UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
WILLIAM H. DONNER
COLLECTION
purchased from
a gift by
THE DONNER CANADIAN
FOUNDATION
RAJNlTl
COLLECTION O!
01,
EITOPAD!
FOB
NEW EDITION
Prescribed as an alternative text-book for the Proficiency
Kxumination in Hindi
REVISED AND ANNOTATED
BY
PANDIT GOBIN LAL BONtfERJEE, B.A., KAVIRATNA,
'.rit and Bengali Examiner, Board of Examiners, also Member
and Hindi Examiner, Central Examinatiori Committee, Bengal,
UNDER THE SUPERVISJOX
OF
MAJOR C. L. PEART, LA.,
Secretary and Member, Board of Examiners.
Published by Authority.
CALCUTT
PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
1915.
Pfc
T
CALCUTTA: -PUINTKD AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
PREFACE.
The Third Edition of the Rajniti, which was publish. <1
by the Board of Examiners in 1883, is now out of print,
and this is practically a reprint of the same, as far as th.
text is concerned, though a few alterations have been made
here and there to make it more into line with the original
Sanskrit. The new feature of this edition is the supplement-
ing of the text with copious notes explaining all difficult
words and constructions, historical, mythological, and ethno-
logical allusions, and illustrating the dialectic peculiarities,
)>oth structural and grammatical, of the Braj language.
G. B.
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15 %f5 % f i^ft ^if^f HIT ^n*rg
i
20
ITT
t, "Trrt %r
irff
qft,
10
15
10
3»lfr, % ^TTfl^ !
, tf
vt?i
i ^ siipr if ^ if ^t^1 %*r »I^T,
; ?
liT
If tfi,
.'
<fr tf
1%?;
w
, ?w ai
f ;
, mif TT^ *rrf% If
wf fir % ^f^rlf, gn ?n WT?T ^ f^rr fwT ^fr i
If IT ^ %f f>wg fl^r wtT T w ^l»f^ i
t>n %f f q ^ irfr, ^
15
10
20
I f%^fTfT,
If STTf
?fT
; %T *R*?T ft,
i mWlf
T8U"3n ^^nssf ^sr*^-7 ^sr^r i ^^SBPT ^zr ^ *zn ^T ^^tr •ST^QCTTTT
« ^1 \ *H^5l I^K ! ^T ^l I^^IT!
^ 10
?" tt usn wtsf trrtrft^^f^ WTI
rr
liT,
^ %f f^i^,
15
, ^r^ If ^
Htf?T ^
•20
^ v3
i"
»n%r
10
, ?R irf%
ft* re «3T SRfT W%? fl f^TT %
w ^f H^ ^tu
wnf %f *w g %t , ^ ST^T^T j
%T
lff*r^f*T*fT?H3nrT
15 foR, f?re ] g
|T%T
'5JT3TT 5ft ^T
i
ffl^ft ; WT^f f T Sift,
WIT ^I, T ^ ^ , JT ^ I
; «tr if %T^% i
; ft
15
20
u>
20
rf
W fa^fifr,
, ^u ^r %f ^gr
, ^ i ^ %f ^T^ ^^ 5* ftt i
^rg If,
"
is FRIT1. <TfS ^?IT ttWTT ^TC I
; 3^, tr ^Pt^rl ^r ^T mg|, %r
i
if
»i5f ftrw «i1t "I
nf^% I 5§tff
i srhft
, %T
r,V
t^ Qv ^» r* ^
rnft ^ST T^^T
I%T i jjfa ^ ^f^r^rr ^n^ ; ^rf% ^%
i
!
10
15
; «i»^ii H^ ^r n^i^ii ^i^ ^^w( 20
5fT I ^5^1 11^, HTHT
ftrw%T
11
, If i^rn^T,
10
^»w§ If f
20
^T*T I,
gs *f ftra^, aifff STTC s^RT^flr, ^ftl «m I ft
gr «tf?r
III i I?R f^1 1 m^f If ^w If f^i
¥ %^ ^TT ^tfT5 ^i% | ; ^ ^t
«TWf sfiftt I ^f fT H»K ^ift, If
r,fre*nifa%
3^,
is ^n^r
*slT3jif
Rttf
1"
irff 1
f;nr
fatfr,
53^ %f fa^T f^tr,
ffff
NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
NOTES.
PAGE 1.
' beginning of the story.' *^T is from the Sk. root
' in narrate.'
1. 1. ^ is the Braj form of the genitive termination ^T .
the curtailed form of **f^ = ^pf ' sea ', is used for the sake
of rhyme.
1. H. ^ primarily means ' prosperity ', ' lustre.' When prefixed to
proper names it means 'prosperous', 'illustrious', 'holy.'
The river Ganges is the most sacred stream of India and
it is worshipped as a goddess by the Hindus.
«f=^t a term of respect usually added to names of deities and
revered persons. [This word also means ' river ' when it
is derived from the Sk. root WT ' to move on quickly.']
^v
^T = 5fa if. The locative termination is understood here. It
is often omitted after the word 1J*?!J ' time.'
•in? 'named.' With proper names it is used like a Compound
Adjective.
^ 3T«f f*nrr«r ' a receptacle of all virtues.' The correct form of
the word 3l«f is Jin. It is to be noted that in Hindi no
V* vj
distinction is made in the use of the cerebral and dental n,
so also in the use of the three sibilants, and the letters ^
' b ' and * ' v.'
1. 4. *?^rar«f = (W^T 'great' and «JT*T 'knowing') * very learned.'
This word STTT which is derived from SfTTTT (Sk. SIT) 'to
know' is quite distinct from the word «n«f meaning 'life'
which comes from the verb anHTT (Sk. anr) 'to be born',
'to come into existence.'
<j**HM ' possessing religious merits.' This suffix WT«f denotes
' possession ', cf. W3TT ' rich ', 15r«*HM ' wise ', and is used
only after words ending in ^T (a) and ^TT (5). After words
ending in T, ^ (*> *) an<i ^> * (MJ «)> ^s other form iTTf is
NOTES ON EAJNITI.
used. Cf. ^ftwr 'intelligent', vfalT 'learned',
* luminous ', etc.
^RT*J«T lit. ' of a beautiful appearance.' Here a proper name.
1. 5. Tf ' was.' The Braj form of the past tense of the verb ^ffaT
' to be ', in the third person singular.
^T^ = ^g ^. 37 is the constructive base of the demonstrative
pronoun TO in Braj dialect. It is the singular form of $.
^rn^fMh". It is the constructive base of the indefinite pro-
noun 3jfHc .
?T is the Braj form of the ablative termination % ' from.'
f= ?fT ' two.' <TOT = <3WT ' of that.'
1. 6. <q3fo ^^ ' very many.' ^3? lit. means ' not one ', i.e. more
than one.
B^^f*< 'doubts.' Note the plural termination fsr which is
purely Sanskrit and is the origin of the very common final
nasal denoting plurality. In the later development of the
Braj dialect this f*f gradually dropped the final i and
became simply «f . Cf . 5R«r ' eyes ', ^«T ' fruits.'
3^* is the Braj form of the accusative termination qft .
t£fc ; the final t is redundant here.
1. 7. qr^ = qnciiT%. ^fr^ 'removes.' The final at in qft is the
sign of the proverbial present.
<fp|=$TC <and.' This transposition of the vowel is common
in Braj dialect.
31^ ^Hlfir ' hidden meanings.' JTST comes from the root 3T^f
c\" c\*
'to hide.'
<nW = fH^ ' hence ', ' therefore.'
1. 8. ^nf^-f^re^T'of whom.'
— HT^ comes from the root ¥jre ' to teach ', ' to rule ',
hence ' teachings ', ' rulings ' ; here it means ' knowledge of
the shastras.' 3*1 'eyes', lit. 'leader', from the root ^t
'to lead.' The word ^ft from ^ 'form', is generally
used to illustrate a metaphor and is placed between two
words, the first of which is compared to the latter. Vide
Greaves' Hindi Grammar, p. 67.
=*^ 'he.' Evidently the Sanskrit third personal pronoun
^:.
blind.1
NOTES ON KA.JMII.
'youth.' Jf^if ' . y«f suflix for forming
abstract nonns.
^fc9<ftj|r ' want of discretion.' ^f is a privative prefix :
it comes before a word beginning with a vowel, it take-
form ^j*r (cf. tho English prefix un). Cf. tlie word ^j*no
'evil* in the next line. ffT is another suffix for forming
abstract nouns. Words for cried with this suffix are fVmi-
nine.
1.10. ^Tf^Ttt is tin; Braj form of JK3«H|1 'produ .r this
form of the noun of agency, vide p. 131, Greaves' Hindi
Grammar.
%f*f is the contingent future, third person plural form of the
verb 'SftfT * to be.'
1. 11. «f 5JTf*F3 ' it is not known.'
is the Braj form of the indefinite pronoun ^TT " what.'
or ^J«f% . For this form of the conjunctive
participle, cf. $fa and qrf^c in the next line.^
' of his own.' The nasal dot denoting plurality is often
put in Braj after the final vowel of words of any part of
speech without much significance. Cf. ^f 1. 5, ^T «^f
1. 14, snfc 1. 16, etc.
1.12. ^fsf ^TTn!Y = qr^ ^JIT . In Braj the indefinite perfect has
the termination ^ ; cf . W^ty t^ft, «H^ . &c.
1. K>. V% is the Indefinite Perfect Conditional, third person plural
of the verb ^ftifT * to be.'
^ and ^ in the next line are correlatives direct from Sanskrit
% — % ' who — they.'
f^iT ^ffr €tf = fa^T t ^fa 'void of learning.' ^rfr is here
used in the sense of ^ and is a preposition.
W %t Tfvi = V^ % Tf^lf ' devoid of virtue ' 3f = ^ •
I. 14. ^f?f is the exact reverse of ^falf 'with', and is used as a
preposition. Vide p. 189 Greaves' Hindi Grammar.
tWfr «fit <?V — ^% *ft *ft . TT^f ' are not ' = «f^t ^r .
1. 15. ^l*?) feminine form of the verb ^RT int. 'to pain.' ^fT^-
contingent future (conditional) of ^JTTT ' to come.'
'pain.' ^=^nc*TT ^ 'causes.' ^jt % ' It is said.'
4 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 16. TOrk ' honour ', ' glory.' fl^r ' family.'
^•' <5Y = ^* ?ft 'ordinarily.' Note the vigour of the Braj
dialect in which the vowels e and o are generally lengthened
into ai and au.
PAGE 2.
1. 1. ^M^lcj % 'is born.' ^55|«T — (^c( 'good' and 3T*T 'man')
* gentle.'
1. 2. ^ftg % = Tt«TT %" . g^prfrhi lit. 'the lion of a man ', hence 'a
great man.'
1. 3. 3T = ^^ is the constructive base of the remote demonstrative
pronoun.
1. 4. After fn$T supply *ffaT TTTfjJ ^ . «fT^" = f^f^TT .
plural of 31^ 'possessing virtues.' (J!«T + TiT) . The
suffix ?;«r denotes possession. Cf. "W^t 'wealthy' fFT'h"
' wise ', &c. This plural form should be carefully distin-
guished from the feminine form ending in ^«r, e.g. *nf%*f
' gardener's wife ', Vtfo«f ' washerwoman ', J3rf%«f ' milkmaid.'
^teift" ' a pen.' Lit. ' an instrument for writing ', from
' to write.'
1. 5. ^fff from. Sanskrit ^*TT 'a barren woman.' Cf. ^fff = ^^T
' evening.'
1. 6. ^R ' charity.' cR ' religious austerity.' t&l<1l ' bravery/
1. 7. «f«|t 'Ct ^=«T«r% ^ft ^fT 'of giving birth to or delivering."
This termination ^ is the inflected form of the termination
^ = 5fT in Braj. Cf. tf«t ^* = t^f % p. 1, 1. 14.
1. 8. ^ — the conjunction T^ 'but.'
1. 9. fcHf«l =fsw3 . This termination fa should not be confounded
with the plural termination fif as in ??H}f5f in the same
line. Cf. also ^xfa p. 1, 1. 6.
3|?f ' a religious vow.'
1. 10. ^falT ' virtuous ', ' religious.' ^ ' virtue ', ' religion ' and
^TWT ' soul.'
1. 11. W^ = W ' six.' ^T l always ' is the curtailed form of ^f^T ' at
all times.' ^r is a suffix denoting time.
1. 12. *(?K ^TKto is a compound word = l(?K qrj ^fl^f^ ' health ', lit.
' freedom of the body from illness.'
NOTES ON RAJXTTI. 5
well and good/ Note that in Braj this final uu
i.s trcijui-ntly put for ft.
'somebody.'
^ %' note the use of the double postpositions = ifr % ' from
amidst.
I. lii. ^T*T' life.' *$ 'occupation ' from ^TTTT ' to do.' f^n ' wealth.'
1. 17. JfTir here means 'things.'
' man.' Lit. ' body-holder
^t ' created.' Feminine, because it qualifies TTW.
1. 18. vrft ' future.' Lit. ' yet to be ' from ^ ' to be/
without.' v% ' having taken place/
T?m. This particle fa in Braj is frequently the ter-
mination, for all genders and numbers, of the present par-
ticiple.
1. 19. *JTT$* is another name of S'iva, who is represented as naked.
nakedness/
here means Vishnu, who is represented as lying on a
serpent-bed.
W Wr ' a bed of serpent/ These two words though written
separately is a compound word and should be read as one
word.
1.20. 5Rf?r^ = »??r ^Xt 'Do not/ 3ft = sn conj. 'if/ f?T*TT = 3«SK
qnf 'fate', ' destiny', lit. 'an act or deed/ The Hindus
believe that man's condition in life is the result of his
actions in previous births.
1. 21. %T^'t= T^pr ' will be/ gf«r = Sk. g?r: « again/
<l«ll ^f^" = TT^TT^ ^p?T . In Braj I is joined to the root of a
verb to form the Historical Past Tense for either gender.
1. 22. ^3-^ = ( TH^? ' supreme ' + f^r ' God ' ). sft is understood
before TTO .
1.23. ^ft=f^ri. ^T'that', correlative of «fr understood in the
previous line.
' for the acquisition of learning/
PAGE 3.
1.1. f%*f = f^5fT 'without/ 3^T^ 'energy', « exertion', lit.
^r^ 'object', i.e. 'the object of man's existence on
6 NOTES ON EAJNITI.
earth/ This word technically means 'the four principal
objects of human pursuit', viz. (1) Dharma 'duty ', (2) Artha
'wealth', (3) Kam 'desire' and (4) Moksha 'salvation/
Here it is synonymous with the word ^J*f ' energy ',
' effort ', in the next line.
1. 2. ^ = the emphatic particle 'Ct" 'only/ ^TOM" = ^TTO^T 'hope',
' reliance/
1. 5. Sf^1 'an inert thing/
ir^TT same as *<flK ' author ', * doer/
1. 6. rTT%f 'therefore/ sft ' (if) stimulates.'
1. 7. ^tefnr 'combination', 'union/
1. 8. . qraw^^S^ 'unworthy son.' ^ 'bad.'
1. 11. fft% = 3V<|cU ' shines.'
1. 12. 4j4j|<3j 'assembly.'
1. 14. "srtlwn? ' the path of morals.' ^tfcf lit. ' that which leads ,
hence ' rules of conduct.'
1. 15. *?T3tff wf^r ' emerald.'
1. 18. ^wf?f $\9\ ' associate with ', Imperative.
1.19. ^^t" 'mean.' ^IT^f TreT 'day and night.' xr^ ' a watch of
the day ', ' three hours.'
^TrfV ' trouble ', ' vexation.'
1. 20. ?T^f ' then ', ' at that point ' ; mark the use of the adverb of
place for the adverb of time.
1. 21. s^SrfH is the teacher of the gods in Hindu mythology.
1.23. 1%!? TfaT 'to succeed', ' to be successful.' W «ft ' and if.'
PAGE 4.
' distinctive acts of impropriety/
; here the nasal dot after a is redundant.
' to forsake/
1. 2. arfar ^hn*T is 'to stick to obstinately', 'to be prejudiced/ IS"
aiffc ' firmly/
1. 3. SRh" ffV = «nn ^*IT 'new', 'fresh/ The repetition of the
adjective here means ' succession/
still/
B ON KA.i 7
1. 4. ftnUT^ qft ^TW 'deceptive ways of cats.'
*tr«f * a crore ', here used in the sense of * number!
'variou
*V = *T'like/ 5WT = 5*T 'parrot/
1. 0. *TWtt = *W*Vfish/
1. 8. *?f*r * ;L precious stone.' fTf^WT is 'ruby/ The two words
together mean ' the jewels ' as a class. Cf . ^ftTO
* money.'
1. 10. ^TW* ' for this reason.' Vf is the Braj form of ^*? = ^ .
1. 11. v 'six '; for another form of this numeral vide p. 2, 1. 11.
L13, S*q 'flower' from Sk. ysq . ^T^ 'insignificant.' W =
Vide 1. ::.
1. 14. *TT^ = *?T$ *H! ' on the head.' ^fftjir ' good company.'
1. 15. 3rf?fOT ^T«TT is * to consecrate as a deity.' In line 18 it is
used as a noun and in the sense of * dignity ', ' honour.'
t^TT vft ' as a god ?, ' taking it to be a god.'
1.16. ^^T^f 'the mount of rising (of the sun).' The eastern
mountain from behind which the sun is supposed to rise.
tlT^n1! ' mountain ' is a tautology here, for ^^^T lit. * not
moving' means 'a mountain.'
^•f ' habitation ' from TOTT ' to dwell/
1. 17. ^t§ ' show; make appear/ ^3T 'good company ', 3 'good/
1.19. ^ 'heart', 1RPC 'difference.* WT (g = ^?TT 'equal', ^T
'appearance'). Pi<*rt< ( f^PC 'not', ^RHC 'difference')
' alike/
There is a popular belief that if a bumble-bee catches hold of
an insect, the latter is transformed into the former through
constant contact.
1. 20. %W ' gold/ inT* = ^fsNftr ' philosopher's stone/
TOT ^T% ' is frequently seen/
1. "21. ifc 'the thousand-headed serpent of the Hindu mythology/
tJK^I the goddess of learning,' lit. ' She who gives the
essence of human existence, i e. knowledge/ 3TTO ' the
compiler of the Vedas/
' sage/ *T1T lit. 'crossing ', hence ' limit.'
8 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1.22. *rf%WT ' greatness ', 'glory.' jfal^ lit. ' a villager', 'a boor ',
hence ' a man of little learning.'
1. 23. afor ' competent.' *rr = V* .
PAGE 5.
1. 1. ^jifr ' entrusted.'
1. 3. vf 'time ', ' opportunity.'
1. 4. qrw mw 'poetical literature.' ^TR^ ' delight.'
?^J^ff*r ' men of taste for learning.' 'T^ 'flavour , 'taste.'
1. 5. qf^jre 'quarrel.' ^«?*TTff ' mischief.'
1. G. %f = f*T ' I.' f*?^^TT*T * acquisition of a friend.'
1. 7. ^TTW ' gain ', ' benefit ', ' advantage.'
1. 9. ^f^TW 'incapable', 'weak.' The word also means 'imprac-
ticable.'
fsfW (properly f?nj«r) 'void of wealth', 'poor.' This word
should not be confounded with the word f5nf«T meaning
' destruction.
1. 14. $q^r ' silk-cotton ', Sk. *U*N?t . ^ ' tree.'
1. 16. 3fTSP!:tT ' like Death.' ?|fTW ' time ' also means ' Death.'
1. 18. »ftT ^ ^Ft ^W ' at the very break of day.'
1. 20. ^rnrffi ^Pt 3I»f ' place of danger.'
1. 21. ^«fl ^ = T?I^ ^ 'in the meantime.'
1.22. ^rT^t = 3Tr*r 'hunter', 'fowler.' The final I has no significa-
tion here, and is added without affecting the gender. This
word ^rnlh' should be distinguished from the word 5nfV
which means 'disease.'
fr^ = ?f%, ^W = ^rfa^f, «TfT = «T^I 3iT - All are examples of
the interchangeability of I and r.
f^^ffa lit. ' spotted-necked.'
1. 23. ^?r ' thither ', correl. of T*f ' hither.'
PAGE 6.
1. 1. ^n*T ^"B" ' happened to come.'
1. 2. ^i^- = ^3RT 'to pick up.'
1. 3. ^^f 'trick.'
I
l. «>. ^^'<|u.r ;iui|> , 'bog.' Cf.
I. 1". yjf 'a kind of sacred grass/ It is used in all religion-
and ceremonies.
1. 11. 9Z^ ' traveller', * wayf'si •
1. Iti. •SfT^T 'u tiger/ ***7 WT*7 ' IHMIIL: frig
1. 13. foa^ ' stopped short', ' stood amazed.'
^tf • Wig^ 'distressed with fear'
0.' j^irr ' a deity ' ; here a term of respect, for Brah-
are considered by the Hindus as gods on earth.
1. 14. &ST ' path ', 'road.' Mark the different uses of the word Vf
in this line, tlie first of which is equal to ^«?, and the sen-mi
to JF.
1.15. ^T^^WVt. ^ta^T^T ^«n is 'to dedicate in the name of
God.'
1.16. % = %.
1. 17. ^fag %= f^WIT % ' it seems.' ^^ = ^1^1 (in Braj).
1.18. «ft3T = ifllir 'proper.' ^ in Braj is equal to the emphatic
particle vPt .
I. 21. *?roi lit. ' illusion '; here used in its secondary sense of ' wealth ',
* riches ', the most delusive of human possessions. There is
a superstition that wherever there is wealth hidden under
earth, a serpent is invariably found there to guard over it.
PAGE 7.
II. 3 & 4. sm* *^ ^^^1^" lit. * causer of pain ', hence ' doer of mis-
chief.'
1. «'». ^ 'secondly' is corr. of i& <ft 'first and foremost' in the
previous line.
1. 9. TWIT 'ways', i.e. 'means of acquiring virtue.' "*n*h^t 'a
hypocrite.'
1.10. *t»€NTC.
1.12. 9**^t ' a procuress.'
1. 13. ^3Tr^ * a murderer/
1 14. OT^T ' body/
2
10 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
11. 18 & 19. ^pR?*J etc. ' (either) for acquiring virtue, or for fear, or
for doing good to others or for affection.'
1.19. rftf% = {praff .
1. 21. Tff^T ' religious merit ', lit. ' fruit.'
1. 22. wrTO ^W *&Ef ' medicine and diet.'
1. 23. f*[ 3iT^r TTT^ ' place, time, and person.' ^rfar^t lit. * pertaining
to ^sf ' essence of real goodness ', hence * true ', ' genuine ',
' really good.' In Hindu philosophy all things in nature are
divided according to the preponderance of one of the three
constituent properties, namely *g^f ' goodness ', ^5T * activity ',
and <ra ' ignorance.'
PAGE 8.
I. 1. ^T in Braj a curtailed form of $|T .
II. 2 & 3. 5^' — <^* ' as soon as ', ' no sooner than.'
1. 3. ^' ' mud ', ' mire.'
1. 4. ^T%* %iH* ' slowly ', ' little by little.'
1. 6. ?ffa = gw*n: . -snfTJT 'recital of some ceremonial text.'
1. 7, ^f% 1^*5 ' a word of benediction ' ; ^f^J lit. ^j 'good ' + ^srfa
'is/
1. 8. •r^^t' V?l" ' seized him by the throat.' «n:^^-r=«rT^t * throat',
' windpipe.'
