hours. Humidity accounts for as much summer discom-
fort as high temperatures. Furthermore, a true air condi-
tioner will exhaust stale air, kitchen odors, and tobacco
smoke, removing up to 80 cubic feet per minute of un-
palatable air.

And, of particular interest to hay fever sufferers, these
appliances filter the air by drawing it through layer after
layer of specially treated spun glass, which catches the
din, lint, and pollen.

In addition to weighing the sales potential of air
conditioners and their ability to better American home
life, we considered our company's accumulated exp)eri-
cnce in marketing and advertising, and our ready-made,
nation-wide dealer-distributor organization which would
welcome the opp>ortunity to merchandise RCA air con-
ditioners.

To this we added the plus factor available in the
RCA Service Company with its trained technicians and
Its service centers located in most major cities, ready to
install and sers'ice RCA room air conditioners anywhere.
We foresaw that through the cooperation of the RCA
Service Company, RCA dealers could write off the instal-
lation and maintenance problem which has plagued
dealers in the p.ist.

We also took note of the fact that air conditioners
enjoy their greatest sales during the summer when televi-
sion sales tend to slacken off.

When all the facts were in, the company's decision
W.IS clear and inevitable. And last October, President
Frank M. Folsom issued the announcement that the
Radio Corporation of America, through the RCA Victor
Division, was entering the home air conditioner field.

RADIO AGE 23

During the six months since Mr. Folsom's announce-
ment, RCA has built the nucleus of an organization to
merchandise our new products. As sales manager for
air conditioners, the company has appointed William F.
Carolan, who has a wide and diversified background in
marketing home appliances. S. D. Conley, a veteran of
more than 25 years' experience in RCA Victor sales and
engineering activities, is merchandise manager. E. Burt
Close is in charge of air conditioner advertising, and
Thomas Ford is engineering manager.

Three Cotiditiouer Models Available

In addition, the air conditioner department has six
field representatives, and 63 distributors. Dealers in all
parts of the country will sell our new products.

RCA is offering three models, the "Thirty-three, " the
"Fifty," and the "Seventy-five," of one-third, one-half,
and three-quarter horsepower, respectively. In perform-
ance, they equal the best in the field; in appearance, we
feel our products surpass all others.

RCA air conditioners are made to the company's
own designs by the Fedders-Quigan Corporation of Buf-
falo, one of the outstanding companies in the industry.

A diversified advertising and promotion campaign
will support our new products, leading off with a 2-page
color spread in Life magazine on May 26, followed by
single pages in Life and many full-page newspaper ads.

"Tune m perfect weather with an RCA room air
conditioner" is to be the theme of the campaign. The
copy will be partly educational, highlighting the whole
range of services performed by the appliances.

On television, the air conditioners will share the
commercial time on the "RCA Victor Show," a Friday
evening feature on the NBC-TV network, and on the
popular "Kukla, Fran and OIlie" program. RCA Victor
radio programs, including the Sunday evening favorite,
"Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show," will also carry air con-
ditioner commercials.

The RCA dehumidifier will come under the jurisdic-
tion of the same personnel who handle the company's
room air conditioners. The colors of the dehumidifier,
a combination of arctic tan and polar beige, are the same
as the RCA room air conditioners.

Designed principally for home use, but suitable for
many commercial establishments, the RCA dehumidifier
will remove up to 12 quarts of moisture from the air
in a 24-hour period, and is capable of controlling humid-
ity in closed areas up to 8,000 cubic feet. It is operated
by a Vs-horse power compressor, which is hermetically
sealed, permanently lubricated, and quiet in operation.

Experiments have proved that the dehumidifier will
help stop mold and mildew damage to fabrics and leather
goods, protect furniture and woodwork from rot and
warp, and speed up clothes drying bv 400 per cent.

RCA's electric dehumidifier removes up to 12 quarts of moisture fron
the air in a 24-hour period.

24 RADIO AGE

With stop-watch and script, NBC's Margaret Snider se-
lects music in the proper mood for the background of
a television drama.

Selectino; N4ood Music for TV Proo;rams

-ZV TELF,VIS10N drama without background musii.,
someone has said, is like a stage setting without scener)',
it's bare, empty and lacks the third dimension required
to round out the mood of the play. How pertinent this
observation is to the operations of NBC television pro-
gramming is evident in the scope of activities behind the
scenes in the network's music department.

Music for NBC's television dramas is carctLilly se-
lected by a stall of live music programmers, all of whom
have had a formal musical education and all of whom
have remarkable memories. The latter attribute is essen-
tial, because the catalogues of recorded incidental music
— no matter how descriptive — are nor adequate guides
to the approximately 10,000 selections in the special
library and to the 100,000 records in NBC's regul.ir
record library.

Margaret Snider, who heads this particular operation,
started the special section in I9-l5 with only a desk and
a turn-table. When Miss Snider first began working on
background music for television, she had access only to
the standard classical record library. Today, with physi-
cal facilities commensurate to her staff of assistants (an
office and four "roomettes " in which music programmers
and directors can listen to the music). Miss Snider has
amassed, in addition to two libraries of specially recorded
music on 16-inch vinylite discs, seven English libraries
of special background music, composed originally for
film use and now used extensively in television and radio,
here and in England.

Catalogues for each special library provide the pro-
grammer with clues to the general mood of e.ich record.
Under the heading of "Dramatic Atmosphere," for in-
stance, there are records titled "Aftermath," "Deserted
City," "Haunted House," "Snow Scene," "Motif for
Murder," and "Stop Press." Under "Fanfares," you'd find
such titles as "Big Moment" and "Majestic." Under the
heading of Light Atmosphere " the gamut runs from
"All Strings and Fancy Free" to ""Exhilaration" and
"Shopping Center."" Other general headings include
"Marches, " "Melodic," "National," ""Oriental," ""Sea," and
"Storm, Machines, "War" ( containing "Engine Room,"
"S.O.S." and "Shipwreck," in that pessimistic order).

Other catalogues may be a bit more helpful. "En-
counter at Dawn," for instance, is described as ""very
heavy and dramatic, but quick moving, then becoming
more subdued, but still with a dramatic and sinister
atmosphere."'

"Tlie individual compositions," Miss Snider said, "can
be broken down into several moods and can be- used in

whole or in part. But the fact that the library is so much
larger and so much more varied than a written catalogue
would indicate that the music programmer must rely
very heavily on his memory. Besides, he should keep an
open mind, since one piece may be applied to many
different situations — one week tragedy, another mystery,
another comedy, and so forth. Since catalogues dont
really indicate the full use to which records can be put,
one must interpret the mood of the script and paint in
the background from knowledge tucked away in one"s
own mental file.""

Miss Snider and her st.iff — Marilynn Kilgore, Phebe
Haas, Lea Karina and Harold "Venho — select music for
about 20 television shows a week. Within the last two
years a number of radio shows have also found it ex-
pedient to use recorded background music. A half-dozen
such radio shows are on the air now, with the number
rising to twelve or fifteen in the Summer season.

An hour-long TV drama, such as "Television Play-
house"" or '"Robert Montgomery Presents," demands a
var)'ing amount of time for music selection, depending
on the individual director and the amount of music to be
used. Ten to sixteen hours for a single script is average.
A period piece takes longer, because the selector tries first
I Continued on puse ^Oi

RADIO AGE 25

Phonograph Records Make
Strong Comeback in 1931

By L. W. Kanaga

Manager, Commercial Sales and Merchandise Division.

RCA Victor Record Dcpurtinen!

-HE phonograpii record business — which so.ired to
all-time heights in 1947 only to meet a declining market
the following year — has made a strong comeback.

There was a confusing fog for a while created by
the introduction of the new-speed records, but it has
cleared away, leaving the industry healthier than evet
before in its history. According to a consensus of the
best available industry estimates, dollar sales, which were
S23.1 million in 1948 and fell to S202 million in 1949,
rose to S284 million in 1951.

It is true that record unit sales have declined, but the
amount of actual music sold has increased — the difference
being that more music is contained on the new-speed
records. A symphony which, on the old 78-rpm speed,
would occupy an album of four or five records today
comes complete on a single 33'/3-rpm record — usually
at lower cost, too. So the rise in dollar volume means
that people definitely are buying more music.

It must be explained that the lack of a central data-
gathering organization or a standard method of reporting
makes it difficult to determine trends in the record indus-
try. Most figures now available (from musicians' union
fees, excise taxes, etc. ) have to be adjusted and coordi-
nated and often must be projected before they begin to
make sense.

hidi/stiy Selling More M//sic

But one fact is plain: the industry is selling more
and more music and is bringing in more and more dollars.

Chief factors entering into the firm position of the
phonograph record business are:

1. The "speed" war and its attendant confusion—
which kept many from buying records — is now a dead
issue, most companies agree. The major record makers
now produce in all three speeds. The 78-rpm records are
dying out and the new speeds are contributing the largest
share of the total volume. Both of the new speeds have
their champions among consumers. While it is true that
45-rpin records have the edge in popular and light clas-
sical works, and ^liVi's sell better in the heavier selec-
tions, the record buyer's choice depends mostly upon
which system he owns.

2. Revivals are beginning to play an important part

Phonograph record sales made strong come-back in 1951.

in both the classical and popular market. Among these,
RCA Victor's "Treasury of Immortal Performances"
series is notable. Caruso's records alone sold more than
a half-million last year. This may be the strongest indi-
cation that the industry has come of age — for with its
earlier products having a permanent demand from the
older generation, there is a constant self-renewing market
in collectors' items.

3. A basic sales factor is the number of phonograph
players in homes. In 1941 there were only 3.3 million
players in home use. During the following decade this
sky-rocketed to 21.97 million — a solid market foundation.

TV has increased Record Sales

4. Television has not cut into record sales as was
widely feared. In fact, TV has increased sales, according
to recent RCA Victor surveys and sales figures. They
indicate sales are best in television areas and that TV set
owners themselves buy more records than non-owners.

There are several theories as to why tliis is so. One
is that a TV set in the house keeps people home more
often, and while they're home their chance of playing
records is increased. Another reason might be the fact
that, like live musical performances, television "sells"
people on music and makes the recording artists more
familiar to them.

5. The present state of low inventories (compared
to 1948 and 1949) is another market booster. It allows
greater facility in meeting fast-changing market dem.inds.

6. The growing popularity of classical music is
having its effect, too. Before the war the ratio between
pop and classical record sales was about 80 to 20. Now
it is estimated at approximately 70 to 30. This is gen-

(Continued on page 30)

26 RADIO AGE

Fadino- of Radio Sitinals Minimized

by New Transniirrer System

By Grant E. Honsell

RCA Liborjtorii's Dit isioii
Riterhead, N. Y.

jr.Kljng of radio signals has been a problem tor die
communications engineer since he first attempted to
transmit radio messages over distances of 100 miles or
more. It required only a short time for research to re-
veal the Cause; the Remedy — even a partial one — is
taking a great deal longer. While a complete mastery
has not yet been reached, one of the most recent de-
velopments, a system called Transmitter Diversity, al-
ready has demonstrated its value in minimizing the
effects of fading in certain types of communications.

In the early Twenties, when transoceanic radio-
telegraphy was coming into its own as the fastest means
of intercontinental communications, fading had to be
taken in stride. In the knowledge of its cause lay a
paradox. Strangely enough, the same phenomenon which
made long-distance radio possible was also the basic
cause of fading signals, namely the so-called Kennclly-
Heaviside Layer. This layer, a mass of ionized particles
high in the atmosphere, is created by the action of the
sun's rays upon molecules of gas in the air. The parti-
cles act like a huge mirror reflecting back to the earth
the radio signals which have passed beyond the horizon
and outward into space.

Without this "ethereal blanket" long-distance teleg-
raphy, radiotelephony. broadcasting, and radiophoto
would be undependable, if not impossible. With it
there is almost no limit to the travelling span of a radio
signal, provided enough power is available at the
tr.msmitter.

Early research on fading disclosed that a transmitter
signal which faded at one location was, at the same in-
stant, at its maximum strength at another receiving
point some distance away. Further experiments revealed
that it was possible to connect the outputs of two re-
ceivers, connected to spaced antennas, so that the
stronger signal, or a combination of the two signals,
could be selected at all time;. This method, called Re-
ceiver Diversity, has been in use for many years at the
large radio centers operated by RCA Communications.
Inc., at Riverhead, N. Y.. Point Reyes, California, and
m.inv other locations.

From the foregoing description it is obvious that
Receiver Diversity requires considerable space for the
location of the two receiving antennas, thus limiting
its use prmcipally to fixed land stations. Reception by
this method on planes, ships at sea, or at receiving points
in congested areas, such as large cities, is impractical.

With this knowledge RCA engineers began work on
Transmitter Diversity. They reasoned that duplicate
transmitters connected to spaced antennas in the same
manner as the receivers in the earlier method would
provide a single distant receiving point with a continu-
ously usable signal, since it was extremely unlikely that
both incoming signals would fade simultaneously.

To determine the soundness of this theory, RCA
conducted tests from Bolinas, Calif., to Riverhead, N. Y.,
and later from Bolinas to receiving points in lower and
midtown Manhattan. In each instance, results demon-
strated the effectiveness of Transmitter Diversity, par-
ticularly in urban areas where man-made radio noise
is at a high level.

Transmitter Diversity, however, is not expected to
replace the established Receiver Diversity for most
point-to-point circuits but it does offer a practical solu-
tion for certain types of important message services,
including shore-to-ship, ground-to-plane, and fixed base
to mobile vehicles.

From an economic standpoint, also, Transmitter
Diversity has an advantage. It is less costly, for in-
stance, to improve the reception of a signal at a single
receiver by adding a second transmitter than to increase
the power of the single transmitter to get the same
results. The power of the single transmitter would
have to be increased from 16 to 1.000 times that needed
by each of the dual transmitters to give the same re-
sults at the receiver.

New Power Tube tor LlIF

A new power tube, expected to be of special interest
to designers of UHF transmitting equipment has been
announced by the RCA Tube Department. Intended
for UHF service in television and continuous wave ap-
plications, the new tube, a triode, is very compact, hiv-
ing a diameter of 1 '4 inches and a length of 3' 4 inches.
It can be operated at maximum ratings at frequencies
up to 900 megacycles per second.

RADIO AGE 27

NBC Operates One of World's
Biggest Box -Offices

More than Three Million Tickers
for Free Programs Issued Yearly

By Peter M. Tintle

/Manager. Guest Relatiom.
National Broadcasting Co.

HE National Broadcasting Company operates one
of the biggest and busiest box-offices in the world.
The Broadcast Ticket Division, a function of the Guest
Relations Department, prints and distributes the fan-
tastic number of more than 3,000,000 tickets a year.
On any normal day, the Division handles tickets which
involve an average of 450 different shows.

The unique feature of NBC's box-office is that all
of its tickets are free, even though many admit their
holders to productions, symphonies, etc. that may have
cost up to S75,00() to produce. Naturally, with the
leading entertainers in the world appearing on these
free shows, a greater demand is created for tickets than
could be ordinarily expected of paid performances. As
a result, more requests for tickets to a popular program
are received in one week than could possibly be filled
in an entire year. And since demand for "hit " shows is
constant, it is, unfortunately, impossible to fill most of
the requests.

How Tickets lire Distributed

The public generally has little idea of the method
and scope of ticket distribution. The broadcaster's first
obligation is to the advertiser who has paid for the show
and the cost of air-time. Consequently the advertiser
obtains a goodly supply of tickets. In most cases these
tickets are used for dealer promotion or for other pur-
poses that will help to sell the product advertised. In
some instances, many of these tickets will eventually
reach the public. Depending upon the popularity of
the program, it is customary for the sponsor or his ad-
vertising agency to take over 70 to 100 per cent of a
studio's seating capacity.

With the first obligation to the advertiser, the broad-
caster must then accept the responsibility of handling
the remaining tickets with the utmost care and tact.

For example, the Press Department needs tickets for
Its magazine and newspaper contacts, all of whom are
in a position to help NBC with favorable comments on
programs. The Sales Department faces a demand for
tickets from clients and prospective clients. The Station
Relations Department must have its supply for distribu-
tion to affiliated station owners and managers, who in
turn are obligated to local sponsors and advertisers.

The Broadcast Ticket Division has another important
activity. It receives and acknowledges all mail received
directly from the general public concerning broadcast
tickets. These letters total about 1,200 daily the year
around. Because he is an "out-of-towner" and expects
to be in New York for only a brief visit, the average
letter-writer finds it difficult to understand, for instance,
why he cannot get tickets for the Sid Caesar program
or one of the other more popular shows. The one thing
he does not realize is that New York City is well-
populated with out-of-towners at all times.

Listeners Express their Preferences

The correspondence section of the Broadcast Ticket
Division does have its lighter moments. Many of the
letters, although written in complete sincerity, are sources
of amusement to the staff. Recently a letter from a self-
styled music lover expressed a wish to attend a Toscanini
Concert, but insisted that NBC make sure that the pro-
gram include only melodic music. He added that, in his
opinion, it was a great waste for a tremendous orchestra
to play music for a solid hour "going diddle-de-dee —
starting nowhere and ending nowhere". In 1947, an
elderly lady from Georgia, wrote in asking for two
tickets to attend a program which since has gone off the
air. This particular program, besides featuring honey-
mooners, also presented couples who were celebrating
wedding anniversaries. To support her request, the
woman enclosed a self-portrait in water color, and ex-
plained that since she would be celebrating her 50th
wedding anniversary in 195.3 she wanted to be placed
on our list to receive tickets on that anniversary date,
six years hence.

28 RADIO AGE

R. E. Lafferty (left) and J. L. Hathaway, NBC engineers,

demonstrate the electronic "gun-shot reinforcer" which

they developed for radio and TV dramas.

I Lcrronic Device Makes Gun -Shots
Sound Real on Dramaric Programs

An electronic device that produces the authentic
sound of a revolver shot has been added to NBC's store-
house of Special Effects. The "gun shot reinforcer," as
it is called, was developed by the network's Engineering
Development Group.

The device, which operates automatically, is housed
in a rectangular unit the size of a typewriter case. It is
plugged into the system or line carrying the sound por-
tion of the TV program. When the script calls for the
firing of a shot, a blank pistol is discharged in the studio
.ind the sound of the shot triggers a circuit in the "rein-
forcer" which instantaneously produces its own gun shot.

The sound, as heard on nidio or television at home,
is a combination of the actual pistol shot in the studio
.md the electronic gun shot. The accumulative effect is
a "pixKiwww," or a perfect sound reproduction of a gun
shot.

Only the sharp crack of a pistol shot can set off the
"gun shot reinforcer." It is not energized by studio dia-
logue, music, cries, yells, or any such noises.

NBC engineer Raymond E. LafFerty constructed the
device ba.sed on an electronic principle suggested by
J. L Hathaway, assistant manager of the Development
Group.

Meral-Shcll Kinescopes

I Continued from page 16 1
the nietting of critical specifications. This feature per-
mits the use of a high-grade, drawn, sheet glass which is
optically superior to and considerably more uniform in
tiiickness than the faceplate molded as an integral part
of all-glass kinescopes. Further, this independent produc-
tion of the faceplate insures freedom from mold marks,
blisters, and other imperfections which may develop
during the molding of glass bulbs.

( 2 ) The metal tube has a weight advantage over
comparable ,ill-glass types. In larger sizes, metal tubes
are as much as 13 pounds lighter, a factor which makes
such tubes easier to handle in receiver production and
assembly, permits the use of lighter and less-expensive
supporting structures in the chassis and receiver cabinet,
and reduces shipping costs.

( 3 ) The metal kinescope's inherent mechanical
strength reduces breakage and permits a more rapid and
flexible handling of the tube during its assembly and
te^t operations.

(4) Exclusive characteristics of the metal tube rep-
resent sales appeals to the set manufacturer's customers.
The relatively flat, thin, f.aceplate of uniform thickness
permits wide-angle viewing and less picture distortion
than the all-glass tube. Further, the metal tube's face-
plate is specially treated to eliminate reflections from any
angle or source. These features add up to a larger, clearer,
superior picture for the manufacturer's customers.

At the present time, RCA produces metal-shell kine-
scopes at its tube production plants in Lancaster. Pa., and
Marion, Indiana.

Metal-shell kinescopes were introduced by RCA in
1948, after more than 13 years of research and develop-
ment. Recognizing that picture sizes would become
larger, and that production problems encountered with
all-glass envelopes would be magnified in the larger sizes,
RCA tube engineers in 1935 initiated a research program
to develop more practical and suitable production ma-
terials.

After exhaustive tests, a high-chromium steel alloy
w.is selected for the shell section, giving the tube its
unusual combination of strength and light weight.

In December, 1948, the company made commercially
available the 16AP4 kinescope, the television industry's
first metal-shell picture tube. This first metal tube,
pointed the way to low-cost, mass-production of still
larger kinescope sizes such as RCA's 2IAP4, introduced
List year, which continues in heavy demand by set
manufacturers.

RADIO AGE 29

Phonograph Records Make Comeback

{Continued frotn page 26)

erally considered to mean a growth in serious tastes and
not a reduction of the popular market.

7. Pop sales are also rising. Earlier, a record which
sold a million copies was unusual. Now it's unusual if
there aren't many of these million-sellers each year.

These high-sale releases are absolutely necessary to
the larger companies. Classical, children's, country and
western records are the solid base of the industry, but
the real earnings are made on the big, low-cost-per-unit
"hits." The importance of huge-sale records lies also in
the fact that they get more people into the record stores
— people who buy other record; at the same time. Also,
the sUes level of standard pop tune; is up.

8. A widening of the sales outlet b.ise has played
an important part. Chain variety and department stores
that never handled records before now find them money-
makers. People who might not bother to make a special
trip to a record store will pick up a record or two when
they are shopping for something else in a five and dime.

9. Children's records, like revivals, are increasing
their share of the market. Large-scale production pl.m-
ning has a great deal to do with their increased popu-
larit)'. RCA "Victor, for example, spent about $15,000
recording the "Alice in Wonderland" album. This is
contrasted with the early days when one man on a banjo
made a "kidisc" as they are called. The increase goes into
better storybook material, better performers and a more
thorough production.

10. The most important factor in the revival of the
record market is the all-around higher quality of the
product. Slower speeds and non-breakable records have
reduced two of the manufacturers' toughest problems —
the reluctance of dealers to buy large amounts of space-
taking, fragile records. The higher fidelity of the new
records gives them wider acceptance at all "ear" levels.

One sign of the phonograph industry's present state
of optimism is the current number of re-recordings of
older works such as operas which require tremendous
investments. Not long ago, record companies would not
consider such an expenditure, but in the last 18 months
RCA "Victor alone has recorded three full-length operas
with the best artists available. These were "Carmen, "
"La Traviata" and "Rigoletto." "II Trovatore" is now
being recorded at a cost of about 550,000.

There is no reason to believe that the record industry
will not continue its present healtliy growth. There is a
large market to till and new and better products are
available to offer the people of the world.

Selecting Mood Music

(Continued from page 25)

for authenticity, at the same time maintaining the mood
and keeping the music unobtrusive and in good taste.

"We get the script about a week in advance, " Miss
Snider s lid. "The music programmer, who is assigned a
specific group of shows permanently, reads the script,
gets an idea of the type of music needed. Sometimes the
director marks the places where he wants music in the
script. Then the programmer selects music — sometimes
pulling out ten times the amount of music finally needed.
Helped by the music programmer, tlie director makes
the final choices."

After the director approves the selections, the music
programmer types a synopsis of the visual or dialogue
cues for the turn-table engineer, and indicates the record
numbers, starting positions (which are also marked on
the records in red crayon) and other details; stacks the
records in the proper order and arranges to have tiiem
delivered to the studio in time for rehearsal.

The selection of music is not a programmer's only
concern, however. She is responsible for seeing that the
music on each program is cleared for copyright, kine-
scope rights, tape-recording and other rights. She is co.n-
stantly searching for new material and replenishing her
stock.

"We've just ordered our third dozen of King Palmer's
"The Film Opens,' " Miss Snider said. "This is the popu-
lar theme of WNBT's 'Eleventh Hour Theater,' and it's
played four or five times a day — for station-break an-
nouncements— besides being played on the program.

"Generally we can make better use of unfamiliar
music for backgrounds. Many well-known classics are
specifically identified with a composer or a drama. Of
course there are exceptions. We made wonderful use of
Stravinsky's 'Rites of Spring' in an Indian battle scene
on the Gabby Hayes Show. And the works of Howard
Hanson, Aaron Copland and Prokofier are excellent
standbys for various kinds of backgrounds."

II KCA Scholarships Granted

Eleven university students from eight different states
have been awarded RCA scholarships for the current
academic year. These undergraduate students, majoring
in various fields of pure science or in branches of engi-
neering, have received scholarship grants of S600 each.
Since 1945, wiien the awards were inaugurated, more
tlian a hundred RCA scholarship and Fellowship grants
have been made.

30 RADIO AGE

The Mjslrrof ESSCK HA I lANOOGA.
tieui the nope oj RjitiuDuriiiv RjJjr.

The ESSO CHATTANOOGA, o„e oJ the sixty ESSO leaels
tt/uippiil u ilh Kuitinniumu- Rjiljr Many are ulso etiiiipped
u ith Rjilionurine Rtnliotelegrjph ami Rjiiio Direction Fiutl-
/«i; lii/uiprrjent.

^A RADIOMARINE RADARS

'^ for Esso vessels

speed oil deliveries

You get all 4 navigational aids
with Radiomarine 3.2cm Radar

in all weathers

P 1 1 o t ti g I?

Locotion Finding

Anfi-Collision Storm Detection

• B\ thf end c)t 1952 nou'H see Radiomarine's 3.2cm, 4-purpose
Radar aboard forty-seven seagoing tankers of the fleets of Esso Ship-
pint; Co. and other Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) afliliates. In addition,
tiiere are thirteen similar units aboard vessels ot the Esst) Standard
Oil (,(). on the inlanti waterways.

In all kinds of weather . . . through fog, darkness and storm ... on
the high seas ... in and out of heavily trafficked ports, Radiomarine
Radar will help ESSO vessels operate on regular schedules . . . make
fast and safe deliveries.

Ship operators get more for their money with Radiomarine's 3.2cm
Radar. Its t-purpose application is the answer to faster, safer, more
dependable navigation at sea, in harbors or on inland waters.

For complete information write: Radiomarine Corporation of
America, Dept. TL, ""5 Varick St.. New "^'ork 13. X. Y.