1. 11. ^VT^ = ?5fHT^ lit. ' one's own nature.'
1.14. ^rf — T^= there here. ^fr = f^?: ' again.'
1.16. f{^r ^"^TT — 'hereditary tendency/ Lit. 'family custom.'
<fV %t= *f^ ^r = ?R" rf^ ' by that time/
1. 18. ^«TS? sr = ^ ^T ' never/
1. 22. ^WT«T = ^'PTf ' honour', ' exultation/
KRTJT merriment/ Of. T3TT^
1. 23. fanr&rc ^ff%KTil ' Grirdhar the king of poets/ Girdhar Das
was a didactic poet famous for his Kundaliyas. ^f^i^i is
a kind of stanza in Hindi poetry, which is so constructed as
to end invariably with the same word or words as the next
begins with. It is hence compared to the coil of a snake
the opposite ends of which unite.
NOTES «i.\ UAJXTTI. 11
PA<-
1 - <s3f**T ' well-served.' Q ' well ', §WT *T«TT
I. M. TT^WT 'a pigeon ', from Sanskrit * TTnCTfT
1 I. *ft*nCT ' old person.'
II. b' & 7. Q^r - - - - ^ftif ' cannot even live at eu
1. 7. annzfar lit. ' thirsty ', here * avaricious.'
1. 8. fNCrf^t ' always suspicious.'
1. 9. w%t plural form of W* ' six.'
1. 11. T«T*^t ^TR ' in their company.' ^ft ^fa ^ft ^ffa 'come what
come may.'
1. 14. WTJT 'then.' This is a common expression used in narratives
to introduce a new thread of the story. It literally means
' further on.'
1.15. TO^; 'birds', lit. 'winged one', from TO, Sk. TO 'wing/
*T^ = ^3^ i.e. 'the fowler.'
1. 16. «}q^] ' rope.' <f*ff ' were entangled.'
?f^ = H*f . This form is the shorter form of Sk. lf^| ' then.'
1. 17. WT % ' in an assembly.'
1. 18. ^fa% * be successful*, * thrive.'
1. '2'2. *r^r ' calf ' from Sk.
PAGE 10.
1. 1. ^ffv^f lit. ' one who kills », hence ' a hunts man.'
1. '2. ^jf?r f%«f etc, ' a great friend becomes an enemy.'
$J^r€t the great poet of Hindustan, the author of the Rama-
yana, addresses himself and says. It is a common feature
of Hindi poets to join their names in this way at the end
of didactic poems.
1. 3. otftfrra ' astrology ', properly ' astronomy.' Lit. * the science of
the luminaries.'
' the mystical science of spells and incantation for self-
protection.'
T ' past ', lit. ' what was.' «fr^ ' future ', lit. ' what will be.'
' present ', lit. ' what is.'
12 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
1. 4. ^rfe «rr$J ' is perverted.'
1. 5. WT3I 'danger', 'difficulty.' ^rpff ^PTT 'to become useful.'
**t 37W i.e. ' to repent for the past.'
1. 6, ^PTff ' unworthy son.'
1. 8. f*tf?f <nfc ' that which has passed.'
1. 9. ^«r ^JT«TT ' to be performed.'
^«T ^ ' easily ', ' at ease.' f%?r f «TT ' to apply one's mind ',
'to attend to.'
1. 11. «£T3iT ' wicked people.' ^ ' bad ', OPT ' man.'
1. 12. iTCrDdl ' confidence ', ' sincere belief.'
1. 13. ^^t ^t 'fHfi' ' what is gone is gone.'
1. 16. ff9f lit. ' addiction', ' strong propensity.'
1.17. ^tt=^%' to avoid.'
1. 19. ^^f*?f?T ^ft^I ' being of one mind.'
1.20. *r = ^.
1. 21. ft* ^rrr ' to be achieved.' ^ ' is twisted.'
1.24. 5r^ = «f^- 'when.' For its corr. rf^ vide next line and p. 9,
1.16.
1.25. ^^ 'the earth.' Lit. 'the holder of all', from V^TT 'to
hold.'
' hopeless.' fine a privative prefix and ITT^ ' hope.'
PAGE. 11.
1. 3. qrs' ' get out ', ' extricate ourselves.'
1. 4. ^£*?re ^H" ?f ' by nature ', * instinctively.'
1. 8. ^rf shortened form of efTT ' there.' tK^Tfa ' the pigeons.'
1. 9. J=^**.
1.10. f^^lf*f ' recognizing.'
1. 11. ^ *TTJT ' great good fortune.'
1. 12. Sir iT=3W ^T . Cf. ?fr ^ = g^i XTK ; vide p. 8, 1. 6.
1. 13. ^«r ^^ =. ^^ <ff^T . For this form of the verb vide p. 2, 1. 21.
1. 14. IJ^STO 3JT VW ' sin of the previous birth.' The Hindus believe
in the doctrine of transmigration of soul and refer all their
NOTES ON KA.INlTI. L'l
pleasures and pains of the present lih- to their good and
evil doings of the past life.
1. !•'>. W^ - • • • W % ' is the fruit of one's own actions.' This law
of Karma explain- most of tin- subtle point> ot Hindu
philosophy.
1.1.^. ^t?r = ^f^?T 'risen.' SWTOT 'the sun'. lit. swr 'light', qrc;
k maker or produ
1. 19. ^TfaT k lotus', lit. 'born ot a pond.'
ifa 'the fabulous mountain of the Hindu mythology ': pro-
bably ' the Himalayas.' ^% ?ft ^^ ' might possibly move.'
The repetition of the verb here implies ' possibility.'
1. 20. $Tf<r!*KW is the name of the poet.
I. '21. TO 'lines', 'letters.' %% fafV %— this refers to the Hindu
superstition that on the sixth day after a child is born Fate
writes down upon its forehead all that will happen during
the child's career, and what is written is inevitable.
' (niy) friend ! ' Lit. ' a benefactor.'
PAGK 1'2.
' associates ', ' companions.' <TT ^TW ' after that.'
' most beloved ' ; this superlative sumx ?HT is purely Sans
krit.
1. 4. «inraf ' leader ', from the root f ' to lead.'
1. 5. Wft= T^ ^ ' for this reason.'
1. 10. ^ *j*i ^m ^T^ ' duty ', ' wealth ', ' desire ', ' salvation ', i.e.
' performance of one's duties, spiritual and temporal ' ;
' acquisition of wealth, moral and material ' ; ' attainment of
the objects of desire, reasonable and legitimate'; 'attain-
ment of salvation.' Vide note on line 1, page 3.
1. 11. ^T^ ' thing.' Lit. ' that which a word connotes.'
1. 12. TOft ' again.' Of. Sk. gfr ' again and again.'
1. 13. ^T«n?ffi ^f^T ' kindly disposed to those who come under his
protection.' ^«f properly l^t ' protection ', '^rRrif p.p.
'come', 3WSr 'kind.'
1. 16. ^lf*fi*J ' not permanent ', ' transient ', ' mortal.' ^IHI ' ever-
existing', 'eternal.'
14 NOTES ON RlJNITI.
1. 17. ^ffasrrt ' indestructible ', * immortal. '
1. 19. *<Jfa ' filthy ', ' full of filth.' TO ' filth ', ' dirt.' The body is
called filthy because it is always full of impurities, which
come out as excretions.
fiT??^r ' free from impurities ', * pure.'
1. 22. f^rafrjh' ' the three worlds ', i.e. the earth, the skies, and the
nether world. The final I here signifies a collective idea.
Here TT5T = rT5TT ' king ', not ' kingdom.'
PAGE 13.
1. 1. fsnr is here a prohibitive particle (like TOf) = don't.
1. 2. oftsrf is an old Indian measurement of distance, which is
equal to 4 erases or 8 miles.
1. 4. y^Ml^l * distress from the planet.' inf 'a planet* and xft^T
' trouble ', * distress.' This word means ' the eclipse', which
according to the Hindu idea is an attack of Ra.hu, which in
old Indian astronomy was counted amongst the planets. '
1. 5. iW^FT ' living in air', «w ' sky ' and ^TTT ' to move about.'
1. 6. Vlfj- * future ', lit. ' yet to be ', from the root ^ ' to be.'
1. 8. 4j«fta^ ' pleasing ', lit. ' heart-stealing ', ' mind-captivating ',
from ?T«f 'mind' and ^CTF ' to steal.'
1. 9. "jK^ ' kinsmen.'
^ \j
1. 12. fr^rt ' friendship ' ; mark the abstract termination t here,
which takes along a before it. Cf. M^<li, p. 10, 1. 15.
1. 14. ^T^ in the language of Marwar means ' door ', probably a
curtailed form of the Sanskrit word ^JT .
1. 19. f^ni same as f«nrf% ' calamity ', ' danger ', ' misfortune.'
1. 20. *TW ' food ', ' fit to be eaten ', from the root W ' to eat.'
1.21. lf«rfo^r W 'heterogeneous combination', ' association with
the discordant.'
1. 22. ^n: ' Jackal ', from Sk.
PAGE 14.
1. 1. wnf is the old name of Behar.
1. 2. 11^8311%* 'at the foot.'
NOTES ON Rii i:>
I. .'!. ^l^»«t *f = ^7%f % ' between them.'
1. 4. ^t" = *ft 'WUH.' Tliird person feminine perfect form of ^Fw?
4 to be.'
1 . < >. *t %V = Vpf 1ST ' for eat i i
1. 8. vtff 'slowly.'
1. '•>. finr *fr TtT 'void of friends.' For iliis prepositional use of
ride p. 1, 1. I:).
1 without a relative ' ; ^V also means 4 a friend.' It is
derived from the root ^'ipfr ' to bind.'
1.10. fH^T^ i" Braj=3J*^TTT 'your.' ^t ^ ^ft ^TRT 'to be com-
forted', lit. ' to feel as if restored to life.'
1. 1 1. m«H <lf<= *1\H3\ ?I% %. ^T?f «?i<ii*ii is ' to coax ', ' to humour.
1. 12. $Ol the Sanskrit name for ' a deer.' ^fTff ' abode.'
1. 13. fsrwr ' at last.'
1. 17. far adv. ' hastily.'
1.18. ft^T 'character.'
1. 22. <?fa ' poor ', '{unfortunate.'
PAGE 15.
1. 1. Ml«*^ ' a kind of fig tree.'
1. 2. ^t^; ' hollow.' Of. Sk. ^5t*T .
1. 3. ^fir before this supply ^aft 'food.' Lit. * picked-up food.'
1. 5. wi«flf«f ' young ones.'
1. 11. WTf^i%t = ^W 'run away.'
1. 13. &?H ^T*TT lit. ' to fall flat on the ground like a stick,' hence
' to make obeisance ', ' to bow down.'
1. 15. «TT ?fV = iRft = ^T'ft1' *ft ' otherwise.'
1. 16. ^ft H«f »n«r ^t ' as you please.'
1. 17. fl^-^^y ^rf 'vow of performing religious austerities', ' vow of
self-restraint or abstinence.'
1. 18. ^Ul*M 3f?f ' a religious or expiatory fast regulated by the
moon's age ; it consists in the diminishing the quantity of
one's food by one mouthful every day during the dark fort-
16 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
night till it is reduced to nil at the new moon, and increas-
ing it in like manner during the bright fortnight.'
^TlT is a contraction of the word fsf^Hf ' a religious observance/
1. 20. ^rt lit. 'greatness', hence 'praise.' f^rg«T 'expert.'
1. 21. f^rrC ' contemplation.'
PAGE 16,
1. 1. ^OTTY 'bottomless', 'unfathomable.' fMNf 'discretion.' f^
' prefectly', fr^ ' to discriminate (between right and
wrong).'
1. 2. ^TTV lit. * deception ', hence * wickedness.'
1. 3. *T«ft'C*l lit. 'vehicle of the mind ', hence 'desire.'
1. 6. ^T1? TTT = ^J ^T Ht ; mark the position of the emphatic particle
here. Cf. also line 14 below.
1. 7. MISS«f) ' guest.' $3TT «TR ' fit to be treated hospitably.'
1. 8. *vnrr ' position in life ', here 'age', i.e. ' stage of life.'
1, 9. ifQnfTO ' as is proper', ' becoming.'
1. 11. f%<T § ' friendly', ' affectionately.'
1. 12. ^f?ffa 'a passing guest.'
1. 13. "%T*r ' religious merits.'
1.16. frf = *re 'here.'
1. 19. 3^fa etc.; these are the forms of taking a solemn vow.
^Tfl^ 'my lord!' The word means 'master', 'owner', also
' husband.'
1.21. ^T?T ^ST 'the condition of a religious ascetic who has
renounced the world.' 1% is a privative prefix and TTJF
means ' attachment.'
' have embraced.' ^ffaff ST ' killing of animals.'
' a living being ', also ' life.'
PAGE 17.
1. 3. fwt ' moment.' ^ffa ' tongue ', Sk.
1. 5. *5^ 'bulbous root.'
1. 7. ^Irfa'near.' ^*TO 'opportunity.'
NOTES ON IJAJNlTI. 17
1. 8. f%S lit. 'child', here * young ones.'
I. i). ^tr^*^f lit. 'long-eared.' Mark that all the proper names
in this book have some significance. Cf. fa'^tfU ' spotted-
necked.' W**fv * small- witted.' *r*TOST* * fast-flying ' etc.
1.11. *fm fww? ? 'are separated from me.' HT% %jj ' for that
reason.' The word %JJ 'cause', 'reason' should be distin-
guished from f%^j ' a friend.'
f^tf *«r*rr is ' to pass the day', ' to beguile time.'
I. I-'). TO^V = TOTOT ' fled ', not W*JT.
1.14, IT *n$ = *f% W*T <TR ' found lying.'
1.15. ftwiWHtt ' treacherous ', lit. ' destroyer of confidence.'
^vrc = ^?rer 'villain', 'base born.' The lowest of castes
amongst the Hindus.
1. 16. ^fa ^ «llft ' killed ', lit. ' beat him to death ' ; cf. 3TT5T t
1. 22. %f^«TT ^WT^ ^«lt ' to call one one's own and another a
stranger.'
PAGE 18.
1. 1. 3R^K ' behaviour', 'dealings.'
1. 3. fad*. . .ffrifa = f5T?WT. . .^ffgrr.
1. 4. ^T ^ fa^rr lit. 'thought of the stomach ' hence * search for
food.'
1. 5. *rrf\ Hffa ' in this way.'
1. 7. *% = fW.
1. 8. ^T5)' JI^T ^^ 'follow me ', lit. ' come my way.'
1. 9. ^T ?tf?f '"in this way.'
1. 10. fff^^sr ' evil desires.'
1.12. T^«nT = T^r^^T^IT ' keeper. '
1. 13. Tfe ' snare ', ' trap.' tajV * entered ', 'rushed in.'
1. 14. iflft ' was entangled.'
1. 19. «n^*rT f^TT is ' to dance and jump (in joy).'
1.20. t = !ft emphatic.
1. 21. 3n^J^f ' distracted.' ^T*f V& ^«^TT ; to dash one's hands and
feet (in grief).'
3
18 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1.22. «f^T lit. 'a dancer', 'a rope-dancer', 'a juggler.'
'trick', 'craft.'
PAGE 19.
1. 2. ^fef is here used in the abstract sense ' poverty.'
1. 3. wft^T ' test ', conies from ^fr 'on all sides ' (cf. Eng. peri} and
t^ ' to see.'
1. 6. fofe Tt*TT ' to be accomplished.'
1. 7. •snf^l 'the sun.' Sk. Wlf^HI lit. means ' the son of ^ff^f?T the
mother of the gods.' ^rrf^«T ^ ^TO means ' fasting in
worship of the sun.' This is a common observance in
Northern India riot to take or even touch any animal food
on Sundays. The sun is the god of health in Hindu
mythology.
1. 9. VJT ^T«iT ' to be broken.'
1. 10. SHOT ' religious observance.' Lit. ' a limitation or restriction.'
1. 12. ^^«n is ' to retreat ', ' to recede.' VK Tfa ' at a distance ', lit.
' being removed.'
fa*! ff?ft?r *?t ' the night passed.' fsffifa ^"tfT is the fuller
form of ?fai|T 'to pass.'
1. 21. srmfa ^?T3" ' natural instinct.'
PAGE 20.
1. 1. WTRRT^h" <fi^«(T lit. ' to speak into the ear ' : hence ' to backbite ',
' to calumniate.'
f^rT ^t <tfw %t 'by way of friendship', 'in the manner of a
friend.'
1. 2. ^TrT *9*n«TT ' to lay a snare ', ' to waylay.'
1. 4. «^ *H^TT ' to sting.'
1. 6. «r?|- ' enemy.' Wi^n" same as ^^ ' a prisoner ', from ^^ ' to
salute ', to pay homage to.'
^TTK5!' = sj^Fp" 'a gambler.' ^THC 'a talker', 'a babbler'
hence * a liar.'
1. 7. fwt||<^ ' an adulterer.' fr«?l" properly «Cl * a debtor.'
•fan^frfa ' town-woman ', ' a prostitute.' The final i is short
for the sake of metre.
NOTES ON KAJNln.
in ' to take oaths.' fati ^TT is * to be inclined to
believe.'
1. 10. w^^ ' one who comes unexpectedly.1
1. 11. *ilTO «ra»TT is 'to fabricate words.1
1. i'2. wf^ *fa *NlT is ' to draw a long breath ', * to heave a sigh.'
1. 15. *T*W ' crow.'
1. !«'». *lffa fa^n? 'turning up (your) eyes', i.e. showing (yourself;
as dead.
1.17. Mfsi^ = *TTJlY * take flight ', * run away.'
1. 18. ^n*f *€t *n:»TT is * to die a natural death.'
1.21. fa^ITO% 'grinning with anger.' %^T = w 'a heavy
stick.'
1. 22. si-fisn is ' to throw.' ^TTJlrT TOT=r t ' the moment he was hit ',
* immediately on being hit.'
1. 24. TO * a fortnight.' The word literally means ' a wing.' The
two fortnights are compared to two wings of the month
which like a bird is always flying.
PAGE 21.
1. 2. ^ qr^rfcTT *f * should I ever.' ^r ' at any time ', faff is a
suffix of indefiniteness meaning 'whatsoever.'
1. 3. gfl $ ' like you.' Here % is the inflected form of the particle
^T ' like ', and not a postposition.
WCflTflRTr ' religious minded.' The word ^fTWT means ' soul ' but
it is also used to mean ' mind.*
1. 4. ^TI^fffT ' help.' The word 9TT1 literally means ' one who ac-
companies or stands by (in time of danger) ', and WT is a
suffix forming an abstract noun.
1. 7. waft =^%*JIT ' shelter ', ' refuge.'
1. 10. ^^fr ' fickle ' ; it is derived from the frequentative form of the
verb ^RT ' to move ', and means ' always moving ', ' un-
steady.' The word is more often used in the sense of ' rest-
less', here it means * one of unsteady mind.'
1.11. ^Tg^^T 'a coward', lit. gj 'bad' and g^ 'man', 'one who
cannot properly be called a man ', ' a mean, contemptible
fellow ', * a man without manliness.'
20 NOTES ON RAJNlTL
is the shortened form of ^ = $11; ' and.' ^1^ = ^37 ' other
than these ', ' also.'
from Sk. *T*fk ' a cat.'
1. 14. J*fV W *nift ' however hot.'
1. 16. ^Rf*M «ITrr ' disagreeable things.'
1. 18. WT ^ fT«T ' a secret.' *f*l means ' any vital part of the body '
hence anything which should always be hidden, i.e. kept
from being exposed (to harm or injury). Here it means
' the secret recesses of the heart.'
1. 21. if f^fa*i ' do not quarrel with ', lit. ' do not turn hostile.'
1. 22. tht^T ' door-keeper.' ^^^TT^-f^K ' a priest.'
1. 24. xpcMt ' a neighbour/ ^HT Sf <T<T TOTt ' one who cooks for
you.'
PAGE 22.
1. 2. ?rre t*fT is ' *° give Wa7 to ' hence ' to bear with.'
«r«T ^rr«fT is ' to succeed in life ', ' to prosper.' sft; ' 0 Sir/
This word is a corruption of the word OT*^ ' master.' It is
also used to mean ' an ascetic.'
1. 6. ^rre 3ffc ^ifT ' by continued footing/ Note the repetition of
the verb here implies ' successive action/
1. 7. ^n«r 'oath/ *ftf%. ..% 'I take an oath upon the divinity of
Ram and Lakshman/
1. 9. W adv. ' quickly.'
1. 10. *pf?; ^'V ' can be joined again/
1. 12. t*; = t?; 'plum', 'jujube/ It comes.from Sk. ^r?t.
T^«f ' ways ', ' manners/
1. 15. irf^l 'pure', 'pure-hearted/ Wt'fl' 'modest', 'bashful/
1. 20. ^^f ' the hot wind of May and June in the U. P. and Paiijab/
1. 22. 3i^j <*f%ift ^fspft ' to tell and hear a secret/ The ^ in Braj =
•IT of the infinitive.
1. 23. ^sr ' defect ', 'fault/
. 24. f^air ^T^T^ ' to speak falsehood/
PAGE 23.
1. 1. SW 'gambling/ «ft 3f ' in you/
1. 2. ^^K ' good judgment/ W3 ' pleased/
NOTES ON IIA.JNllJ. 21
1. 4. *Jlfl4l ' things.'
1. 6. UT 3>T ' here ', * in this place.'
1. 7. arc«rr * to be procured.'
1. 9. wrft ' prudent.' WH?ft <H*7 k fore-foot.'
1. 10. Tfrw^V W * hind-foot.' mi is ' foot.'
7TT *?TW ' after that.'
1. 11. ^ffaft am ' good place.' fa^rffr ' have thought of.'
I. IL*. ^v^rnc5^ 'the forest named Dandaka.' The vast forest in
the Deccan between the rivers Narmada and Godavari was
called Dandaka. The word Wf coming after it is tautologous.
3TtST ' a lake ', ' a large pond.'
I. 1.1. *W^iT 'tortoise.' NfftaTT 'righteous', lit. 'religious minded.'
1. 15. W*?TC*T 'path of virtue.' f^^% 'rare.'
1. 17. q?ft:% .' tins termination ^% is, in Braj, the 2nd and 3rd person
singular of the future tense = W ^fr% = WTTJlT.
1. 17. *^it ' glory ', ' honour.'
1. 18. ^prfir^lT ' appreciation of merit.'
1. 20. *?na«IT is ' to talk ', * to converse.'
1.21. ^qre 'near', 'to.'
1. 22. fa8T^r* ' courtesy ', from fire ' polite ', ^T^fTT ' rule of conduct.'
1. 2:-). i?^^T«fr is ' to wash thoroughly ', from Sk. 'SWT^T
• a seat ', from the root ^JTO ' to sit.'
lit. ' to worship ', hence ' to serve respectfully.'
PAGE 24.
1. 1. f^fTT ^ffr ' especially.'
1. '2. srar ' mouse ', ' rat.' ^«f ^ ' of the rats.'
^v
1. 3. ^fH ^«IT is 'to praise.'
1.4. ifar «TT>r the celebrated serpent S'esa of the Hindu mythology,
is said to have one thousand heads and is represented as
forming the couch of Vishnu, or as supporting the entire
world on his head.
1. 8. ^snf^lf 'religious mendicants', ^^l^t" lit. means 'a saint
who has renounced the world and lives the life of an ascetic.'
22 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 9. WS ' monastery.' A Buddhist or Jaina convent is called a
ft^K. The province of Bihar derives it nomenclature from
one of such convents in the vicinity of the town which is
still called Bihar.
1. 10. *nTT = ^TW * a niche', ' a small recess in a wall.'
^r«rr^f ' grain.' This word as well as the word ^"^ comes from
the root ^f^ * to eat.'
1.15. ?TOTT$ : disciples of the same teacher or spiritual guide call
and address each other by this term, which means 'brother
by virtue of having the same Guru or spiritual guide.'
1. 16. •faJT^fajfteT ' wretch.' Lit. 'without feet.'
vj
1. 18. ^T*T 1TCTT is * to devise some remedy.'
1. 20. ^Tf^flT ^T ' embracing and kissing.'
1. 23. jfr^*( the old name of the province of Bengal. The ruins
of Gaur, its old capital, lie a few miles off Murshidabad.
PAGE 25.
1. 1. ^faur ' a merchant ', from Sk. wftm.
1. 2. *T^Wf ' a banker ', ' a merchant ', lit. ' a distinguished person ',
* a great man.'
fv^rtt 'excess.' For this form of abstract noun vide -p.13,
1. 12.
lit. ' desire ', hence ' lust.'
1. 3. «ffa«I3w1" ' youthful', ' young,'
1. 4. ^«l^fa«rT is ' to be displeased with ', ' to hate.'
f*ITf%f5f 'a mistress separated from her lover.' It is a very
common idea in Indian poetry, that the sight of the moon is
painful to separated lovers inasmuch as it reminds them
of the happy nights they passed with their sweethearts
while enjoying the moonlight.
W? % <ff^ ' one overcome by the heat of the sun.'
1. 8. WT=*J?T.
1. 10. "qr^Nrr lit. 'another's wife or mistress', here 'an adulteress.'
1. 12. f^?T ^T^TT is ' to love.'
1. 13. fa^Tf^t' from Sk. 3rfa^rrfi:€fr ' an adulteress.'
NOTES ON liAjNllJ. 23
111. $T3*T = ^WU 'demerits.'
I. 1 •">. faJIK *^^TT is ' to dress gaily.'
^Pl ' at night' : the post-position is often omitted after TTH.
I. I'"'. *HCVT* ' another's house.' ^JTT ' cunning.'
1.17. far*!? * forwardness.'
1. -M. T**T^ * guardianship ', ' protection.' *T*VT^t ' cautiousness.'
This final I is the termination of abstract nouns formed from
adjectives.
PAGE 26.
is « to enjoy oneself.' ^t = ^.
* in front of ' ; lit. qq * same ' and *JW * face ', i.e.
face to face.'
'pretence', 'trick', 'deception.' an^ ' paramour.'
'the preceptor of the gods'; lit. 'the master of
knowledge.' The word also means Jupiter ' the lord of
luminaries.'
3fT. . .<rc ' although .... still.'
1. 7. WTH ^t 3fa ' in a situation of danger.'
1. 10. sfc«rT is 4 to threaten ', ' to warn.'
1. 11. unrr ' wealth ', lit. ' delusion ' hence ' cause of delusion.'
1. 14. ^fif^ ' gold ', also ' thorn-apple.'
1. 15. ^TT«TT is ' to become mad.'
1 18. ^i^T^ 'energy.'
1. 20. VT* ' a dead body.'
1.21. *fr$-^t.
^3r€^«r ' void of wealth.' fsf^rrt * weakness.' fa is a privative
prefix.
PAGE 27.
1. 1. ^f%^T«f, the proper form should be *fs*?TT ; vide note 1. 2, p. 1.
1. '2. ^r«ft properly ^TOT. fnft"«f ' a nobleman.' Lit. ' one of noble
descent.'
1. .*>. 3ff^tf properly gft^|£ — jft«<n*?l lit. 'Lord of the earth', hence
' a saint ', ' a sage ' ; the descendants of the disciples of
Chaitanya are called Gosvamies.
24 NOTES ON BAJNITI.
1. 8. *fa * a mystic verse', * a charm or spell.'
1. 9. »w ' a secret.' ?& ' wealth.' TZ^fws? ' family secret ', lit. * a
hole of the house ', hence ' a weak point of the family.'
^TI^T, the poet addresses himself by his own name.
1.10. fwzrr adv. 'uselessly', 'unnecessarily.' wr=%ra contraction
of WC*f ' reputation.' »??;« ahnsiT is ' to lose one's credit.'
1. 11. ^H 'exertion.'
1. 12. vg^T ' thorn-apple.'
1. 13. q<3l^4 a name of S'iva, lit. ' the great Grod or God of gods.'
S'iva is represented MS having the flower of thorn-apple as a
decoration of his ears,
fawr 'begging.' ^VW 'means', here ' means of subsistence.'
1.14. ^tt = ^faT ' to live.' afar 'becoming.' niffrfV ' to beg' and
' to die.' % and ^ are Braj terminations of the infini-
= «rr. The inflected form is ^; vide note 1. 12, p. 1.
' a miser.'
1. 15. ^«nffT«r = VBTT ' respect.' For this replacement of fl by «f vide
1. 3, p. 26.
TT (from ^r ' perfectly ' and 1JT ' to go '). ' Departure
for good.'
'exceedingly.' wft1 'qualified.' Lit. 'possessing high
merits ', ' virtuous.'
1.16. fjrc;=f3lf'C ' mountain.' 3W^ the Braj form of JT^ ' weighty.'
1.17. «re = ^>C 'renown', 'praise', 'glory.' ^^jfTTTT is 'to speak
out ', ' to extol.'
^^qft ^TT ' to snap one's fingers in approbation.'
1. 18. <$£<*(} = ^>g^t ' worm- wood ', ' a bitter drug.' ^i^^V in Braj =
eff^T ' bitter.'
\J
1.19. ^T^lT«f^TS = ^T^TI«r^T® 'one whose arms extend down to the
knees'; ^fi 'up to', SJT«T 'knees', ^T^f ' arms.' Long arms
are, in Hindu idea, a token of natural pre-eminence. ?T^ =
<ft^ = W^< still.'
TO from Sk. ?W ' body.' *ft?t ' short.'
1. 20. ire 'looks', 'appears.' ff^tt 'a swing.' ^^ = aRT^T 'like.'
'Rl^' ' same as ^5 ' an axis ', here ' the seat of a swing.'
1. 21. ^T «fl«r * in my estimation.'
NOTES ON RlJN'Tll. '_'.">
in Braj
1. i>:;. <frr*rt«r 'dependent on aunt)
1 . 24. ?%q = ^c^t* * another country ', ' foreign country.'
1.25. ^rrr'body/
PAGE 28.
1. 1. w^l * wavers.'
after death.' qjta q^fta ' this world and the i
means * world.' ^fr* m*fl* sn^rr is ' to be deprived of
the blessings of this life and hereafter.'
I. 1 ^TKJnfh?)" ' enemy to myself ', lit. ' self-rebellious.' ^fa = ^hrf^!
'wealth/
' contented.'
pi. of ^^T5TT ' satisfied/
' hankering for wealth ', lit. ' thirst.' wvfa W^T ' sub-
missive words.'
1. 8. f%T^ 'separation from one's beloved.' tT = *lfT 'pains.
* impatience/
1.10. ^IT^: ' respect/
1.11. f^R?5T«r 'uninhabited', 'solitary'; from f^ privative 'with-
out ', ' void of ', and «f«f ' man/
'abode', 'hermitage/ ^Ir^flTf 'like the paradise',
heaven-like/
1. 13. <fc|<*J<^r ' pleasures of poetry/ ^l^r ' poetical literature ', and
T3 ' flavour', ' sweetness/
1. 16. SH«f W ^ ^W ^T^C * with greater care than you take for your
life/
1. 17. ^=f%% 'for/ ^TTSim ^T^f 'having produced collect/
1.18. Jftfegr 'a porter', lit. "carrier of a qfc 'bundle.'" Vbl
' enjoyment/
1. 20. ^T«f *ff«T ^f ' in charity or enjoyment/
1.21. €N ' regret/
1.22. TO ' things/
1.23. ^f^r 'difficult/
4
26
1. 1.
1. 2.
1. 5.
1. 6.
1. 8.
1. 9.
1. 10.
1.11.
1. 13.
1. 15.
1. 16.
1. 17.
1. 19.
1. 20.
1.21.
1.23.
1. 2.
1. 3.
1. 5.
NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 29.
JT!" ' pride.' ^H" * forbearance.' ^rf'witb.'
' prowess.'
* giving away Tin charity).'
' acquisition of virtue.'
i lit, 'house of welfare.'
'he.'
'cast', 'threw.'
' arrow.'
' while dying ', i.e. * before he died.'
lit. ' loud howling.' ^fVw ' hungry.'
heroism ',
came
forth.'
in Bra j = W -
^rf = ^W = ff^f ' up to ', ' during.'
sNr ' cord.' ^ wf?f ' flinging.'
' instantly ', lit. ' at that time.'
the Sanskrit name for ' a jackal.'
' so long as.'
' receiver ', hence ' possessor ', ' owner.'
after death.'
is 'to give away (in charity).' WTO = W + W*f 'one's
own interest.'
' the best ', and w^§ ' object.' * The highest object
of human pursuit' i.e. 'virtue ', 'religious merit.'
PAGE 30.
3^1 ' lost wealth.'
' wortby of acquirement ', ' obtainable.'
lit. 'performer of actions', bence 'a practical man',
' who carries out all he has learnt into practice.' This
word is technically used to mean ' one who performs and
celebrates religious rites and ceremonies * but is not used in
that sense here.
1. 7.
' exertion ', ' effort.'
' contemplation.'
NOTES ON RAJNTTI. -7
1. 10. 5fT * man.' WITW * place ', ' position.'
1.11. TJTT 'betel.'
I. l:l. ^T^T from Sk. ^ * a frog.' *ro = WTO ' a lotus.'
1. 14. ^fK ^ «fftf ' like a wheel.'
1. ir>. *TVJt ' courageous.' ^C ' a brave hero.'
1. 16. *nq*rT ' to pervade ', * to affect.'
1. 17. UTOt = *TOt ' an ascetic.'
1. 18. ^R T^T ' dishonour ', ' disgrace.'
1. 19. ^T^T ' an ornament.' qfa«f = *rfa*T ' gold.'
1. 20. STTW ' beautiful.' WI^ ' will look.'
1.21. S~T^ «iK5f! ' to brood over.' f%WIT ' creator ', ' God.' Lit. * the
Ordainer of all things.'
atf ' womb.'
I. '2'2. ^r ' mother's breast.'
1. -2'2. tm<s qrc^TT ' to make manifest ', * to cause to appear.'
PAGE 31.
1. 1. Tft^ 'parrots.' ^;% = ^f?;$ 'green.' «T* 'black,'
' white.'
Sk. *rcn; * a peacock.' f^f^r ' variegated.'
* so many ', purely Sanskrit form.
' in being acquired, preserved and lost.'
?ft ' otherwise.'
* turtles and fishes ', ^TT ^tr^^^t^T ^^t ' worms and
insects.'
1. S. ^W*T ' fear from an enemy ', lit. ' fear from the wicked people.'
1.10. ^^N<n * submissiveness.' Mrf|- 'the inevitable.' *^ 'is
avoided.'
1.11. €tff = f^l?ra 'most beloved': it is a term for addressing a
friend or an object of love.
^TO is here used as a noun and means * company ', ' society.'
1. 15. rfsiT^f lit. ' slow mover.' $p ^f TJ^J % ' ijlory be to you I '
% ^ftai ' worthy of the hermitage.' tnfif ' a monk ', lit.
NOTES ON EAJNlTI.
' a man of eminent religious merits ', hence technically ' the
superior of a monastery.'
1. 16. <^T^T ' a quagmire ', ' a bog.'
1. 19. 3*5rrara ' seeker of protection ', vide p. 12, 1. 13.
fintTO 'disappointed.' fifK privative prefix 'void of,
'hope.'
1. 20. WTCqr 'a beggar.' f%3^r ' having the face averted.'
PAGE 32.
1. 1. ^3«fT is ' to rush in ', ' to enter quickly.' V9TT is ' to run into.'
1. 4. f5rarfr=f^r^r ^rc ' coming out.'
1. 7. 3?¥^ * welfare.' ^*T ' safety.'
«fi*^I %W rf ' hale and hearty ', ' in peace and prosperity ', * in
health and happiness.' The words are almost synonymous.
1. 8. 'SR %IR 3>f ' to one who has come to his house.' $i*^T«? ' wel-
fare, ' This is another form of the word ^JW^WT ' the state
of being hale and hearty.'
1. 11. ^^T is a particle of address = ' 0.' f*re ' friend.'
1. 14. *f 31 ' natural ', lit. ' by birth.'
*n:TO^ 'by tradition', 'for successive generations ', lit. 'one
after another.'
1. 17. ^hsh" in Braj=f«iroT ' have done.* ^^ ' will remain.'
1.19. fw:m'rest.'
1. 22. 3>f^3T %*{ the ancient name of a district in the Coromandel
Coast. The tract of the country south of Orissa and north
of the river Krishna.
1, 23. ^fff ' on the banks of ' from Sk. ^TO ' proximity.' ^3fl ' in
the morning/
PAGE 33.
1. 1. wrfr = SJT^T 'net.'
1. 2. <nffft% = iTO%J?T ' will catch ' ; vide p. 23, 1. 17.
1. 4. ^n(«rr is 'to avoid', 'to avert.'
1. 5. sfr is understood before ^Jlt.
1. 7. trR5)- ^rt ' in (respect of) water.'
- ON I: A.I NTT I. 29
1. 9. *T*f Vt v^ 'meaning of tin- <|iiostioii , 'drift of the circum-
stance.
I. 10 ^irartf adv. 'unwittingly ', 'ignorantly.'
1.11. gjj*W Ht. ' of great strength.'
OTTO---W^ 'capable ', lit. ' equal tof(cope with) necessity.'
1. lit ^jrq ' himself.' This word, when used with a pronoun, adds
emphasis. It is • also used in dignified conversation, in
addressing or speaking of a respectable person.
<*fo*3T5f ' worship of Hari or God.'
1. 1(1. Mark the idiom in suppressing the verb after TT*I . Supply
<KT* <STjft after it.
1. 17. ?|tf»r = W^ ' young ', i.
1. IS. ^CR^J- f. of ^WTO ' possessing beauty ', ' beautiful.'
^fifa ' looking at ', * seeing.' *TH ^V *m^ ' afflicted by Cupid/
1.19. tff^C 'house.' It also means ( a temple.' ^rr^-yai^- 'beauti-
ful/
1. 20. 3TRT7JT ' distracted with love/ 3CTO ' lust ' and ^ITrjr ' afflicted/
WT ' house ', cf. Eng. ' dome/
1.2; 5. ipftir 'new', 'fresh/ The repetition of the adjective here
implies 'plurality/
PAGE 34.
lit. ' a female messenger ', * a procuress/
condition/ wm^ ' making known/
' devoted to husband.' ^fw ' husband ', lit. ' supporter ',
and 3f?l ' vow/
1. 5. ^J*fi" 'husband ', lit. ' owner ', ' master.'
1. 6. Wlfc = H*rf ' husband ', lit. ' supporter/
If in Braj =?£ ' you/
1. 8. <93<!t ' messages/ ^*T is the corrupted form of ^WTT * son/
1. 9. 9% in Braj = ^faiT.
1. 10. ^rro ' plan/
1. 12. ^'ST'fl ' to ensnare/
1. 15. «?5t ^T^f ' to consult/
1.17. K*\ = w ' much/
30 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1.18. sifflf ' contrivance ', lit. ' reasoning.'
1. 19. T**ft ' cunning ', * crafty.' nv* ' deceit/
1.20. %^'OGod!'
1. 22. f^«r<ft" ' prayer ', ' request ', * submission.7
PAGE 35.
1. 1. fi^RW ' born of a high family ', lit. ' possessing high pedigree.'
1. 2. ^IT^nc ' good conduct.' ?fflnT ' power ', ' authority.' ^^f ' en-
dowed with/
1. 4. ^hf'rain.' ^JT*f IT 'nourishment.'
1. 5. Vtt^ ' hope ', ' confidence.'
1. 6. *JJJW ' king.' From ^ ' earth ', and *rr^T ' supporter ', ' nour-
isher.'
1. 8. «5\^f ' delay ', lit. ' relaxation.'
1. 9. ^TSTR^ ' kingship.' Lit. ' the position of a king.'
^rfa sjft «JP^ 'through temptation ',=.*?rt ^tH % lit. 'struck
with a strong desire.'
1. 10. ^PC a Sk. word for ' elephant.'
1.11. %T'path', 'road.'
^^T same as ^T^T 'bog ', ' quagmire.'
1. 12. ^t ' mire ', * mud.'
1. 14. *he from Sk. ^ ' tail.'
1. 15. ^ fer*T *rft ' don't be anxious.'
1. 16. ^srrfa ' of the same tribe.' *?T?^R ' fellow brethren.' ift
'calling loudly.'
1. 18. fa* = Sk. f«P* ' pretence ', ' pretext.'
1. 21. «ft is understood before ^f%f, Cf. p. 33, 1. 5.
1. 22. ^RH; ' servant.'
PAGE 36.
1. 1. ^TO^I lit. ' of beautiful teeth.'
1. 2. W^fW? ' artifice ', stratagem ', ' plot.'
^T ' pretence ' and fw^ ' loopholes ', ' weak points.'
' points.'
confidence ;, ' trust.'
NOTB8 ON RlJNlTl. :;1
1. 3. TOT«r ' chief ', lit. * one who its placed foremost of all.'
1. 4. if — % V^ ' taking ', * counting.'
1. 5. $t-iuf 'up to.' V1l*ft feminine of «* 'Siva' i.e. goddess
Durga.
lit. 'fortunate', from^ ' good ' HOT ' fortune ', and
feminine termination of * possession.' The word is used
technically here in the sense of ' a woman who has her
husband living and also has got all her offspring alive/
1. 6. ^q^t 'wicked.' ^ 'not' qij 'good' and^1 is the femininr
suffix ; ' unchaste ', ' an adulteress.'
^K^I^TT^ft properly ^NFT^rfrift lit. ' self-willed ' hence ' a
wanton woman.' |
1. 7. xrfzni ' purified.'
1. 8. *HHff lit. ' one end ' : hence ' apart ', ' aside.'
ifaT ' saffron.'
1. 9. ^rrfa ' smearing ', 'anointing.'
1. 10. ^TT^T *?T*T ' respect and honour.' The two words are almost
synonymous.
1.12. «rt**t = 3UT*tSt
1. 15. f«rrr = f«iHJ ' every day.'
1.16. 3T-*ft 'sothat.'
_^\j
%cfF?r 'gratuitously.'
1. 18. % fo$ ' my dear.'
1. 19. fif?refc? ' always ', ' every day.'
1. 21. ^nSTW^t * obedient ', lit. ' one who carries out orders/
' authority.'
1. 24. fa^T ' meeting.' Noun from ffc^W ' to meet/
PAGE 37.
1. 1. ¥r«fKtl ' desire', lit. ' vehicle of the mind/ w«r ' mind ' and
4 chariot/
1. 2. fsRT *fT 'taking (her) apart/ vjfr « fulfilled ', feminine
because ^re ' longing' is feminine.
1. 3. fo^T 4K«U is ' to let go ', ' to bid farewell/
32 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 4. 3£JTnc 'decorations of the body.' fw'S f*Tfl 'disheveled', * out
of order ', lit. ' torn and rent asunder.' ^T'Pt' ^T ^fT?Jff
' deed and conduct ' ; both the words are derived from the
same root ^^•IT ' to do.'
1. 6. Tf«f 'book.' *nB" = *i«r 'mind.' The final «f is redundant here,
as well as ^T^TW^ * great man ', ' saint ', in the next line. It
is brought in for the sake of metre.
*?fs" '&n im poster', 'a hypocrite.' It also means ' a jester ',
4 a mimic.'
1. 9. ^if cf = ^Rf w 'elsewhere', from ^*if 'another', and ^f a suffix
denoting place.
1. 12. frr«f ' he.'
1.16. ^iffn 'union.' f^rfa ' separation.'
1. 17. fit^Trf — §jff f«i ' inertness ?, ' pessimism ', lit. ' fatigue.'
^Ht ' mirth ', lit. ' laughter.' f**TT3[ ' sorrow ', lit. ' lowness of
spirits. '
1. 19. <ft4j\^ ' touchstone.'
1. 20. *jf ^»^ *t ' so to say ', ' commonly speaking.'
^T = ^j^; 'otherwise.'
1.22. % = 3"were.'
^'iif ' to test ', ' to examine ', ' to prove.'
1.25. ^ji-lanie.' ^f*r = ^«T^f^ ' feigning.'
PAGE 38.
1. 2. 7?Tftr 'leaving.' »?f^l%' ' will run after.'
1. 6. ^C^f| = ^^ ' all his things.'
1- 9. ^J^pzf^ ' has prospered.' ^*Ct ;RlfK = '^^¥l HI?! ^«K 'spring-
ing off', ' bounding on all fours.'
1. 10. q^T^V ' fled.' ^^r^T f^TTr is 6 to return ', ' to turn back.'
1. 12. «r ^t = «TTf *tt ' was not.' TT^f ^JT^" ' that which came to hand.'
The two words taken together form an adjective here.
. 1. 19. ^J^rt ' wealth ', lit. ' goddess of wealth.'
1. 20. ^ ' will act or conduct himself.'
3T«rr ' subjects ', lit. ' children.'
1. 21. ^f% ' taste', ' liking.'
K A. I Nil I.
1.22. 33rc ' tho world.' ^^M ' spea
1.23. •flftWT 'hearer.' *WT ' w<-l ('.-,•
fflf ' thnfl ', * here.1 ftr^rrw\ ' bionoffrii
'collection of stories.' *faiffl ' is Hm>hed.'
This line is in Sanskrit and is therefore inflected throughout.
PAGE 39.
«T tliis particle is used as an inceptive for introducing a
i y or a subject and may be rendered by ' here begin-
neth.'
; 'separation of friends ', 'dissension among friends.'
lit. • u'noi I- hearted' from ^ ' good ' and ^^ ' heart ', i?^
' breaking ', ' disunion.'
1. 2. ^Jjft ' a second.'
1. I. WTV = ^T^ a contraction of «r<sfN«£ ; a bullock.'
1. •">. ^tf?f ' friendship ', lit. ' affection.'
1. 8. 3*r?rf lit. ' golden.' 3 ' good ', *Vr ' colour.'
1. 9. V^'rr ' wealthy ', ' rich.' The suffix *fa is the Sanskrit plural
form of 3?T ( *T*T ) ' possessing', but it is often used in Hindi
as singular. ^ft = ^n" ' was.'
1. 10. %3 ' merchant.' It is the corruption of the word ^^t ' the
head of a mercantile guild ' or * one having the best of
possessions.'
1. 12. 5R«f *?f%«l ^t*fT ' to be distressed in mind.' *?f%«r TtfT * to fade ',
' to lose colour', here 'to become pale with jealousy.'
= f%TOT 'whose/
1. 13. ^"^TT ^3Tft ' increase.'
1. 14. ^^iTT ' pride ', lit. ' egotism.'
W«rr5ff ' wealthy', lit. ' rich in wealth.'
1. 17. f%*^[ is in Braj =^i^t 'them.'
PAGE 40.
' coward. '
' unobtained.'
is ' to spend.'