)IOMARINE CORPORATION of AMERICA. ''5 \jrici St.. Sen York li. S. Y. Sales and Service Offices in principal ports.
Foreign Diitrihiiiion and Sen ice — RCA Inlernalional Diutsion. )l) Rocktjeller Plaza, Sew York }<>. S. Y.

RADKOMARINE CORPORA TiOM of AMERiCA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RADIO AGE 31

Amazing New Thread-Easy" Projector
Makes Film Showing 4 Way.

No more lost time setting up. Vk'ith the
RCA "-liOO." you can put picture and
sound on the screen in only 2 niiiitttes.
Or let a youngster do it. It's that easyl

Q Thread film in 30 seconds!

Thanks to RCA's new "Thread-Easy"
design, you can thread it while you're
lecturing . . . thread it with one hand
. . . thread it in the dark.

^ Pack up In 3 minutes!

No more packin.i;-up troubles. You can
button up the complete RC.\ "400"
projector and speaker in only 5 min-
utes. Or let a child do it. It's so simpief

^^ Carry like an overnight bogl

Single-case Junior weighs only .^3'^
lbs. Women appreciate its lightweight,
rounded corners, proper balance. No
chafing your leg as you walk.

Easiest Projector to Use!

Imagine showing movies with a projector
so simple you can set it up in 2 minutes,
thread film in 30 seconds, pack up in 3 min-
utes, and carry lightly as an overnight bag!

Now . . . thanks to RCA's new "400"
Junior projertor, you can show 16mm
movies /<zr more easily than ever bejore! New
RCA "Thread-Easy" design is so simple
you can let a 12-year-old child run the pro-
jector. They're top-quality movies, too. Both
picture atid sound far exceed recommended
standards oj *SMPTE . . . hy actual tests.

No More Torn Film!

Your precious film literally "floats" through
this new "400" projector. "Thread-Easy"
design is so amazingly effective, even minor
errors in threading will not damage film.

VJ'ith projector running, you can open and
clean picture gate or sound optics . . . uith-
out damage to film. And you can project the
same film 50 or 500 or i.OOO times . . . with-
out appreciable wear or damage to film!

No More Last-Minute Failures!

It's ultra-dependable, too. Built for the hard
knocks of school and commercial use. You
can easily replace projection lamp in 45
seconds, exciter lamp in 20 seconds. Re-
wind 10-minute film in 66 seconds, without
changing belts, pulleys, or reels. It's the only
projector powered by a big A-C motor,
500% oiersize for better sound stability. Big
motor takes it easy, stays cool, liies longer.
And it's quiet. Operating noise only 58.5
decibels. Quieter than recommended by
*SM PTE . , . quieter than other projectors by
actual tests.

In Competitive Tests, RCA 400's Win Out!

In a single purchase, Pennsylvania schooll
bought 572 RCA "400's." Baltimore schools
bought 1 56. Washington, D. C. schoob
bought 8 1 . Already many thousands of RCA
"400's" are out on the job . . . giving 4-wa}
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people just like you.

Operate It! Convince Yourself!

If you use 16mm film in your teaching or
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yourself to find out about this revolutionary
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* SMPTE: "Society of Motion Picture and
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less than .VIO of I fc of picture width."

In RC.\ V-*0*^ ' projector, horizontal un-
steadiness is 1/10 of I ^ O timil i3S good

at SMPTE standards). Vertical unsteai
ness is I/" of I c^ (2 times as good
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Sound quality is also better than SMPl^
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AU tested and proved by RC-A. foreml
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\'isual Products. Dept. 92 \'
Radio Corporation of America, Camden, N. J.
Please send me. without obligation, full stor>' on new easy-
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Name_

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Address—

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

JULY

1952

iLklE-LOOklE"
AT THE

•NVENTIONS

The U.S.C.G. Cutter Courier— armed with Tmth. not guns— will use. its KCA transmitter to beam
messages of hope to Iron Curtain countries, and will also be a good-will ambassador to the free nations.

S clear voice

goes

to sea

^^'hen broadcasting Freedom's message to Iron Cur-
tain countries, transmitters must contend with delib-
erate ladio interference, created to "jam" the air.
Aboard the Tiiith Ship Courier, a powerful RCA
transmitter fills most of one cargo hold, while a sec-
ontl hold contains Diesel generators which produce
1,500,000 watts of electrical power. Amidship, a spe-
cial deck is the launching platform for a barrage bal-
loon which carries the antenna higl:^ aloft.

In operation, the Courier's radio voice will follow regu-
lar schedules, so that listpners — often tuning in at serious
risk — will know when broadcasts are coming through.

These people are seeking to learn the Truth, and want to
hear it despite the thousand jamming stations built in an
eflort to keep Freedoms messages from penetrating the
Iron Curtain.

Development of broadcast eqiiipincnt for use on land and sea
is onK one example of HC.\ pioneering in research and engi-
neering. It is your assurance ot liner pcrfonnance in all prod-
ucts and .services ot HC.\ and KC.V N'ictor.

.See the latest in radio, television, and electronics in action
(It RCA Exhibition Hall, 36 West 49th Street, N.Y. Admission
is free. Radio Corporation of America, RCA Building, Radio

Citii,\eurork2(),N.Y.

Radio Conron atiox of America

Ji'urld leader in radio — Jirsl in lelex'ision

-I

Hadio

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 4

H • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
BROADCASTING 'TELEVISION

JULY 1952

COVER

NBC's Dove Gorroway dem-
onstrates one of the Wolkie-
Lookies developed by RCA
and used for the first time at
the political conventions in
Chicago. (KodothTome
courtesy of Popular Science
Monthly.)

NOTICE

When requesting a change in mailing
oddress please include (he code lefters
ond numbers which appear with the
stencilled address on the envelope.

Radio Age is publiihed quarterly bjr
the Department of Information, Radio
Corporation of America, 30 Rocke-
re//er Ptaza. New Yorfc 20, N. r.

CONTENTS

Page

NBC Covers the Conventions

Iron Curtain is Penetrated by Powerful RCA Transmitters .... 5

How Small Can They Get? ^

by D. F. Schmif
Legal Profession Urged to oppose Curbs on TV's Power

to present Truth

by Joseph H. McConnell

"Voice of America" carried to Europe, Africa and

South America by NBC Shortwave Station 12

RCA Scholarship Plan Extended '^^

Three-Speed Record Player announced by RCA Victor 15

How RCA Kinescopes ore mode

Small Businesses Essential to Progress of American Industry ... 18
by Vincent deP. Goubeou

Transistors that operate on 225 Megacycles 20

New Electronic Developments revealed at Annual Meeting

of Stockholders

Sornoff Receives First Honor Medal Awarded

by Radio-Television Manufacturers 24

Electronic Device simplifies Studies of Blood Clotting 25

Bottling Machine speeds handling of Milk Containers 26

Greater Efforts in "Pure" Research urged by Dr. JollifFe .... 27

Long-Life Batteries odd to Performance of

Improved "Personal" Receiver ^8

New Radar has 200-Mile Range in Mapping Terrain 29

John Q. Cannon elected Secretary of RCA 30

Awarded Patent on Improvements in RCA Tri-Color TV Tube ... 31

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, NY.

DAVID SARNOFF, Chairman of the Board
JOHN Q. CANNON. Stcftary

FRANK M. FOLSOM, Preiidenf
ERNEST B. GORIN, Treojorer

Services of RCA are:
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA International Division
Notional Broodcasling Company, Inc. • Radiomarine Corporation of America
RCA Communications, Inc. • RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

Printed in USA

NBC's "TV Newsroom on Wheels" goes into action against a background of Chicago's skyline.

NBC Co\ crs the Conventions

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-Ht view and sound of .» gavel wielded by the party's
national Committee chairman signalized the opening of
the 1952 Republican Convention in Chicago on July 7,
and set in motion the most complete and complex array
of television-radio facilities ever assembled at one time
for any occasion. It brought to realization the exten-
sive plans over which scores of NBC engineers and
programming experts had pored for nearly a year.

For the first time in history the video facilities,
ranging from TV cameras on the Hoor to long files of
microwave relay towers and miles of coaxial cables made
it possible for the colorful and sometimes frenzied
scenes of a national political convention to be witnessed
simultaneously in nearly a third of ail homes from
coast to coast.

Actually, NBC's convention coverage had started sev-
eral days earlier. During pre-convention week the net-
work presented eight hours of special TV programs.
Included were sidelights of the tense battles for contested
convention seats as well as the press conferences that
were held by candidates for the presidential nomination.

Some idea of the extent of NBC's participation in
the convention can be had from statistics compiled
by the network.

To report and observe every move on and ofT the
convention floor at the Chicago Amphitheatre, at the
National Committee headquarters in the Conrad Hilton
Hotel, at railroad stations and other focal points, NBC
assembled a staff of .SOO. Some were "borrowed " from
the network's owned and operated stations, including
eleven technicians from Hollywood.

These stafi members were supplied with the latest
equipment including several units never before used
in the coverage of national events.

One of the most interesting of these accessories was
the walkie-lookie, a portable TV camera-transmitter
.iriginally developed through research at the David
^.irnort Research Center. Princeton, N. J. The hand
Mzed T\' camera, weighing 10 pounds, together with
Its 5()-pound back-pack transmitter made it fwssible for
commentators and observers to extend the scope of their

RADIO AGE 3

coverage into areas where standard cameras ct)uld not
go. The walkie-lookie transmitted a regular TV picture-
plus-sound from the scene of action to its associated
base station thence through the network to home view-
ers tuned to NBC stations.

Another equipment newcomer, unveiled for the two
conventions, was NBC's super mobile unit, rebuilt from
a 4-4-passenger bus. Variously called a "disaster unit",
"crash truck" or 'TV newsroom on wheels", the 35-f{K)t
truck with its complement of television cameras and
controls, film cameras and fast-developing dark rooms.
Mini projectors and microwave transmitter showed its
ability at Chicago to speed to any point of interest and
to record and transmit the action for immediate re-
transmission over the network or delayed transmission
from developed film reels.

The truck's film-developing unit is a radical de-
parture in that field. The apparatus proved that it could
turn out 300 feet of negative 16 mm. film in 15 min-
utes, six times faster than ordinary developing machines.

Few home viewers of the convention scenes could
realize the full extent of preparations and materials
involved in bringing these f>olitical highlights to the
American people.

Part of the tons of radio-television instruments and

equipment shipped to Chicago by NBC for use during

the political conventions.

Portable walkie-lookie unit is dwarfed by a huge para-
bolic receiving unit used to pick up microwave signals
from walkie-talkies on the auditorium floor.

Television and radio booths are located high above the

speaker's platform enabling observers to watch action

in oil parts of the Amphitheatre.

Plans developed by NBC called for the installation,
solely for this purpose, of 52,000,000 of equipment.
Included were one hundred miles of wiring and ten
tons of audio or voice apparatus, augmented by 28
electronic cameras, 12 film cameras and numerous tape
recorders.

Each Delegation has Microphone

Although all networks utilized the facilities, NBC
engineers installed and operated the 55 microphones and
loudspeaker system which connected the speakers plat-
form and all state delegations seated on the floor of the
Amphitheatre.

From a common control point directly beneath the
rostrum, the microphone-speaker circuits could also be
connected directly with newsreel headquarters and other
loudspeaker outlets both inside and outside the audi-
torium.

To simplify communications with its extensive per-
sonnel stationed at widespread locations in the Conven-
tion city, NBC compiled its own telephone directory
and in addition, arranged a special 24-hour teletype
system connecting the Amphitheatre with all affiliated
stations on radio and TV networks.

As working space for its contingent at the Amphi-
theatre, NBC constructed three TV studios, five radio
studios, and an assortment of rooms for offices and as
storage space for the large stock of spare parts, test
instruments and general supplies.

Telecasts originated by NBC at the Republican Con-
vention were broadcast in 47 key market areas through-
out the nation, surpassing all other network coverage
by more than 35 per cent. Based on the 17,800,000
television sets presently in use, it is estimated that
70,000.000 viewers were in range of the convention
scenes transmitted by WNBT and affiliated NBC sta-
tions. When television covered the 1948 conventions
in Philadelphia, distribution of the featured programs
was limited to 5.000,000 persons along the Eastern
seaboard. At that time, stations beyond this area were
forced to rely on kinescope recordings of the proceedings.

In addition to the thorough coverage of the sched-
uled sessions of the Republican Convention, NBC also
originated numerous regular TV and radio programs
from Chicago. Among them were "Camel News Cara-
van": "Meet the Press": "We the People": "American
Forum of the Air": "Youth Wants To Know": "News
of the World": "Three Star Extra" and "H. V. K.ilten-
born and the News".

All facilities used during the G.O.P. assembly were
duplicated for the Democratic conclave which opened
July 21. in Chicago.

4 RADIO AGE

LISBO

Iron Ciirrain Is Pcnerrarcd

b\ i^owcrful RCA Tninsmitters

ITH a giant half-mile-long antenna pointing the
way with pin-point accuracy and force, the four RCA
50-kw high frequency transmitters located at the new
Radio Free Europe Station at Gloria, Portugal, arc now
hurling daily messages to vital target areas behind the
Iron Curtain.

Features of the RCA 50-kw units which made them
particularly acceptable for use in Portugal include an
efficient method of cooling the tubes by circulating air;
amplifiers that were stable: ability to shift from one fre-
quency CO the other with a minimum loss of time, and
their compactness, a factor which reduced installation
and building construction costs.

The station at Gloria creates no programs, but for
sixteen hours daily it re-transmits Radio Free Europ)e
broadcasts to Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Albania, and other areas. The station
is operated by Sociedade Anonima de Radio Retrans-
missao (RARET), a joint Portuguese-RFE organization.

Gloria was selected as the site of the transmitters
because of its proved excellence as a position from which
messages can reach Eastern Europe.

The programs that are broadcast originate in Munich,
Germany, where exiles prepare the scripts and read them
into microphones for transmission by relay to the Gloria
station. The relay is handled by two 10-kilowatt trans-
mitters installed ten miles from Gloria.

With the Gloria station completed and in op)eration.
Radio Free Europe's programs can be broadcast simul-

i-rJL nnfinnnnn

From this short wave station at Gloria, Portugal, four
powerful RCA transmitters beam Radio Free Europe
messages across Europe and into iron Curtain countries.

taneously, on different wave lengths, to Eastern Europe,
using the facilities of six stations in Munich and Frank-
furt in addition to those in Portugal. By transmitting
over several frequencies. RFE is able to reach the maxi-
mum potential audience in the Soviet captive states and
thereby counteract attempts of the communists to jam
the programs.

"The expansion of Radio Free Europe, which started
broadcasting on July 4. 1950. with a single low-powered
transmitter, is a tremendous achievement." said General
Lucius D. Clay, national chairman of the Crusade for
Freedom.

"Much of the credit for this hard-hitting campaign
against Communism goes", he added, "to the American
people who have given so generously to the Crusade
for Freedom."

General Clay also praised the government and the
people of Portugal for their cooperation in making the
Radio Free Europ>e installations possible and completing
their construction in the record time of less than six
months.

RADIO AGE 5

HOW SMALL CAN THEY GET,

Since the familiar type 201 of 1920, electron tubes,

like many radio components, have become progressively

smaller while improving in performance. Sub-miniature

tube of 1952 on extreme right.

QUIET revolution in design techniques is taking
place in the electronics industry. Representing a dra-
matic expansion of a trend dating back to the late 1930s,
it has begun to bear fruit in smaller, lighter, more
compact, and more flexible devices and equipment —
and some challenging possibilities appear on the horizon.

Probably the most notable disclosure of progress in
this program to date came with RCA Victor's announce-
ment of the half-size, half-weight walkie-talkie produced
for the U. S. Army Signal Corps. Although some com-
ponents were so reduced in size that the use of magnify-
ing lenses was required for certain assembly and inspec-
tion procedures, the instrument offered twice the range
of its larger predecessor, and greater selectivity.

This wedding of smaller size with better perform-
ance is typical of results being achieved in this program,
known to electronics engineers today as "subminiaturi-
zation." An extension of the "miniaturization" which
preceded it, this polysyllabic title means simply the
reduction of electron tubes, parts, and circuits to the
minimum size without lowering the standard of per-
formance.

Subminiature tubes with a volimie of only % cubic
inch, for instance, are being made to do the work for-
merly allotted to miniature tubes with a volume of
3V2 cubic inches. Tuning coils smaller than a dime in

By D. F. Schmit

Vice President and Director of Engineering
RCA Victor Division

diameter replace coils several times as large. Flat, two-
dimensional printed circuits do away with wiring
problems and replace bulky assemblies. A whole family
of Lilliputian parts has replaced the familiar capacitors,
resistors, transformers, switches, relays, and sockets of
yesterday.

The trend to miniaturization began shortly before
World War II, but it was the wartime military need for
compact units, particularly in the field of airborne com-
munications and navigation equipment, that sparked the
miniaturization program. The engineer who has worked
on Air Force contracts, knowing how much equipment
of all kinds must go into an airplane, understands that,
ideally, such electronic equipment should occupy no
space and have zero weight. Weight and size are critical
considerations. Miniaturization was the best answer to
this problem.

The history of miniaturization dates from the late
'30s, when RCA developed and produced miniature
coils, a 2-by-3-inch speaker, and four miniature tubes
for use in RCA Victor's BP-10 "personal" portable radio.
These four small tubes, the first of their kind, were a
major factor in reducing portable radios to the tiny
"personal" size. They were also the forerunners of the
whole held of miniature-tube types which have since
found widespread commercial application.

Advantages of Smaller Tubes

While considerably smaller in size and lighter in
weight than conventional tj'pes, these miniature tubes
were found in many cases to be superior in performance,
especially at the higher frequencies. They also have the
advantage of being more flexible in application, and less
costly, on the average, than larger types.

The new tubes fitted right into the needs of the
military during World War II. As a result of military
demands, many new types were developed. The coming
of commercial television later gave miniatures another
tremendous boost in commercial application. For many
functions, miniatures work much better at television's
higher frequencies than regular tubes, because they are
more compact and have reduced radio-frequency losses.
Today, miniature tubes account for between 50 and 60
per cent of RCA's receiving tube production.

6 RADIO AGE

RCA's new program of subminiacurizacion was sig-
naled by the introduction of our battery-operated types
of subtniniature tubes in 19-49. Although subininiatures
have now been on the market for some time, their full
advantages in size and weight can only be realized when
there is a corresponding miniaturization of associated
components.

The miniaturization of component parts — coils,
transformers, relays, etc. — has been carried out in the
Parts Section of the RCA Tube Department.

As new tubes and components have been developed,
the market for miniaturized components has steadily
increased. The broad possibilities for application of
these developments were recognized by the military.
This recognition has been a primary factor in the ac-
celeration of both the miniaturization and subminiaturi-
zation programs.

How Miniaturization was Accomplished
Three factors helped to make tlie miniaturization of
component parts feasible. One was the development of
new materials, of which the best example is the ferrite-
core materials, used in deflecting yokes for TV picture
tubes, built-in antennas for small radios, etc. RCA was
among the first to make use of ferrites in this kind of
application. Another was the use of closed powered-iron
circuits which provide higher inductance in smaller
spaces. The third was the development of improved
methods of humidity protection, employing new types
of plastic and casting resins, which make it possible to
obtain equivalent performance from coils one-third the
size of standard types.

RCA has been producing miniature transformers for
.ibout two years. Here, again, most of the orders have
come from the government, and units have been manu-
factured to meet military specifications. In many cases,
these orders have merely specified technical requirements

_ f! .^^

aVktor

for a unit to fit an assigned space in some military equip-
ment. It has been the problem of RCA Victor engineers
to put together a transformer that will meet these
requirements.

Tlie availability and continued development of new
materials is vital to the miniaturization of transformers.
Typical materials are ferrites and new types of magnetic
materials which are cheaper, smaller, lighter, and gen-
erally superior to the oriented silicon-steel materials
which they have replaced. The material used is gen-
erally dictated by the technical requirements submitted
by the customers.

A unique achievement of RCA Victor in the minia-
turization of transformers has been the development of
a process for encapsulating (covering; certain types of
miniature transformers with a special stypol resin — one
of the thermosetting plastics. This material eliminates
the conventional protective can, reduces the weight of
the transformer, and protects it against both heat and
moisture. The resin is applied to the transformer with
a v.icuum impregnation process.

Another RCA Victor achievement in the miniaturi-

se tiny ore many radio parts today

thot they must be assembled under

magnifying lenses.

Miniature size of complete receiver

output section of new walkie-talkie

is compared to a match folder.

RADIO AGE 7

zation field has been the successful development of a
ver)' lightweight multi-circuit relay which is capable of
simultaneously switching six different 2-ampere circuits,
but weighs only about three ounces.

Although still in a developmental stage, the recently
unveiled RCA point-contact transistor — a tiny germa-
nium crystal amplifier which will perform the functions
of vacuum tubes in some applications — promises
astounding developments in electronic devices. Its long
life, small size, resistance to shock, lower power require-
ments, and ability to function without a "w-arm-up"
period make it one of the most challenging devices in
any miniaturization program.

A comparison of sizes is revealing. A typical minia-
ture tube averages M inch in diameter and 2 inches in
length. The subminiature tube is Ys inch in diameter
and l^.j inches long. The point-contact transistor meas-
ures only 6 10 by 3 TO by 2 TO of an inch. It consists
essentially of a tiny speck of germanium in contact with
two closely spaced, fine wires. The wires correspond to
the terminals in a vacuum tube.

One of the major probleins in any miniaturization
program has been that of heat dissipation. Closely
packed circuits and components give off large amounts
of heat that must be carried off by efficient cooling.
Usually, air cooling by means of fans has been relied
upon. Since the transistor has no heated filament oper-
ating in a vacuum, it does not heat up. This makes it
especially desirable for use in subminiature circuits.

Getting about as much attention as transistors in the

Tube-socket combinations from old (left) and new
walkie-talkies emphasize the rapid progress in mini-
aturization of radio components.

miniaturization program of RCA Victor is the use of
"printed circuits." Using such circuits, engineers elimi-
nate bulky wires, coils, and other parts in electronic
equipment by "printing" and etching their functional
equivalents on conductive foil on an insulated base.

Printed circuits have been under study by the U. S.
Bureau of Standards for some years, and they have
been used in many of RCA's military' equipments dur-
ing the past decade. A recent survey indicates that
important military devices now in production make
extensive use of printed wiring, while numerous in-
dustrial applications are also listed. More than 112
printed wiring plates are required in the government
assemblies scheduled for production.

The principal physical effect of printing circuits is
the reduction of electronic circuit wiring essentially
to two dimensions. The eflfect is enhanced where it is
possible to employ subminiature tubes and compact
associated components. It then affords a degree of
miniaturization unobtainable by other means. Just how
much saving may be realized depends on the application.
Standard electronic components are now available in
such small sizes that complete amplifiers may be built
into volumes of less than 1 cubic inch, and RCA has
designed complete plug-in I-F amplifier units employ-
ing standard components that resemble miniature
vacuum tubes.

The printed circuit also serves as an aid to uni-
formity of production, by virtue of precise repro-
ducibility of the wiring pattern, as well as reduction
of assembly and inspection time and costs, and reduc-
tion of line rejects. These factors, together with "dip
soldering," make the process attractive, even in appli-
cations where size is not important. While not all
components of an electronic circuit may be printed,
the practice is adaptable to conductors, resistors, capaci-
tors, inductors, shields, and antennas. The development
of truly diminutive electronic devices now awaits only
the availability of such items as smaller microphones,
transformers, speakers, and batteries.

From the foregoing it will be apparent that minia-
turization it still in its infancy. But its impact will
shortly be felt in all phases of the electronics industr)'.
Design engineers had scarcely designed miniature
equipments before they were forced to turn their efforts
to subminiaturization. The constant pressure of the
military for smaller and smaller equipment, especially
in the case of airborne equipment, is still receiving the
attention of nearly every available design engineer.
Commercial needs for lightweight electronic equip-
ment, however, are beginning to be felt, and the coming
year may see an ever-growing number of such develop-
ments making the headlines.

8 RADIO AGE

n,i|i|iii|i|i|i|i|i|i|imi|i|m|i|i|imi|i|i|i|i|ii

Television is "the instrument of reality, putting people in toucli with the real world."

Legal Profession Urged to Oppose Curbs
on TV s Power to Present Truth

The following text is taken from a recent address
by Joseph H. McConnell. NBC President, before
the North Carolina Bar Association.

An talking to you about television. I w.int to discuss
its tremendous influence in strengthening the workings
of our democratic society. I want particularly to em-
phasize the dangers of restricting such an influence,
^'ou are members of the profession of JetTerson and
Madison and Adams and Marshall and Mordecai —
the profession which did the most to establish our
liberties in the early days of the Republic. And down
to the present day, the legal profession and the courts
have stood in the forefront of the battle for maintaining
those liberties.

In this country, people have freedom to choose
among competing forms of entertainment and informa-
tion. Tliey have voted heavily in favor of television.
The American public is responsible for television's
growth to a three billion dollar industry in the short
space of five years.

The power of television will not be contained in

the United States alone. In our lifetimes, we will see
intercontinental television bring events and personali-
ties from overseas into our living rooms at home. And
it will ako bring into the homes abroad a picture of
our democracy in action, and a better understanding
of our attitudes and traditions.

Television serves many ditTerent publics that make
up the diversity and strength of America. Each must
recognize the varying interests of the others. A tele-
vision service that did not provide for this variety
would lose its vitality; and a development by members
of the audience of tolerance for the tastes of others is
no less important than adherence by broadcasters to
sensible standards of taste for all.

Another problem which the industry has faced is

that of making television economically available on the
broadest possible base. That means that the cost of
receivers must be brought within reach of all pocket-
books, and this is being done.

There are other practical business problems in tele-
vision — for example, the development of patterns to
assure the complete advertising support which is neces-
sary under the American system of broadcasting. This

RADIO AGE 9

system has been built on the principle of providing a
source of entertainment and information without charge
to the public. The provision of this service is costly
and we have had to work out new and ingenious sales
devices in order to take in the money to support it,
and to insure to the public programs of high quality
and wide variety. These efforts to protect the public's
stake in our free system of broadcasting must not and
will never cease.

Values of Television

All of these technical and economic problems can
and will be solved. We have in television a medium
whose impact on people and influence on our society
will be unparalleled in the history of communications.
The fundamental question we must face is how we can
best direct this power so that it will reach its full
potential as a social force for good in America.