34 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 8. ^W?TC 'benefaction.' ^ = ^3*7 'senses.' According to
Hindu philosophy the five organs of action, the five organs
of sense and the mind are included by this term.
1. 10. ^ = Sk. fas^ 'a drop.'
1. 11. ^fa $?f ' breathes ', ' lives.'
^TfTT ' blacksmith.' This termination ar is a contraction of
\J
the Sanskrit suffix ^iTC meaning ' a maker ', cf . *fl«IK, ' gold-
smith ', fFHTC ' potter ', etc.
1. 12. ^sfsf ' bellows ', lit. ' a quiverer.'
1.13. ^^ fo^HT 'thinking and reasoning.' The two words are
appositives. Cf. ^n^: *?T5f 1. 10, p. 36. *5r fw^ 1. 2, p. 36,
etc.
•iX^ lit- * delighter.'
1. 14. S^t^T lit. 'reviver ', «Ttgrv = *n*T^ ' a bull.'
1. 15. ^fe = ^«I ^^ 'having laden.' ^rfl^f 'man of ability ', also
' strong.'
1. 16. srnrrft ' trader.'
1. 17. ^JN^T ^T ' half way ', ' middle of the road.'
1. 18. <£jf lit. ' difficult of access.'
1. 19. trarc ^TTT T is ' to fall down.'
1.20. faiNf 'however much.' Cf. T?N ' so much.' ^VT3 WfT is
' to exert oneself.'
3fT *fC«TT * to do one's utmost and fail to achieve good results ',
lit. ' to die in making (fruitless) efforts.'
xfi^r lit. ' fruit ' hence ' result', ' accomplishment.'
f?HfT<n ' Providence ', lit. ' ordainer.'
1. 22. fa*N» ' a few.' Cf . the same word used in a different sense in
1. 20 above.
1. 23. ^t ^t ' fresh-grown ', lit. ' green.' The repetition of the
adjective here used in an appreciative sense. g«r ' grass.'
iff = tff qpc ' having drunk.'
PAGE 41.
1. 1. <TC»TT«i^ ^ft ' with great delight.' ^q&n ' to bellow (said of
an ox).
1. 2. fftra Ht. ' Tawney-coloured.'
NOTES ON RA
'V ' the royal mark on the foreh*
' king of beasts.' The word W* in itself ordinarily
means ' a deer ', bat retains its derivative meaning (from ^JT
'to hunt') 'a wild beast ' in such compounds, fw'the
lion.' This word e Dines from the Sk. root fWQ [' to kill.'
f ^f *?«r ' iii mind', i.e. without giving expression to his fear.
*?*WT«T ' frightened.' This «?TT is the Sk. present participle
termination.
^•fftTT ' without having drunk.' The privative prefix ^f«f is
used as a part of the verb as well. Cf. ^SHTTt 1. 2, p. 40.
I. 8, ^fT'l 'conduct ' (of the tiger).
1. 10. ^r*f*f) 'concerned ' ' with his mind occupied.'
1. 13. *qfariT ' necessity ', ' use.' 5f wrft = * vim = * 3TT%*T : not to
1. 14. rfrf% = 3nrtf 'to me.'
1. 17. in: % %g ' for the sake of others.' WT* ' heat ', Sk. *$ .
1. 18. rHTOT ' penance.' ^te ' defect ', 'deficiency.'
1.20. ^iff=^ 'poverty.' ^q«l ' righteous path.' ipft' ' double.'
'empty.'
^ir 'house/
1. 21. W ' wicked ', ' vile.'
1. 22. ^7f5T ' saintly people.' ^!W lit. ' light ' hence ' slight ', ' short ',
'a little.'
«ff^ ^ ' of the foolish people.' w* lit. ' heavy ' hence ' much ',
' prolonged.'
' natural', lit. ' what one is born with ', ' inborn.'
PAGE 42.
1. 1. ^rnih^^^jh' ' banking business ', * money-changer's commis-
sion.' W*T ' gambling.'
1. 2. qq^«<| ' to be involved ', ' to be ruined.'
1. 3. nft = ^IT 'wrangling', 'quarrel.'
1. 5. STfTC 'master', lit. 'a god.' Among the Rajputs 'a ruling
chief.'
1. 7. ^RWT ' contempt.' JTR *T^«f 1f^ ' crushes his honour, i.e. self-
respect.'
36 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
1. 8. ^5|T ' prostitute', lit. 'one always dressing herself.'
*rcsnnr from tpc 'stranger' Jpnr 'man.' * A man other than
her husband.'
1. 9. f^fJTPC 3PC«n is ' to decorate oneself.' 'J^ ' fool ', lit. ' an il-
literate fellow.'
qfe 3if«r 'being educated and accomplished.' -q^T y&T = <?cTT
1%^TT adj.
1.10. $T ^TT«T 'to my knowledge', 'in my estimation.' *hf^[ 'a
servant ' from %^T 3PC«fT ' to serve.' The suffix ^f is agentive.
Cf . ijr^sR ' a cook ', Jire^f ' a singer ', m^W ' protector ', etc.
1. 11. fff*J ' serve ' imperative.
1. 13. W^ ' an umbrella ', from the root 3f3[ ' to cover.'
' the fly-flapper.' This is usually made of the tail of the
chamara (Yak).
% TT^K«f ' things of prosperity.'
1. 15. ^*?I ' must ', ' out of necessity ', lit. ' being helpless '. ' having
gone out of one's control.'
1. 19. ^rnsm ' Kayastha ' a caste of the Hindus ; lit. born of the body
(of God).' [According to Hindu idea the Brahmans werei
born out of the head of the Creator, the Kshatriyas from:
His arms, the Yaisyas from His belly, and the Sudras from
His feet.] The script called Kciythi is derived from this
word and means the writing of the Kayath.
1. 19. wfcsf lit. ' forest of righteousness.'
1. 20. sfit^T ^t ^T * place of amusement.'
1. 21. «T^t ' carpenter ', from Sk. Wflt ' a cutter (of wood).'
: this repetition of the verb implies ' leaving an acl
unfinished.'
' a wedge.'
1. 22. ^r^JTl; ' fickleness ', lit. ' restlessness.'
^PCrf the repetition of the verb here implies ' in the act
of.'
1. 23. STO** ' driven by [Death.'
1.24. ^fa { chasm]', ' crack ', lit. ' junction.'
PAGI
' restlessness' synonymous with ^q^rrt above. -^*i
is tin; trr<]ii form of the verb TO*T 'to move ', HT is
the t(3nnin:ition of forming abstract nouns.
Uf ' innnediately on extracting.' Cf. ^TJffi *«?T«f
'2-2.
VT fl^T ' tip of tin- (ail.
' self-interi
' chief.' Lit. 'one who is placed foremost.' In Orissa
this term is used for * the headman of a village.'
' to be engaged in work of one's own accord.'
'poor', 'unfortunate' lit. 'helpless.' This
prefix (^) of privation is seen indifferent forms in different
languages : cf . Sk. frw ' bereft of husband ', Eng. beheaded,
' bereft of head ', etc.
lit. ' whose washing plank is as white as camphor.'
f. 'youthful.'
entered.'
' courtyard/
<j\OH is ' to discuss upon ', ' to talk of.'
' mad fellow ' : it is the same word as ^?T 'insane' from
Sk. srrg^T lit. ' affected with the wind.'
'to nourish and maintain.'
devoted to master.'
PAGE 44.
1. 2. *pr 'dog.'
1. 3. ?!lf*re 'warm yourself.' ^J* *T7^ * pure and simple manner.'
||j 4. •qro "mW is 'to interfere with.'
1. 5. %^ . , . ^rif?r% 'my silence will sit upon you, i.e. cause your
destruction.'
1. 6. ^gf^c * receding/
1. 7. ^'^^ ' brayed ', ^ffa ' starting up.;
1. S. tflR«f 'staff armed with iron.'
38 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 9. ^fweffK ' province/ «T nfT * do not intrude upon.'
1. 11. «rrSf qft ' of yesterday.'
1. 13. ^r^- = f%% ' for the sake of.' Lit. ' taking ', ' keeping in view.'
1. 14. l^n^l ^flTTT % f*rf*T7i ' for the attainment of one's object as
well as the highest spiritual merit.'
1. 15. f?R 'tfTVfa' 8^"' ' friends and virtuous people.'
1. 16. ¥T^T <5Sf*T ^"* ' enemies and wicked people/
1.17. «rre5ir ' desire/
1. 18. ^TTCK ' protection ', from Sk. Asray ' shelter/
1. 19. ^P5^T ' fruitful ', lit. ' attended with good fruits/
1. 20. ^?n; 'difference ', lit. 'intervening space/
3F^t ' Kauri.' ' Small shells used as money of the lowest
value/
1. 21. ^W^ ' dear ', from Sk. ^5fi?7 'impurchaseable/ W^f% ' lakhs.
fif is the pi. termination.
1. 23. if<^ ' difference/ This word is also used in the sense of
' secret ', ' mystery ' ; lit. it means ' breaking.'
PAGE 45.
1. 1. |; = the emphatic particle ^t . ^nreft ' stuck/
1. 2. 3£=the emphatic particle ^ .
1. 5. 2^T = ^fT 'bit (of food)/
1. 6. ^ ^(T^ ' great attention/ ^«f lit. 'dense/ ure ' mouth ful',
from the root TO 'to swallow ', hence ' the quantity swal-
lowed at a time/
1. 9. f^gr 'dung/ ^f^T = ^T ' what advantage/
1. 14. SffroT ' eminence ', ' reputation/
1.18. fowri^^r^n^ ' comes to know/ «T% 'pleases', 'suits one's
mind/
1. 19. ^ WTT^ ' in my opinion ', ' to my mind/
1. 21. ^T MffH ' in that way/
1. 22. ^1^" ^f?f ' in this very manner/
1. 23. ^jte ' disobey ', ' transgress ', from ^*3«rT ' to jump over.'
\Tn 39
'constant company.' Mark (he idiomatic use of the
\vonl *?r which im-an.s ' to tin- fullest extent ', 'entire.'
46.
1. 1. W<.fH 'shadow ', from Sk. Sfffr^TOT 'reflection', 'shadow.'
1. '2. ^if^l^ ' inopportunely ', • nn timely.'
1. 4. WJft^Cf * indigestion.'
1. 6. ^^J^ffa ' not born of a respectable family ', ' of low pedigree.'
lit. 'dirty ', hence 'of no moral worth ', 'depraved.'
1. 8. fa*«3lff ' standing near.' ^[Ji ^TCJ % ' stick to ', * become
attached to.'
1.10. $fa %f = ^'?rr 'will see.' ^TQ ' sorrowful. ' TO*. in good
spirits.
1. 13. *«r ' count ', 'consider/
1.14. WT 3fT*TT is 'to show affection', 'to treat with affection.'
*ror = ^T*IT primarily means ' illusion.' In Hindu philosophy
this term is used in different senses by different schools. In
Vedanta it means ' the illusion by virtue of which one con-
siders the unreal world as really existent and as distinct
from the Supreme Spirit. In S'ankhya, it means ' the
Pradhana or Prakriti.'
f^«T f^T ' day by day ', ' every day.' Mark the force of the
repetition here.
1. 15. wfar ^^TTI is ' to turn one's eyes away ', ' to avoid the sight of
any one (through dislike).' Lit. * to steal eyes.'
1. 17. $NJ«f <*i^5fT ' to find fault with ', ' to find out some defect.'
1. 20. ^s?T«ft lit. ' knowing ', from Sk. OTT«f ' possessed of knowledge '
hence ' shrewd ', ' sagacious.'
*Hh" ' minister. Lit. ' one who gives advice.' This final I is
agentive and should be distinguished from the i of posses-
sion ' as in V*?t, W*fr, etc. *j«?)ffl ' injustice ', ' impropriety.'
1. 21. <W5J f%^f ' untimely ', lit. ' without time/
1. 23. f%«f ^Ilt ' what to be said of? ' ^T*r is understood before
Idiomatically for 'not to speak of/ Vide also
p. 55, 1. 2.
40 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
PAGE 47.
]. 5. qwq ^qr«TT 'to lose an opportunity.'
1.9. 3t ' near.'
1. 12. "i^R3Tf*f ' condition of the mind', ' inward feelings.'
1 . 13. SvPNl'si ' lord of the earth ', %**fr is the contracted form of the
word sf^ffl", lit. 'weighty.'
1. 15. W5? WW*T ' in season and out of season ', ' every now and then.'
^ ^T^ * occasion may arise when ', ' on some occasion.'
1. 16. flT^TT is ' to pick ', ' to scratch.'
1. 17. tw '$"«f<$ll same as W*l <3fW*r.
1. 19. «?f«f properly '*?fa' 'a precious stone.'
1. 22. fMfa ' discrimination.'
1. 23. ^fW *T«I*? ^T^H ' good, middling and bad ', lit. * uppermost,
middlemost and lowermost.' This final *? is the contraction
of the superlative termination ?R .
PAGE 48.
1. 1. ^rfa^TTC ' authority ', ' sphere of duty.'
1. 4. ^TF*K«f ' ornament/
«T^t ^ ^fa ?f^t 'in their proper place.'
1. 6. ipfir = «5phirT ' the Indian lute.' It is a fretted instrument of the
guitar kind with a large gourd at each end of the finger-
board.
1. 8. 3>*?TOT ' unkindness ', lit. ' bad feelings.'
1.10. i%JT 'side', 'near.'
1. 11. *£<rfw ' lord of the earfch ', ' a king.'
1. 15. {p?* «T ^faro ' is not befitting you.'
). 18. {•f44&4 ' without hesitation.'
1. 19. ^f^ff ' occupied in mind ', ' thoughtful.' The latter word
of the compound is the corrupted form of the word
' cares ', and should be carefully distinguished from the
word f^pff 'mind.'
PAGE 49.
1. 3. <l"3lf^ 'returning.'
1. 4. ^13"^ ' very powerful.'
.Mil.
el>c\\ lii-r.- . Sk.
an onomatopoetic word giving tin- idi . <»t -iii\ •. -\ -intr.
conj. ' tluit.' *>•<.!•.
of these.'
properly ?f*T ' I'-
'incarnation of justice.'
' et cetera.'
' unanimous ', lit. * of one opinion.'
* vestments of honour.'
for alleviation.'
road.'
k favour.'
PAGE 50.
1. 1. fsr^TCf ' prevention.'
1. 4. «n 3T^3£ ' if ever.'
1. 6. *TO 'death7, lit. 'time.'
1. 7. ffar 'essence.' ^T^i 'nourisher or protector of the world/
1. 8. *J«R ^ ' in human form.'
1. 17. fsff^rT 'free from cares.'
1. 20. 3^r ' cave.' *r^Tf%5fi*? lit. ' very strong and powerful.'
I. _2. »^RT is 'to run away ', ' to take to flight.'
PAGE 51.
1. 2. *n% ^TO W ' on account of him.'
1. 7. ^iffe ^|5fT is ' to sleep a sound sleep ', ' to sleep comfortably.'
1. 8. *JT& 'again', 'further.'
1. 9. ^T3 *?TO 'getting an opportunity.'
1. 11. STT% ^Kf ' for which.'
1. 14. ^Tff^ *?fT *?fc ' being at the point of dying of starvation.'
1. 19. *re ^R?in 'former history', ' previous circumstances.'
1. 21. ^nH?)- 9f ^ ' on his part.'
42 NOTES ON EAJNlTI
PAGE 52.
1. 2. S*ft"iT ' near.'
1. 3. 1T*T«T *rnd^ ' made to fall on his feet.'
1. 4. vtfqffi 'having patted' as a mark of encouragement.
1. 6. ?;T5nfk in: ' at the door of the king.'
1. 9. ^ToTT *T=^TSTT % <rr* . $p? % *V = g* 3ft *V. Mark the posi-
tion of the emphatic particle in Braj.
1.13. % = %. WT^FC 'news.'
1. 14. sR"^" ig$ ^ff^. 'bowing down his head (in obeisance).'
1.22. ssftit'top.'
PAGE 53.
1. 6. ^sfe ' with my own eyes.' ^f ' my own ', ?fs ' sight.'
1. 8. «ft<J<gM lit. ' formidable.'
1. 13. 5t ^1" ^TOT ' eatables of various sorts.'
^T €t ?^r Jr€t ' took the road to the forest.'
1. 16. fwcKNI is ' to scatter.'
1. 17. xj-qr^TSf = Sk. trqfrs 'sweetmeats prepared by being first fried
in ghl and then saturated with sugar.'
Sk. fainr ' sweets (in general) ', from ffl« ' sweet', ^TSf
food.'
T 'fruits and edible roots.' V^fa 'having thrown
aside.'
1. 18. ^FST ^f^TT^ ' stretched out his hands.'
1. 22. *f?reT ' honour.'
PAGE 54.
1. 3. ^T^T ' carrier ', ' conveyor ', ' an animal for riding', from W3 ' to
carry.' S'iva is represented as riding on a bull. iTRnt
' Goddess Durga ', lit. the daughter of a mountain. Durga
is known to be the daughter of the Himalaya moun-
tain. She is represented as riding on a lion.
1. 4. 3IT«T«ri is * to roar', from Sk. root garj 'to make a roaring
noise.'
1. 5. ^TJT*n WR«TT 3rfT ' giving a reception befitting a guest.' Wffi
' a guest ', lit. 'one come ', and WUPfT from ^ ' good ', ' well ',
and ^HT^nf ' come ' hence ' welcome.'
t
NOTES ON 1: 5. 1 Nil!. 43
1. G. <n**ft ' a guest.'
1. 7. t*t wifft 'S'iva and Dur^a.' t*T >ieme Lord ' i
epithet of S'iva.
1. 8. fayreK 'civility ', from fn[I 'civil', smd ^l^K ' conduct.'
1.13. ifr' shouting.'
!.!<;. mft ?ft q^t 'pray, just enquire.' Mark the idiomatic use of
the dramatic particle *^t the ordinary signification of
which is ' very well.'
1. is. <33T«rr is * to spend.'
1. 19. «r ^fare ' is not becoming.'
1. 20. $ ' or f, vide 1. 9, p. 49. ^tf*l ' polity.'
1. 22. <8 ire ^^«rT is 'to collect ', lit. ' to bring together.'
1. 23. sfl^«ir is 'to amass', lit. 'to add to.' It also means 'to add
up a sum.'
*fariT ' storehouse ', ' treasury.'
PAGE 55.
1. ± zrar ^^t 'not to speak of, lit. 'what to be said of?' Vide
p. 46, 1. 23.
1. 4. T^Tf lit. l chief, hence 'the chief companion of a king', 'a
minister.'
1. 5. ^j*?tf?f ' injustice.' ^IW ' unrighteous act.'
1. 6. ^8 ^1«TT is ' to be ruined ', lit. ' to be displaced.'
1. 11. ^3*T?t ' relations ', lit. ' closely bound or connected.' This word
is technically used in Hindi to mean ' a son or daughter's
father-in-law.' ^Xw means ' a relation by birth or matri-
mony.'
^^Tft ' a benefactor.' ^fij^TC ' authority ', ' executive func-
tion.'
1. 14. g^£ ' insignificant ', ' despicable.'
1.16. ^r 'quickly', 'abruptly.' rfT^fT is 'to break', hence 'to
dismiss.'
1.17. 3^«r Wtt 'very tenderly.' The ref etition is here intensive.
cloth.'
44 NOTES ON RAJNlri.
1.18. *KflT*fT is 'to give grounds of suspicion', lit. 'to perplex',
from tlie root W ' to wander about.'
1. 19. *?fa? is the corrupted form of fa'sf ' a friend/
1. 20. $*tW ' good-natured.'
1. 21. -qi^ ' fire', lit. ' the purifier.'
1.21. ^fUT^Bf ' the new-moon day.'
1. 22. *T<T^KT is used twice in this line in two different meanings.
In one place it has its ordinary meaning ' a drunkard ', and
in the other, it means ' intelligent ?, ' wise.' In the former
it comes from the word *T?| ' mad ', and in the latter, it is
the contraction of the word 5Rfw ' understanding ', ' intel-
lect.' 'WT?!' ' ignorant ', ' stupid ', lit. ' unskilful.'
1. 23. *frfH*TCTO name of a poet, the author of this verse.
TW^ = «R:«n*T lit. 'Lord of man', 'a king.' *nft 'friend-
ship.'
PAGE 56.
1. 2. ^r^TC 'pride', 'the feeling of self-importance.' fff^r ' bad
vices.'
1. 5. ^TOT*far 'infraction of order.' «TT^ 'king', lit. 'An Indra
amongst men.'
1. 6. fVs %«f ' a separate bed.' %^f comes from Sk. ¥HEfT * something
to lie down upon.'
1. 11. S3*?f3?rai ' well wisher.'
1. 12. ^jsfa ' good acts ', 'virtuous acts.'
1. 13. wfwrft ' one in authority.'
1. 15. ^TO $5fT 'to take off.'
1. 17. f^^f%W ' a picture ', lib. * something drawn out in painting.'
1. 21. f%?tf*?Tf^I lit. ' powerful as the sun.'
1.23. *TS 'a banker.'
PAGE 57.
1. 1. «rteT=in^ (1. 22, p. 56) 'a barber.' This sort of transposi-
tion of vowels without any change of meaning is a common
characteristic of spoken dialects.
1. 2. ^^ = t^CT 'history ', 'detailed accounts.'
NOTES OX RiJNTlI
* tin- island <>: Ceylon. y|q lit. • land MUTound*'d
l,ot h >idcs I iy w,v
— g^-gu^. *«JJI WTOT ' fH'iran 1" WTMalk',
'con vei>af ion.'
1. !>. tw**f =wrf*w (*tf)qft' to trade,' *^t' f<* ' on<-.
year.
1.10. •fTOJtaffT - «re^l«rr 'a lady in the prime of her youth.'
?7r«T5Tfeff v,-t with jewels.'
1. 11. •rrfa«*T ka nohle lads. This word is used also to mean ' the
heroine of a drama ', ' a mistress ', etc. Mark the repetition
of words in tin's line and the next two 1
1. {•>. fr^TW: k :> kind of demigods.
1. '2'2. SJT^T if"' ' at your own will ', * freely.'
f^f^nsfl" fo^IT ' the art of painting ', here ' a production of that
fine art.'
I. 'J.'>. aiv^fo^T^ one of the eight forms of marriage recognised by
Mann. In this form, the marriage proceeds entirely from
love or mutual inclination of the youth and the maiden.
PAGE 58.
1. 2. f^T ' magic picture. '
1. 3. f^ffor 'separation ', lit. 'want of union.'
1. 4. 'UT'Sr ' now.
1. 5. THf ' last night.'
' a cowherd ', from Sk. 'STPwlT :
' milkman', ' a cowherd.' H^TOT feminine of ^fa .
'a paramour.' ^RTfa 'to talk ', ' engaged in talking.'
1. 7. -qf* ' a pillar', Sk. W?: ' a fixed post or pillar.'
1. 8. 'lir'?)" ^T3T ^T^ft ' when the midnight chimes rung.' In big
cities of India, the expiration of a watch or pahar vrfie
olden times, announced by the ringing of chimes, called
' a barber's wife.'
1. 9. ^t is the feminine form of the vocative particle T.
'separation.' This word is used only in tin.- oaf
lovers.
' poor fellow.'
46 NOTES ON KAJNITI.
1. 10. ^<qi f^rift: ' taking pity.'
1.11. fWW delay.'