I believe broadcasters have accepted this challenge
and are learning step by step how to meet it. I do not
mean to pretend that we have found complete answers
to all of the questions presented by the growth of an
industry so young, so strong, so alive, and so dynamic.

But one thing is certain: Television is not simply a
living room toy which offers amusement to people
when they do not want to go out. Television is a
medium of complete and instantaneous communication
for the whole population.

All of us who have been trained in the discipline
of the law have had drilled into us, ever since we
started to study, the importance of the facts. We have
learned, by study and experience, the rule that the facts
come first, and when the facts are established, the
judgments and interpretations can follow.

'Television should be a free ticket of admission to oil
Americans, wherever a single spectator is permitted."

Television presents the facts. It presents them with
complete accuracy, without exaggeration, without re-
striction, without prejudice, without personal views,
and with complete impartiality. This is not done by
words which reflect someone else's eyes, someone else's
ears, someone else's opinion, someone else's impres-
sions, perhaps someone else's background. In television,
nothing stands between the event and the viewer. It
is the instrument of reality, putting the people in touch
with the real world.

Those of us who have regularly experienced tele-
vision can see its effects in our own homes. My children
are learning science from such programs as "Zoo
Parade," "The Nature of Things," and "Mr. Wizard" — •
and they are enjoying the process.

They ate seeing American history dramatized. They
watched the signing of the Japanese peace treaty in
San Francisco. They are becoming familiar with grand
opera through television. They have seen Toscanini
conduct the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and they have
witnessed one of the great musical events of the year
— "Amahl and the Night Visitors" — an opera about
the Nativity, especially commissioned by NBC for
television.

They have watched the World Series from their
living room, and they have sat in on the Notth Carolina-
Notre Dame football game. They have seen the political
candidates and the leaders of our country.

They have heard great poetry and seen great dramas
enacted. They have watched current issues and events
unfold on the screen — from General MacArthur's re-
turn, to the explosion of an atomic bomb at Yucca
Flats. They have seen Milton Berle and Bob Hope and
Red Skelton and Sid Caesar and Jimmy Durante and
Howdy Doody. Every week, they have at their finger-
tips entertainment which kings could not command
even twenty years ago.

At times, they have also seen the pursuit of crimi-
nals, lady wrestlers, roller derbies, and other things that
are as real a part of our life as the political conventions
and the World Series.

Today, television is bringing to our children in-
formation and culture and the great entertainment our
own country can offer. Tomorrow, they will iiave a
window on the whole world. They will see the great
cathedrals of Europe — in color — and the paintings
in the museums overseas. They will become familiar
with London, Paris, and Rome — and maybe some day
with Moscow. They will know the statesmen, the
people, and the customs of other countries — because
they will have seen them.

10 RADIO AGE

We are all aware of the tremendous part television
is already playing in the political life of our country
and the tremendous inlluence it will exert as it grows
in years to come. The power of television is so great
that it has frightened some people. There are, for
example, those who have suggested that its intluenct
on politics is dangerous . . . that it can elect or defeat
. . . that it can be used by a demagogue to fool the
public. But the American public is not easily fooled
once it has the facts. The dangers in our system lie in
the opposite direction — in shutting off the people
from the facts and in limiting their knowledge of the
issues.

Television meets this danger. In bringing the candi-
dates face to f.ice with the people ... in letting these
candidates expound their views directly to the people
... in showing how they behave in action and debate,
television gives the citizens the truth and equips them
to make their own judgments.

There has recently arisen a small minority who
would seek to throttle television through Government
censorship of its programs. Any such idea is repugnant
to those who cherish liberty. Good taste cannot be
legislated. No government authority can determine that
a murder in Hamlet is good while a murder in modern
drama is b.id. The responsibility is on the individual
broadcaster, who, in turn, must be sensitive to the taste
and discrimination of the audience he serves.

Censorship I ' ioLiWs Priticil^les of Fretdom

Moreover, program censorship by the government
would violate the great principles of freedom of speech
and of the press. This principle is covered by Consti-
tutional guarantees. It applies to broadcasting just as
it applies to newspapers and magazines, and just as it
has recently been applied by the Supreme Court to
motion pictures. The values of that principle are
paramount. Its impairment in any area weakens one
of the basic foundations of our free society.

The freedom of television is also threatened by
proposals for barring it from such places as the news
conference, the Congressional hearing, and the floor of
the House and the Senate.

I rcc<ignizc that there are proceedings, involving
the national securir\- or personal privacy, w-here publicity
of any sort should be avoided. These proceedings should
be held in dosed sessions to protect the national interest
and private rights. But where the public is physically
admitted, we must assume that public attendance is
proper.

The freedom to see what goes on in America should
not be restricted to those who can be accommodated in
such places as the hearing room, the House gallery or

Alaeslro Ariiiro Toscanini

"Television is bringing to our children information and

culture, and the great entertainment our own country

can offer."

the Senate chamber. It should not be limited to those
who happen to be in the city where the event is
happening — be it Washington or Raleigh; or who
have the time and money to travel to it; or who are
lucky or influential enough to gain admission. Tele-
vision should be a free ticket of admission to all
Americans, wherever a single spectator is permitted.

I know that many of my respected and learned
brethren among the legal profession look with concern
at the idea of having the television camera brought into
the Congressional hearing and into other public pro-
ceedings. I recognize the integrity and good intention
of this attitude, but I question its long-range soundness.

The legislative chamber cannot hold all mankind —
but the television camera opens the door to all of the
people who are interested. Their rights to attend and
to view are equal to those of the s{>ectators who are
physically present. Similarly, the rights of television
to have direct access to the news are equal to those of
other news gathering media.

In our system, where the state serves the people and
the people determine their own destiny, an especial
value is put on having the people know the truth, and
all of the truth. Television can give them the truth,
because television is truth.

RADIO AGE U

NBC's East Coast transmitter building at Bound Brook, N. J., is surrounded by a forest of
poles supporting the station's array of shortwave antennas.

^^ Voice of America ^^ Carried to Europe, Africa
and South America by NBC Shortwave Station

-L AK better known to radio listeners in foreign coun-
tries than to radio fans in America, are the programs
broadcast from the NBC-operated shortwave station
WRCA at Bound Brook, New Jersey. Each day this
station transmits 17 hours of information programs for
the Voice of America to peoples in Europe, Africa,
South America and to clandestine listeners behind the
Iron Curtain.

Although today, the Bound Brook station is dedi-
cated to the broadcasting of America's message of free-
dom in many languages, its history dates back to 1925.
In that year. Station WJZ, then owned by RCA, trans-
ferred operations from Aeolian Hall in New York City
to its present site. The move to a less populated area
was made necessary when the station began trans-
missions on high power. The WJZ transmitter re-
mained at Bound Brook as long as it served as the key
station of the NBC Blue Network. After this network
was sold to the American Broadcasting Company in
1943, the WJZ equipment was moved to another loca-
tion.

In 1930, the importance of Bound Brook increased
when it was chosen as the location for experimental
shortwave broadcasting by NBC. Under the call letters

W3XL and W3XAL, regular programs of the Blue
Network were sent abroad to many lands. As a result
of the foreign audience which was immediately attracted
to these broadcasts, NBC in the late 1930's established
its International Division, a unit of the company de-
voted to special shortwave programming. The major
sponsor was the United Fruit Company, for whose pro-
grams a so-called "banana" antenna was later erected
to improve signals beamed at South America.

With the outbreak of World War II, NBC turned
over its Bound Brook shortwave facilities to the Office
of War Information, primarily for European broadcasts.
At that time, NBC built a new 50,000-watt transmitter
which was added to tlie two already in operation. Seven
new directional antennas and three additional RCA
50,000-watt shortwave transmitters were then installed
by the OWI, giving the station the present complement
of six transmitters.

Because of the government's decision to provide
international shortwave programming via the 'Voice of
America, the NBC International Division was not re-
established after the war. Today, while NBC continues
as owner, the property and the services of NBC per-
sonnel at Bound Brook are leased to the Voice of

72 RAD\0 AGE

America. Programs originating in the New York
srudios of the Voice of America reach the station over
telephone lines.

The exterior of Station WRCA resembles a well-
kept residential home with its trees, gardens, and neatly
trimmed lawns. In this setting, the transmitter building
and the graceful double-spray cooling system are sur-
rounded by towers and antennas of varying sizes, scat-
tered over NBC's lOO-acre tract of l.md.

The building is divided into several sections which
accommo<.late the station engineer's office, transmitting
rooms and master control. Around the corner from the
office is a long room which houses the three government-
owned transmitters. In the center is a transmitter con-
trol console, manned by an NBC engineer. By Hipping
a switch the engineer can connect a monitor speaker
with programs in French, English or any of the other
languages that might be on the air. The program may
be a newscast, music or even an afternoon ball game.
Sports events are sent overseas by the Armed Forces
Radio Ser\'ice, for the benefit of American troops as-
signed to foreign camps.

Technicians Watch Equipment Constantly
To assure continuous satisfactory performance of
the transmitters, technicians devote considerable time
to the equipment. This includes continuous routine
maintenance, replacement of parts and constant pre-
cautions to prevent the tubes from overheating.

From the room which houses the government trans-
mitters it is only a few steps to the compartment con-
taining the three NBC-owned transmitters. The two
original shortwave transmitters with their old fashioned
dials, knobs and large manually-operated switclies pro-

vide a striking contrast to the more modern equipment.
Nevertheless, both the new and old transmitters work
side by side with equal efficiency to carry broadcasts of
truth, liberty and education to the peoples of many
nations.

In the master control room, all programs received
on the telephone lines from the Voice of America
studios are monitored and switched to the assigned
transmitters. At the end of each program segment, the
engineer on durj' gives the WRCA station identification.
This "break" is considerably more difficult to make
than at a standard broadcast station since a separate
switch must be made for each transmitter.

The operating schedule on the desk of the master
control console indicates the complexity of the daily
transmissions from Bound Brook. Programs in English,
French, Finnish, Polish and other languages constitute
a typical day. These are sent to Europe from 10 A.M.
to 6 P.M. and from 10 P.M. to 3:15 A.M. The 6 to
10 P.M. hours are devoted mainly to Spanish and
Portuguese broadcasts for South America.

The basement of the Bound Brook station houses
pHJwer transformers and associated equipment. From
copper tanks located there, distilled water used to cool
the transmitter tubes is fed to the outside pond and
then back to the tubes. The basement also contains a
maintenance shop for repairs and numerous bins and
shelves filled with rcpLicement parts and tubes.

The NBC staff at Bound Brook consists of 15 men
who perform a wide variety of tasks necessar)' to keep
the station operating at peak efficiency. From the chief
engineer to the antenna rigger, skilled team-work pre-
vails to give WRCA an important role in telling the
American Story to freedom loving people everywhere.

Operator at the master control console of transmitters
at Bound Brook.

Three RCA transmitters line the walls of the main floor
of NBC's International stotion.

RCA Scholarshw Plan Extended

Dr. F. H. Kirkpatrick, RCA Educational Counselor (right),
reviewing academic progress with on RCA Fellow.

t^OiRTEEN post-graduate fellowships and 19 scholar-
ships have been offered by the Radio Corporation of
America for the 1952-1953 academic year under an
expanded and revised scholarship program.

Total amount of the awards, according to Dr. C. B.
Jolliffe, Vice President and Technical Director of RCA,
will be 553,000, a substantial increase over previous
years. This amount reflects RCA's expanded program
of helping young engineers and scientists by means of
seven new scholarships and one fellowship. It was also
pointed our tiiat the annual stipends for RCA Scholar-
ships have been increased from S600 to S800.

Decision to expand RCA's Scholarship Program,
Dr. Jolliffe said, is the result of recommendations by
the RCA Education Committee to make scholarships
available in additional geographical area,<: of the United
States, at a women's college and in university centers
where RCA manufacturing plants are located.

The objective of RCA's program is to encourage the
training of new .scientific personnel who are critically
needed to meet the rapidly growing requirements of the
electronics industry. This is in keeping with industry's
increasing recognition of an obligation to help develop
yoimg men and women of genuine ability and promise.
In 1944, Brigadier General David Sarnoft', RCA Board
Chairman, created the RCA Education Committee with

the late Dr. James Rowland Angell. President Emeritus
of Yale University, as Chairman. Within the following
year General Sarnoft recommended the RCA Scholar-
ship Plan to the Board of Directors.

During 1945, first year of the awards, RCA Scholar-
ships were offered to undergraduates in only eight
colleges and universities. In 1947. post-graduate fellow-
ships were offered for students working toward advanced
degrees in scientific fields related to electronics. Since
the awards were established, RCA has progressively
increased the scope of the original Plan until today
recipients of RCA scholarships and fellowships are
carrying on their studies at more than 20 colleges and
universities.

Significant points under the revised program are:
! . Award of the David Sarnoff Fellowship, estab-
lished in honor of the Chairman of the Board of RCA,
for predoctoral students of electrical engineering at New
York University. Other RCA Fellowships are available
for graduate students at California Institute of Tech-
nology, Columbia University, Cornell University, Prince-
ton University and the University of Illinois. An annual
grant of S2,700 is made to each university.

2. Award of the Frank M. Folsom Scholarship,
established in honor of the President of RCA. at the
University of Notre Dame, and the Charles B. Jolliffe
Scholarship at "West "Virginia University. Five additional
new RCA Scholarships, each carrj'ing grants of $800,
have been established at the University of Cincinnati,
University of Florida, Franklin and Marshall College,
Indiana University and Wellesley College.

Other RCA Scholarships are available at the Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology, Columbia University,
Harvard University, University of Minnesota, Princeton
University, Purdue University, Rutgers University, Uni-
versity of Santa Clara, University of Washington, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin and Yale University.

3. A grant is made available to the National Re-
search Council for the award of four additional fellow-
ships to students working on scientific problems related
to electronics. These are open to graduate students in
any university.

4. Four fellowships for young scientists and engi-
neers employed in the laboratories and operating units
of RCA which each prtivide a maximum grant of S2,700.

5. Award of an RCA Scholarship to an outstanding
graduate of RCA Institutes who wishes to continue his

(Continued on Page 32)

14 RADIO AGE

Threc-Spccd Record
Phn cr Announced
bx RCA \^icr()r

jL\. nlw .mil unproved type of "Victrola" three-speed
record player, which makes it possible, with a single
turntable to provide qualirj' reproduction from records
of all three established revolving speeds, has been placed
on the market by the RCA Victor Division. Under
development for more than a year, the new instrument,
available in four mixiels, marks the introduction of
RCA's tirst three-speed record-playing system.

Heart of the new instrument is a novel slip-on 45-rpm
spindle which houses the automatic record-changing
mechanism of the 45-rpm system. The larger slip-on
spindle fits over the permanent spindle and converts the
new record player into an authentic 45-rpm instrument,
with all the engineering advantages and performance
features of the "45" system. With the slip-on spindle
removed, the instrument, at the twist of a selector knob,
will play either 78-rpm or 33'3-rpm discs.

Completely automatic, the new record player: Plays
up to 14 45-rpm records at one loading; plays up to
ten 12-inch or twelve 10-inch standard or long-playing
discs at one loading; plays up to ten intermixed sizes of
78-rpm, or the same number of 33'3-rpm records of
intermixed sizes; stops automatically after playing last
record of any of the three speeds; provides two separate
pick-up points in a single tone arm, one for playing
78-rpm discs and another for the 'l5-rpm and 33' vrpm
records, and eliminates the need for record inserts.

The new all-speed "Victrola" instruments include a
record-player attachment which can be connected to
any radio, phonograph, or television set. Other models
are a self-contained phonograph with a built-in speaker
and amplifying system; a self-contained ponable unit
housed in a luggage-type carrying case, and a three-speed
table model "Victrola" radio-phonograph.

"Engineering advances now make it possible to inte-
grate '45' facilities in an all-speed changer that provides
reproduction of equally high quality from all types of
records and, at the same time, retains all the advantages
found only in 45-rpm instruments," said H. G. Baker,
vice president in charge of the company's Home Instru-
ment Division.

Reriecting the simplicit>' of 45-rpm engineering, the
new all-speed Victrola instrument features a single,
lightweight tone arm for records of all speeds; a twin-
p<iint stylus which is quickly rotated for playing either
~8-rpm or 45- and 33l<-rpm records by turning a tiny

Three-speed record ployer installed in combination
table-model radio-phonograph.

lever mounted on the tone arm; a "guard position"
protects the stylus when not in use; a single speed-
selection control knob, and a single knob fi)r on-off-
reject control.

For 45-rpm. the operator need only turn the speed-
selector knob to the proper speed. For either 78-rpm or
33y3-rpm, the only additional step required is to lift the
large spindle off the permanent spindle, and adjust
speed-selector knob and stylus. Every RCA Victor 3-
speed record player has a specially designed receptacle
to conceal the 45-rpm spindle when not in use.

Toscanini to Lead NBC Symphony
In 1 i Concerts This Season

Maestro Arturo Toscanini is to conduct the NBC
Symphony Orchestra in fourteen concerts during the
1952-1953 season, beginning November 1. In the new
series, Toscaninis sixteenth successive season as con-
ductor, he will direct two more concerts than in the
last winter season. Guido Cantelli, who starts his
fourth season as a guest conductor of the NBC Sym-
phony, will direct the remaining eight concerts of the
twenty-two week series.

Toscanini will conduct concerts on the following
dates: November 1. 8, 15, 22 and 29; January 3. 10,
17, 24 and 31, and March 7, 14. 21 and 28. Mr.
Cantelli's eight dates will be December 6, 13, 20 and
27 and February 7, 14, 21 and 28. Conductors of the
current summer series of the NBC Symphony will in-
clude L.tszlo Halasz, Samuel Antek, Wilfred Pelletier,
Richard Korn and Massino Freccia.

RADIO AGE 15

•i

HOW

KINESCOPES
are made

Manufacturing process begins with
inspection of all parts comprising tfie
tube, whether glass or metal-shell type.

Metal tubes are placed on a crawling

conveyor belt to permit the phosphor

to settle on the face-plate.

At the end of the settling belt, auto-
matic machinery tips the tube and
decants the remaining liquid.

Kinescopes are baked in huge ovei

to "boil" out impurities and to dry thi

inside graphite coating.

e|(

As a tube approaches completion it is

tested for picture brightness under

home lighting conditions.

Final tests are made to insure tha*

the tube will give a well-centered

perfectly-focused picture.

After the tube has passed all tests '\

is given its final washing before pain

is applied to the outside.

s between gloss and metal parts
checked by polarized light, and
by air under high pressure.

The phosphor solution is poured into

the envelope where it settles to form

the tube's luminous screen.

Purity of the phosphor solution is
rigidly inspected to prevent the en-
trance of injurious foreign material.

Iron guns ore assembled here
microscopically tested to watch-
makers' rigid specifications.

In this rotary machine the stem sup-
porting the electron gun is sealed into
the neck of the envelope.

The tubes are now ready for the

pumping system which removes all air

and gases.

kinescope is now branded with
RCA trademark, which is a war-
nty of top-quality picture tubes.

Having received the stamp of approval,

the tube is given a final polish and

placed in its shipping carton.

The RCA kinescope is now ready to

provide the customer with the best

picture his set can produce.

Small Businesses Essential to Progress
of American Industry

RCA Executive Reveals that Approximately Half of Aiiniul Sales Dollar
Has Gone to Outside Alaiiiifictiirers of Materials aiiJ Components

'I'he following text is taken from a statement by
Vincent deP. Goubeau, Vice President in Charge of
Materials, RCA Victor Division, before ti>e U. S.
Senate Small Business Committee on May 3, 1952.

E are proud of the relationships we, at RCA, have
built up with our suppliers. We like to think of them
as friends as well as business associates. Over the many
years that we have been in business, we have learned
that there is a very strong inter-dependence between our
company and the many organizations with which we
work in carrying out our responsibilities to our cus-
tomers, our employees, and our stockholders. This ex-
perience embraces a working relationship with companies
of all sizes, from the smallest to the largest.

Over the years, approximately half of our annual
sales dollar has been spent for materials and components
purchased from outside organizations. The proportion
purchased is fractionally less in regard to equipment for
the Armed Services because of the large amount of
engineering development involved. And yet, in review-
ing our records, it is remarkable to note how closely
this over-all figure has held to 50 per cent — in peace, in
war, or — as at present — in time of semi-mobilization.

For the year ended December 31, 1951, RCA spent
50.3 cents out of every sales dollar for materials and
services bought from others.

In all, there are roughly 5,000 suppliers with whom
we are working day in and day out producing for both
the Armed Forces and for the nation's consumers.

Our suppliers are located in 42 states.

Out of this total of 5,000 suppliers, approximately
three-fourths — or 75 per cent — are small business
organizations by the accepted definition of "500 em-
ployees or less." In round figures, that makes 3,750
small concerns with whom we do business.

Many of these suppliers are very small companies.
I know of one in particular that is making for us a vital
part of an electronic system being manufactured under
Air Force contract. This company has a total employ-

18 RADIO AGE

ment of six, including the president.

But while this is somewhat unusual, a more signifi-
cant fact is that of all 3,750 small businesses contributing
to our production, about half employ less than one hun-
dred people.

It is pertinent to inquire at this point how we deter-
mine the amount of oiu" business to be subcontracted, or
indeed why we subcontract at all. Why, for example,
does a large company like RCA not manufacture all its
needs?

The answer begins with our policy that, on items
with large volume for which we have manufacturing
facilities and know-how, we normally divide our pro-
curement between our plants and our suppliers. We do
this in order to have more than one source of supply and
to insure our getting the best price for the items that
go into our product.

Considering the variety and volume of parts entering
into our product, we cannot profitably make all the parts
we require because of the capital outlay required to pur-

Walkie-Talkies for the Armed Forces get final tests at

end of production line at RCA Victor plant in Camden,

New Jersey.

th.ise the cijuipmfnt anJ the l.ick of volume to liquidate
the cost of the facilities in a reasonable time.

Many small businesses serve large businesses by being
specialists in one or more fields of manufacture. Small
business functions effectively when it is able to serve
several other businesses, either large or small, because it
li.is facilities which can be operated economically due to
the combined volume of its customers. Furthermore,
their business is flexible and can be readily adapted to
the changing requirements of their many customers.

In addition to cost, the utilization of subcontractors
frequently speeds delivery of completed items. By work-
mg closely with his subcontractor, a prime manufacturer
can so arrange schedules that the many components pro-
duced by outside firms will arrive at production lines in
time to permit final assembly not only in the most effi-
cient and least costly manner but also in time to meet
specified deadlines. Prompt delivery, particularly on mili-
tary contracts, can be vital. The prime contractor who
assumes the responsibility for such delivery to the mili-
tary relieves the Government of the hundreds of details
involved when many companies, both big and little, are
teamed together to produce weapons and related devices
under military contract. More often than not, this re-
sponsibiliy involves far more than mere engineering
assistance, expediting of required raw materials, and
sometimes financing of needed materials.

The prime contractor also supplements the work of
Government inspectors and frequently sees to it that
contracted components meet Government specifications.
The testing and inspection facilities required for many
military items often are intricate and many small busi-
ness firms could neither equip, staff, nor finance them.

Thus it is true, at least insofar as our company is
concerned, that a prime contractor contributes far more
than the engineering of a new device and its assembly
and production.

W" alkie-Talkie Cited as Typical
I would like to mention a few examples to illustrate
our work with subcontractors on defense orders gen-
erally. They are more or less typical.

One of a great many devices we are working on today
is the walkie-talkie for the Signal Corps. The walkie-
talkie is a portable radio station containing its own trans-
mitter, its own microphone and earphone circuits, and
its own power supply. It is designed to be carried on a
soldier's back like a knaps.ick. The w.ilkie-talkie being
used right now in Korea performs the same general
function as the walkie-talkie that w.is first introduced
and used in World War II. But there are several major
differences.

As you can appreciate, weight is of major impor-

tance— particularly since the walkie-talkie is intended
for use by troops in battle where maneuverability can
frequently mean the difference between life and death.
The old walkie-talkie weighed 50 pounds. Our new
walkie-talkie weighs 2-1 pounds — .1 rcdm tion In wiiirlu
of over bO^'c.

In addition, the new walkie-talkie has a range that
is almost double that of the earlier model. In many
other ways too — such as its ability to withstand pro-
longed immersion in water — the new walkie-talkie is a
much more effective instrument.

After our design work w,is completed and accepted
by the Signal Corps, we established our production
schedules. To help with this important task, we called
on 1S5 suppliers of precision parts. Some of these sup-
pliers are classified by the Government as large business
firms. But most of them are small. In fact IM (or
71 '7 ) of the 185 companies collaborating with us on
the new walkie-talkie are small business firms.

61% of Dollar Voliiine to Small Business

In dollar volume the amount of subcontracted busi-
ness to large business is 39'^r and 6K; to small business.

We recently completed an analysis of another of our
military contracts — this one covers a classified elec-
tronics system being made for the Air Force.

Parts and supplies for this contract are coming to us
from many scattered sections of the country — from
Lake City, Minn.; Aurora, HI.; Muskegon, Mich.; Wyn-
cote. Pa.; Waltham, Mass.; Davenport, Iowa; Dayton,
Ohio; and even Hollywood. Calif.

The 307 subcontractors teamed with RCA on this
contract are located in 18 states. We sent out a ques-
tionnaire to these subcontr.ictors to find out where they,
in turn, were purch.ising their raw materials and com-
ponents. Sixty of them replied. These sixrj' are buying
from 365 different suppliers located in 25 states. Of the
365 sub-subcontractors, 55 per cent are large concerns
and 45 per cent are "small business." It is natural that
the percentage here is slightly in favor of large business
because our sub-subcontractors include copper and brass
manufacturers, steel concerns and chemical producers.

I am well aware of the fact that the small business
man today is f.iced with unusual difficulties, just as we
are. I realize, too. that the necessary procedures for
getting into defense production are foreign to his normal
way of doing business. Tlie point to emphasize, how-
ever, is that they are necessary. If the small business
man will accept these conditions and adjust his way of
doing business to the economic conditions which prevail.
I sincerely feel he will find the means to keep his busi-
ness going.

RADIO AGE 19

Transistors that Operate on 225 Megacycles
Result from RCA Research

SIGNIFICANT advance in transistor research whicii
for the first time points the way to very-high-frequency
applications in television, FM radio and point-to-point
radio communications has been made by the Radio
Corporation of America.