1. 12. *?^ *T«rro ' having gratified.'
1.15. ^WPC ^t 'cut off.'
1. 17. 5?K ' sister.'
1.18. afrit 'have lost.'
1.22. ^fift 'owner', 'lord', 'husband', lit. ' one possessing wealth ',
hence ' the possessor of anything.'
1. 23. 3f^N» ' stigma on one's character.'
PAGE 59.
1. 1. ^ftafRT^T 'the guardians of (the quarters) of the world.' They
nre also called f^qrara or the regents of the eight cardinal
points. Indra is the lord of the East, Agni of the South-
east, Yama of the South, Nairrita of the South-west,
Varuna of the West, Marut of the North-west, Kuvera of
the North and Eudra of the North-east.
TO^vfttl" 'the earth', lit. 'the upholder of all.' This
and the following four words are the names of the five
elements.
1. 2. ^fa *tejT ' the morning and the evening ', lit. * the two points
of union (of the day and night),' ' the two twilights.'
1. 3. TO5 'known', lit. 'accessible.'
1. 6. fear 'near.'
5&V €t <^T vft % ' is exactly as it was before/
1. 8. ^TW*r 'transgression', 'guilt', lit. 'an act which causes
displeasure.'
1. 12. tft ' basket.'
1. 14. ^T^ ^"fa 'towards her ', ' at her.'
1. 18. ^TV ' merchant.'
1. 21. ^WTOT ' prostitute ', lit. ' a common woman.'
' a demon ', ' a goblin.'
PAGE 60.
1. 2. ^Sr Wfe ' machine went off.' ^K ' hand ' from the root IT ' to
*v
do ', lit. ' the limb for doing actions/
NOTES ON ItAJXTll. 1-7
1. 3. WKffWfa'ft ' pTOBtitnta ', lit. ' <I;illi;uirc \\itliu multi-
tude of people.1
1. 4. *?*l*nfjnc * the Malaya hills in Southern India.' The country
• mill is called Malabar. There is a poetic fancy attached
to tin's r;ui^(! ot hills, which abounds in sandal wood, that
the touch of the wind blowing from it transforms any tree
into a sandal tree.
1. 5. qfrCTTC = qffrWTO 'a Police Superintendent.'
1. 7. ^— % q/K ' having given.'
1. 10. *roroto '«is was proper.'
1. 13. aft ^t st wt ' what is past is past/
1.14. 3rarr*r%f = *mT^f JT .
1. 15. ^pc ' clever ', ' cunning.'
1.19. f^i^ifXH'l =sgf«^Tlx^t 'an adulteress', lit. 'gone astray
from the path of virtue.'
1. 20. «f^r * a son ?, ' a boy ', lit. ' an offshoot.'
1.21, Wt^TT'son.'
MTJT m&l is * to enjoy.'
1. 23. <s1«J| ' son.' *ti$\ ' granary.'
PAGE 61.
1. 1. WT i&m is ' to gratify.' ^?ft ' husband.'
1. 2. 'SreKTT is ' to open.'
1. 3. <??Vfe*IT ' stick.'
1. 4. ^T<f ^TTT ^TT is ' to settle matters.'
1. 13. fwcf ...... 5TT ' go wherever you like.'
1. 16. <imf? ' lust; *?m =^rt .
1. 17. ^ ' is active.'
PAGE 62.
1. 2. WT^h' ' female crow.'
1. 4, Itfar ' a bird's nest.'
1. 5. JT»r *rf «t ' conceived/
1. 6. ^«rrr from Sk. ^r^R * to another place."
48 NOTES ON RAJXlTI.
1. 8. ^T^t" ' arguer', hence ' disobedient.'
1. 9. ^r $f ' for this reason. '
1. 14. ^*T ' hare', from Sk. **¥*•'
1. 17. ^^T life. ' indomitable.'
1. 19. ^T^f *? 'amongst themselves.'
1. 21. ^T^t *TffV ' fixing tarns.'
1. 23. *T*ffe %f ' with respect ', ' respectfully.'
PAGE 63.
f*v — .
1. 4.
1. 5.
1. 6. ^fa ^3rn? ' very well.' ^«f ^fc 'having promised.'
1. 7. *rft 'turn.'
1. 12. ^^ ^f^jft ' will finish.'
<\
1. 13. ^^ ^pA ' very slowly ', ' with faint steps.'
1. 15. vhft ' delay.'
1. 17. 7J1T tfret = jrJ*i?rT ^re . ^sft ' a second ', ' another.'
1. 18. f%W ' where.'
1. 20. ijjf = l^f ' here.
1. 21. ^T5T W^TT ' except to-day.'
PAGE 64.
1. 1. «i = «ft 'that.'
1. 2. ^T«T ' but on the other hand ', ' moreover.'
1. 6. Tf ^f«IT is ' to go and come back.' ^r* sffafT is ' to be looking
out for some one ', lit. ' to look on the path.'
1. 7. ^^[2 ^F'5T«r ' retracing (my) steps.'
1. 8. ^JT^ ^lT«fF is * to return.'
^^•T ^T ^f^: ' making (me) promise ', lit. 'binding me by (my)
words.'
1. 9. fa^T <U^«fT is ' to bid farewell to ', ' to dismiss.'
1. 17. Ttaff*r3T^ = iffaR^T^IT ' preventer.'
1. 18. ^R^ % 4 has entered ', ' has gone into.'
NOTES ON KAJNlTI. 49
I. 1'.'. ^"Hrer ( stain "i rite well.
1. 20. *f?rfifa ' reflection.'
l.'Jl. f^ft 'jumped into.'
65.
1. 2. ^liffafe ^fT is ' to bless ', lit. * to utter benedictions.'
I. '•'>. WW ' having said/ Murk the participle, here *T is understood
;iftcr Ma- vcrl».
1. 7. ?KfaT 'tank.'
1. 12, fa«r 3f ?f ' from amongst them.'
1.13. WT 'snake.'
1. 14. fttoT 'servant ', lit. 'one who always eagerly says, ' what shall
I do ? »
1.16. Mark the position of the preposition f*r«r 'without' between
the adjective and the noun.
I. 2:1. W^J ^WTO ' in season and out of season.'
PA.;E 66.
1. 3. «f «T?!T^ ' if not warn.'
1. 9. TTT . . .^ ' but should not allow the kingdom to go to ruin.'
1. 15. "sranri^f ' void of power ', lit. ' void of heat or glory.'
1.18 V^f^rTK ' incarnation of justice', ^WTR lit. means 'coming
down on earth.'
1. 19. 3r€W ' powerful ', * intolerable.' H?ft ' advice ', ' opinion.'
1. 20. *!^R«it ' all at once ', ' all of a sudden.
1. 21. yj|«w 'Chanakya, the friend and adviser of Chandra Gupta.'
He was also called qh^4j|j for his crooked policy.
PAGE 67.
1. 1. •/<.* lit. ' delighter ' from the root «fa[ ' *° please.'
1. 2. Q-*ft = *^'that.'
1 3. ^r*i< I^T is ' to enjoy.'
1. 4. After ^T«f supply W$ ^TRT .
^TTK % 'taking with', 'taking in (his) company.'
' hunting ', ' the chase.'
7
50 NOTES ON KAJNITI.
1. 6. ?w*n ' to gallop.' WT^TT ' to % at.'
1. 8. ^ir«T«fT ' to be tired ', ' to be confused.'
1. 9. ^Rft ' fleeing away.' It is also used as an adverb meaning
' quickly.1
9T*J JZJW ' heat and thirst.7 WR also means 'sunshine.'
1. 11. *<?faf?T ' king ', ' lord of the world.* W*f ^ *WTO ' making
his minister hold.'
1.13. «nfj-'pond.»
1. 14. fN^f = fW ^ * to drink. '
1. 15. ^ = ijt ^ ' having drunk.'
1. 16. ^f^ ' read ' ; past tense of ^fafT ' to read.'
1. 17. 7HT« ' will leave.' Mark the future form. xn^«T ' stone ' from
Sk. « Pasan.'
1.19. «TT^ = «mjfMwell.'
1. 20. 3TTT ' mud/ ^ifihc; = ^fite qR ' having besmeared with.'
1. 22. ^TR ^^ifT ' to attempt to deceive.'
1. 23. ^- ' killed ', from Sk. root ^ 'to kill.'
PAGE 68.
1. 4. ^' pride.'
1. 6. ^t"^V ^I«f ' a gift already given away.'
1. 8. ^ k Now.' Supply sft before ^rl .
1.10. ^I« 'plainly.'
1. 11. ^JT& g«? «fT«fV ' for the future you know what to do.'
1. 13. ^tf JV ' will think of.'
1. 15. «f ^ ' one cannot do ', ' nothing can be done.'
1. 16. ut^K ' a boor ', lit. ' a man of the village.' srnffa »5»?R
'natural instinct.'
1. 17. ^^ »?^^ 'rubbing with oil.'
1. 19. w ^ ^[f^5 ' if sprinkle with honey.'
1. 21. ^fiT*TO ' disgrace ', lit. ' bad reputation.' &QR ' avarice ', lit.
' thirst.'
PAGE 69.
1. 1. fsffi'lfl' = farjcj [^«| * one who has subdued his passions ', lit. ' one
who has conquered his senses.'
NOTES ON KA •">!
giver of pleasure.' ^*r
1. 4. <irwN ' blinded with lust.'
1. 5. ^^TflTift k intoxicated with desire.'
1. 10. w^ ^rr*t ' conceal the secret.'
1. 13. ^m ^R: *Nf is * to bring under control.'
L3A *4g=q;?«r 'all property.' q$ k all' and ^ lit. * oue's own.'
Here is an example of the semivowel * being contracted
into ^ in the dialect. Cf. JJHl* f°r WTT, 1. 12, above,
which means * nature ', lit. * one's own state or disposition.'
?ig{«f = s^fa was the maternal uncle of Duryodhan, by whose
intrigues the great battle of Kurukshetra was brought
about.
1. 15. *?W*TC*f ' the great war of the sous of Dhritarastra and Pandu
described in the epic of that name.'
1. 16. 3»fr;% = ^tflT . In Braj ^% is the termination of the 2nd and
3rd persons singular of the future tense = ega.
1. 18. f**K ' the sand-piper.' This bird is said to sleep with its legs
extended upwards as it' to support the sky. The full form
of this word is ^^fa^T, also f^^NK, of which the feminine
form is used in 1, 21 below.
1. 19. «r?T3ng^T 'greatly agitated.'
1. --. «^ $t **t ' was about to lay eggs.'
PAGE 70.
1. 2. {jfl «f^ai k high waves.' This is a high-flown expression and is
purely Sanskrit.
1. 5. ^f^t — 3fTT idiomatically expresses great contrast or difference.
1. 7. fifNfllt ' unconcern ', * fearlessness.' Note this form of ab-
stract nouns.
1. 9. ^refx ' wave.'
1. 13. an*f ' Grarur, the king of birds.' In Hindu mythology Nara-
yana is represented as riding on Garur, hence his influence
with Narayaua, his master.'
1.18. WN§ properly ^T*TO' is an abstract noun, 'power', 'the condi-
tion of being able.' The adjective W^, 'able ', lit. means
' equal to the purpose or necessity.'
52 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 71.
1. 1. ^w ^WI ' assuming a dejected (lit. dried up) countenance.'
1. 4. Wfar ' especially.'
1. 5. qipnir ' full of fear.'
1. 10. ^^rft ' dejection.'
1. 11. TOcS" * difficulty ', ' misfortune.'
sorrowful words.'
1. 17. 3*93? * sea of sorrow.'
1. 19. WRIZ = ^9^f3E ' unknown to others ', * concealed.'
1. 20. ^f^ * security ', ' protection ', lit. ' arm.'
1.21. MOTi<*> ^3rc*rT is 'to secure a happy hereafter.' n^ft«|f ' the
next world.'
1. 22. ^fare ' circumspect ', « watchful ', ' alert.'
1. 23. frefe ' displeasure ', lit. ' evil eye.'
PAGE 72.
1. 1. MfHK 'family ', lit. 'those who surround (one).'
qff in Braj, the sign of the genitive, gfff ' satisfaction.'
1. 3. T?fa*r = f^TO f?W ' most beloved.'
1. 6. *ft*K ' barren land.'
1. 8. <unT 3t ' of his own accord.' 5 = 1% 'or.'
1. 9. W ^t TT ' in his own mind.'
1. 10. <3:s^r ' bright ', figuratively for ' noble minded.'
«j<^)«f lit. ' dirty ', ' vile ', ' depraved.'
1. 11. ^rsn; ' collyrium ' from Sk. qresrar .
1. 13. ^T^fT'h' ' carefulness.' Note the formation of the abstract
no an by adding the final i. '9T^'6rT«r lit. ' with or having
circumspection ', hence, ' careful.'
1. 14. VKTW ' offence.' *?«r *J^TT <lfOir is ' to be annoyed.'
1. 15. *T^5T ' wonder.'
L 16. %[fH ' too much.'
1, 17. ^g 3R;ifr lit. ' to displace or to remove one from his position*',
hence ' to ruin.' *I?R ' little ', lit. ' not even one.'
3N KA.INTll. 53
1. 18. ^TO ' remedy Y ' means of escape.'
1. 19. Wff tWHT is * to reflect and nmki- up (one's) mind.'
•s
1. 21 . <TT is to be understood after
PAGE 7.S.
1. 1. ^kSf 'up to the end.'
1. 2. *j*fT ' useless.'
1. :'». fo*TT from Sk. 5*TO ' green vegetation.' ^jq it ^HT ' sponta-
neously.'
1. r>. ^s^5T«T * wicked person.'
1. 6. tf = *T ' like ' ; cf. Sk. *« « like.'
1. 8. ffaTOT ' fan.1
1. 9. ^THfTO ' an iron goad for driving elephants.'
1. 11. ifR ^T«ft ^' *BrTf«HlO 'granivorous ', lit. * eater of rice and
water.'
1. 12. fw^ 4 breach of friendship.' f*?r % ^ ' suggested to the
mind.'
1. 13. ^feiff ' crystal.'
1. 14. ^sr^?nrr is * to be separated (like plaster from the wall) '
hence ' to be annoyed.'
1. 15. ^* W*J ' sometimes.'
1. 16. ffa ' humble.'
1. 17. ^7T ' but, on the other hand.'
1. 18. ^Trra ' heroism ', ' bravery.'
1. 19. ^^? ' salvation ', lit. ' release.'
1.21. g^R . . . ^IT% ' what strength you can.'
1. 22. ^ny vfftf ^W^ ' relaxation of any kind.'
PAGE 74.
1. 1. f*Kl<i ' insult ', lit. ' want of respect.'
1. 6. ^^yf vrf^l ' between the two.' For its another form
f'OTde p. 14, 1.3.
54 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 10. ^Jrfff ' companionship ', ' society.' fV*T^ "ft f^JT^ ' will certainly
be spoiled.' Mark the intensive force of the repetition of
the verb here.
1. 15. fw*mc ' bull.' SfiTv W^ = 3ftv t «*T ' filled with anger.'
1. 16. fsffi^sr^ ' just as.'
1. 17. f?f*T correlative of f^W, 'then.'
1. 18. iTOm% 'with all (their) might', 'as far as (their) strength
(allowed).'
1. 20. ^T*r^ ' helpless ', ' poor, innocent.'
1.21. f%?:f%^- = fo?: $f f%*JT 'brought upon myself, 'heaped upon
my head.'
1. 22. vpft ' sharer ', ' partaker.' «teprf5!^T^ ' partner ', ' co-sharer.'
PAGE 75.
1. 2. ^f?T ' custom.' TT^TV** ' polity ', lit. ' duties of a king ' ; hence
the book in which are laid down what a king should or
should not do.'
1. 5. irff ' righteous.'
1. 6, ^rc?r 'forbearance', 'forgiveness.'
' an ornament.' ^«H ' fault ' ; % is understood after it.
' polity ', lit. the book which regulates the conduct
(of life). i?ff?f lit. means 'that which leads', and mm lit.
means 'that which rules.'
1. 7. 'Q'r'H?!" ' one who eats everything ', i.e. ' one who takes all sorts
of food, clean or unclean, prescribed or prohibited.'
1. 8. ^RT^TTT ^f^*l?) ' careless or imprudent officer.'
1. 9. 3l«r5m^6 ' one who spoils all good qualities.' This agentive
termination 3i is in signification the same as <ft<34l<sl|. Cf.
^WSi = ^*f«rei*^T^n ' a spectator', 'a looker on', also fi|W
in 1. 12 below.
rrwr^T lit. 'that time ', 'that very moment', ' instantly.'
1.11. ^nrre; properly ^TWT 'liberal in charity.' The final ^ in this
word is the remnant of the r sound in the original stem ^TS.
In Sanskrit declension, the nominative plural form of the
words ends in ^ . Of. also the forms ^?ffc, 3WTC, Vfifc, etc.
NOTES ON KAjNlTI.
1. 12. fifa* ' cruel ', lit. ' min-di-roiis.' ^T*T- W* ; kind ', ' full of
kindness.'
1. 14. wta fazTO ' removing hi> rem<
1. 15. ^WIT« ' the royal throne.'
1. 17. ^Jlfffa ' blessings ', ' benediction.'
1. *W*T * well-being ', « welfare.* ^t is understood after it.
PAGE 76.
' strife ', ' quarrel ', ' battle ', ' war.'
is a particle of address, ' O.'
teacher.' The word \* ' god ' is added as a mark of
veneration.
1. 3. ^TT^WT * desire ', ' curiosity.'
1. 4. *rfa <5**re Tfa ' being calm and quiet.'
1. 6. TTWHTcmr 'royal dignity*; WT*T lit. means 'heat*, hence
* glory ', * power.'
treachery ', lit. ' striking down confidence.'
1. 10. *tf^fhr lit. ' camphor island.' TO%^[ = mi^fa lit. ' pleasure-
ground of lotuses.'
1. 11. f^BTO^ lit. ' born of a golden egg.'
1. 14. %** from Sk. ^rir ' a boatman.'
1. 15. if fifS ' will not thrive.'
1. 16. ^f^^nrt * increase (in number and wealth).'
1. 17. TfWr ' glory ', * renown.'
1. 18. TWfW^T^T ' jewelled throne.'
PAGE 77.
' a certain ', ' some unknown.' Mark the force of the
intensive particle 3^ = ^" here. It is somewhat like an
expletive here, or may be taken in a depreciative sense,
' not so well-known.'
^tT^^ lit. ' long-mouthed.'
1. 5. **?T^K ' news ', lit. ' doings of all.'
1. 7. ST^ffa Ht. 'the island of the rose-apple tree.' One of the
seven old divisions of the world under which India falls.
56 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
In those days the whole earth was taken as an island and
its different parts were therefore so named. These divi-
sions were named after the tree peculiar to itself. Cf.
HtffflM 'the island of the Indian fig tree ', ^T^^t^hf 'the
island of the silk cotton tree ', etc.
1. 9. ^«rfsr % ^ ' skilful in words.'
1. 15. ^TTST ?:TSIT ' the king of the present day/
1. 16. ^9^ T*3f ' & second Indra ', ' another Indra.'
1.19. qu'milk.'
1. 20. «r ^iT% ' will not enter ', ' will not act upon.'
1. 22. ^nph* f%^ irnT ^T^ ' suffered the consequence of their own
actions/
PAGE 78.
1. 1. %??^r = Sk. m*ti<gt ' silk-cotton/
1. 2. ^"hs^T in Bra] = IfaWT ' a bird's nest.'
1. 3. T&R f* 'once upon a time.' VT^t 'the month of Bhadra, the
fifth of the Hindu months.'
1. 4. ^fa^ ' the lightning.' ^m means * a string or streak (of
light).' ^*WfT is 'to flash.' ^2T 'clouds', the word
primarily means ' an assemblage ', ' a gathering ', hence ' a
gathering of clouds.5 The usual word in Sanskrit is
1. 5. S^ron; adv. ' in torrents ', lit. ' a stream of bludgeons.'
1. 6. ^sjg ' being wet.' In Braj this g is a termination of the
present participle.
1. 7. €fa ^ m^^^rf % *TT ' through cold.'
1. 8. *«!^C lit. ' a wanderer in the forest.'
1. 9. ^f*§ ?r^ *rit *just see', 'please see.' This dramatic particle
^^f has various meanings. It usually means 'let it be
admitted ', but sometimes it also means 'certainly', 'just
so', *pray', etc.
1.11. £•* = <£%.
1, 12. ^T*J ¥^T^ ^fT is 'to sleep comfortably ', lit. ' to lie down with
one's feet fully stretched out.'
•a ON K!J
1. 14. *ft <Jfw?f Sif =*p« tffwil %T Mark the position of tlie noun in
apposition, which is alu <?eri the pronoun and tin-
1.17. *?8 ^ifr * silently.' *fg *HTWT is ' to remain .-ilcnt.' ^WPC JH^
' rlrared oil'.'
I. l'J. *?^f% * dashing against the ground.'
1. 20. Wl*?fl is ' to pull off .'
% 'remained silent', 'kept ijuict. ?rfa ' >peech-
PAGE 79.
' to beat.'
' strength.'
is 'to be thought proper.'
1. 9. 1%3Tt ' pertness ', ' coquetry.'
1. 15. ^fwrgT ' the old name of Delhi.'
1. 17. ^f^t ' a white spot', ' a scar.' The ordinary meaning of this
word is ' silver', lit. ' the moon-like white metal.'
1. 22. TOPC ' the trench around a field.' fa^ ' near.'
3^ VR^t ' brown blanket.' VST^r ^TO ' having strung a
bow.'
1. 23. ^f^- ' bush.' ^f% T^ ' hid himself ', ' remained hidden.'
<N*
^ ^T^C ^!T % ^ ' at midnight ', * when two watches of the
night have passed.'
PAGE 80.
1. 2. ^iTirfv ' blinded with passion.' ^g *rnft 4 ran braying.'
1. 5. jjTfrfeq'*! ^fg^«f ' repeated blows of a cudgel.' Mark the force
of the repetition here.
1. 12. ^T^T: ' frog ', from Sk. ^fk . HTT% ' praises.'
1. 14. ^i ' fool ', ' stupid.'
1. 15. $f^r=4Hforr ' should serve or attend on.'
' cool ', from Sk. iftro . ^p^ ' shade.'
1.16. ^W vulgar.'
' superiority.' <fi^|^i ' a distiller', * a seller of wine.'
1.17. WTOT ' vessel', ' pot.' ^f^fl 'wine', lit. 'intoxicating liquor.'
58 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
1.19. TOT 'hare.'
1. 23. fxr ' scarcity ', lit. ' pulling.'
the leader of the herd.'
PAGE 81.
1. 2. JTSJTIsf ' king of the elephants.'
1. 4. f%€1u^ lit. ' an arrow-mouthed.'
1. 6. ^T*J% 'should come.1 ^sn^ 'kindred.' The prefix ^j = g*?
' same.'
1. 7. «?fag- ' living.'
1. 9. WTO ' violence ', ' injury.' *7W ^CSfT here ' to try to remedy.'
1. 10. ifH *?ff^ ^>^T ' reflected in his mind ', ' said to himself.'
1. 11. ?R?r ' touching ', ' by a mere touch.'
1. 12. f^rrt f^*T ' showed himself.'
1. 13. ^T«T ^TT*T ^fT«rr is ' to call Ram Bam.' It is a very common
form of salutation among the Hindus of Northern India,
who worship the deity in the form of Ram.
1. 14. ^3^£W ' messenger of the moon.'