Several developmental point-contact transistors have
been made to oscillate at frequencies well up in the
lOO-to-200 megacycle band and one reached a record
high frequency of 225 megaq'cles per second, according
to Dr. Charles B. JoUiffe. Vice President and Technical
Director of RCA. Such frequencies include the range
in which FM radio and television signals are broadcast.
The highest frequency value previously achieved by
transistors, according to published reports, has been 50
megacycles per second.

The transistor, still in the developmental stage, con-
sists of a speck of germanium crystal and fine contact
wires and is no greater in size than a kernel of corn.
It can perform many of the functions of electron tubes.

Prior to recent RCA experiments, transistors have
been regarded as limited to relatively low-frequency
applications. Dr. Jolliffe said. The new development
promises to extend the use of the tiny transistors in
high-frequency devices and to new applications in televi-
sion, FM radio, point-to-point radio communication and
other electronic equipment for military and civilian use.

The successful development of transistors which
oscillate in the very-high-frequency region was accom-
plished by B. N. Slade, transistor engineer of the RCA
Tube Department, RCA Victor Division, Harrison, N. J.
This experimental work was conducted as a phase of
RCA's transistor research program which is coordinated
at the David SarnofF Research Center of RCA, Princeton,
N.J.

Mr. Slade pointed out that the research theory which
led to the development of VHF transistors now makes
possible the design of transistors which incorporate par-
ticular operating characteristics for a given application.

Tests conducted at the RCA Tube Department's
Harrison, N. J., transistor laboratories confirmed a
definite correlation between the spacing of a transistor's
contact points and its frequency response. Generally
speaking, Mr. Slade said, the closer the spacing, the
higher the frequency.

Further tests established that a transistor's frequency

Point-contact transistors developed by RCA scientists.

response and stability are also determined to a large
degree by the resistivity of its germanium crystal.

RCA transistor engineers, he explained, developed
different combinations of spacing and resistivity values
which enable them to design experimental transistors
having a range of operational characteristics. One such
combination of values also resulted in a transistor which
oscillated with good stability at a frequency of 225
megacycles per second.

Andean City Installs
Radio Police Department

Modernization of the State Police of Tiichira,
Venezuela, with a Radio Police Department has been
begun by Dr. Antonio Perez Vivas, governor of the
Andean state. According to Meade Brunet, Vice Presi-
dent of RCA and Managing Director of the RCA Inter-
national Division, Dr. Perez Vivas selected RCA equip-
ment after seeing the efficient performance of the system
as used in Washington, D.C., where over 100 RCA
mobile and fixed very-high-frequeno' units are in
operation.

The layout at the beginning will comprise a 250-
watt transmitter and associated equipment for Tachira
and several 60-watt units to be installed at strategic
locations. Mobile Fleetfone units will complement the
system in the city and surrounding area.

20 RADIO AGE

General Sarnoff addressing stockholders at 33rd Annual Meeting in New York.

New Electronic Developments Revealed
At Annual Meeting of Stockholders

Chairman of RCA Board Foresees International Television W^ithin

Five Years — New Projects that Aid Business, Industry and

Communications Include Electronic Process to Speed

Production of Color Plates for Printing

-L ^ EW radio-electronic developments holding "great
promise for new business in the future" were revealed
by Brig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board
of the Radio Corporation of America, at the 3.ird annual
meeting of RCA stockholders which was held in a
studio of the National Broadcasting Company in Radio
City, New York, on May 6.

General Sarnoff listed nine new projects which RCA
scientists and engineers arc presently developing for
business, industry and communications:

( 1 ) Automatic elearonic equipment — known as
a Color Corrector — which reduces by at least 50'~r the
time required to make color plates for printing, in addi-
tion to improving materially the fidelir\- of the plates
and lowering production costs.

(2) An electronic inventor)' control system to facili-
tate the maintenance of military- supplies. This system,
developed under a contract with the military, completes
in a matter of days an operation generally requiring

several weeks. Widespread commercial applications are
foreseen for business and industr)-.

(3) Electronic inspection apparatus for use by the
pharmaceutical industry for safeguarding the purity of
drug products such as medical ampules containing vac-
cines and other liquids.

(4) A portable one-man television station called
the "Walkie-Lookie" for use by reporters and broad-
casters covering news and special events in the field.
Tliis visual counterpart of the wartime "Walkie-Talkie"
weighs only 46 pounds.

( 5 ) A simple magnetic sound -recorder projector for
use by home-movie enthusiasts, schools and advertising
agencies to record individual commentar)' or musical
b.ickgrounds on 16 mm. films.

( 6 ) Two-way microwave radio systems for com-
munication along highways, railroads, pipelines and other
routes, as well as for military purposes. Among orders

RADIO AGE 2)

RCA's two-way radio equipment is the modern means
of communication between fixed locations and vehicles.

received is one from the North Atlantic Treaty Organ-
ization (NATO) for use in Europe.

(7) A closed-circuit type of industrial television for
use as a "remote eye" for industry through hundreds of
applications including observation of dangerous proc-
esses, the transmission of pictorial information, and mass
training in industry and the milit.iry services.

(8) Transistors — tiny electronic devices which
function like certain types of electron tubes — • are
being developed by RCA for mass production as a new
key that opens vast possibilities for new designs of
radio, television and electronic instruments for civilian
and military use.

(9) International television as a regular service to
be realized within the next five years.

First Quarter Results

General Sarnoff annoimced that net earnings of RCA
for the first quarter of this year amounted to $7,076,520,
as compared with Si 1,901,542 for tlie first quarter of
1951.

After providing for preferred dividends, earnings per
common share for the first quarter of 1952 were 45
cents, compared with 80 cents per share for the first
quarter last year.

Consolidated gross income of RCA during the first
quarter of 1952 amounted to $163,871,331. Profits, be-
fore Federal income taxes, amounted to §14,841,520.

A dividend of 50 cents per share on the common
stock of RCA was declared by the Board of Directors

on April 4, 1952. It is payable on May 29, 1952, to
holders of record of such stock at the close of business
on April 18, 1952.

"Like the rest of the industry, RCA was affected by
a decline in TV set sales during the first quarter of 1952
compared with the first quarter of last year," said Gen-
eral Sarnoff. "At that time scare buying created ab-
normally high demand which was followed by a slump
in TV set sales and increased inventories throughout
the trade.

"In the first quarter of 1952, however, RCA Victor
manufactured all the television receivers permitted under
government allocation of materials. We sold what we
produced and our inventory is normal at this time. The
prospects for increased sales during the balance of this
year appear to be promising."

In 1951, RCA paid $62,389,000 in taxes to Federal,
State, and local governments. This was more than
double the net profits earned for the year. Taxes
amounted to S4.49 on each share of common stock.

"This means that for every 2>V2 minutes throughout
1951, RCA paid $1,000 in taxes," General Sarnoff re-
ported. He added:

"In the past ten years, RCA's tax payments amounted
to 352 million dollars. For the same period, profits —
after taxes — totaled 197 inillion dollars.

"The ten year ratio of tax payments to dividends
paid on the common stock, is approximately 6 to 1.
That is, six dollars in taxes for every dollar in dividends.

"And even this does not tell the whole story. For
in addition to the taxes paid by the Corporation, there
are indirect taxes included in the cost of materials and
services we bought from others."

Government Orders

General Sarnoff said defense contracts received by
the RCA Victor Division have increased rapidly since
the outbreak of the Korean conflict, and reported that
the backlog of military orders continues to be sub-
stantial.

He disclosed that in April, 1952, the RCA Victor
Division began construction of an engineering and
development center on 430 acres near Moorestown, N. J.,
as a new "proving ground" for electronics connected wiih
defense contracts in radar and related projects.

Television Service Extended

General Sarnoff reported to stockholders that tele-
vision broadcasting continued to operate at profitable
levels, as it did for the first time in 1951. He cited the
fact that television had accounted for a sales increase of
48% over the preceeding year in the National Broad-
casting Company, and added:

22 RADIO AGE

Since we met a year ayo, television service has been
extended by use of radio relay stations and coaxial
cables. Television networks now extend from the At-
lantic to the Pacific, and from the Gulf to the Canadian
border.

"Today there are about 17 million television sets in
the United States and by Election Day in November
it is estimated that the total will be more than 18
million. In addition, there are 105 million radios in this
country, including 25 million sets in automobiles.

"Elaborate plans for radio .md television broadcasting
have been made for the coming political conventions in
(Chicago. Never in the history of the United States have
political conventions been within the visual range of as
many people as they will be this year.

"When Marconi sent the first wireless signals in
1896 the total population of the United States was
70,000,000. We estimate that the potential TV audience
for the convention telecasts from Chicago in July, 1952,
will be 70,000,000 persons. By die time another presi-
dential campaign year arrives, four years hence, prac-
tically all the voters in the country will be within TV
range."

Declaring that the recent lifting of the television
station "freeze" will give tremendous impetus to the
expansion of television throughout the country, he said
that, socially, economically and educationally, television
can now attain its full stature as an industry in broad-
casting service.

Respecting international television, he reported that
its possibilities present a stimulating challenge, and
continued:

"But there are technical, economic and political prob-
lems that must be solved before international television
can be established as a regular service. The pioneering
work of RCA that led to the establishment of inter-
national radiotelegraphy as well as international radio-
telephony, radiophotos and radio broadcasting on a
world-wide scale, has enabled our experts in the field of
global communications to bring the day of international
television nearer to realization.

"Despite the formidable problems which still re-
main to be solved in this field, it is my present belief
that international television as a regular service will be
realized within the next five years.

"International television can become a powerful aid
socially, educationally and politically. It will cultivate
better understanding among nations, and help to reduce
tensions born of misunderstanding. The Voice and
Vision of America' can contribute substantially toward
achieving the goal of universal peace."

General Sarnotl said that the dramatic role of theatre
television in 1951 brought it to the status of a mass-

RADIO AGE 23

audience entertainment medium. Public response to a
series of special sports telecasts in principal cities, he
reported, resulted in a strong trade demand, with the
result that approximately 60 of tlie Nation's key theatres
are now equipped with RCA theatre television installa-
tions. He revealed that RCA has underway an experi-
ment.il program to provide for conversion of this
equipment in the theatres to color television.

He disclosed further that RCA scientists and engi-
neers have continued to make improvements in the
RCA compatible, all-electronic color television system,
including the RCA tricolor picture tube. He declared:
"We are convinced more than ever that the compatible,
all-electronic system is scientifically correct and practical
and that it will best serve the public interest."

Recorded Music

Reviewing business in the phonograph record field,
he revealed that during the first quarter of 1952 sales
of RCA Victor 45 and 33'i-rpm records substantially
surpassed the sales of records using the older speed of
78-rpm.

"We believe that the -iS-rpm system, introduced by
RCA in 1949, will continue to lead in record sales," he
affirmed. "Its popularity is attested to by the large
(Continued on Page 30)

A commentafor using RCA's new sound projector records
voice to accompany o film on surgical training.

Sarnoff Receives First Honor Medal Award
from Radio Television Manufacturers

JJrig. General David Sarnoff, Chairman of the
Board of RCA, has received the "Medal of Honor,"
awarded by the Radio Television Manufacturers Asso-
ciation for his outstanding contributions to the advance-
ment of the radio, television and electronics industry.

The citation accompanying the award read: "The
First Annual Industry Award is made to David Sarnoff
in recognition of his courage, vision, judgment and
outstanding contributions to the progress and develop-
ment of the radio-television industry."

General Sarnoff was presented the medal by Robert
C. Sprague, Chairman of the RTMA Board, at a dinner
climaxing the 28th Annual Convention of the Associa-
tion at Chicago, on June 26.

"Throughout his career General Sarnoff has received
many awards, both domestic and foreign," said Mr.
Sprague, "and has found time in his busy schedule to
serve his country and his fellows in many fields in war
and peace. For this he has had the thanks of Presidents
of the United States and commendations of many or-
ganizations and men of distinction.

"We present the Medal of Honor as a tribute from
his colleagues, a commendation from the men who have
worked with him to make our country great.

"In literary circles, the writers' writer is the one
from whom many learn new techniques in writing.
General Sarnoff is the industrialists' industrialist in the
radio-television industry."

Chairman Sprague told General Sarnoff that the
award was presented to him as a "small token of the
esteem in which you are held by your fellows and in
recognition of your many notable achievements toward
the development and progress of the radio-television
industry. To your colleagues in the industry you are
best known for the vision and courage with which you
pioneered in the industrial development of radio and
television over more than a quarter of a century. It
suffices to say that the industry would not be so big
and so far advanced as it is today had it not been for
David Sarnoff."

The "Honor Medal," authorized by the RTMA
Board in February, is to be awarded annually to the
person, company or organization which the RTMA
Directors believe has performed a distinctive service
for the industry.

Brig. General David Sarnoff (left) receives RTMA "Medal

of Honor" from Robert C. Sprague, Board Choirman of

the Radio-Television Manufacturers' Association.

Two Honorary Degrees
Presented to General Sarnoff

Two honorary degrees have been presented to Gen-
eral Sarnoff from educational institutions in Pennsyl-
vania. On June 1 8, the honorary degree of Doctor of
Science was conferred upon him by the University of
Pennsylvania. Another Doctor of Science degree was
awarded to him on June 10 by Pennsylvania Military-
College at Chester, Pa.

Speaking at the commencement exercises of the 131-
year-old military college, General Sarnoff warned that
no nation will remain strong if it relinquishes its in-
terest in science. He urged the graduating class to be
alert to everything science has to offer, no matter how
fantastic an idea may appear in its initial stages.

"Be prepared, for when war comes, time is of the
essence," General Sarnoff said. "It becomes a race of
science against time, and America must be strong and
"at the ready.' Our lead in science and technology must
not be allowed to pass into the hands of a potential
enemy who is striving mightily to catch up and then
to overtake us."

24 RAD/O AGE

Electronic Device Simplifies Studies

of Blood Clotting

Vibrating' Plate Visc()ni(.tt.r was Developed b\ RCA Scientist

Dr. J. G. Woodward of RCA Laboratories Division
demonstrates vibrating plate viscometer.

NEW electronic instrument which simplifies many
previously difficult or impossible measurements of the
viscosity of liquids was exhibited by research investiga-
tors of Creedmoor State Hospital. Queens Village, N.Y.,
in an exhibit at the annual convention of the Medical
Society of the State of New York, held at the Hotel
Statler during the week of May 14.

C.iiled a vibrating-plate viscometer, the device, devel-
oped by an RCA scientist, has been used in studies of
human blood clotting rates by Drs. Arthur M. Sackler.
Mortimer D. Sackler, Raymond R. S.ickler, Co Tui, and
Harry A. La Burt, of the Creedmoor Institute for Psycho-
biologic Studies, who have found that instruments such
as this can open new fields of medical and biological
study. Their tests have indicated so far, they report,
that such measurement of changes in certain physical
ch.-iracteristics of blood as it clots may ser\-e to differen-
tiate between psychotic and non-psychotic individuals.

Viscosity — the degree to which a liquid resists
change in shape — h.is been in miny scientific and
industrial fields a troublesome thing to measure. In
general, accurate measurements are long and tedious;
whereas quick measurements are usually very rough and
depend largely on human sight and touch. This has
nude difficult a continuous and significantly accurate
measurement of a liquid in the process of thickening.

The new RCA viscometer, a developmental model,
can record at any range from low viscosity alcohol to
high viscosity cold molasses. Its measurements are
virtually instantaneous and they can be recorded over an
indefinite period of time on a moving paper chart. The
instrument can take measurements of a liquid whether
it is in a huge vat or in a tiny container holding a
quarter of a thimble full.

Designed by Dr. J. G. Woodward, of the RCA
L.iboratories Division, Princeton, New Jersey, the
vibrating-plate viscometer consists of a thin metal disc,
.2 inches in diameter, at the end of a metal reed less
than an inch long. An electrom.ignetic motor causes
the disc to cut back and forth through the liquid at
.ipproximately 800 cycles per second.

The plate makes its widest swing when oscillating
in air but when dipped in a liquid the swing is re-
stricted by the viscosity. Mounted on each side of the
reed are piezoelectric blocks, which generate a voltage
when stress is applied to them through the bending of
the reed. An alternating voltage is thus generated which
is proportional to the swing, or amplitude, of the plate.
The more viscous the fluid, the more restricted the
plate's vibrations are. The resulting voltages are readily
determined on a vacuum tube voltmeter and simply
converted to viscosity values.

Besides its use in blood clotting studies, the device
has been used experimentally by technicians of the
United Clay Mines Corporation of Trenton, New Jersey,
in charting the rates at which clay preparations harden
in their molds, a new and valuable type of measurement
in the ceramics industry. Many other possible applica-
tions can be anticipated for such apparatus in the
petroleum, plastics, paint, textiles, printing, dye and
other industries where precise knowledge of viscosity
and viscosity changes is desirable.

RADIO AGE 25

Bottling Machine Speeds Handling
of Milk Containers

BOTTLING plant machine that speeds the un-
casing and washing of milk bottles was demonstrated
recently by RCA at The Borden Company's Hamilton
Park plant, in Chicago.

Leaders in the bottling industry saw the new device
automatically remove milk bottles from the cases and
feed them to a large washer under modern dairy con-
ditions. It is capable of feeding at rates of up to 576
bottles a minute. The machine — known as the RCA
Full-Depth Uncaser and Washer-Loader — eliminates
one of the last steps in the bottling cycle now performed
by laborious manual methods.

The machine is expected to revolutionize container
handling, not only in dairies, but also in beer, beverage,
and other industrial bottling plants, according to M. S.
Klinedinst, manager of industrial products of the RCA
Victor Division.

"The new equipment is simple in principle and
construction, " he said, "and is easy to operate. Adjust-
ments make it possible to assure a continuous flow of
cases and bottles of various sizes and shapes to the
washing equipment — and at substantial savings."

W. W. Waterstreet, President of the Chicago Milk
Division of The Borden Company, said his company
expects that the new machine will speed up its opera-
tions, be more efficient, and result in a reduction of total
costs.

"We are proud to be the first dairy to install the RCA
uncaser and washer-loader," he said. "In these days of

26 RADIO AGE

rapidly climbing prices, it is more important than ever
to find more efficient ways of conducting our business."

The machine can be made to handle wooden, metal, I
or cardboard cases, or cartons and a wide range of types
and sizes of bottles. The cases are fed from the plant
case-conveyor directly into the uncaser. Entering the
lower portion of the machine, they are carried upward
and inverted, with the bottles held in place.

As' the cases continue through the machine, they reach
points at which first the inner rows of bottles and then
the outer rows are gently lowered into large revolving
transfer wheels with pliable rubber gripping surfaces.
The surfaces of the first wheels firmly grip the bottles
in the center rows as they are released, and those in the
second set of wheels grip bottles in the outer rows. As
they revolve, the two wheels deposit the bottles on
conveyor belts which deliver them to the washer-loader.
Meanw-hile, the cases are set right-side-up and delivered
to a conveyer or to the right or left or to the rear of
the machine. In the washer-loader machine, the bottles
are spread to the full width of the automatic washing
equipment, and then are guided into as many channels
as required by the washer.

During the demonstrations, it was shown that the
new machine will automatically stop and ring a signal
bell if faulty cases or improperly positioned bottles are
fed in. The machine incorporates a bottle-supply control
which automatically keeps an adequate supply of bottles
ready to enter the washer.

In this machine, bottles are re-
moved automatically from their
cases and placed on conveyors
leading to the washer-loader
unit at the left.

Greater Efforts in "Pure" Research

Urged by Dr. Jolliffe

RCA Sciiiitisl Xiys Iziiropu

:iii iWilioiis Lxul in thiy IhU

ANKIND is on the verge of an era in wliicli new
sciencitic knowledge can provide the basis for substantial
advances in human heaitli and happiness, Dr. Charles
B. Jollirte, Vice President and Technical Director of the
Radio Corporation of America, declared in an address
before the National Conference on Airborne Electronics
in Dayton, Ohio, on May 13. In his speech. Dr. Jollitfe
emphasized the urgency of replenishing science's store-
house of fundamental information and decried the
secrecy imposed on researchers because of the unsettled
international situation.

"In recent years our scientific emphasis has been
heavily concentrated in applied research and engineer-
ing," he said. "I do not believe that enough attention
has been given to pure, or fundamental, research. As a
consequence, we are, in a number of important areas,
short of the basic knowledge that is the raw material
for engineering developments.

"'Historically, Europeans — especially the Germans
and the British — have done the most in advancing
pure science. In the United States, our greatest accom-
plishments have been in engineering. Now, the United
Stares must take the leadership in developing funda-
mental knowledge — Americans should be the 'Pioneers
of Science' of the future. Our continuing safety and
progress depend upon it.

Russia, we may be sure, is not neglecting this all-
important field; in fact, reports from behind the Iron
Cunain indicate that Soviet scientists are given every
incentive to move ahead as rapidly as they can in pure
research."

Describing the difficulties involved in obtaining ap-
propriate backing and public acknowledgment for
explorations in "pure" science that must of necessity
lack definite goals, Dr. JolliflFe urged the cultivation in
America of "science appreciation" on a par with "music
appreciation."

He said the task of advancing the cause of pure
science is made more difficult by world conditions, and
added :

"The barriers of secrecy at horne and abroad are
serious deterrents to scientific progress. Unquestionably,
the world of science has suffered much because of the

Scientists at David SarnofF Research Center use high
vacuum system In preparing samples of semi-conductors.

ideological conflict between Russia and her communist-
dominated satellites on the one hand and the free nations
of the world on the other.

"Basic to the advance of science is a free and un-
limited exchange of information. In the growth of
fundamental knowledge over the centuries, it often has
been true that the report of a scientific discovery made
in one part of the world stimulated important advances
along the same line in other sections of the world.
There has been no such chain reaction in numerous vital
areas of science for many years."

Dr. Jolliffe said that because of the danger of un-
warranted secrecy damaging the advance of science it
beh(X)ved government as well as scientific leaders to
subject research controls to careful review and reevalua-
tion with increasing frequency.

"Discoveries of supreme importance to such sciences
as physics, chemistry, and biology will come from studies
of the atom," he asserted. "In fact, mankind is on the
(Continued on Page 32)

RADIO AGE 27

Lon2-Life Batteries Add to Performance

of Improved "Personal" Receiver

E\V "A" and "B" radio batteries of advanced con-
struction, so outstanding in their performance as to be
termed revolutionary, and a new attractively styled
"Personal" receiver designed to utilize to the full the
impressive operating characteristics of the batteries, have
been introduced by the RCA Victor Division.

The new "B" battery, designated the VS216, is of
the alkaline dry-cell type, with a voltage rating of GlVl-
It is the first radio battery to employ the type of alkaline
cells formerly restricted to wet-type, non-portable bat-
teries. It is 22 per cent smaller than present comparable
batteries, and has an increased playing time capacity of
100 per cent, when used in "Personal" portable receivers.
The new "A" is a redesigned version of the "sealed-in-
steel" type, and gives four times the playing hours of
the latter.

The alkaline dry-cells utilize zinc, manganese dioxide,
and an alkaline electrolyte. The original alkaline cell,
conceived years ago, was a wet-cell which was non-
portable and had to be kept in an upright position. After
years of research, the undesirable features of the original
wet-cells have been eliminated with the development of
the new alkaline "crown"-type construction.

The "crown"-type cell is a self-contained unit which
delivers more useful energy per unit of volume than do

conventional types of cells and can be used in any posi-
tion. Each battery is actually composed of two compact
stacks of these exclusive "crown'-type cells combined to
give the correct voltage output.

After manufacture, the individual cells are stored for
two weeks before being tested. This storage period
allows the cells to stabilize and, at the same time, per-
mits the detection of potentially weak cells. After ac-
ceptable cells have been stacked and assembled into
batteries, the latter are tested and again placed in stor-
age, this time for one week. Following the second
storage period, the completed batteries are re-tested.
This double-aging, triple-testing procedure, assures bat-
teries of high quality.

Both "A" and "B" batteries are encased in steel to
prevent swelling and wedging in the radio.

Two of the "A" batteries connected in parallel in a
"personal" radio will have a life equal to one of the
new "B ' batteries, thereby giving owners a playing time
that compares favorably with that of most medium-size
portables. In accomplishing these advantages, total bat-
tery space requirement is increased by only 30 per cent.

The "B" battery was developed through continuous
research over a three-year period at a cost of over a
{Continued on Page 30)

RCA's new "Personal" receiver is available in various

colors. Left: Improved "B" battery is 22 per cent smaller

than older types and has 100 per cent longer life.

28 RADIO AGE

New Radar has 200-Mile Ranse

in Mapping Terrain

\^ ICCESSFL'L field operation of a new lightweight radar
set that "maps" detail of terrain and weather obstacles
up to 200 miles in front of an aircraft was announced
jointly by the U. S. Navy and Radio Corporation of
America on May II.

This advance radar unit is now in production for
the Air Force and Navy and already has been installed
on President Truman's plane, the Independence, and
on various military air transports. According to W. W.
VC'atts, vice president of the RCA Victor Division, the
instrument is also suitable for commercial aircraft.

At the present time, the equipment is being pro-
duced under Navy contract for military use only, and
is scheduled for production under an Air Force contract.

Specifications for the new transport radar were pre-
pared by the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics and coordi-
nated with the Air Force to include recommendations
reflecting its experience with radiir.

According to Watts, the new unit permits the pilot
to see a close-up of a selected area as if he were using
a powerful telescope that could penetrate through dark-
ness and clouds, and can be used for these four general
types of operation:

1. As a means of collision warning. It will show
mountains or other aircraft in the vicinity.

2. As an accurate indicator of weather conditions.
It will show the position of thunderheads and other
cloud formations, and will enable the pilot to avoid
turbulent weather or select the safest course through it.

.1. As a means of position location when standard
landmarks are not visible. It can pick up the signal of
ground based radar range units.

4. As a means of mapping terrain. Through a spe-
cial discrimination circuit, it shows the pilot the salient
characteristics of the land over which he is flying.

Pilot Can Select Range

The range of the system can be selected by the pilot
for distances up to 200 miles from the plane. A
selector switch permits the pilot to bring into view
all obstacles and terrain within 5, 10, 30, 100 and 200
nautical miles of his airplane. On a recent flight from
Westover Air Force Base, Mass., to Frankfurt, Germany,
in a military C-97 equipped with the new radar, the

W. B. Kirkpafrick, manager of RCA Victor's Government

Radar Unit, and Commander M. A. Mason, head of the

Navy Bureau of Aeronautics Radar Section, examine

transmitter-receiver unit of new radar.

first islands of the Azores were observed at a distance
of 195 miles from an altitude of 17,000 feet. Watts
said. An RCA technician aboard the flight stated that
"the entire chain of islands was mapped with excellent
definition, and navigation to Lages by radar wms easily
accomplished.

"On the same flight the landing approach at Frank-
furt was made by means of the radar, with the runway
clearly defined."

Watts revealed that reports from military oflicials
have been very enthusiastic about the new equipment.
Rear Admiral Thomas S. Combs, USN, Chief of the
Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Watts said, labels its per-
formance as "exceptional" and reports the Navy is very
pleased that size and weight were kept to a minimum,
as per the Nav7's specifications, without sacrificing the
effectiveness of the radar.

The device, designed solely for navigation and
obstacle and weather detection, weighs a total of 173
(Continued on Page 32)

RADIO AGE 29

JOHN Q. CANNON ELECTED SECRETARY OF RCA

John Q. Cannon was elected Secretary of tlie Radio
Corporation of America at a meeting of the Board of
Directors on May 9.

Mr. Cannon joined RCA in 1945 as an attorney with
the RCA Victor Division and has served as Assistant
Secretary of the Corporation since May 4, 1951.

A native of Salt Lake City, Utah, he attended the
University of Utah and was graduated from George
Washington University in Washington, D. C, in 1928,
with a Bachelor of Law Degree.

Following his graduation, he was associated w-ith
several government agencies including the Public
Buildings Commission as Assistant Secretary; the U. S.
Bureau of Standards as Business Specialist; with the
Civil Service Commission successively as Legal Examiner,
Legal Adviser and Chief Law Officer; Administrative
Assistant to the U. S. Attorney General; and with the
Securities and Exchange Commission as Director of
Personnel.

Mr. Cannon succeeds Lewis MacConnach who re-
tired after 29 years as Secretary of the Radio Corpora-

John Q. Cannon

tion of America. He joined the American Marconi
Company, predecessor of RCA, in 1915.

New Electronic Developmenrs

(Continued from Page 23)

number of companies now producing 45-rpm records.
Conversion of coin boxes and radio stations to 45-rpm
facilities further indicates its popular acceptance."

A new and simple automatic three-speed record
player, designed for 45, 33 '/3 and 7S-rpm records, has
been introduced by RCA Victor and will be on the
market this month, he said.

General Sarnoff told the RCA stockholders that
"today our foremost responsibility is to serve the Nation
by providing the Armed Forces with radio, television
and electronic apparatus vital to the success of their
operations."

"Production of civilian and other commercial prod-
ucts is determined not only by demand," he continued,
"but by government control of materials and by the
availability of engineering personnel.

"While uncertain factors in the current world situa-
tion obscure the general outlook, there are certain factors
within our own field of operations that are clearer. For
example, productive capacity is the greatest in our
history. Television is expanding its services. New
markets for television transmitters and receivers are
being opened, and the outlook for sales is brightening.
We expect that our business for the last half of 1952
will show an improvement over the first half."

New Long-Life Radio Barrcncs

(Continued from Page 28 1

million dollars, it was disclosed by L. S. Thees, general
sales manager, RCA Tube Department. When it is used
with two of the newly designed "A" batteries, Mr. Thees
explained, the balanced power supply makes possible up
to 10 times longer performance without change of
batteries. He added that with the previous conventional
"personal" portable batteries, two "B" and 10 to 12 "A"
batteries were required in order to run a set for ap-
proximately 100 hours.

About the size of tiie average book, RCA's new
"personal" receiver weighs only 3^^.'i pounds with bat-
teries. It is 6 inches in height; 9 inches in width, and
214 inches deep.

Features embodied in the new instrument are 1 ) an
automatic volume control to eliminate alternate fading
and blasting; 2 ) easily removable back-cover for ready
access to batteries and tubes; 3 ) instant play — no
warm-up necessary; 4) new easy-to-read, combined "on-
ofF" and volume control switch; 5) completely built-in
antenna — no lids to open or flaps to lift; and 6) a
"battery life-saver switch" which helps to increase the
life of the batteries up to 30 per cent. The "life-saver"
switch, for use in strong reception areas, enables part of
the batteries to "loaf," delivering the minimum amount
of power needed at the time.

30 RADIO AGE

Awarded Parent on Improvements
in RCA Tricolor TV Tube

J- HE basic improvements in tricolor television pic-
ture tubes, which made possible the RCA tricolor tube,
so imp>ortant in the all-electronic color television sys-
tem, have been made by Alfred C. Schroeder, 37-year-
oid eltxtrical engineer of the RCA Laboratories Division.

A patent. No. 2,595,548, covering Mr. Schroeder's
improvements was issued by the U. S. Patent Office on
May 6, 1952.

One of the disadvantages in earlier color tubes, prior
to the RCA tricolor tube, it was pointed out, has been
the fact that sources of elearon beams usually have been
located at fairly widely divergent positions within the
tube's structure making necessary a number of beam-
deflection systems. Such an arrangement of electron
guns requires a tube with three necks.

Through Mr. Schroeder's invention, the guns are
placed close together in a single neck tube, an arrange-
ment permitting a single beam deflection system. This
permits the use of a tube envelope and deflection system
similar to those used in black-and-white television.

Since Mr. Schroeder's invention, teams of RCA scien-
tists and engineers have integrated the improved tube
into RCA's all-electronic system of color television.

A resident of Huntingdon Valley. Pa.. Mr. Schroeder
is on the research staff of the David Sarnoff Research
Center of RCA, Princeton, N. J. He received his Master
of Science Degree in electrical engineering at the Massa-

Alfred C. Schroeder and one of the RCA tricolor TV
tubes which utilize his invention.

chusetts Institute of Technology in 1937 and joined
RCA the same year. Since then, he has devoted a large
part of his work to the development of color television.

1 -inch Mctal-Shcll T\' Picriirc TiiL^c
Dcx'clopcd bv RCA

1 VELOPMENT of a high quality 27-inch metal shell
television picture tube which is already being sampled
to the television industry set manufacturers was disclosed
early in June by L S. Thees, general sales manager of the
Tube Department of RCA Victor Division.

The new tube will be a high quality product de-
signed for top priced, deluxe models, and will be made
available to TV manufacturers in time for them to
incorporate it into their plans for 1953 designs.

The tube incorporates a "scalloped " glass-to-metal
Mai which makes possible a spherical faceplate with
superior deflection linearity. The new RCA 27-inch

kinescope is slightly shorter than the 21-inch metal shell
kinescope. It has a frosted filterglass faceplate with
aluminized b.icking, which insures pictures having ex-
cellent brilliance and contrast completely free of annoy-
ing reflection.

According to RCA engineers, the metal shell con-
struction contributes to the tube's inherent mechanical
strength, practically eliminates the possibility of im-
plosion, and results in a much lighter kinescope, weigh-
ing only about 29 pounds, as compared to a reported 41
pounds in an equivalent glass tube. Specially designed
deflection components have been developed for proper
operation of the tube.

Facilities for the manufacture of the new 27-inch
kinescope are being provided at the RCA plant in
Lancaster, Pa.

RADIO AGE 31

Urges Greater Efforts
In "Pure" Research

(Continued from Page 27)

verge of an era in which new scientific knowledge can
provide the basis for substantial advances in human
health and happiness. "

Based on progress being made in what he termed
electronics of solids as contrasted to electrons in a
vacuum, Dr. Jollifle said that this new science already
has produced the transistor, a tiny germanium device
capable of performing many functions of an electron
tube.

Dr. Jollifi'e said that one of the intriguing aspects
about the development of the transistor is the little-
realized fact that this new wonder device will, of itself,
help materially in the advance of fundamental knowl-
edge.

He pointed out that, so far, the design of electronic
computers has required rather large and bulky equip-

ment, some employing thousands of electron tubes which
need to be frequently and carefully checked to guard
against error. Space and iicat are also serious considera-
tions, he noted, adding:

"It is easy to see, then, the really magnificent con-
tribution the transistor is destined to make in the future
simplification and refinement of electronic computers."

Dr. JoUiffe stated that, in creating wider horizons
for the electronics art, the transistor does not necessarily
supplant the electron vacuum tube. On the contrary, he
said, the new applications made possible by transistors
may actually increase the use of electron tubes.

"With greater development of transistors, smaller,
lighter, more rugged, and more efficient electronic con-
trols will be developed for airplanes and missiles. It
may even make new weapons possible. New, better,
and smaller control equipment may well result in new
types of planes.

"Here, indeed, is an outstanding example of how an
advance in the fundamental knowledge of one field can
be of inestimable value in another."

Radar Has 200-Mile Range

(Continued fro7?i Page 29)

pounds before installation, and is pressurized to operate
at altitudes up to 50,000 feet. Ic is the first system of
its kind to go into production that has both military
and commercial application.

Operation testing of the set has been done in both
Navy and Air Force planes. It already has prevented
one serious Navy crash. A passenger packed transport
had just taken off in foggy weather when the control
tower erroneously instnicted the pilot to make a right
turn which would have taken him into the side of a
hill. Fortunately, the pilot noticed the obstacle on his
radar scope and made the correct turn.

Scholarship Plan Extended

(Continued from Page 14)

education at an engineering school. This scholarship
and stipend of S800 is continued for four years or until
the student receives the baccalaureate degree.

More than 100 young men, who have completed
their education with the aid of RCA Scholarships and
Fellowships, are today at work as scientists and engineers
in industrial organizations, research laboratories and
scientific institutions. In addition, 32 students in 25
colleges and universities throughout the United States
are studying under RCA Scholarships and Fellowships.

Frank M. Folsom (left). President. Radio Corporation of
America and Henry D. Mercer (center), President, States
Marine Corporation, listen as Admiral Thomas P.
Wynkoop, President, Radiomarine Corporation of
America, explains the operation of Radiomarine's 2,000tii
Radar installed recently aboard the Lone S/or Siaie.

32 RAD/O AGE

Wvance ffofesslonallu FASfj^

In Career-Building Posifions at RCA

^areer- minded cnjjincers have
uund the way lo more rapid ad-
ancfmcni and professional de-
tlopmeni throuj;h challenging
ssignments at RCA, on long-range
military iitiil commercial projects.

tCA IS A GOOD PLACE TO WORK

U K(,A \ou receive recognition lor
our accomplishments. You work
n close collaboration with distin-
;uished scientists and engineers.
I'ou enjoy highest professional
ecognit ion among your col leagues,
fou have unexcelled facilities for
reative work. The surroundings in
ihich you work are pleasant and
timulating. ^'ou and your famiU en-
r>y outstanding employee benefits.
Opportunities are excellent for ad-
ancement in position and income.

DIVERSIFIED LONG-TERM
PROGRAM

Positions open are career oppor-
tunities ol a lifetime. 1 hev are not
"emergency" jobs. Thev ofler lije-
long employment opportunities to
men who expect more from their
work than is provided bv an tjrdi-
nary engineering assignment. The\
cover not only revolutionary new
military projects, but also trail-
bla/ing commercial projects for im-
portant electronic advances of the
future. Such diversification of prod-
ucts and markets represent long-
term employment opportunities in-
dependent of wars or depressions.

If you aspire to a career-building
luture, investigate the posit ions now-
open at RC;A.

MAIL RESUME

Ij you desire lo consider any of tlje posilinus listed,

urile us jor a personal iutertieu— include a complete resume

oj your education and experience. Send resume lo:

MR. ROBERT E. McQUISTON, Manager
Specialized Employment Division, Dept. 95
Radio Corporation of America
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y.

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA'

CHOOSE YOUR FIELD OF
SPECIALIZATION _

tltgUlCCrS — electronic .

COMMUNICATION . ELECTRICAL .
MECHANICAL . DIGITAL COMPUTER
and PHYSICISTS

Research • Development • Design •Application
TELEVISION DEVELOPMENT —

Roccivcrs, TransmiHors and Studio Equipment.

ELECTRON TUBE DEVELOPMENT—

Receiving, Transmitting, Cathode-Roy, Photo-
tubes and Magnetrons.

COMMUNICATIONS —

Microwave, Mobile Avlotion and Specialized
Military Systems.

RADAR—

Circuitry, Antenna Design, Computer, Servo-
Systems, and Information Display Systems.

SYSTEMS PLANNING and DESIGN —
Missile Guidance, Radar and Fire Control.

SERVO MECHANISMS —

Instrument and Power Servos, Feedback

Amplifiers and Power Supplies.

MECHANISMS —

Precision Power Gcor Drives, Precision Instru-
ment Geor Drives, Lightweight Shock ond
Vibration Structures lo House Electronic Equi|>-
ment, and Antenna Structures.

COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT and DESIGN
Digital and Analog Computers, Mognetic
Recording, Pulse Circuitry, Storage Compo-
nents, and Systems Design.

TRANSFORMER and COIL DESIGN

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

TECHNICAL SALES

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FIELD SERVICE

RADIOMARINE provides

world's most modern liner with i

world's finest radio communications system

rvadiomarine is proud to announce that it has
supplied to the s.s. United States all radio-
telephone, all radiotelegraph, all high, interme-
diate and low frequency transmitters and receiv-
ers, in addition to position-finding loran, radio-
direction finder, and distress alarm.

Radio communications — the life line of any ves-
sel—must be of the highest ciuality. A vessel the size
and importance of the new s.s. United States
demands the highest quality for its system of
radio communications. And from bridge to life-
boats the new supcrliner — the s.s. United States —

is equipped with the world's most modern systei
of radio communications, designed and built b'
Radiomarine.

Dependability, power and quality characterize
this Radiomarine installation. As in all Radiomarine
equipment, the highest, most rigid standards were
met — the same Radiomarine workmanship and de-
pendability you will find in products tor passenger
and cargo ships, river craft, ore carriers and other
vessels.

Write for complete information on Radiomarine
equipment now!

radiomarine corporation o/ AMERICA, 75 Varict St.. New Yori 13, N. Y. Offices and Sertice Sialiom in all principal pons.
Foreign Dislribulion an J Sen ice— RCA International Dithion, SO Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, jV. Y.

RADtOMARtME CORPORA TtOM of AMERICA

A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

ITOBER
1952

are headed for a better future
—when you €ome to RCA

If you want to work where you enjoy the
highest prolbssional recognition among
your colleagues, come to RCA. Here
your accomplishments are recognized
and rewarded. Here your future is bright-
er, through challenging assignments that
lead to belter opportunities, better posi-
tions. Here you set goals for future at-
tainment at advanced levels.

If your talent and skill are not being
used in a way for which your education
and experience has equipped you. come
to RCA. Here you will find unusual op-
portunities to work in close association
with distinguished scientists and engi-
neers in research . . . development . . .

design . . . and application of specialized
electronic equipment for military proj-
ects as well as for an ever-increasing line
of diversified commercial products.

Positions open are lifelong curccr op-
portunities. They are not '"temporary"
jobs. Unlike "'feast or famine" industries.

RCA has forged ahead regardless of war
or depression, ^'ou can continue ad-
vanced study at recognized universities
under RCA's modern tuition refund plan.
You and your family enjoy outstanding
Company benefits. Yes, your future is
better at RCA.

LIFETIME OPPORTUNITIES FOR

ENGINEERS — Electronic . . . Electrical . . . Communication . . .
Mechanical . . . Computer . . . METALLURGISTS and PHYSICISTS

In Research — Development — Design — Application: in the following fields:

RADAR • MISSILE GUIDANCE • SERVO MECHANISMS • COMPUTERS • TRANSFORMERS AND
COILS • NAVIGATION AIDS • TELEVISION • ELECTRON TUBES • COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNICAL SALES • ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT FIELD SERVICE

Send a complete r6$um6 of
your education and experience.

Persono/ interviews
arranged in your city.

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA

VOLUME 11 NUMBER 5

• MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS
BROADCASTING ♦TELEVISION

iH^

OCTOBER 1952

^J\

COVER

iCA television cameras are
noking it possible for millions
)f football fans to watch the
lotion's leading teams fight
t out on college gridirons this
all. The NBC network will
:arry 1 1 of the contests.

NOTICE

When requesting a change in moiling
oddrest pleose include the code letfert
and numbers which appear with the
stencilled oddress on the envelope.

Radio Age is puhlithed qtjartefl/ by
the Deparfmenf of /nformofion. Radio
Corporation of America, 30 Rocke-
feller Pioza. New York 20, N Y.

Printed m USA.

CONTENTS

Page

Operation Election Night 3

Progress in Electronics 5

by Brig. Genera/ Dovid Sarnoff

Status of the Transistor 7

by M. E. Korns

KPTV — First Commercial UHF Television Station on Air ... . 9

Antenaplex Brings TV Programs to New Hampshire City .... 10

NBC's New TV Center on West Coast 11

It Isn't Always as You See It — on TV 13

by James Glenn

NBC Opera Telecosts Scheduled 15

Watchdogs of Quality 16

by William J. Zaun

American Invenfory — Experiment in Adult Education by TV . 18

"Victory at Sea" — New Historical Series 19

Night Driving Made Safer by Electronic "Eye" 20

Television in Canada 21

by F. R. Deakins

Tactful Technicians 24

Color Book for TV Scenery Designers 25

By Albert W. Profzman

TV Demonstrates Usefulness in Railroad Field 26

Two-Woy Radio System Speeds Flow of Materials in Steel Plant . 27

Radio Workshop Ends Tenth Year 29

by Thomos C. McCray

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

RCA Building, New York 20, N.Y.

DAVID SARNOFF, Chairman of (he Board
JOHN Q. CANNON, Secretory

FRANK M. FOLSOM, President
ERNEST B. GORIN, Treojorer

Services of HCA are:
RCA Victor Division • RCA Service Company, Inc. • RCA International Division
Notional Broadcasting Compony, Inc. • Rodiomorine Corporotion of America
RCA Communications, Inc. • RCA Laboratories Division • RCA Institutes, Inc.

RCA-designed superturnstile antennas have been installed in more thon 75 television stations.

This scene in NBC's studio 8H on election night in 1948 will be re-enacted this year on the evening of November 4.

Op,

e rat ion Election Night

A Sratt of More rhan 1.500. Aided bv Newly Developed Computing

Machines, will supply NBC's Radio-TV Audiences wirh Fasresr.

Most Complete News Coverage of Balloting on November 4th

W,-,

ITU batteries of television cameras, an augmented
corps of radio and television commentators and eight
almost-human computing cash-register-like machines
developed especially for the occasion, ready to go, the
National Broadcasting Company has completed its plans
for the most elaborate radio and television news cover-
ing of any national election returns in the history of
broadcasting. Ftxal point of activities on the night of
November 4 will be 8-H, NBC's largest studio in Radio
City, New York.

Continuous around-the-clock reporting of the re-
turns will begin when polls close in the E.ist on Election
Day and will continue until most of the returns are in,
12 to 15 hours later. William R. McAndrew, director
of NBC's radio and television coverage of both p<ilitic.d
conventions this year, will be in charge of the election
night news center.

Under McAndrew will be a 500-man staff, includ-
mg the roster of 25 politically experienced newsmen
who supplied the nation with its most complete story
of the Chicago conventions. More than 1,000 addition.il
newsmen located at NBC affiliated stations throughout
the country will be on the job to report the latest ballot

counts in their respective areas. They will also con-
tribute human interest sidelights and comment on voting
trends as local returns are made available to them.

NBC is relying on its new computing machines to
speed up and extend the scope of televised results.
These machines had their genesis only a few weeks ago
when Charles H. Coiiedge, NBC public affairs opera-
tions manager, discussed the network's election-night
problems with Charles L. Keenoy, who heads the product
development department of the National Cash Register
Company, Dayton, Ohio.

Machines Completed hi I cti Days

"VC'hat we need," Coiiedge told Keenoy, "is a fast,
visual means of presenting the tallies to the television
audience. We want to show, as simply as possible and
as quickly as possible, who's winning — in the presi-
dential race, and also in the contests for congressional
seats and governorships."

Within less than ten days, Keenoy came up with
plans for eight super-sized cash register machines. Each
machine is capable of performing 27 different functions.

This is their role in the night's operations: Two of

RAD/G AGE 3

•''' '""^

Four years ago, street crowds gathered in Radio City to
watch election returns as they were projected onto a
large screen from RCA's theatre-type television projector.

Machines similar to those shown above will speed up
the tabulation of balloting for NBC's television audience.

the machines, with 24 states on each, will be assigned
each presidential candidate; each machine will recotd
the percentage of election districts reporting, the current
popular-vote tally by states, and the name of the state.
The next two machines, one per candidate, will add up
the national totals as taken from the two machines
which record by individual states; and machines 7 and 8

will totalize the individual races for Congressional seats.

The first six machines will be so constructed that
the TV camera can pick up the image directly. The
last two, developed for the Democratic convention in
Chicago, work by means of mirrors. In all cases, only
the figures will be visible — the machines being blacked
out. The figures will be superimposed against a graphic
background — possibly against a map of the United
States distorted to conform to the number of electoral
votes of each state.

To coordinate election results and bulletin news for
broadcast, NBC will make use of its combined radio-TV
news-desk system which it pioneered with great effec-
tiveness in Chicago. The joint desk will be the nerve
center for disseminating all the latest information to
radio and television reporters.

NBC will assign commentators to report and analyze
the presidential voting, while others will report from
a special newsdesk, concentrating on the important Sen-
atorial contests, such as that in Wisconsin. A third
combined newsdesk will report gubernatorial contests in
Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Ohio, Texas, Indiana
and Arizona. A fourth radio-TV group in NBC's
election-night headquarters will cover state-by-state
voting for hotly contested seats in the House of Repre-
sentatives.

Alongside the editor and reporter at each of the
combined radio-TV newsdesks will be a team of tabula-
tors who will break down the results as they appear on
the face of the National Cash Register Company ma-
chines and post them on a huge blackboard that will
cover the length of studio 8-H.

Camerai to Cover Party U(. ad quarters.

NBC will station TV camera crews, newsmen with
tape-recording equipment, and commentators at the
various candidates' headquarters in New York and at
both Democratic and Republican National Committee
offices in Washington.

Several temporary TV settings and radio studios will
be constructed adjacent to the newsdesks to provide
facilities for interviews with top political figures, com-
mentary and programs on the margin of the election
reports. Most of NBC's Washington staff and com-
mentators from other key cities will be concentrated in
New York for election night.

Current plans call for continuous network program-
mining on both NBC radio and television beginning
about 8:00 p.m., EST., with tliree to five minutes allotted
to local stations at stated intervals for broadcasting local
results.

A RADIO AGE

Progress in Electronics

The jollouing text is taken jrom tin tuUress
by Brig. General David Sartioff, Chairman of
the Board of RCA, at the Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehototh, Israel. }i4ly 27, 1952.

-HE spearhead of pioneering and the gateway to
progress is research. From it stem new knowledge, new
inventions, new priKlucts, new services. It brings re-
newed vitality to business, increases opportunities for
employment and provides higher standards of living for
the people. Research is a creative effort that enlarges
man's horizons and thus leads him onward toward new
achievements.

In a sense, the pattern of modern life is largely the
product of scientific research and technological develop-
ment. The wonderful thing about research is the more
of it you do, the more of it there is left to do. Each piece
of research opens new fields for further exploration.

More I'nndatnenlal Knowledge Needed

In the words of Dr. Samuel Johnson, "The future
is purchased by the present." And 1 know of no better
way for industry, whether in America or in Isr.iel, to
assure its future than to join wholeheartedly in the full
utilization of scientific research for the common good.

In recent years our scientific emphasis has been
heavily concentrated in applied research, in engineering,
and not enough attention has been devoted to pure, or
basic research. As a consequence, there is, in a number
of important areas, a shortage of the fundamental knowl-
edge that is the raw material for engineering develop-
ments. Therefore, we must develop more fundamental
knosv ledge. The saferv- and progress of the free countries
of the world depend upon it.

The scientist bent on basic research is usually given
little credit and, frequently, lacks the money and tools
to continue his search of the unknown. It is not easy in
industry nor in Government, to justify appropriations
for pure research. It is hard to answer the question, "Of
what value is a program of abstnict science without a
definite goal/" It is important, therefore, that we culti-
vate "science appreciation" much as we do "music
appreciation."

The task of advancing the cause of pure science is
made more difficult by world conditions. The barriers
of secrecy are serious deterrents to scientific progress.
Unquestionably, the world of science has suffered much

RADIO AGE 5

because the requirements of national security necessarily
rcNtrict the free (low of scientific information.

B,isic to the advance of science is a free and un-
limited exchange of information. In the growth of
fundamental knowledge over the centuries, it often has
been true that the report of a scientific discovery made
in one part of the world stimulated important advances
along the same line in other sections of the world.

There has been no such chain reaction in numerous
vit.il areas of science for many years. The more basic
facts and fundamental knowledge we uncover, the
greater and the sooner will be our progress through
applied research. Indeed, it is fundamental research that
uncovers new phenomena and opens new vistas that are
far-reaching in their applications. For example, recent
studies in electronics of solids, as contrasted to elec-
tronics in a vacuum, are making possible an entirely new
device — the transistor — a tiny electronic device made of
single-crystal germanium. As an instrument capable of
performing many of the functions of an electron tube,
the transistor promises to open a new era of development
which bids fair to surpass electronics achievements of
the past.

Transistor .M</i Increase Use of Tubes

In creating wider horizons for the electronics art, the
transistor does not necessarily supplant the electron
vacuum tube. On the contrary, the new applications
made possible by transistors may actually increase the
use of electron nibes.

Apparatus used in research at Weizmann Institute.

One of the buildings of the Weizmann Institute of
Science at Rehovoth, Israel.

Today, we are likely to think of television substan-
tially from an entertainment viewpoint. This, of course,
is natural since television is an electronic brother of
radio broadcasting. Nevertheless, television has many
applications outside the realm of broadcasting.

In the field of education .ind instruction, the possi-
bilities of television are unlimited. Teachers in the
classroom and the lecture hall, in medical centers and
surgical operating rooms, will be able to add the power
of demonstration to the effort of description.

Television Only in Us Infancy

Television in the United States has grown in the
period of only five years from practically nothing to an
industry whose volume of business last year amounted
to three billion dollars. Including radio, the industry' as
a whole is now running at a rate of about five billion
dollars a year. Yet television is only in its infancy.
Before many years have passed, its black-and-white
images also will be seen in color.