1. 16. ^T*5f a|JT = WT% 5*T ' of coming.'
1. 18. ^fs^TOT ' moon-lake ', lit. * sea of the moon.'
1.20. *IW1 'displeased.'
^TIT5)" ^fK "ft ' on my behalf ', lit. 'from my side.'
1. 22. ^§t lit. ' owner of the hare.' The correct signification of the
word is 'having a hare.' The spot in the moon resembles
the form of a hare and hence the epithet.
PAGE 82.
1. 1. w ' propriety ', ' right action ', ' prescribed duty.'
1. 5. ^HTf ^JS ' came forth ', ' happened to come.' TPTT ' again.'
1. 7. ^nTTTO ' transgression ', lit. ' any action causing annoyance',
'guilt.'
^j3^r ' the moon god.' ^ra?T *rcro%f ' I will cause it to be
forgiven.'
1. 8. ^TW *fr ' having addressed.'
ffOTBf 01 KAJN'T'ii. 59
1. 9. *fi!ft> 'reflection.'
1. 16. fo* ^«TT is * to be accomplish* < I '
1. 19. ?[V*1T *^C*T*7 ' having made me prostrate myself (like a fit
1.22. fW^T 1PI7IT is ' to shunlrr.'
83.
', Sk. *:
1. 4. ^1T lit. ' all-knowing.'
1. 5. TOT«r ' chief ', lit. ' one placed foremost of all.'
1. 6. ^rera'TT ' born of a hi«:h family.' The suffix «fw is the plural
form of the suffix ^TTf ' possessing.'
*J^f«f3T ft f%S«f ' skilful in the science of war ', ' an expert
warrior.'
N**farr ' virtuous-souled.'
1. 7. <*JI'sJI*l<t ' obedient ', lit. ' one who carries out orders.'
3?!^^ ' mature in age' hence 'wise.'
^fo* R*fer?T ' a renowned scholar ', ' a man of reputed learning.'
^•WIT^'V ' appreciator of merit.' "jrar ^n*J«F 'acquirer of
•j
wealth.'
1. 8. wnn^" ' benefactor.' f^^r^rr?!' ' doer of good.'
1. 9. ^^TT ' parrot ', from Sk. SJ^f .
1. 12. ^5«ffl^l ' mad man ', also ' a drunkard .'
1. 13. ^jifiiTS^t ' unobtainable.'
1. 14. ^HR ^j" ' by mere talk.'
1. 10. ^t^C ' parrot.'
1. 19. *€fc ' ambassador', ' messenger.'
1. 20. ^Tf^T^^i ' devoted to his master.'
1. 21. qfr^ • pure.' ^JT ' shrewd ', ' clever.' €fa ' bold ', ' forward.'
fWf Tf%rf ' void of lust or anger.' WT*T?R ' forbearing. '
1. 22. Ji^K ' serious', ' reserve.' «TT^ «<TT «f ^ ' to whom none can
readily reply.'
PAGE 84.
1. '2. f%3T ' a Brahman.' TOWRT 'truthful1, lit. * truth- teller.1
1. 3. ^jainT ^f^?T ' void of pride.'
60 NOTES ON RAJNlTl.
1. 4. fifw ^*?R 'one's own nature.'
1. 5. «ftM%4 ^ ' the deadliest poison. *m^T ' Siva', lit. ' the
great god.'
1. 6. WT«TT ' blackness.' ^f TURt ' did not forsake.'
1. 7. fpJFT k parrot.' Mark this another form of the Sk. original
which is retained in ^cff 1. 9 below.
1. 9. *f^^ ' message.'
1. 10. 33^" 1 ' on my head ', i.e. ' I will carry out submissively.'
1. 12. wfa ' near.'
1. 16. <?} AH«te£j ' summer season.' According to the Hindus there are
six Ritus or seasons, sffar ' summer ', 3*tf ' rains ', inif
' autumn ', %*TO ' early winter ', jffal ' winter ', TO«H * spring.'
1.17. ^hs^t* ' mid-day ', lit. 'when two watches of the day have
passed.' *S\^\ ' traveller.'
1. 18. ^K^f ' coolness.'
1.20. wt*' shade.'
1.21. ^^ from Sk. fror 'excreta', 'dung (of birds here).'
^fT«fT is * to excrete.'
1.22. are^ 'the king of birds', the conveyance of Vishnu.
' pilgrimage.'
PAGE 85.
1. 1. ^f^t?: ' milkman.' ^%^t ' a vessel in which sour milk is kept/
1. 2. wr*f ' having denied by eating of it.' ^tr ' quail.'
1. 3. 3H^ vff?T ' in any way.'
1. 7. ^TT^TV ^iiT ' having offended.'
1. 8. ^TT«ft ' carpenter.' SIK ' paramour.' ^T3 'bedstead.'
1. 11. W^f» lit. ' foolish ', « blunt- witted.'
1.14. ^ = ^t'so.'
1. 18. Hire^ ' sound ', ' noise.' V^'WT ' test ' (^ft ' on all sides ', and
tw 'to see').
1. 20. T*rfH ^t 5TT^1 ' why don't you enjoy yourself ? '
1. 21. ^ ^ v^t ' master of the house.'
^ *nif ' to my mind ', * in my eyes.'
NOTES ON HAJ t'.l
1.22. v*t 'empty*; ^solitary.1 *.^> ;i tract of forest.'
'like.'
^TJig % ' ;il'i '-fins to be.'
1.23. ?tf* * affection ', 4lo\
PAOI 86.
1. 1. 113* from Sk. 3T<J*f •rra/y'. ' in>:i in-.'
I. •». *?* VW ' une moment.' A pal = '24i seconds according to Hindu
raleiilsitioii of t.iinr.
fWT*rT 'to forget.'
' ornament.'
properly ^rcwit ' noble lady.'
chnste.'
1. 6. 3*ty«IIT 'pious', lit. ' pui-e-souled.'
% ^T«T 'like betel and flower*, i.e. enjoyable for ;i
short time, or a momentary decoration.
'guest.' ^ % ^sftT 'by chance', 'by >m accident of
fate.'
qw ^ ?^T 'lines of fate.' This refers to the belief that the
inevitable happenings to a man during his life-time are
written on his forehead by Fate. These lines are indelible.
1. 10. «f W^THST ; is of no avail.'
1.12. t" ^TT is 'to burn oneself on the funeral pyre of one's
husband.'
1. 14. ^3". . .%$" ' as many. ..so many.'
1.16. JIT^ 'snake-charmer', from Sk. JTT^f^n. The word JHW
means k a charm for snake-bite ', from JHW the king of
vultures whose very name when uttered has the effect of
neutralising the effects of snake poison. Garup is a great
serpent-eater and hence the popular superstition.
*jfw irfr * by the power.' The particle ^rf^C is here used in the
sense of $ (instrumental). For its another use vide note
1. 11, p. 1.
^nrpSJ ' nether world ', * subterranean world ', which is the
abode of the serpents.
1.17. SWrfMI' 'the woman who follows her husband after his
62 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
death, i.e. by burning herself on his funeral pyre.' *3^f
' with ' and JW ' to go.'
Sfap a short form of «R3fr ' hell.'
1. 18. *T% ' taking out ', i.e. ' delivering.'
m& Jifri 'the highest condition', 'final beatitude.' *TC high
and *T is the shortened form of ?nr the superlative suffix.
1. 19. T4FQ *i^ WT ! ' How fortunate am I ! ' ' Blessed be my for-
tune ! '
1. 20. *rnT <TC ' herself will be released.'
1. 21. ^wre ' excessive joy ', ' intense delight.'
^•?f ' together with ', * along with ' ; while ^T1 means1'/ in
company with.' ^3"«f is used of lifeless things generally.
1 23. ^fa ' praise.'
PAGE 87.
1. 4. ^«F^T Sk. ^fti^l* ' Ruddy goose.'
1. 5. V?fe*HT: 'incarnation of justice.' ^rfrc 'incarnation', lit.
means ' come down (from heaven).'
1. 7. ^fa^T^t" ' minister.' ?Tff^ ' master.' falRf ' dissension.'
1. 8. *?«fT% ' would invoke the gods for', i.e. 'eagerly wish for.'
1.10. -aiH^q 'spy.' ^Z^f 'army.' f^^K 'object', 'motive',
' design.'
1. 12. ^!T^= *l^ ' good ', ' expert.'
1. 13. W ^WPC * the whole world.' f%»ft = f%H* ' prosperity ', ' wealth.'
1. 14. ^tT^l ' holy place of pilgrimage.'
^fT^W ' hermitage ( of sages).' ^T^R? ' temple ', lit. ' house of
god.' tt ' hidden.' 313" ^ffi ' ins and outs.'
1. 16. »•& ' concealed.'
sf
1. 17. ifr ' counsel.* ^^ ' should take air.' ^TT9^ ' the antagonist',
' the opponent.'
1. 19. ^"fr^T ' gate-keeper.'
1. 20. ^ix ^ ' at the gate.'
1. 23. ^TT f<«(l^il ' let him have a place to put up.'
PAGE 88.
1. 1. ^fTT^TT^ ' door-keeper.' ^«f = ^ ' to give.'
1. 2. ^14*4^ ' bas sprung forth.'
- UN KA.INlTI.
1. 9. t* 4t ' quickly indeed.'
1. 10. JUT 3VPT both the words are synonymous, ' nature ', * charac-
teristic.'
1. 11. ?HT<TT * bravery', ' courage.'
1. 12. ^flresit ' liaste ', * impatience.'
1. 14. f^HTCif lit. 'of variegated colour.'
1. 16. ffa q?TJT *1 *tfa * like the moth before the lamp.' %*l ' ant.'
1. 18. qrra ' time ', ' occasion ', * opportune time.'
1. 19. *%SW is ' to gather up (as the limbs of a tortoise)/ «rur * a
snake.'
1. 21. »r^ ' standing erect.'
1. 23. HV ' fortress.' ^frTOT is ' to make ready.'
PAGE 89.
1. 1. f^WTT is * to cause to delay.' qfe ' stronghold', * fort.'
= Sk. sft^T ' warrior.'
1. 2. ^ff 'thousand.'
1. 5. T^ifT is ' to build ', * to set up.' wt ' trench.'
1. 6. faf^" * dense ', ' thick.' W% fsi^re^ 3»f ' for ingress and
egress.'
1. 7. ^l sifter ' cannons and balls.' ihr lit. ' a machine.'
^Tff T^ ' food and drink.' V «f ff ' men and money.'
^f^3 m^sT[ is ' to collect ', ' to store up.'
1. 10. *JKq ' crane.'
1. 12. ^HPt «Vfr ' a good position ', ' a suitable place.'
1. 14. f&K ^T^ifT is ' to fix one's eyes upon ', ' to keep one's view
upon.'
1. 17. if ^T * cannot do', ' cannot go on or live.'
1. 18. «ft«r =^«f = ^f^^r ' salt.' 4t^h" ' tasteless.'
1. '20. f^JI^^q ' the island of Ceylon.'
1. 23. ^C^«ff ' far-seeing ', ' far-sighted.'
64 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 90.
1. 5. qxri ^TW ^^TfT is ' to assume the manners of another.'
f^f^fWR lit. ' the subduer of dogs.'
1. 10. ^T = ^t^r ' indigo.' fS" ' vat.'
iffa^TC ' indigo- manufacturer.'
1. 12. nffiQi ^ ' pretending to be dead.'
1.13. *f*P5Tfxsi«r 'female watercarrieis.'
^IT^h" ' companion ', a female companion is addressed by this
term by her fellow woman.
ffa 'O sister! ' This word is used in addressing both male
and female friends.
<H^ ' Oh ' is the feminine form of ^TT-
1. 16. ^Tfa'R" ' a witch whose evil eyes cause children to pine and
die.' It also means * a female imp.'
' & second ', ' another woman.'
^f%if 'sister.' Mark the transposition of the vowel i
without changing the meaning.
1.17. Tpff 'a son', 'a boy', lit. 'shaven', i.e. 'a boy whose
tonsure ceremony is performed.'
*JrT fwr^T ' spirits and goblins.'
1. 19. ^TW ' a child.' 3jft ' head.'
1. 23. <m*T ' having fled.' *fp^iT=<Jfar% * to reflect.'
PAGE 91.
1. 1. -sr^pTT ' authority.'
1. 4. ^TT^far ' medicinal herbs ', ' medicaments.'
^faw 35T«TT is ' to besprinkle ', ' to anoint.'
1. 8. t^-t^' they too.'
1.11. $^^% 'drove out.'
1. 12. eifx; ' having assembled.'
1. 13. fw«r *re«fI$T ' don't regret ', ' don't be sorry.'
1. 19. 3frf%% ' will cry out.'
1. 20. H-f^t ' a slipper.'
PAGE 92.
1. 1. W«ft ifa ' your own ways.'
1. 2. ^ ' secret.' *Ki? ' mystery ', ' hidden meaning.'
I
1. :•;. *i* ' it <
1. 10. qpiTO ' kiiiL'- ', lit. M!I«- oherisher or preserver n\ the v. <>Hd.'
1.14. WTOf 'seat.' iffa »**nro ' I'endin^ down his head.'
I. !•• ^rirfV^TT ' kin<^ <>' kings ' ; ^if«^r«T means 'suzerain ki
1.17. *src*W!T is *<o seek protection under.' ^ir«rcT = ^Rpr ' else-
\v I H
l.'JL ^--.% ' " 's through the mouth of tin- messenger that the
kini: speaks.'
= %iT *T 'havin.u- come.' «T = ^i^% %.
PAOI
'loss ', • harm.'
1. 3. W ' rules of propriety ', ' religious injunctions.'
1. 6. f*r^TTir ftoft ' appeased ', * removed.'
1. 7. flirre ' soothing ', ' conciliating/
1. 11. ^T^T ' preparations', ' arrangements.'
1. 14. ^T?I%' ^tl ' the seventh heaven ', ' the highest lieaven.' The
Hindus believe in the existence of seven graduated heavens.
?rrtr=$W % 'by me.' ^ljf=lWrT from Sk. WTT 'to
describe', ' to extol.'
1. 18. ^«rii*l ' desire ', lit. ' the chariot of the mind.'
1. J9. wwY?)' ' discontented.'
^TT^f^^t ' modest.' t^JT ' a prostitute ', lit. ' a woman who
always dresses herself in a manner to attract the minds of
the people ', from ifa ' dress.'
fj^r^ ' a lady of a high family ', ' a respectable lady.'
1.20. t — ^t (intensive particle).
1. 23. JJ^T i?rf ' of one opinion ', ' unanimous.'
PAGE 94.
1. 1. •srsrr ' subjects ', lit. * children.' f^W ' hostile (feeling) ', 'con-
tention.' «f)fd ' policy.'
1. 3. ifa adv. k quickly.' «ffa^ = Sk. ^EJtf^t * astrologer.'
1. 4. ^^f^W = ^1?^[ lit. 'a moment', hence 'an auspicious moment/
The Hindus always consult the position of the stars and
9
66 NOTES ON BAJNlTI.
planets before undertaking any work or setting out on a
journey. This word ?j^Ti is also technically used in astrolo-
gical calculations to mean ' a period of 48 minutes.'
1. 6. •TP^' ' a little one ', ' an unimportant or insignificant person.'
1. 7. ^T^fff ' another man's land ', ' another's kingdom.'
1. 8. <3^t*I ' exertion.'
1. 11. "swr ' authority.' ^T^r *»n«r 'on the authority of the order.'
1. 13. ^f%^T*T ' chiefs ', from Sk. ^^, lit. ' belonging to the face ' or
4 placed in the front.'
1. 19. TT^rre ' a raja's female apartments ', ' seraglio.' From
' residence of the ranis.'
1.22. fipw ( uneven.' qf'or.'
PAGE 95.
1. 2. are?[ ' elephant ', probably from 31^*3 * king of elephants.'
1. 3. ^Trh" qfte 'a moving fortress.'
1. 4. xr^r^sf from Sk. ^"^ifff ' footsoldier ', ' infantry.'
1. 6. aftaNrc ^t ipfc i.e. 'very little sleep', lit. 'the sleep of the
chief of yogis.' One of the main austerities of yoga is to
conquer sleep.
1. 10. ^rcftfei ^5fT^ ' should desolate completely.' vflv?TT is ' to
root out.'
1.11. ^nft 'enemy.' ^f^Y lit. 'of two minds', hence 'divided in
thought', 'distracted.'
1. 12. i'v*T ' fire- wood/ ^TT ' forage ', ' fodder.'
1. 13. ifft diminutive of K& ' a fort.'
<W ' tank.' ^T^ ' pond.' "^Hr «ri^ ' should break and des-
troy.' ^iT^T ' grove.' ^Ttt i garden.'
1. 14. ftf T ' trouble ', ' affliction.'
1. 15. ^9^-3iH| is ' to cause.'
1. 19. WF^ ' reward ', lit. ' a token of pleasure/
1. 20. ^"f^^fT ' pittance ', lit. ' means of livelihood ', from 5?fa ' life.'
1. 23. fotoT ' servant ', lit. " one who always asks ' what shall I do ? ' ''
' dejected ', ' disheartened.'
NOTES ON KAJNTll.
PAGE 96.
1. 1. ^R*T9 * improper time', i.e. 'when lit- i- \v;mt<-<l \ • :it tin-
wrong moment.'
OTift fin is ' to give the cold shoulder ', ' to evade.'
I. I *?% z^ ' starving and pining', * being starved and distrt
1. 6. *n»hn 'sister's sons.' V^ffanW * brother's sons.'
1. 8. ^rq«rP9 ^fl is ' to make one's own.'
I. 9. ^T«T T% ' seek your protection.'
I. i:>. *%' path', 'road.'
1. 14. ^HT ' ambition.'
1 16. JJW 'nuspicious.'
1.17. ^TCf ' moment.' In astrology it is used to mean ' the moment
of the sun's entrance into a sign of the zodiac.'
f^nfo^rqin^T ' a journey for the conquest of the different
(jnarters of the world', 'a march for invading other
countries.'
1.19. %*' below.'
1.20. ^r'camp.'
PAGE 97.
1 . 4. *T?ft f%^ ' advised.'
1. 5. W still.'
1. 13. 3\}<$\ ' amusement.'
1. 15. ^rm^S ' attached.'
1. 16. TTsnJfT ' Rajput.' This word literally means ' the son of a
kinir.' The Rajputs claim to be the descendants of the
royal family which governed India in early times.
^3pT lit. ' exertion ', hence ' labour', here ' employment.'
1.20. f^*fsrf?l ' every day', 'daily.' *f?r is a Sanskrit preposition
equivalent to 'per.'
1. 22. WT ' sword.'
PAGE 98.
1. 1. Cri^TC 'salutation.'
1. 2. lf***l 'gold', lit. 'good-coloured (metal).'
1. 4.
68 NOTES ON BAJNITI.
1. 6. ^W 3>T f *rc is ' *° giye awa7 in charity by taking a religious
vow.'
1. 9. ^rf^ ' sword.' Tfift ' shield.'
1. 10. 35*T^J^*ct ' the fourteenth day after the full moon ', ' the
fourteenth day of the dark half of the month.'
1,11. '^•r W^fe 'clouds gathering round.' ^f *T^ 'it rained
heavily.'
1.18. tff% ' taking ', from Sk. ^«* ' to take.' "qiW $ finft ' followed.'
1. 19. «fsr*ffal7 ' quite young ', lit. 'newly attaining youth.'
1. 20. W7 TTT^Tl is ' to weep bitterly.'
1. 22. *T*T^?)" 'presiding goddess of prosperity of the kingdom.'
1. ?3. sfSTTf^T ^t wt^T ' sltadow of the arms ', i.e. protection.
PACK 99.
1. 1. fa^W «fr*7n is ' to take rest ', hence ' to live peacefully.'
1. 3. W f T is ' to sacrifice.' Sk. ^f% ' an offering.'
1. 4. <ff^te TT«T ' undivided rule ', ' unbroken kingdom.'
1. 9. V^J «T3I fl^ 'blessed is my fortune.' ^t 'goddess.'
1. 10. 3fl«T ^ ' work may be done ', ' may be of service.'
1.11. WTOT ' body.'
1. 14. $W = W^T ' fruitful.'
1, 16. *B«T ' debt ', ' obligation.' ^Hl& ' release.'
1.18. fiKJI* 'long-lived.7
1. 21. 'fsr^ ' soriless.' afjfrf ' world.'
1. 22. %?sfRt ' goddess Durga ', lit. ' wife of S'iva.'
PAGE 100.
1. 1. ^^r ' widow.'
1. 2. 3rf*T 'resolving', 'making up (her) mind.'
^T«?re^ ' offered as a sacrifice ', ' made an offering of/
1. 4. fsflft^t 'miserable wretch', lit. 'without feet', hence 'help-
less/
fem. of •TT3T from Sk. «T5 ' ruined/
I. •">. ^rfri 'conduct ,* behaviour ' j lit. *ii ', from Sk. ^T
' to III" .
1. 7. ^TO(J ^Tg Tonu! and g<
1. 8. fi3> ' kinsmen , i.e. • l':nnily'. hence 'wife und «-hi!
1. 11. *T^* ' rashness ', ' violence ', ' daring
1. 12. VJT lit . • in caking \ hence ' destruction.'
1.16. affa^Tif f?rr is 'to .rive the boon of lit
life.'
ft«T sjK«<t=sg«f ^Ttf 'those four persons.'
1. 19. 'S^T ' near.'
1. 28. ^Jif^ ' having returned/ feai ' side ', ' near.'
PAGE 101.
1. 1. fa* g^ 'a perfected man ', 'a man endowed with super-
natural powers ', 'a saint ', ' a divine person.'
1. 5. ^tlff ' occurrence ', ' story.'
1. 6. *<XT«4t The Carnatic, a prqvince in the Deccan.
1. 10. "^fa ' jealousy.'
1. 11. ^rg?c ' clever ', ' prudent.'
1. 13. ?n^ ' barber.' TITT ^T^" ' lost his life.'
1. 17. ?<rcr ' dream.'
^^rft^r ' an epithet of Mahadeva ', lit. * always blissful.*
1. 18. TT^ft Tlf% ^ft ' towards the end of the night ', ' during the
small hours of the night.'
^^C TRT ' to get shaved.'
1. 19. qDfcqr ' stick ', * bludgeon ', the Braj form of W^.
1. 20. ^R|f T^fT ' to keep oneself concealed.'
1.21. ^«f»«fr«l 'with the stick or bludgeon.' ^rfe^ 'get' impera-
tive.
i 22. 3F^ra 'pot', 'pitcher.' i% 'shall become', 'shall be trans-
formed into.'
1.23. *rc 'boon.' ^ f^«r -; next day.'
70 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 102.
I. 1. *fr^rr«TTO 'one of the epithets of S'iva ', lit. 'the easily pro-
pitiated JJord.'
1. 3. «fferT ' barber * is another form of «TT^> •
1. 4. Ctf?f ' way', ' means.'
1. 14. f{f ' stupid ', ' foolish.'
1. 17. ^T* *FS ' ferries and roads.'
1.21. <tfT 'running', i.e. 'quickly', 'without delay.'
I. 23. ^J«rrf WTT ' immediately on hearing.'
PAGE 103.
1. 5. ^I^T SJ ' Revered Sir.' ^TT^ Vfff«f ' in any way ', ' by any means '.
* somehow or other.'
1. 7. are 'pride.' ^RJh" * Goddess of prosperity.'