Today there are about 18 million television sets in
American homes. There are 108 television broadcasting
stations serving a potential viewing audience of more
than 70 million persons.

Within the next five years there will probably be
50 million television receiving sets in the United States
and about 1,500 television broadcasting stations with a
potential viewing audience of 150 million persons.
Every home in the land equipped with a television set
will be within range of television programs.

We have a striking example of how success is being
made toward this goal. Never in the history of the
United States were the national political conventions
within range of so many people as they were in July

of this year. Indeed, Americans had one of the greatest
lessons in civics ever put before them on a nationwide
scale. Television has revealed itself as one of the most
powerful and effective forces that ever came into the
political arena. It promises to be a decisive factor in
the election results in November.

International Television a Prospect

Within the next five years we may expect to see
television established on an international basis. Inter-
national television will become a powerful aid socially,
educationally, and politically. If properly used, it can
cultivate better understanding among nations and help
to reduce the tensions born of misunderstanding. Tele-
vision's performance vividly illustrates the old saying
that "Seeing is Believing."

I firmly believe that before too many years pass. New
York, Chicago, San Francisco, in fact all the cities and
towns of the United States will be able to tune in the
panorama that television will present of Israel and the
rest of the Mediterranean world. Similarly, you will be
able to view America as the electronic cameras swing
from nation to nation.

Industrial TV has Hundreds of Applications

This is still another type of service known as closed-
circuit, or industrial television, also made possible largely
by the vidicon tube and a 7-pound miniature camera
which can be mounted in normally inaccessible locations.
Industrial TV is, in effect, a remote eye for industry.
Its hundreds of applications include the observation of
dangerous processes as well as transmission of informa-
tion such as signatures, maps and files. It has a variety
of uses in mass training, in industry and in the military
services. Industrial television can add immeasurably to
the safety and to the efficiency of workers in business.

In still another direction, several years ago our engi-
neers entered into a development program for the elec-
tronic inspection of medical ampules containing vaccines
and other liquids. This work was undertaken to improve
inspection methods for insuring the highest degree of
purity in drugs.

We have also developed and demonstrated to the
dair)' industry a portable inspection machine which
makes certain that empty bottles are clear of contamina-
tion before they are filled with milk. These, and other
electronic developments, are adding importantly to the
possibilities of improvement in health.

Now let us look across another horizon of electronics.
Through man's inventive and engineering ingenuity,
electronic computers have been made to add, subtract,
(Continued on page 31 )

6 RADIO AGt

I^ccMLise of rhc porcnri.ilirics of rhis .niKi/ing
dcNclopiiKiu, ilic ckxtrt)nics \n oriel is inrcrcsrcd in

The Stcitus of the Transistor

By M. E. Karns

Manager. Technical Services,

Commercial Dept..

Radio Corp. of America.

JL_/iMiTED use of semiconduccor elements and devices
is as old as radio. The original crystal detector was a
semiconductor device. Until recently, however, there
had been little technical progress in this art. Within the
last few years interest in semiconductors, including
transistors, has become very great, particularly in the
electronics industry.

The first transistor was announced only four years
.igo. During this short period the acceleration of engi-
neering effort has been unusual. Important progress has
been made in learning the fundamental theory of opera-
tion of transistor devices and in establishing control of
their operating characteristics and construction processes.

Experimental results already obtained in the labora-
tories indicate the practicability and usefulness of tran-
sistors. There appear to be a number of fields in which
transistors will be used widely and to great advantage.

The development of the transistor will make possible
new types of electronic equipment which will use not
only transistors, but also electron rubes and other elec-
tronic components in increasing quantities. The com-
mercial application of transistors appears to be not tix>
distant, although a considerable time is probably required
before these units become commercially available on
.my sizable scale at low cost.

The intense interest in the transistor may be attrib-
uted to the fact that it performs functions similar to
those of electron tubes. The transistor is of particular

interest to equipment designers who sec many circuit
possibilities in its characteristics. It is small in size and
the power requirements for its operation are extremely
low. When suitable circuits are developed, space and
power requirements for complex electronic equipment
may be simplified to a large degree by the use of tran-
sistors. Another promising feature is that the operating
life of certain types of transistors shows indications of
being very long, thus minimizing replacement problems.
The physical ruggedness of the transistor offers other
obvious advantages. In addition, the transistor requires
no "warm up" time but will operate instantaneously
upon application of voltage to its electrodes.

It is anticipated that transistors will be improved in
many other respects.

At present, transistors will operate at frequencies
up to a few hundred megacycles, but the noise at low
frequencies is greater than that of electron tubes.
Besides, the power output is relatively low. Never-
theless, when the favorable characteristics of the tran-
sistor are weighed against its limitations, it appears
that this device, even in its present developmental
stage, is destined for many applications. The anticipated
improvements in characteristics undoubtedly will create
new and expanding fields of use. At the same time,
the principles of semiconduction in solids may be ex-
pected to play an increasing part in the development
of many new electronic devices, of which the present
transistor is but the first.

There are two types of transistors of major interest
at this time — the point-contact type and the junction
type. The point-contact transistor was developed first
and has performed at higher frequencies. In many

Part of a single germanium crystal
"grown" from a crystal seed. As
many as 7,000 transistors con be
obtained from the crystal shown.

RADIO AGE 7

Developmental junction-type transistor before and after
embedment in plastic container, shown here in com-
parison with pencil point.

applications, however, the junction transistor promises
to be as important as the point-contact type. In com-
parison with point-contact transistors, the junction types
have lower noise, liigher power gain, greater efficiency,
and higher power-handling capabilities, but presently
are more limited in frequency re.sponse.

At first, the frequency response of the point-contact
transistor appeared to be limited to frequencies in the
neighborhood of 4 or 5 megacycles. Recently such
transistors have been made to oscillate as high as 300
megacycles. Currently, the simple junction transistor has
been made to amplify up to several megacycles and the
limits are being rapidly raised.

The power capabilities of either the point-cont.ict
or the junction transistors depend largely on the rate
at which heat can be removed from the active portion.
There are no basic limitations imposed by the electronic
principles of transistor devices which will prevent the
attainment of high powers. With relatively simple
special cooling means, particularly with the junction
types, it is possible to design units with outputs up to
a watt or more.

The life expectancy of transistors is largely dependent
on electrical and physical considerations. Realization
of tens of thousands of hours does not .seem unlikely in
normal operation. Transistors can be physically rugged.
They can be made practically impervious to moisture
and the elements. Resin-embedded units have withstood
impact acceleration of 1,900 times gravity and centrif-
ugal acceleration of 31,000 times gravity. Transistors

have been immersed in water for several months, with
practically no effect on their characteristics.

Although high ambient temperature is now a limita-
tion, developments indicate progress in lowering this
barrier. No damage occurs to the transistor during
storage from minus 94° F to 212° F. Operation over
the wide ambient range of minus 94° F to 122° F is
practical and higher ambient temperatures will be
feasible if proper attention is given to heat dissipation.

Vnijortnity of Characteristics

Uniformity of characteristics comparable to that
of the electron tube seems possible. The art of crystal
growing is rapidly progressing and the uniformity of
germanium has progressed to the point where various
transistor characteristics such as current amplification,
power gain, feedback resistance, and input and output
resistance have been controlled within ± 25^7-.

At present, the characteristics of high gain, low
noise, greater stability, higher efficiency and higher
power capabilities indicate that the junction transistor
will be used principally as oscillators and amplifiers at
lower frequencies. Another feature of the junction
transistor is its ability to oscillate with power inputs
around a millionth of a watt. It is anticipated that
further development will increase the frequency limits
and broaden circuit usefulness.

On the other hand, the point-contact transistot may
be applied to very-high-frequency ciraiits wherever
noise is not a limiting factor. Another feature of
the point-contact transistor is the negative resistance
properties which are especially useful in counter and
similar circuits. Negative resistance means that an
increase in current flow decreases rather than increases
the drop in voltage.

Coiiniiercial Use Appears Near

Estimates of the time when transistors will be avail-
able in quantity for production of salable products must
be somewhat speculative.

Engineering of some types of transistors has reached
an advanced stage. The problem of providing adequate
supplies of processed germanium with proper char-
acteristics at reasonable costs remains to be worked out.
Also, quantity manufacturing processes, machinerj' and
other facilities are yet to be developed.

Limited application in special devices where cost
.ind quantity are not major factors is close at hand.
Wider use in quantity production, such as consumer
home instruments, is dependent on the availability of
processed germanium and production facilities.

8 RADIO AGE

KPTV, Portland, First Commercial
UHF Television Station on Air

Tnuisniilhr tl.\it ALui- Tihrisioii I hslur\ .it BriJofpoit Conn.,
Usui in Onoon to SpuJ TV

N .1 surprise move made possible by round-the-clock
labors of engineers and construction crews, station
KFrV, pioneer commercial UHF station, went on the
air in Portland, Oregon, at midnight on September 18.
Since that time, an increasing (low of TV receivers and
L'HF Selectors into the Oregon city has made it possible
for the station's images to be viewed by thousands of
residents. Reports of reception have been enthusiastic
m their appraisal of the picture clarity and signal strength
throughout the city and in some instances as far as
40 miles from the transmitter site on Council Crest, a
1,000 fotit hill near Portland. The speed with which
KPTV was put into operation brought praise from a
large segment of the industry and from the citizens of
Portland.

Regular programming by the station began on
October 1 with a special pick-up from New York dur-
ing which FCC Commissioner Paul A. Walker and Brig.
General David SarnofF extended their congratulations to
the station and its owner.

Speaking from Washington, D. C, Chairman Walker
referred to KPTV as the "harbinger" of a new era of
expansion for American television. He commented
upon the speed with which the station was installed at
Portland by its owner, Herbert Mayer, President of The
limpire Coil Company, Inc.

Upon completion of Commissioner Walker's re-
marks, the program switched to New York where Miss
Sandra Mayer, on behalf of her father, presented to
Cieneral Sarnoff a citation in appreciative recognition of
tlic manifold benefits which the Radio Corporation of
America has contributed to the development and growtli
of television as well as to the planning and research
that made it possible for KPTV to begin broadcasting
at that time on UHF.

"In bringing television to Portland, Nfr. Mayer and
his associates have acted in the traditional pioneering
spirit of the great Northwest," General SarnofT said.
"They are blazing a new trail which leads to and from
all parts of the country.

"As a triumph in radio exploration," he said, "the
opening of the UHF spectrum may well be compared
with the historic Lewis and Clark expedition that opened

Pro^rjni.s to ihc Norlhnrst

up tlic nortliwcst wilderness and made valuable scientific
collections and observations. As those famous explorers
pushed westward overland through forests, over rivers
and mountains, so RCA research scientists and engineers
for more than 25 years have conducted an expedition in
the wilderness of space. To reach the goal of UHF they
had to develop new electronic tools, new types of elec-
tron tubes and other equipment. . . . Indeed, it may
be said of UHF, as it was said of the Lewis and Clark
expedition, 'Few feats of exploration excel this in
romantic interest.'

"These ultra-high frequencies are of great signific-
ance to the future of television, " General SarnofF said.
"Hundreds of new channels bring additional millions of
Americans into range of television programs, not only
for entertainment and news but for education.

"Chairman Walker and his associates on the Federal
Communications Commission are to be highly com-
mended for their great interest in bringing the new
trails of UHF into service. By licensing new stations
they now encourage the television broadcasters to make
{Continued on page 30)

Engineers in control room of KPTV making final adjust-
ments as station prepared to go on air.

RADIO AGE 9

Coaxial transmission lines lead from central television receiving

antenna on Mt. Belknap to Laconic, six miles away. At right: Close-up

of Antenaplex tower on 2,400-foot mountain.

Antenaplex Brings TV Programs
to New Hampshire City

-ESIDENTS of the industrial and resort city of Laconia,
New Hampshire, who have been denied dependable
television reception are now able to enjoy TV programs
through the medium of an RCA Community Antenaplex
system, the first to be installed in New England. Located
85 miles from Boston, I.aconia's nearest source of TV
programs, this community of 15,000 has been balked
in its attempts to pick up the signals of station WBZ-TV
in the Massachusetts capital because of the ranges of
mountains and hills that rise between the two points.

To bring the signals over the mountains, RCA engi-
neers, after a survey of the terrain, selected a site for the
antenna on 2,400-foot Mt. Belknap, six miles from
the center of Laconia. From a 40-foot tower erected on
the peak, cable was laid down the mountainside to a
distributing network installed throughout the residential
section of the city. Residents who contract for service
tap into the system through a TV baseboard outlet in
their homes and are able to receive all available stations
without individual rooftop antennas.

Some of the problems encountered in installing the
system were described by speakers at the gala opening
of Laconia's Antenaplex service on June 25.

As the principal speaker at the ceremonies, Governor
Sherman Adams of New Hampshire told how workmen
had struggled through the snow and rainstorms of last
winter to bring television to the community.

"There was no road for the last half mile," he pointed
out, "and hundreds of pounds of equipment had to be
carried up that slope. I think it was a real demonstration
of Yankee grit.

"Today," he added, "we see the results of that tre-
mendous effort — television reception that compares
favorably with the best anywhere."

Robert M. Macrae, RCA Regional Manager for the
Northeastern Region, told the gathering that the Laconia
installation would provide a pattern for the entire region.

He said, "I expect soon to see scores of other moun-
tain-locked towns in this area enjoying good television.
With community Antenaplex, there is no reason why
TV reception in all New England can't compare favor-
ably with that enjoyed in any other section of the nation."

10 RADIO AGE Workmen drew hundreds of pounds
of TV equipment up last half-mile
of roadless, snow-covered mountain.

-t=^-

NBCs New TV Center on West Coast
Finished in Record Time

Roomy StiiJios jiui Scrricc Oiurhrs IziiihJy
Ldti'st AJyjiius III DiSioii JiiJ Construction

NLY a few weeks ago rwo huge slabs of concrete
rising like monoliths amidst piles of lumber, a con-
tractor's hut, scattered building materials and debris,
dominated a -i8-acre site at the busy intersection of
Alameda and Olive Streets in Burbank, California.
Today, passing motorists see in the same spot two large
television studios and a vast service building operating
at high speed. This is the first unit of NBC's new West
Coast TV headquarters.

Unlike the usu.il motion picture theatre with its
small stage and maximum seating capacity, the NBC
studios have been designed in reverse. While the stages
are large, each auditorium has seats for only 500. The
remainder of the 90- by 140-foot studios h.as been set
aside fur scener)', .icting, an operating area for cameras,
booms and associated equipment.

As the result of a suggestion by NBC star Red
Skelton, arrangement of the seating area varies slightly
from the normal. Skelton suggested that seats in the
west studio start from seven feet above floor level, so
that cameramen could move farther back underneath the
seats for long shots.

In addition to the production space, the first floor of
each studio includes a foyer, a conference room, prop-
erties room, producers' offices, an echo chamber, lens
storage closet, lighting and technical equipment storage
rtxjms, and a sound effects room.

Spacious Facilities for Stars

Other facilities will mclude five dressing rooms for
stars, equipped with showers, three makeup rooms,
two quick-change rooms, one large wardrobe room, a
steam rcKim, a rubdown nwm with showers, and rest
r(.K>ms at each end of the main corridor. The dressing
room section occupies a space 3.^ feet by 140 feet.

A second fliwr has seven additional dressing rooms,
the control r(X)ms, equipment ro<ims, engineers' lounge
and more rest rooms. Another 10 dressing rooms — four
for choruses, which also can be used as rehearsal halls —
.1 makeup stor.ige room and telephone equipment area
•ire housed in the basement between the adjoining
buildings.

The one-ston' service buildins;. 140 feet bv 180 feet.

contains two large rehearsal halls, a carpentry shop,
paint shop and large storage areas for scenery and other
materials. The overall dimensions of the TV Head-
quarters are 305 feet by 210 feet.

Shows televised in the new Burbank studios normally
will go onto the coaxial cable through NBC's "Radio
City" at Sunset and 'Vine in Hollywood. If normal relay
facilities should fail, however. Burbank will be able to
beam its programs direct to the NBC transmitter atop
Mt. Wilson, northeast of Los Angeles, for telecasting.
Large dish-type transmitting antennas are being installed
on the Toai of the studio building to provide this safety
factor. A hve-mile extension to the transcontinental
video cable has been installed along the Cahuenga free-
way through the Hollywood mountains, connecting
NBC-Burbank with NBC-Hollj'wood.

Concrete W alls liuilt on Groinul

Structural innovations speeded up the construction
work. For example, instead of erecting lofty wooden
forms for walls and columns, the reinforced concrete
panels — a total of nearly 150 units — were poured in
advance on the ground and lifted into place by giant
cranes, a feat in itself. Erecting the panels — each
weighing 16 tons — one on top the other, required in-
genuity. This was accomplished by lifting one panel,
or half-wall, turning it sideways, inserting it between
the columns, then turning it b.ick and bringing it into
position.

To Gordon Strang goes much of the credit for com-
pleting the job on schedule, according to John K. West,
vice president in charge of NBC's Western Division.
Strang joined NBC in 1927, soon after he had visited
WEAF. NBC's original New York outlet, to install
telegraph facilities for handling election returns. He
liked what he saw of the company, applied for a job and
a few weeks later, much to his surprise, was invited to
join the network, then only one year old. Since then, he
has participated in setting up most of NBC's owned-
and-of>erated radio stations outside of New York. In
recent years he has been concerned with the construction
of NBC television plants in Washington, New York,
Chicago and Hollywood.

ill

RAD\0 AGE n

O. B. Hanson, NBC vice president and chief engineer
checks a line on the Burbank site. With him are Roy
Ward, engineer-builder; William Hamby, design con-
sultant, and Sol Kornberg, NBC production executive.

One of the two main studios at Burbank as it neared
completion. Elevated control room is at the right.

Before Strang's arriwil in liurb.mk, the project al-
ready had been launched by joe Arnone as supervisor
of construction, working under O. B. Hanson, NBC Vice
President and Chief Engineer. Earl Rettig, chief of TV
operations for the Western Division, and Ed Sobol,
production executive, contributed ideas on the recjuired
staging facilities and on the layout of the service build-
ing. Howard Johnson, TV production facilities super-
visor in Hollywood, and his assistants, Joe Tichener,
cliief scenic artist, and Brice Reid. c.irpentry chief, were
consulted on makeup rooms, wardrobe quarters and the
arrangement of shop facilities. Control rooms, technical
equipment and lighting came under the supervision of
Bob Clark, chief video engineer for the Western Divi-
sion; Paul Gale, head of station relations and tratfic,
handled details on wire and telephone facilities.

The new TV Headquarters, which is expected to
expand through the years, is the result of a decision
NBC executives made in 1951 to go ahead with its own
television center rather than continue to invest increas-
ingly more in leasing and buying theatres for its ex-
panding video network. Property was purchased from
nearby Warner Bros. Studios and the City of Burbank.
In February, 1952, pencil was first put to paper but it
was not until last April that ground actually was broken
and plans made to complete the project this Fall.

J 2 RADIO AGE

A huge crane swings a 16-ton concrete panel into place
as part of the studio's outer wall.

Rain ond snow ore two of the numerous visual effects made to order for the producers of NBC television dromas.

It Isn't Always as You See It— on TV

Thcrcs Air and Magic in Piockking Visual Effccrs rh.

ill. '

Icighrcn

Drama of Television Programs

By James Glenn

Manager. Singing Services.
National Broadcasting Company

E — in Special Effects — are known, among other
things, as the "meteorologists" of television. We are
responsible for simulating such natural phenomena as
rain, fog, fire, smoke, snow and wind; such supernatural
phenomena as multiple images and distorted scenes; and
such visual gags of the Ed VCynn type as exploding hats
and collapsing cameras. When a TV script calls for a
special effect, it is up to us to produce it. And so far,
our batting average is close to 1000.

NBC's rain comes in three sizes: small, synthetic
and wet. In that order, ( 1 ) a common, garden-type
watering can may be emptied just in front of a camera;

(2) synthetic rain is made by glamme, a cellophane-
like plastic woven into cloth, the strip of which is
attached to a drum and rapidly revolved. One camera
shoots the actual scene, the other shoots the revolving
glamme — and the superimposed images make it rain;

(3) wet rain, on a 12- by 2i-foot scale, is produced by
a sprayer system installed above the scene to be televised.
The water falls into a tank which is under the floor
boards on which the actor stands and is re-circulated by
an acoustically treated pumping unit. The tank is treated
with excelsior or glass wool to avoid noisy "plops" which
would rob the scene of conviction. It goes without

saying that this is the most effective of all rains.

We also have several ways to make snow. Falling
snow can be produced by a plastic spray; bleached corn-
flakes (a Hollywood standby that is a little noisy for
television;; confetti (very convincing except that it
doesn't melt indoors), and a powdered ice (it melts,
but the mechanical system needed is too noisy). We
are currently working on a device that will create a
synthetic snowfall a viewer won't be able to tell from
the real thing.

For a dressing of snow, we find that powdered
gypsum, marble dust and dairy salt are all good. For
snow banks or window ledges, dairy salt is first piled to
the desired form, then lightly sprayed with water to give
it a crusty, frozen look. Real open fires are stringently
limited in NBC television productions by the fact that
film is stored both in the RCA building and at NBC's
1 06th Street studio building. Where actual flames are
unavoidable for close-ups of fire-places, we have evolved
"logs" made of stovepipes covered with plaster and
asbestos. Shredded waste asbestos is soaked with wood
alcohol and tucked in among the logs. Chunks of
"frozen" alcohol, resting in trays under the logs, are
ignited, couching off the alcohol-soaked asbestos, and
creating a controllable flame. For best photographic
effect the flame is colored by the use of various chemical
formulae.

Synthetic fires, fine for long shots, are produced by
lightweight silk or nylon gauze cut into flame shapes

RADIO AGE f3

A bird's-eye view of a city serves as a back-drop to
create a realistic impression of height for a TV "thriller".

and attached to a diffusion chamber which contains
lights and a connection with a blower system. Even
candle flames can be simulated in this manner with
miniature mechanisms, driven by tlashliglu batteries,
concealed in the candlestick.

Smoke is made by special pellets dropped on electric
hot plates or by igniting tobacco in a tube to which a
hand syringe, acting as a pump, is attached. Occasion-
ally, for smoky explosions, magician's cotton or flash
powder is set off by an electric charge.

"Martin Kane, Private Eye," gets hit on the head at
least once a week. Until recently, the cameraman put
tlic TV audience in Kane's predicament by throwing
the camera in and out of focus. This is a relatively slow
method. About to be used — for this and other super-
natural effects — is a distortion lens, which, when rotated,
gives a dreamlike, out-of-this-world image. Prismatic
lenses, which turn images upside down or multiply them
eightfold, can be rotated by a crank to create all kinds
of weird impressions.

The "Flexitron," an electronic device, distorts an
image under controlled conditions and is used not only
for such supernatural effects as were created during the
three-part "Peer Gynt" production but also to give mo-
tion to the titles at the beginning of TV dramas.

On a recent "RCA Victor Show " on NBC, Harpo
Marx was rebuked by a headwaiter for an untidy dining
table — dirty dishes, overturned glasses, empty bottles,
empty bottles, full ashtrays. One second later an abused
Harpo pointed to the table and revealed an impeccable
setting with clean dishes, sparkling glassware, full wine
bottles, flowers arranged artistically in the center. On
the same show the wretched Harpo fed nickels continu-
ously to a parking meter, which registered a violation
each time he turned his back.

All this was done without trick photography. For
instance, the table was a two-sided affair, pivoted in the

center, the top cut out along the pattern of the table
cloth. Dishes, glassware and silverware were screwed
down. Harpo had only to push down on one end of the
table and the top Hipped over revealing the other setting.
The dummy parking meter registered a violation every
time a stage-hand off-camera, pulled a string releasing
a pin that held down the indicating sign.

One of the department's proudest accomplishments
is the fog-making machine. With it we can produce
realistic fog that will swirl, hang and allow the actors
to walk through it. Prior to the development of the
machine, TV fog had been produced by smoke candles,
which give off an acrid vapor irritating to nose and
throat. Smoke-candle fog was neither predictable, con-
sistent nor realistic. It looked like what it was: smoke
not fog.

Another fog-making method was to blow steam on
dry ice. This method is still used in smaller studios
where it is necessary to get rid of the fog quickly, but
it is not desirable for a full-scale, sustaining fog. Still
another method was to shoot the scene through a smoke-
filled glass chamber, a procedure which tends to drop
a veil — both physically and psychologically — between
the viewer and the actor.

The new machine, an electric Rube Goldberg-type
marvel, atomizes a special oil, which is then vaporized
by being sprayed on a hot plate. In other words, it
becomes smoke and no longer globules of oil. The vapor
is blown through an acoustically treated compartment,
passed through dry ice, and exuded under low air pres-
sure. Two of these machines can fill a vast studio like
NBC's huge 8-H in less than three minutes. Moreover
the devices are so well muffled that they can be operated
noiselessly within four feet of a microphone.

A few drops of chemical squeezed into a liquid produces
a cloud of vapor that can be photographed for television.

U RADIO AGE

NBC Opera Telecasts Scheduled

Eighr Works IncliieliULi Two PrciiiKTcs aiul .1 Kcpc.u IViformancc of
"Amahl and rhc Nighr X'lsirors" in Fall-Winrcr Scries

E„

/IGHT opera presenc.uions, includini; the American
premiere of Benjamin Britten's "Billy Budd " and the
first professional jserformance of Leonard Bernstein's
"Trouble in Tahiti," are to be given in the 1952-33
season of the NBC Television Opera Theatre. The an-
nouncement was made by Samuel ChotzinoflP, NBC
ijeneral music director. As in previous years, the series
will be under the musical and artistic direction of Peter
Herman Adier, with Chotzinoff as producer.

The se.ison also will include a virtually complete
version of Richard Strauss' "Der Rosenkavalier, " to be
given in two segments. Puccini's "Suor Angelica," the
second of his triptych of one-act operas, also will appear
in the schedule. Gian Carlo Menotti's "Amahl and the
Night Visitors," first telecast on Christmas Eve, 1951,
will be reflated this season.

Eight of the television presentations will be offered
monthly on Sundays. The opening opera was "Billy
Budd" on October 19. The performance ran an hour
and a half, starting at 2:30 p.m. Theodor Uppmann,
baritone, who created the title role in London and Paris,
was seen again in this pare.

Leonard Bernstein's "Trouble in Tahiti," revised
since its presentations at Brandeis University and Tangle-
wood, will be given as the second opera in the schedule
on Nov. 16 at 3:00 p.m. This opera runs about 40 min-
utes. The remaining time in the one-hour telecast will be
devoted to a ballet presentation with music by Bernstein.

Gian Carlo Menotti's phenomenally successful
"Amahl and the Night Visitors" will be repeated in
I3ecember, probably near Christmas time. Menotti again
will stage the work, with Thomas Schippers as con-
ductor. The same sets and costumes of Eugene Berman
will be used. Menotti is searching for another Amahl
since 13-year-old Chet Allen, who sang the role twice
on NBC last season, is no longer a soprano.

Op>eras for January and February have not yet been
scheduled, but probably will be selected from the stand-
ird opera repertoire.

In March, "Suor Angelica" will be given. This
opera has an all female cast and is set in a convent. NBC
Opera last season presented the other two of this triprj'ch
of one-act operas, "Gianni Schicchi'" and "II Tabarro.""

RAD/O AGE 75

In April no ofKrra is scheduled, because "Der Rosen-
kavalier" will be given in two sessions, both in May.

The staff of the NBC Television Opera Theatre will
be largely the same as last year, with Charles Polachcck
as associate producer to Chotzinoff, and Kirk Browning
as television director.

All presentations of the NBC Television Op)era
Theatre are given in English.

Scene from NBC's TV production of "Gianni Schicchi",
one-act opera by Giacomo Puccini.

Robert Weede and Elaine Malbin in last season's tele-
cast of Puccini's "The Cloak".

Watchdogs of Quality

Expert Technicians at RCA's Testing Laboratory Check the
Company s Products Before They Reach the Customer

By William J. Zaun,

Manager, Quality Conlrol,

RCA Service Co., Inc.

'ff the beaten track, in the pine woods at Browns
Mills, N. J., 30 miles due east from Camden, is the one
RCA showroom that the public never sees.

There, in a two-story brick building, a visitor would
see long rows of the latest TV sets, blocks of 45-rpm
record players, lines of air-conditioners, parades of table
radios, all hard at work, 24 hours a day. The television
screens are alive with pictures; the 45's are spinning;
the air-conditioners are extracting degrees Fahrenheit
from the atmosphere, and the forest-green radios have
their dials alight. Antennas of ever)' description, includ-
ing of course, the RCA Antenaplex, sprout from the
roof top. Outside the building stands a station-wagon,
rigged with three mobile-radio systems, one RCA and
two of competitive makes. This is the company's Field
Quality Testing Laboratory. From its operations come
information which contributes substantially to the
"priceless reputation of RCA. "

The Laboratory, operated by RCA Service Company,
bulges with products assembled for inspection under
the searching eyes of ten technician-judges. Products
for the tests are arriving constantly from the various
manufacturing plants throughout the country. In one
shipment from Indiana, for instance, there will be more
than 100 new models of TV consoles. At the same
time, a smaller quantity of competitors' receivers will
show up to be put through the same rigorous inspection.

All instruments are tested at once — two and three-
quarters of an hour "ON", one-quarter hour "OFF" —
24 hours a day — until each has been in operation for
100 hours, a period approximating the set's first-month
service in the average home.

These speeded-up tests are conducted to learn if
tirst-run instruments from the production line meet
specific standards of RCA quality. Other checks are
made to determine the margin of superiority over com-
petitive products. Competing sets are placed side by
side with those manufactured by RCA, and examined
by technicians for such characteristics as bandwidth,
overall gain, synchronizing action, as well as picture
definition. When special tests are desirable on new

76 RADIO AGE

products, they may continue for 1,000 hours or more.
L'pon the completion of the test period on television
sets, three types of reports are sent out:

( 1 ) A daily teletype report is dispatched to the
quality manager of the plant which made the
models under observation; a duplicate goes to
the engineering department. These messages
relate what was found wrong or report "no
fault." Special emphasis is placed on failure
of parts and tubes, cabinet defects and fringe
reception that falls below standard.

(2) At the end of each 100-hour test, a summarized
report is compiled, based on the sample lot
tested. This is inclusive, including model, line

Thirty-tv'o automatic record players, selected at ran-
dom from production lines, undergo life-tests.

The finest and most accurate instruments are available
for the many tests carried out at the Field Laboratory.

9 ^

Rows of table model radio sets (above) and new televi-
sion receivers (below) are subjected to on-and-ofF tests
for 100 hours or more while technicians watch for any
deviations from RCA standard of quality.

and the identity of the plant which turned out
any defective pans.
( 3 ) An overall or "management" document is com-
piled, according to originating plants. This part
of the program is carried out only after several
sample lots have been inspected.

If trouble reaches high percentages, the information
is rushed to Production or Engineering Departments
or both, in order that necessary changes may be made
immediately. Before these fcKilproof checks were started
in 1951, Production and Engineering had to wait, some-
times for as long as 25 weeks for reports from the field.

For the testing of TV sets. Browns Mills is an excel-
lent location. Signals are received there from Philadel-
phia, Wilmington and New York. The last — 60 miles
away — provides fringe-type reception conditions. Tele-
vision signals are brought in on both independent and
multi-antennas.

However, the success of the Quality program would
not be assured by the simple collection, analyzation,
and reporting of data. Coordination and team-work with
Quality Control Managers, Manufacturing Supervisors,
and supervisor)' Engineering personnel of the various
Instrument. Tube and Components' Plants play an im-
portant part in the program. A plant-wide quality
committee, consisting of representatives from the manu-
facturing plants, engineering, merchandising and serv-
ice, meeting regularly, review the overall RCA Victor
Quality level and its trends, and institute the necessary
action to assure unrelenting adherence to high standards.

RADIO AGE 17

mmamm.

"^''''

Benjamin Franklin was the central figure in an historical
program of the "American Inventory" series.

"Importance of child core" was one of the educational
offerings in NBC's experimental telecasts.

American Inventory — a Successful
Experiment in Adult Education by TV

An JULY 1951, NBC in cooperation with the Alfred
P. Sloan Foundation undertook a major television ex-
periment in adult education. The chief objective was
to present a series of educational and culniral "for in-
stance" telecasts to determine the most effective tech-
niques which TV might employ for the advancement of
public information and enlightenment. Since that time,
more than 50 programs, mainly on economics and the
social sciences, have been telecast, bringing high praise
from educators, the public and the nations press.

Because the program series was first considered as
an experiment, it was believed that there should be no
set pattern. Instead, it was decided that the word
"experiment" should be taken in the full scope of its
meaning: anything and everything should be tried.
This would include living newspaper techniques, drama
documentaries, panels with a difference, films, cartoons,
puppets, individually and in combinations.

Although a majority of programs so far have been
presented in "live" form, a more extensive use of film
is considered for the remaining shows in the current
series.

This change in emphasis was revealed in an an-
nouncement of plans for the coming year by William
Hodapp, the program's executive producer. Stock films,
Hodapp said, will be out, and "live" shows will be rela-
tively few.

There are two reasons for the change, Hodapp ex-
plained. "We want to go out more and more on loca-

tion throughout the country to tell the story of what
is at stake in America; we want to capture the person-
ality of particular American institutions and communi-
ties; we want to show what communities can do.

"And, also, we'd like 'American Inventory' to have
uses beyond the original TV screening. If we make our
own films, they can be made available to classrooms,
and we'd like what we've learned to be sent out to
groups. This would not be possible otherwise."

Another innovation for the coming year will be
a greater emphasis on star personalities. "We want to
go after big film stars and directors," Hodapp said,
"especially for films on economic subjects. "

A third new trend will find more interpretation of
industry's function in the American way of life. "We
want to try a new approach to industrial films," Hodapp
said. "Not a straight documentary, but something with
a human interest story grafted on."

Some of the subjects scheduled for Fall presentation
are:

"Social Security," a "Kukla. Fran and OUie" pro-
gram, their second for this series.

"Why Wait for a Million?" an on-location film
story of Thayer Hospital in Water\-ille, Me., a small
hospital that has attracted increasing attention for its
successful hospital-community relations.

"Foreign Students in the U. S.," an account, filmed
at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of this coun-
try's foreign student program.

?8 RADIO AGE

\tnr Historiuil Series on T^^—

''Victory at Sea"

V_-/LIM AXING more than 12 months of intense research
in lilm libraries and governmental archives, NBC's long-
awaited public ser\ice program series. "Victor)' at Sea"
will make its debut on October 26 at 3:00 pjn., EST.
Thereafter, it will be viewed at the same time on alter-
nate VC'ednesdays until the 26-parr video storv' of war-
time naval operations has been completed.

To insure the most accurate visual reporting of the
war at sea", NBC engaged the ser\ices of outstanding
authorities who virtually searched the world for film
strips. The original musical score for the program was
written by the distinguished American comp>oser,
Richard Rogers. Robert Russell Bennett arranged the
music which was recorded by the famed NBC Symphony
Orchestra under his direction. The entire score for "Vic-
tory at Sea" will comprise almost 13 hours of music,
the longest symphonic work ever written.

The program was produced through the establish-
ment of a special NBC unit, statfed by experts and
organized to the last detail. Robert W. Sarnoff, then
director of NBC unit productions and now Vice Presi-
dent in charge of NBC-T\"s newly created Film Divi-
sion, immediately envisaged the %'ast potentialities of a
public-sers'ice dramatic-documentary when he was ap-

proached two years ago with the idea for "Victor)' at
Sea" by Henry Salomon, naval historian. Sarnoff. whose
responsibilities then included "The Comedy Hour,"
"\'our Show of Shows," "All Star Revue" and "The
Kate Smith Hour," set machinery in motion that resulted
in "Victory at Sea." He helped arrange for complete
cooperation berween the network and the Navy, organ-
ized a production unit to create the program, and made
S,ilomon producer. He has served throughout the prepa-
ration of the series as its executive producer and co-
ordinator.

"Viaory at Sea" was assembled from more than
60.000,000 feet of film obtained from the files of 10
different governments and 26 different .igencies. Much
of the him. including captured German and Japanese
footage, will be seen for the first time. The attack on
Pearl Harbor, for instance, is seen largely through the
eyes of the Japanese. Submarine warfare in the Atlantic
is pictured to a considerable extent from films exposed
by U-boat crews.

Neither cost nor effort was spared by NBC in
searching for the exact sequences needed to depict
specific phases of the war. For instance, the editors
(Continued on page 32)

Left: Some of the millions of feet of film from which

editors selected sequences for the "Victory ot Sea"

series. Below: One of the exciting scenes from films

made available to NBC by the U. S. Navy.

//.«s«r;

RADIO AGE 19

Night Driving Made Safer
Electronic ''Eye''

J_/YE-BLINDING headlight glare, bane of night drivers
and one of the hazards of after-dark travel, has suc-
cumbed to the wizardry of a small tube developed by
RCA. The tube — a multiplier phototube — is the essen-
tial component in the "Autronic Eye", an automatic
headlight beam control developed by the Guide Lamp
Division of General Motors Corporation.

Mounted behind the windshield of an automobile,
the "Eye" sees what the driver sees and electronically
selects the safest headlight beam to suit approaching
road conditions. The "Eye" relieves the driver from the
responsibility of constantly operating the conventional
foot-switch to dim when approaching other cars or
entering well-lighted or dark streets and highways.

The phototube is extremely sensitive to light. When
it picks up light from approaching traffic, it triggers a
control circuit which dims the headlights of the car on
which it is installed, and keeps them dim until the other
vehicle or vehicles have passed. Similarly, it dims the
headlights when the car enters well-lighted streets, and
brightens them when the car enters darkened avenues.

Autronic Eye, containing small light-sensitive tube (in-
sert), electronic relay and control circuits, automatically
depresses bright beam when one or more cars approach
and raises beam when traffic has passed.

The device is available on several 1952 model auto-
mobiles and in due time may become standard equip-
ment on all vehicles because of the greater highway
safety and drivins; comfort it affords.

HOW THE AUTRONIC-EYE
WORKS

1 , Autronic-Eye keeps headlights bright
as long as approaching headlights
are beyond the glaring range.

2. Eye automatically shifts headlights
from upper to lower beam when
oncoming car approaches.

3. Maintains lower beam — even though
oncoming lights ore depressed — un-
til nearest car and others behind it
have passed.

Automatically returns headlights to
upper beam when all oncoming
cars have passed.

20 rad;o age

Tchrisioji in Canada

By F. R. Deakins
PrisiiUiil,

RCA Victor Compiiuy. Ltd.
Montreal. Camulii.

\^^ANAi)iANS, more tli.in 100,000 of whom have been
watching television from American border stations for
four years, have, since the second week in September.
been able to see regular scheduled programs originating
in their own country. In the Montreal area, where a
small number of set owners picked up distant American
stations on a haphazard basis, unscheduled experimental
programs went on the air in June and the first regular
telec.isting in Canada began on September 6.

Television as a Canadian activity is so new that it
is still viewed more as a technical marvel than simply
as entertainment. The public in both Toronto and
Montreal, the only two cities presently having television
transmitters, is buying receiving sets enthusiastically,
and Canadian homes in these areas are going through
the same e-arly stages of the new adventure experienced
by American TV audiences three or four years ago.
Just as Americans were doing in the years immediately
following the war, Canadians are adjusting themselves
to this medium of entertainment and education.

Canada's approach to the miracle of the second half
of the twentieth century has been more cautious and
more gradual than was that of the United States. For
the time being at least, telecasting in Canada is restricted
to stations built and operated by the Canadian Broad-
casting Corporation, a government-owned btxiy which
also operates the only radio networks in Canada. Later,
at a time still to be decided, private stations will enter
the television field and supplement the services of the
government-owned system, giving variety and more
intense local coverage to a medium which will probably
continue to be dominated on a national basis by the
CBC.

The delay in introducing television to Canada has
been due to two factors: first, the extremely high cost
of attempting to provide television coverage in a coun-
try which is spre.id .across -1,000 miles and has a popula-
tion approximating that of the State of New York; and
second, the desire on the part of Canadian authorities
to benefit from technical and programming experience
in the United States before making extensive expendi-
tures in Canada. As a result, the equipment being used

by the first two CBC television stations is of the highest
standard and based on that developed for the best televi-
sion stations in the United States.

Canadian television has been in the planning stage
since 1947 when the first Canadian engineers and pro-
gram staffs were assigned to study television as it then
existed in the United States, Great Britain and France.
Teams of prcxlucers and engineers visited stations in
New York, Chicago and the midwest and then continued
to London and Paris, reaping the benefits of knowledge
accumulated in those centres. On the basis of their
studies, television in Canada was organized and the
fruits of their labor were made available to Canadians
this year when the first programs went out over the
transmitters in Montreal and Toronto.

Proi^rann lelecast hi I'.ui^lish ami Vrciich

In the two cities, specially designed five-story struc-
tures are the operating headquarters of Canadian televi-
sion. Programs are on the air daily for an average of
three hours. In the afternoon a half hour is directed to
children, and two and a half hours in the evening for
adults. Programs are a mixture of live and film presen-
tations. In Montreal, half of the programs are in the
French language, the other half in English. Approxi-
mately 70 per cent of the citizens of Montreal speak
French.

Montreal's CBFT, with its RCA 5-kilowatt trans-
mitter located on top of Mount Royal, the mountain
park in the heart of the city, enjoys the distinction of
having been the first station to telecast in Canada. Early
last June, several weeks ahead of schedule, it was on the
air with test patterns, and in the last week in July was
telecasting International League baseball games. To the
great satisfaction of Montrealers who carr)' on year-
round competition with Toronto in everything from
sports to science, CBFT continued its priority and was
on the air two days ahead of Toronto with regular
programming in September.

Part of the credit for Montreal's performance belongs
to RCA Victor engineers who installed the transmitter
and temporary antenna on Mount Royal. Long before
any actual construction work began groups of CBC
technicians were taken to Camden and to the David
Sarnoff Research Center of RCA in Princeton, N. J., to
see RCA equipment. These trips were followed by
visits to NBC where similar equipment could be seen
in operation.

RADIO AGE 21

In 1950, an order was received for a TT5A standard
5 k\v transmitter, the maximum power available at
that time, and for a three section siiperturnstile antenna
designed for Channel 2. For approximately a year the
CBC was negotiating with the city of Montreal to secure
a transmitter site on the moimtain top. When these
negotiations were successfully completed, the transmitter
was brought to Montreal and instructions were received
to go ahead with the necessary engineering plans and
drawings for installation.

Meanwhile, CBC proceeded with construction of its
building, allowing space for a 20-kw amplifier and an
additional transmitter which will be installed later when
French and English programs are telecast simultaneously
on different channels. As the work proceeded, public
interest increased and CBC, which was more or less
committed to go on the air by the fall of 1952, was
anxious to be telecasting experimentally before that.
Then the steel shortage intervened and it appeared that
completion of the tower in time might be impossible.

RCA Victor engineers were informed of CBC's
problem and offered their assistance in overcoming it.
A temporary antenna seemed to be the only solution.
Our engineers told CBC: "We will design one for you
from scratch and have it ready in time". The offer was
accepted. An order for the temporary antenna was
received on February 21; on May 29 it was completed

and on June 3 it was installed, tested and was operating
under its full power.

Installation of the transmitter commenced April 7
and was completed on June 19. After going through its
performance test and following minor adjustments which
are always necessary on new installations, it was ac-
cepted by CBC on June 23. RCA Victor engineers in
the Montreal plant designed the complete transmitter
installation and supervised all preliminary telecasts.
Bruce MacKimmie, antenna specialist; Bob Nonon,
transmitter engineer, and John Jackson, supervisor, all
of the Montreal RCA Victor plant, handled the installa-
tion under the direction of H. B. Seabrook, chief of the
Engineering Products division of the Canadian com-
pany. For the final check on performance, Ray Colvin.
service engineer, was brought from Camden in order
that CBC might have the advantage of his experience
on many similar jobs in the United States.

Full cooperation from the CBC technical staff,
thoroughly designed equipment from RCA Victor's
plant, and competent engineering combined to make
possible Canada's first telecasting well ahead of schediJe.
A three-section superturnstile antenna and two FM
antennae are still to go up and, eventually, that second
TV transmitter to take care of the second language
programs. In the meantime CBFT is on the air and is
being received in points as far away as eighty miles,
with clear reproduction.

Station CBFT's antenna on Mount Royal looks down on this view of Montreal's business section.

mr--*

'''^^

^* >:Wi

Workmen rig a temporary television antenna atop the
transmitter building of CBFT, Montreal.

Montreal and Toronto, of course, are only the
beginning. While each city has a potential television
audience of more than 2,000,000 people, another ten
million people across Canada are impatiently await-
ing the day when they will get in on Canad.i's biggest
show. Toronto is now linked with Buffalo, N. Y., by
microwave and can handle live programs from there,
but for some months to come Montreal will view only
shows originating outside the city on kinescope record-
ings. The Bell Telephone Company is installing a
series of 12 microwave relay stations between Toronto
and Montreal via Ottawa, and this first television net-
work in Canada is scheduled to open in June 193.r It
estimated that a similar network, coast-to-coast, will
cost at least $50,000,000.

Television on a semi-national basis will be established
in what CBC refers to as its second stage. Transmitters
are planned for Quebec City. Ottawa,Windsor. Hamilton,
London, ^X'innipeg and Vancouver, with only the Ottawa
transmitter now having reached the blueprint stage.
Ottawa, it is expected, will be on the air with programs
fed mainly from Toronto and Montreal, by mid-1953.
Other cities in stage two will probably have to wait
another two years with Atlantic and Pacific coast cities
scheduled for about five years from now.

Test pattern shows up on RCA Victor control console
installed at CBFT transmitter.

Canadian and U. S. television representatives ot ofTiciol
opening of CBFT. Left to right: C. B. Denny, NBC vice
president, and Mrs. Denny; Donald Monson, CBC Gen-
eral Manager; Paul A. Walker, FCC Chairman; Thomson
A. Moore, assistant to President of RCA Victor, Ltd., and
Andre Quimet, CBC assistant co-ordinator of television.

When the network as envisioned by CBC is com-
pleted, private stations will be invited to join. Only
then will television coverage in Canada approach that
now available in radio, and when that status is reached,
Canada will then be able to see itself on the television
screen from coast to coast.

RADIO AGE 23

Tactful Technicians

The RCA nun who srn'icrs your I V
set iiiiis! jolhnr iiioir thdti 40 rules
of Couducl Courtesy JiiJ Diplonidcy

I I E won't take refreshments in your home, even if
you urge him. And he won't smoke unless he's specifi-
cally invited to do so. He may not like having you, your
children, and your Great Dane looking over his shoulder
while he's working, but he's tactful enough not to show
his annoyance. There are more than 40 other rules that
govern his conduct while he's in your home.

This polite, patient man is a carefully trained installa-
tion and service technician from the RCA Service Com-
pany. Technical ability isn't enough to qualify these
men for their jobs. Their training also includes a firm
grounding in courtesy and diplomacy.

"The best T\' technician in the world doesn't meet
our requirements unless he practices unfailing courtesy
and tact in his dealings with our customers," E. C.
Cahill, president of the Service Company, states em-
phatically. "Good customer relations means bread and
butter to us. It's as simple as that."

The company goes to great lengths to insure customer
satisfaction through courteous treatment and prompt,
efficient service. And that goal is achieved by a con-
tinuing program carried out in all of the service branches
the company maintains throughout the country.

A big feature of this program is the President's Cup
campaign, inaugurated last spring by Frank M. Folsom,

A new owner of RCA television receives operating
instructions from a service technician.

president of the Radio Corporation of America.
Launched on the theme, "Fix It for Sure; Fix It for
Keeps," the drive was designed to stimulate inter-branch
competition in efforts to achieve exceptional perform-
ance in maintaining customer satisfaction.

The contest proved successful, and another phase,
keynoted by the slogan, "Counesy Counts, 'Workman-
ship Wins," was launched last fall. The third phase,
which ended in June, stressed prompt service with the
theme, "TNT — Today, Not Tommorrow."

After each phase of the contest is completed, winning
TV service branches are selected on the basis of those
receiving the fewest customer complaints. Managers
of winning branches are invited to a ceremony in New
York, at which they are personally presented w'ith the
President's Cup by Mr. Folsom. Each victorious man-
ager, on his return, is host to employees of his branch
and their families at a dinner held in recognition of
this achievement.

Does this emphasis on courteous service pay oflF?
Hundreds of unsolicited letters from customers says it
does. Complaints have been reduced as a result of the
program. And some of the complimentary letters would
warm the cockles of an advertising man's heart.

"Just a word to congratulate you on the caliber of
your local organization. . . ."

RCA Service Company manuals, such as the tech-
nicians' handbook, "The Care and Treatment of Tele-
(Contintied on page 30)

Three of the manuals prepared for the guidance of
RCA Service personnel.

24 RADIO AGE

Color Book jor TV Scenery Designer

By Albert W. Protzman,

Technical Pruduction Director.
Niitiomil Brotulcastitig Co.

MAGiNE a television stage scene as it would be
viewed from the TV studio: The set designer has ex-
ecuted the background in the soft tones of grayed gold;
the star is wearing a gown of ultramarine blue; the
leading man is clad in a suit of medium gray, and the
dominating piece of stage property is a divan covered
in a brocade of warm green.

To the studio audience, the visual picture in color
is a satisfying one, impressive and in the proper mood
of the play. But strangely, the thousands who are watch-
ing the same scene on their home TV receivers in
monochrome are left cold, unresponsive, unimpressed.
To them, the video screen picture — in sharp distinc-
tion to the scene viewed by the studio audience —
appears flat with an almost complete absence of tonal
contr.ist between the costumes of the cast and the stage
properties and scenery. In this imagined scene, some
vital change has taken place between camera and re-
ceiver screen to nullify the best work of designers, pro-
ducers and cameramen.

Unfonunate situations similar to this one have not
been uncommon in television. The basic cause was the
inability of the TV camera to convert the different
colors of the scene into correspondingly contrasting
shades of black and white. In the particular setting just
described, the grayed gold, ultramarine blue, gray and
green would have appeared on viewers' screens as a
monotonously uniform tone of slate gray.

But NBC has taken positive steps to see that such
incongruities won't happen again on its network. After
months of methodical labor, the author and Cliff Stiegel-
bauer. NBC Supervisor of Design, have completed
preparation of a reference book which removes all
element of chance in selecting colors and color com-
binations for the most effective black-and-white TV
presentations.

Preparation of a reference book of this kind would
have been useles in the early days of television when
the iconoscope was the standard camera tube, because
the "ike" was not stable in its color response." Different
tubes responded in different ways. But the RCA image
orthicon — the present standardized camera tube — is
being mass-produced with a dependable and specific
spectral response. This response was used as the start-
ing ptiint for the NBC color charts.

When the study of color versus bl.ick and white
w.is begun, it was essential first to establish a workable
range in the gray scale, that is, from light gray to near
black. As a basic source of comparison it was decided
to utilize the accurate and standard Munsell Gray Scale.
The Munsell system grades tones from black to white
and arbitrarily numbers them from 1 to 9.5, but be-
cause the television system cannot successfully tolerate
this wide contrast, it was necessary to confine the range
between ii2 black to i±8.5 white. Munsell #2 black
reflects only ?i^l of the light striking it while the
#8.5 hue, called "television white," reflects 63.5% of
incident light.

By actual tests it was found that a video picture could
be more accurately reproduced if tlic- reflectance of
scener)', whether in color or in monochrome, were held
within this restricted contrast range.

Preparation of the NBC Color Book was a long,
tedious job. There were 192 colors to test and each
color was broken down into four tints and three shades.

In its final form, the NBC book — which is not
available for general distribution — consists of 14 pages,
iCnntiniicJ on pai^c 32)

The author (left) measures the temperoture of the studio
illumination as ClifF Stiegelbouer holds a red-orange
cord against a gray scale. The comparison shows that
this particular hue will be reproduced on TV screens
as Munsell =7 gray.

RADIO AGE 25

An RCA industrial TV camera scans
passing freight cars and transmits the
moving images to a recorder who
notes the car numbers and other
essential data.

TV Demonstrates Usefulness
in Railroad Field

E\v uses of television in railroading which may
save time, money, and wear-and-tear on both rolling
stock and personnel have been explored in tests con-
ducted recently by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and
RCA at the railroad's Barr Yard in Chicago.