1. 8. «T ' disappears.' H^M ' manliness ', ' strength ', ' energy.'
^T$p; 'clever', 'intelligent', 'sagacious.' ^Hrf? ^^CTT is ' to
repeat often ', ' to practise ', ' to exercise the memory.'
1. 12. ^W?T*TT is ' to flourish ', '-to bloom.'
1. 15. W^ftfH ' impolitic act.'
1. 16. ^J4MT is ' to blunder ', ' to err ', ' to abandon '
c\
1- 17. fPTSZT 'unwholesome diet ', 'intemperance.'
1.19. ^in??)' 'mirror', 'looking glass.' *?fa Tf^ ^C% 'remained
silent.'
PAGE 104.
1. 4. QNTTfT is 'to rectify', 'to mend.' ^PilMlff ' a fatal type of
fever caused by the combined derangement of the three
humours of the body', 'typhoid fever.'
1. 7. f^«RT 3>T«TT is ' to conquer.'
1. 8. 3*T* ' battle/
1. 9. e|fte tfarer ' besiege the fort.'
1. 18. <^T*T ' a copper coin of the smallest value ', ' a farthing.'
1. 20. ^JTTO ' calamity ', from Sk.
1. 21 ^T^^i properly ^T^« ' useful.'
NOTES ON I:AI ' 71
PAGE 105.
I. *J. ^rvfa prnprrly ^wtf 'subservient', lit. ' un<l
1. 4. ^WWT W^TTT is * to satisfy.'
1srfN 'expr.irnrrd '. ' prudent.' *ft*nfrl 'well-behaved.'
1. 6. ifti Tfti ' well-nourished/
1. 7. ^f^K * irresolute.' WWi; 'cow:u <1.
1. 10. 5l?ft* k confidence.'
1. 11. fwft Sk. fsrfw * free from anxiety.'
1.13. *VP!T 'assistance', ' help.' w^W lit 'out' who accom-
panies.'
I. 1."). ^w*T«T l of tho colour of clouds ', ' cloudy-black.'
!.!<>. 1IT 'gate', probably from Sk. 5TC * dvRr ' of which ' // ' is
dropped.
1. 17. ^V«f W ^?TT«f ^Tt^rr is ' to be released from (the obligation of)
salt ', i.e. 'to free oneself from the favour received in the
form of food (from one's master).'
PAGR 106.
1. 1. wftmr ' promise.' fsf^fe ^T«TT is ' to carry out ', ' to fulfill.'
1. 2. ^WK % ' of the advanced line.'
\
1. 3. ^m^r^V ' speedily ", ' quickly.'
1. 4. JifH 'condition.' i^ 'dissension', from the root fa^; 'to split
up.'
1. 5. i'fr «frf^ ' setting up an enclosure.'
1. 11. <3«T ' there ', * at that moment/
3TTO * flame', 'fire.'
1. 12. Tsft^^r % ' of the living beings.'
TTJI W««n is 'to be disheartened ', lit. * to slip.'
1. 13. ^gWTTWT ' delicateness.'
1. 14. ^f«^ lit. ' friend of all.'
1.15. %*rV ' seized.'
1. 17. srtfffT is ' to be killed in the battle.'
1. 21. fa^r^ff is ' to scatter.'
1. 23. wftltf rf ' devoted.' fif»ffqe ' guileless.'
72 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 107.
1. 3. «re fl^rfa <tff^ ' tarnishing fame.'
1. 4. ^fsrai ' not everlasting', i.e. ' transient ', ' mortal.' f«n*l ' ever-
lasting ', * immortal.'
1. 8. ^«n^f ' helpless', lit. ' without a master or protector.'
1. 11. '^ ' rise ', ' prosperity.' ^^ ' setting', ' decline ', ' misfortune.'
1.15. *mn ' wealth.'
1.16. W^mi * prisoners/ ^t 'shackles ',' chains.'
^WT^1 = ^ 'Sl'h'^l * handcuffs.'
1. 17. J^t^ 'revered preceptor.'
1. 22. r*i ' battle.' VW jrf?r lit. 'the highest state ', ' final beatitude',
' perfect bliss.'
1.23. srf contracted form of «rT3? 'hell.' ^^ 'stigmatised',
4 disgraced.'
PAGE 108.
1. 2. ijfW ; 'union ', ' alliance.' It also means ' peace ', lit. ' the state
of being placed together.'
1. 6. ^mrr ^nc«rr is idiomatically used to mean ' to be pleased to
say/
1. 10. ^te «T ^t^f ' most likely ', ' certainly.'
1. 12. ^*?R ' bad luck ', ' want of good luck.'
1. 14. ^TRTW lit* ' forehead ' hence 'fate.' The Hindu superstition is
that all the good and bad things that will happen to a man
are written by Fate on his forehead.
1. 15. %? 3fTtr$J % ' Grod is angry.' fag^T ' well-wishers ', ' friends.'
1. 18. ^§ ^^T^" ' suffered pain.' Cf . the Hindustani idiom
PAGE 109.
1. 1. Wfara lit. ' with blooming lotuses.' f^T^f^ lit. 'formidable ',
' terrible.'
1. 2. 3are lit. ' impervious ', ' dangerous.' ^Vfffa lit. ' of conch-like
throat.'
1. 3. T?fa^: ' fisherman.'
1. 8. «hf ' friend ', lit. ' one fastened with the tie of love.'
1. 11. *J|jfo*J lit. ' cciii ic what Come nia iMjiinx i dci it.
1.14. WRwfaqrar lit. 'one \\h<. ta
an
1.15. ^flnraflf lit. 'one \vlin lias got presence of mind in a\.
an evil.
1.17. W(. . Jffc % ' when necessity will :
1. 18. ^fxjT^ * plan.
^qsFj- ^pr 'something tliut has already happen*
1.20. faro ' pretence.'
PAGE 110.
1. 1. vw% qn?r %f ^T*? ' (she is) only concerned with t
of (her; desire', ' (she) only has to fulfill (her) obi
I I ^JfTT 'cursed ', lit. 'blasted with the thunderbolt.'
1. 5. ^Rrah^^tiHCT lit. ' dashed to the ground ', hence * a wr-
1. 7. ^^ ' showed anger.'
1. 8. vfarei^ fern, of *i?t ' master.'
1. 12. STT* «rnsft ' cast net. '
1. 13. wf ' were entangled.'
1.16. iffaT 'fisherman.'
1. 17. <s?qi?r ' calamity.'
1.19. *f 'side', 'end.'
1. 22. ^fT^WTf ' childishness/ ^ffi3 ' tortoise.'
PAGE 111.
1. 1. 3flf*?T^r lit. 'maddening with its smell/
3. ^if^t ' hole.' wrr^ «ITJr ' black snake.'
1. 6. ^ftfrft ' thoughtful ', * full of anxiety.'
1. 8. ^IH Sk. «f^i^f ' mongoose.'
f^T 'hole;
1. 9. ^f ' up to.' i|ff?T ^j- ' in a line '— Sk. xjftfi 'series', ' line ', €t
'like.'
1. 1U. ^ri^ % ' will eat.'
1.19. ^%C5)' ' a hunter.' This word should be distinguished from
the word ^piVCt which means ' a cowherd.'
10
74 NOTES ON EAJNITI.
1. 21. ^3f5Tr is ' to fry ', ' to roast/
1. 22. %f 1.*3f\ ^ 31^- ' could not remain silent.'
PAGE 112.
1. 1. W^rar ^T«TT is ' to eat.'
1. 7. ^tRffC ' beneficence.' xtfw 'friendship/
1. 8. ^^r ^ ^faswcfr 'one who sleeps on a tree.'
1. 16. ^T«r * presents ', ' gift.'
1. 17. 3"TC. . /5TT«ft ' to throw glni on sand', i.e. * an unprofitable task.'
1. 18. *J^*rc lit. ' chief of the saints ', properly ?j«?|lK •
1. 20. rnffa*T lit. ' forest for performing austerities.'
WTTH^t lit. ' of great austerity.' ^ly-W ' hermitage.'
1. 21. ^T ^ f%^ ' the young of a mouse.'
1.23. ^W' grain.'
PAGE 113,
1. 1. ^BrTW 3f ^rsTT is 'to lie in ambush.' ^ ' incantation ', ' charm.'
1. 2. ?STif 'dog.'
1. 7. '5RT^ 'favour.'
1. 10. ^t" % ^rf«f ' having resolved or determined on.;
1.11. ^jfTTJlfH lit. ' state of mind', hence 'in\vard thoughts.'
1.15. 3T^ = 3l^TT 'throat/
1. 16. TO «r ' never.'
1. 18. vm* ' Malwa.'
1. 19. ^^3?!" ' anxious.'
1. 20. ^fT ' crab.'
1. 20. ^:€t ' sad ', ' sorrowful.'
1. 21. ^^T^T ' morose '. ' dejected.'
PAGE 114.
1. 2. rffTJI 'tank.'
1. 4. ^NfjJ % ' seems to be.'
1. 6. ^iS ' then.'
1. 11. TOfT ' again.'
HA.INlTI.
I. 1:5. *T5f ^ = wtf m\ ' to eat.'
1.15. *fi ' bones ',' spine*.' «t'i;i\.
1. 18. TTWflT*^ * regret.'
1. 20. ^H^r ' unusual ', lit. 'not (done) before.'
•^
1. 21. writ ' wickedness.'
v»
1.23. ^Ift - ^^ * good.' WTO 'things', lit. 'that whirh ;t word
connoi i
PACK 115.
1. 1. *J«r^t WHI ' impossible thing ', lit. * that which never occurred.'
1. 6. ^ ^ ^fftftr 'the day when the sun enters the sign of Aries,
i.e. the last day of the month of Chaitra. On this day the
Hindus offer barley-meal to the gods, and then distribute it
to the Brahmins. For this custom, the day is also called
^TJ TOffa.' The word ^ means 'ram* and ^ stiff* lit.
^
means 'stepping in (of the sun).'
*T5WT«f 'customer,' 'client', lit. 'one for whom a sacrifice is
made.'
^re^lT ' an earthen pipkin.' qtl£ 'parched grain reduced to
meal.'
1. 7. gTOTC from Sk. f^W^n: ' maker of pots', ' a potter.'
1. 8. TT^ffsr ' plates ', ' earthenware. '
1. 10. ^*T^t ' one-eighth of a pice.'
1. 12. inf^TC ' cocoanut.' ^grfi' ' betel-nut.'
1. 15. ^T3pr ' fault.'
1. 16. *fT<fW ' to throw.'
1.18. *fi' pots', 'vessels.'
1. 19. forcft ^fTT^V ' ready made.'
1. 20. *§fa ' having snatched away.' f?I^ffTT ' reproach.'
1. 22. ^IT& vV ' in anticipation ', ' beforehand.'
PAGE 116.
1. 2. ^f^t T^?!" 'narrow lane.' ^fa€t is the corruption of Sk.
1. 3. «r?T*ra 'elephant driver.'
1. 4. 5^sj ^?fT^ ' glory of religious merit.
76 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 5. ^re ' scheme.' Tra ^T^" 'has come to hand', 'has been
taken.'
1. 7. ^fcs TJT ^n^H" ' has already approached ', lit. ' has come upon
the head.' 3^t 'enemy.'
1. 8. ^rf^F^" ' will remain.'
1. 9. $T «frfif 'in my opinion.'
1. 10. ^W^r 3»T«rr is 'to be in close friendship.'
1. 11. fj^nft ' pleasing ', ' agreeable.'
1. 12. TWTf ' according to.'
1. 15. ^rri efj- ^K ' edge of a sword.'
1. 16. €lr?f from Sk. qr^fn * fame.' ^nwft ' one's own self.'
1. 20. ^rif^ ^f*T ^rf 'from beginning to end.'
1. 22. «r ^fw?l ' is not becoming.'
1. 23. 3jf?r%ff ' a man of high reputation.' 3» ' or.'
PAGE 117.
1. 2. ^f^^ ^t^r f^T%" ' will carry out his word.'
1. 5. 1JTO ' fame ', ' terror.'
1. 9. «jf ^ wt 'exactly as the matter stood.'
1. 11. tfjp^r ' welfare.' ^^RT^TT ' news.'
1. 15. ?TT*lt ' one who has renounced the world*, ' an ascetic.'
t^JPiffsf^f ' one who slanders the gods and his own preceptor.'
1. 16. frsr ' power.' WT^ ' favour.'
1. 17. ^TT^r ^«IT ' to take part with ', ' to assist.'
^WT^ 3»fT ^ft1^ ' void of aspiration.' Note this prepositional
use of sFfr ; cf. p. 1, 1. 11, also p. 118, 1. 3.
1. 18. ^?r adv. ' ultimately.'
1. 20. ^^T3 'indifferent.'
1. 21. <*mr ^ ^T*T ' of himself.'
1. 22. fcg ' enemy.'
1. 23. ^ifff^JT 'the science of wielding arms.'
PAGE 118.
TO ' place and time ', i.e. ' suitable place and opportunity.'
'distinguishes between.'
NOTKS ON RiJNTri.
'remembers', 'bears in mind.'
1. 3. iftfll wft ' with policy,' Mark the pre; of
mi<1 ' respect '. liewre ' p:irti:ilit y.'
1. 4. *i|f ' concealed.'
^
^JJffaf S^ ' nee.'in-lHiiinded cur! h '.
1. 7. ^fiwpfj- ' proud.'
I. !>. ^TWWTC ;on both sid.-s.' ^tlTO ' well:
1.11. *^T«f<*f lit. ' very powerful ', • ini^liiy.'
1. 12. «?^^r*TT is • to reconnoitre', from Sk. U>^r ' a circuit/
1. 13. sftft ' collecting.' ^T from Sk. ftf T ' trouble.*
1. 15. imf ' hot ' from Sk. cftf .
1.18. qTfft 'letter' IVcnn Sk.
PAGE ll<j.
1. 1. ^EFTOTH lit. 'visible to the eye', 'manifest', 1" xactly
like.'
1. 2. qr^RTTT is 'to deceive.'
1.10. ^rnT *jY = ^m«TT ^T 'like In'mself.'
1. 12. *ftai^T = ^PCT ' goat.'
1. 14. ^1T ' sacrifice.'
1. 15. a^rf^f ' cheats.'
1.21. ^?TT ' M. god.' The Hindus have so much reverence for the
Brahman that they consider him as the manifestation of
divinity on earth. *g%3 'a god on earth', is another
epithet of the Brahmans.
PAGE 120.
1. 2. ^faf contraction of ^t^CT .
1. 4. f(' 'you.'
^Tsna ' mischief ', ' improper act.'
1. b'. w^i ' having dashed on the ground.'
1. 9. ^% ' is shaken ', ' is lost.'
1.11. *?^)wn« lit. ' fierce with pride.'
1. 12. ^^TT ' a leopard.'
k
78 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1.14. 9W*Jjf% 'having lost (my) company.'
1. 16. ^JM^Iif ' assurance of safety ', lit. ' gift of freedom from fear.'
1. 17. f^rf«f^f ' on intimate terms ', lit. ' moving conjointly.'
1. 19. *ff^ ' continuous pouring ', 'incessant rain.' It also means ' a
waterfall.'
*t^I\ ' could be procured.'
PAGE 121.
1. 4. ^rrf^ ' et cetera', lit. '(taken as a) beginning.'
1. 10. tffti ' bending ', ' stooping.'
1. 16. ^fa^TT 3K«rr is 'to sacrifice one's own life.'
1.20. ««l^T* 'delightful (offer) ', lit. * mind-captivating.'
1. 21. *P^ire ' having persuaded.'
PAGE 122.
1. 1. *fr$ = *pff t 'by me.'
1. 3. 3f*TRf?f 'king', lit. 'the cherisher of the subjects.'
1. 7. ^ffTT ' firmness.' «?^K ^fft * to please him.'
1.11. ^ftS 'advice.' nsfST 'design', 'intention.' %Ji 'will
shake.'
1. 13. f^PH*!' ' lasted ', ' was preserved.'
1. 14. OT^t % 3fT«T ' for the sake of the master ', lit. * to accomplish
(one's) master's work.'
1. 18. ^T§ 'will accomplish/
1. 20. ?rs^f^i lit. ' weak-venomed.'
PAGE 123.
1.1. *ft ^ttil ' me unfortunate.'
1. 2. ^T^TTSET lit. ' religious preceptor ', hence ' a holy person/
1. 3. <4H4g|T lit. ' condition ', hence ' whole history.'
1. 5. WTOT ' bad luck ', ' misfortune/
1. 6. sfNf lit. ' well-behaved.'
1. 8. *$r ^re^f 'in prosperity and in adversity.' ^JH ' welfare.
NOTES ON KAJNlTI.
1. 9. I* ' <leai ', lit. ' wished for.' ^fv ^«IT is * to tak^ not io€ of.'
1. 12. ^rt[ <*^iTf is * to grieve ', * to lament.'
1. 15. ^*i€t lit. 4 holder of a body ', i.e. * all living beings.'
1. 18. *r^ ** ' unburnt clay-pot.' *fa* properly ^faif ' yout li.*
1.19. »J?TTt 'mastery', 'chieftainship.'
1.21. *m *mrr is ' to grir
I. '2'2. 3Ri^ 'stream.'
— ^ift 'as much — so much.'
PAGE 124.
1. 1. fa^g ' continues ', ' is permanent.'
I. '1. V^T ^r^lt ' what need we say of ? '
1. 8. »TTOT ' affection', ' attachment.' This word is also used in the
sense of ' wealth.' Vide p. 26, 1. 11.
1. 6, *fflf?f 4 association.'
1. 8. ^T^ ' pilgrimage.' WI properly ^^ ' sacrifice.'
3?n ' tree.'
vj
1. 9. 3TW = 'BTV 'good man.'
1. 10. m« % ^V^ ' a leather thong.'
1. 14. JZ^^T |[T ' well in the form of house', i.e. * within the narrow
enclosure of a house.'
1. 16. ^pnrrJl' ' one who has attachment for this world.' <3^T§t * one
^J
who is indifferent to this world.'
1. 17. iffa ' salvation ', lit. ' release (from the bond of life and
death).' *^r 'fruit of action.'
1. 20. ?nn^ = <fT^t ' an ascetic.'
1. 21. 3<Tr«T $t * for having a progeny/
1. 23. 3*TO * self-control.'
3537 ^t^ ' sacred staircase.' ifhg here does not mean ' pilgrim-
age/
PAGE 125.
1. 1. ^t^f ' good conduct ', ' modesty.' 3RTTC same as 4i^l$l * banks.'
waves.'
.80 NOTES ON RAJNTTI.
1. 2. ^<T«'^«r ' mind ', lit. * the inner sense.'
*T«W w:*1 3irfV ' the disease of life and death ', i.e. ' the trouble
of repeated births and deaths.' To be released from that
is to attain salvation.
1. 3. ^K 'substantial', hence 'permanent/ 3^1 qrf< ' taking it to
be pleasure.'
1. 4. tr*fW^ ' carrier.'
1. 8. ^T^sf 'carrier.' IZTOTT^V ' the state of a householder.'
3j«qcqf Tf^ff ' the duties of an ascetic who has renounced the
world. '%
1. 13. ^W it ' the four sides.'
1.16. tifT'army.'
1.21. <*nsr
PAGE 126.
1. 3. <R^f*T «T *rreT ^t faff ' had not finished speaking when.'
1. 6. \JW star ' to take thought of, 'to take notice of.'
1. 7. *h«f 3rf% *^ft 'remained silent' ; cf. *n«I Wf T% p. 78, 1. 23.
flif 3f ^r^ ' said to himself ', ' thought (in his) mind.'
1. 8. TTO «f ^fa " certainly ', ' it must be so.'
1. 10. *i^ l having pursued.'
1. 11. *lir 'in vain', 'for nothing.'
•f JITf^T ' do not thunder ', from Sk. 7Te5T«T ' to roar.'
1. 15. fsnr^l" ' to succeed.'
1. 18. -^K from Sk. iffi^ ' mongoose.'
1. 21. «JTOt l brought forth ', from the root «fif«rT ' to bring forth.'
1. 22. «^t Jt = ^^ *T ' to bathe. '
1. 23. gwtl ' call.'
PAGE 127.
1: 3. ^Fn^<g ' haste.'
1. 6. Wt^^CT ' child.'
1. 7. *^TT ' child.'
1. 10. ^t«T^ ' merciless wretch ', lit. ' one of the lowest caste.'
1. 15. ^T*K ' poor ', ' innocent.'
.NOTES ON KAJXTll. 81
1.18. S*J 'a mythological king, supposed to be the first king, from
whom the earth received her name Prithvi.'
wiyym ' the last known king of the lunar race, he was the son
of king Parikshit, the grandson of Arjun.'
$*?***T lit. ' with jur-liko cars.' The younger brother of
Ravana.
I I1'. TOSJTH? lit. ' Rama with the axe.' A celebrated Brahman
warrior, son of Jamadagni. He is known as the sixth
incarnation of Vishnu.
properly W(fa a king of the solar race who was cele-
brated as a worshipper of Vishnu.
PAGE 128.
'expedients (to be used by a king against an enemy).'
'conciliatory measures.' ^r«r 'bribery', lit. 'giving
money.'
^V * punishment.' V^ ' dissension ', ' sowing dissensions in an
enemy's party and thus winning his men over to one's side.'
1. 6. 8TOF ' the Creator.' The Hindus worship the Supreme Deity
in His threefold aspects, viz. the Creator, the Preserver, and
the Destroyer. fl^jT is the Creator, ftmj is the Preserver,
and f«wr is the Destroyer.
1. 8. *^ lit. ' all-knowing.'
1. 9. ^rc^ft $T <fK<l*f ' deeds and actions.'
1. 10. ^fsf Qt^C* ' hearing (from various sources).'
1. 14. WI^TC k news.'
1.17. ^T Sk. *taT 'fear.'
1. 18. ;plT?HT 'pure-souled ', 'virtuous.'
PAGE 129.
1. 5. ^3tf ' fierce ', ' hot-tempered.*
1. 7. fahfr'M<* 'without deceit', 'guileless.'
1. 8. nfe* ' hard ', ' difficult to get through.'
1. 9. W* ' the world.'
f^*f «^ifT is ' to pass one's days', lit. ' to fulfill one's days.'
11
82 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
1. 14. wfeffFC ' incarnation of justice.'
1. 16. «r ^% ' be of no avail.'
1.17. cfftlT^r 'a treaty of peace on equal terms.' The metaphor is
taken from pottery. OTT^r means ' the skull ', hence the
allusion is to the uniform skull-shaped halves of an unbaked
water- jar.
^R^IT lit. 'a gift', 'presents.' 'A treaty depending upon
some indemnity.'
^flfTf lit. 'offspring.' 'A peace cemented by a family alli-
ance, as by giving a daughter in marriage, etc.'
1. 18. ^W lit. 'united.' ' A peace concluded after friendship.'
<3ireire lit. * proposal ', ' overtures.' ' A peace by some prelim-
inary engagement.'
y^««Il lit. ' requital.' ' A treaty by which one party requites
the services of the other.'
^jfr lit. ' joining together ', ' association.' ' A treaty by
which two kings become allies for some common object.'
g^pTTWC lit. ' another man ', hence ' vicarious.' ' A treaty
effected through others.'
^53^ lit. ' unseen man.' ' A treaty in which no third person
is seen, that is, concluded by the parties themselves without
a mediator.'
^if^S lit. ' designed ', ' intended.' ' A treaty by which one
party cedes certain portions of his territory which the other
party selects.'