At demonstrations attended by the press and officials
of the B. & O. and 28 other railroads, RCA used three
of its newly developed "pint-size" Vidicon industrial TV
systems to enable personnel in sheltered fixed locations
to perform functions normally requiring both extra
movement of freight cars and walking by employes over
considerable distances.

Instead of walking among trains and over tracks to
list car numbers on an incoming train, for use in switch-
ing to make up trains destined for various sections of
the country, a checker sat before a television screen and
listed the numbers as cars passed before a small un-
attended camera. Similarly, supervisors in a single loca-
tion were enabled to observe on the screens of two TV
receivers, for the purpose of coordinating various activi-
ties, the disposition and movement of all cars and
switching engines in the big classification yard. These
views were picked up by two of the new small TV
cameras, mounted atop the yardmaster's tower on bases
that could be rotated at will by means of controls at
the receiver location.

At a luncheon at the Union League Club preceding
the special press demonstration this afternoon, W. C.
Baker, B. & O. vice president in charge of operation and
maintenance, envisioned numerous other railroad appli-

cations of television and said that the medium may play
an important role in the railroading of the future.

Speaking for RCA Victor, W. W. Watts, vice presi-
dent in charge of the RCA Engineering Products De-
partment, reported that railroading is the newest and
one of the most challenging of a growing list of indus-
trial and scientific fields in which television promises
increased efficiency, improved products and services, and
elimination of risks and hardships for human observers.
He said that the use of television in such places as
factories, mines, laboratories, and railroad y,ards may
some day be as common and as significant as its use
today for home entertainment.

Object of the Chicago experiment, Mr. Baker said,
was "to determine whether industrial television will be
able to contribute to greater efficiency in the operations
of a railroad classification yard."

Other possible uses have been suggested. For ex-
ample, industrial television may prove to be useful at
large railroad-marine terminals, such as the B. & O.
operates in Baltimore. There, television might be used
to help supervise the loading of ore at the import ore
pier. Or, at the tipples of coal mines, television cameras
might be adjusted to enable a clerk in a distant office
to rcct)rd the serial numbers of cars which are being
loaded. Another possible application, it was pointed
out, would be in the inspection of car gear. Industrial
TV cameras operated from pits beneath the track or
suspended from above the cars would permit an in-
{ Continued on page 28)

26 RADIO AGE

Two-way Radio System Speeds Flow
of Materials in Steel Plant

-Hi; problem of maint.iinini; the orderly movement
of millions of steel parts as they are transferred from
one manufacturing process to another has been solved
by a Pennsylvania company throuj;li the use of an RCA
two-way radio communications system.

The Standard Pressed Steel Company of Jenkintown,
Pa., nine miles north of Philadclpliia, is the world's
largest producer of socket screws and fabricator of huge
numbers of other metal products. Ever)' day the plant
converts SO tons of steel into metal fasteners and shop
equipment, for industry and the armed forces. Among
these items are bolts for aircraft, and parts for jet, Diesel
and reciprocating engines.

To transfer the parts from one station in the pro-
duction lines to another. Standard relies on a fleet of
small, electrically-operated vehicles called fork lifts,
which cruise over the company's 15-acre plant and into
its yards. Before radio entered the picture, contact with
drivers of these lifts was maintained, after a fashion, by
phone calls, messengers, public address systems and
signal lights. All methods were either time-consuming

or provided only one-way contact. Radio eliminated
these drawbacks. Today, witii e.ich truck equipped with
an RCA Carfone unit, a driver can be directed instantly
to needed spots, or if he is on an assignment at the
time, can so inform the dispatcher.

Radio Gives More Output \rom 'irucks

Reuben Whittaker, Standard's Chief Expediter, has
summed up advantages of the RCA two-way communi-
cations system in this manner:

"We used to make dozens of phone calls and run our
legs ofT getting fork trucks to needed spots but now all
we do is call over our radio system and we get immediate
results. We can now get a truck in five minutes whereas
formerly it took half an hour. As a result we get more
output from each truck."

Then, there was the matter of employee morale. De-
fore the radio system was in operation, departments
often disagreed over the urgency of their respective
truckage needs. Now, that doesn't happen. When a
department needs a truck, Production Control reaches a

Dispatcher (left) at Standard Pressed Steel plant in

Jenkintown, Pa., is able to reach the operator of any

lift truck (below) in factory or yards, over the RCA

two-way radio system.

RAD/O AGE 27

Huge machines and stockpiles of metal do not affect the

operation of the interplant radio communications system

driver at once and the lift arrives within a few minutes.
As a result, everyone in the Standard plant is happier,
particularly the truck drivers. They have definite assign-
ments and no longer can be blamed for delays for which
they are not responsible. Moreover, with radio, the
drivers are protected from false accusations of loafing
on the job. When they leave their vehicles, they notify
the dispatcher who thus knows where they are and where
they can be reached at all times.

When RCA communications engineers first studied
the installation plans at Standard, there was some doubt
as to the efficiency of mobile radio in the plant. This
doubt arose because of the huge piles of steel stock and
the niunbcr of steel machines throughout the buildings.
Then there was the deafening din created by the galaxy
of thundering machinery. But tests carried out by RCA
proved the doubts unfounded.

Communications on the very-high frequencies (152-
174 megacycles) assigned by the FCC to "mobile indus-
trial radio" applications, was found to be unaffected by
the steel stockpiles and the steel-reinforced walls of
the building. The background noise, however, was a
tougher problem. With normal conversation in the
plants almost impossible, it seemed unlikely that the
driver of a fork lift could hear his loudspeaker above
the cacophony of sounds. Nor could the dispatcher hear
the driver's voice as the latter's words entered his micro-
phone along with the factory din. Again RCA found
the solutions.

On trucks operating in the noisiest areas, the conven-
tional loudspeakers were replaced with directional re-
entrant horns. These horns beamed the dispatcher's

Headsets for the fork lifts are placed at the left of the

operator with the transmitter-receiver installed behind

the seat (extreme right).

orders direct to the drivers and excluded confusing
sound. Next, the regular microphones were replaced by
noise-cancelling microphones which eliminated most of
the background noise.

The completed RCA installation at the Standard
Pressed Steel plant now consists of six radio units. One
semi-portable Carfone is located on the dispatcher's desk
and five mobile Carfone units are on the fork lifts,
operated from the trucks' storage batteries.

Television in Railroading

I Contiittied from page 26)
spector, sitting before a television screen in his yard
office, to examine the condition of equipment as each
car passed the inspection point.

"Someone once said," Mr. Baker added, "that a rail-
road is no better than its communications. And, the
better its communications, the better the railroad. If
this is true, then the great new communications medium
of television should have an important role to plav in
the railroading of tomorrow."

The new RCA 'Vidicon equipment is designed to
afford maximum simplicity, compactness, and ease of
operation; good picture quality; low-cost operation. The
system consists of only two units: a small, light-weight
camera, about the size of a 1 6mm home movie camera,
and a combination monitor-power supply-control unit
housed in a luggage-type case smaller than a home table
model TV set.

The equipment is designed around a new- RCA
camera tube, the Vidicon, which is only one inch in
diameter and six inches long, yet is almost as sensitive
as the much larger studio-type image orthicon tube.

28 RADIO AGE

Radio Workshop Ends Tendi Year

Almosr Unknow n Amid Hollvwoods Glamour. Summer School

Sponsored bv NBC and U.CX.A., i.s SucccsstuI hxampk

of Public Service in Fducarion

By Thomas C. McCray

Director, Radio Network Operations.
NBC W'es/ern Ditision

J /mn-: known and little publicized amid all die

glamour of big names and big shows at NBC in Holly-
wood are the activities of the U.C.LA.-NBC Summer
Radio Workshop.

While Bob Hope, Eddie Cantor and Red Skelton get
the headlines, the Workshop has gone quietly about
its business and has amassed an impressive record of
accomplishment. Almost 1,000 men and women have
attended the summer sessions; an estimated 40 per
cent have found {permanent careers in radio.

The aims of the Workshop are two-fold: (1) to
give university students and teachers who have some
background and knowledge of radio an advanced course
in the practical workings of the industry; and (2) to
give people already in radio a greater knowledge of
their own business.

The course was known as the U.C.LA.-NBC Radio
Institute when it began in 1943. and its six weeks of
d.iily sessions were held at Hollywood Radio City, the
NBC building at Sunset Boulevard and Vine Street.
NBC executives and department heads conducted the
cl.isses, for which students received no credit. There
were seven courses that first year: control room opera-
tion, radio acting, radio writing, radio production, an-
nouncing, radio news editing, and a survey course. The
curriculum remained the same until 1948 when a course
in radio education was added. In 1949 radio sales was
added.

Over the years, as the Institute continued, a gradual
metamorphosis took place. Until 1950, an enrollment
of 100 students was admitted. Now qualifications for
admission have been raised, and this year only 30 stu-
dents were admitted to the Workshop.

The Institute began under the Department of English
at U.C.L.A. In 1947 it was transferred to the Universit)-
Extension. It was in 1951, however, that the most

RADIO AGE 29

drastic change took place. In that year, tiic Institute
became the Workshop; the scene of its activities was
moved from NBC to the Westwood campus of the
University; it w.-is made a part of the Theatre Arts
department; and, with the university faculty working
with NBC executives and department heads, it offered
full college credits to students wlio took part in it.
Now, after a preliminary course of lectures on thc-
' Continued on page 32 1

Pat Kelley, NBC supervisor of announcers, explains

microphone technique to students in the NBC-Barnard

College Summer Workshop.

Workshop students attend a lecture on the mechanics
of news-gathering in NBC's Radio City newsroom.

KPTV— First Commercial
UHF Srarion on Air

(Continued from page 9)

use of these new pathways throu^li the .lir by fiUing
them with program traffic.

"We are happy to have had a part in blazing this
trail across the continent, and are pleased to have KPTV
affiliated with the National Broadcasting Company's TV
network. 1 know NBC will do its best to bring you
entertainment, news, education and sports from all parts
of our great country, and from places beyond its borders.
And we look forward to seeing programs and events
from Oregon which you will send to us. "

The construction permit for the station was received
by The Empire Coil Company on July 11, 1952, soon
after the lifting of the FCC "freeze." Then, the firm
bought the transmitter and associated equipment which
had been operating for more than two years in the RCA-
NBC experimental UHF station, KC2XAK, near Bridge-
port, Conn. This station had provided the industry
with the opportunity to unravel the secrets of UHF
broadcasting, and manufacturers with the means for
developing and testing UHF receiving equipment. Dur-
ing this same period the RCA Service Company con-
ducted field tests with various types of receiving an-
tennas, transmission lines, UHF tuners, and selectors for
TV sets.

On August 25, engineers from NBC, RCA, Adler
Communication Laboratory, and Empire Coil Company
began dismantling the 1-kw station for shipment, via
truck and fast freight, to Portland. Some of the NBC
engineering staff went along to help KPTV engineers
assemble and install it in its new location.

On September 9, construction was started on a 250-
foot tower atop Council Crest. A special RCA broadcast
antenna, which left Camden by express on September 6.
arrived in Portland September 11, and was installed the
same day on the tower, which had already been com-
pleted.

By that same date, all the transmitting and related
equipment had arrived from Bridgeport, and engineers
and technicians were working around the clock to re-
assemble it.

Two and one-half days later, a cinder-block building
had been completed to house the transmitter, which was
then ready for operation.

The high quality of the initial test pattern on
September 18 was matched in subsequent tests. The
newspapers carried test pattern pictures on page one,
congratulating KPTV on their clarity. The excellence

of the reception made it abundantly clear that although
the engineers and technicians had worked long, hard,
and fast to put KPTV on the air, there had been no
compromise with engineering standards. The station
stood securely on its performance.

At 4:30 P.M. on Saturady, September 20 — only two
days after the initial test — the station offered its first
commercial program. It was a televised showing of a
film, sponsored by RCA Victor, depicting the growth
and development of UHF television, and was titled
"Succe.ss Hill." Commercial UHF television was a
reality. This was followed by "live" programs picked
up from the NBC network.

In the incredibly short space of three weeks, the
country's first UHF station had been constructed and
put on the air with sponsored programs.

The station is spreading a strong signal over the city
of Portland with its present 1-kw transmitter, and 14-
section antenna, providing effective radiated power of
17.6 kw. It is aLso putting a Grade A signal into the
adjacent cities of Vancouver, Wash., and St. Helens and
Oregon City, Ore. One of the first to report on the
test pattern was a dealer in Salem, Ore., 42 air miles
from Portland, who described the picture as "very good."

KPTV eventually will operate with a 5-kw trans-
mitter, providing effective radiated power of 87.9 kw.
For the present, the station will air network programs
and local film shows only, but when studios in down-
town Portland are completed, it will be able to originate
"live" programs locally.

Tacrful Technicians

(Cotitinited from page 24)

vision Customers," are playing a large part in bringing
about the sort of service RCA Victor television owners
appreciate. This insistence on maintaining good cus-
tomer relations is not limited to installation and service
technicians. Even the telephone girls have a 28-page
manual telling them the proper way to deal with callers.
An excerpt from this manual sums up the company's
attitude toward service. It reads:

Be cheerful. Remember — Service is our business.

Be courteous, sympathetic, and interested.

Convince the customer that you want to be of service
— that you represent a company that is vitally inter-
ested in providing the best possible service at all times.

Always keep a smile in your voice.

Answer promptly. Be attentive.

Always set a good example. Be understanding and
friendly.

30 RADIO AGE

Progress in Electronics

{Continued from page 6)
multiply and divide. Besides, they can memorize the
results of these operations in such a manner that they
are immediately available for another operation. There
is every promise that these electronic systems can grad-
uate from high-speed simple .irirhmetic to high-speed
reading and writing too.

These modern robots promise to revolutionize and
simplify the clerical operations of insurance companies,
banks, tax bureaus, stock exchanges, and business in
general. For example, in merchandising organizations,
a single electronic computer can do the combined ac-
counting of receivables, payables, purchases and stock
control.

These possibilities and applications arc by no means
in the dream st.ige. During and after World >X'ar 11,
great impetus was given to these "super-brain machines"
for use in the fields of aerodynamics, guided missiles and
ballistics.

Future Possibilities of Electronics

We know that the electron has tremendous poten-
tialities for development of new devices in the home
appliance field. We already have electronic stoves and
cookers, and we may have electronic air conditioners,
refrigerators and many other useful .appliances. The
home of the future may be electronically heated or
cooled, and life everywhere made more comfortable.

Already the power of electronics is being felt by
motion pictures, the theatre and aviation. It is perform-
ing important tasks for the printing industry, and holds
great promise for future developments in this field. For
example, RCA engineers, in cooperation with the Inter-
chemical Corpioration have developed automatic elec-
tronic equipment which reduces by at le.ist 50 per cent
the time required to make color plates for printing. And
the fidelity of the plates is materially improved.

This new process so speeds the manufacture of color
plates that we may look forward to the time when daily
newspapers will be able to print pictures of the day's
events in color. It will be possible for weekly magazines
greatly to increase their use of color pictures, and some
of them eventually may be printed entirely in color.

Finally, let me refer to a question that is frequently
asked by anxious people who watch the march of science.
They ask: "Will the scientific machines make this a
better world in which to live?"

Each man must himself give the answer to this vital
question. For the answer depends upon man himself
and not upon machines, for machines are not endowed
by the Creator with minds and hearts and souls.

Science alone cannot guarantee security for civiliza-
tion. Yet the problems facing man cannot be solved
without science. Sometimes it seems as if the Lord
challenges man to use his intelligence. He makes some
lands fertile, others arid. He hides coal and oil in the
rocks and fish in the seas. He makes the electron and
the atom infinitesimal and the radio waves invisible.
But man has proved that he can harness these forces for
useful purposes.

Mini is I irt'it h] His Toil

Man has been on earth a long time; he has had to
toil by the sweat of his brow and he is tired by that toil.
He has had to go into the mines and into the forests for
fuel; he has had to go into the fields to cultivate the soil
and to depend upon the elements for his harvest. Much
of his work is unproductive, for even in converting
energy into electric light, most of the energy is lost in
useless heat. Man cannot survive without food, shelter
and clothing; yet, all people on this earth do not share
equally in these basic needs of life. And this inequ.ility
breeds discontent, hostility and w-ar.

It is man's excuse that he has too little opportunity
for spiritual development because so much of his time
is devoted to work and to sleep, to combating disease
and to fighting wars. But has he not learned a lesson
from the horror of this latest war? And has he not been
given a new opportunity which may lighten his burdens?
Is it not conceivable that in unlocking the secrets of the
atom, science offers man a natural power to meet his
basic needs with less drudgery and without conflict?
May not the new mechanical slaves at his disposal give
man the means and the time to obtain and to enjoy
more of the spiritual and cultural values of life?
Through atomic fission, it may become possible to facili-
tate the creation of raw materials .so that all people will
enjoy an abundance of natural wealth, and thus remove
one of the age-old irritations that lead to war. Should all
of these possibilities become realities, they, plus the great
potentialities of the electron, will contribute greatly to
the advancement of civilization.

Indeed, today man faces a thrilling opportunity as
well as a great threat. The potentialities of science
enable him to look bravely at the stars and to seek a
finer destiny. He needs most the faith and the spiritual
guidance that would lead him to apply his new knowl-
edge to peaceful pursuits. For the hope of peace that is
lasting and a world that is free, lies within the soul, the
heart and the mind of man.

If man will exercise his imagination and work hard
in the arts of cooperation, good will and peace, as he
does in the field of physical science, he will find that the
road ahead is one of progress.

RADIO AGE 31

"Victory at Sea"

(Continued from page 1 9)

needed 700 feet of 35 mm fine-grain film which, they
had learned, was in the possession of the Indian Navy.
At NBC's request, the Indian government airmailed the
required footage but it arrived in the form of a 16 mm
negative. The shipment reached Radio City from New
Delhi via the Indian Embassy in Washington. NBC's
editors noted the desired scenes and then returned the
entire strip by diplomatic pouch to Bombay. Govern-
ment officials there went to work tracing down the
original 35 mm negative. It was discovered in various
parts of the country, some in spots as distant as Simla
in the Himalayas. From these negatives, the Indian
government printed the 700 specified feet and for-
warded the prints to New York.

The U. S. Navy gave the undertaking its full and
official cooperation, both in supplying actual combat film
and in providing technical assistance. Captain Walter
Karig, Special Deputy to the Chief of Information, De-
partment of the Navy, was assigned to the project as
technical advisor. He brought to the task long ex-
perience as a writer of history, fiction, and non-fiction.
During his naval service he wrote and edited the
epochal "Battle Report", a five-volume series which
comprises a narrative-history of the Navy in World
War II.

Mr. Salomon, who is acting as producer of pro-
grams, served six years in the Navy, beginning as a
seaman and eventually retiring from active duty as a
Lieutenant Commander. During his service he was
assigned to the office of the Secretary and served in the
Pacific for three years. After the Japanese surrender
he was sent to Tokyo as personal representative of
Secretary Forrestal and the Chief of Naval Intelligence.
He collaborated with Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Mori-
son, in writing the 14-volume, Bancroft prize-winning
"History of the United States' Naval Operations in
World War II."

Direction of the series will be in charge of M.
Clay Adams, who came to NBC after many years in
Hollywood and in producing films for the Armed Forces.
Isaac Klcinerman, veteran motion picture director and
editor, edited the film.

Officials of the U. S. Navy. Radio Corporation of
America and the National Broadcasting Company at-
tended a preview of two episodes of "Victory at Sea"
at the U. S. Naval Air Station in Anacostia, D. C, on
October 15. The special showing was arranged for
Admiral William M. Fechteler, Chief of Naval Opera-
tions. Heading the visiting RCA-NBC officials were

Brig. General David SarnofI, Chairman of the Board of
RCA, and Joseph H. McConnell, President of NBC.

In introducing the two episodes. "Design for War"
and 'The Pacific Boils Over, " Robert Sarnotf described
■"Victory at Sea " as the most complete picture of sea
power ever presented.

"In the 26 years of its existence," he said, "the
National Broadcasting Company has had no more chal-
lenging task than the production of these 26 half-hour
programs — portraying the stor)' of sea power during
World War II — which constitute "Victory at Sea."
Without the assistance and splendid cooperation of the
United States Navy, this story could never have been
made available to television."

The series, it was announced, will also be telecast
by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning
October 27.

Radio Workshop

(Continued from page 29)

university campus, the students do field work at NBC,
where, in small groups of three or four, they work in
various departments of the network, not only observing
what goes on but actually taking part in the day-to-day
activities of the news room, the program department,
the publicity department and the rest.

Each week on Friday the students of the Workshop
present a mock broadcast in the studios of KCLA, the
university's radio station. This program is heard only
over a closed circuit, but it gives the students an
opportunity to put into practice the things they have
learned in the classrooms and at NBC.

Color Book

(Contititied from page 25 )

ten of which carry inch-square chips of graded color
ranging from violet-blue-violet to liglit yellow. On
each page, beside the related group of color swatches,
is a MunscU chip embodying the shade of gray equivalent
to the shade that will be reproduced at the black-and-
white receiver when any hue or tint of the color group
is televised.

As a reply to the obvious suggestion that scenery
could be painted in the desired grays and costumes
chosen in the same manner, rather than bother with
colors, it should be pointed out here that the visual
effects achieved by the use of color instead of gray
do a lot to brighten the spirits of performers. Video
directors have learned that actors are more at ease
and happier in surroundings of norm.U colors.

32 RADIO AGE

A iifctttre and dtrmoiLnrmion in pinsUs

EXPERIENCED ENGINEERS give
authoritative technical courses at RCA Institutes

RCA Institutes >tarlciJ its tirst small classes
rn IW9 lo train "wireless" operators for
the only radio service then known marine
communication. As the art developed
through the years into the "electronic age."
RCA Institutes developed with it. The
school now trains large numbers of develop-
ment laboratory technicians, servicemen,
and station engineers -as well as a few radio
telegraph operators.

SCHOLASTIC RECOGNITION

RC A ln^lllutc^ l^ . - . liccMveil hv (4ie
University of the State of New York . . .
an atViliatc member of the .American Society
for Engineering Education ... an affiliate
member of the Greater New York Council
for Foreign Students . . . approved by the
Veterans .'\dministration. The .Advanced
Technology Course is approved by the Engi-
neers" Council for Professional Development

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY COURSE

The Advanced lechnology Course consists
of 2610 hours of cla.ssroom and laboratory
work. It requires two and a quarter years
(50 weeks per year) in the day school, or six
and three quarter years in the evening school.
Subject treatment is at professional level;
the textbooks are standard college and en-
gineering texts. This course covets such
subjects as . . . college physics . . . advanced
mathematics and its application to electrical
and communication problems . . . English
in industry . . . drafting and shop work . . .

vacuum tubes and their associated circuits
. . . circuit design for receivers and trans-
mitters . . . audio frequency circuits and
practice . . . circuit design for television re-
ceivers, transmitters and studio equipment.
The course omits purely academic and cul-
tural subjects so that competent technologists
may be trained in the shortest possible time.
The Advanced Technology Course is spe-
cially attractive to . . . high school graduates
. . . engineering school graduates wishing a
more specialized knowledge of the radio-
television tield . . . junior college graduates
seeking a superior technical-school prepara-
tion for entrance into the radio-television
industry.

VOCATIONAL COURSES

RCA Institutes aUo olfeis ^lunler. sjiecial-
i/ed courses in . . . Television and Radio
Broadcasting ( 1 '/i years, days: or V/i years.
evenings) . . . Television and Radio Servicing
(9 months, days: or 27 months, evenings) . . .
Radio Telegraph Operating (9 months, days:
or 27 months, evenings). .A correspondence
course in Television Servicing is available.

EMPLOYMENT OF GRADUATES

Graduates of the Advanced Technology
Course are readily placed in leading radio-
lelevision-electronic manufacturing com-
panies, development laboratories, broadcast
stations, and many U. .S. and foreign govern-
ment agencies. Graduates are employed in
such positions as . . . cnginc-ering aide . . .
instructor . . . laboratory technician . . . trans-
mitter engineer . . . intelligence officer . . .
electronic technician . . . tield engineer . . .
technical writer . . . announcer-engineer.
Graduates of the vocational courses arc in
great demand in the fields indicated by the
course titles. Many companies interview
graduating students at the school by arrange-
ment with Ilic Pl.iccnicnt Director.

GENERAL INFORMATION

New classes in all courses are started four
times each year. Day cla.sscs meet Monday
through Iriday: evening classes meet on
alternate evenings. Prospective students and
employers are invited to visit classrooms
and laboratories of the school, or to write
for a descriptive catalog of courses.

RCA INSTITUTES, INC.

A SBRVICS OF RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA
250 WtST FOURTH STRiET, NEW YORK 14, N. Y.

Tel: WAtkins 4-7845

The wings of a huiiiiiiingbird
beat 80 tiiiifs a second. Transis-
tors, developed experimentally
h\ HCA, oscillate electrically
3U() iiiiUioii limes a second.

300 million times a second !

[Now science has disco\eii'd a new
and magic tool — a major ad\ance in
electronic research — //«' tninaistor.
Tiny as a kernel of corn, a speck of
germaninm crystal embedded with
wires in plastic can perform many of
the functions of the electron tube.

Because it has no heated filament, no
\ ac\nim, re(iuircs no warm-up and little
power, the transistor is a cle\iee which
has long heen needed in electronics.
It is also rugged, shock-resistant, un-

affected hy dampness and — properly
made — it \\'ill serve for many years.

Despite these advantages, tlie transistor,
until receiitl\. «;is limited to a Irequency
region Iielo\\ .50 million oscillations a sec-
ond. E\periinentall\ R("A lias now in-
creased tills to VX) mi'/ioii limes a second
and even higher goals are sought — to in-
crease the transistor's u.ses.

Higher fretiuencies for transistors
point the way to their use in television,
radio, communications and more
efficient electronic controls lor air-

planes and guided missiles. The small
size, long lile, and low power require-
ments ol transistors suggest entirely
new electronic dc\ ices — as well as use
of transistors as working partners with
electron tubes.

* * •

Expanding ihc researcli in cicclronics of
solids, and the possiliilities of Iransislors.
is another example of RCA pioneering at
icork for <iour benefit. This h'adcrship
means finer performance from am/ proiluct
or service of liCA and HCA Victor.

Radio (onromr/ox or Amijuca

Uorli/ Iciidcr ill niilio — jirst in Icla-isioii

•I!

(

wuax^m^

(

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