1.19. ^reTTfw lit. 'assuming a false appearance.' 'A treaty in
which the king pretends to give up all control over his
troops.'
^W5 lit. ' seizure.' ' A kind of peace purchased by giving
over everything to the victorious enemy.'
*rftHRI lit ' purchase.' ' A kind of peace purchased with the
payment of money.'
<3fanF lit. ' cut off.' ' A kind of peace obtained by ceding
valuable lands.'
iTC^R lit. 'disgracing another.' 'A treaty in which the
stronger party takes the entire produce of the other's land.'
^fVaifH ' modes of peace.5
1. 22. ^r€t ' slave-girls.'
NOTES ON RAJNITI. 83
PA',: ISO
1. 4. q'% 3 ' in the way ', * on the road.*
1. 8. 3^ = ^^ 'everything one's own.'
1. 12. *T^fa ' fertile lands.1
1. 17. Jlffo l knot.'
1. 22. Wff% « whole creation.' i«w ' kin.'
PAGE 131.
1. 1. ^t^f pi. of ?i?fa 'a living being.' This word should be
distinguished from the word «fa*T ' life.'
^iffa * life,' This word is generally used in the sense of ' a
living being.'
1. 4. fw«THJl from Sk. ^f^pf^ lit. 'perishable in no time', hence
' mortal.'
t^ ^ ' for the body.'
1. 6. Sffafw^T 'reflection.' ^^T 4 always moving.'
1. 8. *TT*IT ' affection ', ' attachment.' TOTT ' welfare.'
1. 12. *J*$"V * horse-sacrifice.' ^ftfar*} ' if you weigh.'
1.15. ^f<j *TT «f WT^t 22 ' the object will be accomplished without
causing any harm to anybody.'
1. 17. ^5^^f ' far-sighted.'
1. 22. ^Pf $T ^TOT^ * betel and favour '. Offering betel is a sign of
favour.
PAGE 132.
1.1. ^c filF" ' addressing said ', ' exclaimed to.'
1. 2. *f*T ' desire.' ^t ' is fulfilled or accomplished.'
\ in ]iealth and happiness.'
' capital city ', lit. 'the seat of Government.'
' different parts ', lit. * limbs.' ^r^R ' ignorance.'
PAGE 133.
{: lit. ' loss of what has been acquired.'
*fa«niT 'difficulty', lit. 'hardness.'
84 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
1. 4. •wqt ^T« tff^i ' before (one's) work is done ', lit. ' in the
midst of an unfinished work.'
*?«fft*J 'intention.'
1. 5. WTT** ' a crocodile ', from Sk. nqnpK^ .
1. 7. ^w ' full of fruits.' The word is also used in the sense of
' fruitful ', ' successful.'
1. 8. TW£<3 lit. 'red-faced.'
1. 10. Hf3& 'monkey.'
1.11. TrawV 'guest.'
1. 14. wfifTOW ' the duties of hospitality.'
1. 16. ^^H! ' noble-minded ', ' generous.'
1. 20. vfa ' beloved ', Sk.
PAGE 134.
1. 3. *ft % ' he who ', ' whoever.' f«f?T = Sk. f«raj ' always ', ' daily.'
1. 8. *?rsn^ ' born of the same mother.' *JWR?t ' acknowledged.'
^t^T 'brother of the same womb/
1. 10. ^5re«TT is 'to transgress ', ' to disregard.'
1. 12. WT*W ' attached ', ' devoted.'
1. 13. ^5HCR ' affection.'
u
1. 15. fofw ' relaxed.'
1. 17. ^V?T a corruption Sk. ^nit ' a co-wife.'
1. 19. ft«f '.humble.'
PAGE 135.
1. 1. TTni«r *K* 'falling on (my) feet.' ^C ' breast ', ' heart.*
burns.'
1. 2. 5Nr=f?nm 'vow.'
1. 5. ^ is the contracted form of ^f^=^K ' and.'
?n*fif properly rf^ft ' a young lady.'
1. 6. ^% * is the old form of fat ^ .
lit. ' ten millions ', but it is used in the sense of ' however
much .'
<gxiTO ' means ', c device ', ' effort.'
1. 7. W^ ' am obliged to.'
i-.S ON KlJNTlJ.
1. 9. ^%jft 'full of anx ions thought.'
1.12. *U^t 'a lirotlicr's wife.'
.SSfT&ft 'ungrateful', lit. 4 one ulm setSftl nau-jln anythingdone
for him.'
1. 17. f*^ * husband's younger brother.'
1. 19. ?fa*r ' gold ', Sk. *T¥*r . *W ' jewel.'
^j*TT ' having decorated.'
1. 20. inw ' silk cloth.' TO*T* ' dressed food.'
fiTWR= Sk. w^f ' sauce ', * condiment.'
1. 21. <gWRfe?r « anxious ', lit. ' with one's neck erect.'
PAGE 136.
1. 2. wfaift ' to eat.' foroTvft 'to feed.'
L 6. ^Hffa * blessing ', ' benediction.'
1. 7. *f^ ' on the coast.'
1. 9. xrf*R ' sanctified.'
1. 13. *ft ' water.' *f% * ' into the deep."
1. 14. ?n:«r ' wave.'
1. 16. f?ra *?T ' a bit.' f?R& is ' a sesamum seed.'
1.17. f^B^RTis 'to slip.'
1. 18. ^f^q ' beloved god.' The Hindus worship numberless form??
and phases of Divinity. In fact every family or even every
individual has a particular form of the Deity reserved for
its or his own. This form of god is called Tfct^> lit. ' the
aspect of Divinity which is one's beloved or cherished
object of love.'
^ % oifa ' having decided in (his) mind.'
1. 19. m'tH * forest animal.'
^ % 35% ' at the instance of (my) wife.'
'. 20. fTOTWr* ' treachery', lit. ' striking down confidence.'
PAGE 137.
91^ = ^1^ w witness.' It is the main feature of a Hindu mar-
riage ceremony to make the bridegroom take the hand of
the bride with a solemn vow, made before the sacrificial fire
86 NOTES ON RAJNlTI.
that he will never act against her will and will remain
faithful to her.
1. 7. ^f^i sjf^F lit. * words and arguments ', ' skill of speech.*
1. 8. ?* = ^'you.'
1. 13. ^fJTTV ' bottomless.'
1. 17. VT*h" from Sk. vfr/ft ' earth ', lit. ' she who upholds every-
thing/
1. 18. JTTOTVT lit. ' beast of the branch ', an epithet of the monkey.
fi^TW ' family custom.'
1. 19. ^TC * hollow.' This is another form of the word ^fte?: in the
line after next. This form shows the interchangeability of
^ and Sgf .
PAGE 138.
1. 6. 5f ' so that.'
1.11. %W 'then', 'after that.* jpi Sim1? ^f 'by the dint of his
religious merit.'
1. 12. *** ' steps.'
1. 16. TTT^ fJ^T^f * worthy and unworthy ', lit. * proper receptacle and
the reverse.'
•
1. 21. wre ' bottomless.'
1. 23. TTW9 lit. * the best end ', * virtue.' g^T^ lit. ' the object of
human existence', i.e. the acquisition of Dharma, Artha,
Kam and Moksha.
PAGE 139.
1. 2. ftn&TC ' curse.'
1. 8. qn*r f»T«r *?^ 'without (my) object being fulfilled.'
^nj* ' deceit.'
1.10. ^l share.'
1.20. '^'enmity.'
^Hs& *ft *TO ' the chain of the wheel (at the top oi\a well).'
1. 22. f«f«4^* Ht. ' without thorns ', i.e. ' without any cause of
anxiety.'
PAGE 140.
1, 3. %S ' affection.'
1. 4. TT<l4i*< * strength.'
1 KA.INlTI. 87
1. 5. wnn ' certainly ', ' <>l ' m-rc-sity.'
(V'thna.1
I () f^f^Tt 'entrance of the hole.' fTO^reir lit. ' whose sight is
pleasing ', * one of lovely appearance.'
1. 11. l?Nr ' disposition', ' natun
^t^T and ^*?T^ are synonymous. VfTW is the corrupted form
of Sk. ^n?T* lit. ' one's own condition.' *TOrfir Jupiter, but
here he is taken in his capacity as the teacher of the gods
and hence the wisest of the wise.
I M. *TW^t ' snake-charmer', lit. 'one who repeats charms.'
1. 16. $K*n is ' to call out.'
1. 18. <9^T«J«fT ' help ', lit. * the work of one who keeps constant com-
pany.'
1. 19. ^T«ifa<gJ ^TT ' heterogeneous union', ' unnatural companionship/
1. 21. *t ' near.'
PAGE 141.
1. 1. fifTT^T ' disgraced.'
1. 2. ^WT is ' to prick.' ^^T ' needle/
1. 3. ^ire^T from Sk. HTm ' shelter ', * protection/
1. 7. <ft «Jt = <?* <ft ' in that case.'
1. 10. t^ITT 'injury.'
1. 11. H^t ' one who knows secrets ', ' a betrayer/
^pw ' easy', lit. ' accessible with ease/
1. 12. ^hlfT the island of Ceylon. The allusion is to the fact that
Bibhisan, the youngest brother of Havana, the king of
Ceylon, betrayed him, which rendered it possible for Rama
to defeat and kill Havana. *n^T ^f wfr 'clinging to its
chain/
1.15.. fafsfalt 'freedom from anxiety.5 *Rre ' a hole or hollow in
\vall/ k
<*'* % o/ flJI^r 3IT«IT is ' to sing songs of rejoicing/
jlpT % ^TerT^ ' a protector like you.' ^rr^RT means a 'religious
le ', hence * a guide ' or ' one who saves in difficulty/
JTr^" * difficulty/ This word when used as an adjective
means ' deep ', ' profound.'
f ^ WIT ' the brand of tis own family/
88 NOTES ON KAJNlTI.
PAGE 142.
1. 1. SltfeSfT €t ifa ' means of livelihood.'
1. 6. *t ' went into.'
1. 7. <ft«f 'fhs ' selecting.' ^rTTt ' pointed out/
1. 15. ^nf«T = ^fWC 'having come.'
1. 18. ^fS^T «T «irrr ' no delicacy is to be felt.'
1. 21. f^IT ' a lamp ', from Sk. ffar .
1. 22. ^W^T ' the whole of one's property.*
1. 23. «rJTT=3?F^r ' surrounding place ', 'compound.'
PAGE 143.
1. 2. ^T^T * house', 'quarters.'
1. 8. fis'sr ^ TTT^T ' the sin of destroying your own kin.'
1. 10. q^iV 1MV ' reflected upon (with regret).'
1. 13. TO ' pretext', ' deceit.'
1/17. sfr ' a second ', * another.'
PAGE 144.
1. 2. ^TO % JTT^T ' mouth of Death.'
1. 4. faffai f ^ %t ' for some length of time.'
1. 5. 3TC «ftt ' remained expecting him ', .lit. ' looked his way.'
1. 7. ^t Wr «TC ' under my teeth.5
1. 8. %«F 3? «T ' not even the least.'
^j^T«fT is ' to be satisfied.'
1. 9. Jff^=Sk. jftWT 'a kind of lizard.' ^{JSfTT 'satisfaction.'
l._ll. cTT^ 'tank', 'lake.'
1. 16. -SThF ' enmity.'
1. 37. fa% «pjif ' good actions ', lit. ' passed deeds.'
Vtft €t «ft^ flT ^' ' may fall into the fuller's vat, i.e. may be
spoiled.'
1. 21. ^WTPct ' he who fulfills (everybody's wants), i.e. God.'
e^
I. 23. fsf^f; properly fif^ ' merciless.'
NOTES ON RAJNITI. 89
PA.; i. 1 !.">.
1. 6. ®?T§f<ni 'fault of ingratitude.' ^ WTTT is 4 to remove from
the mind.'
1. 7. f?TOt *TT * at your door.*
1. 8. jy 'fool.'
1. 11. spcm^H Ht. * of fierce mam-.
1. 12. <«W lit. 'grey.'
1.15. afrw* 'jackal.'
1. 20. ^q?T5r lit, * long-eared.'
1. 21. *TPRT ' maternal uncle.'
1. 23. ^:^ TfTT tfsTTOY * got rid of sorrows and sins.'
PAGE 146.
1. 2.
*fftp^faj?f ' sister's son. '
1. 3.
^J^TTai ' grain ', lit. * food.'
1. 4.
"VT fafalf ' mixed with dust.' «3f 'grass.'
1. 7.
TTCqfrf srfsr ' emerald.'
1. 8.
i£«r ' a kind of grass.'
1.12.
•frsr is a contraction of lf«fT^r ; cf . if^T for 1TWW .
1.15.
1i a
^fsnfif ' arms.'
_ _'"^i C".. ,__. — ci* 1*1 it TY\ T **.L"IM»»* j j x
. lo.
1.17.
^r^iiU^i liveliliood. Ine initial 11 is redundant.
JTF^f = ^W ' near.'
1.19.
*fqjr?Y ' much ', ' plenty.'
1.20.
^'*n^5?l" ' of the colour of champa flower.'
^?rrt* ' afflicted with passion.'
PAGE 147.
' afflicted with lust.'
* nephew ','lit. * sister's son.'
ffTT 'regretting very much.'
pursuing.'
' alert,'
' to return.'
90 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 148.
1. 2. ffa ^fa ' with much difficulty.' ffa ' death.'
1. 3. TO ' thunderbolt.'
1. 4. ^ff^re* ' smilingly.'
1. 5. ^PCTJT ^' ^RlfC ' distressed with love.' vrf^fl*! ' embrace.'
1. 6. srcfw * impotent ', lit. ' not a male.'
1. 7. 3^31 ' amorous sport.'
1. 8. Ifa' forward.'
1. 11. *iT%i ' will marry ', lit. ' will select as my husband.'
^!S«r 3ffT ^fft ' starving continuously.'
1. 12. fa<^ 'pangs of (separation.'
1. 17. *^T«r* ' most dreadful hell.'
1. 20. There is a pun on the word «n?t in this line, which is a cor-
ruption of the word •fT^t' meaning 'pulse.' ^ and ^ are
interchangeable in Braj.
1. 22. ^T«t^ ' cupid ', ' the god of love.'
1. 23. wfrssfT is ' to pull the hair.'
PAGE 149.
1. 1. *farf?T lit. ' five-fold fire.' This is a kind of penance in which
the ascetic sits under the meridian sun with blazing fire on
his four sides. The scorching sun is taken as the fifth fire.
1. 2. <Am4h lit. 'one who wears a chain of human skulls around his
neck.' This is an inferior class of Yogis, supposed to
possess supernatural powers.
im is ' to sit in an attitude practised by the Yogis.
The Hindu ascetics practise particular ways of sitting for the
concentration of their mind. As many as eighty-four kinds
of asana or manner of sitting are known to be practised.
lkT^ ^TT is 'to hold up one's arms for ever.' There is a
class of Yogis who are said to dedicate their hands to Grod
and since they never use them. Such Yogis are occasionally
found in holy places such Benares, Graya or Prayag to
wander in the streets with their hands raised and perma-
nently stiffened, and their finger nails, grown^several inches
RAJxT'ii. 91
long. They never take or cannot take any food unless it is
held to their mouth.
1. 8. *ft^t *TH 'an evil.1
1. 9. **: ' ass.1
1. 12. UTW * meditation.'
?P?*r ' a libation of water to the gods and the manes.' Lit.
* an act of pleasing.'
1. 13. ^TfTT * vile.' This word is used with other nouns in the sense
of 'wicked*, 'vile'; by itself it means 'the meanest caste
amongst the Hindus.'
1.17. ff^ ' leavings.'
PAGE 150.
1. 5. ^T^T ^^n ' famine ensued.' ^M is the contraction 'WTO for
this dropping of the initial *J ; cf. p. 146, line 12.
1. 9. f%^TPC 'forehead ', Sk. ^l^lrf .
1. 11. ^T^r ' in front ', * in the fore part of the body.'
l.)13. Q«re«r ' champion heroes.'
1. 14. ^n^ffi ' a hero.'
1. 18. ^WT? ' festival ', ' rejoicings.'
1. 19. *J<B<?!i) ' assembly.'
1.20. ^reifT is * to trip ', ' to stumble.' ^^CT ' a broken piece of
earthenware.'
!. '2:1. "fcrarre ^H^rV 'will drive him out with a push.'
PAGE 151.
1. 2. ^TJW^rw 'endowed with all the good qualities/
» t
6. gr?f ^ft ^smiV ' only just brought forth.'
1,12. %*nvmy lord!'
I
v% ' 0 good lady ! ' foar^ f^«f ' whole day.'
1. 16. ^Sf ' sick diet.' As the lioness was then recently delivered of
cubs this word has a special significance here.
1. 18. *RFT ' a young girl under sixteen.'
^w ' when.'
I
92 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
PAGE 152.
1. 4. *^ ' fled.'
1. 14. fj^T ' family.' «T^sr * caste ', lit. ' colour.'
^TT3T ' inferior.'
1. 16. Jwrfa ' aside ', lit. ' at one end.'
1. 20. fm l enmity.'
PAGE 153.
1. 1. STOJT ' story.'
1. 2. ^ffe...*Jr^f * can bear the heat of iron (weapons).'
1. 8. *U^r<H ' nobleness ', ' self-respect.'
1 1 . *jf5TO?f ' silence ', lit. * conduct of a muni or sage who has
taken a vow of silence.'
1. 15. tnroroV ' pleasing ', ' agreeable.'
1. 17. ^ITWT^f ' selfish ' ; the prefix ^JTR here is redundant.
1.22. rM<fte|«r) 'cuckoo-like-sweet-voiced.' Jlo]Jh«h = JI^TJITfa^h" 'she
who walks with the gait of an elephant.' All these adjec-
tives are used to describe an ideal beauty of the Indian
poet.
1. 23. •nr^t' ' an orange.' Sometimes the woman breast is compared
with pomegranates.
PAGE 154.
1. 1.* ^fal ^t €t *rtfir ' like a row of diamonds.' Mark the position
of ^.
1. 2. fw<fi^r ' the Vimba fruit which when ripe assumes beautiful
red colour and plumpy softness.'
1. 3. ^RTJTT 'creator.'
1. 4. ^T?!1 ' adjusted (her beauty).'
^t% ^ ST^i" ' cast in a mould.' i[qf ^fT*TT is ' to become jealous
of.'
1. 10. ^fTOTT is ' to search for.'
1. 14. WT«Nr ' age ', ' duration of life.' Sk. ^T*TW .
1. 15. ^rnwr ^TT is ' to sip water uttering some sacred mantra.'
TTf^C ' purified.'
1. 18. €fan ' uncooked food', ' articles of food.'
3 ON RlJNllI. 93
1. 19. *T^t ' garden ', . * orchard.' xjar ' a cripple.*
1.2'J. *r^t 'is attached.' *TT\m vft *^TT is 'to satisfy (OIK
desin .
!. -Jo. ?rot * houseless woman ', perhaps meaning * who has left her
house ', or ' \vln» lias no house to live in.'
PA< I
1. 1. ^t**lT f«T*Tt% ' cursed wretch ' ; here the word ftr*ft^T may also
have its literal meaning * footless one.' <i*<Kl 'ruined by
Fate.'
1. :5. ^ttn t^1" is 'to make one responsible for another's murder.'
Here the sentence means ' I will commit suicide and the
sin of destroying my life will fall upon you.'
1. 7. fwrnft ' fed ', • entertained.'
1.11. If^l- ' maimed.'
cv
^?^f^IT ' servant.'
«
1. 13. ^ f^^T^^t ' to support our own bodies.'
1. 20. *?far m**H is ' to enjoy oneself.'
1. 22. ^«IT is ' to enter.'
PAGE 156.
1. 6. ^*^t ' handfuls of grain gathered daily from grain merchants.'
1.8. ^t % ' by chance of Fate.'
^•r^rnft ' merchant.'
1. 10. <flrQ *f trft" TW ' if one's lifetime have not come to an end \ i.e.
>J Ov
' so long as one is destined to live.'
1. 19. ^r^r ^ ^T^l ' crystal vessel.'
PAGE 157.
1. 3. TfTWt ^t ' have given back.'
** ' body ', lit ' clay-pot.'
1. 5. v^if corrupted form of H*J^fif?f ' astonished at a sudden or
unexpected event.'
1.11. *n%' pundit.' A title of respect for Brahmans.
1.16. 'VfJR ' courtyard.' ^ ^^sjf is 'to strike with the heel ', 'to
horse).'
94 NOTES ON RAJNITI.
1. 17. ^r^TRT ' to crack (a whip).' JTTOT *FT«FT is ' to do what some
other wants to be done ', lit. ' to sing the song which some
other wants (one) to sing ', i.e. 'to serve another's will.'
1. 19. iJf^TT fern, of ^ another form of ijf% .
1. 21. *T3f ^HCTT is ' to make clean by shaving the head and beard, etc.'
1. 22. ^ ^tf«T ' the ways of love.'
PAGE 158.
1. 3. f%«f *T«f ' without (there being) a festive or sacred day.'
1. 4. fo^rfc ' surmising.'
1. 5. ^T*J«U is 'to neigh ' from Sk. ^hff .
1. 17. 3T7R ' proper.'
1. 23. ^ITTf ' wise ', lit. ' (endowed) with wisdom.'
PAGE 159.
1. 3. «IK ' a paramour.'
1. 6. fsfrnrfH 'always.' 11^3** lit. ' another man.'
%T«fT is ' to be in the look-out for.'
1. 7. trTO * house.'
1. 8. fan f^lf ' property and heart.'
1. 9. QH^r^if lit. ' auspicious looking.'
1. 15. sftwrft lit. ' youthful ', ' a lady in full bloom of her youth.
1. 16. ^Tf%«f ' perhaps ', lit. ' at some time or other.'
1. 21. wft ^T<P etc. ' took his own way never to return.'
1.22. f%ffr^rr<«h 'adulteress ', lit. 'the woman who goes astray fro
the path of virtue.'
STTT ' stalk ', here ' neck.'
1. 23. ^rfarr *a lump ', ' a piece.'
PAGE 160.
1. 1. tW TFC 'on the sand.'
1. 10. *m ^T5T etc. vide p. 128, 1. 2.
1. 13. Jtfarew* ' sea of grief.'
1. 20. *f«TOT qf^5fT is ' to please ', lit. ' to steal (one's) heart.'
I
nm wt>n
s <r T»'/^I i
i *
1. il. TOTO *t
t^W contei' ! iger ', lit. 'at
1. 15. xft» ^t
vitar '*Tif r
! -Jl. wroV. ..^TT* lyself I shall be able
1. 23. tr ^n«
i) ,
IT AOL xOfc.
1. 8-9. i^. . .5Ffx% ' do what is proper for the occasion.'
I. 13. ^prf^T ' dogs.' ^fa WTT ' severe beating.'
1. liS. 'WHf inTt ' is in no way ', ' is never.'
1. 20. TOT* 4 full of lust.'
1. 21. gTW fWfaV.' fresh churned.'
1. 22. ^T*WT ^TR ' according to age or condition in life.'
<5
1. 2. *?ivn is ' to decorate* from Sk.
1. 5. 5*1 u wealth.'
^9 vfr * offering as presents.'
1. 6. xfre ^TTO ' bowing down at his feet ', lit. ' embracing his feet.'
^tf?TRT5ff 'the way of polity', 'the manner prescribed in
polity.'
PK
Hitopadeia
Rajniti
H6B7
1915
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